,transcriber's ,notes3 ,this production was derived from https3_/_/archive4org_/stream_/catholicw orld#jipauluoft_/ catholicworld#jipauluoftdjvu4txt ,page images are also available at https3_/_/quod4lib4umich4edu_/m_/moajrnl _/browse4journals_/cath4html ,to view the tables in several places use a fixed pitch font4 i ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,monthly ,magazine ,of ,general ,literature ,and ,science4 ---------- ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,april1 #ahfi1 ,to ,september1 #ahfi4 ---------- ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 #ahfi4 ii ,s4 ,w4 ,green1 ,printer1 #af and #ah ,jacob ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 iii ,contents4 ,aubrey de ,vere in ,america1 #bfd4 ,a ,chinese ,husband's ,lament for his ,wife1 #bgi4 ,angela1 #fcd1 #gef4 ,antiquities of ,new ,york1 #feb4 ,all for the ,faith1 #fhd4 ,bishops of ,rome1 #hf4 ,beethoven1 #ebc1 #fjg1 #ghc4 ,catholic and ,protestant ,countries1 ,morality of1 #eb4 ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #bee1 #eed4 ,chinese ,husband's ,lament for his ,wife1 #bgi4 ,council of the ,vatican1 ,the ,approaching1 #cef4 ,columbus at ,salamanca1 #dcc4 ,council of ,baltimore1 ,the ,second ,plenary1 #dig4 ,church1 ,our ,established1 #egg4 ,charms of ,nativity1 #ffj4 ,conversion of ,rome1 ,the1 #gij4 ,daybreak1 #cg1 #aeg1 #cjc1 #ddb1 #ehh1 #gba4 ,duration of ,life1 ,influence of ,locality on1 #gc4 ,de ,vere1 ,aubrey1 in ,america1 #bfd4 ,dongan1 ,hon4 ,thomas1 #gfg4 ,emily ,linder1 #ih1 #bba4 ,educational ,question1 ,the1 #aba4 ,filial ,affection1 as ,practised by the ,chinese1 #daf4 ,foreign ,literary ,notes1 #dbi1 #gaa4 ,faith1 ,all for the1 #fhd4 ,general ,council1 ,the ,approaching1 #ad4 ,good ,old ,saxon1 #cah4 ,heremore ,brandon1 #fc1 #ahh4 ,ireland1 ,modern ,street ,ballads of1 #cb4 ,irish ,church ,act of #ahfi1 ,the1 #bch4 ,immigration1 ,the ,philosophy of1 #cii4 ,ireland1 ,a ,glimpse of1 #gch4 ,jewish ,church1 ,letter and ,spirit in the1 #fij4 ,linder1 ,emily1 #ih1 #bba4 ,lecky on ,morals1 #ebi4 ,letter and ,spirit in the ,jewish ,church1 #fij4 ,leo ,x4 and his ,age1 #fii4 ,little ,flowers of ,spain1 #gjf4 ,morality of ,catholic and ,protestant ,countries1 #eb4 ,my ,mother's ,only ,son1 #bdi4 ,man1 ,primeval1 #gdf4 ,moral ,aspects of ,romanism1 #hde4 ,matanzas1 ,how it came to be called ,matanzas1 #heb4 ,new-,york1 ,antiquities of1 #feb4 ,nativity1 ,the ,charms of1 #ffj4 ,omnibus1 ,the1 ,two ,hundred ,years ,ago1 #ace4 ,our ,established ,church1 #egg4 ,pope ,joan1 ,fable of1 #a4 ,problems of the ,age and its ,critics1 #age4 ,pope or ,people1 #bab4 ,physical ,basis of ,life1 ,the1 #dfg4 ,primeval ,man1 #gdf4 ,paganina1 #hjc4 ,rome1 ,the ,bishops of1 #hf4 ,ravignan1 ,xavier de1 #aab4 ,ruined ,life1 ,a1 #che4 ,roses1 ,the ,geography of1 #djf4 ,religion ,emblemed in ,flowers1 #eda4 ,rome1 ,conversion of1 #gij4 ,recent ,scientific ,discoveries1 #had4 ,spain1 ,two ,months in1 #aii1 #cdc1 #dgg1 #fge4 ,spiritism and ,spirits1 #bhi4 ,supernatural1 ,the1 #cbe4 ,st4 ,mary's1 #cff4 ,st4 ,peter1 ,first ,bishop of ,rome1 #cgd4 ,spanish ,life and ,character1 #dac4 ,sauntering1 #dei1 #fab4 ,sister ,aloyse's ,bequest1 #dhi4 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,the ,legend of1 #eab4 ,spiritualism and ,materialism1 #fai4 ,spain1 ,little ,flowers of1 #gjf4 ,scientific ,discoveries1 ,recent1 #had4 ,st4 ,oren's ,priory1 #hbi4 ,the ,woman ,question1 #ade4 ,the ,omnibus ,two ,hundred ,years ,ago1 #ace4 ,to those who tell us what ,time it is1 #efe4 ,the ,new ,englander on the ,moral ,aspects of ,romanism1 #hde4 ,woman ,question1 ,the1 #ade4 ---------- iv ,poetry ,a ,may ,flower1 #bhb4 ,a ,may ,carol1 #cgc4 ,faith1 #edj4 ,lent1 #ahfi1 #ca4 ,march ,omens1 #ig4 ,may ,flower1 #bhb4 ,may ,carol1 #cgc4 ,mark ,,iv41 #ehg4 ,mother's ,prayer1 ,a1 #fgc4 ,our ,lady's ,easter1 #aig4 ,sick1 #heb4 ,to a ,favorite ,madonna1 #efd4 ,the ,pearl and the ,poison1 #gaj4 ,the ,flight into ,egypt1 #gff4 ,the ,assumption of ,our ,lady1 #ghi4 ,vigil1 #dje4 ,when1 #gb4 ,waiting1 #cbc4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,allies's ,formation of ,christendom1 #bhc4 ,anne ,sverin1 #bhf4 ,auerbach's ,black ,forest1 #dbd4 ,ark of the ,covenant1 ,the1 #dbg4 ,ark of ,elm ,island1 #dbh4 ,alice's ,adventures in ,wonder ,land1 #dbi4 ,alice ,murray1 #egj4 ,appleton's ,annual ,cyclopaedia1 #gai4 ,an ,american ,woman in ,europe1 #hef4 ,a ,german ,reader1 #hei4 ,brickmose's ,travels1 #adj4 ,bacon's ,false and ,true ,definitions of ,faith1 #dbb4 ,banim's ,life and ,works1 #gaf4 ,costello1 ,john ,m41 #adc4 ,conyngham's ,irish ,brigade1 #gbj4 ,cantarium ,romanum1 etc41 #hef4 ,dublin ,review1 ,the1 #dbf4 ,dolby's ,church ,embroidery and ,vestments1 #dbg4 ,dotty ,dimple ,stories1 #dbh4 ,die ,alte und ,neue ,welt4 #ege4 ,die ,jenseitige ,welt1 #gae4 ,divorce1 ,essay on1 #hfj4 ,eudoxia1 #bhf4 ,free ,masons1 ,the1 #dbf4 ,fernecliffe1 #dbh4 ,fnlon's ,conversations with de ,ramsai1 #egc4 ,glimpses of ,pleasant ,homes1 #dbc4 ,hewit's ,medical ,profession and the ,educated ,classes1 #dbc4 ,herbert's1 ,lady1 ,love2 or1 ,self-,sacrifice1 #egd4 ,heat1 ,the ,laws of1 #egf4 ,habermeister1 ,the1 #gai4 ,juliette1 #dbi4 ,life and ,works of ,a,engussius1 #ada4 ,little ,women1 #egf4 ,lover's ,poetical ,works1 #hei4 ,mc,sherry's ,essays1 #adb4 ,montarges ,legacy1 #bhf4 ,mc,clure's ,poems1 #bhh4 ,manual of ,general ,history1 #bhh4 ,martineau's ,biographical ,sketches1 #dbe4 ,mller's ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 #ega4 ,mental ,photographs1 #egf4 ,mother ,margaret ,m4 ,hallahan1 ,life of1 #gad4 ,meditations on the ,suffering of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 #hef4 ,nature and ,grace1 #egd4 ,notre ,dame1 ,silver ,jubilee of1 #heh4 ,nora ,brady's ,vow1 #hei4 ,oxenham on the ,atonement1 #efh4 ,pastoral of the ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 #ega1 ,problematic ,characters1 #gag4 ,reminiscences of ,mendelssohn1 #dbh4 ,report on ,gun-shot ,wounds1 #heg4 ,sunday-,school ,class-,book1 #bhg4 ,studious ,women1 #bhg4 ,salt-,water ,dick1 #dbh4 ,sogarth ,aroon1 #gai4 ,service ,manual1 ,military1 #heg4 ,thunder and ,lightning1 #bhd4 ,twelve ,nights in a ,hunter's ,camp1 #dbg4 ,taine's ,italy1 ,florence1 etc41 #egd4 ,the ,fisher ,maiden1 #egf4 ,the ,two ,schools1 #hei4 ,the ,irish ,widow's ,son1 #hfj4 ,veith's ,instruments of the ,passion1 #ada4 ,wonders of ,optics1 ,the1 #bhd4 ,why ,men do not ,believe1 #bhd4 ,wiseman's ,meditations1 #dba4 ,winifred1 #ege4 ,warwick1 #gaf4 ,walter ,savage ,landor1 #gah4 ,wandering ,recollections of a ,busy ,life1 #gah4 ,way of ,salvation1 ,the1 #hei4 ,young ,christian's ,library1 #gai4 ---------- #a ,the ,catholic ,world4 ---------- ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,no4 #di4 ,april1 #ahfi4 ---------- ,the ,fable ,of ,pope ,joan4 ,but avoid foolish and old wives' fables4--,i ,tim4 iv4 #g4 ,every one is more or less familiar with the story of a female pope1 which runs thus3 ,pope ,leo ,,iv4 died in #hee1 and in the catalogue of ,popes ,benedict ,,iii4 appears as his successor4 ,this1 claim the ,joan story-tellers1 is incorrect2 for between ,leo and ,benedict the papal throne was for more than two years occupied by a woman4 ,her name is not permitted to appear in the list of popes1 for the reason that historians devoted to the interests of the church desired to throw the veil of oblivion over so sacrilegious a scandal1 and here1 say they1 is the true account of the affair4 ,on the death of ,leo ,,iv4 the clergy and people of ,rome met to elect his successor1 and they chose a young priest1 a comparative stranger in ,rome1 who during his short residence there had acquired an immense reputation for learning and virtue1 and who1 on becoming pope1 assumed the name of ,john ,,vii41 or1 according to some1 ,john ,,viii4 ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,and it was the most convenient one to take4 ,before #hee there were seven popes named ,john1 and at the period when the story began to spread there had been twenty-one4 ,now1 the pope so elected was1 in fact1 a woman1 the daughter of an ,english couple travelling in ,germany4 ,she was born in ,fulda1 where she grew up and was well educated4 ,disguised as a man1 she entered the monastery at ,fulda1 where she remained undiscovered for years1 and from which she eventually eloped with a monk4 ,they fled to ,england1 thence to ,france and ,italy1 and finally to ,greece4 ,they were both profoundly versed in all the science of the day1 and went to ,athens to study the literature and language of that country4 ,here the monk died4 ,giovanna 7her name was also ,gilberta or ,agnes1 according to the fancy of the writer7 ,footnote #b then left ,athens and went to ,rome1 where her reputation for learning and the fame of her virtue soon spread4 ,footnote #b3 ,her maiden name was for the first time given at end of #adth century4 ,it was then ,agnes4 ,she gave public lectures and disputations1 to which she attracted immense crowds of hearers1 all delighted with her exemplary piety and astonished at her matchless learning4 #b ,all the students of ,rome1 and even professors1 flocked to hear her4 ,on the death of ,leo1 she was elected pope by the clergy and people of ,rome from among many men preminent for their learning and virtue4 ,after governing with great wisdom for more than two years--there being not the slightest suspicion of her sex--she left the ,vatican on a certain festival at the head of the clergy1 to walk in procession to the ,lateran2 but on the way was seized with the pains of labor1 and in the open street1 amid the astounded bishops and clergy and surrounding concourse of people1 then and there gave birth to a child--and died4 ,after this occurrence1 it was determined that the pontiff in procession should never pass that desecrated street1 and a statue was placed on the spot to perpetuate the infamy of the fact1 and a certain ceremony1 minutely described1 was ordained to be observed at the consecration of all future popes1 in order to prevent the possibility of any similar scandal4 ,of course there are numerous versions of the narrative1 infinitely varied in every detail1 as is apt to be the case with any story starting from no place or person in particular and contributed to by everybody in general4 ,as told1 this incident is supposed to fill every polemical ,protestant with delight1 and to fill convicted ,catholics with what ,carlyle calls astonishment and unknown pangs4 ,now1 granting every tittle of the story as related to be true1 we see no good reason for delight on one side nor pangs on the other4 ,we repeat1 conceding its entire truth1 there is nothing in the story that necessarily entails injury or disgrace on the ,catholic ,church4 ,why should it8 ,catholic morality and doctrine do not depend upon the personal qualities of popes4 ,in this case1 supposing the story true1 who was elected pope8 ,a man--as all concerned honestly believed--of acknowledged learning and virtue4 ,there was no intrigue1 no improper influence2 and those who elected him had no share in the imposture1 but were the victims1 not the participators1 of the deceit practised4 ,the cunning and the imposture were all hers1 and her crime consisted1 not in being delivered in the streets1 but in not having lived chastely4 ,true1 it was a scandalous accident2 but the scandal could not add to the original immorality of which1 in all the world1 but two persons were guilty1 and guilty in secret--for there is no pretence1 in all the versions1 that the outward life of the pretended she-pope was otherwise than blameless and even edifying4 ,those who elected her were totally ignorant of her sex--an ignorance entirely excusable--an error of fact brought about by artful imposture4 ,to their honor be it said1 that they recognized in their choice the sole merits of piety and learning1 and wished to reward them4 ,but a female pope was once the head of the church6 ,dreadful reproach to come from those who call themselves ,reformed1 ,evangelical1 and ,puritans1 who have not only tolerated but established1 nay1 and even forced some queens and princesses to declare themselves ,head of the ,church or ,defender of the ,faith in their own dominions1 and dispose--as one of them does to this day--of church dignities and benefices1 and order other matters ecclesiastical according to their personal will and pleasure4 ,let us now look into the story and examine the testimony on which it is founded4 ,the popess is said to have reigned two years and more4 ,rome was then the greatest city and the very centre of the civilized world1 and always full of strangers from all parts of the earth4 #c ,the catastrophe of the discovery brought about by the street delivery took place under the eyes of a vast multitude of people1 and must have been known on the same day to the entire city before the sun had set4 ,an event so strange1 so romantic1 so astounding1 so scandalous1 concerning the most exalted personage in the world1 must surely have been written about or chronicled by the ,italians who were there1 and reported by letter or word of mouth by foreigners to their friends at home1 and found its way from a thousand sources into the writings of the time2 for it must be remembered the pope1 of all living men1 was of especial interest to the class who at that period were in the habit of writing4 ,such testimony as this1 being the evidence of eye-witnesses1 would be the highest testimony1 and would settle the fact beyond dispute4 ,where is it8 ,silence profound is our only answer4 ,nothing of the kind is on the record of that period4 ,ah6 then in that case we must suppose the matter to have been temporarily hushed up1 and we will consent to receive accounts written ten1 twenty--well1 we'll not haggle about a score or two--or even fifty years later4 ,silence again6 ,not a scrap1 not a solitary line can be found4 ,and so we travel through all the history which learning and industry have been able to rescue from the re-cords of the past down to the end of the ninth century1 and find the same unbroken silence4 ,we must then go to the tenth century1 where the murder will surely out4 ,silence again1 deep and profound1 through all the long years from #ijj to #ajjj1 and all is blank as before6 ,and now we again go on beyond another half-century1 still void of all mention of ,pope ,joan1 until we reach the year #ajeh1 just two hundred and three years after the assigned ,joanide4 ,in that year a monk1 ,marianus ,scotus1 of the monastery of ,fulda1 commenced a universal chronicle1 which was terminated in #ajhc4 ,somewhere between these dates1 in recording the events of #hee1 he is said to have written3 ,leo the ,pope died on the #ast of ,august4 ,to him succeeded ,john1 who was a woman1 and sat for two years1 five months1 and four days4 ,only this and nothing more4 ,not a word of her age1 origin1 qualities1 or circumstances of her death4 ,so far it is not much of a story2 but little by little1 link by link1 line by line1 like unto the veridical and melodious narrative of ,the ,house that ,jack built1 we'll contrive to make a good story of it yet4 ,the statement first appears in ,marianus4 ,so much is certain4 ,for during the seventeenth century1 when the ,joan controversy raged1 and cartloads of books and pamphlets were written on the subject--a mere list of the titles of which would exceed the limits of this article--every library and collection in ,europe was ransacked with the furious industry of which a polemic writer is alone capable1 for every--even the smallest--fragment or thread connected with this subject4 ,nevertheless1 this ransacking was neither so thorough nor so successful as during the present century2 for1 as the learned ,dllinger states1 it is only within forty years that all the ,european collections of mediaeval ,,mss4 have been investigated with unprecedented care1 every library1 nook1 and corner thoroughly searched1 and a surprising quantity of hitherto unknown historical documents brought to light4 ,comparing the so-called statement of ,marianus with the latest sensational and circumstantial relation1 it is plain that the story did not1 like ,minerva1 spring full-armed into life1 but that it is the result of a long and gradual growth1 fostered by the genius of a long series of inventive chroniclers4 #d ,but where did the monk of ,fulda get the story8 ,ah6 here is an interesting episode4 ,his chronicle was first printed at ,basle 7#aeei7 from the text known as the ,latomus ,,ms4 ,its editor was ,john ,herold1 a ,calvinist of note1 who1 in printing the pas-sage in question1 quietly left out the words of the original1 ut asseritur--that is to say1 as report goes1 or believe it who will--thus changing the chronicler's hearsay to a direct and positive assertion4 ,but the testimony of the ,marianus chronicle comes to still greater grief1 ,and here a word of explanation4 ,the ,original ,,ms4 ,of ,marianus is not known to exist1 but we have numerous copies of it1 the respective ages of which are well ascertained4 ,dllinger mentions two of them well known in ,germany to be the oldest in existence1 in which not a word concerning the popess can be found4 ,the copy in which it is found is of #aeac1 and the explanation as to its appearance there is simple4 ,the passage in question was doubtless put in the margin by some reader or copyist1 and by some later copyist inserted in the text1 ,and so we return to the original dark silence in which we started4 ,a feeble attempt was made to claim that ,sigbert of ,gembloux1 who died in #aaac1 had recorded the story2 but it was triumphantly demonstrated that it was first added to his chronicle in an edition of #aeac4 ,the same attempt was made with ,gottfried's ,pantheon and the chronicle of ,otto von ,freysingen1 and also lamentably failed4 ,in #abfa1 there died a certain ,stephen of ,bourbon1 a ,french ,dominican1 who left a work in which he speaks of the popess1 and says he got the statement from a chronicle which must have been that of ,jean de ,mailly1 a brother ,dominican4 ,to the year #abdj or #abej may then be assigned1 on the highest authority1 the period when the ,joan story first made its appearance in writing and in history--nearly four hundred years after its supposed date4 ,in #abfa1 an anonymous unedited chronicle1 still preserved in the library of ,st4 ,paul at ,leipsic1 states that another false pope1 name and date unknown1 since she was a woman1 as the ,romans confess1 of great beauty and learning1 who concealed her sex and was elected pope4 ,she became with child1 and the demon in a consistory made the fact known to all by crying aloud to the pope3 ,papa ,pater ,patrum papissae pandito partum1 ,et tibi tunc edam de corpore quando recedam4 ,some chroniclers relate it differently1 namely1 that the pope undertook to exorcise a person possessed of an evil spirit1 and on demanding of the devil when he would go out from the possessed person's body1 the evil one replied in the ,latin verses above given1 that is to say1 ,o ,pope6 thou father of the fathers1 declare the time of the pope's parturition1 and ,i will then tell you when ,i will go out from this body4 ,the demon always was a fellow who had a keen eye for the fashions1 and he appears to have indulged in alliterative ,latin poetry precisely at the period when that sort of literary trifling was most in vogue among scholars who recreated themselves with such lines as ,ruderibus rejectis ,rufus ,festus fieri fecit2 or ,roma ,ruet ,romuli ,ferro ,flammaque ,fameque4 #e ,a few years later1 ,martinus ,polaccus or ,polonus1 ,martin the ,polack1 or the ,pole1 7,polack is now disused1 ,shakespeare makes ,horatio say1 ,he smote the sledded ,polack on the ice17 who died in #abgh1 the author of a chronicle of popes and emperors down to #abjg1 says3 ,john of ,england1 by nation of ,mayence1 sat #b years1 #e months1 and #d days4 ,it is said that this pope was a woman4 ,the chronicle of ,polonus is merely a synchronistic history of the popes and emperors in the form of dry biographical notices4 ,nevertheless1 from the fact that he had lived many years in ,rome and was intimate with the papal court his book had1 to use a modern phrase1 an immense run4 ,footnote #c ,footnote #c3 ,the tradition concerning the resignation of ,pope ,cyriacus was also widely spread by the same chronicle4 ,the story ran that ,pope ,cyriacus resigned the pontificate in the year #bch1 and first took its rise a thousand years after that date4 ,it was pure fiction1 and was connected with the legend of ,st4 ,ursula and her #aa1jjj virgins4 ,no such pope as ,cyriacus ever existed4 ,it was translated into all the principal languages1 and more extensively copied than any chronicle then existing4 ,the number of copies 7,,ms47 still in existence far exceeds that of any other work of the kind1 and this fact suggests an important reflection4 ,great stress is laid by some writers on the multitude of witnesses for ,joan4 ,but the multitude does not increase the proof when they but repeat one another1 and they suspiciously testify in nearly the same words4 ,the advocates for ,pope ,joan1 says ,gibbon1 produce one hundred and fifty witnesses1 or rather echoes1 of the fourteenth1 fifteenth1 and sixteenth centuries4 ,they bear testimony against themselves and the legend by multiplying the proof that so curious a story must have been repeated by writers of every description to whom it was known4 ,the various versions that copy one another must necessarily bear a strong family likeness4 ,their number can add nothing to their value as proof1 and is no more conclusive than the endeavor to establish the doubted existence of a man by a great variety of portraits of him1 all--as ,whately so well remarks in his ,historic ,doubts--all striking likenesses--of each other4 ,in this case the most ancient testimony is posterior to the claimed occurrence some four hundred years1 and is utterly inconsistent with the indisputable facts related by contemporary authors4 ,the erudite ,launoy1 in his treatise ,de ,auctoritate ,negantis ,argumenti1 lays down the rule that a fact of a public nature not mentioned by any writer within two hundred years of its supposed occurrence is not to be believed4 ,this is the same ,launoy who waged war on the legends of the saints1 claiming that much fabulous matter had crept into them4 ,on this account he was called ,dnicheur des ,saints--the ,saint-hunter or router--and the ,abb of ,st4 ,roch used to say1 ,i am always profoundly polite to ,launoy1 for fear he will deprive me of ,st4 ,roch4 ,the general rule 7,launoy's7 so important in historical criticism is in perfect harmony with a great and leading principle of jurisprudence4 ,in the ,pope ,joan incident the silence of all the writers of that age as to so remarkable a circumstance is to be fairly received as a prerogative argument 7,baconian philosophy7 when set up against the numerous modern repetitions of the story4 ,it may be taken as a general rule that the silence of contemporaries is the strongest argument against the truth of any given historical assertion1 particularly when the fact asserted is strange and interesting1 and this for the reason that man is ever prone to believe and recount the marvellous2 and in the absence of early evidence1 the testimony of later times is1 for the same reason1 only weaker4 #f ,now this is in strict accordance with the principle of ,english common law1 which demands the highest and rejects hearsay and secondary evidence2 for scores of witnesses may depose in vain that they have heard of such a fact2 the eye-witness is the prerogative instance4 ,this is the logic of evidence4 ,and now we find that what happened to ,marianus ,scotus also befell ,polonus4 ,he was entirely innocent of any mention of ,joan6 ,the passage exists in none of the oldest copies1 and is wanting in all that follow the author's close and methodical plan of giving one line to each year of a pope's reign1 so that1 with fifty lines to the page as he wrote1 each page covered precisely half a century4 ,this method is entirely broken up in those ,,mss4 which contain the passage concerning ,joan1 and the rage to get the passage in was such that in one copy 7the ,heidelberg ,,ms47 ,benedict ,,iii4 is left out entirely and ,joan put in his place4 ,dr4 ,dllinger and the learned ,bayle concur in the opinion that the passage never had any existence in the original work of ,polonus4 ,and just at this juncture the testimony of ,tolomeo di ,lucca 7#acab7 is important4 ,he wrote an ecclesiastical history1 and names the popess with the remark that in all the histories and chronicles known to him ,benedict ,,iii4 succeeded ,leo ,,iv4 ,the author was noted for learning and industry1 and must necessarily have consulted every available authority1 and yet nowhere did he find mention of ,joan but in ,polonus4 ,in #abhc1 a versified chronicle of ,maerlandt 7a ,hollander7 mentions ,joan3 ,i am neither clear nor certain whether it is a truth or a fable2 mention of it in chronicles of the popes is uncommon4 ,and now1 as we advance into the fourteenth century1 as manuscripts multiply and one chronicler copies another1 mention of ,joan increases2 and successively and in due order1 as the malt1 the rat1 the cat1 the dog1 and all the rest appear in turn to make perfect the nursery ditty1 so the statue1 the street1 the ceremony1 and all the remaining features of the story come gradually out1 until we have it in full and detailed description1 and our popular papal ,house that ,jack built is complete4 ,then we have ,geoffrey of ,courlon1 a ,benedictine1 7#abie17 ,bernard ,guidonis and ,leo von ,orvieto1 both ,dominicans1 7#acaa17 ,john of ,paris1 ,dominican1 7first half of fourteenth century17 and several others1 all of whom take the story from ,polonus4 ,in #acjf1 we get the statue from ,siegfried1 who thus contributes his quota3 ,at ,rome1 in a certain spot of the city1 is still shown her statue in pontifical dress1 together with the image of her child cut in marble in a wall4 ,bayle says that ,thierry di ,niem 7fifteenth century7 adds out of his own head the statue4 ,but it appears that it was referred to twenty-three years earlier than ,siegfried by ,maerlandt1 the ,hollander1 who says that the story as we read it is cut in stone and can be seen any day3 ,en daer leget soe1 als wyt lesen ,noch aleo up ten ,steen ghebouween1 ,dat men ano daer mag scouwen4 ,amalric di ,angier wrote in #acfb1 and adds to the story her teaching three years at ,rome4 ,petrarch repeats the version of ,polonus4 ,boccacio also relates it1 and was the first who at that period asserted her name was not known4 ,jacopo de ,acqui 7#acgj7 says that she reigned nineteen years4 ,aimery du ,peyrat1 abbot of ,moissac1 who compiled a chronicle in #acii1 puts ,johannes ,anglicus in the list of popes with the remark1 ,some say that she was a woman4 #g ,in #adej1 ,martin le ,franc1 in his ,champion des ,dames1 expresses surprise that ,providence should have permitted such a scandal as to allow the church to be governed by a wicked woman4 ,comment endura ,dieu1 comment ,que femme ribaulde et prestresse ,eut l',eglise en gouvernement8 ,hallam 7,literature of ,europe7 mentions as among the most remarkable among the ,fastnacht's ,spiele 7carnival plays7 of ,germany the apotheosis of ,pope ,joan1 a tragic-comic legend1 written about #adhj4 ,bouterwek1 in his ,history of ,german ,poetry1 also mentions it4 ,in #adha1 to swell the dose1 as ,bayle says1 the stool feature of the story first comes in4 ,in the ,nuremberg ,chronicle of #adic 7,astor ,library copy7 ,joan is put down as ,joannes ,septimus1 and the page ornamented 787 with a wood-cut of a woman with a child in her arms4 ,it relates that she gained the pontificate by evil arts1 malis artibus4 ,in the beginning of the same century there was seen a bust of ,joan among the collection of busts of the popes in the cathedral at ,sienna4 ,and1 more astonishing still1 the story was related in the ,mirabilia urbis ,roma1 a sort of guide-book for strangers and pilgrims visiting ,rome1 editions of which were constantly reprinted for a period of eighty years down to #aeej6 ,in the middle of the fifteenth century we find the story related at full length by ,felix ,hammerlein1 and later by ,john ,bale1 then ,bishop of ,ossory1 who afterward became a ,protestant4 ,he pretty well completes the tale4 ,according to ,tolomeo di ,lucca1 the ,joan story in #acab was nowhere found but in some few copies of ,polonus4 ,nevertheless1 it is notorious that at that time countless lists and historical tables of popes were in existence1 in none of which was there any trace of the popess4 ,suddenly we find extraordinary industry exercised in multiplying and spreading the copies of ,polonus containing the story1 and in inserting it in other chronicles that did not contain it4 ,as the editors of the ,histoire ,littraire e ,france aptly remark3 ,nous ne saurions nous expliquer comment il se fait que ce soit prcisment dans les rangs de cette fidle milice du saint-sige que se rencontrent les propagateurs les plus nafs1 et peut-tre les inventeurs1 d'une histoire si injurieuse la papaut4 ,footnote #d ,footnote #d3 ,we cannot understand how it is that1 precisely among the ranks of the faithful soldiers of the holy see1 we find the most credulous propagators and1 perhaps1 inventors of a story so injurious to the papacy4 ,dr4 ,dllinger answers this by stating that those who appeared to be most active in the matter were ,dominicans and ,minorites1 particularly the former1 7,sie waren es ja1 besonders die ersten47 ,this is specially to be remarked under the primacy of ,boniface ,,viii41 who was no friend of either order4 ,the ,dominican historians were particularly severe in their judgments on ,boniface in the matter of his difficulty with ,philip the ,fair1 and appear to dwell with satisfaction upon this period of the weakened authority of the papal see4 ,in #afaj1 ,alexander ,cooke published in ,london1 ,pope ,ioane1 a ,dialogue ,betweene a ,protestant and a ,papist1 manifestly prouing that a woman called ,ioane was ,pope of ,rome3 against the surmises and objections made to the contrarie1 etc4 ,cooke has a preface1 ,to the ,popish or ,catholicke reader--chuse whether name thou hast a mind to2 which is very handsome indeed of ,mr4 ,cooke4 #h ,the papist in the ,dialogue has a dreadful time of it from one end of the book to the other1 and ,gregory ,,vii4 is effectually settled by calling him that firebrand of hell4 ,bayle grimly disposes of ,cooke's work thus3 ,it had been better for his cause if he had kept silence4 ,discussion of the story comes even down to this century4 ,in #ahdc and #ahde two works appeared in ,holland3 one1 by ,professor ,kist1 to prove the existence of ,joan2 the other1 by ,professor ,wensing1 to refute ,kist4 ,in #ahde was also published a very able work by ,bianchi-,giovini3 ,esame critico degli atti e ,documenti relativi alla favola della ,papissa ,giovanna4 ,di ,a4 ,bianchi-,giovini4 ,milano4 ,it is doubtful if in all the annals of literature there exists a more remarkable case of pure fable growing1 by small and slow degrees through several centuries1 until1 in the shape of a received fact1 it finally effects a lodgment in serious history4 ,taking its rise no one knows where or how1 full four hundred years after the period assigned it1 and stated at first in the baldest and thinnest manner possible1 it goes on from century to century1 gathering consistence1 detail1 and incident2 requiring three centuries for its completion1 and1 finally1 comes out the sensational affair we have related4 ,all stories gain by time and travel2 scandalous stories most of all4 ,these last are particularly robust and long-lived4 ,they appear to enjoy a freedom amounting to immunity4 ,just as certain noxious and foul-smelling animals frequently owe their life to the unwillingness men have to expose themselves to such contact1 so such stories1 looked upon at first as merely scandalous and too contemptible for serious refutation1 acquire1 through impunity1 an importance that1 in the end1 makes them seriously annoying4 ,then1 too1 well-meaning people thoughtlessly accept reports and repeat statements that1 through mere iteration1 are supposed to be well-founded4 ,let any one1 be his or her experience ever so small1 look around and see how fully this is exemplified every day in real life4 ,moreover1 there was no dearth of writers in the middle ages who used1 to the extent of license1 the liberty of criticising and blaming the papacy4 ,by all such the ,joan story was invariably put forward by way of illustration2 and they appear to have gone on unchecked until it was found that the open enemies of the church began to avail themselves of the scandal4 ,in #adea1 ,a,eneas ,sylvius ,piccolomini1 7,pius ,,ii417 in conference with the ,taborites of ,bohemia1 denied the story1 and told ,nicholas1 their bishop1 that1 even in placing thus this woman1 there had been neither error of faith nor of right1 but ignorance of fact4 ,aventinus1 in ,germany1 and ,onuphrius ,pauvinius1 in ,italy1 staggered the popularity of the story4 ,attention once drawn to the subject1 and investigation commenced1 its weakness was soon apparent1 and testimony soon accumulated to crush it4 ,ado1 ,archbishop of ,vienne1 7,france17 who was at ,rome in #hff1 has left a chronicle in which he says that ,benedict ,,iii4 succeeded immediately to ,leo ,,iv4 ,prudentius1 ,bishop of ,troyes at the same period1 testifies to the same fact4 ,in #hee1 the assigned ,joanide period1 there were in ,rome four individuals who afterward successively became popes1 under the names of ,benedict ,,iii41 ,nicholas ,i41 ,adrian ,,ii41 and ,john ,,viii4 ,during the pretended papacy of ,joan these men were all either priests or deacons1 and must have taken part in her election1 and have been present at the catastrophe1 ,now1 of all these popes there exist many and various writings1 but not a word concerning the popess4 ,on the contrary1 they all represent ,benedict ,,iii4 to have succeeded ,leo ,,iv4 #i ,lupo1 ,abbot of ,ferrires1 in a letter to ,pope ,benedict1 says that he1 the abbot1 had been kindly received at ,rome by his predecessor1 ,leo ,,iv4 ,in a council held at ,rome1 in #hfc1 under ,nicholas ,i41 the pontiff speaks of his predecessors ,leo and ,benedict4 ,hincmar1 ,archbishop of ,rheims1 writing to ,nicholas ,i41 says that certain messengers sent by him to ,leo ,,iv4 had been met on their journey by news of that pontiff's death1 and had1 on their arrival at ,rome1 found ,benedict on the throne4 ,ten other contemporary writers are cited who all testify to the same immediate succession1 and afford not the slightest hint of any story or tradition that can throw the least light on that of the female pope4 ,the time of ,pope ,joan1 says ,gibbon1 is placed somewhat earlier than ,theodora or ,marozia2 and the two years of her imaginary reign are forcibly inserted between ,leo ,,iv4 and ,benedict ,,iii4 ,but the contemporary ,anastasius indissolubly links the death of ,leo and the elevation of ,benedict2 and the accurate chronology of ,pagi1 ,muratori1 and ,leibnitz fixes both events to the year #heg4 ,but there is no smoke without fire1 it is said2 and the wildest stories must have some cause1 if not foundation4 ,let us see4 ,competent critics find the story to be a satire on ,john ,,viii4 ,ob nimiam ejus animi facilitatem et mollitudinem says ,baronius1 particularly in the affair with ,photius1 by whom ,john had suffered himself to be imposed upon4 ,photius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 was known to be a half-man1 and yet so cunning to overreach ,john4 ,therefore they said ,john ,was a woman1 and called him ,joanna1 instead ,of ,joannes1 in that tone of bitter raillery constantly indulged in by the ,roman ,pasquins and ,marforios1 and this raillery1 naturally enough1 in course of time came to be taken for truth4 ,and again3 ,pope ,john ,x41 elected in #iad1 was said to have been raised by the power and influence of ,theodora1 a woman of talent and unscrupulous intrigue4 ,in #ica1 ,john1 the son of ,marozia and ,duke ,alberic1 and grandson of ,theodora1 was said to be a mere puppet in the hands of his mother4 ,their reign1 7,theodora and ,marozia17 says ,gibbon1 may have suggested to the darker ages the fable of a female pope4 ,again1 in #ief1 a grandson of the same ,marozia was raised to the papal chair as ,john ,,xii4 ,footnote #e ,he renounced the dress and decencies of his profession1 and his life was so scandalous that he was degraded by a synod4 ,onuphrius ,pauvinius and ,liutprand are quoted to show that a woman1 ,joan1 had such influence over him that he loaded her with riches4 ,she is said to have died in childbed4 ,footnote #e3 ,at this period the church was as yet without the advantages of the great reform effected by ,gregory ,,vii4 in #ajgc1 and the choice of a pope by the bishops or cardinals was ratified or rejected by the ,roman people1 too often1 at that time1 the dupes or tools of such men as the marquises of ,tuscany and the counts of ,tusculum1 who1 says ,gibbon1 held the apostolic see in a long and disgraceful servitude4 ,long series of years preceding and following these events were anything but times of pleasantness and peace to the successors of ,st4 ,peter4 ,even ,gibbon says1 ,the ,roman pontiffs of the ninth and tenth centuries were insulted1 imprisoned1 and murdered by their tyrants1 and such was their indigence1 after the loss and usurpation of the ecclesiastical patrimonies1 that they could neither support the state of a prince nor exercise the charity of a priest4 #aj ,now1 with such materials as these1 a ,pope ,joan story is easily constructed2 for1 with the license of speech that has always existed in ,rome in the form of pasquinades1 it is more than likely to have been satirically remarked by the ,romans under one or all of the three popes ,john1 that ,rome had a popess instead of a pope1 and that the chair of ,st4 ,peter was virtually occupied by a female4 ,these things would be repeated from mouth to mouth by men who1 according to their temper and ability1 would comment on them with bitter scoff1 irreverent comment1 snarling sneer1 or ribald leer1 and they might readily have been received as matter of fact assertions by ,german and other strangers in ,rome4 ,carried home and spread by wandering monks and soldiers1 it is only wonderful that they did not sooner come to the surface in some such fable as the one under consideration4 ,diffused among the people1 and acquiring a certain degree of consistence by dint of repetition through two centuries1 it finally reached the ear of the individual who inserted it in the ,marianus chronicle in the form of an on dit1 and so he put it down ut asseritur--they say4 ,certain it is that no such story was known in ,italy until it was spread from ,german chroniclers1 and the absurdity was too monstrous to pass into contemporary history even in a foreign country4 ,but1 it is answered1 by ,coeffetau and others1 we do not hear of it for so many years afterward because the church exerted its omnipotent authority to hush up the story4 ,there needs but slight knowledge of human nature to decide that such an attempt would have only served to spread and intensify the scandal4 ,as ,bayle wisely remarks1 ,people do not so expose their authority by prohibitions which are not of a nature to be observed1 and which1 so far from shutting their mouth1 rather excite an itching desire to speak4 ,then1 too1 it is claimed that for a period of several hundred years after #hee1 writers and chroniclers1 by agreement1 tacit or express1 not only maintained a profound silence on the subject of the scandal1 but1 in all ,christian countries of the world1 conspired to alter the order of papal succession1 forge chronicles1 and falsify historical records4 ,and yet those who use this argument tell us that in the city of ,rome1 under papal authority1 a statue was erected1 an order issued1 turning aside processions from their time-consecrated itinerary1 and customs as remarkable for their indecency as their novelty were introduced1 in order to perpetuate the memory of the very same events tyrannical edicts were issued to conceal and blot out6 ,comment is not needed4 ,the total silence of contemporary writers1 and the immense chasm of two hundred years 7taking the earliest date claimed7 between the event and its first mention1 was1 of course1 found fatal4 ,consequently1 an attempt was made to prop up the story by the assertion that it was chronicled by ,anastasius the ,librarian1 who lived in ,rome at the alleged ,joannic period1 was present at the election of all the popes from #hdd to #hhb1 and must1 therefore1 have been a witness of the catastrophe of #hee4 ,the testimony of such a witness would certainly be valuable--indeed irrefutable4 ,accordingly a ,,ms4 of the fourteenth century1 a copy of the ,anastasian ,,ms41 was produced1 in which mention was made of ,pope ,joan4 ,but this mention was attended with three suspicious circumstances4 ,first1 it was qualified by an ut dicitur as is said4 ,anastasius would scarcely need an on dit to qualify his own testimony concerning an event that took place under his own eyes1 and must have morally convulsed all ,rome4 #aa ,secondly1 it was not in the text1 but in a marginal note4 ,thirdly1 and fatally1 the entire sentence was in the very words of the ,polonus chronicle4 ,naturally enough1 it was found singular that ,anastasius1 writing in the ninth century1 should use the identical phraseology of ,polonus1 who was posterior to him by four hundred years4 ,but1 in addition to these reasons1 ,anastasius gives a circumstantial account of the election of ,benedict ,,iii4 to succeed ,leo ,,iv41 absolutely filling up the space needed for ,joan4 ,in view of all which the critical ,bayle is moved to exclaim1 ,therefore ,i say what relates to this woman 7,joan7 is spurious1 and comes from another hand4 ,a zealous ,protestant1 ,sarrurius1 writes to his co-religionist1 ,salmasius1 7the same who had a controversy with ,milton17 after examining the ,anastasian ,,ms41 ,the story of the she-pope has been tacked to it by one who had misused his time4 ,and ,gibbon says1 ,a most palpable forgery is the passage of ,pope ,joan which has been foisted into some ,,mss4 and editions of the ,roman ,anastasius4 ,with regard to the early chronicle ,,mss41 it must be borne in mind that it was common for their readers 7owners7 to write additions in the margin1 ,a professional copyist--the publisher of those days--usually incorporated the marginal notes with the text4 ,books were then1 of course1 dear and scarce1 and readers frequently put in the margin the supplements another book could furnish them1 rather than buy two books4 ,then again--for men are alike in all ages--those who purchased valuable books wanted1 as they want to-day1 the fullest edition1 with all the latest emendations4 ,so a chronicle with the ,joan story would always be more saleable than one without it4 ,but one of the strongest presumptions against the truth of the story is seen in the profound silence of the ,greek writers of the period1 7ninth to fifteenth century47 ,all of them who sided with ,photius were bitterly hostile to ,rome1 and the question of the supremacy of the pope was precisely the vital one between ,rome and ,constantinople4 ,they would have been only too glad to get hold of such a scandal4 ,numbers of ,greeks were in ,rome in #hee1 and if such a catastrophe as the ,joanine had occurred1 they must have known it4 ,on writers of the ninth and tenth centuries1 says ,gibbon1 the recent event would have flashed with a double force4 ,would ,photius have spared such a reproach8 ,would ,liutprand have missed such a scandal8 ,we have disposed of the absurdity of the supposition that the power and discipline of the church were so great as to enforce secrecy concerning the ,joan affair4 ,but--even granting the truth of this assertion--that power and discipline would avail naught with strangers who were ,greeks and schismatics4 ,in #hfc1 only eight years after the alleged ,joanide1 the ,greek schism broke out under ,photius1 who was excommunicated by ,nicholas ,i4 ,there was no period from #hee to #hfc when there were not numbers of ,greeks in the city of ,rome--learned ,greeks too4 ,many of them agreed with ,photius1 who claimed that the transfer of the imperial residence1 by the emperors1 from ,rome to ,constantinople1 at the same time transferred the primacy and its privileges4 ,yet not only can no allusion to any such story be found in any ,greek writer of that century1 but there is found in ,photius himself no less than three distinct and positive assertions that ,benedict ,,iii4 succeeded ,leo ,,iv4 ,the ,greek schism became permanent in #ajec1 under ,cerularius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 who undertook to excommunicate the legates of the pope4 #ab ,with ,cerularius1 as with ,photius1 the papal supremacy was the main question1 and neither he nor ,photius would have failed to make capital of the ,joan fable1 had they ever heard of it4 ,so also with all the ,byzantine writers1 and they were numerous4 ,it was not until the fifteenth century that the first mention of the story was made by one of them1 7,chalcocondylas17 an ,athenian of the fifteenth century1 who1 in his ,de ,rebus ,turcicis1 states the case very singularly3 ,formerly a woman was in the papal chair1 her sex not being manifest1 because the men in ,italy1 and1 indeed1 in all the countries of the ,west1 are closely shaved4 ,it is true that ,barlaam1 a ,greek writer1 mentioned it in the fourteenth century2 but ,barlaam was living in ,italy when he wrote his book4 ,and now1 as we reach the so-called ,reformation period1 we find the tale invested with a value and importance it had never before assumed4 ,it was kept constantly on active duty without relief1 and compelled to do fatiguing service in a thousand controversial battles and skirmishes4 ,angry and over-zealous ,protestants found it a handy thing to have in their polemical house4 ,and1 although the more judicious cared not to use it1 the story was generally retained4 ,spanheim and ,lenfant endeavored to think it a worthy weapon1 and even ,mosheim affects to cherish suspicion as to its falsity4 ,jewell1 one of ,elizabeth's bishops 7#aefj7 seriously1 and with great show of learning1 espoused ,joan's claims to existence4 ,nor were answers wanting2 and1 including those who had previously written on the subject1 it was fully confuted by ,aventinus1 ,onuphrius ,pauvinius1 ,bellarmine1 ,serrarius1 ,george ,scherer1 ,robert ,parsons1 ,florimond de ,rmond1 ,allatius1 and many others4 ,the first ,protestant to cast doubt on the fable was ,david ,blondel4 ,a minister of the ,reformed ,church1 ,professor of ,history at ,amsterdam1 in #afcj1 he was held by his co-religionists to be a prodigy of learning in languages1 theology1 and ecclesiastical history4 ,in his ,fable de la ,papesse ,jeanne1 with invincible logic and an intelligent application of the true canons of historical criticism1 he demonstrates the absence of foundation for the story1 the tottering and stuttering weakness of its early years1 the suspicions which stand around its cradle2 and1 instead of disputing how far the ,pope ,joan story was believed or credited in this or that century1 shows that by her own contemporaries she was never heard of at all2 the whole story being1 he says1 an inlaid piece of work embellished with time4 ,blondel was bitterly assailed by all sections of ,protestantism1 and accused of bribery and corruption1 the question being asked1 ,how much has the pope given him8 ,blondel's work brought out a crowd of writers in defence of ,joan1 foremost among whom was the ,protestant ,des ,marets or ,maresius1 whose labors in turn called out the ,cenotaphium ,papessae ,joannae by the learned ,jesuit ,labbe1 the celebrity of whose name drew forth a phalanx of writers in reply4 ,but the worst for ,joanna was yet to come4 ,another ,protestant1 undeterred by the abuse showered upon ,blondel1 gave ,joan her coup de grace4 ,this was the learned ,bayle1 who1 with rigid and judicial impartiality1 sums up the essence of all that had been advanced on either side1 and shows unanswerably the altogether insufficient grounds on which the entire story rests4 ,more was not needed4 ,nevertheless1 ,eckhard and ,leibnitz followed ,bayle in the extinguishing process1 and made it disreputable for any scholar of respectability to advocate the convicted falsehood4 #ac ,there was no dearth of other ,protestant protests against ,joan4 ,casaubon1 the most learned of the so-called reformers1 laughed at the fable4 ,so did ,thuanus4 ,justus ,lipsius said of it1 ,revera fabella est haud long ab audacia et ineptis poetarum4 ,footnote #f ,schookius1 professor at ,groningen1 totally disbelieved it4 ,dr4 ,burnet1 ,bishop of ,salisbury1 said1 ,i don't believe the history of ,pope ,joan1 and gives his reasons4 ,so1 also1 ,dr4 ,bristow4 ,very pertinent was the reflection of ,jurieu1 7a fanatical ,protestant1 if ever there was one--the same noted for his controversy with ,bayle1 who was a friend of the family--so much so1 indeed1 as to cause the remark that ,jurieu discovered many hidden things in the ,apocalypse1 but could not see what was going on in his own household17 in his ,apology for the ,reformation1 ,i don't think we are much concerned to prove the truth of this story of ,pope ,joan4 ,footnote #f3 ,in truth1 it is a fable not much differing from the boldness and silly stories of the poets4 ,the erudite ,anglican1 ,dr4 ,cave1 says3 ,nothing helped more to make that ,chronicle 7,polonus7 famous than the much talked of fable of ,pope ,joan4 ,for my own part1 ,i am thoroughly convinced that it is a mere fable1 and that it has been thrust into ,martin's chronicle1 especially since it is wanting in most of the old manuscripts4 ,hallam calls it a fable4 ,ranke passes it over in contemptuous silence4 ,so also does ,sismondi2 and ,gibbon fairly pulverizes it with scorn4 ,a favorite polemical arsenal for ,episcopalians is found in the works of ,jewell1 so-called ,bishop of ,salisbury4 ,let them be warned against leaning on him concerning the ,joan story4 ,listen how quietly yet how effectually both ,joan and ,jewell are disposed of by ,henry ,hart ,milman1 ,d4,d41 ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's1 in his ,history of ,latin ,christianity3 ,the eight years of ,leo's papacy were chiefly occupied in restoring the plundered and desecrated churches of the two apostles1 and adorning ,rome4 ,the succession to ,leo ,,iv4 was contested between ,benedict ,,iii41 who commanded the suffrages of the clergy and people1 and ,anastasius1 who1 at the head of an armed faction1 seized the ,lateran1 ,footnote #g stripped ,benedict of his pontifical robes1 and awaited the confirmation of his violent usurpation by the imperial legates1 whose influence he thought he had secured1 ,but the commissioners1 after strict investigation1 decided in favor of ,benedict4 ,anastasius was expelled with disgrace from the ,lateran1 and his rival consecrated in the presence of the emperor's representatives4 ,footnote #h ,like ,ranke1 ,milman also passes over the ,joan story with contemptuous silence4 ,footnote #g3 ,sept ,a4,d4 #hee4 ,footnote #h3 ,sept4 #bi1 #hee4 ,in his ,papst-,fabeln des ,mittelalters1 the learned ,dr4 ,dllinger has exhausted the erudition of the subject1 and not only demonstrated the utter unworthiness of the invention1 but-- what is for the first time done by him--points out the causes or sources of all the separate portions of the narrative4 ,thus1 the statue story arose from the fact that in the same street in which was found a grave or monumental stone1 of the inscription on which the letters ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 could be deciphered1 there was also seen a statue of a man or woman with a child4 ,it was simply an ancient statue of a heathen priest1 with an attendant boy holding in his hand a palm-leaf1 ,the ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 on the grave-stone1 as all antiquarians agreed1 merely stood for ,propria ,pecunia ,posuit2 but as the marvellous only was sought for1 the three ,p's were first coolly duplicated and then made to stand for the words of the line already referred to--,papa ,patrum1 etc4--much in the same way as ,mr4 ,jonathan ,oldbuck insisted that ,a4 ,d4 ,l4 ,l41 on a utensil of imaginary antiquity he had found1 stood for ,,agricola ,,dicavit ,,libens ,,lubens1 when it only meant ,,aiken ,,drum',s ,,lang ,,ladle4 #ad ,the controversy concerning the existence of ,joan may be considered as long since substantially closed1 and ,joan1 or ,agnes1 or ,gilberta1 or ,ione1 as she is called in the ,english 7,lond4 #afab7 edition of ,philip ,morney's 7,du ,plessis ,mornay7 ,mysterie of ,iniquitie1 to stand convicted as an imposter1 or1 more properly speaking1 a nonentity4 ,her story is long since banished from all respectable society1 although it contrives to keep up a disreputable and precarious existence in the outskirts and waste places of vagrant literature4 ,we are even informed that it may be found printed under the auspices and sponsorship of societies and individuals considered respectable4 ,if this be true1 it is1 for their sakes1 to be regretted2 and we beg leave severally to admonish the societies and individuals in question1 in the words of the apostle3 ,avoid foolish and old wives' fables3 and exercise thyself to piety4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,the ,approaching ,general ,council4 ,by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,bishop ,of ,orleans4 ,v4 ,the ,help ,offered ,by ,the ,council4 ,this is the reason why that church1 which is the friend of souls and which was never indifferent to the evils in society1 is now so deeply moved4 ,undoubtedly the church and society are distinct2 but journeying side by side in this world1 and enclosing within their ranks the same men1 they are necessarily bound together in their perils and in their trials4 ,the church has called this assembly1 therefore1 because she feels that in regard to the evils which are common to both1 she can do much to forward their removal4 ,however1 let us be careful1 as careful of exaggerating as of diminishing the truth4 ,does it depend upon the church to destroy every human vice8 ,no4 ,but in this great work1 in this rude conflict of the good against the bad1 she has her part1 an important part1 and she wishes to perform it4 ,man is free1 and he does good of his own free-will4 ,but he is also aided by divine grace1 which assists him without destroying his liberty2 for as the great ,pope ,st4 ,celestine said1 ,free-will is not taken away by the grace of ,god1 but it is made free4 ,being the treasury of celestial goods1 the church is man's divine assistant1 and lends him1 even in the temporal order1 a supernatural aid4 ,if to-day she is assembling in ,rome1 and1 as it were1 is collecting her thoughts1 it is only in order to accomplish her task1 to work more successfully and powerfully for the welfare of mankind4 #ae ,who can doubt1 exclaims the ,holy ,father1 that the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church has this virtue1 that it not only serves for the eternal salvation of man1 but that it also helps the temporal welfare of society1 their real prosperity1 good order and tranquillity8 ,and who will deny the social and refining influence of the church8 ,religion6 ,religion6 an eminent statesman ,footnote #i has recently said1 it is the very life of humanity6 ,in every place1 at all times1 save only certain seasons of terrible crisis and shameful decadence4 ,religion to restrain or to satisfy human ambition--religion to sustain or to reconcile us to our sorrows1 the sorrows both of our worldly station and of our soul4 ,let not statesmanship1 though it be at once the most just and the most ingenious1 flatter itself that it is capable of accomplishing such a work without the help of religion4 ,the more intense and extended is the agitation of society1 the less able is any state policy to direct startled humanity to its end4 ,a higher power than the powers of earth is needed1 and views which reach beyond this world4 ,for this purpose ,god and eternity are necessary4 ,footnote #i3 ,m4 ,guizot ,then1 too1 the ,holy ,father1 after he has alluded to the beneficent influence of religion in the temporal order1 proclaims anew the concord1 so often affirmed by him1 between faith and reason1 and the mutual help which1 in the designs of ,providence1 they are called to lend one to the other4 ,even1 he says1 as the church sustains society1 so does divine truth sustain human science2 the church supports the very ground beneath its feet1 and in preventing it from wandering she advances its progress4 ,let those who vainly strive to claim science as an antagonist to the church understand these words6 ,the head of the church does not fear science1 he loves it1 he praises it1 and with pleasure he remembers that the ,christian truths serve to aid its progress and to establish its durability4 ,the most illustrious scholars who have appeared upon the earth1 ,leibnitz1 ,newton1 ,kepler1 ,copernicus1 ,pascal1 ,descartes1 before whom the learned of the present time1 if their pride has not completely blinded them1 would feel of very little importance1 think the same about this question as does the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,this is demonstrated1 adds the ,pope1 by the history of all ages with unexceptionable evidence4 ,this too is the meaning of the well-known phrase of ,bacon1 ,a little learning separates us from religion2 but much learning leads us to it4 ,presumptuous ignorance or blind passion may forget it2 but the greatest minds have always recognized the agreement of faith and science1 the harmony between the church and society1 and rejected this antagonism of modern times1 which is so contrary to the testimony of history and the interests of truth4 ,but let us not allow an ambiguous expression to become the pretext for our opponent's attacks2 how then does the church attempt to reform society8 ,history has answered this question4 ,prejudice alone fancies that it has discovered some secret attack upon the legitimate liberty of the human mind4 ,the ,council of ,rome will be the nineteenth ,ecumenical ,council1 and the forty or fifty nations which will be represented there have all been converted in the same way2 that is1 they have been brought from barbarism to civilization by the authority of her words1 by the grace of her sacraments1 by the teaching of her pastors1 and the examples of her saints4 ,such are the ways of ,god and the action of the church1 sometimes seconded1 but more frequently attacked1 by human powers4 #af ,instructor of souls1 the church uses the method of all good education--authority and patience4 ,where there is doubt1 she affirms2 where there is denial1 she insists2 where there is division1 she unites2 she repeats for ever the same lessons1 and what grand lessons they are6 ,the true nature of ,god1 the true nature of man1 moral responsibility and free-will1 the immortality of the soul1 the sacredness of marriage1 the law of justice1 the law of charity1 the inviolability of private rights and of property1 the duty of labor1 and the need of peace4 ,this always1 this everywhere1 this to all men1 to kings and to shepherds1 to ,greeks and to ,romans1 to ,england and to ,france1 in ,europe and in ,australia1 under ,charlemagne or before ,washington4 ,i dare to assert that the continuity of these affirmations creates order in society and in the human mind1 just as certainly as the repeated rising of the same sun makes the order of the seasons and success in the culture of the earth4 ,o philosopher1 you who disdain the church6 be candid and tell me what would have become of the idea of a personal ,god among the nations1 had it not been for her influence8 ,o ,protestants and ,greeks6 admit that without the church the image of ,jesus ,christ would have been blotted out beneath your very eyes6 ,o philanthropist and statesman6 what would you do without her for the family and the sanctity of marriage8 ,what the church has once done1 she is going to do again2 what she has already said1 she is going to repeat2 she will continue her life1 her course1 her work1 in the same spirit of wisdom and charity2 she will continue to affirm to man's reason those great truths of which she is the guardian1 and it is by this means1 by this alone1 though by it most energetically1 that she will act on society4 ,it has been said that the religion of the masses of the people is the whole of their morality4 ,then since morality is the true source of good statesmanship and good laws1 all the progress of a people must consist in making the first principles of justice influence more and more their private and public life4 ,from this it follows that every people which increases in its knowledge of ,christian truth will make substantial progress1 while at the same time every people which attempts to solve the great questions that perplex mankind in any way opposed to the gospel of ,christ will be in reality taking the wrong road which can only end in their utter destruction4 ,who expelled pagan corruption from the world1 who civilized barbarians by converting them8 ,look at the ,east when ,christianity flourished there2 and look at it now under the rule of ,islam6 ,the influence of ,christianity upon civilization is a fact as glaring as the sun4 ,but the principles of the gospel are far from having given all that they contain1 and time itself will never exhaust them1 because they come out of an infinite depth4 ,now1 although the centuries have drawn from the ,christian principle of charity1 equality1 and fraternity of man consequences which have revolutionized the old world2 still all the social applications of this admirable doctrine are very far from having been made4 ,it is even1 as ,i believe1 the peculiar mission of modern times to make this fruitful principle penetrate more completely than ever the laws and customs of nations4 ,if the century does not wander from the path of ,christian truth1 it will establish political1 social1 and economic truths which will reflect upon it the greatest honor4 #ag ,but it is the mission of the church and her council to preserve these truths of revelation free from those interpretations which falsify their meaning4 ,then every great declaration of the truths of the ,bible1 every explanation of the doubts and errors concerning it1 every true interpretation of ,christianity by the masses of the people is a work of progress1 which is at once social and religious4 ,this then is why the church is using every effort1 or1 as says the ,holy ,father1 why she is exerting her strength more and more4 ,this is the reason why ,catholic bishops will come from every part of the world to consult with their chief4 ,it is in vain you say in your unjust and ignorant prejudice1 the church is old1 but the times are new4 ,the laws of the world are also old2 yet every new invention of which we are justly proud would not exist1 and could not succeed1 were it not for the application of those laws4 ,you do not understand how pliant and yet how firm is the material of which her ,divine ,founder has built his church4 ,he has given her an organization at once durable and progressive4 ,such is the depth and the fruitfulness of her dogmas1 such too is the expansive character of her constitution1 that she can never be outstripped by any human progress1 and she is able to maintain her position under any political system4 ,without changing her creed in the least1 she draws from her treasury1 as our divine ,lord said1 things both new and old1 from century to century1 by measuring carefully the needs of the time4 ,you will find that she is ever ready to adapt herself to the great transformations of society1 and that she will follow mankind in all the phases of his career4 ,the ,christian revelation is the light of the world1 and always will be2 be assured that this is the reason why the coming council will be the dawn1 not as many think the setting1 of the church's glory4 ,,vi4 ,the ,unfounded ,fears ,on ,the ,subject ,of ,the ,council4 ,what then do timid ,catholics and distrustful politicians fear8 ,ah6 rather let mankind rejoice over the magnanimous resolution of ,pius ,,ix4 ,it should be a solemn hope for those who believe1 as well as for those who have not the happiness of believing4 ,if you have the faith1 you know that the spirit of ,god presides over such councils4 ,of course1 since it will be composed of men1 there may be possible weaknesses in that assembly4 ,but there will also be devoted service to the church1 great virtues1 profound wisdom1 a pure and courageous zeal for the glory of ,god and the good of souls1 and an admirable spirit of charity2 and1 besides all this1 a divine and superior power4 ,god will1 as ever1 accomplish his work there4 ,god1 says ,fnlon1 watches that the bishops may assemble when it is necessary1 that they may be sufficiently instructed and attentive1 and that no bad motive may induce those who are the guardians of the truth to make an untrue statement4 ,there may be improper opinions expressed in the course of the examination4 ,but ,god knows how to draw from them what he pleases4 ,he leads them to his own end1 and the conclusion infallibly reaches the precise point which ,god had intended4 ,but if one has the misfortune not to be a ,christian and not to recognize in the church the voice of ,god1 from simply a human point of view1 can there be anything more worthy of sympathy and respect than this great attempt of the ,catholic ,church to work1 so far as it is in her power1 for the enlightenment and peace of the world8 #ah ,and what can be more august and venerable than the assembly of seven or eight hundred bishops1 coming from ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 the two ,americas1 and the most distant islands of ,oceanica8 ,their age1 their virtue1 and their science make them the most worthy delegates from the countries in which they dwell1 and the recognized representatives of men of the entire globe with whom they come in contact every day of their lives4 ,it is a real senate of mankind1 seen nowhere but at ,rome4 ,and although our mind should be filled with the most unjust prejudices1 what conspiracy1 what excess1 what manifestation of party feeling need be feared from a meeting of old men coming from very different parts of the earth1 almost every one a complete stranger to the others1 having no bond of sympathy but a common faith and a common virtue8 ,where will we find on earth a more perfect expression1 a more certain guarantee of wisdom1 of wisdom even as men understand it8 ,i have ventured to say that modern times1 disgusted by experience with confidence in one man1 have faith in their assemblies4 ,but what gathering can present such a collection of the intelligent and the independent1 such diversity in such unity8 ,who are these bishops8 ,read their mottoes3 ,in the name of the ,lord6 ,i bring ,peace6 ,i wish for ,light6 ,i diffuse ,charity6 ,i shrink not from ,toil6 ,i serve ,god6 ,i know only ,christ6 ,all things to all men6 ,overcome ,evil by ,good6 ,peace in ,charity6 ,as to themselves1 they have lost their proper names4 ,their signature is the name of a saint and the name of a city4 ,their own name is buried1 like that of an architect1 in the foundation stone of the building4 ,here are ,babylon and ,jerusalem2 ,new ,york and ,westminster2 ,ephesus and ,antioch2 ,carthage and ,sidon2 ,munich and ,dublin2 ,paris and ,pekin2 ,vienna and ,lima2 ,toledo and ,malines2 ,cologne and ,mayence4 ,and added to this1 they are called ,peter1 ,paul1 ,john1 ,francis1 ,vincent1 ,augustin1 and ,dominic2 names of great men who have established or enlightened various nations that profess ,christianity1 ,they do not bear the names of the past and present only1 they also bear those of the future4 ,one comes from the ,red ,river1 another from ,dahomey1 others from ,natal1 ,victoria1 ,oregon1 and ,saigon4 ,we are working for the future1 although we are called men of the past4 ,we are working for countries which to-day cannot boast a single city1 and for people who are without a name4 ,we go farther than science1 even beyond commerce itself1 until we find ourselves alone and beyond them all4 ,when we cannot precede your most adventurous travellers1 we tread eagerly in their footsteps2 and why8 ,to make ,christians--that is to say1 to make men1 to make nations4 ,what then do you fear8 ,why do you object to such a council when you entitle yourselves1 with such proud confidence1 the men of progress and the heralds of the future8 ,will it be nations who are disturbed by the council8 ,how can nations be menaced or betrayed by men who represent every nation of the civilized globe8 ,the bishops love their countries2 they live in them by their own free choice1 and for the defence of their faith4 ,will the bishops of ,poland meet the bishops of ,ireland to plan the ruin of nations and the oppression of a fatherland8 ,and is there a single ,french bishop1 or one from ,england1 or from any other country1 who will yield to any one in patriotism1 who does not claim to be as good a ,frenchman1 or ,englishman1 or citizen1 as any one of his fellow-countrymen8 #ai ,is our liberty placed in jeopardy8 ,what can you fear from men who1 from the days of the ,catacombs up to the massacre of the ,carmelites1 have established ,christianity only at the sacrifice of their life1 and whose blood flowed freely in the days that liberty and the church suffered the same persecution8 ,will the bishops of ,america join those from ,belgium and ,holland in a conspiracy against liberty8 ,will the bishops from the ,east unite with the bishops of ,france1 and so may other ,european countries1 in sounding the praises of despotism8 ,no1 no2 there is nothing true in all these fears2 they would be only silly phantoms were it not that they are the result of a hatred which foresees the good which will be done1 and wishes to prevent it4 ,what will the council do8 ,i cannot say2 ,god alone knows it at this hour4 ,but ,i can say that it is a council1 because eighteen centuries of ,christianity and civilization know and affirm it2 a council1 hence it is the most worthy exemplification of moral force1 it is the noblest alliance of authority and liberty that the human mind can conceive2 and ,i may boldly assert that it never would have conceived it by its own power4 ,i am not going to mark out the limits of liberty and power4 ,i do not intend now to show the characteristics of schism and heresy1 of ,english or ,german ,protestantism1 or of the false orthodoxy of ,russia4 ,i will say only one word1 and then proceed to make my conclusions4 ,it is this4 ,if the ,christian churches wish to become again sisters1 and if men wish to become brothers1 they can never do it more certainly1 more magnificently1 or more tenderly than in a council1 under the auspices and in the breast of that church which is their true mother4 ,do you imagine that you discover different opinions in the church1 and make this an obstacle8 ,i would have the right to be astonished at your solicitude1 but ,i will suppose you to be sincere1 and ,i answer1 ,you know very little about the church1 ,her enemies daily declare that our faith is a galling yoke1 which holds us down and prevents us from thinking4 ,and therefore1 when they see that we do think1 they are perfectly amazed4 ,this is one of the conditions of the church's life1 and the greatest amount of earnest thinking is always within her fold4 ,it is true that we have an unchanging creed1 that we are not like the philosophers outside of the church1 who do little more than seek a doctrine1 and endlessly begin again their searches4 ,they are always calling everything in question1 they are continually moving1 but never reach any known destination4 ,with us there are certain established definite points1 about which we no longer dispute4 ,and thus it is that the church has an immovable foundation1 and is not built entirely in the air4 ,yet liberty also has its place in the church1 ,our anchors are strong and our view is unlimited2 for beyond those doctrines which are defined there is an immense space4 ,even in dogma the ,christian mind has yet a magnificent work to accomplish1 which can be followed for ever1 because1 as ,i have already said1 our dogmas1 like ,god1 have infinite depths1 and ,christian intelligence can always draw from them1 but never drain them4 ,no one should therefore be astonished to see that ,catholics argue about questions not included within the definitions of faith1 many of which are difficult and complex1 and which modern polemics has only made more obscure4 #bj ,the spirit of ,christianity was long ago defined by ,st4 ,augustine in these memorable words3 ,in necessary things unity1 in doubtful things liberty1 in all things charity4 ,the course of centuries has changed nothing4 ,besides1 ,i have before said1 and ,i now repeat1 that the council1 precisely because it is ecumenical--that is1 composed of representatives from all the churches in the world--bishops living under every political system and every variety of social customs--excludes necessarily the predominance of any particular school of a narrow and national spirit and of local prejudices4 ,it will be the great catholic spirit1 and not such and such particular notions1 which will inspire its decisions2 and whatever may happen to be the peculiar ideas of different schools or parties1 the council will be the true light and unity4 ,there will be complete liberty left in regard to all things not defined4 ,but these definitions will be the ,catholic rule of faith1 and they should not disturb any one in advance4 ,again1 they threaten nothing which is dear to you1 men of this age1 they threaten only error and injustice1 which are your enemies as well as ours4 ,if you wish to know the real opinions of this magnanimous pontiff1 who is the object of so many odious and ungrateful calumnies1 and of the bishops1 his sons and his brothers2 if you wish to conjecture the spirit of the future council1 you will find it completely stated in these few words of ,pius ,,ix41 which were addressed to some ,catholic publicists1 scarcely a year ago1 and which have been inscribed on their standard as a sacred motto3 ,christian charity alone can prepare the way for that liberty1 fraternity1 and progress which souls now ardently desire4 ,i cannot repeat too often1 and you1 my brethren of the holy ministry1 cannot repeat too often1 that great is the mistake of those who denounce the future council as a menace or a work of war4 ,we live in a time in which we are condemned to listen to all4 ,but nevertheless we are not bound to believe all4 ,when1 a year ago1 the ,pope announced to the bishops assembled in ,rome his determination to convoke an ecumenical council1 what did the bishops of the whole world see in this8 ,a great work of illumination and pacification--these are the precise words of their address4 ,the papal bull uses the same language4 ,in this ecumenical council1 what does the ,pope ask his brothers1 the bishops1 to examine1 to investigate with all possible care1 and to decide with him8 ,before everything else1 it is that which relates to the peace of all and to universal concord4 ,and when ,i read the bull carefully1 what do ,i see on every page and in each line8 ,the expression of solicitude well worthy the father of souls1 and not less for civil society than for the church4 ,he never separates them4 ,he is careful always to say that their evils and their perils are mutual4 ,the same tempest beats them both with the same waves4 ,at this time1 which is called a period of transition1 religion and society are both passing through a formidable crisis4 ,there are men to-day who would wish to destroy the church if they could2 and who1 at the same time1 would shake society from its very foundations4 ,and it is for the purpose of bringing help to them both1 and to avert the evils which menace them together1 that the holy father has conceived the idea of a council4 ,the reason given by him to the bishops is precisely to examine this critical situation1 and suggest the remedy for this double wound4 #ba ,these are his words3 ,it is necessary that our venerable brothers1 who feel and deplore as we do the critical situation of the church and society1 should strive with us and with all their power to avert from the church and society1 by ,god's help1 all the evils which are afflicting them4 ,it has been told that the ,pope wished to break off friendly relations with modern society1 to condemn and proscribe it1 to give it as much trouble as lies within his power4 ,yet never have the trials which you endure1 ,christian nations1 more sadly moved the head of the church1 never has his soul poured forth more sympathetic accents1 than for your perils and your sorrows4 ,and it has been noticed by every one1 pillaged of three-fourth of his little territory1 reduced to ,rome and its surrounding country1 placed between the dangers of yesterday and those of to-morrow1 suspended1 as it were1 over a precipice1 the ,pope seems never to think of these things2 he does not seek to defend his menaced throne2 not a sentence1 not a single word1 about his own interests2 no1 in the bull of convocation the temporal prince is forgotten and is silent--the pontiff alone has spoken to the world4 ,,vii ,the ,council ,and ,the ,separated ,churches ,but all has not yet been said1 ,other hopes may be conceived of the future council4 ,we delight in anticipating other great results4 ,the letters of the ,holy ,father to the ,eastern bishops and to our separated ,protestant brethren give us good ground for hope4 ,at two fatal epochs in the history of the world1 two great divisions have been made in this empire of souls which we call the church--twice has the seamless robe of ,christ been rent by schism and heresy4 ,these are the two great misfortunes of mankind1 and the two most potent causes which have retarded the world's progress4 ,who does not admit this8 ,if the old ,greek empire had not so sadly broken with the ,west1 it would have never been the prey of ,islamism1 which has so deeply degraded it1 and which even now holds it under an iron yoke4 ,nor would it have drawn into its schism another vast empire1 in whose breast seventy millions of souls groan beneath a despotism which is both political and religious4 ,and who can say what the ,christian people of ,europe would be today1 were it not for ,lutheranism1 ,calvinism1 and so many other divisions8 ,these unhappy separations have made ,christianity lose its active power in retaining many souls in the light of divine revelation which have since been wrested from it by incredulity4 ,and who can tell us how much they have retarded the diffusion of the gospel in heathen countries8 ,sorrowful fact6 ,there are even now millions of men upon whom the light of the gospel has never shone1 and who remain sunken in the shadows of infidelity4 ,think of the poor pagans on the shores of distant isles6 ,they are vaguely expecting a ,saviour2 they stretch their arms toward the true ,god2 they cry out by the voice of their miseries and their sufferings for light1 truth1 salvation1 ,eighteen centuries ago1 ,jesus ,christ came to bring these good tidings to the world1 and spoke these great words to his apostles1 ,preach the gospel to every creature6 ,the church alone has apostles of ,jesus ,christ1 emulators of that ,peter and ,paul who landed one day upon the coast of ,italy to preach the same gospel to our fathers and to die together for the same faith4 #bb ,but poor ,indians6 poor ,japanese6 ,following the apostles of the ,catholic ,church sent by the successor of him to whom ,jesus ,christ said1 ,thou art ,peter1 and on this rock ,i will build my church1 we see other missionaries who come to oppose them4 ,but who sends them8 ,is it ,jesus ,christ8 ,what1 then1 is ,christ1 as ,st4 ,paul asked of the dissidents of the first century1 divided8 ,is not this1 ,i ask you1 a dreadful misfortune for the poor infidels8 ,and is it not enough to make every ,christian shed tears8 ,and union1 if it were only possible1 7and why should it not be1 since it is the wish of our ,saviour7--union1 especially because now the way is open and distance has almost vanished1 would it not be a great and happy step toward that evangelization of every creature which ,jesus charged his apostles and their successors to begin when he had left the earth8 ,yes1 every soul in which the spirit of ,jesus dwells should feel within a martyrdom when it considers these divisions1 and repeat to heaven the prayer of our ,saviour and the cry for unity1 ,my ,father1 that they may be all one1 as you and ,i are one4 ,this is the great consideration which influenced the head of the ,catholic ,church when1 forgetting his own dangers1 and moved by this care for all the churches which weighs so heavily upon him1 he convoked an ecumenical council4 ,he turns toward the ,east and to the ,west1 and addresses to all the separated communions a word of peace1 a generous call for unity4 ,whatever may be the way in which his appeal is received1 who does not recognize1 in this most earnest effort for the union of all ,christians1 a thought from heaven1 inspired by ,him who willed that his ,church should be one1 and who said1 as the ,holy ,father has been pleased to recall1 ,it is by this that you will be known to be my disciples8 ,but will our brethren of the ,east and ,west respond to this thought1 this wish8 ,the ,east6 ,who is not moved before this cradle of the ancient faith1 from whence the light has come to us8 ,i saw the ,catholic bishops of the ,east trembling with joy at the announcement of the future council1 and expecting their churches to awake to a new life and to a fruitful activity4 ,but will the ,eastern churches refuse to hear these words of peace and charity that the ,holy ,father has lately addressed to them from the depths of his heart8 ,footnote #aj ,and why should they be deaf to this appeal8 ,for what antiquated or chimerical fears8 ,who has not recognized and been deeply touched by the goodness of the pontiff8 ,how delicately1 and with what accents of particular tenderness1 does the ,holy ,father speak of our ,oriental brethren1 who1 in the midst of ,mohammedan ,asia1 recognize and adore1 even as we do1 our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and who1 redeemed by his most precious blood1 have been added to his church6 ,what consideration does he manifest for these ancient churches1 to-day so unfortunately detached from the centre of unity1 but who formerly showed so much lustre by their sanctity and their celestial doctrine1 and produced abundant fruits for the glory of ,god and the salvation of souls6 ,footnote #aa ,footnote #aj3 ,apostolic ,letter of ,pius ,,ix41 ,september #hth1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #aa3 ibidem4 ,and1 at the same time1 we must admire his gentleness1 his forgetfulness of all his irritating grievances4 ,the ,holy ,father speaks only of peace and charity4 #bc ,he asks only one thing1 and that is1 that the old laws of love should be renewed1 and the peace of our fathers1 that salutary and heavenly gift of ,christ1 which for so long a time has disappeared1 may be firmly re-established2 that the pure light of this long-desired union may appear to all after the clouds of such a wearisome sorrow1 and the sombre and sad obscurity of such long dissensions4 ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,ibidem4 ,but let the ,eastern bishops know that this deep longing for peace and union is not found in the heart of the ,holy ,father alone2 the bishops and all the ,christians of the ,west1 how can they help desiring this most happy event8 ,can there be any good gained in keeping the robe of ,christ torn asunder8 ,and what--,i ask it in charity and for information--what can the churches of the old ,orient gain by not communicating with those of the entire universe8 ,who prevents them8 ,are we yet in the time of the metaphysical subtleties and cavils of the ,lower ,empire8 ,i have already alluded to the infidel nations4 ,let my brethren1 the ,eastern bishops1 permit me to recall to them what is at this moment the state of the entire world and the situation of the church of ,christ in all its various parts4 ,if in every time the church of ,christ has had to struggle1 is she not now more than ever before resisted and fought against8 ,is not the spirit of revolution--and1 unfortunately1 it is an impious one--rising against her on every side8 ,and you1 ,eastern churches1 whether you are united or not1 have you not also your dangers8 ,is not your spiritual liberty unceasingly threatened8 ,is not ,christianity with you surrounded by determined enemies--at your right1 at your left1 on every side8 ,and will not the storm of impiety which now disturbs ,europe1 since distance is no more an obstacle1 burst upon ,asia1 and will not the ,christian races of the ,east become contaminated by the repeated efforts of an irreligious press8 ,in such a critical situation1 when every danger is directed against the church of ,jesus ,christ by the misfortunes of the time1 the first need of all ,christians is to put an end to division which enfeebles1 and to seek in reconciliation and peace that union which is strength4 ,what bishop1 what true ,christian1 will meditate upon these things1 and then say1 ,no1 division is a good2 union would be an evil8 ,on the contrary1 who does not see that union1 the return to unity1 is the certain good of souls1 the manifest will of ,god1 and will be the salvation of your churches8 ,what follows from this8 ,can there be any personal considerations1 any human motives whatsoever1 superior to these great interests and these grave obligations8 ,your fathers1 those illustrious doctors1 ,athanasius1 ,gregory of ,nazianzen1 ,basil1 ,cyril1 ,chrysostom1 did not find it hard to bend their glorious brows before him whom they call the firm and solid rock on which the ,saviour has built his church4 ,footnote #ac ,if they were living to-day1 would they not1 as ,christians1 and most nobly1 too1 trample upon an independence which is not according to ,christ1 but which is merely the suggestion of a blind pride8 ,if past centuries have committed faults1 do you wish to make them eternal8 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibidem2 words of ,st4 ,gregory of ,nazianzen1 quoted by the ,holy ,father4 ,but the time1 if you will hear its lessons1 will bring before your mind the gravest duties4 ,you who are surrounded on one side by despotism1 and on the other by ,mohammedanism1 surely1 you cannot fail to feel the peril of isolation1 and the fatal consequences of disunion4 #bd ,may ,god preserve me from uttering a word which can be1 even in the most remote way1 painful to you2 for ,i come to you at this moment with all the charity of ,jesus ,christ4 ,indeed1 whether ,i think of those unhappy races whose souls and whose country have become sterile under the yoke of the religion of ,mohammed1 or whether ,i turn my eye toward those great masses of ,russians1 grave in their manners1 religious1 who have remained in the faith1 notwithstanding the degradation of their churches1 and notwithstanding the supremacy of a czar whose pretended orthodoxy has never inspired even the least pity and justice for ,poland6 equally do ,i feel the depths of my soul moved to pray for those many nations who are worthy of our interest and our sincere compassion4 ,o separated brothers of the ,east6--,greeks1 ,syrians1 ,armenians1 ,chaldeans1 ,bulgarians1 ,russians1 and ,sclavonians1 all whom ,i cannot call by name--see the ,catholic ,church is coming toward you1 she stretches out her arms to embrace you6 ,o brothers6 come6 ,she is going to assemble1 as the whole church1 from all parts of the civilized world4 ,from our ,west1 from your ,east1 from the ,new ,world1 also1 and from far distant islands1 her bishops are now hastening to answer the call of the supreme chief1 to meet at ,rome1 the centre of unity4 ,but ah6 she does not wish to assemble her council without your presence1 ,o brothers6 come6 ,this is one of those solemn and infrequent occasions which will take centuries before its equal is seen4 ,the church offers peace4 ,with all our strength we pray you1 we urge you1 to come to this ,general ,council1 as your ancestors came to the ,council of ,lyons and the ,council of ,florence1 in order to renew union and peace4 ,footnote #ad ,but1 ,on your ,side1 will you refuse to take a single step toward us1 and allow this most favorable opportunity to escape8 ,who will venture to take this formidable responsibility upon himself8 ,o brothers6 come6 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibidem4 ,the heart of the church of ,jesus ,christ does not change2 but the times change1 and the causes which have1 unhappily1 made the efforts of our fathers fail1 now1 thank ,god1 no longer exist4 ,then ,i say to you all1 ,o brothers6 come6 ,in regard to ourselves1 we are full of hope2 and1 whatever may be the resistance that the first surprise1 or perhaps old prejudices1 have made1 everything seems to us to be ready for a return4 ,rome1 said ,bossuet1 in former times--,rome never ceases to cry to even the most distant people1 that she may invite them to the banquet1 where all are made one2 and see how the ,east trembles at her maternal voice1 and appears to wish to give birth to a new ,christianity6 ,o ,god6 would that we could see this spectacle6 ,what joy would it be for thy church on earth1 in the midst of so many rude combats1 and such bitter affliction6 ,what joy for the church in heaven6 ,and what joy1 churches of the ,east1 for your doctors and your saints1 when from the height of heaven they see union established with the apostolic see1 centre of catholic truth and unity2 a union that1 during their life here below1 they labored to promote1 to teach by all their studies1 and by their indefatigable labors1 by their doctrine and their example1 inflamed as they were with the charity poured into their hearts by the ,holy ,spirit1 for ,him who has reconciled and purchased peace at the price of his blood2 who wished that peace should be the mark of his disciples1 and who made this prayer to his ,father1 ',may they be one as we are one4' ,footnote #ae ,footnote #ae3 ,ibidem4 ,unity will be the eternal characteristic of the true church4 ,every question concerning the church is reduced finally to this question1 ,where is unity8 #be ,oh6 then1 listen to the language of the church1 the true church of ,jesus ,christ1 who alone1 among all ,christian societies1 raises a maternal voice1 and demands again all her children1 because she is their true mother6 ,this is the reason why the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 after he has spoken to the separated ,east1 turns toward other ,christian yet not catholic communions1 and addresses to all our brothers of ,protestantism the same urgent appeal4 ,protestantism6 ,ah6 exclaimed ,bossuet1 in his ardent love1 in his zealous wish for unity1 our heart beats at this name1 and the church1 always a mother1 can never1 when she remembers it1 repress her sighs and her desires4 ,these are sighs and desires which we have heard from the ,holy ,father in an apostolic letter written a few days after the ,brief addressed to the ,eastern bishops1 to all ,protestants and other non-,catholics1 and in which he deplores the misfortunes of separation1 and shows the great advantage of the unity desired by our ,lord4 ,he exhorts1 he begs all ,christians separated from him to return to the cradle of ,jesus ,christ4 444 ,in all our prayers and supplications we do not cease to humbly ask for them1 both day and night1 light from heaven1 and abundant grace from the eternal ,pastor of souls1 and with open arms we are waiting for the return of our wandering children4 ,footnote #af ,footnote #af3 ,apostolic ,letters of ,september #acth1 #ahfh4 ,see1 then1 what the ,holy ,father says1 and1 together with him1 the whole church4 ,shall we hope and pray always in vain8 ,will the work of returning be as difficult as many think it8 ,i know that prejudices are yet deep2 and the difficulty that the work of tardy justice meets with in ,england is one proof among others2 but it is the business of a council to explain misunderstandings1 and1 by appeasing the passions1 prepare the mind to return to the church4 ,and1 should any one be tempted to think me deluded1 ,i will answer that among those of our separated brethren who are not carried away by the sad current of rationalism1 there is a daily increasing number who regret the loss of unity4 ,i affirm that this is true of ,america1 that it is true of ,england1 ,i will answer1 too1 that more than once ,i have been made the recipient of grief-stricken confidence1 and heard from suffering hearts the longing desire for the day in which will be fulfilled the words of the ,master1 ,there shall be one fold and one shepherd4 ,will this day never come8 ,are divisions necessary8 ,and why should we not be the ones destined to see the days predicted and hailed with joy by ,bossuet8 ,here1 undoubtedly1 the dogmatic objections are serious4 ,but they will disappear1 if the gravest difficulty of all1 in my opinion1 is removed2 and that difficulty is the negation of all doctrinal authority in the church1 that absolute liberty of examination1 which1 willingly or unwillingly1 is certain to be confounded with the principles of rationalism4 ,it is for this reason that ,protestantism bears in its breast the original sin of a radical inconsistency1 which is lamented by the most vigorous and enlightened minds of their communion4 ,and it is upon this that we rely1 at least for numerous individual conversions1 and1 by ,god's grace1 perhaps for the reconciliation of a large number4 ,if this essential point is solved--and the solution is not difficult to simple good sense and courageous faith--all the rest will become easy4 ,reason says1 with self-evident truth1 that ,jesus ,christ did not intend to found his church without this essential principle of stability and unity4 #bf ,he did not propose to found a religion incapable of living and perpetuating itself1 abandoned to the caprice of individual interpretations4 ,this is so clear of itself that it does not need to be supported by any text of the ,bible4 ,but there are texts which1 to persons of candid mind1 and without any great argument1 are equally convincing4 ,i will repeat only three2 the first1 ,thou art ,peter1 the primacy of ,st4 ,peter and the head of the church2 the second1 ,this is my body1 the most blessed sacrament2 the third1 ,behold thy mother1 behold your mother1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,are you able to efface these three sentences from the ,gospel8 ,have you meditated upon them sufficiently1 and upon many others which are not less decisive8 ,then from the ,bible pass to history1 and from texts to facts4 ,do not facts tell you plainly that the living element of complete ,christianity is wanting in you8 ,for1 on the one hand1 you have had time to understand thoroughly the authors of rupture2 and1 on the other1 you are now able to consider its results4 ,for three centuries you have been reading the ,bible2 for three centuries you have been studying history4 ,have not these three centuries taught you a new and solemn lesson8 ,the principle of ,protestantism1 by developing1 has borne its fruits2 and the predictions of catholic doctors in ancient controversies are realized every day beneath your eyes4 ,contemporaneous ,protestantism is more and more rapidly dissolving into rationalism2 many of her ministers acknowledge that they have no longer any supernatural faith2 and recently a cry of alarm1 proceeding from her bosom1 has resounded even in our political assemblies4 ,but a cry lost in the air6 ,dissolution will go on1 notwithstanding noble efforts and ,christian resistance1 always increasing and ruining more thoroughly this incomplete ,christianity1 which needs the essential power that preserves and maintains1 and which is nothing else than authority4 ,to lose ,christianity in pure sophistry1 this is the tendency of modern ,protestants1 whether they are willing to admit it or not4 ,but good may come from an excess of evil1 ,and what is more calculated to enlighten many deceived but well-meaning souls concerning the radical fault of ,protestantism than this spectacle of disintegration by the side of the powerful unity of the ,catholic ,church1 and the council which is going to be its living manifestation8 ,there is another hope1 little in accordance with human probabilities1 ,i know1 but which my faith in the ,divine mercy does not forbid me to entertain1 and that is1 that even the ,jews themselves1 the children of ,israel1 who1 associating with us1 lead to-day the same kind of social life1 will feel something touch their hearts and bring them1 docile at last1 to the voice of ,st4 ,paul1 to the fold of the church4 ,in the ,jews1 indeed1 so long and so evidently punished1 ,i cannot help recognizing my ancestors in the faith2 the children of ,moses1 the countrymen of ,joseph and ,mary1 of ,peter and ,paul1 and of whom it is written1 that they who are ,israelites1 to whom belongeth the adoption as of children1 and the glory and the testament1 and the giving of the law and the service of ,god and the promises3 whose are the fathers1 and of whom is ,christ1 according to the flesh1 who is over all things1 ,god blessed for ever1 ,amen4 ,footnote #ag ,i beg them1 therefore1 to believe in ,him whom they are yet expecting2 ,i beg them to believe eighteen hundred years of history2 for history1 like a fifth gospel1 proves the coming and divinity of the ,messiah4 ,footnote #ag3 ,romans ix4 #d1 #e4 #bg ,do not feel astonished1 then1 to see me full of compassion for ,protestant1 ,greek1 and ,jew1 while ,i am accused of being severe toward the abettors of modern scepticism4 ,i recognize the difference between errors which are nearly finished1 and errors which are just beginning2 between responsible and guilty authors who knowingly spread false doctrines1 and their innocent victims1 who1 after centuries1 still cling to them4 ,how can ,i help being moved to tears when ,i see the people of my country1 its mechanics and its farmers1 so industrious and so worthy of sympathy1 young men of our schools1 whose active minds call for the truth1 both fall1 almost before they are aware of it1 into the hands of teachers of error8 ,when the reawakening of faith was so perceptible a few years ago1 and a decisive progress toward good seemed to be accomplished1 how quickly did the shadows gather around us2 dismal precipices opened beneath our feet1 the breath of an impious science and violent press became most potent1 and the beautiful bark of faith and ,french prosperity seemed ready to sink before she had fairly left her port6 ,ah6 ,i do1 indeed1 execrate the authors of that cruel wreck1 while ,i feel myself full of pity for the many sincere souls ,i see among our separated brethren1 living in error1 it is true1 but they have never made error live6 ,with warmth ,i extend to such captive souls a friendly hand4 ,let them come back to the church2 for she it is who guards ,jesus ,christ1 the ,god of the whole truth1 and invites them to this great banquet of the ,father of the family1 where1 as ,bossuet has well said1 all are made one4 ,may the coming council1 in its work of enlightenment and pacification1 reconcile to us many souls who are already ours by their sincerity1 their virtue1 and1 as ,i know of many1 even by their desires4 ,let1 at least1 this be the heartfelt wish of every ,catholic6 ,yes1 let us open our hearts with more warmth than ever to these beloved brethren2 let us wish--it is the desire of the ,holy ,father--that the future council may be a powerful and happy effort1 and let us repeat unceasingly to heaven the prayer of the ,master1 ,may they be one1 as we are one4 ,,viii4 ,the ,catholic ,church4 ,and you1 whom the duties of my position compel me to address persistently--in time and out of time1 says ,st4 ,paul--adversaries of my faith1 though ,i speak to you with austere words upon my lips1 still know that it is with charity in my heart toward you all1 whether philosophers1 ,protestants1 or indifferent to all religion1 yea1 ,i would wish my voice could reach the most wretched pagan lost in the shadow of the superstition which yet covers half the globe4 ,o brethren6 ,i would that you could taste for a single moment the deep peace that one feels who lives and dies in the arms of the church6 ,bear witness with me to this peace1 my brethren of the priesthood1 and every ,christian of every rank and of all ages6 ,when one knows that he is surrounded by this light1 assured by her promises1 preceded by those sublime creatures who are called saints1 and whose glory in heaven the church of the earth salutes1 bound by tradition to all the ,christian centuries by the successors of the apostles1 and founded1 at last1 upon ,jesus ,christ1 what joy6 what a company6 what power6 and what repose in light and certainty6 #bh ,i am firmly convinced1 and each day brings forth a new proof1 that the enemies of the church do not really detest her4 ,no2 the dominant sentiment among our enemies is not always hatred4 ,there is another feeling which they do not admit1 which is far more frequent among them1 ,this is envy4 ,yes2 they envy us2 the atheist1 at the moment he is insulting a ,christian1 says secretly to himself1 ,oh6 how happy he is6 ,let us not credit that which we hear said against the church1 that her majestic face has been for ever disfigured by calumny1 and that henceforth men can only see in her a mistress of tyranny and ignorance4 ,these violent prejudices certainly do have an influence2 our faults and our enemies undertake the business of propagating them4 ,but the church1 in spite of this--and the ecumenical council will prove this again to the world--will not be any less the church of ,christ1 without blemish and without spot1 notwithstanding the imperfections of her children2 and there is not one among those that attack her who can tell us what evil the church has ever done to him4 ,my people1 what have ,i done to thee8 ,what evil6 ,citizens of town and country1 you owe to the ,catholic ,church the purity of your children1 the fidelity of your wives1 the honesty of your neighbor1 the justice of your laws1 the gay festival which breaks in upon the monotony of your daily lives1 the little picture which hangs upon your wall2 and1 more than these1 you owe her the sweet expectation which waits by the cemetery and the tomb6 ,this is the evil she has done you--this enemy of the human race6 ,and if you can raise your thought above yourself1 above your own interests1 above your homes2 if you allow your thoughts to soar higher than the smoke which curls above your roofs1 what a grand spectacle does the ,catholic ,church present6 ,she is great and good1 even in the little history of our life--greater and far better does she appear in the history of the laborious developments of human society4 ,inseparable companion of man upon this earth1 she struggles and she suffers with him2 she has assisted1 inspired1 guided humanity in all its most painful and glorious transformations4 ,it was she who made virtues1 the very name of which was yet unknown1 rise up from the midst of pagan corruption2 and souls1 so pure1 so noble1 so elevated1 that the world still falls upon its knees before them4 ,it was she who tamed and transformed barbarians2 and who1 during the long and perilous birth of modern races in the middle ages1 has courageously fought the evil1 and presided over all progress4 ,and it must be again the ,catholic ,church which will help modern society to disengage from the midst of its confused elements that which disturbs its peace1 the principles of life from the germs of death1 by maintaining firmly those truths which alone can save it4 ,ah6 we do not know the ,catholic ,church well enough4 ,we live within her fold1 we are a part of her1 and yet we do not understand her4 ,we ignore both what she was and what she is in the world1 and the mission ,god has given her1 and the living forces1 the divine privileges1 bestowed upon her1 so that she may accomplish eternally her task upon the earth1 to maintain immutably here below truth and goodness1 and to remain for ever1 as an apostle said of her1 the pillar and the ground of truth4 ,surely1 we never hear it made a matter of reproach that a pillar remains unchanged2 what would become of the edifice1 if the pillar were to leave its place8 #bi ,why1 then1 reproach the church for being immovable1 and why is not this immobility salutary for you8 ,what will you do when there are tremblings in regard to the truth like the trembling of the earth8 ,while you must disperse1 we are uniting4 ,what you are losing1 we are defending4 ,we can say to modern doctrines1 ,we knew you at ,alexandria and at ,athens2 both you1 your mothers1 your daughters1 and your allies4 ,the church can say to the nations1 when the ,pope has gathered their ambassadors3 ,france1 thou hast been formed by my bishops2 thy cities and their streets bear their names6 ,england1 who has made thee1 and why wert thou once called the isle of saints8 ,germany1 thou hast entered into the civilization of the ,west by my envoy1 ,st4 ,boniface4 ,russia1 where wouldst thou now be1 were it not for my ,cyril and my ,methodius8 ,kings1 ,i have known your ancestors4 ,before ,hapsburg1 or ,bourbon1 or ,romanoff1 or ,brunswick1 or ,hohenzollern--before ,bonaparte or ,carignan1 ,i was old2 for ,i have seen the ,caesars and the ,antonies die2 to-morrow ,i will be1 for ,i am ever the same4 ,do you answer that it will be without money1 without dwelling1 without power8 ,it may be so1 for ,i have endured these proofs a hundred times1 always ready to address to nations the little sentence ,jesus once spoke to ,zaccheus1 ',this day ,i must abide in thy house4' ,if ,i leave ,rome1 ,i will go to ,london1 to ,paris1 or to ,new ,york4 ,it is only of the church and of the sun that it can be said that to-morrow they will certainly rise2 and this is the reason that the church1 in the midst of the disturbances of the present time1 boldly announces her council4 ,admirable spectacle1 that our century would wish not to admire1 but whose grandeur it is forced to acknowledge4 ,yes1 many a wearied eye rests with irresistible emotion upon this stately pillar1 standing alone in the midst of the ruins of the past and of the actual destruction of all human greatness4 ,the indifferent feel troubled1 surprised1 attracted at the sight of the church testifying her immortal power by this great act2 and after they have exhausted all their doctrines1 they are tempted to exclaim to the ,supreme ,pontiff that which ,peter1 the first pontiff1 once said to ,jesus1 ,master1 to whom shall we go8 you have the words of eternal life4 ,hear the words of life1 you who doubt1 who search1 who suffer6 ,hear them also1 you who triumph1 who rejoice1 who lord it over your fellowman6 ,hear the words that the church calls her little children to repeat at every rising of the sun3 ,credo1 ,i believe6 ,i believe in one ,god1 the ,creator4 ,see1 savants1 here is the answer to your uncertainties4 ,credo1 ,i believe6 ,i believe in a ,saviour of the world who has consecrated purity by his birth1 confounded pride by his precepts1 rebuked injustice by his sufferings1 and proved his divinity and immortality by his resurrection1 ,i believe in ,jesus ,christ6 ,see in him1 poor1 afflicted humanity1 poor1 oppressed people1 an answer to your despair4 ,credo1 ,i believe6 ,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost1 in the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 the communion of saints1 the forgiveness of sins1 in the judgment1 and in a life of everlasting happiness to those who have fought the good battle4 ,see in our creed1 ,o ,protestants and philosophers6 so divided in your affirmations1 so narrow in your hopes1 the response to your disputes4 ,see in it1 oppressive monarch1 the answer to your iniquities6 ,and see1 also1 ,o pitiless death6 the answer to your terrors4 #cj ,to love1 to hope1 to believe6 ,everything is contained in these words2 and it is the church who alone can preserve in unshaken majesty and in the universal truth this ,credo1 that the nineteenth century1 now in the dawn of the twentieth1 is going to repeat with the two hundred and sixty-second successor of the fisherman ,peter1 first apostle of ,jesus ,christ4 ,but1 brothers1 let us cease speaking2 let us cease disputing1 let us cease fearing1 let us bend the knee and pray6 ,o ,god6 who knows the secret of your ,providence1 and who knows the wonders which the church will yet display to the world1 if men's faults and their passion do not retard her8 ,if religion and society1 leaning one upon the other1 should advance1 with mutual concord1 on their blessed course1 what great steps would there be toward the establishment of your reign upon the earth1 toward the progress of nations1 toward liberty by the way of truth1 toward the real fraternity of men1 toward the extinction of revolution and of war1 toward the peace of the world4 ,then a new era would open before us1 and a new great century appear in history4 ,let us throw open our souls to these hopes2 let us beg these blessings of ,god1 and let us foresee possible misfortunes only to prevent them4 ,let it be known at least that ,catholics are not men of discouragement1 of dark predictions1 or of peevish menaces2 but men of charity1 of noble hopes1 of peaceful effort1 and1 at the same time1 of generous struggle4 ,let us invoke ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul2 let us invoke the ,virgin ,mary1 ,mother of ,jesus1 the honor and the heavenly guardian of the race of man2 and1 united to the souls of all the saints1 let us pray to the adorable ,trinity reigning in heaven6 ,let us pray that the council may be able to fulfill its task2 that the ,christian world will not repel this great effort which the church is making to help them2 that light may find its way into their minds1 and that their hearts may be softened6 ,that misunderstandings may be explained1 prejudices removed2 that unreasonable fears may disappear1 and that ,christianity1 and consequently civilization1 may flourish with a new and more vigorous youth4 ,may the return to the church1 so much desired and so necessary1 take place6 ,let us pray for the monarchs of the world1 that the wish and formal request that the ,holy ,father made them in his letter may be granted1 ,may they cast aside all silly objections1 and favor by the liberty they give the bishops the future assembly of the church1 and let her council meet in peace4 ,let us pray1 too1 for their people1 that they may understand the maternal intentions of the church2 and1 closing their ears to calumny1 may hear with confidence and accept with docility the words of their mother4 ,let us pray even for the avowed enemies of the church1 that they make a truce with their suspicions and their anger until the church has announced1 in her council and under the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 her decrees whose wisdom and charity can hardly fail to touch them4 ,let us pray for so many men of good faith1 men of science1 statesmen1 the heads of families1 workmen1 men of honor1 whom the light of ,jesus ,christ has not yet enlightened1 that they may now receive its beneficent rays4 ,let us pray that the anxious wishes of so many mothers1 sisters1 wives1 and daughters1 who1 in obscurity1 are maintaining purity and holiness in their families1 often without being able to bring our holy faith there1 may at length be heard4 #ca ,let us pray for the ,east and the ,west1 that they may be reconciled2 and for our separated brethren1 that they may leave the division which is destroying them1 and answer the urgent appeal of the holy church1 and come to throw themselves in those arms which have been open to receive them for three centuries4 ,let us pray for the church1 for her faithful children1 and for her ministers1 that each day may find them more pure1 more holy1 more learned1 more charitable2 so that our faults may not be an obstacle to the reign of that ,god whose love we are appointed to make known4 ,let us also pray for the ,holy ,father4 ,deign1 ,o ,god6 to preserve him to your church1 and enable this great pontiff1 who has not feared1 even amid the troubles of the age1 to undertake the laborious work of a council1 to see its happy issue6 ,may he1 after so many trials1 bravely borne1 rejoice in the triumph of the church1 before he goes to receive in heaven the reward of his labors and his virtues6 ---------- ,lent1 #ahfi4 ,i4 ,we like sheep have gone astray1 ,kyrie eleison6 ,each his own misguided way1 ,kyrie eleison6 ,wandering farther1 day by day1 ,kyrie eleison6 ,,ii4 ,shepherd kind1 oh6 lead us back2 ,christe eleison6 ,wrest us from our dangerous track1 ,christe eleison6 ,lest the wolves thy flock attack2 ,christe eleison6 ,,iii4 ,ope for us again thy fold1 ,kyrie eleison6 ,night approaches1 drear and cold2 ,kyrie eleison6 ,death1 perchance1 and woes untold2 ,kyrie eleison6 ,richard ,storrs ,willis4 ---------- #cb ,the ,modern ,street-ballads ,of ,ireland4 ,the home of the street-ballad1 pure and simple1 is in ,ireland4 ,it has nearly vanished in ,england1 destroyed by the penny newspaper1 which contains five times as highly spiced food for the money4 ,in ,ireland it still exists and supplies the place of the newspaper1 not only in appeals to the passion or reason1 but as a general chronicle of every event of importance1 local or national1 ,very often both are combined1 and the leading article and the account of political insult will be run into rude rhyme together1 and the story of a murder be interspersed with reflections on its sin4 ,the quantity of ballads is1 of course1 enormous1 and to expect that any but a small portion should possess more poetry than a newspaper article would be unreasonable4 ,but all are not of this prosaic class1 and some possess the genuine spirit of poetry under their rude but often spirited diction4 ,the first question naturally asked is1 ,whence comes this enormous flood of ballads8 ,who are the poets who produce them on every imaginable subject1 even the most verse-defying public meeting1 or in praise of humblest of politicians8 ,like the immortal ,smiths and ,joneses1 that make the thunder of the ,times1 their names never appear1 and though the ballad or the leading article--and both have done so--may influence the fate of nations1 it will bring to the author only his stipulated hire4 ,at present1 the street-ballads of ,ireland are mostly composed by the singers themselves4 ,in ancient days1 the weavers and tailors and the hedge-schoolmasters used to be a fruitful source of supply1 the sedentary occupations of the former being popularly supposed to foster the poetic talent1 ,the latter class has vanished1 and if here and there one exists1 it is in the shape of a red-nosed1 white-haired veteran1 who is entertained in farmers' houses and country shebeens1 in memory of his ancient glory1 when sesquipedalian1 long words and cute problems made him the monarch of the parish next to the priest himself4 ,however1 the singer of the ballad is1 in most instances1 the writer1 who is only anxious for a subject of interest on which to exercise his muse1 and generally turns out half-a-dozen verses of the established pattern in half an hour4 ,this he takes to the publisher1 who not only allows him no copyright1 but does not even make a discount in the price of his stock in trade1 for which he pays the same as his brother bards1 who1 finding his ballad popular1 will straightway strain their voices to it4 ,but then he has the same privilege with their productions1 so that it is all right in the long run4 ,the ballads are printed on the coarsest of paper with the poorest of type1 and generally with a worn-out woodcut of the most inappropriate description at the head4 ,thus1 for instance1 ,i have one1 where a portrait of ,jerome ,bonaparte does duty over the ,lamentation of ,lawrence ,king for the murder of ,lieut4 ,clutterbuck4 ,the ballad-singers are of both sexes1 and are very dilapidated specimens4 ,the tone in which they send their voices on the shuddering air is utterly indescribable--a sort of droning1 pillelu falsetto1 at once outrageously comical and lugubrious4 ,they sing everything in the same melancholy cadence1 whether lamentation or love-song4 ,very often1 two1 more especially of women1 will be together4 #cc ,the first will sing the first two lines of a quatrain alone1 and then the second will join in1 and they rise to the height of discord together4 ,fair-days are their days of harvest1 although in cities like ,cork or ,waterford they may be seen on every day except ,sunday4 ,a popular ballad will often have a very large sale1 and will find its way all over the country4 ,the greater portion of ballads composed in this way are1 of course1 destitute of anything like poetry--mere pieces of outrageous metaphor and ,malapropoian long words1 for which last the ballad-singers have a ridiculous fondness4 ,the singers sing in a foreign language2 they have lost the sweet tongue peculiarly fitted for improvised poetry1 in which their predecessors the bards1 down to the date of less than one hundred years ago1 sang so sweetly and so strongly1 with such dramatic diction and happy boldness of epithet4 ,the language of the ,saxon oppressor is from the tongue1 and not from the heart4 ,as the mother of the late ,william ,carleton used to say1 the ,irish melts into the tune2 the ,english doesn't1 and so many of the finest of the ancient melodies are now songs without words4 ,turlogh ,o',carolan1 ,donogh ,mac,conmara1 and the ,mangaire ,sugach have not left their successors among the ,english poets of the present day4 ,among a people naturally so eloquent as the native ,irish1 not even the drapery of an incongruous language can entirely obscure the native vigor and strength of thought4 ,a ballad is sometime seen which1 though often unequal and rude1 is alive with impassioned poetry1 fierce1 melancholy1 or tender1 and it almost always becomes a general favorite1 and is preserved beyond its day to become a part of the standard stock4 ,the songs of so genuine a poet as ,william ,allingham1 who is the only cultivated ,irish poet who has had the taste and the spirit to reproduce in spirit and diction these wild flowers of song1 have been printed on the half-penny ballad-sheets1 and sung at the evening hearth and at the morning milking all over ,ireland4 ,lovely ,mary ,donnelly and the ,irish ,girl's ,lamentation have become1 in truth1 a part of the songs of the nation1 touching alike the cultivated intellect and the untutored heart4 ,the street-ballads may be divided into five classes3 patriotic1 love-songs1 lamentations1 eulogies1 and chronicles4 ,the patriotic songs are disappointing4 ,there are few to stir the heart like the war-notes of ,scotland4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,the triumphs were few and fleeting1 and the song of the vanquished was only of hope or despair4 ,they must sing in secret and be silent in the presence of the victors4 ,in most of the political songs allegory is largely used4 ,ireland is typified under the form of a lonely female in distress1 or a venerable old lady1 or some other figure is used to disguise the meaning4 ,of course the street ballad-singers dare not sing anything seditious1 and even the whistling of the ,wearing of the ,green will call down the rebuke of the peeler4 ,the ballads that express the hatred of the people to their rulers are sung in stealth and are often unprinted4 ,they are not usually the production of the hackneyed professional ballad-singers1 and are consequently of a much higher order4 ,the following is a good specimen1 ,it is entitled #cd ,the ,irishman's ,farewell ,to ,his ,country4 ,oh6 farewell1 ,ireland3 ,i am going across the stormy main1 ,where cruel strife will end my life1 to see you never again4 ',twill break my heart from you to part2 acushla astore machree4 ,but ,i must go1 full of grief and woe1 to the shores of ,america4 ,on ,irish soil my fathers dwelt since the days of ,brian ,borue4 ,they paid their rent and lived content convenient to ,carricmore4 ,but the landlord sent on the move my poor father and me4 ,we must leave our home far away to roam in the fields of ,america4 ,no more at the churchyard1 astore machree1 at my mother's grave ,i'll kneel4 ,the tyrants know but little of the woe the poor man has to feel4 ,when ,i look on the spot of ground that is so dear to me1 ,i could curse the laws that have given me cause to depart to ,america4 ,oh6 where are the neighbors1 kind and true1 that were once my country's pride8 ,no more will they be seen on the face of the green1 nor dance on the green hillside4 ,it is the stranger's cow that is grazing now1 where the people we used to see4 ,with notice they were served to be turned out or starved1 or banished to ,america4 ,o6 ,erin machree1 must our children be exiled all over the earth8 ,will they evermore think of you1 astore1 as the land that gave them birth8 ,must the ,irish yield to the beasts of the field8 ,oh6 no--acushla astore machree4 ,they are crossing back in ships1 with vengeance on their lips1 from the shores of ,america4 ,the songs which were in vogue among the young and enthusiastic ,fenians were1 as might be supposed1 of an entirely different nature4 ,they were not peasants1 but half-educated artisans4 ,the proscribed ,national ,cork ,songster contains probably more rant and fustian than any similar number of printed pages in existence4 ,the verses1 of course1 bear a family resemblance to those that appeared in the ,nation for a couple of years previous to the events of '#dh1 and in many instances are reproductions4 ,those of a modern date are still more extravagant1 if possible1 than that deluge of enthusiastic pathos2 for among the ,nation poets were ,thomas ,davis and ,james ,clarence ,mangan1 while among those of the ,fenians of #ahff there is but one that deserves the slightest shred of laurel4 ,charles ,j4 ,kickham1 now under sentence of fourteen years' penal servitude in her ,britannic ,majesty's prisons1 has written two or three pieces of genuine ballad-poetry of great merit1 which the people have at once adopted as household songs4 ,rory of the ,hill is of remarkable spirit4 ,it begins3 ,that rake up near the rafters1 ,why leave it there so long8 ,the handle of the best of ash ,is smooth and straight and strong4 ,and mother1 will you tell me ,why did my father frown1 ,when to make hay in summer-time ,i climbed to take it down8 ,she looked up to her husband's eyes1 ,while her own with light did fill1 ',you'll shortly know the reason why1' ,said ,rory of the ,hill4 ,the love-songs1 that are sung by the colleens at the soft dewy dawn1 as they sit beside the sleek cows just arisen from beneath the hedge1 the nimble finger streaming the white milk into the foaming pail1 while the lark's song melts down from that speck beneath the cloud1 and the blackbird and thrush warble with ecstasy in the hedge1 the morning light shining across the dewy green fields2 or at ,eve's pensive air1 when the shadows are growing long1 although the tops of the swelling uplands are bright1 and the crows are winging home1 and the swallows darting in the still air2 or1 in the winter evenings1 when the candles are lighted in the kitchen1 and busy fingers draw the woof1 while the foot beats time to the whirring wheel1 are very numerous1 and generally of a higher order of merit than the patriotic songs4 ,the pulses of the heart are freer and its utterance dearer in human love than in love of country4 ,the beauties in which the ,irish girls excel all others--the blooming cheeks1 and brilliant eyes1 and wealth of flowing hair1 are the main objects of compliment1 and are often transformed into personifications of endearment4 #ce ,colleen1 the universal term for young maidens1 seems but a corruption of coolleen1 which means a head of curls or abundant tresses4 ,grey and blue eyes are especially objects of endearment1 and even in the ancient ,irish poems1 green-eyed is not unfrequently used1 which is not so unnatural as the ,english reader may suppose1 the ,irish word expressing the indefinable tint of some lighter blue eyes1 being untranslatable into ,english4 ,footnote #ah ,footnote #ah3 ,sweet emerald eyes4--,massinger4 ,how is that young and green-eyed ,gaditana8 ,longfellow's ,spanish ,student4 ,although the modern love-songs are inferior to those in the ,irish language1 for the reason that has been mentioned1 that ,english is not yet the language of the ,irish heart1 they often possess a simple power1 and1 though seldom sustained throughout1 a touch of nature's genius1 which the highest poet cannot reach with all his art4 ,how exquisite is the following3 ,as ,katty and ,i were discoursing1 ,she smiled upon me now and then1 ,her apron string she kept foulding1 ,and twisting all round her ring4 ,bits of poetry can be picked out of almost every love-ballad1 as witness the following3 ,my love is fairer than the lilies that do grow1 ,she has a voice that's clearer than any winds that blow4 ,with mild eyes like the dawn4 ,one pleasant evening1 when pinks and daisies ,closed in their bosoms one drop of dew4 ,his hair shines gold revived by the sun1 ,and he takes his denomination from the drien don4 ,i wish ,i were a linnet1 how ,i would sing and fly4 ,i wish ,i were a corn-crake1 ,i'd sing till morning clear-- ,i'd sit and sing to ,molly1 for once ,i held her dear4 ',twas on a bright morning in summer1 ,that ,i first heard his voice speaking low1 ,as he said to the colleen beside me1 ,who's that pretty girl milking her cow8 ,the hands of my love are more sunny and soft ,than the snowy sea foam4 ,my love will not come nigh me1 ,nor hear the moan ,i make2 ,neither would she pity me1 ,though my poor heart should break4 ,there is not one1 however1 that would bear quoting entire1 and none that comes anywhere near the flowers of the ancient ,irish love-songs which are some of the finest in the world4 ,the principal theme and delight of the ballad-singers are romantic episodes1 where a rich young nobleman courts a farmer's daughter in disguise1 and1 after marriage1 reveals himself1 his lineage1 and his possessions to his bride2 or where a noble lady falls in love with a tight young serving-boy4 ,such a ballad will be as great a favorite among the colleens as the novels of romantic love are said to be among milliners' apprentices4 ,one thing is especially noticeable among the love-ballads1 and that is the total absence not only of licentiousness1 but even of coarseness4 ,the ,irish peasant-girls at home are the most virtuous of their class in the world1 owing to the influence of the confessional1 the strong feeling of family pride1 and the custom of universal and early marriage4 ,not but there are unfortunates who have made a slip2 and when the ballad relates of such a tragedy1 it shows of how deep effect is the scorn of the parish1 and how wretched the fate of the unfortunate and her base-born offspring4 ,the lamentations or confessions of condemned criminals are highly popular4 ,premeditated murder is rare among the ,irish peasantry1 in comparison with the records of ruffianism among the ,english laboring classes1 and the interest excited by the event is deeper1 and extends to a larger space of local influence4 ,these lamentations are the rhymed confessions of the criminals1 giving an account of the circumstances of the tragedy1 sometimes in the third person1 and sometimes in the first1 always concluding with a regret at the disgrace which the criminal has brought on his relations1 and imploring mercy for his soul4 #cf ,they are of unequal merit1 and1 as a whole1 not equal to the love-songs4 ,once in a while1 there is a touch of untaught pathos2 but being without exception the production of the hackneyed writers1 they are as little worth preservation as the lives of eminent murderers which supply their places among us4 ,the narrative ballads tell of every event of interest to ,irish ears1 from ,aspromonte to the glorious steeplechase at ,namore2 the burning of an emigrant ship1 to a ploughing-match at ,pilltown1 the same language being used for the one as the other4 ,during the late war in this country1 every great battle was duly sung by the ,irish minstrels4 ,the sympathies of the peasantry were usually with the majority of their kindred in the ,north1 but not universally so4 ,thus does a bard give an account of the battle of ,new ,orleans1 which would astonish ,general ,butler3 ,to see the streets that evening1 the heart would rend with pain4 ,the human blood in rivers ran1 like any flood or stream4 ,men's heads blown off their bodies1 most dismal for to see2 ,and wounded men did loudly cry in pain and agony4 ,the ,federals they did advance1 and broke in through the town4 ,they trampled dead and wounded that lay upon the ground4 ,the wounded called for mercy1 but none they did receive-- ,the eulogies of person or place1 some patron or his residence1 are innumerable1 and ineffably absurd4 ,some years ago1 an idle young lawyer at ,cork happened to be visiting ,blarney ,castle1 when one of these wandering minstrels came to the gate1 and asked to dedicate a verse to ,lady ,jeffers that owns this station4 ,the request was granted1 and the laughter of the guests1 as the bard recited his composition1 may be imagined4 ,the occurrence and the style of verse were common enough1 but an idle banter incited the gay youth into a burlesque imitation4 ,the result was the famous ,groves of ,blarney1 that has been sung and whistled all over the world4 ,those who have not seen the originals might imagine the ,groves of ,blarney to be an outrageous caricature4 ,but it is not so4 ,it hardly equals and cannot surpass some of the native flowers of blunder4 ,the original is still sold in the streets of ,cork1 and some extracts1 in conclusion1 will show how much ,dick ,milliken was indebted to his unwitting model3 ,there are fine walks in those pleasant gardens1 ,and spots most charming in shady bowers4 ,the gladiator1 who is bold and daring1 ,each night and morning to watch the flowers4 ,there are fine horses and stall-fed oxen1 ,a den for foxes to play and hide1 ,fine mares for breeding1 with foreign sheep1 ,with snowy fleeces at ,castle ,hyde4 ,the buck and doe1 the fox and eagle1 ,do skip and play at the river side4 ,the trout and salmon are always sporting ,in the clear streams of ,castle ,hyde4 ---------- #cg ,daybreak4 ,chapter ,i4 ,o jewel in the lotos3 amen6 ,a wide1 slow whitening of the east1 a silent stealing away of shadows1 a growing radiance before which the skies receded into ineffable heights of pale blue and gleaming silver1 and a ,march day came blowing in with locks of gold1 and kindling glances1 and girdle of gold1 and golden sandals over the horizon4 ,louis ,granger1 standing in the open window of his chamber1 laughed as he looked in the face of the morning1 and stretched out his hands and cried1 ,backsheesh1 ,o ,howadji6 ,not many streets distant1 another pair of eyes looked into the brightening east1 but saw no gladness there4 ,margaret ,hamilton remembered that it was her twenty-fifth birthday1 and that she had cried herself to sleep the night before1 thinking of it4 ,but she would not remember former birthdays1 celebrated by father1 mother1 and sisters1 before they had died1 one after one1 and left her alone and aghast before the world4 ,this1 and some other memories still more recent1 she put out of sight2 and1 since they would not stay without force1 she held them out of sight4 ,one who has to do this is haunted4 ,the woman looked haunted4 ,her eyes were unnaturally bright and alert1 and shadows had settled beneath them2 her cheeks were worn thin2 her mouth compressed itself in closing4 ,at twenty-five she looked thirty-five4 ,and yet ,miss ,hamilton was meant for a beauty--one of the brilliant kind1 with clear gray eyes1 and a creamy pallor contrasting with profuse black hair4 ,the beautiful head was well set2 something vivid and spirited in the whole air of it4 ,her height was only medium1 but she had the carriage of a ,jane de ,montford1 and there were not wanting those who would have described her as tall4 ,while she looked gloomily out1 a song she had heard somewhere floated up in her mind3 ,the years they come1 and the years they go1 ,like winds that blow from sea to sea2 ,from dark to dark they come and go1 ,all in the dew-fall and the rain4 ,it was like a dreary bitter wind sobbing about the chimneys when the storm is rising4 ,she turned hastily from the window1 and began counting the hideous phantoms of bouquets on the cheap wall-paper1 thinking that they might be the lost souls of flowers that had been wicked in life2 roses that had tempted1 and lilies that had lied4 ,the room1 she found1 was sixteen bouquets long1 and fourteen and a half wide4 ,when her eyes began to ache with this employment1 she took up a book1 and1 opening it at random1 read3 ,a still small voice said unto me1 ',thou art so full of misery1 ,were it not better not to be8' ,was everything possessed to torment her8 ,she dropped the book1 and looked about in search of distraction4 ,in the window opposite her stood her little easel with a partly finished cabinet photograph on it a man's face1 with bushy whiskers1 round eyes1 an insignificant nose1 the expression full of a weak fierceness superficially fell and determined1 as though a lamb should try to look like a lion4 #ch ,one eye was sharply finished2 and1 as ,margaret glanced at the picture1 this stared at her in so grotesque and threatening a manner that she burst into a nervous laugh4 ,i must turn your face to the wall1 ,cyclops1 till ,i can give you another eye1 she said1 suiting the action to the word4 ,a pile of unfinished photographs lay on a table near4 ,she looked them over with an expression of weariness4 ,o the eyes1 and noses1 and mouths6 ,why will people so misuse the sunbeams8 ,and this insane woman who refuses to be toned down with ,india ink1 but will have colors to all the curls1 and frizzles1 and bows and ends1 and countless fly-away things she has on her6 ,she looks now more like an accident than a woman4 ,when the colors are put in1 she will be a calamity4 ,only one face among them pleases me--this pretty dear4 ,selecting the picture of a lovely child1 ,margaret looked at it with admiring eyes4 ,so sweet6 ,i wish ,i had her here this moment with her eyes1 and her curls1 and her mouth4 ,a sigh broke through the faint smile4 ,there seemed to be a thorn under everything she touched4 ,laying the picture down1 she busied herself in her room1 opened drawers and closets and set them in order2 gathered the few souvenirs yet remaining to her--letters1 photographs1 locks of hair--and piled them all into the grate4 ,one folded paper she did not open1 but held an instant in fingers that trembled as they clung2 then1 moaning faintly1 threw it on to the pyre4 ,inside that paper were two locks of hair--both silver-threaded--twined as the two lives had been2 her father's and her mother's4 ,the touch of a match1 and the smoke of her sacrifice curled up into the morning sky4 ,then again she came to a stand-still1 and looked about for something to do4 ,i cannot work1 she said4 ,my hand is not steady enough1 and my eyes are dim4 ,what was it that ,beethoven wrote to his friend8 ',at times cheerful1 then again sorrowful2 waiting to see if fate will listen to us4' ,suppose ,i should drop everything1 since ,i am so nerveless1 and wait to see what fate will do4 ,here again the enemy stood1 ,the picture of waiting that came up before her mind was that of ,judge ,pyncheon in the ,house of the ,seven ,gables1 sitting and staring blankly as the hours went by--a sight to shriek out at when at length he was found4 ,with a swift pencil this woman's imagination painted a companion picture3 the door of her room opening after days of silence2 a curious1 frightened face looking in2 somebody sitting there cold and patient1 with half-open eyes1 and not a word of welcome or questioning for the intruder4 ,a clock outside struck ten4 ,margaret rose languidly and dressed for a walk1 after pausing to rest4 ,raising her arms to arrange her hair and bonnet1 she felt so faint that for a moment she was obliged to lean forward on her dressing-table4 ,at length she was ready1 only one duty left unperformed4 ,miss ,hamilton had not said her prayers that morning1 and had not even thought of saying them1 or of reproaching herself for the omission--a scandalous omission1 truly1 for the granddaughter of the ,rev4 ,doctor ,john ,hamilton1 and daughter of that excellent but somewhat diluted deacon1 ,john ,hamilton1 his son4 ,but to pray was to remember2 and beside1 ,god had forgotten her1 she thought4 #ci ,miss ,hamilton was not a ,catholic1 ,to her1 ,christ died eighteen centuries ago1 and went to heaven1 and stayed there1 only looking and listening down in some vague and far-away manner that was easier to doubt than to believe4 ,the church into which1 at every dawn of day1 the ,beloved descends with shining pierced feet and hands2 with the lips that spoke1 and the eyes that saw1 and the locks through which had sifted the winds of ,olivet and the dews of ,gethsemane2 with the heart of infinite love and pity1 yes1 and the soul of infinite power--this church she knew not4 ,to her it was an abomination4 ,the temples where pain hangs crowned with a dolorous majesty1 and where the path of sorrows is also the path of delights1 her footsteps had never sought4 ,to her they were temples of idolatry4 ,therefore1 when troubles came upon her1 though she faced them intrepidly1 it was only with a human courage4 ,what wonder if at last it proved that pain was stronger than she8 ,with her hand on the latch of the door she paused1 then turned back into her chamber again4 ,the society face she had assumed dropped off2 a sigh went shivering over her lips1 and with it a half-articulated thought1 silly and womanish1 ,if ,i had some one to come in here1 put an arm around me--,i'm so tired6--and say1 ',take courage1 dear6' ,i could bear up yet longer4 ,i could endure to the end1 perhaps4 ,a silly thought1 but pitiful1 being so vain4 ,miss ,hamilton was not by nature one of those who1 as ,sir ,thomas ,browne says1 looked asquint upon the face of truth4 ,but she had not dared to fully realize her circumstances1 lest all courage should die out of her heart4 ,now you could see that she put aside the last self-delusion1 and boldly looked her life in the face4 ,it was ,medusa4 ,one of the bravest of soldiers has said that in his first battle he would have been a coward if he had dared4 ,imagine the eyes of such a fighter1 a foe within and a foe without1 and but his own right arm and dauntless will between the two6 ,such eyes had this woman4 ,of her whole form1 only those eyes seemed to live4 ,but for them she might have been ,margaret ,hamilton's statue4 ,at length she moved2 and going slowly out1 held on to the railing in descending the stairs4 ,out doors1 and down ,washington street1 then1 taking that direction involuntarily4 ,it was near noon when she found herself in a crowd on ,park street1 hastening through it1 without caring to inquire what the cause of the gathering was4 ,coming out presently in front of the state house1 and seeing that there was space yet on the steps1 she went up them1 and took her stand near a gentleman whom she had long known by sight and repute4 ,mr4 ,louis ,granger also recognized her1 and made room1 quietly placing himself between her and the crowd4 ,miss ,hamilton scarcely noticed the movement4 ,she was used to being attended to4 ,this gentleman was what might be called fine-looking1 and was thoroughly gentlemanly in appearance4 ,he was cast in a large mould1 both form and features1 had careless hazel eyes that saw everything1 and rather a lounging way with him4 ,indeed1 he owned himself a little lazy1 and used laughingly to assert his belief that inertia is a property of mind as well as of matter4 ,it took a good deal to start him2 but once started1 it took still more to stop him4 ,his age might be anywhere from thirty to forty1 the few silver threads in his fine dark hair counting for nothing4 ,you perceived that they had no business whatever there4 #dj ,he was not a man who would catch the eye in a crowd2 but1 once your attention was directed toward him1 you felt attracted4 ,the charm of his face depended chiefly on expression2 and those who pleased him called ,mr4 ,granger beautiful4 ,he stood now looking attentively at the lady beside him1 finding himself interested in her4 ,her eyes1 that were fixed on the advancing procession1 appeared to see no more than if they had been jewels1 and her mouth was shut as if it would never open again4 ,the pale temples were hollow1 the delicate nostrils were slightly pinched1 the teeth seemed to be set hard4 ,he studied her keenly1 secure in her perfect abstraction1 and marked even the frail hand that clinched1 not clasped1 the iron railing4 ,mr4 ,granger could read as much in a hand as ,washington could2 and this hand1 dazzlingly fair1 full-veined1 pink-palmed1 transparent1 dewy1 with heart-shaped finger-tips that looked as though some finer perception were reaching out through the flesh1 was to him an epitome of the woman's character4 ,it was the #agth of ,march1 and the procession in honor of ,st4 ,patrick an unusually fine one4 ,it flowed past like a river of color and music1 with many a silken rustling of the flag of their adoption1 but everywhere and above all the beautiful green and gold of that most beautiful banner in the world--a banner which speaks not of dominion1 but of song and sunshine and the green earth4 ,while other nations1 higher-headed1 had taken the sun1 the star1 the crescent1 the eagle1 or the lion for an emblem1 or1 with truer loftiness1 had raised the cross as their ensign1 this people1 with a sweetness and humility all the more touching that it was unconscious1 bent to search in the grasses1 and smilingly and trustfully held up a shamrock as their symbol4 ,those had no need to inscribe the cross upon their escutcheon who1 in the face of the world1 bore it in their faithful hearts1 and upon their bowed and lacerated shoulders4 ,a pathetic spectacle--a countless procession of exiles2 yet1 happily for them1 the generous land that gave them a home grew no dark willows to rust their harp-strings4 ,the music was1 of course1 chiefly ,irish airs2 but one band in passing struck up ,sweet ,home4 ,margaret started at the sound1 and looked about for escape4 ,she could not listen to that4 ,happening to glance upward1 she saw a company of ladies and gentlemen in the balcony over the portico4 ,governor ,a---- was there1 leaning on the railing and looking over4 ,he caught her glance1 and beckoned4 ,margaret immediately obeyed the summons1 getting herself in hand all the way1 and came out on the balcony with another face than that she had worn below4 ,she had put on a smile2 some good fairy had added a faint blush1 and ,miss ,hamilton was presentable4 ,the governor met her with a hearty smile and clasp of the hand4 ,i am glad to see you1 he said4 ,will you stand here1 or take that seat ,mr4 ,sinclair is offering you8 ,yes1 sir1 he exclaimed1 as ,margaret turned away1 continuing his conversation with a gentleman beside him1 the ,english treatment of the ,irish is a clear case of cussedness4 ,our good chief magistrate is slightly idiomatic at times1 remarked a lady near by4 ,a poetess stood in the midst of a group of gentlemen1 who looked at her1 while she looked at the procession4 ,it is ,arethusa1 that bright stream1 she said with soft eagerness1 ,pursued and threatened at home1 it has crept through shadowy ways1 and leaped to light in a new land4 #da ,margaret approached ,mr4 ,sinclair1 who sat apart1 and who made room for her beside him4 ,even now she noticed the splendid beauty of this man in whom every physical attraction was perfected4 ,mr4 ,maurice ,sinclair might have posed for a ,jupiter2 but an artist would scarcely have taken him for a model of the prince of the apostles4 ,he was superbly made1 with a haughty1 self-conscious beauty2 his full1 bold eyes were of a light neutral tint impossible to describe1 so transparent were they1 so dazzling their lustre2 and his face was delicately smooth and nobly-featured4 ,one could scarcely regret that the long moustache curling away from his mouth1 then drooping below his chin1 and the thick hair pushed back from his forehead1 were of silvery whiteness4 ,it did not seem to be decay1 but perfection4 ,mr4 ,sinclair used to say that his head had blossomed4 ,he smiled as ,miss ,hamilton stepped slowly toward him1 the smile of a man entirely pleased with himself4 ,own now1 he said1 that you are wishing to be ,irish for the nonce1 that you might feel the full effervescence of the occasion4 ,she shook her head listlessly4 ,mr4 ,sinclair perceived that she needed to be amused4 ,see the governor wave his handkerchief6 he said4 ,that man has been born twice1 once into ,massachusetts1 and the second time into all creation4 ,she glanced at the object of his remarks1 noting anew his short1 rotund figure1 his round head with all its crow's-nest of black ringlets1 his prompt1 earnest face that could be so kind4 ,there isn't a drop of mean blood in his veins1 she said4 ,he is one of those rare men in whom feeling and principle go hand in hand4 ,mr4 ,sinclair gave his shoulders a just perceptible shrug4 ,do you know all the people here8 he asked1 observing that ,margaret looked searchingly over the company4 ,let me play ,helen on the walls of ,troy1 and point out the notables whom you do not know4 ,that antique-cameo-faced gentleman whom you are looking at now is the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,southard4 ,he is misnamed of course4 ,he should be called after something boreal1 ,does not he make you shiver8 ,he lives with my cousin1 whom ,i saw you standing beside down there4 ,louis likes him1 or pretends to4 ,mr4 ,southard is not so much a modern minister1 as a theological reminiscence4 ,he belongs among the crop-heads2 ,i have somewhere heard that he was a wild lad1 and is now doing penance4 ,it is likely4 ,one doesn't bar a sheep-fold as one does a prison4 ,he appears to be a little off guard now1 for a breath seems to have forgotten predestination4 ,when he looks like that1 ,i am always reminded of something pagan1 ,he'd be horrified1 of course1 if he knew it4 ,mark that ,olympian look of painless melancholy1 and the blue1 motionless eye4 ,what a cold1 marble face he has6 ,being too polished to retain heat1 he remains unmoved in the midst of enthusiasm4 ,that's philosophy1 isn't it8 ,he is one of those who fancy that ceasing to be human1 they become superhuman4 ,they mistake the prefix1 that's all4 ,but ,mr4 ,southard bristles with virtues4 ,i must own that ,i never knew a man so forgiving toward other people's enemies4 ,i know ,mr4 ,southard well by reputation1 ,margaret interrupted rather warmly4 ,he is human1 of course1 and so1 fallible2 but every mountain in his soul is a ,sinai6 #db ,oh6 he has his good points1 ,mr4 ,sinclair admitted tranquilly4 ,i have known him to be surprised into a glorious laugh1 for which1 to be sure1 he probably beat himself afterward2 and he has a temper that peeps out now and then in a delightfully human fashion4 ,i have detected in him1 too1 a carnal weakness for ,french chocolate1 and a taste for pictures1 even the pictures of the ,babylonians4 ,once ,i saw him stand five minutes before a faded old painting of ,cimabue's2 ,i believe it was a virgin standing between two little boys who leaned to kiss each other1 a hand of hers on either head1 ,i don't condemn the man in toto4 ,i like his faults2 but ,i detest his virtues6 ,that stout1 consequential person1 with his chin in his cravat1 who as ,suckling says of ,sir ,toby ,mathews1 is always whispering nothing into somebody's ear1 is ,mr4 ex-councilman ,smith4 ,he was thrown to the surface at the time of the ,know-,nothing ebullition1 and when that was over1 was skinned off with the rest of 'em4 ,he considers himself a statesman1 and looks forward with prophetic goggle eyes to the time when his party shall be again in the ascendant4 ,he comes here to nurse his wrath1 and ,i haven't a doubt that he feels as though this procession were marching down his throat4 ,he used to be to a joiner1 then a house-builder1 then he got to be a house-owner4 ,twenty years ago1 my aunt ,betsey1 who lives in the country1 paid him two dollars to build a trellis for her grape-vine1 and he did it so well that she gave him his dinner after the family had got through4 ,now he has a mansion near hers that dwarfs her cottage to a bird-cage4 ,his place is really fine1 grounds worth looking at1 and a stone house with bronze lions at the door4 ,i don't know what he has lions there for1 unless to indicate that ,snug the joiner lives within4 ,i'm not afraid of 'em4 ,you've never heard of him here2 but out there he is tremendous4 ',imposteur la ,mecque1 et prophte ,mdine4' ,still there are people even here who blow about him4 ,psaphon's birds1 of course1 fed on ,smith's oats1 ,he hates me because he thinks that ,i laugh at him2 but ,i don't doubt that it soothes his soul to know that the roses on his carpets are twice as large as those on mine1 and that he has ten pictures to my one4 ,the first thing you see when the vestibule door opens is a row of portraits1 ten of 'em1 ,smith and his wife1 and eight children4 ,ames painted 'em1 and he must have had the nightmare regularly till they were done4 ,they are larger than life1 and their eyes move4 ,i am positive that they move4 ,i guess there are little strings behind the canvas4 ,there they hang and stare at you1 till you wish they were hanged by the necks4 ,the first time ,i went there1 ,i shook my fist at 'em behind ,smith's back1 and he caught me at it4 ,i couldn't help it4 ,the spectacle is enough to excite any man's worst feelings4 ,the parlor walls are covered with landscapes painted from a cow's point of view1 strong in grass and clover1 with pleasant drinking-places1 and large trees to stand under when the sun gets high4 ,i never see such trees and water in nature1 but ,i dare say the cows do4 ,my wife and ,i dined there once4 ,the eight children sat in two detachments and ate ,black ,hamburg grapes1 skins and all2 and the peaches were brought in polished like apples4 ,my wife got into such a giggle that she nearly strangled4 ,i see1 you sharp-eyed ,bedouin1 you want to remind me that ,i have eaten of this man's salt4 ,true1 but he made it as bitter as any that ,dante ever tasted4 #dc ,that sober1 middle-aged man in a complete suit of pepper and salt1 hair and all1 is ,mr4 ,ames1 the member from ,n----1 ,polliwog ,ames they call him1 from his great speech4 ,is it possible you have never heard of it8 ,it was the speech of the session4 ,some one had introduced a bill asking an appropriation of ten thousand dollars toward building a new museum of natural history4 ,there was a little palaver on the subject1 then ,ames got up4 ,all winter nothing had been heard from him but the scriptural yea and nay2 so1 of course1 every one was attentive1 ',gentle-men1' he said1 'while thousands of men1 women1 and children1 in the city1 and tens of thousands in the commonwealth1 are hungry to-day1 and will be hungry to-morrow1 and are and will be too poor to buy food2 while paupers are crowding our almshouses1 and beggars are swarming in our streets2 while all this poverty is staring us in the face1 and putting to us the problem1 how are we to be fed and clothed and sheltered1 and kept from crime1 and taught to read and to pray8 it would seem to me1 gentlemen1 an unnecessary not to say reprehensible act1 to appropriate ten thousand dollars of the public money1 in order that some long-nosed professor might be enabled to show us how polliwogs wiggle their tails4' ,having said this1 ,mr4 ,ames shut his mouth1 and sat down covered with glory4 ,margaret's only comment was to look earnestly at this man who had remembered the poor4 ,they were silent a little while2 then ,mr4 ,sinclair spoke again1 in a lower voice4 ,i am going to ,europe in a few weeks4 ,she had nothing to say to this4 ,his going would make no difference with her4 ,you know1 and everybody knows1 he went on hastily1 that my wife and ,i have not for years lived very happily together4 ,i think that few blame me4 ,i would not wish all the blame to be thrown on her1 either4 ,the fact is1 we never were suited to each other1 and every day we grew more antagonistic4 ,we had a little sensible talk last week1 and finally agreed to separate4 ,she will remain here1 and ,i1 as ,i said1 shall go to ,europe for an indefinite time1 perhaps for ever4 ,at any other time ,margaret might have felt herself embarassed by such a confidence4 ,as it was1 she hardly knew what reply to make2 but1 since he waited1 managed to say that if people could not live peacefully together1 she supposed it was best they should separate4 ,he spoke again abruptly4 ,margaret1 you cannot1 if you would1 hide your misery from me4 ,you are fitted to appreciate all that is beautiful in nature and art1 yet are bound and cramped by the necessity of constant labor for your daily bread4 ,you suffer1 too1 what to the refined is the worst sting of poverty1 the being associated with1 often in the power of1 vulgar and ill-natured people1 who despise you because you are not rich1 and hate you because1 being poor1 you yet will not and cannot be like themselves4 ,i know that there are those who take delight in mortifying you1 in misinterpreting your every act and word1 and in prejudicing against you persons who otherwise might be your friends4 ,what a wretched1 double life you live2 petted by notable people on one hand1 and insulted by inferiors on the other6 ,how long is it to last8 ,you must be aware that you are slipping out of the notice of your early friends4 ,you cannot accept their invitations1 because you have not time1 and moreover1 are not suitably dressed4 ,by and by they will cease to invite you4 ,do you look forward to marriage8 ,every day your chances are lessening4 #dd ,you are growing old before your time4 ,i cannot see that you have anything to look forward to but a life of ill-paid toil1 a gradual dropping out of the place that you were born and educated to fill1 a loss of courage and self-respect1 a lowering of the tastes1 and at last1 a sinking to the level of what you must despise4 ,if you should be taken ill now1 what would become of you8 ,i should probably go to the charity-ward of the public hospital1 ,miss ,hamilton replied coldly4 ,what do you hope for8 he asked4 ,i hope for nothing1 she answered4 ,i know all that you tell me1 and far more4 ,mr4 ,sinclair's eyes brightened4 ,what good are your fine friends to you8 ,you would never ask them to help you1 ,i know2 but if you could bring yourself to that1 would you not feel a bitter difference8 ,it is not mean to shrink from asking favors1 when they are for ourselves4 ,walter ,savage ,landor was neither mean nor a fool2 yet he makes one of his best characters say that the highest price we can pay for a favor is to ask for it1 and everybody who has tried knows that4 ,you would sink at once from a friend to a dependent4 ,now your friends ask no questions1 and you tell them no lies4 ,if they give the subject a thought1 they fancy you in some quiet1 retired1 and highly genteel apartment1 if rather near the eaves1 then so for a pure northern light1 leisurely and elegantly painting photographs1 for which you receive the highest prices1 and thanks to boot4 ,they don't see an upstartly assistant criticising your work1 or a stingy employer taking off part of the price for some imaginary flaw4 ,and if they did1 they would only tell you that such annoyances are trivial1 that you must rise above them4 ,i've heard that kind of talk4 ,but those who go down to battle with the pigmies know how tormenting their bites are4 ,the worst of it is1 too1 that you cannot long maintain the dignity and purity of your own character in this petty strife1 ,it isn't in the nature of things1 ,i don't care what may be said to the contrary by parlor ascetics and philosophers4 ,they have no right to dogmatize on the necessary influence of circumstances in which they have never been placed4 ,moreover1 constant labor is lowering to the mind1 and any work is degrading to the person who can do a higher kind of work4 ,it may be saving to him whose leisure would be employed in frivolity and license2 but that person is already base4 ,the time you spend in studying how to make one dollar do the work of five makes a lower being of you4 ,i can see this in you1 ,margaret4 ,your manners and conversation are not what they were4 ,you have no time to read1 or think1 or look at pictures1 or hear lectures1 or listen to music--none4 ,you have only time for work1 and1 the work finished1 are too weary for anything but sleep2 perhaps too weary for that even1 ,how long do you expect to keep up with such a life dragging at you8 ,miss ,hamilton lifted between her finger and thumb a fold of the dress she wore4 ,all the time ,i could spare from my painting in the last three weeks has been devoted to the task of making this dress out of an old one1 she said4 ,it was a difficult problem2 but ,i solved it4 ,i was always fond of the mathematics4 ,of course1 during those three weeks my universe revolved around a black bombazine centre4 ,o sir6 ,i know better than you can tell me1 how degrading such labor is4 ,god in the beginning imposed it as a curse2 and a curse it is6 ,there was again a momentary pause1 during which ,mr4 ,sinclair's merciless eyes searched the cold face beside him4 #de ,margaret did not observe that all the company had gone1 that the procession had disappeared1 the crowd melted away4 ,she had sat there and listened like one in a dream1 too dull and weary to be angry1 or to wonder that such words should be addressed to her1 and such bold assertions made1 where her most intimate friends had never ventured a hint even4 ,when ,mr4 ,sinclair spoke again1 his voice was soft and earnest4 ,have you any friend so dear and trusty1 that his frown would make your heart ache yet more8 ,in all the world1 do you know one to whom your actions are of moment1 who thinks of you anxiously and tenderly1 for whose sake you would walk in a straight path1 though it might be full of thorns8 ,is there one8 ,there is not one1 she said4 ,come with me1 then6 he exclaimed4 ,think of ,italy1 and what that name means1 of the east1 of all the lands that live in song and in story4 ,drop for ever from your hands the necessity for toil1 and let your heart and mind take holiday4 ',not one1' you said2 but1 ,maud1 you mistook1 ,i thought of you all the time1 and got your troubles by heart4 ,leave this miserable1 cramping life of yours1 and come with me where we shall be as free from criticism as if we were disembodied spirits4 ,forget this paltry ,boston1 with its wriggling streets and narrow breaths4 ,fancy now that the breeze in our faces blows off the blue ,mediterranean1 the little dome above us rises and swells to ,st4 ,peter's1 that last flutter of a banner over the hill is the argent ground with golden keys4 ,or ,victor ,immanuel has got ,rome for his own1 and there floats the red1 white1 and green of ,italy4 ,how you would color and brighten like a rose under such sunshine6 ,come with me1 ,margaret1 come6 ,she looked at him with troubled1 uncomprehending eyes1 groping for the meaning under the flowery speech4 ,his glance dazzled her4 ,it is like a fairy-tale1 she said4 ,how can it come true8 ,i am poor1 yet you bid me travel as only the rich can4 ,how am ,i to go with you8 who else is going8 ,he smiled4 ,o silly ,margaret6 since there is no other way1 and since in all the world there is no one to care for or to question you1 come with me alone4 ,then ,margaret ,hamilton knew that her cup of bitterness had lacked one poisoned drop4 ,she got up from the seat1 shrinking away1 feeling as though she lessened physically4 ,but when she reached the door1 ,mr4 ,sinclair was there before her4 ,at least1 forgive me6 she heard him say4 ,let me go6 she exclaimed1 without looking up4 ,remember my tenderness and pity for you1 he urged4 ,you have none6 she said4 ,let me go4 ,and you are not indifferent to me1 he continued4 ,she lifted her face at that1 and looked at him with eyes that were bright1 gray1 and angry as an eagle's4 ,maurice ,sinclair1 she said haughtily1 ,i thank you for one thing4 ,weary1 and miserable1 and lonely as ,i have been1 ,i could not have been certain1 without this test1 that such a temptation would not make me hesitate4 ,but now ,i know that temptation comes from within1 not from without1 and that infamy attracts only the infamous4 ,i care for you1 you think8 ,my admiration and my friendships are free2 but ,i am not a woman to tear my hands on other people's hedges4 ,let me tell you1 sir1 that ,i must honor a man before ,i can feel any affection for him4 #df ,i must know that1 though being human he might stumble1 his proper stature is upright4 ,if ,i cared for you1 ,i could not stand here and scorn you1 as ,i do2 ,i should pray you to be true to your noble self1 to give me back my trust in you4 ,i should forgive you2 but my forgiveness would be coals of fire on your head4 ,if ,i could love a man well enough to sin for him1 ,i should love him too well for that4 ,oh6 it was manly1 and tender1 and generous of you1 was it not8 ,i had lost all but self-respect1 and you would have taken that from me4 ,but1 sir1 ,i have wings which you can never entangle6 ,you have nowhere to turn1 he said4 ,she stood one instant as though his words were indeed true1 then threw her hands upward1 ,i turn to ,god6 ,i turn to ,god6 she cried out4 ,when she looked at him again1 ,mr4 ,sinclair stepped aside and let her pass4 ,but the strength that passion gives is brief1 and when ,margaret reached the street1 she was trembling with weakness4 ,where to go8 ,not home2 oh6 not to that gloomy place6 ,she walked across the ,common1 and thence to the ,public ,gardens1 every step a weariness4 ,i must stay out in the sunshine1 she thought1 taking a seat under the great linden-tree that stands open to the west4 ,darkness1 and chilly1 shadowed places are terrible4 ,oh6 what next8 ,though she had called on ,god1 she yet believed not in him1 poor ,margaret6 ,hers had been the instinctive outcry of one driven to desperation2 and when the impulse subsided1 then darkness fell again4 ,sitting there1 she drew from her pocket a little folded paper1 opened it in an absent way1 and dreamily examined the delicate white powder it contained4 ,more than once1 when life had pressed too heavily1 the enchanter hidden under this delusive form had came to her aid1 had loosened the tense cords that bound her forehead1 unclasping them with a touch as light and tender as love's own1 had charmed away the pain from flesh and spirit4 ,she recollected now anew its sinuous and subtile ways4 ,first1 a deep and gradually settling quietude of mind and body1 all disturbing influences stealing away so noiselessly that their going was imperceptible1 a prickling in the arms1 a languor in the throat and at the roots of the tongue1 a sweet fainting of the breath1 an entire and perfect peace4 ,then a slowly rising perception of pleasures already in possession yet unnoticed before4 ,how delightful the mere involuntary act of breathing6 ,how airily intoxicating the full1 soft rush of blood through the arteries1 swinging noisily like a dance to a song1 never lost1 in whatever labyrinthine windings it might wander4 ,how the universe opened like a folded bud1 like myriad buds that bloom in light and color and perfume6 ,the air and the sunshine became miracles2 common things slipped off their disguise1 and revealed undreamed-of glories4 ,all this in silence4 ,and presently the silence would be found rhythmic like a tune4 ,she went no farther4 ,the point at which all these downy influences became twined into a cord as potent as the fabulous ,gleipnir1 and tightened about both body and soul with its soft1 implacable coils--that her thought glanced away from4 ,she carefully shook the shining powder into a little heap in the paper4 ,there was ten times as much as she had ever taken at once2 but then she had ten times greater need of rest and forgetfulness4 ,her head felt giddy1 as if a wheel were going within it4 #dg ,catching at that thought of a wheel1 her confused memory called up strange eastern scenes1 a temple in a gorge among rocky mountains2 outside1 the dash of a torrent foaming over its rough bed between the palms2 not far away1 the jungle1 where the tiger springs with a golden flash through the shadows2 within1 hideous carved idols with vestments of cloth of gold1 and silver bowls set before them1 the noiseless entering of a gliding lama1 the bowed form and hand outstretched to twirl the praying-wheel1 whereon is wound in million-fold repetition the one desire of his soul1 ,um mani panee1 houm6 ,o jewel in the lotos6 ,rest and forgetfulness6 ,so her thought kept murmuring with weary persistency4 ,as she raised the morphine to her lips1 some one touched her arm4 ,madam6 said a man's voice just behind her shoulder4 ,she started and half turned4 ,well1 sir6 ,what have you there8 he asked1 without removing his hand4 ,she shook herself loose from him4 ,will you go on1 sir8 you are insolent6 ,i cannot go while you have such a face1 and while that paper is in your hand1 ,louis ,granger said firmly2 and reaching1 took the morphine from her4 ,her glance slid away from his face1 and became fixed4 ,o child6 what would you do8 he exclaimed4 ,she did not appear to hear him4 ,she was swaying in her seat1 and her breath came sobbingly4 ,mr4 ,granger called a carriage that was passing1 and led her to it4 ,she made no resistance1 and did not object1 scarcely noticed1 indeed1 when he seated himself opposite her4 ,walk your horses till ,i find out where the lady wants to go1 he said to the driver4 ,when1 after a few minutes of sickening half-consciousness1 ,margaret began to realize who and where she was1 and looked at ,mr4 ,granger1 she met his eyes full of tears4 ,i have no claim on your confidence1 he said1 but ,i desire to serve you2 and if you can trust me1 ,i assure you that you will never have reason to regret it4 ,margaret dropped her face into her hands1 and all the pride died out of her heart4 ,i was starving1 she said4 ,i have not tasted food for twenty-four hours2 and for a week ,i have eaten nothing but dry bread4 ,mr4 ,granger leaned quickly and took her hand in a strong grasp1 as we take the hands of the dying1 to give them strength to die4 ,i worked day and night1 she sobbed2 and ,i only got enough to make me decent1 and pay for my room4 ,i have done all ,i could2 but ,i was losing the strength to do4 ,i have been starving so for more than a year1 growing worse every day4 ,i wasn't responsible for trying to take the morphine4 ,my head is so light and my heart is so heavy1 that everything seems strange1 and ,i don't quite know what is right and what is wrong4 ,mr4 ,granger's sympathy was painfully excited4 ,he was not only shocked and hurt for this woman1 but he felt that in some way he was to blame when such things could be4 ,he had also that uneasiness which we all experience when reminded how deceitful is the fair surface of life1 and what tragedies may be going on about us1 under our very eyes1 yet unseen and unsuspected by us4 ,what if my own little girl should come to this6 he thought4 ,what was ,mr4 ,sinclair saying to you up there8 he asked abruptly4 ,she told him without hesitation4 #dh ,the villain6 he muttered4 ,no1 ,margaret replied sadly1 ,i think that according to his light1 he had some kind meaning4 ,you know he doesn't believe in any religion1 that he denies revelation2 yet you would not call him a villain for that4 ,why then is he a villain for denying a moral code that is founded on revelation8 ,he is consistent4 ,if ,god and my own instincts had not forbidden me to accept his proposal1 nothing else would have had power4 ,she sighed wearily1 and leaned against the back of the carriage4 ,promise to trust all to me now1 ,mr4 ,granger said hastily1 ,i am not a ,maurice ,sinclair4 ,have ,i not trusted you8 she asked with trembling lips4 ,besides1 it seems that ,god has sent you to me1 and trusting you is trusting him4 ,i didn't expect him to answer me2 but ,i called1 and he has answered4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,a ,louis ,d'or4 ,with the exception of that perfect domestic circle not often beheld save in visions1 there is perhaps no more delightful social existence than may be enjoyed where a few congenial persons are gathered under one roof1 in all the freedom of private life1 but without its cares1 where no one is obliged to entertain or be entertained1 but is at liberty to be spontaneously charming or disagreeable1 according to his mood1 where comfort is taken thought of1 and elegance is not forgotten4 ,into such an establishment ,mr4 ,granger's home had expanded after the death of his wife4 ,it could not be called a boarding-house1 since he admitted only a few near friends2 and he refused to consider himself as host1 ,the only visible authorities in the place were ,mrs4 ,james1 the housekeeper1 whose weapon was a duster1 and ,miss ,dora ,granger1 whose sceptre was a blossom4 ,the house was a large1 old-fashioned one1 standing with plentiful elbow-room in a highly respectable street that had once been very grand1 and there were windows on four sides4 ,all these windows looked like pleasant eyes with spectacles over them4 ,there was a rim of green about the place1 a tall horse-chestnut-tree each side of the street1 and an irrepressible grape-vine that1 having been planted at the rear of the house1 was now well on its way to the front4 ,this vine was unpruned1 an embodied mirth1 flinging itself in every direction1 making the slightest thing it could catch at an excuse for the most profuse luxuriance1 so happy it could never stop growing1 so full of life it could not grow old4 ,in the days when ,mr4 ,granger's grandfather built this mansion1 walls were not raised with an eye chiefly to the accommodation of ,pyramus and ,thisbe4 ,they grew slowly and solidly1 of honest stone1 brick1 and mortar4 ,they had timbers1 not splinters2 there wasn't an inch of veneering from attic to basement2 and instead of stucco1 they had woodwork with flutings as fine as those of a lady's ruffle4 ,when you see mahogany-colored doors in one of those dwellings1 you may be pretty sure that the doors are mahogany2 and the white knobs and hinges do not wear red4 ,cannon-balls fired at these houses stick in the outer wall4 ,such was ,mr4 ,louis ,granger's home4 ,miss ,hamilton had looked at that house many a time1 and sighingly contrasted it with the dingy brick declivity in which she had her eyrie1 ,now she was to live here4 ,how wishes do sometimes come fulfilled1 if we only wish long enough6 she thought1 as the carriage in which she had come drew up before the steps4 #di ,mr4 ,granger stood in the open door1 and there was a glimpse of the housekeeper behind him1 looking out with the utmost respect on the equipage of their visitor--for one of ,miss ,hamilton's wealthy friends had offered her a carriage4 ,but as the step was let down1 and the liveried footman stood bowing before her1 ,margaret shrank back with a sudden recollection that was unspeakably bitter and humiliating4 ,in spite of the mocking show1 she was coming to this house as a beggar1 literally asking for bread4 ,on the impulse of the moment1 she could have turned back to her attic and starvation rather than accept friendship on such terms4 ,in that instant all the petty spokes and wheels in the engine of her poverty combined themselves for one wrench more4 ,i have been watching for you1 said ,mr4 ,granger's voice at the carriage-door4 ,margaret gave him her hand1 and stepped out on to the pavement1 her face downcast and deeply blushing4 ,i hope ,i have not incommoded you1 she said coldly4 ,he made no reply1 and seemed not to have heard her ungracious comment2 but when they reached the threshold1 he paused there1 and said earnestly1 ,i bid you welcome to your new home4 ,may it be to you a happy one6 ,she looked up gratefully1 ashamed of her bitterness4 ,mr4 ,granger's manner was joyful and cordial1 as if he were receiving an old friend1 or meeting some great good fortune4 ,bidding the housekeeper wait1 he conducted ,margaret to a room near by1 and seated her there to hear one word more before he should go to his business and leave her to the tender mercies of his servants4 ,as she sat1 he stood before her1 and leaning on the high back of a chair1 looked smilingly down into the expectant and somewhat anxious face that looked up at him4 ,i am so cruel as to rejoice over every circumstance which has been influential in adding to my household so welcome and valuable a friend1 he said4 ,i have worlds for you to do4 ,first1 my little ,dora is in need of your care4 ,it is time she should begin to learn something4 ,i have also consented1 subject to your approval1 to associate with her two little girls of her age1 who live near1 and will come here for their lessons4 ,besides this1 a friend of mine1 who is preparing a scientific work1 and who does not understand ,french1 wishes you to make some translations for him4 ,does this suit you8 ,perfectly6 ,but first you must rest1 he said4 ,and now ,i will leave you to get acquainted with the house under ,mrs4 ,james's auspices4 ,do not forget that your comfort and happiness are to be considered1 that you are to ask for whatever you may want1 and mention whatever may be not to your liking1 ,have you anything to say to me now8 pausing with his hand on the door-knob4 ,yes1 she replied1 smiling1 to hide emotion2 as in the ,koran ,god said of ,st4 ,john1 so ,i of you1 ',may he be blessed the day whereon he was born1 the day whereon he shall die1 and the day whereon he shall be raised to life6' ,he took her hand in a friendly clasp1 then opened the door1 and with a gesture that included the whole house1 said1 ,you are at home6 ,margaret glanced after him as he went out1 and thought1 ,at home6 ,the ,french say it better3 ,i am chez vous6 #ej ,you have to go up two flights1 ,miss ,hamilton1 the housekeeper began apologetically1 with the footman still in her eye4 ,but ,mr4 ,granger said that you want a good deal of light4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lewis occupy that front room over the parlor1 and the next one is the spare-chamber1 and that one under yours is ,mr4 ,granger's1 and that little one is ,dora's1 and the long one back in the ,l is ,mr4 ,southard's4 ,up this other flight1 ,miss ,aurelia ,lewis has the front chamber4 ,she likes it because the horse-chestnut tree comes up against the window4 ,in summer you can hardly see through4 ,it's like being in the woods4 ,there1 this is your chamber1 flinging open the door of a large1 airy room that had two deep windows looking over the house-tops straight into the eyes of the east4 ,the coloring of this room was delightfully fresh and cool1 the walls a pale olive-green1 the wood-work white1 and the wide mantel-piece of green marble4 ,there were snow-white muslin curtains1 ,indian matting on the floor1 and the chairs were all wicker1 except one1 a crimson-cushioned arm-chair4 ,the old-fashioned bureau and wardrobe were of solid mahogany adorned with glittering brass knobs and handles1 and the black and gilt framed looking-glass had brass candle-sockets at each side4 ,the open grate was filled with savin-boughs1 and a bright shell set in the midst4 ,in the centre of the mantle-piece was a white vase running over full of glistening smilax sprays1 and at each end stood a brass candlestick with a green wax candle in it4 ,there were three pictures on the three blank walls2 one a water-color of moss-roses and buds dew sprinkled1 the second1 a chromo of a yellow-gray cat stretched out in an attitude of slumbrous repose1 her tail coiled about her lithe haunches1 her head advanced and resting on her paws1 her eyes half shut1 but showing a sly line of watchful golden lustre4 ,the third was a very good engraving of the ,sistine ,madonna4 ,a large closet with drawers and shelves1 delightful to feminine eyes1 led back from this quaint and pleasant chamber4 ,margaret glanced around her pretty nest1 then flung off her bonnet and shawl1 and1 seating herself in the armchair by the window1 for the first time really looked at the housekeeper4 ,till that moment she had not been conscious of the woman4 ,mrs4 ,james was hospitably making herself busy doing nothing1 moving chairs that were already well placed1 and wiping off imaginary specks of dust4 ,she looked as though she would be an excellent housekeeper1 and put her whole soul in the business2 but appeared to be neutral otherwise4 ,everything here was as clean as your eye this morning1 she said1 frowning anxiously as she stooped to bring a suspected table-top between her vision and the light4 ,everything is exquisite1 ,miss ,hamilton replied4 ,one can't help having a speck of dust now and then1 ,the earth is made of it1 you know4 ,the housekeeper sighed wofully4 ,yes1 there's a great deal of dirt in the world4 ,when she was left alone1 ,margaret still sat there1 letting the room get acquainted with her1 and settling herself into a new and delicious content4 ,happening after a while to glance toward the door1 she saw it slowly and noiselessly moving an inch or two1 stopping1 then again opening a little way4 ,she continued to look1 wondering what singular current of air or eccentricity of hinge produced that intermittent motion4 ,presently she spied1 clasped around the edge of the door1 at about two feet from the carpet1 four infinitesimal fingertips1 rosy-white against the yellow-white of the paint4 ,miss ,hamilton checked the breath a little on her smiling lips1 and awaited further revelations4 #ea ,after a moment1 there appeared just above the fingers a half-curled1 flossy lock of pale gold-colored hair1 and softly dawning after that aurora1 a beautiful child's face4 ,oh6 come to me6 exclaimed ,margaret4 ,immediately the face disappeared1 and there was silence4 ,miss ,hamilton leaned back in her chair again1 and began to recollect the tactics for such cases made and provided by the great law-giver ,nature4 ,she affected not to be aware that the silken locks reappeared1 and after them a glimpse of a low1 milk-white forehead1 then a blue1 bright eye1 and finally1 the whole exquisite little form in a gala-dress of white1 with a gay sash and shoulder-knots4 ,dora came in looking intently at the mantel-piece1 and elaborately unconscious that there was any one present but herself4 ,miss ,hamilton's attention was entirely absorbed by the outer world4 ,i never did see such a lovely flower as there is in that window1 she soliloquized4 ,it is as pink as ever it can be4 ,indeed1 ,i think it is a little pinker than it can conveniently be4 ,it must have to try hard4 ,dora glanced toward the stranger1 and listened attentively4 ,and ,i see three tiny clouds scudding down the east4 ,i shouldn't be surprised if their mother didn't know they are out4 ,they run as if they didn't mean to stop till they get into the middle of next week4 ,dora took a step or two nearer1 looked warily at the speaker1 and peeped out the window in search of the truant cloudlets4 ,and there is another cloud overhead that has gone sound asleep1 ,miss ,hamilton pursued as tranquilly as if she had been sitting there and talking time out of mind4 ,one side of it is as white as it can be1 and the other side is so much whiter than it can be1 that it makes the white side look dark4 ,if anybody wants to see it1 she had better make haste4 ,anybody1 was by this time close to the window1 looking out with all her eyes1 her hand timidly1 half unconsciously touching the lady's dress4 ,oh6 what a splendid bird6 cried the enchantress4 ,what a pity it should fly away6 ,but it may come back again pretty soon4 ,silence1 and the pressure of a dimpled elbow on ,margaret's knee4 ,i suppose you don't care much about sitting in my lap1 so as to see better1 was the next remark1 addressed1 apparently1 to all out-doors4 ,the child began shyly to climb to the lady's knee1 and was presently assisted there4 ,such a bird6 sighed ,margaret then1 looking at the little one1 thinking that by this time her glance could be borne4 ,it had yellow specks on its breast1 illustrating with profuse and animated gestures1 and a long bill1 and a glossy head with yellow feathers standing up on top1 and yellow stripes on its wings1 pointing toward her own shoulders1 her glance following her finger4 ,then a break1 and an exclamation of dismay1 ,what has become of my wings8 ,dora reached up to look over the lady's shoulder1 but saw only the back of a well-fitting bombazine gown4 ,i guess they's flied away1 said the child in the voice of a anguid bobolink4 ,then ,i'll tell you a story1 said ,margaret4 ,once there was a lady who lived in a real mean place1 and she didn't have a good time at all4 ,she was just as lonesome and homesick as she could be4 ,one day she brought home the photograph of a dear little girl1 and that she liked4 ,and she wished that she could see the real little girl1 and that she could talk to her2 but she had only the paper picture4 #eb ,well1 by and by she went to live in a delightful house2 and while she sat in her chamber1 the door opened1 and who should come in but the same dear child whose picture she had loved6 ,wasn't the lady glad then8 ,who was the little girl8 asked ,dora with a shy1 conscious look and smile4 ,the answer was a shower of kisses all over her sweet face1 and two tears that dropped unseen into her sunny hair4 ,to ,be ,continued ---------- ,comparative ,morality ,of ,catholic ,and ,protestant ,countries4 ,it is truly refreshing to read in ,putnam's ,magazine for ,january1 #ahfi1 the article entitled1 ,the ,literature of the ,coming ,controversy1 written1 as we now know1 by ,rev4 ,leonard ,w4 ,bacon1 a ,protestant minister of ,brooklyn1 ,in it1 he castigates most soundly the well known anti-popery society called ,the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union1 numbering1 as he says1 among its vice-presidents and directors1 some of the most eminent pastors1 bishops1 theologians1 and civilians of the ,american ,protestant churches4 ,some of its publications he calls wicked impostures and shameful scandals1 and wonders how they can stand1 from year to year1 accredited to the public by some of the most eminent and excellent men in the country4 ,our wonder is still greater how he can call men who countenance such things excellent4 ,he says3 ,all the time that this society has been running its manufactory of falsehoods and scandals1 only the resolute good sense of the public1 in not buying the rubbish1 has saved the church of ,christ from a burning and ineffaceable disgrace4 ,the disgrace to the church1 it seems to us1 is the same1 since its chief men are implicated in this proceeding1 whether the public buy the rubbish or not4 ,we honor ,mr4 ,bacon for his manly1 straightforward conduct1 and thank him for this act of justice4 ,it is the first we have had to rejoice in for a long while1 but we hope it will not be the last4 ,the time seems to be approaching1 when calumny and abuse will no longer be received with favor by the public1 and the ,catholic ,church be allowed to speak in her own defence1 and listened to1 and judged of1 according to her own intrinsic merits4 ,all we ask is fair play1 and we are confident the truth will make itself known4 ,but the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bacon1 after denouncing the lying and scurrilous attacks against the church1 goes on to say3 ,it is a pleasant relief to take up another author--the ,rev4 ,m4 ,hobart ,seymour1 of the ,church of ,england4 ,his two books1 entitled ,mornings with the ,jesuits at ,rome1 and ,evenings with the ,romanists1 are models of religious controversy4 ,the latter of the two1 especially1 being the more popular1 is peculiarly fitted to be effective in general circulation4 4444 ,this sprightly1 instructive1 and interesting book has gone out of print4 444 ,it is out of print in ,english2 but desiring to gladden our eyes with a copy of this model of courtesy1 fairness1 ability1 and religious feeling1 we procured a translation into ,spanish1 entitled1 ,noches con los ,romanistas1 issued by ,the ,american ,tract ,society1 for the use of benighted ,spaniards4 #ec ,we have read the opening chapter1 and found it enough4 ,we are tempted to exclaim with bitter disappointment1 ,is this all the fairness and justice we are to expect from one who is described as the model of a ,protestant controversialist8 ,we prefer the ,mc,gavins1 the ,brownlees1 or the ,kirwans whom ,mr4 ,bacon so justly holds up to public scorn4 ,this man stabs you in the dark2 he is a ,titus ,oates1 who swears away your life by false testimony--by telling just enough to convict you1 when he knows enough to give you an honorable acquittal4 ,this opening chapter has for its theme the relative effects of ,protestantism and the ,catholic religion upon the morality of those under their respective influence2 and to show that ,catholic countries1 in comparison to ,protestant1 are sinks of crime and impurity4 ,this1 if fairly proved1 would be a practical argument of overwhelming force1 sufficient to close the mind against all that can be said in favor of the ,catholic ,church2 and be a sufficient reason1 with most people1 for refusing even to entertain her claims to be the ,church of ,god4 ,we know that she is ,christ's ,church1 and that just in proportion as she exerts her influence1 virtue and morality must prevail2 and that it is impossible to prove1 unless through fraud and misrepresentation1 that the practical working of her system produces a morality inferior to that of any other4 ,we know all the importance of the question2 it is one that touches our good name1 and we feel indignation against any one who shall attempt to rob us of it1 by any mean or unfair tricks4 ,let us see how our model controversialist deals with this matter4 ,in order not to cause a useless waste of time by going over all sorts of crimes1 he selects the greatest one1 that of murder or homicide4 ,then he selects ,england1 and compares it with nearly all the ,catholic countries of ,europe1 and shows it to be at least four times better than the very best of them4 ,we do not propose to ferret this out2 we cannot lay our hands upon the statistics of this particular crime1 which seem to be everywhere very loosely given2 but we can show shortly1 that his conclusions are utterly false4 ,he gives the number of persons imprisoned on this charge of homicide in ,england and ,wales1 during #aheb1 as #gd1 and the annual mean for three years as #gb4 ,this will strike every one as simply ridiculous4 ,luckily1 the ,statistical ,journal of #ahfg gives the following tables of this crime for #ahfe1 as follows3 ,verdicts ,of ,coroners' ,juries4 ,wilful murder1 #bbg ,manslaughter1 #bhb ,total1 #eji ,police ,returns4 ,wilful murder1 #ace ,manslaughter1 #bgi ,concealment of birth1 #bcb ,total1 #fdf ,criminal ,tables4 ,wilful murder cases tried1 #fj ,manslaughter1 cases tried1 #caf ,concealment of birth1 cases tried1 #adc ,total1 #eai #ed ,if #eai were tried1 we may judge of the number imprisoned4 ,the author of the article in the ,journal says3 ,the police returns do not correspond with the coroners'1 and the discrepancy is so great that ,i can only account for it on the supposition that1 according to the police view of it1 infanticide is not murder4 ,the number of coroners' inquests held in #ahfe1 in ,england and ,wales1 was ,total #be1jaa ,verdict of accidental deaths1 4 4 #aa1cig ,he continues1 ,open verdicts1 as they are termed1 such as1 'found dead1' or 'found drowned1' are rendered in many cases when a more accurate knowledge would have led to the verdict of 'wilful murder4' ,it is just as easy to compare the total of first-class criminals of all sorts1 as to select homicide4 ,alison ,footnote #ai says1 ,the proportion of crime to the inhabitants was twelve times greater in ,prussia 7,protestant7 than in ,france1 7,catholic17 and in ,austria1 7,catholic17 the proportion of convicted crime is not one fourth of what is found in ,prussia4 ,the ,statistical ,journals for #ahfd-fe show that ,france is better than ,england4 ,footnote #ai3 ,history of ,europe1 vol4 iii4 chap1 xxvii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,there were no less than #hdf deaths of children under one year old1 in #aheg1 in ,england and ,wales from violent causes1 ,footnote #bj from which we may form some little idea of the extent of only one sort of homicide4 ,footnote #bj3 ,statistical ,journal1 #ahei4 ,only #gd incarcerations for homicide in all ,england and ,wales for the year #aheb6 ,why1 it is stated in the ,new ,york ,herald of ,february #dth1 that #gh persons were arrested last year for murder in ,new ,york alone4 ,we can easily imagine what the grand total for the ,united ,states must be1 and how much better is ,england1 with its pauperism and crime1 than the ,united ,states8 ,mr4 ,seymour undoubtedly is sprightly enough1 but only instructive by showing us the amount of nonsense which the public is expected to swallow without examination1 where the ,catholic ,church is concerned1 and the amount of fair play to be expected from a model of a ,protestant controversialist4 ,but as a comparison based on homicide alone would prove nothing1 any more than one based on drunkenness or robbery1 ,mr4 ,seymour institutes another1 in respect to unchastity1 or immorality1 and here he sets up as his criterion the amount of illegitimacy among ,catholics and ,protestants respectively4 ,in any community1 the moral condition is to be estimated by the greater or smaller proportion of illegitimacy4 ,we object to this as a very unreliable test4 ,in some communities1 an illegitimate birth is almost unknown1 and yet they are the most corrupt and licentious on the face of the earth4 ,infanticide and foeticide replace illegitimacy4 ,a young woman falls from virtue2 but in spite of the finger of scorn which will be pointed at her1 her sense of religious duty restrains her from adding a horrible crime to her sin4 ,what is her moral condition in the sight of ,god1 compared with that of the guilty one whom no fear of the ,almighty has restrained from the commission of this crime8 ,the absence of illegitimacy may be the most convincing proof of a state of moral corruption1 as in ,persia and ,turkey1 where no children except in wedlock1 are suffered to see the light of the world4 ,footnote #ba ,footnote #ba3 ,storer1 ,criminal ,abortion1 p4 #cb4 ,there are good reasons why more illegitimate children might be expected to be born among ,catholics than among ,protestants1 and yet the former be much more the moral than the latter4 ,the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church1 says ,bishop ,fitzpatrick1 her canons1 her pontifical constitutions1 her theologians1 without exception teach1 and constantly have taught1 that the destruction of the human foetus in the womb of the mother1 at any period from the first instant of conception1 is a heinous crime1 equal at least in guilt to that of murder4 ,footnote #bb ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 p4 #gb4 #ee ,this is understood by ,catholics of all classes1 and inspires a salutary horror of the crime4 ,protestantism does not teach morality in this definite way1 but leaves people to reason out for themselves the degree of criminality of particular offences4 ,let us listen to ,dr4 ,storer1 an eminent ,protestant physician4 ,it is not1 of course1 intended to imply that ,protestantism1 as such1 in any way encourages1 or indeed permits1 the practice of inducing abortion2 its tenets are uncompromisingly hostile to all crime4 ,so great1 however1 is the popular ignorance regarding this offence1 that an abstract morality is here comparatively powerless2 our ,american women arrogate to themselves the settlement of what they consider1 if doubtful1 purely an ethical question2 and there can be no doubt that the ,romish ordinance1 flanked on the one hand by the confessional1 and by denouncement and excommunications on the other1 has saved to to the world thousands of infant lives4 ,footnote #bc ,rev4 ,dr4 ,todd1 a ,protestant minister of ,pittsfield1 ,mass41 to his honor be it said1 has had the courage to declare the same thing in similar words4 ,footnote #bd ,dr4 ,storer proceeds1 ,during the ten years that have passed since the preceding sentence was written1 we have had ample verification of its truth4 ,several hundreds of ,protestant women have personally acknowledged to us their guilt1 against whom only seven ,catholics1 and of these we found1 upon further inquiry1 that but two were only nominally so1 not going to the confession4 ,footnote #be ,footnote #bc3 ,criminal ,abortion1 ,p4 #gd4 ,footnote #bd3 ,serpents in the ,dove's ,nest4 ,footnote #be3 ,criminal ,abortion1 p4 #gd4 ,two communities exist1 in which1 say1 an equal amount of unchastity occurs4 ,in one1 religion restrains from the commission of further crime1 and there is much illegitimacy apparent2 in the other1 criminal abortion destroys all the evidence1 and though horribly corrupt in comparison1 the appearance is all the other way4 ,some such comparison might be made between ,paris and ,boston2 with what truth1 each one can determine for himself1 ,and there is another reason which adds force to what has been said4 ,in ,catholic countries1 foundling hospitals1 established for the very purpose of saving infant life1 exist everywhere1 ,knowing that the temptation to conceal one's shame will1 in many cases1 be too strong to be resisted1 and thus one crime be added to another1 the impulse of ,christian charity has caused the founding of these hospitals1 so that the infant1 instead of being killed1 may be provided for1 and the mother have a chance to repent1 without being for ever marked with the brand of shame4 ,scarcely any such exist among ,protestants4 ,to set up1 then1 illegitimacy as the best criterion of the morals of a community1 is a palpable injustice to ,catholics4 ,but let us1 nevertheless1 follow ,mr4 ,seymour on his own chosen ground1 ,he thinks the ,catholic country people may1 in the absence of peculiar temptations1 be as good as the ,protestant2 and that the state of great cities will show more the influence of religion on the morals of the people1 ,we think the opposite2 for in great cities there are immense masses of degraded people1 who abandon the practice of religion1 never go to church1 and for whom the ,protestant church1 at least1 would be apt to disclaim all responsibility4 ,the country people are within the knowledge and the voice of the preacher or the priest1 and religion exercises its proper influence upon them4 #ef ,he selects ,london1 on the ,protestant side1 as the largest city in the world1 the richest1 and where there are the most numerous1 the strongest1 and the most varied temptations2 and1 of course1 where there should naturally be the most vice and crime4 ,but facts contradict theory4 ,the percentage of illegitimate births in ,london is #d4b1 while that for all ,england and ,wales is #f4e1 and in the country districts1 where the numerous1 strong1 and varied temptations are wanting1 it varies from #i to over #aa4 ,footnote #bf ,footnote #bf3 ,statistical ,journal1 #ahfb4 ,london is compared with ,paris1 ,brussels1 ,munich1 and ,vienna2 and the rates are given as follows3 ,proportion ,of ,illegitimate ,births4 ,in ,paris1 ,roman ,catholic1 thirty-three per cent4 ,in ,brussels1 ,roman ,catholic1 thirty-five per cent4 ,in ,munich1 ,roman ,catholic1 forty-eight per cent4 ,in ,vienna1 ,roman ,catholic1 fifty-one per cent4 ,in ,london1 ,protestant1 four per cent4 and then1 to show that this fearful disproportion exists not only in the capital cities1 but also in other smaller ones1 we have another table3 ,protestant ,england4 ,r4 ,c4 ,austria4 ,bristol and ,clifton1 #d per ct4 ,troppau1 #bf per ct4 ,bradford1 #h per ct4 ,zara1 #cj per ct4 ,birmingham1 #f per ct4 ,innspruck1 #bb per ct4 ,brighton1 #g per ct4 ,laybach1 #ch per ct4 ,cheltenham1 #g per ct4 ,brunn1 #db per ct4 ,exeter1 #h per ct4 ,linz1 #df per ct4 ,liverpool1 #f per ct4 ,prague1 #dg per ct4 ,manchester1 #g per ct4 ,lemberg1 #dg per ct4 ,plymouth1 #e per ct4 ,klagenfort1 #ef per ct4 ,portsea1 #e per ct4 ,gratz1 #fe per ct4 ,the inference from these figures1 drawn with many exclamations of surprise and horror1 is1 that the ,protestant religion is ten times as powerful against crime and vice as the ,catholic1 and to create an overwhelming conviction of the essential corruption of the latter4 ,nothing is further from the truth4 ,london1 ,liverpool1 ,birmingham1 etc41 are as corrupt as any cities of the world4 ,the cities of ,france and ,austria need not fear the comparison1 and the more thoroughly it is made the better4 ,j4 ,d4 ,chambers1 ,recorder of ,salisbury1 a ,protestant1 says3 ,footnote #bg ,footnote #bg3 ,church and ,world1 #ahfg4 ,and here a few words on the unhappy reason why ,london and other large towns of ,great ,britain and also ,holland are comparatively moral in this respect1 and that in their cases the average of this species of immorality is far below that of the great cities of the continent2 the fact that in this respect the urban population of ,great ,britain appears to be what it most certainly is not1 comparatively pure1 the rural the most corrupt2 whilst on the continent the reverse is evident4 ,there can be no doubt1 as ,mr4 ,lumley1 in his able ,poor-,law ,reports1 has often hinted1 that this difference is owing to the prevalence of what has been justly called the 'social evil2' to the license1 it may1 in truth1 be called encouragement1 which1 in the populous districts of this country1 and notoriously in ,holland1 is given to public prostitution4 ,of course there will be no illegitimacy among ,mohammedans and ,hindoos1 in ,japan and ,china1 or the ,african tribes1 nor also among those who live much in the same manner4 ,and1 we might add1 who practise infanticide and foeticide as they do4 ,he goes on1 ,in ,london1 the fallen women may be taken1 at the mean of the estimates1 at #dj1jjj4 444 ,in ,birmingham1 in #ahfd1 there were #iff disreputable houses where they resorted2 in ,manchester1 #aaaa2 in ,liverpool1 #aegh2 in ,leeds1 #cac2 in ,sheffield1 #dcc4 ,footnote #bh ,and here we have revealed a plague-spot in ,english society which runs through every grade1 especially the artisan1 manufacturing1 and lower commercial classes1 who1 as we have seen1 in general never enter a church4 444 ,there is no need1 in addition1 to dwell on the revelations of the divorce court1 which prove that ,englishmen are nearly as bad in this respect as the northern ,germans4 ,there is no one who is acquainted with the condition of the families of artisans who does not know the sad frequency with which they abandon their wives1 and how frequently they live in a state of concubinage4 ,alison corroborates this3 ,in ,london the proportion 7of illegitimacy7 is one to thirty-six1 the effect1 it is to be feared1 of the immense mass of concubinage which there prevails1 under circumstances where a law of nature renders an increase of the population from that source impossible4 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bh3 ,statistical ,journal1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #bi3 ,vol4 ii4 chap4 xvii4 #abb4 #eg ,in ,london1 however1 and the ,english cities1 there are more illegitimate births than appear on the registers1 because children of people who live together without being married are registered 'legitimate4' ,footnote #cj ,so much for ,london1 ,liverpool1 etc4 ,footnote #cj3 ,statistical ,journal1 #ahfb4 ,in ,paris1 a great proportion of the children reckoned illegitimate are born in the lying-in hospitals1 or brought to the foundling hospitals1 and the greater proportion of the mothers are from the provinces1 as will be seen from the following table for #ahef3 ,mothers known1 #cchc ,department ,seine1 #eea ,other departments1 #beej ,foreign countries1 #bhb ,children born in concubinage are reckoned illegitimate1 and about one-ninth of such children1 on an average1 are afterward legitimated4 ,the proportion of illegitimacy1 then1 for ,paris proper1 on the best calculations1 is not over #ab per cent2 and that of ,london1 calculated on the same data1 would probably be quite as large1 if not larger4 ,the same considerations apply to ,brussels1 ,vienna1 and ,munich4 ,large foundling and lying-in hospitals exist in al these places1 and are resorted to by all the country round4 ,the figures for these cities are in no sense a criterion of their morals4 ,in ,munich and ,vienna1 there is another important thing to be taken into account1 which we shall explain when we come to speak of countries4 ,we see1 then1 how much value is to be attributed to the heavenly purity of ,protestant ,london1 ,liverpool1 etc41 in comparison to the astonishing1 horrible corruption of ,catholic capitals on the continent4 ,moreover1 in the latter the social evil is kept within strictest limits1 and under the complete control of the government1 and is not allowed to flaunt itself in public1 as in ,london and ,new ,york1 ,these considerations are strengthened by the case of ,protestant ,stockholm1 where1 public prostitution being prohibited1 the rate of illegitimacy is over fifty to the hundred--quite equal to that of ,vienna4 ,footnote #ca ,why did not ,mr4 ,seymour cite ,stockholm1 which is notorious8 ,i will answer3 ,it was not convenient to spoil a good story4 ,footnote #ca3 ,appleton's ,cyc41 art4 ,foundling ,hospital4 ,now as to the smaller cities of ,austria1 which1 according to ,seymour1 beat the world for corruption1 what is to be said8 ,simply1 that they are no worse than their neighbors4 ,what we have said of the foundling and lying-in hospitals of ,paris explains the whole matter4 ,in ,austria1 excluding ,hungary1 there are forty foundling and forty lying-in hospitals1 and the number of foundlings provided for by the government is over #bj1jjj4 ,footnote #cb ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid4 ,these hospitals exist1 without doubt1 in all these cities2 and if we subtract their inmates who come from the country we should find that they do not compare unfavorably with their neighbors4 ,they include the chief cities of the ,german provinces of the empire2 and allowing only #dbgc foundlings from the country to be in their hospitals1 which is certainly a very moderate calculation1 their own proper rate of illegitimacy would not exceed ten per cent4 ,this would be the case in ,innspruck1 for example1 if #ec only were received4 ,our model of fairness from such data draws his main conclusions1 which prove that he is very sprightly at the figures1 if nothing else4 ,shall we excuse him on the plea of ignorance8 ,no6 he was bound to verify his statements1 and the conclusions from them2 and if he had chosen to take the pains1 the sources of information were open to him4 #eh ,an infamous calumny against the ,catholic ,church is invented by somebody1 and the whole tribe of popery-haters forthwith swear roundly that it is undoubted1 notorious1 etc41 and1 by dint of clamor1 force the public to give credit to it4 ,but1 seemingly aware that comparing ,london with cities so different in climate1 position1 language1 etc41 has rather an unfair look1 he says he will take cities of two adjoining countries of the same race1 and gives us the following table3 ,austria1 ,rom4 ,cath4 ,prussia1 ,protestant4 ,vienna1 #ea ,berlin1 #ah ,prague1 #dg ,breslau #bf ,linz1 #df ,cologne1 #aj ,milan1 #cb ,konigsberg1 #bh ,klagenfort1 #ef ,dantzig1 #bj ,gratz1 #fe ,magdeburg #aa ,lembach1 #dg ,aix la ,chapelle1 #d ,laybach1 #ch ,stettin1 #ac ,zara1 #cj ,posen1 #ai ,brunn1 #bb ,potsdam1 #ab ,the only thing this table proves is1 that in ,prussia the two ,catholic cities of ,cologne and ,aix la ,chapelle are better than any of the ,protestant ones4 ,they show excellently well in the ,protestant column2 but then the reader who is not well-posted or observant might suppose that1 being in ,protestant ,prussia1 they are ,protestant cities4 ,we can hardly suppose ,mr4 ,seymour1 who is a traveller1 to be ignorant of so well known a fact4 ,and how comes it that ,protestant ,prussia makes so poor a show alongside of the pure and virtuous cities of ,birmingham and ,liverpool1 where there are so many and varied temptations8 ,if1 then1 he says1 the question of the comparative efficacy of ,romanism and ,protestantism to restrain vice and immorality is to be decided by the comparison of ,austria and ,prussia1 we have as a basis of a certain judgment this notable fact1 that in ten cities of ,austria we find forty-five illegitimate births in the hundred1 and in ten cities of ,prussia1 sixteen only4 ,we have seen what this is worth4 ,it seems to us that it would be more satisfactory to compare ,austria and ,prussia at once than to pick out cities here and there to suit one's purpose4 ,and this seems to strike our author2 for he says1 ,they often assure us that some ,protestant countries1 as ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,saxony1 ,hanover1 and ,wurtemberg are as demoralized as ,roman ,catholic countries4 ,i shall not deny the allegation2 but if a profound demoralization exists in some ,protestant countries1 that in ,catholic countries is much worse4 ,then he goes on in this style to make his assertion good3 ,protestant4 ,catholic4 ,norway1 #aj ,styria1 #bd ,sweden1 #g ,up4 ,l4 ,austria1 #be ,saxony1 #ad ,carinthia1 #ce ,denmark1 #aj ,salzburg1 #bb ,hanover1 #aj ,prov4 of ,trieste1 #bc ,wurtemberg1 #ab ,bavaria1 #bd ,here we have ,styria1 ,upper and ,lower ,austria1 ,carinthia1 ,salzburg1 ,trieste1 which are not separate countries at all1 but simply the ,german provinces of the ,austrian empire1 and ,bavaria1 compared with countries so different and wide apart as ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,saxony1 ,hanover1 and ,wurtemberg4 ,this is tricky in the extreme4 ,moreover1 there is no reliance to be placed on the figures which express their rate of illegitimacy1 for a very good reason4 ,marriage is forbidden to great numbers in ,german ,austria and ,bavaria4 ,no person in ,austria can marry if he does not know how to read1 write1 and cipher4 ,footnote #cc ,besides1 in both countries1 a man1 before being permitted to marry1 had to possess a sum of money quite out of reach of a great many4 ,appleton's ,cyclopaedia ,footnote #cd says1 ,in some ,german states the obstacles to legal marriage are so great that numbers of people prefer to live together in what would be perfectly legal wedlock in ,scotland and ,america1 but is only concubinage by the local laws of the state4 ,footnote #cc3 ,alison1 vol4 iii4 chap1 xxvii4 #i4 ,footnote #cd3 ,article ,europe4 #ei ,they marry1 but the state will not recognize the children as legitimate1 and the official registers are no criterion of the real state of the case4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,chambers says1 ,footnote #ce ,in ,bavaria1 moreover1 where the population is one-third ,protestant1 there exists an atrocious state of law which forbids marriage unless the contracting parties satisfy the authorities that they are capable of maintaining a family without extraneous aid4 ,this1 of course1 leads to many secret marriages and illicit connections1 so that this country ought to be excepted from the average4 ,footnote #ce3 ,church and ,world1 #ahfg4 ,the ,bavarians are as good a people as any in ,germany1 and it is a shame to libel them4 ,if countries are to be compared--and it is the only fair and honest way to proceed--why not compare them in a straightforward1 obvious way--,france and ,england1 ,prussia and ,austria--in fact1 all the countries we can get the statistics of1 and show the result in a tabular form1 so that we can understand the whole thing at a glance8 ,this would effectually put a stop to the cry of the vice of ,catholic countries1 which the ,chicago ,press1 of ,january #aath1 declares to be notorious throughout the country4 ,it is notorious1 because statements like ,seymour's1 cooked up for a purpose1 give rise to utterly false conclusions1 which are easily caught up and trumpeted1 through the pulpit and the press1 all over the country4 ,we shall now1 leaving out ,bavaria1 for the reasons above given1 give the latest and best statistics1 in respect to illegitimate births1 which it is possible to get4 ,they are taken from the journals of the ,statistical ,society of ,london of the years #ahfj1 #ahfb1 #ahfe1 #ahfg1 the principal portions being compiled by ,mr4 ,lumley1 ,honorary ,secretary of the society1 and contained in that of #ahfb1 to be seen in the ,astor ,library4 ,it will be interesting to the general reader1 apart from its controversial bearings4 ,in ,prussia1 we have statistics according to the religious creed of the people4 ,we shall1 therefore1 divide it into ,catholic and ,protestant4 ,we wish the same could be done for ,holland and ,switzerland4 ,where there is a large minority differing from the majority1 it would be most interesting2 but it cannot be done except in ,prussia4 ,the number of illegitimate births in the hundred is as follows1 according to the latest accounts given3 ,catholic ,countries4 #ahbh-cg1 ,kingdom of ,sardinia1 #b4a #ahei1 ,spain1 #e4f #ahec1 ,tuscany #f4 #aheh1 ,catholic ,prussia1 #f4a #ahei1 ,belgium1 #g4d #ahef1 ,sicily1 #g4d #aheh1 ,france1 #g4h4 #ahea1 ,austria1 #i4 ,protestant ,countries4 #ahei1 ,england and ,wales1 #f4e #ahee1 ,norway1 #i4c #aheh1 ,protestant ,prussia1 #i4c #ahee1 ,sweden #i4e #ahee1 ,hanover1 #i4i #ahff1 ,scotland1 #aj4a #ahee1 ,denmark1 #aa4e #ahch-dg1 ,iceland1 #ad4 #aheh1 ,saxony1 #af4 #aheg1 ,wurtemberg1 #af4a ,mixed countries1 where the ,catholic population approaches the half3 #ahei1 ,holland1 #d4a #aheb1 ,switzerland1 #f4 ,lest we be deemed to wish to conceal the depravity of ,ireland1 we give what is given by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,chambers1 ,footnote #cf who probably has access to the registrar's reports1 which1 of course1 we have not3 #ahfe-ff1 ,catholic ,ireland1 #c and these1 we remark1 are mostly in the north1 which is ,protestant4 ,footnote #cf3 ,church and ,world1 #ahfg4 #fj ,the particulars of the statistics throw a good deal of light on the morality of the different countries1 for instance1 in ,france and ,england4 ,the rate of illegitimacy in all ,england and ,wales is #f4e ,london only #d4b ,birmingham1 #d4g ,liverpool1 #d4i ,in spite of the numerous and varied temptations of the large towns1 the rate is much less in them than in the country1 which runs after this fashion3 ,nottingham1 #h4i ,york1 ,n4 ,riding1 #h4i ,salop1 #i4h ,westmoreland1 #i4g ,norfolk1 #aj4g ,cumberland1 #aa4d ,in ,france1 it is just the other way4 ,the rate is1 ,in all ,france1 #g4h ,in ,paris1 #bg4 ,urban districts1 #ab4 ,rural districts #d4b ,la ,vende1 #b4b ,brittany1 ,dep't4 ,cote ,d',or1 #a4b ,brittany and ,la ,vendee remained ,catholic through the storm of the ,french ,revolution1 and at this moment are thoroughly so4 ,in ,austria1 the rate is3 whole empire1 only #i2 urban districts1 from #be to #fe2 therefore1 rural districts cannot be more than #e or #f4 ,prussia gives us1 perhaps1 the most conclusive test of the effects of religion on morals2 for the census has been carefully taken according to creed1 for many years1 with uniform result thus4 ,there are over #aa1jjj1jjj ,protestants1 and over #g1jjj1jjj ,catholics1 principally in the ,rhine provinces1 ,westphalia1 and ,posen4 ,footnote #cg ,the rate ,among ,catholics1 #f4dh ,among ,protestants1 #aj4j ,westphalia1 #c4g ,prov4 of ,prussia1 #f4g ,rhineland1 #c4c ,pomerania1 #aj4c ,posen #f4h ,brandenburg1 #ab4j ,footnote #cg3 ,historische ,bltter1 #ith ,heft1 #ahfg4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,woolsey1 of ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven1 bears testimony to this relative state of morals in regard to the kindred subject of divorce1 in an address before the ,western ,social ,science ,convention1 at ,chicago1 as follows3 ,we have made some comparisons between the frequency of divorce in this country and in other parts of ,protestantism4 ,prussia had the reputation of having the lowest system of divorce laws anywhere to be found4 ,but the ratio there of annual divorces to annual marriages in #ahee was1 among non-,catholics1 one to twenty-nine1 or about #c4e per cent less than in ,vermont or ,ohio1 and far less than in ,connecticut1 where it is #i4f per cent4 ,the greatest ratio nearly thirty years ago in the judicial districts of ,prussia was #eg divorces to #ajj1jjj inhabitants2 the least1 #af to #ajj1jjj3 nay more1 in the ,prussian ,rhenish provinces1 where the law is based on the ,code ,napoleon1 and where the ,catholic inhabitants1 being numerous1 must have some influence on the social habits of ,protestants1 there were but four fair divorces to #ajj1jjj ,protestants1 or twenty-four in all among #fjj1jjj of that class of inhabitants4 ,i write this in pain1 being a ,protestant1 if1 as the ,apostle ,paul says1 ',i may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh1 and might save some of them4' ,scotland might be supposed by our ,protestant friends to be high up on the list1 having always been so completely under the influence of the pure gospel of ,calvin and ,knox2 but the rate for ,scotland is #aj4a4 ,in the ,lowlands1 where ,presbyterianism carried all before it1 the rate is from #aj to #ae4 ,in the ,highlands1 which remained to a considerable extent ,catholic1 the average is #e4f4 #fa ,supposing the immorality of the large cities1 ,protestant and ,catholic1 to be the same1 though it is pretty sure the ,catholic are much the best1 and confining our comparison to the mass of the rural population1 which is the fairer test1 and the countries would stand in the following order1 beginning with the most favorable3 ,sardinia1 ,catholic4 ,ireland1 ,catholic4 ,holland1 ,mixed4 ,spain1 ,catholic4 ,switzerland1 ,mixed4 ,tuscany1 ,catholic4 ,catholic ,prussia1 ,catholic4 ,belgium1 ,catholic4 ,france1 ,catholic4 ,sicily1 ,catholic4 ,austria1 ,catholic4 ,england1 ,protestant4 ,norway1 ,protestant4 ,protestant ,prussia4 ,protestant4 ,scotland1 ,protestant4 ,denmark1 ,protestant4 ,sweden1 ,protestant4 ,hanover1 ,protestant4 ,iceland1 ,protestant4 ,saxony1 ,protestant4 ,wurtemberg1 ,protestant4 ,thus1 to sum up1 the ,catholic countries of ,europe1 perhaps without an exception1 are above the ,protestant1 if the number of illegitimate births is accepted as a criterion of morality4 ,could we get the statistics of infanticide1 and of a still more common and destructive crime1 foeticide1 and add them to the above1 then we could form a more just idea of the benefit the ,catholic religion1 with her divine ordinance of ,confession1 has conferred on the human race4 ,but of course it is impossible to determine with exactness the amount of this crime which hides itself in profound darkness2 we can only conjecture from sure indications that it is one of fearful magnitude4 ,we need not go abroad2 the evidence is at our own door4 ,take the ,state of ,rhode ,island as a specimen4 ,the number of children annually receiving ,catholic baptism exceeds the half of all the children born in the ,state1 although the ,catholic population does not exceed the third part2 in other words1 there are two ,protestants to every ,catholic1 and yet there are more ,catholic children born than ,protestant4 ,illegitimacy is almost unknown among ,catholics1 and the birthrate is at least #a to #be1 which demonstrates that criminal abortion cannot exist to any extent worth speaking of4 ,the birth-rate among ,protestants is i to over #ej4 ,what becomes of the children who ought to be born8 ,let ,dr4 ,storer speak3 ,footnote #ch ,hardly a newspaper throughout the land that does not contain their open and pointed advertisements4 444 ,the profits that must be made from the sale of the drugs supposed abortifacient1 may be judged from the extent to which they are advertised and the prices willingly paid for them4 ,we are compelled to admit that ,christianity itself1 or1 at least1 ,protestantism1 has failed to check the increase of criminal abortion4 ,footnote #ci ,to the same effect we have a writer in ,harper's very anti-popery ,magazine3 ,we are shocked at the destruction of human life upon the banks of the ,ganges1 as well as on the shores of the ,south ,sea ,islands2 but here in the heart of ,christendom1 foeticide and infanticide are extensively practised under the most aggravating circumstances4 444 ,it should be stated that believers in the ,roman ,catholic faith never resort to any such practices2 the strictly ,americans are almost alone guilty of such crimes4 ,and ,bishop ,coxe1 of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 has published to his people the following3 ,i have hitherto warned my flock against the blood-guiltiness of ante-natal infanticide4 ,if any doubts existed heretofore as to the propriety of my warnings on the subject1 they must now disappear before the fact that the world itself is beginning to be horrified by the practical results of the sacrifices to ,moloch which defile our land4 ,footnote #ch3 ,criminal ,abortion1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #ci3 ,page #fi4 #fb ,how is it with ,protestant ,england8 ,dr4 ,lankester1 one of the coroners of ,london1 declares that there are #ab1jjj mothers in ,london alone1 guilty of infanticide4 ,footnote #dj ,in ,prussia1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,laing says that1 ,chastity1 the index virtue of the moral condition of the people1 is lower than in almost any part of ,europe4 ,footnote #da ,let us look at home4 ,our attention has been so diverted to the vice and immorality of our ,catholic neighbors1 that we have begun to imagine ourselves the most moral1 the most virtuous1 the most enlightened people on the face of the earth1 while1 in reality1 we are fast getting to be the most corrupt and abominable4 ,it would be well to call to mind a little oftener the saying of our ,lord1 ,first pull the beam out of thine own eye1 and then thou shalt see clearly to pull the mote out of thy brother's eye4 ,footnote #dj3 ,church and ,world1 #ahff1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #da3 ,spald4 ,miscell4 p4 #dhd4 ,we have thus exposed the untrustworthiness of ,mr ,seymour's ,nights among the ,romanists4 ,with the evidence before him1 he has kept back any honest and fair statement of it1 and only put forward such portion as would serve to substantiate an utterly false conclusion1 most injurious to us ,catholics1 both religiously and personally2 for we cannot be looked upon in the mass as corrupt and vicious1 without a great deal of personal ill-will and contempt and hatred being engendered4 ,we call the attention of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bacon to this4 ,he has taken a noble stand against base and unfair practices in the controversy with the ,catholic ,church1 and we hope he will persevere in spite of the opposition he has raised against himself4 ,we feel inclined to forgive him for some sins of his own1 in this respect2 for example1 in speaking of the ,tax-,book of ,roman ,chancery1 when ,bishop ,england has so clearly shown it to be a base forgery4 ,we hope our exposure of ,mr4 ,seymour will be met in a generous and ,christian spirit1 and that he will promptly disavow all connection with him as an amende honorable for having recommended him4 ,we see1 by ,the ,christian ,world of ,september1 that the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union are going to reissue this book1 and we hope these eminent and excellent men1 now that their attention is called to it1 will clean this out with the rest of the filth of their ,augean stable4 ,and also the directors of the ,american ,tract ,society are requested to consider seriously whether defamation is exactly the most ,christian weapon to fight with1 or the one most likely in the long run to overcome the ,catholic ,church1 and whether they should not withdraw from circulation a book so damaging to their reputation as lights of the pure ,protestant ,gospel1 shining amongst the darkness and moral corruptions of ,popery4 ---------- #fc ,heremore-,brandon2 ,or1 ,the ,fortunes ,of ,a ,newsboy4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,as might have ben supposed1 ,dick was at ,mr4 ,brandon's office long before that gentleman made his appearance down-town4 ,it was a sultry morning1 with occasional snatches of rain to make the gloomy streets more gloomy1 and the depressing atmosphere more depressing4 ,mr4 ,brandon was sensitive to heat2 he had no cool summer retreat to go to in the evenings1 and return from with a rose in his button-hole in the mornings2 and as1 instead of being grateful for the many years in which he had enjoyed this luxury1 he was disposed to consider himself decidedly ill-used in not having it still1 so soon as he found ,dick waiting for him1 he began his repinings in the most querulous of all his tones3 ,pretty hard on a man who has had his own country-place1 and been his own lord and master1 to come down to this blistering old hole every morning1 isn't it1 ,mr4 ,heremore8 ,well1 well1 some people have no feeling6 ,there are those old nabobs who were hand and glove with me1 mighty glad of a dinner with me1 and where are they now8 ,do they come around with ',how are you1 ,brandon8' and invitations to their dinners8 ,indeed not6 ,mr4 ,brandon1 ,i have come to talk to you about some business1 began ,dick1 who had prepared a dozen introductions1 all forgotten at the needed moment2 then abruptly1 ,mr4 ,brandon1 did you ever hear my name1 the name of ,heremore before8 ,it would be false to say that ,mr4 ,brandon showed any emotion beyond that of natural surprise at the abruptness of the question2 but it is safe to add that the surprise was very great1 almost exaggerated4 ,he replied1 coolly enough1 as he hung up his hat and sat down1 wiping his face with his handkerchief3 ,heremore8 ,it is not1 so to say1 a common name2 and ,i may or may not have heard it before4 ,one who has been in the world so long as ,i have1 ,mr4 ,heremore1 can hardly be expected to know what names he has or has not heard in the course of his life4 ,i suppose you ask for some especial reason4 ,i do1 said ,dick1 a little staggered by the other's unembarrassed reply1 ,did you not once know a gentleman in ,wiltshire1 called ,dr4 ,heremore8 ,this is close questioning from a young man in your position to an old gentleman in mine1 and ,i am slightly curious to know your object in asking before ,i reply4 ,i believe you were married twice1 ,mr4 ,brandon1 and that your first wife's maiden name was ,heremore8 ,well--and then8 ,and that she died while you were away1 believing you were dead2 and and that she had two children1 said ,dick1 who began to feel uneasy under the steady1 smiling gaze of the other--and that she had two children1 a son and a daughter4 ,almost any one can tell you that my family consists of my first wife's daughter1 and two sons by my second wife4 ,but that's of no consequence4 ,two children1 a son and a daughter1 you were saying4 ,yes1 two2 although you may have been able to trace only one4 ,she died in great poverty1 did she not8 #fd ,i decline answering any questions1 ,i am highly flattered--charmed1 indeed--at the interest you show in my family by these remarks2 and ,i can only regret that my fortunes are now so low that ,i know of no way in which to prove my grateful appreciation of the manner in which you must have labored in order to know so much4 ,in happier times1 ,i might have secured you a place in the police department2 but unfortunately1 ,i am a ruined man1 unable to assist any one at present4 ,at this speech1 which was delivered in the most languid manner1 and in a tone that was infinitely more insulting than the words1 ,dick was on the point of thrusting his mother's letter before the man's eyes1 to show by what means he had obtained his knowledge2 but the cool words1 the indifferent manner1 had a great effect upon our hero1 who found it every moment more difficult to believe in the theory that from the first had seemed so likely to be the real one1 and so he answered respectfully3 ,i assure you1 ,i mean no rudeness to you1 ,mr4 ,brandon2 but ,i am engaged in the most serious business in the world1 for me4 ,i may be mistaken in you1 and shall not know how to atone for the mistake1 should ,i come to know it2 but ,i hope you will be sure of my respectful intention1 however ,i may err4 ,mr4 ,brandon bowed1 smiled1 and played with his pen1 as if the conversation were drawing to a close4 ,dick1 heated and more embarrassed than ever1 was obliged to recommence it4 ,but was not your first wife's name ,heremore8 ,i beg you to answer me this one question1 for all depends upon it4 ,a very sufficient reason why ,i should not answer it4 ,but as you to have something very interesting to disclose1 perhaps we had better imagine that her name was ,heremore before it was ,brandon4 ,permit me to ask if1 in that case1 ,i am to own a relation in you8 ,i certainly cannot make such a connection as advantageous as ,i could a year or so ago2 but though ,i cannot prove the rich uncle of the romances1 ,i shall be glad to know what scion of my wife's noble house ,i have the honor of addressing4 ,it seems easy to have answered your son but the words would not come4 ,more and more the whole thing seemed a dream4 ,what6 a man so hardened that he could sit before his own son1 whom by this time he must have known to be his son1 and talk after this fashion of his dead wife's house6 ,impossible6 ,if1 then1 he should tell his tale1 and tell it to an unconcerned listener1 what a sacrilege he would commit6 ,a very near relative1 ,dick said at last4 ,i know that ,dr4 ,heremore's daughter married a ,charles ,brandon about twenty-five years ago4 ,ah6 ,i see6 ,and you thought there was but one ,charles ,brandon in in the world6 ,you see ,i shall have to learn a lesson in politeness from you2 for ,i could conceive that there should be room in this world even two ,richard ,heremores4 ,poor ,dick was silenced for the moment4 ,he knew he was taking up ,mr4 ,brandon's time1 and so the time of his employer4 ,he walked up and down the little office and thought it all over4 ,certain passages in his mother's letter came to his mind4 ,in this way1 perhaps1 had her appeals been sneered at in the olden times6 ,mr4 ,brandon1 he said1 standing in front of his tormentor1 his whole appearance changed from that of the hesitating1 embarrassed boy to the resolute1 high-spirited man-- ,mr4 ,brandon1 there has been enough trifling4 #fe ,i insist upon knowing if you were or were not the husband of ,miss ,heremore4 ,if you were not1 it is a very simple thing to say so4 ,there are plenty of ways by which ,i can make myself certain of the fact without your assistance2 but out of consideration for you1 ,i came to you first4 ,i am deeply grateful1 with a mock ceremonious bow4 ,but if you persist in this way of treating me1 ,i shall have to go elsewhere4 ,and then8 ,heaven knows ,i do not ask anything of you1 beyond the information ,i came to seek4 ,i wondered yesterday why she should have given me her father's name instead of mine2 now ,i can understand it4 ,i had doubts while first speaking to you1 but now they are gone4 ,i believe it is so4 ,if you will not tell me as much as you know of ,dr4 ,heremore1 ,i can go to his old home for it4 ,it would have saved me time and expense if you had answered my questions2 but as you please4 ,he was clearly in earnest4 ,mr4 ,brandon saw it1 and stopped him at the door4 ,my wife's name was ,heremore1 he said very indifferently1 and her father has been dead these twenty years4 ,you have your answer4 ,permit me to ask what you mean to do about it8 ,dr4 ,heremore was my grandfather1 said ,dick1 coming back and sitting down4 ,ah6 indeed6 politely2 he was a very excellent old gentleman in his way2 it is much to be regretted that he and you should have been unable to make each other's acquaintance4 ,when my mother--your first wife--died1 you knew she left two children4 ,one--a daughter4 ,i think you have met her4 ,there were two4 ,i was the other4 ,are you quite sure8 asked ,mr4 ,brandon in the same languid tones2 but1 for the first time1 it seemed to ,dick that they faltered4 ,i am quite sure4 ,you would know her writing4 ,possibly4 ,it was a great while ago1 and my eyes are not as good as they were4 ,you would recognize her portrait8 ,if one ,i had seen before1 ,i might4 ,i should say this was a portrait of the first ,mrs4 ,brandon1 he said1 taking that which ,dick handed him and1 looking at it1 not without some signs of embarrassment1 or of someone very like her4 ,and this is not unlike her writing1 as ,i remember it4 ,oh6 you wish me to read this8 ,dick signed assent1 watching him while he read4 ,whatever ,mr4 ,brandon felt while reading that letter1 he kept it all in his own heart4 ,this is all8 he asked when he had read and deliberately refolded it4 ,it is all at present1 answered ,dick4 ,then ,mr4 ,brandon arose1 handed the paper back1 and said very quietly but deliberately3 ,my first wife is dead and gone2 her daughter lives with me1 and1 as long as ,i had the means1 received every luxury she could desire4 ,the past is past1 and ,i do not wish it revived4 ,understand me4 ,i do not wish it revived4 ,i want to hear nothing more1 not a word more1 on this subject4 ,if ,i were rich as ,i once was1 ,i could understand why you should persist in this thing4 ,i am not yet so poor that the law cannot protect me from any further persecution about the matter4 ,your mother1 you say1 named you for your grandfather1 not for me4 #ff ,if you wish paternal advice--all that my poverty would enable me to give1 however ,i were disposed--,i advise you to go for it to her father1 for whom she showed her judgment in naming you4 ,good morning4 ,you cannot mean this6 ,you must have known me as a child1 and known my name before1 long1 long ago1 and surely consented to it1 or she would not have so named me4 ,of course1 it was by some mistake the ,brandon was dropped at first1 not by her1 but by those who took care of me when she died2 she could never have meant such a thing2 it was undoubtedly an accident4 ,you cannot mean to end all here--that ,i am not to know1 to see1 my sister6 ,i tell you ,i wish to hear not another word of this matter2 do you hear me8 ,have ,i not troubles enough now without your coming to bring up the hateful past8 ,you shall not add to your sister's1 whatever you may do to mine4 ,i insist upon seeing her4 ,you shall not4 ,i positively forbid you to go near her4 ,now leave me6 ,i have borne enough4 ,but ,i cannot let the matter rest here2 you know ,i cannot4 ,the idea of it is absurd6 ,if you do not wish me for a son1 ,i have no desire to force myself upon you4 ,i do not know why you should refuse to own me2 ,i am not conscious of any cause ,i have given you to so dislike me4 ,i don't dislike you1 nor do ,i like you particularly2 ,i have no ill-feeling against you1 but ,i don't want this old matter dragged up4 ,i am not strong enough to bear persecution now4 ,but ,i do not want to persecute you4 ,i want-- ,well1 what do you want8 ,i hardly know4 ,i may have had an idea that you would welcome your oldest child after so many years of loss1 however unworthy of you he might be4 ,i may have thought that if you once were not all you should have been to one who1 likely1 was at one time very dear to you1 it might be a satisfaction to you1 even at this late day1 to retrieve-- ,you thought wrong1 and it is not worth while wasting words on the matter4 ,i have got over all that1 and don't want it revived4 ,i can't put you out1 but ,i beg you to go2 or1 if you persist in forcing your words upon me1 pray choose some other subject4 ,i will go1 since you so heartily desire it2 but ,i warn you that ,i will not give up seeing ,miss--my sister4 ,as you please4 ,you will get as little satisfaction there1 ,i fancy2 though it may not be quite as annoying to her as to me4 ,i shall try1 at all events4 ,try4 ,go to her2 say anything to her2 make any arrangement with her you choose2 take her away altogether4 ,i don't care a button what you do1 so you only leave me4 ,i will leave you willingly1 and am indeed sorry to have put you to so much pain4 ,not a word1 ,i pray you1 answered ,mr4 ,brandon1 now polite and smiling4 ,you have performed a disagreeable duty in the least disagreeable way you could1 ,i do not doubt4 ,all ,i ask is1 never to hear it mentioned again4 ,dick stayed for no more ceremony4 ,glad to be released from such an atmosphere of selfishness and cowardice1 he hardly waited for the answer to his good-morning before turning to the street4 ,in less than an hour he was in the dreary room1 with boarding-house stamped all over its walls1 saying good-morning to a stately young lady1 very pale and weary-looking1 who kindly rose to receive him4 #fg ,the little room was hot and close2 there were no shutters to the windows2 the shades were too narrow at the sides2 besides being so unevenly put up that the eyes ached every time one turned toward them1 and the gleaming light was almost worse than the heat4 ,i have been trying for the dozenth time to straighten them1 said ,mary1 drawing one down somewhat lower1 but it's of no use4 ,are they crooked8 asked ,dick innocently4 ,well1 yes1 rather1 answered ,mary1 smiling4 ,i think ,i never saw anything before that was so near the perfection of crooked4 ,i have seen your father this morning1 ,dick began1 taking a chair near the table4 ,there is nothing the matter1 ,i hope8 she questioned nervously4 ,nothing that any one but myself need mind4 ,i made some discoveries about myself last evening that ,i would like to tell you4 ,have you time8 ,i have nothing to do4 ,i shall be very glad if my attentive listening can do you any service4 ,she moved her chair1 in a quiet way1 a little farther from his1 and looked at him in some surprise4 ,she saw he was very earnest1 excited1 and greatly embarrassed4 ,she could not help seeing that his eyes were anxiously following her every movement1 eagerly trying to read her face4 ,i am afraid ,i shall shock you very much1 and you are not well2 ,i am sorry ,i came4 ,i thought only of my own eagerness to see you2 not1 until this moment1 of the pain ,i may cause you4 ,do not think of that4 ,i do not think1 ,mr4 ,heremore1 you are likely to say anything that should pain me4 ,i think you too sensible--,i mean1 too gentlemanly for that4 ,i hope you really mean that4 ,i am sure ,i must seem very rude and unpolished in your eyes2 but ,i would have been far more so1 had it not been for you4 ,for me8 ,yes4 ,and he told her about the ,christmas morning in ,fourteenth ,street4 ,and you remembered that little thing all this time6 ,mary exclaimed4 ,and you were once a newsboy6 ,yes2 ,i was once a great1 stupid1 ragged newsboy4 ,i do not mean to deny1 to conceal anything4 ,i am so very sorry1 for your sake2 but ,i hope you will like me in spite of it all4 ,if just those few words and that one smile did so much for me1 what is there your influence may not do8 ,mr4 ,heremore1 ,i do not in the least understand you4 ,i don't know where to begin2 this has excited me so that ,i do not know what ,i am saying1 and now ,i wish almost that you might never know it2 there is such a difference between us that ,i cannot tell how to begin4 ,is it necessary that you should begin8 asked ,mary4 ,you told me you wished to speak to me1 of some discoveries you had made in regard to yourself4 ,to anything about yourself ,i will listen with interest2 but ,i do not care to have anything said about myself2 there can be no connection between the two subjects that ,i can see2 so pray do not waste words on so poor a subject as myself2 but tell me the discovery1 if you please4 ,but it concerns you as much as it does me4 ,do you know much about your own mother8 ,she died1 you told me1 long ago4 ,i know very little about her4 ,i presume her death was a great grief to papa2 for he has never permitted a word to be said about her1 and anything that pains papa in that way is never alluded to4 #fh ,the little ,i do know ,i have learned from my old nurse4 ,you do not remember her8 ,not in the least2 she died when ,i was a mere baby4 ,did you ever see her portrait1 or any of her writing1 or hear her maiden name8 ,no1 to all your questions4 ,does papa know you are here1 this morning8 ,yes2 ,i went to him at once4 ,at first he was very determined ,i should not see you2 but in the end1 he seemed glad to get me silenced at any price1 and ,i was so anxious to see you that ,i did not wait for very cordial permission4 ,you did not talk to papa about my mother8 ,yes1 that is what ,i went for4 ,how did you dare to do it8 ,was he not very angry8 ,i am sure you know something about mamma4 ,yes1 ,i do4 ,i have her portrait2 this is it4 ,her portrait6 ,my mamma's portrait6 ,o what a beautiful face6 ,is this really my mamma8 ,did papa see it8 ,did he recognize it8 ,i showed it to him4 ,he did not deny it was hers4 ,deny it was hers6 ,what in the world do you mean1 ,mr4 ,heremore8 ,where did you get it8 ,then ,dick1 in the best way he could1 told the whole story of the box1 and gave her the letter to read4 ,when ,mary came to the part which said1 ,will you love your sister always1 let what may be her fate8 ,remember1 always1 she had no mother to guide her1 she turned her eyes1 full of tears1 to ,dick1 saying no words4 ,she did not know that it would be the other way1 ,dick replied to her look1 his own eyes hardly dry4 ,she would have begged for me if she had known that-- farther than this he could not get4 ,mary put her hands in his1 and said earnestly3 ,no need for that2 her pleading comes just as it should4 ,will you really be my brother--all wearied1 sick1 and worn-out as ,i am8 ,oh6 if this had only come two years ago1 ,i could have been something to you6 ,but ,dick could not answer a word1 ,he could only keep his eyes upon her face2 afraid1 as it seemed1 that it would suddenly prove all a dream4 ,but the day wore on and it did not prove less real4 ,the heat and the glaring light were forgotten1 or not heeded1 while the two sat together and talked of this strange story1 and tried to fill up the outlines of their mother's history4 ,i feel as if our grandpapa were living1 or1 if not living1 there must be somebody who knows something about him1 she said4 ,i think ,i ought to go and see4 ,mr4 ,staffs was very particular in urging that4 ,i think so2 even if you learned nothing1 it would be a good thing for you just to have tried4 ,i know ,i can get permission to stay away for a few days longer2 there's nothing doing at this season1 ,would it take long8 ,i don't know much about it2 not more than two days each way1 ,i should think4 ,there is a steamer1 too1 that goes to ,portland1 and you can find out if ,wiltshire is near there4 ,the steamer trip would be splendid at this season4 ,are you a good sailor8 ,i don't know4 ,you have got a great ignoramus for a brother4 ,i have never been half a day's journey from ,new ,york in my life4 ,is that so8 ,well1 you must go to ,portland4 ,how you will enjoy the strong1 bracing sea-breezes2 they make one feel a new life6 #fi ,then suddenly ,dick's face grew very red1 but bright1 and he said eagerly3 ,would you trust me--,i mean could your father be persuaded--would you be afraid to go with me8 ,oh6 ,i wish ,i could6 ,i would enjoy it as ,i never did a journey before6 ,just to see the sea again1 and with a brother6 ,i can't tell you how ,i have all my life envied girls with great1 grown-up brothers4 ,nobody else is ever like a brother4 ,fred and ,joe are younger than ,i1 and have been away so much that they never seemed like brothers4 ,a journey with you on such a quest would be something never to be forgotten4 ,it doesn't seem as if such a good thing could come to pass1 answered ,dick4 ,i don't know anything about travelling2 you would have to train me2 but if you will bear with me now1 ,i will try hard to learn4 ,do you think your father would listen to the idea8 ,no2 he would not listen to ten words about it4 ,he hates to be troubled2 he would never forgive me if ,i went into explanations about an affair that did not please him2 but if ,i say1 ',papa1 ,i am going away for a couple of weeks to ,new ,england1 unless you want me for something1' he will know where ,i am going1 what for1 and will not mind1 so he is not made to talk about it2 that is his way4 ,will you really go1 then1 with me8 ,you know ,i shall not know how to treat you gallantly1 like your grand beaux4 ,ah6 don't put on airs1 ,mr4 ,dick2 you were not so very humble before you knew our relationship4 ,remember1 ,i have known you long4 ,i wonder what you thought of me4 ,i thought a great deal of good of you2 so did papa1 so does ,mr4 ,ames4 ,you know ,mr4 ,ames8 ,ah6 very well indeed2 he comes to see us every ,new ,year's day2 he actually found us out this year1 and ,i got to liking him more than ever2 he has come quite often since1 and we talked of you2 he says you are a good boy4 ,i am going to be grande dame to-day1 and have lunch brought up for us two1 unless ,madame the landlady is shocked4 ,does that mean ,i have staid too long8 ,no1 indeed4 ,mrs4 ,grundy never interferes with people with clear consciences1 at least in civilized communities2 in provincial cities1 and country towns she will not let you turn around except as she pleases2 that's the difference4 ,there are no bells in this establishment1 or1 if there are1 nobody ever knew one to be answered1 so ,i will start on a raid and see what ,i can discover4 ,in course of time she returned with a servant1 who cleared the little rickety table1 and then disappeared1 returning at the end of half an hour with a very light lunch for two2 but that was not her fault1 poor thing6 ,then hour after hour passed and still ,dick could not leave her2 he had gone out and bought a guidebook1 which required them to go all over the route again1 and there was so much of the past life of each to be told and wondered at1 that it was late in the afternoon and ,mr4 ,brandon's hand was on the door before ,dick had thought of leaving4 ,of course he must remain to see ,mr4 ,brandon1 who1 however1 did not seem any too glad to see him4 ,nothing was said in regard to the matter which had been all day under discussion4 ,mr4 ,brandon talked of the news of the day1 of the weather1 and the last book he had read1 accompanied him to the door1 and shook hands with him quite cordially1 to the surprise of the landlady1 who was peeping over the banisters in expectation of high words between them4 #gj ,mr4 ,brandon even went so far as to speak of him as a very near relative1 as several of the boarders distinctly heard4 ,mr4 ,brandon hated to be talked to on disagreeable subjects1 but he knew the world's ways all the same4 ,come very early to-morrow morning1 ,mary said in a low voice as they parted1 and ,i will let you know if ,i can go4 ,dick did not forget this parting charge1 and early the next morning had the happiness of hearing that her father had consented to let her go4 ,papa isn't as indifferent as he seems1 she said4 ,when it is all fixed and settled1 he will treat you just as he does the rest of us1 only he hates a scene and explanations4 ,i suppose he was unkind to poor mamma1 and now hates to say a word about it2 but you may be sure he feels it4 ,and now you must take everything for granted1 come and go just as if you had always been at home with us1 and he will take it so4 ,but what will people say8 ,why1 we will tell the truth1 only as simply as possible--as if it were an everyday affair--that papa's first wife died while he was away from home1 and that when he returned from ,paris1 where he says he was then1 the people told him you were dead too4 ,i don't know why that old woman should have told such a story4 ,nor ,i1 but perhaps1 poor1 ignorant soul1 she thought the boy was better under her charge than given over to a ',protestant1' who had acted so like a heathen to the child's mother2 but good as was her motive1 and perhaps her judgment1 ,i hope she did not really tell a lie about it1 so peace to her soul4 ,who knows how much ,dick owes to her pious prayers8 ,a very proud and happy man was ,dick in these days1 when he journeyed to ,maine with his newly-found sister4 ,it is true that the change in ,mr4 ,brandon's circumstances did not enable ,mary to have a new travelling suit for the occasion1 and that she was obliged to wear a last year's dress2 but last year's dress was a very elegant one1 and almost as good as new2 for ,mary1 fine lady that she was1 had the taste and grace of her station1 and deft fingers1 quick and willing servants of her will1 that would do honor to any station2 so her dress was all la mode1 and ,dick had reason to be proud of escorting her4 ,she had1 however1 something more than her dress of which to be proud1 or ,dick would not have been so grateful for finding her his sister2 she had a kind heart1 which enabled her always to answer readily all who addressed her1 to make her constantly cheerful with ,dick1 and to keep everything smooth for the inexperienced traveller1 who otherwise would have suffered many mortifications2 she had1 too1 a womanly dignity1 a sense of what was due to and from her1 not as ,miss ,brandon1 but as a woman1 which secured her from any incivility and made her always gentle and considerate to every one4 ,dick could never enough delight in the quiet1 composed way in which she received attentions which she never by a look suggested2 for the gentle firmness1 the self-possession1 the quiet composure1 the perfect courtesy of a refined and cultivated woman were new things to him2 and to say he loved the very ground she walked on would be only a mild way of expressing the feeling of his heart toward her4 ,added to all this1 giving to everything else a greater charm1 ,mary's mind was always alive2 she had been thoroughly educated1 and had mingled all her life with intelligent and often intellectual people1 whose influence had enabled her to seek at the proper fountains for entertainment and instruction4 #ga ,whatever passed before her eyes1 she saw2 and whatever she saw1 she thought about4 ,in her turn1 ,mary already dearly loved her brother2 although two years younger than he1 she was1 as generally happens at their age1 much more mature1 and she could see1 as if with more experienced eyes1 what a true1 honest heart1 what thorough desire to do right1 what patience and what spirit1 too1 there was in him1 and again and again said to herself1 ,what would he not have been under other circumstances6 ,but she forgot1 when saying that1 that ,god knows how to suit the circumstances to the character1 and that ,dick1 not having neglected his opportunities1 had put his talent out to as great interest as he could under other influences4 ,there was much that had to be broadened in his mind1 great worlds of art and literature for him to enter2 but there was time enough for that yet2 he had a character formed to truth and earnestness1 and had proved himself patient and energetic at the proper times4 ,it now was time for new and refining influences to be brought to bear2 it was time for gentleness and courtesy to teach him the value of pleasant manners and self-restraint2 for the conversation of cultivated people to teach him the value of intelligent thoughts and suitable words in which to clothe them2 for the knowledge of other lives and other aims to teach him the value or the mistake of his own4 ,these things were unconsciously becoming clearer to him every day that he was with his sister1 who1 ,i need hardly say1 never lectured1 sermonized1 or put essays into quotation marks1 but whose conversation was simple1 refined1 and intelligent1 whatever was its subject4 ,others greater than ,mary would come after her when her work was done1 we may be sure2 but at the present time ,dick was not in a state to be benefited by such4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- #gb ,when8 ,come1 gentle ,april showers1 ,and water my ,may flowers4 ,the violet-- ,blue1 white1 and yellow streaked with jet-- ,thickly in my bed are set2 ,gay daffodillies1 ,tulips and ,st4 ,joseph's lilies2 ,bethlehem's star1 ,gleaming through its leaves afar2 ,merry crocuses1 which quaff ,sunshine till they fairly laugh2 ,and that fragrant one so pale1 ,meekest lily of the vale1 ,all are keeping whist1 afraid ,of this late snow o'er them laid4 ,come1 then1 gentle ,april showers1 ,and coax out my pretty flowers4 ,i am tired of wintry days1 ,have no longer heart to praise ,icicles and banks of snow4 ,when will dandelions blow1 ,and meadow-sweet1 ,and cowslips1 dipping their cool feet ,in little rills ,gushing from the mossy hills8 ,i am weary of this weather4 ,vernal breezes1 hasten hither1 ,bringing in your dappled train1 ,tearful sunshine1 smiling rain1 ,and1 to coax out all my flowers1 ,fall1 fall gently1 ,april showers4 ---------- #gc ,translated ,from ,the ,french ,of ,le ,correspondant4 ,influence ,of ,locality ,on ,the ,duration ,of ,human ,life4 ,in every place there are influences which are favorable or unfavorable to the duration of human life4 ,the nature of the soil1 the atmospheric changes1 the variations of the temperature1 the position of one's abode with respect to the points of the compass and its elevation above the level of the sea1 act in a powerful manner upon the organization4 ,a vast forest is one the grandest1 most enchanting and enlivening scenes in nature4 ,what an ineffable and touching harmony comes from the varieties of foliage1 and what a sweet perfume they lend to the caressing breeze6 ,what a soothing charm in their cool shade1 calming the fever of life1 purifying the soul from all passion1 expanding and elevating the mind1 and making man realize more fully his celestial origin4 ,all men who are endowed with superior mental faculties have a natural and powerful inclination for solitude--especially the solitude of a vast forest4 ,the soft light of its open spaces1 the deep shades1 the endless variety of tones from the quivering leaves1 the pungent sweetness of the odors1 the air full of vibrations and sparkling light1 surround and penetrate them4 ,it seems to them a glimpse of a world of mystery to which they have drawn near1 and which harmonizes perfectly with all the thoughts and feelings in which they love to indulge4 ,not only persons capable of reading the divine lessons written on space1 love to wander in the shades of vast forests1 but great noble hearts that have been wounded1 also find here a balm4 ,the soothing melancholy they drink in1 the divine presence they feel1 fill up the void left by some charming illusion that has been dispelled4 ,there are special places where the air we breathe1 and every exterior influence1 tend to nourish and develop not only physical but intellectual life4 ,a beneficent spirit seems to watch over the safety of humanity and to promote its happiness4 ,the fluids1 the emanations that surround us1 penetrate our organization and become a part of our being2 and in consequence of the wonderful sympathy between the body and soul1 it is evident that they also influence our intellectual faculties4 ,umbrageous forests are especially favorable to our existence2 trees are devoted and faithful friends that never reproach us for their benefits1 and their love is susceptible of no change1 ,plants are for us a real panacea4 ,they are the natural pharmacies which ,providence has established on earth for the prevention or cure of our diseases4 ,from their wood1 barks1 leaves1 flowers1 and fruits1 are exhaled essences which strengthen our organs1 purify the blood1 and neutralize the noxious air around us4 ,the history of all ages shows that those regions which are favored with vast forests have always been healthy and propitious to man2 but where the forests have been cut down1 those same regions have become marshy and the source of deadly miasmas1 ,the marsh fevers which now prevail in certain parts of ,asia ,minor render them uninhabitable4 #gd ,nevertheless1 ancient authors speak of marshes of small extent1 but not of marsh fevers1 because then the forests still remained4 ,a thousand years ago1 ,la ,brenne was covered with woods1 interspersed with meadows4 ,these meadows were watered by living streams4 ,it was then a country famous for the fertility of its pastures and the mildness of its climate4 ,now the forests have disappeared4 ,la ,brenne is gloomy1 marshy1 and unhealthy4 ,the same could be said of ,la ,dombe1 ,la ,bresse1 ,la ,sologne1 etc4 ,the following is a permanent example exactly to the point4 ,in the ,pontine marshes1 a wood intercepts the current of damp air laden with pestilential miasmas1 rendering one side of it healthy1 while the other is filled with its destructive vapors4 ,the places where forests have disappeared seem as if inhabited by evil genii1 who eagerly seek to enter the human frame under the form of fevers1 cholera1 diseases of the lungs and liver1 rheumatism1 etc4 ,for example1 it is sufficient to breathe for only a few seconds in certain regions of ,madagascar1 or some of the fatal islands near by1 for the whole organization to be instantly seized with mortal symptoms4 ,the most robust and vigorous young man1 who goes full of ardor to those shores with the hope of a bright future1 affected by these miasmas1 feels as if dying with the venom of the rattlesnake in his veins2 and1 if he recovers from his agony1 it is often to drag out in sorrow the small remnant of his days4 ,how many unfortunate people of this class have ,i not met during my voyage in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,what a sacrilege to think of destroying these delicious and mysterious forests1 with their atmosphere full of celestial vibrations1 and their divine orchestra1 where the breeze murmurs in a thousand tones the hymn which reveals the ,creator to the creature6 ,every sorrow is soothed in the depths of those beneficent shades4 ,there the soul1 as well as the body1 finds a repose which regenerates it4 ,the divinity descends2 we feel its presence4 ,it moves us to the depths of our souls4 ,it caresses us like the breath of the mother we adore6 ,man may live to an advanced age in almost every climate1 in the torrid as well as the frigid zone2 but he cannot everywhere attain the utmost limit of human life4 ,the examples of extreme longevity are more common in some countries than in others4 ,although1 in general1 a northern climate may be favorable to long life1 too great a degree of cold is injurious4 ,in ,iceland1 in the north of ,asia--that is1 in ,siberia--man lives1 at the longest1 but sixty or seventy years4 ,the countries where people of the most advanced age have been found1 of late years1 are ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,denmark1 and ,england4 ,individuals of one hundred and thirty1 one hundred and forty1 and one hundred and fifty years of age1 have been found there4 ,ireland shares with ,england and ,scotland the reputation of being favorable to the duration of life4 ,more than eighty persons above fourscore years of age have been found in a single small village of that country1 called ,dumsford4 ,bacon said that he did not think you could mention a single village of that country where there was not to be found at least one octogenarian4 ,examples of longevity are more rare in ,france1 in ,italy1 and especially in ,spain4 ,some cantons of ,hungary are noted for the advanced age to which their inhabitants attain4 ,germany also has a good many old people1 but few who live to a remarkable age4 ,only a small number are to be found in ,holland4 ,it is seldom that any one reaches the age of one hundred in that country4 #ge ,the climate of ,greece1 which is as healthy as it is agreeable1 is considered now1 as it formerly was1 favorable to longevity4 ,the island of ,naxos is specially noted in this respect4 ,it was generally admitted in ,greece that the air of ,attica disposed those who breathed it to philosophy4 ,examples of longevity are to be found in ,egypt1 and in the ,east ,indies1 principally in the caste of ,brahmins and among the anchorets and hermits1 who1 unlike the rest of the inhabitants1 do not abandon themselves to indolence and excesses of every kind4 ,a careful computation of the comparative longevity1 in the different departments of ,france1 has been made for #ahfj and the preceding years4 ,the medium annual number of deaths in ,france1 at the age of one hundred years and upward1 is #adh4 ,the following fifteen dpartements1 given in decreasing order1 are those which have the greatest number3 ,basses-,pyrenees1 ,dordogne1 ,calvados1 ,gers1 ,puy-de-,dme1 ,arige1 ,aveyron1 ,gironde1 ,landes1 ,lot1 ,ardche1 ,cantal1 ,doubs1 ,seine1 ,tarn-et-,garonne4 ,it will be seen that a great number of mountainous districts are to be found in these departments4 ,it is surprising to see that of la ,seine on this list4 ,nevertheless these departments do not hold the same rank in respect to the ordinary duration of life2 which would seem to prove that some examples of extreme longevity are not a sufficient index that a country is favorable to long life4 ,i give their numbers in order3 ,basses-,pyrnes1 #g2 ,dordogne1 #db2 ,calvados1 #b2 ,gers1 #i2 ,puy-de-,dme1 #cj2 ,arige1 #dh2 ,aveyron1 #cd2 ,gironde1 #ah2 ,landes1 #eb2 ,lot1 #cc2 ,ardche1 #dc2 ,cantal1 #bc2 ,doubs1 #be2 ,seine1 #ec2 ,tarn-et-,garonne1 #ac4 ,the fifteen departments in which ordinary life is most prolonged are3 ,orne1 ,calvados1 ,eure-et-,loir1 ,sarthe1 ,eure1 ,lot-et-,garonne1 ,deux-,svres1 ,indre-et-,loire1 ,basses-,pyrenees1 ,maine-et-,loire1 ,ardennes1 ,gers1 ,aube1 ,hautes-,pyrenees1 et ,haute-,garonne4 ,it is evident that places need not be very remote from each other to produce a different influence on the duration of life4 ,that cold is injurious to the nerves1 remarks ,m4 ,reveille-,parise1 is a truth almost as old as the medical art4 ,a low temperature produces not only a painful effect upon the skin1 but it benumbs and paralyzes the nerves of the extremities1 and diminishes the circulation of the fluids1 and this gives rise to all sorts of diseases4 ,men of intellectual pursuits1 having an extremely nervous susceptibility1 are particularly affected by change of temperature4 ,it is not surprising1 then1 to find that the mental faculties have attained their utmost degree of perfection in certain climates4 ,choice natures1 such as poets and other men of genius1 only produce the finest fruit under the influence of an ardent sun and a pure and brilliant atmosphere4 ,it is only in warm and temperate climates that nature and life are most lavish of their treasures2 there we find genuine creations2 elsewhere are imitations only1 with the exception of the physical sciences1 which depend on continued observation4 ,it is remarkable that1 if the men of the ,north have conquered the ,south1 the opinions of the ,south have always held sway in the ,north4 ,besides1 fertility of the soil and a mild temperature set man free1 in southern countries1 from all present care and all anxiety respecting the future1 and infuse that blissful serenity of soul so favorable to the flights of the imagination4 ,in the misty climate of the north1 he has to struggle incessantly against the influence of the weather1 which so greatly diminishes the powers of the mind4 #gf ,this struggle is almost always a disadvantage to the minds of men1 who are particularly impressible and often reduced to a state of muscular enervation4 ,cold1 dampness1 fogs1 violent winds1 sudden changes of temperature1 frequent rains1 endless winters1 uncertain summers with their storms and unhealthy exhalations1 are fearful enemies to an organization which is delicate1 nervous1 irritable1 suffering1 and exhausted4 ,the state of the atmosphere1 then1 acts powerfully on the mental faculties4 ,there are really days when the mind is not clear4 ,the thoughts1 sometimes so free and abundant1 are suddenly arrested4 ,the sources of the imagination are expanded and contracted according to the degrees of the barometer and thermometer4 ,the different seasons of the year have more influence than may be thought1 upon the master-pieces of art1 upon the affections1 the events of life and even upon political catastrophes4 ,history relates that ,chancellor de ,cheverny warned ,president de ,thou that if the ,duke de ,guise irritated the mind of ,henry ,,iii during a frost1 7which rendered him furious17 the king would have him assassinated2 and this really happened on the twenty-third of ,december1 #aehh4 ,the ,duchess d',abrants says3 ,napoleon could not endure the least cold without immediate suffering4 ,he had fires made in the month of ,july1 and did not understand why others were not equally affected by the least wind from the northeast4 ,it was ,napoleon's nature to love air and exercise4 ,the privation of these two things threw him into a violent condition4 ,the state of the weather could be perceived by the temper he displayed at dinner4 ,if rain or any other cause had prevented him from taking his accustomed walk1 he was not only cross but suffering4 ,we read in the ,journal of ,eugnie de ,guerin3 ,with the rain1 cold winds1 wintry skies1 the nightingales singing from time to time under the dead leaves1 we have a gloomy month of ,may4 ,i wish my soul were not so much influenced by the state of the atmosphere and variations of the seasons1 as to be like a flower that opens or closes with the cold and the sun4 ,it is something ,i do not understand1 but so it is as long as my soul is imprisoned in this frail body4 ,ask the poets1 artists1 and men of thought1 if a lively feeling of energy and of joy1 prompting to action and labor2 or1 otherwise1 if a certain state languor--of strange and undefinable uneasiness--does not make them dependent on the state of the atmosphere4 ,it may be considered1 then1 as an established principle1 that a temperate climate1 mild seasons1 and pure air constantly1 renewed constitute not only the highest physical enjoyment but the indispensable conditions of health4 ,the physical character of places has a truly astonishing effect upon man4 ,a distinguished traveller1 ,m4 ,trmaux1 has endeavored to prove1 in several mmoires to the ,acadmie des ,sciences1 that man be changed from the ,caucasian to the negro type simply by this influence4 ,he calls attention to the coincidences that exist between the physical types and the geological nature of the countries acting especially through their products4 ,the least perfect1 or rather1 the type which is farthest removed from our own1 belongs to the oldest lands1 and1 in a subsidiary manner1 to climates the least favored4 ,the most perfect belongs to the countries which1 within the smallest limits1 offer the greatest variety of formations1 allowing the most recent to predominate1 and1 in a subsidiary manner1 to the most favored climates4 ,the type is also influenced by other causes of a more secondary nature which are very complex4 #gg ,the geological chart of ,europe1 says ,mr4 ,trmaux1 shows that the greatest surface of primitive rock formations is in ,lapland1 which possesses also the most inferior people2 going to the south of ,scandinavia1 gneiss and granite occupy also a great part of the country1 but that region is also connected with others more varied4 ,it contains many lakes1 and its climate is more favored1 as well as its inhabitants4 ,as to the ,scandinavians of ,denmark1 they have a purely ,germanic type and are1 in effect1 upon the same soil4 ,russia possesses different formations of a medium age1 but the extended surface of each kind does not permit its people to profit by the resources of those adjoining1 and1 consequently1 they are but indifferently favored4 ,if we turn to the countries which are in the best condition1 we distinguish in general all the west and south of ,europe1 and more particularly ,france1 ,italy1 ,greece1 the eastern part of ,spain1 and the north-east of ,england4 ,it is here1 in truth1 that civilization and the intellectual faculties have most sway4 ,race does not change while it remains upon the same soil and under the same natural influences2 whereas1 it is gradually modified1 according to its new position1 when it is removed to another place4 ,the physical influences of a region1 and of mixture of race1 have a distinct manner of acting4 ,by cross-breeding1 the features are at once strongly modified in individuals1 but especially according to the region in which it takes place4 ,thus1 in ,europe1 the mixed race is more strongly inclined to the type of the white man2 in ,soudan1 to that of the negro4 ,a type seems to be more readily improved than degenerated4 ,the physical character of a place does not act in detail1 but in a general manner1 beginning by modifying the complexion more and more in each generation4 ,it acts less quickly upon the hair1 and more slowly still upon the features4 ,cross-breeding is considered the principal modifying agent only because its effects are at once perceptible1 but it can explain evident facts only in an imperfect manner4 ,the elevation of a place above the level of the sea has a radical influence upon phthisis4 ,with the design of indicating the regions and the degrees of elevation within which this malady is rare or completely unknown1 ,dr4 ,schnepp has made a compilation from a series of meteorological observations1 made in the ,pyrenees and at ,eaux ,bonnes1 and from analogous documents furnished by travellers who have lived upon the elevated and inhabited plateaux of the old and new world4 ,the document on this subject which he sent to the ,academy of ,sciences shows that1 in the choice of a healthy locality for invalids1 people are too exclusively influenced by a warm temperature1 disregarding the more formal indications of nature in distributing the maladies of the human race over the surface of the globe4 ,for instance1 phthisis exists in the tropical zone4 ,in ,brazil1 it causes one fifth of the cases of mortality2 in ,peru1 three tenths1 and in the ,antilles1 from six to seven1 in every thousand inhabitants4 ,in the ,east ,indies1 the greater part of the ,english physicians report1 among the causes of death1 two cases from phthisis to every thousand people4 ,in the temperate zones1 phthisis is one of the most devastating of diseases4 ,it generally attacks from three to four in every thousand inhabitants4 ,the three countries in which it was not to be found1 ,algiers1 ,egypt1 and the ,russian steppes of ,kirghis1 have also been invaded by it1 although in a smaller proportion1 ,in ,algeria1 the deaths from phthisis are1 to those from other causes1 in the proportion of one to every twenty-four or twenty-seven2 in ,egypt1 in the proportion of one to eight4 #gh ,this old malady becomes more rare as we approach the higher latitudes4 ,it is supposed not to exist at all in ,siberia1 in ,iceland1 and in the ,faroe ,islands4 ,thus1 diseases of the lungs seem to be more rare in certain cold countries than in warm countries4 ,it is also observed that at a certain altitude the number of cases greatly diminish1 and even completely disappear4 ,brockman testifies that phthisis is rare on the plateaux of the ,hartz mountains at the height of two thousand feet above the level of the sea2 and ,c4 ,fuchs1 stating the same fact concerning certain elevations in ,thuringia and the ,black ,forest1 was the first to advance the theory that phthisis diminishes according to certain altitudes4 ,dr4 ,brggens1 also1 has since testified to the infrequency of this disease in the ,swiss ,alps1 at the height of #dejj to #fjjj feet in the ,engaddine2 nor is it found among the monks of the ,great ,saint ,bernard at the altitude of #fhbe feet4 ,according to ,m4 ,lombard1 it completely disappears among these mountains at the height of #dejj feet4 ,the populous cities of the ,american continent1 which are situated in the tropical zone at an altitude of six thousand feet above the level of the sea1 are exempt from lung diseases2 although1 in the same latitude1 phthisis is common in lower regions1 ,this immunity exists on the other hemisphere in the same zone--on the elevated plateaux of ,hindostan and the ,himalaya4 ,in examining the state of the climate on the heights in which phthisis is seldom or never found1 we find there1 even on the equator1 a medium temperature sufficiently low throughout the year2 between twelve and fifteen degrees on the heights below #ijjj feet2 between three and five degrees on those between #ijjj and #ab1jjj feet4 ,in the temperate zone it is still lower4 ,but the warmest months upon tropical heights do not vary more than six or eight degrees from the medium temperature4 ,it is the same on the plateaux of the ,alps and in ,iceland1 and is a general and common characteristic of the regions in which phthisis is not found4 ,the deviations below the annual medium1 appear even to increase this immunity4 ,if sufficient observations have not been made to decide upon the degree of comparative humidity on the heights above #ab1jjj feet1 we know that the elevation at which phthisis is wanting1 is in a hygrometrical condition more nearly approaching saturation than the lower regions1 and that the rains are also more abundant there4 ,it is desirable that the heights of ,cvennes1 the ,pyrenees1 the ,alps1 and1 above all1 the elevated parts of our ,algerian possessions should be carefully studied1 with a view to the treatment of lung diseases1 which are the great scourge of the human race1 and which annually cause the death of more than three millions of its number4 ,it is useful1 not only to study different countries with respect to their salubrity1 but also to observe the different situations in the same locality1 and the different quarters of the same city4 ,m4 ,junod presented to the ,academy of ,sciences1 some years since1 an essay on this subject1 which is full of interest4 ,in considering the distribution of the population in large cities1 we are struck by the tendency of the wealthy class to move toward the western portions1 abandoning the opposite side to the industrial pursuits1 ,it seems to have divined1 by a kind of intuition1 the locality which would have the greatest immunity in the time of sore public calamities4 #gi ,for example1 let us speak first of ,paris4 ,from the foundation of the city1 the opulent class has constantly directed its course toward the west4 ,it is the same in ,london1 and generally1 in all the cities of ,england4 ,at ,vienna1 ,berlin1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 and1 indeed1 in all the capitals of ,europe1 this same fact is repeated2 there is the same movement of the rich toward the west1 where are assembled the palaces of the kings1 and the dwellings for which only pleasant and healthy sites are desired4 ,in visiting the ruins of ,pompeii and other ancient cities1 ,i have observed1 as well as ,m4 ,junod1 that this custom dates from the highest antiquity4 ,in those cities1 as is seen at ,paris in our day1 the largest cemeteries are found in the eastern parts1 and generally none in the western4 ,m4 ,junod1 examining the reason of so general a fact1 thinks it is connected with atmospheric pressure4 ,when the mercury in the barometer rises1 the smoke and injurious emanations are quickly dispelled in the air4 ,when the mercury lowers1 we see the smoke and noxious vapors remain in the apartments and near the surface of the earth4 ,now every one knows that1 of all winds1 that from the east causes the mercury in the barometer to rise the highest1 and that which lowers it most is from the west4 ,when the latter blows1 it carries with it all the deleterious gases it meets in its course from the west4 ,the result is1 that the inhabitants of the eastern parts of a city not only have their own smoke and miasmas1 but also those of the western parts1 brought by the west wind4 ,when1 on the contrary1 the east wind blows1 it purifies the air by causing the injurious emanations to rise1 so that they cannot be thrown back upon the west4 ,it is evident1 then1 that the inhabitants of the western parts receive pure air from whatever quarter of the horizon it comes4 ,we will add1 that the west wind is most prevalent1 and the west end receives it all fresh from the country4 ,from the foregoing facts1 ,m4 ,junod lays down the following directions3 ,first1 persons who are free to choose1 especially those of delicate health1 should reside in the western part of a city4 ,secondly1 for the same reason1 all the establishments that send forth vapors or injurious gases should be in the eastern part4 ,thirdly and finally1 in erecting a house in the city1 and even in the country1 the kitchen should be on the eastern side1 as well as all the out-houses from which unhealthy emanations might spread into the apartments4 ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont has since mentioned some facts which tend to prove the constancy and generality of the rule laid down by ,m4 ,junod4 ,he noticed in most of the large cities this tendency of the wealthy class to move to the same side--generally1 the western--unless hindered by certain local obstacles4 ,turin1 ,lige1 and ,caen are examples of this4 ,m4 ,moquin-,tandon has observed the same thing at ,montpellier and at ,toulouse4 ,paris and ,london also present analogous facts1 although the rivers which traverse those two great centres flow in a diametrically different direction4 ,paris increased in a north-easterly direction at the time when the ,bastille1 the ,palais des ,tournelles1 the ,hotel ,st4 ,paul1 etc41 were built2 but the inhabitants were then influenced by fear of the aggressive ,normans1 whose fleets ascended the ,seine as far as ,paris1 and were only arrested by the ,pont-au-,change4 ,at that time1 and as long as this fear lasted1 they must have felt unwilling to live in ,auteuil or ,grenelle1 ,but since the foundation of the ,louvre1 and especially since the reign of ,henri ,quatre1 the current has resumed its normal direction4 #hj ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont is inclined to believe that1 among the causes of this phenomenon1 we should reckon the temperature and the hygrometrical state of the air1 which is generally warmer and more moist during the winds from the west and south-west than during the east and north-east winds4 ,what most contributes to prolong existence is a certain uniformity in heat and cold1 and in the density and rarity of the atmosphere4 ,this is why the countries in which the barometer and thermometer are subject to sudden and considerable changes are never favorable to the duration of life4 ,they may be healthy1 and man may live a long time there2 but he will never attain a very advanced age1 because the variations of the atmosphere produce many interior changes which consume1 to a surprising degree1 both the strength and the organs of life4 ,too much dryness or too much humidity are equally injurious to the duration of life2 yet the air most favorable to longevity is that which contains a certain quantity of water in dissolution4 ,moist air being already partly saturated1 absorbs less from the body1 and does not consume it as soon as a dry atmosphere2 it keeps the organs a longer time in a state of suppleness and vigor2 while a dry atmosphere dries up the fibres and hastens the approach of old age4 ,it is for this reason1 doubtless1 that islands and peninsulas have always been favorable to old age4 ,man lives longer there than in the same latitude upon continents4 ,islands and peninsulas1 especially in warm climates1 generally offer everything that contributes to a long life3 purity of air1 a moist atmosphere1 a temperature often at one's choice1 wholesome fruit1 clear water1 and a climate almost unvariable4 ,i had an opportunity1 long desired1 of traversing the ocean as far the ,tristan ,islands1 and of returning to the ,indian ,ocean by doubling the ,cape of ,good ,hope with a captain who wished to observe the different islands on the way4 ,i was thus able1 in going as well as returning1 to visit these numerous islands1 and ,i can speak of them from reasonable observation4 ,but it is sufficient to mention1 from a hygienic point of view1 the ,isle of ,bourbon1 7where ,i lived for many years17 to give an idea of the sanitary condition of islands in general4 ,like most isles1 the ,isle of ,bourbon has a form more or less pyramidal4 ,the shore1 almost on a level with the sea1 is the part principally inhabited4 ,there are few villages in the interior of the island1 but many private residences4 ,the temperature on the shore1 though very high1 is less intense than is supposed3 the medium temperature being between #dj and #ej4 ,the sea and land breezes1 which succeed each other morning and evening1 refresh the atmosphere and maintain a healthy moisture4 ,it hardly ever rains except during the winter1 ,besides1 it is very easy to choose the temperature one prefers4 ,as the mountains are very lofty1 they afford every season at once4 ,on the summit are seen snow and ice1 while at the foot the heat is tropical2 so that it is sufficient to ascend for ten or fifteen minutes to find a marked change of temperature1 ,and the colonists of but little wealth are careful to profit by this precious favor of nature4 ,they select two or three habitations at different heights1 in order to enjoy a continual spring1 ,during the cool season1 they reside on the sea-shore4 ,then they go to their dwelling a little above1 where the temperature is mild4 ,and in the hot season1 they ascend to still higher regions4 ,it is impossible to express the pleasure of thus having several dwellings at one's choice1 in some one of which desirable temperature can be enjoyed in any season4 #ha ,i had three3 one at ,st4 ,denis1 capital of the colony1 one at ,la ,rivire-des-,pluies1 and another at ,la ,ressource4 ,la ,rivire-des-,pluies1 belonging to ,m4 ,desbassayns1 a venerable old man and president of the general council1 is the finest situation on the island4 ,it was formerly called the ,versailles of ,bourbon4 ,i inhabited a summer-house above which the surrounding trees crossed their tufted branches1 forming a dome of verdure in which the birds came to warble4 ,regular alleys1 extending as far as the eye could reach1 formed by superb mango-trees1 were enclosed by parterres1 groves1 gardens1 woods1 and all the surroundings of a small village4 ,each large habitation in the colony had every resource within itself1 and was the faithful copy of the old feudal castles4 ,la ,ressource1 a dwelling for the hottest season1 belonging also to ,m4 ,desbassayns1 presented another kind of beauty4 ,there was less artistic luxury about it1 but nature had lavished on it all her splendor4 ,after dinner1 admiring the panorama which was spread out as far as the horizon1 ,i remarked to ,m4 ,desbassayns that ,i did not believe it possible for the entire world of nature to furnish a more beautiful perspective4 ,i have travelled a great deal1 said he1 and in truth ,i have never seen anything like it1 not even from the most magnificent points of view in ,america4 ,the venerable old man then took me by the arm and invited me to visit his estate4 ,he made me first look at his woods1 with their tufted foliage2 the cane-fields2 the deep ravines2 the streams1 with their windings rising one above the other in such a manner that the lower ones were perfectly visible1 and extending in successive circuits more or less varied to the shore of the sea1 which gleamed like a mirror as far as the eye could reach1 and upon the azure surface of which stood clearly out1 like silver clouds1 the white sails from all parts of the world which had given each other rendezvous here1 and were constantly approaching this isle of lava1 flowers1 shadows1 and light1 which they had taken as the centre of runion4 ,he made me afterward notice the verdant fields which had formerly belonged to the parents of ,virginia1 the heroine of the romance of ,bernardin de ,st4 ,pierre4 ,he related to me the true history of ,virginia1 who was his cousin4 ,her death happened nearly as described by the celebrated romancer4 ,he made me notice1 upon his genealogical tree1 the branch that bore upon one of its leaves the name of ,virginia6 ,m4 ,desbassayns had promised me some reliable notes respecting her1 and ,i was glad to offer them to my illustrious friend1 ,count ,alfred de ,vigny1 who1 in giving me a farewell embrace1 had commissioned me to bear his most tender expressions of love to the region which had inspired the touching narrative of ,st4 ,pierre4 ,but alas6 remorseless death warns us to remember the uncertainty of life1 even when everything disposes us to forget it4 ,he took me to one after another of the most interesting trees1 particularly to the arbre du voyageur1 a kind of banana1 the leaves of which are inserted within one another like those of the iris1 so as to form1 at the height of eight or nine feet1 a vast fan4 ,rain-water1 and particularly dew1 accumulates at the bottom of these leaves1 as in a natural cup1 and is kept very fresh2 and if the base is pierced with a narrow blade1 the liquid will flow out in a thread-like stream1 which it is easy to receive in the mouth4 ,the venerable old man opened one of their vegetable veins by way of example1 and ,i soon lanced a great number of these providential trees1 and refreshed myself with their limpid streams4 #hb ,finally1 he conducted me by a narrow path to the edge of a deep ravine in which flowed an abundant torrent1 forming capricious cascades as it wound its way4 ,after passing over a rustic bridge1 an admirable spectacle was presented to our view4 ,an alley was formed through a wilderness of bamboos1 so sombre1 so narrow1 and high1 that it would be difficult to give an idea of it4 ,it was as if pierced through a forest of gigantic pipes2 and when they were agitated by a storm1 they produced a harmony so plaintive1 so languid1 and at the same time so terrible and full of poetry1 that ,i often passed the entire night in listening to it4 ,i am not astonished by what is related of these tall and sonorous culms4 ,in those fortunate countries that are shaded by the bamboo1 it is said that happy lovers and suffering souls make holes in these long pipes and combine them in such a way that1 when the wind blows1 they give out a faithful expression of their joy or their grief4 ,nothing is sweeter than the tones that are thus produced by the evening breeze which attunes these harmonious reeds1 rendering them at once aeolian harps and flutes4 ,as soon as ,i found out this magical pathway1 ,i betook myself there every day at the dawn1 to read1 to meditate1 and to take notes till the hour of dinner4 ,the next day after this visit1 ,i had the curiosity to destroy one of the arbre du voyageur4 ,it inundated me with its fresh stream1 but ,i came near being punished for this profanation of nature1 at the moment ,i expected it the least4 ,a most formidable centipede escaped from the splinters which ,i made fly1 and only lacked a little of falling directly on my face4 ,m4 ,desbassayns was greatly astonished to see it2 for it is generally believed1 he said1 that these venomous insects avoid this beneficent tree4 ,the enchanting heavens of that privileged region are always serene1 and the air is so pure that no gray tint ever appears on the horizon2 the mountains1 hills1 meadows1 every remote object indeed1 instead of fading away in a dim atmosphere1 beam out against a sky of cloudless azure4 ,this is what renders the equatorial nights so resplendent4 ,the astonished eye thinks it beholds a new heavens and new stars4 ,how charming is the moonlight that comes in showers of light through a thousand quivering leaves which murmur in the breath of the perfumed breeze6 and when to that is joined the far-off moan of the sea1 and the sounds that escape from the ivory keys or resounding chords1 which accompany the sweet accents of a ,creole voice1 we feel as if in one of those islands of bliss which surpass the imagination of the poets4 ,one of the things that travellers have not sufficiently noticed1 and which gives us a kind of homesickness for that beautiful region1 is the enchanting harmony which results from the noise of the sea and the murmur of the breeze in the different kinds of foliage1 a harmony which calms the agitation of the soul as well as the fever of the body4 ,as there is every variety of temperature1 so there is a great variety of trees4 ,there is one especially remarkable1 namely1 the pandanus1 which resembles both the pine and the weeping willow1 ,its summit is lost in the blue sky1 and its numerous branches1 borne by a pliant and elegant stem1 support large tassels of leaves1 long1 cylindrical1 and fine as hair2 and when the breeze makes them tremble in its breath1 they murmur in plaintive melancholy notes that1 when once heard1 we long to hear again and again4 #hc ,the cocoanut or palm-trees1 with their leaves long1 hard1 and shining like steel1 give out a sound like the clash of arms4 ,the gigantic leaves of the banana are the echo of the voice of an overflowing torrent1 piercing the air like the vast pipes of an organ4 ,the bamboos1 with their tall reeds which moan and grind as they bend1 uttering long groans which1 mingling with the tones1 the wailing1 and the murmurs of a thousand other kinds of foliage1 with the deep roar of the agitated sea afar off1 and the sound of the waves breaking on the shore1 form an immense natural orchestra1 the varied sounds of which1 rising toward heaven1 seem to bear with them1 in accents without number1 all the joys and all the griefs of the world4 ,these trees with their tall1 slender stems1 and thick foliage1 are continually bending in the incessant breeze1 ,in the brilliant light of that climate their shadow looks black2 and1 as it is continually moving1 you would think everything animate1 and that sylphs and fairies were issuing forth on all sides4 ,there is a constant succession of flowers with the strongest perfume2 and when those of the wood are in bloom1 you would think that every blade of grass1 every leaf and every drop of dew gave out an essence which the wind1 in passing1 absorbed in order to perfume with it the happy dwellers in this ,eden4 ,those enchanted regions have inhabitants worthy of their abode4 ,the hospitality of the ,creoles is proverbial4 ,every family is glad to receive the stranger and soon considers him as a friend and brother4 ,the ,creole women have the elegance of their palm-trees4 ,they are as fresh and blooming as the corolla that expands at the dawn4 ,their kind courtesy envelops you like the penetrating odors which come from the wonderful vegetation that surrounds them4 ,a ,frenchman who meets another ,frenchman in these far-off countries regards him as a part of ,france which has come to smile an him1 and the intimacy1 which is formed1 is indissoluble4 ,the traveller can never forget the touching scenes of the varangue1 the enchanting evenings passed there1 and the joyous cup of friendship there interchanged2 sweet emotions contributing to longevity more than is commonly believed4 ,one finds one's self in that fortunate land surrounded by hygienical influences which are most favorable to a long life4 ,let us add that the alimentary productions are of the first quality4 ,the water in the stony basins is limpid1 and the succulent fruits are varied enough to almost suffice for the nourishment of the inhabitants4 ,how can one be a favorite of fortune and a prey to spleen without going to visit these places1 which exhale a sovereign balm8 ,nevertheless1 under that sky brilliant with pure light1 in that atmosphere of freshness of perfume and of harmony1 it seemed to me that a tint of infinite melancholy was everywhere diffused4 ,i regarded the glorious sky1 ,i listened to the trembling foliage1 ,i breathed the penetrating odors1 but something was everywhere wanting4 ,when ,i sought what it was that ,i missed1 ,i found it was the trees of my native land1 which do not grow in every zone1 and where they do grow are not so fine as here4 ,i instinctively sought the wide-spreading oak1 the lofty walnut1 the chestnut with its tender verdure1 the tall slender poplar1 the modest willow1 and the birch with its light shadow4 ,i recalled the odor of their foliage1 associated with my dearest remembrances1 but in vain4 ,i felt then an immense and inexpressible void that nothing could fill1 and tears naturally sprang from these vague and profound impressions4 #hd ,i hungered1 ,i thirsted for the odor of the trees that had overshadowed my infancy--an insatiable hunger1 a thirst nothing could satisfy4 ,on returning from that remote voyage1 especially during the first weeks1 ,i went to the nursery of the ,luxembourg1 7alas6 poor nursery67 ,i sought the fresh shades of the ,bois de ,boulogne1 and there1 during long rambles1 ,i crushed the leaves in my hands and inhaled the perfume they gave out4 ,i felt my lungs expand1 as if a new life was infused into them with the odor ,i breathed4 ,this invisible aliment which we derive from the exhalations of the plants to which we have been accustomed from infancy1 had become for me an absolute necessity1 a condition of health4 ,a climate1 a country may not at all times be favorable to longevity1 or at all times unhealthy4 ,the predominance of one industrial pursuit over another1 the choice of one material instead of another for building houses1 or a sudden change in the general habits1 necessarily modifies1 in a great degree1 the conditions of longevity4 ,this is what has happened in the ,isle of ,bourbon4 ,till within a few years1 no epidemic or contagious malady was known in that fortunate island2 no fever1 no cholera1 no throat complaints1 no small-pox1 etc4 ,but all these diseases have attacked its inhabitants since our manures1 our materials for building1 and our products in general1 have been used by them in large quantities4 ,the drying up of a marsh1 the cutting down of a forest1 the substitution of one crop for another1 may effect atmospheric changes through an extended radius1 which will strengthen or weaken the vitality of the people4 ,some years since1 there was a marsh behind the city of ,cairo1 which was separated from the desert by a hill4 ,it was always noticed that the pestilential epidemics appeared to spring from that unhealthy spot and finally to spread throughout the east4 ,the ,pacha of ,egypt1 without thinking of this coincidence1 noticed1 on the other hand1 that the hill behind the marsh entirely concealed the fine view which he would have from his palace1 if it were removed4 ,he gave orders to cut the hill down and to fill up the marsh with its dbris1 so that the winds which were formerly checked1 had free circulation and purified the atmosphere1 while the soil1 thoroughly modified1 ceased to emit the pestilential effluvia1 ,since that event the plague has not reappeared4 ,a caprice of the ,pacha effected more than all the quarantines and all the efforts of science1 ,he has freed the world1 perhaps for ever1 from the most terrible of scourges4 ,it is known that the cholera comes from ,india4 ,it is engendered in the immense triangular space formed by two rivers3 the ,ganges and the ,brahmapootra4 ,it is the ,east ,india ,company according to ,m4 le ,comte de ,waren1 that should be accused of treason to humanity4 ,it is that power which has destroyed the canals and the derivations of the two finest rivers in the world4 ,during the last twenty-five years of ,english occupation the number of pools in a single district1 that of ,nort ,arcoth1 which burst or were destroyed1 amounted to eleven hundred4 ,in the time of the ,mogul conquerors1 a fine canal1 the ,doab1 extending from ,delhi1 fertilized two hundred leagues in its course4 ,this canal is destroyed1 and the lands1 once so fertile and healthy1 are now the infectious lair of wild beasts1 having been depopulated by disease and death4 #he ,the hygienic condition of different countries1 then1 may be modified in various ways4 ,in #afih1 ,bigot de ,molville1 president mortier of the ,parliament of ,normandy1 found1 after careful research1 that1 of all the cities of ,france1 ,rouen possessed the greatest number of octogenarians and centenarians4 ,toward the middle of the last century this superiority was claimed by ,boulogne-sur-mer1 which retained it for nearly fifty years1 and was then called the patrie des vieillards4 ,in a recent communication to the ,academy1 ,m4 de ,garogna remarked that1 in the printed or manuscript accounts we possess respecting the former eruptions of ,santorin1 many very interesting details are found concerning the different maladies occasioned by these eruptions1 and observed at that epoch in the island1 which support what we have said of the variable hygienic state of different places4 ,according to these reports1 the pathological result of the different eruptions included especially alarming complications1 serious cerebral difficulties1 suffocation1 and derangement in the alimentary canal4 ,he proved that morbid influences were only manifest when the direction of the wind brought the volcanic emanations4 ,the parts of the island out of the course of the wind showed no trace of the maladies in question4 ,moreover1 the sanitary condition of the places within reach of the wind became worse or improved according to the rise and fall of the wind4 ,it should also be noticed that the morbid influence of the volcanic emanations extended to islands more or less remote from ,santorin4 ,from this report the following conclusions are to be drawn3 #a4 ,the eruption in the ,bay of ,santorin1 while in action1 had a manifest influence on the health of the people in that island4 #b4 ,it especially occasioned complicated diseases1 throat distempers1 bronchitis1 and derangement of the digestive organs4 #c4 ,the acidiferous ashes were the direct cause of the complications1 while the other morbid complaints should be attributed to sulphuric acid4 #d4 ,vegetation was likewise affected by the eruption while active1 and particularly plants of the order ,siliaceae4 #e4 ,the changes in the vegetation were probably produced by hydrochloric acid1 at the beginning of the eruption4 #f4 ,the hydro-sulphuric emanations appear1 on the contrary1 to have had a beneficial effect on the diseases of the grape-vine4 ,it perhaps destroyed the oidium4 ,it is evident that the question of local influences upon the duration of life is a most comprehensive and fruitful one4 ,nature gives us some formal indications1 in dividing the maladies of the human race2 and the study of places and climates in a hygienic point of view1 although in its infancy1 has already brought to our notice many valuable facts4 ,this study is full of interest4 ,we shall doubtless arrive at a knowledge of the exact relation between such a malady1 such an epidemic1 and such a place1 or site1 or position with respect to the points of the compass1 as well as of the beneficial and special influence exercised upon our principal organs by the exhalations from different places1 which might well be called the genii of those regions4 ---------- #hf ,the ,bishops of ,rome4 ,footnote #db ,footnote #db3 ,harper's ,new ,monthly ,magazine4 ,the ,bishops of ,rome4 ,new ,york3 ,harper and ,brothers1 ,january1 #ahfi4 ,harper's ,magazine1 we are told1 has a wide circulation1 and some merit as a magazine of light literature2 but it does not appear to have much aptitude for the scholarly discussion of serious questions1 whatever the matter to which they relate1 and it is guilty of great rashness in attempting to treat a subject of such grave and important relations to religion and civilization1 society and the church1 as the history of the bishops of ,rome4 ,the subject is not within its competence1 and the historical value of its essay to those who know something of the history of the popes and of mediaeval ,europe is less than null4 ,of course1 ,harper's ,magazine throws no new light on any disputed passage in the history of the bishops of ,rome1 and brings out no fact not well known1 or at least often repeated before2 it does nothing more than compress within a brief magazine article the principal inventions1 calumnies1 and slanders vented for centuries against the ,roman pontiffs by personal or national antipathy1 disappointed ambition1 political and partisan animosity1 and heretical and sectarian wrath and bitterness1 so adroitly arranged and mixed with facts and probabilities as to gain easy credence with persons predisposed to believe them1 and to produce on ignorant and prejudiced readers a totally false impression4 ,the magazine1 judging from this article1 has not a single qualification for studying and appreciating the history of the popes4 ,it has no key to the meaning of the facts it encounters1 and is utterly unable or indisposed to place itself at the point of view from which the truth is discernible4 ,its animus1 at least in this article1 is decidedly anti-,christian1 and proves that it has no ,christian conscience1 no ,christian sympathy1 no faith in the supernatural1 no reverence for our ,lord and his apostles1 and no respect even for the authority of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,the magazine1 under pretence of writing history1 simply appeals to anti-,catholic prejudice1 and repeats what ,dr4 ,newman calls the ,protestant tradition4 ,its aim is not historical truth1 or a sound historical judgment on the character of the ,roman pontiffs1 but to confirm the unfounded prejudices of its readers against them4 ,it proceeds as if the presumption were that every pope is antichrist or a horribly wicked man1 and therefore every doubtful fact must be interpreted against him1 till he is proved innocent4 ,everything that has been said against a pope1 no matter by whom or on what authority1 is presumptively true2 everything said in favor of a ,roman pontiff must be presumed to be false or unworthy of consideration4 ,it supposes the popes to have had the temper and disposition of non-,catholics1 and from what it believes1 perhaps very justly1 a ,protestant would do--if1 per impossibile1 he were elevated to the papal chair1 and clothed with papal authority--concludes what the popes have actually done4 ,it forgets the rule of logic1 ,argumentum a genere ad genus1 non valet4 ,the pope and the ,protestant are not of the same genus4 ,we have never encountered in history a single pope that did not sincerely believe in his mission from ,christ1 and take it seriously4 #hg ,we have encountered weakness2 too great complaisance to the civil power1 even slowness in crushing out1 in its very inception1 an insurgent error2 sometimes also too great a regard to the temporal1 to the real or apparent neglect of the spiritual1 and two or three instances in which the personal conduct of a pope was not much better than that of the average of secular princes2 but never a pope who did not recognize the important trusts confided to his care1 and the weighty responsibilities of his high office4 ,we have studied the history of the ,roman pontiffs with probably more care and diligence than the flippant writer in ,harper's ,magazine has done1 and studied it1 too1 both as an anti-papist and as a papist1 with an earnest desire to find facts against the popes1 and with an equally earnest desire to ascertain the exact historical truth2 and we reject as unworthy of the most fanatic sectarian the absurd rule of judging them which the magazine adopts1 if it does not avow and hold that the presumption is the other way1 and that everything that reflects injuriously on the character of a bishop of ,rome is presumptively false1 and to be accepted only on the most indubitable evidence4 ,we can judge in this matter more impartially and disinterestedly than the anti-catholic4 ,the impeccability of the pontiff1 or even his infallibility in matters of mere human prudence1 is no article of ,catholic faith4 ,the personal conduct of a pontiff may be objectionable2 but unless he officially teaches error in doctrine1 or enjoins an immoral practice on the faithful1 it cannot disturb us4 ,there are no instances in which a pope has done this4 ,no pope has ever taught or enjoined vice for virtue1 error for truth1 or officially sanctioned a false principle or a false motive of action4 ,with one exception1 we might1 then1 concede all the magazine alleges1 and ask1 ,what then8 ,what can you conclude8 ,but1 in fact1 we concede nothing4 ,what it alleges against the bishops of ,rome is either historically false1 or if not1 is1 when rightly understood1 nothing against them in their official capacity4 ,the exception mentioned is that of ,st4 ,liberius4 ,the magazine repeats1 with some variations1 the exploded fable that this ,holy ,pope1 won by favors or terrified by threats1 consented to a condemnation of the doctrine of ,athanasius1 that is1 signed an ,arian formula of faith4 ,it has not invented the slander1 but it has1 after what historical criticism has established on the subject1 no right to repeat it as if it were not denied4 ,we have no space now to treat the question at length2 but we assert1 after a very full investigation1 that ,st4 ,liberius never signed an ,arian formula1 never in any shape or manner condemned the doctrine defended by ,st4 ,athanasius1 and consequently never recanted1 for he had nothing to recant4 ,the most1 if so much1 that can be maintained is1 that he approved a sentence condemning the special error of the ,eunomians1 in which was not inserted the word consubstantial1 because it was not necessary to the condemnation of their special error1 and the error they held in common with all ,arians had already been condemned by the council of ,nicaea4 ,not a word can be truly alleged against the persistent orthodoxy of this great and holy pontiff1 who deserves1 as he has always received1 the veneration of the church4 ,the magazine repeats the slander of an anonymous writer1 a bitter enemy of the popes1 against ,st4 ,victor1 ,st4 ,zethyrinus1 and ,st4 ,callistus1 three popes whom the ,church of ,rome has held1 and still holds1 in high esteem and veneration for their virtues and saintly character4 #hh ,it refers to the ,philosophoumena1 a work published a few years ago by ,m4 ,e4 ,miller1 of ,paris1 variously attributed to ,origen1 to ,st4 ,hippolytus1 bishop of ,porto1 near ,rome1 to ,caius1 a ,roman ,presbyter1 and to ,tertullian4 ,the late ,abb ,cruice--an ,irishman by birth1 we believe1 but brought up and naturalized in ,france1 where he was1 shortly before his death1 promoted to the episcopate--a profoundly learned man and an acute critic1 has unanswerably proved that these are all unsustainable hypotheses1 and that historical science is in no condition to say who was its author4 ,who wrote it1 or where it was written1 is absolutely unknown1 but from internal evidence the writer was a contemporary of the three popes named1 and was probably some ,oriental schismatic1 of unsound faith1 and a bitter enemy of the popes4 ,the work is not of the slightest authority against the bishops of ,rome1 but is of very great value as proving1 by an enemy1 that the papacy was fully developed--if that is the word--claiming and exercising in the universal church the same supreme authority that it claims and exercises now1 and was as regular in its action in the last half of the second century1 or within fifty or sixty years of the death of the apostle ,st4 ,john1 as it is under ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 now gloriously reigning4 ,footnote #dc ,footnote #dc3 ,vide ,histoire de l',eglise de ,rome sous les ,pontificats de ,st4 ,victor1 de ,st4 ,zephirin1 et ,st4 ,calliste4 ,par ,l',abb ,m4 ,p4 ,cruice4 ,paris3 ,didot ,frres4 #ahef4 ,when the magazine has nothing else to allege against the popes1 it accuses them of a fierce1 ungovernable pride4 ,the fourth century brought important changes in the condition of the bishops of ,rome4 ,it is a singular trait of the corrupt ,christianity of this period that the chief characteristic of the eminent prelates was a fierce and ungovernable pride4 ,humility had long ceased to be numbered among the ,christian virtues4 ,the four great rulers of the ,church1 ,bishop of ,rome1 and the ,patriarchs of ,constantinople1 ,antioch1 and ,alexandria1 were engaged in a constant struggle for supremacy4 ,even the inferior bishops assumed a princely state1 and surrounded themselves with their sacred courts4 ,the vices of pride and arrogance descended to the lower orders of clergy2 the emperor himself was declared to be inferior in dignity to the simple presbyter1 and in all public entertainments and ceremonious assemblies the proudest layman was expected to take his place below the haughty churchman1 ,as learning declined and the world sank into a new barbarism1 the clergy elevated themselves into a ruling caste1 and were looked upon as half divine by the rude ,goths and the degraded ,romans4 ,it is even said that the pagan nations of the west transferred to the priest and monk the same awestruck reverence which they had been accustomed to pay to their ,druid teachers4 ,the ,pope took the place of their ,chief ,druid1 and was worshipped with idolatrous devotion2 the meanest presbyter1 however vicious and degraded1 seemed1 to the ignorant savages1 a true messenger from the skies4 ,there was no patriarch of ,constantinople in the fourth century1 and it was only in #ccj that the city of ,constantinople absorbed ,byzantium4 ,the bishop of ,byzantium was not a patriarch1 or even a metropolitan1 but was a suffragan of the bishop of ,heraclea4 ,it was not till long after the fourth century that the bishop of ,constantinople was recognized as patriarch1 not1 in fact1 till the eighth general council4 ,there was no struggle in the fourth nor in any subsequent century1 for the supremacy1 between ,rome and ,antioch1 or ,rome and ,alexandria2 neither the patriarch of ,antioch nor the patriarch of ,alexandria ever claimed the primacy2 but both acknowledged that it belonged to the bishop of ,rome1 as do the schismatic churches of the ,east even now1 though they take the liberty of disobeying their lawful superior4 ,in the fifth ,century1 when ,st4 ,leo the ,great was pope1 the bishop of ,constantinople claimed the second rank1 or the first after the bishop of ,rome1 on the ground that ,constantinople was the new ,rome1 the second capital of the empire4 #hi ,st4 ,leo repulsed his claim1 not in defence of his own rights1 for it did not interfere with his supremacy1 or primacy1 as they said then1 but in defence of the rights of the churches of ,antioch and ,alexandria4 ,he also did it because the claim was urged on a false principle--that the authority of a bishop is derived from the civil importance of the city in which his see is established4 ,it is not strange that the magazine should complain that the pontifical dignity was placed above the imperial1 and that the simple presbyter took the step of the proudest layman2 yet whoever believes in the spiritual order at all1 believes it superior to the secular order1 and therefore that they who represent the spiritual are in dignity above those who represent only the secular4 ,when the writer of this was a ,protestant minister1 he took1 and was expected to take1 precedence of the laity4 ,the common sense of mankind gives the precedence to those held to be invested with the sacred functions of religion1 or clothed with spiritual authority4 ,that ,st4 ,jerome1 from his monastic cell near ,jerusalem1 inveighs against the vices and corruptions of the ,roman clergy1 as alleged in the paragraph following the one we have quoted1 is very true2 but his declamations must be taken with some grains of allowance4 ,st4 ,jerome was not accustomed to measure his words when denouncing wrong1 and saints generally are not4 ,st4 ,peter ,damian reported1 after his official visit to ,spain1 that there was but one worthy priest in the whole kingdom1 which really meant no more than that he found only one who came1 in all respects1 up to his lofty ideal of what a priest should be4 ,yet there might have been1 and probably were1 large numbers of others who1 though not faultless1 were very worthy men1 and upon the whole1 faithful priests4 ,we must never take the exaggerations of saintly reformers1 burning with zeal for the faith and the salvation of souls1 as literal historical facts4 ,st4 ,jerome1 in his ardent love of the church and his high ideal of sacerdotal purity1 vigilance1 fidelity1 and zeal1 no doubt exaggerated4 ,there can be nothing more offensive to every right and honorable feeling than the exultation of the magazine over the abuse1 cruelties1 and outrages inflicted on a bishop of ,rome by civil tyrants4 ,the writer1 had he lived under the persecuting pagan emperors1 would have joined his voice to that of those who exclaimed1 ,christianos ad leones2 or had he been present when our ,lord was arrested and brought as a malefactor before ,pontius ,pilate1 none louder than he would have cried out1 ,crucifige eum6 crucifige eum6 ,his sympathies are uniformly with the oppressor1 never1 as we can discover1 with the oppressed2 with the tyrant1 never with his innocent victim1 especially if that victim be a bishop of ,rome4 ,he feels only gratification in recording the wrongs and sufferings of ,pope ,st4 ,silverus4 ,this pope was raised to the papacy by the tyranny of the ,arian king ,theodotus1 and ordained by force1 without the necessary subscription of the clergy4 ,but after his consecration1 the clergy1 by their subscription1 healed the irregularity of his election1 as ,anastasius the ,librarian tells us1 so as to preserve the unity of the church and religion4 ,he appears to have been a holy man and a worthy pope2 but he was not acceptable to ,vigilius1 who expected1 by favor of the imperial court1 to be made pope himself1 nor to those two profligate women1 the ,empress ,theodora and her friend ,antonina1 the wife of the patrician ,belisarius4 #ij ,vigilius and these two infamous women compelled ,belisarius to depose him1 strip him of his pontifical robes1 clothe him with the habit of a monk1 and send him into exile2 where1 as some say1 he was assassinated1 and1 as others say1 perished of hunger4 ,the magazine relates this to show how low and unworthy the bishops of ,rome had become6 ,vigilius succeeded ,st4 ,silverus1 and it continues3 ,stained with crime1 a false witness and a murderer1 ,vigilius had obtained his holy office through the power of two profligate women who now ruled the ,roman world4 ,theodora1 the dissolute wife of ,justinian1 and ,antonina1 her devoted servant1 assumed to determine the faith and the destinies of the ,christian ,church4 ,vigilius failed to satisfy the exacting demands of his casuistical mistresses2 he even ventured to differ from them upon some obscure points of doctrine4 ,his punishment soon followed1 and the bishop of ,rome is said to have been dragged through the streets of ,constantinople with a rope around his neck1 to have been imprisoned in a common dungeon and fed on bread and water4 ,the papal chair1 filled by such unworthy occupants1 must have sunk low in the popular esteem1 had not ,gregory the ,great1 toward the close of sixth century1 revived the dignity of the office4 ,we know of nothing that can be said in defence of the conduct of ,vigilius prior to his accession to the papal throne4 ,his intrigues with ,theodora to be made pope1 and his promises to her to restore1 when he should be pope1 ,anthemus1 deposed from the see of ,constantinople by ,st4 ,agapitus for heresy1 and to set aside the council of ,chalcedon1 were most scandalous2 and his treatment of ,st4 ,silverus1 whether he actually exiled him and had a hand in his death or not1 admits1 as far as we are informed1 of no palliation2 but his conduct thus far was not the conduct of the pope2 and after he became bishop of ,rome1 at least after the death of his deposed predecessor1 his conduct was1 upon the whole1 irreproachable4 ,he conceded much for the sake of peace1 and was much blamed2 but he conceded nothing of the faith2 he refused to fulfill the improper promises he had made1 before becoming pope1 to the empress1 confessed that he had made them1 said he was wrong in making them1 retracted them1 and resisted with rare firmness and persistence the emperor ,justinian in the matter of the three chapters1 and fully expiated the offences committed prior to his elevation1 by enduring for seven long years the brutal outrages an indignities offered him by the half-savage ,justinian1 the imperial courtiers1 and intriguing and unscrupulous prelates of the court party--outrages and sufferings of which he died after his liberation on his journey back from ,constantinople to ,rome4 ,we have touched on these details for the purpose of showing that the principal offenders in the transactions related were not the bishops of ,rome1 but the civil authorities and their adherents1 that deprived the ,roman clergy and the popes of their proper freedom4 ,if the papal chair was filled with unworthy occupants1 and had sunk low in the public esteem1 it was because the emperor or empress at ,constantinople and the ,arian and barbarian kings in ,italy sought to raise to it creatures of their own4 ,they deprived the ,roman clergy1 the senate1 and people of the free exercise of their right to elect the pope2 and the pope1 after his election1 of his freedom of action1 if he refused to conform to their wishes1 usually criminal1 and always base4 ,yet ,harper's ,magazine lays all the blame to the popes themselves1 and seems to hold them responsible for the crimes and tyranny1 the profligacy and lawless will of which they were the victims4 ,if the wolf devoured the lamb1 was it not the lamb's fault8 #ia ,st4 ,gregory the ,great was of a wealthy and illustrious family1 and therefore finds some favor with the magazine2 yet it calls him a half-maddened enthusiast1 and accuses him of unsparing severity1 and excessive cruelty in the treatment of his monks before his elevation to the papal chair4 ,but his complaisance to the usurper ,phocas1 which we find it hard to excuse1 and especially his disclaiming the title of ,universal ,bishop1 redeem him in its estimation4 ,a faint trace of modesty and humility still characterized the ,roman bishops1 and they expressly disclaimed any right to the supremacy of the ,christian world4 ,the patriarch of ,constantinople1 who seems to have looked with a polished contempt upon his western brother1 the tenant of fallen ,rome and the bishop of the barbarians1 now declared himself the ,universal ,bishop and the head of the subject ,church4 ,but ,gregory repelled his usurpation with vigor4 ,whoever calls himself ,universal ,bishop is ,antichrist1' he exclaimed2 and he compares the patriarch to ,satan1 who in his pride had aspired to be higher than the angels4 ,john ,jejunator1 bishop of ,constantinople1 did not claim the primacy1 which belonged to the bishop of ,rome1 nor did ,gregory disclaim it2 but called himself oecumenical patriarch4 ,the title he assumed derogated not from the rights and privileges of the apostolic see1 but from those of the sees of ,antioch and ,alexandria4 ,it was unauthorized1 and showed culpable ambition and an encroaching disposition4 ,st4 ,gregory1 therefore1 rebuked the bishop of ,constantinople1 and alleged the example of his predecessor1 ,st4 ,leo the ,great1 who refused the title of oecumenical bishop when it was offered him by the ,fathers of ,chalcedon4 ,it is a title never assumed or borne by a bishop of ,rome1 who1 in his capacity as bishop1 is the equal1 and only the equal1 of his brother bishops4 ,all bishops are equal1 as ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom tells us4 ,the authority which the pope exercises over the bishops of the ,catholic ,church is not the episcopal1 but the apostolical authority which he inherits from ,peter1 the prince of the apostles4 ,st4 ,gregory disclaimed and condemned the title of universal bishop1 which was appropriate neither to him nor to any other bishop2 but he did not disclaim the apostolic authority held as the successor of ,peter4 ,he actually claimed and exercised it in the very letter in which he rebukes the bishop of ,constantinople4 ,the magazine is wholly mistaken in asserting that ,gregory disclaimed the papal supremacy4 ,he did no such thing2 he both claimed and exercised it1 and few popes have exercised it more extensively or more vigorously4 ,the magazine is also mistaken in asserting that ,st4 ,leo ,,iii4 crowned ,charlemagne ,emperor of the ,west4 ,charlemagne was already hereditary patrician of ,rome1 and bound by his office to maintain order in the city and territories of ,rome1 and to defend the ,holy ,see1 or the ,roman ,church1 against its enemies4 ,all the pope did was to raise the patrician to the imperial dignity1 without any territorial title4 ,charles never assumed or bore the title of ,emperor of the ,west4 ,his official title was ,rex ,francorum et ,longobardorum ,imperator4 ,the title of ,emperor of the ,west1 or ,emperor of the ,holy ,roman ,empire1 which his ,german successors assumed1 was never conferred by the pope1 but only acquiesced in after it had been usurped4 ,the pope conferred on ,charlemagne no authority out of the papal states4 ,we have no space to discuss the origin of the temporal sovereignty of the bishops of ,rome1 nor the ground of that arbitratorship which the popes1 during several ages1 unquestionably exercised with regard to the sovereign princes bound by their profession and the constitution of their states to profess and protect the ,catholic religion4 #ib ,we have already done the latter in an article on ,church and ,state in our magazine for ,april1 #ahfg4 ,but we can tell ,harper's ,magazine that it entirely misapprehends the character of ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 and the nature and motive of the struggle between him and ,henry ,,iii41 or ,henry ,,iv41 as some reckon1 king of the ,germans1 for emperor he never was4 ,gregory was no innovator2 he introduced1 and attempted to introduce1 no change in the doctrine or discipline of the church1 nor in the relations of church and state4 ,he only sought to correct abuses1 to restore the ancient discipline which had1 through various causes1 become relaxed1 and to assert and maintain the freedom and independence of the church in the government of her own spiritual subjects in all matters spiritual4 ,his elevation was the signal for the most wonderful change in the character and purposes of the church4 ,the pope aspired to rule mankind4 ,he claimed an absolute power over the conduct of kings1 priests1 and nations1 and he enforced his decrees by the terrible weapons of anathema and excommunication4 ,he denounced the marriages of the clergy as impious1 and at once there arose all over ,europe a fearful struggle between the ties of natural affection and the iron will of ,gregory4 ,heretofore the secular priests and bishops had married1 raised families1 and lived blamelessly as husbands or fathers1 in the enjoyment of marital and filial love4 ,but suddenly all this was changed4 ,the married priests were declared polluted and degraded1 and were branded with ignominy and shame4 ,wives were torn from their devoted husbands1 children were declared bastards1 and the ruthless monk1 in the face of the fiercest opposition1 made celibacy the rule of the church4 ,the most painful consequences followed4 ,the wretched women1 thus degraded and accursed1 were often driven to suicide in their despair4 ,some threw themselves into the flames2 others were found dead in there beds1 the victims of grief or of their own resolution not to survive their shame1 while the monkish chroniclers exult over their misfortunes1 and triumphantly consign them to eternal woe4 ,thus the clergy under ,gregory's guidance became a monastic order1 wholly separated from all temporal interests2 and bound in a perfect obedience to the church4 ,he next forebade all lay investitures or appointments to bishoprics or other clerical offices1 and declared himself the supreme ruler of the ecclesiastical affairs of nations4 ,no temporal sovereign could fill the great ,european sees1 or claim any dominion over the extensive territories held by eminent churchmen in right of their spiritual power4 ,it was against this claim that the ,emperor of ,germany1 ,henry ,,iv41 rebelled4 ,the great bishoprics of his empire1 ,cologne1 ,bremen1 ,treves1 and many others1 were his most important feudatories1 and should he suffer the imperious pope to govern them at will1 his own dominion would be reduced to a shadow4 ,and now began the famous contest between ,hildebrand and ,henry1 between the carpenter's son and the successor of ,charlemagne1 between the ,emperor of ,germany and the ,head of the ,church4 ,this heart-rending picture is1 to a great extent1 a fancy piece4 ,the celibacy of the clergy was the law of the church and of the ,german empire2 and every priest knew it before taking orders4 ,these pretended marriages were1 in both the ecclesiastical courts and the civil courts1 no marriages at all2 and these dispairing wives of priests were simply concubines4 ,what did ,gregory do1 but his best to enforce the law which the emperors had suffered to fall into desuetude8 ,the right of investiture was always in the pope1 and it was only by his authority that the emperors had ever exercised it4 #ic ,the pope had authorized them to give investiture of bishops at a time of disorder1 and when it was for the good of the church that they should be so authorized4 ,but when they abused the trust1 and used it only to fill the sees with creatures of their own1 or sold the investiture for money to the unworthy and the profligate1 and intruded them into sees1 in violation of the canons1 and sheltered them from the discipline of the church--causing1 thus1 gross corruption of morals and manners1 the neglect of religious instruction1 and dangers to souls--it was the right and the duty of the pontiff to revoke the authorization given1 to dismiss his unworthy agents1 and to forbid the emperors henceforth to give investiture4 ,the magazine says that if the emperor should suffer the imperious pope to be allowed to govern at will the great bishoprics of ,cologne1 ,bremen1 ,treves1 and many others1 which were the most important feudatories of his empire1 his own dominion would be reduced to a shadow4 ,but if the emperor could fill them with creatures of his own1 make bishops at his will1 and depose them and sequester their revenues if they resisted his tyranny1 or sell them1 as he did1 to the highest bidder--thrusting out the lawful occupants1 and intruding men who could have been only usurpers1 and who really were criminals in the eye of the law1 and usually dissolute and scandalous in morals--where would have been the rightful freedom and independence of the church8 ,how could the pope have maintained order and discipline in the church1 and protected the interests of religion8 ,at worst1 the imperious will of the pontiff was as legitimate and as trustworthy as the imperious will of such a brutal tyrant and moral monster as was ,henry4 ,the pope did but claim his rights and the rights of the faithful people4 ,it was no less important that the spiritual authority should govern in spirituals than it was that the secular authority should govern in temporals4 ,the pope did not interfere1 nor propose to interfere1 with the emperor in the exercise of his authority in temporals2 but he claimed the right1 which the emperor could not deny1 to govern in spirituals2 and resisted the attempt of ,henry to exercise any authority in the church1 which1 whatever infidels and secularists may pretend1 is of more importance than the state1 for it maintains the state4 ,he never pretended to any authority in the fiefs of the empire1 or to subject to his will matters not confessedly within his jurisdiction4 ,does the writer in the magazine maintain that the ,methodist ,general ,conference would be wrong to claim the right of choosing and appointing its own bishops1 and assigning the pastors1 elders1 and preachers to their respective circuits2 and that it could justly be accused of seeking to dominate over the state if it resisted1 with all its power1 the attempt of the state to take that matter into its own hands1 and appoint for all the ,methodist local conferences1 districts1 and circuits1 bishops and pastors1 itinerant and local preachers1 and should appoint men of profligate lives1 who scorned the ,book of ,discipline1 ,unitarians1 ,universalists1 rationalists1 and infidels1 or the bitter enemies of ,methodism2 those who would neglect every spiritual duty1 and seek only to plunder the funds and churches to provide for their own lawless pleasures1 or to pay the bribes by which they obtained their appointment8 ,we think not4 ,and yet this is only a mild statement of what ,henry did1 and of what ,gregory resisted4 ,the pope claimed and sought to obtain no more for the church in ,germany than is the acknowledged right of every professedly ,christian sect in this country1 and which every sect fully enjoys1 without any let or hindrance from the state4 ,why1 then1 this outcry against ,gregory ,,vii48 ,do these men who are so bitter against him1 and gnash their teeth at him1 know what they do8 #id ,have they ever for a moment reflected how much the modern world owes for its freedom and civilization to just such great popes as ,hildebrand1 who asserted energetically the rights of ,god1 the freedom of religion1 and made the royal and imperial despots and brutal tyrants who would trample on all laws1 human and divine1 feel that1 if they would wear their crowns1 they must study to restrain their power within its proper limits1 and to rule justly for the common good1 according to the law of ,god8 ,what ,germany thought of the conduct of ,henry is evinced by the fact that when ,gregory struck him with the sword of ,peter and ,paul1 everybody abandoned him but his deeply injured wife and one faithful attendant4 ,the whole nation felt a sense of relief and breathed freely4 ,an incubus which oppressed its breast was thrown off4 ,the picture of the sufferings of ,henry traversing the ,alps in the winter and standing shivering with cold in his thin garb1 as a penitent before the door of the pontiff1 is greatly exaggerated1 and the attempt to excite sympathy for him and indignation against the pontiff can have no success with those who have studied with some care the history of the times4 ,henry was a bad man2 a capricious1 unprincipled1 tyrannical1 and brutal ruler1 and his cause was bad4 ,the pope was in the right2 he was on the side of truth and justice1 of ,god and humanity1 pure morals and just liberty4 ,leo the historian1 a ,protestant1 and ,voigt1 a ,protestant minister1 both ,germans1 have each completely vindicated ,gregory's conduct toward ,henry of ,germany1 though ,harper's historian is probably ignorant of that fact1 as he is of some others4 ,as to the pope's subjecting ,henry to the discipline of the church1 and depriving him of his crown1 all we need say is1 that all men are equal before ,god and the church1 and kings and kaisers are as much amenable to the discipline of the church1 acknowledged by them to be ,christ's kingdom1 as the meanest of their subjects4 ,the pope assumed no more than the kirk session assumed when it sent their ,king ,charles ,,ii4 to the cuttie stool4 ,the revolutionists of ,spain have just deprived ,isabella ,segunda of her crown and throne1 with the general applause of the non-,catholic world1 and no pope ever deprived a prince who denied his jurisdiction1 or his legal right to sit in judgment on his case1 nor1 till after a fair trial had been had1 and a judicial sentence was rendered according to the existing laws of his principality4 ,we see not why1 then1 the popes should be decried for doing legally1 and after trial1 what revolutionists are applauded for doing without trial and against all law1 human and divine--unless it be because the pope deprived only base and profligate monsters1 stained with the worst of crimes2 and the revolutionists deprive the guiltless1 who violate no law of the state or of the church1 ,the pope deprived for crime2 the revolutionists usually for virtue or innocence1 only under pretence of ameliorating the state1 which they subvert4 ,but our space is nearly exhausted1 and we must hurry on4 ,innocent ,,iii4 is another of those great bishops of ,rome that excite the wrath of ,harper's ,magazine--probably because he was really a great pope1 energetic in asserting the faith1 in removing scandals1 in enforcing discipline on kings and princes as well as on their subjects2 in repressing sects1 like the ,albigenses1 that struck at the very foundations of religion and society1 or of the moral order2 in defending the purity of morals and the sanctity of marriage1 and in espousing the cause of the weak against the strong1 of oppressed innocence against oppressive guilt4 #ie ,this is too much for the endurance of the magazine4 ,it indeed does not say that ,innocent did not espouse the cause of justice in the case of ,philip ,augustus and his injured queen1 ,ingeburga2 but it contends that he did it from unworthy motives1 for the sake of extending and consolidating the papal authority over kings and princes4 ,though he admits ,john ,lackland was a moral monster1 and opened negotiations with a ,mohammedan prince to the scandal of ,christendom1 offered to make himself a ,mussulman1 and would have embraced ,islamism if the infidel prince had not repelled him with indignation and contempt2 it yet finds that ,innocent was altogether wrong in taking effective measures to restrain his tyranny1 cruelty1 licentiousness1 and plunder of the churches and robbery of his subjects4 ,his motive was simply to monopolize power and profit for the papal see4 ,he also1 for like reasons1 was wrong in resisting ,frederic ,,ii4 of ,germany1 who1 he says1 preferred ,islamism to ,christianity1 as itself probably prefers it to ,catholicity4 ,the article closes with a tirade against ,alexander ,,vi41 and his children1 ,caesar and ,lucretia ,borgia1 ,roscoe1 a ,protestant or rationalist1 has vindicated the character of ,lucretia1 that accomplished1 capable1 and most grossly calumniated woman1 who1 in her real history1 appears to have been not less eminent for her virtues than for her beauty and abilities4 ,caesar ,borgia we have no disposition to defend1 though we have ample grounds for believing that he was by no means so black as ,italian hatred and malice have painted him4 ,alexander was originally in the army of ,spain1 and his manners and morals were such as we oftener associate with military men than with ecclesiastics1 ,he lived with a woman who was another man's wife1 and had two or three children by her4 ,but this was while he was a soldier1 and before he was an ecclesiastic or thought of taking orders4 ,he was called to ,rome for his eminent administrative ability1 by his uncle1 ,pope ,callixtus ,,iii42 took1 in honor of his uncle1 the name of ,borgia2 became an ecclesiastic2 was1 after some time1 made cardinal1 and finally raised to the papal throne under the name of ,alexander ,,vi4 ,after he was made cardinal1 if1 indeed1 after he became an ecclesiastic1 nothing discreditable to his morals has been proved against him2 and his moral character1 during his entire pontificate1 was1 according to the best authorities1 irreproachable4 ,the ,borgias had1 however1 the damning sin of being ,spaniards1 not ,italians2 and of seeking to reduce the ,italian robber barons to submission and obedience to law1 and to govern ,italy in the interests of public order4 ,they had1 therefore1 many bitter and powerful enemies2 hence1 the aspersions of their character1 and the numerous fables against them1 and which but too many historians have taken for authenticated facts4 ,the alleged poisonings of ,alexander and his daughter ,lucretia are none of them proved1 and are inventions of ,italian hatred and malice4 ,yet1 though ,alexander's conduct as pope was irreproachable1 and his administration able and vigorous1 his antecedents were such that his election to the papal throne was a questionable policy1 and ,savonarola held it to be irregular and null4 ,the magazine indulges in the old cant about the contrast between the poverty and humility of ,peter and the wealth and grandeur of his successors2 the simplicity of the primitive worship1 and the pomp and splendor of the ,roman service4 #if ,there is no need of answering this4 ,when the ,messrs4 ,harper ,brothers started the printing business in this city1 we presume their establishment was in striking contrast to their present magnificent establishment in ,cliff street4 ,when the world was converted to the church1 and the supreme pontiff had to sustain relations with sovereign princes1 to receive their ambassadors1 and send his legates to every court in ,christendom to look after the interests of religion--the chief interest of both society and individuals--larger accommodations than were afforded by that upper room in ,jerusalem were needed1 and a more imposing establishment than ,st4 ,peter may have had was a necessity of the altered state of things4 ,even our ,methodist friends1 we notice1 find it inconvenient to observe the plainness and simplicity in dress and manners prescribed by ,john ,wesley their founder4 ,he forbids1 we believe1 splendid churches1 with steeples and bells2 and the earliest houses for ,methodist meetings1 even we remember1 were very different from the elegant structures they are now erecting4 ,we heard a waggish minister say of one of them1 ,call you this the ,lord's house8 you should rather call it the ,lord's barn4 ,the ,catholic ,church continues and fulfils the synagogue1 and her service is1 to a great extent1 modelled after the ,jewish1 which was prescribed by ,god himself4 ,the dress of the pontiff1 when he celebrates the ,holy ,sacrifice1 is less gorgeous than that of the ,jewish high-priest4 ,st4 ,peter's is larger than was ,solomon's temple1 but it is not more gorgeous2 and the ,catholic service1 except in the infinite superiority of the victim immolated upon the altar1 is not more splendid1 grand1 or imposing than was the divinely prescribed temple service of the ,hebrews4 ,the magazine appears to think with ,judas ,iscariot1 that the costly ointment with which a woman that had been a sinner anointed the feet of ,jesus1 after she had washed them with her tears and wiped them with her hair1 was a great waste1 and might have been put to a better use4 ,but our ,lord did not think so1 and ,judas ,iscariot did not become the prince of the apostles4 ,we owe all we have to ,god1 and it is but fitting that we should employ the best we have in his service4 ,here we must close4 ,we have not replied to all the misstatements1 misrepresentations1 perversions1 and insinuations of the article in ,harper's ,magazine4 ,we could not do it in a brief article like the present4 ,it would require volumes to do it4 ,we have touched only on a few salient points that struck us in glancing over it2 but we have said enough to show its animus and to expose its untrustworthiness4 ,refuted it we have not1 for there really is nothing in it to refute1 ,it lays down no principles1 states no premises1 draws no conclusions4 ,it leaves all that to be supplied by the ignorance and prejudices of its readers4 ,it is a mere series of statements that require no answer but a flat denial4 ,it is not strange that the magazine should calumniate the popes1 and seek to pervert their history4 ,our ,lord built his church on ,peter1 being himself the chief cornerstone2 and nothing is more natural than that they who hate the church should strike their heads against the papacy4 ,the popes have always been the chief object of attack1 and have had to bear the brunt of the battle4 ,yet they have labored1 suffered1 been persecuted1 imprisoned1 exiled1 and martyred for the salvation of mankind4 ,what depth of meaning in the dying words of the exiled ,gregory ,,vii41 ,i have loved justice1 and hated iniquity2 therefore ,i die in exile4 ,alas6 the world knows not its benefactors1 and crucifies its redeemers6 ---------- #ig ,march ,omens4 ,footnote #dd ,footnote #dd3 ,from ,irish ,odes and other ,poems1 by ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 just ,issued by the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,,on ivied stems and leafless sprays ,the sunshine lies in dream3 ,scarcely yon mirrored willow sways ,within the watery gleam4 ,in woods far off the dove is heard1 ,and streams that feed the lake3 ,all else is hushed save one small bird1 ,that twitters in the brake4 ,yet something works through earth and air1 ,a sound less heard than felt1 ,whispering of ,nature's procreant care1 ,while the last snow-flakes melt4 ,the year anon her rose will don2 ,but to-day this trance is best-- ,this weaving of fibre and knitting of bone ,in ,earth's maternal breast4 ---------- #ih ,translated ,from ,the ,german ,by ,richard ,storrs ,willis4 ,emily ,linder4 ,a ,life-portrait4 ,the circle of those who were witness to the blossom-period of the city of ,munich1 that glorious epoch of twenty or thirty years which dawned upon the ,bavarian capital when ,louis ,i4 ascended the throne1 is gradually narrowing1 and every year contracts it still further4 ,the name of her to whom this sketch is dedicated belonged to this circle1 and is closely associated with the best of those who aided in inaugurating this brilliant epoch1 and rendering ,munich a hearthstone of culture which attracted the gaze of the educated world4 ,sunny period of old ,munich6 ,they of that time speak of it with the same enthusiasm as of their own youth4 ,yet to a future generation will their testimony sound like some beautiful tradition4 ,to not a few1 the name of ,miss ,emily ,linder appeared for the first time1 as the intelligence of her death passed through the public journals of ,february1 #aheg4 ,yet was her life no ordinary one2 and though it never tended to publicity1 she accomplished more in her great seclusion than many a noisy and feted celebrity4 ,hers was a quiet and unassuming nature2 she belonged to those who speak little and accomplish much4 ,it is therefore befitting1 now that she has gone to her home1 here to speak of her4 ,not so much to praise her1 for she shrank from all earthly praise2 but to keep her memory fresh among her friends and to present to a selfish1 distracted age1 poor in faith1 the animating example of a pure1 faith-inspired1 and symmetrical character a life full of fidelity1 unselfishness1 and enthusiasm4 ,swiss by birth and unchangeably devoted to her circumscribed home1 ,emily ,linder little dreamed1 probably1 when in early life she wandered to ,munich1 that she would yet close a long life there4 ,but over this life1 swiftly as it glided along1 there watched a special1 directing ,providence2 and no one could more cheerfully have recognized this ,providence than did she4 ,what originally attracted her to ,munich was ,art3 she probably contemplated1 at first1 only brief and transient visit there2 but the metropolis of ,german art became a second home to her--even more than this4 ,emily ,linder belonged to a wealthy mercantile family of ,basle1 and was born at that place on the #aath of ,october1 #agig4 ,she received a careful religious education1 7in the reformed faith of her parents17 and that varied instruction which rendered her unusually wakeful mind susceptible to topics of deeper import4 ,she seemed to have inherited from her grandfather1 who was a lover and collector of artistic objects1 a fondness for fine art4 ,following this predilection1 the gifted girl decided to seize the pallet and devote herself to painting as an occupation4 ,such was her entirely independent position as to fortune1 that nothing but inward enthusiasm could have led her to this step1 or have confined her from thenceforth to the easel4 #ii ,the home of ,holbein's genius offered her at first1 doubtless1 inspiration enough4 ,but a new star had arisen in ,german art1 and the youthful ,swiss was drawn powerfully by its leading away from home--to ,munich4 ,the modest city on the verdant ,iser began at that period to prove the goal of pilgrimage to every ambitious disciple of art4 ,miss ,linder also heard of it1 and1 instead of going to ,dresden1 as she had intended1 she turned for her further improvement to ,munich4 ,on her arrival in this city she had attained to an age of twenty-seven years2 but her devotion to her chosen profession was so earnest1 that she entered as a simple pupil the ,academy of ,fine ,arts4 ,in the catalogue of the academy1 ,emily ,linder is inscribed as historical painter1 on the #dth of ,november1 #ahbd4 ,but she frequented the studios only a few weeks4 ,at that time it was customary to accept ladies as pupils2 but she soon perceived that the position was hardly a becoming one1 surrounded by so many young people of various characters1 and all beginners like herself4 ,she therefore had recourse to ,professor ,schlotthauer for private instruction4 ,under the guidance of this excellent master1 a veritable house-father in the painter's academy1 as ,brentano characteristically termed him1 she pursued her studies in good earnest1 and1 according to the representation of her teacher1 made rapid progress in the severer style of drawing1 in which she had hitherto been less practised than in painting4 ,she soon perfected herself to such an extent that she was enabled to complete her own compositions1 and thus derived double satisfaction from her profession4 ,it was indeed a pleasure in those days1 competing with so many enthusiastic young artists and with the newly-appearing works in constant view1 to labor and strive onward with the rest4 ,this was the time1 too1 when ,cornelius assumed the directorship of the ,munich ,academy and inaugurated1 in grand style1 the new era of ,german art4 ,a wondrous life dawned upon ,munich art at that period4 ,cornelius himself1 in his old age1 recalled with emotion and enthusiasm this youthful period of new ,german art4 ,at ,rome1 thirty years later1 on the occasion of the ,louis festival of ,german artists1 #bjth ,may #ahee1 while he was delivering an address so celebrated for its many piquant flashes1 he thus painted the joyous industry of those days3 ,but when ,king ,louis ascended the throne of his fathers1 then began the sport4 ,zounds6 what moulding1 building1 drawing1 and painting6 ,with what eagerness1 with what hilarity each went to his work6 ,but it was an earnest hilarity3 444 nor was ,munich at that time a mere hot-house of art4 ,the warmth was a healthy and vital one1 born of the flaming fire of inspiration1 the evidence of which every work1 whatever its defects1 bore upon its very face4 ,those men who worked together in brotherly unity knew that there confronted them the art tribunal of posterity and of the ,german nation4 ,it concerned them1 now1 that ,german genius should open a new pathway in art1 as it had already so gloriously done in poetry1 in music1 in science4 ,in this glorious time of youthful aspiration1 bold conception1 and joyful industry1 ,miss ,linder began her artistic career in ,munich4 ,is it a wonder then that the city pleased her daily better1 and imperceptibly gained a home-like power over her8 ,nor had she1 by any means1 a lack of intellectual incitement4 ,her independent position and rare culture secured to her the most agreeable social position4 ,in the family of ,herr von ,ringseis1 to which she had brought an introduction from ,basle1 and where gathered the nobility of the entire fatherland1 she came into contact with the most eminent artists and scholars4 #ajj ,chief among these was ,cornelius1 who welcomed her to his family circle4 ,the old master of ,german art remained a life-long friend of hers and warmly attached to her4 ,among her more intimate companions1 she numbered also the two ,eberhards1 ,heinrich ,hess1 ,franz von ,baader4 ,somewhat later1 by the transfer of the university to ,munich1 were added to these ,schubert1 ,grres1 ,schelling1 ,lasaulx4 ,also the two ,boiseree1 who in the autumn of #ahbg came to ,munich with their art collection1 which had been purchased by ,king ,louis1 were soon numbered among her nearer acquaintances4 ,amid so choice a circle there unfolded itself for the young artist a spiritual and intense life1 to which she abandoned herself with all the joyous simplicity and freshness of an artistic nature2 a nature which was susceptible also to the beautiful and the grand in other things--in poetry1 in music1 and in science4 ,the quiet1 friendly lady-artist became everywhere a favorite4 ,but1 amid all these manifold occupations1 there was ever a certain earnestness1 a striving out of the temporal into the eternal4 ,even art was not to her a mere amusement4 ,genuine art possesses an ennobling power1 and she experienced what ,michael ,angelo once said to his friend ,vittoria ,colonna1 ,true painting is naturally religious and noble2 for even the struggle toward perfection elevates the soul to devotion1 draws it near to ,god and unites it with him4 ,attracted by the pure and lofty in art1 ,miss ,linder gave preference to religious painting1 a taste which was encouraged by her sterling master3 and it caused her1 though a ,protestant1 special gratification1 while ever seeking the best studies1 to paint or copy1 whenever she could1 devotional church pictures4 ,in order to become acquainted1 through actual observation1 with the principal works of ,christian art1 she determined on a journey to ,italy4 ,her first visit she decided to confine to the cities of upper ,italy1 and in company with ,professor ,schlotthauer and his wife1 this plan was carried out during the summer and autumn of #ahbe4 ,milan1 ,verona1 ,padua1 ,venice1 ,bologna1 were visited1 and1 led by the hand of her intelligent master1 they all passed under her examination4 ,the goal of her travel was to be ,florence4 ,but the long-continued1 fine autumn weather attracted the travellers further and further1 and at length they came to ,perugia1 the middle point of the ,umbrian school1 and thence to the neighboring1 picturesque-lying ,assisi4 ,at this place a little circumstance occurred which became of deep significance in the after life of the artist4 ,the vetturino1 familiar with the land and the people1 called the attention of the travellers to the fact that in ,assisi there was a monastery of ,german ,franciscan nuns4 ,a colony of poor ,german women in the middle of ,italian lands6 ,that was enough to decide the party to visit the monastery and greet their pious countrywomen in the language of home4 ,but they found the sisterhood in evident distress4 ,as they stood before the lattice1 the history of the monastery was briefly related to them by the superior4 ,it owed its origin to the patrician family ,nocker of ,munich1 and according to the terms of its establishment was intended only for ,germans1 and more particularly for ,bavarian maidens4 ,under ,napoleon ,i4 it was suspended1 and the nuns were cared for in private dwellings1 where1 hoping for better times1 they still continued1 as well as they could1 the practice of their vocation4 ,these better times came4 ,after the fall of the ,napoleonic dynasty1 the purchasers of the monastery consented to relinquish it1 and the poor ,franciscans could at least reoccupy the building4 #aja ,but it went so hard with them1 that they were sometimes obliged to ring the distress-bell1 and the number of inmates diminished4 ,at the time of the arrival of our three travellers1 they numbered but twelve4 ,an increase of numbers under such circumstances was hardly to be hoped for1 and the existence of the monastery seemed again endangered4 ,municipal abolishment was threatened1 with the unavoidable prospect to the nuns of being distributed among the various ,italian monasteries4 ,now to maintain themselves as a ,german order was everything to these ,franciscans2 and thus the superior represented it to her travelling country-people1 with all simple-heartedness1 closing her narration with the entreaty that1 on their return to ,munich1 they would not forget the little ,german monastery in ,assisi1 but care for it as they might be able1 and cause younger sisters to come to them from ,bavaria1 in order to save the establishment from utter extinction4 ,the three travellers took their leave filled with sympathy1 and promising to bear in mind the petition of the superior4 ,they commenced their homeward travel from ,assisi1 passed through ,genoa and reached ,munich again in ,november4 ,miss ,linder vigorously recommenced her artistic occupations1 filled with animation at her new experiences4 ,but during the winter evenings the ,italian trip often formed the topic of conversation in the ,schlotthauer family1 and generally closed with the question1 ,how shall we manage to increase the number of candidates in the monastery at ,assisi8 ,but at that period this was not so easy4 ,the secular spirit had spread itself broadly in ,german lands3 the current of fresh1 ,catholic life flowed mostly in hidden courses4 ,but with surprise they soon learned of its continued activity4 ,through one of those invisible channels which ,providence avails itself of1 in its own good time--in every-day life termed accident--the cry for help of the superior at ,assisi penetrated to to a village where pious hearts were prepared for it4 ,one day there came a letter for ,professor ,schlotthauer from ,landshut1 addressed to him by an unknown maiden of the humbler class named ,therese ,frish1 stating that she had heard of the monastery at ,assisi1 and the request of the superior3 in ,landshut was a goodly number of young girls who had long cherished the desire in their hearts for convent life1 and only waited for an opportunity to realize their wishes3 several of them1 some possessed of means1 were ready at any moment to leave for ,assisi4 ,this was welcome intelligence1 and the friends of the superior in ,munich were not backward in performing their part4 ,thus in the spring they had the happiness of seeing a little band of candidates departing for ,assisi4 ,the monastery was rescued1 and commenced from that time1 through the ever-increasing sympathy in ,germany1 a new and beneficent career4 ,from year to year1 assisted by the people of ,munich1 there wandered true-hearted though indigent maidens to this quiet asylum of piety1 to reach which1 as ,brentano wrote twelve years later1 7#ahch17 was the dearest wish of these pious children4 ,her art trip had thus recompensed the maiden of ,basle in a manner little dreamed of or counted on4 ,the impression which this peculiar experience made upon her susceptible nature could not well be a transient one4 ,the little monastery at ,assisi--what could be more natural8--from thenceforth lay very closely to her heart1 and its memories became most dear to her4 ,the personality of the superior herself1 her simple worth and naturalness1 gratefully appealed to her2 and several years later1 on making her second ,italian trip1 she gladly revisited ,assisi4 #ajb ,a friendly relation resulted1 which1 fostered by a regular correspondence1 became more intimate every year4 ,she now began to understand the true meaning of a voluntary ,christian poverty3 the contemplation of which must naturally make a profound impression upon a nature like hers4 ,she had frequent occasion1 by active assistance1 to prove herself a warm friend of the monastery4 ,particularly at the time of the great earthquake1 7#ahca17 when this monastery of women was in great want and distress1 she stood by the nuns most generously4 ,ever after1 indeed1 she remained a constant benefactress of the ,german daughters of the holy ,st4 ,francis2 and there1 in the birth-place of the saint1 was she most assiduously prayed for4 ,in ,assisi lay the earliest germ of her quietly-ripening1 late-maturing conversion4 ,in the year #ahbh1 ,miss ,linder returned to her native city1 ,basle1 in order to prepare for a more lengthened visit to ,rome4 ,like every genuine artist-heart1 a powerful influence attracted her to the ancient capital of art1 to the eternal city4 ,on her journey thither1 she touched at ,assisi1 having the happiness to escort to the monastery of the ,franciscans a new candidate from ,munich and to find the nuns there in happiest tranquillity4 ,cornelius and ,schlotthauer reported the same of them1 when they passed through1 a year and a half later4 ,they received permission from the bishop to hold an interview with the ,german sisters in the claustral4 ,the innocent joyousness and deep peace of the ,german nuns was very touching to them4 ,the bishop gave the two artists the best testimony of them in his assurance that he constantly presented these pious ,germans to their ,italian sisters as an example for imitation4 ,accompanied with the nuns' blessing ,miss ,linder hastened toward the eternal city1 where a new world opened itself to her4 ,bright1 blissful days did she pass in ,rome1 and so well did it please her1 that she remained there nearly three years4 ,here again her associates were the brightest spirits of the ,german art circle1 and their similarity of aim induced a friendly geniality which in many ways enhanced the pleasure of her stay4 ,scholars and artists of the ,german colony sought her society with equal delight4 ,here she met ,overbeck--that ,st4 ,john among the artists--whose friendship to her and to her subsequent life was of such significance4 ,neher and ,eberle received from her commissions4 ,with the painter ,ahlborn she read ,dante4 ,the venerable ,koch was charmed with the society of the genial ,swiss1 and passed many a winter's evening with her4 ,also ,thorwaldsen1 ,bunsen1 and ,platen were among her intimate acquaintance in ,italy4 ,from ,rome ,miss ,linder made a trip to ,naples and ,sorrento4 ,with a party of ,germans1 among whom was ,platen1 she passed there the summer of #ahcj4 ,the wondrous poetry of the landscape and skies of ,sorrento impressed with their fullest power the sensitive soul of the artist4 ,all three arts1 poetry1 music1 and painting1 were brought into requisition to give adequate expression to her enchantment and delight4 ,she became herself a poetess under the influence of all these glories1 and described to her friends1 who remained behind at ,rome1 with veritable southern warmth of coloring1 her captivating paradise4 ,as in ,rome she listened with the veneration of an intelligent musician to the ancient classic music of the ,sistine chapel1 so at the ,bay of ,naples she bestowed her attention upon the popular ,italian ballads4 ,theirs was a genial company1 and they sang much together2 of their songs and melodies she made a collection1 and took home with her4 #ajc ,platen1 in his subsequent letters1 reminded her of those days1 and1 writing from ,venice1 requested of her the music of triads and octaves1 which they had sung together in ,sorrento4 ,on her return to ,rome1 late in the autumn of the same year1 she found ,cornelius and his family there1 and the friendly relations which subsisted in ,munich were warmly renewed4 ,the presence of the honored master created1 in the ,roman art world1 an animated and exhilarating activity1 and the rest of her stay was thus enlivened in the most agreeable manner4 ,the following year1 in company with ,cornelius1 she started for home4 ,it was hard parting1 as finally1 in ,july1 #ahca1 with a wealth of beautiful and deep impressions1 she bade farewell to the ,hesperian land which had become so dear to her1 to return to ,basle2 and we must not censure the artist that she found it difficult1 as her letters indicate1 to forget the blue skies of ,italy and accustom herself again to the gray hues of the ,german heaven4 ,the sharpness of the contrast gradually softened1 however1 and the old home feeling asserted itself4 ,but the life in ,rome remained a bright spot in her memory1 and even in later years1 when the conversation turned upon it1 the habitually quiet lady became warm and animated4 ,in ,rome1 on the other hand1 the artists were equally loth to part with the aesthetic ,swiss4 ,the venerable ,koch sent her word1 through the the painter ,eberle1 how much he regretted that he could no longer pass his winter evenings with her4 ,overbeck and others held with her an animated correspondence4 ,but she remained in hallowed remembrance with the ,german art-colony1 from the assistance she rendered to youthful talent1 and her encouragement by actual commissions4 ,the historical painter ,adam ,eberle1 particularly1 a pupil of ,cornelius1 friend and countryman of ,lasaulx--a highly gifted and lofty mind1 but struggling in the deepest poverty--to him she proved a generous benefactress2 and we can truly say1 that through her goodness his last days--he died at ,rome1 #ahcb--were illumined with a final gleam of sunshine4 ,the letters which she received from the youthful departed1 partly during her stay in ,rome1 partly after her departure1 give ample testimony of this1 and indicate the manner1 generally1 of her benevolence in such cases4 ,immediately on their first meeting in ,rome1 and learning of his condition1 she gave him a commission for an oil painting2 with deep emotion he thanked the friendly lady for the confidence she had thus reposed in a nameless painter4 ,subsequently she purchased also several drawings of ,eberle1 each1 like the oil painting1 of a religious nature2 among others1 one that she particularly prized1 and afterward caused to be engraved1 ,peter and ,paul journeying to the ,occident4 ,on forwarding this drawing to ,basle1 together with another1 the subject of which was taken from the ,old ,testament1 as the product of his muse since her departure1 ,eberle thus writes3 ,what chiefly attracts me to these ,bible subjects is the healthy and unaffected language1 which ,i endeavor to translate into my art4 ,regard this work of mine as a study which is necessary for my taste4 ,that which is lacking in it1 ,i know full well1 without the power of supplying it4 ,accept it1 therefore1 as it is4 ,altogether bad it is not4 ,at a very sad period was it undertaken1 and many a tear has fallen upon it1 which1 like a vein of noble metal1 seven times purified in its earthen crucible1 glistens through it4 ,i have1 indeed1 some assurance that ,i have not fruitlessly worked1 in ,overbeck's judgment upon it1 whom you saw at ,bunsen's3 and this not a little cheers me4 #ajd ,her generous watchfulness wearied not in rescuing him1 at the times of his greatest need1 and ,eberle1 with overflowing gratitude1 testified to these constant proofs of her goodness1 and1 even more1 to the great delicacy and the kindly words which accompanied every act4 ,her personal intercourse at ,rome seemed also to have exerted a favorable influence upon his religious sentiments4 ,the taste for mystical writings which1 encouraged by ,baader1 she was cultivating at that period1 grew also upon him2 and when1 shortly after her departure1 ,lasaulx came to ,rome1 ,eberle was very happy that he could continue with him this favorite and elevating study4 ,he writes to her at ,basle on the #beth of ,september1 #ahca3 ,an old friend of my youth and countryman of mine1 ,c4 ,lasaulx1 is now my almost exclusive companion3 he will probably remain the winter here and share my dwelling with me4 ,he is1 as you know1 a zealous disciple of ,schelling1 is deeply versed in the new philosophy1 and1 what to me is of still more value1 in the mysticism of the middle ages4 ,i rejoice to have gained in him some compensation for the loss of your society2 yet ,i cannot share the expectations which he bases upon the new philosophy4 ,although my acquaintance with him has divested me of many a former prejudice1 ,i find myself1 nevertheless1 attracted only the more to the 'one thing needful1' assured that only at the fountain of living waters1 ,jesus ,christ1 can our thirst be quenched4 ,he adds1 however1 concerning his friend3 ,lasaulx has nevertheless a very substantial ,christian basis1 and if ever his ,knowing goes hand in hand with his ,willing1 and his ,willing with his ,knowing1 we may certainly expect something very sterling from him4 ,it was ,lasaulx himself who communicated the news to their mutual friend1 in ,germany1 of the sudden death of ,eberle4 ,eberle's plan had been to pass yet a year in ,rome1 then return to ,germany1 and1 seeking again the sheltering wing of his master1 ,cornelius1 in ,munich1 there to close his art-wanderings4 ,thus he himself wrote in a letter of the #gth of ,march1 #ahcb4 ,but a month later he was no more4 ,he succumbed to a disease of the stomach4 ,shortly before his death1 ,miss ,linder had cheered the invalid by a remittance4 ,on the #bdth of ,april1 #ahcb1 ,lasaulx thus wrote from ,rome3 ,our friend ,adam ,eberle1 at five o'clock in the afternoon of the #aeth of ,april1 after a hard death-struggle1 recovered from the malady of this life4 ,good-,friday morning we bore him home4 ,three days before his death he had the great joy of receiving your last letter1 and that which your love enclosed with it4 ,he was one of the few whose souls are washed in the blood of the ,lamb1 offered from the beginning of the world4 ,the ,lamentations and the ,miserere of the divine old masters ,palestrini and ,allrgri which you begged our friend to listen to for you1 ,i have listened to for both of you4 ,munich had now so grown upon the affections of the artiste that she again removed thither from ,basle in #ahcb4 ,after her life in ,rome1 a residence in the ,german art-metropolis could not but be a necessity to her1 and the ,bavarian capital was thenceforth her home4 ,her house became more and more the peaceful abode of the fine arts4 ,her fortune enabled her1 by a succession of commissions1 gradually to collect a wealth of pictures and drawings in which the ,corypheans of ,christian art were represented4 ,among these ,overbeck took the foremost place with a series of subjects from the ,evangelists1 the choicest of drawings1 which during a period of thirty years gradually came into her possession4 ,a beautiful oil painting by ,overbeck1 which she esteemed most highly1 ,the death of ,st4 ,joseph1 was also produced at this time1 an elevated delineation of the death of the just4 ,from ,cornelius she secured three cartoons of the wall pictures in the ,louis-church1 7,the ,creation17 in which this mighty intellect was worthily represented4 #aje ,in like manner an altar-piece by ,conrad ,eberhard1 one of the most thoughtful compositions of this admirable master1 and intended originally for one of the new church edifices of ,king ,louis1 took its place among the gems of this house--just as the venerable master himself1 in all his purity of soul and pious simplicity1 took his place high in the friendship of the hostess4 ,next to painting1 the two sister arts1 poetry and music1 were specially cultivated in the home of the artist4 ,she had a clear perception of the true and elevated in poetry1 and kept pace1 even to old age1 with the literary productions of the new era4 ,her own poetic effusions were confined to the eye of her more intimate friends2 but there were some poems upon which ,brentano himself placed high value4 ,her library was a choice one1 and her knowledge of languages kept her acquainted with the best productions of the modern cultivated nations4 ,her aesthetic and scientific acquirements became her well1 inasmuch as the cultivation of the mind and of the heart with her kept even pace4 ,miss ,linder applied herself to music in full earnest4 ,she not only practised several instruments--the aeolodicon and harp were always seen in her drawing-room--but she had herself instructed by ,ett in thorough-bass and the history of music4 ,she followed his instructions in harmony with practical exercises4 ,in musical history it was the religious department again which most appealed to her3 her researches went back to the earliest times1 the development of the true church style1 and for the unfolding of this subject she had found in ,ett the right man4 ,moreover1 she stood in friendly exchange of views with ,proske of ,regensburg1 a profound student of ancient church music4 ,sometimes musical gatherings were held1 to which ,ett brought singing-boys from the choir of ,st4 ,michael's ,church3 ancient religious cantatas1 the compositions of ,orlando di ,lasso1 ,handel1 ,abb ,vogler's hymns1 and the like1 were performed4 ,conrad ,eberhard1 an enthusiastic admirer of music and of the master ,ett1 who with ,schlotthauer regularly attended the historical lectures on music1 in his ninetieth year spoke with loving recollection of these ennobling evenings at ,miss ,linder's4 ,by this varied and earnest devotion to art1 as well as artistic and scientific enterprises1 to which she constantly brought willing and generous offerings1 her life began to assume more and more an ideal significance1 and to gain that expansiveness of horizon and completeness which secured for her a position in society as peculiar as it was agreeable4 ,if we would ask what it was that identified this quiet spirit with so distinguished a circle and made her house a rendezvous for scholars and artists1 in which the most brilliant and the most profound so gladly met1 the explanation would be just this--it was the awakened intelligence which she brought to all intellectual topics1 the simple-hearted abandonment to the views of great minds1 the readiness with which she recognized and admired the true and the beautiful in all things4 ,it was equally the unselfish1 uncalculating enthusiasm1 and the perfect purity of soul1 which compelled the respect of all4 ,an unvarying geniality blended with a quiet earnestness2 a clear intelligence with a golden goodness2 a profound view of life in all its phases1 from the very heights of a sunny existence--herein resided the gentle attractiveness with which she drew to herself the sympathies of the noblest souls and held them fast4 #ajf ,a character of such a type is best reflected in its friends4 ,her life for the most part flowed on so quietly and evenly that it rose clearly to the view of only those who were nearest to her4 ,it seems1 therefore1 befitting that from among her many friends we should select a few who1 like her1 are now at rest1 and mention some of their salient characteristics4 ,the foremost place is due to the painter-prince of the new art-epoch himself1 ,cornelius--who was a friend from her very youth1 and only a few months after her1 even in these latter days1 closed his earthly pilgrimage4 ,the fame of the man and the sense of his loss1 still so freshly felt1 will justify us in dwelling somewhat more at length on him and his letters4 ,it was1 indeed1 the opinion of ,emily ,linder1 toward the close of her life1 that the letters which she had received from ,cornelius might some day be of use in his biography4 ,at the time ,miss ,linder started from ,munich upon her journey to ,switzerland and ,italy1 her relations with the family of the celebrated painter had already become so intimate1 that it was continued in correspondence4 ,ordinarily it was an ,italian-,german or double letter1 from ,carolina and ,peter ,cornelius1 which greeted her2 they both recall1 with friendly warmth1 her residence in ,munich1 and the message1 ,we miss you6 was repeatedly wafted after her as she remained longer away4 ,frau ,carolina ,cornelius evinced for her a very tender attachment4 ,the genial master himself honored her with confidences from time to time1 as to his artistic plans and undertakings4 ,particularly was this the case when he was commissioned to prepare designs for the ,louis-church in ,munich1 whereby he saw the early realization of a long-cherished and favorite idea of his2 when the history of mankind in grand outline1 the creation1 the redemption1 the sending of the ,holy ,ghost to the church1 the last judgment1 presented itself to his mind4 ,then he felt impelled to open his heart to his absent friend1 and the postscript1 which he appended to a letter of his wife1 rises into a veritable dithyrambic4 ,he writes on the #bjth of ,january1 #ahbi3 ,i cannot better close this letter than by communicating a thing which transports me and in which you1 my dear friend1 will sympathize4 ,fancy my good fortune6 ,after completing the ,glyptothek1 ,i am to paint a church4 ,it is now sixteen years that ,i have been going about with the idea of a ,christian epic in painting--a painted comoedia divina--and ,i have had hours1 and longer periods1 when it seemed ,i had a special mission for this4 ,and now my heavenly love comes like a bride in all her beauty to me--what mortal after this can ,i envy8 ,the universe opens itself before my eyes3 ,i see heaven1 earth1 and hell2 ,i see the past1 the present1 and the future2 ,i stand on ,sinai and gaze upon the new ,jerusalem2 ,i am inebriated and yet composed4 ,all my friends must pray for me1 and you1 my dear ,emily4 ,with brotherly love greets you ,,cornelius4 ,the artistic heroism of this soul--this man whose ideas grasped the world--breathes in these lines with certainly wonderful freshness4 ,in other letters of this happy period his natural humor gains the ascendant1 and he indulges in sallies of mirth1 afterward begging her indulgence and a friendly remembrance of the crazy painter ,peter ,cornelius4 ,her replies were in a simpler and graver tone1 but full of that refreshing independence1 which appeared to a nature like his more than aught else4 ,she allowed his geniality full play without compromising her sincerity1 or her dignity4 ,he is thus both charmed and edified by her letters1 and once made the remark of them1 ,all that your personality led me to fancy of the beautiful and the good finds more artless1 more forcible and vivid expression in your letters4 #ajg ,it becomes you uncommonly well1 whenever you fairly assert yourself4 ,in the year #ahca the cholera threatened1 for a time1 to visit ,munich4 ,the preparations of the sanitary authorities to meet this uncomfortable guest were already completed4 ,miss ,linder was in ,basle1 and sent thence a friendly invitation to ,cornelius and his family to take refuge at her domestic hearth4 ,the knightly response of the master1 dated ,munich1 #aeth of ,november #ahca1 is as follows3 ,your friendly suggestion from the shelter of your hospitable hearth to laugh at the cholera1 and by the same opportunity1 perhaps1 to reproduce a ,decameron1 corresponding thereto1 has an indescribable attraction for me1 and ,i should have acted upon it had ,i not been afraid to be afraid4 ,from sheer cowardice at the possible death of my honor1 ,i must stand the cartridges of the cholera4 ,from the spot where my king and so many admirable and honorable men stand their ground1 must ,cornelius never run away4 ,you will take in good part the informality of this letter from your fanciful friend1 yet he craves of you an indulgenza plenaria while he ends with the bold declaration that he indescribably loves and honors you4 ,p4 ,v4 ,,cornelius4 ,at this period an idea seized ,cornelius1 which long occupied his attention1 namely1 to record the noteworthy incidents of his own eventful artist-life2 a plan which certainly would have enriched literature by at least one original work and have proved of inestimable value to the history of modern art4 ,unfortunately1 the plan was never carried out2 but it affords a proof of his high esteem for his friend that ,cornelius intended the memoirs to be written in the form of letters addressed to her1 as will appear from the two following letters4 ,they are written under the influence of the same exuberant spirits in which the grand conception of his ,christian epic had placed him3 ,munich1 ,february #ab1 #ahcb4 ,very ,dear ,friend3 ,this is not meant as an answer to the welcome and beautiful letter which you sent me through ,h4 ,hauser2 it is only a slight expression of my gratitude and my great delight at the kindliness and the loyal friendship which your dear letter breathes for me1 unworthy4 ,i have lately been asking myself why this letter-writing1 which1 as you and all the world knows1 is a horror to me1 since my correspondence with you has set me back into that happy period when one can write an entire library and yet not be satisfied4 ,had ,i more leisure1 ,i would carry out an old project to write the history of my life in letter-form1 after the manner of many ,french memoirs1 and addressed to you4 ,although for the present this is not to be thought of1 ,i by no means abandon the plan4 ,heroes and artists--in the most liberal way of viewing it--have their truest and clearest appreciation in the pure souls of women4 ,only ,hebe might serve the nectar to ,alcides2 only ,beatrice conducts the singer into ,paradise2 ,tasso's delirium is a vague searching in a labyrinth where ,ariadne's thread is broken2 ,michael ,angelo would have been as great a painter as was ,dante a poet had ,beatrice opened heaven to him2 ,raphael's thousand-feathered ,psyche bore a material maiden into the realm of the stars2 her human blood enkindled his and slew him4 ,when ,i write my memoirs1 you will see how it has gone with me in this respect4 ,in the mean time ,i allow you a peep through the keyhole of my private drawer--it is a poor poem of my youth1 which as penance you must read1 because you mockingly called me a poet4 ,footnote #de ,footnote #de3 ,it is truly a very youthful poem1 addressed ,to the ,muse1 commencing3 ,confided have ,i alone in thee1 ,o ,muse1 etc4 ,,ed4 ,i know not why ,i send these poor stanzas to you2 it appears to me as though you exercised some charm over the spirits of my life1 who must perforce appear before you4 ,perhaps one of these days this letter might serve for a dedication to the book in question1 because1 like an overture1 it contains in itself the leading motive4 ,now farewell1 and take no offence at this gay carnival-arabesque1 ,the ladies of my family heartily greet you3 we have good news from ,rome4 ,heaven bless you1 vouchsafe you cheerfulness and bliss1 and bring you soon to us4 ,meantime1 however1 write soon1 and often send tidings to your most devoted friend1 ,p4 ,cornelius4 #ajh ,four months later1 he reverts to the same subject1 on the occasion of sending to her1 while at ,basle1 a sketch of his latest composition for the walls of the ,louis-church1 7,the ,epiphany17 accompanying which he writes3 ,munich1 ,june #ba1 #ahcb4 ,herewith you find a little sketch of a drawing just completed for a large cartoon 7the corresponding piece to the ,crucifixion17 and instead of interpreting it to you1 ,i beg your own interpretation of it2 it would have such a charm for me to read in your mind my own conceptions ennobled and beautified4 ,what coquetry6 ,i hear you laughingly say2 and yet ,i hope to be pardoned4 ,if it be true that artists have many feelings in common with women1 those which prompt us to try to please those we love should meet with some indulgence4 ,i occupy myself often1 on my lonely walks1 with the plan of my intended memoirs2 the material begins to assume shape2 but unless you apply to it the finishing touch1 it will not be presentable4 ,i never could bring myself to entrust it to other hands4 ,in the retrospect of my life ,i find the material more abundant than ,i had supposed4 ,very difficult will be the shaping of much of it4 ,how easily does many a tie and relation in this life lose its true coloring and significance by omissions2 and yet must these very often occur1 if the work is to appear during my lifetime4 ,before beginning to write1 ,i shall communicate to you1 orally1 dearest friend1 some portions of the memoirs1 and we can then discuss them at leisure--a welcome plan to me1 for thus will the undertaking fairly ripen4 ,with inmost respect and love1 your devoted ,peter ,von ,cornelius4 ,finally1 it may be allowable to make mention of a letter which he addresses to her from ,rome1 on the #abth of ,october1 #ahcc1 while he was working on his drawing of the ,last ,judgment4 ,in this letter we recognize his playful1 working humor--and does he not term these periods of creative activity his wedding time8 ,in several remarks1 however1 we discern both sides of his nature4 ,my ,noble ,friend3 ,it is really too bad6 has he not yet written8 not even answered that charming letter from ,salzburg8 ,well1 ,i must say1 ,i am curious to see how he will justify himself4 ,thus ,i hear ,schlotthauer exclaim2 even ,schubert ominously shakes his head2 but you are silent and thoughtful4 ,i should be in despair for an excuse for myself1 having already shot off my best arrows at you on similar occasions1 exhausted my adroitest terms--my best rhetoric4 ,i say ,i should be in despair1 if that stupendous1 that tremendous thing1 ',the ,last ,judgment1' did not take me under its protecting wing4 ,never has a man1 probably1 with more sublimity asked pardon of a lady6 ,and now1 laying the universe at your feet1 ,i await composedly my sentence4 ,from this moment is my tongue loosed2 and ,i can say to you that ,i am celebrating my blissfullest time--my wedding time--the harvest season of my holiest aspirations4 ,how few mortals attain to such happiness6 and how ill-calculated is this world to afford it6 ,gladly would ,i show you the work ,i am at present engaged upon4 ,yet for a nature so quiet as yours1 you appear to me far too forcible and positive4 ,overbeck must love you a thousand fold more than ,i3 with me you suffer indulgence to take the place of impartial justice4 ,how ,i once fretted about such things6 ,what a treasure is a deep1 positively incurable pain6 ,better than the most unalloyed bliss which this poor world has to offer1 it brings us near to the ,holy ,one4 ,it is more faithful1 far less variable4 ,it draws us into solitude1 into ourselves4 ,you surmise1 doubtless1 what ,i mean4 ,daily do ,i thank ,heaven that through you such knowledge was to come to me4 ,this is bitter medicine2 administered1 to a child1 upon sweet fruit4 ,but why do ,i entertain you with such trivialities8 ,in all books of all nations we read the same thing2 and yet when the poor human heart is pressed with its heavy burthen1 it feels just as profoundly and acutely as in the very days of ,troy itself2 and the utterances of joy and of love1 like those of pain1 are ever new and their method inexhaustible2 ever does one cast himself upon the breast of a loving1 sympathetic soul4 #aji ,accept for the moment this confused scribble and remain friendly and well-disposed toward me4 ,continue to peep through my fingers1 and leave me just five of them4 ,i claim to myself1 however1 the privilege of an unlimited love and veneration for you4 ,my entire household and all your friends send heartfelt greeting2 foremost of all1 however1 your ,p4 ,v4 ,,cornelius4 ,the correspondence was interrupted when ,cornelius removed to ,berlin2 but not the friendship1 which endured to the end4 ,nor did the exchange of letters cease entirely2 so that the ink-shy master once asserted in ,berlin1 that he had written to no lady so often as to her4 ,among the earliest acquaintances of ,emily ,linder1 was ,father ,franz von ,baader2 as the nine letters indicate1 which were addressed to her1 and published in the complete works of ,baader4 ,the first of these was dated as early as the #beth of ,may1 #ahbe1 therefore at the commencement of her residence in ,munich2 and the contents indicate the immediate cause of their mutual attraction4 ,this letter has somewhat the nature of a memorial1 in which the philosopher draws a parallel between the art of painting and the ,god-like art of benevolence2 closing with the following words3 ,herewith commends himself to ,miss ,emily ,linder--she who rendered her memory so dear1 so imperishable to him by an act kindness performed at his request to a poor family-- ,franz ,baader4 ,the tie between them therefore lay in the admirable activity of that quality by which ,emily ,linder quietly accomplished so much--a high-hearted love for her neighbor4 ,from that time forward ,baader regularly sent her his pamphlets and works1 and we can appreciate to what extent he tasked her intellect when he forwarded her a copy of his ,speculative ,dogma or1 ,social-,philosophic ,treatise4 ,he regarded it as a pleasant duty to acquaint her from time to time with his literary labors3 and she spared herself to no trouble to follow even such grave and abstruse topics4 ,he succeeded in specially interesting her in ,jacob ,bhme4 ,her intelligent remarks on ,baader's article upon the doctrine of justification led him to remark that her letter afforded him a more satisfactory proof than many a criticism that he had succeeded in reaching both the head and the heart4 ,in the year #ahca1 ,baader dedicated to her a philosophic paper entitled ,forty ,propositions from a ,religious ,exotic1 7,munich3 ,franz1 #ahca47 ,in the brief dedication of this little work on great subjects we read1 ,while you in ancient ,rome are dedicating heart1 soul1 eye1 and hand to art1 it may not be unwelcome to you to hear over the stormy ,alps a friendly voice1 reminding you of that holy alliance of the three graces of a better and eternal life1 ,religion1 ,speculation1 and ,poetry1 adding to these also1 ,painting4 ,in the letter which accompanies this pamphlet he places before her the leading thoughts of the little work in a lucid manner3 ,when the teachers of religion say that the whole ,christian faith rests upon the knowledge and conviction that ,god is love2 and that in this religion the love of ,god1 of man1 of nature1 is made a duty2 so that1 in fact1 a oneness of love and duty is announced1 it would seem seasonable this unloving and duty-forgetful age so to present the identity of these two1 love and duty1 that mankind can discern the laws of religion in those of love1 and those of love in religion2 which1 ,i trust1 has been done in this pamphlet in a new1 albeit rather a homoeopathic manner4 ,next to ,baader is to be named his intellectual son-in-law1 ,ernst von ,lasaulx4 ,he started1 in the same year that ,emily ,linder left ,rome1 upon his long journey through ,italy and ,greece1 to the ,orient4 ,they met in ,florence1 the #bgth of ,july1 #ahca1 and he promised the artist a description of his travels4 #aaj ,in conformity with this promise ensued a series of letters recording his experiences and impressions in ,greece and the promised land1 fresh and warm to a degree seldom found1 and full of classic beauty4 ,by whom could antiquity be better realized to this art-enthusiast than by ,lasaulx1 the zealous student of ,grecian art-history1 and equally a master of artistic prose6 ,poetic sensibility and literary clearness go refreshingly hand in hand in these letters2 now in a description of his rides to that eloquent rock-architecture of ,cyclopean edifices1 the ,titanic walls of the ,acropolis of ,tiryns and ,mikene2 or his solitary wanderings among the prostrate1 ruined glories strewn from ,corinth to ,magara and ,athens4 ,at the first view of distant ,athens1 the ,acropolis and the ,parthenon1 the temple of ,theseus and the city behind the dark olive-woods he exclaims3 ,here is ,greece1 all of a departed glory worthy of the name1 which the noiseless waste of time and the insane fury of man has left to the after-world4 ,never in my experience1 and in no other city1 have ,i known such emotions4 ,it is as though my heart were turned into an ,a,eolian harp1 and the night winds were sighing through its broken strings4 ,despite all his predilections1 however1 for the classic land1 he did not suffer himself to be deceived as to a new ,greece by the occasion of the #abth of ,april1 #ahcc1 when he was present at the formal surrender of the ,acropolis to the ,bavarian troops1 when ,osman ,effendi withdrew the ,turkish forces1 and the ,bavarian commander1 ,baligand1 planted the ,greek flag upon the northern rampart4 ,he remarks1 in this description3 ,it was a remarkable spectacle2 the noisy1 confused crowd of ,turks1 ,greeks1 ,bavarians and whatever other inquisitive ,franks had collected in the dusky colonnades of the ,parthenon4 ,as ,i could not bring myself to any faith in the regeneration of ,greece1 the rampant irony of this insane funeral wake only added to my deep depression4 ,written in the year #ahcc1 and1 hardly ten years later1 what confirmation6 ,glorious passages does the traveller indite to his distant friend over his pilgrimage through ,palestine2 profound melancholy at the present condition of the holy land2 devout emotions amid holy places4 ,on entering ,jerusalem1 ,sunday1 ,september #ae4 #ahcc1 he says3 ,burning tears and a cold shudder of the heart were the first1 ,god grant not the only1 tributes which ,i offered for his love and that of his ,son4 ,his delineations inspired his friend with a holy longing1 and she entertained for some time afterward the idea of a journey to the holy land4 ,she had1 indeed1 made preparations 7#ahcf7 for a pilgrimage thither in company with ,schubert1 and only considerations of health compelled her at last to abandon the plan4 ,subsequently1 at the close of his life1 ,lasaulx crowned his friendship for ,miss ,linder with a special literary tribute4 ,he dedicated to her his last great work1 ,the ,philosophy of the ,fine ,arts1 ,architecture1 ,sculpture1 ,painting1 ,music1 ,poetry1 ,prose1 7,munich1 #ahfj47 ,as though from a presentiment of his death1 he felt impelled to bring his esthetic studies to a close1 sensible as he was that here and there were still omissions to supply4 ,but the book is the thoughtful labor of many years1 and a masterwork of style4 ,in the dedication1 which serves as preface1 and which was written in the ,bavarian inn1 at ,castle ,lebenberg1 in the ,tyrol1 on the #beth of ,september1 #ahei1 after speaking of the origin of the work1 he refers1 in the following words1 to his friend3 #aaa ,that ,i dedicate this work particularly to you will be found natural enough on a moment's self-examination4 ,i met you1 for the first time1 thirty years ago1 at ,munich1 in a delightful circle of friendly men and women1 so many of whom are constantly departing from us1 that those who are still left have to move nearer and nearer to each other at your hospitable table4 ,a few years later1 ,i saw you in ,florence again1 as you came from ,rome and ,i went thither4 ,the death of our early-maturing friend1 ,adam ,eberle1 resulted in an association with you as a correspondent1 and since then you have proved to me1 my wife and daughter1 both in bright and gloomy days1 so dear and true a friend1 that it is now a necessity with me to express my gratitude to you1 even with this very work1 whose subjects are so akin to your own studies1 and in writing which1 at this fortress of ,lebenberg1 ,i have so often thought of you and our mutual friends1 dead and living1 chiefest among whom should to yourself this book be a tribute4 ,a year and a half later1 the noble and true soul of ,lasaulx had passed1 and his grateful friend founded for him a memorial after her own peculiar taste1 the pious memorial of a stated mass for his soul4 ,an early friend1 also1 and one true till death1 was ,gotthilf ,heinrich von ,schubert1 who met ,miss ,linder shortly after he was called to the ,university of ,munich4 ,the amiable personality of this savant of child-like nature particularly appealed to her4 ,his fundamental views of religion accorded with her own2 and therefore1 the elements of a spiritual harmony were already at hand4 ,miss ,linder was associated with his family during the period of an entire human life1 in the closest and purest friendship1 which particularly one test safely withstood--that of her conversion4 ,in his autobiography1 ,schubert alludes1 in a few words1 to this friend of his household2 and the comparison he draws between her and the ,princess ,gallitzin shows how high a position he accorded her4 ,speaking of the circle of friends in which he chiefly moved1 he mentions the names of ,roth1 ,puchta1 ,schnorr1 ,cornelius1 ,ringseis1 ,schlotthauer1 ,boisseree1 ,schwanthaler1 and then remarks3 ,the gathering-point of many of these friends was the house of the noble ,swiss1 ,emily4 ,at all times and in all places1 in larger as in smaller social circles1 will each with pleasure thus recall that grand life-picture1 which was similarly presented to a former generation at ,mnster1 in the fair friend of ,hamann1 of ,stolberg1 of ,claudius4 ,emily ,linder was certainly the first1 in her deep humility1 to deprecate such a comparison2 but it is for both equally creditable that the venerable sage felt constrained to bear such testimony1 even after her union with the ,catholic ,church4 ,next to the testimony of scholars and artists1 we will finally quote an opinion from a female writer1 a literary lady of the higher walks of life4 ,in the summer of #ahda1 came ,emma von ,niendorf to ,munich4 ,she was in friendly relation with ,schubert and ,brentano1 and1 several years later1 recorded her reminiscences of those sunny days at ,munich in a lively and imaginative little work4 ,at ,schubert's she formed the acquaintance of ,emily ,linder1 and was attracted closely to her4 ,she refers to her in glowing and expressive terms1 depicting this art-loving woman in the repose of her home3 ,a noble ,swiss1 and for this reason remarkable1 that1 fortified by exterior means and the most positive convictions1 she presented to me an ideal existence in a ripe and unwedded old age1 having achieved happiness4 ,she lived only for science1 for art1 for all that is beautiful and good4 ,but everything was illumined with the glory of a genuine ,christian spirit4 ,and how this spirit reflected itself in all her surroundings6 #aab ,i shall never forget it2 the sitting-room1 with work-basket1 books1 flowers1 harp1 drawings by ,overbeck2 a drawing-room separating these from a little house-chapel1 which a painting of ,overbeck also embellished4 ,and1 where the organ awaited the skilful fingers1 a ,madonna of the school of ,leonardo da ,vinci smiled from the wall1 while the little side-altar encased a drawing of ,albrecht ,drer4 ,i found1 also1 in the house of this lady a portrait of ,maria ,mori1 in the ,tyrol1 admirably drawn by her friend1 the well-known lady artist1 ,ellenrieder1 somewhat idealized2 a profile1 with folded hands2 long1 brown1 down-flowing hair2 the large1 dark eye full of devotion1 full of sensibility1 the stigmata in the hands not to be forgotten4 444 ,this lady is a ,protestant4 ,the deepest coloring of her soul is1 perhaps1 shading toward ,catholicism2 yet she doubtless finds satisfying harmonies in the ,gospel4 ,by one of those wonderful providences which life is so full of1 this earnest soul was planted between two strongly pronounced natures--two opposite polarities of friendship1 both deep and sincere--,clemens ,brentano and ,schubert1 who were on equal terms of intimacy with her4 ,at the very time ,emma von ,niendorf put her work to press1 she knew not that the lady to whom these lines referred had already attained that toward which the deepest coloring of her soul seemed to be shading4 ,emily ,linder had sought and found satisfying harmonies in the faith of the one1 universal1 apostolic church4 ,conclusion ,in ,the ,next ,number4 ---------- ,xavier ,de ,ravignan4 ,footnote #df ,footnote #df3 ,the ,life of ,father de ,ravignan1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,by ,father de ,ponlevoy1 of the same ,society4 ,translated at ,st4 ,beuno's ,college1 ,north ,wales4 #abmo1 pp4 #fic4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 ,father ,de ,ponlevoy's life of his friend and colleague1 the celebrated orator of ,notre ,dame1 violates many of the canons of biographical composition1 and is nevertheless an admirable book4 ,as a narrative1 it lacks clearness and symmetry2 but as a picture of the interior of a great and beautiful soul1 it is wonderfully vivid4 ,it could only have been written by one who sympathized completely with the subject1 and understood the interior illuminations and trials1 and the complete detachment from the world1 which distinguished the illustrious preacher whose fame at one time filled all ,catholic ,europe4 ,father de ,ponlevoy has given us therefore a valuable work4 ,he has looked at ,de ,ravignan's life from the right point of view--the only point in fact from which it offers any important material to the biographer4 ,in a worldly sense1 the life was not an eventful one4 ,he came of a noble yet hardly a distinguished family1 who preserved their faith in the midst of the storm of revolution1 and brought up their children to love the church4 ,gustave ,xavier was born at ,bayonne on the #ast of ,december1 #agie4 ,as a child he was remarkable for a gravity and intelligence far beyond his years1 a warm affection for his parents1 and a very pious disposition4 ,after completing his school and college education in ,paris1 he resolved to devote himself to the law1 and at the age of eighteen entered the office of ,m4 ,goujon1 a jurist of some distinction at the capital4 ,he had scarcely begun his studies1 however1 when ,france was thrown into confusion by the return of ,napoleon from ,elba4 #aac ,the young man threw down his books1 enlisted in a company of royalist volunteers1 and after preparing himself for the campaign by receiving holy communion1 marched with his command toward the ,spanish frontier4 ,his company belonged to that unlucky detachment under ,general ,barbarin1 which was surprised and cut to pieces at ,hlette1 in the ,lower ,pyrnes4 ,general ,barbarin fell1 severely wounded1 and would have fallen into the enemy's hands1 when ,de ,ravignan rushed forward through the fire and attempted to carry him off the field4 ,it was a generous but desperate act1 which would have led to the sacrifice of both4 ,barbarin saw the danger of the young hero1 and1 freeing one of his arms1 shot himself through the head4 ,covered with the blood of his unfortunate commander1 ,gustave sought safety in flight1 wandered afoot and alone through the ,basque country1 in the disguise of a peasant1 and1 after many hardships and escapes1 rejoined the army on ,spanish soil4 ,he now received a commission as lieutenant of cavalry1 and was attached to the staff of the ,count de ,damas1 who sent him on a confidential mission to ,bordeaux4 ,before he had any further opportunity of winning distinction1 the war was over1 and although tempting offers were made him to continue in the army1 he determined to adhere to the law1 and was soon hard at work again4 ,the indomitable resolution1 amounting even to sternness1 which distinguished him in after life1 was already one of his most remarkable characteristics4 ,whatever he did1 was done with all his might4 ,he studied with the most intense application1 and1 not satisfied with the reading necessary for his profession1 applied himself closely to the ,german and ,english languages1 and such lighter accomplishments as drawing and music4 ,in due time he was appointed a conseiller auditeur in the royal court of ,paris1 then under the presidency of ,sguier4 ,the influence of the ,duke d',angoulme got him the appointment--not1 however1 without some difficulty--and his colleagues received him coldly4 ,he awaited his time in patience1 beginning each day by hearing ,mass1 and studying thoroughly1 systematically1 and indefatigably4 ,at last1 one day when the advocates happened to be out of court1 a civil cause of a very tedious nature was unexpectedly called4 ,the president turned1 rather maliciously1 to ,de ,ravignan1 and handed him the papers1 saying1 ,let us see for once what can be done by this young gentleman1 whose acquaintance we have yet to make4 ,on the appointed day the young gentleman presented a clear and logical report1 and delivered it with a perfection of utterance which caused the whole court to listen with astonishment4 ,his success at the bar was assured from that moment1 and soon afterward he was appointed deputy procureur gnral4 ,his life at this time presents a curious and instructive study4 ,he devoted a part of each day regularly to religious exercises2 he was a zealous member of a ,sodality of the ,blessed ,virgin2 he had already in fact formed the idea of entering the priesthood1 if not of joining the ,society of ,jesus4 ,but while he remained in the world1 he never neglected his professional pursuits1 he mingled freely in society1 and showed himself1 in the true sense of the term1 an accomplished gentleman4 ,he was a great favorite in company4 ,in him1 says ,father de ,ponlevoy1 interior and exterior were in perfect harmony4 ,it would be impossible to imagine a more perfect type of a young man3 the expression of his countenance was excellent1 his forehead high and full of dignity1 his features fine and characteristic1 his eyes deep and blue1 by turns animated and affectionate1 his figure slight and graceful4 #aad ,to this picture must be added scrupulous attention to person and dress1 perfect politeness1 and a nameless something1 the reflection of a lofty mind1 a great intellect1 and a pure and affectionate heart4 ,many years afterward1 when he visited ,london1 to preach at the time of the ,world's ,fair1 one of the principal ,protestant noblemen of ,england said of him1 ,he is the most finished gentleman ,i ever saw4 ,his modesty1 like many of his other virtues1 leaned toward severity4 ,at a great dinner-party one day1 before he had embraced the religious life1 he was placed next a young lady whose dress was rather too scanty4 ,he sat stiff and silent until the unlucky girl ventured to ask1 ,m4 de ,ravignan1 have you no appetite8 ,he replied in a half-whisper1 ,and you1 ,mdlle41 have you no shame8 ,he was twenty-six years of age when1 after a retreat of eight days1 he entered the ,seminary of ,saint ,sulpice4 ,the resolution had been gradually formed1 yet it took everybody except his mother and his spiritual director by surprise4 ,his professional friends and associates did all they could to draw him back to the world4 ,they sought out his retreat1 and went after him in crowds4 ,ah6 he exclaimed1 when he saw them1 ,i have made my escape from you4 ,de ,ravignan remained only six months in the seminary1 and then removed to the novitiate of the ,society of ,jesus1 for which he had made no secret of his preference4 ,the life of a novice offers little matter for the biographer4 ,we are only told that his course here was distinguished by a devotion which approached heroism1 a zeal that tended toward excess1 and a strictness that was often too hard and stern4 ,throughout his life1 severity toward himself1 far more than toward others1 was his principal defect2 but as years went on1 this rigidity of character1 always more apparent than real1 disappeared little by little in the sunshine of divine love4 ,he never spared himself in anything4 ,he surpassed all in his ambition for humiliation and suffering2 the only trouble was1 that he sometimes went too far in attempting to lead weaker brethren by the hard path he himself had trodden4 ,a novice once asked somebody for advice1 and was recommended to apply to ,brother de ,ravignan4 ,in that case1 he rejoined1 ,i know beforehand what ,i must do3 ,i have only to choose the most difficult course4 ,in the scholasticate1 he was known by the sobriquet of ,iron ,bar4 ,when the time came for his admission to holy orders1 after nearly four years passed in the scholasticate at ,paris and at ,dle1 he was sent with five other candidates to the ,diocesan ,seminary at ,orgelet1 where the sacrament of ordination was to be administered4 ,before the party set out1 ,brother de ,ravignan was appointed superior for the journey4 ,his companions were seized with fear when they heard who had been placed in charge over them2 but their alarm was groundless4 ,nothing1 said one of the company1 could exceed the kindness1 the affability1 the attentiveness to small wants1 the simple joy of the young superior4 ,he availed himself of his character only to claim the right of choosing the last place1 and of making himself the servant of all4 ,he was ordained priest on the #beth of ,july1 #ahbh4 ,the war against the ,jesuits in ,france was approaching its crisis1 and the ordinance which deprived them of the liberty of teaching and shut up all their colleges was promulgated just about the time of ,father de ,ravignan's ordination4 #aae ,cut off from the privilege of secular instruction1 the society resolved to devote itself more zealously than ever to the theological training of its own members4 ,father de ,ravignan was assigned a chair of theology at ,saint ,acheul1 near ,amiens2 for he was not only a thorough scholar1 but he possessed a rare talent for teaching1 and according to the testimony of his pupil1 ,father ,rubillon1 fully realized the idea of a professor of theology such as is depicted by ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,the poor fathers1 however1 were not to be left here in peace4 ,in #ahbi1 they received notice to suspend their classes2 but ,father de ,ravignan hastened to ,paris1 saw the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 and caused the order to be set aside4 ,the next year came the revolution of ,july4 ,late in the evening of the #bith1 a mob1 led by an expelled pupil1 attacked the college1 burst in gates1 and with cries for ,the ,king and the ,charter6 ,the ,emperor6 ,liberty6 and ,down with the priests6 and ,death to the ,jesuits6 proceeded to sack the building4 ,while some of the fathers took refuge in the chapel1 and others1 expecting death1 were busy hearing one another's confessions1 ,father de ,ravignan went upon a balcony1 and tried to make himself heard by the rioters4 ,he persisted until a stone struck him on the temple1 and he was led away bleeding4 ,to what lengths the fury of the mob would have gone it is impossible to say2 but fortunately1 in the course of their devastation they stumbled into the wine-cellar1 and all got drunk4 ,the arrival of a troop of cavalry dispersed the reeling crowd in the twinkling of an eye1 and the ,jesuits were left to mourn over the ruins4 ,the next day it seemed certain that the attack would be renewed4 ,the college was deserted1 and its inmates scattered in different directions1 ,father de ,ravignan being sent to ,brigue in ,switzerland to resume his courses of theological instruction4 ,it was not until the close of #ahcd that he came back to ,france4 ,then we find him once more at ,saint ,acheul1 where1 since classes were prohibited1 a house had been opened for fathers in their third year of probation4 ,three years later1 he was appointed superior of a new house at ,bordeaux4 ,there he remained until #ahdb4 ,in the mean time he had entered1 imperceptibly1 so to speak1 upon the great work of his life4 ,he had preached many retreats at different times to his own brethren1 and to other religious communities1 but had rarely been heard in a public pulpit until1 during the ,lent of #ahce1 while he was living at ,saint ,acheul1 he was selected to preach a series of conferences in the cathedral of ,amiens4 ,he was forty years of age when he began this apostleship1 and he had been withdrawn from the world ever since he was twenty-seven2 yet he had not been forgotten4 ,there was a lively curiosity among his old friends to hear him2 the members of the bar in particular were constant in their attendance2 and the impression produced in ,amiens was not only deep1 but rich in spiritual fruit4 ,in ,advent1 he was appointed to preach a similar course at the same place2 and in ,lent of the next year1 we find him preaching in the church of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 in ,paris4 ,nothing exactly like these conferences and courses of sermons1 so common in ,france1 has ever been known to our country1 and some of our readers may find it difficult to appreciate the magnitude and importance of the labor in which ,father de ,ravignan was now engaged4 #aaf ,the audiences whom he had to address were not only poor1 unlettered sinners1 whose consciences needed arousing2 to these of course he must speak1 but with them came hundreds of the most cultivated and critical listeners1 who studied the speaker's language and manner as they would a literary essay or an exercise in elocution4 ,the court1 the army1 the learned professions1 and the leaders of fashionable society crowded around the ,lent and ,advent pulpits4 ,the appearance of a new preacher was the sensation of the metropolis4 ,the newspapers criticised the performance as they would criticise a play at the theatre4 ,to satisfy the exactions of such an audience as this1 and yet to preserve that unction without which preaching is a waste of breath--to please the critical ear1 and yet to move the callous heart1 required qualifications which few men combined4 ,the most famous of all the series of conferences had been those in the great cathedral of ,notre ,dame in ,paris4 ,father ,lacordaire had there roused an extraordinary enthusiasm1 and at the height of his fame had abandoned the pulpit and gone to ,rome for the purpose of restoring the ,dominican order to ,france4 ,he earnestly desired that ,father de ,ravignan should be his successor at ,notre ,dame1 and it is interesting to know that it was partly through ,lacordaire's agency1 that the ,jesuit was obliged in #ahcg to begin that grand series of discourses1 extending over ten years1 by which he will be chiefly remembered4 ,no one could claim to be the apostle of such an assembly as met in ,notre ,dame1 says ,father de ,ponlevoy1 unless he were first of all a philosopher4 ,the subject chosen for the first year was accordingly a kind of ,catholic philosophy of history1 depicting the broad outlines of the struggle between truth and error4 ,this idea is analogous to that which inspired the ,city of ,god of ,st4 ,augustine2 it was carried on in the station of #ahch by an explanation of fundamental doctrines1 beginning with the personality and action of ,god1 in opposition to the abstractions of the pantheists1 the ill-defined forms of deism and fatalism2 proceeding on to liberty1 the immortality of the soul and the end of man1 against materialism4 ,for all this1 it was necessary to go to first principles1 to recall slumbering belief to life1 and again to establish doctrines which had been corrupted by numberless errors4 ,some portion of the hearers were from this time forward led to embrace the last practical conclusions1 and already ,f4 de ,ravignan had some consoling returns to the faith to report4 ,at the end of the station of #ahch1 he wrote3 ',the attendance has been large and remarkable for the great number of distinguished persons1 members of the present and former ministries1 peers1 deputies1 academicians1 well known ,protestants1 foreigners of rank1 and a troop of young men4 ',there have been symptoms of approval1 sometimes too freely manifested2 conversions1 a few1 but not many4 ,moreover1 no expressions of hostility1 either in the newspapers or among the audience4 ,god be praised6 ',i have been forced to have some intercourse with a great many people1 and some of them persons of note4 ,m4 de ,chateaubriand paid me a visit2 two interviews were arranged for me with ,m4 de ,lamartine2 several physicians and men of science have sought to see me2 some have been to confession4 ,how many great men there are ignorant of the faith1 and sick in mind and heart4 ',god has supported me4 ,i have felt his grace1 his help to our society1 and the benefit of the prayers offered for my work4 ,i took care that none of the journals should employ short-hand writers1 that my words might not be published in a distorted form4' ,from the very outset1 ,father de ,ravignan had contemplated the establishment of an annual retreat by way of a complement to his conferences2 but wishing to give his influence time to work before he carried out this plan1 he waited until #ahda1 and then resolved to begin in the small church of the ,abbaye-aux-,bois1 which with great crowding holds no more than #ajjj or #abjj people4 #aag ,should the attendance be too large for this church1 it was arranged that he should remove to ,st4 ,eustache4 ,he describes the result of his experiment as follows3 ,i gave notice of a retreat for men during ,holy ,week1 only on ,palm-,sunday at ,notre ,dame before the conference2 an instruction every evening at eight o'clock till ,holy ,saturday inclusively4 ,on the ,monday evening ,i went to the ,abbaye-aux-,bois about half-past seven4 ,i found an extraordinary crowd1 and difficulty in getting places2 and there was not a single woman4 ,i had kept them all out4 ,for nearly two hours the whole church had been full1 and already a hundred people had gone away unable to get in4 ,i wanted to cross the bottom of the church1 but ,i could not get along4 ,i was recognized1 and with great earnestness1 but without uproar1 ,i was asked to adjourn elsewhere4 ,i promised to do so4 ,from the pulpit ,i was struck by this throng of men1 almost all young1 who filled the doorways1 the altars and no disturbance4 ,after having warmly congratulated them1 ,i appointed ,saint-,eustache for the next day4 ,then ,i bade them all rise for prayer4 ,they all rose like one man4 ,we recited the ,veni ,creator1 and the instruction followed on these words3 ,venite seorsum et requiescite pusillum--,come aside1 and rest a little4 ,i advised them all to remain for benediction4 ,all remained4 ,next day ,saint-,eustache was filled five hours before the service1 and the following days they came even earlier4 ,my heart is full of gratitude to ,god4 ,his help has been plain4 ,i do not know that such a churchful of men was ever seen4 ,the iron gates at the doors1 the bases of the pillars1 the rails1 everything1 was covered with people hanging on2 the nave and aisles filled and crowded beyond conception1 and the deepest1 most religious silence--not one disturbance1 no police--#cjjj or #djjj men's voices singing the ,miserere1 the ,stabat ,mater4 ,the sight affected me deeply4 ,i at once adopted perfect apostolic freedom of language1 and1 without preface1 began to speak of sin1 of hell1 of confession1 etc4 ,i delivered my address1 and appointed six hours every day which ,i would devote to men who might wish to see me4 ,they have come in shoals4 ,i have been hearing confessions all the week1 six or seven hours a day1 of men of all ages and positions in life--all very much behindhand4 ,god has given me consolation4 ,the prayers offered on all sides for this work have had a visible effect4 ,there has been a marked movement in ,paris4 ,more ,easter ,communions everywhere4 ,our fathers have received many more confessions of men4 ,i have not declined a single one1 and ,i am still busy in finishing them4 ,a good many came to tell me of their difficulties1 and ,i said to them1 ',well1 believe me1 there is but one way2 take your place there2' and all1 with a single exception1 made their confessions4 ,on ,good-,friday the ,passion sermon exhausted my strength2 the following day ,i had no voice left4 ,i was unable to give the closing instruction of the retreat on ,holy ,saturday4 ,i wrote a scrap of a note to inform the ,cur of ,saint-,eustache1 and he bethought him of reading it from the pulpit4 ,all went off quietly2 the people waited for benediction and went home4 ,lacordaire was a far more brilliant and poetical preacher than ,de ,ravignan1 but the styles of the two men were so entirely different that there can be no comparison between them4 ,the conferences of the ,jesuit orator1 studied in the cold light of print1 lack color and imagination2 but they can only be judged fairly by those who heard them delivered4 ,the principal characteristic of his delivery we should judge must have been force--a force which amounted to majesty4 ,he spoke with a commanding air of authority1 as one whose convictions were as fixed as the everlasting hills4 ,his power of assertion was tremendous2 with all this he was animated and impassioned1 although he generally commenced with a slow and measured cadence4 ,his style was a little rough1 but nervous and striking4 ,he did not captivate1 but he conquered4 ,his gestures were dignified and impressive2 his attitude was modest but commanding2 his personal presence was noble4 ,when he entered the pulpit1 he remained a long time motionless1 with eyes cast down1 waiting until the assemblage became perfectly still4 ,then he made the sign of the cross with a pomp and stateliness which became famous4 #aah ,a ,protestant minister who witnessed this solemn exordium exclaimed1 ,he has preached without speaking a word6 ,it used to be said1 ,when ,father de ,ravignan shows himself in the pulpit1 no one can tell whether he has just ascended from earth or come down from heaven4 ,one day he had been describing the wilful misery of the unbeliever--his doubts1 fears1 melancholy1 repinings1 and despair2 the picture was drawn with a terrible force2 the audience sat as if paralyzed4 ,suddenly1 want of breath compelled the orator to pause4 ,he folded his arms1 and with inimitable emphasis brought the climax to an end with these words3 ,and we-- we are believers6 ,the effect was overpowering4 ,the people forgot themselves1 and a signal of applause ran through the church4 ,the priest was indignant4 ,with glowing countenance and arm raised in air1 he cried1 ,silence6 in a voice of awful reproof1 and the assembly was instantly hushed4 ,still more effective1 though less celebrated than the conferences1 were ,father de ,ravignan's retreats4 ,in these he was unapproached4 ,he followed strictly the exercises of ,st4 ,ignatius1 to which he gave such unremitting study that he might well be called a man of one book4 ,his conferences were prepared with great elaboration1 but the retreats were improvisations4 ,as years went on1 he devoted himself more and more closely to these latter exercises1 until they became at last his proper work in the ministry2 and when sickness1 and the loss of his voice had compelled him to abandon formal preaching1 he continued to conduct the retreats at ,notre ,dame1 while ,lacordaire resumed his place in the pulpit4 ,it must not be supposed that the success of the ,jesuit's oratory was any indication of a growing favor for the society in ,france4 ,the opposition to its existence was still active1 and the government refused to acknowledge that as a society it had any existence in the kingdom at all4 ,the wildest stories about it were published and believed4 ,one day1 in the midst of a distinguished party assembled at the ,tuileries to celebrate the king's birthday1 a person of influence disclosed a horrible plot3 the ,jesuits had arms stored in the cellars of ,saint ,sulpice1 and only the day before1 ,father de ,ravignan had been there concerting measures with his accomplices4 ,oh6 yes1 interrupted a lady of the court1 ,i was at that meeting4 ,we were drawing a raffle for the poor4 ,there were two or three hundred families so lucky as to be set up with a coffee-pot or a sauce-pan4 ,as a general thing1 however1 whatever might be said of the society1 ,father de ,ravignan was treated with respect4 ,guizot made no secret of his esteem for him1 and ,royer-,collard used to say1 ,father de ,ravignan is artless enough to imagine himself a ,jesuit4 ,in the little book which ,de ,ravignan accordingly wrote about this time--,on the ,existence and the ,institute of the ,jesuits--there was a double purpose to be gained4 ,he wished to identify himself as thoroughly and as publicly as he could with the society to which he had given his heart1 and he wished to share in the gallant battle which ,lacordaire was fighting for the right of the religious orders to exist in ,france under the protection of the laws4 ,the opposition in the legislative chambers had been insisting that they ought not to exist2 the ministry replied that they did not exist2 and right in the midst of the dispute appears ,father de ,ravignan1 like the poor prisoner who called a lawyer to get him out of jail4 #aai ,but this is preposterous1 said the counsel2 you can't be arrested on such a charge as that6 ,i don't know1 said the prisoner1 but ,i am arrested4 ,why1 ,i tell you1 you can't be3 it is not legal2 they have no right to put you in jail4 ,well1 ,i only know that ,i am in jail1 and ,i want you get me out4 ,father de ,ravignan showed clearly enough that they did exist1 and had a right to legal protection4 ,if they were to be driven out of the kingdom1 the government must face the responsibility1 and do it openly4 ,a few days after the appearance of the book1 ,lacordaire1 being present at a meeting of the ,catholic ,club under the presidency of the ,archbishop of ,paris1 exclaimed1 ,if we were in ,england1 ,i should propose three cheers for ,father de ,ravignan4 ,the cheers were given with a will4 ,we have no space to follow ,father de ,ravignan in the varied occupations of the next ten years4 ,his health1 always precarious1 broke down completely in #ahdg1 and for the rest of his life he was condemned to alternations of intense suffering1 and of forced inaction which was worse to him than pain4 ,he was tormented with chronic neuralgia1 with dropsy on the chest1 and a severe affection of the larynx1 that for long periods deprived him entirely of the power of preaching4 ,during these ten years of suffering1 he wrote his history of ,clement ,,xiii4 and ,clement ,,xiv1 a book which under the guise of an apology for the course of the latter pontiff in the suppression of the ,jesuits was in reality an apology for the society1 and a reply to the recently published work of ,father ,theiner on the same subject4 ,he founded the sodality known as the ,children of ,mary1 assisted in the establishment of the ,congregation of the ,oratory1 and was zealously and constantly employed in the direction of souls and the guidance of converts--gathering up1 as ,father de ,ponlevoy well expresses it1 the fruit of his ten years' preaching4 ,there is hardly a distinguished name in the history of ,france at that day which does not appear in connection with his4 ,madame ,swetchine was one of his co-laborers4 ,madame de la ,ferronnays1 whose charming life has recently been told under the title of ,a ,sister's ,story1 was his devoted friend4 ,chateaubriand1 ,count ,mol1 ,walckenar1 ,camper the celebrated navigator1 ,marshal ,st4 ,arnaud1 ,general ,cavaignac1 ,prince ,demidoff1 ,montalembert1 ,de ,falloux1 and ,bishop ,dupanloup--these are some of the illustrious names which occur most frequently in his correspondence4 ,a celebrity of a very different sort with whom he had some intercourse is thus alluded to in ,father de ,ponlevoy's ,life3 ,we cannot conclude this chapter without making some mention of that well-known ,american ,medium1 who possessed the unfortunate talent of turning other things besides tables1 and of calling up the dead for the amusement of the living4 ,much has been said1 even in the newspapers1 about his close and pious intimacy with ,f4 de ,ravignan2 and it seems that an attempt has been made to use an honored name as a passport to introduce into ,france1 and establish there1 these wonderful discoveries of the new world4 ,the facts1 in all their simplicity1 are as follows3 ,it is quite true that1 after the young foreigner had been converted in ,italy1 he was furnished at ,rome with an introduction to ,f4 de ,ravignan2 but by this time he had given up his magic at the same time that he gave up his ,protestantism1 and he was received with the interest which is due from a priest to every soul ransomed with the blood of ,jesus ,christ1 and especially1 perhaps1 to a soul which is converted and brought back to the bosom of the church4 ,on his arrival in ,paris1 he was again absolutely forbidden to return in any way to his old practices4 ,f4 de ,ravignan1 agreeably to the principles of the faith which proscribe all superstition1 prohibited1 under the severest penalties he could inflict1 all participation in or presence at these dangerous and sometimes guilty proceedings4 #abj ,once the unhappy ,medium1 beset by ,i know not what man or devil1 was unfaithful to his promise2 he was received with a severity which prostrated him2 ,i chanced at the time to come into the room1 and ,i saw him rolling on the ground1 and writhing like a worm at the feet of the priest1 so righteously indignant4 ,the father was touched by a repentance which led to such bodily agony1 raised him up1 and pardoned him2 but1 before dismissing him1 exacted a written promise confirmed by an oath4 ,but a notorious relapse soon took place1 and the servant of ,god1 breaking off all connection with this slave of the spirits1 sent him word never again to appear in his presence4 ,we shall not undertake1 in the brief space that remains1 to describe the beauty of ,father de ,ravignan's character--his touching humility1 his rare sweetness of soul1 his complete detachment from earth1 his patience1 his charity1 and his unflagging zeal4 ,he was once asked how he had attained such mastery over himself4 ,there were two of us1 he replied2 ,i threw one out of the window1 so that only ,i remained where ,i was4 ,father de ,ponlevoy applies to him the description which ,st4 ,francis ,xavier gave of ,st4 ,ignatius3 ,his character is made up of three elements2 a humility of mind which we can scarcely understand1 a force of soul superior to all opposition1 and an incomparable kindness of heart4 ,in the spring of #aheg1 a severe attack of sickness obliged him to remove to ,saint ,acheul4 ,he came back to ,paris in the autumn1 apparently restored to as good health as he had experienced of recent years1 but he was already far gone in consumption4 ,on the #c;d of ,december1 he passed a long time at the ,convent of the ,sacred ,heart1 conversing with a poor person who wanted to enter the church4 ,then he went into the confessional1 and remained there until physically exhausted4 ,one of his penitents on that occasion remarked that he spoke more than ever like a man who no longer belonged to this world4 ,he got home with great difficulty4 ,this was the last of his ministry4 ,on the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 he celebrated mass for the last time2 but it was not until the #bfth of ,february that he passed to that blessed rest for which he had yearned so long with an eagerness that he used to call homesickness4 ,the account of his last days is too beautiful to be abridged4 ,with the awe inspired by the sublime narrative1 we prefer to drop our pen at the opening of this final chapter1 wherein the gates of heaven seem to stand ajar1 and our eyes are dazzled by the awful light which streams from the divine presence4 ---------- #aba ,the ,educational ,question4 ,the articles upon popular education which have heretofore appeared in this journal seem to have produced the effects which were anticipated by the writer4 ,the public interest has been unusually excited by the discussion2 and two classes of antagonists have ventured to make an issue with the advocates of a just distribution of the school fund4 ,the first in order1 but much the least important in all other respects1 is that confessed fossil1 the no-popery party1 which ever and anon intrudes itself upon the unwilling attention of our republican society1 braying itself hoarse with rage because it can neither command the confidence of enlightened and liberal ,protestants nor escape the galling ridicule of six millions of its ,catholic fellow-citizens4 ,this class is well represented in an elaborate tract lately issued from the office of the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union1 #bg ,bible ,house1 ,new ,york ,city1 and purporting to be a review of the article in the ,january number of ,the ,educational ,monthly1 presenting ,the ,roman ,catholic ,view of ,education in the ,united ,states4 ,it requires no great amount of logical acumen to enable the least intelligent of men to see that this tract affords the most apt illustration of one of the principal arguments we have advanced in support of the ,catholic claim4 ,we have remained silent for the last three months1 resting satisfied that it would be impossible for the stereotyped class of saints and philosophers to rush to the rescue of a cherished injustice1 without forthwith exposing its odious features in their struggle to carry it victoriously through the battle-field of a public controversy4 ,the veil of ,mokanna has fallen even before the false prophet had time to secure a victim6 or1 to speak more in accordance with scriptural analogies1 the cloven foot has discovered itself under the clerical robe and the wickedness of the heart has burst out from the tongue4 ,quare fremuerunt gentes6 ,why1 indeed1 shall they rage and devise vain things8 ,have they not fulfilled this prophecy of the royal ,david for three hundred years2 and have they not suffered the derision threatened in the fourth verse of the second ,psalm8 ,where shall we find a more convincing proof than this very tract of what the enemies of the ,catholic faith and people design to accomplish by a school system which they insincerely profess to advocate on account of its intrinsic merits1 in the face of the historical fact that1 wherever and whenever they have had the power to control the state--as the early days of all ,new ,england and of several of the other ,american ,states--they never failed to use the school-room as an ante-chamber to the conventicle6 ,after they had been stripped of this power by such men as ,jefferson1 ,madison1 ,hamilton1 and the liberal founders of ,american institutions1 they still struggled for many years to accomplish by indirect means the injustice and iniquity which could not be openly maintained under the constitutions and the laws of the federal government and the several ,states4 ,we all well remember how the poor ,catholic boys and girls of the free schools were harassed by colporteurs and proselytizers1 who carried baskets filled1 not with bread for the hungry children of poverty1 but with oleaginous tracts1 cunningly devised to destroy in those little pupils of the state the faith of their fathers and the religious practices of their devout mothers4 #abb ,teachers were selected with especial regard to their bitter hatred of the ,catholic ,church and their zeal for ,evangelical propagandism4 ,when this failed to make any very perceptible impression upon the numerical strength of the ,catholic people1 then commenced the wholesale child-stealing1 under the pious pretext of cleaning out the moral sewers of society2 and tens of thousands of little children1 stolen or forcibly wrested from the arms of ,catholic parents--too poor and friendless to protect the natural and legal rights of themselves and their offspring--were hurried off to the far ,west1 their names changed1 and their temporal and eternal hopes committed to the zealous charge of pious and vigorous haters of the popish anti-,christ6 ,in spite of all this1 the ,catholic population of the ,united ,states continued steadily to rise like a flood tide1 not only through foreign immigration1 but by reason of virtuous wedlock and the watchful and severe faith and discipline of a church which forbids and effectually prevents child-murder6 ,the reader will find this matter discussed in an article elsewhere in this number1 entitled1 ,comparative ,morality of ,catholic and ,protestant ,countries4 ,the writer of the tract issued from #bg ,bible ,house is annoyed by the comparison which the author of the article in ,the ,educational ,monthly instituted between the violent crimes of our ancestors and the stupendous sins which have supplanted them in modern times4 ,the comparison was close-fitting as the shirt of ,nessus1 and quite as uncomfortable4 ,the ,bible ,house replies to this with a contrast between the intellectual1 material1 moral1 and religious advancement of the masses in ,england1 the ,united ,states1 and every other ,protestant country1 in the nineteenth century1 and the debasement of the people of ,spain1 ,italy1 ,mexico1 and ,south ,america4 ,in the first place1 we reply that our present controversy concerns popular education in the ,united ,states now and for a hopeful future1 and not the past nor the present of ,european or ,south ,american nations4 ,in the next place1 we say that this is but another evidence of the malignant spirit to which we are required to intrust the training of our ,catholic youth4 ,they are to be taught that the church of their fathers is the nursery of ignorance and vice2 and that all the knowledge1 civilization1 and virtue which the world enjoys are the offspring of the so-called ,reformation4 ,they are to learn nothing of the true history of ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,switzerland1 ,austria1 ,bavaria1 and the ,catholic principalities of ,continental ,europe4 ,they are never to hear of the vast libraries of ,catholic learning2 the rich endowments of ,catholic education all over the world for ages2 the innumerable universities1 colleges1 academies1 and free schools established by their church1 or by governments under her auspices1 throughout ,christendom4 ,they are not to be told how ,oxford and ,cambridge were founded by their ,catholic forefathers and plundered from their lawful possession4 ,the ,bible ,house tractarian would not willingly read to them from the ,notes of a ,traveller by that eminent ,scotch ,presbyterian1 ,samuel ,laing1 such passages as these3 ,the comparative education of the ,scotch clergy of the present generation1 that is to say1 their education compared to that of the ,scotch people1 is unquestionably lower than that of the ,popish clergy compared to the education of their people4 ,this is usually ascribed to the ,popish clergy seeking to maintain their influence and superiority by keeping the people in gross ignorance4 #abc ,but this opinion of our churchmen seems more orthodox than charitable or correct4 ,the ,popish clergy have in reality less to lose by the progress of education than our own ,scotch clergy2 because their pastoral influence and their church services being founded on ceremonial ordinances1 come into no competition or comparison whatsoever in the public mind with anything similar that literature or education produces2 and are not connected with the imperfect mode of conveying instruction which1 as education advances1 becomes obsolete and falls into disuse1 and almost into contempt1 although essential in our ,scotch church4 ,in ,catholic ,germany1 in ,france1 ,italy1 and even ,spain the education of the common people in reading1 writing1 arithmetic1 music1 manners1 and morals is at least as generally diffused1 and as faithfully promoted by the clerical body1 as in ,scotland4 ,it is by their own advance and not by keeping back the advance of the people1 that the ,popish priesthood of the present day seek to keep ahead of the intellectual progress of the community in ,catholic lands2 and they might1 perhaps1 retort on our ,presbyterian clergy1 and ask if they1 too1 are in their countries at the head of the intellectual movement of the age8 ,education is in reality not only not repressed but is encouraged by the ,popish ,church1 and is a mighty instrument in its hands and ably used4 ,in every street in ,rome1 for instance1 there are at short distances public primary schools for the education of the children of the lower and middle classes in the neighborhood ,rome1 with a population of #aeh1fgh souls1 has #cgb public primary schools with #dhb teachers2 and #ad1jii children attending them4 ,has ,edinburgh so many public schools for the instruction of those classes8 ,i doubt it4 ,berlin1 with a population about double that of ,rome1 has only #bfd schools4 ,rome has also her university with an average attendance of #ffj students2 and the ,papal ,states with a population of #b1ejj1jjj 7in #ahdf7 contain seven universities4 ,prussia with a population of #ad1jjj1jjj has but seven4 ,neither would our ,bible ,house tractarian teach his ,catholic pupils to discriminate between times1 circumstances1 opportunities1 characteristics of race1 influences of climate1 ancient traditional habits1 and the complicated causes which affect the life and development of each nation2 so as to contrast ,protestant ,england with ,protestant ,denmark1 and ,catholic ,france with ,catholic ,portugal2 or1 again1 to compare each of these with itself at different epochs of its own history4 ,they are not to be told that ,spain was never as powerful1 covering the seas with her commerce and the earth with her conquests1 and lighting up ,europe by her genius1 as at the time when she was the most thoroughly ,catholic and the least tainted with that revolutionary infidelity which was born of ,calvin and has grown to be a giant destroyer under ,mazzini and ,garibaldi4 ,they are to be told1 however1 that the glory of a ,christian nation is to be measured by its national debt1 its fleets and armies1 its opium trade1 its ,coolie traffic1 its bankrupt laws1 its work-houses1 its prodigious fortunes mocking squalid poverty1 its twenty millions of people who own no foot of land and its vicious nobles and gentry who firmly grasp it all1 its telegraphic wires and cables1 its huge ships and thundering factories1 its luxurious merchants who toil not1 and its starving able-bodied paupers who can find no work to do1 its grotesque mixture of the beautiful and the vile1 of the grand and the infamous1 of the light of the skies and the darkness of the obscene coal-pits1 of the pride of science and the ignorance of barbarism1 of the perfume of fashionable churches and the stench of gin-shops1 of the industrial slavery of great towns and the rotting idleness of vast lazar-houses1 which make up the boasted civilization of haughty ,england1 and extort from the ,bible ,house the prayerful cry1 ,thank ,god1 we are not like unto these ,romish ,publicans6 ,happy ,pharisees6 we certainly do not desire to disturb their self-complacency2 but we wish to teach our ,catholic children that the simple habits1 the earnest piety1 the manly truth and courage of the little ,catholic ,republic of ,san ,marino1 which has preserved its liberties and independence for over eight hundred years without losing its religion1 are for the citizens of this great democratic empire a more profitable study than the doctrines of ,malthus or the history of cotton-gins4 #abd ,as we have said in our former articles1 we already have here quite enough of the material1 and a superabundance of animal spirits and vigor2 and that what we stand in need of is a well-defined faith1 moral duties clearly understood1 and habits of practical virtue firmly fixed in the daily life of all the people1 ,without that1 even temporal prosperity must be evanescent2 as it was with all heathen nations that have successively ruled the world and perished4 ,without that1 temporal prosperity is a curse1 and not a blessing2 for what will it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul8 ,men make nations2 and nationalities are of no value before ,god1 except only in so far as they conduce to the end of each individual man's creation4 ,the ,indian who goes to heaven from his wigwam in the forest attains his end4 ,the philosopher who goes to hell from his palace in ,london or ,paris has wofully miscalculated the worth of all human philosophy1 statesmanship1 and national grandeur1 as the idols of his worship4 ,the pagans measured human life and society by the standard of the ,bible ,house1 ,no4 #bg1 if we are to judge it by this tract6 ,so also1 according to this tract1 our ,catholic children should be taught in the schools that ,voltaire became an infidel because he had been a ,catholic and was trained at a ,jesuit college4 ,it will nowhere appear in the lesson that he became an infidel because he rebelled against the teachings of his church1 and renounced the maxims of his ,jesuit tutors4 ,when he so zealously defended his thesis in vindication of ,julian the ,apostate1 his own apostasy was foretold by his master4 ,his death was the answer to his life4 ,in his agony he called for a priest2 but three-score years of blasphemy had won to him the avenging disciples who then encircled his bed like a wall of fire2 and no priest could reach the dying enemy of ,christ6 ,this tract would also teach our children in the schools that it was the teachings of the ,romish ,church which drove revolutionary ,france from the altars of ,god4 ,it would not be explained to them how that revolutionary rage was but the outburst of a volcano of passion which had smouldered during ages of long suffering under the rule of kings and nobles2 and that the instincts of the people remained so true1 that in the very same generation they returned1 like the people of ,israel1 to the worship of ,god2 and rushed to the altars of their fathers with tears of repentance and joy4 ,they did not become ,protestants6 ,how has it been with the descendants of the godly men of ,plymouth ,rock8 ,quietly and with exquisite decorum they have settled down into deists1 pantheists1 freethinkers1 free-lovers1 spiritualists1 and philosophers6 ,will they go back to ,puritanism8 ,facilis descensus ,averni6 ,the tract tells our children that ,gibbon left the ,protestant ,church for the ,catholic1 and finally landed in infidelity4 ,why did he not go back to ,protestantism8 ,the tract also tells our children that this is a ,protestant country2 which means that all its glories are ,protestant1 and that the ,catholic1 with ,italy and ,spain before his eyes1 should be thankful that he is tolerated here4 ,are our children to learn this lesson at the schools8 #abe ,now1 in the first place1 if ,bishop ,coxe and other ,protestant witnesses are reliable1,footnote #dg our ,bible ,house friends may as well begin to prepare their nerves to see our great country become ,catholic1 at least as much of it as will remain ,christian at all4 ,perhaps they will then value the wisdom and liberality of that admonitory sentence in the article of ,the ,educational ,monthly which reads thus3 ,footnote #dg3 ,see page #fa of this number4 ,we are quite sure that if the ,catholics were the majority in the ,united ,states1 and were to attempt such an injustice1 7as that involved in this school question47 our ,protestant brethren would cry out against it1 and appeal to the wise and liberal examples of ,prussia and ,england1 ,france and ,austria6 ,now1 is it not always as unwise as it is unjust to make a minority taste the bitterness of oppression8 ,men governed by the law of divine charity will bear it meekly and seek to return good for evil2 but all men are not docile2 and majorities change rapidly and often1 in this fleeting world6 ,is it not wiser and more politic1 even in mere regard to social interests1 that all institutions intended for the welfare of the people should be firmly based upon exact and equal justice8 ,this would place them under the protection of fixed habit1 which in a nation is as strong as nature2 and it would save them from the mutations of society4 ,the strong of one generation may be the weak of the next2 and we see this occurring with political parties within the brief spaces of presidential terms4 ,hence we wisely inculcate moderation and of retribution4 ,in the next place1 although the present majority of the ,american people are non-,catholic1 we deny that they are ,protestants1 as a nation1 in a political sense4 ,the institutions of the country are neither ,catholic nor ,protestant4 ,they recognize no one faith more than another4 ,christian morality is accepted as the basis of public and private duties by common consent2 that is all4 ,religious liberty was not born of the theocracy of ,new ,england4 ,hancock and ,adams1 under the lead of ,jefferson1 departed very far from the instincts of ,calvinism and the traditions of ,plymouth ,rock when they laid the foundations of this government2 and this is one of the things which we certainly intend to have our children taught4 ,we do not intend that they shall be poor boys at the feast1 humbly thankful for such crumbs as our ,bible ,house friends may magnanimously bestow upon the ,romish aliens2 but they shall be told to hold up their heads1 with the full consciousness that they are ,american citizens1 the peers of all others1 and in no way disqualified1 by the doctrines or morals of their church1 to perform every duty as faithfully and as ably as any other men of any other creed4 ,they shall not be terrified with the raw head and bloody bones of degraded ,italy1 besotted ,spain1 and the other terrible examples of the destroying influence of their old mother church4 ,we shall teach them not to trust any morality which does not rest upon a clear faith2 and we shall show them how that faith commands obedience to lawful authority1 purity of motive in all public acts1 and universal charity for all men4 ,some of our readers may be surprised that we have devoted so much space to this tract4 ,our motive should be apparent4 ,we said1 in the beginning of this article1 that this tract sounds like the voice of one of the two classes of opponents who are arrayed against us on this question2 and that in itself it affords a perfect illustration of our main argument1 which is this1 clearly stated in the following paragraph from the article in ,the ,educational ,monthly3 ,and more than this1 ,catholics know by painful experience that history cannot be compiled1 travels written1 poetry1 oratory1 or romance inflicted upon a credulous public1 without the stereotyped assaults upon the doctrines1 discipline1 and historical life of their church4 #abf ,from ,walter ,scott to ,peter ,parley1 and from ,hume1 ,gibbon1 and ,macaulay to the mechanical compilers of cheap school literature1 it is the same story told a thousand times oftener than it is refuted2 so that the ,english language1 for the last two centuries1 may be said without exaggeration to have waged war against the ,catholic ,church4 ,indeed1 so far as ,european history is considered1 the difficulty must always be insurmountable2 since it would always be impossible for the ,catholic and ,protestant to accept the same history of the ,reformation or of the ,papal ,see1 or the political1 social1 and moral events resulting from or in any degree connected with those two great centres and controlling causes4 ,who could write a political history of ,christendom for the last three hundred years and omit all mention of ,luther and the pope8 ,and how is any school compendium of such history to be devised for the use of the ,catholic and ,protestant child alike8 ,now1 it is very well understood that1 with all their doctrinal differences and sectarian antipathies1 all the ,protestant sects can nevertheless1 as a general rule1 accept any ,protestant history of the so-called ,reformation1 and of the wars1 diplomacies1 public events1 and moral results springing from or connected with that episode in the religious annals of our race2 but can ,catholics accept such8 ,will you compel ,catholic parents to accept for their children histories written in the spirit of this ,bible ,house tract1 which tells us 7p4 #c47 that the ,catholic faith taught the people that a ,romish priest is to them in the place of ,god2 that a ,romish priest can create his ,creator6 ,the very encyclopedia1 quoted by our tractarian is another ,roundhead trooper armed against the papal anti-,christ6 ,and so1 the bright ,catholic boy will be amused with the antics of the feasting and fighting monk in ,ivanhoe2 whilst graver calumnies will convince him that the church of his fathers1 and of the great-grandfathers of her modern revilers1 is truly a den of thieves and a house of abominations4 ,it may as well be distinctly understood1 once and for all1 that we cannot consent that our children shall receive secular education without religious training2 and that we understand very well that such religious knowledge as we desire them to possess cannot be imparted by those who are hostile to us4 ,we intend also to teach them to respect and uphold all the rights1 social1 political1 and religious1 of their fellow-citizens1 upon the plain injunction of the ,scriptures that they shall do unto others precisely as they would have others do unto themselves4 ,at the same time we will teach them to love and revere their ancient mother church1 as the custodian for fifteen hundred years of that ,bible which she is falsely accused by this tract of fearing2 as the munificent patroness of every art and the mistress of every science2 as the friend and supporter of liberty when united to order and justice2 as the enemy of pride1 license1 and disobedience to lawful authority2 as the guardian of the sanctity of marriage against the pagan concupiscence of the divorce courts2 as the sword of vengeance uplifted over the heads of the child-murdering destroyers of populations2 in fine1 as the hope and future salvation of this republic and all its precious endowments of personal manhood1 honor1 virtue1 and faith1 and all its national institutions of self-governing popular sovereignty1 equal rights1 and faithful citizenship1 based1 not upon infidel revolutionary fraternity1 but upon a noble ,christian brotherhood4 ,certainly1 even if we were mistaken in our estimate of the fruitfulness and power of the ,catholic faith1 it would be no less an evidence of our sincere patriotism1 that we are anxious to impress upon the children of the church the conviction that in faithfully serving their country they are only obeying the commands of their religion4 #abg ,as we do not intend that our children shall be either untaught or mistaught in regard to this sublime knowledge and duty1 we shall insist on educating them ourselves1 with or without receiving our just share of the public taxes1 to which we do contribute very largely1 the declaration of the ,bible ,house tract to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,we have devoted more space to this first1 class of objectors than they could claim from our courtesy1 because we believe that they nominally represent many honest men who will cheerfully admit the truth when they see it4 ,there is another and a far different class of persons who take issue with us upon this question1 and for whom we entertain a perfect respect--first1 because they treat the subject with evident fairness and commendable civility2 and secondly1 because from their stand-point1 there would appear to be much good reason in their objections to our claim4 ,it gives us very great pleasure to use all our honest endeavors to remove their difficulties4 ,this class is represented by the editorial articles which appeared in ,the ,chicago ,advance1 ,the ,troy ,daily ,press1 and several other papers1 criticising the article of ,the ,educational ,monthly4 ,the objections may be summed up as follows3 ,first1 7and the most important47 ,that denominational education would prevent the complete amalgamation or unification of ,american citizenship1 and tend to increase sectarian bitterness1 to the prejudice of republican institutions4 ,secondly4 ,that it would destroy the harmony and efficiency of the general school system4 ,thirdly4 ,that the ,catholic people are richer in the jewels of the ,roman matron1 their children1 than they are in the images of ,caesar1 the coin of the country6 and that therefore they would draw from the common fund an amount much in excess of the taxes paid by them2 which would not be just4 ,we shall candidly consider these objections in the order in which we have stated them4 ,as to the first3 ,it would be fortunate1 in a temporal point of view1 if all the people were of one mind in religion1 especially if they happen to have the true faith2 inasmuch as nothing so conduces to the general harmony and good will as the total absence of all religious strife4 ,but we see that such a state of things cannot be hoped for here4 ,not only is the community divided into ,protestants1 ,catholics1 and a large body of citizens professing no faith at all1 but the ,protestant community itself is subdivided into innumerable conflicting sects4 ,in defiance of any system of public education1 these various religious organizations will always be widely separated from each other1 and from the ,catholic ,church1 on questions of doctrinal belief4 ,the issue then remains nakedly before us1 ,shall public education be entirely divorced from revealed religion1 and shall we commit the morals of our children to the saving influences of a little reading1 writing1 and arithmetic2 or1 shall we have them educated in some form or another of practical ,christianity8 ,the arguments on this point have been so fully elaborated in our articles heretofore published1 that it would be superfluous to repeat them now4 ,we may1 however1 recall to mind the conclusive evidence afforded us of the correctness of our theory by the actual experience of such governments as those of ,england1 ,france1 ,prussia1 and ,austria2 under which1 as we have shown in those articles1 the denominational system is carried out to the fullest extent1 producing harmony1 instead of discord1 in populations composed1 as here1 of numerous religious bodies4 ,it is an old adage that one fact is worth a dozen arguments4 #abh ,we find that1 after long years of earnest study of this difficult question1 and after exhausting every half-way expedient1 the statesmen of the countries we have named adopted with singular unanimity the views which we are presenting for the serious and candid consideration of the ,american public4 ,we shall quote briefly from a few of those statesmen who are well-known leaders of opinion in the ,european ,protestant world4 ,lord ,derby3 ,public education should be considered as inseparable from religion2 the contrary system is declared by him to be the realization of a foolish and dangerous idea4 ,mr4 ,gladstone3 ,every system which places religious education in the background is pernicious4 ,lord ,john ,russell insisted that in the normal schools1 which he proposed to have established1 religion should regulate the entire system of discipline4 ,m4 de ,raumer3 ,they have acquired in ,prussia a conviction1 which becomes daily more settled1 that the fitness of the primary school depends on its intimate union with the church4 ,in #ahed1 he writes that education should repose upon the basis of ,christianity1 the true support of the family1 of the commune1 and of the state4 ,m4 ,guizot1 the former very eminent ,protestant prime minister of ,france1 deserves to be specially quoted1 although we are but repeating the extracts which we gave in another article4 ,his words should be written in letters of gold4 ,let the enemies of religious education1 if they can1 present a satisfactory answer to this superb declaration3 ,in order to make popular education truly good and socially useful1 it must be fundamentally religious4 ,i do not simply mean by this1 that religious instruction should hold its place in popular education1 and that the practices of religion should enter into it2 for a nation is not religiously educated by such petty and mechanical devices4 ,it is necessary that national education should be given and received in the midst of a religious atmosphere1 and that religious impressions and religious observances should penetrate into all its parts4 ,religion is not a study or an exercise to be restricted to a certain place1 and a certain hour2 it is a faith and a law1 which ought to be felt everywhere1 and which after this manner alone can exercise all its beneficial influence upon our minds and our lives4 ,the first ,napoleon1 the restorer of order and religion in ,france1 influenced1 at the time1 merely by human considerations1 and speaking only as a wise lawgiver1 and not as a practical ,christian1 insisted upon the necessity of making the precepts of religion the basis of education in the university1 whose halls had echoed the blasphemous unbelief of the disciples of ,voltaire4 ,at our very door1 we have likewise the judgment and example of our ,canadian neighbors1 demonstrating the feasibility of connecting secular education with the most thorough instruction in the doctrines and practices of the different churches4 ,such opinions and facts should have some weight with our friends here who are fearful of the proposed experiment4 #abi ,we know1 by our own personal experience1 that young men educated at the exclusively ,catholic ,college of ,mt4 ,st4 ,mary's1 in ,maryland1 and other young men1 graduates of ,yale and ,princeton1 where ,catholics are rarely if ever seen1 meet afterward in the world of business or politics1 and immediately learn to value each other according to intrinsic personal worth1 and to exchange all the mutual courtesies and discharge all the reciprocal duties of social life4 ,it is the same with ,catholics and ,protestants educated together at the many ,catholic colleges in the ,united ,states1 where the ,catholic pupils are nevertheless invariably instructed1 with the utmost exactness1 in all the doctrines and practices of their church4 ,there are thousands of such living witnesses throughout the country1 ready to attest the correctness of our statement4 ,it proves this1 7what we know to be true without the proof17 that the education received by ,catholics at their own schools1 whilst rigidly doctrinal1 uniformly inculcates charity1 urbanity1 and every duty of good citizenship4 ,there is not1 therefore1 and never can be any difficulty1 on the part of ,catholics1 to meet their ,protestant fellow-citizens in all the relations of life1 private and public1 with the utmost frankness1 fraternity1 and confidence1 provided that they are not repelled by harshness or chilled by distrust4 ,their religion teaches them that such is their duty4 ,certainly1 if such happy results are realized even in ,england1 ,prussia1 and ,austria1 where all barriers1 whether social or religious1 are traditionally more difficult to surmount1 how can it be that we must expect animosities to be engendered under the free action and the liberal intercourse of our republican society8 ,we must1 therefore1 consider the fear expressed by this first objection as wholly groundless4 ,but even were it otherwise1 what then8 ,should we1 therefore1 sacrifice to such an apprehension the far more momentous considerations that our republican1 self-governing community can never safely trust itself in the great work of perpetuating the liberties of a ,christian nation without planting itself upon the morality of the ,gospel2 that the revealed doctrines of ,christ are the foundation of his moral code1 and that to practise the one faithfully the people must be taught to believe the other firmly2 and that religion so taught1 as ,m4 ,guizot admirably expresses it1 is not a study or an exercise1 to be restricted to a certain place and a certain hour2 it is a faith and a law which ought to be felt everywhere2 and that national education should be given and received in the midst of a religious atmosphere6 ,what would the advantage of a more perfect amalgamation or unification of citizenship avail us1 if1 to obtain it1 we were to strike from under our institutions the only solid basis upon which they can rest with any hope whatever of being able to withstand the rude shocks of time1 to which all mortal works are subject1 and which destroyed the grandest structures of pagan power1 solely because they rested upon human wisdom and human virtue1 unaided by revealed religion and supernatural grace8 ,we cannot1 therefore1 admit any force in the first objection4 ,as to the second3 ,how can the harmony or efficiency of the school system be disturbed by permitting a school to be organized for ,catholic children in any district or locality where the requisite number may be found to render it practicable1 in accordance with the general policy of the law8 ,it is presumed that the law contemplates the education of all these children1 and we cannot see that the harmony of the system consists in putting them into any one school-room rather than another4 ,it is not proposed to withdraw them from the general supervision of the state1 or to deny to the state the authority to regulate the standard of education1 and to see that its requirements are complied with4 ,this is done in every one of the countries of which we have spoken4 #acj ,no one is so unreasonable as to expect that separate schools shall be organized where the number of pupils may be below a reasonable uniform standard2 as it is not proposed to increase the expense of the system4 ,on the contrary1 as far as concerns the education of our ,catholic children in the city of ,new ,york1 we propose to reduce the cost considerably1 as we shall explain before we close this article4 ,it is said that the several ,protestant denominations may demand the same privilege4 ,suppose that they do4 ,if they have a sufficient number of children in any particular locality for the proper organization of a separate school under the law1 and are willing to fulfil its requirements1 how can the general system be impaired by allowing them to do so8 ,this is the condition annexed to the privilege in all those countries which have adopted this liberal policy4 ,the proposition seems too plain for argument4 ,when a college contains five hundred boys1 two hundred may be classed in the higher division1 three hundred in the lower1 and each may have separate playgrounds and recitation halls4 ,so1 if a district contains two hundred of one faith1 and three hundred of another1 or of several other creeds1 surely the two hundred may be organized into one school and the three hundred into another1 or into several others1 according to the standard of numbers1 as may be required by the law4 ,the whole question1 therefore1 is purely one of distribution1 not at all above the capacity of a drill-sergeant6 ,the same number of children would be educated1 probably in the same number of schools1 and at the same cost1 as now4 ,the course of secular education prescribed by the state could be rigidly enforced in all such schools without assailing the conscience of any one1 because we suppose that the state would not object that ,catholics should learn ,english history from ,lingard1 whilst others might prefer ,hume and ,macaulay4 ,we presume that there would be no disagreement in regard to reading1 writing1 arithmetic1 mathematics1 natural philosophy1 and those things which constitute the general studies of primary and high schools4 ,it is only with such that the state has any right to intermeddle1 and it is only such that the state professes to secure to its pupils4 ,the state may say1 ,the public welfare requires that the citizens of a self-governing nation shall receive sufficient intellectual culture to enable them to discharge their duties understandingly2 but the state has no right to say that its pupils shall take their knowledge and form their opinions of the great moral events of history from ,d',aubign or from ,cardinal ,bellarmin4 ,it was this that troubled the great ,catholic and ,protestant governments of ,europe1 until experience discovered to them the simple solution of the difficulty which we are so earnestly endeavoring to commend to the acceptance of the ,american people4 ,have we not at least a right to expect that our motives will not be misrepresented2 and that we shall be believed when we say that we are not hostile to the public schools1 but1 on the contrary1 most earnestly anxious to secure for them the widest usefulness and the greatest efficiency4 ,we know that that cannot be if religion be excluded2 and that it must be excluded where so many conflicting creeds confront each other4 ,as to the third3 ,if it were true that the ,catholic people contributed almost nothing to the school fund1 as is no doubt sincerely believed by some who are not disposed to do us injustice1 a very serious question would1 nevertheless1 be suggested by such a statement as this1 which we copy from the article in ,the ,chicago ,advance already referred to3 #aca ,our ,american population is principally ,protestant1 partly ,romish1 slightly ,jewish1 and increasingly rationalistic or infidel4 ,now1 it is unquestionably true that the infidels in this country can count but very few amongst their number who ever knelt at a ,catholic altar4 ,still1 it is the theory of our opponents that ignorance is1 in itself1 the source of all evil1 and the parent of impiety4 ,it would certainly1 therefore1 be a terrible calamity for the country if the children of six millions of ,catholics were deprived of education because their fathers paid no taxes6 ,to educate them would be unanimously regarded as a public necessity2 just as our police authorities remove contagion at the public expense4 ,if this view of public economy be true1 7and we need not dispute it in this argument17 then it follows that the question of educating the ,catholics is altogether independent of what they do or do not contribute to the treasury4 ,educated they must be2 but suppose that they steadily refuse to receive the knowledge offered1 except upon the condition that their consciences shall not be violated1 and their parental responsibilities disregarded1 by subjecting their children to a training inconsistent with the spirit of their religion2 how then8 ,will you consign the six millions to what you call the moral death of ignorance1 and suffer their carcasses to putrefy upon the highway of your republican progress1 poisoning the fountains of your national life8 ,or will you prefer1 in the spirit of your institutions1 to respect their conscientious opinions1 and to enable them1 in the manner we have already indicated1 to coperate with you in the full development of your great and noble policy of universal popular education8 ,but1 is it true that the ,catholic people have no substantial claim as tax-payers8 ,such might have been the case twenty-five years ago2 but every well-informed man knows that it is not so now4 ,wealth1 amongst the ,catholic population1 may perhaps be less perceptible1 because it is more diffused than it is amongst some other bodies of our citizens2 but no man who is familiar with the cities of ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 ,baltimore1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 ,milwaukee1 and all others1 from the sources of the ,mississippi to the ,gulf1 and from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 or with the ,catholic farm-settlements of the ,western ,states1 can shut his eyes to the fact that our ,catholic people are thrifty and well-to-do in the world2 and that very many of them possess large wealth4 ,a member of the ,british ,parliament1 in a recent work upon the ,irish in ,america1 has demonstrated this by undeniable statistics4 ,the same is true of ,catholics here of all other nationalities4 ,we have not the time nor space1 neither is it necessary1 to go into the details of this question4 ,we suppose our readers to be intelligent and well-informed1 and that they can readily recall to their minds the facts which substantiate the truth of our assertion4 ,are there those1 sharp at a bargain1 who will say1 ,well6 the ,catholics have the resources to educate themselves1 and are doing so now2 let them continue the good work without calling upon the state for any portion of the public funds1 to which they contribute by their taxes8 ,the dishonesty of such a proposition is shown in the simple statement of it4 ,it is true1 as we have said over and over again1 that the ,catholic people1 after paying their taxes to the state1 have1 with a generous self-sacrifice amounting to heroism1 established all over this country more universities1 colleges1 academies1 free schools1 and orphan asylums than have ever been founded by all the rest of the nation through private contributions4 #acb ,a people capable of such great deeds in the cause of civilization and religion are not to be despised1 can never be repressed1 and certainly should not be denied justice1 when they ask no more6 ,we hope that we have satisfactorily answered the objections of those honest adversaries1 with whom we will always be happy to interchange opinions in a spirit of candor and sincere respect4 ,in order that our readers may obtain some idea of what the ,catholic people1 unaided by the state1 have done and are doing for popular education in this country1 we shall now present a brief summary or synopsis from ,sadlier's ,catholic ,directory for #ahfh-i4 ,in the archdiocese of ,baltimore1 there are ten literary institutions for young men1 twelve female academies1 and nine orphan asylums4 ,we shall include the latter1 in all instances1 because they invariably have schools attached for the instruction of the orphans4 ,there are in the same archdiocese about fifty parish and free schools1 the average attendance at which1 male and female1 exceeds ten thousand4 ,in the archdiocese of ,cincinnati1 comprising a part of the ,state of ,ohio1 there are three colleges1 nine literary institutes for females1 two orphan asylums1 and seventy-six parochial schools1 at which the average attendance is about twenty thousand4 ,in the archdiocese of ,new ,orleans1 there are twenty academies and parochial schools for females1 and ten academies and free schools for males2 attended by seven thousand five hundred scholars2 and one thousand four hundred orphans in the asylums4 ,the archdiocese of ,new ,york comprises the city and county of ,new ,york1 and the counties of ,westchester1 ,putnam1 ,dutchess1 ,ulster1 ,sullivan1 ,orange1 ,rockland1 and ,richmond4 ,we have lately examined a carefully prepared list of schools1 more complete than that given in the directory1 by which it appears that there are forty-nine1 with a daily attendance of upward of twenty-three thousand children4 ,of these schools1 twenty-six are in the city and county of ,new ,york1 and have a daily attendance of over nineteen thousand pupils4 ,we shall have occasion to speak more particularly of ,new ,york ,city at the close of this article4 ,in the archdiocese of ,san ,francisco1 there are three colleges1 three academies1 thirty-two select and parochial schools1 and two orphan asylums1 providing for nearly seven thousand children1 of whom about four hundred are orphans in the asylums1 and upward of three thousand are free scholars4 ,in the archdiocese of ,st4 ,louis1 there are three literary institutions for males1 nine for females1 and twenty parochial or free schools1 with seven thousand five hundred pupils in daily attendance1 besides nine hundred orphans in four asylums4 ,in the diocese of ,albany1 comprising that part of the ,state of ,new ,york north of the forty-second degree and east of the eastern line of ,cayuga1 ,tompkins1 and ,tioga counties1 there are six academies for males1 and six for females1 seven orphan asylums1 ten select schools1 and fifty-eight parochial schools1 with an average attendance of between ten and eleven thousand4 #acc ,the diocese of ,alton1 comprising a portion of the state of ,illinois1 has two colleges for males and six academies for females1 one orphan asylum1 and fifty-six parochial schools1 with an attendance of about seven thousand five hundred scholars4 ,the diocese of ,boston comprises the ,state of ,massachusetts1 and has two colleges1 three female academies1 thirteen parochial or free schools1 five thousand eight hundred scholars1 and five hundred and fifty orphans in the asylums4 ,the diocese of ,brooklyn comprises ,long ,island1 and has one college in course of erection1 eight female academies1 nineteen parish schools1 attended by over ten thousand scholars1 and three asylums1 and one industrial school1 containing seven hundred orphans4 ,the diocese of ,buffalo comprises twelve counties of the ,state of ,new ,york1 and has five literary institutions for males1 sixteen for females1 three orphan asylums1 and twenty-four parochial schools1 the attendance on which is specifically set down at something over eight thousand2 but it is stated 7page #acg7 that between eighteen and twenty thousand children attend the ,catholic schools of that diocese4 ,the diocese of ,chicago comprises a portion of the ,state of ,illinois1 and has eight academies for females1 seven colleges and academies for males1 two orphan asylums1 and forty-four parochial schools1 attended by over twelve thousand children4 ,the diocese of ,cleveland1 comprising a part of ,ohio1 contains one academy for males and six for females1 four asylums sheltering four hundred orphans1 and twenty free schools educating six thousand scholars4 ,the diocese of ,columbus1 comprising a part of ,ohio1 has one female academy1 twenty-three parochial schools1 with over three thousand pupils2 the exact number is not given4 ,the diocese of ,dubuque comprises the ,state of ,iowa1 and contains twelve academies and select schools1 and parochial schools at nearly all the churches of the diocese1 educating ten thousand children4 ,the diocese of ,fort ,wayne comprises a part of ,indiana1 and has one college1 one orphan asylum1 eleven literary institutions1 and thirty-eight parish schools4 ,the diocese of ,hartford comprises ,rhode ,island and ,connecticut1 and contains three literary institutions for males and six for females1 twenty-one male and twenty-three female free schools1 the former attended by forty-two hundred1 and the latter by fifty-one hundred scholars1 besides four hundred orphans in four asylums4 ,the diocese of ,milwaukee has two male and four female academies1 and thirty-five free schools1 attended by between six and seven thousand children1 and four orphan asylums1 containing over two hundred orphans4 ,the diocese of ,philadelphia contains eight academies and parochial schools1 under the charge of the ,christian ,brothers1 with twenty-five hundred scholars2 forty-two other parochial schools1 attended by ten thousand pupils2 twenty-four academies and select schools for females2 three colleges for males2 and five asylums1 now containing seven hundred and seventy-three male and female orphans4 ,the above statement embraces but nineteen of the fifty-two dioceses and archdioceses in the ,united ,states1 as it would extend this article to an unreasonable length were we to undertake to give the statistics of each2 which1 in regard to many of them1 are not sufficiently full in the ,directory to enable us to present satisfactory results4 #acd ,although in many of them the ,catholic population is small and sparse1 our readers would nevertheless be surprised1 no doubt1 to see how each one has struggled to supply itself with schools and charitable institutions2 and how amazingly they have succeeded1 when we consider the comparative scantiness of their resources4 ,we have1 however1 given enough to afford some idea to our ,protestant brethren of the vast interest which their ,catholic fellow-citizens have in this question of the public-school fund1 and of the great claim to the sympathy and good-will of the country which they have established by their unparalleled efforts in the cause of popular education4 ,as we have shown above1 the ,catholics of the archdiocese of ,new ,york are educating twenty-three thousand of their children1 nineteen thousand within the city limits4 ,the value of their school property is placed at eleven hundred and fifty thousand dollars4 ,for the education of these twenty-three thousand1 it is estimated that their annual expense does not exceed one hundred and thirty thousand dollars4 ,the actual cost of the ,catholic free schools in ,new ,york ,city is put down at #ajd1dcj for nineteen thousand four hundred and twenty-eight scholars2 which is about five dollars and a half for each4 ,we have before us the ,report of the ,board of ,education for #ahfg1 from which it appears that the cost per head for educating the children in the public schools under the control of the ,board of ,education for the year ending #ahfg1 based upon the cost for teachers' salaries1 fuel and gas1 was #ai4ge on the average attendance1 or #h4ej on the whole number taught4 ,adding the cost of books and stationery1 each pupil cost #ba4gf on the average attendance1 or #i4dj on the whole number taught4 ,the basis of the above calculation is3 ,teachers' salaries1 #a1dig1ahj4hh2 fuel1 7estimated in a gross amount of expenses17 #afc1cae4ab1 and gas1 #ac1iih4if1 making a total of #a1fgd1dif4if4 ,but in fact the actual expenditures for #ahfg were #b1igc1hgg4da2 which cover items that enter equally into the estimate we have given of the ,catholic expenditures for school purposes4 ,in that year ,new ,york ,city paid to the state as its proportion of school tax #dee1jhh4bg2 out of which it received back by apportionment #bdb1bhj4jd1 a little more than one half1 the rest being its contribution to the counties2 at the same time the city raised for its own schools nearly #b1ejj1jjj2 being the ten-dollar tax for each scholar taught1 and the one twentieth of one per cent of the valuation of the real and personal property of the city4 ,from this our readers will gather some idea of what popular education can cost1 even with the best management4 ,it is well known that the ,catholic people1 through their church organizations1 and by the unpaid assistance of their religious orders1 such as the ,christian ,brothers1 possess peculiar advantages1 which enable them to conduct the largest and best-arranged schools at the smallest possible cost4 ,why will not the state permit us to do it8 ,or1 rather1 why will not the state do us the justice to reimburse the actual expenses which we make in doing it8 ,for it is a thing which we have already accomplished to a great extent4 ,suppose that the city of ,new ,york was now educating the nineteen thousand children who attend our schools2 at #ai4ge each1 it would cost #cge1bej2 or at #h4ej each it would cost #afa1ejj1 this last sum being sixty thousand dollars more than we pay for the same6 #ace ,we have shown1 however1 that this calculation cannot be made to rest upon the basis given by the board1 when you come to institute a comparison between the expenditures for the public schools and for ours4 ,we are willing1 nevertheless1 to rest our claim even upon such a contrast as those figures show2 and we ask the tax-payers of ,new ,york whether they are willing to follow the lead of our adversaries and add a few hundred thousand dollars extra to the annual taxes1 for the satisfaction of doing us injustice8 ,it is universally conceded that the school-rooms of ,new ,york are dangerously over-crowded2 and the ,board of ,education finds it almost impossible to meet the growing necessities of the city4 ,there are still thousands of ,catholics and ,protestants unprovided for4 ,give us the means1 and we will speedily see that there is no ,catholic child in ,new ,york left without the opportunity of education4 ,we will do this upon the strictest terms of accountability to the state4 ,we will conduct our schools up to the highest standard that our legislators may think proper to adopt for the regulation of the public school system4 ,we shall never shrink from the most rigid official scrutiny and inspection4 ,we shall only ask that1 whilst we literally follow the requirements of the state as to the course of secular education1 we shall not be required to place in the hands of our children books that are hostile to their faith1 or to omit giving to their young souls that spiritual food which we deem to be essential for eternal life4 ,in all sincerity and truth we must say1 that we have not yet heard an argument which could shake our faith in the justice of our cause2 and that it will ultimately prevail1 by the blessing of ,providence1 we cannot possibly doubt2 for1 we have an abiding confidence in the integrity and generosity of the ,american people4 ---------- ,the ,omnibus ,two ,hundred ,years ,ago4 ,i allays thought till to-day1 remarked elegant ,john ,thomas to ,jeames1 as they were clinging to the back of their mistress's carriage during a shopping drive in ,bond street1 ,london1 that them 'air nuisances the 'busses was inwented in this 'ear nineteen centry4 ,i allays thinked so1 responded ,jeames sententiously4 ,not a bit1 resumed ,john ,thomas1 them air celebrated people the ,romans1 the same as talked ,lat'n1 you know1 'ad plenty of 'em4 ',ow d'you know that8 inquired ,jaemes4 ,i seed it this blessed morning in one o' master's ,lat'n books4 ,i was a tryin' what ,i could make out of ,lat'n1 and ,i seed that word 'omnibus' ever so many times2 and that's the correc' name for 'bus--' bus is the wulgar happerlation4 ,i know that1 growled ,jeames4 ',ow true it is1 as ,king ,david singed to 'is 'arp1 there's nothing new under the sun6 exclaimed ,john ,thomas enthusiastically4 ,the carriage stopped at this moment and the interesting conversation was interrupted4 #acf ,but although people who understand more ,latin than ,john ,thomas have not yet discovered that the ,romans were acquainted with that cheap and convenient mode of conveyance1 they may have believed1 like him1 that omnibuses were a modern invention1 and may be surprised to learn that1 more than two hundred years ago1 in the reign of ,louis the ,fourteenth1 ,paris possessed for a time a regular line of these now indispensable vehicles4 ,nicolas ,sauvage1 at the sign of ,st4 ,fiacre1 in the ,rue ,st4 ,martin1 had been accustomed for many years to let out carriages by the hour or day2 but his prices were too high for any but the rich2 and so in the year #afeg1 a certain ,de ,givry obtained permission to establish in the crossways and public places of the city and suburbs of ,paris such a number of two-horse coaches and caleches as he should consider necessary2 to be exposed there from seven in the morning until seven in the evening1 at the hire of all who needed them1 whether by the hour1 the half-hour1 day1 or otherwise1 at the pleasure of those who wished to make use of them to be carried from one place to another1 wherever their affairs called them1 either in the city and suburbs of ,paris1 or as far as four or five leagues in the environs1 etc41 etc4 ,this was a decided step in advance2 but the prices of these hackney coaches were still too high for the public generally1 and they consequently did not meet with the success anticipated4 ,at length1 in #affb1 appeared the really cheap and popular conveyance--the omnibus--under the patronage of the ,duke of ,roans the ,marquis of ,sourches1 and the ,marquis of ,crenan4 ,these noblemen solicited and obtained letters patent for a great speculation--carriages to contain eight persons1 at five sous the seat1 and running at fixed hours on specified routes4 ,on the #ahth of ,march1 #affb1 says ,sauval1 in his ,antiquities of ,paris1 seven coaches were driven for the first time through the streets that lead from the ,porte ,st4 ,martin to the palace of the ,luxembourg2 they were assailed with stones and hisses by the populace4 ,this last assertion is much to be doubted2 more especially as ,madame ,perier1 the sister of the great ,pascal1 has described in an interesting letter to ,arnauld de ,pomponne1 the general joy and satisfaction that the appearance of these cheap conveyances gave rise to in the people2 a state of feeling which seems far more probable than that which stones and hisses would manifest4 ,madame ,perier writes as follows3 ,,paris1 ,march #ba1 #affb4 ,as every one has been appointed to some special office in this affair of the coaches1 ,i have solicited with eagerness and have been so fortunate as to obtain that of announcing its success2 therefore1 sir1 each time that you see my writing1 be assured of receiving good news4 ,the establishment commenced last ,saturday morning1 at seven o'clock1 with wonderful pomp and splendor4 ,the seven carriages provided for this route were first distributed4 ,three were sent to the ,porte ,st4 ,martin1 and four were placed before the ,luxembourg1 where at the same time were stationed two commissaries of the ,chatelet in their robes1 four guards of the high provost1 ten or twelve of the city archers1 and as many men on horseback4 ,when everything was ready1 the commissaries proclaimed the establishment1 explained its usefulness1 exhorted the citizens to uphold it1 and declared to the lower classes that the slightest insult would be punished with the utmost severity2 and all this was delivered in the king's name4 #acg ,afterward they gave the coachmen their coats1 which are blue--the king's color as well as the city's color--with the arms of the king and of the city embroidered on the bosom2 and then they gave the order to start4 ,one of the coaches immediately went off1 carrying inside one of the high provost's guards4 ,half a quarter of an hour after1 another coach set off1 and then the two others at the same intervals of time1 each carrying a guard who was to remain therein all day4 ,at the same time the city archers and the men on horseback dispersed themselves on the route4 ,at the ,porte ,saint ,martin the same ceremonies were observed1 at the same hour1 with the three coaches that had been sent there1 and there were the same arrangements respecting the guards1 the archers and the men on horseback4 ,in short1 the affair was so well conducted that not the slightest confusion took place1 and those coaches were started as peaceably as the others4 ,the thing indeed has succeeded perfectly2 the very first morning the coaches were filled1 and several women even were among the passengers2 but in the afternoon the crowd was so great that one could not get near them2 and every day since it has been the same1 so that we find by experience that the greatest inconvenience is the one you apprehended2 people wait in the street for the arrival of one of these coaches1 in order to get in4 ,when it comes1 it is full2 this is vexatious2 but there is a consolation2 for it is known that another will arrive in half a quarter of an hour2 this other arrives1 and it also is full2 and after this has been repeated several times1 the aspirant is at length obliged to continue his way on foot4 ,that you may not think that ,i exaggerate ,i will tell you what happened to myself4 ,i was waiting at the door of ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 in the ,rue de la ,verrerie1 feeling a great desire to return home in a coach2 for it is pretty far from my brother's house4 ,but ,i had the vexation of seeing five coaches pass without being able to get a seat2 all were full3 and during the whole time that ,i was waiting1 ,i heard blessings bestowed on the originators of an establishment so advantageous to the public4 ,as every one spoke his thoughts1 some said the affair was very well invented1 but that it was a great fault to have put only seven coaches on the route2 that they were not sufficient for half the people who had need of them1 and that there ought to have been at least twenty4 ,i listened to all this1 and ,i was in such a bad temper from having missed five coaches that at the moment ,i was quite of their opinion4 ,in short1 the applause is universal1 and it may be said that nothing was ever better begun4 ,the first and second days1 there was a crowd on the ,pont-,neuf and in all the streets to watch the coaches pass2 and it was very amusing to see the workmen cease their labor to look at them1 so that no more work was done all ,saturday throughout the whole route than if it had been a holiday4 ,smiling faces were seen everywhere1 not smiles of ridicule1 but of content and joy2 and this convenience is found so great that every one desires it for his own quarter4 ,the shopkeepers of the ,rue ,st4 ,denis demanded a route with so much importunity that they even spoke of presenting a petition4 ,preparations were being made to give them one next week2 but yesterday morning ,m4 de ,roans1 ,m4 de ,crenan1 and ,m4 the ,high ,provost 7,m4 de ,sourches7 being all three at the ,louvre1 the king talked very pleasantly about the novelty1 and addressing those gentlemen1 said1' ,and our route1 will you not soon establish it8' #ach ,these words oblige them to think of the ,rue ,st4 ,honor1 and to defer for some days the ,rue ,st4 ,denis4 ,besides this1 the king1 speaking on the same subject1 said that he desired that all those who were guilty of the slightest insolence should be severely punished1 and that he would not permit this establishment to be molested4 ,this is the present position of the undertaking4 ,i am sure you will not be less surprised than we are at its great success2 it has far surpassed all our hopes4 ,i shall not fail to send you exact word of every pleasant thing that happens1 according to the office conferred on me1 and to supply the place of my brother1 who would be happy to undertake the duty if he could write4 ,i wish with all my heart that ,i may have matter to write to you every week1 both for your satisfaction and for other reasons that you can well guess4 ,i am your obedient servant1 ,g4 ,,pascal4 ,postscript in the handwriting of ,pascal1 and very probably the last lines he ever traced3 he died in ,august of the same year3 ,i will add to the above1 that the day before yesterday1 at the king's petit coucher1 a dangerous assault was made against us by two courtiers distinguished by their rank and wit1 which would have ruined us by turning us into ridicule1 and would have given rise to all sorts of attacks1 had not the king answered so obligingly and so dryly with respect to the excellence of the undertaking1 so that they speedily put up their weapons4 ,i have no more paper4 ,adieu--entirely yours4 ,sauval affirms that ,pascal was the inventor of this cheap coach1 and ,madame de ,svign seems to allude to the enterprise in a passage of one of her letters which commences apropos of ,pascal4 ,it is certain that he and his sister were pecuniarily interested in the speculation1 and it is more than probable that it was he who induced his rich friend the ,duke of ,roans1 to take so prominent a part in the undertaking4 ,but we must not consider ,pascal in the light of a vulgar speculator--earthly interests affected him but little personally--deeds of charity1 the many ills and pains of premature old age1 and the sad task of watching over a life always on the brink of extinction1 almost wholly engrossed his thoughts during his last years4 ,he saw in this affair an advantage to the public in general1 and if any pecuniary profits resulted1 his share was intended for the benefit of the poor1 as is very evident by the following extract from the little work ,madame ,perier dedicated to the memory of her brother4 ,as soon as the affair of the coaches was settled1 he told me he wished to ask the farmers for an advance of a thousand francs to send to the poor at ,blois4 ,when ,i told him that the success of the enterprise was not sufficiently assured for him to make this request1 he replied that he saw no inconvenience in it1 because1 if the affair did not prosper1 he would repay the money from his estate1 and he did not like to wait until the end of the year1 because the necessities of the poor were too urgent to defer charity4 ,as no arrangement could be made with the farmers1 he could not gratify his desire4 ,on this occasion we perceived the truth of what he had so often told me1 that he wished for riches only that he might be able to help the poor2 for the moment ,god gave him the hope of possessing wealth1 even before he was assured of it1 he began to distribute it4 #aci ,in the ninth volume of the ,ordonnances de ,louis ,,xiv41 we find1 concerning the establishment of coaches in the city of ,paris1 that these cheap conveyances are permitted for the convenience of a great number of persons ill-accommodated1 such as pleaders1 infirm people1 and others1 who1 not having the means of hiring chairs or carriages because they cost a pistole or two crowns at least the day1 can thus be carried for a moderate price by means of this establishment of coaches1 which are always to make the same journeys in ,paris from one quarter to another1 the longest at five sous the seat1 and the others less2 the suburbs in proportion2 and which are always to start at fixed hours1 however small the number of persons then assembled1 and even empty1 if no person should present himself1 without obliging those who make use of this convenience to pay more for their places1 etc4 ,these regulations are similar to those of our modern omnibus2 but the quality of the passengers was more arbitrary2 for in the tenth volume of this same ,register1 we find it enacted that ,soldiers1 ,pages1 ,lacqueys and other gentry in ,livery1 also ,mechanics and ,workmen shall not be able to enter the said coaches1 etc41 etc4 ,the first route was opened on the #ahth of ,march2 the second on the #aath of ,april1 running from the ,rue ,saint ,antoine to the ,rue ,saint ,honor1 as high as ,st4 ,roch's church4 ,on this second opening1 a placard announced to the citizens that the directors had received advice of some inconveniences that might annoy persons desirous of making use of their conveyances1 such1 for instance1 when the coachman refuses to stop to take them up on the route1 even though there are empty places1 and other similar occurrences2 this is to give notice that all the coaches have been numbered1 and that the number is placed at the top of the moutons1 on each side of the coachman's box1 together with the fleur de lis--one1 two1 three1 etc41 according to the number of coaches on each route4 ,and so those who have any reason to complain of the coachman1 are prayed to remember the number of the coach1 and to give advice of it to the clerk of one of the offices1 so that order may be established4 ,the third route1 which ran from the ,rue ,montmartre and the ,rue ,neuve ,saint ,eustache to the ,luxembourg ,palace1 was opened on the #bb;d of ,may of the same year4 ,the placard which conveys the announcement to the public1 gives notice also1 that to prevent the delay of money-changing1 which always consumes much time1 no gold will be received4 ,every arrangement having thus been made to render these cheap coaches useful and agreeable1 they very soon became the fashion2 a three act comedy in verse1 entitled1 ,the intrigue of the coaches at five sous1 written by an actor named ,chevalier1 was even represented in #affb at the ,theatre of the ,marais4 ,an extract from this play is given in the history of the ,french ,theatre1 by the ,brothers ,parfaict4 ,but the ingenious and useful innovation on the old hackney-coach system1 though so well conducted and so well administered1 so highly protected1 and so warmly welcomed1 was not destined to live long4 ,after a very few years1 the undertaking failed1 and the omnibus was forgotten for nearly two centuries6 ,sauval tells us that ,pascal's death was the cause of this misfortune2 but the coaches continued to prosper for three or four years after that event4 #adj ,every one1 says ,sauval1 in a curious page of his ,antiquities1 during two years found these coaches so convenient that auditors and masters of comptes1 counsellors of the ,chatelet and of the court1 made no scruple to use them to go to the ,chatelet or to the palace1 and this caused the price to be raised one sou2 even the ,duke of ,enghien ,footnote #dh has travelled in them4 ,but what do ,i say8 ,the king1 when passing the summer at ,saint-,germain1 whither he had consented that these coaches should come1 went in one of them1 for his amusement1 from the old castle1 where he was staying1 to the new one to visit the queen-mother4 ,notwithstanding this great fashion1 these coaches were so despised three or four years after their establishment that no one would make use of them1 and their ill success was attributed to the death of ,pascal1 the celebrated mathematician2 it is said that he was the inventor of them1 as well as the leader of the enterprise2 it is moreover assured that he had made their horoscope and given them to the publicunder a certain constellation whose bad influences he knew how to turn aside4 ,footnote #dh3 ,henri-,jules de ,bourbon-,cond1 son of the great ,cond4 ,we can give no description of this ancient omnibus2 no drawing or engraving of it is believed to exist2 but it is probable that it resembled the coaches represented in the paintings of ,van der ,meulan and ,martin4 ,it is impossible to attribute to any other cause than that of the arbitrary choice of passengers1 the failure of an undertaking which appeared to possess every element of success4 ,the people who needed the cheap coach were debarred from the use of it2 the tired artisan returning from his hard day's work2 the jaded soldier hurrying to his barrack before the beat of the tattoo that recalled him had ceased2 the pale seamstress with her bundle2 each was refused the five sous lift1 and had to foot the weary way2 while the aristocracy and rich middle class enjoyed the ride1 not as a social want1 but as a fashionable diversion1 and tired of it after a time1 as fashionable people even now tire of everything fashionable4 ,it was reserved for the marvellous nineteenth century1 so fruitful in good works1 to endow us with the true omnibus1 that is1 a carriage for the use of every one indiscriminately1 in which the gentleman and the laborer1 the rich man and the poor man can ride side by side4 ,this really popular conveyance has now become in all highly civilized communities so veritable a necessity and habit that it can never again fall and be forgotten like its faulty forerunner1 or the omnibus of two hundred years ago4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,,travels ,,in ,,the ,,east-,,indian ,,archipelago4 ,by ,albert ,s4 ,brickmose1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,illustrations4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #eec4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this elegantly got up volume of travel the author tells us1 in his preface1 is taken from his journal1 kept day by day1 while on a visit to the islands described1 the object of which visit was to re-collect the shells figured in ,rumphen's ,pariteit ,kamer4 ,the author travelled from ,batavia1 in ,java1 along the north coast of that island to ,samarang and ,surabaya2 thence to ,macassar1 the capital of ,celebes2 thence south through ,sapi ,strait1 between ,sumbawa and ,floris1 and eastward to the southern end of ,timur1 7near the northwestern extremity of ,australia27 thence along the west coast of ,timur to ,dilli1 and north to the ,banda ,islands and ,amboina4 #ada ,having passed several months in the ,moluccas1 or ,spice ,islands1 he revisited the ,bandas1 and ascended their active volcano4 ,returning to ,amboina1 he travelled in ,ceram and ,buru1 and continued northward to ,gilolo4 ,thence he crossed the ,molucca ,passage to the ,minahassa1 or northern end of the ,island of ,celebes1 probably the most beautiful spot on the surface of our globe4 ,returning to ,batavia1 he proceeded to ,padang1 and thence made a long journey through the interior of the island to the land of the cannibals4 ,having succeeded in making his way for a hundred miles through that dangerous people1 he came down to the coast and returned to ,padang4 ,again he went up into the interior1 and examined all the coffee-lands4 ,from ,padang he came down to ,bencoolen1 and succeeded in making his way over the mountains and down the rivers to the ,island of ,banca1 and was thence carried to ,singapore4 ,this work opens a new field1 hitherto but little known1 to the reader of books of travel and adventure4 ,his descriptions1 if not always very vivid1 are told in a clear1 unaffected manner1 without that egotism so often found in books of travel4 ---------- ,the ,instruments ,of ,the ,passion ,of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,veith1 ,preacher at the ,cathedral of ,vienna4 ,translated by ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen1 ,pastor of the ,church of the ,holy ,cross4 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,dr4 ,veith1 a convert from ,judaism1 is one of the most distinguished writers and preachers of ,vienna4 ,the present work is rich in thought and original in style4 ,it is one of a series which the translator proposes to bring out in an ,english dress1 if he receives encouragement1 as we hope he may4 ,f4 ,noethen1 although a ,german1 writes ,english remarkably well1 and deserves great credit for his zeal and assiduity in translating so many excellent and practical works of piety4 ,in point of excellence in typography and mechanical execution1 this book deserves to be classed with the best which have been issued by the ,catholic press4 ---------- ,the ,life ,and ,works ,of ,st4 ,a,engussius ,hagiographus1 or ,saint ,a,engus the ,culdee1 ,bishop and ,abbot at ,clonenagh and ,dysartenos1 ,queens ,county4 ,by the ,rev4 ,john ,o',hanlon4 ,dublin3 ,john ,f4 ,fowler1 #c ,crow street4 #ahfh4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,this tract is a treatise on the life and writings of an humble and laborious monk of the early ages in ,ireland1 who published1 if we may use the expression1 his ,felire1 ,fessology1 or ,calendar of ,irish saints1 as long ago as #hjd4 ,from the biographical and historical value of this poetical work1 ,st4 ,a,engus ranks among the very earliest of the historical writers of modern ,europe4 ,in this view1 no less than to draw attention to one whose holy life induced the ,irish church to ascribe his name on the dyptics1 it is well that the present generation should be asked to pause and look upon this life1 so humble1 laborious1 and holy1 and which so strongly commended him to the veneration of succeeding ages4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,o',hanlon treats his subject systematically1 displaying great research and sound criticism1 and it is to be hoped that his treatise will induce some of the publishing societies in ,ireland to issue an edition of the works of this venerated father of the ,irish church4 ,the ,felire of ,st4 ,a,engus consists of three distinct parts3 the first1 the ,invocation1 containing five stanzas1 implores the grace of ,christ on the work2 the second1 comprising #bbj stanzas1 is a preface and conclusion to the main poem2 the third part contains #cfe stanzas1 one for each day of the year4 ,they comprise not only the saints peculiar to ,ireland1 but others drawn from early martyrologies4 ,this poem was regarded in the early ,irish church with great veneration1 and the copies that have descended to us have a running gloss or commentary on each verse1 making it a short biography of the saint briefly mentioned in the poem4 #adb ,in this form its value has long been known to scholars1 whose frequent use of it shows the light it frequently helps to throw on ,irish history and topography4 ,we trust that the work of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,o',hanlon will not be fruitless4 ---------- ,essays ,and ,lectures on1 #a4 ,the ,early ,history of ,maryland2 #b4 ,mexico and ,mexican ,affairs2 #c4 ,a ,mexican ,campaign2 #d4 ,homoeopathy2 #e4 ,elements of ,hygiene2 #f4 ,health and ,happiness4 ,by ,richard ,mc,sherry1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,principles and ,practice of ,medicine1 ,university of ,maryland4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahfi4 ,pp4 #abe4 ,the ,early ,history ,of ,maryland4 ,the sketch of colonial ,maryland is drawn with a masterly hand1 showing1 in the first place1 the author's thorough knowledge of its history2 and1 secondly1 the poetic language in which his ideas are couched tell plainly how completely his heart is imbued with love for his native ,terra ,mariae4 ,dr4 ,mc,sherry is right when he calls his ,state the brightest gem in the ,american cluster4 ,to the ,catholics of this broad land it is surely so2 and the names of ,sir ,george ,calvert and his noble sons1 the founders of this ,land of the ,sanctuary1 should be enshrined with love and reverence in the hearts of all who profess the old faith and appreciate our religious liberty4 ,mexico ,and ,mexican ,affairs4 ,the article on ,mexico and ,mexican ,affairs was written at the suggestion of the editor of ,the ,southern ,review1 and is a synopsis of the political history of ,mexico from the time of the conquest to the tragical end of the ill-fated ,prince ,maximilian4 ,as a colonial possession of ,spain1 ,mexico enjoyed a more quiet existence and a more stable government than either before or since that period of its history4 ,churches1 schools1 and hospitals were distributed over the land2 good roads were made1 and1 without going into detail1 industrial pursuits were generally in honor1 and were rewarded with success4 ,political revolution again agitated the country in the commencement of this century1 followed by the establishment of an empire under ,iturbide2 this in turn gave place to a republican form of government in #ahbd4 ,no stronger proof of the belief of our order-loving and law-abiding neighbors in the republican doctrine of rotation in office can be given than the fact that during the forty years of the ,republican government the record shows forty-six changes in the presidential chair4 ,the accounts of revolution and counter-revolution among the dominant spirits of that time beggar description1 and leave us to conclude that a frightful condition of strife1 desolation1 and misery reigned throughout the entire period4 ,the rulers of ,mexico kept no faith with their own people2 none with foreigners or foreign nations4 ,they gave abundant cause for the declaration of war made against them by ,england1 ,france1 and ,spain1 and for the provocation of the war by ,france1 when the other powers withdrew4 ,the author describes the inducements held out by the assembly of notables to ,maximilian1 after the ,french occupation1 to accept the throne2 and how at last he unfortunately acceded to the request1 and sailed for ,vera ,cruz in ,may1 #ahfd4 ,the subsequent career of this nobleman1 who had thus linked his fate with that of ,mexico is feelingly depicted4 ,it was but a short period of three years from his splendid reception at ,guadalupe1 when about entering his capital1 to his fall by ,mexican treachery1 and subsequent murder on the #aith of ,june1 #ahfg4 ,the author blames ex-,secretary ,seward for not preventing this tragical end of the amiable and highly cultivated prince1 and thinks that as the ,indian ,juarez had been enabled to prosecute his illegal claim to the presidency by the support and comfort derived from the ,united ,states1 he would not have dared refuse a claim for this boon1 made in a proper spirit1 by ,mr4 ,seward4 ,the names of ,maximilian and his devoted1 beautiful ,carlotta will always bring moisture to the eyes of those who can sympathize with the afflictions and sufferings of their fellow-beings4 ,mexico has commenced a new chapter of her history4 ,true1 the preface so far is not encouraging2 but let us hope her experience in the past may cause a better record for the future4 #adc ,a ,mexican ,campaign ,sketch4 ,this is an interesting account of the author's travels1 as surgeon1 with the army which1 in #ahdg1 under ,general ,scott1 fought its way through the historical battles of ,contreras1 ,churubusco1 ,molino del ,rey1 to ,chapultepec3 and the final entrance1 on the #adth of ,september1 to the ,mexican capital4 ,the description of the appearance of the valley of ,mexico1 as the army descended the mountain side1 is very beautiful4 ,the author says1 ,the valley or basin of ,mexico lay spread out like a panorama of fairy land2 opening1 closing1 and shifting1 according to the changing positions of the observers4 ,at times nothing would be visible but dark recesses in the mountain1 or the grim forest that shaded the road2 when in a moment a sudden turn would unfold1 as if by magic1 a scene that looked too lovely to be real4 ,it was an enchantment in nature2 for1 knowing as we did that we beheld bona fide lakes and mountains1 plains and villages1 chapels and hamlets1 all so bright1 so clear1 and so beautiful1 it still seemed an illusion of the senses1 a dream1 or a perfection of art--nay1 in the mountain circle we could see the very picture-frame4 ,how long the mixed races of this beautiful country are to continue their tragical and at times ludicrous efforts at self-government is a problem to be solved in the future4 ,an ,epistle ,on ,homoeopathy4 ,the doctor's logical arguments in this article we would recommend to the perusal of our friends who prefer the more palatable medicine of that school1 ,lecture ,on ,hygiene4 ,a ,lecture ,on ,health ,and ,happiness4 ,these lectures contain many sound practical hints for the general reader whereby he may avoid many causes of disease1 and prolong his life to a natural limit4 ,we give the doctor's testimony on two interesting points4 ,he says3 ,excesses at table are disastrous enough1 and in this they are worse than over devotion to ,bacchus2 namely1 that they undermine more slowly and more insidiously2 but otherwise1 strong drinks are vastly worse4 ,there are persons who think wines and liquors essential to health2 but as the rule1 they are useless at best2 and at worst1 destructive to soul1 and body1 and mind4 ,strict total abstinence is generally1 ,i might say universally safe2 while even temperate indulgence is rarely safe or salutary4 7,p4 #aai47 ,tobacco deserves the next place4 ,it is most marvellous how this nauseous weed has taken hold upon the affections of man4 ,it surely is of no benefit to health1 but ,i dare not say it conduces nothing to happiness4 ,when ,i see an old friend take his pipe1 or cigar1 after the labors of the day1 and the evening meal2 when his good honest face beams beneath the fragrant smoke which rises like incense1 making a wreath around his gray hairs2 when his heart expands1 and he becomes genially social and confidential1 ,i can hardly ask ,hygeia to rob him of his simple pleasure4 ,a good cigar is almost akin to the 'cup that cheers1 yet not inebriates4' ,but honestly1 tobacco is pernicious in all its forms2 not like whiskey1 indeed1 but still pernicious4 7,p4 #aba47 ,as an entirety1 the doctor's book presents a charming diversity of subjects1 each in itself of sufficient interest to chain the earnest attention of the reader1 and well repay him for its perusal4 ---------- ,john ,m4 ,costello2 ,or1 ,the ,beauty ,of ,virtue ,exemplified ,in ,an ,american ,youth4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this neat little volume contains a well-written memoir of a young aspirant to the priesthood who died a few years ago at the preparatory seminary of ,st4 ,charles4 ,there is a peculiar charm about the life of a pious ,catholic boy whose heart has always yearned after the realization of the highest type of ,christian virtue4 ,such a life presents a picture of simple beauty1 in which the smallest details present points of more than common interest4 ,one sees here how truly the supernatural life of grace illumines and adorns the commonest actions of the ,christian1 and clothes them with a merit that purely human virtue would never gather from them4 ,there is nothing in the life of a ,st4 ,aloysius or a ,st4 ,stanislaus1 however insignificant or commonplace in the eyes of the world1 that can be deemed trivial or unworthy of record4 #add ,whatever they do is a saintly act4 ,their words are the words of a saint4 ,this is the secret of the wonderful influence which the history of these pure souls has exerted on the minds and hearts of the thousands and tens of thousands to whom it has become known4 ,this thought was constantly before us while perusing the present beautiful tribute to the memory of young ,costello4 ,it is impossible to read the description of the most ordinary events of the life of this holy child of ,god without emotion4 ,what in others of his age and general character might justly be unworthy of note in him becomes worthy to be written in letters of gold4 ,we would say to all ,catholic parents1 among the hundreds of volumes standing on the bookseller's shelves inviting purchase by their gay bindings and prettily illustrated pages1 and almost forcing themselves into your hands as birthday or holiday presents to your darling children1 choose this one1 and teach them1 by the winning example of such virtue as they will here see presented to them1 to emulate1 not the daring exploits of some lion-killer or wild adventurer1 or1 it may be1 the imaginary success of some fortunate youth in the pursuit of riches1 but rather the heroism1 the piety1 the humility1 the chastity1 the self-renunciation of the ,christian saint4 ,all who love ,god and have the spiritual interests of our ,catholic youth at heart will feel deeply grateful to the reverend author for having given to the world his knowledge of a life so well calculated to edify and inspire its readers with admiration of what is1 after all1 the highest and best within the sphere of human aim1 to lead a holy life1 and die1 though it be in the flower of youth1 the death of a saint4 ,let us have more books like this one1 that1 with ,god's blessing on the lessons they impart1 we may have more such lives4 ---------- ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia1 is about to publish ,the ,montarges ,legacy1 and ,the ,life of ,st4 ,stanislaus4 ---------- ,books ,received4 ,from ,john ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore3 ,new editions of the following books3 ,practical ,piety set forth by ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 ,bishop and ,prince of ,geneva4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #cfj1 #a4 ,a ,spiritual ,retreat of ,eight ,days4 ,by the ,right ,rev4 ,john ,m4 ,david1 ,d4,d41 #a vol4 #abmo4 #a4 ,kyriale2 or1 ,ordinary of ,mass3 a ,complete ,liturgical ,manual1 with ,gregorian ,chants1 etc42 in round or square notes1 each #a4be4 ,the ,holy ,week3 containing the ,offices of ,holy ,week1 from the ,roman ,breviary and ,missal1 with the chants in modern notation4 #a4be4 ,roman ,vesperal3 containing the complete ,vespers for the whole year1 with ,gregorian ,chants in modern notation4 #a4ej4 ,from ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly1 ,dublin3 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,america4 ,a ,lecture delivered before the ,historical and ,a,esthetical ,society in the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland4 ,by ,thaddeus ,j4 ,butler1 ,d4,d41 ,chicago4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau street4 #be cents4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,wreath of ,eglantine1 and other ,poems3 ,edited and in part composed by ,daniel ,bedinger ,lucas4 #a vol4 #abmo1 #a4ej4 ,eudoxia2 a ,picture of the ,fifth ,century4 ,translated from the ,german of ,ida1 ,countess ,hahn ,hahn4 #a vol4 #abmo1 #a4ej4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co43 ,st4 ,dominic's ,manual2 or1 ,tertiary's ,guide4 ,by two ,fathers of the ,order4 #a vol4 #ahmo1 pp4 #ecc4 ,from ,c4 ,darveau1 ,quebec1 ,c4 ,e43 ,st4 ,patrick's ,manual1 for the use of ,young ,people1 prepared by the ,christian ,brothers4 #a vol4 #bdmo1 pp4 #fdh4 ,from ,leypoldt ,holt1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,fisher ,maiden3 a ,norwegian ,tale4 ,by ,bjornstjerne ,bjornson4 ,from the author's ,german edition1 by ,m4 ,e4 ,niles4 #abmo1 pp4 #bag1 #a4be4 ,the ,gain of a ,loss3 a ,novel4 ,by the author of ,the ,last of the ,cavaliers4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #dci1 #a4ge4 ,from ,clark ,maynard1 ,new ,york3 ,a ,manual of ,general ,history3 being an ,outline ,history of the ,world from the ,creation to the ,present ,time4 ,fully illustrated with maps4 ,for the use of academies1 high-schools1 and families4 ,by ,john ,j4 ,anderson1 ,a4,m4 ,pp4 #djj4 ,from ,ivison1 ,phinney1 ,blakeman ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,a ,dictionary of the ,english ,language1 ,explanatory1 ,pronouncing1 ,etymological1 and ,synonymous4 ,counting-,house ,edition4 ,with an appendix containing various useful tables4 ,mainly abridged from the latest edition of the ,qutarto ,dictionary of ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,by ,william ,g4 ,webster and ,william ,a4 ,wheeler4 ,illustrated with more than three hundred engravings on wood4 ,pp4 #fcj4 ,from ,longmans1 ,green1 ,reader ,dyer1 ,london3 ,the ,formation of ,christendom4 ,part ,,ii4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,allies4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #die4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society having made arrangements with ,mr4 ,allies to supply his book in ,america1 will soon have this volume for sale4 ,price1 #f4 ,from ,james ,duffy1 ,dublin3 ,the ,life and ,writings of the ,rev4 ,arthur ,o',leary4 ,by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,b4 ,buckley4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #daj4 ,from ,w4 ,w4 ,swayne1 ,new ,york and ,brooklyn3 ,the ,poetical ,works of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,vol4 #a1 paper1 #be cents4 ,from ,harper ,brothers3 ,the ,poetical ,works of ,charles ,g4 ,halpine4 ,with a ,biographical ,sketch and ,explanatory ,notes4 ,edited by ,robert ,b4 ,roosevelt4 #a vol4 pp4 #ceb4 ------- #ade ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,no4 #ej4--,may1 #ahfi4 ---------- ,the ,woman ,question4 ,footnote #di ,footnote #di3 #a4 ,the ,revolution3 ,new ,york4 ,weekly4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #b4 ,equal ,rights for ,women4 ,a ,speech by ,george ,william ,curtis1 in the ,constitutional ,convention at ,albany1 ,july #ai1 #ahfh4 #c4 ,ought ,women to learn the ,alphabet8 ,by ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson4 ,the ,woman ,question1 though not yet an all-engrossing question in our own or in any other country1 is exciting so much attention1 and is so vigorously agitated1 that no periodical can very well refuse to consider it4 ,as yet1 though entering into politics1 it has not become a party question1 and we think we may discuss it without overstepping the line we have marked out for ourselves--that of studiously avoiding all party politics2 not because we have not the courage to discuss them1 but because we have aims and purposes which appeal to all parties alike1 and which can best be effected by letting party politics alone4 ,in what follows we shall take up the question seriously1 and treat it candidly1 without indulging in any sneers1 jeers1 or ridicule4 ,a certain number of women have become1 in some way or other1 very thoroughly convinced that women are deeply wronged1 deprived of their just rights by men1 and especially in not being allowed political suffrage and eligibility4 ,they claim to be in all things man's equal1 and in many things his superior1 and contend that society should make no distinction of sex in any of its civil and political arrangements4 ,it will not1 indeed1 be easy for us to forget this distinction so long as we honor our mothers1 and love our wives and daughters2 but we will endeavor in this discussion to forget it--so far1 at least1 as to treat the question on its merits1 and make no allowance for any real or supposed difference of intellect between men and women4 ,we shall neither roughen nor soften our tones because our opponents are women1 or men who encourage them4 ,the women in question claim for women all the prerogatives of men2 we shall1 therefore1 take the liberty to disregard their privileges as women4 ,they may expect from us civility1 not gallantry4 #adf ,we say frankly in the outset that we are decidedly opposed to female suffrage and eligibility4 ,the woman's rights women demand them both as a right1 and complain that men1 in refusing to concede them1 withhold a natural right1 and violate the equal rights on which the ,american republic professes to be based4 ,we deny that women have a natural right to suffrage and eligibility2 for neither is a natural right at all1 for either men or women4 ,either is a trust from civil society1 not a natural and indefeasible right2 and civil society confers either on whom it judges trustworthy1 and on such conditions as it deems it expedient to annex4 ,as the trust has never been conferred by civil society with us on women1 they are deprived of no right by not being enfranchised4 ,we know that the theory has been broached latterly1 and defended by several political journals1 and even by representatives and senators in ,congress1 as well as by ,the ,revolution1 the organ of the woman's rights movement1 that suffrage and eligibility are not trusts conferred by civil society on whom it will1 but natural and indefeasible rights1 held directly from ,god or nature1 and which civil society is bound by its very constitution to recognize1 protect1 and defend for all men and women1 and which they can be deprived of only by crimes which forfeit one's natural life or liberty4 ,it is on this ground that many have defended the extension of the elective franchise and eligibility to negroes and the colored races in the ,united ,states1 and hold that ,congress1 under that clause of the ,constitution authorizing it to guarantee to the several ,states a republican form of government1 is bound to enfranchise them4 ,it may or may not be wise and expedient to extend suffrage and eligibility to negroes and the colored races hitherto1 in most of the ,states1 excluded from the sovereign people of the country2 on that question we express no opinion1 one way or the other2 but we deny that the negroes and colored men can claim admission on the ground either of natural right or of ,american republicanism2 for white men themselves cannot claim it on that ground4 ,indeed1 the assumption that either suffrage or eligibility is a natural right is anti-republican4 ,the fundamental principle1 the very essence of republicanism is1 that power is a trust to be exercised for the public good or common weal1 and is forfeited when not so exercised1 or when exercised for private and personal ends4 ,suffrage and eligibility confer power to govern1 which1 if a natural right1 would imply that power is the natural and indefeasible right of the governors--the essential principle of all absolutism1 whether autocratic1 aristocratic1 monarchical1 or democratic4 ,it would imply that the ,american government is a pure1 centralized1 absolute1 unmitigated democracy1 which may be regarded either as tantamount to no government1 or as the absolute despotism of the majority for the time1 or its right to govern as it pleases in all things whatsoever1 spiritual as well as secular1 regardless of vested rights or constitutional limitations4 ,this certainly is not ,american republicanism1 which has always aimed to restrain the absolute power of majorities1 and to protect minorities by constitutional provisions4 ,it has never recognized suffrage as a personal right which a man carries with him whithersoever he goes1 but has always made it a territorial right1 which a man can exercise only in his own ,state1 his own county1 his own town or city1 and his own ward or precinct4 ,if ,american republicanism recognized suffrage as a right1 not as simply a trust1 why does it place restrictions on its exercise1 or treat bribery as a crime8 ,if suffrage is my natural right1 my vote is my property1 and ,i may do what ,i please with it2 dispose of it in the market for the highest price ,i can get for it1 as ,i may of any other species of property4 #adg ,suffrage and eligibility are not natural1 indefeasible rights1 but franchises or trusts conferred by civil society2 and it is for civil society to determine in its wisdom whom it will or will not enfranchise2 on whom it will or will not confer the trust4 ,both are social or political rights1 derived from political society1 and subject to its will1 which may extend or abridge them as it judges best for the common good4 ,ask you who constitute political society8 ,they1 be they more or fewer1 who1 by the actual constitution of the state1 are the sovereign people4 ,these1 and these alone1 have the right to determine who may or may not vote or be voted for4 ,in the ,united ,states1 the sovereign people has hitherto been1 save in a few localities1 adult males of the white race1 and these have the right to say whether they will or will not extend suffrage to the black and colored races1 and to women and children4 ,women1 then1 have not1 for men have not1 any natural right to admission into the ranks of the sovereign people4 ,this disposes of the question of right1 and shows that no injustice or wrong is done to women by their exclusion1 and that no violence is done to the equal rights on which the ,american republic is founded4 ,it may or it may not be wise and expedient to admit women into political1 as they are now admitted into civil1 society2 but they cannot claim admission as a right4 ,they can claim it only on the ground of expediency1 or that it is necessary for the common good4 ,for our part1 we have all our life listened to the arguments and declamations of the woman's rights party on the subject2 have read ,mary ,wollstonecraft1 heard ,fanny ,wright1 and looked into ,the ,revolution1 conducted by some of our old friends and acquaintances1 and of whom we think better than many of their countrymen do2 but we remain decidedly of the opinion that harm instead of good1 to both men and women1 would result from the admission4 ,we say not this because we think lightly of the intellectual or moral capacity of women4 ,we ask not if women are equal1 inferior1 or superior to men2 for the two sexes are different1 and between things different in kind there is no relation of equality or of inequality4 ,of course1 we hold that the woman was made for the man1 not the man for the woman1 and that the husband is the head of the wife1 even as ,christ is the head of the church1 not the wife of the husband2 but it suffices here to say that we do not object to the political enfranchisement of women on the ground of their feebleness1 either of intellect or of body1 or of any real incompetency to vote or to hold office4 ,we are ,catholics1 and the church has always held in high honor chaste1 modest1 and worthy women as matrons1 widows1 or virgins4 ,her calendar has a full proportion of female saints1 whose names she proposes to the honor and veneration of all the faithful4 ,she bids the wife obey her husband in the ,lord2 but asserts her moral independence of him1 leaves her conscience free1 and holds her accountable for her own deeds4 ,women have shown great executive or administrative ability4 ,few men have shown more ability on a throne than ,isabella1 the ,catholic1 of ,spain2 or1 in the affairs of government1 though otherwise faulty enough1 than ,elizabeth of ,england1 and ,catharine ,,ii4 of ,russia4 ,the present queen of the ,british ,isles has had a most successful reign2 but she owes it less to her own abilities than to the wise counsels of her husbands ,prince ,albert1 and her domestic virtues as a wife and a mother1 by which she has won the affections of the ,english people4 #adh ,others have shown rare administrative capacity in governing religious houses1 often no less difficult than to govern a kingdom or an empire4 ,women have a keener insight into the characters of men than have men themselves1 and the success of female sovereigns has1 in great measure1 been due to their ability to discover and call around them the best men in the state1 and to put them in the places they are best fitted for4 ,what women would be as legislators remains to be seen2 they have had little experience in that line2 but it would go hard1 but they would prove themselves not much inferior to the average of the men we send to our ,state legislatures or to our national ,congress4 ,women have also distinguished themselves in the arts as painters and sculptors1 though none of them have ever risen to the front rank4 ,st4 ,catharine of ,egypt cultivated philosophy with success4 ,several holy women have shown great proficiency in mystic theology1 and have written works of great value4 ,in lighter literature1 especially in the present age1 women have taken a leading part4 ,they almost monopolize the modern novel or romance1 and give to contemporary popular literature its tone and character2 yet it must be conceded that no woman has written a first-class romance4 ,the influence of her writings1 speaking generally1 has not tended to purify or exalt the age1 but rather to enfeeble and abase it4 ,the tendency is to substitute sentiment for thought1 morbid passion for strength1 and to produce a weak and unhealthy moral tone4 ,for ourselves1 we own1 though there are some women whose works we read1 and even re-read with pleasure1 we do not1 in general1 admire the popular female literature of the day2 and we do not think that literature is that in which woman is best fitted to excel1 or through which she exerts her most purifying and elevating influences4 ,her writings do not do much to awaken in man's heart the long dormant chivalric love so rife in the romantic ages1 or to render the age healthy1 natural1 and manly4 ,we say awaken2 for chivalry1 in its true and disinterested sense1 is not dead in the coldest man's heart2 it only sleepeth4 ,it is woman's own fault1 more than man's1 that it sleeps1 and wakes not to life and energy4 ,nor do we object to the political enfranchisement of women in the special interest of the male sex4 ,men and women have no separate interests4 ,what elevates the one elevates the other2 what degrades the one degrades the other4 ,men cannot depress women1 place them in a false position1 make them toys or drudges1 without doing an equal injury to themselves2 and one ground of our dislike to the so-called woman's rights movement is1 that it proceeds on the supposition that there is no inter-dependence between men and women1 and seeks to render them mutually independent of each other1 with entirely distinct and separate interests4 ,there is a truth in the old ,greek fable1 related by ,plato in the ,banquet1 that ,jupiter united originally both sexes in one and the same person1 and afterward separated them1 and that now they are but two halves of one whole4 ,god made man after his own image and likeness2 male and female made he them4 ,each1 in this world1 is the complement of the other1 and the more closely identified are their interests1 the better is it for both4 ,we1 in opposing the political enfranchisement of women1 seek the interest of men no more than we do the interest of women themselves4 #adi ,women1 no doubt1 undergo many wrongs1 and are obliged to suffer many hardships1 but seldom they alone4 ,it is a world of trial1 a world in which there are wrongs of all sorts1 and sufferings of all kinds4 ,we have lost paradise1 and cannot regain it in this world4 ,we must go through the valley of the shadow of death before re-entering it4 ,you cannot make earth heaven1 and there is no use in trying2 and least of all can you do it by political means4 ,it is hard for the poor wife to have to maintain a lazy1 idle1 drunken vagabond of a husband1 and three or four children into the bargain2 it is hard for the wife delicately reared1 accomplished1 fitted to adorn the most intellectual1 graceful1 and polished society1 accustomed to every luxury that wealth can procure1 to find herself a widow reduced to poverty1 and a family of young children to support1 and unable to obtain any employment for which she is fitted as the means of supporting them4 ,but men suffer too4 ,it is no less hard for the poor1 industrious1 hardworking man to find what he earns wasted by an idle1 extravagant1 incompetent1 and heedless wife1 who prefers gadding and gossiping to taking care of her household4 ,and how much easier is it for the man who is reduced from affluence to poverty1 a widower with three or four motherless children to provide for8 ,the reduction from affluence to poverty is sometimes the fault of the wife as well as of the husband4 ,it is usually their joint fault4 ,women have wrongs1 so have men2 but a woman has as much power to make a man miserable as a man has to make a woman miserable2 and she tyrannizes over him as often as he does over her4 ,if he has more power of attack1 nature has given her more power of defence4 ,her tongue is as formidable a weapon as his fists1 and she knows well how1 by her seeming meekness1 gentleness1 and apparent martyrdom1 to work on his feelings1 to enlist the sympathy of the neighborhood on her side and against him4 ,women are neither so wronged nor so helpless as ,the ,revolution pretends4 ,men can be brutal1 and women can tease and provoke4 ,but let the evils be as great as they may1 and women as greatly wronged as is pretended1 what can female suffrage and eligibility do by way of relieving them8 ,all modern methods of reform are very much like dram-drinking4 ,the dram needs to be constantly increased in frequency and quantity1 while the prostration grows greater and greater1 till the drinker gets the delirium tremens1 becomes comatose1 and dies4 ,the extension of suffrage in modern times has cured or lessened no social or moral evil2 and under it1 as under any other political system1 the rich grow richer and the poor poorer4 ,double the dram1 enfranchise the women1 give them the political right to vote and be voted for2 what single moral or social evil will it prevent or cure8 ,will it make the drunken husband temperate1 the lazy and idle industrious and diligent8 ,will it prevent the ups and downs of life1 the fall from affluence to poverty1 keep death out of the house1 and prevent widowhood and orphanage8 ,these things are beyond the reach of politics4 ,you cannot legislate men or women into virtue1 into sobriety1 industry1 providence4 ,the doubled dram would only introduce a double poison into the system1 a new element of discord into the family1 and through the family into society1 and hasten the moment of dissolution4 ,when a false principle of reform is adopted1 the evil sought to be cured is only aggravated4 ,the reformers started wrong4 #aej ,they would reform the church by placing her under human control4 ,their successors have in each generation found they did not go far enough1 and have1 each in its turn1 struggled to push it farther and farther1 till they find themselves without any church life1 without faith1 without religion1 and beginning to doubt if there be even a ,god4 ,so1 in politics1 we have pushed the false principle that all individual1 domestic1 and social evils are due to bad government1 and are to be cured by political reforms and changes1 till we have nearly reformed away all government1 at least1 in theory2 have well-nigh abolished the family1 which is the social unit2 and find that the evils we sought to cure1 and the wrongs we sought to redress1 continue undiminished4 ,we cry out in our delirium for another and a larger dram4 ,when you proceed on a true principle1 the more logically and completely you carry it out the better2 but when you start with a false principle1 the more logical you are1 and the farther you push it1 the worse4 ,your consistency increases instead of diminishing the evils you would cure4 ,the conclusive objection to the political enfranchisement of women is1 that it would weaken and finally break up and destroy the ,christian family4 ,the social unit is the family1 not the individual2 and the greatest danger to ,american society is1 that we are rapidly becoming a nation of isolated individuals1 without family ties or affections4 ,the family has already been much weakened1 and is fast disappearing4 ,we have broken away from the old homestead1 have lost the restraining and purifying associations that gathered round it1 and live away from home in hotels and boarding-houses4 ,we are daily losing the faith1 the virtues1 the habits1 and the manners without which the family cannot be sustained2 and when the family goes1 the nation goes too1 or ceases to be worth preserving4 ,god made the family the type and basis of society2 male and female made he them4 ,a large and influential class of women not only neglect but disdain the retired and simple domestic virtues1 and scorn to be tied down to the modest but essential duties--the drudgery1 they call it--of wives and mothers4 ,this1 coupled with the separate pecuniary interests of husband and wife secured1 and the facility of divorce a vinculo matrirmonii allowed by the laws of most of the ,states of the ,union1 make the family1 to a fearful extent1 the mere shadow of what it was and of what it should be4 ,extend now to women suffrage and eligibility2 give them the political right to vote and to be voted for2 render it feasible for them to enter the arena of political strife1 to become canvassers in elections and candidates for office1 and what remains of family union will soon be dissolved4 ,the wife may espouse one political party1 and the husband another1 and it may well happen that the husband and wife may be rival candidates for the same office1 and one or the other doomed to the mortification of defeat4 ,will the husband like to see his wife enter the lists against him1 and triumph over him8 ,will the wife1 fired with political ambition for place or power1 be pleased to see her own husband enter the lists against her1 and succeed at her expense8 ,will political rivalry and the passions it never fails to engender increase the mutual affection of husband and wife for each other1 and promote domestic union and peace1 or will it not carry into the bosom of the family all the strife1 discord1 anger1 and division of the political canvass8 #aea ,then1 when the wife and mother is engrossed in the political canvass1 or in discharging her duties as a representative or senator in ,congress1 a member of the cabinet1 or a major-general in the field1 what is to become of the children8 ,the mother will have little leisure1 perhaps less inclination1 to attend to them4 ,a stranger1 or even the father1 cannot supply her place4 ,children need a mother's care2 her tender nursing1 her sleepless vigilance1 and her mild and loving but unfailing discipline4 ,this she cannot devolve on the father1 or turn over to strangers4 ,nobody can supply the place of a mother4 ,children1 then1 must be neglected2 nay1 they will be in the way1 and be looked upon as an encumbrance4 ,mothers will repress their maternal instincts2 and the horrible crime of infanticide before birth1 now becoming so fearfully prevalent1 and actually causing a decrease in the native population of several of the ,states of the ,union as well as in more than one ,european country1 will become more prevalent still1 and the human race be threatened with extinction4 ,women in easy circumstances1 and placing pleasure before duty1 grow weary of the cares of maternity1 and they would only become more weary still if the political arena were opened to their ambition4 ,woman was created to be a wife and a mother2 that is her destiny4 ,to that destiny all her instincts point1 and for it nature has specially qualified her4 ,her proper sphere is home1 and her proper function is the care of the household1 to manage a family1 to take care of children1 and attend to their early training4 ,for this she is endowed with patience1 endurance1 passive courage1 quick sensibilities1 a sympathetic nature1 and great executive and administrative ability4 ,she was born to be a queen in her own household1 and to make home cheerful1 bright1 and happy4 ,surely those women who are wives and mothers should stay at home and discharge its duties2 and the woman's rights party1 by seeking to draw her away from the domestic sphere1 where she is really great1 noble1 almost divine1 and to throw her into the turmoil of political life1 would rob her of her true dignity and worth1 and place her in a position where all her special qualifications and peculiar excellences would count for nothing4 ,she cannot be spared from home for that4 ,it is pretended that woman's generous sympathies1 her nice sense of justice1 and her indomitable perseverance in what she conceives to be right are needed to elevate our politics above the low1 grovelling and sordid tastes of men2 but while we admit that women will make almost any sacrifice to obtain their own will1 and make less than men do of obstacles or consequences1 we are not aware that they have a nicer or a truer sense of justice1 or are more disinterested in their aims than men4 ,all history proves that the corruptest epochs in a nation's life are precisely those in which women have mingled most in political affairs1 and have had the most influence in their management4 ,if they go into the political world1 they will1 if the distinction of sex is lost sight of1 have no special advantage over men1 nor be more influential for good or for evil4 ,if they go as women1 using all the blandishments1 seductions1 arts1 and intrigues of their sex1 their influence will tend more to corrupt and debase than to purify and elevate4 ,women usually will stick at nothing to carry their points2 and when unable to carry them by appeals to the strength of the other sex1 they will appeal to its weakness4 ,when once they have thrown off their native modesty1 and entered a public arena with men1 they will go to lengths that men will not4 #aeb ,lady ,macbeth looks with steady nerves and unblanched cheek on a crime from which her husband shrinks with horror1 and upbraids him with his cowardice for letting ,i dare not wait upon ,i would4 ,it was not she who saw ,banquo's ghost4 ,we have heard it argued that1 if women were to take part in our elections1 they would be quietly and decorously conducted2 that her presence would do more than a whole army of police officials to maintain order1 to banish all fighting1 drinking1 profane swearing1 venality1 and corruption4 ,this would undoubtedly be1 to some extent1 the case1 if1 under the new rgime1 men should retain the same chivalric respect for women that they now have4 ,men now regard women as placed in some sort under their protection1 or the safeguard of their honor4 ,but when she insists that the distinction of sex shall be disregarded1 and tells us that she asks no favors1 regards all offers of protection to her as a woman as an insult1 and that she holds herself competent to take care of herself1 and to compete with men on their own ground1 and in what has hitherto been held to be their own work1 she may be sure that she will be taken at her word1 that she will miss that deference now shown her1 and which she has been accustomed to claim as her right1 and be treated with all the indifference men show to one another4 ,she cannot have the advantages of both sexes at once4 ,when she forgets that she is a woman1 and insists on being treated as a man1 men will forget that she is a woman1 and allow her no advantage on account of her sex4 ,when she seeks to make herself a man1 she will lose her influence as a woman1 and be treated as a man4 ,women are not needed as men2 they are needed as women1 to do1 not what men can do as well as they1 but what men cannot do4 ,there is nothing which more grieves the wise and good1 or makes them tremble for the future of the country1 than the growing neglect or laxity of family discipline2 than the insubordination1 the lawlessness1 and precocious depravity of ,young ,america4 ,there is1 with the children of this generation1 almost a total lack of filial reverence and obedience4 ,and whose fault is it8 ,it is chiefly the fault of the mothers1 who fail to govern their households1 and to bring up their children in a ,christian manner4 ,exceptions there happily are2 but the number of children that grow up without any proper training or discipline at home is fearfully large1 and their evil example corrupts not a few of those who are well brought up4 ,the country is no better than the town4 ,wives forget what they owe to their husbands1 are capricious and vain1 often light and frivolous1 extravagant and foolish1 bent on having their own way1 though ruinous to the family1 and generally contriving1 by coaxings1 blandishments1 or poutings1 to get it4 ,they set an ill example to their children1 who soon lose all respect for the authority of the mother1 who1 as a wife1 forgets to honor and obey her husband1 and who1 seeing her have her own way with him1 insist on having their own way with her1 and usually succeed4 ,as a rule1 children are no longer subjected to a steady and firm1 but mild and judicious discipline1 or trained to habits of filial obedience4 ,hence1 our daughters1 when they become wives and mothers1 have none of the habits or character necessary to govern their household and to train their children4 ,those habits and that character are acquired only in a school of obedience1 made pleasant and cheerful by a mother's playful smile and a mother's love4 #aec ,we know we have not in this the sympathy of the women whose organ is ,the ,revolution4 ,they hold obedience in horror1 and seek only to govern1 not their own husbands only1 not children1 but men1 but the state1 but the nation1 and to be relieved of household cares1 especially of child-bearing1 and of the duty of bringing up children4 ,we should be sorry to do or say anything which these1 in their present mood1 could sympathize with4 ,it is that which is a woman's special duty in the order of providence1 and which constitutes her peculiar glory1 that they regard as their great wrong4 ,the duty we insist on is especially necessary in a country like ours1 where there is so little respect for authority1 and government is but the echo of public opinion4 ,wives and mothers1 by neglecting their domestic duties and the proper family discipline1 fail to offer the necessary resistance to growing lawlessness and crime1 aggravated1 if not generated1 by the false notions of freedom and equality so widely entertained4 ,it is only by home discipline1 and the early habits of reverence and obedience to which our children are trained1 that the license the government tolerates1 and the courts hardly dare attempt to restrain1 can be counteracted1 and the community made a law-loving and a law-abiding community4 ,the very bases of society have been sapped1 and the conditions of good government despised1 or denounced under the name of despotism4 ,social and political life is poisoned in its source1 and the blood of the nation corrupted1 and chiefly because wives and mothers have failed in their domestic duties1 and the discipline of their families4 ,how1 then1 can the community1 the nation itself1 subsist1 if we call them away from home1 and render its duties still more irksome to them1 instead of laboring to fit them for a more faithful discharge of their duties8 ,we have said the evils complained of are chiefly due to the women1 and we have said so because it grows chiefly out of their neglect of their families4 ,the care and management of children during their early years belong specially to the mother4 ,it is her special function to plant and develop in their young and impressible minds the seeds of virtue1 love1 reverence1 and obedience1 and to train her daughters1 by precept and example1 not to be looking out for an eligible parti1 nor to catch husbands that will give them splendid establishments1 but to be1 in due time1 modest and affectionate wives1 tender and judicious mothers1 and prudent and careful housekeepers4 ,this the father cannot do2 and his interference1 except by wise counsel1 and to honor and sustain the mother1 will generally be worse than nothing4 ,the task devolves specially on the mother2 for it demands the sympathy with children which is peculiar to the female heart1 the strong maternal instinct implanted by nature1 and directed by a judicious education1 that blending of love and authority1 sentiment and reason1 sweetness and power1 so characteristic of the noble and true-hearted woman1 and which so admirably fit her to be loved and honored1 only less than adored1 in her own household4 ,when she neglects this duty1 and devotes her time to pleasure or amusement1 wasting her life in luxurious ease1 in reading sentimental or sensational novels1 or in following the caprices of fashion1 the household goes to ruin1 the children grow up wild1 without discipline1 and the honest earnings of the husband become speedily insufficient for the family expenses1 and he is sorely tempted to provide for them by rash speculation or by fraud1 which1 though it may be carried on for a while without detection1 is sure to end in disgrace and ruin at last4 #aed ,concede now to women suffrage and eligibility1 throw them into the whirlpool of politics1 set them to scrambling for office1 and you aggravate the evil a hundred fold4 ,children1 if suffered to be born1 which is hardly to be expected1 will be still more neglected2 family discipline still more relaxed1 or rendered still more capricious or inefficient2 our daughters will grow up more generally still without any adequate training to be wives and mothers1 and our sons still more destitute of those habits of filial reverence and obedience1 love of order and discipline1 without which they can hardly be sober1 prudent1 and worthy heads of families1 or honest citizens4 ,we have thus far spoken of women only as wives and mothers2 but we are told that there are thousands of women who are not and cannot be wives and mothers4 ,in the older and more densely settled ,states of the ,union there is an excess of females over males1 and all cannot get husbands if they would4 ,yet1 we repeat1 woman was created to be a wife and a mother1 and the woman that is not fails of her special destiny4 ,we hold in high honor spinsters and widows1 and do not believe their case anywhere need be or is utterly hopeless4 ,there is a mystery in ,christianity which the true and enlightened ,christian recognizes and venerates--that of the ,virgin-,mother4 ,those women who cannot be wives and mothers in the natural order1 may be both in the spiritual order1 if they will4 ,they can be wedded to the ,holy ,spirit1 and be the mothers of minds and hearts4 ,the holy virgins and devout widows who consecrate themselves to ,god in or out of religious orders1 are both1 and fulfil in the spiritual order their proper destiny4 ,they are married to a celestial ,spouse1 and become mothers to the motherless1 to the poor1 the destitute1 the homeless4 ,they instruct the ignorant1 nurse the sick1 help the helpless1 tend the aged1 catch the last breath of the dying1 pray for the unbelieving and the cold hearted1 and elevate the moral tone of society1 and shed a cheering radiance along the pathway of life4 ,they are dear to ,god1 dear to the church1 and dear to ,christian society4 ,they are to be envied1 not pitied4 ,it is only because you have lost faith in ,christ1 faith in the holy ,catholic ,church1 and have become gross in your minds1 of the earth1 earthy1 that you deplore the lot of the women who cannot1 in the natural order1 find husbands4 ,the church provides better for them than you can do1 even should you secure female suffrage and eligibility4 ,we do not1 therefore1 make an exception from our general remarks in favor of those who have and can get no earthly husbands1 and who have no children born of their flesh to care for4 ,there are spiritual relations which they can contract1 and purely feminine duties1 more than they can perform1 await them1 to the poor and ignorant1 the aged and infirm1 the helpless and the motherless1 or1 worse than motherless1 the neglected4 ,under proper direction1 they can lavish on these the wealth of their affections1 the tenderness of their hearts1 and the ardor of their charity1 and find true joy and happiness in so doing1 and ample scope for woman's noblest ambition4 ,they have no need to be idle or useless4 ,in a world of so much sin and sorrow1 sickness and suffering1 there is always work enough for them to do1 and there are always chances enough to acquire merit in the sight of ,heaven1 and true glory1 that will shine brighter and brighter for ever4 #aee ,we know men often wrong women and cause them great suffering by their selfishness1 tyranny1 and brutality2 whether more than women1 by their follies and caprices1 cause men1 we shall not undertake to determine4 ,man1 except in fiction1 is not always a devil1 nor woman an angel4 ,since the woman's rights people claim that in intellect woman is man's equal1 and in firmness of will far his superior1 it ill becomes them to charge to him alone what is wrong or painful in her condition1 and they must recognize her as equally responsible with him for whatever is wrong in the common lot of men and women4 ,there is much wrong on both sides2 much suffering1 and much needless suffering1 in life4 ,both men and women might be1 and ought to be1 better than they are4 ,but it is sheer folly or madness to suppose that either can be made better or happier by political suffrage and eligibility2 for the evil to be cured is one that cannot be reached by any possible political or legislative action4 ,that the remedy1 to a great extent1 must be supplied by woman's action and influence we concede1 but not by her action and influence in politics4 ,it can only be by her action and influence as woman1 as wife1 and mother2 in sustaining with her affection the resolutions and just aspirations of her husband or her sons1 and forming her children to early habits of filial love and reverence1 of obedience to law1 and respect for authority4 ,that she may do this1 she needs not her political enfranchisement or her entire independence of the other sex1 but a better and more thorough system of education for daughters--an education that specially adapts them to the destiny of their sex1 and prepares them to find their happiness in their homes1 and the satisfaction of their highest ambition in discharging its manifold duties1 so much higher1 nobler1 and more essential to the virtue and well-being of the community1 the nation1 society1 and to the life and progress of the human race1 than any which devolve on king or kaiser1 magistrate or legislator4 ,we would not have their generous instincts repressed1 their quick sensibilities blunted8 or their warm1 sympathetic nature chilled1 nor even the lighter graces and accomplishments neglected2 but we would have them all directed and harmonized by solid intellectual instruction1 and moral and religious culture4 ,we would have them1 whether rich or poor1 trained to find the centre of their affections in their home2 their chief ambition in making it cheerful1 bright1 radiant1 and happy4 ,whether destined to grace a magnificent palace1 or to adorn the humble cottage of poverty1 this should be the ideal aimed at in their education4 ,they should be trained to love home1 and to find their pleasure in sharing its cares and performing its duties1 however arduous or painful4 ,there are comparatively few mothers qualified to give their daughters such an education1 especially in our own country2 for comparatively few have received such an education themselves1 or are able fully to appreciate its importance4 ,they can find little help in the fashionable boarding-schools for finishing young ladies2 and in general these schools only aggravate the evil to be cured4 ,the best and the only respectable schools for daughters that we have in the country are the conventual schools taught by women consecrated to ,god1 and specially devoted to the work of education4 ,these schools1 indeed1 are not always all that might be wished4 #aef ,the good religious sometimes follow educational traditions perhaps better suited to the social arrangements of other countries than of our own1 and sometimes underrate the value of intellectual culture4 ,they do not always give as solid an intellectual education as the ,american woman needs1 and devote a disproportionate share of their attention to the cultivation of the affections and sentiments1 and to exterior graces and accomplishments4 ,the defects we hint at are not1 however1 wholly1 nor chiefly1 their fault2 they are obliged to consult1 in some measure1 the tastes and wishes of parents and guardians1 whose views for their daughters and wards are not always very profound1 very wise1 very just1 or very ,christian4 ,the religious cannot1 certainly1 supply the place of the mother in giving their pupils that practical home training so necessary1 and which can be given only by mothers who have themselves been properly educated2 but they go as far as is possible in remedying the defects of the present generation of mothers1 and in counteracting their follies and vain ambitions4 ,with all the faults that can be alleged against any of them1 the conventual schools1 even as they are1 it must be conceded1 are infinitely the best schools for daughters in the land1 and1 upon the whole1 worthy of the high praise and liberal patronage their devotedness and disinterestedness secure them4 ,we have seldom found their graduates weak and sickly sentimentalists4 ,they develop in their pupils a cheerful and healthy tone1 and a high sense of duty2 give them solid moral and religious instruction2 cultivate successfully their moral and religious affections2 refine their manners1 purify their tastes1 and send them out feeling that life is serious1 life is earnest1 and resolved always to act under a deep sense of their personal responsibilities1 and meet whatever may be their lot with brave hearts and without murmuring or repining4 ,we do not disguise the fact that our hopes for the future1 in great measure1 rest on these conventual schools4 ,as they are multiplied1 and the number of their graduates increase1 and enter upon the serious duties of life1 the ideal of female education will be come higher and broader2 a nobler class of wives and mothers will exert a healthy and purifying influence2 religion will become a real power in the republic2 the moral tone of the community and the standard of private and public morality will be elevated2 and thus may gradually be acquired the virtues that will enable us as a people to escape the dangers that now threaten us1 and to save the republic as well as our own souls4 ,sectarians1 indeed1 declaim against these schools1 and denounce them as a subtle device of ,satan to make their daughters ,romanists2 but ,satan probably dislikes ,romanism even more than sectarians do1 and is much more in earnest to suppress or ruin our conventual schools1 in which he is not held in much honor1 than he is to sustain and encourage them4 ,at any rate1 our countrymen who have such a horror of the religion it is our glory to profess that they cannot call it by its true name1 would do well1 before denouncing these schools1 to establish better schools for daughters of their own4 ,now1 we dare tell these women who are wasting so much time1 energy1 philanthropy1 and brilliant eloquence in agitating for female suffrage and eligibility1 which1 if conceded1 would only make matters worse1 that1 if they have the real interest of their sex or of the community at heart1 they should turn their attention to the education of daughters for their special functions1 not as men1 but as women who are one day to be wives and mothers--woman's true destiny4 #aeg ,these modest1 retiring sisters and nuns1 who have no new theories or schemes of social reform1 and upon whom you look down with haughty contempt1 as weak1 spiritless1 and narrow-minded1 have chosen the better part1 and are doing infinitely more to raise woman to her true dignity1 and for the political and social as well as for the moral and religious progress of the country1 than you with all your grand conventions1 brilliant speeches1 stirring lectures1 and spirited journals4 ,for poor working-women and poor working-men1 obliged to subsist by their labor1 and who can find no employment1 we feel a deep sympathy1 and would favor any feasible method of relieving them with our best efforts4 ,but why cannot ,american girls find employment as well as ,irish and ,german girls1 who are employed almost as soon as they touch our shores1 and at liberal wages8 ,there is always work enough to be done if women are qualified to do it1 and are not above doing it4 ,but be that as it may1 the remedy is not political1 and must be found1 if found at all1 elsewhere than in suffrage and eligibility4 ---------- ,daybreak4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,chez ,lui4 ,miss ,hamilton did not go down to dinner the first day2 but when she heard ,mr4 ,granger come in1 sent a line to him1 excusing herself till evening1 on the plea that she needed rest4 ,the truth was1 however1 that she shrank from first meeting the family at table1 a place which allows so little escape from embarrassment4 ,her door had been left ajar2 and in a few minutes she heard a silken rustling on the stairs1 then a faint tap2 and at her summons there entered a small1 lily-faced woman who looked like something that might have grown out of the pallid ,march evening4 ,the silver-gray of her trailing dress1 the uncertain tints of her hair1 deepening from flaxen to pale brown1 even the cobwebby ,mechlin laces she wore1 so thin as to have no color of their own--all were like light1 cool shadows4 ,this lady entered with a dainty timidity which by no means excluded the most perfect self-possession1 but rather indicated an extreme solicitude for the person she visited4 ,do ,i intrude8 she asked in a soft1 hesitating way4 ,mr4 ,granger thought ,i might come up4 ,we feared that you were ill4 ,margaret was annoyed to feel herself blushing4 ,there was something keen in this lady's beautiful violet eyes1 underneath their superficial expression of anxious kindness4 ,i am not ill1 only tired1 she replied4 ,i meant to go down awhile after dinner4 ,i am ,mrs4 ,lewis1 the stranger announced1 seating herself by the bedside4 ,my husband and ,i1 and my husband's niece1 ,aurelia ,lewis1 live here4 ,we don't call it boarding1 you know4 ,i hope that you will like us4 #aeh ,this wish was expressed in a manner so nave and earnest that ,margaret could but smile in making answer that she was quite prepared to be pleased with everything1 and that her only fear was lest she might disturb the harmony of their circle--not by being disagreeable in herself1 but simply in being one more4 ,with a gesture at once graceful and kind1 ,mrs4 ,lewis touched ,margaret's hand with her slight1 chilly fingers4 ,you are the one more whom we want1 she said2 we have been rejoicing over the prospect of having you with us4 ,you do not break1 you complete the circle4 ,her quick ear had caught a lingering tone of pain2 and she had already found something pathetic in that thin face and those languid eyes4 ,miss ,hamilton did not appear to be a person likely to disturb the empire which this lady prided herself on exercising over their household4 ,i know very little about the family1 ,margaret remarked4 ,mr4 ,granger mentioned some names4 ,i am not sure if they were all4 ,and men never think of the many trifles we like to be told4 ,her visitor sighed resignedly4 ,certainly not--the sublime creatures6 ,it is the difference between fresco and miniature1 you know4 ,let me enlighten you a little4 ,besides those of us whom you have seen1 there are only ,mr4 ,southard1 my husband1 and ,aurelia4 ,we consider ourselves a very happy family4 ,of course1 being human1 we have occasional jars2 but there is always the understanding that our real friendship is unimpaired by them4 ,and we defend each other like ,trojans from any outside attack4 ,we try to manage so as to have but one angry at a time1 the others acting as peacemakers4 ,the only one who may trouble you is my husband4 ,i am anxious concerning him and you4 ,with her head a little on one side1 the lady contemplated her companion with a look of pretty distress4 ,forewarned is forearmed1 suggested ,miss ,hamilton4 ,why1 you see1 her visitor said confidentially1 ,mr4 ,lewis is one of those provoking beings who take a mischievous delight in misrepresenting themselves1 not for the better1 but the worse4 ,if they see a person leaning very much in one way1 they are sure to lean very much the other way4 ,mr4 ,southard calls my husband an infidel1 whatever that is4 ,there certainly are a great many things which he does not believe4 ,but one half of his scepticism is a mere pretence to tease the minister4 ,i hope you won't be vexed with him4 ,you won't when you come to know him4 ,sometimes ,i don't altogether blame him4 ,of course we all admire ,mr4 ,southard in the most fatiguing manner2 but it cannot be denied that he does interpret and perform his duties in the preraphaelite style1 ,with a pitiless adherence to chapter and verse4 ,still1 ,i often think that much of his apparent severity may be in those chiselled features of his4 ,one is occasionally surprised by some sign of indulgence in him1 some touch of grace or tenderness4 ,but even while you look1 the charm1 without disappearing1 freezes before your eyes1 like spray in winter4 ,i don't know just what to think of him2 but ,i suspect that he has missed his vocation1 that he was made for a monk or a ,jesuit4 ,it would never do to breathe such a thought to him1 though4 ,he thinks that the ,pope is ,antichrist4 ,and isn't he8 calmly asked the granddaughter of the ,rev4 ,doctor ,hamilton4 ,mrs4 ,lewis put up her hand to refasten a bunch of honey-sweet tuberoses that were slipping from the glossy coils of her hair1 and by the gesture concealed a momentary amused twinkle of her eyes4 #aei ,oh6 ,i dare say6 she replied lightly4 ,but such a dear1 benignant old antichrist as he is6 ,ages ago1 when we were in ,rome1 ,i was in the crowd before ,st4 ,peter's when the pope gave the ,easter benediction4 ,involuntarily ,i knelt with the rest2 and really1 ,miss ,hamilton1 that seemed to me the only benediction ,i ever received4 ,i did not understand my own emotion4 ,it was quite unexpected4 ,perhaps it was something in that intoxicating atmosphere which is only half air2 the other half is soul4 ,margaret was silent4 ,she had no wish to express any displeasure2 but she was shocked to hear the mystical ,babylon spoken of with toleration1 and that by a descendant of the puritans4 ,mrs4 ,lewis sat a moment with downcast eyes1 aware of1 and quietly submitting to the scrutiny of the other--by no means afraid of it1 quite confident1 probably1 that the result would be agreeable4 ,this lady was about forty years of age1 delicate rather than beautiful1 with a frosty sparkle about her4 ,her manner was gentleness itself2 but one soon perceived something fine and sharp beneath2 a blue arrowy glance that carried home a phrase otherwise light as a feather1 a slight emphasis that made the more obvious meaning of a word glance aside1 an unnecessary suavity of expression that led to suspicion of some pungent hidden meaning4 ,but with all her airy malice there was much of genuine honesty and kind feeling4 ,she was like a faceted gem1 showing her little glittering shield at every turn2 but still a gem4 ,aurelia is quite impatient to welcome you1 she resumed softly4 ,you cannot fail to like her1 when you happen to think of it4 ,she is sweet and beautiful all through4 ,now ,i will leave you to take your rest1 and read the note of which ,mr4 ,granger made me the bearer4 ,i hope to see you this evening4 ,margaret looked after the little lady as she glided away1 glancing back from the door with a friendly smile and nod1 then disappeared1 soundless save for the rustling of her dress4 ,she listened to that faint silken whisper on the stairs1 then to the soft shutting of the parlor door1 two pushes before it latched4 ,then she read her note4 ,it was but a line4 ,rest as long as you wish to4 ,but when you are able to come down1 we all want to see you4 ,she went down to the parlor after dinner1 and found the whole family there4 ,there was yet so much of daylight that one gentleman1 sitting in a western window1 was reading the evening paper by it2 but the stream of gaslight that came in from some room at the end of the long suite made a red-golden path across the darkened back-parlor1 and caught brightly here and there on the carving of a picture1 a curve of bronze or marble1 or the gilding of a book-cover1 and glimmered unsteadily over a winged ,mercury that leaned out of the vague dusk and sparkle1 tiptoe1 at point of flight1 with lifted face and glinting eyes4 ,mr4 ,granger stood near the door by which ,margaret entered1 evidently on the watch for her2 and at sight of him that slight nervous embarrassment inseparable from her circumstances1 and from the unstrung condition of her mind and body1 instantly died away4 ,to her he was strength1 courage1 and protection4 ,shielded by his friendship1 she feared nothing4 ,mrs4 ,lewis and ,dora met her like old friends2 that florid gentleman with ,english side-whiskers she guessed to be ,mr4 ,lewis2 and she recognized that fine profile clear against the opaline west4 #afj ,mr4 ,southard came forward at once1 scarcely waiting for an introduction4 ,a granddaughter of the ,rev4 ,doctor ,hamilton8 he said with emphasis4 ,i am happy to see you4 ,miss ,hamilton received tranquilly his cordial salutation1 and mentally consigned it to the manes of her grandfather4 ,mr4 ,lewis got up out of his armchair1 and bowed lowly4 ,madam1 he said with great deliberation1 ,i do not in the least care who your grandfather was4 ,i am glad to see you4 ,thank you6 said ,margaret4 ,the gentleman settled rather heavily into his chair again4 ,he was one of those who would rather sit than stand4 ,margaret turned to meet his niece1 who was offering her hand1 and murmuring some word of welcome4 ,she looked at ,aurelia ,lewis with delight1 perceiving then what ,mrs4 ,lewis had meant in saying that her husband's niece was sweet and beautiful all through4 ,the girl radiated loveliness4 ,she was a blonde1 with deep ambers and browns in her hair and eyes1 looking like some translucent creature shone through by rich sunset lights too soft for brilliancy4 ,she was large1 suave1 a trifle sirupy1 perhaps1 but sweet to the core1 had no salient points in her disposition1 but a charmingly liquid way of adapting herself to the angles of others4 ,if the looks and manners of ,mrs4 ,lewis were faceted1 those of her husband's niece were what jewelers' call en cabochon4 ,what ,aurelia said was nothing4 ,she was not a reportable person4 ,what she was was delicious4 ,i remember ,doctor ,hamilton very well1 ,mr4 ,lewis said when the ladies had finished their compliments4 ,he was one of those men who make religion respectable4 ,he held some pretty hard doctrines2 but he believed every one of 'em1 and held 'em with a grip4 ,the last time ,i saw him was seven or eight years ago1 just before his death4 ,they had up their everlasting petition before the legislature here1 for the abolition of capital punishment2 and a committee was appointed to attend to the matter4 ,i went up to one of their hearings4 ,there were ,phillips1 ,pierpont1 ,andrew1 ,spear1 and a lot of other smooth-tongued1 soft-hearted fellows who didn't want the poor1 dear murderers to be hanged2 and on the other side were ,doctor ,hamilton with his eyes and his cane1 common sense1 ,moses and the decalogue4 ,they had rather a rough time of it4 ,andrew called your grandfather an old fogy1 over some one else's shoulders2 and ,phillips tilted over ,moses1 tables and all1 with that sharp lance of his4 ,but ,doctor ,hamilton stood there as firm as a rock1 and beat them all out4 ,he had the glance of an eagle1 and a way of swinging his arm about1 when he was in earnest1 that looked as if it wouldn't take much provocation to make him hit straight out4 ,phillips said something that he didn't like1 and the doctor stamped at him4 ,well1 the upshot of the matter was1 that capital punishment was not abolished that year1 thanks to one tough1 intrepid old man4 ,my grandfather was very resolute1 said ,margaret1 with a slight1 proud smile4 ,yes1 answered ,mr4 ,lewis1 he would have made a prime soldier1 if he hadn't made the mistake of being a doctor of divinity4 ,the church needed his authoritative speech1 said ,mr4 ,southard1 with decision4 ,to the minister of ,god belongs the voice of denunciation as well as the voice of prayer4 #afa ,mr4 ,lewis gave his moustache an impatient twitch4 ,mr4 ,granger seized the first opportunity to speak aside to ,margaret4 ,you like these people8 ,you are contented8 he asked hastily4 ,yes1 and yes1 she replied4 ,you think that you will feel at home when you have become better acquainted with them8 he pursued4 ,it seems to me that ,i have always lived here1 she answered1 smiling4 ,there is not the least strangeness4 ,indeed1 surprising things1 if they are pleasant1 never surprise me4 ,i am always expecting miracles4 ,it is only painful or trivial events which find me incredulous and ill at ease4 ,the chandeliers were lighted1 and the windows closed2 but1 according to their pleasant occasional custom1 the curtains were not drawn for a while yet4 ,if any person in the street took pleasure in seeing this family gathering1 they were welcome4 ,mrs4 ,lewis broke a few sprays from a musk-vine over-starred with yellow blossoms1 and twined them into a wreath as she slowly approached the two who were standing near a book-case4 ,vive le roi6 she said1 lifting the wreath to the marble brows of a ,shakespeare that stood on the lower shelf4 ,margaret glanced along a row of blue and brown covers1 and exclaimed1 ,my ,brownings6 all hail6 there they are6 ,you also6 said ,mrs4 ,lewis1 with a grimace4 ,own1 now1 that they jolt horribly--that the ,browning ,pegasus is a racker1 and that the ,browning road up ,parnassus is macadamized with--well1 diamonds1 if you will1 but diamonds in the rough4 ,true1 the hoofs do make dents2 they do dash over the ground with a four-footed trampling2 but-- a shrug and a shiver completed the sentence4 ,mrs4 ,browning needs a lapidary1 ,mr4 ,granger said2 but her husband's constipated style is a necessity4 ,his books are books of quintessences4 ,at first ,i thought him suggestive2 but soon perceived that he was stimulating instead4 ,he seems to have brushed a subject4 ,look again1 and you will see that he has exhausted it4 ,margaret read the titles of the books1 and in them read1 also1 something of the minds of her new associates4 ,there were a few shining names from each of the great nations1 and a good selection of ,english and ,american authors1 the patriarchs in their places4 ,she had a word for each1 but thought1 ,i wonder why ,i like ,lowell1 almost in silence1 yet like him best4 ,near this was another case of books1 all ,oriental1 or relating to the ,orient4 ,there were the ,talmud and the ,koran2 there were hideous mythologies full of propitiatory prayers to the devil4 ,there were ,vathek1 ,the ,arabian ,nights1 ,ferdousi1 and a hundred others4 ,over this case hung an oval water-color of sea and sky with a rising sun blazing at the horizon1 lighting with flickering gold a path across the blue1 liquid expanse1 and flooding with light the ethereal spaces4 ,on a scroll beneath this was inscribed1 ,ex ,oriente ,lux4 ,light and hasheesh1 said ,mr4 ,southard laughingly4 ,don't linger there too long4 ,mr4 ,granger called ,dora to him4 ,what has my little girl been learning to-day8 he asked4 ,the little one's eyes flashed with a sudden1 glorious recollection4 ,o papa6 ,i can spell cup4 ,the father was suitably astonished4 ,is it possible8 ,let me hear4 ,the child raised her eyebrows1 and played the coquette with her erudition4 ,you spell it1 she said tauntingly4 #afb ,mr4 ,granger leaned back in his chair1 and knitted his brows in intense study4 ,t-a-s-s-e1 cup4 ,no-o1 papa1 said the fairy at his knee4 ,t-a-z-z-a1 cup6 he essayed again4 ,dora shook her flossy curls4 ,t-a-z-a1 cup6 he said desperately4 ,the child looked at him with tears in her eyes4 ,oh6 he said1 c-u-p1 cup6 at which she screamed with delight4 ,how blue it sounds1 said ,margaret4 ,like a ,canterbury bell with a handle to it4 ,a tray was brought in with coffee1 which was ,dora's signal to go to bed4 ,she took an affectionate leave of all1 but hid her face in ,margaret's neck in saying good night4 ,who was the little girl in the picture8 she whispered4 ,it was you1 dear1 was the reply4 ,i keeped thinking of it this ever so long1 said the child4 ,her father always accompanied her to the foot of the stairs2 and the two went out together1 ,dora clinging to his hand1 which she held against her cheek1 and he looking down upon her with a fond smile4 ,margaret shrank with a momentary spasm of pain and terror1 as she looked after them4 ,how fearful is that clinging love which human beings have for each other6 how terrible1 since1 sooner or later1 they must part2 since1 at any instant1 the hand of fate may be outstretched to snatch them asunder6 ,are you ill8 whispered ,aurelia1 touching her arm4 ,margaret started1 and recollected herself with an effort2 then smiled without an effort2 for the door opened1 and ,mr4 ,granger came in again1 glancing first at her1 then coming to sit near her4 ,i have found out the origin of coffee1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said4 ,it is1 or is capable of being1 a ,mohammedan legend4 ,i will tell you4 ,when ,mother ,eve1 to whom be peace6 fell1 after her sin1 from the seventh heaven1 and was precipitated to earth1 as she slipped over the verge of ,paradise1 she instinctively flung out her arm1 and caught at a shrub with milk-white blossoms that grew there4 ,it broke in her hand4 ,she fell into ,arabia1 near ,mocha4 ,the branch that fell with her took root and grew1 and had blossoms with five petals1 as white as the beautiful ,mother's five fingers4 ,and that's the history of coffee4 ,aura1 give me a cup without delay4 ,that story was salt4 ,why should we not have sentiments with so wonderful a draught8 ,mr4 ,granger said4 ,propose anything4 ,shall ,i begin8 ,i have been reading the ,european news4 ,victor ,emmanuel is dawning like a sun over ,italy4 ,i propose ,rome1 the dead lion1 with honey for ,samson4 ,mr4 ,lewis pushed out his underlip4 ,he always scouted at republicans1 red or black4 ,i follow you1 he said immediately1 with a sly glance at ,mr4 ,southard4 ,rome1 the rock that does not crack1 though all the bores blast it4 ,there was a momentary pause1 during which the eyes of the minister scintillated4 ,then he exclaimed1 ,luther1 the ,moses at the stroke of whose rod the rock was rent1 and the gospel waters loosed4 ,ah6 ,luther6 endorsed ,mr4 ,lewis with an affectation of enthusiasm4 ,greater than ,nimrod1 he built a ,babel which babbles to the ends of the earth4 ,mr4 ,southard flashed out1 ,yes2 and every tongue can spell the word ,bible1 sir6 ,and deny its plainest teachings1 was the retort2 and vilify the hand that preserved it6 #afc ,now1 ,charles1 interposed ,mrs4 ,lewis1 touching her husband's arm1 why will you say what you do not mean1 just for the sake of being disagreeable8 ,you know1 ,mr4 ,southard1 that he cares no more for ,rome than he does for ,pekin1 and knows no more about it1 indeed4 ,the fact is1 he has the greatest respect for our church--may ,i say militant8 ,sweet peacemaker6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,lewis1 delighted with the neat little sting at the end of his wife's speech4 ,aurelia lifted her cup1 and interposed with a laughing quotation3 ',here's a health to all those that we love4 ,here's a health to all them that love us4 ,here's a health to all those that love them that love those that love them that love those that love us4' ,this was drunk with acclamations1 and peace restored4 ,after a while ,mr4 ,lewis managed1 or happened1 to find ,margaret apart4 ,i protest ,i never had a worse opinion of myself than ,i have tonight1 he said4 ,there ,i had promised ,louis and my wife to let religion alone1 and not get up a skirmish with the minister for at least a week after you came2 and ,i meant to keep my promise4 ,but you see what my resolutions are worth4 ,i am sincerely sorry if ,i have vexed you4 ,he looked so sorry1 and spoke so frankly1 that ,margaret could not help giving him a pleasant answer1 though she had been displeased4 ,the fact is1 he went on1 lowering his voice1 ,i have seen so much cant1 and hypocrisy1 and inconsistency in religion that it has disgusted me with the whole business4 ,i may go too far4 ,i don't doubt that there are honest men and women in the churches2 but to my mind they are few and far between4 ,i've nothing to say against ,mr4 ,southard1 and ,i don't want any one else to speak against him4 ,i say uglier things to his face than ,i would say behind his back4 ,he's a good man1 according to his light2 but you must permit me to say that it is a ,bengal-light to my eyes4 ,i can't stand it4 ,it turns me blue all through4 ,perhaps you do not understand him1 ,margaret suggested4 ,may be you haven't given him a chance to explain4 ,i tried to be fair1 was the reply4 ,now ,southard1 said ,i1 tell me what you want me to believe1 and ,i'll believe if ,i can4 ,well1 the first thing he told me was1 that ,i must give up my reason4 ',by ,george1 ,i won't6' said ,i1 and there was an end to the catechism4 ,of course1 if ,i set my reason aside1 ,i might be made to believe that chalk is cheese4 ,perhaps ,i am stubborn and material1 as he says2 but ,i am what ,god made me2 and ,i won't pretend to be anything else4 ,i believe that there is somewhere a way for us all--a way that we shall know is right1 when once we get into it4 ,these fishers of men ought to remember that whales are not caught with trout-hooks1 and that it isn't the whale's fault if there's a good deal of blubber to get through before you reach the inside of him4 ,st4 ,paul let fly some pretty sharp harpoons4 ,i can't get 'em out of me for my life4 ,and1 for another kind of man1 ,i like ,beecher4 ,his bait isn't painted flies1 but fish1 a piece of yourself4 ,but the trouble with him is1 there's no barb on his catch4 ,you slip off as easily as you get on4 ,margaret was glad when the others interposed and put an end to this talk4 ,to her surprise1 she had nothing to reply to ,mr4 ,lewis's objections4 ,and not only that1 but1 while he spoke1 she perceived in her own mind a faint echo to his dissatisfaction4 ,of course it must be wrong1 and she was glad to have the conversation put an end to4 #afd ,they had music1 ,aurelia playing with a good deal of taste some perfectly harmless pieces4 ,while she listened1 ,miss ,hamilton's glance wandered about the rooms1 finding them quite to her taste4 ,the first impertinent gloss of everything had worn off1 and each article had mellowed into its place1 like the colors of an old picture4 ,there was none of that look we sometimes see1 of everything having been dipped into the same paint-pot4 ,the furniture was rich in material and beautiful in shape2 the upholstery a heavy silk and wool1 the colors deep and harmonious1 nothing too fine for use4 ,the dull amber of the walls was nearly covered with pictures1 book-cases1 cabinets1 and brackets2 there was every sort of table1 from the two large central ones with black marble tops1 piled with late books and periodicals1 to the tiny teapoys that could be lifted on a finger1 marvels of gold1 and japanning1 and ingenious ,chinese perspective4 ,on the black marble mantel-piece near her were a pair of silver candelebra1 heirlooms in the family1 and china vases of glowing colors1 purple1 and rose1 and gold4 ,there was more bronze than parian2 there were curtains wherever curtains could be2 and withal1 there was plentiful space to get about1 and for the ladies to display their trains4 ,all this her first glance took in with a sense of pleasure4 ,then she looked deeper1 and perceived friendship1 ease1 security1 all that make the soul of home4 ,deeper yet1 then1 to the vague longing for a love1 a security1 a rest exceeding the earthly4 ,one who has suffered much can never again feel quite secure1 but shrinks from delight almost as much as from pain4 ,she turned to ,mr4 ,southard1 who sat beside her4 ,i am thinking how miserably we are the creatures of circumstance1 she said1 in her earnestness forgetting how abrupt she might seem4 ,when we are troubled1 everything is dark2 when we are happy1 everything that approaches casts its shadow behind1 and shows a sunny front4 ,he regarded her kindly1 pleased with her almost confidential manner4 ,there is but one escape from such slavery1 he said4 ,when we set the sun of righteousness in the zenith of our lives1 then shadows are annihilated1 not hidden1 but annihilated4 ,when ,margaret went up-stairs that night1 she knelt before her open window1 and leaned out1 feeling1 rather than seeing1 the brooding1 starless sky1 soft and shadowy1 like wings over a nest4 ,her soul uplifted itself blindly1 almost painfully1 beating against its ignorance4 ,there was something out of sight and reach1 which she wanted to see and to touch4 ,there was one hidden whom she longed to thank and adore4 ,o brooding wings6 she whispered1 stretching out her hands4 ,o father and mother-bird over the nest where the little ones lie in the sweet1 sweet dark6 ,words failed4 ,she knew not what to say4 ,i wish that ,i could pray6 she thought1 tears overflowing her eyes4 ,margaret did not know that she had prayed4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,just ,before ,light4 ,the days were well arranged in the ,granger mansion4 ,breakfast was a movable feast1 and silent for the most part4 ,the members of the family broke their fast when and as they liked1 often with a book or paper for company4 #afe ,most persons feel disinclined to talk in the morning1 and are social only from necessity4 ,this household recognized and respected the instinct4 ,one could always hold one's tongue there4 ,if they did not follow the old ,persian rule never to speak till one had something to say worth hearing1 they at least kept silence when they felt so inclined4 ,luncheon was never honored by the presence of the gentlemen1 except that on rare occasions ,mr4 ,southard came out of his study to join the ladies1 who by this time had found their tongues4 ,they preferred his usual custom of taking a scholarly cup of tea in the midst of his books4 ,to the natural woman an occasional gossip is a necessity2 and if ever these three ladies indulged in that pardonable weakness1 it was over their luncheon4 ,at six o'clock all met at dinner1 and passed the evening together4 ,this disposition of time left the greater part of the day free1 for each one to spend as he chose1 and brought them together again at the close of the day1 more or lest tired1 always glad to meet1 often with something to say4 ,margaret found herself fully and pleasantly occupied4 ,besides translating1 she had again set up her easel1 and spent an hour or two daily at her former pretty employment4 ,the value of her services increased1 she found1 in proportion as she grew indifferent to rendering them2 and she could now select her own work1 and dictate terms4 ,but her most delightful occupation was the teaching her three little pupils4 ,there are two ways of teaching children4 ,one is to seek to impose on them our own individuality1 to dogmatize1 in utter unconsciousness that they are the most merciless of critics1 frequently the keenest of observers1 and that they do not so much lack ideas1 as the power of expression4 ,such teachers climb on to a pedestal1 and talk complacently downward at pupils who1 perhaps1 do not in the least consider them classical personages4 ,we cannot impose on children unless we can dazzle them1 sometimes not even then4 ,the other mode is to stand on their own platform1 and talk up1 not logically1 according to ,kant or ,hamilton1 but in that circuitous and inconsequent manner which is often the most effectual logic with children4 ,we all know that the greatest precision of aim is attained through a spiral bore2 and perhaps these young minds oftener reach the mark in that indirect manner1 than they would by any more formal process4 ,this was ,miss ,hamilton's mode of teaching and influencing children1 and it was as fascinating to her as to them4 ,she treated them with respect1 never laughed at their crude ideas1 did not require of them a self-control difficult for an adult to practice1 and never forgot that some ugly duck might turn out to be a swan4 ,but where she did assert authority1 she was absolute2 and she was merciless to insolence and disobedience4 ,i want cake4 ,i don't like bread and butter1 says ,dora4 ,mrs4 ,james fired didactic platitudes at the child1 ,aurelia coaxed1 and ,mrs4 ,lewis preached hygiene4 ,miss ,hamilton knew better than either4 ,she sketched a bright word-picture of waving wheat-fields over-buzzed by bees1 over-fluttered by birds1 starred through and through with little intrusive flowers that had no business whatever there1 but were let stay2 of the shaking mill where the wheat was ground1 and the gay stream that laughed1 and set its shining shoulder to the great wheel1 and pushed1 and ran away1 blind with foam2 of the yeasty sponge1 a pile of milky bubbles4 #aff ,she told of sweet clover-heads1 red and white1 and the cow and the bees seeing who should get them first4 ',i want them for my honey1' says the bee4 ',and ,i want them for my cream1' says ,mooly4 ,and they both made a snatch1 and ,mooly got the clover1 and perhaps a purple violet with it1 and the cream got the sweetness of them1 and then it was churned1 and there was the butter6 ,she described the clean1 cool dairy1 full of a ceaseless flicker of light and shade from the hop-vines that swung outside the window1 and waved the humming-birds away1 of pans and pans of yellow cream1 smooth and delicious1 of fresh butter just out of the churn1 glowing like gold through its bath of water1 of pink and white petals of apple-blossoms drifting in on the soft breeze1 and settling--who knows but a pink1 crimped-up-at-the-edges petal may have settled on this very piece of butter8 ,try1 now1 if it doesn't taste apple-blossomy4 ,nonsense1 of course1 when viewed from a dignified altitude2 but when looked up at from a point about two feet from the ground1 it was the most excellent sense imaginable4 ,to these three little girls1 ,dora1 ,agnes1 and ,violet1 ,miss ,hamilton was a goddess4 ,margaret did not neglect her own mind in those happy days4 ,mr4 ,southard marked out for her a course of reading in which1 it is true1 poetry and fiction1 with a few shining exceptions1 were tabooed2 but metaphysics was permitted2 and history enjoined tome upon tome1 striking octaves up the centuries1 and dying away in tinkling mythologies4 ,she read conscientiously1 sometimes with pleasure1 sometimes with a half-acknowledged weariness4 ,mr4 ,southard was a severe ,mentor4 ,as he did not spare himself1 so he did not spare others1 still less ,margaret4 ,she failed to perceive1 what was plain to the others1 that1 by virtue of her descent1 he considered her his especial charge1 and was trying to form her after his notions4 ,she acquiesced in all his requirements1 half from indifference1 half from a desire to please everybody1 since she was herself so well pleased2 and then forgot all about him4 ,it was out of his power to trouble her save for a moment4 ,you yield too much to that man1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said to her one day4 ,he is one of those positive persons who cannot help being tyrannical4 ,he has a fine mind1 said ,margaret absently4 ,yes1 the lady acknowledged in a pettish tone4 ,but if he would send a few pulses up to irrigate his brain1 it would be an improvement4 ,of course ,mr4 ,southard spoke of religion to his pupil1 and urged on her the duty of being united with the church4 ,i cannot be religious1 as the church requires1 she said uneasily1 dreading lest he might overcome her will without convincing her reason4 ,i think that it is something cabalistic4 ,your grandfather1 and your father and mother did not find it so1 the minister said reprovingly4 ,margaret caught her breath with pain1 and lifted her hand in a quick1 silencing gesture4 ,i never bury my dead6 she said2 and after a moment added1 ,it may be wrong1 but this religion seems to me like a strait-jacket4 ,i like to read of ,david dancing before the ark1 of dervishes whirling1 of ,shakers clapping their hands1 of ,methodists singing at the tops of their voices ',glory ,hallelujah6' or falling into trances4 ,religion is not fervent enough for me4 ,it does not express my feelings4 ,i hardly know what ,i need4 ,perhaps ,i am all wrong4 #afg ,she stopped1 her eyes filling with tears of vexation4 ,but even as the drops started1 they brightened2 for1 just in season to save her from still more pressing exhortation1 ,mr4 ,granger sauntered across the room1 and put some careless question to the minister4 ,mr4 ,southard recollected that he had to lecture that evening1 and left the room to prepare himself4 ,i am so glad you came6 ,margaret said1 ,i was on the point of being bound1 and gagged1 and blindfolded4 ,mr4 ,granger took the chair that the minister had vacated1 and drew up to him a little stand on which he leaned his arms1 ,i perceived that ,i was needed1 he said4 ,there was no mistaking your besieged expression2 and ,i saw1 too1 that look in ,mr4 ,southard's face which tells that he is about to pile up an insurmountable argument4 ,i do not think that you will be any better for having religious discussions with him4 ,you will only be fretted and uneasy4 ,mr4 ,southard is an excellent man1 and a sincere ,christian2 but he is in danger of mistaking his own temperament for a dogma4 ,if ,i thought that1 then ,i shouldn't mind so much1 ,margaret said4 ,but ,i have been taking for granted that he is right and ,i wrong1 and trying to let him think for me4 ,the result is1 that instead of being convinced1 ,i have only been irritated4 ,i must think for myself1 whether ,i wish to or not4 ,now he circumscribes my reading so4 ,it is miscellaneous1 ,i know2 but ,i am curious about everything in the universe4 ,i don't like closed doors4 ,he thinks my curiosity trivial and dangerous1 and reminds me that a rolling stone gathers no moss4 ,and ,i would ask1 with the canny ,scotchman1'what good does the moss do the stone8' ,mr4 ,granger replied4 ,the fact is1 you've got to do just as ,i did with him4 ,he and ,i fought that battle out long ago1 and now he lets me alone1 and we are good friends4 ,be as curious as you like4 ,i heard him speak with disapproval of your going to the ,jewish synagogue last week1 and ,i dare say you resolved not to go again4 ,go1 if you wish2 and don't ask his permission4 ,he frowned on the ,greek anthology1 and you laid it aside4 ,take it up again if you like4 ,even pagan flowers catch the dews of heaven4 ,your own good taste and delicacy will be a sufficient censor in matters of reading4 ,now ,i breathe6 ,margaret said joyfully4 ,some people can bear to be so hemmed in2 but ,i cannot4 ,it does me harm4 ,if ,i am denied a drop of water1 which1 given1 would satisfy me1 at once ,i thirst for the ocean4 ,i cannot help it4 ,it is my way4 ,don't try to help it1 ,mr4 ,granger replied decisively2 or1 above all1 don't allow any one else to try to help it for you4 ,i have no patience with such impositions4 ,it is an insult to humanity1 and an insult to ,him who created humanity1 for any one person to attempt to think for another4 ,obedience and humility are good only when they are voluntary1 and are practised at the mandate of reason4 ,there are people who never go out of a certain round1 never want to4 ,they are born1 they live1 and they die1 in the mental and moral domicil of their forefathers4 ,they have no orbit1 but only an axis4 ,stick a precedent through them1 and give them a twirl1 and they will hum on contentedly to the end of the chapter4 ,i've nothing against them1 as long as they let others alone1 and don't insist that to stay in one place and buzz is the end of humanity4 #afh ,other people there are who grow1 they are insatiably curious1 they dive to the heart of things1 they take nothing without a question4 ,they are not quite satisfied with truth itself till they have compared it with all that claims to be truth4 ,let them look1 ,i say4 ,it's a poor truth that won't bear any test that man can put to it4 ,the first are1 as ,coleridge says1 'very positive1 but not quite certain' that they are right2 to the last a conviction once won is perfect and indestructible4 ,rest with them is not vegetation1 but rapture4 ,fly abroad1 my wild bird6 don't be afraid4 ,use your wings4 ,that is what they were made for4 ,margaret forgot to answer in listening and looking at the speaker's animated face4 ,when ,mr4 ,granger was in earnest1 he had an impetuous way that carried all before it4 ,at the end1 his shining eyes dropped on her and seemed to cover her with light2 the impatient ring in his voice softened to an indulgent tenderness4 ,margaret felt as a flower may feel that has its fill of sun and dew1 and has nothing to do but bloom1 and then fade away4 ,she had no fear of this man1 no sense of humiliation with regard to the past4 ,her gratitude toward him was boundless4 ,to him she owed life and all that made life tolerable1 and any devotion which he could require of her she was ready to render4 ,her friendship was perfect1 deep1 frank1 and full of a silent delight4 ,she did not deify him1 but was satisfied to find him human4 ,he could speak a cross word if his beef was over-done1 his coffee too weak1 or his paper out of the way when he wanted it4 ,he could criticise people occasionally1 and laugh at their weakness1 even when his kind heart reproached him for doing it4 ,he liked to lounge on a sofa and read1 when he had better be about his business4 ,he needed rousing1 she thought2 was too much of a ,sybarite to live in a world full of over-worked people4 ,perhaps he was rusting4 ,but how kind and thoughtful he was2 how full of sympathy when sympathy was needed2 how generously he blamed himself when he was wrong1 and how readily forgot the faults of others4 ,how impossible it was for him to be mean or selfish6 ,his rich1 sweet1 slow nature reminded her of a rose2 but she felt intuitively that under that silence was hidden a heroic strength4 ,mr4 ,southard's lecture was on the ,jesuits2 and all the family were to go and hear him4 ,terribly hot weather for such a subject1 ,mr4 ,lewis grumbled4 ,but it wouldn't be respectful not to go4 ,don't forget to take your smelling-salts1 girls4 ,there will be a strong odor of brimstone in the entertainment4 ,margaret went to the lecture with a feeling that was almost fear4 ,to her the name of ,jesuit was a terror4 ,the day of those powerful1 guileful men was passed1 surely2 and yet1 what if1 in the strange vicissitudes of life1 they should revive again8 ,she was glad that the minister was going to raise his warning voice2 yet still1 she dreaded to hear him4 ,the subject was too exciting4 ,the lecture was what might be expected4 ,beginning with ,ignatius of ,loyola1 the speaker traced the progress of that unique and powerful society through its wonderful increase1 and its downfall1 to the present time1 when as he said1 the bruised serpent was again raising its head4 #afi ,mr4 ,southard did full justice to their learning1 their sagacity1 and their zeal4 ,he told with a sort of shrinking admiration how men possessed of tastes and accomplishments which fitted them to shine in the most cultivated society1 buried themselves in distant and heathen lands1 far removed from all human sympathy1 hardened their scholarly hands with toil1 encountered danger1 suffered death--for what8 ,that their society might prosper6 ,the subject seemed to have for the speaker a painful fascination4 ,he lingered while describing the unparalleled devotion1 the pernicious enthusiasm of these men4 ,he acknowledged that they proclaimed the name of ,christ where it had never been heard before2 he lamented that ministers of the gospel had not emulated their heroism2 but there the picture was over-clouded1 was vailed in blackness4 ,it needed so much brightness in order that the darkness which followed might have its full effect4 ,we all know what pigments are used in that ,plutonian shading--mental reservation1 probableism1 and the doctrine that the end justifies the means2 the latter a fiction1 the two former scrupulously misrepresented4 ,here ,mr4 ,southard was at home4 ,here he could denounce with fiery indignation1 point with lofty scorn4 ,the close of the lecture left the characters of the ,jesuits as black as their robes4 ,they had been lifter only to be cast down4 ,miss ,hamilton walked home with ,mr4 ,granger1 scarcely uttering a word the whole way4 ,you do not speak of the lecture1 he said when they were at the house steps4 ,has it terrified you so much that you dare not8 ,shall you start up from sleep to-night fancying that a great black ,jesuit has come to carry you off8 ,do you know1 ,mr4 ,granger1 she said slowly1 those men seem to me very much like the apostles2 in their devotion1 ,i mean8 ,i would like to read about them4 ,they are interesting4 ,oh6 they have1 doubtless1 books which will tell you all you want to know1 he replied4 ,they6 repeated ,margaret4 ,but ,i want to know the truth4 ,mr4 ,granger laughed4 ,then ,i advise you to read nothing1 and hear nothing4 ,how then shall ,i learn8 demanded ,miss ,hamilton with a touch of impatience4 ,descend into the depth of your consciousness1 as the ,german did when he wanted to make a correct drawing of an elephant4 ,no1 she replied remembering the story1 ,i will imitate the ,frenchman2 ,i will go to the elephant's country1 and draw from life4 ,that is not difficult1 ,mr4 ,granger said1 amused at the idea of ,miss ,hamilton studying the ,jesuits4 ,these elephants have jungles the world over4 ,in this city you may find one on ,endicott street1 another on ,suffolk street1 and a third on ,harrison avenue4 ,they were just entering the house4 ,margaret hesitated1 and paused in the entry4 ,you do not think this a foolish curiosity8 she asked wistfully4 ,you see no harm in my wishing to know something more about them8 ,mr4 ,granger was leaving his hat and gloves on the table4 ,he turned immediately1 surprised at the serious manner in which the question was put4 ,surely not6 he said promptly4 ,i should be very inconsistent if ,i did4 ,she stood an instant longer1 her face perfectly grave and pale4 ,you are afraid8 he asked smiling4 #agj ,no1 she replied hesitatingly1 ,i don't think that is it4 ,but ,i have all my life had such a horror of ,catholics1 and especially of ,jesuits1 that to resolve even to look at them deliberately1 seems almost as momentous a step as ,caesar crossing the ,rubicon4 ,chapter ,v4 ,the ,sword ,of ,the ,lord ,and ,of ,gideon4 ,boston1 at the beginning of the war1 was not a place to go to sleep in4 ,massachusetts politics1 so long eminent in the senate1 had at last taken the field2 and that city1 which is the brain of the ,state1 effervesced with enthusiasm4 ,men the least heroic1 apparently1 showed themselves capable of heroism2 and dreamers over the great deeds of others looked up to find that they might themselves be the hymn the ,brahmin sings4 ,eager crowds surrounded the bulletin1 put out by newspaper offices1 or ran to gaze at mustering or departing regiments4 ,windows filled at the sound of a fife and drum2 and it seemed that the air was fit to be breathed only when it was full of the flutter of flags4 ,ceremony was set aside4 ,strangers and foes spoke to each other2 and the most disdainful lady would smile upon the roughest uniform4 ,from the ,protestant pulpit came no more the exhortation to brotherly love1 but the trumpet-call to arms2 and under the wing of the ,old ,south meeting-house rose a recruiting office1 and a rostrum1 with the motto1 ,the sword of the ,lord and of ,gideon4 ,the ,lord of that time was he at the touch of whose rod the flesh and the loaves were consumed with fire2 who sent for a sign a drench of dew on the fleece2 at the command of whose servant all ,ephraim shouted and took the waters before the flying ,midianites1 with the heads of ,oreb and of ,zeb on their spears4 ,of course there was a good deal of froth2 but underneath glowed the pure wine4 ,it is true that many went because the savage instinct hidden in human nature rose from its unseen lair1 and fiercely shook itself awake at the scent of blood4 ,but others came from an honest sense of duty1 and offered their lives knowing what they did2 and women who loved them said amen4 ,it was a stirring time4 ,it is not to be supposed that our friends were indifferent to these events4 ,it was a doubtful point with them1 indeed1 whether they could be content to leave the city that summer4 ,mr4 ,southard was decidedly for remaining in town2 and ,mr4 ,granger1 though less excited1 was inclined to second him4 ,but ,mr4 ,lewis had1 early in the spring1 engaged a cottage at the seaside1 with the understanding that the whole family were to accompany him there1 and he utterly refused to release them from their promise4 ,as if to help his arguments1 the weather became intensely hot in ,june4 ,finally they consented to go4 ,we owe you thanks for your persistence1 ,mr4 ,granger said1 as they sat together the last evening of their stay in town4 ,i couldn't stand two months of this4 ,mr4 ,lewis was past answering4 ,dressed in a complete suit of linen1 seated in a wide ,fayal chair1 with a palm-leaf fan in one hand and a handkerchief in the other1 he presented what his wife called an ill-tempered dissolving view4 ,at that moment1 the only desire of his heart was that one of ,sydney ,smith's1 that he could take off his flesh and sit in his bones4 #aga ,aurelia and ,margaret sat near by1 flushed1 smiling1 and languid1 trying to look cool in their crisp1 white dresses4 ,miss ,hamilton would scarcely be recognized by one who had seen her only three months before4 ,happiness had done its work1 and she was beautiful4 ,her face had recovered its smooth curves and bloomy whiteness1 and her lips were constantly brightening with the smile that was ever ready to come4 ,mr4 ,granger contemplated the two young ladies with a patriarchal admiration4 ,he liked to have beautiful objects in his sight2 and surely1 he thought1 no other man in the city could boast of having in his family two such girls as those who now sat opposite him4 ,besides1 what was best1 they were friends of his1 and regarded him with confidence and affection4 ,mrs4 ,lewis glanced from them to him1 and back to them1 and pouted her lip a little4 ,he is enough to try the patience of a saint6 she was thinking4 ,why doesn't he marry one of those girls like a sensible man8 ,to be sure1 it is their fault4 ,they are too friendly and frank with him1 the simpletons6 ,there they sit and beam on him with affectionate tranquillity1 as if he were their grandfather4 ,i'd like to give 'em a shaking4 ,mr4 ,southard was walking slowly to and fro from the back-parlor to the front1 and he1 too1 glanced frequently at the sofa where sat the two unconscious beauties4 ,but no smile softened his pale face4 ,it seemed1 indeed1 sterner than usual4 ,the war was stirring the minister to the depths4 ,mr4 ,lewis opened a blind near him4 ,a beam of dusty gold came in from the west2 he snapped the blind in its face4 ,seems to me it takes the sun a long time to get down1 he said crossly4 ,i hope that none of your mighty ,joshuas has commanded it to stand still4 ,no one answered4 ,they sat in the sultry gloaming1 and listened dreamily to the mingled city noises that came from near and far2 the softened roll of a private carriage1 like the touch of a gloved hand1 after the knuckled grasp of drays and carts2 the irritating wheeze of an inexorable hand-organ2 and1 through all1 the shrill cry of the news-boy1 the cicada of the city4 ,the good-breeding of the company was shown by the perfect composure of their silence1 and the perfect quiescence of their minds1 by the fact that their thoughts all drifted in the same direction1 each one after its own mode4 ,mrs4 ,lewis was thinking3 ,those poor horses6 ,i wish they knew enough to organize a strike1 and all run away into the green1 shady country4 ,the husband was saying relentingly to himself1 ,i declare ,i do pity the poor fellows who have to work during this infernal weather4 ,the others were still more in harmony with ,mr4 ,granger when he spoke lowly1 half to himself3 ,if that beautiful idyl of ,ruskin's could be realized2 that country and government where the king should be the father of his people2 where all alike should go to him for help and comfort2 where he should find his glory1 not in enlarging his dominion1 but in making it more happy and peaceful6 ,will such a kingdom ever be1 ,i wonder8 ,will such a golden age ever come8 ,margaret glanced with a swift smile toward ,mr4 ,southard1 and saw the twin of her thought in his face4 ,he came and stood with his hand on the arm of her sofa4 #agb ,both you and ,mr4 ,ruskin are unconsciously thinking of the same thing1 he said1 with some new sweetness in his voice1 and brightness in his face4 ,what you mean can only be the kingdom of ,god2 and it will come6 it will come6 ,looking up smilingly at him1 ,margaret caught a smile in return2 and then1 for the first time1 she thought that ,mr4 ,southard was beautiful4 ,the cold purity of his face was lighted momentarily by that glow which it needed in order to be attractive4 ,aurelia rose1 and crossing the room1 flung the blinds open4 ,the sun had set1 and a slight coolness was creeping up4 ,this butchery going on at the ,south looks as if the kingdom of ,god were coming with a vengeance1 said ,mr4 ,lewis1 fanning himself4 ,it is coming with a vengeance6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,southard4 ,god does not work in sunshine alone4 ,job saw him in the whirlwind4 ,massachusetts soldiers have gone out with the ,bible as well as the bayonet4 ,mr4 ,lewis contemplated the speaker with an expression of wondering admiration that was a little overdone4 ,what did ,god do before ,massachusetts was discovered8 he exclaimed4 ,i was surprised to hear1 ,mr4 ,granger1 that your cousin ,sinclair had joined a ,new ,york regiment1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said hastily4 ,only the day before the steamer sailed in which he had engaged passage1 some quixotic whim seized him1 and he volunteered4 ,i cannot conceive what induced him4 ,i think the uniform was becoming1 ,mr4 ,granger said dryly4 ,i pity his wife1 pursued the lady1 sighing4 ,poor ,caroline6 ,she has acted like a fool6 ,mr4 ,lewis broke in angrily4 ,it was her fault that ,sinclair went off4 ,she thorned him perpetually with her exactions4 ,she forgot that lovers are only common folks in a state of evaporation1 and that it is in the nature of things that they should get condensed after a time4 ,she wanted him to be for ever picking up her pocket-handkerchief1 and writing acrostics on her name4 ,a man can't stand that kind of folderol when he's got to be fifty years old4 ,we begin to develop a taste for common sense when we reach that age4 ,he showed no confidence in her1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said1 with downcast eyes1 ,he often deceived her1 and therefore she always suspected him4 ,i think that a man should have no concealments from his wife1 said ,mr4 ,southard emphatically4 ,that's just what ,samson's wife thought when her husband proposed his little conundrum to the ,philistines1 commented ,mr4 ,lewis4 ,margaret got up and followed ,aurelia to the window4 ,i am very sorry for ,cousin ,caroline1 said ,mr4 ,granger1 in his stateliest manner1 rising1 also1 and putting an end to the discussion4 ,he is always sorry for any one who can contrive to appear abused1 ,mr4 ,lewis said to ,margaret4 ,if you want to interest him1 you must be as unfortunate as you can4 ,margaret looked at her friend with eyes to which the quick tears started1 and blessed him in her heart4 ,he was passing at the moment1 and1 catching the remark1 feared lest she might be hurt or embarrassed4 ,don't you want to come out on to the veranda8 he asked1 glancing back as he stepped from the long window4 ,the words were nothing2 but they were so steeped in the kindness of the look and tone accompanying them that they seemed to be words of tenderness4 #agc ,she followed him out into the twilight2 the others came too1 and they sat looking into the street1 saying little1 but enjoying the refreshing coolness4 ,other people were at their windows1 or on their steps2 and occasionally an acquaintance passing stopped for a word4 ,after a while ,g----1 the liberator1 came along1 and leaned on the fence a moment--a man with a ridge over the top of his bald head1 that looked as if his backbone didn't mean to stop till it had reached his forehead1 as probably it didn't2 a soft-voiced1 gently-speaking lion2 but ,margaret had heard him roar4 ,mr4 ,g----1 said ,mr4 ,granger1 here is a lady with two dactyls for a name1 ,miss ,margaret ,hamilton4 ,she will add another1 and be ,miriam1 when your people come out through the ,red ,sea we are making4 ,have your cymbals ready1 young prophetess1 said the liberator4 ,the waters are lifting on the right hand and on the left4 ,the next day they went to the seaside1 the ladies going in the morning to set things in order2 the gentlemen not permitted to make their appearance till evening4 ,after a pleasant ride of an hour in the cars1 they stepped out at a little way-station1 where a carriage was awaiting them4 ,about half a mile from this station1 on a point of land hidden from it by a strip of thick woods1 was their cottage4 ,the place was quite solitary2 not a house in sight landward1 though summer cottages nestled all about among the hills1 hidden in wild green nooks4 ,but across the water1 towns were visible in all directions4 ,they drove with soundless wheels over a moist1 brown road that wound and coiled through the woods4 ,there had been a shower in the night that left everything washed1 and the sky cloudless4 ,it was yet scarcely ten o'clock2 and the air1 though warm1 was fresh and still4 ,the morning sunshine lay across the road1 motionless between the motionless dense tree-shadows2 both light and shade so still1 so intense1 they looked like a pavement of solid gold and amber4 ,if1 at intervals1 a slight motion woke the woods1 less like a breeze than a deep and gentle respiration of nature1 and that leaf-and-flower-wrought pavement stirred through each glowing abaciscus1 it was as though the solid earth were stirred4 ,a faint sultry odor began to rise from the pine-tops1 and from clumps of sweet-fern that stood in sunny spots2 but the rank1 long-stemmed flowers and trailing vines that grew under the trees were yet glistening with the undried shower2 the shaded grass at the roadside was beaded1 every blade1 with minute sparkles of water2 and here and there a pine-bough was thickly hung with drops that trembled with fulness at the points of its clustered emerald needles1 and at a touch came clashing down in a shower that was distinctly heard through the silence4 ,the birds were taking their forenoon rest2 but1 as the carriage rolled lightly past1 a fanatical bobolink1 who did not seem to have much common sense1 but to be brimming over with the most glorious nonsense1 swung himself down from some hidden perch1 alighted in an utterly impossible manner on a spire of grass1 and poured forth such a long-drawn1 liquid1 impetuous song1 that it was a wonder there was anything of him left when it was over4 ,three pairs of hands were stretched to arrest the driver's arm2 three smiling1 breathless faces listened till the last note1 and watched the ecstatic little warbler swim away with an undulating motion1 as if he floated on the bubbling waves of his own song4 #agd ,in a few minutes a turn of the road brought them in sight of the blue1 salt water spread out boundlessly1 sparkling1 and sail-flecked2 and presently they drove up at the cottage door4 ,this was a long1 low building1 all wings1 like a moth2 colored1 like fungi1 of mottled browns and yellows2 overtrailed by woodbines and honeysuckles1 through which you sometimes only guessed at the windows by the white curtains blowing out4 ,why1 it is something that has grown out of the earth6 exclaimed ,margaret4 ,see6 the ground is all uneven about the walls as it is about the boles of trees4 ,this rural domicil faced the east and the sea2 and an unfenced lawn sloped down to the beach where the tide was now creeping up with bright ripples chasing each other4 ,the house was pleasant enough1 large and airy2 and1 after a few hours' work1 they had everything in order4 ,then1 tired1 happy1 and hungry1 they sat down to luncheon4 ,isn't it delightful to get rid of men a little while1 when you know that they are soon to come again8 drawled ,aurelia1 sitting with both elbows on the table1 and her rich hair a little tumbled4 ,margaret glanced at her with a smile of approval4 ,that sweet creature6 she thought4 ,and said aloud1 ,you know perfectly well1 ,aura1 that all the time they are gone we are thinking of them and doing something for them4 ,whom have we been working for to-day but the gentlemen1 pray8 ,to her surprise1 ,aurelia's brown eyes dropped1 and her beautiful face turned a sudden pink4 ,i never could carve a fowl1 said ,mrs4 ,lewis plaintively4 ,but there must be a beginning in learning anything4 ,i wish ,i knew where the beginning of this duck is4 ,aura1 will you go look in that ,audubon1 and see how this creature is put together8 ,we are likely to be worse off than ,mr4 ,secretary ,pepys1 when the venison pasty turned out to be 'palpable mutton4' ,we shall have nothing4 ,margaret started up4 ,infirm of purpose1 give me the carver6 she cried2 and seizing the knife1 in a moment of inspiration1 triumphantly carved the mysterious duck1 and betrayed its hidden articulations4 ,mrs4 ,lewis contemplated her with great respect4 ,my dear1 she said1 ,i have done you injustice4 ,i have believed that though you could succeed admirably in the ornamental and the extraordinary1 you had no faculty for common things4 ,i acknowledge my error4',nemesis favors genius1' as ,disraeli says of ,burke4 ,after luncheon and a siesta1 they dressed and went out onto the lawn to watch for the gentlemen1 who presently appeared4 ,mr4 ,granger presented ,margaret with a spike of beautiful pink arethusa set in a ring of feathery ferns4 ,it came from a swamp miles away1 he said4 ,i wanted to bring you something bright the first day4 ,you always bring me something bright1 she said4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ------- #age ,problems ,of ,the ,age1 ,and ,its ,critics4 ,the article from ,the ,independent of ,august #bjth1 which we quote in full below1 has been sent to us by the writer of it1 with an accompanying note1 requesting us to take notice of its observations4 ,our remarks will1 therefore1 be chiefly confined to this particular criticism on the ,problems of the ,age1 although we shall embrace the opportunity to notice also some other criticisms which have been made in various periodicals4 ,the pastor of the ,broadway ,tabernacle1 many years ago1 taking a hint from ,archbishop ,whately1'traced the errors of ,romanism to their origin1' not 'in human nature1' but in ,old ,school theology4 ,the ultra-,calvinist doctrine of original sin1 he argued1 necessitated the dogma of baptismal regeneration2 and the doctrine of physical inability brought in the notion of sacramental grace4 ,mr4 ,hewit is a living example1 and his book is documentary proof1 of the justice of this theory4 ,his early training was under the severest of schoolmasters1 in the oldest of schools4 ,the problems on which his mind has been exercised from his birth are such as this3 ,how men can be 'born depraved1 with an irresistible propensity to sin1 and under the doom of eternal misery4' ,with admirable infelicity1 a treatise on questions like this--the freshest of which are as old as ,christian theology1 and the others as old1 if not older1 than the fall of man--has been entitled ,problems of the ,age1 on the ground 7as we are informed in the preface7 that they are 'subjects of much interest and inquiry in our own time4' ,from his hereditary embarrassments on these subjects1 the writer makes his way out to a new theodicy1 which on the subject of the existence of sin is ,taylorism1 word for word2 on the subject of natural depravity is something like ,pelagianism2 and on the subject of original sin is a curious notion1 which he strives mightily to represent as the sentiment of ,augustine4 ,the whole series of ideas is labelled ',catholic ,theology1' and represented as the antagonist of ,protestant opinion4 ,the volume deserves no small praise as a specimen of lucid1 consecutive argument on difficult questions1 conducted in pure ,english4 ,the only serious blemish upon the author's style is his habit1 when he has said a thing once in good ,english1 of saying it over again immediately in bad ,latin4 ,but this1 we suppose1 is less the fault of his taste than of his position4 ,the logic of the book1 also1 has not more faults than are commonly incident to such discussions2 it is strong for pulling down1 feeble in building up4 ,it reduces to absurdity the statements of some of his antagonists1 with wonderfully complacent unconsciousness that a smart antagonist could get exactly the same hitch about the neck of its statement1 and drag it to the same destruction4 ,the plan of the work is curious4 ,it begins with the primary cognitions of the mind1 and goes forward with an priori argument for the existence of ,god3 that if ,god exists1 he must necessarily exist in ,trinity2 must create just such a universe2 must be incarnate in the ,second ,person2 must redeem a fallen race2 must institute the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 its sacraments and ritual4 ,the second part is devoted to finding in ,augustine the ideas of the former part--ideas some of which1 unless that lucid author has been hitherto read with a veil upon the heart1 ',would make ,augustine stare and gasp4' ,besides the limits of space1 which are imperative1 two reasons suffice to excuse us from examining in detail the course of this ingenious and protracted argument3 ,first4 ,it is a matter of comparatively little interest to scrutinize severely the processes of a reasoner to whom one half of his conclusions are prescribed beforehand1 under peril of excommunication and eternal damnation1 while he holds the other half under a vow to repudiate them at a moment's notice from the proper authority4 ,second4 ,it is profoundly unsatisfactory to argue against any such book1 whatever its origin or pretensions1 as representative of the ,roman ,catholic theology4 ,from page to page the author challenges our respect and deference for his views as being the teachings of the church4',this is ,catholic truth2 this is ,catholic theology4' #agf ,but1 once let us give chase to one of his propositions1 and hunt it down into the corner of an absurdity1 and we are sure to hear some of the author's confederates trying to call off the dogs with the assurance1',oh6 that is only a notion of ,hewit's2' or1 'only a private opinion of theologians2' or1 'only the declaration of an individual pope2' or1 'only a decree of council which never was generally received3 the church is not responsible for such things as these4' ,so slippery a thing is ',catholic doctrine'6 ,so unrestful is the 'repose' offered to inquiring minds by that church1 which divides all subjects of religious thought into two classes3 one1 on which it is forbidden to make impartial inquiry2 the other1 on which it is forbidden to come to settled conclusions4 ,we confess that it appears to us a very puzzling problem to find out how to answer the foregoing criticism1 or the others from non-catholic periodicals which it has been our hap to fall in with4 ,not one of them has seriously controverted the main thesis of the book they profess to criticise1 or to make any well-motived adjudication of the several portions of the argument by which the thesis is sustained4 ,some1 like the one before us1 attempt to set aside the whole question2 others content themselves with a round assertion that the arguments are inconclusive2 and the residue confine themselves to generalities2 or1 at most1 to the criticism of some minor details4 ,we should not think it worth while to trouble ourselves or our readers with a formal replication to such superficial critics1 were it not for the opportunity which is afforded us of bringing into clearer light the total lack of all deep philosophy or theology in the non-catholic world1 and the value of the ,catholic philosophy which we are striving to bring before the minds of intelligent and sincere inquirers after truth4 ,the criticisms begin with the title of the work4 ,the critic of ,the ,independent objects to our calling old questions problems of the age4 ,the ,southern ,review coincides with him1 and suggests that they should rather have been called problems of all ages2 while another critic1 in ,the ,evening ,post1 gives his verdict that they are all to be classed as problems of a bygone age4 ,this last criticism is the only one founded upon a reason2 and is1 at the same time1 a full justification of the appropriateness of the title before all those who still profess to believe in the revelation of ,god4 ,the different classes of protesters against the teaching of the church have wearied themselves in vain in searching for a satisfactory solution of the problems of man's condition and destiny2 either in some new rendering of divine revelation1 or in some system of purely rational philosophy4 ,the despair produced by their utter failure vents itself in the denial that these problems are real ones1 capable of any solution at all1 and in the attempt to relegate them finally into the region of the unknowable4 ,this is a vain effort4 ,they have forced themselves upon the attention of the human mind ever since the creation1 and they will continue to do so1 in spite of all efforts to exorcise them4 ,the relations of man to his ,creator1 the reason of moral and physical evil1 the bearing of the present life on the future1 the significance of ,christianity1 and such like topics1 can be regarded as obsolete questions only by a most unpardonable levity4 ,the so-called ,liberal ,christian and the rationalist may in deed proffer the opinion that the solutions we have given are already antiquated4 ,but1 with all the hardihood which persons of this class possess in so remarkable a degree in claiming for themselves all the light1 all the intelligence1 all the spiritual vitality existing in the world1 we must persist in thinking that their triumphant tone is some what prematurely assumed4 #agg ,we insist that the problems of bygone ages are the problems of the present ages1 and that the solutions of bygone ages are the only real ones1 as true and as necessary at the present moment as they have ever been4 ,the restless mind of the non-,catholic world1 having broken away from its intellectual centre to wander aimlessly in the infinite void1 has plunged itself anew into all the puzzle and bewilderment from which ,christianity with its divine philosophy had once delivered it1 and1 wearied with its wanderings1 longs and yet delays to return to its proper orbit4 ,hence the great problems of past ages have become emphatically the problems of the present1 and must be answered anew1 by the same principles and the same truths which past ages found sufficient1 yet presented in part in modified language1 in a new dress1 and with special application to new phases of error4 ,the title ,problems of the ,age is therefore fully justified as the most felicitous and appropriate which could have been chosen for a treatise intended to meet the wants of those who are seeking for help in their doubts and difficulties respecting both natural and revealed religion4 ,any believer in the ,christian revelation who cannot recognize this1 and heartily sympathize in any well-meant effort to present the ,christian mysteries in an aspect which may attract honest and candid doubters or unbelievers1 shows that he has mistaken his side1 and has more intellectual sympathy with unbelief than he would willingly acknowledge1 even to himself4 ,another anonymous critic sets aside with one sentence the entire argument of the book2 because1 forsooth1 it begins with the assumption that the ,catholic doctrine is the only true one1 and demands a preliminary submission of the reader's mind to the authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,nothing could be more superficial and incorrect than this statement of the thesis proposed by the author4 ,the whole course of the argument supposes that an unbeliever or inquirer after the true religion begins with the first1 self-evident principles of reason2 proceeds1 by way of demonstration1 to the truths of natural theology1 and by the way of evidence and the motives of credibility advances to the belief of ,christianity and the divine authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the thesis proposed or the special topic to be discussed by the author is1 ,supposing the authority of the ,catholic ,church sufficiently established by extrinsic evidence1 is there any insurmountable obstacle1 on the side of reason1 to accept her dogmas as intrinsically credible8 ,the implicit or even explicit affirmation that ,catholic philosophy is the true and only philosophy1 that it alone can satisfy the demands of reason1 is no begging of the question2 for it is not stated as the datum or logical premiss from which the logical conclusions are drawn4 ,it is stated as being1 so far as the mind of the sceptical reader is concerned1 only an hypothesis to be proved1 an enunciation of the judgment which is made by the mind of a ,catholic1 the motives of which the non-catholic reader is invited to examine and consider by the light of the principles of reason1 or of those revealed truths of which he is already convinced4 ,a most sapient critic in the ,london ,athenaeum1 venturing entirely out of his depth1 makes an observation on the statement that absolute beauty is identical with the divine essence1 which we notice merely for the amusement of our theological readers4 ,the statement of the author is1 that beauty is to be identified with the divine essence1 by virtue of its definition as the splendor of truth1 and because truth1 being identical with the divine essence1 its splendor must be also4 #agh ,this consummate philosopher argues that beauty must be identified1 not with the divine essence1 but with its splendor1 because it is the splendor of truth4 ,the splendor of ,god is1 then1 something distinct from ,god2 and he is not most pure act and most simple being6 ,we cannot wish for a more apposite illustration of the total loss of the first and most fundamental conceptions of philosophy and natural theology out of the ,english mind--a natural result of that movement which began with ,luther1 when he publicly burned the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,the ,mercersburg ,review denies the demonstrative force of the evidences of natural religion and positive revelation2 referring us to conscience1 or the moral sense1 as the ground of belief in ,god and in ,jesus ,christ4 ,this is another proof of the truth of our judgment1 that the radical intellectual disease which ,protestantism has produced requires treatment by a thorough dosing with sound philosophy4 ,the corruption of theology has brought on a corruption of philosophy1 and heresy has produced scepticism1 so that we can hardly find a sound spot to begin with as a point d'appui for the reconstruction of rational and orthodox belief4 ,we do not despise the argument from conscience and the moral sense1 or deny its validity4 ,we did not specially draw it out1 because we were not writing a complete treatise on natural theology2 but it is contained in the metaphysical argument establishing the first and final cause4 ,apart from that1 it has no conclusive force4 ,what is conscience8 ,nothing but a practical judgment respecting that which ought to be done or left undone4 ,what is the moral sense1 but an intimate apprehension of the relation of the voluntary acts of an intelligent and free agent to a final cause8 ,it is only intellect which can take cognizance of a rule or principle directing a certain act to be done or omitted1 or of the intrinsic necessity of directing all acts toward a final cause or ultimate end4 ,the intellect cannot do this1 or deduce an argument from conscience and the moral sense for the existence of ,god1 unless it has certain infallible principles given it in its creation2 and with these principles1 the existence of ,god and all natural theology can be proved by a metaphysical demonstration1 proceeding from which1 as a basis1 we prove ,christianity and the ,catholic ,church by a moral demonstration which is reducible to principles of metaphysical certitude4 ,deny this1 and conscience1 or the moral sense1 is a mere feeling1 a sensible emotion1 a habit induced by education1 a subjective state1 which is just as available in support of ,buddhism or ,mohammedanism as of ,christianity4 ,the ,mercersburg ,review is trying to sustain itself midway down the declivity of a slippery hill1 afraid to descend where the mangled remains of ,feuerbach lie bleaching in the sun1 and unwilling to catch the rope which the ,catholic ,church throws to it1 and ascend to the height from whence ,luther1 in his pride and folly1 slid4 ,kant's miserable expedient of practical reason may suit those who are content with such an insecure position2 but it will never satisfy those who look for true science1 and certain1 infallible faith4 ,the ,round ,table1 in a notice which is1 on the whole1 very favorable and appreciative1 complains that we have accused ,calvinism of being a dualistic or ,manichaean doctrine4 ,we have not only affirmed1 but proved that it is so4 ,by ,calvinism1 however1 we mean the strict1 logical ,calvinism of the rigid adherents of the system4 #agi ,the moderated1 modified system1 which approaches more nearly to the doctrine of the most rigorous ,catholic school1 we do not wish to censure too severely4 ,neither do we charge formal dualism1 or a formal denial of the pure1 unmixed goodness of ,god even upon the strictest ,calvinists4 ,what we affirm is1 that1 together with their doctrine respecting ,god1 which is orthodox1 they hold another doctrine respecting the acts of ,god toward his creatures1 which is logically incompatible with the former1 and logically demands the affirmation of an evil and malignant principle equally self-existent1 necessary1 and eternal with the principle of good1 and thus leads to the doctrine of dualism in being4 ,many orthodox ,protestants have spoken against ,calvinism much more severely than we have done2 and1 in fact1 while we cannot too strongly reprobate its logical consequences1 we always intend to distinguish between them and the true1 interior belief which exists in the minds of many ,calvinists1 excellent persons1 and really nearer to the church1 in their doctrine1 as practically apprehended1 than they are aware of4 ,our ,independent critic is displeased with the ,latin quotations from scholastic theology which we have somewhat freely employed1 and compliments us1 as he apparently supposes1 by suggesting that this violation of good taste is to be ascribed1 not to any lack of judgment on our part1 but to the fault of our position4 ,it is somewhat amusing to notice the patronizing air which this well-meaning gentleman assumes1 and the evident complacency with which1 from the height of his little1 recently constructed eminence1 he looks down with a smile of pitying forbearance upon our unfortunate position4 ,we will consent to waive1 once for all1 all claims of a personal nature to any consideration which is not derived from our position as a ,catholic and a humble disciple of the scholastic theology4 ,that theology is the glory and the boast of ,christendom and of the human intellect4 ,we are firmly convinced that there is no true wisdom1 science1 illumination1 or progress to be found1 except in following the broad path which scholastic theology has explored and beaten4 ,although our nice critic--who seems to have more admiration for the effeminate classicism of ,bembo and the age of ,leo ,x4 than the masculine verve of ,st4 ,thomas--may call the scientific terminology of the schoolmen bad ,latin1 we shall venture to retain a totally different opinion4 ,it is unequalled and unapproachable for precision1 clearness1 and vigor4 ,we have employed it because our own judgment and taste have dictated to us the propriety of doing so4 ,we have not been led by servile adhesion to custom1 or the affectation of making a display1 but by the desire of making our meaning more clear and evident to theological readers1 especially those whose native language is not ,english1 and of introducing into our ,english theological literature those definite and precise modes of reasoning which belong to these great schoolmen4 ,we can easily understand the aversion of our opponents to the schoolmen1 in which they are only following after their predecessor1 ,martin ,bucer1 who said1 albeit in ,latin1 ,tolle ,thomam et delebo ,ecclesiam ,romanam1 ,take away ,thomas1 and ,i will destroy the ,roman ,church4 ,to the personal remarks of the critic in regard to the author and the history of his religious opinions we give a simple transeat1 and pass to what semblance of argument there is in rejoinder to the thesis defended in the ,problems of the ,age4 #ahj ,the critic says that the same process of logic which the author employs against his opponents would destroy his own statements4 ,this is a mere assertion1 without a shadow of proof1 and we meet it with a simple denial4 ,it is1 moreover1 a piece of triviality with which we have no patience4 ,it is the language of the most wretched and shallow scepticism1 conceived in the very spirit of the question of ,pontius ,pilate to our ,lord1 ,what is truth8 ,we have been engaged for thirty years in the study of philosophy and theology1 and have carefully examined and weighed the matters we have undertaken to discuss4 ,the substance of the doctrine we have presented is that in which the greatest minds of all ages have been agreed2 and it has been proved and defended against every assault in a manner so triumphant that its antagonists have nothing to say1 but to deny the first principles of logic1 the possibility of science1 the certainty of faith4 ,there are1 undoubtedly1 certain minor points which are open to question and difference of opinion4 ,but1 as to our main thesis1 that the ,catholic dogmas are not contradictory to anything which is known or demonstrable by human science1 we defy all opponents to refute it4 ,by another subterfuge1 equally miserable1 our critic shakes off all responsibility of even noticing the serious1 calm1 and well-motived statements which we have made respecting ,catholic doctrines4 ,we hold1 he says1 one half of our doctrines as prescribed by authority1 under pain of excommunication and damnation2 and the other half1 under an obligation to renounce them at a moment's warning1 from the same authority2 therefore1 no attention is to be paid to our arguments4 ,this is one of the most remarkable and most discreditable statements we remember ever to have come across in a writer professing himself an orthodox ,christian4 ,does this inconsiderate writer see to what a dilemma he has reduced himself8 ,either he must admit that ,jesus ,christ1 the apostles1 the ,bible1 teach him with authority1 and plainly and unequivocally1 certain doctrines which he is bound to believe1 under penalty of being cast out from the communion of true believers1 and incurring eternal damnation2 or he must deny it4 ,in the first case1 he must retract his words1 or give the full benefit of them to the rationalist and the infidel1 against himself4 ,in the second case1 he must lay aside his mask1 and step forth with the discovered lineaments of an open unbeliever4 ,we receive the dogmas of faith proposed by the church because they are revealed by ,jesus ,christ through his ,holy ,spirit1 who is indwelling in the body of the church4 ,we cannot revoke these dogmas into an examination or discussion of doubt1 any more than we can doubt our own existence1 or the first principle of reasoning4 ,nevertheless1 as we can argue against a person who doubts these first principles1 or give proofs and evidences to an ignorant man of facts or truths whose certainty is known to us2 so we can give proofs of dogmas of faith which we are not permitted to doubt for an instant to one who does not believe these dogmas1 or understand the motives upon which their credibility is established4 ,it is unlawful to doubt the being and perfections of ,god1 the immortality of the soul1 the truth of revelation4 ,yet we may examine thoroughly all these topics to find new and confirmatory proof and answers to objections4 ,one who is in doubt or ignorance may examine and weigh evidences in order to ascertain the truth1 and does not sin by keeping his judgment in suspense until it obtains the data sufficient to make a decision reasonable and obligatory4 #aha ,in arguing with such a person1 it is necessary to descend to his level1 and reason from the premises which his intellect admits4 ,in like manner1 when it is a question of the ,trinity1 the ,incarnation1 the divinity of ,jesus ,christ1 the canonicity and inspiration of the ,scriptures1 and all other ,catholic dogmas2 although a ,catholic may not doubt any one of these1 and would act unreasonably if he did1 since he has the same certainty of their truth that he has of his own existence or the being of ,god2 yet he may examine the evidences which are confirmatory of his faith for his own satisfaction1 and reason with an unbeliever in order to convince him of the truth4 ,the subterfuge by which our critic and some other writers1 especially one in ,the ,churchman1 attempt to evade the inevitable deductions of ,catholic logic1 which they cannot meet and refute--namely1 that we cannot1 with consistency1 argue about doctrines defined by infallible authority--is the shallowest of all the artifices of sophistry4 ,when the ,son of ,god appeared on the earth in human nature1 and in form and fashion as a man1 claiming infallible authority1 and demanding unreserved obedience1 it was necessary for him to give evidence of his divine mission4 ,a ,jew1 a ,mohammedan1 or a ,buddhist cannot1 in reason or conscience1 believe in ,jesus ,christ until this evidence has been proposed to him4 ,when it is sufficiently proposed1 he is bound to believe2 and1 once becoming aware that ,jesus is the ,son of ,god1 he is bound to believe all that he has revealed1 simply upon his word4 ,but1 supposing he has been erroneously informed that the teaching of ,jesus ,christ contains certain doctrines or statements of fact which are in contradiction to what seems to him to be right reason or certain knowledge1 it is unquestionably both prudent and charitable to correct his mistakes upon this point1 and thus remove the obstacles to belief from his mind4 ,precisely so in regard to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the demand which she makes of submission to her infallible authority1 as the witness and teacher established by ,jesus ,christ1 is accompanied by evidence4 ,it is upon this evidence we lay the greatest stress2 and in virtue of this it is that we present the ,catholic doctrines as certain truths which every one is bound to believe4 ,undoubtedly1 the infallibility of the church once established1 it is the duty of every one to believe the doctrines she proposes1 putting aside all difficulties and objections which may exist in his own imperfect1 limited understanding4 ,yet1 if these difficulties and objections do not lie in the very mysteriousness1 vastness1 and elevation of the object of faith itself1 but in merely subjective misapprehensions1 it is right to attempt to remove them1 and to make the exercise of faith easier to the inquirer4 ,moreover1 although it is sufficient to prove the infallibility of the church1 and then1 from this infallibility1 to deduce1 as a necessary consequence1 the truth of all ,catholic teaching2 it does not follow that each separate portion of this teaching cannot be proved by other and independent lines of argument4 ,the divine legation of ,moses is sufficiently proved by the authority of ,christ2 but it can be proved apart from that authority4 ,so1 the ,trinity1 the real presence1 baptismal regeneration1 or purgatory1 are sufficiently and infallibly proved from the judgment of the church2 but they may be also proved from ,scripture1 from tradition1 and1 in a negative way1 from reason4 ,in the ,problems of the ,age our principal intention has been to clear away difficulties and misapprehensions from the object of faith1 in order that candid inquirers might not be obliged to assume any greater burden upon their minds than the weight of that yoke of faith which the ,lord himself imposes4 #ahb ,in doing this1 we have endeavored not only to clear the dogmas of faith from the perversions of heretical doctrines1 but also to distinguish them from theological opinions1 which rest only on human authority1 and are open to discussion4 ,we have also thought it best1 not merely to mark off doctrines of faith1 and leave them in their naked simplicity1 free from that theological envelope which is sometimes confounded with their substance2 but also to give them that dress which1 in our opinion1 is best fitted to set off their native grace and beauty4 ,we have not simply expressed the definitions of the church1 discriminating from them the opinion of this and that school1 and thus barely indicating what must be1 and what need not be believed1 in order to be a ,catholic4 ,we know the wants of the class of minds we are dealing with4 ,they feel the need of some general view which shall give them a coup a'oeil of the theological landscape1 and enable them to embrace the details and single objects contained in it in one harmonious whole4 ,they have had so much sophistical reasoning and false philosophy1 as well as bad and repulsive theology1 dinned into their ears and minds that they cannot be satisfied without some better system as a substitute4 ,we were obliged1 therefore1 not only to point out that certain opinions--generally repugnant to those who have been sickened by imbibing the ,calvinistic and ,lutheran poison--are not obligatory on the conscience of any ,catholic1 but also to present the opinions of another school more remote from ,protestant orthodoxy1 and less repugnant to those who are called liberal ,christians4 ,our critic seems to imagine that1 in doing this1 we are merely playing an adroit game in which all kinds of theological or philosophical opinions are used as counters1 without reference to truth1 and merely with the view of winning as many converts as possible1 by any show of plausible argument4 ,at any moment1 he says1 we are ready to throw away the whole1 if commanded to do so by authority4 ,once caught1 those who have been drawn into the church by an artifice will have their minds tutored in a far different way1 and be obliged to keep themselves ready to accept the very contrary of that which we assured them was sound1 orthodox doctrine1 at the arbitrary will of the ecclesiastical authority4 ,until that authority defines precisely what the sound ,catholic doctrine is1 we can have no settled1 well-grounded opinion2 but only conjecture and hypothesis4 ,let the absurdity of any of these hypotheses be shown by some ,protestant controversialist1 and the plea is ready that the church is not responsible for private opinions4 ,yet we have been artful and audacious enough to put forth a network of such hypotheses as ,catholic doctrine when they are not ,catholic doctrine1 and are directly controverted by other ,catholic writers4 ,in an article which appeared lately in ,putnam's ,monthly1 publicly ascribed to the same gentleman who is the avowed author of the criticism we are noticing1 there is a general charge made upon ,americo-,roman preachers1 of presenting a plausible pseudo-,catholicity quite different from the genuine ,italian and ,irish article4 ,the ,churchman1 not long ago1 made a similar statement which1 if not mendacious1 is supremely foolish and ignorant1 respecting ,f4 ,hyacinthe1 and certain other devoted ,catholics in ,france4 #ahc ,the whole is a tissue of cobwebs1 which a stroke of the pen can sweep away4 ,the ,holy ,see is not accustomed to condemn suddenly and by the wholesale the probable opinions of grave and learned theologians1 much less the doctrines of great and long-established schools4 ,in the ,problems of the ,age1 we have been careful to follow in the wake of theologians of established repute1 and not to lay down propositions whose tenability is doubtful or suspected4 ,it is possible that some definitions or decrees may be made hereafter which may require us to modify some of our opinions in theology or philosophy1 and we shall undoubtedly submit at once to any such decisions4 ,but there is no probability that we shall ever be called upon to change radically and essentially that system of theology which we have derived from the best and most esteemed ,catholic authors4 ,there is certainly no reason to think that the tenets distinguishing the ,dominican from the ,augustinian school will ever be condemned in a mass4 ,those which distinguish the ,jesuit school from either or both of these have been through a severe ordeal of accusation and trial long ago1 and have come out unscathed4 ,the same is true of the doctrines of ,cardinal ,sfondrati4 ,suarez1 ,st4 ,alphonsus1 ,perrone1 and ,archbishop ,kenrick are certainly respectable authority1 and a good guarantee of the orthodoxy of opinions sustained by their judgment4 ,perrone1 whom we have followed more closely than any other author in treating of the most delicate and difficult questions1 has taught and published his theology at ,rome4 ,it has passed through thirty seven editions1 and is more popular as a text-book than any other4 ,he is a consultor of the ,sacred ,congregations of the ,council and the ,index1 ,prefect of ,studies in the ,roman ,college1 and1 together with ,fathers ,schrader and ,franzlin1 eminent theologians of the same ,jesuit school1 a member of the ,commission of ,dogmatic ,theology1 which is preparing the points for decision in the coming ,council of the ,vatican4 ,the doctrines advanced in the ,problems of the ,age in opposition to ,calvinism1 in accordance with the theological exposition of ,perrone1 cannot1 therefore1 be qualified as peculiar or curious opinions of the author1 as pseudo-,catholic or ,americo-,roman theories1 or as liable to any theological censure of unsoundness4 ,nevertheless1 we have not1 as the critic asserts1 set forth these or other opinions indiscriminately1 and in so far as they vary from the opinions of other approved ,catholic authors1 as being exclusively the ,catholic doctrine4 ,we have used extreme care and conscientiousness in this respect1 although our critic is incapable of appreciating it1 from his lack of all thorough knowledge of the controversy he has unadvisedly meddled with4 ,we do not qualify as ,catholic doctrine1 in a strict sense1 anything which is not de fide obligante1 or admitted by the generality of theologians1 without opposition from any respectable authority1 as morally certain4 ,we censure no really probable opinion as contrary to ,catholic doctrine1 and are disposed to allow the utmost latitude of movement to every individual mind competent to reason on theological subjects1 between the opposite extremes condemned by the church4 ,it does not follow from this1 however1 that our doctrine is mere hypothesis1 and that we are forbidden or unable to come to any positive conclusions beyond the formal definitions of the church4 ,the substance and essential constituents of the doctrine are certainly ,catholic1 and common to all schools4 #ahd ,the ,council of ,trent condemned the heresies of ,calvin and ,luther1 and the ,holy ,see1 the whole church concurring1 has condemned the heresies of ,jansenius and ,baius4 ,we know1 also1 what was the theology of the men who framed and enacted the decrees condemning those errors1 or affirming the opposite truths1 what was the spirit animating the church at that time1 and continuing in it until the present2 and we have in the episcopate1 but especially in the ,holy ,see1 the living1 authentic teacher and interpreter of the doctrine contained in the written decrees4 ,there is1 therefore1 a solid and common basis upon which all ,catholics stand1 and upon which it is possible and allowable to construct theological theories or systems4 ,learning1 logic1 the intuitive power of genius1 and the special gifts imparted by the ,holy ,spirit to certain favored men1 have their full scope in carrying on this work4 ,through their activity1 conclusions1 deductions1 expositions1 elucidations1 may be attained1 which have a value varying all the way from plausible conjecture and hypothesis up through the different degrees of probability1 to moral certainty4 ,for ourselves1 we have always studied to find in the most approved authors those opinions which approach as nearly as possible to moral certainty2 or1 in default of such1 those which are admitted to be probable1 and to our mind appear intrinsically more probable than their opposites4 ,we write and speak1 therefore1 not with an economy1 or as presenting opinions likely to captivate our readers1 but with an interior conviction1 in accordance with that which we believe to be really the revealed and rational truth2 or else we indicate that we are speaking under a reserve of doubt and suspended judgment4 ,as for the insinuation that we are concerned in any artful scheme for palming off a plausible pseudo-,catholicity in lieu of the ,catholicity of the ,pope1 the ,roman ,church1 and of the faithful people of ,ireland1 we repudiate it as false1 groundless1 and injurious4 ,we hold unreservedly to the ,pope and all his doctrinal decisions2 to the genuine1 thorough1 uncompromising ,catholicity of ,rome and the universal church2 to the faith for which the martyred people of ,ireland have dared and suffered all4 ,nothing could be more opposed to that astuteness for which ,catholic ecclesiastics generally obtain extensive credit1 than to attempt such a foolish scheme in this country and age of the world as some persons attribute to us for the purpose of nullifying the effect of our influence and arguments upon the minds of candid inquirers after truth4 ,for what purpose or end could we desire to propagate the ,catholic religion in this country1 unless we are convinced that it is the only true religion established by ,jesus ,christ1 and necessary to the salvation of the human race8 ,with this conviction1 it would be the most supreme folly to preach any other doctrine but that genuine and sound ,catholic doctrine which is sanctioned by the supreme authority in the church1 and which we desire to propagate4 ,individuals may1 no doubt1 err1 even with good intentions1 in the attempt to discriminate between the permanent and the variable1 the essential and the accidental1 the universal and the local elements in ,catholicity2 and in the effort to adjust the relations between the doctrine and institutions of the church and new conditions of human science1 or political and social order4 ,but it is impossible for any individual or clique either to master or resist the general ,catholic sentiment1 and thus to cause the acceptance of any form of pseudo or neo-,catholicism as genuine ,catholicity4 #ahe ,moreover1 there is the vigilant eye and strong arm of ecclesiastical authority ready every moment to detect and restrain the aberrations of private judgment1 and to condemn all opinions or schemes which cannot be tolerated without endangering either doctrine or discipline4 ,the voice of the ,holy ,father is heard throughout the world1 and the voice of the whole ,catholic ,church will reverberate to the uttermost parts of the earth from the approaching ,ecumenical ,council4 ,all intelligent persons1 more especially all inquisitive1 shrewd1 and cool-headed ,americans1 have the means of knowing what genuine ,catholic doctrine is4 ,whoever should attempt to set forth a dilution of ,catholicity with ,grecism1 ,anglicanism1 rationalism1 or any other kind of individualism1 as a lure to non-catholics1 would1 therefore1 simply gain nothing1 unless a little unenviable notoriety should seem to his vanity a gain worth purchasing by the betrayal of his trust4 ,the people of this country want the genuine ,catholicity1 or nothing4 ,they will not be deluded a second time by a counterfeit1 and become followers of a man1 a party1 or a sect4 ,nor do we wish to deceive them4 ,we desire to set before them the doctrine and law of the ,catholic ,church in their purity and integrity1 that they may have the opportunity of embracing them for their temporal and eternal salvation4 ,we have had this end in view in writing and publishing the ,problems of the ,age2 and1 knowing well the delicacy and difficulty of the task1 we have spared no pains to study the decisions of councils and the ,holy ,see1 to compare and weigh the statements of the most approved theologians1 and to make no explanations which we were not satisfied are tenable1 according to the received criterion of orthodoxy4 ,we do not desire1 however1 or exact that any of our statements should be taken upon trust by any one4 ,we have written for thinking and educated persons1 who have need of light upon certain dark points of ,christian doctrine2 who are in earnest1 and willing to take the time and trouble necessary for learning the truth4 ,such persons1 if they read only ,english1 will find all that is requisite1 in addition to the citations made in the ,problems of the ,age1 in ,mhler's ,symbolism4 ,scholars and theologians may satisfy themselves more fully by the aid of the collection of dogmatic and doctrinal decrees contained in ,denziger's ,enchiridion1 and of the theologies of ,billuart1 ,perrone1 and ,kenrick1 the first of whom is a strict ,thomist1 the second a ,jesuit1 and the third of no particular school4 ,in the exposition of the more antique and technically ,augustinian tenets1 the works of ,berti1 ,estius1 ,antoine1 ,cardinal ,noris1 and ,cardinal ,gotti can be consulted4 ,there are many other books relating to the ,jansenist controversy1 in ,latin1 ,french1 and ,english1 from which the fullest information can be obtained in regard to the history of the desperate struggle which that pseudo-,augustinian heresy--so nearly allied to the more moderate ,calvinism and to one form of ,anglicanism--made to gain a foothold in the church1 and its thorough and complete discomfiture by the learning and logic of the great ,thomist and ,jesuit theologians1 and the authority of the ,holy ,see4 ,there remains but one more point to be noticed1 closely connected with the topic just now discussed1 the charge of ,pelagianism made by our critic against our own doctrines1 and of semi-,pelagianism made by ,the ,mercersburg ,review1 against the same1 which the latter does not distinguish from the doctrine of the ,roman ,church4 #ahf ,the learned ,professor ,emerson1 of ,andover1 long since called the attention of his co-religionists to the fact that the designation of ,pelagian is used in this country very much at random1 and by persons who have no accurate notion of the tenets of ,pelagius4 ,calvinism1 ,jansenism1 and ,baianism are heresies on one side of the line2 ,pelagianism and semi-,pelagianism on the opposite4 ,the ,catholic doctrine is the truth which they all deny or pervert1 exaggerate or diminish1 by their false perspective4 ,therefore1 each of them accuses the ,catholic doctrine of the error opposite to its own error4 ,this is no new thing1 but was long ago complained of by ,st4 ,athanasius and ,st4 ,hilary4 ,the ,arians accused the ,catholics of being ,sabellians1 and the ,sabellians accused them of being ,arians or ,arianizers4 ,we uphold both nature and grace1 against ,calvinists and ,pelagians1 therefore we are by turns accused of denying both4 ,in the present instance1 we are accused of denying or diminishing grace4 ,the accusation is foolish1 and shows a very slight knowledge of theology in those who make it4 ,the ,pelagian heresy asserts that human nature is capable of attaining the beatitude which the holy angels and saints possess with ,jesus ,christ in ,god1 by its own intrinsic power1 and is in the same state now as that in which ,adam was originally constituted4 ,the contrary doctrine is so clearly stated and so fully developed in the ,problems of the ,age1 that it suffices to refer the reader to its pages4 ,the semi-,pelagian heresy asserts that human nature is capable of the beginning of faith by its own efforts1 and also of meriting grace by a merit of congruity4 ,this heresy is unequivocally condemned by the church1 and rejected by every school and every theologian4 ,there is not a trace of it in a single line we have written4 ,this leads us to notice a misapprehension into which the editor of ,the ,religious ,magazine of ,boston has fallen4 ,this ,unitarian periodical is one which we esteem very much1 on account of its excellent and truly devout spirit2 and its contributors belong to a class of liberal ,christians whose tendencies inspire us with much hope4 ,it is with pleasure1 therefore1 that we recognize the candid and amicable tone of the notice which it has given of that which we have written especially for those whose intellectual direction is in the line which it follows4 ,our ,unitarian critic has1 however1 made the great mistake of supposing that we use an orthodox phraseology1 without any ideas behind it different from those of liberal ,christians or rationalists4 ,he says1 ,setting aside what we cannot help calling theological technicalities1 his account of man's moral being accords almost entirely with that which our liberal ,christianity would give4 ,perhaps the criticism upon our author must be1 that he only retains in word and form much which he has abandoned in fact4 ,the writer of this has been so accustomed to associate certain ,catholic formulas and words with ,calvinistic ideas1 that they seem to him to mean nothing when dissociated from them4 ,with him1 the logical alternative of ,calvinism is ,unitarianism2 and whoever agrees with him in rejecting the former1 must substantially agree with him in holding the latter1 however his language may vary from that which he himself uses4 ,the reason of this is1 that he fails to apprehend the ,catholic idea of the supernatural order2 that is1 of the elevation of the rational creature to the immediate intuition of the divine essence in the beatific vision4 ,we fear that in the last analysis it will be found that ,unitarians have lost the distinct conception of the personality of ,god1 and retain only a vague1 confused notion of him as abstract being1 and therefore not an object of direct vision4 #ahg ,hence1 they conceive of the highest contemplation and beatitude of man in the future life as a mere evolution and extension of our natural intelligence and spontaneity4 ,or1 if they do conceive of heaven as a state in which the soul attains to a direct1 personal fellowship and converse with ,god as a friend1 a father1 a supreme1 intelligent1 living1 and loving ,spirit1 with whom the human spirit comes into immediate relations1 like those of man with man on earth1 they still believe that we are capable of attaining to this by the mere development of our natural powers1 and by purely natural acts4 ,there is1 therefore1 a great chasm between the ,unitarian and the ,catholic doctrine4 ,the latter teaches1 in the mystery of the ,trinity1 the only real and possible conception of personal subsistence in the divine essence1 and sets forth the concrete1 living1 active1 impersonated ,god1 in whom is infinite1 self-sufficing beatitude1 without any necessity to create for the sake of completing the reason1 and relations1 and end of his being4 ,this infinite beatitude consisting in the contemplation and love of his own essence which is actuated in the ,trinity1 presents the idea of a beatitude infinitely superior to and distinct from any felicity to which we have any natural aptitude or impulse4 ,its cause and object is the divine essence1 directly and immediately beheld by an intellectual vision1 of which our corporeal vision of material objects is but a faint shadow4 ,the ,catholic doctrine teaches that human nature must be elevated by a supernatural gratuitous grace in order to attain to this vision of ,god2 that in ,christ it is so elevated1 even to a hypostatic union with the second person of the ,trinity2 that in ,adam it was elevated to a lesser or adoptive filiation2 that the angelic nature is also elevated to a similar state2 and that men1 under the present dispensation2 are subjects of the same grace4 ,the church teaches1 moreover1 that this grace is granted to men1 since the fall1 only through the merits of the sacrifice of ,jesus ,christ upon the cross2 that without divine grace they cannot even begin a supernatural life2 that no merely natural virtue deserves this grace2 and that it is by faith1 which is the gift of ,god2 by the sacraments1 and by good works done in the state of grace1 in the communion of the ,catholic ,church1 that we can alone obtain everlasting life with ,christ4 ,there is as much difference between this doctrine and any form of ,unitarianism as there is between the sun and the earth2 the star-studded sky and a neat1 well-kept flower-garden4 ,catholics may differ from each other in regard to certain questions concerning the state of human nature when destitute of grace2 but we are all agreed in regard to the need of grace for attaining the end we are bound to strive after1 the conditions of obtaining this grace1 and the obligation of complying with them1 as well as in regard to the insufficiency of all media for bringing the human race even to its acme of temporal progress and felicity1 except the institutions and teaching of the ,catholic ,church4 ------- #ahh ,heremore-,brandon2 ,or1 ,the ,fortunes ,of ,a ,newsboy4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,when they arrived at the ,wiltshire depot1 ,dick and ,mary were still undecided what step to take next2 for neither of them favored the idea of asking at once for ,dr4 ,heremore1 feeling certain that the probabilities of his being alive would vanish the moment that such an inquiry was proposed4 ,it was a nice enough town1 with fine breezes from the sea blowing through its streets1 and a quaint look about the houses that made ,dick1 at least1 feel as if they were in a foreign land4 ,dick and ,mary stood on the depot platform together1 undecided still4 ,let us walk a little way up and see what we can see1 ,mary proposed4 ,all that they found at first were a few lumber-wagons1 a market-wagon1 and now and then a group of boys playing2 but finally they came upon a store1 at the door of which several long-limbed countrymen were talking and chewing tobacco4 ,i should have said chewing and talking2 for the chewing was much more vigorously prosecuted than the talking4 ,the presence of the strangers1 one a lady in a plain but very stylish dress1 attracted some attention2 the men surveyed them in a leisurely1 undazzled way1 hardly making room for them to pass2 for1 having seen the sign ,,post-,,office in the window of this store1 ,dick and ,mary concluded to enter and make inquiries4 ,the afternoon sun streamed in upon the floor2 the flies buzzed at the windows2 and a man1 with his hat on and his chair tilted back1 was at the back of the store4 ,he made no sign of changing his position when he first saw the strangers1 not because ,mr4 ,wilkes was any less well disposed toward the ladies than a city merchant would be1 but because country people fancy it is more dignified to show indifference than politeness4 ,in time1 however1 he tilted down his chair1 freed his great mouth from its load of tobacco1 and lounged up to the counter where ,mary and ,dick were standing4 ,i want to ask you a question1 ,dick answered to the storekleeper's look2 ,i suppose you know this town pretty well8 ,dick was so afraid of the answer that he did not know how to put a direct question in regard to ,dr4 ,heremore4 ,rather1 was the laconic reply1 with no change of the speaker's countenance4 ,do you know if a ,dr4 ,heremore lived here once1 twenty-five years or so ago8 ,i wasn't here in them days1 for ,mr4 ,wilkes was a young man who did not care to be old4 ,i did not suppose you did know1 of your own knowledge2 ,i thought you might have heard4 ,i suppose you have come to see him8 ,or to hear of him1 added ,dick4 ,come from ,boston or ,york1 ,i suppose8 ,from ,new ,york1 answered ,dick2 can you tell us who is likely to give us information8 #ahi ,about the old doctor8 asked ,mr4 ,wilkes in the same impassive manner4 ,yes1 said ,dick1 rather impatiently4 ,i suppose you are relations o' his8 ,we came to get information1 not to give it1 ,dick replied in a quiet tone but inwardly vexed4 ,well1 answered the storekeeper1 not in the least abashed by this rebuke1 there's an old fellow lives up yonder1 who knows pretty much everything's been done here for the last forty years2 you'd better go to him2 if any one knows1 he does4 ,better not be too techy with him1 ,i can tell you1 if you want to find out anything2 people as wants to take must give too1 you know4 ,that there road will take you straight to the house2 white house1 first on the left after you come to the meeting house4 ,thank you2 and the name8 ,well1 folks usually calls him ',the ,governor' round here2 you1 being strangers1 can call him what you please4 ,will he like a stranger's calling8 ,oh6 tell him ,i sent you--,ben ,wilkes--and you are all right4 ,thank you6 ,mary and ,dick replied and turned away4 ,ben ,wilkes1 who1 during this conversation1 had seated himself on the counter1 the better to show his ease in the strangers' society1 which--,mary's especially--secretly impressed him very much1 looked leisurely after them as they passed out of the store2 then took out some fresh tobacco1 and returned to his chair4 ,i don't like to go1 said ,mary1 it may be some joke upon us4 ,i am afraid it is1 answered ,dick2 but1 after all1 what can happen that we need mind8 ,if it is a gentleman to whom he has sent us1 no matter how angry he is1 he will see that you are a lady1 and you will know how to explain it2 if he has sent us to one who is not1 ,i guess ,i shall be able to reply to him4 ,their walk was a very long one1 but the meeting-house at last came in sight1 and next it1 though there was a goodly space between1 was a large white house1 irregular and rambling1 with very nicely kept shrubbery around4 ,dick opened the gate with a hand that was a little nervous2 but ,mary whispered as their feet crunched the neatly bordered gravel walk to the low porch1 ,it is all right1 ,i am sure2 there is an old gentleman by the window4 ,will you be spokesman this time8 asked ,dick4 ,mary nodded1 and as the path was narrow and they could not well walk side by side1 she was in front1 so that naturally she would be the first to meet the old gentleman4 ,a very fine old gentleman he was2 a large man with a fine head1 and1 as his first words proved1 a remarkably full1 sweet voice4 ,seeing a lady coming toward him1 he rose at once from his arm-chair1 closed his book and advanced a step or two to greet her4 ,mary was one of those women toward whom courteous men are most courteous from the first glance2 and this old gentleman1 who moved toward her with all the grace and ease of a vigorous young man1 was one of those men to whom gentle women are gentler1 from the first1 than to others4 ,good-evening1 he said1 as ,mary looked up to him with a smile at at once pleasant and deferential4 ,good-evening1 and as she did not say more than these words1 the gentleman continued1 ,i will not say1 ',come in1' for it is too pleasant out of doors for that2 but let me give you chairs4 #aij ,thank you1 sir1 we are strangers1 but1 we hope1 not intruders1 she replied4 ,certainly not1 he answered4 ,it is a great pleasure for me to receive my old friends1 and a pleasure to me to make new ones2 and strangers1 even if they remain strangers1 bring with them great interest to the quiet lives of us old people4 ,this he said in a tone not in the least formal1 or as if making a speech1 and still looking more at ,mary than at her brother4 ,they were not yet seated1 and no expression but that of kindly courtesy crossed his face while looking into the sweet1 gravely smiling one before him2 his tones were hardly altered when he added1 ,i have waited for you these many long years1 ,mary2 but ,i never doubted you would come at last4 ,you must not play tricks upon my old heart2 it has suffered too much to be able to sustain its part as it did in old times4 ,mary drew back a step1 at this strange address1 but she could not withdraw her eyes from his1 as in tender1 gentle tones he spoke the last words4 ,dick stood closer to her1 but said nothing4 ,indeed1 you mistake1 ,mary said1 with great earnestness2 ,i have told you the truth1 ,i am really a stranger1 although you have called me by my name1 ,mary4 ,i am ,mary ,brandon1 and this-- ,is your husband4 ,well1 ,mary1 are you not my daughter8 ,if you were changed1 why come to see me8 ,i heard you were changed4 ,i spent four years in ,paris and ,rome1 following up the trace given me in ,new ,york1 and then ,i came back disappointed but not despairing4 ',mary will not die without sending for me or coming to me1' ,i said2 and ,i have taken care always to be ready for you4 ,i never thought you could come to me with coldness or indifference4 ,i was prepared for almost anything--to see you poor and broken-hearted2 no shame1 no sin1 no sorrow that would part us4 ,i did not think to see you come back beautiful1 happy1 rich1 a glance at her dress1 and without a word of greeting4 ,dr4 ,heremore8 said ,dick1 not because he believed or thought it1 but because the words came forced by some inward power greater than his knowledge4 ,well1 ,charles1 answered the old gentleman1 sadly but composedly1 turning at this name1 can you explain it8 ,and then ,mary understood it all4 ,the years were nothing to him who had waited for his child's return1 ,she was in his arms before ,dick had recovered from his first bewilderment1 now1 by this act of hers1 trebly increased4 ,ah my child6 if ,i spoke severely1 it was only because ,i could not bear the waiting4 ,i knew your jokes of old1 darling2 but when one has waited so long for the dear face one loves1 the last moments seem longer than all the years4 ,i will ask no questions4 ,i see you two are together1 and it is all right4 ,you can tell me all at your leisure4 ,now1 ,mary1 ,i must kill the fatted calf4 ,even though you and ,charles have not returned as prodigals1 he added as if he would not1 even in play1 risk hurting them4 ,not yet1 please1 said ,mary4 ,let us have it all to ourselves for a few minutes4 ,and they seated themselves on the sunny porch1 the old gentleman's delight now beginning to show itself in the nervous way he moved his hands1 and his disjointed sentences4 #aia ,mary took off her hat at once1 and threw it1 with rather more of gayety than was quite natural to her1 upon one of the short branches1 looking like pegs1 which had been left in the pillars of the porch4 ,you haven't forgotten the old ways--eh1 ,mary8 ,dr4 ,heremore asked1 as he saw the movement4 ,i remember well how proud you were the day you first found you could reach that very peg1 and you are as much a child as you were that day1 is she not1 ,charles8 ,pretty nearly1 answered ,dick1 who could not fulfil his part with ,mary's readiness4 ,how deliciously fresh everything looks6 exclaimed ,mary4 ,you should have seen it in ,june4 ,i never saw the roses thicker4 ,o pet1 how ,i did wish for you1 then6 ,the time of roses was always your time4 ,and ,i love them as much as ever6 exclaimed ,mary1 telling the truth of herself4 ,next year1 if ,i am alive1 ,i will be here with them2 we will have jolly times looking after them4 ,i have learned a great deal about flowers lately1 but ,i shall never love roses like yours4 ,this indeed1 ,mary felt to be true4 ,flora has had to be replaced1 said her grandfather observing her eyes resting on a statue in the garden in front4 ,i will show you the alterations ,i have made1 and a few are improvements4 ,but you must have something to eat now4 ,i cannot let you go a minute longer4 ,you came up by the boat1 ,i presume8 ,yes1 and had a hearty dinner1 ,mary answered1 having a dread of a servant's entering1 and getting things all wrong again1 ,to eat now will only spoil our appetite for tea1 and ,i want you to see what an appetite ,i have4 ,perhaps you are too tired to go around the garden8 ,tired6 ,no1 indeed4 ,i am afraid it will not interest you much1 ,charles1 the old gentleman said to ,dick4 ,you never did care much about the little place4 ,oh6 ,i assure you1 ,i would be delighted to see it all1 ,dick answered1 eagerly2 but ,mary had noticed the constraint in her grandfather's voice whenever he addressed the supposed ,charles1 and said quickly3 ,oh6 we don't want you1 you don't know a rose from a sunflower2 pick up a book and read till we come back4 ,this way1 dear2 have you forgotten8 ,dr4 ,heremore said1 looking at her in a perplexed manner as naturally enough she turned away from the house4 ,this way1 dear1 you lose the whole effect if you go around4 ,come through the house4 ,there1 dear old ,mary1 he added1 smilingly handing her a glass of wine which he poured out from a decanter on the sideboard in the dining room4 ,drink to ',the ,elms' and no more jokes upon old hearts4 ,to our happy meeting and no more parting1 added ,mary1 drinking her wine with him4 ,he poured out a glass for ,dick1 or ,charles1 as he thought him1 and1 rather formally1 carried it to him ,it was very clear that ,charles was no favorite4 ,all through the trim garden1 and then through the whole house1 ,mary followed her grandfather1 her heart1 as it may be believed1 full of love for the tender father of her lost mother4 ,she stood in the room which that mother had occupied1 and could not speak a word as she gazed reverently around4 ,it was a thorough ,new ,england bedroom--a high mahogany bedstead1 a long narrow looking-glass with a landscape painted on the upper part1 in a gilt frame1 a great chintz-covered arm-chair by the bed1 a round mahogany table1 with a red cover and a ,bible1 a stiff1 long-legged washstand in the corner1 a prim chest of drawers under the looking-glass between the windows1 composed the furniture of the room2 a badly painted picture of a young girl in the dress of a shepherdess1 and a pair of vases on the mantel1 were the only ornaments2 a crimson carpet and white window-curtains were plainly of a later date than the furniture4 #aib ,i have had to alter some things1 said ,dr4 ,heremore1 as they came out of the room1 but ,i got them as much like the old ones as ,i could1 that you might feel at home here4 ,your baggage should be here by this time1 should it not8 ,how did you send it8 ,we left it at the station1 answered ,mary4 ,you know we were not sure--not certain sure that we should find you4 ,i suppose not1 ,i suppose not4 ,these have been long years1 ,mary1 but they have not changed us1 after all4 ,but ,i must send for your trunks4 ,i suppose ,charles has the checks4 ,we brought but very little with us1 ,mary said1 considerably embarrassed1 and1 seeing the change in his countenance1 she hastened to add1 ,but now that it is all right and we have found the way1 we will stay with you until you turn us out2 at least1 ,i will4 ,then you will send for more things1 and how about the children8 with the same perplexed look at her4 ,mary knew not what to say4 ,was it not better to tell him the real truth at once8 ,how could she go on with this deception1 as innocent as any deception can be1 and yet how break down his joy in its very midst8 ,silently she stood beside him1 at a hall window1 looking upon the prospect he had pointed out to her1 considering what answer to make him4 ,he1 too1 was silent2 for a long time the two stood there1 and then it was the doctor who spoke first4 ,mary1 your children must be men and women now4 ,i had forgotten how long it was2 but ,i remember you were here last the year the meeting-house over there was put up1 and ,i just was thinking that was over twenty years ago4 ,richard was a few months old1 then4 ,mary1 don't deceive me4 ,tell me the truth4 ,mary turned sadly toward him1 and laid her hands in his4 ,grandpapa1 ,i will1 was all she said4 ,it was a great blow to him1 but something had been hovering confusedly before his mind ever since they came out together1 and now it was clear4 ,he turned abruptly away from her at the first shock1 then came to her more kindly than ever4 ,forgive me1 dear1 he apologized with mournful courtesy2 ,i did not mean to be rude1 but it is a great shock4 ,you are very like her1 very like her1 but ,i should have known at once that those years could not have left her a girl like you4 ,i will not ask more--your mother-- ,my father is living1 ,mary said1 with tears streaming down her face1 as he stopped1 and that is my brother down-stairs4 ,is he your only brother8 have you sisters8 he asked4 ,we are your only grandchildren1 she answered2 and he understood that his child was dead1 and another woman had filled her place4 ,you are a noble girl1 he said1 with lingering tenderness in every word4 ,we will go down now4 ,i will greet ,richard1 and then1 dear1 you will let me be alone for a little while4 ,i shall have to send for your things1 you know4 ,if it is any trouble-- began ,mary4 #aic ,none1 ,i will see about it at once4 ,they went down1 and he greeted ,richard1 then went away slowly1 still begging them to excuse him for the inattention to them4 ,soon after1 a barefooted boy of twelve or fourteen or so went whistling down the road past the house1 staring at them as he went by2 an hour after1 the same boy returned with their bags2 these were taken up-stairs by a thin1 severe-looking1 very neatly-dressed woman1 who quickly and with only a word or two showed them their rooms1 and told them that1 as soon as they were dressed1 tea would be ready4 ,mary dressed in her mother's room with a sense of that mother's spirit around her4 ,she fortunately had brought a dress with her1 so that she was able to make a slight change4 ,then slowly and with great reverence she went down the stairs1 meeting ,dick in the hall1 to whom she whispered1 ,o ,dick6 how ,i love him2 but ,i am afraid it will kill him2 the purpose for which he has lived these twenty years is taken from him4 ,can we give him another8 ,it may be that you can1 ,dick replied1 looking tenderly into her sweet face1 all aglow with the bright soul-life which had been kindled so actively in the last hours4 ,if you can1 ,mary1 try it2 do not think of anything else2 stay with him1 do anything you think right and good for him2 he deserves more from us than-- ,dick hesitated1 not willing to speak unkindly of ,mr4 ,brandon1 who certainly had been a father to ,mary--than any other4 ,i will try1 ,mary answered speaking quickly and in a low voice4 ,if it seems best that ,i should stay a little while1 you will explain to papa8 ,but perhaps1 after all1 it will be you who will be able to replace her best4 ,we shall see1 ,dick said1 and then ,dr4 ,heremore was seen coming toward them1 with less lightness in his step than they had noticed before2 otherwise there was but little change1 except that his voice was more mournfully tender than at first4 ,it is a long time since ,i saw that place filled1 he said1 arranging a chair for ,mary before the tea-urn4 ,and it is very sweet to me to see your bright young face before me2 a long time since ,i have had so strong an arm to help me1 he added1 as ,dick eagerly offered him some little assistance1 and ,i am very grateful for it4 ,there were no explanations that night2 he talked to ,dick and ,mary as to very dear and honored guests1 of everything likely to interest them1 and was won by their eager attention to tell them many little things about his house and grounds1 which were his evident pride and pleasure1 all in the same subdued1 courteous way that had attracted them from the first4 ,there seemed1 in the beginning1 a far greater sympathy between ,mary and him than he had with ,dick1 which was the reason1 undoubtedly1 why he devoted his attention more especially to his grandson1 whose modest replies1 given with a heightened color and an evident desire to please1 were very winningly made4 ,i have two noble grandchildren1 he said to them as they stood up to say good-night4 ,my daughter1 short as her life was1 did not come into the world for a small purpose2 she did not live for little good2 she has sent me two to love and esteem1 and to win some love from them1 ,i trust--yes1 ,i believe4 #aid ,the next day1 he set apart a time and then there were full explanations from both sides4 ,dick's story we know already4 ,dr4 ,heremore's can be told in a few words4 ,his daughter married1 when very young and on a short acquaintance1 a gentleman who was spending his summer holidays in the vicinity of ,wiltshire1 and1 immediately upon her marriage1 had gone to ,n---- to reside2 they remained there until ,richard was a month old1 when his daughter made him a long--her last--visit2 from there to ,new ,york1 whence a letter or two was all that came for some little time2 then one written evidently in great depression of spirits4 ,dr4 ,heremore1 on receipt of this1 went at once to ,new ,york to see her1 only to hear that she had gone with her husband to ,europe4 ,a little further inquiry proved to his satisfaction that ,mr4 ,brandon was in the ,south1 and that his wife was not with him2 his letters were unanswered1 and his alarm was every day greater and more painful4 ,at last1 he followed a lady--described to be somewhat of his daughter's appearance1 bearing the same name1 who had joined a theatrical company1 though of this last he was not aware for a long time--to ,europe4 ,as he had said before1 he came back disappointed but not despairing1 to hear of ,mr4 ,brandon's death--the same false report1 perhaps intentionally circulated1 which his daughter had heard4 ,her letters to him1 of which she spoke in her letter to ,dick1 were lost while he was away searching for her4 ,he had not been rich1 then2 but coming home1 he had resumed his practice1 and lived patiently awaiting news of her1 energetically laboring to secure a small fortune for her should she ever come to claim it4 ,this little fortune he would divide at once1 he said1 between her two children2 for what1 he argued with them1 what is the use of hoarding it to give to you later when1 ,i trust1 you will not need it half as much8 ,a few hundreds in early youth are often worth as many thousands in after-years4 ,that will do for ,dick1 ,mary conceded1 because it would be a great thing for him to have a little start just now2 and besides1 there's ,somebody ,else for him to think of2 but ,i will take my share in staying here4 ,you will not drive me away8 ,your father8 ,papa would--it's a shabby thing to say--be very willing to have me away1 in his present circumstances4 ,he has been wishing and wishing for ,fred and ,joe constantly ever since they went2 but for me--he thinks girls are a sort of nuisance1 ,i know he does2 and will be very grateful to you if you divide the burden with him4 ,but if--just as ,i got used to loving you1 there should be another ,somebody ,else besides ,dick's8 ,how about this out of civilization place1 then8 ,mary grew very red indeed1 but answered readily1 ,oh6 that's a long way off2 and besides1 he may not think this out of civilization1 you know4 ,so it was settled4 ,one of the clerks who had been from early boyhood in ,ames and ,narden's store had been long intending to start out on his own account1 and ,dick was very sure that they could fulfill their olden dream of partnership1 now that ,dr4 ,heremore was willing to give them a start4 ,dick went down to ,new ,york the day after this conversation1 and there was a long talk between the members of the firm1 and the two clerks1 which culminated in a dinner and the agreement that all was to go on as it had been going1 until the first of ,may1 when there would be a new bookseller's firm in the ,new ,york ,directory1 to wit1 ,,barnes ,,and ,,heremore4 #aie ,after a brief conversation with ,mr4 ,brandon1 ,dick hurried to ,carlton1 and was not long making his way to the shadowy lane4 ,to her honor and glory be it said1 ,trot was the first to see him2 and without waiting for a greeting1 not even for the expected dear 'ittle ,titten1 ran with all speed into the house1 crying1 ,thishter6 ,thishter6 ,mr4 ,dit ith toming6 at the top of her voice2 and ,rose1 all blushing at being caught just as she was1 had no time to utter a word before ,mr4 ,dit1 was beside her4 ,there was great rejoicing over ,dick2 the children pulled him in every direction1 to show him some new thing he had not yet seen1 until he began to tell the story of his adventures1 when they stood around in perfect silence4 ,mrs4 ,alaine and ,mrs4 ,stoffs wiped their eyes between their smiles and their exclamations of delight2 old ,carl once held his pipe in one hand and forgot to fill it for nearly a minute1 so absorbed was he2 but ,rose alone did not say a word of congratulation when ,dick's good fortune and his brightened future were announced4 ,i even think she had a good cry about it1 after a little talk with ,dick by herself1 that evening1 so hard it is to leave one's home4 ,there's not a thing to wait for now1 ,dick had said1 with beaming eyes2 and poor ,rose's ideas of youth1 and time to get ready1 and all that sort of remark1 were put aside without the least consideration4 ,we will have a little house of our own1 ,dick continued1 we will not go to boarding1 as some people do2 you are too good a housekeeper for that1 ,i am sure2 and as ,new ,york has no houses for young people of moderate means1 we will have a home of our own near the city4 ,shall we not1 ,rose8 ,dick was a very busy young man for a couple of months after this4 ,one thing ,dr4 ,heremore did that seemed hard1 but not so very unnatural1 and of which no one who has never felt a wrong to some one dearly loved should judge4 ,he begged that he might never see ,mr4 ,brandon1 nor be asked to hold any communication with him4 ,he gave ,mary a certain sum of money1 which he wished her to use for her father and step-brothers2 but beyond that1 he left ,mr4 ,brandon to help himself4 ,after attending to all his grandfather's requests and suggestions1 ,dick1 as he had been invited to do1 returned to ,wiltshire to give an account of his management1 and to take up some things for ,mary's use4 ,he was on his way to the boat when he suddenly started and exclaimed1 ,mr4 ,irving6 for no less a person than his ,sir ,launcelot was standing beside him4 ,mr4 ,irving1 not recognizing him1 bowed slightly and passed on1 and ,dick began to be relieved that ,mary was so far away2 perhaps1 after all1 it was a great deal better4 ,but another surprise was in store for ,dick1 who--an inexperienced traveller even yet1 and always in advance of time--had gone on and waited long before the boat prepared to leave2 for at the last moment a carriage drove rapidly to the pier1 and a gentleman sprang from it in time to catch the boat4 ,it was ,sir ,launcelot4 ,mr4 ,heremore1 ,i believe1 he said to ,dick1 when they met somewhat later on the boat4 ,i called on ,mr4 ,brandon to-day1 just after you met me1 to pay my respects to him on my return from ,europe4 ,i found him in a different business from that in which ,i had left him1 and very reserved4 ,i asked after the ladies of his family1 who1 he told me1 were at your grandfather's and his father-in-law's1 in ,maine1 adding that there was a long story1 which ,i had better come to you to hear1 if you had not already left4 ,i have business in ,maine1 so followed you up4 ,so they made acquaintance2 and the new-found relationship with ,mary was explained1 as also the reverses ,mr4 ,brandon had met with4 #aif ,his wife dead1 too1 you tell me6 ,how shocked he must have been at my questions of her6 ,how like him not to give me a hint6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,irving4 ,the new friendship progressed well1 as it often will between two gentlemen1 one of whom is in love with the other's sister1 although there was a wide difference between their characters4 ,mr4 ,irving was many years older than ,dick1 as his finished manners and his manly presence attested1 without the aid of a few gray hairs on his temples1 not visible1 and half a dozen or so in his heavy moustache1 very visible and adding much to his good looks1 in the eyes of most of the ladies who saw him4 ,it seemed as natural to ,dick that this travelled man1 so polished1 so princely as he was1 should be just the one to please his high-bred sister1 and he captivated by her1 as that he himself should belong to ,rose and she to him4 ,consequently he did not put on any of the airs in which brothers1 especially when they are very young1 delight to appear before their sister's admirers4 ,dick had even tact enough1 when they reached ,dr4 ,heremore's house --for1 of course1 ,mr4 ,irving's business in ,maine did not interfere with his accompanying ,dick to ,wiltshire--to be1 very busy with the carriage and trunks1 while ,mr4 ,irving opened the little gate1 and announced himself to the young lady on the porch4 ,when ,dick1 a few minutes after1 greeted his sister1 he had no need1 though ,mary's color did not come as readily as ,rose's1 to say with ,sir ,lavaine3 ,for fear our people call you lily maid1 ,in earnest1 let me bring your color back4 ,i think that ,dr4 ,heremore1 though the very soul of courtesy1 looked rather sadly upon ,mr4 ,irving2 but he was not long left in any uncertainty in regard to that gentleman's wishes2 for the very next day his story was told2 how he had known and loved ,mary from her very earliest girlhood1 but that he was afraid of his greater age1 and1 anxious that she should not be influenced by their long acquaintance and the advantages his ripened years had given him over admirers more suited to her in age1 he had gone to ,europe1 but lacked the courage to remain half the time he had allotted1 and now was back1 and-- ,and1 ah6 yes1 ,i understand2 ,i am to lose her1 said her grandfather sadly4 ,i knew ,i could not keep her4 ,giving her to me will not be losing her4 ,we talked about it last night1 and we are both delighted with this place2 and as ,i am bound to no especial spot1 7,mr4 ,irving was an author17 and she loves none half so much as this1 we can well pitch our tent here4 ,but when further acquaintance had enabled the man of riper years to take a place in ,dr4 ,heremore's life which neither ,mary nor ,dick could fill1 it was settled that the old house was large enough for the three2 and as ,mr4 ,irving was wealthy1 healthy1 and wise1 the sun of ,mary's happiness shone very brightly4 ,there's nothing more for me to say except that ,dick went down to ,carlton still once again1 and that in its church there is a little altar of the ,blessed ,virgin1 whereon ,rose had the unspeakable delight--so precious to every pious heart--of laying a beautiful veil--,mary's gift to her sweet little sister--which ,trot looks critically at every ,sunday1 and may be a little oftener1 and puzzles her small head wondering if its delicate texture--the veil's--will stand the wear and tear of the years that must pass before she can replace it with hers2 which always makes uncle ,carl laugh4 ,and ,rose has persuaded ,mary to dedicate her own in the same way1 and ,mary has laughingly complied1 a little shame-faced1 too1 at her own secret pleasure in doing it1 at the same time half wondering what will come of it4 ,rose does not wonder2 she thinks she knows4 ,as for ,dick1 there is every reason to believe that this coming ,christmas there will be two or three glad hearts travelling around in company with two or three rough1 ragged1 shaggy boys2 that he will carve his own ,christmas turkey at his own1 own table2 and that there will be a couleur de ,rose over all his future life4 ---------- #aig ,our ,lady's ,easter4 ,i4 ,she knelt1 expectant1 through the night3 ,for ,he had promised4 ,in her face ,the pure soul beaming1 full of grace1 ,but sorrow-tranced--a frozen light4 ,but1 ere her eastward lattice caught ,the glimmer of the breaking day1 ,no more in that sweet garden lay ,the buried picture of her thought4 ,the sealed stone shut a void1 and lo6 ,the ,mother and the ,son had met6 ,for her a day should never set ,had burst upon the night of woe4 ,in sudden glory stood ,he there1 ,and gently raised her to his breast3 ,and on his heart1 in perfect rest1 ,she poured her own--a voiceless prayer4 ,enough for her that he has died1 ,and lives1 to die again no more3 ,the foe despoiled1 the combat o'er1 ,the ,victor crowned and glorified4 #aih ,,ii4 ,what song of seraphim shall tell ,my joy to-day1 my blissful queen8 ,yet truly not in vain1 ,i ween1 ,our earthly alleluias swell4 ,it is but just that we should thus ,our ,jesus' triumph share with thee4 ,for us he died1 to set us free4 ,thou owest him risen1 then1 to us4 ,but thou1 sweet ,mother1 grant us more ,than here to join the festive strain3 ,to hymn1 but never know1 our gain ,were ten times loss for once before4 ,thy faithful children let us be4 ,entreat thy ,son1 that he may give ,the wisdom to our hearts to live ,in his1 the risen life1 with thee4 ,for so1 amid the onward years1 ,this feast shall bring us strength renewed2 ,to pass secure1 o'er self subdued1 ,to ,easter in the sinless spheres4 ------- #aii ,two ,months ,in ,spain ,during ,the ,late ,revolution4 ,september #i1 #ahfh4 ,to-day1 while they are yet celebrating the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin1 we enter ,spain1 that mysterious world behind the ,pyrenees1 so different from all others1 and of which we know so little6 ,to-day is also the anniversary of my birthday into the ,catholic ,church1 and now it is my birthday into ,catholic ,spain6 ,la tierra de ,maria ,santisima4 ,leaving ,perpignan 7in the ,pyrnes ,orientales7 by diligence1 we pass through a most tropical looking country1 amidst hedges of aloe1 and oleander1 and pomegranates1 7reminding one of ,texas in the character of the soil1 the productions1 and even the houses27 we soon begin the ascent of the mountains2 and1 before it is quite dark1 we are across the ,pyrenees4 ,by the light of a beautiful sunset we have some grand mountain views1 and encounter a group of ,spanish gypsies1 dark1 ragged1 and dirty1 but highly picturesque4 ,all along these mountains are cork-trees of prodigious size1 with black1 twisted trunks1 from which the bark has been stripped--their fantastic shapes taking the form of nuns or monks--great ghosts in the dim light4 ,perthus1 on the other side the mountains1 is the last ,french town2 high above which towers the fortress of ,bellegarde1 built by ,louis ,,xiv4 in #afgi4 ,just outside this town we pass a granite pyramid1 on which is written ,gallia4 ,a fellow-passenger tells us we are on ,spanish soil4 ,all cry1 ,viva ,espaa6 and we look out upon a solemn-looking soldier1 who stands by a cantonnier1 above which floats the red and yellow flag of ,spain4 ,la ,junguera is the first ,spanish town2 and here is a rival fort to the towering ,french one so lately seen4 ,here our luggage is visited1 and we have our first experience of ,spanish courtesy4 ,the gentlemen passengers all come to ask1 ,will the ladies have fruit8 ,will they have wine8 ,and one of our party1 wishing to give alms to a blind beggar1 and asking change for a franc1 one of the gentlemen gives her the money in coppers1 and refuses to take the franc2 which1 it seems1 is the ,spanish custom4 ,at ,figueras we eat our first ,spanish supper2 no inconsiderable meal1 if we may judge by this one4 ,first came the inevitable soup1 7puchero27 then1 boiled beef2 next in course1 cabbage and turnips1 eaten with oil and vinegar1 and the yellow sweet-pepper which is the accompaniment to everything1 or may be eaten alone1 as salad4 ,the third course was stewed beef2 next1 fried fish1 7fish1 in ,spain1 never comes before the third course27 and now1 stewed mushrooms2 but1 as they are stewed in oil1 7and that none of the sweetest17 we pass them by4 ,after this1 lobster2 then cold chicken and partridge2 and now the delicious fruits of the country1 and the toasted almonds which are universal at every meal1 and cheese4 ,coffee and chocolate terminate this repast1 for which we pay three and a half francs1 and after which one might reasonably be expected to travel all night4 #bjj ,gerona appeared with the early dawn2 a curious old town of #ad1jjj inhabitants1 on the river ,oa1 and looking not unlike ,rome with its yellow river1 its tall houses1 and balconies4 ,both this town and ,figueras have made themselves memorable in wars and sieges4 ,indeed1 what ,spanish town has not its tale of heroism and brave defence during the ,french invasion of #ahji-aa8 ,these towns were both starved into capitulation1 after sieges which lasted seven or eight months1 the women loading and serving the guns during the siege1 and taking the places of their fallen husbands or lovers1 like the ,maid of ,saragossa4 ,we were glad to leave the diligence for the railway which runs by the lovely ,mediterranean coast1 passing many pretty towns with ruins of old ,moorish fortresses and castles on the hills beyond4 ,in one of these towns1 ,avengo de ,mar1 the dock-yards are very famous1 and a naval school was here established by ,charles ,,iii4 ,mataro1 a place of #af1jjj people1 seemed very busy and thriving4 ,this1 too1 has its tale of siege and slaughter4 ,the ,french have left behind them in ,spain a legacy of hate4 ,of the ruins of a monastery near one of these towns a pretty story is told4 ,two ,catalonian students passing by this beautiful site1 one exclaimed1 ,what a charming situation this would be for a convent6 ,when ,i am pope1 ,i will build one here4 ,then1 said the other1 ,i will be a monk1 and live in it4 ,years after1 when the latter had become a monk1 he was sent for to ,rome1 and being presented to the pope1 7,nicholas ,v417 recognized in him his old friend and companion1 when in the act of receiving his blessing4 ,the pope embraced him2 reminded the monk of his promise2 built the convent1 in which1 we presume1 the latter lived and died4 ,the beautiful convent was utterly destroyed in the civil wars of #ahce1 when the monks were all driven from ,spain4 ,the sacred taper-lights are gone1 ,gray moss hath clad the altar stone1 ,the holy image is o'erthrown1 ,the bell hath ceased to toll4 ,the long-ribbed aisles are burnt and shrunk1 ,the holy shrine to ruin sunk1 ,departed is the pious monk2 ,god's blessing on his soul6 ---- ,barcelona1 ,province ,of ,catalonia4 ,hotel ,de ,las ,cuatro ,naciones4 ,september #aj4 ,how charming looks this gay1 busy city1 with its shady streets1 beautiful gardens and fountains1 the sea before it1 the mountains behind1 fortifications on every side1 seemingly impregnable4 ,our hotel is on the ,rambla1 a wide boulevard1 like those of ,paris1 upon which most of the fine buildings are situated1 and which is the principal promenade4 ,in the evening1 we go to one of the theatres1 and hear a ,french opera beautifully sung4 ,friday1 #aa4 ,the books tell us that ,barcelona was founded by ,hamilcar1 the ,carthaginian1 ,b4,c4 #bcg4 ,cesar ,augustus raised it to a ,roman colony4 ,ataulfo1 the first king of the ,goths1 chose it for his court4 ,in #gac1 it fell into the hands of the ,moors1 who were expelled by ,charlemagne in #hja4 ,from this time1 it belonged to the ,duchy of ,aquitaine1 and was governed by counts1 until ,charles the ,bold made it an independent kingdom1 to reward ,count ,wilfred el ,velloso1 who had aided him against the ,normans4 ,count ,raymond ,berenguer ,,iv4 united ,catalonia with ,arragon1 by marrying the heiress of that kingdom1 from which time it was the rival of ,genoa and ,venice4 ,it has always been the centre of revolutionary movement1 restlessly endeavoring to regain its independence4 ,the ,catalans are industrious1 bold1 and enterprising4 #bja ,indeed1 so much do they surpass the people of other parts of ,spain in activity and enterprise1 that they are called the ,spanish ,yankees1 and ,barcelona is termed the ,manchester of ,spain4 ,manufactories of cotton and silk2 the most famous laces of ,spain2 a most flourishing trade1 as well as fine schools and public libraries1 are to be found here4 ,they boast that the first experiment with steam for navigation purposes was made in ,barcelona1 the inventor having displayed his steamboat before ,charles ,v4 and ,philip ,,ii41 in #aedc4 ,charles1 being occupied in foreign conquests1 took little notice of this1 and1 through fear of explosion1 the discovery was abandoned1 and the secret died with the inventor4 ,barcelona has a very large ,french population4 ,in the ,calle ,fernando1 we see shops handsome as those of ,paris4 ,already we find most tempting ,spanish fans for a mere trifle2 and at every turn the delicious chocolate is being made into cakes by machinery4 ,there are many fine churches4 ,the cathedral is a grand specimen of the ,gothic ,catalan of the thirteenth century--one of the most imposing churches we have seen in ,europe4 ,sober1 elegant1 harmonious1 and simple1 as some traveller describes it4 ,the ,moors converted the old cathedral of their ,gothic predecessors into a mosque4 ,james ,,ii41 el conquistador1 one of the greatest of the ,catalan heroes1 commenced this in #abic4 ,the cloisters are very interesting2 have a pretty court1 with orange-trees and flowers1 and a curious old fountain of a knight on horseback2 the water flowing from the knight's head1 his toes1 and from the tail and mouth of the horse4 ,in the crypt is the body of ,st4 ,eulalia1 the patron saint of ,barcelona2 removed from ,st4 ,maria del ,mar1 where it had been kept since the year #hgh4 ,before this shrine ,francis ,i4 heard mass1 when a prisoner in ,spain1 after the battle of ,pavia4 ,in the choir1 over each finely sculptured stall1 is painted the shield of each of the knights of the ,golden ,fleece4 ,here was held a chapter1 or general assembly1 presided over by ,charles ,v41 ,march #eth1 #aeai4 ,charles1 then only king of ,spain1 occupied a throne on one side hung with damask and gold2 opposite was the empty throne of ,maximilian1 first emperor of ,germany1 7his grandfather17 hung in black4 ,around the king were assembled ,christian1 ,king of ,denmark2 ,sigismund1 ,king of ,poland2 the ,prince of ,orange1 the ,dukes of ,alba1 ,friaz1 ,cruz1 and the flower of the nobility of ,spain and ,flanders4 ,there are some curious old monuments in the church1 and a crucifix called ,cristo de ,lepanto1 which was carried on the prow of the flagship of ,don ,john1 of ,austria1 in the battle of ,lepanto4 ,the figure--of life size--is all inclined to one side2 and the faithful of that day assure us that the sacred image turned itself aside1 to avoid the ,moslem bullets which were aimed at it4 ,certain1 it was never struck4 ,while in the church1 we see a funeral mass1 which is peculiar in some of its ceremonies1 and very solemn in the dim religious cathedral light1 where every kneeling figure1 with its black mantilla1 seems to be a mourner4 ,after the credo1 little tapers are distributed1 and1 at a certain part of the mass1 are lighted4 ,the priest comes to the foot of the altar4 ,each person1 bearing a lighted taper1 goes forward in procession1 the men on one side1 the women on the other4 ,each one kisses the cross upon the stole of the priest1 as if in submission to the will of ,god4 ,the candles are extinguished1 and deposited in a plate4 #bjb ,walking on the ,rambla this evening1 we hear a drum1 and1 following the crowd1 witness the performance of a ,spanish mountebank1 whose sayings must have been very witty1 to judge by the plaudits of the crowd4 ,he had a learned dog1 which so far surpassed all the dogs we had ever seen that ,i am persuaded he was cleverer than his master4 ,saturday1 ,september #ab4 ,a rainy day4 ,but we take a long walk through the crooked1 narrow streets2 going into the ,calle de la ,plateria 7the street of the jewellers7 to see the curious long filagree earrings worn by the peasants4 ,we are as much objects of curiosity to these people1 as they are to us1 7bonnets and parasols being rarely seen in ,spain47 ,an old man1 touched my blue veil1 yesterday1 asking1 ,queste paese8 and when ,i told him we were ,americanos1 he rejoined1 ,me speak ,england2 me like ,americanos4 ,even the poorest people here are courteous and respectful2 and their language seems to have borrowed so much that is flowery and poetic from their ,arab progenitors1 that it would seem exaggerated and insincere1 were it not accompanied by a grave and earnest manner as well as gesticulation4 ,we ask a beggar the way to a certain street4 ,he accompanies us all the way1 declines any remuneration1 and at parting says1 ,go1 and may ,god go with you6 ,a policeman1 seeing us endeavor to enter the ,plaza ,real1 to look at the monument to the king1 opens the gate1 though the public are not admitted4 ,we thank him for making an exception in our favor2 and upon going out1 he bids us ,adios1 adding1' ,may your beauty never be less4 ,at the table d'hote1 every ,spaniard bows as we enter1 and all rise when we leave the table4 ,in the centre of the table is a pyramid of cigars and matches most fantastically arranged2 and it is the custom for gentlemen to smoke at every meal6 ,we visit ,st4 ,maria del ,mar1 a church considered by many to be superior to the cathedral1 architecturally4 ,it was built in #acbi1 on the site of a former church1 erected to contain the body of ,st4 ,eulalia4 ,the arched roof is of immense height2 the main altar of black and yellow marble4 ,the church is hung with many pictures by ,spanish artists1 and has the usual amount of stucco and gilding for which ,spanish churches have been remarkable since the days of ,columbus1 when gold was so plentiful with them4 ,sunday1 #acth4 ,we hear mass in the little ,gothic church of ,st4 ,monica1 hard by1 and go afterward to the cathedral1 which is even more impressive upon a second view4 ,several baptisms are going on1 and the very babies are dressed in mantillas--the white mantillas worn by the lower classes1 which are very pretty4 ,white silk1 trimmed with white lace1 or of the lace alone2 the silk1 which is a long strip1 is pinned to the hair on top of the head1 and the lace falls over the face1 or is folded back4 ,young ladies wear them of black lace1 in the street or for visits2 silk1 for the churches2 and these with the never-failing accompaniment of the fan1 belong to all alike2 rich and poor1 old and young4 ,the fan serves as parasol1 and strange to say1 that1 with this alone to shelter them from the sun1 these women should be so beautifully fair2 and in ,valencia they are famed for their white complexions6 ,surely the sun in ,spain is kinder than in ,america1 for freckles and sun-burn are never seen4 #bjc ,the men wear a red or purple cap1 which they call gorro2 a sort of bag which hangs down behind1 or at the side1 or is more generally folded flat across the forehead2 a red or purple sash1 7faja27 a short jacket2 sandals 7espardinya7 of hemp or straw1 tied with strings4 ,we drive through the streets1 and find most of the shops closed1 7,sunday27 and see through the open doors that every house1 even the very poorest1 looks nice and clean4 ,in the evening1 we drive upon the ,prado del ,gracia1 which terminates in the little town of ,gracia1 where are pretty villas1 and stop at a convent for the evening service4 ,it is of this very convent that they tell how1 in the ,moorish invasion of ,al ,mansour1 when his soldiers were recruiting for the harems of the ,balearic ,islands1 7,minorca and ,majorca17 the poor nuns1 thinking to avoid so horrible a fate1 heroically cut off their noses to disfigure themselves2 but it did not avail to save them2 for history records that they were carried off1 in spite of their noses1 or1 rather1 in spite of the want of them4 ,barceloneta is a suburb where live the fishermen1 and where we find docks crowded with shipping4 ,from this we have a fine view of the ,fort ,montuich1 built upon a high rock4 ,there is also a citadel near the sea1 and a beautiful promenade upon the walls1 7,muralea del ,mar47 ,and amongst the public buildings is a university1 said to be the finest in ,spain2 many hospitals and charitable institutions1 and a theatre 7the ,lyce7 which they claim to be larger than ,san ,carlo1 in ,naples1 the ,scala1 in ,milan1 or even the new-opera house in ,paris4 ,barcelona is the birthplace of ,balmes1 the author of that great work1 ,protestantism and ,catholicity compared in their ,influence upon ,civilization4 ,valencia ,del ,cid1 ,sept4 #ad4 ,yesterday1 at six in the morning1 we leave ,barcelona for the ,city of the ,cid1 arriving at ten o'clock at night2 a long1 fatiguing1 but interesting day4 ,the railway runs by the blue ,mediterranean1 with stern1 bleak mountains close on the other side2 or through vineyards1 and fig and olive groves1 with which are mingled peaches1 apples1 and quinces1 showing that all varieties of fruits meet together in this favored clime4 ,in passing ,martorell1 the third or fourth station from ,barcelona1 we have a fine view of ,montserrat2 a picturesque1 jagged mountain #ajjj feet high1 where is a monastery1 one of the most celebrated pilgrimages in ,spain4 ,on the opposite side is a famous old ,roman bridge 7over the ,llobregat river7 called del ,diablo1 built in #eca ,b4,c41 by ,hannibal1 in honor of ,hamilcar4 ,at one end is a triumphal arch4 ,here the views are particularly fine4 ,villafranca comes next1 the earliest ,carthaginian colony in ,catalonia1 founded by ,hamilcar4 ,next we see ,terragona1 an ancient city1 on a steep and craggy eminence1 founded by the ,scipios4 ,it was long the seat of the ,roman government in ,spain2 now famous for its fine wines4 ,here the costume of the peasants begins to look more eastern4 ,the full1 short linen pantaloons1 7on each leg a petticoat27 a red handkerchief1 worn as a turban2 sometimes leather leggings1 but more frequently legs red from the wine-press1 where they have been treading out the grape-juice4 ,the peasants are simple and friendly1 and1 seeing few strangers1 look upon them as guests1 and seem never disposed to speculate upon our ignorance of the prices of things4 ,one of our party offered to pay for a tempting bunch of grapes which we saw in a man's basket1 who pressed to look at us in one of the stations4 ,with difficulty he was prevailed upon to take a real1 7five cents47 ,he then offered more1 which we in turn declined4 #bjd ,waiting till the train moved off1 he sprang forward1 and dropped into my lap a bunch which must have weighed several pounds1 and ,i looked back to see him smiling most triumphantly4 ,at another station 7a poor place in the mountains7 a modest1 clean-looking woman came forward with glasses of water4 ,no one paid anything for drinking it4 ,but when she came to our carriage1 one of the party gave her two reals1 7ten cents in silver47 ,the poor thing shook her head sadly1 saying1 ,no tengo cambia4 7,but ,i have no change47 ,when she was made to comprehend that she was to keep it all1 her face glowed with delighted surprise2 and as we moved off1 we saw her showing the money to all around her4 ,no doubt she took my friend for the queen herself6 ,at ,tortosa1 on the ,ebro1 we begin to see the palm-trees4 ,and here we enter the province of ,valencia1 the brightest jewel in the crown of ,spain4 ,the ,moors placed here their paradise1 and under their rule it became the garden of ,spain4 ,from them the ,cid rescued it in #ajid1 and here he governed like a king1 and died here in #ajii4 ,it was then annexed to ,castile and ,arragon4 ,it is a fortified town1 about three miles from the sea2 and with its narrow streets1 tall houses1 balconies1 with curtains and blinds hanging outside into the street1 looks perennially southern and ,spanish4 ,we come up from the station in a tartana1 a vehicle peculiar to ,valencia1 a sort of omnibus on two wheels1 made to hold six persons2 without springs1 and with one horse4 ,the driver sits on the shaft1 with his legs dangling down1 or supported by a strap4 ,this vehicle jolts horribly1 but is very cheap and convenient4 ,tuesday1 ,september #ac4 ,to-day we first see the museum1 in which are many pictures of ,spanish artists1 both ancient and modern--two of ,spagnoletto1 and several of ,ribalta and ,juanes--two ,valencian artists of whom they are very proud4 ,the last is especially famed for his beautiful pictures of our ,lord4 ,we saw here the ancient altar used by ,james the ,conqueror1 ,don ,jaime1 as he is called--the great hero of ,catalonia1 son of ,pedro ,i4 ,he was one of the first sovereigns who established standing armies in ,europe4 ,amongst other wise institutions1 the municipal body of ,barcelona was his work4 ,he died in ,valencia1 #abgf1 on his way to the monastery of ,poblet to become a monk1 confiding his goodly sword1 ,la ,tizona1 to his son ,don ,pedro1 in whose favor he had abdicated that year4 ,in this museum are many remains of the ancient ,saguntum1 7now called ,murviedro17 which is but a few miles from ,valencia1 and a model of its old ,roman theatre4 ,in the court of the building are some palm-trees three hundred years old4 ,we next visit an ancient church of the ,jesuits to see one of ,murillo's ,immaculate ,conceptions1 which is very beautiful4 ,then the ,audiencia1 an ancient building of the sixteenth century1 where are the courts of justice and other courts4 ,here is some wonderful old carving1 and curious portraits of ,inquisitors2 civil1 on one side1 ecclesiastical on the other4 ,we were glad to see that the former greatly outnumbered the latter4 ,after this1 we go to one of the finest hospitals in the world2 with marble floors1 and pillars supporting a lofty ceiling2 the great windows opening into gardens of orange1 and myrtle1 and jessamine2 all clean1 fresh1 and cool2 with an altar so placed in the centre1 under a lofty dome1 that every patient could see and hear the divine office4 ,the whole building was alike well arranged2 the kitchen large and convenient1 and the dispensary grand4 #bje ,certainly1 in all our experience--and we have visited hospitals everywhere--we have seen nothing so inviting1 so really elegant1 as this4 ,here we meet the two loveliest women we have seen in ,spain2 both sisters of charity2 one having charge of the dispensary1 and the other of the foundling institution connected with the hospital4 ,such white complexions2 lovely color2 such eyes1 and eyelashes1 and teeth6 ,specimens of the beauty of ,valencia4 ,and such charming groups of children as we saw amongst these unhappy disowned ones6 ,unconscious of their fate1 they played merrily in the cool court1 till1 seeing strangers1 many ran to hide their beautiful eyes behind the sister's apron4 ,the school-room would have done honor to the most enlightened nation1 which might here take a lesson from benighted ,spain4 ,great placards hold the ,a ,b ,c4 ,slates hang in order by the little benches against the wall2 pictures of beasts and birds1 for natural history2 maps1 for geography2 drawings1 for mathematics2 balls strung on wires1 for counting2 large books filled with colored engravings of ,bible history1 from the birth of ,adam to the end of the ,apocalypse4 ,and such neatness and order6 ,there is one department for the little ones whose mothers leave them each morning1 when they go out to work1 returning for them at night4 ,their tiny baskets hung in a row4 ,some1 who were quite babies1 were being greatly petted1 because it was their first day away from the mother4 ,while in the school-room1 one of the party began examining a large map of ,spain with reference to our projected route4 ,the sister seeing this1 lowered the map by a cord1 and calling a little fellow of five years1 he pointed out the oceans by which ,spain is surrounded1 named the rivers and mountains1 the provinces of ,spain1 and the principal towns2 never once making a blunder1 though he often paused to recollect himself4 ,we drive to see the queen's garden1 where is every tropical tree and flower4 ,this1 with other gardens1 borders upon the ,alameda1 a broad1 shady promenade extending three miles to the sea4 ,there is another promenade called the ,glorieta1 where the band plays every morning from nine to eleven4 ,we see1 also1 the ,plaza de ,toros1 7the arena for the bull-fights17 one of the finest in ,spain1 capable of holding twenty thousand people2 built so exactly like a ,roman amphitheatre that we feel as if we looked upon the ,colosseum in the days of its glory4 ,it is evident that these people inherit the love of this their national pastime from their ,roman ancestors4 ,happily1 the fashion is dying out4 ,in ,valencia1 the bull-fights occur but once or twice a year4 ,they are now making preparations for a three days' funcion1 to begin on the #bdth4 ,we saw the poor horses doomed to death4 ,forty a day is the average number4 ,the men are rarely killed1 but often badly hurt4 ,wednesday1 ,september #af4 ,this morning we go to the markets to see the wonderful display of fruits for which ,valencia is so famous4 ,never were such grapes and peaches1 melons and figs1 oranges and lemons1 apples and pears1 the last as fine as could be seen in all ,new ,england2 the nuts and vegetables equally good4 ,potatoes1 and tomatoes1 and peppers1 of mammoth size1 and even the ,indian corn and rice as good as those of ,america4 ,but even the ,spanish gravity is here upset at sight of our round hats1 short veils1 and parasols4 #bjf ,the women hold their their sides with laughter1 and we are driven to resolve upon wearing mantillas and fans1 which fashion we soon after1 in self-defence1 adopt4 ,we go to the shops to buy fans1 which are a specialty of ,valencia1 as are also the beautiful striped blankets1 7mantas17 which are as indispensable to a ,valencian as the fan is to the ,valencienne2 and is at once his cloak1 his bag1 his bed1 his coverlet1 and his towel4 ,they say of a ,valencian1 that he has two uses for a watermelon--to eat his dinner1 and make his toilette4 ,after eating the melon1 he washes his face with the rind1 and wipes upon his manta4 ,they wear it slung gracefully over the left shoulder1 or over both shoulders1 the ends falling behind2 and over the head-handkerchief is often worn the pointed hat of ,philip ,,ii4's time1 with wide1 turned-up brim4 ,to-day we visit the cathedral and ,san ,juanes4 ,like most of the great churches of ,spain1 the cathedral occupies the site of a ,roman temple4 ,this1 made into a church by the ,goths1 was changed to a mosque by the ,arabs1 and now 7since #abdj7 it is again a ,christian church4 ,some of the doors1 and many of the ornaments1 are ,moorish4 ,the gratings--of brass--are very handsome2 as are the altars and screen1 of marble and alabaster4 ,this last is most abundant in ,spain4 ,a palace opposite to our hotel 7that of the ,marquis de los ,aguas7 is beautifully adorned on the outside with statues1 and vases1 and flowers of alabaster in relievo4 ,all these ,spanish churches are much ornamented with stucco and gilding1 according to the taste of the time in which they were built4 ,the cathedral has some good pictures in the sacristy2 and within the sanctuary hang the spurs of ,don ,jaime upon his shield4 ,his body is in one of the chapels4 ,in an old chapter-house we were shown some great chains taken from the ,moors1 and a series of portraits of all the archbishops of ,valencia2 and so much is it the habit to gesticulate in this country1 that even these dignitaries1 instead of being painted in ecclesiastical attitudes1 have their fingers in every imaginable position4 ,one must know their expressive language to read what each of these worthies may be saying4 ,after some shopping1 we go to call upon the present archbishop1 a graceful and dignified person1 who received us most kindly1 and presented us each a chapelette and scapular4 ,he has a grand old palace1 very plainly furnished2 a pretty chapel2 and1 in a fine old hall1 with groined roof1 were portraits of his predecessors from the sixth century to the present day4 ,we have a visit from the ,english consul1 to whom we brought letters4 ,he is very kind and friendly1 and full of offers of service4 ,the ,spanish sun seems to have warmed the ,english heart1 which seldom gives out so much1 save in its own foggy island4 ,he sends us some fine wine1 which1 with some iced orgeat1 secures us a merry evening4 ,thursday1 #ag4 ,this morning we hear mass in the ,church of the ,patriarch1 into which no woman may enter without being veiled4 ,then we visit the house in which ,st4 ,vincent ,ferrer1 the patron of ,valencia1 was born1 and where is a fountain greatly esteemed for its miraculous powers4 ,while at breakfast1 a young man enters1 whom we take for a ,spaniard1 but who proves to be an ,american1 and from ,maine6 ,he has lived in ,cuba1 however1 and it turns out that his father is a friend of the ,spanish ladies with whom we are travelling4 #bjg ,he gives a pleasant account of his travels in the north of ,spain2 tells of the wonders of ,burgos2 of the railway between that and ,miranda1 which shows such extraordinary engineering skill2 and of the fine scenery through which he has passed4 ,yesterday1 on the mountains1 he saw three sunsets2 or rather1 saw the sun set three times1 in descending from range to range4 ,it is delightful to meet an ,american who1 instead of complaining of the discomforts of travelling in ,spain1 as most of our people do1 sees only what is pleasant4 ,for ourselves1 we have been most fortunate2 good hotels1 most obliging people1 and1 so far from being extortionate1 7as we were told to expect17 we find ,spanish hotels cheaper than those of any other part of ,europe4 ,to-day we eat the pollo con arroz1 one of the national dishes1 7rice with chicken and saffron17 and find it very good4 ,hans ,andersen1 in his little book on ,spain1 says3 ,connected with ,valencia1 are several of the old ,spanish romances about the ,cid--he who in all his battles1 and on occasions when he was misjudged1 remained true to his ,god1 his people1 and himself2 he who1 in his own time1 took rank with the monarchs of ,spain1 and down to our own time is the pride of the country which he was mainly instrumental in rescuing from the infidels4 ,as a conqueror he entered ,valencia1 and here lived with his noble and heroic wife1 ,zimena1 and his daughters1 ,doa ,sol and ,doa ,elvira2 and here he died in #ajii4 ,here stood around his bed of death all who were dear to him4 ,even his very warhorse1 ,babieca1 was ordered to be called thither4 ,in song1 it is said that the horse stood like a lamb1 and gazed with his large eyes upon his master1 who could no more speak than the poor horse himself4 444 ,through the streets of ,valencia passed at night the extraordinary cavalcade to ,san ,peder de ,cordoa1 which the departed chief had desired should be his burial-place4 ,the victorious colors of the ,cid were carried in front4 ,four hundred knights protected them4 ,then came the corpse4 ,upright upon his war-horse sat the dead2 arrayed in his armor with his shield and his helmet1 his long white beard flowing down to his breast4 ,gil ,diaz and ,bishop ,jeronymo escorted the body on either side2 then followed ,doa ,zimena with three hundred noblemen4 ,the gate of ,valencia toward ,castile was opened1 and the procession passed silently and slowly out into the open fields1 where the ,moorish army was encamped4 ,a dark ,moorish woman shot at them a poisoned arrow1 but she and a hundred of her sisters paid the forfeit of their lives for that deed4 ,thirty-six ,moorish princes were in the camp2 but terror seized upon them when they beheld the dead hero on his white charger4 ',and to their vessels they took flight1 ,and many sprang into the waves4 ,two thousand1 certainly1 that night ,amid the billows found their graves4' ,and the ,cid ,campeador thus won1 after he was dead1 good tents1 gold and silver2 and the poorest in ,valencia became rich4 ,so says the old ',song of the ,cid in ,valencia4' ,cordova -- ,province ,of ,andalusia -- ,fonda ,suiza -- ,hotel ,suisse4 ,september #ah4 ,after a long night journey1 7by rail17 we reach a hotel rivalling the cleanness and comfort of the genuine ,swiss hotel1 and find ourselves in the ancient capital of the ,moorish empire1 and in that lovely1 bright ,andalusia1 so famed throughout the world4 ,from the time we leave ,valencia until we reach ,jativa1 7about fifty miles17 we pass over the ,huerta 7the garden7 of ,valencia1 one continuous plain of verdure2 pastures which are cut from twelve to seventeen times a year4 ,golden oranges1 and other fruits hang above these green fields2 and dates1 and figs1 and peaches1 and pears1 and quinces1 pomegranates1 plums1 apples1 melons1 and grapes1 and olives1 with ,indian corn1 rice1 and every vegetable in equal perfection4 ,well might the ,moors term this plain 7with ,andalusia7 the ,paradise of the ,east4 ,for centuries after their expulsion1 their poets still sang verses expressive of their grief for its loss1 and it is said they still mention it in their evening prayers1 and supplicate ,heaven to restore it to them4 #bjh ,and this fertility is all their work4 ,every stream has been turned from its channel into numberless little canals1 which water this luxurious soil2 and these are arranged with such skill and care that crop after crop has its share of irrigation1 and in its just proportion4 ,from ,jativa the country becomes more mountainous4 ,we pass the ruins of an old chateau on a high hill1 7,montesa17 seat of an ancient order of chivalry which existed after the suppression of the ,templars4 ,we next pass ,almanzar1 ,chinchilla1 ,albacete1 where they sell the famous ,toledo blades1 now hardly so famous4 ,here we are in ,la ,mancha1 and when we stop in ,alcazar at midnight1 we are near the village of ,troboso1 which ,cervantes makes the dwelling of ,don ,quixote's ,dulcinea4 ,alcazar is claimed as the birth-place of ,cervantes4 ,here we leave our road for the grand route between ,madrid and ,cordova2 and here we are crowded into carriages with other ladies1 a fate from which we have hitherto been defended2 each conductor treating us as if we had been especially committed to his care1 and sparing us all annoyance4 ,fortunately1 at ,manzanares two of these ladies leave us1 and we make acquaintance with the third1 who is very kind and polite2 offers us a share of her luncheon1 and gives us much information of people and things in ,spain4 ,she is a ,portuguese1 and tells us how much larger and finer are the olive-trees in her country than in ,spain2 she remembers one tree which eight men could not clasp4 ,from her we hear much of the queen as from an unprejudiced source1 and learn1 what we gathered afterward from many credible sources1 that this poor queen is a good woman1 a very pious woman1 full of talents and accomplishments1 generous to a fault1 with strong feelings and affections1 which induce her to reward to excess those whom she loves or who have served her2 and this has given rise to the injurious reports which have found their way to every foreign newspaper1 but which no good people in ,spain believe4 ,from ,andujar the country is very uninteresting1 more of a grazing country1 where we see immense herds of cattle1 sheep1 horses1 and goats1 with picturesque shepherds minding them4 ,the men wear short trousers1 opened several inches at the ankle1 showing the untanned leathern buskin1 7as is seen in the old pictures of ,philip ,,ii4's time17 a red sash1 and the black hat turned up all around4 ,presently we come upon the ,guadalquivir1 upon which ,cordova is situated1 and which is crossed here by a bridge of black marble4 ,we drive up the cool1 shady streets1 catching glimpses1 through open doors and curtains1 of the little paradise within--the marble courts1 with fountain1 and orange-trees1 and flowers1 and vines--a vestige of the old ,moorish time4 ,in fact1 everything here so preserves its ,arabic character that one is transported six centuries back1 into the palmy days of the ,kalifs1 when this city was said to have contained half a million of inhabitants1 #bjj1jjj houses1 #fj1jjj palaces1 #gjj mosques1 #ijj baths1 #ej hospitals1 and a public library of #fjj1jjj volumes4 ,of all these glories only the mosque remains to show by its magnificence that these accounts cannot be exaggerated4 #bji ,saturday1 ,september #ai4 ,we hasten to see the mosque1 7the cathedral now17 and1 entering a low door-way in the wall which surrounds it1 you find yourself in a beautiful oriental court1 with fountains1 and rows of tall palms1 and ancient orange trees and cypress4 ,this is called the court of ranges4 ,open colonnades surround the court on all sides save one1 from which twenty doors once opened into the mosque2 only one of these is now open4 ,enter this1 and you find yourself in a forest of pillars--a thousand are yet left--of every hue and shade1 no two alike1 of jasper1 and verde antique1 and porphyry1 and alabaster1 and every colored marble1 fluted1 and spiral2 and over these1 rises arch upon arch overlapping each other4 ,these divide the mosque into twenty-nine aisles from north to south1 and nineteen from west to east2 intersecting each other in the most harmonious and beautiful manner4 ,the ,moors brought these pillars from the ancient temples of ,rome1 and ,nismes1 and ,carthage4 ,the mosque was built in the eighth century1 by ,abd ,el ,rahman1 who aimed to make it rival those of ,damascus and ,bagdad4 ,it is said he worked upon it an hour every day with his own hand1 and it is certain that it ranked in sanctity with the ,caaba of ,mecca1 and the great mosque of ,jerusalem4 ,ten thousand lamps illuminated it at the hour of prayer2 the roof was made of arbor vitae1 which is considered imperishable1 and was burnished with gold4 ,the chapel1 where is the holy of holies--where was kept the ,koran--gives one an idea of what the ornaments of the whole must have been4 ,here the carvings are of the most exquisite fineness1 like patterns of lace2 the gold enamel1 the beautiful mosaics1 are as bright as if made yesterday4 ,in the holy of holies--a recess in this chapel--the roof is of one block of marble1 carved in the form of a shell1 supported by pillars of various-colored marble4 ,around this wall a path is worn in the marble pavement1 by the knees of the faithful making the mystic seven rounds2 and our guide tells us that1 when a few years ago1 the brother of the king of ,morocco came here1 he went round this holy of holies upon his knees1 seven times1 crying bitterly all the while4 ,the chapel of the ,kalifs is also remarkable1 from the floor to the ceiling1 the marble being carved in these beautiful and delicate patterns4 ,from the cathedral1 we go to visit the old ,roman bridge of sixteen arches1 which spans the ,guadalquivir4 ,this looks upon some ruins of ,moorish mills1 and the orange-gardens of the ,alcazar1 7now in ruins17 once the palace of ,roderick1 the last of the ,goths4 ,as we pass the modern ,alcazar1 7used as a prison17 an old cavalry officer comes out of the government stables1 and invites us to look at the horses--the silky-coated ,andalusians of which we have heard so much1 and the fleet-footed1 graceful ,arabians4 ,each horse had his name and pedigree on a shield over his stall4 ,returning to our hotel for breakfast1 we go out again to see the markets and the shops2 visit some churches1 and the lovely promenade by the ,guadalquivir4 ,our costumes excite great remark2 one woman says to another1 ,they are masqueraders2 another lifts her hands and exclaims ,ave ,maria2 and but for the intervention of our guide1 who reproves their curiosity1 we should be followed by a troop of children4 ,sunday1 #bj4 ,coming to breakfast1 we are charmed to find our young ,american friend whom we had left in ,valencia2 and1 in spite of a pouring rain1 we all set out to hear high mass in the cathedral4 ,the mosque was consecrated1 and made the cathedral1 when the city was captured by ,st4 ,ferdinand in #abcf4 #baj ,several chapels and altars were then added1 and in #aeba1 the transept and choir were begun1 to make room for which1 eighty pillars were sacrificed4 ,charles ,v41 who gave permission for this act of vandalism1 was deeply mortified when he saw what had been done1 and reproved the canons of the church1 saying1 they had destroyed what was unique in the world1 to raise that which could be found anywhere4 ,while we are at mass1 our young ,american arrives with the guide1 to tell us that a revolution has broken out1 and entreats us to return to the hotel4 ,some of the ladies are much alarmed2 but my friend and myself1 remembering that revolutions are chronic in ,spanish countries1 and are generally bloodless1 we maintain our ground1 too old soldiers to be driven from the field before a gun is fired2 and the result justifies our faith4 ,nobody quits the church4 ,we have a solemn procession of the ,blessed ,sacrament after mass1 winding through these beautiful aisles1 accompanied by a band of wind instruments1 the whole congregation following4 ,we reach home to find our fellow-travellers very much frightened and annoyed at the prospect of a long detention2 but we are assured that the worst which can befall us is a delay of a few days1 to which we can well submit in this comfortable inn4 ,making acquaintance with our fellow-prisoners1 we grow jolly over our misfortunes4 ,the railways are all cut2 ,general ,prim and his colleagues 7the exiled generals7 are besieging ,cadiz2 and the queen has fled to ,biarritz1 to claim the intervention of the ,emperor ,napoleon4 ,these are some of the rumors which are rife during the day4 ,hosts of red umbrellas parade the town--the most formidable weapon which we encounter2 a few voices faintly cry ,libertad6 and ,viva6 some damp-looking soldiers pass by1 with lances from which depend little red flags1 looking limp and hopeless in the heavy rain4 ,these troops declare for the people4 ,we ask one of these what they want2 the answer is1 ,liberty4 7,of course47 ,and what is that8 ,we want a ,king4 ,we will not be governed by a woman4 ,inflammatory hand-bills are distributed amongst the crowd1 very vague in their demands1 an empty throne being the first requisite on the list4 ,one man is killed1 7a fine young officer of the queen's troops mercilessly shot down17 and another man is wounded4 ,in the evening1 we hear that the revolution is accomplished in ,cordova2 the insurrectionists have the city6 ,monday1 #ba4 ,all is peaceful in appearance1 and we go out to shop1 to find some of the filagree jewelry for which ,cordova is remarkable--an art retained from the time of the ,moors4 ,the rain drives us in1 and we spend the day with music1 books1 and in conversation with our new friends--a ,spanish lady of rank1 who has come to ,cordova about a lawsuit1 and who shakes with fright1 and goes about with a glass of water and a cup of vinegar to quiet her nerves2 the poor lady neither eats nor sleeps4 ,the others are of different calibre2 a sturdy ,scotch lady1 and her companion1 a sweet and charming ,german girl4 ,who's afeard6 ,tuesday1 #bb4 ,we are roused by the sound of military music1 and find that #ejjj of the queen's troops are entering the city4 ,such4 splendid-looking fellows6 ,such handsome officers6 ,it is plain the city is taken in earnest now6 ,the inconstant populace clamor and shout2 all is enthusiasm2 the report is1 that the insurrectionists are fled to ,seville2 the roads are repaired1 but we are not allowed to leave the city4 #baa ,still prisoners of war6 ,later in the day1 we hear that the troops we saw this morning are those which had joined the insurgents at ,seville4 ,the queen's troops1 commanded by the ,marquis de ,novaliches1 are outside the town1 fearing to be too few for those within1 and waiting the turn of events4 ,it is supposed there will be some compromise entered into2 a convention patched up2 and no fighting4 ,the prime minister1 ,gonzales ,bravo1 has fled from ,madrid1 where all is anarchy4 ,this man1 who has been the author of all the oppressive measures1 and all the banishments which have made the queen's government unpopular1 now1 in her hour of need leaves her to her fate1 after cruelly deceiving her4 ,when she feared the danger of revolution1 he assured her she might leave the country without any anxiety2 and she went to ,biarritz in ignorance of the truth2 thus giving her enemies the very opportunity they desired4 ,even now1 7they say17 were she to return1 and throw herself upon the generosity of the people1 she would be received kindly2 such is the loyalty of ,spaniards to their monarchs4 ,the influence of ,bravo banished the ,montpensiers1 7the queen's sister and her husband1 the son of ,louis ,philippe17 who were naturally her best friends1 and to whom she had showed every kindness4 ,he sent away many of her most popular generals2 and now they return1 with men and arms1 and ,british and ,prussian gold2 the people sympathize with them1 the troops join them2 we hear from ,cadiz1 that there was a perfect ovation upon their landing4 ,to-day1 we have a fine walk in a beautiful park1 on one side of the city1 from whence we have a charming view of the mountains2 on one side1 so grand and bold1 with olive groves1 and white country houses sparkling in the sunshine2 on the other side1 the hills are low1 and their graceful1 wavy outlines have the peculiar purple hue belonging to ,spain1 and form a striking contrast to the others4 ,between the two1 lies the city1 and the fertile plains about it4 ,we lose our way in the tortuous streets1 and spend the morning peeping into the beautiful patios1 7courts17 which open to the heavens1 or have sometimes a linen awning over them2 with marble pavements1 over which the cool fountains play2 with orange-trees1 and flowers1 amongst which sofas1 and chairs1 and pictures are disposed2 and around which often runs a marble corridor1 with pillars and curtains1 communicating with the other apartments4 ,here the family sit1 and here take place the tirtulias1 the meetings for talk and music4 ,a picture of one of these patios is thus charmingly translated from one of ,fernan ,caballero's beautiful tales by a late ,english traveller2 and which any one who has been in ,spain will recognize3 ,the house was spacious1 and scrupulously clean3 on each side the door was a bench of stone4 ,in the porch hung a little lamp before the image of our ,lord in a niche over the entrance1 according to the ,catholic custom of putting all things under holy protection4 ,in the middle was the 'patio1' a necessity to the ,andalusian4 ,and in the centre of this spacious court an enormous orange-tree raised its leafy head from its robust trunk4 ,for an infinity of generations had this beautiful tree been a source of delight to the family4 ,the women made tonic decoctions from its leaves2 the daughters adorned themselves with its flowers2 the boys cooled their blood with its fruits2 the birds made their home in its boughs4 ,the rooms opened out of the 'patio1' and borrowed their light from thence4 #bab ,this 'patio' was the centre of all the 'home2' the place of gathering when the day's work was over4 ,the orange-tree loaded the air with its heavy perfume1 and the waters of the fountain fell in soft showers on the marble basin1 fringed with the delicate maiden-hair fern4 ,and the father1 leaning against the tree1 smoked his 'cigarro de papel2' and the mother sat at her work1 while the little ones played at her feet1 the eldest resting his head on a big dog1 which lay stretched at full length on the cool marble slabs4 ,all was still1 and peaceful1 and beautiful4 ,we close the day with a farewell visit to the cathedral4 ,surely it is the most wonderful building in the world4 ,even ,st4 ,peter's hardly fills one with greater astonishment4 ,this is altogether unique2 and its grace1 and elegance1 and harmony win one to love it4 ,we lingered by the chapel of the holy of holies1 finding beauties which we had not before seen1 and bade farewell to it with deep regret2 then wandered to the bridge over the ,guadalquivir1 and gazed upon the truly eastern prospect it reveals4 ,to-day1 a great robber from the mountains1 upon whose head a price had been fixed by the late government1 comes boldly into town4 ,the people cry1 ,viva ,pacheco6 ,in half an hour after1 we hear he has been shot--the victim of private revenge4 ,cordova is the birthplace of ,lucan1 the author of the ,pharsalia2 of the two ,senecas2 of many eminent ,moslem poets and authors1 and of the famous ,gonzales de ,cordova1 ,el ,gran ,capitan4 ---------- ,pope ,or ,people4 ,footnote #ej ,footnote #ej3 ,the ,congregationalist and ,boston ,recorder1 ,boston1 ,march #dth1 #ahfi4 ,we confess to having read with no little surprise an elaborate article in the ,congregationalist and ,boston ,recorder entitled ,pope or ,people4 ,had we met the article in a professedly ,unitarian journal or periodical we should have thought little of it2 but meeting it in the recognized organ of the so-called orthodox ,congregationalists of ,massachusetts1 we have read it with no ordinary interest4 ,it shows that the ,protestant1 especially the old ,puritan mind of the country1 is profoundly agitated with the church question under one of its most important aspects4 ,he who reads with any attention the leading ,american sectarian journals can hardly fail to perceive that there is a growing distrust in the ,protestant world of the ,protestant rule of faith1 and a growing conviction that the only alternative1 as the journal before us expresses it1 is either pope or people4 ,of course the journal in question has no clear apprehension of either of the alternatives it suggests1 but it does see and feel the need of certainty in matters of religious belief1 and is in pursuit of it4 ,it says3 #bac ,one of our great men once declared that the thing most to be desired in this world1 by an intelligent mind1 is an unfaltering religious belief4 ,in the sense in which he meant it1 his remark is unquestionably true2 and it explains the philosophy of much of the success of the ,romish ,church4 ,men do crave certainty in their conviction2 such certainty demands infallibility on which to found itself1 and the papal system offers the promise of just that infallibility4 ,and thousands upon thousands of minds rest in that2 and being able to receive it1 it meets that innate and inextinguishable craving of the soul for stability under its feet1 and gives them a great--though it be a fallacious--peace4 ,but multitudes1 and some even among the nominal adherents of the papacy1 are not able so to receive that doctrine1 and are consequently driven to seek for some other rock on which to found the house of their faith2 too often with the result of building it on the sand1 with its seductive security for fair weather1 and its terrible and irremediable fall when the tempestuous night-time of death shall come4 ,but for those who reject the pope and that certitude of conviction which he offers1 what solid ground is there on which to stand secure8 ,if the writer knew the ,catholic religion better1 he would know that the peace we find in believing is not fallacious1 for we know in whom we believe and are certain2 but he does see that to an unfaltering religious belief infallibility of some sort is absolutely indispensable1 and that the ,catholic ,church promises it2 yet1 unable or unwilling to accept the pope or the church1 he looks around to see if he cannot find elsewhere some infallible authority in which one may confide1 an immovable rock or some solid ground on which one may stand and feel that his footing is sure4 ,does he succeed8 ,we think not4 ,he finds an alternative indeed1 but not an infallible authority1 and he has proved very conclusively that outside of the church there is and can be no such authority for faith4 ,he says3 ,as we look at it1 only two alternatives are possible in this matter of an infallible faith2 either the conditions of it exist outside of the soul in some constituted and certified authority1 or within the soul in the purest and loftiest exercise of its reason--and we use this word as including conscience--under the enlightenment of ,god's ,spirit through his ,word4 ,if outside of the soul1 in any central and constituted authority1 then in the pope2 for it may as well be in him as anybody1 nobody else claims it1 and he does4 ,if inside the soul1 then any pope is an impossibility and an insult1 and ,god remits every man to those conditions of secure decision which he has established in his breast1 and holds him responsible for a judgment and a life founded upon them4 ,and this latter1 precisely1 is ,god's way with men4 ,he never commands them to hang their faith on the pope or the bishop2 but rather inquires--in that tone of asking which is equivalent to the highest form of injunction--',why1 7aph' heauton17 out of your own selves1 do ye not judge what is right8' ,even in that precept which many will be swift to quote against us in this connection1',obey them that have the rule over you1 and submit yourselves1' it is first true that these 'rulers1' as the context proves1 are mere 7hgoumenn7 leaders1 and men of example who were already dead1 with no flavor of potentiality therefore about them2 whose 'faith' is to be imitated rather than whose commands are to be submitted to2 and true1 in the second place1 that the entire appeal of the apostle is to the tribunal of the ,hebrews' reason as the court of ultimate decision1 inasmuch as he declares that for them to fail thus to follow the good example of the illustrious and holy dead who had walked before them in the heavenly way1 would be 'unprofitable' for them2 leaving the necessary inference that men are bound to do what is for their highest profit1 and therefore bound to decide1 in all solemnity1 what will be for that profit1 and1 so deciding1 by inevitable necessity1 to assume in the last analysis the function of positive masterhood over themselves and their destiny4 ,the alternative here presented is not pope or people1 but pope or no external authority for faith4 ,but why1 supposing the internal or subjective authority to be all that is here alleged1 is the pope an impossibility or an insult8 ,why may there not be two witnesses1 the one internal1 the other external8 ,is the revelation of ,god less credible because confirmed by two witnesses1 each worthy of credit8 #bad ,the external and the internal do not necessarily exclude1 and1 if both are infallible1 cannot exclude each other1 or stand opposed one to the other4 ,i do not deny or diminish the need or worth of reason by asserting the infallibility of the church1 nor the importance and necessity of the infallible church by asserting the full power and freedom of reason4 ,the ,catholic asserts both1 and has all the internal light and authority of reason that our ,puritan doctor can pretend to1 and has the infallible church in addition4 ,we may say the same when is added to the purest and loftiest exercise of reason the enlightenment of ,god's ,spirit through his ,word4 ,this word1 on the hypothesis1 must be spoken inside of the soul1 or else it is an authority outside of the soul1 which the writer cannot admit4 ,his rule of faith is reason and the interior illumination of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,catholic rule by no means excludes this2 it includes it1 and adds to it the external word and the infallible authority of the church4 ,catholics assert the interior illumination and inspiration of the ,holy ,spirit as fully and as strenuously as the ,puritan does or can4 ,the authority inside the soul1 be it more or be it less1 does not exclude the external authority of the church1 nor does the external authority of the church exclude the internal authority of reason and the ,spirit4 ,catholicity asserts both1 and interprets each by the authority of the other4 ,catholics have all the reason and all the interior enlightenment of ,god's ,spirit that ,protestants have1 and lay as much stress on each1 to say the least1 as ,protestants do or can4 ,the great mistake of non-catholics is in the supposition that the assertion of an external infallible authority necessarily excludes1 or at least supersedes1 reason and the interior illumination of the ,spirit4 ,this is false in logic1 and1 as every one who understands ,catholic theology knows1 is equally false in fact4 ,there is a maxim accepted and insisted on by all ,catholic theologians1 that settles1 in principle1 the whole controversy2 namely1 gratia supponit naturam4 ,grace supposes nature1 revelation supposes reason1 and the external supposes the internal2 and hence no ,catholic holds that faith is or can be produced by the external authority of the church alone1 though infallible1 or without the grace of ,god1 that illuminates the understanding and inspires the will4 ,hence our ,lord says1 ,no man cometh to me1 unless the ,father draws him4 ,in our controversies with ,protestants we necessarily insist on the external authority1 because that is what they deny2 hence is produced an impression in many minds that we deny the internal1 or make no account of it4 ,nothing can be more untrue or unjust1 as any one may know who will make himself at all familiar with the writings of ,catholic ascetics1 or with the ,catholic direction of souls4 ,but while we assert the internal we do not concede that it is alone sufficient4 ,dearly beloved1 believe not every spirit1 but try the spirits1 whether they be of ,god1 7,i ,john iv4 i47 ,saints may mistake their own imaginations or enthusiasm for the inspirations of the ,spirit1 and even in their case it is necessary to try the spirit1 and1 in the very nature of the case1 the trial must be by an external test or authority4 ,the test of the internal by the internal is simply no test at all4 #bae ,the beloved apostle in this same chapter of his first epistle gives two tests1 the one doctrinal and the other apostolical3 ,by this is the ,spirit of ,god known3 every spirit that confesseth ,jesus ,christ to have come in the flesh is of ,god1 and every spirit that dissolveth ,jesus 7by denying either his humanity or his divinity7 is not of ,god4 ,we are of ,god4 ,he that knoweth ,god heareth us2 he that is not of ,god heareth us not2 by this we know the spirit of truth1 and the spirit of error4 ,the internal1 then1 must be brought to the test of apostolic doctrine and of the apostolic communion or the apostolic authority1 both of which are external1 or outside of the soul4 ,the assertion of the external does not supersede the internal1 nor does the assertion of the internal supersede the necessity of the external infallible authority4 ,the error of our ,puritan journalist is in supposing that if the one is taken the other must be rejected2 he should know that no one is obliged to choose between them1 and that both1 each in its proper place and function1 may be and must be accepted4 ,it is true1 neither reason nor the inspiration of the ,spirit can deceive or mislead1 us2 but we may be deceived as to what reason really dictates1 and as to whether the internal phenomena really are interior inspirations of the ,spirit2 and therefore to the safety and certainty of our faith1 even subjectively considered1 the external infallible authority of the pope or church is indispensable4 ,this is evident enough of itself1 and still more so from the article before us4 ,the insufficiency of reason and the spiritual light1 either in the writer or in us1 appears in his understanding of the text of ,st4 ,paul1 ,hebrews xiii41 which1 as he cites it1 reads1 ,obey them that have rule over you1 and submit yourselves2 but as we read it1 ,obey your prelates and submit to them4 ,which of us has the true version of the words of the apostle8 ,the ,puritan interpreter says these prelates1 or these rulers1 were mere leaders1 and men of example1 who were already dead1 with no flavor of potentiality1 7sic17 therefore1 about them2 and whose faith is to be imitated1 rather than whose commands are to be submitted to4 ,we are disposed to believe that they were not dead men1 but living rulers placed by the ,holy ,ghost over the faithful1 to whom the apostle commands them to submit2 and we are confirmed in this view by the reason which the apostle assigns for his command3 ,for they watch as having to give an account of your souls1 that they may do this with joy1 not with grief4 ,which of us is right8 ,the journalist tells us1 moreover1 that the entire appeal of the apostle is to the tribunal of the ,hebrews' reason as the court of ultimate decision4 ,we hold that the apostle1 from beginning to end1 appeals to the revelation held by the ,hebrews1 and argues from that and the character of their sacrifices and the levitical priesthood1 that both were types and figures of the real and everlasting priesthood of ,christ and his one all-sufficient sacrifice4 ,christ having come in the end of the world1 and offered himself once for all1 the types and figures must give way to the reality they prefigured and announced4 ,therefore the ,hebrews should accept ,christ as the fulfilment of their law4 ,he undoubtedly reasons1 and reasons powerfully1 but from revealed premises4 ,here we and the journalist are at odds2 we cannot both be right3 who shall decide between us8 ,while we thus differ1 supposing us equally able1 learned1 and honest1 how can either find his cravings for certainty satisfied8 #baf ,it is a very common prejudice among ,protestants and rationalists that ,catholics eschew reason1 and assert only an external authority which operates only on the will4 ,it seems to be forgotten that it was the reformers who denied reason1 and set up the authority of the written ,word against it4 ,no one1 as far as our knowledge extends1 ever spoke more contemptuously of reason than did ,doctor ,martin ,luther2 and the old ,puritan and ,presbyterian ministers to whose preaching we listened in our boyhood were continually warning us to beware of the false and deceitful light of reason1 which dazzles but to blind4 ,this was in accordance with the doctrine of total depravity with which the reformers started2 man being clean gone in sin and totally corrupt in his nature1 his reason1 as well as his will1 must be corrupt1 turned against ,god and truth1 and therefore worthy of no confidence4 ,no doubt1 ,protestants have softened the harshness of many of the doctrines of the reformers1 and in several respects have drawn nearer to what has always been the teaching of the church2 but it is hardly fair in them to charge the errors of their ancestors1 which they have outgrown or abandoned1 upon the church which has always condemned them4 ,the ,bishop of ,avranches1 ,pascal1 the ,traditionalists1 and some others1 commonly regarded as ,catholics1 yet for the most part tinctured with ,jansenism1 have indeed seemed to depreciate reason in order the better to defend faith2 but the church has expressly or virtually condemned them1 and vindicated the rights of reason4 ,whoever knows ,catholic theology1 knows that the church never opposes faith or authority to reason1 but asserts both with equal earnestness and emphasis1 and denies that there is or can be any antagonism between them4 ,the reformers did not assume that no external infallible authority is necessary to faith4 ,they denied the infallible authority of popes and councils1 but asserted that of the written ,word1 interpreted by private judgment1 or rather1 by the private illumination of the ,spirit1 called by some in our day the ,christian conscience1 or consciousness4 ,our ,puritan journalist1 though he rejects not the ,scriptures1 very ably refutes this theory of the reformers3 ,there lies before us a recent number of a religious quarterly containing an elaborate article entitled ',an ,infallible ,church or an infallible ,book--which8' the great object of which is to dethrone the ,pope and enthrone the ,bible1 as the subject of indubitable faith1 with that religious certitude with which it may logically comfort the soul4 ,to quote its own language1 it would make the ,bible 'the supreme and only arbiter in things spiritual4' ,and this1 it thinks1 would cause' divisions to cease among us for ever4' ,but this forgets that the ,bible is always at the mercy of its interpreters1 and that its unity becomes continual diversity--being all things to all men1 as they compel it1 by the manner in which they receive it4 ,this is not true merely in the extreme cases of those who are--and who know that they are--'handling the ,word of ,god deceitfully2' it is true1 as well1 of those who mean to treat it with extremest reverence and humility or receptive faith4 ,here1 for example1 are two meek and lowly1 yet wonderfully clear-headed disciples1 like ,francis ,wayland and ,bela ,bates ,edwards2 both able scholars and patient students of the ,word2 both1 so far as human eye can judge1 eminently seeking and securing the habitual guidance of the ,holy ,spirit3 and yet1 as a matter of fact1 reaching1 upon certain points which both feel to be of serious importance1 conclusions as to what is taught in the ,bible1 diametrically opposite1 and beyond possibility of reconciliation4 ,and who can deny that the one--seeming to himself to find them in the ,bible--was as sacredly bound to hold1 practise1 and teach ,baptist1 as the other1 ,pedobaptist views4 ,we need add nothing to this refutation4 ,protestants have had from the first all the ,bible1 all the private judgment1 or private illumination1 they now have or can hope to have2 and yet they have never been able to agree among themselves on a single dogma of faith4 ,the only point on which they have been unanimous is their hostility to the ,catholic ,church4 #bag ,they have no standard by which to try the spirit2 and the ,bible1 not a few among them are accustomed to say1 profanely1 is a fiddle on which a skilful player may play any tune he pleases4 ,protestants may go to the ,bible to prove the doctrines they have been taught by their parents or ministers1 or held from ,protestant tradition2 but they never1 or rarely ever1 obtain their doctrines from the study of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,hence1 sects the most divergent appeal alike to the ,bible2 and each seems to find texts in its favor4 ,how can any thinking ,protestant1 who knows this1 not be perplexed and uncertain as to what he should believe8 ,the writer admits the difficulty1 and asks3 ,are we to understand1 then1 that ,christ is divided8 ,is there no such thing as absolute truth8 ,this cannot be admitted1 and we avoid the admission of it by the claim that ,god's absolute truth is a truth of love and life1 through dogma yet not of dogma2 so that it may be reached and realized by approaches not only from different but sometimes from opposite directions4 ,but this does not1 as far as we can see1 help the matter4 ,concede that charity or love is the fulfilling of the law1 and that nothing more is required of any one than perfect charity1 yet the love here asserted is1 though not of dogma1 through dogma4 ,unless1 then1 we are sure of the absolute truth of the dogma1 how can we be sure of the truth of the love and life1 since there are many sorts of love8 ,the dogma1 according to the ,puritan writer1 is not the principle1 indeed1 but it is the medium of the love and life4 ,will a false medium be as effectual in relation to the end as a true medium8 ,can a falsehood be1 in the nature of things1 any medium at all8 ,if we say the absolute truth is a truth of love and life through dogma1 it seems to us absolutely necessary that the dogma should be absolutely true2 but1 whether the dogma is absolutely true or not1 the writer concedes that those who reject the infallibility of the church have no certain means of determining4 ,if it be said that the true love and life are practicable with contradictory dogmas1 as is said in the last extract made1 then dogmas are indifferent2 and whether we believe the truth or falsehood of ,god or ,christ2 of the human soul2 of the origin and end of man2 of man's duties1 and the means of discharging them1--can make no difference as to the truth of our love and life4 ,the truth of love and life is not1 then1 an intellectual truth2 a truth apprehended by the mind2 but must be a mere affection of the heart1 or1 rather1 a mere feeling1 dependent on no operation of the understanding1 but on some internal or external affection of the sensibility4 ,the love will not be a rational affection1 but a simple sentiment1 sensitive affection1 or sensible emotion1 and as far removed from charity as is the sensuous appetite for food or drink4 ,the ,congregationalist and ,recorder seems aware that it has not yet found a solid ground to stand on1 and fairly abandons its pretension to be able to arrive at absolute truth at all without the pope4 ,it says3 ,it is1 then1 both the privilege and the duty of every man to be a law unto himself2 and out of his own reason and conscience1 enlightened from all knowledge that can be made available by his own researches and those of his fellows1 and more especially by the patient and docile study of the ,bible--all in the most profound1 uninterrupted1 and prayerful dependence upon the ,holy ,spirit--to judge what is right4 ,from the decision which he thus reaches there can be1 for him1 no appeal4 ,whether it is anybody's else duty to follow the course prescribed therein1 or not1 it is his duty to do so4 ,he has plead his cause before his infallible tribunal1 and its decision over him is necessarily supreme and inexorable4 #bah ,not to obey it1 would be to be false equally to ,god and to himself4 ,if it be not absolute right which he has reached1 it stands in the place of absolute right for him2 and only along its road1 however thorny1 and steep1 and high1 can he climb up toward heaven4 ,practically1 then1 we insist upon it1 there is no infallibility possible to man1 but that which is resident in his own soul4 ,the conclusion is that to which all who seek their rule of faith in private judgment and private illumination1 or inside the soul1 must come at last2 namely1 the man is a law unto himself2 that is1 is his own law1 and1 therefore1 his own truth4 ,out of his own reason and conscience1 enlightened by the best study he can make1 he is to judge supremely what is right4 ,this1 we need not say1 is pure rationalism4 ,it is man's duty to abide by the conclusion at which he arrives2 for although it may not be the absolute right1 yet it is the absolute right for him4 ,this makes truth and duty relative2 what each one1 for himself1 thinks them to be4 ,what infallibility is here to oppose to the infallibility of the church8 ,suppose it is announced to a man that ,god has established a church which he by his presence renders infallible1 to teach all men and nations2 will it not be the duty of that man to listen to the announcement1 and to investigate to the best of his ability1 and with all diligence1 whether it be so or not8 ,if1 through prejudice1 indifference1 or any other cause1 he fails to do so1 will his conviction against such church be excusable1 and absolute truth or right1 even for him8 ,the article continues3 ,and1 in the matter of systems1 we submit that there is no logical pause possible between the two extremes to which we referred1 near the beginning of this article--that each man's own conscientious reason be his umpire1 or that that reason be implicitly surrendered to some sole arbiter without4 ,it must be pope or people2 the absolutism of the papacy or the democracy of ,congregationalism4 ,there is no intermediate stand-point on which the aristocracy of ,presbyterianism1 or the limited monarchy of ,methodism1 or ,episcopacy1 can solidly build itself4 ,and this is1 in point of fact1 the unintended confession of actions that are louder than words1 in all these systems2 inasmuch as an appeal to the people in their individuality is their quick1 sharp sword which cuts every knot that draws hard and cannot be untied4 ,but we do not see how this follows4 ,the writer1 if he has proved anything1 has proved1 not that ,congregationalism is a ground on which one can stand1 but that the individual is4 ,he places the infallible tribunal in the inside of the individual soul2 ,congregationalism places it1 if anywhere1 in the congregation or brotherhood4 ,he should have said1 therefore1 that it is either pope or individualism4 ,we readily agree that there is no solid ground between the pope and the people1 taken individually1 on which any third or middle party can stand2 but is individualism1 or the individual soul1 a solid ground on which any one can stand1 without danger of its giving way under him8 ,we have seen that it is not1 because an external standard is needed by which to try the internal2 and the writer himself concedes it1 if he understands the force of the terms he uses4 ,he confesses that a man1 after due investigation1 with all the helps he can derive from the ,holy ,scriptures and the ,spirit1 cannot be certain of arriving at absolute truth--that is1 at truth at all2 he can only arrive at what is true and right for him1 though it may not be so for any one else4 ,at best1 then1 he attains only to the relative1 and no man can stand on the relative1 for the relative itself cannot stand except in the absolute4 #bai ,his whole doctrine amounts simply to this3 ,what ,i honestly and conscientiously think is true and right1 is true and right for me2 that is1 ,i may follow what ,i think is true and right with a safe conscience3 but whether ,i think right or wrong2 in accordance with the objective reality or not1 ,i do not and cannot know4 ,what is this but saying that infallibility is both impossible and unnecessary8 ,relying on what is inside of the soul1 then1 without any authority outside of it1 we cannot attain to that certainty the writer began by affirming to be necessary1 and craved by the soul2 and which he proposed to show us could be had without the pope4 ,all the writer does1 is to show us that without the infallibility of the pope or church1 we cannot have infallible faith2 and to attempt to prove that we do not need it1 and can do very well without it4 ,what does he establish1 then1 but what ,catholics have always told him1 that there is no alternative but pope or no infallibility8 ,he says3 ,we are even prepared to go so far as to claim that1 as human nature has been divinely constituted1 it is a psychological impossibility for any man to waive this prerogative of being the supreme authority over himself in regard to his religion2 for if he decides to accept the pope and his dictum as conveying to him the sure will of ,god1 that infallibility can only be received as such by an express volition of his own thus to receive it2 that is1 the man infallible stands behind the pope infallible1 and decrees that he shall become to him an infallible pope2 so that all the infallibility which the pope can have is just only what the man had before1 and gives to him by his volition4 ,in this it is not only conceded that the internal1 as we have seen1 does not give infallibility1 but asserted that man is so constituted that he is incapable of having an infallible faith4 ,consequently1 there can be no infallible teaching4 ,it goes farther1 and denies the supreme authority of ,god in matters of religion2 and1 like all error1 puts man in the place of ,god4 ,it says3 ,it is a psychological impossibility for any man to waive his prerogative of being the supreme authority over himself in regard to his religion4 ,this is the necessary conclusion from the writer's assumption in the outset1 that the infallible authority is inside the soul1 not outside of it2 therefore1 purely subjective and human4 ,consequently1 man is his own law1 his own sovereign2 therefore independent of ,god1 and the author and finisher of his own faith4 ,this is pretty well for a ,calvinist1 and the organ of ,new ,england ,puritanism6 ,but we charitably trust that the writer hardly understands the reach of what he says4 ,he confounds the action or office of reason in receiving the faith1 or the internal act of believing1 with the authority on which one believes1 or on which the faith is received4 ,the act is the act of the rational subject1 and therefore internal4 ,the authority on which the act is elicited is accredited to the subject1 and therefore necessarily objective or external4 ,i believe on testimony which comes to me from without1 or a fact or an event duly accredited to me4 ,i believe the messenger from ,god duly accredited to me as his messenger1 although he announces to me things far above my own personal knowledge1 and even mysteries which my reason is utterly unable to comprehend4 ,hence1 ,christians believe the mysteries recorded in the ,holy ,scriptures1 because recorded by men duly instructed and authorized by ,god himself to teach in his name4 ,the ,puritan writer will hardly deny that ,st4 ,peter was a duly accredited apostle of our ,lord1 and therefore1 that what he declares to be the ,word of ,god is the ,word of ,god1 and therefore true1 since ,god is truth itself4 #bbj ,suppose1 then1 the pope to be duly accredited to us as the divinely authorized and divinely assisted teacher and interpreter of the teaching of our ,lord1 whether in person or by the mouth of the apostles1 would reason find any greater difficulty in believing him than in believing ,st4 ,peter himself8 ,of course not4 ,now1 ,catholics look upon the pope as the successor or the continuator of ,peter1 and therefore as teaching with precisely the same apostolic authority with which ,peter himself would teach if he were personally present4 ,it is not more difficult to prove that the pope succeeds to ,peter than it is to prove that ,peter was an apostle of our ,lord1 and taught by his divine authority4 ,the same kind of evidence that suffices to prove the one suffices to prove the other4 ,suppose it proved1 should we not then have an infallible authority for faith other than that which is inside the soul8 ,should we not be bound by reason itself to believe whatever1 in the case supposed1 the pope should declare to be the faith once delivered to the saints8 ,our ,puritan psychologist1 and ,protestants very generally1 contend that1 since the authority of the pope is accredited to reason1 and we by reason judge of the credentials1 therefore we have in the pope only the authority of our own reason4 ,this is a mistake4 ,we might as well argue that an ambassador accredited to a foreign court can speak only by authority of the court to which he is accredited1 since it judges of the sufficiency of the credentials he presents1 and not at all by the authority of the court that sends him4 ,this would be simply absurd4 ,the ambassador represents the sovereign that sends him1 not the sovereign to whom he is sent or accredited4 ,the credentials of the pope are presented to our judgment1 but what the pope1 the accredited ambassador from ,god1 announces as the will of his sovereign and ours1 must be taken not on the authority of our own judgment1 but on the authority of the ambassador4 ,the pope is not1 indeed1 commissioned to reveal the truth1 for the revelation is already made by our ,lord and his apostles1 and deposited with the church4 ,the pope simply teaches what is the faith so revealed and deposited1 and settles controversies respecting it4 ,our own reason1 operating on the facts of the case1 judges the credentials of the pope or the evidences of his divine commission1 but not of the revelation to which he bears witness4 ,the fact that ,god has revealed and deposited with the church what the pope declares ,god has so revealed and deposited1 we take on his authority4 ,it is a mistake1 then1 to say that there can be no authority in faith or religion but the authority which every man has even of himself4 ,to deny it is simply to deny the ability of ,god to make us a revelation through inspired messengers1 or otherwise than through our natural reason4 ,it is equally a mistake to suppose that belief or an external infallible authority is simply a volition or an act of the will1 without any intellectual assent4 ,we might as well argue that the credit a jury yields to the testimony of a competent and credible witness is simply a volition without any conviction of the understanding4 ,infallible authority convinces the understanding as well as moves the will4 ,we do not believe the revealed truth on the authority of the pope2 we believe it on the word of ,god1 who can neither deceive nor be deceived2 but we believe on the authority of the pope or church the fact that ,god has revealed it4 ,the church or the pope is not authority for the truth of what is revealed--for ,god's word suffices for that2 and we believe it on his veracity--but is the infallible witness of the fact that ,god has revealed or said it4 #bba ,if ,god has made a revelation of supernatural truth1 as all ,christians hold1 the fact that he has made it1 since it confessedly is not made to us individually1 must be received by us1 if at all1 on the testimony of a witness4 ,this is what is meant by believing on authority4 ,if we believe the fact at all1 we must believe it either on some authority or on no authority4 ,if on no authority1 we have no reason for believing it1 and our belief is groundless4 ,if on some authority1 then either on a fallible or an infallible authority4 ,a fallible authority is no authority for faith4 ,then an infallible authority1 and as the authority must be duly accredited to us--therefore1 be itself outside of us--it must be an infallible external authority4 ,the ,puritan journal should therefore have headed its article1 not ,pope or ,people1 but1 ,pope or no ,faith4 ,without the infallible authority or witness1 we may have opinions1 conjectures1 guesses1 more or less probable1 but not faith1 which excludes doubt1 and is the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things not seen4 ,the ,puritan is able1 but has not mastered his subject4 ,there are many things for him yet to learn4 ,we have called attention to the article we have reviewed1 as one of the signs of what is going on in the ,protestant evangelical world4 ,it is beginning to learn that there is no resting in the infallible ,book without an infallible interpreter4 ,it begins to see that it has therefore no authority for dogmas1 and it is gradually giving them the go-by4 ,dogmas discarded1 ,christianity1 as a revelation of mysteries or of truth for the intellect1 goes with them1 and ,christianity becomes a truth only for the heart and conscience4 ,then it is resolved into love1 and love without understanding1 therefore a sentimental love1 and1 with the more advanced party1 purely sensual love4 ,this is whither ,protestantism is undeniably tending1 and well may ,dr4 ,ewer say that1 as a system of religion1 it has proved a failure4 ,it has lost the church1 lost practically the ,bible1 lost faith1 lost doctrine1 lost charity1 lost spirituality1 fallen into a sickly sentimentalism1 and is plunging into gross sensuality4 ,here endeth the glorious reformation4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,german ,by ,richard ,storrs ,willis4 ,emily ,linder4 ,,ii4--,her ,conversion4 ,we are now arrived at the most important period of her life4 ,miss ,linder often referred with thankful heart to ,god's guiding providence2 and in the steady progress of her spiritual life thus far is this not to be mistaken4 ,naturally religious1 and inspired with an unaffected yearning for the entire truth1 she was happily conducted into a circle of friends where her dawning faith received both impulse and guidance4 ,exterior incidents strengthened a certain interior magnetic bias4 ,since the day which rendered ,assisi so dear to her1 an invisible power had drawn her toward the visible church1 and her leaning to ,catholicity was imperceptibly strengthened4 #bbb ,her activity in art deepened her sympathies with a church in which art finds its true place and consecration4 ,an intellectual intercourse of many years with friendly ,catholic men and families could not fail to remove many a prejudice4 ,thus had an unexpected but powerful combination of circumstances conspired to lead a mind ingenuously seeking the truth to ,catholicity4 ,it would be quite a mistake1 however1 to suppose1 as has been thought by some1 that the personal influence of any friend whatever had worked decisively upon her determination to take the final step4 ,no one could do this2 not even ,brentano1 strong as was his interest in her spiritual life4 ,clemens ,brentano had come to ,munich in ,october1 #ahcc1 and made his domestic arrangements in his usual characteristic style at ,professor ,schlotthauer's1 in one of the most pious and genial of ,noah's arks1 as he facetiously describes it4 ,his associations led him into the same social circle in which ,miss ,linder moved1 and soon after his arrival he made her acquaintance4 ,her pious earnestness1 her cultivated1 artistic nature1 her charming and judicious benevolence1 enchained his interest2 and he believed1 as is stated in his biography1 to have found in her just the nature for the ,catholic faith4 ,one knows with what strength and zeal ,brentano devoted himself 7and in increasing ratio with increasing years7 to such friends as were dear to him in the matter1 particularly1 of their acquaintance with the faith of his own church1 and their participation in her blessings4 ,his animated desire to instruct1 which was ever without affectation or concealment1 expressed itself in just such cases with the utmost freedom and frankness4 ,whoever reads that clever letter1 ,to a ,lady ,friend1 written during these years at ,munich1 can tolerably well judge of the tone and style with which he brought home to a pious ,protestant the warmth and depth of his religious convictions4 ,certain is it that ,miss ,linder gained1 through ,brentano1 a deep insight into the inner life of the church and the hidden graces and forces which stream through her4 ,he had the power1 as she said1 of making some things intelligible which might otherwise remain for ever closed to one4 ,the life and the visions of ,katharina ,emmerich1 which he read aloud on her weekly reading-evenings1 made a profound impression upon her4 ,as though in confirmation of what she heard1 she saw with her own eyes at ,kaldern a similar phenomenon in ,maria von ,mrl1 that astounding living wonder1 and was penetrated with the atmosphere of truth with which1 as ,gorres expresses it1 ,maria von ,mrl seemed enveloped4 ,she caused a portrait of this phenomenon to be executed by her lady friend1 ,ellenrieder2 and always gladly gave her visitors 7as is stated by ,emma ,niendorf7 a full description of the stigimated1 just as ,brentano was wont to do in his letters4 ,in this1 as in other ways1 was her intercourse with ,brentano of service to her4 ,to many an outwork of knowledge did he build a bridge1 a pontifex maximus1 as he once jestingly applied the term to himself4 ,finally1 his own ,christian death made a profound and lasting impression upon her4 ,any other influence than mild1 patient instruction was1 once for all1 excluded by her4 ,even the holiest zeal1 if it sought1 in any way1 to crowd in upon her1 could only force a nature like hers into antagonism1 and check everything like quiet development4 #bbc ,with all her humility1 this lady possessed the self-reliance and genuine independence of a ,swiss4 ,she sought the way of truth with such deep longing that she willingly accepted guidance2 but with such severe scrutiny1 that she was not to be confused1 and was inaccessible to every kind of coaxing from any side4 ,for1 from the quarter of her old theological standpoint there was no lack of friendly advice1 or of opinions bringing great weight with them1--supposing that mere human opinions could ever have decided such a question4 ,even raillery was not lacking4 ,platen gave his particular attention to this kind of weapon1 and put himself to no little trouble to ridicule her out of her ,catholic proclivities4 ,the theological tendency she had taken since the days passed at ,sorrento had become to the poet of the ,abassiden altogether too romantic1 and he hoped to cool her religious zeal with a cold irony4 ,thus1 he once satirically addressed himself to her from ,florence1 7,february #bdth1 #ahce17 ,might one be so bold as to enquire what progress you have made in your conversion to the only saving church2 or is this a secret8 ,in case of a change of religion1 ,i trust you will follow the advice of a friend1 and turn1 rather1 to the ,greek ,church4 ,for1 if you prize ,catholicism on account of its antiquity1 the ,greek ,church is doubtless older4 ,and is it the ceremonial which particularly attracts you2 then here1 too1 is the ,greek service far more aesthetic and imposing4 ,count ,platen doubtless felt that in a theological controversy he was no match for his well-informed friend2 and therefore1 in his letters he appealed to her as an artiste4 ,true1 the barrenness of ,protestantism in art he quietly admitted2 but all the better success he promised himself in an attempt to belittle the merit of the church in the field of art by certain cunning sophistries4 ,in several of his letters he stumbled upon the neither very bright nor novel idea of presenting the church as at an obsolete standpoint4 ,certainly1 he admonishes the artist1 ,catholicity1 as a thing of a former age1 is highly to be esteemed1 but not for the present4 ,her time is past1 even for art4 ,perhaps by and by an artera may dawn upon her1 but this will be of a purely aesthetic nature2 for a blending of art with religion is no longer among the possibilities1 etc4 ,the thought that his friend1 after all1 might take some such fatal step evidently gave the poet much uneasiness2 for even in his last letter to her1 written but two weeks before his death1 he makes another attempt at the same style of argument4 ,it is contained in a description of ,palermo1 written at ,naples1 ,september #gth1 #ahce3 ,i received your welcome letter shortly after my return from ,calabria4 ,i know not how my mother could write you that ,palermo did not please me2 or1 if so1 to what extent this was the case4 ,i simply remember saying that the location of ,palermo bore no comparison with that of ,naples4 ,there are certainly lacking the islands1 ,vesuvius1 and the coast of ,sorrento2 although the mountain background of ,palermo is very beautiful4 ,the ,rogers chapel1 there1 is something that would please you--a church of the twelfth century1 in perfect preservation2 its style that of the old ,venetian and ,roman churches2 and although of smaller dimensions1 yet the finest of them all4 ,it is the more interesting to attend a service there1 because one sees that ,catholic culture was calculated solely for the ,byzantine style of architecture2 for with such surroundings1 only1 could it be effective4 ,thus does ,catholicity1 even as to architecture1 prove itself a thing of the past4 #bbd ,enough of this4 ,such platitudes as these were not calculated to entangle a nature far too deep for them1 or check the development of a work so earnestly undertaken4 ,emily ,linder well knew that the church has already outlived many just such obsolete standpoints1 and many such prophets of evil1 who have mistaken their wishes for reality1 and phrases for axioms4 ,how dignified and how welcome1 in comparison with this sophistry from ,naples1 must have seemed to her the greeting of an old friend and art companion addressed to her from ,rome1 in the spring of #ahcc3 ,be assured that ,i often fervently remember you to our ,lord4 ,do you the same by me4 ,may a holy unrest and impatience fill us to take 'by violence' the kingdom of heaven6 ,this holy unrest had indeed for some time possessed her1 and on many an occasion broke forth in expressions of touching and yearning expectancy4 ,while viewing the cathedral of ,cologne1 in the year #ahce1 she ardently exclaims1 ,ah6 of a certainty an age whose lofty inspirations 7and of no transient kind7 could produce such monuments as this1 deserved neither the epithet of rude nor dark4 ,there resided in it a light which we1 with our 7gas67 illumination1 could never produce4 ,again1 as to the interior of the grand cathedral--,i know not why1 but ,i cannot repress my tears4 ,an irrepressible melancholy and yearning seizes me here4 ,the same year1 after viewing with ,schubert the minster at ,ulm1 she makes this noteworthy observation in her journal1 ,it almost pained me that the old cathedral is no longer used for ,catholic service1 and that the choir and sanctuary are now so desolate4 ,already had she adopted many ,catholic views4 ,at an early period she believed in an active sympathy between this and the other world1 and a purification of the soul in that world4 ,the church's benediction was highly prized by her2 for which reason1 even as ,protestant1 she was in the habit of bearing about with her on her travels a little flask of holy water4 ,many of her views were as yet very undecided2 but strong and irrepressible was her longing for that truth which should bring her peace4 ,this clung by her in all her wanderings1 and often drew from her a deep cry of the heart4 ,the notes which she made during a trip to ,holland1 in company with ,schubert1 in the year #ahce1 closed with the following words1 ,these lonely days of travel have left me much time for meditation4 ,to-day a crowd of thoughts and emotions fairly thronged upon me4 ,i said to myself1 ,to what purpose all this8 ,whither is this invisible power impelling us8 ,are we really advanced by it1 or made the happier8 ,often this affluence of emotion rises to a kind of transport2 then1 again1 it turns to pain1 for ,i know not the why nor the whither4 ,is there a connectedness in all this8 ,is it enduring8 ,once more1 then1 why8 ,during this journey of mine ,i have often prayed1 ,o ,lord1 let me know thy will4 ,let me follow the path which is pleasing to thee4 ,lead me but to thyself1 and in any way thou mayst choose4 ,let it become clear what thou really desirest of me4 ,by this means ,i experienced great relief1 and also the certainty that ,he1 who with such signal fidelity had thus far led me1 would clearly make known to me his will1 would guide me into his paths4 #bbe ,as the interior movement increased1 she was impelled to confer with intelligent friends in the distance concerning this most momentous interest of her life4 ,especially with ,overbeck there ensued a correspondence which1 continuing for years1 was of great assistance in attaining to religious clearness4 ,overbeck took kindest interest in her doubts and scruples4 ,he had formerly gone over the same ground1 and could therefore confer with her about such matters as a brother4 ,his letters grew into a connected vindication of ,catholic doctrine1 and the truth and beauty of the church1 expressed in the mild1 clear1 fervent1 and touching language of one equally worthy of respect as man and artist4 ,with a nature like ,overbeck's1 where the man and the artist are not two distinct individualities1 but are united in a higher form --,christianity--words have a more elevated significance2 and a correspondence with him must have necessarily possessed an import more than usually edifying4 ,emily ,linder deeply felt this4 ,we take her own testimony when we say that ,overbeck's letters contributed largely toward her religious development2 and1 by the overwhelming conviction of his words1 no less than by his own deep spirituality1 she attained to a knowledge of very vital truths4 ,she viewed the assistance he rendered her in the light of a perpetual obligation2 and in later years1 long after she became a ,catholic1 she breathed1 in her letters to the admirable master1 a ,god reward you for it4 ,meantime1 however1 she had to pass through many a severe struggle4 ,the wrestling and testing which her conscientiousness imposed upon her was of long continuance4 ,the dread of a hasty step which might afterward plunge her into the deepest unrest1 caused her to advance but cautiously4 ,her mental vacillation continued for quite a period1 during which she was filled with unsatisfied spiritual yearnings4 ,she stood just on the portal of the church1 afraid to enter4 ,many a prayer1 far and near1 ascended in her behalf to heaven4 ,brentano lived not to witness the conversion he so longed for4 ,but the hope which gladdened his last days attained a realization the year after his death4 ,in #ahdb1 she wrote to an artist friend in ,frankfort1 ,i am fully satisfied that ,i entertain no prejudices1 and honestly wish to know ,god's will4 ,he has already cleared away many a spiritual obstacle1 and transformed much within me4 ,when it is his holy will to lead me into the church1 ,i am confident that he will remove every remaining hinderance to my conviction4 ,she thought1 however1 that the church did not give ,protestants a very easy time4 ,their acceptance of the ,tridentine confession of faith was a hard matter4 ,still1 her mind had already attained to such clearness that she now desired the instruction of some competent priest4 ,through the instrumentality of ,diepenbrock1 a theological teacher was brought to her1 who gained her confidence4 ,she earnestly began her task1 zealously and perseveringly devoting to it several hours a week for an entire year4 ,the structure of ,catholic faith began to open itself to her now with all its interior consistency and harmony4 ,one scruple after another vanished1 including those which finally troubled her2 as1 for instance1 the expression1 ,mother of ,god2 the alleged mutilation of the holy sacrament1 by withdrawal of the cup from the laity1 etc4 ,in the words of her spiritual guide1 she learned to distinguish that which is divine1 and essential1 and immutable in the church1 from that which is human1 and incidental1 and mutable2 and what had hitherto proved an insurmountable obstacle1 the seemingly mechanical1 and often rude devotions of the common people1 as also the worldly splendor of the hierarchy--this ceased to trouble her more4 #bbf ,in the autumn of #ahdc1 ,miss ,linder made another tour to the ,tyrol and ,upper ,italy1 and few could surmise that she was so near to the decisive step4 ,she writes from ,munich1 on the #afth of ,october1 ,i have just made with the ,schuberts a somewhat fatiguing trip as far as ,verona1 where1 by the way1 ,i had almost come to a standstill1 to copy a picture there4 ,we then remained for a couple of weeks in ,botzen1 where all was so quiet1 and reposeful1 and secluded1 that it was right grateful to me4 ,amid this stillness and seclusion to which she abandoned herself1 still more than in ,munich1 was finally brought to maturity the great work of redemption4 ,toward the end of ,november1 #ahdc1 on the approach of ,advent1 there burst upon her spiritual life a new era1 and her long suspense and yearning resolved itself into the cry1 ,i will enter the church6 ,the final word of decision was immediately winged to heaven on a prayer4 ,upon the threshold of that expectant season1 when the church sings1 ,drop down dew1 ye heavens1 from above1 and let the clouds rain the just1 she participated1 one morning1 with the most ardent devotion1 in a low mass celebrated in conformity with her intention4 ,this was the decisive hour4 ,she left the chapel with the joyous and unalterable resolve to enter into fellowship with the ,catholic ,church4 ,all was overcome1 aided and enlightened by the grace of ,god4 ,standing before her little house altar1 she rehearsed1 for the first time1 the ,catholic creed4 ,the first to whom the glad intelligence flew was a noble pair1 ,apollonia ,diepenbrock and her brother1 the latter of whom was subsequently the celebrated cardinal and bishop of ,breslau1 but at that time1 the vicar-general of ,regensburg4 ,both were associated with the pious artiste in a friendship of many years1 and had been long familiar with the course of her religious development4 ,melchior von ,diepenbrock1 during just this last period1 had been a faithful and intelligent adviser to her4 ,the disciple of ,sailers responded to the joyous intelligence with a peace-greeting befitting a shepherd of the church4 ,he wrote on the #bith of ,november1 #ahdc3 ,hindered by very unwelcome business1 ,i was unable1 either yesterday or the day before1 to express my heartfelt sympathy and delight over the surprising intelligence of your note of ,saturday4 ,surprising1 because ,i had not anticipated so sudden a loosening of the fruit1 ripe as it was4 ,but the wind 'which bloweth where it listeth1' stirred the tree1 and the ripe1 mellow fruit fell into the lap of the true mother1 where it will now be well cared for1 growing mellower and sweeter until the coming of the ,bridegroom4 ,my hope and prayer for you now is1 that peace and rest may be yours after a suspense and unrest which has thus loosed itself in the simple and welcome words1',i will enter the church4' ,but you have every reason to be at rest2 for a church which has given birth to a ,wittman1 a ,sailer1 a ,fnlon1 a ,vincent de ,paul1 a ,tauler1 a ,suso1 a ,thrse1 a ,bernard1 an ,augustine1 an ,athanasius1 a ,polycarp1 and so on1 up to the apostles themselves1 and which has nursed them on her breast with the self-same heavenly doctrine2 from whose mouth and from whose life1 in turn1 this same identical doctrine has been breathed down like a fragrant aroma1 through a course of eighteen hundred years2 in such a church is there safe and good travelling companionship for heaven4 ,following their guidance1 you need not fear going astray4 ,i therefore1 from my very soul1 bid you welcome to this noble company to which you have long since1 through your intense yearning1 and by anticipation1 belonged1 but now have identified yourself with openly1 by a grasp of the hand and a kiss of reconciliation2 with whom you will soon fully and finally be incorporated by that most sacred seal and covenant1 that highest consecration of love1 the holy ,eucharist4 ,you have had a rough and thorny path to travel1 and passed through long years of struggle1 doubt1 and conflict1 to arrive at this goal4 #bbg ,bind1 now1 the olive wreath of peace coolingly around your heated temples4 ,let all labor of the brain1 all strain of the intellect1 now subside4 ,live a life of tranquillity4 ,open your heart to a reception of the holy gifts which the church1 as you enter1 proffers you4 ,and above all1 banish all anxiety and doubt1 for therewith you gain nothing1 and spoil all4 ,let your barque1 wafted by the breath of ,god1 glide peacefully down the broad stream of the church's life4 ,revel in the stars1 and the flowers which mirror themselves therein1 the denizens that disport there2 and1 should now and then an uncouth1 repulsive creature catch your eye1 reflect that the kingdom of ,god is still entangled in the contradictions of developement4 ,think upon that great world-net which gathers souls of every description1 and upon the angel who1 upon the great day1 will separate them all4 ,and now ,i commend you to ,god4 ,once more1 may peace and joy in the ,holy ,ghost be your morning-gift4 ,and soon this morning-gift possessed her soul4 ,being fully prepared1 her admission1 as she had wished1 could be immediate4 ,but she desired to take the step in all quietness1 and only a few of her friends1 like ,professor ,haneberg and ,phillips1 were informed of it the evening before1 she desiring to secure for herself their prayers4 ,on the #dth of ,december1 #ahdc1 ,emily ,linder1 accompanied by her friend ,apollonia1 in the ,georgian ,seminary chapel made solemn profession of the ,catholic faith4 ,on the day following1 the papal nuncio1 ,viale ,prel1 administered to her1 in his house-chapel the sacrament of confirmation2 delivering1 at the same time1 an eloquent address in ,german4 ,the friend before mentioned was godmother1 and1 as one present remarked1 by her faith1 her love1 her prayers1 and her efforts1 she had indeed proved her spiritual mother4 ,in company with this friend1 she went to ,regensburg1 in order to withdraw into retirement1 and to be alone with her new-born joy4 ,her letters during this period give animated testimony to what extent1 and with what daily increase1 this joy was experienced4 ,a jubilant rapture pervades the letters which announce the event to distant friends1 particularly those addressed to ,overbeck in ,rome and ,steinle in ,frankfort2 both friends and companions in art4 ,these and a few others had been admitted to her confidence in spiritual matters4 ,to the latter1 whom1 of her younger friends1 she particularly prized and respected1 she thus announces the circumstance1 ,this time ,i come to you with but few words2 words no longer conditional1 but right conclusive4 ,i am a ,catholic4 ,could ,i have written to you1 as ,i wished1 to ask your prayers for me before the eventful hour1 even then you might have been taken by surprise2 but now the news has doubtless reached you from ,munich1 and ,i write this letter simply as confirmation1 and because ,i wish that you should be informed of it by me personally4 ,you have lately hardly thought1 ,i suppose1 that it would come so soon2 and yet ,i was long prepared for it4 ,after many a struggle1 particularly of late1 it had become to me a positive necessity1 a natural and necessary development of my spiritual life4 ,when ,i had once announced my determination to the clergyman who for some time had been instructing me1 my desire was to take the step right quickly4 ,my good ,apollonia left ,regensburg immediately for ,munich1 to be present at my reception into the church2 and the day following this ,i was confirmed4 ,i have now accompanied my friend hither to escape from all excitement and pass some days in retirement2 needed opportunity of fortifying myself against much that must necescessarily come1 that is hard and disagreeable4 #bbh ,yet has ,god been inexpressibly kind and gentle in his dealings with me thus far4 ,a letter to the same friend on the #aith of ,january thus reads3 ,my last letter was very1 very brief2 but the glad tidings had to come first1 and for this few words were needed4 ,but now six weeks have flown1 and it may give you pleasure to hear that ,i am daily newly bleat1 newly affected by the great goodness of ,god4 ,you may not have doubted this1 yet you may be glad to be assured of it1 having always taken such interest in my welfare4 ,ah dear ,steinle6 how sweet1 how sweet a thing to be in the church6 ,i ask myself every day1 ,why then1 ,i8 ,why just to myself has this grace been vouchsafed1 in preference to others so much worthier of it8 ,how can this have come about8 ,for no other reason1 surely1 than because so many faithful souls living close to ,god1 have interceded1 so untiringly interceded for me1 that ,god could not resist their importunity4 ,how often1 how very often must ,i exclaim1 as you have done1 ,god be praised and extolled for ever4 ,now for the first time do ,i understand that deep longing and incessant yearning of the heart4 ,oh6 would that all1 all were in ,god's one1 great house2 would that all could experience the friendliness1 the inexpressible friendliness of the ,lord1 he whose mercy transcends all understanding and conception4 ,ah dear friend6 supplicate and implore ,god for me1 that this grace--,i will not say may be deserved1 how could this ever be8--but that ,i may daily more deeply comprehend and appreciate it1 and that my life may become one song of thankfulness and benediction4 ,i am still like a happy little child at rest in the lap of its mother4 ,the cross will yet come1 and perhaps must necessarily do so2 yet am ,i not dismayed2 for well ,i know where1 at any hour1 courage1 and strength1 and consolation are to be found4 ,hitherto has ,god made it very easy to me4 ,my sister--the only one ,i have--was surprised and grieved at the first intelligence2 but rather1 ,i think1 from a loving dread that ,i might be estranged from her4 ,now that she finds this is not the case1 ,i hear no complaint from her4 ,my nieces and my intimate friends at home are all unchanged4 ,just here1 too1 my friends have remained the same2 only two of my young lady acquaintances thought it due to their religious convictions to break with me2 but lo6 on ,new ,year's day they both came and threw their arms around my neck4 444 ,god be with us all6 ,may he purify and sanctify us and help us mature to life eternal4 ,once again1 pray to ,god for me4 ,join me in ascribing thanks to him for his inexpressible goodness4 ,with heartfelt friendship1 ,emily ,linder4 ,from this time forth ,advent possessed for her a peculiarly festive significance4 ,she celebrated each recurring anniversary with feelings of the humblest gratitude1 making it a threefold festival1 and greeting it with the joyousness and bliss of a child who had received on that day the costliest of gifts2 for it was the anniversary of her day of final decision1 her reception into the church1 and her confirmation4 ,on the #bgth of ,december1 #ahdd1 she thus writes again to the same friend3 ,shall ,i attempt to depict to you the experience of my inner life8 ,oh6 it is ever yet to me1 to use your own expression1 the pure mother-milk of inexpressible grace and goodness4 ,such1 at times1 is the intensity of my joy1 that it is as though ,i must hold fast my heart with both hands4 ,i have been celebrating of late a great festivals of the soul2 for at advent time ,i entered the church1 but included in my devotional intention1 also1 was the celebration of my decision and confirmation2 all these were occasions of spiritual festivity4 ,one entire year of grace and blessedness6 444 ,the kind ,tony ,f---- calls me 'the pet-child of the ,lord4' ,this may be so2 but when ,i enquire1 ,whence this to me8 oh6 then ,i must deeply1 deeply bow myself1 and with profoundest shame can only still enquire of my ,lord1 ,whence this to4 me8 444 ,nor will ,i entertain forebodings for the future4 ,he who infuses such rapture into the heart1 can--yes1 must--impart strength and courage1 when he lays the cross upon our shoulders4 ,he will do it1 too--benedictions on his holy name6 #bbi ,how idle1 now1 appeared all the fears and anxiety as to a too hasty step1 which had rendered her final decision so difficult1 while still standing at the diverging pathways4 ,not a trace more of the unrest which had so troubled her4 ,the morning-gift of peace and joy in faith1 which ,diepenbrock's kind wishes bespoke her1 had become indeed her assured inheritance4 ,a song of thankfulness warbled unceasingly in her heart4 ,a few more expressions which escaped her1 will show that the transport she experienced was not the effect of transient excitement4 ,on one occasion she thus addresses a friend3 ,you may be assured1 of course1 without written proof1 that ,i often think of you3 but how often ,i breathe to you spiritually my joy1 my exceeding joy--do you know this8 ,my heart often sings like that of a little child before a ,christmas-tree1 over the inexhaustible goodness of ,god1 and knows not how it should demean itself in the possession of such imperishable gifts4 ,how good1 how very good has ,god been thus to call me into his holy church6 ,on the recurrence of advent she writes again on the #hth of ,december1 #ahde1 as to the celebration of this festive period of hers3 ,during the past week ,i have been celebrating my apparently quiet but really great and momentous festival1 the anniversary of my reception into the church4 ,ah6 dear ,steinle1 what can ,i say more than1 ,bless the ,lord1 ,o my soul1 and all that is within me bless his holy name6 ,how inexpressibly great his mercy and grace1 how past all thinking and conceiving6 444 ,to be safe-sheltered in the church in times like these1 when no hold and no firm footing outside of her can be found6 ,oh6 if our brethren but knew what peace is hers--if they could but imagine what they are thrusting away from them6 ,it is enough to make one's heart bleed4 ,but this ,i can assure them1 that only in the church can one really know her2 only by living her life can one understand that life4 ,outside of the church can one learn much about her1 of course1 and to a certain extent inform himself2 but then1 she is not only a something that has been--an historical church--she is a present-existing1 living church1 because ,christ is still alive in her1 and still active in his work of reconciliation4 ,of such a church-life4 we can have no outside idea1 just because we do not live it4 ,how often should ,i like to tell ,clemens how it is with me now4 ,but1 ,god willing1 he surmises it and rejoices thereat4 ,in all things be praise to ,god6 ,in these words there rings out1 certainly1 the genuine1 clear tone of a heart happy in its faith4 ,equally evident in these passages is the fact1 that her personal relations with her ,protestant friends and relatives knew no change4 ,with a certain pious fidelity of friendship1 which was peculiar to her1 she sought to hold fast to the old ties which had become so dear1 and always met her former companions in faith with the same simple1 trusting affection4 ,cornelius1 who welcomed her conversion with heartfelt interest1 after his return from ,rome writes to her from ,berlin1 on the #dth of ,june1 #ahdd3 ,in ,rome ,i learned that you had at last fully taken heart4 ,it did not surprise me4 ,god bless you1 and protect you hereafter both from spiritual pride and indifference4 ,certainly no one could less need this admonition than ,emily ,linder1 who was a pattern of lowly humility4 ,no one was more sweetly considerate and liberal than she2 and ,abbot ,haneberg most justly remarked at her grave1 that1 after her conversion1 she was scrupulous to discharge all the duties of friendship toward her former companions in faith1 and never failed fully to appreciate all who proved worthy of her respect4 ,this unchanging fidelity induced her to make a trip1 the very summer after her conversion1 to her native city of ,basle1 and to ,lucerne1 where resided other relatives of hers4 ,a personal visit just at that time seems to her then more a duty than ever1 in order that her relatives might have ocular evidence that the ,catholic ,church is not an estranging one1 and cherishes no feeling like that of hate4 #bcj ,this sentiment regulated her conduct throughout4 ,a longing for a universal religious reunion strongly possessed her1 and she was deeply grieved to see many honest ,protestants standing so near ,catholicity1 who did not recognize the historic church in the existing one1 mainly 7judging by her own experience7 from a lack of proper information and from a certain shyness1 which they could not explain even to themselves4 ,the emergency is great2 souls are hungering and thirsting2 but the more sensitive of the ,protestants shrink from that shock to the feelings and social relations which they fear will ensue--a great mistake2 for love will experience no diminution2 it will be increased4 ,but outside of the church they know nothing of this4 ,alas6 how much do they not know6 ,this was written in #ahdf4 ,three years later she recurred again to her favorite idea in a charming letter addressed to ,professor ,steinle from ,regensburg1 on ,ascension-day1 ,may #agth1 #ahdi3 ,as ,i stood gazing at the people thronging up the steps and through the grand old portals of our superb cathedral1 my heart was strangely moved4 ,i saw in spirit the time when all people1 united again and happy1 would stream with songs of hallelujah through these portals and proclaim the wonderful works of ,god4 ,could ,i but see this and then depart in peace6 ,such may not be my lot1 but in eternity the intelligence may yet reach me and be a theme of thanksgiving to ,god4 ,as though from her very childhood a member of the church1 she felt from the first moment entirely at home in her precincts and in the blessed activity of her communion1 becoming quickly and easily wonted to all ,catholic practices1 to which she gave herself up with all the intelligence and abandonment of her soul4 ,how well she now appreciated the truth of the words addressed to her on joining the church by the noble ,cardinal ,diepenbrock1 ,you press now the ground which1 not only ,christ's own footsteps1 but his very hands1 betokened as the foundation of his church2 which his spirit consecrated1 which1 his love hallowed3 the soil whence all those vines should spring1 which clinging around and clambering over his cross1 may literally by and on him bear fruits of love1 of humility1 of fidelity1 to all eternity6 ,and following his faithful precepts1 she forthwith launched her barque1 and1 wafted by the breath of ,god1 it glided peacefully over the broad stream of the church-life4 ,amid the deep peace which flowed in upon her1 she now recommenced with fresh vigor her artistic occupations1 devoting herself with more fervor than ever to religious painting4 ,the forenoon was regularly passed at the easel4 ,what a pleasure it must have been to her now to produce altar and other pictures for the house of the ,lord6 ,these she donated to poor churches1 sending them sometimes to great distances1 even to poor ,catholic communities in ,greece and ,paris4 ,whenever a call for assistance reached her1 according to her capacity she was ready with her offering4 ,her great industry in art enabled her to respond to numerous requests1 and in the course of a long life she rendered many a poor parish happy1 which would otherwise have been long compelled to dispense with churchly embellishment4 ,free from all artistic fastidiousness1 she never disdained to make copies of other pictures4 ,thus with great interest and ability she made a copy of a picture by ,overbeck1 which she had in her collection1 for the chapel of the ,sisters of ,mercy in ,munich4 #bca ,with a modest esteem for her own abilities1 she always worked under the supervision of an old master1 whose judgment never failed to have its weight with her4 ,a deep and tender sensibility pervades her pictures2 and if she betrays a certain timidity in the technical execution1 there is evidence of great industry and attention to detail4 ,one of her best works1 perhaps1 is a portrait of ,brentano1 an oil painting remarkable for likeness and spirituality of expression4 ,after his death1 she had this lithographed by ,knauth1 and copies struck off4 ,it is given in the first volume of his complete works1 and is accompanied by a verse which serves as a burthen to one of his most beautiful legends1 as it might to the legend of his life1 commencing1 ,o star and flower1 soul and clay1 ,love1 suffering1 time1 eternity4 ,the ancient and laudable habit among lovers of art to enrich1 by special orders and purchases1 their own homes--that noble privilege of educated wealth6--she practised to a lavish extent4 ,her collection of pictures embraced gradually works of the most eminent artists4 ,besides the masters already mentioned1 7,overbeck1 ,cornelius1 ,eberhard17 ,steinle was represented in a series of glorious creations4 ,several of these1 like the ,manger-,festival of ,st4 ,francis1 the ,legend of ,st4 ,marina1 were the source of some of ,brentano's beautiful inspirations and are now included in his sacred poems4 ,in addition to these artists were ,schnorr1 ,schraudolph1 ,schwind1 ,fhrich1 ,neher1 ,eberle1 ,ahlborn1 ,koch1 etc4 ,in another respect1 also1 she approved herself a true artist1 namely1 by rendering constant assistance to such pupils of the distinguished masters with whom she was friendly1 as gave evidence of talent4 ,her helping hand alone rendered1 indeed1 many an artistic undertaking possible2 and not a few artists had occasion1 in such instances1 to admire not only the liberality but delicacy with which she dispensed orders and bore with trying delays4 ,she exhibited an extraordinary degree of patience in the friendly manner with which she would conform herself to personal circumstances and private relations which did not at all concern her1 even in cases of work delayed for years and paid for in advance4 ,she would even heap coals of fire upon their heads by surprising them with further money advances--a charity which at times was exceedingly opportune4 ,by this and similar methods ,miss ,linder1 without any display1 accomplished much good1 and constantly experienced the pure pleasure of making others happy4 ,and in yet another manner she showed a noble liberality4 ,with rare unselfishness she would allow copies to be made and disseminated of the most valuable drawings in her collection1 her own private property4 ,she not only encouraged efforts of this kind1 but sometimes at her own expense actually initiated them4 ,by this multiplication of fine works of art she shared prominently in that noble task undertaken by ,overbeck and his companions--the establishment of a more dignified and elevated art standard4 ,true art seemed to assume with her1 year by year1 a graver aspect4 ,in judging of a work1 she deemed its intent just as important as its execution4 ,she discerned in art a reflected radiance from the world of light3 and all that did not tend upward to this she regarded as idle effort and labor lost4 ,she observed with pain an increasing tendency to the material1 particularly since the year #ahej2 and nothing more deeply incensed her than a demeaning of art to low and base uses4 #bcb ,even in ,munich1 after ,cornelius left and ,louis4 ,i4 descended the throne1 there existed no longer the ancient standard4 ,what is now left of that school of sacred art1 once blossoming out with such inspiriting vigor8 ,it now leads the existence of a ,cinderella4 ,even in the year #ahej1 ,miss ,linder remarked3 ,our academy affords me no longer any very great pleasure3 the period of love and inspiration has passed4 ,shall we ever see its return8 ,the gathering clouds in the political horizon and the disturbance of social relations were not encouraging to any hope like this4 ,but at just such a time1 when outside life was forbidding1 she found how grateful a definite aim and mission may be1 and experienced the quiet delight of art and art-occupation more than ever4 ,she thus writes from ,phl1 a favorite resort of hers in summer1 adjacent to the ,ammersee1 ,i shall yet make a little tour in the ,tyrol and then ensconce myself in winter quarters1 where ,i shall be happy in a work already commenced and which will immediately engross me4 ,it is a source of the greatest happiness in these days to have a given task4 ,how much it enables one to get rid of6 ,on viewing ,gallait's picture of ,egmont and ,horn in the exhibition1 she remarked1 ,i should not care to own the picture1 and yet there is much to admire in it4 ,the sphere of art is so extensive and yet so limited--after all1 one cannot but feel that everything not in ,god's service is1 to say the least1 superfluous4 ,an evening quiet overspread her relations with the outside world4 ,but uninterruptedly until her death she kept up1 in her own home1 the accustomed hospitality4 ,her house was always a central point of really good society4 ,no literary or artistic celebrity could long tarry in ,munich without an invitation to her table1 around which every week a little circle was gathered4 ,privy-,counsellor von ,ringseis usually acted as host1 a man whose varied knowledge1 ripe experience1 and inexhaustible humor better befitted him than any other to blend the most opposite characteristics of the guests4 ,with friends in the distance she maintained an extensive correspondence1 and also cultivated her friendly relations with them by regular summer trips3 a passion for travel and a love of nature remaining true to her into advanced old age4 ,a nature so profound1 so true1 and so enlightened was constituted for friendship1 and ,emily ,linder served as a model in this regard4 ,she possessed those two qualities by which it is best retained--candor and disinterestedness4 ,what she was capable of as to the latter quality has already been sufficiently shown4 ,an open frankness was the groundwork of her character4 ,she possessed a kind but impartial judgment1 and in the right place she knew how to assert it4 ,the same sincerity was expected of others1 and nothing with her outweighed truthfulness4 ,whoever offended in this point came to conclusions with her speedily and once for all4 ,a half-and-half sincerity or prevarication could force even her dovelike mildness to resentment4 ,when called to pass judgment upon the work of a friendly artist1 there arose a noble contest between frankness and kindness4 ,her opinions were always to the point1 and by the soundness of her judgment she gave food for reflection4 ,but in cases of a change of opinion after more mature consideration1 she was quick to acknowledge herself at fault4 ,a single incident may illustrate this4 ,on occasion1 of a defence1 by an artist1 of a celebrated master1 to one of whose works she had taken exceptions1 she replied3 #bcc ,my first judgment1 then1 was unquestionably hasty4 ,but among friends ,i shall never like that degree of caution always insisted upon which admits of no quick and impulsive word2 for thus would all open-heartedness be repressed2 a thing which no amount of shrewdness or cool deliberation could ever replace4 ,i beg for myself the privilege therefore1 hereafter1 just as often1 and perhaps just as hastily1 to express my opinion4 ,she reposed the same confidence in the judgment of others4 ,all the more weighty art matters about which she concerned herself were submitted to the counsel and decision of intelligent friends of art4 ,she took the most lively interest1 also1 in every important event or crisis in the families of these friends4 ,her thoughtful consideration loved to express itself in pleasant souvenirs and playful surprises of gifts2 and her fidelity often extended even to the departed4 ,many a friend1 after having passed to a long home1 was endowed with a memorial ,mass which she established for the repose of his soul4 ,the ,klee and ,mhler memorial1 a composition of ,steinle1 copies of which she caused at her own expense to be made1 she intended 7an intention1 indeed1 never realized7 as an aid to the establishment of a ,klee and ,mhler fund2 and a lasting monument it would have proved to the memory of these two noble men4 ,for any expression of fidelity toward herself she was deeply grateful2 particularly in her more advanced years1 after she became more and more aware how rare a thing is disinterested attachment in this age of unprincipled selfishness4 ,any instance of loyal attachment1 said she1 moves me the more deeply in these times1 when truly it is no fashionable virtue4 ,a special object of her loving thoughtfulness was her beloved ,assisi1 the little convent of the ,german sisters of ,st4 ,francis4 ,in times of great distress1 particularly during the ravages of the ,revolution1 it was no small consolation and delight to receive thence1 after a long interval1 reassuring intelligence4 ,particularly was this the case during the ,mazzini terrorism of #ahdi4 ,in the autumn of this year1 she announced to a friend1 with something like motherly pride3 ,i have received tidings lately from our ,german nuns at ,assisi4 ,appalling things have happened at ,rome1 and indications of the same have threatened elsewhere1 even at ,assisi4 ,but the good women bravely set at naught all intimidation and threat1 and have come out entirely unharmed4 ,yes1 even the gangs themselves are reported to have said3 ,one cannot get the better of these ,germans1 they pray too much4 ,may we all of us lay hands upon the same trusty weapon6 ,the burgher-maiden whom she took with her as candidate to ,assisi on her journey to ,rome in #ahbi1 has already been1 for the last twenty-four years1 ,superior of the ,german convent2 it so chanced that she attained to this position the very year that ,emily ,linder became a ,catholic4 ,during that time1 more than twenty ,bavarian maidens followed her to ,assisi4 ,if the gratitude of happy people1 who praise ,god daily that they have found the true ark of peace1 ever proved a blessing1 this blessing accrued1 in rich measure1 to the artist from ,assisi4 ,her name is entered in the memorial book of the convent1 and1 so long as this spiritual order exists1 she will live there as their best benefactress1 and as their dear1 good mother in ,christ4 ,thus is she spoken of in the numerous and touching letters of the pious sisters4 #bcd ,seldom has a human being made a more magnanimous use of a large income than the departed ,emily ,linder4 ,her benevolence was on a grand scale4 ,her whole nature was generosity itself2 but that which at first was but natural good will to all became afterward1 by the pious spirit which pervaded her1 an element of her religious worship4 ,she considered herself but as the almoner of the riches ,god had entrusted to her4 ,her goodness was of that serene character which never showed aught of impatience toward those begging or initiating charities4 ,she gave to both with equal friendliness4 ,she contributed lavishly to public institutions for the sick and suffering4 ,and yet what she gave to the individual poor1 and such special families as were commended to her1 must also have been a very considerable sum4 ,in these simpler distributions of charity she showed a marked delicacy4 ,the modest poor who came to her house she never allowed to be waited on by her servants1 but administered to their wants herself4 ,in some instances she bore her gifts on certain specified days to their dwellings2 and in these cases she was just as systematic1 and as punctual to the day and the hour1 as in all things else4 ,christmas in her house was a festival of the poor4 ,the lines of ,clemens ,brentano in his collection of sacred poems1 entitled ,to the ,benefactress1 on the ,occasion of her ,presentation to the ,poor1 refer to this incident4 ,to what extent and in what instances she served as unknown guardian angel1 her intimate friends rather guessed at than knew4 ,the character of her benevolence1 generally1 was piously-noiseless and still4 ,through hidden channels she often reached far in the distance1 sustaining and rescuing 7both physically and spiritually7 where the need was very urgent4 ,often1 thus1 a gift flowed forth from her and sped like a sunbeam into some languishing heart4 ,many an obstacle has she removed from the path of a struggling child of humanity2 into many a stout but wounded spirit has she infused new life and energy4 ,clemens ,brentano termed this a heavenly little piece of strategy4 ,this noiseless activity in art and benevolence did not withdraw her attention from what was going on outside1 and although she never stepped beyond the natural boundaries of her position1 and was of too quiet a nature to mingle generally in the strife of parties1 she nevertheless1 to the last year of her life1 maintained a lively interest in all the great church and political questions of the day4 ,the prodigious changes which took place in the world during the fourth period of her life1 what heart would not have been profoundly stirred by them8 ,but1 however painful to her the prevailing ,machiavelism of the age1 the insanity of the revolutionary leaders1 the pitiable confusion of the people1 and the undermining of all conservative bulwarks in state and society1 courage and hope still maintained the upper hand4 ,the pressure upon the church and the ,pope filled her perhaps with concern1 but did not dismay her4 ,she had the right standard1 and the consolation which it brought1 in judging of the destinies of the nations4 ,when the revolutionary storms of #ahdh and #ahdi burst upon them and swept over ,germany and ,italy1 she remarked3 ,the experience of all history1 and the consolation it imparts1 is just this3 ,god allows men their way to a certain point1 and where the end seems just achieved4 ,but then is inscribed with an almighty hand1 the ',thus far4' ,and though his church be shaken1 this is far better for us than to be reposing upon cushions of ease4 #bce ,her confidence was similarly undisturbed during the succeeding momentous years4 ,during her attendance upon the drama of ,the ,passion1 at ,oberammergau1 in the year #ahfj1 she was occupied with reflections upon the stupendous drama of passion of our own times4 ,there is something so fearfully grand in the present events of the world1 she wrote to her friend in ,frankfort1 that a certain elevation fills the soul1 raising one above this little life of ours upon earth4 ,the image in our mind of the holy father is already so spiritualized that it begins to be invested with the sanctity of the martyr4 ,how many may have to follow in his martyr footsteps8 ,shall we live to see the victory8 ,at my time of life1 no2 and yet a secret joy often possesses me at the thought of this glorious era4 ,but ,i say with you1 the great task for us all is to gain heaven4 ,god vouchsafe this6 ,the latest period of ,german distress she lived through with the intensest sympathy4 ,she accepted the appalling catastrophe as a severe trial1 even to her own personal feelings and hopes1 and recognized in this calamity the initiation of a still greater4 ,for me1 she wrote to the same friend1 the hope of any kind of a future is now past4 ,i must subject my heart to no more disappointment2 but the mercy of ,god for the individual is still attainable and great2 to every one accessible and possible4 ,you belong1 of course1 to the younger generation1 and can still dream of a sunrise for our ,german fatherland4 ,the result of the present calamity1 swiftly as it may seem to be plunging us into irremediable ruin1 will1 nevertheless1 never go the length intended by the ,prince of ,evil4 ,god stands above him2 that is certain4 ,the future will be a different one2 a very different one1 from that which we could ever surmise or guess1 even the future of the church4 ,and this future will be ,god's4 ,let that content us4 ,her life was a bright contrast to the demoralization1 the unrest1 the arrogant selfishness of our age4 ,she presented to those among whom she lived the picture of a self-sustained1 unselfish1 reposeful soul4 ,humility1 trust in ,god1 and compassion1 this was the fundamental harmony of her daily life4 ,old age1 which often1 indeed1 smooths away from the good all little imperfections and blemishes of character1 rendered her still more considerate1 patient1 and gentle4 ,her love of simplicity was as great as were her means4 ,in her own household1 well systemized1 careful economy2 outside of this1 severe1 almost noticeable plainness4 ,but to her applied the line of the poet3 ,a blessing she could see in lowliness to be4 ,while denying herself1 she gave with lavish hand to poverty and distress1 to art and to the church4 ,she moved with measured1 dignified pace2 but a certain religious harmony of action imparted to her being and doing an indescribable grace1 which is always the accompaniment of inward purity1 and a religion based upon humility4 ,the ,abb ,haneberg1 in his beautiful tribute at her grave1 remarked1 ,she seemed1 during the last twenty years of her life1 to emulate the most pious of her friends and daughters of ,assisi1 and to aim even to outdo them1 so systematic and untiring was her service to ,god4 ,of this1 however1 her friends knew but little4 ,how much she thus quietly accomplished was never fully known until after her death4 ,it will suffice here to state that in the year #ahea she informed herself1 through the ,superior at ,assisi1 of their daily regulations1 and the usual succession of religious exercises4 ,her everyday life was identified with the daily life of the church4 #bcf ,she appreciated the significant beauty and expressive symbolism of churchly ordinances1 and in close observance joined in their celebration4 ,to this end1 she followed the ,ordo of her diocese1 and her favorite prayer-book was the ,missal4 ,her knowledge of languages stood her in good stead here2 for1 in addition to the modern languages1 she had also learned ,latin1 and had become sufficiently familiar with it to follow intelligently the language of the church4 ,cardinal ,diepenbrock1 in #ahej1 wrote to her of a lady who was occupying herself with the ,latin1 or church1 language2 ,a worthy study1 he remarked4 ,have you not also begun it8 ,it strikes me that ,clemens was saying something about it4 ,but perhaps you were able to get no farther than the mensa2 the mensa ,domini would naturally be enough for you4 ,but she went farther than this4 ,in her manuscripts were found ,latin exercises1 written under the guidance of the worthy old ,brber4 ,one room of her spacious residence was arranged as a chapel1 in which was the superb altar-piece by ,eberhard1 ,the ,triumph of the ,church4 ,this chapel was favored by the ordinariat with a ,mass licence4 ,on the anniversary of her union with the church she was accustomed to receive holy communion here2 and here the departed ,bishop ,valentin1 of ,regensburg1 once celebrated ,mass4 ,here1 also1 she devoted daily a certain time to meditation and the perusal of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,her favorite place of devotion1 however1 was the little chapel of the ducal hospital which she frequented twice a day2 early in the morning1 and again at evening4 ,she had for years a quiet little place in the organ gallery where1 day by day1 in all weather1 and at all seasons of the year1 she consecrated a couple of hours to prayer4 ,as the years flew by1 she withdrew herself more and more from the world1 and sought to be hid in ,god4 ,the departure to their final home of so many friends1 together with other events1 served as slight admonitions1 which by her thoughtful heart were not unheeded4 ,she recognized in this matter fresh cause of gratitude to ,god1 who was dealing so tenderly with her to the very end4 ,i consider it1 she wrote1 a special favor of the ,lord that he grants me so long a preparation for my final hour4 ,years previously1 she had put herself in ,christian readiness for her last journey1 and only hoped that it might prove a good death hour4 ,with customary precision1 she had ordered all her temporal affairs4 ,she had even made provision as to her interment1 and the final burial service4 ,her arrangements for the latter of these1 written in a bold and beautiful hand1 were dated the #gth of ,october1 #ahfe4 ,on the festival of the ,epiphany1 #ahfg1 she was for the last time in her favorite little chapel of the ducal hospital4 ,only a few weeks previously1 she had begun to feel ill1 and now symptoms of dropsy suddenly developed themselves4 ,the invalid recognized her condition with ,christian resignation1 but did not yet relinquish hope of a recovery4 ,the task now is1 to resign myself and to be patient4 ,god help me to this1 she wrote at the close of ,january4 ,it was her last letter4 ,her friend ,apollonia hastened from ,regensburg1 and she1 who1 twenty-three years before1 had stood at her side when received into the church1 was now to stand at her death-bed4 ,the invalid requested that her friend should remain with her one week2 and exactly at the close of the week she died4 ,during her illness she found special consolation in the house-altar1 where1 to her great spiritual comfort1 her worthy confessor repeatedly celebrated mass4 #bcg ,from this ,eberhard altar1 where she first made profession of ,catholic faith and where she yearly commemorated that happy event1 she now received the viaticum and extreme unction4 ,in conformity with her wish1 on the festival of ,st4 ,apollonia mass was again celebrated in her little chapel4 ,it was her last mass1 and the final union of the two friends in holy sacrament4 ,she seemed now to rejoice in her approaching dissolution as though it were a return home4 ,one morning as her priest entered1 she stretched out her arms and exclaimed1 ,may ,i--oh6 may ,i go home8 ,yes1 the guardian angel accompanies you1 he guides you thither1 was the reply4 ,thereupon she was silent1 remained in deep meditation1 and spoke but little after4 ,yet she seemed to participate in all that transpired2 if prayer were uttered1 she prayed also2 to all who drew near she gave a friendly glance1 but1 for the most part1 remained absorbed and still4 ,on the day preceding her death1 she summoned all her strength1 and with difficult effort gave expression to several wishes1 the last of her earthly life4 ,she recalled an admirable artist1 whom she held in high personal esteem1 from whom she had long desired a picture as an addition to her collection4 ,she directed a very considerable sum to be sent to him for a historical picture1 which was now to be painted for the museum at ,bale4 ,the future of her poor1 also1 such as had been accustomed to receive little charities1 engaged her thoughts2 she desired that these charities should be continued until they had found other benefactors4 ,her last words were in allusion to ,jerusalem4 ,she bethought herself of the ,watchers at the ,holy ,sepulchre1 7of the order of ,st4 ,francis17 and also of the ,zion ,society1 to both of which she had made yearly contributions1 and which she now similarly remembered4 ,thus had her life its characteristic close4 ,her last mental activity was exercised in works of charity1 of art1 and of religion4 ,with a glance at ,jerusalem and the sepulchre of her ,saviour1 she now went forward toward the new ,jerusalem4 ,her end was the falling asleep of a child4 ,in the early morning of the #abth of ,february1 #ahfg1 without a single death-struggle1 she sank into slumber--quietly1 painlessly1 peacefully4 ,a gentleman1 intimately befriended with her1 remarked1 ,after her death1 ,i had occasion to observe the intense grief of those who had been recipients of her bounty1 and then first became aware what a truly royal munificence had been hers1 which all were ignorant of1 save ,god and the poor4 ,such were the tears that followed her1 together with those countless others1 which during her life she had already dried4 ,on the afternoon of the #adth of ,february a long funeral procession1 composed of the best ,catholic society of ,munich1 and throngs of the poor1 together with the superintendent of public charities1 7then represented by the mayor of the city17 moved from the pleasant mansion on the corner of ,carl street toward the cemetery1 to render their last homage to this noble friend of art and the poor4 ,the ,abb ,haneberg1 an old friend of hers1 pronounced the benediction of the church over her grave1 which was located not far from the grave of ,mhler4 #bch ,in her written instructions1 ,emily ,linder desired only a simple stone cross above her1 the pedestal of the cross bearing the inscription3 ,the slumberer1 here1 confides in the mercy of ,god3 the simplest1 but in its simplicity1 the most touching testimony to a being whose interior life was all humility and trust in ,god1 and whose exterior activity had been the purest mercy itself4 ,to her might be applied a verse of the beautiful requiem addressed by ,brentano to another departed friend3 ,he1 for whom our willing gifts ,on the needy we confer1 ,from his eight beatitudes ,singled ,mercy out for her4 ,the whole spirit which accompanied her through a life of seventy years still lived on in her bequests4 ,the half of her large fortune she left to benevolent and charitable objects2 chiefly to schools and hospitals4 ,true ,swiss that she was1 she was specially mindful of her native city4 ,the largest amount donated--#bjj1jjj florins--was bequeathed to the ,bishop of ,bale1 for the benefit of his diocese4 ,her art-treasures were1 with few exceptions1 incorporated with the museum of ,bale1 to whose first establishment she had originally contributed no small amount1 and which1 with true patrician feeling1 lavishly endowed during her life4 ,in these bequests to art and to the church1 ,emily ,linder reared for herself a monument which will keep her in blessed remembrance2 and this monument is only the last milestone of record on the pathway of a life thickly studded with works of charity4 ,truly a significant1 steadfast existence1 harmonious from its commencement to its very close4 ,in days of depression and perplexity would we gaze upon a portrait of true humanity1 ennobled and enlightened by ,christianity1 7a portrait we might well present as a study to the young17 we may point with quiet confidence to the departed ,emily ,linder1 and exclaim3 ,behold here a character noble1 unselfish1 and complete--a nature of rare purity and depth--a transparent and beautiful spirit1 who verified her faith by her love4 ---------- ,the ,irish ,church ,act ,of #ahfi4 ,they 7the ,anglican ministers of ,ireland7 will not fleece the sheep they cannot feed1 and spend the spoils of a people conquered1 not won4-- ,london ,times1 ,march #dth1 #ahfi4 ,the measure for the disestablishment and disendowment of the ,english ,church in ,ireland1 recently introduced by the ,english premier into the ,british ,parliament1 is one of the most startling and boldest steps which has yet been taken by that body to rectify the criminal blunders of three hundred years of mistaken legislation4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in moving the first reading of the act1 in a very long speech1 evidently prepared with great care1 while admitting it to be the most grave and arduous work of legislature that ever has been laid before the ,house of ,commons1 felt the necessity of cautiously and almost apologetically stating the case and explaining the views of those with whom he acted4 ,mr4 ,disraeli1 the leader of the opposition1 while agreeing with his distinguished successor in office in nothing else1 was forced to allow the scheme to be one of the most gigantic that had ever been brought before the house--an opinion which1 judging from the temper of all parties inside and outside of parliament1 appears to be unanimously entertained4 #bci ,the friends of the act are numerous in ,england as well as in ,ireland1 embracing all the ,catholic population and a very large portion of dissenting ,protestants of more advanced and liberal views in both countries4 ,the ,catholics of ,ireland see in it the destruction of that infamous system which has not only robbed them of their altars and the graves of their ancestors1 but compelled them to support in idleness and luxury what even ,disraeli himself long since denounced as an alien church4 ,though the partial restitution contemplated at this late day by this act bears no corresponding comparison with the magnitude of the evils borne1 it is still restitution1 and a most significant and1 in a sense1 abject admission of the utter failure of the experiment of the ,english government to force ,protestantism on an unwilling people4 ,the successful passage of the act will also necessitate the expenditure of large sums of money for purely charitable purposes1 and what1 in a national sense1 is of more importance1 it will remove one of the most salient and fruitful causes of ,irish discontent4 ,but it is in ,england that the question assumes the most portentous magnitude2 for it has become apparent to every one there that the fall of the ,irish ,establishment is but the first act in the drama of the total severance of church and state in the entire ,british empire4 ,the entering wedge well driven home in ,ireland1 the results in other parts of the ,united ,kingdom become merely a matter of time4 ,sir ,john ,grey1 one of the strongest supporters of ,mr4 ,gladstone's bill1 himself a ,protestant1 hints at this in an article in a late number of his paper1 the ,dublin ,freeman's ,journal1 in which he says3 ,he 7,gladstone7 will soon have powerful auxiliaries in the ,english curates1 and they have more influence in forming public opinion in ,england than the bench of bishops and the ten thousand incumbents4 ,the ,irish curates will be in ,mr4 ,gladstone's favor1 and if ever disestablishment should be the lot of ,england--and he would be a rash politician who would negative such a proposition--the ,english curates would have in ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,irish measure a precedent for an equal measure of justice to themselves4 ,the opposition to the act comes in the first place from the whole body of ,anglican bishops and clergymen in ,ireland1 if we except the ,bishop of ,down and a few badly paid curates who would benefit by its passage4 ,the ,orangemen1 that most pestiferous of all social and political scourges1 of course sustain their reverend friends1 and their loyalty on this occasion has culminated in a remonstrance signed1 it is said1 by over two thousand noblemen and landed gentry4 ,hostility to the policy foreshadowed by ,mr4 ,gladstone was very active and virulent in ,england during the late elections1 and is now exhibited in the ,commons by a large and active tory minority4 ,the ,english ecclesiastics have also taken up the cry with equal earnestness and scarcely less vehemence4 ,at the last sitting of the ,new ,convocation of ,canterbury in ,london1 an address to the queen in opposition to the provisions of the act was proposed and carried by the upper house1 and upon being sent down to the lower house for adoption1 the following and similar amendments were enthusiastically added3 #bdj ,above all1 say those reverend gentlemen1 we are constrained by our sense of duty to your majesty and to the ,reformed ,church of ,england and ,ireland1 humbly to represent to your majesty that disestablishment of the church in ,ireland cannot be had without repudiation1 on the part of the nation1 of the necessity and value of the ,reformation4 ,this language is explicit and forcible enough1 but the ,synod of both ,houses of ,convocation of the ,province of ,york1 held on the same day1 goes a little farther4 ,this convocation1 they affirm1 view with sorrow and alarm the proposed attempt to disestablish and disendow the ,irish branch of the ,united ,church of ,england and ,ireland1 as seriously affecting the interests of the church in that part of the ,british dominions2 as a fatal encroachment on the prerogatives of the crown2 as unsettling the constitution of church and state guaranteed by engagements entered into by acts of union1 and confirmed to members of the church by the solemn sanction of the coronation oath4 ,that part of the coronation oath prescribed by the first ,william and ,mary1 chapter sixth1 to which allusion is here made and which is the straw that the drowning ,anglicans are endeavoring to grasp1 reads as follows3 ,question3 ,will you1 to the utmost of your power1 maintain the laws of ,god1 the profession of the ,gospel1 and the ,protestant ,reformed ,religion established by law8 ,and will you preserve unto the bishops and clergy of this realm1 and to the churches committed to their charge1 all such rights and privileges as by law do or shall appertain unto them or any of them8 ,king and ,queen3 ,all this ,i promise to do1 7king and queen lay hands on the holy ,gospel1 saying17 so help me ,god4 ,the condition of this solemn oath would at first sight appear to preclude the queen from signing the act1 were we not assured by the confident tone1 and even the express words1 of ,mr4 ,gladstone that her majesty's views were entirely in accord with those of her first minister1 and in fact1 that she had already placed in the hands of parliament her right of ecclesiastical appointments in ,ireland4 ,the history of the ,irish ,church ,establishment1 now happily about to disappear for ever1 is so familiar to most intelligent readers that it requires but a passing notice4 ,since its birth at a so-called ,irish parliament1 summoned by ,lord ,grey in #aecf1 down to the present time1 so unjust have been its proceedings1 so rapacious its ministers1 and so oppressive its exactions of an ill-governed and neglected people1 with whom it never had the least sympathy1 that ,christendom has stood aghast in mingled wonder and disgust4 ,not only were the ,catholics of ,ireland despoiled of their churches1 abbeys1 and convents1 the monuments of piety and learning and the dispensaries of ,christian charity1 reared by the hands of benevolent ancestors for over a thousand years1 but the very humblest abodes of worship were handed over to a foreign clergy1 preaching a new religion at the point of the sword1 ignorant of the very language of the country1 and by birth and training bitterly hostile to every interest1 spiritual and temporal1 of the people they were sent to teach4 ,nor was this all4 ,the despoiled masses were compelled to pay1 and still pay1 for the support of this alien church a tithe on every foot of cultivated land in the kingdom1 and upon the produce and stock derived from or raised on the same4 #bda ,the amount of property thus filched from the overburdened farmers and peasantry of ,ireland under color of law1 and the additional annual revenue wrung from that half-famished nation1 is thus estimated by no less an authority than the ,english premier3 ,footnote #ea ,footnote #ea3 ,this1 of course1 is but a very small portion indeed of the property taken from the ,catholic ,church in ,ireland under ,henry ,,viii4 and succeeding monarchs4 ,most of the abbey lands were first vested in the crown and then granted to courtiers and others at a nominal rent as the reward of their apostasy4 ,many of the wealthiest families in ,ireland derive their titles to their lands from those acts of spoliation4 ,the commissioners appointed in #ahfh estimated the annual value at #faf1jjj1 but1 with all respect for their long labors1 he must differ from them1 for they had placed it too low2 for one of their body1 in a subsequent publication1 estimates it at #hce1jjj1 but for the present purpose he would take it at #gjj1jjj4 ,the capitalized amount was as follows3 ,tithe rent charge1 #i1jjj1jjj ,land1 #f1bej1jjj ,other property in money1 etc41 #gej1jjj ,total1 #af1jjj1jjj ,the result is that the whole value of the ecclesiastical property of ,ireland1 reduced and cut down first of all by the almost unbounded waste of life tenants1 and secondly by the wisdom or unwisdom of well-intentioned parliaments--the remaining value is no less than #af1jjj1jjj of money1 considerably more than on a former occasion ,i ventured to estimate1 but then my means of information were smaller than they now are4 ,from the contemplation of past injustice we can now turn with a sense of relief to the provisions of the act itself1 and which1 under such peculiar circumstances1 are perhaps as wisely and judiciously framed as can be expected4 ,on its passage it may be slightly altered in some of its minor details1 but there is little room for doubt that the act substantially as first presented will become law4 ,and first1 those parts of the ,acts of ,union of the ,irish and ,english parliaments1 passed at the beginning of this century1 permitting certain ,irish bishops to sit ex officio as lords spiritual in the ,british ,house of ,peers1 and giving to the decrees1 orders1 and judgments of certain ecclesiastical courts in ,ireland the force and authority of law in that part of the realm1 are unconditionally repealed4 ,the thirteenth section of the act prescribes3 ,on the #ast day of ,january1 #ahga1 every ecclesiastical corporation in ,ireland1 whether sole or aggregate2 every cathedral corporation in ,ireland as defined by this act shall be dissolved1 and on and after that day no archbishop or bishop of the said church shall be summoned to or be qualified to sit in the ,house of ,lords4 ,thus we see that ,irish ,anglican bishops will no longer be considered worthy to sit beside their right reverend brethren of ,england on the benches of that respectable but rather sleepy conclave known as the ,house of ,lords1 and that the ,protestant ,church in ,ireland will be resolved into a mere voluntary body consisting of clerics and laity1 whose regulations will only affect themselves as matters of mutual contract1 but who will have no legal jurisdiction nor recognition except such as may be conferred by subsequent acts of parliament on local corporations4 ,when we reflect that the prelates thus so unceremoniously thrust out of the ,lords1 and who with their confrres are stripped of all extrajudicial authority1 were1 and still are1 the most active promoters of the ,act of ,union and the fiercest opponents of its repeal1 we cannot help admiring the poetic justice which now offers the bitter draught to their lips4 ,like ,macbeth1 they but taught bloody instructions1 which1 being taught1 return to plague the inventor4 #bdb ,the act next provides for the appointment of a commission which shall exist for ten years from the commencement of its operations1 and be clothed with full power to reduce to its possession all the property1 lands1 tenements1 and interests of or now belonging to the ,established ,church of ,ireland1 and to reconvey1 sell1 or dispose of the same according to the provisions of the act1 after the #ast day of ,january1 #ahga4 ,the church-buildings now in use by the ,established ,church will be handed over1 with all their rights1 to the governing body of the particular church under the voluntary system of organization2 those not in general use or so dilapidated as to be incapable of repair1 being from their antiquity or the beauty of their architecture1 like ,st4 ,patrick's1 ,dublin1 to the number of twelve1 will be transferred by the commissioner to the care of the ,board of ,public ,works1 with an adequate appropriation in money for their proper care and preservation4 ,against this latter arrangement we entirely and emphatically protest4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral at least1 if not every one of those twelve churches which the ,anglicans have neither the numbers to decently fill nor the generosity to keep in repair1 instead of being put in care of poor-law commissioners or any other secular body1 should be handed over to the ,catholics of the country1 the real owners and spiritual heirs of their founders4 ,this1 after all1 would be nothing more than an act of tardy justice1 and a reproof not only to the sacrileges committed in them by the ,reformers of the sixteenth century1 but to ,anglican poverty and niggardliness in the nineteenth century4 ,in the hands of the poor-law commissions1 who have shown little reverence and less antiquarian lore1 those magnificent temples will become simply objects of wonder to the passing tourist2 surrounded by all the artistic and beautiful graces of our holy faith1 they would be living1 breathing evidences1 as it were1 of the unswerving devotion to and the glorious rejuvenation of that faith in the ,island of ,saints4 ,if not too late1 we wish to see this portion of the act changed2 if this cannot be done1 we wish to see the ,catholic and the liberal members of parliament move in the matter by the means of subsequent legislation4 ,see and glebe houses and their curtilages and gardens vested in the commissioners may be sold to the governing body of any church to which they are attached1 for a sum equal to twelve times the annual value of the house and land so conveyed1 payment to be made in installments within twenty-two and a quarter years4 ,upon application from the same or a similar governing body1 the commissioners may sell1 in the case of a see house1 thirty acres1 and of any other ecclesiastical residence1 ten acres1 contiguous land1 for such sum as may be agreed upon by arbitration4 ,it is further provided that1 whenever any church or church sites vest in the commissioners1 not subject to the above conditions1 they shall dispose of the same by public sale at their discretion4 ,this latter clause1 though simple in its terms and apparently unimportant1 constitutes in reality one of the most interesting features in the act4 ,knowing as we do the intense devotion of the ,irish ,catholics for the crumbling ruins of the old churches built by their brave and zealous ancestors1 where in the olden time walked so many holy men now with the saints in heaven1 and the cold indifference or ignorance of the ,anglican clergy in relation to such sanctified places1 we can confidently predict that not many years will elapse ere those precious memorials of the past will be in the possession of the people who have so watched in silence and in tears their desecration by the followers of the religion of ,henry and ,elizabeth4 #bdc ,it will also be remarked in this part of the act the constant recurrence of the term governing body1 so expressive of the total reduction of the once proud ,church of ,england in ,ireland as by law established to the same condition as that occupied by mere ,methodists and ,presbyterians4 ,graveyards1 a subject scarcely less attractive than churches1 is next dealt with in this elaborate act4 ,when a church having a burial ground attached to it is vested in the commissioners1 and the church-building is subsequently reinvested in the governing body1 the burial ground will be included in the order conveying the same2 otherwise the burial grounds will be transferred to the poor-law guardians within whose district the same may be situated1 to be used by them in a manner similar to those already taken or purchased by such guardians4 ,this clause when carried out will change many graveyards now exclusively controlled by ,protestants1 but which in reality are and formerly were the property of ,catholics1 into places of public burial1 and1 a fortiori1 ,catholic4 ,having disposed of the material interests and franchises of the ,irish ,church1 we next come to the most important part 7only1 however1 as far as the parties immediately affected are concerned7 of the act1 though the framers1 evidently with a keen eye to the pockets of the disestablished1 place it among the first in general interest4 ,it appears under the unostentatious sub-title of ,compensation to persons deprived of ,income4 ,it provides that1 on and after the #ast of ,january1 #ahga1 the commissioners1 having in the mean time ascertained the amount of annual income of the holder of any archbishopric1 bishopric1 benefice1 or cathedral preferment1 curacy1 etc41 shall pay to the holder of the same an annuity equal in amount to such income for life1 or as long as such incumbent continues to perform the duties of such office2 or such incumbent may commute his annuity in return for a certain payment in bulk1 upon his own application and at the discretion of the commission4 ,for these purposes the sum of about #e1jjj1jjj1 or twenty-five millions of dollars1 will be required to be paid out of the assets in the hands of the commissioners4 ,this amount divided between two thousand ecclesiastics would give an average of twelve thousand five hundred dollars for each1 but as that number includes the curates1 the most numerous and worst paid of the ,anglican clergymen1 the archbishops and other high dignitaries will find themselves in receipt of enormous revenues during the term of their natural lives4 ,then there are other persons who are to become pensioners on the public bounty to the amount of four million five hundred thousand dollars2 such as parish clerks1 sextons1 officers of cathedrals and ecclesiastical courts1 parochial school-masters1 organists1 and all that sanctimonious and useless tribe whose mock gravity and unbending advocacy of church and state so frequently proved a source of amusement and derision to their less orthodox and perhaps less mercenary neighbors4 ,with a sigh we part with that grave1 shabby-genteel link between the ,protestant curate and the seldom-met poor pauper of the ,anglican ,church1 well remembering in our early boyhood with what awe we gazed upon their long1 sallow visages as they stalked by meditatively1 clothed in all the little brief authority of quasi-clerical life4 #bdd ,thirty millions of dollars may be considered a large sum with which to pension off the clergy and their followers of a church which does not count three quarters of a million of souls1 of all degrees1 sexes1 and ages2 but it will be money well spent if it heep helps8 to eradicate an evil which has so long afflicted a patient people4 ,footnote #eb ,footnote #eb3 ,a late number of ,the ,catholic ,opinion 7,london7 gives us the following statistics3 ,there are1 it is said #gjj1jjj ,anglicans in ,ireland and #cf1jjj1jjj ,catholics in ,france2 that is1 #ea times as many ,catholics in ,france as ,anglicans in ,ireland4 ,the budget therefore of ,catholic worship in ,france should be #ea times #hjj1jjj1 or #dj1hjj1jjj1 to write which is enough to show the monstrous iniquity of which ,ireland has been the victim4 ,the ,presbyterians1 numbering #ebc1bia persons1 receive a regium donum for their ministers amounting to #dj1edg1 and a subsidy of #bjej for their theological college at ,belfast1 making a total of #db1eig4 ,protestant dissenters have no endowment1 nor yet ,catholics1 excepting a subsidy to the college at ,maynooth of #bf1cfj4 ,thus the ,anglican ,establishment in ,ireland has a revenue of about #hjj1jjj for #gjj1jjj persons1 or about #a #cs4 per head4 ,the ,presbyterians receive from the government #db1eig for #ebc1bia persons1 or about #as4 #g #a_/b;d4 per head4 ,catholics1 #bf1cfj for #d1eje1bfe persons1 that is1 ,,less ,,than ,,one ,,penny ,,halfpenny per head4 ,according to the last census1 that of #ahfa1 there were in ,ireland3 ,per ,cent of the whole ,population4 #d1eje1bfe ,catholics1 that is1 #gg4g #fic1ceg members of the ,established ,church1 #aa4i #ebc1bia ,presbyterians1 #i4j #gf1ffa ,protestant dissenters1 #a4b #cic ,jews1 #j4j #e1gih1ifg ,total #ajj4j ,the holders of advowsons1 or the right to appoint to church livings--with the exception of the queen1 corporations sole and aggregate dissolved by the act1 and trustees1 officers1 and persons acting in a public capacity--are entitled to certain compensation to be ascertained by arbitration2 one million five hundred thousand dollars being allowed for the liquidation of this description of claims4 ,as no ,catholic can exercise this right1 even though the owner of the land in fee from which the right to appoint arises1 it follows that whatever compensation is made will go to ,protestants only4 ,it would seem to any person other than an ,anglican landlord that this clause is not only not in harmony with the equitable spirit of the body of the act1 but that it is manifestly unjust4 ,advowsons are as much a relic of ancient feudal barbarism as any that were abolished by law under the commonwealth or ,charles ,,ii41 and should have been swept away when all the other devices for defrauding the industrious poor were abolished centuries ago4 ,we waive altogether the question of their simoniacal character2 for a custom so convenient for the land-holder and so profitable for younger sons of aristocratic families would hardly be condemned on that account by those who so largely profit by it4 ,in addition to all the money which the commissioners are to reimburse as above mentioned1 we find that upon the property of the ,irish ,church there is a building debt of some one million and a quarter dollars for the repair of churches1 glebes1 etc41 which the commissioners are instructed to pay4 ,thus we see that the sum of nearly thirty-two millions of dollars has been set aside as an inducement to the loosening of the grip of a very small and mercenary faction on the public purse ostensibly1 but in reality on the very vitals of the industrial interests of the country4 ,let us now see what corresponding compensation has been made for the ,catholics and dissenters4 ,it is well known that for over a century the ,presbyterians of ,ireland have been annually in the receipt of a limited sum of money called the regium donum4 ,at first1 as the term indicates1 this was simply a gift from the crown1 but of late years it has been regularly voted by parliament1 and last year it amounted to #de1jjj4 ,this grant is to be withdrawn2 and as an equivalent1 a sum of about four millions of dollars is to be capitalized by the commissioners1 the annual interest of which will be nearly equal to the present donation4 ,in addition to this1 seventy-five thousand dollars are to be bestowed on the ,presbyterian college of ,belfast4 #bde ,but the ,catholics1 who1 notwithstanding the vast emigration of the last twenty-five years1 form three fourths of the entire population1 fare even worse than their dissenting brethren4 ,the paltry grant of #bf1jjj to ,maynooth ,college is to cease1 and a sum equal to less than a half of that appropriated to the ,presbyterians is to be substituted1 the interest only of which will be devoted to the support of that distinguished nursery of ,catholic learning4 ,the building debt of some twenty thousand pounds which the college owes to the ,board of ,public ,works is to be paid off by the commissioners2 but1 apart from this trifling sum1 the ,catholics of ,ireland gain no direct material advantage from the enforcement of the new act2 and it is to be hoped that1 when time confirms the sagacity of the statesmen who have suggested the introduction of the present reform1 and has done full justice to the moral courage of the men who have proposed it to the imperial parliament1 the self-denial and disinterestedness of the ,irish ,catholic hierarchy1 clergy1 and people will be duly appreciated4 ,however little flattering such unequal distribution of funds may be to the rightful claims of ,catholics1 we presume they will not think it worth their while to object to it4 ,many of them1 we are disposed to think1 would be willing to dispense altogether with state aid1 if the rule were made general as far as regards ,protestant sects4 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,ireland has never been desirous of leaning for support on the arm of the ,british government1 and the experience of its members at home and in this country has amply proved that the church is always more prosperous and more powerful for good in inverse proportion to its reliance on the secular arm4 ,there is no provision made for ,trinity college1 that being left for future legislation1 with an intimation from the premier that1 while its interests will be properly attended to1 it shall be deprived of its exclusively sectarian character4 ,this is well4 ,trinity was endowed with many thousand broad acres violently taken from the rightful owners1 the ,irish chiefs1 by ,elizabeth1 which must now yield an enormous revenue4 ,it has been in times past1 to a great extent1 the nursery of enlightened intolerance and philosophic indifference2 but when we recall the names of ,swift and ,mollineux1 ,grattan1 ,curran1 the ,emmets1 ,petrie1 and ,mc,cullough1 and many other illustrious friends of ,ireland1 who studied in its venerable halls1 and there partially developed the germs of that keen wit1 fiery eloquence1 and scientific lore which graced a nation even in its darkest hour of humiliation1 we can forgive their old alma mater a great many backslidings4 ,trinity should be allowed to retain her revenues1 and when her wide gates are thrown open for the reception alike of the ,catholic1 the ,anglican1 and the ,dissenter1 her sphere of usefulness will not only be enlarged1 but doubly increased by the competition between the diverse elements of which the population of ,ireland is composed4 ,she will then cease to be sectarian1 and become1 in the truest sense1 national4 ,we now come to the matter of assets to be reduced into possession by the commissioners1 out of which the several sums above mentioned are to be paid--assets which1 according to ,mr4 ,gladstone's estimates1 will amount to #af1jjj1jjj1 or eighty million dollars4 #bdf ,of this sum1 #i1jjj1jjj1 it is expected1 will be derived from the commutation or obliteration of tithe rent charges2 that is to say1 the owners of lands from which tithes are now derived can1 by the payment of a fixed sum to the commissioners1 be for ever relieved from the tithe exaction2 and1 should they be unable to pay the whole sum down1 they are to be allowed forty-five years wherein to pay it by instalments4 ,tithes1 it must be remembered1 have not1 for nearly forty years1 been collected directly from the cultivator of the soil1 but from the owner1 who1 of course1 added it to the rent1 and thus1 though the objectionable adjuncts of distrain and imprisonment for tithes1 as such1 were done away1 the tenant had still to pay the odious tax in another form4 ,as the clause of the act regulating this branch of the duties of the commissioners is perhaps the last of such a nature that will ever be allowed to encumber the statute-book of the ,british parliament1 we quote it entire1 simply premising that it seems fair enough1 and in terms decidedly favorable to the landlords4 ,section #cb recites3 ,the commissioners may at any time after the #ast day of ,january1 #ahga1 sell any rent charge in lieu of tithes bestowed on them under this act to the owner of the land charged therewith1 in consideration of a sum equal to twenty-two and a half times the amount of such rent charge1 and upon any such sale being so made1 the commissioners shall1 by order1 declare the rent charge to be merged in the land out of which it issued1 and the same shall merge and be extinguished accordingly4 ,upon the application of any owner so purchasing1 the commissioners may1 by order1 declare his purchase money1 or any part thereof1 to be payable by instalments1 and the land out of which such rent charge issued to be accordingly charged as from a day to be mentioned in such order1 for forty-five years thence next ensuing1 with an annual sum equal to four pounds ten shillings for every one hundred pounds of the purchase money1 or part thereof1 so payable in instalments4 ,the annual sum charged by such order shall have priority over all charges and incumbrances1 except quit or crown rents1 and shall be payable by the same persons1 and be recoverable in the same manner as the rent charge in lieu of tithes1 heretofore payable out of the same lands4 ,owner1 for the purposes of this section1 shall mean the person for the time being liable to pay rent charge in lieu of tithes under the provisions of the acts of the first and second years of the reign of her present majesty1 chap4 #aji4 ,when all the charges incumbent on the commissioners are provided for1 including one million dollars for themselves1 a matter which they will not be likely to neglect1 there will be left of the effects of the defunct ,establishment the handsome sum of over seven million pounds sterling4 ,what disposition to make of this money was a puzzling question for a long time among the legislative administrators4 ,that it was to be devoted to some ,irish purpose was understood from the first2 but grants of money to ,ireland have heretofore turned out to be mere jobs1 much more beneficial to government employees than to the supposed recipients of the bounty4 ,besides1 as ,mr4 ,gladstone says1 they wanted to make this measure a finality1 and to dispose of the money once and for ever4 ,to have divided it among all religious denominations per capita1 would throw the bulk of it into possession of the ,catholics1 to the great chagrin of the sects2 and to have expended it on one or two local internal improvements would have created sectional jealousy1 and given rise to the cry of favoritism4 ,appreciating these difficulties1 the friends of the act have resolved1 and1 we think1 very wisely1 to devote it to the general charities of the island1 not directly connected with any particular denomination1 as follows3 #bdg #a4 ,the support of infirmaries1 hospitals1 and lunatic asylums in connection with the grand jury cess or other assessment in lieu thereof4 #b4 ,in support of reformatory and industrial schools1 ,ireland acts1 and in aid of other grants for that purpose4 #c4 ,the salaries of trained or skilled nurses for poor persons in sickness or in labor4 #d4 ,the suitable education and maintenance of the blind and of the deaf and dumb poor in separate asylums4 #e4 ,the suitable care1 training1 and maintenance1 in separate asylums1 of poor persons of weak intellect1 not requiring to be kept under restraint4 ,the commissioners may1 from time to time1 during their trust1 report to her majesty whether there is any income available for the purposes mentioned in this section1 and1 upon such report being made1 it shall be lawful for her majesty1 by order in council1 to direct such available portion of income to be applied for the aforesaid purposes1 or any of them1 under such management and control as aforesaid4 ,the poor-law commissioners are to be entrusted with this capital sum1 and the distribution of the annual revenue arising therefrom1 which is calculated at #caj1jjj4 ,there are two very patent reasons for this distribution4 ,already the sum of #adj1jjj for similar purposes is annually raised by a tax called county cess2 a heavy tax1 an increasing tax1 says ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and a tax not divided1 like the poor law1 between the owner and the occupier1 but paid wholly by the occupier2 and a tax not limited1 like the poor law1 to occupations above four pounds in value1 but going down to the most miserable huts and cabins4 ,the holders of these most wretched tenements are now required in ,ireland1 and required increasingly from year to year1 to pay1 not that which is done by the wealthier portion of the occupants who contribute to the poor law1 but to pay for that class of want and suffering which ought undoubtedly to be met1 which in every ,christian country should be liberally met1 but which can only be met by the expenditure of considerable funds in comparison with those which are paid to support the pauper4 ,the frightful increase of those classes of unfortunates to be thus provided for in view of the decrease of the entire population by emigration ,footnote #ec calls loudly for some legal interposition4 ,from #ahea to #ahfa the number of deaf and dumb persons increased from #eahj to #efec2 and during the same decade the blind increased from #eghg to #fhgi1 while the number of lunatics increased from #iihj to #ad1jih1 or nearly fifty per cent6 ,footnote #ec3 ,the emigration from ,ireland from ,may #ast1 #ahea1 to ,december #ast1 #ahfe amounted to #a1fcj1gbb souls4 ,with this last act of ,christian charity1 we hope to see the traces of former injustice gradually fade away from the public mind1 and the bitter memories and sectarian jealousies of the past give place to a new era of good feeling and brotherly affection4 ,time is not only a great healer of wounds1 but a great reformer of ideas4 ,taking a retrospective glance at the history of ,ireland for the past hundred years1 and watching how1 step by step1 the church in ,ireland1 from the veriest depths of despondency and contumely1 has risen in power1 strength1 and numbers by its own innate vitality1 we are not too sanguine in believing that it has a glorious future before it1 unsurpassed by that of any country in ,europe4 ,though its members embrace the great majority of the poorest classes in the land1 they have1 in that short period1 studded the country with magnificent cathedrals and substantial parish churches2 though unaided by a government which1 if not positively hostile1 was certainly indifferent1 they have built and are generously sustaining1 hundreds of colleges1 convents1 hospitals1 and asylums1 where learning flourishes as in the pristine ages1 and where the poor1 the needy1 and afflicted are comforted and consoled4 #bdh ,and though famine has decimated the hardy peasantry1 and emigration has torn millions of the bone and sinew from their native shores1 the ,catholics of ,ireland are still1 as they always will be1 the people of ,ireland4 ,it is true that a great many changes have yet to be effected through the means of legislation before the ,irish or ,english ,catholic is placed on an equal footing with his more favored fellow-subject4 ,in ,ireland1 he must eventually have equal representation in the ,british parliament4 ,the laws controlling the marriage of persons of different religious beliefs1 those relating to the tenure of lands and spiritual devises1 and to the disqualification for office on account of religious opinions1 must be repealed and sent to dwell with all the other legal rubbish of a bygone age of bigotry4 ,the ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,bill1 which is a disgrace to an enlightened government and a standing insult to the bishops and people of the country1 must share the same fate before the crown can expect or ought to receive that heartfelt loyalty which springs from good and impartial government4 ,the times in which we live imperatively demand those reforms1 and we are very much mistaken in the strength and spirit of our co-religionists in the ,united ,kingdom if they do not also quickly and pertinaciously demand them4 ,we are gratified1 in looking over our files of leading ,english journals1 to find that they all with one voice1 a few old and obscure tory papers excepted1 support the liberal party in its leading measure1 and are waging war with their trenchant pens against the effete anti-,catholic party in the ,commons4 ,we hope1 also1 to see our brothers of the ,american press1 secular and religious1 who so generally advocate the support of churches by voluntary contributions1 giving a word of encouragement to their cousins across the ,atlantic4 ,granting that the passage and proper execution of the present act will be a most important step in the right direction1 it still seems to us unfortunate that it was not taken years ago4 ,with a fatality that so generally attends ,english political and religious concessions1 it has been so long delayed that it now appears to be more the offspring of fear and intimidation than the result of wise and mature conviction4 ,if ,british statesmen will yield only to force what they refuse to sound argument and the logic of facts1 they must expect the same motive power to be again applied when demands neither so reasonable nor so well founded are to be put forward4 ,in common with our brethren in every part of the world1 we view with great satisfaction this awakening sense of public justice in the ,english mind2 but let it not falter now1 as if exhausted by one solitary effort4 ,let a good landlord and tenant act be passed without unnecessary delay1 and some comprehensive measures be adopted for the development of the industrial resources of the nation1 and then1 indeed1 that chronic state of disaffection which has afflicted every generation in ,ireland since the invasion may be radically cured4 ------- #bdi ,my ,mother's ,only ,son4 ,the rain is falling heavily1 to-night4 ,it has a dull1 desolate1 lonely sound1 as if it were bent upon reminding me of another night more desolate1 dull1 and lonely even than the present4 ,what right have ,i1 who have so much happiness about me now1 to be searching the dark annals of past sorrow1 or to unearth a hidden misery1 that will come like a blighting shadow between me and all the pleasures that might be mine8 ,yet that rainy1 dismal night does come back to me with a force and terror ,i would rather not remember4 ,i would rather not remember it1 because my son1 just budding into manhood1 has left me to-night1 for the first time1 and gone to take his place in an old firm in a neighboring city4 ,the world and its allurements are temptingly laid out before him4 ,he is a noble1 handsome boy1 so bright and promising4 ,they tell me he will always have friends1 plenty of friends2 that he has all the elements of popularity1 and is destined to become a general favorite4 ,dangerous attractions these2 they have made wiser heads than yours1 my darling1 very giddy and very light2 hearts1 too1 have been brought to mourning1 while the admiring friends of yesterday could cast only a look of pity on their lost friends as they passed by4 ,my own brother was all this2 gifted in an eminent degree with energy and manly courage to sustain him in any generous undertaking4 ,we had everything to hope from him2 he had everything to hope from himself4 ,with prospects fair and bright1 an old banker1 a friend of my father's1 gave him an eligible situation4 ,it was an office of trust2 he was proud of the confidence placed in him1 and left home with the full resolve of filling it with honor to himself and credit to the good man who had placed him there4 ,his letters were pleasant and joyous1 full of the new pleasures he had never dreamed of in our quiet life at home4 ,his graceful manners and natural gentleness soon established him as a favorite in society2 his social pleasures were daily increasing1 and his attention to business was both active and energetic4 ,my mother had a slight misgiving4 ,it was only the shadow of a thought1 she said--that ,arthur1 in the new pleasures that surrounded him1 might become weaned from us or might learn to be happy without us4 ,in her deep love for her gifted boy she had never thought such an event possible1 and instantly reproached herself for the thought4 ,in going from home1 my brother had left a great waste1 an empty place behind him1 and his letters were our only comfort4 ,what light and pleasure they brought to our quiet fireside1 that would have been so dreary without them4 ,there were only three of us1 and while his letters were so fresh and vigorous1 they almost kept up the delusion that we were not separated2 but there came a change4 ,we may have been slow in discovering it1 but we did discover it1 and then to miss him as we missed him through the long winter nights seemed like losing a star that had led us1 that we had followed1 until it passed under a cloud and left us1 still waiting1 still watching1 for it to come again4 #bej ,he paid us a flying visit now and then1 and my mother1 unconscious of the cause of his disquietude--for he was both anxious and disturbed--would redouble her exertions to bring back his waning love1 making every allowance for the indifference1 the coldness1 and the neglect that were so glaringly apparent to other eyes1 yet so delicately obscured from her motherly vision4 ,not that my brother made any effort to conceal his restless desire to leave us1 or that his interests and pleasures were centred elsewhere4 ,i was very young1 yet old enough to see that there was a mercy in this1 my mother's blindness4 ,her beautiful boy seemed to carry the sunshine of her life with him2 she thought him caressed and petted1 the favorite of society1 and the embodiment of all that was noble4 ,he has seen so much of the luxury and elegance of life in the great city1 how can we expect him to be contented with our home1 where everything is so different8 ,thus she would reason with me1 and thus1 ,i sometimes thought1 she would reluctantly reason with herself4 ,one day1 a letter came to us from the banking-house1 where my brother had gradually risen to an honored position4 ,it was from the banker himself1 our dear old friend2 he told1 in the tenderest manner1 that ,arthur had acquired habits which rendered him unfit for an office of trust4 ,he deeply regretted the necessity of making this known to her2 he ended by suggesting that the gentle influence of home might do much toward bringing him to a sense of his condition4 ,my mother read the letter1 folded it carefully1 reopened it1 and read it again4 ,she then handed it to me without speaking a word4 ,when ,i had finished reading it1 ,i looked at her2 she was still immovable1 helpless as a child in this her great despair4 ,her apathy was the more distressing to me as ,i was entirely alone4 ,i dare not consult any one1 dare not ask the advice of our kind neighbors4 ,she had roused herself just enough to tell me it must be kept as secret as death4 ,i was only sixteen1 ,i had never acted for myself--there had been no occasion in our quiet life for a display of individual courage or independence4 ,i had grown up under my mother's guidance1 had never been five miles away from home1 where every day was like all the yesterdays that had gone before it4 ,and now this great journey lay before me4 ,there was no one else to go2 ,i must take it alone4 ,we were both ignorant of the nature of my brother's disgrace4 ,mr4 ,lester had made no mention of it further than to say that he could keep him no longer in the bank4 ,i could only conjecture in my own mind what it might be4 ,of course ,i thought of dishonesty2 what else could have driven him from a situation where he was so honored and trusted8 ,the railroad was some miles distant from our little village2 despatch was necessary2 ,i must meet the evening train4 ,my brother was ill2 ,i was going to him2 this would quiet our neighbors and put an end to curious speculations4 ,surely ,i was not far from the truth--he must have been ill indeed when his proud head was brought down so low4 ,again and again reassuring my mother that ,i would bring him back1 telling her in all sincerity that ,i knew he would be able to clear himself in her eyes so that not a spot or blemish would be left on his fair name1 7,heaven knows how easy this might be4 #bea ,let him lay his head on her faithful breast1 and twine an arm about her neck1 and lovingly whisper1 ,mother1 ,i am innocent1 all is right2 the world might sit in judgment and cry ,guilty1 she would heed it not17 ,i became so preoccupied1 so entirely absorbed with the object of my journey1 that the journey itself had no novelty for me1 though everything was new and startling4 ,now ,i was hurrying to the great city that ,i had so often thought and dreamed about4 ,it was only in a confused way that ,i could settle it in my mind that ,i was really going there4 ,that ,i was strange1 and new1 and unused to the busy scenes that lay before me seemed no part of my business4 ,my brother--would he come home with me8 ,he might be angry that ,i had come4 ,could ,i ask him to tell me the truth8 ,no1 ,i could not see him so humiliated2 ,i would rather hear the story of his shame from other lips than his4 ,it was near midnight when ,i reached his lodgings4 ,is ,arthur ,graham at home8 ,i1 trembling1 asked of a kindly looking woman who opened the door4 ,he is1 miss1 and sorely in need of some one to look after him4 ,had it come to this8 ,was my brother an object of pity1 even to her8 ,i asked to see him1 not wishing to prolong this painful interview4 ,she desired me to enter1 and we approached his room4 ,i opened the door cautiously4 ,the woman's manner was so mysterious1 ,i trembled and began to be afraid2 she had told me he was not sick4 ,of course ,i thought he was a prisoner and perhaps chained in his own room4 ,the light was very dim1 and1 as ,i advanced1 ,i stumbled and was near falling over--what8--over the prostrate form of my own brother1 lost1 degraded1 fallen4 ,as ,i bent down to see why he did not speak to me1 ,i discovered the truth4 ,he1 the pride and hope of our lives1 had sunk into a drunkard4 ,i uttered no cry2 ,i was no longer terrified2 ,i thought only of my mother4 ,i was all that was left her now1 and1 as ,i bent over him1 wondered if that face was his1 so changed1 so sickening2 neglect and ruin had already settled there4 ,i tried to smooth the heavy hair1 that lay in thick1 dank masses about his reeking forehead4 ,how old1 how terribly old1 he had grown in so short a time6 ,i dare not cherish a feeling of loathing2 he was my brother1 and needed my love as he had never needed it before4 ,for him--for in him ,i was protecting my mother--,i must set aside all youth and girlhood4 ,a woman was needed now1 a woman calm1 firm1 and resolute4 ,of myself ,i was weak1 but ,heaven would help me4 ,a conviction settled upon me1 as ,i sat there1 with my travelling wrappings still unremoved1 that his case was hopeless4 ,i could see a lonely1 dishonored grave1 far away from us in a strange land4 ,i know not why this sight should rise before me1 my brother was young1 and others as debased as he had risen to a good and noble life4 ,thus ,i reasoned with myself1 and yet that lonely mound of earth would come before me1 and ,i felt powerless4 ,but ,i had no time for misery4 ,i had come to protect and assist4 ,my girlhood was passing away with the shadows of the night1 for to-morrow's sun must find me a woman1 prepared to meet the stern duties that were now mine4 ,the night was far advanced1 and ,i was trying to gather up my newfound energies1 when ,i felt a kindly hand removing my bonnet4 ,it was the good woman who had met me at the door2 she was waiting to show me my room and to offer me some refreshment4 #beb ,you can do no good here1 she continued1 as she assisted me to arise1 until morning4 ,she shook her head doubtfully as she whispered1 ,you are very young1 yes1 quite too young to undertake it even then4 ,but if you are afraid he will give you the slip before you are up1 7he often does that17 just lock the door4 ,she did so and put the key in her own pocket4 ,the little room assigned me was cleanly2 it had an air of comfort about it greatly in contrast with the slovenly chamber ,i had just left4 ,the gentle creature made nothing of undressing me1 lamenting the while as if ,i had been a stricken child that had unexpectedly fallen into her motherly hands4 ,i had made no allusion to my brother as yet4 ,i could not speak of him1 and only ventured to ask the woman as she was leaving me how long he had been in this condition4 ,i might ask you the same question1 miss1 for surely it is not a day nor a month that has brought him to this4 ,to this6 ,what a world of misery there was in that one simple word6 ,it seemed to carry with it the low wailing of a lost soul4 ,we were to have paid my brother a visit soon1 my mother and ,i4 ,it was to have been a surprise1 and ,i had gone so far as to arrange the dress ,i should wear1 for ,i was anxious to appear at my best before ,arthur's friends4 ,and here ,i was spending my first night in ,new ,york4 ,no kin of mine had bid me welcome4 ,no brother had folded me in his loved embrace1 and held me out to see how pretty ,i had grown1 proudly kissing me again and again1 and telling me how happy my coming had made him4 ,in my peaceful days ,i had thought of all this2 and oh6 how easily it might have been6 ,i arose early2 but1 early as it was1 the woman had apprised ,arthur of my arrival4 ,i found him morose and sullen4 ,he demanded my reasons for coming so abruptly upon him4 ,he had not asked after my mother1 nor given me one word of kindly greeting2 and when1 in a harsh tone1 he asked why ,i thus intruded myself1 my great reserve of womanly strength fled from me1 and ,i cried long and bitterly4 ,he was naturally kind and gentle4 ,he came to me1 wiped the tears from my cheek1 and told me he did not intend to be cruel4 ,his hand trembled violently1 as he laid it on my head1 and his whole frame shook and quivered1 though ,i could see he made a desperate effort to control himself4 ,when he had recovered his composure1 he seemed to know why ,i had come1 and implored me not to say one word to him2 he was miserable enough already4 ,come home with me1 ,arthur dear1 ,i whispered4 ,you can soon change your life1 and be your own self again4 ,i ventured to tell him that mother had been taken very ill1 when1 with a look1 he begged me to say no more4 ,he could not bear even an allusion to his condition1 and ,i had no wish to harass him4 ,what a slave he had become to the one ruling passion of his life6 ,regardless of my presence1 he drank again and again from a bottle near him4 ,once when ,i laid my hand upon the glass1 he told me that he needed it to steady his nerves1 and he would be all right soon4 ,it was in vain that ,i urged him to accompany me home4 ,he told me he had another situation in view1 not anything like the one he had just left1 but very good in its way4 ,i could tell my mother this2 it might comfort her4',twas all the hope ,i had to carry home4 #bec ,as years went by our sorrows were softened4 ,we had become accustomed to ,arthur's manner of life4 ,at times he seemed changing for the better1 and again he would go back to his old habits4 ,it was in early summer time1 when everything on our little farm was at its best4 ,the solitary womanly habits that had come so early upon me were still very strong with me4 ,i was not yet old1 only twenty-two2 and on this lovely summer night ,i was planning our quiet future1 when a carriage stopped before the door1 and ,arthur came in1 leading1 or rather carrying1 a delicate young girl4 ',mother1 said he1 this is my wife6 ,grace1 this is my mother and sister4 ,your wife6 we repeated4 ,oh6 yes1 he replied4 ,we have been married nearly a year1 and ,i hoped to better my circumstances before ,i should make the fact known to you4 ,we saw that the poor child1 for such she seemed1 was sadly in want of woman's kindly care4 ,so pale1 so sorrow-stricken1 so young1 yet so bowed down and disappointed6 ,i knew nothing of her story1 but she was my brother's wife1 and ,i gave her a sister's love4 ,that night ,i watched by her bed2 and1 as the pale moonlight fell upon her rippling hair1 ,i wondered what art1 what witchery or power my brother had used to bring this delicate creature to be a sharer of his misery and shame4 ,she waked with a sudden start1 and called in a wild1 frightened way for help4 ,she was really ill1 now1 and before morning the doctor laid a feeble baby in my mother's arms4 ,my new-found sister and her wailing infant had all our tenderest care4 ,we were glad that she had come to us that we might1 in the love we gave her1 make up in some degree for the sorry life the poor unfortunate child had taken upon herself4 ,she staid with us2 our home was hers4 ,arthur returned to ,new ,york4 ,her history was soon told4 ,she was an orphan1 entirely dependent upon the bounty of an aunt who had daughters of her own to be settled in life4 ,she met ,arthur4 ,the fascination of his manners and the interest he took in her friendless condition won her heart4 ,the misfortune of his life was well known to her1 but she trusted to her love1 feeling sure that a life's devotion must redeem him4 ,a dangerous experiment1 this2 too often tried1 and too often found a hopeless failure4 ,for her sake1 he did try to be firm and strong1 and manfully combated his besetting sin2 but an hour of weakness came2 old associates returned1 and old habits with them4 ,in a moment of hilarity and pleasure all his firmness gave way2 his delicate young wife was forgotten1 and she awakened all too soon to the knowledge that her husband's love for liquor was greater than his love for her4 ,the dear1 sweet girl and her pretty infant had lived with us nearly a year1 when1 one cold1 drizzly night like this1 ,arthur came home4 ,he had grown so reckless of late1 that we were not surprised when he came reeling into our presence4 ,he began by demanding a small amount of money which ,grace had been husbanding with care4 ,she made no reply to any of his angry threats1 nor did she give him the money4 ,dead to all sense of manhood1 he rose to strike her4 ,her infant was sleeping on her breast4 ,she leaped to flee from him1 but before we could save her1 he struck her4 ,she fell heavily2 the sleeping babe was thrown against the iron fender4 ,it uttered one feeble cry1 and closed its eyes for ever4 #bed ,the mother rose1 and with a desperate effort snatched her dead child from my arms1 pressed it to her breast1 rocked it to and fro1 and tried to give it nourishment4 ,my mother and ,i spent that terrible night with a dead infant1 a frenzied mother1 and a father lost in hopeless despair4 ,every rustle in the trees1 every sound in the air1 brought the horror of death upon us1 for each murmur seemed fraught with vengeance4 ,was my brother a murderer8 ,his own tender infant had fallen dead at his feet4 ,the act must pass without a name1 for in our woe we had none to give it4 ,he sat there through the weary hours of the night1 a haggard1 desperate fear settling upon him4 ,he dare not approach his wife2 the sight of him increased her frenzy1 and she prayed that she might never see his face again4 ,misery had made my mother strong and she could help me4 ,calm1 cool1 and deliberate action was necessary now4 ,arthur must leave us before morning4 ,no one had known of his coming4 ,the child's sudden death must be in some way accounted for1 in what way ,i knew not4 ,my mother whispered ,god would help us4 ,arthur slunk away in his guilt and misery4 ,he took no leave of us1 but silently crept out in the darkness4 ,there was darkness on every side1 it was bearing down upon him with the weight of an avenging fury4 ,i watched him1 bowed and desolate1 stealing away from us1 away from all that was dear to him1 from all that had loved him1 and could not1 even now1 cast him off4 ,i lingered until the last sound of his footsteps died away4 ,i knew then as ,i know now1 that we should never see him again4 ,the rain fell upon him as he passed out4 ,it fell upon me as ,i stood there1 and ,i thought it was falling far away where ,i had seen a lonely grave4 ,i washed our martyred babe and dressed it for the burial4 ,there was a mark upon its little neck that the solemn wrappings of the grave must cover4 ,it might be bared before the judgment-seat to plead for an erring father4 ,my mother died soon after of a broken heart4 ,she never recovered the shock of that terrible night4 ,the curse that settled upon her poor1 misguided son made him none the less her child2 and she would try1 with all the tenderness of her wounded spirit1 to think of him as he was1 innocent1 true1 and noble1 when first he left her4 ,when we learned that he had died on foreign shores1 and was buried on a lonely island1 she thanked ,god that he was no longer a homeless wanderer4 ,my sister ,grace is with me still1 loving and cherishing my young children1 leading them and me to better life by the chastened beauty of her own ,christian character4 ------- #bee ,catholicity and ,pantheism4 ,number ,six4 ,the ,finite4 ,in the pantheistic theory1 the finite has no real existence of its own4 ,it is a modification1 a limit of the infinite4 ,the sum of all the determinations which the primitive and germinal activity assumes1 in the progress of its development1 constitutes what is called cosmos4 ,the interior and necessary movement of the infinite1 which terminates in all these forms and determinations1 is creation4 ,the successive appearance of all these forms in this necessary development is the genesis of creation4 ,the finite1 therefore1 in the pantheistic system1 does not exist as something substantially distinct from the infinite1 but is one form or other which it assumes in its spontaneous evolutions4 ,as the reader may observe1 this theory rests entirely upon the leading principle of the system that the infinite is something undefined1 impersonal1 indeterminate1 and becomes concrete and personal by a necessary1 interior movement2 a principle which1 viewed in reference to the finite1 gives rise to two others1 first1 that the finite is a modification of the infinite2 second1 that the finite is necessary to the infinite1 as the term of its spontaneous development4 ,now1 in the preceding articles1 we have demonstrated1 first1 that the infinite is actuality itself2 that is1 absolute and complete perfection2 second1 that in order to be personal1 he is not impelled to originate any modification or limit4 ,hence1 two other principles concerning the finite1 quite antagonistic to those of pantheism4 ,first1 the finite cannot be a modification of the infinite1 because perfection1 absolutely complete1 cannot admit of ulterior progress4 ,second1 the finite is not necessary to the infinite1 because the interior and necessary action of the infinite does not terminate outside of1 but within himself1 and gives rise to the mystery of the ,trinity1 explained and vindicated in the last two articles4 ,consequently1 his necessary interior action being exercised within himself1 he is not forced to originate the finite to satisfy that spontaneous movement1 as ,cousin and other pantheists contend4 ,the finite1 therefore1 can neither be a modification nor a necessary development of the infinite4 ,and this consequence sweeps away all systems of emanatism1 of whatever form1 that may be imagined4 ,whether we suppose the finite to be a growth or extension of the infinite1 as the materialistic pantheists of old seemed to imagine2 or mere phenomenon of infinite substance1 with ,spinoza2 or ideological exercise of the infinite1 as modern ,germans seem to think--according to the principle laid down1 the finite is impossible in any emanatistic sense whatever4 ,to any one who has followed us closely in the preceding articles1 it will appear evident that these few remarks absolutely dispose of the pantheistic theory concerning the finite1 and close the negative part of our task respecting this question4 #bef ,as to the positive part1 to give a full explanation of the whole doctrine of ,catholicity concerning the finite1 we must discuss the following questions3 ,in what sense is creation to be understood8 ,is creation of finite substances possible8 ,what is the end of the exterior action of ,god8 ,what is the whole plan of the exterior action of ,god8 ,before we enter upon the discussion of the first question1 we must lay down a few preliminary remarks necessary to the intelligence of all that shall follow4 ,god's action is identical with his essence1 and this being absolutely simple and undivided1 his action also is absolutely one and simple4 ,but it is infinite also1 like his essence1 and in this respect it gives rise1 not only to the eternal and immanent originations within himself1 but also may cause a numberless variety of effects really existing1 and distinct from him1 as we shall demonstrate4 ,now1 if we regard the action of ,god1 in itself originating both ad intra and ad extra1 that is1 acting within and without himself1 it cannot possibly admit of distinction4 ,but our mind1 being finite1 and hence incapable of perceiving at once the infinite action of ,god1 and of grasping at one glance that one simple action originating numberless effects1 is forced to take partial views of it1 and mentally to divide it1 to facilitate the intelligence of its different effects4 ,these partial views and distinctions of our mind1 of the same identical action of ,god1 producing the divine persons within himself1 and causing different effects outside himself1 we shall call moments of the action of ,god4 ,there are1 therefore1 two supreme moments of the action of ,god1 the interior and the exterior4 ,whenever we shall speak of the action of ,god producing an effect distinct from and outside of him1 we shall call it exterior action1 to distinguish it from the interior1 which originates the divine personalities4 ,moreover1 we shall call exterior action of ,god1 all the moments of it which produce different effects4 ,we shall call creation that particular moment of his external action which1 as we shall see1 causes the existence of finite substances1 together with their essential properties and attributes4 ,now1 as to the first question1 in what sense can creation be understood2 or1 otherwise1 what are the conditions according to which creation may be possible8 ,on the following3 ,first1 the terms laid down by the action of ,god must be in nature distinct from him4 ,second1 they must be produced by an act which does not cause any mutation in the agent4 ,third1 therefore1 they must be finite substances4 ,for1 suppose the absence of the first condition1 creation would be an emanation of the divine essence2 since1 if the terms created were not different from the nature of ,god1 they would be identical with it1 and consequently creation would be an emanation or development of the substance of ,god4 ,the absence of the second condition would not only render it an emanation of the substance of ,god--because1 if creation implied a mutation in him1 it would be his own modification--but it would render it altogether impossible1 since no agent can modify itself but by the aid of another4 ,if1 therefore1 creation cannot be either an emanation or a modification of ,god1 it must be distinct from his substance4 ,now1 something distinct from the substance of ,god1 and really existing1 and not a modification1 cannot be anything but finite substance4 ,finite1 because1 the substance of ,god being infinite1 nothing can be distinct from it but the finite2 substance1 because something really existing1 and which is not a modification1 gives the idea of substance4 #beg ,creation1 therefore1 cannot be understood in any other sense except as implying the causation of finite substances4 ,but is creation of finite substances possible8 ,in answer to this question1 let it be remarked that the essence of a thing may have two distinct states3 one1 intelligible and objective2 the other1 subjective and in existence4 ,in other words1 all things have a mode of intelligible existence1 distinct from the being by which they exist1 in themselves2 the one may be called objective and intelligible2 the other1 subjective4 ,to give an instance1 a building has two kinds of states3 one1 intelligible1 in the mind of the architect2 the other1 subjective1 when it exists in itself4 ,now1 the possibility of a thing to have a subjective existence in itself1 depends upon the intelligible and objective state of the same thing4 ,because that only is possible which does not involve any contradiction4 ,but that which does not involve any repugnance1 is intelligible4 ,therefore the possibility of a thing implies its intelligibility1 and its subjective existence depends upon its objective and intelligible state4 ,this is so true1 that the transcendental truth of beings1 in their subjective state of existence1 consists in their conformity with their intelligible and objective state4 ,as the truth of a building consists in it conformity with the plan in the mind of the architect4 ,from these principles it follows that1 in order to establish the possibility of the creation of finite substances1 we must prove three different things3 ,first1 that they have an intelligible state2 in other words1 that their idea does not involve any repugnance4 ,second1 that there exists a supreme act of intelligence1 in which the intelligible state of all possible finite substances resides4 ,third1 that there exists a supreme activity1 which may cause finite substances to exist in a subjective state conformable to their objective and intelligible state4 ,when we have proven these three propositions1 the possibility of creation will be put beyond all doubt4 ,now1 as to the first proposition1 pantheists have denied the possibility of finite substances4 ,admitting the general possibility of substance1 they deny the intrinsic possibility of a finite one2 and1 as everything which is finite is necessarily caused1 the whole question turns upon this--whether1 in the idea of substance1 there is any element which excludes causation and is repugnant to it4 ,every one acquainted with the history of philosophy knows that ,spinoza coined a definition purposely to fit his system4 ,he defined substance to be that which exists in itself1 and cannot be conceived but by itself4 ,footnote #ed ,footnote #ed3 ,eth4 #a1 ,def4 #a4 ,this definition is purposely insidious4 ,that which exists in itself may have a twofold meaning2 it may express a thing1 the cause of whose existence lies in itself1 a self-existing being2 or it may imply a thing which can exist without inhering in or leaning on any other4 ,again1 that which cannot be conceived but by itself may be taken in a double sense--a thing which has no cause1 and is self-existent1 and consequently contains in itself the reason of its intelligibility2 or it may signify a thing which may be conceived by itself1 inasmuch as it does not lean upon any other to be able to exist4 ,spinoza1 taking both terms of the definition in the first sense1 had the way paved for pantheism2 for if substance be that which is intelligible by itself because self-existent1 it is evident that there cannot be more than one substance1 and the cosmos cannot be anything but phenomenon of this substance4 #beh ,hence the question we have proposed3 ,is there1 in the true idea of substance1 any element which necessarily implies self-existence1 and excludes causation8 ,catholic philosophy insists that there is none4 ,for the idea of substance is made up of two elements3 one positive1 the other negative4 ,the positive element is the permanence or consistence of an act or being--that is1 the existing really4 ,the second element is the exclusion or absence of all inherence in another being in order to exist4 ,now1 every one can easily perceive1 that to exist really does not necessarily imply self-existence1 or contradiction to the notion of having been caused by another4 ,because the notion of real existence or permanence of a being does not necessarily imply eternity of permanence1 or1 in other words1 does not include infinity of being4 ,if the permanence or real existence of a being included eternity of permanence1 then it could not have a cause1 and should necessarily be self-existent4 ,but we can conceive a being really existing1 which did not exist always1 but had a beginning4 ,the better to illustrate this conception1 let it be remembered that duration or permanence is one and the same thing with being2 and that1 ontologically1 being and duration differ in nothing4 ,the permanence and duration of a being is1 therefore1 in proportion to the intensity of a being4 ,if the being be infinite1 the highest intensity of reality1 the being is infinitely permanent2 that is1 eternal1 without beginning1 end1 or succession4 ,if the being be finite and created1 the permanence or duration is finite also2 that is1 has beginning1 and may1 absolutely speaking1 have an end4 ,everything1 therefore1 really existing without inhering in another1 whether it be infinite or finite reality--that is1 whether it have a cause or be self-existent--is a substance4 ,if it be self-existent1 it is infinite substance2 if it be caused1 it is finite substance4 ,this is so evident that none1 slightly accustomed to reflect1 can fail to perceive the difference between being self-existent and existing really4 ,the two things can go separately without the one at all including the other4 ,a thing may exist as really after being caused1 as the substance which is self-existent and eternal1 so far as existing really is concerned4 ,to show that the idea of substance1 however1 is such as we have been describing1 it is sufficient to cast a glance at our own soul4 ,it is evident from the testimony of consciousness1 that there is a numberless variety of thoughts1 volitions1 sensations2 all taking place in the me1 all following and succeeding each other without interruption1 like the waves of the ocean rolling one upon the other1 and keeping the sea always in agitation4 ,we are conscious to ourselves of this continual influx of thoughts1 volitions and sensations2 but1 at the same time that we are conscious of this1 we are conscious also of the identity and permanence of the me amid the fluctuations of those modifications4 ,we are conscious that the me1 which yesterday was affected with the passions of love and desire1 is the same identical me which is to-day under the passion of hate4 ,this permanence or reality of the me1 amid the passing and transitory affections1 gives the idea of substance or real existence2 whilst the numberless variety of thoughts and feelings which affect it1 and which come and go while the me remains1 gives the idea of modification1 or a thing which inheres in another in order to exist4 #bei ,the above remarks must put the possibility of finite substance beyond doubt4 ,but before we pass to the second question1 we remark that any one sooner than a pantheist could call in question the possibility of finite substance2 because if1 as we have demonstrated in the second article1 the infinite of the pantheists be not an absolute nonentity1 a pure abstraction1 it is nothing but the idea of finite being or substance4 ,hence1 to prove the possibility of finite substance to the pantheist1 we might make use of the argument ad hominem4 ,that which is intelligible is possible1 by the principle of contradiction4 ,but the idea of finite substance is intelligible to the pantheists1 being the foundation of their system2 therefore1 finite substances are possible4 ,second question3 ,is there a supreme act of intelligence1 in which reside all possible finite substances in their objective and intelligible state8 ,the demonstration of the second proposition follows from that of the first4 ,for the idea of finite substance does not involve any repugnance1 by the principle of contradiction4 ,therefore it is necessarily possible1 as we have demonstrated4 ,but that which is necessarily possible1 is necessarily intelligible2 because everything that is possible may be conceived4 ,therefore the idea of finite substance is necessarily intelligible1 and may be conceived by an intelligence able to grasp the whole series of possible finite substances4 ,but ,god is infinite intelligence1 and as such is capable of apprehending all possible finite substances4 ,therefore in ,god's intelligence resides the whole series of possible finite substances1 in their intelligible and objective state4 ,to render this argument more convincing1 let us look into the ontological foundation of the possibility of finite substances4 ,finite substances are nothing but finite beings2 consequently they are not possible1 except inasmuch as they agree with the essence of ,god1 which is the infinite1 the being1 and as such is the type of all things which come under the denomination and category of being4 ,god1 therefore1 who fully comprehends his essence1 comprehends1 at the same time1 whatever may agree with it2 or1 in other words1 comprehends all possible imitations1 so to speak1 of his essence2 and consequently1 all the possible imitations of his essence residing in his intelligence1 there dwells at the same time the intelligible and objective state of all possible finite substances4 ,st4 ,thomas proves the same truth with a somewhat similar argument4 ,whoever1 he says1 comprehends a certain universal nature1 comprehends1 at the same time1 the manner according to which it may be imitated4 ,but ,god1 comprehending himself1 comprehends the universal nature of being2 consequently he comprehends also the manner according to which it may be imitated4 ,now1 the possibility of finite substance is a similitude of the universal being4 ,hence1 in ,god's intelligence resides the whole series of possible finite substances4 ,third proposition3 ,there exists a supreme activity which may cause finite substances to exist in a subjective state4 ,for ,st4 ,thomas argues that the more perfect is a principle of action1 the more its action can extend to a greater number and more distant things4 ,as for instance1 if a fire be weak1 it can heat only things which are near it2 if strong1 it can reach distant things4 ,now1 a pure act1 which is in ,god1 is more perfect than an act mixed of potentiality1 as it is in us4 #bfj ,if therefore by the act which is in us we can not only produce immanent acts1 as for instance1 to think and to will1 but also exterior acts by which we effect something2 with much greater reason can ,god1 by the fact of his being actuality itself1 not only exercise intelligence and will1 but also produce effects outside himself and thus be the cause of being4 ,footnote #ee ,the great philosopher ,gerdil1 appropriating this reason of ,st4 ,thomas1 develops it thus3 ,in ourselves1 and in particular beings1 we find a certain activity2 therefore activity is a reality which belongs to the being or the infinite4 ,the effect of activity when the agent applies it to the patient1 consists in causing a mutation of state4 ,the intensity of acts1 depending on intelligence1 has a force to introduce a mutation of state in the corporal movements4 ,this may be seen in the real though hidden connection of which we are conscious to ourselves1 between the intensity of our desires and the effect of the movements which are excited in the body2 and better still1 in certain phenomena which sometimes occur1 though rarely1 when the imagination1 apprehending something vividly and forcibly1 produces a mutation of state in the body which corresponds somewhat with the apprehension of the imagination4 ,footnote #ef ,footnote #ee3 ,c4 ,g4 lib4 ii4 ch4 #f4 ,footnote #ef3 ,an imminent danger of being burned to death1 vividly apprehended1 has sometimes entirely cured persons altogether paralyzed and unable to move4 ,now this change in the body1 corresponding to what takes place in the fancy1 that is1 in the objective and intelligible state1 shows that there exists a certain1 though hidden1 force and energy by which1 from what exists in an intelligible state1 may be introduced a mutation in the corresponding state of subjective existence4 ,therefore the efficacy of the supreme intelligence1 being the greatest and the highest1 in force of the supreme intensity of being which resides in it1 may not only effect a change conformable to a relative1 intelligible state in things already existing1 but also cause them to pass altogether from the intelligible state into the state of existence4 ,and1 assuredly1 if the finite intensity of desire and of imagination may produce an effort of corporal movement1 the supreme intensity of the ,infinite ,being may1 certainly1 produce a substantial1 existing being2 since the supreme intensity of the ,being bears infinitely greater proportion to the existence of a thing1 than the intensity of desire does in relation to a corporal movement4 ,the term1 therefore1 of the supreme activity1 is to effect1 outside of itself1 the existence of things which had only an intelligible and objective being in itself4 ,footnote #eg ,footnote #eg3 ,gerdil1 ,del ,senso ,morale4 ,it is well to remark here1 that the supreme activity is not by any means determined necessarily to create2 for the activity may be determined to a necessary operation1 in that case only when the agent is actually applied to the subject capable of receiving a change of state4 ,but creation is not the result of the application of the supreme activity to a subject coexisting with itself2 because nothing coexists originally with the supreme activity4 ,therefore creation cannot be an action determined by any necessity1 but must depend only upon the energy or will of the supreme intelligence in which the highest activity dwells4 ,hence it follows1 that creation1 as to its term1 is not necessary1 either because there is any principle in ,god impelling him necessarily to create1 as we have seen1 or because there is any principle outside of ,god forcing him to create2 because outside of the supreme activity nothing exists4 #bfa ,what is necessary about the creation of finite substances1 is their intelligible and objective state1 or their intrinsic possibility4 ,for everything which does not imply any repugnance by the principle of contradiction1 is intrinsically possible and intelligible4 ,that which is intrinsically possible is essentially1 necessarily1 and eternally so4 ,consequently1 the objective state of finite substances is necessarily so4 ,pantheists1 confounding the objective and intelligible state of the cosmos with its state of subjective existence2 in other words1 identifying the ideal with the real1 the ideological with the ontological1 have been led to admit the necessity of creation4 ,this is particularly remarked in the systems of ,schelling and ,hegel2 the one admitting1 as first principle1 the absolute identity of all things2 the other identifying the idea with being4 ,both confounded the objective and intelligible state of the cosmos with its state of subjective existence2 and once the two are identified1 it follows that1 as the one1 which is the intelligible1 is necessary1 eternal1 and absolute1 the other1 the subjective1 becomes also necessary and eternal2 and hence the necessity of creation4 ,catholicity1 on the contrary1 carefully distinguishing between the ideal and the real1 the objective and the subjective1 and admitting the necessity and eternity of the first1 because everything intelligible necessarily and eternally resides in the supreme intelligence1 denies the necessity of the second1 because of that very intelligible state which it admits to be necessarily and eternally so4 ,for a finite substance is not1 and cannot be conceived as possible or intelligible1 except it is supposed to be contingent or indifferent in itself to be or not to be1 not having in itself the reason of its existence4 ,this is the only condition according to which finite substances can be possible4 ,were it otherwise1 were a finite substance supposed to be necessary1 it would be self-existent1 and have in itself the reason of its existence2 and in that case it would no longer be finite1 but infinite4 ,to suppose1 therefore1 a finite substance not contingent is to suppose it necessary1 is to suppose a self-existing finite substance1 or1 in other words1 an infinite finite substance1 which is absurd1 and1 therefore1 unintelligible and impossible4 ,the intelligibility1 therefore1 or objective state of finite substances1 which is necessary1 eternal1 and absolute itself1 requires the contingency of their existence in a subjective state2 and1 consequently1 their contingency is necessary because their intelligibility is necessary2 and their creation is free1 because whatever is indifferent in itself to be or not to be1 absolutely depends1 as to its existence1 upon the will of the supreme intelligence4 ,an objection is here raised by pantheists impugning the possibility of the creative act4 ,it is as follows3 ,given the full cause1 the effect exists4 ,now1 the creative act1 the full cause of creation1 is eternal2 therefore1 its effect must exist eternally4 ,but1 an eternal effect is a contradiction in terms2 because it means a thing created and uncreated at the same time4 ,therefore1 creation is impossible in the ,catholic sense1 and can be nothing more than the eternal development and unfolding of the divine substance4 ,given the cause1 the effect exists4 ,such an effect1 and in such a manner as the cause is naturally calculated to produce1 it is granted2 such an effect and in such a manner as the cause naturally is not intended to produce1 it is denied4 #bfb ,now1 what is the cause of creation but the will of ,god8 ,and how does the will naturally act1 except by a free determination1 and in the manner according to which it determines itself8 ,consequently1 creation being an effect of the will of ,god1 it will follow just when and how the will of ,god has determined it shall4 ,hence the will of ,god being eternal1 it does not follow that the effect should be eternal also4 ,in other words1 given the full cause1 the effect exists when the cause is impelled to act by a necessary intrinsic movement4 ,but when the cause is free1 and perfectly master of its own action and energy1 the cause given is not a sufficient element for the existence of the effect1 but1 two elements are required1 the cause and its determination1 and the free conditions which the cause has attached to its determination4 ,nor does this imply any change in the action of ,god when creation actually takes place4 ,for that same act which determines itself from eternity to create1 and to cause substances and time1 the measure of their duration1 continues immutable until the creation actually takes place2 and the creation is not an effect of a new act1 but of that same immutable and eternal determination of ,god4 ,we conclude1 finite substances are intrinsically possible2 they have an intelligible and objective state in the infinite intelligence of ,god4 ,god's infinite activity may cause them to exist in a subjective state conformable to their intelligible mode of existence4 ,therefore1 creation in the ,catholic sense is possible4 ,before we pass to the next question1 we must draw some corollaries4 ,first4 ,god can act outside himself1 since he can create finite substances with all the properties and faculties which are necessary elements of their essence1 and naturally and necessarily spring from it4 ,second4 ,the creative act implies two secondary moments2 one1 called preservation1 and the other1 concurrence4 ,hence1 if ,god does create1 he must necessarily preserve his effects1 and concur in the development of their activity4 ,preservation implies the immanence of the creative act1 or the continuation of the creative act of ,god1 maintaining finite substances in their existence4 ,the necessity of this movement is proved by the following reason3 ,every finite being is1 in force of its nature1 indifferent to be or not to be2 that is1 every finite being contains no intrinsic reason necessarily requiring its existence4 ,hence1 the reason of its existence lies in an exterior agent or cause4 ,but the finite being once existing1 does not change its nature1 but intrinsically continues to be contingent1 that is1 indifferent to be or not to be4 ,therefore1 the reason of the continuation of its existence cannot be found in its intrinsic nature1 but in an exterior agent2 that is1 in the action of the ,creator4 ,so long1 therefore1 as the action of ,god continues to determine the intrinsic indifference of contingent being to be or not to be1 so long does the finite exist4 ,in the supposition of the act ceasing1 the finite would simultaneously cease to be4 ,nor does this argument impugn the substance of finite beings4 ,for1 as we have seen1 substance is that which exists really1 though the reason of its existence lie in the creative act2 whereas1 what we deny here in the argument is the continuation of existence by an intrinsic reason1 which would change the essence of the finite1 and1 from contingent1 render it necessary4 #bfc ,the second moment of the creative act is concurrence4 ,finite substance is a being in the way of development2 a being capable of modification4 ,now1 no being can modify itself1 can produce a modification of which it is itself the subject1 without the aid of another being who is pure actuality4 ,therefore1 finite substances cannot modify themselves without the aid of ,god4 ,the action of ,god aiding finite substances to develop themselves1 is called concurrence4 ,we have already proved1 in the second article1 the principle upon which this moment of the action of ,god is founded4 ,we shall here add another argument4 ,a finite substance is a being in the way of development2 a being in potency of modification2 and when the modification takes place1 it passes from the power or potency to the act4 ,now1 no being can pass from the power to the act except by the aid of being already in act4 ,consequently1 finite substances cannot modify themselves except by the aid of being already in act4 ,nor can it be supposed that finite substances can be at the same time in potency and in act with regard to the same modification2 for this would be a contradiction in terms4 ,it follows1 then1 that having power of being modified1 they cannot pass from the power to the movement without the help of another being already in act4 ,this cannot be a being which may itself be in power and in act1 for then it would itself require aid4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that this being1 aiding finite substances to modify themselves1 must be one which is pure actuality1 that is1 ,god4 ,third corollary3 ,from all we have said follows1 also1 the possibility of ,god acting upon his creatures by a new moment of his action1 and putting in them new forces higher than those forces which naturally spring from their essence1 nor due to them either as natural properties1 attributes or faculties4 ,for1 if ,god can act outside himself1 and effect finite substances distinct from him2 substances endowed with all the essential attributes and faculties springing from their nature2 if he can continue to maintain them in existence1 and aid them in their natural development1 we see no contradiction in supposing that he may1 if he choose1 grant his creatures other forces superior altogether to their natural forces1 and1 consequently1 not due to them as properties or attributes of their nature4 ,for the contradiction could not exist either on the part of ,god or on the part of the creature4 ,not in the former1 because ,god's action being infinite1 may give rise to an infinity of effects1 one higher and more sublime1 in the hierarchy of beings1 than the other4 ,not in the latter1 because the capacity of the creature is indefinite4 ,it may receive an indefinite growth and development1 and never reach a point beyond which it could not go4 ,therefore1 the supposition we have made does not imply any repugnance either in ,god or in the finite1 the two terms of the question4 ,now1 that which involves no repugnance is possible4 ,it is possible1 therefore1 that ,god may act upon his creatures by a moment of his action distinct from the creative moment1 and put in them forces higher than their natural forces1 and not due to them as any essential element or faculty4 ,the other questions in the next article4 ------- #bfd ,aubrey de ,vere in ,america4 ,footnote #eh ,footnote #eh3 ,irish ,odes and ,other ,poems4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau street4 #ahfi4 ,the first if not the strongest attraction this book will have for ,american curiosity is not in its contents1 but in their selection4 ,the poems presented are culled from a much greater number1 especially and expressly for the ,american market1 and the choice interests us vividly as indicating an ,english author's deliberate business opinion of that market4 ,this edition has not been prepared without thought3 ,mr4 ,de ,vere does not often do anything without thought4 ,moreover1 it has been1 if we are not misinformed1 somewhat unusually long in press1 and several of the poems already published have been actually revised and improved on by their painstaking author to the very last copy1 and differ in quite a number of minutiae from their former selves4 ,hence ,americans must be all the more surprised at the singular estimate of taste and the singular conception of their character1 which appear to underlie this book4 ,we cannot help thinking--nay1 we cannot help seeing--that ,mr4 ,de ,vere has not selected so well as he would have done if he had ever lived in ,america1 or1 if he had had intelligent1 practical1 and experienced ,american advice4 ,there was only one way to do this thing rightly4 ,it was to consider either what we1 the ,americans1 ought to like the best1 or what we would like the best2 to weigh the facts well1 to settle on some definite plan or theory of selection1 and carry this out with some little sternness to the end1 only leaving the path for the very choicest flowers4 ,we cannot trace any strictness of system in this book3 it has neither spinal column nor spinal cord1 but is made up of miscellaneous samples--disjecta membra poetae4 ,sometimes we imagine it to be a compromise of plans1 and sometimes a random jumble4 ,too many of the best poems we miss1 and some of the author's most taking lines of thought stated nearly1 and some totally unrepresented4 ,on the other hand1 some mediocre pieces abound as to which we seek but cannot find an extrinsic cause for their reproduction4 ,our own suggestion to ,mr4 ,de ,vere would have been to make general interest his prime criterion in choosing4 ,we are a very heterogeneous nation1 and it is not every topic that can unite our various tastes4 ,for any wide or national success here1 a book must have at least a kernel of thought or sentiment which shall appeal directly to almost the only thing we have in common here--our humanity4 ,next to such poems--and ,mr4 ,de ,vere has written not a few--we should have taken the best expressed2 the boldest or most beautiful4 ,this indeed is but a branch corollary of the other principle1 because we all love fine expressions of ideas4 ,on these two principles we think we could have made up from the copies of ,mr4 ,de ,vere's poetry one of the most attractive books of the year4 ,we think he has missed this in several ways4 ,to begin with1 we cannot see anywhere that he ever once grasped the idea of addressing himself to the whole ,american people4 ,there is pabulum enough for ,boston1 and for devout ,catholics everywhere2 but where is the intelligence of ,georgia1 or ,california1 or ,ohio in his estimates for the popularity of this volume8 #bfe ,some of the poems err in the direction of abstruseness1 many in being founded on obscure facts2 a few embody the gross fault of being occasional pieces--the flattest and most surely flat of all possible forms of dulness4 ,that ,mr4 ,de ,vere could forget himself to this last degree is to us proof positive that he never thought of pleasing the whole ,american reading community4 ,we have heard this praised as sagacity1 since this work's appearance1 on the ground that1 as an outspoken ,catholic and ,irishman1 he could never have succeeded4 ,to this the ,american observer says1 ,distinguo4 ,mr4 ,de ,vere is too elevated and refined a thinker to be a poet of the people anywhere2 but it is1 if anything1 his religion1 not his ,celtic outbursts1 that stand in his way here4 ,we are--heaven knows with good reason--tolerably well past literary prejudices against foreigners4 ,a foreign author1 having no friends nor enemies1 no clique nor counter-clique among the critics here1 will have a fair trial by ,american public opinion always1 on the one condition that he do not stand upon his being a foreigner and insist on cramming pet theories down our throats4 ,but we do question whether there may not be a measure of truth in the suggestion that ,mr4 ,de ,vere1 here as everywhere1 is too conspicuously ,catholic for popularity4 ,we see little of sectarian prejudice among our best non-,catholic men2 perhaps because so many of them are freethinkers or indifferentists in religion4 ,but ,protestant prejudice controls some otherwise first-class criticism1 much more of lower grade1 and very many ordinary readers and buyers of books4 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,de ,vere is too pronounced for these--too full and too proud of his faith4 ,many a bigoted ,protestant who can just barely make up his mind to hear a man out in spite of his being a ,romish idolater1 etc41 etc41 lays down a book the instant he suspects--what ,protestantism is always peculiarly quick to suspect--propagandism4 ,such men might know that if proselyte-making were ,mr4 ,de ,vere's aim1 his obviously shrewder plan would have been1 first to gain influence and popularity by neutral poems1 and then1 entrenched on the vantage-ground of public favor1 to bombard the community with his explosive ,catholic notions to some purpose4 ,but this would be far too much thinking for a bigoted man to go to the trouble of1 especially when it is so much cheaper1 as well as more sweet to the deacons and elders1 to be unjust and slurring4 ,so we fear that many ,protestant organs of opinion will reject the poetry for the religion1 and so do ,mr4 ,de ,vere's book harm as an ,american venture so far as the non-,catholics are concerned4 ,on the other hand we do believe that his ,irish pieces would be his best hold on public favor2 for he certainly is one of the best-informed men in ,irish history of all the late writers2 and if there is one thing an ,american admires more than another--in literature or anything else--it is a man that knows what he is talking about4 ,but this is all of the dead past now2 the book is upon us4 ,we go on to this question--since ,mr4 ,de ,vere did not aim to please us all1 what was his aim8 ,he has not told us in the natural place--the preface--and we can only ask the reader to decide for himself whether it is1 as we said1 compromise or jumble4 ,the selection of the ,irish pieces is infinitely the worst of all4 ,the best1 because the most truly ,irish1 of these1 are in ,inisfail4 #bff ,there are very many ,irishmen indeed who would not appreciate the sonnet to ,sarsfield and ,clare1 and who could make neither head nor tail of ,the ,building of the ,cottage2 but take up ,inisfail and read out ,the ,malison1 or ,the ,bier that ,conquered1 or the ,dirge of ,rory ,o',more1 to any ,irish audience1 and see if they understand it or not6 ,there lay one main element of strength of a book like this2 and yet we do not recall a single piece from ,inisfail in the entire collection6 ,it is inconceivable to us except upon the very well-known and extremely ill-understood principle that an author always differs with his readers1 and generally with posterity1 as to what is his best4 ,in our own humble opinion1 for instance1 ,the ,bard ,ethell or ,the ,phantom ,funeral1 as historical pictures1 or the ,parvuli ,ejus or ,semper ,eadem as pure poetry1 is singly worth the whole fifty pages of ,irish ,odes1 sonnets1 and interludes that begin this new volume3 and we doubt as little that ,mr4 ,de ,vere would smile in benign derision at our notion4 ,so we will not dispute about tastes1 and simply say that we do not understand the classification of the main body of the ,irish pieces4 ,especially is this hard to discover the reason for omitting ,inisfail in the light of the following passage from the preface3 ,i cannot but wish that my poetry1 much of which illustrates their history and religion1 should reach those ,irish 'of the dispersion1' in that land which has extended to them its hospitality4 ,whoever loves that people must follow it in its wanderings with an earnest desire that it may retain with vigilant fidelity1 and be valued for retaining1 those among its characteristics which most belong to the ,ireland of history and religion4 ,the remainder of the selected poems are purely miscellaneous1 and are chiefly remarkable to us as again showing how curiously authors estimate themselves4 ,we do indeed meet with much of the best there is2 but we miss1 as we have said1 very much more4 ,and having1 as we have1 a personal intimacy with many of ,mr4 ,de ,vere's poems1 we feel really resentful to see our favorites slighted and supplanted by others which--as it seems to us1 be it remembered--no one could ever like half so well4 ,after all1 ,mr4 ,de ,vere may be right and we wrong2 but we feel so interested in his success1 and so earnestly desirous of recognition for his high abilities1 that--we do wish he had done it our way6 ,the first sixty pages of the present volume are composed mainly of a sort of rosary of ten odes1 all strung on ,ireland and the ,irish4 ,now1 odes we disbelieve in generally4 ,we think they contain more commonplace which we imagine we admire1 and which we don't and can't admire1 than any other variety of composition in ,english literature4 ,they are the supremely fit form of a few peculiar orders of thought4 ,the cause of ,ireland is not one of these1 and ,mr4 ,de ,vere has tried hard and failed1 to prove the contrary4 ,irish griefs are too human1 ,irish sympathies too heartfelt1 to be reached by this road in the clouds4 ,one good ballad or slogan is worth practically a million odes4 ,as ,ode ,i4 in this very series beautifully puts it1 ,like severed locks that keep their light1 ,when all the stately frame is dust1 ,a nation's songs preserve from blight ,a nation's name1 their sacred trust4 ,temple and pyramid eterne ,may memorize her deeds of power2 ,but only from her songs we learn ,how throbbed her life-blood hour by hour4 #bfg ,but1 waiving their final cause1 three of the odes are good1 the first two1 and the seventh--the best of all--which1 as also the ninth1 is republished from the book of #ahfa4 ,the close of this is singularly touching and true1 and well worth recalling even to many who must have admired it before4 ,i come1 the breath of sighs to breathe1 ,yet add not unto sighing2 ,to kneel on graves1 yet drop no wreath ,on those in darkness lying4 ,sleep1 chaste and true1 a little while1 ,the ,saviour's flock and ,mary's1 ,and guard their reliques well1 ,o ,isle1 ,thou chief of reliquaries6 ,blessed are they that claim no part ,in this world's pomp and laughter3 ,blessd the pure2 the meek of heart ,blest here2 more blest hereafter4 ',blessed the mourners4' ,earthly goods ,are woes1 the master preaches3 ,embrace thy sad beatitudes1 ,and recognize thy riches6 ,and if1 of every land the guest1 ,thine exile back returning ,finds still one land unlike the rest1 ,discrowned1 disgraced1 and mourning1 ,give thanks6 ,thy flowers1 to yonder skies ,transferred1 pure airs are tasting2 ,and1 stone by stone1 thy temples rise ,in regions everlasting4 ,sleep well1 unsung by idle rhymes1 ,ye sufferers late and lowly2 ,ye saints and seers of earlier times1 ,sleep well in cloisters holy6 ,above your bed the bramble bends1 ,the yew tree and the alder3 ,sleep well1 ,o fathers and ,o friends6 ,and in your silence moulder6 ,scattered about between these odes we find a miscellany of minor pieces whose function seems to be that of interludes or thin partitions4 ,of these hors-d'oeuvres some are new1 some old2 the majority1 for ,mr4 ,de ,vere1 commonplace4 ,he cannot write a page without hitting on some happy phrase or just thought1 but there is a little more than this to be said of almost all4 ,the best is this sonnet which we do not remember having seen before3 ,the ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,act4 ,the statesmen of this day ,i deem a tribe ,that dwarf-like strut1 a pageant on a stage ,theirs but in pomp and outward equipage4 ,ruled inly by the herd1 or hireling scribe4 ,they have this skill1 the dreaded ,power to bribe3 ,this courage1 war upon the weak to wage3 ,to turn from self a ,nation's ignorant rage3 ,to unstaunch old wounds with edict or with jibe4 ,ireland6 the unwise one saw thee in the dust1 ,crowned with eclipse1 and garmented with night1 ,and in his heart he said1',for her no day6' ,but thou long since hadst placed in ,god thy trust1 ,and knew'st that in the under-world1 all light1 ,thy sun moved eastward4 ,watch6 that ,east grows gray6 ,we have also a long series of selections from the entire body of our author's published works4 ,here we are glad to welcome to ,america many of his best poems4 ,the sonnets especially are as a rule well chosen4 ,we miss many a lovely one1 but we should miss these that are before us just as much4 ,mr4 ,de ,vere has also with excellent judgment honored with a place in this book his three charming idylls1 ,glauc1 ,ione and ,lycius--among his very finest pieces of word-painting1 and which have more of the old classic mode of expression than any modern poems in our language save ,landor's1 and perhaps ,tennyson's ,o,enone4 ,we wonder1 by the way1 why a man who could write these idylls has never given us any classical translations4 ,we are sure they would be remarkably good4 ,the long poem of ,the ,sisters is also reprinted in full4 ,it is good1 and we will not say that it is not a good piece here2 but on reading it over1 the discussion and description which frame the picture seem to us better than the picture itself4 ,indeed1 we have begun to suspect more and more that ,mr4 ,de ,vere's strength lies in his descriptive powers4 ,it might surprise many other readers of his1 as much as it did us1 to examine for themselves and discover how many of their most admired passages are portraits4 ,in mere verbal landscape-painting he stands very high4 ,his very earliest books abound in felicities of this sort1 and the ,may ,carols are fairly replete with them1 and in fact contain a whole little picture gallery in verse4 #bfh ,and from the ,autumnal ,ode--one of the very latest in his latest book ,footnote #ei --we select one of many passages which amply prove that ,mr4 ,de ,vere's hand has not forgotten her cunning3 ,no more from full-leaved woods that music swells ,which in the summer filled the satiate ear3 ,a fostering sweetness still from bosky dells ,murmurs2 but ,i can hear ,a harsher sound when down1 at intervals1 ,the dry leaf rattling falls4 ,dark as those spots which herald swift disease1 ,the death-blot marks for death the leaf yet firm4 ,beside the leaf down-trodden trails the worm4 ,in forest depths the haggard1 whitening grass ,repines at youth departed4 ,half-stripped trees ,reveal1 as one who says1',thou too must pass1' ,plainlier each day their quaint anatomies4 ,yon poplar grove is troubled6 ,bright and bold ,babbled his cold leaves in the ,july breeze ,as though above our heads a runnel rolled4 ,his mirth is o'er2 subdued by old ,october1 ,he counts his lessening wealth1 and1 sadly sober1 ,tinkles his minute tablets of wan gold4 ,footnote #ei3 ,dated in ,october1 #ahfg4 ,this is very vivid1 and the closing fancy extremely graceful and pleasing4 ,poplars1 by the way1 seem to be a favorite theme of our author4 ,every one familiar with his poems will recall another beautiful description in his idyll of ,glauc1 in which occur these lines3 ,how indolently ,the tops of those pale poplars bend and sway ,over the violet-braided river brim4 ,and there are other instances also4 ,but it is waste of argument to go on giving illustrations of ,mr4 ,de ,vere's power to depict the external world2 it is like proving ,anacreon a love-poet4 ,what we wish to call attention to is the nature1 not the existence1 of his talent for description4 ,it seems to us that1 throughout his works1 the faculty of delineation is not the ordinary sensuous susceptibility of poets1 but rather a clear1 tender truthfulness in reproducing impressions alike of thought and sense4 ,the somewhat unusual result from which we deduce this opinion is1 that he describes quite as happily in the moral order as the physical4 ,this has not been adequately noticed by his critics1 ,his beautiful genre pictures appear to have absorbed almost all of the public attention4 ,we think this is more than their due4 ,indeed1 whenever he sets out to paint traits1 ,mr4 ,de ,vere is quite as sure to make a hit as in his landscape sketches4 ,this volume chances to afford us one striking set of examples of this4 ,there are in it three several summaries of the characteristics of different nations4 ,one--the remarkable epitome of ,england in the sonnets on colonization--has been published in this magazine before1 7,vol4 iv4 ,no4 #ai1 p4 #gg47 ,the next we take from the ,farewell to ,naples1 7p4 #gj47 ,we think it will bear quoting1 though it has been in print since #ahee1 and was written as long ago as #ahdd4 ',from her whom genius never yet inspired1 ,nor virtue raised1 nor pulse heroic fired2 ,from her who1 in the grand historic page1 ,maintains one barren blank from age to age2 ,from her1 with insect life and insect buzz1 ,who1 evermore unresting1 nothing does2 ,from her who1 with the future and the past ,no commerce holds1 no structure rears to last2 ,from streets where spies and jesters1 side by side1 ,range the rank markets1 and their gains divide2 ,where faith in art1 and art in sense is lost1 ,and toys and gewgaws form a nation's boast2 ,where ,passion1 from ,affection's bond cut loose1 ,revels in orgies of its own abuse2 ,and ,appetite1 from ,passion's portals thrust1 ,creeps on its belly to its grave in dust2 ,where ,vice her mask disdains1 where ,fraud is loud1 ,and naught but ,wisdom dumb and ,justice cowed2 ,lastly1 from her who1 planted here unawed1 ',mid heaven-topped hills1 and waters bright and broad1 ,from these but nerves more swift to err hath gained1 ,and the dread stamp of sanctities profaned1 ,and gilt not less with ruin1 lives to show ,that worse than wasted weal is wasted woe-- ,we part1 forth issuing through her closing gate ,with unreverting faces not ingrate4 ,is this not stingingly true8 ,if only the critics found it in ,byron1 would it not be inevitable in all the select readers and speakers1 and rampant in the ,notes on ,france1 ,letters from ,italy1 ,thoughts while ,abroad1 etc41 which ministers are so sure to write1 and which we hope congregations buy8 #bfi ,the other is a still stronger1 and1 coming from ,mr4 ,de ,vere1 a very bold as well as trenchant portraiture--no less than the ,english idea of ,ireland4 ,true1 ,mr4 ,de ,vere does not even pretend to agree with it1 but that1 an ,irishman himself1 and a devoted patriot1 he can see her so exactly as others see her1 makes it wonderfully good1 and raises what would otherwise have been a mere success of exact expression1 to the rank of a high imaginative effort4 ,how strange a race1 more apt to fly than walk2 ,soaring yet slight2 missing the good things round them1 ,yet ever out of ashes raking gems2 ,in instincts loyal1 yet respecting law ,far less than usage3 changeful yet unchanged3 ,timid yet enterprising3 frank yet secret3 ,untruthful oft in speech1 yet living truth1 ,and truth in things divine to life preferring3 ,scarce men2 yet possible angels6--',isle of ,saints6' ,such doubtless was your land--again it might be-- ,strong1 prosperous1 manly never6 ye are ,greeks ,in intellect1 and ,hebrews in the soul3 ,the solid ,roman heart1 the corporate strength ,is ,england's dower6 ,we cannot devise an addition that could complete this picture of the ,sassenach's view of the ,gael4 ,it is to the life--the absolute exemplar of the time4 ,only we fear that ,mr4 ,de ,vere has furnished those who do not particularly love his country with rather an ugly citation against her1 and ,irishmen may perhaps complain of him for giving to such a powerful delineation the sanction of an ,irish name4 ,if so1 it will be the highest compliment in the world2 yet it has ever been a dangerous gift to be able to see both sides of the shield4 ,we have only suggested our belief1 not asserted it as a fact1 that ,mr4 ,de ,vere's fullest power is in description2 but the idea grows on us every year1 and we wish he would set the question finally at rest in some future work4 ,let him for once in his life make this great gift of his the essential1 instead of the incident1 and write something purely descriptive4 ,there is another thing--rather a curious thing1 perhaps--that we note in the choice of the old poems4 ,in a former review1 some little time since1 we took occasion to speak of the chameleon-like way in which ,mr4 ,de ,vere's style--always in its essence his own--unconsciously reflects his reading of certain of our best authors4 ,there are poems that recall ,shakespeare1 and ,wordsworth1 and ,landor1 and ,tennyson1 and ,shelley4 ,but there are also others--many of them among his best--which are all himself4 ,consciously or unconsciously1 ,mr4 ,de ,vere has come back to these at the last1 and they constitute a notable majority of those he has picked out for this volume4 ,the ode on the ascent of the ,apennines1 the ,wanderer's ,musings at ,rome1 the ,lines written under ,delphi1 the beautiful ,year of ,sorrow1 ,the ,irish ,gael 7alias ,irish ,celt7 to the ,irish ,norman--all these are of this class4 ,perhaps the poet has come to love the best those of his poems which hold the purest solution of his own nature1 or perhaps it may be mere chance2 only certain it is that the most characteristic of his pieces predominate very largely throughout4 ,we cannot1 however1 pass on to the new poems without expressing our profound disrespect for one selection in this volume4 ,it is notorious that1 as we hinted before1 authors are poor judges of the relative excellence of their own works4 ,to this rule there are1 apparently1 no exceptions4 ,let us take one rankling example4 ,no lover of ,tennyson but groans inwardly with disgust over that insane hoot called ,the ,owl1 with its noble description of the very witching hour of night3 ,when cats run home1 and night is come1 and the impotent beauty of the poet's ejaculation3 ,i would mock thy chant 767 anew1 ,but ,i cannot mimic it4 ,not a whit of thy tuwhoo1 ,thee to woo to thy tuwhit1 etc41 etc4 --human nature can stand no more of it4 #bgj ,we had long loved to believe that this was a sceptred hermit of an example1 wrapped in the solitude of its own unapproachable fatuity4 ,it has gone blinking and tu-whooing through edition after edition1 with the muffy solemnity characteristic of the eminent fowl1 its subject4 ,but ,mr4 ,de ,vere has paralleled it at last with a certain ,song which we find in this volume4 ,on the #dth of ,september1 #ahdc1 in a preface to his first book of verses1 ,footnote #fj he tells us that this poem was written considerably earlier than #ahdj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,the ,search after ,proserpine4 ,oxford and ,london4 #ahee4 ,three years ago1 we remember observing and laughing at it1 and thinking whether it would not be well to speak of it as the one blemish in all his works1 on his elsewhere perfect grammar4 ,deeming it a mere ,homeric dormitation1 we passed it by4 ,and now1 after thirty years face to face with it1 comes ,mr4 ,de ,vere1 at last1 and drags from utter and most laudable oblivion this hapless ,,song4 ,he found me sitting among flowers1 ,my mother's1 and my own2 ,whiling away too happy hours ,with songs of doleful tone4 ,my sister came1 and laid her book ,upon my lap3 and he1 ,he too into the page would look1 ,and asked no leave of me4 ,the little frightened creature laid ,her face upon my knee-- ',you teach your sister1 pretty maid2 ,and ,i would fain teach thee4' ,he taught me joy more blest1 more brief ,than that mild vernal weather3 ,he taught me love2 he taught me grief3 ,he taught me both together4 ,give me a sun-warmed nook to cry in6 ,and a wall-flower's perfume-- ,a nook to cry in1 and to die in1 ',mid the ruin's gloom4 ,if ,mr4 ,de ,vere had only attended in #ahdj to the very reasonable request of the young person in the last verse1 we should have been spared one of the very silliest little things in the ,english language4 ,and yet in thus haling it from the nook to sigh in and to die in ',mid the ruin's gloom1 where public opinion had long since left it in peace1 he has done good4 ,it is instructive to his admirers to see for themselves how very badly he could write before the year #ahdj4 ,if intended as a public penance of this nature1 it is perfect of its kind1 and the humility of it will rejoice all ,christian souls1 excepting1 perhaps1 the indignant shade of ,lindley ,murray4 ,not far behind this in inanity is the ,fall of ,rora1 all the good part of which was published years ago1 and all the bad part of which is raked up and added for this edition4 ,but from this to the end of the book are new poems of a very different order4 ,to begin with1 we have a number of miscellaneous sonnets4 ,they are none of them poor1 but the first that particularly arrests attention1 by its fine harmony and happy illustration1 is ,kirkstall ,abbey4 ,roll on by tower and arch1 autumnal river2 ,and ere about thy dusk yet gleaming tide ,the phantom of dead ,day hath ceased to glide1 ,whisper it to the reeds that round thee quiver3 ,yea1 whisper to those ivy bowers that shiver ,hard by on gusty choir and cloister wide1 ,my bubbles break3 my weed-flowers seaward slide3 ,my freshness and my mission last for ever6' ,young moon from leaden tomb of cloud that soarest1 ,and whitenest those hoar elm-trees1 wrecks forlorn ,of olden ,airedale's hermit-haunted forest1 ,speak thus1',i died2 and lo1 ,i am reborn6' ,blind1 patient pile1 sleep on in radiance6 ,truth ,dies not3 and faith1 that died1 shall rise in endless youth4 ,the arrangement of the double rhymes1 which gives the peculiar1 rich rhythm1 is a very unusual one with these sonnets4 ,in the whole two hundred and fifty before this1 we only recall one or two other instances1 notable among which is the famous one beginning1 ,flowers ,i would bring1 if flowers could make thee fairer1 and the effect is almost always excellent4 #bga ,on the heels of this treads another 7of the same rhythm also7 too good to pass by3 ,unspiritual ,civilization4 ,we have been piping1 ,lord2 we have been singing6 ,five hundred years have passed o'er lawn and lea ,marked by the blowing bud and falling tree1 ,while all the ways with melody were ringing3 ,in tented lists1 high-stationed and flower-flinging ,beauty looked down on conquering chivalry2 ,science made wise the nations2 ,laws made free2 ,art1 like an angel ever onward winging1 ,brightened the world4 ,but ,o great ,lord and ,father6 ,have these1 thy bounties1 drawn to thee man's race ,that stood so far aloof8 ,have they not rather ,his soul subjected8 with a blind embrace ,gulfed it in sense8 ,prime blessings changed to curse ,twixt ,god and man can set ,god's universe4 ,better1 perhaps1 than either of these1 as combining the best qualities of both1 is the one on ,common ,life4 ,onward between two mountain warders lies ,the field that man must till4 ,upon the right1 ,church-thronged1 with summit hid by its own height1 ,swells the wide range of the theologies3 ,upon the left the hills of science rise ,lustrous but cold3 nor flower is there1 nor blight3 ,between those ranges twain through shade and light ,winds the low vale wherein the meek and wise ,repose4 ,the knowledge that excludes not doubt ,is there2 the arts that beautify man's life3 ,there rings the choral psalm1 the civic shout1 ,the genial revel1 and the manly strife3 ,there by the bridal rose the cypress waves3 ,and there the all-blest sunshine softest falls on graves4 ,this is1 we think1 one of the author's very best4 ,it evolves a happy allegory very neatly with a happy description1 to express a thought too large1 it is true1 for development in such brief space1 but highly suggestive4 ,the question1 how far wisdom lies in action1 may be raised in a sonnet1 and remain unsettled by a thousand treatises4 ,several versions from ,petrarch's sonnets are admirable1 and serve to confirm our already expressed opinion that ,mr4 ,de ,vere could give us excellent translations4 ,perhaps1 however1 readers of our author will be most interested by the following1 which is in an altogether different vein from the general run of these sonnets1 and indeed is perhaps rather a curious subject for a sonnet to be made about at all4 ,still there is no accounting for these poets4 ,here it is1 with all its oddities upon its head3 ,a ,warning4 ,why1 if he loves you1 lady1 doth he hide ,his love8 ,so humble is he that his heart ,exults not in some sense of new desert ,with all thy grace and goodness at his side8 ,ah6 trust not thou the love that hath no pride1 ,the pride wherein compunction claims no part1 ,the callous calm no doubts confuse or thwart1 ,the untrembling hope1 and joy unsanctified6 ,he of your beauty prates without remorse2 ,you dropped last night a lily2 on the sod ,he let it lie1 and fade in nature's course2 ,he looks not on the ground your feet have trod4 ,he smiles but with the lips1 your form in view2 ,and he will kiss one day your lips--not you4 ,where did our pious philosopher1 of all men1 learn to discourse thus sagely and plainly of the uncertainty of all things amorous8 ,we think he makes a very good case1 and only add our emphatic indorsement1 if that can serve the young lady1 and join in warning her to find a warmer lover1 unless the untrembling and unsanctifled is very1 very handsome1 in which case we know better than to advise her at all4 ,the next particularly good piece is the opening one of a miscellany1 and is called ,the ,world's ,work4 ,where is the brightness now that long ,brimmed saddest hearts with happy tears8 ,it was not time that wrought the wrong3 ,thy three and twenty vanquished years ,crouched reverent1 round their spotless prize1 ,like lions awed that spare a saint2 ,forbore that face--a paradise ,no touch autumnal ere could taint4 ,it was not sorrow4 ,prosperous love ,her amplest streams for thee poured forth1 ,as when the spring in some rich grove ,with blue-bells spreads a sky on earth4 ,subverted ,virtue6 ,they the most ,lament1 that seldom deign to sigh2 ,o world6 is this fair wreck thy boast8 ,is this thy triumph1 vanity8 ,what power is that which1 being nought1 ,can unmake stateliest works of ,god8 ,what brainless thing can vanquish thought8 ,what heartless1 leave the heart a clod8 #bgb ,the radiance quench1 yet add the glare8 ,dry up the flood2 make loud the shoal6 ,and merciless in malice1 spare ,that mask1 a face without a soul8 ,ah6 ,parian brows that overshone ,eyes bluer than ,egean seas6 ,one time ,god's glory wrote thereon ,good-will's two gospels1 love and peace4 ,ah6 smile4 ,around those lips of hers ,the lustre rippled and was still1 ,as when a gold leaf falling stirs ,a moment's tremor on the rill6 ,we wish to call attention here to the very curious image italicized in the second verse4 ,every one is struck by it at once2 every one sees the great beauty of it at once3 and yet the code of a narrow and merely rhetorical criticism would weed it out like a wildflower shyly intruding in ordered gardens great4 ,the simile is not at all a particularly happy one in relation to the preceding idea2 it is well enough1 but there have been apter similes1 and there will be4 ,and reducing it to fact1 probably it is one of the most exaggerative images ever written4 ,but yet it is beautiful--really beautiful1 not a verbal juggle that entraps the imagination in fine words4 ,the force lies in the bringing into juxtaposition in a new way those old emblems of beauty1 flowers and sky1 and the daring inaccuracy of it only adds a charm4 ,it does a poetical thought sometimes no harm to be loose4 ,nature can do clear-cut work enough when she makes things for use2 but all the visible loveliness of this world is in vague outlines1 formless masses1 incomplete curves4 ,the law that softens the distant mountain-tops is the same that makes the beauty of these lines4 ,theirs is the rarer excellence that rises above rule4 ,we notice it the more in ,mr4 ,de ,vere that his strength lies generally in the other direction1 of photographic exactness in reproduction4 ,we like the very looseness of such expressions2 they are like the flowing robes of beautiful women4 ,the third verse also is excellent throughout1 especially in the fine metaphor in the sixth line1 and the intensity of merciless in malice4 ,this makes it so much the more provoking that the end is weak1 insignificant1 and abrupt1 and in a vicious style that seems to be more and more the fashion of to-day4 ,still1 there have been worse things2 does not ,horace end an ode with ,mercuriusque8 ,the next short song1 though nothing remarkable1 perhaps1 as pure poetry1 we cite because it is so like the author--,aubrey ,de ,vere all over1 and the shortest epitome of his style we have yet seen in any of his works4 ,a ,song ,of ,age4 ,i4 ,who mourns8 ,flow on1 delicious breeze6 ,who mourns1 though youth and strength go by8 ,fresh leaves invest the vernal trees1 ,fresh airs will drown my latest sigh4 ,what am ,i but a part outworn ,of earth's great whole that lifts more high ,a tempest-freshened brow each morn ,to meet pure beams and azure sky8 ,,ii4 ,thou world-renewing breath1 sweep on1 ,and waft earth's sweetness o'er the wave6 ,that earth will circle round the sun ,when ,god takes back the life he gave6 ,to each his turn6 ,even now ,i feel ,the feet of children press my grave1 ,and one deep whisper o'er it steal-- ,the soul is ,his who died to save4' ,we like the honesty and earnestness of this none the worse for knowing that ,mr4 ,de ,vere is no longer a young man4 ,and yet does it not seem hard to realize that so good a writer has been before the public nearly thirty years1 and seen a generation of flimsy reputations hide him from the eyes of the herd8 ,we can only with difficulty realize1 beside1 that any one with so romantic and novel-like a name can ever be old4 ,and will he ever be8 ,is it not true in a deeper and other sense1 that whom the gods love die young8 #bgc ,the ,lines on ,visiting a ,haunt of ,coleridge's are not excelled by anything in all the volume1 but hang so closely together1 that1 having to quote all or nothing1 we are constrained by their length to pass on to an interpolated copy of verses by ,s4 ,e4 ,de ,vere1 which gives us a moment's pause4 ,we do not know whether the unknown ,s4 ,e4 is a gentleman or lady2 whether the mysterious initials stand for ,saint ,elmo or ,selah ,ebenezer1 ,sarolta ,ermengarde or ,sarah ,elizabeth4 ,but we do know that in this poem1 ,charity1 7p4 #bgf17 is one passage of some beauty1 as thus3 ,o cruel mockery1 to call that love ,which the world's frown can wither6 ,hypocrite6 ,false friend6 ,base selfish man6 fearing to lift ,thy soild fellow from the dust6 ,from thee ,the love of friends1 the sympathy of kind ,recoil like broken waves from a bare cliff1 ,waves that from far seas come with noiseless step ,slow stealing to some lonely ocean isle2 ,with what tumultuous joy and fearless trust ,they fling themselves upon its blackened breast ,and wind their arms of foam around its feet1 ,seeking a home2 but finding none1 return ,with slow1 sad ripple1 and reproachful murmur6 ,we find concluding the work a set of sonnets called ,urbs ,roma1 dedicated to the ,count de ,montalembert2 all smooth1 polished1 elegant1 and dim2 with no salient beauties anywhere that distinguish one above another--golden means4 ,the real climax of the volume is at the ,autumnal ,ode4 ,this is far the best of the new poems1 and one of the best of any of its author's1 new or old4 ,in structure it bears a general resemblance to the rest of ,mr4 ,de ,vere's longer odes2 and the style is ripe1 lofty1 easy1 and well-sustained4 ,we have already given one citation from its rich stores1 but there are two more especially worthy of attention4 ,the first is a description like the one cited1 and quite in ,mr4 ,de ,vere's own vein4 ,it is the autumnal epode of the year2 ,the nymphs that urge the seasons on their round1 ,they to whose green lap flies the startled deer ,when bays the far-off hound1 ,they that drag ,april by the rain-bright hair1 7,though sun showers daze her and the rude winds scare7 ,o'er ,march's frosty bound1 ,they whose warm and furtive hand unwound ,the cestus falls from ,may's new-wedded breast-- ,silent they stand beside dead ,summer's bier1 ,with folded palms1 and faces to the west1 ,and their loose tresses sweep the dewy ground4 ,,iii4 ,a sacred stillness hangs upon the air1 ,a sacred clearness4 ,distant shapes draw nigh3 ,glistens yon elm-grove1 to its heart laid bare1 ,and all articulate in its symmetry1 ,with here and there a branch that from on high ,far flashes washed as in a watery gleam2 ,beyond1 the glossy lake lies calm--a beam ,upheaved1 as if in sleep1 from its slow central stream4 ,the images1 and the way the allegory is sustained1 are the beauty of the first stanza4 ,the second is perhaps more artistic still4 ,the adjective sacred is an artful and ingenious one4 ,without any apparent particular propriety in its places--a hundred other words might be effective as qualifications of stillness and clearness--yet1 we find1 on passing to the next thought1 that it has had its result in preparing the mind for a more vivid and imaginative view of the whole scene4 ,the remaining delineation is exact and cumulative1 as our author's descriptions always are2 and the closing lines are a singularly true and acute observation of an effect of light that very few would notice in the actual landscape1 or will appreciate even now their attention is called to it4 ,but people who are sensible enough to bask now and then in the ripeness of an autumn day will feel an electric contact of recognition4 ,perhaps we cannot do better than to close this rambling notice with the closing lines of this elegant and thoughtful poem3 ,man was not made for things that leave us1 ,for that which goeth and returneth1 ,for hopes that lift us yet deceive us1 ,for love that wears a smile yet mournetlh2 ,not for fresh forests from the dead leaves springing1 ,the cyclic re-creation which1 at best1 ,yields us--betrayal still to promise clinging-- ,but tremulous shadows of the realm of rest2 ,for things immortal man was made1 ,god's image1 latest from his hand1 ,co-heir with ,him1 who in man's flesh arrayd ,holds o'er the worlds the heavenly-human wand3 ,his portion this--sublime ,to stand where access none hath space or time1 ,above the starry host1 the cherub band1 ,to stand--to advance--and after all to stand6 #bgd ,these lines are the real end and culmination of a book which will1 on the whole1 do much to raise ,mr4 ,de ,vere's reputation in this country to a level nearer his deserts4 ,with its human share of faults1 it is a truer1 an abler1 and a more scholarly book than often issues from an ,american press1 and contains everywhere lofty and pure thought1 with never a taint of evil1 and never a morally doubtful passage4 ,and we only wish for our country1 that1 of his readers1 there may be many in whom these his poems may sow motives as unselfish and aims as noble as those which1 we sincerely believe1 inform the inner life of the true poet and ,christian1 ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ---------- ,about ,several ,things4 ,and1 to begin with1 about the poverty and vice of ,london6 ,hood and and ,adelaide ,anne ,procter1 ,dickens1 ,james ,greenwood1 ,footnote #fa have made these more familiar to us than the streets of our own cities4 ,we have talked with ,nancy on ,london bridge and skulked with ,noah ,claypole beneath its arches--swept crossings with poor ,joe and starved with the little ragamuffin in ,frying ,pan ,alley4 ,footnote #fa3 ,author of a ,night in a ,london ,workhouse1 and of the ,true ,history of a ,little ,ragamuffin4 ,the poor of ,london are representative beings to us all4 ,as we walk through the streets1 each ragged or threadbare wanderer tells us a story heard long ago and half forgotten4 ,that miserable woman huddled up in a doorway is a brickmaker's wife1 and the thin shawl drawn about her shoulders hides the only marks of attention she ever receives from her pitiful husband4 ,her baby is dead1 thank ,god6 safe beyond the reach of blows and hunger and cold4 ,her story will soon be ended1 if we may judge by her thin face1 and the eager look in her eyes1 and the short1 hacking cough4 ,the shilling you slip into her hand will only prolong her misery1 but it gives you a moment's consolation1 and brings a flash of gratitude into her poor face4 ,good-by1 ,jenny6 ,when we meet you at the judgment-seat of ,god1 we wonder if it will occur to us we might have done more for you to-day than give you a shilling and a glance of recognition4 ,alas for the rarity ,of ,christian charity ,under the sun4 ,oh6 it was pitiful6 ,in a whole city-full ,home she had none4 ,we wonder if ,thomas ,hood was much better than other people8 ,if he found homes for the homeless and food for the hungry8 ,we cannot get ,jenny out of our head4 ,her wants would be so easily supplied4 ,in all ,london is there no place where lodging and fire and food are provided for the decent poor8 #bge ,the portly policeman at the street corner says yes1 there are several refuges1 but the one in this district is kept by ,sisters of ,mercy1 in ,crispin street1 ,no4#cj or thereabouts4 ,asking poor ,jenny to follow us1 7she manifests a mild surprise at our sympathy17 we cross ,finbury ,circus1 pass ,bishopsgate street1 without2 and soon find ourselves in ,crispin street1 standing at the modest entrance of the ,house of ,mercy4 ,we are not the only applicants for admission this dreary ,november afternoon4 ,women with children and women without them are sitting on the steps or leaning against the wall1 waiting for the hour of five to strike1 blessed signal for the door to open4 ,it is only half-past four now1 says the sister portress4 ,jenny must join the throng lingering about the house2 but we as visitors may come in and see the preparations made for their entertainment4 ,this then is the refuge described by ,miss ,procter1 and her pretty garland of verses is still sold for its benefit4 ,in #ahfj1 there was no ,catholic refuge in ,england1 and excellent as were those supported by ,protestants1 they did not supply all demands4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gilbert of ,moorfields ,chapel found in a block of buildings1 called by a pleasant coincidence1 ,providence ,row1 a large empty stable separated by a yard from ,no4 #ad ,finsbury ,square4 ,the ,sisters of ,mercy were then seeking a house more suited to their needs than the one in ,broad street4 ,the two projects fitted each other like mosaic2 ,no4 #ad ,finsbury ,square should be the convent1 the stable should be the refuge4 ,benches and beds were provided at first for fourteen persons only2 but in ,february1 #ahfa1 additional provision was made for forty-six women and children4 ,before the month of ,april1 #ahfb1 #ad1ghe lodgings1 with breakfast and supper1 had been given4 ,but charity is as unsatiable in its desires as self-indulgence1 and ,dr4 ,gilbert's ideas soon outgrew the stable in ,providence ,row4 ,the present refuge1 giving accommodation to three hundred adults and children1 was opened last autumn4 ,it will be in operation from ,october to ,may of every year1 on week-days from five ,p4,m4 to half-past seven ,a4,m42 on ,sundays1 throughout the twenty-four hours4 ,in this room on the ground floor1 with its blazing fire1 the women are received for inspection4 ,if any one shows herself unworthy of assistance1 either by intoxication or by the use of bad language1 she is turned away4 ,without doubt many sinners are admitted to the refuge1 and the sisters rejoice in being able to check their course of evil for twelve hours2 but no one receives hospitality here unless she can conform outwardly to the habits of decent persons4 ,this is the only refuge where admission depends on the good character of the applicant4 ,it has proved an efficient preventive of the contamination so much to be dreaded whenever the poor and ignorant are brought together in large numbers4 ,the selection of guests being made1 their dresses and shawls1 wet with ,london fog and mud1 are dried by the fire2 and the fixture basins round the room are placed at their service with a bountiful supply of water4 ,from the inspection-room they pass to a large apartment1 where they have supper1 and sit together in warmth and comfort until bedtime4 ,the supper consists of a bowl of excellent gruel and half a pound of bread for each person4 ,it is to be observed that1 though the accommodations are good of their kind1 affording a decent asylum to the homeless1 they are not calculated to attract those who can find comfortable shelter elsewhere4 #bgf ,at an early hour night-prayers are said by a sister1 and the women are shown to the dormitories4 ,the beds are constructed in an ingenious manner1 economizing space and making perfect cleanliness practicable4 ,two inclined planes1 fastened together at the higher end1 pass down the middle of the dormitory4 ,two more inclined planes pass down the sides of the room with the higher end next the wall4 ,these platforms are partitioned off by planks into troughs about two feet wide and six feet long1 7that is to say1 the length of the slope of the platform17 looking much like cucumber frames without glass4 ,these are the beds1 and at the foot of each is a little gate1 which can be opened to admit of drawing out a sliding plank in the bottom of the trough4 ,this is done every morning by the sisters in charge of the dormitories1 and the floor beneath is swept4 ,but now the little gates are closed and the beds are ready for their forlorn occupants4 ,each is furnished with a thick mattress and pillow covered with brown enamel cloth and with a large coverlet of thick leather4 ,as the women go to bed thoroughly warm and wear their clothing1 they sleep comfortably under these odd-looking quilts2 especially the mothers1 who often hold one little child in their arms while another nestles at their feet4 ,the bedding is wiped carefully every morning1 and thus the dormitories are kept free from vermin4 ,a cell partitioned off at each end of the dormitory1 with two or three windows1 provides the sisters in charge with a private room and at the same time with a post of observation4 ,the arrangements for water throughout the house are excellent1 including a hose fixed in the wall of every dormitory1 ready to be used in case of fire4 ,at half-past six in the morning1 the sleepers are roused2 at seven they have breakfast1 consisting1 like the supper1 of a basin of gruel and half a pound of bread4 ,at half-past seven1 they leave the refuge1 some times to be seen no more1 sometimes to return night after night for weeks together4 ,on ,sunday they can remain all day4 ,but1 as persons are admitted without distinction of creed1 they are allowed to leave the refuge during the hours of morning service to go to church4 ,a short lesson in the catechism is given every evening at the refuge2 but only ,catholics are allowed to attend the classes unless occasionally by especial permission4 ,they have1 for their ,sunday dinner1 as much strong beef soup as they can eat with bread4 ,the arrangements for men are similar to those for women1 though less extensive4 ,the entrances are separate1 and there are watchmen in the male dormitory4 ,the refuge provides thirty-two beds for men and one hundred and fifty for women4 ,it is by packing in children with their parents that so many individuals are lodged4 ,the survey of the building ended1 we pass out of the front door just as five o'clock strikes1 and the tattered throng1 ,jenny among them1 present themselves for admission4 ,this institution could be copied with good effect in several ,american cities4 ,its system of management guards against two evils4 ,provision being made only for the bare necessities of life1 no temptation is offered to impostors4 ,propriety of behavior being ensured by strict surveillance1 the chance of contamination is materially lessened1 perhaps wholly removed4 #bgg ,it is no unusual thing1 even in the ,united ,states1 for men and boys1 women and girls1 to spend a night in the station-house because they have no other place to sleep4 ,a refuge is less expensive than other charitable establishments4 ,the first cost of a building is considerable2 the annual outlay in provisions1 fuel1 and light1 comparatively trifling4 ,the money spent every year in indiscriminate almsgiving in a large city would serve to support a night refuge for several hundred persons4 ,but while providing for the houseless poor of to-day1 we should remember that their numbers are increasing with every successive generation4 ,the children of our poorest class must be rescued from their present migratory life1 divided between street1 jail1 and penitentiary4 ,much has been done for girls1 and we can only desire an extension of the work4 ,with an increase of funds1 the ,sisters of ,charity1 of ,mercy1 of the ,good ,shepherd1 and of ,notre ,dame could accomplish a mission of great importance to the future prosperity of our country4 ,these ladies devote their lives to saving from misery and degradation the children of those who cannot or will not perform a parent's duty4 ,they need money to accomplish this4 ,we too often dole it out to them as if they had asked alms for themselves4 ,let us give them not only money but sympathy and encouragement4 ,many a good work has failed for want of friendly words to give the strength for one final vigorous effort4 ,but what is to be done for the boys8 ,they may be divided into three classes4 ,first1 children guilty of no worse crime than friendlessness4 ,second1 small boys obnoxious to the police for petty infringements of the laws2 third1 newsboys1 bootblacks1 and costermongers1 more or less familiar with the vices of city life4 ,the third class is developed from the other two1 because neglected poverty naturally gravitates to vice and crime4 ,the development of a true ragamuffin is a process painfully interesting to watch4 ,at an age when the children of the rich take sober walks attended by nursery-maid or governess1 he knows the streets as well as any watchman4 ,at seven years old1 he is arrested by some energetic policeman for throwing stones1 bathing1 stealing a bunch of grapes1 or some other first-class felony4 ,once in the hands of the law1 there is no redress for him unless he is bailed out4 ,he must go to jail to wait for trial-day--perhaps three or four weeks4 ,the turnkeys do their best for him2 find him a decent companion if he is frightened1 or1 still better1 give him a cell to himself1 where he looks more like a squirrel in a cage than a criminal offender4 ,i have seen in one day four mere babies in prison for breaking and entering6 ,but1 with all the precautions used in a well-ordered jail to prevent mischief1 our infant ragamuffin comes out older by many years than he went in4 ,he has been in prison1 and his tiny reputation is gone for ever4 ,a few years later he comes back1 arrested for some grave misdemeanor2 a sly1 old-fashioned little rogue by this time1 gifted with an ingenuity fitting him admirably to be the tool of some professional thief4 ,then begins a course of sojourns in workhouses and juvenile penitentiaries4 ,by and by he reappears in jail with a smart suit of clothes1 the fruit of a successful burglary1 and you are informed with an air of conscious superiority that this time it is a house of correction or ,state's prison offence4 ,there is ambition in crime as well as in other careers1 we may be sure4 ,he grows up to be a drunkard1 a libertine1 a bad husband1 and the father of children more degraded than himself4 ,we know of an entire family having been in prison at one time1 father1 mother1 and all the children4 #bgh ,who is to blame for this career of vice and crime8 ,not the officers of the jail1 who bitterly regret the necessity of receiving children1 but cannot set them free4 ,not the judges1 who are sworn to administer the laws as they stand1 not to improve upon them4 ,the police are to blame for exercising their enthusiasm for order upon babies1 instead of making examples of grown men guilty of similar misdemeanors1 but harder to catch4 ,the public is to blame for making insufficient provision for the reclamation of juvenile offenders4 ,above all1 we ,catholics are to blame1 because these are usually the children of foreign parents1 and ,catholics1 at least in name4 ,let us build an asylum in the air for these poor little urchins4 ,aerial philanthropy requires no funds1 and very little executive ability4 ,who knows but our plan may be carried out in earnest1 one of these days1 by some ,dr4 ,gilbert1 trustful of small beginnings1 and content to let his project first see the light in a stable8 ,we would have one division devoted to little orphans1 and children whose parents are willing to resign them for a time or for ever4 ,a second division should be given to the infant criminals of whom we have just spoken4 ,their offences are always bailable4 ,a trustworthy person should be employed to go bail for all children under ten years of age1 and bring them to the asylum to await their trial4 ,the judges gladly sentence children to serve out a term at a juvenile home instead of sending them to penitentiaries4 ,thus we should recover them after their trial1 for a length of time proportioned to the importance of severing old associations4 ,their circumstances should be thoroughly investigated and reported to the judge--character of parents1 place of residence1 etc41 etc4 ,these two divisions should be under the charge of female religious2 with several male attendants to do menial work and enforce discipline in the few instances where strong measures might be necessary1 but without possessing any authority except the reflected one of acting under the matron's orders4 ,the necessity of vigilance can hardly be exaggerated4 ,one child of vicious habits can corrupt many more4 ,but since direct surveillance is irritating even to children1 a routine of light and frequently-varied occupation would be found useful in giving vent to restless activity1 which is at the root of many childish misdemeanors4 ,the superintendents must learn to distinguish fun from mischief2 energy from insubordination4 ,a third division should provide a refuge for newsboys and others of the same tribe4 ,these older boys should be under the charge of the ,christian ,brothers4 ,an evening school1 a library of books such as boys enjoy1 and a collection of innocent games would form an important element in the plan of management4 ,they should be persuaded to put a portion of their earnings in the savings bank1 and induced if possible to alter their roving life and learn a trade4 ,preference should be shown to lads of correct life over those who have been in prison1 but encouragement and countenance given to every boy willing to conform to the rules of the refuge4 ,we lay less stress upon separating the good from the bad among the lads for two reasons4 ,a boy of fourteen or fifteen who has not been corrupted by street life must be temptation-proof4 ,it is difficult to judge the respective merits of lads of that age or to learn their past histories4 ,they must to a great extent be taken on trust4 #bgi ,in the course of a few years a fourth division would become necessary to provide for the little boys grown too old for petticoat government4 ,this division should also be under the charge of the ,christian ,brothers4 ,the institution would be very expensive1 unless it were made partially self-supporting4 ,there is a good deal of light work connected with trades that might be done by boys resident in the house4 ,perhaps in time city governments would wake up to the fact that it costs less to give boys a good plain education than to support rogues and paupers2 but our dream of charity is rudely dispersed by a yawn from our companion and a suggestion that we should reach ,piccadilly sooner by the underground railroad than on foot4 ,the gaslights stare despondingly at me through the yellow fog4 ,a ,london ,arab solicits a penny for clearing the slimy crossing1 and wonders at the glow of charity with which we press sixpence into his grimy palm4 ,where are we8 ,in ,london8 ,yes1 but there are orphans wandering homeless about the streets of ,american cities1 too2 bootblacks going to destruction by scores2 tiny children falling victims to the misplaced zeal of policemen2 and not even the corner-stone of our asylum is laid6 ---------- ,a ,chinese ,husband's ,lament ,for ,his ,wife4 ,translated ,from ,the ,french ,of ,m4 ,stanislas ,julien1 ,professor ,of ,the ,chinese ,language1 ,paris4 ,i4 ,it was in the fifth watch of the first day of the year1 when the winter's cold was most intense1 that my tender wife died4 ,can there be on earth a man more unhappy than ,i8 ,o my wife6 if thou wert still here1 ,i would give thee a new robe for the new year2 but woe is me1 thou art gone down to the sombre abode where flows the yellow fountain4 ,would that husband and wife could see one another again6 ,come to me in the night--come to me in the third watch--let me renew for a little while the sweetness of the past4 ,,ii4 ,in the second moon1 when spring has come1 and the sun stays each day longer in the sky1 every family washes its robes and linen in pure water1 and husbands who have still their wives love to adorn them with new garments4 ,but ,i1 who have lost mine1 am wasting my life away in grief2 ,i cannot even bear to see the little shoes that enclosed her pretty feet6 ,sometimes ,i think that ,i will take another companion2 but where can ,i find another so beautiful1 wise1 and kind6 #bhj ,,iii4 ,in the third moon1 the peach-tree opens its rose-colored blossoms1 and the willow is bedecked with green tresses4 ,husbands who have still their wives go with them to visit the tombs of their fathers and friends4 ,but ,i who have lost mine go alone to visit her grave1 and to wet with my hot tears the spot where her ashes repose4 ,i present funereal offerings to her shade2 ,i burn images of gilded paper in her honor4 ,tender wife1 ,i cry with a tearful voice1 where art thou1 where art thou8 ,but she1 alas6 hears me not4 ,i see the solitary tomb1 but ,i cannot see my wife6 ,,iv4 ,in the fourth moon1 the air is pure and serene1 and the sun shines forth in all his splendor4 ,how many ungrateful husbands then give themselves up to pleasure and forget the wife they have lost6 ,husband and wife are like two birds of the same forest2 when the fatal hour arrives1 each one flies off a different way4 ,i am like a man1 who1 beguiled by the sweet fancies of an enchanting dream1 seeks1 when he awakes1 the young beauty that charmed his imagination while he slept1 but finds around him only silence and solitude4 ,so much loveliness1 so much sweetness vanished in one morning6 ,why1 alas6 could not two friends1 so dearly united1 live and grow gray together6 ,v4 ,in the fifth moon1 the dragon-headed boats float gaily on the waters4 ,exquisite wines are heated1 and baskets are filled up with delicious fruits4 ,each year at this season1 ,i delighted to enjoy the pleasures of these simple feasts with my wife and children4 ,but now ,i am weary and restless1 a prey to the bitterest anguish4 ,i weep all day and all night1 and my heart seems ready to break4 ,ah6 what do ,i see at this moment8 ,pretty children at merry play before my door4 ,yes1 ,i can understand that they are happy2 they have a mother to press them to her bosom4 ,go away1 dear children1 your joyous gambols tear my heart4 ,,vi4 ,in the sixth moon1 the burning heat of the day is almost unbearable4 ,the rich and the poor then spread their clothes out to air4 ,i will expose one of my wife's silken robes1 and her embroidered shoes to the sun's warm beams4 ,see6 here is the dress she used to wear on festal days1 here are the elegant little slippers that fitted her pretty feet so well4 ,but where is my wife8 ,oh6 where is the mother of my children8 ,i feel as if a cold steel blade were cutting into my heart4 ,,vii4 ,in the seventh moon1 my eyes overflow with tears2 for it is then that ,nieaulan visits his wife ,tchi-niu in heaven4 ,once ,i also had a beautiful wife1 but she is lost to me for ever4 ,that fair face1 lovelier than the flowers1 is constantly before me4 ,whether in movement or at rest1 the remembrance of her that is gone from me never ceases to rack my bosom4 ,what day have ,i forgotten to think of my tender wife--what night have ,i not wept till morning8 ,,viii4 ,on the fifteenth day of the eighth moon1 her disk is seen in its greatest splendor1 and men and women then offer to the gods melons and cakes1 ball-like in form as the orb of night4 ,husbands and wives stroll together in the fields and groves1 and enjoy the soft moonlight4 #bha ,but the round disk of the moon can only remind me of the wife ,i have lost4 ,at times1 to solace my grief ,i quaff a cup of generous wine2 at times ,i take my guitar1 but my trembling hand can draw forth no sound4 ,friends and relations invite me to their houses1 but my sorrowful heart refuses to share in their pleasures4 ,,ix4 ,in the ninth moon1 the chrysanthemum opens its golden cup1 and every garden exhales a balmy odor4 ,i would gather a bunch of newly-blown flowers if ,i had still a wife whose hair they could adorn6 ,my eyes are weary with weeping--my hands are withered with grief1 and ,i beat a fleshless breast4 ,i enter the tasteful room that was once my wife's2 my two children follow me1 and come to embrace my knees4 ,they take my hands in theirs1 and speak to me with choking voices2 but by their tears and sobs ,i know they ask me for their mother4 ,x4 ,on the first day of the tenth moon1 both rich and poor present their wives with winter clothing4 ,but to whom shall ,i offer winter clothing8 ,i1 who have no wife6 ,when ,i think of her who rested her head on my pillow1 ,i weep and burn images of gilded paper4 ,i send them as offerings to her who now dwells beside the yellow fountain4 ,i know not if these funereal gifts will be of use to her shade2 but at least her husband will have paid her a tribute of love and regret4 ,,xi4 ,in the eleventh moon1 ,i salute winter1 and again deplore my beautiful wife4 ,half of the silken counterpane covers an empty place in the cold bed where ,i dare not stretch out my legs4 ,i sigh and invoke heaven2 ,i pray for pity4 ,at the third watch ,i rise without having slept1 and weep till dawn4 ,,xii4 ,in the twelfth moon1 in the midst of the winter's cold1 ,i called on my sweet wife4 ,where art thou1 ,i cried2 ,i think of thee unceasingly1 yet ,i cannot see thy face6 ,on the last night of the year she appeared to me in a dream4 ,she pressed my hand in hers2 she smiled on me with tearful eyes2 she encircled me in her caressing arms1 and filled my soul with happiness4 ,i pray thee1 she whispered1 weep no more when thou rememberest me4 ,henceforth ,i will come thus each night to visit thee in thy dreams4 ------- #bhb ,a ,may ,flower4 ,a look and a word1 my sweet lady2 ,a thought of your kind heart1 ,i pray1 ,for a flower that blooms by the roadside1 ,this beautiful morning in ,may4 ,i know that engagements await you2 ,i know you have many to meet2 ,yet1 pray1 linger here for a moment1 ,and look at this flower of the street4 ',tis but ,may1 my sweet lady1 and hardly ,has spring had the time to look bright2 ,yet this flower it called into being ,already is smitten with blight4 ,already upon its fair leaflets ,lie heavy the grime and the dust2 ,its shrivelled and lack-lustre petals1 ,tell a story--stop1 lady6--you must4 ,for a soul is in danger1 my lady1 ,the soul of this drooping street flower2 ,and you by a look can recall it ,to life1 or 'twill die in an hour4 ,ah me6 if you knew but the power ,of one word of kindness from you2 ,could you see what a tempest of passion ,a glance of your eye would subdue6 ,what hope once again would awaken ,to arm this poor soul for the right6 ,thanks1 my lady6 ,go happily onward1 ,the tempted is strengthened with might4 ------- #bhc ,new ,publications4 ,the ,formation ,of ,christendom4 ,part ,,ii4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,allies4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green1 ,reader ,dyer4 ,new-,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this volume is the dictation of a scholarly mind and the work of an experienced pen4 ,it forms the second volume of a work not yet complete1 the first part of which appeared in #ahfe4 ,in the six chapters which composed the first volume1 as the author tells us in his advertisement to the present one1 he described ,christianity creating anew1 as it were1 and purifying and introducing supernatural principles into the individual soul2 showing how the new religion restored the fallen dignity of man by insisting on his individuality and personal responsibility1 by consecrating the married and counselling the virginal life4 ,the vile secrets of that viler pagan society are partly revealed1 and the influence of the ,gospel is shown in a graceful parallel between ,st4 ,augustine and ,cicero4 ,the author further says1 that1 having examined the foundations1 he has now reached the building itself and comes to consider the ,christian ,church in its historical development as a kingdom of truth and grace2 for while the soul of man is the unit with which it works1 ',christendom' betokens a society4 ,it is then the first epoch of such a kingdom that the author would describe in the present volume4 ,accordingly1 we have a graphic account of the polytheism which1 at the birth of ,christ1 reigned throughout the world1 save in one of its most insignificant lands1 the frightful power of this false worship1 its relation to civilization1 to the political constitution of the empire1 to national feeling in the provinces1 to despotism and slavery1 and its hostile preparations for the advent of the ,second ,man4 ,then follows the teaching of ,christ and the institution of his church1 a statement of the nature of the latter1 its manner of teaching and propagation1 its episcopacy and primacy4 ,then1 a picture of the history of the martyr church through the first three centuries1 its sublime patience under persecution1 and its struggle with swarming heresies that menaced from within4 ,after this1 the author prepares for a dissertation on that strife between ,christianity and heathen philosophy1 which terminated on the downfall of the ,alexandrian school1 by sketching the history and influence of ,greek philosophy until the reign of ,claudius2 and1 reserving this dissertation for a future volume1 the author closes the present number of his contemplated series4 ,it is a serious disadvantage to any work to be published piecemeal4 ,nevertheless1 ,english readers1 interested in the study of the early ages1 and especially those who have read with pleasure ,mr4 ,allies's former productions1 will be glad to notice the publication of this volume4 ,but ,mr4 ,allies's work1 also1 belongs to a class1 small indeed1 but all the more worthy of encouragement1 namely1 that of original ,catholic histories in the ,english language4 ,it is1 therefore1 an attempt to partially supply a want which no one book1 however popular1 can adequately meet4 ,in the face of an ungrateful heathenism that to-day secretly sighs after the ,augustan age1 and openly asks1 ,what has been gained by all this religion8 daring to draw unjust parallels between the heroes of ,christian tradition and contemporary pagan models1 it is the duty of all who love the ,christian name to encourage true historical criticism2 that men may know all that they at present owe to the ,catholic ,church2 and if they will not acknowledge her to-day as the guide to true civilization1 may learn from the record of the past how her genius has presided over all that is greatest and noblest in the past history of mankind4 ----- #bhd ,thunder ,and ,lightning4 ,by ,w4 ,de ,fonvielle4 ,translated from the ,french1 and edited by ,t4 ,l4 ,phipson1 ,ph4,d4 ,illustrated with thirty nine engravings on wood4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #baf4 ,the ,wonders ,of ,optics4 ,by ,f4 ,marion4 ,translated from the ,french1 and edited by ,charles ,w4 ,quinn1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,illustrated with seventy engravings on wood4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #bdh4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfi4 ,these two volumes are the first issues of the ,illustrated ,library of ,wonders1 to be published by ,messrs4 ,scribner ,co4 ,they are highly interesting to the general reader1 as well as to persons of scientific attainments4 ,the accounts given of the peculiar and novel freaks of lightning are curious and instructive4 ,the illustrations in both volumes are well executed1 and make these books specially attractive to young people4 ,in the work on optics1 the telescope1 magic lantern1 magic mirror1 etc41 are fully explained4 ---- ,why ,men ,do ,not ,believe2 ,or1 ,the ,principal ,causes ,of ,infidelity4 ,by ,n4,j4 ,laforet1 ,rector of the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 ,pp4 #beb4 #ahfi4 ,whoever has had the happiness of attending the ,catholic ,congress of ,belgium must have noticed among the distinguished gentlemen seated by the side of the president the prepossessing1 intellectual countenance of ,mgr4 ,laforet1 the ,rector ,magnificus of the ,university of ,louvain4 ,although still a young man1 he holds a high place among the writers who adorn ,european ,catholic literature4 ,his best known and most elaborate work is an excellent ,history of ,philosophy4 ,in the present volume1 which is quite unpretending in size1 and written in such a simple and easy style as to be easily readable by any person of ordinary education1 he has1 perhaps1 rendered even a greater service to the cause of religion and sound science than by his more elaborate works4 ,it is an excellent little treatise on the causes of infidelity1 which has already produced happy fruits among his own countrymen by bringing back a number of persons to the ,christian faith1 and we trust is destined to accomplish a still greater amount of good in its ,english as well as its ,french dress4 ,mgr4 ,laforet assigns as the causes of the infidelity which prevails1 unhappily1 to such a considerable extent in our days1 ignorance of the real grounds and nature of the ,christian religion1 materialism1 and the consequent moral degradation which it has produced4 ,he denies in a peremptory manner that it has been caused by progress in science or the more perfect development of the reasoning faculty1 and supports this denial by abundant and conclusive proofs4 ,the origin of modern infidelity he traces historically and logically to ,protestantism1 showing that it has been transplanted into ,france and other ,catholic countries from ,england and ,germany4 ,anti-,catholic writers are fond of retorting upon us the charge that ,protestantism breeds infidelity by the countercharge that ,catholicity breeds infidelity4 ,they say that it lays too great a burden on reason by teaching1 as ,christian doctrine1 dogmas that intelligent1 educated men cannot receive without doing violence to their reason4 ,they point to the infidelity that prevails to a certain extent among educated men in ,catholic countries as a proof of this assumption4 ,the writer of an article in a late number of ,putnam's ,monthly1 entitled1 ,the ,coming ,controversy1 has reiterated this charge1 and alleges the fact that some of the educated laymen belonging to the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states do not approach the sacraments1 as an evidence that they have lost their faith1 which is a corroboration of the alleged charge against the ,catholic religion of breeding infidelity in intelligent1 thinking minds4 #bhe ,the whole of this specious argument is a fabric of sand4 ,in the first place1 it is no proof that men have lost their faith because they do not act in accordance with it4 ,the entire body of negligent ,catholics are not to be classed among infidels1 any more than negligent ,jews or ,protestants4 ,nevertheless1 we would call the attention of those ,catholic gentlemen of high standing who neglect the practice of their religious duties1 and fail to take that active part on the side of the church and of ,god which they ought to take1 to the scandal they thus give and to the occasion which the enemies of the church take from their criminal apathy to revile that faith for which their ancestors have suffered and contended so nobly4 ,neither is it true that anywhere in the world the apostates from the faith are superior in intelligence and culture to its loyal adherents4 ,we hear too much of this boasting from free-thinkers and infidels of their intellectual superiority4 ,on the field of philosophy and positive religion they have been completely discomfited by the champions of religion4 ,some of their ablest men have passed over to our camp convinced by the pure force of argument1 as1 for instance1 ,thierry1 ,maine de ,biran1 ,droz1 and to a certain extent ,cousin4 ,many others1 and recently one most notorious individual1 ,jules ,havin1 the chief editor of the infamous ,sicle1 of ,paris1 have repented at the hour of death4 ,d',holbach1 one of the chiefs of the infidel party in ,france1 thus writes3 ,we must allow that corruption of manners1 debauchery1 license1 and even frivolity of mind1 may often lead to irreligion or infidelity4 444 ,many people give up prejudices they had adopted through vanity and on hearsay2 these pretended free-thinkers have examined nothing for themselves2 they rely on others whom they suppose to have weighed matters more carefully4 ,how can men1 given up to voluptuousness and debauchery1 plunged in excess1 ambitious1 intriguing1 frivolous1 and dissipated--or depraved women of wit and fashion--how can such as these be capable of forming an opinion of a religion they have never examined8 ,footnote #fb ,la ,bruyre says1 ,do our esprits forts know that they are called thus in irony8 ,footnote #fc ,it is no argument against either ,catholicity or ,protestantism that infidelity exists in ,catholic or ,protestant countries4 ,before this fact can be made to tell in any way against either religion it must be proved that it contains principles which lead logically to infidelity1 or proposes dogmas which are rationally incredible1 and thus produces a reaction against all divine revelation4 ,this has never been done1 and never can be done in respect to the ,catholic religion4 ,so far as ,protestantism is concerned1 it has been done repeatedly and can be done easily4 ,we do not rejoice in this2 on the contrary1 we grieve over it1 and our sympathies are with those ,protestants1 such as ,guizot1 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 ,president ,hopkins1 and others who defend the great truths of spiritual philosophy1 of ,theism1 the divine mission of ,moses and ,christ1 and other ,christian doctrines against modern infidelity4 ,nevertheless1 we cannot help pointing out the fact that they are illogical as ,protestants in doing this1 and are unable1 after giving the evidences of the credibility of ,christianity1 to state what ,christianity is in such a manner as completely to satisfy the just demands of human reason1 or to justify their own position as seceders from the genuine ,christendom4 ,footnote #fb3 ,systme de la ,nature1 tom4 ii4 c4 #ac4 ,cited on page #ajf4 ,footnote #fc3 ,les ,caractres1 ch4 xvi4 ,cited on page #ahh4 ,our own youth are exposed to the temptation of infidelity on account of their imperfect religious education1 and the influence of the ,protestant world in which they live1 saturated as it is with the most pestilent and poisonous influences of heresy1 infidelity1 and immorality4 ,good ,protestants they will never become4 ,they can only be good ,catholics1 bad ,catholics1 or infidels4 ,our friends of the ,protestant clergy have no reason1 therefore1 to count up and exult over those who are lost from the ,catholic fold1 for ,satan is the only gainer4 #bhf ,let us have a sufficient number of clergy of the right sort1 an ample supply of churches1 colleges1 schools1 and ,catholic literature1 and we will engage that the desire for a purer and more spiritual religion will never lead our ,catholic youth to become ,protestants1 or the desire for a more elevated and solid science make them infidels4 ,such books as the one we are noticing are of just the kind we want1 and we recommend it warmly to all thinking young men and women1 to all parents and teachers1 and to all readers generally4 ---- ,the ,montarges ,legacy4 ,by ,florence ,mc,coomb4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahfi4 ,we thank the gentle author of this charming story for the satisfaction derived from its perusal4 ,not wishing1 by entering into detail of plot or incident1 to diminish the pleasure in store for its readers1 we will merely say that1 while sufficiently exciting1 it is by no means morbidly sensational2 that the characters are well portrayed2 the incidents varied2 the dialogue not strained1 yet not monotonous2 the descriptive portion easy and natural2 and that1 pervading all1 is a true ,catholic spirit4 ---- ,anne ,severin4 ,by ,mrs4 ,augustus ,craven4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #daa4 #ahfi4 ,we do not like the controversially religious novel4 ,there is generally too much pedantry2 too great an admixture of theology1 politics1 and love1 to suit our taste4 ,but the story of ,anne ,severin1 by the gifted author of ,a ,sister's ,story1 is not of this kind1 it is permeated throughout with a purely religious feeling2 just enough1 however1 to make it interesting1 and to give the reader to understand that the writer is truly ,catholic in all she writes4 ,the scene of the story opens in ,england1 about the beginning of this century1 when there were troublous times in ,france1 and changes to the latter country1 where the thread of the narrative is spun out4 ,the heroine1 ,anne ,severin1 is not an ideal character4 ,it is one that is not rare in ,catholic countries1 or in ,catholic society4 ,she is a true woman1 in the truest sense of the word1 a model for our daughters4 ,the contrast between her and the ,english-reared girl1 ,eveleen ,devereux1 is clearly drawn4 ,the one truthful1 religious1 conscientious in all her actions1 kind1 amiable1 and loveable2 the other1 fickle-minded1 constantly wavering1 and a flirt1 courting admiration for admiration's sake1 yet intending to do right in her own way1 but failing because she did not have the true religious teaching that ,anne ,severin had4 ,no better book of the kind could be put in the hands of ,catholics as well as non-,catholics of both sexes4 ,no one can help for a moment to see in what consists the difference between these two women4 ,anne ,severin had a positive1 soul-sustaining faith to fall back upon in her troubles4 ,eveleen ,devereux had nothing but the emptiness of a religion of the world which failed her in the hour of tribulation4 ---- ,eudoxia3 ,a ,picture ,of ,the ,fifth ,century4 ,freely translated from the ,german of ,ida1 ,countess ,hahn ,hahn4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,pp4 #bhg4 #ahfi4 ,this historical tale1 which has already appeared as a serial in an ,english periodical1 and also in an ,american newspaper1 has been very favorably received on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,it is now issued in handsome book form1 and will1 no doubt1 have1 as it deserves1 an extensive circulation4 ---- ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,sunday ,school ,library4 ,third ,series4 #ab vols4 pp4 #add each4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 #ahfi4 #bhg ,the titles of the volumes contained in this series are3 ,bad ,example2 ,may-,day1 and other ,tales2 ,the ,young ,astronomer1 and other ,tales2 ,james ,chapman2 ,angel ,dreams2 ,ellerton ,priory2 ,idleness and ,industry2 ,the ,hope of the ,katzekopfs2 ,st4 ,maurice2 ,the ,young ,emigrants2 ,angels' ,visits2 and ,the ,scrivener's ,daughter1 and other ,tales4 ,that in the variety of its contents this series is fully equal to its predecessors is evident from the above list2 and the careful supervision to which each issue is subjected renders it unnecessary to say another word in its praise4 ,we can safely promise a rare treat to our young friends when1 either well-deserving at school1 or an indulgent parent1 will have made them happy in its possession4 ---- ,the ,sunday-school ,class-book4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 ,this last work of ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will be appreciated by every ,sunday-school teacher who has experienced the torments of an ill-arranged and poorly-made classbook4 ,the chief characteristics of this small but important work are clearness and completeness4 ,its new feature is the plain1 brief1 but very decided rules to be found on the inside of each cover4 ,in size it allows a goodly space for marks in detail4 ,in binding and quality of paper1 it is far in advance of anything yet offered to the ,catholic ,sunday-school teacher4 ,it provides a register for eighteen or twenty scholars1 in which should be plainly and neatly written the names1 etc41 of each member of the class4 ,then comes a monthly record1 extending across two pages1 in which allowance is made for the fifth ,sunday1 and a space for a ,monthly ,report4 ,and in this we have the grand improvement on all other classbooks in use4 ,twelve such double pages are furnished1 thus covering the space of one year2 and on the last half-page there are columns provided for a yearly report1 in which plain figures must be placed by every teacher to the satisfaction of superintendents1 who have so often experienced the mortifying necessity of declaring teachers' methods of marking more mysterious than hieroglyphics4 ,what has long been needed is not a class-book fitted for the educated few who devote their spare hours to ,sunday-school teaching1 nor a mere record book for large and continually changing classes of beginners1 but a plain1 comprehensive book which any teacher can understand at a glance1 and which will enable him to influence the conduct1 if not the studious habits1 of those committed to his charge1 instead of calling for an extra waste of time1 in order to mark with precision in perhaps a badly lighted school-house4 ,let every teacher send for a copy1 examine it for himself1 and see how simple this often neglected duty can be made4 ,if the rules which are contained therein be attended to1 there will be no necessity of carrying the book away from the school1 which arrangement insures the double object of marking while the impression of each recitation is fresh and of having the book in readiness to mark at the next recitation4 ,and1 until every teacher attends to both these duties1 in spite of qualifications in other respects1 he will still have much to learn before he becomes a perfect ,sunday-school teacher4 ,this little book is substantially bound in cloth1 and is sold for twenty cents a copy1 or1 to ,sunday-schools1 at two dollars per dozen4 ---- ,studious ,women4 ,from the ,french of ,monseigneur ,dupanloup1 ,bishop of ,orleans4 ,translated by ,r4 ,m4 ,phillimore4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 ,pp4 #aje4 #ahfi4 ,this able essay of the ,bishop of ,orleans was translated for and appeared in ,the ,catholic ,world very soon after its appearance in ,france1 nearly two years ago4 ,we see ,mr4 ,donahoe has used the ,london translation4 ------- #bhh ,poems4 ,by ,james ,mc,clure4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,pp4 #adh4 #ahfi4 ,we cannot praise the poems contained in this volume1 and the modesty of the author's preface disarms adverse criticism4 ---- ,a ,manual ,of ,general ,history3 being an outline history of the world from the creation to the present time4 ,fully illustrated with maps4 ,for the use of academies1 high-schools1 and families4 ,by ,john ,j4 ,anderson1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york3 ,clark ,maynard4 ,pp4 #dja4 #ahfi4 ,this compendium is in some respects inaccurate2 much that is comparatively trivial is admitted1 while really important events are entirely ignored2 and on certain points there is1 if not an actual anti-,catholic bias1 an absence1 at least1 of that strict impartiality to be demanded1 as of right1 in all compilations intended for use as text-books in our public schools4 ---- ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has now in press the ,chevalier ,rossi's famous work on the ,roman ,catacombs--,roma ,sotterranea4 ,it is being compiled1 translated1 and prepared for the ,english reading public by the ,very ,rev4 ,j4 ,spencer ,northcote1 ,d4,d41 president of ,oscott ,college1 ,birmingham1 and author of a small treatise on the catacombs4 ,the present work will make a large octavo volume of over five hundred pages1 and will be copiously illustrated by wood-cuts and chromo-lithographs--the latter printed under ,de ,rossi's personal supervision4 ,this will be an important addition to our literature1 and will1 we doubt not1 attract considerable attention in this country4 ,the same ,society will have ready about ,may #ast1 ,why ,people do not ,believe--a library edition as well as a cheap edition2 ,glimpses of ,pleasant ,homes1 by the author of ,mother ,mc,cauley1 with four full-page illustrations2 ,impressions of ,spain1 by ,lady ,herbert1 with fifteen full-page illustrations4 ,the two last-mentioned books will be very appropriate for college and school premiums4 ,in ,heaven we know ,our ,own will be ready in ,june4 ,the ,fourth ,series of the ,illustrated ,catholic ,sunday-,school ,library is also in preparation4 ,the ,life of ,mother ,margaret ,mary ,hallahan1 ,o4,s4,d41 founder of the ,dominican ,conventual ,tertiaries in ,england1 is announced1 and will be ready in ,june or ,july4 ---- ,messrs4 ,john ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 announce as in press ,the ,life ,and ,letters ,of ,the ,rev4 ,frederick ,william ,faber1 ,d4,d41 ,priest of the ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,by ,rev4 ,john ,e4 ,bowden1 priest of the same oratory4 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia1 has in press1 and will soon publish1 ,ferncliffe4 ---- ,books ,received4 ,from ,joseph ,shannon1 ,clerk of the ,common ,council1 ,new ,york4 ,manual of the ,corporation of the ,city of ,new ,york for #ahfh4 ,from ,p4 ,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,america in its ,relation to ,irish ,emigration4 ,by ,john ,francis ,maguire1 ,member of ,parliament for the ,city of ,cork4 ,swd4 ,pp4 #bd4 ,from ,fields1 ,osgood ,co41 ,boston3 ,the ,danish ,islands3 ,are we bound in honor to pay for them8 ,by ,james ,parton4 ,swd4 ,pp4 #gf4 #ahfi4 ------- #bhi ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,no4 #ea4-;,june1 #ahfi4 ---------- ,spiritism ,and ,spiritists4 ,footnote #fd ,footnote #fd3 #a4 ,planchette2 or1 the ,despair of ,science4 ,being a full ,account of ,modern ,spiritualism1 its ,phenomena1 and the various ,theories regarding it4 ,with a ,survey of ,french ,spiritism4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahfi4 #b4 ,des ,rapports de l',homme avec le ,dmon4 ,essai ,historique et ,philosophique4 ,par ,joseph ,bizouard1 ,avocat4 ,paris3 ,gaume ,frres et ,j4 ,duprey4 #ahfc et #ahfd4 ,tome ,,vi41 #hvo4 #c4 ,the ,spirit-,rapper4 ,an ,autobiography4 ,by o4 ,a4 ,brownson4 ,boston3 ,little1 ,brown ,co4 #ahed4 #d4 ,interesting ,facts in relation to ,spirit ,life and ,manifestations4 ,by ,judge ,edmonds4 ,new ,york3 ,spiritual ,magnetic ,telegraphic ,agency4 #e4 ,spiritualism ,unveiled1 and shown to be the ,work of ,demons4 ,by ,miles ,grant4 ,boston3 ,the ,crisis ,office4 ,worcester1 in his dictionary1 gives as the second meaning of the word spiritualism1 the doctrine that departed spirits hold communication with men1 and gives as his authority ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson4 ,we think this must be a mistake2 for ,dr4 ,brownson uses in his ,spirit-,rapper1 the term spiritism1 which is the more proper term1 as it avoids confounding the doctrine of the spiritists with the philosophical doctrine which stands opposed to materialism1 or1 more strictly1 sensism1 and the moral doctrine opposed to sensualism4 ,we generally use the word spiritual in religion as opposed to natural1 or for the life and aims of the regenerate1 who walk after the spirit1 in opposition to those who walk after the flesh1 and are carnal-minded4 ,to avoid all confusion or ambiguity which would result from using a word already otherwise appropriated1 we should use the terms spiritism1 spiritists1 and spirital4 ,the author of ,planchette has availed himself largely of the voluminous work of the learned ,joseph ,bizouard1 the second work named on our list1 and gives all that can be said1 and more than we can say1 in favor of spiritism4 ,he has given very fully one side of the question1 all that need be said in support of the reality of the order of phenomena which he describes1 while the ,french work gives all sides2 but he passes over1 we fear knowingly and intentionally1 the dark side of spiritism1 and refuses to tell us the sad effects on sanity and morality which it is known to produce4 ,a more fruitful cause of insanity and immorality and even crime does not exist1 and cannot be imagined4 #bij ,we have no intention of devoting any space specially to ,planchette1 or the little plank1 which so many treat as a harmless plaything4 ,it is only one of the forms through which the phenomena of spiritism are manifested1 and is no more and no less the despair of science1 than any other form of alleged spirital manifestations4 ,contemporary science1 indeed1 or what passes for science1 has shown great ineptness before the alleged spirit-manifestations2 and its professors have1 during the twenty years and over since the ,fox girls began to attract public attention and curiosity1 neither been able to disprove the alleged facts1 nor to explain their origin and cause2 but this is because contemporary science recognizes no invisible existences1 and no intelligences above or separate from the human1 and because it is not possible to explain their production or appearance by any of the unintelligent forces of nature4 ,to deny their existence is1 we think1 impossible without discrediting all human testimony2 to regard them as jugglery1 or as the result of trickery practised by the mediums and those associated with them1 seems to us equally impossible4 ,mr4 ,miles ,grant in his well-reasoned little work on the subject1 says very justly1 it would only show that we know but little about the facts in the case4 ,we think1 he says1 p4 #c1 ,no one1 after a little reflection1 would venture to say of the many thousands and even millions of spiritualists1 spiritists1 among whom are large numbers of men and women noted for their intelligence1 honesty1 and veracity1 that they are only playing tricks on each other6 444 ,can any one tell what object all these fathers1 mothers1 brothers1 sisters1 children1 dear friends1 and loved companions can have in pretending that they have communications from spirits1 when they know1 at the same time1 that they are only deceiving each other by means of trickery8 ,in our judgment such an assumption would be a greater violation of the laws of human nature or the human mind and belief1 than the most marvellous things related by the spiritists1 especially since the order and form of the phenomena they relate are nothing new1 but have been noted in all lands and ages1 ever since the earliest records of the race1 as is fully shown by ,m4 ,bizouard4 ,the author of ,planchette says the ,catholic ,church concedes the facts alleged by spiritists4 ,this1 as he states it1 may mislead his readers4 ,the church has not1 to our knowledge1 pronounced any official judgment deciding whether these particular facts are real facts or not2 for we are not aware that the question has ever come distinctly before her for decision4 ,she has had before her1 from the first1 the class of facts to which the alleged spirit-manifestations belong1 and has had to deal with them1 in some place1 or in some form1 every day of her existence2 but we are not aware that she has examined and pronounced judgment on the particular facts the modern spiritists allege4 ,she has1 undoubtedly1 declared the practice of spiritism1 evocation of spirits1 consulting them1 or holding communication with them--that is1 necromancy--to be unlawful1 and she prohibits it to all her children in the most positive manner1 as may be seen in the case of the ,american1 or rather ,scotchman1 ,daniel ,home1 the most famous of modern mediums1 and the most dangerous4 ,for ourselves1 we have no doubt of the order of facts to which in our view the spirit-manifestations so called belong2 we have no difficulties1 a priori1 in admitting them1 though we do not accept the explanation the spiritists give of them2 but when it comes to any particular fact or manifestation alleged1 we judge it according to the generally received rules of evidence1 and we require very strong evidence to convince us of its reality as a fact4 #bia ,we adopt1 in regard to them1 the same rule that we follow in the case of alleged miracles4 ,we have not a doubt1 nor the shadow of a doubt1 that miracles continue to be wrought in the church1 and are daily wrought in our midst2 but we accept or reject this or that alleged miracle according to the evidence in the case2 and1 in point of fact1 we are rather sceptical in regard to most of the popularly received miracles we hear of4 ,credulity is not a trait of the ,catholic mind4 ,it is the same with us in relation to this other class of alleged facts4 ,we believe as firmly in the fact that prodigies are wrought as we do that miracles are2 but do not ask us to believe this or that particular prodigy1 unless you are prepared with the most indubitable evidence4 ,we are far from believing every event which we know not how to explain is either a miracle or a prodigy4 ,we have examined with some care the so-called spirit-manifestations which the spiritists relate1 and we have come1 according to our best reason1 to the conclusion that much in them is trickery1 mere jugglery2 that much is explicable on natural principles1 or is to be classed with well-known morbid or abnormal affections of human nature2 but1 after all abatements1 that there is a residuum inexplicable without the recognition of a superhuman intelligence and force4 ,we say superhuman1 not supernatural4 ,the supernatural is ,god1 and what he does immediately or without the intermediation of natural laws1 as has been more than once explained in this magazine4 ,the creation of ,adam was supernatural2 the generation of men from parents is not supernatural1 for it is done by the ,creator through the operation of natural laws or second causes4 ,what is done by created forces or intelligences1 however superior to man1 is not supernatural1 nor precisely preternatural1 but simply superhuman1 angelic1 or demoniac4 ,there is a smack of paganism in calling it1 as most contemporary literature does1 supernatural2 for it carries with it the notion that the force or intelligence is not a creature1 but an uncreated numen1 or an immortal4 ,now1 what is this superhuman intelligence and force revealed by these spirit-phenomena8 ,we know that many who admit the phenomena refuse to admit that they reveal any superhuman force or intelligence4 ,they explain all by imagination or hallucination4 ,these1 no doubt1 play their part1 and explain much2 but the author of ,planchette1 as well as ,m4 ,bizouard1 have1 it seems to us1 fully proved that they do not and cannot explain all1 even if they themselves did not need explanation2 others again1 to explain them1 have recourse to what they call animal magnetism1 or to a force which they call od1 odyle1 odyllic1 or odic force2 but these explain nothing1 for we know not what animal magnetism or what odic force is1 nor whether either has any real existence4 ,these terms do but cover our ignorance4 ,mr4 ,grant ascribes them to demons1 and endeavors to show that the demon mesmerizes the medium who wills with his will1 and acts with his force and intelligence2 but our modern science denies the existence of demons4 #bib ,the spiritists themselves pretend that the phenomena are produced by the presence of departed spirits4 ,but of this there is no proof4 ,it is acknowledged on all hands that the spirits can assume any outward form or appearance at will4 ,what means1 then1 have we1 or can we have1 of identifying the individuals personated by the pretended spirits8 ,the author of ,planchette says1 in a note1 p4 #fb3 ,if spirits have the power1 attributed to them by many seers1 of assuming any appearance at will1 it is obvious that some high spiritual sense must be developed in us before we can be reasonably sure of the identity of any spirit1 even though it come in bearing the exact resemblance of the person it may claim to be4 ,we think1 therefore1 that the fact that the spirit 444 bore the aspect of ,franklin1 and called itself ,franklin1 is no sufficient reason for dismissing all doubts as to its identity4 ,it may be that we must be in the spiritual before we can really be wisely confident of the identity of any spirit4 ,that is1 we must be ghosts ourselves before we can identify a ghost1 or die in the flesh1 and enter the spirit-land1 before we can be sure of the identity of the spirits1 or of the truth of anything they profess to communicate not otherwise verifiable6 ,it is pretended that the spirits have latterly rendered themselves visible and tangible4 ,mr4 ,livermore1 of this city1 sees and embraces his deceased wife1 who caresses and kisses him1 and he feels her hands as warm and fleshlike as when she was living4 ,suppose the phenomena to be as related1 and not eked out by ,mr4 ,livermore's imagination2 the visible body in which she appeared to him could have been only assumed1 and no real body at all1 certainly not her body during life--that lies mouldering in the grave4 ,and all the spirits teach that the body thrown off at death does not rise again4 ,they nowhere1 that we can find1 teach the resurrection of the flesh1 but uniformly deny it4 ,if the spirits1 then1 do really render themselves visible and tangible to our senses1 it must be in a simulated body2 and why may they not simulate one form as well as another8 ,the senses of sight and touch furnish1 then1 of themselves1 no proof that a departed spirit or a human spirit once alive in the flesh1 is present1 communicating through the medium with the living4 ,the assertion of the pretended spirit of its identity counts for nothing1 whether made by knocks or table-tipping1 by writing or by audible voice and distinct articulation2 for the spiritists themselves concede that some of the spirits1 at least1 are great liars1 and that they have no criterion by which to distinguish the lying spirits from the others1 if others there are1 that seek to communicate with the living4 ,conceding all the phenomena alleged1 there is1 then1 absolutely no proof or evidence that there are any departed spirits present1 or that any communication from them has ever been received4 ,the spirit of a person may be simulated as well as his voice1 features1 form1 handwriting1 or anything else characteristic of him4 ,spiritism1 then1 contrary to the pretension of the spiritists1 proves neither that the dead live again1 nor that the spirit survives the body4 ,it does not even prove that there is in man a soul or spirit distinct from the body4 ,we call the special attention of our readers to this point1 which is worthy of more consideration than it has received4 ,the spiritists claim that the alleged spirit-manifestations have proved the spirituality and immortality of the soul1 in opposition to materialism4 ,this is their boast1 and hence it is that they call their doctrine spiritualism1 and seek to establish for it the authority of a revelation1 supplementary to the ,christian revelation4 ,their whole fabric rests on the assumption that the manifestations are made by human spirits that have once lived in the flesh1 and live now in the spirit-world1 whatever that may be4 #bic ,set aside this assumption1 or show that nothing in the alleged spirit-manifestations sustains it1 and the whole edifice tumbles to the ground4 ,there is nothing to support this assumption but the testimony of spirits that often prove themselves lying spirits1 and whose identity with the individual they personate1 or pretend to be1 we have no means of proving4 ,unable to prove this vital point1 the spiritists can prove nothing to the purpose4 ,the spirits all say there is no resurrection of the dead1 and therefore deny point-blank the doctrine that the dead live again4 ,if we are unable1 as we are1 to identify them with spirits that once lived united with bodies that have mouldered or are mouldering in their graves1 what proof have we1 or can they give1 that they are1 or ever were1 human spirits at all8 ,if they are not proved to be or to have been human spirits1 they afford no proof that the soul is distinct from the body1 or that it is not material like the body1 and perishes with it4 ,if1 then1 the men of science have shown themselves little able to explain the origin and cause of the phenomena1 the spiritists have shown themselves to be very defective as inductive reasoners4 ,but the phenomena warrant the induction that they are produced by spirits of some sort1 or that there are intelligences not clothed with human bodies between whom and us there is more or less communication4 ,of themselves alone they warrant no induction at all1 but are simply inexplicable phenomena1 the origin and cause of which lie beyond the reach of scientific investigation2 but1 taken in the light of what we know aliunde1 they warrant the conclusion that they proceed from a superhuman cause1 and that there are spirits which are1 in some respects1 stronger and more intelligent than men2 but whether the particular spirits to whom the spirit-manifestations in question are to be ascribed are angelic or demoniac1 must be determined by the special character of the manifestations themselves1 the circumstances in which they are made1 and the end they are manifestly designed to effect4 ,we make here no attack on the inductive method followed in constructing the physical sciences4 ,we only maintain that the validity of the induction depends on a principle which is not itself obtained or obtainable from induction4 ,hence ,herbert ,spencer and the positivists who follow very closely the inductive method1 relegate principles and causes to the unknowable4 ,the principle on which the inductive process depends cannot be attained to by studying the phenomena themselves1 but must be given immediately1 either in a priori intuition or in revelation4 ,books have been written1 like ,paley's ,natural ,theology and the ,bridgewater ,treatises1 to prove1 by way of induction1 from the phenomena of the universe1 the being and attributes of ,god1 and it is very generally said that every object in nature proves that ,god is1 and that no man ever is or can be really an atheist2 but no study of the phenomena of nature could originate the idea or the word in a mind that had it not4 ,men must have the idea expressed in language of some sort before they can find proofs in the observable phenomena of nature that ,god is4 ,hence1 those savants who confound the origination of the idea or belief with the proofs of its truth1 and who see that the idea or belief is not obtainable by induction1 are really atheists1 and say with the fool in his heart1 ,god is--not4 ,we do not assert that ,god is1 on the authority of revelation2 for we must know that he is before we have or can have any means of proving the fact of revelation2 yet if ,god had not himself taught his own being to the first man1 and given him a sign signifying it1 the human race could never have known or conceived that he exists4 #bid ,the phenomena or the facts and events of the universe which so clearly prove that ,god is1 and find in his creative act their origin and cause1 would have been to all men1 as they are to the atheist1 simply inexplicable phenomena4 ,so it is with the spirit-manifestations1 whether angelic or demoniac4 ,the existence of spirits must be known to us1 either by intuition or revelation1 before we can assign these phenomena a spirital origin and cause4 ,we do not and cannot know it intuitively2 and therefore1 without recurring to what revelation teaches us1 these manifestations1 however striking1 wonderful1 or perplexing they might be1 would be to us and to all men inexplicable1 and we could not assign them any origin or cause4 ,revelation--become traditionary1 and so embodied in the common intelligence through language as to control1 unconsciously and unsuspected1 the reasonings even of individuals who pride themselves on denying it--furnishes the principle needed as the basis of the induction of the principle and cause of the spirit-manifestations4 ,revelation teaches that ,god has created an order of intelligences superior to man1 called angels1 to be the messengers of his will4 ,some of these remained faithful to their ,creator1 always obedient to his command2 others kept not their first estate1 rebelled against their sovereign ,lord1 were1 with their chief1 cast out of heaven into the lower regions1 and became demons or evil spirits4 ,the spiritists complain of our scientific professors1 but without just reason2 for1 on the principles of modern science1 the proofs they offer of their doctrines prove nothing but their own logical ineptness4 ,science1 if it will accept no revelation1 and recognize no principle not obtained by the inductive method1 has no alternative but either to deny the manifestations as facts1 or to admit them only as inexplicable phenomena4 ,the class of facts are as well authenticated1 as facts1 as any facts can be2 but the explanation of them by the spiritists is utterly inadmissible1 and sound inductive reasoners1 who exclude all revealed principles1 must reject it4 ,the professors are not wrong in rejecting that explanation as unscientific2 for it would be even more unscientific to admit it2 and perhaps1 if compelled to do one or the other1 we should hold it more unreasonable to admit it than to deny outright the facts themselves4 ,the fault of the professors is in denying the necessity to the validity of induction of principles neither obtainable nor provable by induction1 and in supposing that we can construct an adequate science of the universe without the principles which are given us only by divine revelation4 ,without these principles we can explain nothing1 and the universe is a vast assemblage of inexplicable phenomena2 for it is only in those principles we do or can obtain a key to its meaning4 ,hence1 modern science1 which excludes both revelation and intuition a priori1 explains nothing1 reduces nothing to its principle and cause1 and only generalizes and classifies observable phenomena1 which1 we submit1 is no science at all4 ,certainly1 we do not pretend that science is built on faith1 as the traditionalists do1 or are accused of doing2 but we do say that1 without the light of revelation1 we cannot construct an adequate science of the universe1 or explain the various facts and events of history4 #bie ,if ,i did not know from revelation that the devil and his angels exist1 ,i might observe the facts of satanophany1 but ,i should not know whence they came1 or what they mean4 ,i might be tempted1 vexed1 harassed1 besieged1 possessed1 by evil spirits as the spiritists are2 but ,i should be ignorant of the cause1 and utterly unable to explain my trouble1 or to ascribe it to any cause1 far less to satanic invasion4 ,the prodigies would be for me simply inexplicable prodigies4 ,but1 taught by revelation that the air swarms with evil spirits1 the enemies of man1 and enemies of man because enemies of ,god1 we can see at once the explanation of the spirit-manifestations1 and assign them their real principle and cause4 ,we know that many who call themselves ,christians are disposed to doubt1 if not to deny1 the personal existence of satan1 and to maintain that the word1 which means an enemy or adversary1 is simply a general term for the sum of the evil influences to which we are exposed1 if not subjected4 ,as if a generalization were possible where there is nothing concrete6 ,we get rid of no difficulty by this explanation4 ,influence supposes some person or principle from whom or from which proceeds the influence or the in-flowing4 ,if you deny satan's personal existence1 you have no option but either to deny evil altogether or to admit an original eternal principle of evil warring against the principle of good1 that is1 ,manichaeism1 or ,persian dualism1 which1 though ,calvinism1 indeed1 in teaching that evil or sin is something positive1 may imply it1 is neither good philosophy nor sound ,christian theology4 ,according to sound philosophy and theology1 ,god alone hath eternity1 and by his word has created heaven and earth1 and all things therein1 visible and invisible4 ,all the works of ,god are good1 very good2 and as there is nothing in existence except himself that he hath not made1 it follows necessarily that evil is not a positive existence1 but is simply negative1 the negation or absence of good4 ,it originates and can originate only in the abuse of his faculties by a creature whom ,god hath created and endowed with intelligence and free-will1 and therefore capable of acting wrong as well as right4 ,to assert that man is subjected or exposed to evil influences leads necessarily to the assertion of a personal devil who exerts it4 ,you must1 then1 either deny all evil influences from a source foreign to or distinguishable from man's own intrinsic nature1 or else admit the personal existence of satan and his hosts4 ,satan and his hosts having rebelled against ,god1 and in refusing to worship the incarnate ,son as ,god1 were cast out of heaven1 and became the bitter enemies of him and the human race4 ,satan1 as the chief of the fallen angels1 evil demons1 or devils1 carries on incessant war against ,god1 and seeks to draw men away from their allegiance to him1 and to get himself worshipped by them in his place4 ,hence1 he seeks by lying wonders to deceive them2 by his prodigies to rival in their belief real miracles2 and1 by his pretended revelations of the spirit-world1 to substitute belief in his pretended communications for faith in divine revelation1 and thus reestablish in lands redeemed by ,christianity from his dominion the devil-worship which has never ceased to obtain in all heathen countries4 ,the holy ,scriptures assure us that all the gods of the heathen are demons or devils4 ,these took possession of the idols made of wood or stone1 gold or silver1 ,footnote #fe had their temples1 their priests and priestesses1 their service1 and were worshipped as gods4 ,footnote #fe3 ,this explains ,planchette1 which is a step toward the revival of heathen idol-worship4 #bif ,they gave forth oracles1 and were consulted1 through their mediums1 in all great affairs of state1 and their omens and auguries1 which the people consulted to learn the future1 as the spiritists do their mediums4 ,spiritism belongs to the same order4 ,the spirits1 as ,mr4 ,grant well proves1 are demons1 and the whole thing has for its object to reestablish1 perhaps in a modified form1 the devil-worship which formerly obtained among all nations but the ,jews or chosen people of ,god1 and still obtains among all nations not yet ,christianized4 ,it began in the grand apostasy of the ,gentiles from the patriarchal religion1 which followed the confusion of tongues at ,babel2 and the spiritists are doing their best to revive it in the grand apostasy from the ,christian church1 which took place in the sixteenth century1 and of which we have such clear and unmistakable predictions in the ,new ,testament4 ,so adroitly has satan managed1 that1 if it were possible1 the very elect would be deceived4 ,so much we say of the origin and cause of the spirit-manifestations4 ,if we examine more closely these manifestations1 we shall find evidence enough of their satanic character4 ,all satanic invasions bring trouble or perturbation1 while the angelic visitations always bring calm1 peace1 and order4 ,the divine oracles are clear1 precise1 distinct1 free from all ambiguity2 for he who gives them knows all his works from their beginning to their end4 ,satan's oracles are always ambiguous1 stammering1 and usually deceive or mislead those who trust them4 ,satan is a creature1 and his power and intelligence1 though superhuman1 are not unlimited4 ,the universe has secrets he cannot penetrate1 and he can do no more than his and our ,creator permits4 ,he has no prophetic power1 for ,god keeps his own counsels4 ,he can only guess or infer the future from his knowledge of the present4 ,he has no creative power1 and can never produce any thing as first cause4 ,hence1 he can operate only with materials fitted to his hand4 ,the spiritists tell us that it is not every one that can be a medium4 ,it is only persons of a certain temperament1 found much oftener among women than among men1 and1 among men1 only with those of a feminine character1 and wanting alike in manly vigor and robust health4 ,the spirits can communicate only through such as nature or habit has fitted to be mediums1 and the communications have always something of the character of the medium through which they are made4 ,the limited power of satan1 his inability to know the future1 which exists only in the divine decree1 and his lack of power to form his own medium1 render the spirit-communications extremely vague1 uncertain1 obscure1 and feeble4 ,the dependence of satan on the medium is manifest4 ,the spirits will not communicate if anything disturbs the medium1 or puts the pythoness out of humor1 like the presence of hard-headed sceptics1 or a too critical examination by keen-sighted scientific professors determined not to be deceived4 ,their communications1 oral or written1 from the pretended spirits of distinguished authors1 poets1 philosophers1 statesmen1 are by no means creditable to satan as a scholar or a gentleman4 ,then again1 the spirits really tell us nothing that amounts to anything of the spirit-world4 ,their representations make it a dim and shadowy region1 in which the spirits of the departed wander about hither and thither1 without end or aim1 apparently worse off than in the ,elysian fields of the ancients1 which resemble more the ,christian hell than the ,christian's heaven4 #big ,there is an air of unreality about them2 they are the umbrae of heathen philosophy1 not living existences2 and their region1 or1 more properly1 their state1 would be distressing1 if one believed at all in the representations given by them4 ,one thing is evident--the spirits know or can say nothing of the beatific vision1 which proves that they are not blessed angels4 ,they do not see ,god1 and are clearly banished from his presence4 ,he forms not the light nor the blessedness of their state4 ,they seem1 like troubled ghosts1 to linger around the places where they lived in the body1 pale1 thin1 shadowy1 miserable1 anxious to communicate with the living but only occasionally permitted to do so1 and even then only to a feeble extent4 ,friends and acquaintances in this life may recognize1 we are told1 each other in the spirit-world1 but whether with pleasure or pain1 it is difficult to say4 ,the picture of their disembodied life is very sad1 and the ,christian soul finds it dark1 hopeless1 cheerless1 and depressing2 as the condition of those doomed to take up their abode with the devil and his angels must necessarily be4 ,the doctrines the spirits teach and confirm with lying wonders are what the apostle calls the doctrines of devils4 ,they are unanimous in declaring that there is no devil and no hell4 ,god may not be absolutely denied1 but his personality is obscured1 and he appears only in the distance1 as an infinite abstraction1 being only in the sense in which1 ,hegel might say1 being and not-being are identical--remote from all contemplation1 indifferent to what is going on in the world below him1 asking neither prayers nor worship1 love nor veneration1 praise nor thanksgiving1 and receiving none4 ,the spirits echo the dominant sentiments of the age1 and especially of the circle with which they communicate4 ,they are1 where they are not held in check by the lingering respect of the circle for ,christianity1 furious radicals1 great sticklers for progress without divine aid1 and of development without a created germ4 ,yet the doctrines they teach are such as they find in germ1 if not developed1 in the minds of their mediums4 ,they sometimes deny every distinctively ,christian doctrine1 and are sure to pervert what of the faith they do not expressly deny4 ,in general1 they assert that the form of religion called ,christianity has had its day1 and that there is a new and sublimer form about to be developed1 and that they come to announce it1 and to prepare the way for it4 ,the new form of religion will free the world from the old church1 from bondage to the ,bible1 to creeds and dogmas1 the old patriarchal systems and governments1 and place the religious1 social1 and political world on a higher plane1 and moved by a more energetic spirit of progress4 ,this is the mission of spiritism4 ,it is destined to carry on and complete the work commenced by ,christ1 but which he left unfinished1 and inchoate4 ,the special object of the spirits1 it is pretended1 is to convince the world of the immortality of the soul2 but in what form1 what condition1 what sense8 ,the immortality of the soul1 or its survival of the body1 was generally believed by the heathens1 however addicted to demon-worship they might be2 but the life and immortality brought to light by the ,gospel they did not believe1 and the spirits do not teach it or affirm it4 ,the spirits seem to know nothing of immortal life in ,god1 and into which the sanctified soul enters when it departs this life1 and is purified from all the stains it may have contracted in the flesh4 #bih ,the only immortality they offer is the immortality of evil demons or the angels who kept not their first estate4 ,but even of such an immortality for the human soul1 they offer no proof4 ,they are lying spirits1 and their word is worthless1 and their identity with human souls once united to human bodies which they personate1 is not and cannot be established4 ,they deny the resurrection of the dead1 which ,st4 ,paul preached at ,athens1 and they give1 as we have seen1 no proofs that the soul does not die and perish with the body4 ,their doctrines are simply calculated to deceive the unwary1 to draw them away from their allegiance to the ,lord of heaven1 and to drag them down to the region where dwell the angels that fell4 ,the ethical doctrines of the spirits are as bad as can be imagined1 and the morals of the advanced spiritists would appear to be of the lowest and most revolting sort4 ,it matters not that the spirits give1 now and then1 some good advice1 and say some true things2 for the object of satan is to deceive1 and his practice is usually to lie and deceive by telling the truth4 ,the truth he tells gains him credit1 and secures confidence in him as a guide4 ,but he takes good care that the truth he tells shall have all the effect of falsehood4 ,he gives good moral advice1 but he removes all motives for following it1 and takes away all moral restraints4 ,he wars against authority in matters of faith and morals1 as repugnant to the rights of reason1 and in political and domestic life as repugnant to liberty and the rights of women and children4 ,all should do right and seek what is good1 but no one should be constrained2 only voluntary obedience is meritorious2 forced obedience is no virtue4 ,the sentiments and affections should be as free as the air we breathe1 and to attempt to restrain them is to war against nature herself4 ,they are not voluntary either in their origin or nature1 and therefore are not and should not be subjected to an outward law4 ,love1 the apostle tells us1 is the fulfilling of the law1 the bond of perfection4 ,how wrong1 then1 to undertake to put gyves on love1 to constrain it1 or to subject it to the petty conventionalities of a moribund society1 or the rules of an antiquated morality6 ,taking no note of the distinction between the supernatural love1 which ,christians call charity1 and love as a natural sentiment1 and as little of the distinction between the different sorts of love even as a natural sentiment1 as the love of parents for children and children for parents1 the love of friends1 the love of country1 the love of truth and justice1 and the love of the sexes for each other1 or simply sexual love1 satan lays the foundation1 as we can easily see1 if not blinded by his delusions1 for the grossest corruption and the most beastly immorality4 ,hence the spiritists very generally look upon the marriage law as tyrannical and absurd1 and assert the doctrine of free love4 ,the marriage is in the love1 and when the love is no more1 the marriage is dissolved4 ,none of our sentiments depend on the will2 hence1 self-denial is unnatural1 and immoral4 ,prostitution is wrong1 for no love redeems and hallows it2 and for the same reason it is immoral for a man and a woman to live together as husband and wife1 after they have ceased to love each other4 ,it is easy to see to what this leads1 and we cannot be surprised to find conjugal fidelity not reckoned as a virtue by spiritists2 to find wives leaving their husbands1 and husbands their wives1 or the wife choosing a new husband as often as she pleases or wills2 and the husband taking a new wife when tired of the old1 or an additional wife or two1 ,mormon-like1 when one at a time is not enough4 #bii ,indeed1 ,mormonism is only one form and the most strictly organized form1 of contemporary spiritism1 and woman's-rightism is only another product of the same shop1 though doubtless many of the women carried away by it are pure-minded and chaste4 ,but the leaders are spiritists or intimately connected with them4 ,the animus of the woman movement is hostility to the marriage law1 and the cares and drudgery of maternity and home life4 ,it threatens to be not the least of the corrupting and dangerous forms of spiritism4 ,mr4 ,grant1 who is a staunch ,protestant1 and hates ,catholicity with a most hearty hatred1 gives1 on adequate authority1 a sketch of the immorality of spiritists which should startle the community3 we make an extract3 ,we pass to notice some further facts relative to the moral tendency of spiritualism4 ,we have read its claims1 and found them very high2 but there is abundant proof to show that1 instead of its being 'ancient ,christianity revived1' it is the worst enemy ,christianity ever had to meet4 ,we believe it to be satan's last grand effort to substitute a false for the true ,christianity4 ,his snares are laid most ingeniously2 and1 unless very watchful1 ere people are aware of it1 they will be caught in some of his traps4 ,thousands and millions are already his deluded victims1 and1 like a terrible tornado1 he is sweeping with destruction on every side4 ,occasionally we hear a warning voice from one who has escaped from his power1 like a mariner from the sinking wreck2 but most1 after they once get into the spiritualist 'circle1' are like the boatman under the control of the terrible whirlpool on the coast of ,norway--destruction is sure4 ,the next witness we introduce is ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,whitney1 editor of the ,new ,york ,pathfinder4 ,he was formerly a warm advocate of spiritualism1 and published much in its favor4 ,he says3 ',now1 after a long and constant watchfulness1 seeing for months and years its progress and its practical workings upon its devotees1 its believers1 and its mediums1 we are compelled to speak our honest conviction1 which is1 that the manifestations coming through the acknowledged mediums1 who are designated as rapping1 tipping1 writing1 and entranced mediums1 have a baneful influence upon believers1 and create discord and confusion2 that the generality of these teachings inculcate false ideas1 approve of selfish1 individual acts1 and endorse theories and principles which1 when carried out1 debase and make them little better than the brute4' ,again he says3 ',seeing as we have the gradual progress it makes with its believers1 particularly its mediums1 from lives of morality to those of sensuality and immorality1 gradually and cautiously undermining the foundation of good principles1 we look back with amazement to the radical change which a few months will bring about in individuals4' ,he says in conclusion3 ',we desire to send forth our warning voice2 and if our humble position as the head of a public journal1 our known advocacy of spiritualism1 our experience1 and the conspicuous part we have played among its believers2 the honesty and the fearlessness with which we have defended the subject1 will weigh anything in our favor1 we desire that our opinions may be received1 and those who are moving passively down the rushing rapids to destruction1 should pause1 ere it be too late1 and save themselves from the blasting influence which those manifestations are causing4' ,forbidding ,to ,marry4 ,among other instructions of the spirits1 the apostle ,paul has assured us that they will be opposed to the marriage laws1'forbidding to marry4' ,i ,tim4 iv4 #c4 ,at the ,rutland 7,vt47 ,reform ,spiritualist ,convention1 held in ,june1 #aheh1 the following resolution was presented and defended3 ',resolved1 ,that the only true and natural marriage is an exclusive conjugal love between one man and one woman2 and the only true home is the isolated home1 based upon this exclusive love4' ,the careless reader may see nothing objectionable in the resolution2 but please read it again and observe what constitutes marriage1 according to the resolution1'an exclusive conjugal ,,love between one man and one woman4' #cjj ,the poison sentiment is covered up by the word 'one4' ,what constitutes marriage now1 according to the laws of the land8 ,do we understand that1 when we see a notice of a marriage in a paper1 which took place at a certain time and place1 that then the parties began to love each other exclusively8 ,certainly not2 but at that time their love was sanctioned by the proper authorities1 and thus they became husband and wife4 ,but the resolution states that the marriage should consist in the 'exclusive conjugal love4' ,then it follows1 when either party loves another exclusively1 the first marriage is dissolved1 and they are married again2 and if the other one does not happen to find a spiritual 'affinity1' then there is no alternative left but to make the best of it1 as many have been compelled to do4 ,according to this resolution1 one is married as often as his love becomes 'exclusive' for any particular individual4 ,this is one item in the boasted 'new social order1' which the spirits propose to establish when the political power is in their hands4 ,it is called by them the ',divine ,law of ,marriage4' ,a large number of spiritualists are already carrying out this resolution practically1 regardless of the laws of the land4 ,a similar resolution was presented at the ,national ,spiritual ,convention held in ,chicago1 from ,aug4 #ith to #adth1 #ahfd ,it was offered by ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,parker1 of ,boston1 chairman of the committee on social relations4 ,this point is strongly urged by the spirits and spiritualists4 ,at the ,rutland ,reform ,convention1 which closed ,june #bgth1 #aheh1 the resolution under consideration was earnestly advocated by able men and women4 ,said ,mrs4 ,julia ,branch1 of ,new ,york1 as reported in ,the ,banner of ,light1 ,july #ajth1 #aheh1 when speaking on the resolution3 ',i am aware that ,i have chosen almost a forbidden subject2 forbidden from the fact that any one who can or dare look the marriage question in the face1 candidly and openly denouncing the institution as the sole cause of woman's degradation and misery1 are objects of suspicion1 of scorn1 and opprobrious epithets4' ,she further remarked in the defence of the resolution1 and the rights of women1 ',she must demand her freedom2 her right to receive the equal wages of man in payment for her labor2 her right to have children when she will1 and by whom4' ,much more to the same effect1 and even more startling1 we might quote2 we might give the account of the spiritist community at ,berlin1 ,ohio2 but we have no wish to disgust our readers1 and this is enough for our purpose2 it is sufficient to prove to all1 not under the delusion1 that spiritism is of satanic origin1 and to be eschewed by all who wish to remain morally sane1 and to lead honest and upright lives4 ,we are not disposed to be alarmists1 and1 like the majority of our countrymen1 are more likely to err on the side of optimism than of pessimism2 but we cannot contemplate the rapid spread of spiritism since #ahdg1 when it began with the ,fox girls1 without feeling that a really great danger threatens the modern world1 and that there is ample reason for all who do not wish to see demon-worship supplanting the worship of ,god throughout the land1 to be on their guard4 ,mr4 ,grant1 who seems to be well informed on the subject1 tells us that since that period1 spiritism has become world-wide in its influence1 numbering among its ardent supporters many of the first men and women of both continents4 ,ministers1 doctors1 lawyers1 judges1 congressmen1 governors1 presidents1 queens1 kings1 and emperors1 of all religions1 are bowing to its influence1 and showing their sympathy with its teachings4 ,mr4 ,grant should not say1 of all religions2 some ,catholics may have become spiritists1 but they cannot become so1 and persist in following spiritism without severing themselves from the church4 ,some spiritists have been told by the spirits to become ,catholics2 but the church has required them to give up spiritism1 and they have either done so1 or left her communion1 like ,daniel ,home1 and returned to their communion with the demons4 ,the church forbids her children to have any dealings with devils4 ,but with this rectification the statement is not exaggerated4 #cja ,the spread of spiritism has been prodigious1 and proves not only the power and cunning of satan1 but that the way for his success had been well prepared1 and that no small portion of the modern world were in the moral condition of the old world at the epoch of the great ,gentile apostasy1 and ready to return to the heathen darkness and superstition1 the vice and corruption1 from which the ,gospel had rescued them1 or1 at least1 had rescued their ancestors4 ,we know not the number of spiritists in our country4 ,we have seen it stated that they reckon their numbers by millions2 but there can be no doubt that they include a very large portion of our whole population4 ,has this fact anything to do with the astounding increase of vice and crime in our country within the last few years1 the undeniable corruption of morals and manners1 and the growing frequency of murder and suicide8 ,senator ,sprague1 an honorable and an honest man and a true patriot1 stated1 the other day1 in his place in the ,senate of the ,united ,states1 that our country is morally and politically more corrupt than any other country in the civilized world4 ,we hope he is mistaken1 but we are afraid that he is not wholly wrong4 ,it is idle to attribute this corruption to the influences of the late civil war1 and still idler or worse than idle1 to attribute it1 as some do1 to the heavy influx of foreigners2 for1 though among those are many old-world criminals1 the great body of the foreigners1 when they land here1 are far more moral1 honest1 upright1 conscientious1 than the average of native ,americans2 and though they soon prove that evil communications corrupt good manners1 much of the patriot's hope for the future depends on them1 especially the ,catholic portion of them1 if1 in due season1 their children can be brought under the influence of the church1 and receive a proper ,catholic training4 ,unhappily1 the simple1 natural virtues of former times1 such as existed in ancient ,greece and ,rome1 and exist even now in some pagan and ,mohammedan countries1 have1 to a fearful extent1 been lost with us1 and the sects have nothing with which to supply their place1 or to oppose to this terrible satanic invasion4 ,they have indeed done much to prepare the way for it1 and are doing still more1 by their opposition to the church1 to render it successful4 ,but1 though the danger is great and pressing1 we are not disposed to think1 with ,mr4 ,grant1 that we are in what he calls the world's crisis4 ,the danger is far less than it was2 because the satanic origin and character of the so-called spirit-manifestations are widely suspected1 and are beginning to be exposed4 ,satan is powerless in the open day4 ,he is never dangerous when seen and known to be satan4 ,he must always disguise himself as an angel of light1 and appear as the defender of some cause which1 in its time and place1 is good1 but1 mistimed and misplaced1 is evil4 ,he has done wonders in our day as a philanthropist1 and met with marvellous success as a humanitarian1 and will1 perhaps1 meet with more still as the champion of free love and women's rights4 ,but he has no power over the elect1 and1 though he may besiege the virtuous and the holy1 he can captivate only the children of disobedience1 who are already the victims of their own pride1 vanity1 lust1 or unbelief4 ,the end of the world may be at hand1 and these lying signs and wonders may be the precursors of antichrist2 but we do not think the end is just yet4 ,faith has not yet wholly died out1 and the church has seen1 perhaps1 darker days than the present4 #cjb ,the power of ,christ1 or his patience1 is not yet exhausted2 the gospel of the kingdom has not yet been preached to all nations2 three fourths of the human race remain as yet unconverted1 and we cannot believe that the church has as yet fulfilled her mission1 and ,christianity done its work4 ,too many of the sentinels have slept at their posts1 and there has been a fearful lack of vigilance and alertness of which the enemy has taken advantage4 ,the sleepers in ,zion are many2 but these satanic knocks and raps1 and these tippings of tables1 and this horrid din and racket of the spirits to indicate their presence1 can hardly fail to awaken them1 unless they are really sleeping the sleep of death4 ,the church is still standing1 and if her children will watch and pray1 she can battle with the enemy as successfully as she has done so many times before4 ,many ,catholics have had their doubts of the reality of the alleged spirit-manifestations1 and1 even conceding them as facts1 have been slow to recognize their satanic origin and character4 ,but those doubts are now generally removed4 ,the fearful moral and spiritual ravages of spiritism have dispelled or are fast dispelling them1 and it will go hard but here and now as always and everywhere1 what satan regards as a splendid triumph shall turn out against him and bring him to shame4 ,thus far in his war against the ,son of ,god all his victories have been his defeats4 ,one thing is certain1 that the only power there is to resist this satanic invasion is the ,catholic ,church2 and there is1 unless we greatly deceive ourselves1 a growing interest in the ,catholic question far beyond any that has heretofore been felt4 ,thinking and well-disposed men see and feel the impotence of the sects2 that they have no divine life1 and no divine support2 that they stand in human folly1 rather than even in human wisdom4 ,eminent ,protestant ministers eloquently proclaim and conclusively show that ,protestantism was a blunder1 and has proved a failure2 and there springs up a growing feeling among the more intelligent and well-disposed of our non-,catholic countrymen1 that the judgment rendered against the church by the ,reformers in the sixteenth century was hasty1 and needs revision1 perhaps a reversal4 ,this feeling1 if it continues to grow1 can augur but ill for the ultimate success of satan and his followers4 ------- #cjc ,daybreak4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,presentiments4 ,mr4 ,granger's family took the full benefit of their holiday at the seaside4 ,they rose before the lark1 and watched the days come in3 radiant1 solemn mornings1 all light and silence2 tender1 mist-veiled dawns1 less like day than a dream of day2 and angry1 magnificent sunrises1 blazing with stormy colors all over the sky1 soon to be quenched in a fine gray fall of rain4 ,they lay in hammocks slung out under the pine-trees1 till nature adopted them for her own1 and little wild creatures came and went about them unscared4 ,margaret1 ,mrs4 ,lewis called1 one day1 out of her hammock over to the other1 you remember how the foxes went to ,st4 ,francis--wasn't it ,st4 ,francis8--and held out their paws to shake hands with him1 and said1 ',how do you do1 ,st4 ,francis8' and he gave them his hand1 and said1 ',how do you do8' ,i remember nothing of the kind1 was the indignant reply4 ,but ,i know that ,robinson ,cru-- ,o fie6 cries the little lady4 ,why won't you own that my legend is beautiful and sublime1 whether true or not8 ,and it will be true when the kingdom comes for which all good people pray4 ,for the last hour ,i have been trying to get acquainted with a squirrel2 but just as ,i thought that he understood me1 and as ,i was about to offer my hand to him1 the little wretch darted away4 ,at this moment he is perched in the very top of a pine-tree1 and peering down at me as if ,i were a hyena4 ,alas6 ,they wandered on the beach at evening1 singing1 talking1 silent2 or if in merry mood1 skooning little flat stones over the water1 and counting how many wave-tips they would trip before falling4 ,mon armant m'aime--un peu--beaucoup--passionnment--pas du tout6 laughed ,mrs4 ,lewis1 seeing ,miss ,hamilton counting to herself4 ,you must only try that oracle in flower petals1 my dear4 ,to count it in salt water signifies tears4 ,sometimes they floated out in the harbor1 and felt the fresh breath of the ocean1 while the treacherous waters lapped1 and fawned1 and gurgled about the bows of their boat1 and overhead the sky was thick with stars4 ,all this was not with the ladies mere idle pleasure1 but was as seriously planned as it was heartily enjoyed4 ,they had resolved that whatever exciting discussions and differences the gentlemen should have abroad1 at home they should find nothing but peace4 ,politics were banished2 and they sometimes even restrained their impatience to hear the war-news when they suspected that the relation was likely to produce any unpleasant entanglement4 ,without being religious1 they yet had some perception of a pathway lying changeless and peaceful1 far above parties and nationalities1 and they felt that woman's proper place is there4 ,the gentlemen soon learned to submit to a restraint which they would never have imposed on themselves4 ,when they stepped out at the little station near their cottage1 their discussions were at an end4 #cjd ,there is our flag of truce1 ,mr4 ,lewis would say1 pointing to the thread of smoke that showed1 over the trees1 ,mrs4 ,james's kitchen-fire just kindled to prepare their dinner4 ,understand1 ,mr4 ,southard1 ,i oppose both you and ,louis tooth and nail1 and ,i'd like to fight it out with you now4 ,but our time is up2 and there are three little girls behind the trees there who would break their hearts if we should go home with cross faces4 ,let's shake hands till next time4 ,the only news of which they could all speak fearlessly and with pleasure was what concerned ,mr4 ,granger's cousin4 ,scarcely a week passed that did not bring some laudation of him4 ,he was one of those men who1 without effort1 are always conspicuous wherever they go4 ,opportunities that others sought with pain presented themselves unsought to him2 and he had a gallant1 dashing1 and1 withal1 a lordly way that embellished even brilliant exploits4 ,upon my word1 his cousin said1 at this rate it is not impossible that he may be made lieutenant-general4 ,mr4 ,southard was1 perhaps1 the hardest to keep within bounds1 probably because he felt himself religiously obliged to cry aloud and spare not4 ,but even he was subdued after a while4 ,he seemed indeed too dependent on the ladies to willingly offend them4 ,all the time he was not in the city he spent in their company1 unbending as much as was possible to him1 that his presence might not be a restraint on their pleasures4 ,he brought his books to the parlor1 and had his special corner there1 the lion's den1 he called it1 with a slight touch of reproach in his voice1 when he saw how the others kept away from its vicinity4 ,he rendered himself agreeable in many ways4 ,he read aloud to them1 he played and sang for them1 sometimes he took the brush from ,miss ,hamilton's hand1 and helped her with a bolder line than she could achieve4 ,it takes a strong hand to give a fine stroke1 she said4 ,where ,i would be delicate1 ,i am only soft4 ,let me finish this for you1 since the stippling is done1 he said1 as she paused to contemplate a major-general reposing pacifically on her easel4 ,i will not touch the face4 ,say what you will1 there is a softness and richness in your shading which ,i can never attain4 ,i may have a fine or bold touch1 but it is hard4 ,shall ,i deepen this background a little to throw the figure out8 ,and may ,i intensify his shoulder-straps8 ,margaret left her work to him1 and1 taking possession of his den1 divided her attention between a book1 and watching ,dora at play with ,aurelia outside4 ,since they left the city the child had been set loose from all city restraints1 and turned out to consort with bees and grasshoppers1 harrowing the soul of ,mrs4 ,james by the number and heinousness of her soiled frocks and stockings1 but drawing in full draughts of health4 ,both ,dora and her father were bankers4 ,but his bank in the city dealt in paper and specie2 hers was a flower-bank4 ,when she wanted him to buy her anything1 she brought him buttercups1 which were gold dollars with handles to them1 and he scrupulously kept account and returned her change4 ,no lover could wear in his buttonhole the rosebud presented by his lady's hand with a more tender pride than this father cherished for the bunch of wildflowers given him by his little daughter4 #cje ,mrs4 ,lewis approached the minister's table1 and began turning over his books4 ,i don't know anything1 she said mournfully1 opening a ,greek copy of ,homer1 and passing her fingers caressingly over the dear little quaint letters4 ,wallace1 wasn't it8--that poor ,horace ,binney-- ',doubly dead1 ,in that he died so young1' writes of the 'arrowy certainty of ,grecian phrases4' ,woe is me6 ,i cannot get at the point4 ,i can only see the feathering4 ,margaret looked up with an exclamation from the book in her hand4 ,listen6 ,coleridge1 propos of having republished his earlier poems without correction1 writes1 ',i was afraid of disentangling the weed for fear of snapping the flower4' ,snapping6 only a poet would have chosen that word4 ,the flower-stem that you can snap must be of sudden and luxuriant growth1 made up of water and color1 with just fibre enough to hold the two together4 ,as ,i read that1 ,i thought instantly of a red tulip bursting up bright and hasty through the moist1 warm mould4 ,that sends me outdoors4 ,i want to see weeds and flowers growing tangled together4 ,wait a little and let me go with you1 ,mr4 ,southard said4 ,and meantime let ,mrs4 ,lewis read us one of her poems1 as she promised to do4 ,mrs4 ,lewis had been for years one of those pretty lady writers of which the country is full1 by no means an artist1 or dreaming of any such distinction1 but writing acceptably to her friends1 and sometimes pleasing a not too critical public4 ,but she had abjured the pen from the day when a friendly publisher1 meaning to compliment her1 issued a volume of ,extracts from her writings4 ,a volume6 she cried in dismay4 ,why not a bottle8 ,there were my poor little fancies torn from their homes and set up in rows1 like flies and bugs transfixed on pins4 ,i shuddered4 ,i wrote no more4 ,i forgive you for asking me1 she said to ,mr4 ,southard4 ,i dare say you want to hear my rhyme1 and will think it very pretty4 ,and she read3 ,beating ,the ,bars4 #j morning air6 ,o pale1 pure fire6 ,wrap and consume my bonds away4 ,this stifling mesh of sordid flesh ,shuts in my spirit from the day4 ,through sudden chinks the radiance blinks1 ,and drives the winged creature wild4 ,she hears rejoice each ringing voice1 ,she guesses at each happy child4 ,in fleeting glints are shining hints ,of freer beings1 good and glad2 ,her dream can trace each lovely face1 ,each form1 in lofty beauty clad4 ,she hears the beat of joyous feet ,that break no flower1 fear no thorn2 ,and almost feels the breeze that steals ,from out the ever-growing morn4 ,she hears the flow of voices low1 ,and strains to catch the half-known tongue4 ,she hears the gush of streams that rush ,their thrilling waters into one4 ,with longing sighs1 her baffled eyes ,she sets where burn the unseen stars4 ,with frantic heats her wings she beats1 ,and breaks them on the stubborn bars4 ,o light6' she cries1 'unseal mine eyes1 ,or blind me in thine ardent glow4 ,o life and breath6 ,o life in death6 ,o bonds6 dissolve1 and let me go4 ',let drop this crust of cankering rust1 ,the only crown my brow hath won2 ,shake off the sears of briny tears1 ,and dry my pinions in the sun6' ,you don't mean it6 exclaimed ,margaret4 ,my dear1 said ,mrs4 ,lewis1 ,i do not mean it as a rule1 but as an exception4 ,that was written during my equinoctial4 ,miss ,hamilton waited for an explanation4 ,you don't know it yet1 the lady continued1 but you will learn in time that every woman has her line-gale4 ,it usually comes between thirty and forty1 sooner or later1 and is more or less violent4 ,after that1 we settle down and let the snows fall on us4 ,ending1 she laughed a little2 but there was a tightening of the lines about the mouth that showed at least remembered pain4 #cjf ,margaret1 going out1 stopped to look over ,mr4 ,southard's shoulder1 drawn there by the absent1 dreamy expression of his face4 ,if he was painting backgrounds1 she thought1 what mountains of melting blue1 what far-away waters1 half cloud1 half glitter1 must be stealing to life beneath his hand6 ,he had placed a blank sheet on the easel1 and was idly covering it with fragmentary improvisations4 ,under the heading of synonyms he had written1 ,cogito quia sum1 et sum quia cogito1 the text illustrated by a drawing of a cat running round after her own tail4 ,or a mouse going in at the same hole it came out from1 thought ,margaret4 ,he drew steady1 straight lines1 crossing them off with wonderful regularity2 then some airy grace stole down to the tips of his firm white fingers1 and the ends of the lines leaved and budded out1 audacious tendrils draped the severest angles1 and stars and crescents peeped through the spaces4 ,half impatiently he returned to geometrical figures2 but pentagons grouped themselves to look like five-petaled blossoms or star-crystals of frost1 and hexagons gathered themselves into a mosaic pavement whereon a sandalled foot was set4 ,this is the ,nile1 he said1 going over all with bold1 flowing lines2 and here comes ,cleopatra's barge1 the dusky queen dropped among her cushions1 a line of steady glow showing under each lowered eyelid1 cords of cool pearls trying in vain to press into quiet her untamable pulses4 ,this is a close-shut forest solitude1 with a carpet of greenest1 softest moss1 whereon ,i lie like ,danae while the heavens shower gold on me4 ,then1 with a start1 came recollection1 and the rush-tip became an asp to the ,egyptian1 and the ,greek was drowned in ink4 ,come out6 he said abruptly4 ,the air is close here4 ,will you come1 ,mrs4 ,lewis8 asked ,miss ,hamilton1 looking back from the door4 ,the lady shook her head in an exhausted manner4 ,aura1 said ,margaret when they reached the veranda1 will you come down to the beach with us8 ,thank you1 dear1 said ,aurelia gently1 ,i do not care to go4 ,miss ,hamilton's eyes flashed a little impatiently4 ,she did not like the way in which they withdrew themselves when she was with ,mr4 ,southard4 ,but after going a few steps1 she glanced back at ,aurelia1 and the two smiled4 ,at the moment it struck her that there was something new in ,miss ,lewis's expression1 an unusual seriousness and dignity under her sweetness4 ,the day was sultry1 but otherwise perfect1 the green as fresh as at spring1 the harbor purple and sparkling1 and the sky a deep azure1 except where a rim of darkness lay piled around the north and west1 cloud-peaks and cliffs showing as hard and sharp as if hewn of stone1 but illuminated now and then by lightnings that stirred uneasily within them1 changing their dense shadows to molten gold1 or leaping in dazzling crinkled flashes from point to point4 ,it seemed a gala-day of nature1 so wide1 so brilliant1 so consciously beautiful was everything4 ',visibly in his garden walketh ,god6' quoted ,margaret1 looking abroad with delight4 ,the god ,pan1 you mean1 said the minister1 whose little sparkle of gayety seemed to have been suddenly extinguished4 ,the ,creator pronounced his work good1 she said4 ,yes2 but we have changed all that1 was the reply4 ,we have put the heart in the wrong place4 #cjg ,moses and ,molire1 thought ,miss ,hamilton1 amused at the juxtaposition2 then added aloud1 ,christ pointed to the lilies of the field4 ,for a moral and a reproof1 yes4 ,he made them not a text1 but the illustration of a text4 ,this delight in inanimate nature is not harmful if subordinate to the thought of ,god2 otherwise it is a lure4 ,it leads to materialism1 or to sentimental religion that is worse than none1 since it bars the way to a true piety4 ,margaret made no reply4 ,in spite of herself1 his remarks depressed her1 and cast some faint shadow over the beauty of the scene4 ,the breakers are coming in1 ,mr4 ,southard said presently1 in a tone of voice that showed his regretful sense of having been disagreeable4 ,we shall have a tempest4 ,they had reached the shore1 and stood looking off over the water1 ,the liquid emerald wave they watched came rolling toward them1 paused an instant1 then rose and flung itself at their feet1 rustling away in foam and sliding1 silky water1 no longer a breaker1 but a broken4 ,mr4 ,southard1 ,margaret said after a minute1 you know that ,i would like to be religious1 if ,i knew how2 but it doesn't seem possible4 ,i am like one who1 in the dark1 wanting to get into a house1 knocks all about the walls without finding a door4 ,i am trying--in a sort of way-- ,she hesitated4 ,what would he say if he knew in what way she was trying8 ,give up all1 he said2 forget self2 and think only of ,god4 ,what you propose to me is not a path1 but a pedestal6 she exclaimed1 turning from him to go back to the house4 ,and ,i am not marble4 ,he followed her1 looking both hurt and annoyed4 ,outside the door she stopped1 and bending toward a little cluster of violets that grew there1 shook a warning finger in their innocent blue eyes4 ,don't look at me1 she said4 ,you're wicked6 ,do not give all your kindness to those who think only of your temporal welfare1 said the minister hastily1 ,remember those also who care for your soul4 ,oh6 why should ,i remember those who do me good for ,god's sake8 said ,miss ,hamilton coldly1 ,let him reward them2 ,i shall not4 ,there was no one in the parlor when they went in2 but they did not perceive that at first1 it was so dim4 ,the sky had darkened rapidly1 the clouds rolling up as if self-impelled2 for there was scarcely a breath of air stirring4 ,a shadow had swept the sparkle off the water1 and all the western view was shrouded in gloom4 ,southward a single point shone out like a torch amid the surrounding obscurity1 a beam of sunlight drop-ping on it through a cleft cloud1 and showing in a golden path visible across the heavens4 ,suddenly1 like a torch1 it was quenched2 and all was darkness4 ,mr4 ,southard stood before an open window1 with his hands clasped be-hind him1 and his clear eyes lifted heavenward4 ,margaret heard him repeating lowly1 ',canst thou send lightnings1 and will they go1 and will they return and say to thee1 ,here we are8' ,after all1 she said1 ,god is love1 ,and however circumstances may hem us in from each other1 he looks down on all4 ,perhaps some day1 lifting us1 each after his own way1 he will show us not only himself1 but one another1 face to face4 ,i think that there are more mistakes than sins in the world2 and ,god is love4 ,god is justice6 said the minister austerely4 #cjh ,his words were almost lost in a low rumble of thunder that curdled all about the heavens4 ,margaret stood beside him1 and looked out at the piled-up blackness shot through by flying thunderbolts4 ,ossa upon ,pelion1 she said4 ,it is the battle of the gods over again1 and ,jove is everywhere1 'treading the thunders from the clouds of air4' ,as she spoke1 a flash sprang from the north and a flash from the west1 and caught in their glittering toils the grouped inky crests of the tempest1 that for an instant stood out against the pale blue of the zenith1 a stupendous1 writhing ,laocoon4 ,then the lightnings leaped from that height to the midst of the harbor1 and stung the hissing waves till far and wide they quivered with a froth of flame4 ,as they fell1 the heavens seemed to burst in one awful report4 ,there were cries through the house1 and the whole family1 servants and all1 came rushing into the parlor4 ,mr4 ,southard was leaning against the wall1 with both hands over his face4 ,the shock had been severe1 and for a little while he was stunned4 ,are you hurt8 asked ,aurelia1 going to him at once4 ,he recovered himself1 and looked up4 ,no4 ,where is ,miss ,hamilton8 ,miss ,lewis drew back immediately1 and showed him ,margaret holding the frightened ,dora in her arms and hushing her cries4 ,god be thanked6 he exclaimed4 ,we have all escaped4 ,are the skies falling8 cried ,mrs4 ,lewis4 ,it seemed indeed as though they were4 ,that thunder-clap had loosened the pent rain1 and it came pouring down in floods1 veiling them in grayness1 the multitudinous plash and patter mingling with a sound like myriad chariot wheels driving overhead4 ,they closed the windows1 which immediately became sheeted with water1 the servants went back to their places1 ,dora took courage1 and ventured to uncover one blue eye1 with which she looked askance at the window4 ,mrs4 ,lewis began to take an esthetic view of the matter1 and ,miss ,hamilton a practical1 which she carried out by setting herself to kindle a fire against the coming of the absent ones4 ,they were sure to be drenched4 ,she had wood brought1 removed the pine boughs from the fireplace1 and1 kneeling on the hearth1 began arranging the pile after the most scientific country fashion1 miniature back-log1 back-stick1 and fore-stick1 then the finished pyramid1 sloping smoothly with the chimney4 ,it was pretty enough to burn1 built of birch1 amber and golden-hearted1 with bark of silver and cinnamon4 ,nothing else in woods so beautiful as those birch colors4 ,then it must be lighted with ceremony1 being their first fire1 their beltane a little belated4 ,fresh1 drowned roses were snatched in out of the drip to crown the pyre1 and the ladies had the temerity to despatch the minister1 as officiating priest1 with a wax taper1 to bring sacred fire from the kitchen grate4 ,lucifer matches were not to be thought of4 ,the lambent flame shone softly out through the chinks1 then reddened and grew broader1 tongues of fire lapped the sticks1 and disappeared and reappeared1 becoming bolder each time1 blistering brownly the silvery bark1 catching at the edges1 and rolling it up and off the sticks4 ,columns of milk-white smoke rose1 propped by half-sheathed flames1 and curled over1 mimicking every order of convolution4 ,mr4 ,southard recited3 ',a gleam--a gleam from ,ida's height1 ,by the fire-god sent it came1 ,from watch to watch it leaped1 that light1 ,as a rider rode the flame4' #cji ,the smoke shut thickly down1 a moment2 then a broad blaze burst out1 wrapped the logs1 and began to devour them1 roaring like a lion4 ,the others gathered about the cheerful fire which was reflected in their faces2 but ,margaret glanced out at the storm1 then went up to the long chamber entry from which a window looked down the townward road1 and began walking to and fro there1 wringing her hands1 and listening to the wind and the rain lash the windows4 ,a sudden darkness and terror had settled upon her4 ,it was more than that atmospheric influence to which many are susceptible1 more than a mere vague impression of evil2 it was a thought as clearly defined as if some one had that moment given it utterance in her hearing1 and it held her like a conviction4 ,some one whom she knew was at that instant dying1 or dead6 ,her hands grew cold2 she shook as with an ague fit4 ,she had been too happy4 ,she might have known that it could not last4 ,she had known it4 ,in all those happy months1 had she not drunk every sweet moment with eager lips that had felt1 and must again feel1 the bitterness of thirst8 ,had she not constantly said to herself1 ,it is too bright to last8 ,i was not meant for earthly happiness1 she thought1 wringing her hands4 ,the walls shook in the clutch of the blast4 ,noises came up from the sea2 and wild voices answered them from echoing rocks and from out the hollow woods4 ,a great wall seemed to have risen between her and paradise1 with a ceaseless swing of lightning guarding the entrance4 ,she fell on her knees and prayed1 one of those terrible1 voiceless prayers when the heart strains upward1 but utters no petition1 because it dares not think what it fears or what it desires4 ,leaning exhausted then against the window frame1 whom should she see but her great drenched hero striding down the road1 no form but his1 she knew1 though a slouched hat covered his face1 and a long cloak wrapped him from neck to heel4 ,in a flash1 the great wall changed its front1 and now shut her inside paradise4 ,she ran joyfully downstairs to open the door1 and caught the wind and rain in her face1 but caught also with them a smile4 ,where is ,mr4 ,lewis8 she asked1 thinking of that gentleman by a happy inspiration4 ,mr4 ,granger stepped in and shook himself like a half-drowned ,newfoundland dog4 ,mr4 ,lewis stopped to drink ,general ,sinclair's health4 ,he will come down in the next train4 ,general8 ,yes2 ,maurice is made a brigadier4 ,he doesn't have to climb the ladder1 you see1 the ladder comes down to him4 ,and truly he is a gallant fellow4 ,he goes in front of his men1 and laughs at danger as he laughs at fortune4 ,i've got a fire in the parlor for you1 she said4 ,he looked at her smilingly1 pleased at the childish delight in his coming which she did not try to hide4 ,why should she8 ,have you8 ,that's pleasant4 ,now help me off with my cloak4 ,i cannot unfasten that buckle at the back of the neck4 ,stand on the stair with the railing between us1 that you may not get wet4 ,as she stood near him1 she caught a sweet breath of ,english violets4 ,i brought them out for you1 he said1 giving them to her4 ,see6 not a stem is broken4 #caj ,she ran up-stairs to put the flowers in her chamber--they were too sacred to be shared with others--and coming down1 entered the parlor just after ,mr4 ,granger4 ,presently ,mr4 ,lewis appeared1 and they had dinner4 ,the conversation chanced to turn on presentiments2 and since they were all in very friendly humor1 ,miss ,hamilton told of her afternoon terror1 making it as presentable as possible4 ,i suffered a few minutes of mortal fear1 she said4 ,i seemed to know that some dreadful accident had happened to one of the family4 ,what is the meaning of those impressions that are often false1 but sometimes true1 and that come to us so suddenly1 uninvited and unexpected8 ,they are the conclusion of which a woman is one of the premises1 ,mr4 ,lewis said in his rough way4 ,did you ever hear of a man having presentiments8 ,of course not4 ,he may have if his liver is out of order2 not otherwise4 ,i'm not bilious1 pouted ,miss ,hamilton4 ,mrs4 ,lewis had been listening with interest4 ,she was one of those persons who believe that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in most philosophies4 ,her husband called her superstitious4 ,i believe in those presentiments which come to us unexpectedly1 she said4 ,we may know that they come from outside by the shock of their coming4 ,we may not be clear4 ,we may think that they point to the past or the present1 when really they indicate the future4 ,i think that what we call a true presentiment is a communication from some outside intelligence4 ,margaret started and looked uneasily at the speaker4 ,mr4 ,lewis regarded his wife with affectionate contempt4 ,there's the woman who always wishes when she sees two white-faced horses coming toward her1 and when she sees the new moon over her right shoulder1 and who won't wear an opal because it's an unlucky gem1 though it is her favorite4 ,that's the way with women4 ,their manner of arriving at conclusions is a caution to common sense4 ,mrs4 ,lewis sugared her strawberries1 and seemed to soliloquize4 ',two wings are better than ten legs1' says the butterfly to the caterpillar4 ,mr4 ,granger good-naturedly came to the rescue4 ,it is my opinion1 he said1 that these excessively reasonable people make as many mistakes as the most imaginative1 only their mistakes are not so obvious1 though often far worse4 ,they chill fresh spontaneous feeling1 they dampen enthusiasm1 they wound hearts that they cannot heal4 ,in ordinary matters1 ,i set reason above all2 but when we would measure the walls of the new ,jerusalem1 we must have a reed of gold1 and it must be in the hand of an angel4 ,mr4 ,southard had also his word to say in defence of woman against ,mr4 ,lewis's slighting remarks4 ,but his serious defence was more irritating than the others' laughing attack4 ,he spoke honorably1 and often truly2 but in the tone of one who understands the subject1 root and branch4 ,the three ladies listening felt as if they were three primers with pretty pictures1 and nice little good lessons in large print1 which ,mr4 ,southard had read with edification to himself in the intervals of more serious study4 ,woman1 he said1 woman is-- ,and paused there1 catching an impatient sparkle in ,miss ,hamilton's eyes4 #caa ,oh6 ,i know1 she exclaimed with the stammering eagerness of a child who can spell a big word--,i know what woman is6 ',hominis confusio4' ,i--,i read it in a book4 ,the minister sat silent and confounded4 ,i propose the health of ,general ,sinclair1 said ,mr4 ,lewis4 ,after dinner the party gathered about the parlor fire1 and as it fell from flame to coal1 told stories of hurricanes1 and tornadoes1 and shipwrecks1 the fearful recitals intensifying their sense of comfort and safety4 ,while they talked1 the storm passed away1 and there was only the sound of vines swinging against the panes1 and the ceaseless murmur of the sea4 ,when they opened the window1 clouds of perfume came in4 ,the sky was quite clear1 and there was a tinge of orange yet lingering in the west4 ,in the east was a still brighter aurora1 and the full moon1 coming up1 feathered with a crest of gold every crisp1 bright wavelet4 ,they all went out and strolled down to the beach4 ,every leaf and twig and blossom1 and the long line of the eaves1 were hung full of glittering rain-drops1 and the grass shone as if sheathed in burnished silver4 ,they sighed and were silent4 ,a scene so lovely and peaceful is always like a rebuke4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,this monarch1 so great1 so powerful1 must die1 must die1 must die4 ,praise be to him who liveth for ever4 ,during that whole summer there was a quiet but potent influence at work under ,margaret ,hamilton's superficial life2 ever at work1 yet silently1 scarcely recognized by herself4 ,the spark struck out by ,mr4 ,southard in his anti-,catholic lecture was slowly kindling in the depths of her being4 ,there was not a thought of controversy in her mind4 ,as she read1 one doctrine after another appeared1 and showed its harmony with some need of hers2 or if not needed1 it was not antagonistic1 like the pleasant face of a stranger who may become a friend4 ,fortunately1 no person and no book had said to her1 ,you must believe2 and so awakened opposition4 ,or if the obligation had been insinuated1 she had not perceived it4 ,she felt that it was for her alone to say what she must believe1 as long as she invited truth generously1 and was ready to accept it when it appeared to her with a truthful face4 ,of course she was not one to make syllogisms at every step1 and1 being a woman1 was not likely to think that necessary4 ,she looked up to find one truth after another standing smiling and confident on the threshold of her heart1 and as smilingly she bade them welcome4 ,reason gave up the reins to intuition1 and light came without a cloud4 ,she realized nothing1 till1 startled by some outside call that woke a many-voiced stir of hitherto silent guests1 she opened her eyes1 and found herself a ,catholic4 ,the first emotion was one of incredulity2 then followed delight1 mingled with a fear which was merely the shadow cast by old bugbears that1 looked at fearlessly in that new light1 faded and fled like ghosts at dawning4 ,then all surprise faded away4 ,she recognized her proper place4 ,she was at home4 ,but how to tell ,mr4 ,granger6 ,for she must tell him without delay4 ,it was not an easy task4 ,if he had suspected1 perhaps she could have spoken2 but he never dreamed of the change in her4 ,if the subject had been introduced1 she must have spoken2 but for some reason1 the papists were allowed to rest unscathed in the family conversations4 #cab ,it was the war2 it was ,general ,sinclair1 sabre in hand1 riding into battle as if it were a fte2 it was the weather1 a whole month of persistent and most illogical rain1 pouring down through west winds1 through dry moons1 through red sunsets1 through every sign that should bring clear skies1 ,taurus being clerk of the weather1 they concluded2 it was when they should go back to town-- ,not till the trees should resume specie payment1 was ,mr4 ,granger's professional dictum2 it was any and everything but theology4 ,and so the weeks went past1 and ,october came1 and the story was not told4 ,but he must know before they returned to town1 for then she was to be baptized4 ,her uneasiness did not escape ,mr4 ,granger1 and in some measure it communicated itself to him4 ,he perceived that she wished to say something to him1 yet was afraid to speak4 ,after all1 he thought1 why should ,i wait for her to begin8 ,she is as timid1 sometimes1 as much of a baby1 as my ,dora4 ,i dare say it is some foolish thing1 only fit to laugh at4 ,i must help her4 ,it was ,sunday4 ,mr4 ,southard was in town1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lewis and ,aurelia taking their farewell walk in the pine woods1 for the family were to leave the seashore that week1 and ,dora was in the kitchen1 hushing to sleep an interesting family of kittens4 ,miss ,hamilton walked up and down the piazza1 and ,mr4 ,granger sat just inside one of the windows1 looking at her4 ,he saw that she occasionally glanced his way1 and hesitated1 and that with some suspense or fear her face had grown very pale4 ,he leaned on the sill1 as she came past1 and regarded her anxiously4 ,you are not looking well1 he said4 ,i hope that nothing troubles you4 ,she came to him immediately1 eagerly2 a faint smile just touching her lips1 and fading again4 ,i wanted to tell you2 but ,i was afraid1 she said1 speaking like one out of breath4 ,i am sorry that you are afraid of me4 ,have ,i ever given you reason to be8 ,margaret could not look at him1 but leaned against a pillar near the window1 and averted her face4 ,i was afraid only because you might think-- ,she stopped4 ,my dear child1 what a coward you are6 he exclaimed1 half laughing4 ,you are worse than ,dora4 ,she had not such an air of terror when she broke my precious ,palissy plate4 ,must ,i apply the thumbscrew8 ,she turned toward him suddenly1 and with a look stopped his raillery4 ,would you be much displeased1 ,mr4 ,granger1 if ,i should be a ,catholic8 she asked2 then held her breath while she awaited his reply4 ,his first expression was one of utter astonishment4 ,but you are not in earnest6 he said1 after a moment4 ,this is only a fancy4 ,don't believe that6 said ,margaret4 ,i am so firmly a ,catholic that ,i would die for the faith4 ,it has been growing in my mind a long time2 and now the work is finished4 ,i could not go back1 even to please you1 ,mr4 ,granger4 ,i must follow my convictions4 ,certainly1 he said very quietly1 looking down4 ,no one has a right to interfere with your convictions4 ,do you intend to become openly a ,catholic1 and leave your own church for that8 ,i do not know how to believe one thing and say another1 she replied4 ,i am to be baptized as soon as ,i go in town4 #cac ,she seemed abrupt1 almost defiant2 but it was only because she was weak4 ,mr4 ,granger drew himself up slightly4 ,since your mind is so fully made up1 and your arrangements perfected1 there is1 of course1 no more to be said about the matter4 ,i am surprised1 since ,i have not been led to expect anything of the sort2 but ,i have neither the right nor the desire to control your religious opinions4 ,fortunately1 conscience is free in this country4 ,but you are displeased6 she exclaimed tremulously2 for every word had fallen like ice upon her heart4 ,you cannot expect me to be pleased1 since ,i am not a ,catholic1 was the reply4 ,margaret sighed heavily under the first pressure of her cross4 ,you wish me to go away8 ,he looked at her in astonishment4 ,certainly not6 ,when ,i say that ,i have no right or desire to interfere in your religion1 ,i mean that ,i am not to persecute you or to make any difference with you on account of it4 ,nothing is to be changed unless you wish it4 ,she had expected him to ask some explanation2 but not a word more did he say4 ,he seemed to think that the subject was disposed of4 ,his silence wrung her heart like the veriest indifference2 but he was not indifferent4 ,he thought1 ,she has done all this without confiding in me1 and tells me only when she must4 ,it is not for me to question her4 ,what ,i am to know she must communicate voluntarily4 ,she waited a moment1 then turned slowly away1 went in at the door1 and up-stairs to her chamber4 ,when they met again1 ,mr4 ,granger tried to be quite as usual4 ,he was even more scrupulously respectful than formerly4 ,but she felt the chill of all that courtesy that had once been kindness4 ,the next day she went in town1 and was baptized4 ,the sooner the better1 she thought4 ,but1 if she had expected any delight or conscious change to follow the reception of the sacrament1 she was disappointed4 ,there was only that calm which follows the consciousness of being in the right way4 ,the baptism was strictly private2 no one present but the two necessary witnesses2 and after it was over1 she took the cars back to the country4 ,everything is peaceful1 she thought1 walking through the silent woods1 now burning with autumn colors4 ,everything is sweet1 she added1 as1 coming in sight of the house1 she saw little ,dora running joyfully out to meet her4 ,when you come back1 ,i'm glad all over1 said the child4 ,that evening ,mr4 ,southard came home alone1 and with a very grave face4 ,i have bad news for you1 was his first greeting on entering the parlor4 ,mrs4 ,lewis started up with a cry4 ,miss ,hamilton sank back in her chair4 ,general ,sinclair is killed4 ,thank ,god6 exclaimed both ladies4 ,they thought that some accident had happened to ,mr4 ,granger or ,uncle ,charles1 explained ,aurelia1 seeing the minister's astonishment4 ,some people never know how to tell bad news6 cried ,mrs4 ,lewis1 her face still crimson with that first terrified leap of the heart4 ,can't you see1 ,mr4 ,southard1 that you ought to have begun by saying that our family were all well8 ,look at that girl6 ,she is like a snow image4 ,oh6 well1 excuse me2 but you did give me such a start4 ,now tell us the whole1 please4 ,i am very sorry4 #cad ,poor ,mr4 ,southard took his scolding with the greatest humility1 but was so disconcerted by it that he could hardly finish the recital4 ,mr4 ,granger had received a telegram from ,washington1 and had gone on immediately to bring the remains of his cousin home for burial4 ,he wished them to go into town1 and have the house open for the funeral4 ,general ,sinclair's wife was ill in ,montreal1 and could not be present4 ,mr4 ,granger had telegraphed her before starting4 ,they went to town the next day1 and hastened to put the house in order2 and on the second day ,mr4 ,granger arrived4 ,it was impossible to have a private funeral4 ,mr4 ,sinclair had a host of friends1 his reputation was a brilliant one1 and he had died in battle4 ,military companies offered their escort1 and the public desired to honor the dead by some demonstration4 ,finally1 ,mr4 ,southard opened his church1 and consented to preach the sermon4 ,one would have thought that some public benefactor had died4 ,the church was crowded1 and crowds lined the streets through which the procession passed4 ,many a great and good man has died1 yet received no such ovation4 ,a military funeral is the sublime of mourning4 ,we may not know whose memory is thus honored1 whose silence thus lamented2 but those wailing strains of music touch our heartstrings as the wind sweeps the windharp1 and tears start at the obsequies of him whose name we never heard1 whose face we never looked upon4 ,perhaps it is that requiem music mourns not that one man is dead1 but that all men must die4 ,mr4 ,southard had felt a temporary embarrassment as to the manner in which he should treat his subject4 ,he could not hold the dead up as a model1 for ,mr4 ,sinclair had been an unbeliever and a man of the world4 ,there was but one way1 and that one was congenial to the speaker and welcome to the hearers4 ,the man must be1 as much as was possible1 ignored in the cause4 ,from the moment when the minister rose in the pulpit1 the spirit in which he would speak was plain to be seen4 ,his mouth was stern1 there was a steel-like flash in his eyes1 and his voice was clear and ringing when he announced his text3 ,and he said to ,zebee and ,salmana3 ,what manner of men were they whom you slew in ,thabor8 ,they answered3 ,they were like thee1 and one of them as the son of a king4 ,he answered them3 ,they were my brethren1 the sons of my mother4 ,as the ,lord liveth1 if you had saved them1 ,i would not kill you4 ,and he said to ,jether his eldest son3 ,arise1 and slay them4 ,there was a pause of utter silence2 then the minister extended his hands toward the open1 flag-draped1 flower-crowned coffin in front of the pulpit1 and exclaimed1 ,one of them as the son of a king6 ,instantly every eye was turned on that white and silent face1 and the princely form extended there1 superbly beautiful as a marble god4 ,it seemed regicide to kill such a man4 ,after that look1 scarcely one present revolted at the tone of the sermon1 which echoed throughout the vengeful call1 ,arise1 and slay them6 ,as the family sat that evening at home1 trying to throw off the gloomy impressions of the day1 and to talk quite as usual1 the conversation1 by some chance1 turned on theology1 and settled upon ,catholicism4 ,mr4 ,granger1 who had been sitting apart and silent1 roused himself at that1 and tried to introduce some other topic1 but without success4 ,miss ,hamilton was mute1 feeling that her time had come4 ,if only her friend were on her side1 she would not have cared so much2 but he was far from her4 ,the coldness that had arisen between them at first had increased rather than diminished4 ,perhaps it was partly her own fault2 but it hurt her none the less4 #cae ,the papists are certainly gaining ground in this country1 ,mr4 ,southard said4 ,we have hard work before us4 ,they know how to appeal to the frivolous tastes of the times1 as of old they appealed to the superstitious4 ,their music pleases opera-goers1 and their ceremonies amuse the curious4 ,worse than that1 their sophistries deceive the romantic and the credulous4 ,oh6 live and let live1 interposed ,mr4 ,granger hastily4 ,there are a good many roads to heaven4 ,the ,son of ,god said that there was but one1 replied the minister4 ,if there is but one1 ,mr4 ,granger said1 rising1 he is a bold man who will say that he is right1 and all the others wrong4 ,are you a ,catholic1 ,mr4 ,granger8 demanded ,mr4 ,southard with some heat4 ,no1 was the reply2 but some who are dear to me are ,catholic4 ,margaret's heart gave a bound4 ,she breathed an aspiration4 ,her time had come4 ,she was sitting alone opposite them all1 and they all looked at her as she leaned forward with a slight gesture that checked further speech4 ,i am a ,catholic1 ,mr4 ,southard1 she said4 ,i was baptized this week4 ,the minister started up with an exclamation1 the others stared in astonishment2 but ,mr4 ,granger took a step and placed himself at ,margaret's side4 ,o generous heart6 ,she did not look at him1 but she began to tremble1 as the snow-wreath trembles in the sun before it quite melts away4 ,you cannot mean it6 ,mr4 ,southard found voice to say4 ,o joy6 ,she wasn't afraid of him now4 ,i am quite in earnest1 she replied4 ,he leaned against the table near him1 too much excited to sit1 too much overcome to stand unsupported4 ,you mean that you are pleased with their ceremonies1 that some of their doctrines are plausible1 not that you accept them all1 and pay allegiance to the pope of ,rome4 ,it cannot be6 ,i honor the pope as the head of the church1 and ,i can listen to no teacher of religion whom he does not approve1 was the reply4 ,my ,god6 muttered the minister4 ,he stood one moment looking at her as if he saw a spectre1 then turned away with drooping head1 and went toward the door1 staggering so that he had to put his hand out for support4 ,to that sincere but mistaken man it was as if he had seen the pit open1 and one he loved drawn into it4 ,the others sat silent and embarrassed1 till ,aurelia1 bursting into tears1 started up and left the room4 ,margaret glanced at ,mrs4 ,lewis1 and found that she had quite recovered from her surprise4 ,the programme seems to be flourish of trumpet1 and exeunt omnes1 the lady said4 ,but ,i mean to stand my ground4 ,i don't find you in the least frightful4 ,you look to me precisely as you did an hour ago1 only brighter perhaps4 ,my only fear at this instant is lest we may have to tie you up to keep you out of a convent4 ,i have no thought of a convent1 said ,margaret4 #caf ,oh6 well1 ,i don't see but we can get along with everything else4 ,there's fish on ,fridays1 and the necessity of holding one's tongue occasionally4 ,i think we can manage4 ,mr4 ,lewis1 can you shut your mouth sufficiently to give an opinion8 ,thus called upon1 ,mr4 ,lewis found voice4 ,what in the world did you want to go and turn ,catholic for8 he demanded angrily4 ,couldn't you like 'em well enough at a distance1 as ,i do8 ,that's just a woman's romantic1 headlong way of doing things up to the handle4 ,you've upset your own dish completely4 ,nobody will marry you now4 ,miss ,hamilton smiled4 ,that is a view of the matter which ,i never thought to take1 she said4 ,but you must think of that1 ,mr4 ,lewis persisted1 perfectly in earnest4 ,no1 thank you2 ,i won't1 she replied1 rising4 ,i thank you all--with downcast eyes and a little tremor in her voice--,i thank you that you are not too angry with me for what ,i could not help4 ,i could not have borne-- ,there words failed her4 ,she glanced at ,mr4 ,granger as she went out1 and caught one of those heartfelt smiles which lighted his face when he was thoroughly friendly and pleased4 ,there was little rest for her that night4 ,hour after hour she heard ,mr4 ,southard's step pacing to and fro in his chamber beneath1 not ceasing till near morning4 ,but after she went to bed1 ,aurelia came softly in1 and1 bending1 put her arms around ,margaret1 and kissed her4 ,i am sorry if ,i made you feel bad by going away so1 she said in a voice stifled by long weeping4 ,but you know ,i was so taken by surprise4 ,of course we are all the same friends as ever4 ,good-night1 dear6 ,go to sleep1 and don't worry about anything4 ,mr4 ,granger and aunt and uncle told me to say good-night to you for them4 ,how good everybody is--,god and everybody6 thought ,margaret4 ,in the morning all appeared as usual1 except that there was no ,mr4 ,southard at the table4 ,luncheon-time came1 and ,mrs4 ,james reported the minister to have locked his door and declined refreshment4 ,when the dinner-bell rang1 still ,mr4 ,southard had not come down4 ,if he doesn't come to dinner1 ,miss ,hamilton thought1 thoroughly vexed1 ,i will send him a note which will give him an appetite4 ,this is sheer nonsense4 ,but as they entered the dining-room they heard his step on the stairs1 and he followed them in4 ,hearing him greet the others quite in his usual manner1 ,margaret glanced at him1 and found him waiting to bow to her4 ,he looked as if he had had a long illness4 ,what6 you desert your seat too8 he said1 seeing her go toward the other end of the table4 ,i thought you might be afraid to sit by me1 she replied pettishly4 ,then1 as he dropped his glance and colored faintly1 she repented1 and went back to her seat by him4 ,when they rose1 he spoke to her aside4 ,may ,i see you in the library now1 or at your convenience8 ,i would gladly speak with you tonight4 ,now1 if you please1 she answered1 thinking it best to have the interview over at once1 since it was inevitable4 ,it would be worse than useless to repeat the minister's arguments4 ,with more of patience and humility than she had expected1 he asked for and listened to the story of her conversion4 ,but his calmness deserted him more and more as he perceived how firmly grounded was her conviction1 and how hard would be the task of reclaiming her4 #cag ,polemical discussions were always irritating1 but not always convincing1 she insisted4 ,she could not trust herself to engage in them1 even if she were capable4 ,she did not want to be told that such a man had been wicked1 that such an abuse had existed4 ,when treason had found a place among the apostles1 it might well taint some of their successors4 ,it mattered not2 her faith was not based on any individual4 ,let ,mr4 ,southard take the doctrines of the church1 as she had learned them1 from the church itself1 and then prove them false if he could4 ,let him take the books that had satisfied her1 and answer their arguments1 theologian to theologian4 ,with her the contest would be unequal2 but she would gladly listen to his refutation1 she assured him4 ,what books have you read8 he asked1 resting his head on his hand1 disconcerted to find that1 instead of being opposed to an uninstructed young woman1 he was to have arrayed against him the flower of ,catholic theologians4 ,she named them1 an imposing list1 at the repetition of which a slow red crept up into the minister's cheeks4 ,apparently the young woman was not so uninstructed as he had thought4 ,mr4 ,southard1 she concluded1 ,i have no desire but to know the truth4 ,if you can convince me that ,i am wrong1 ,i will renounce my errors as promptly as ,i adopted them4 ,if you are thoroughly convinced that you are in the right way1 then you ought to be fearless4 ,but if it is too much trouble for you to study the subject1 if ,i am not worth it1 then let the matter drop4 ,i will read the books1 and go over their arguments with you1 the minister said1 looking at her keenly as if he suspected some hidden motive in her proposal4 ,i am honest6 she said1 hurt by his expression4 ,what have ,i to gain1 if not heaven8 ,what have ,i not to lose8 ,i feel surely that our happy household will never again be the same that it has been4 ,i must believe you sincere1 he replied4 ,but ,i cannot imagine what should have set you1 of all persons1 on this track4 ,miss ,hamilton smiled as she rose4 ,it was you1 sir4 ,you should beware of the flattery of abuse4 ,the next morning after breakfast the minister found on his study table a pile of controversial works that the housekeeper had been instructed to leave there for him4 ,beside them lay a crucifix4 ,he touched it1 and it seemed to burn his fingers4 ,he pushed it away1 and it burned his heart4 ,after all1 it is the image of my crucified ,redeemer1 he said2 and took it in his hand again4 ,looking at it a moment1 his eyes filled with tears4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ------- #cah ,good ,old ,saxon4 ,by ,an ,english ,catholic4 ,during the last five years an admirable society1 formed in ,london1 and called the ,early ,english ,text ,society1 has been reproducing at a cheap rate a large number of curious and valuable works written in the thirteenth1 fourteenth1 fifteenth1 and sixteenth centuries4 ,many of these existed in manuscript only1 while others were out of print1 and very difficult of attainment4 ,they range over a variety of different subjects1 and being beautifully printed1 amply supplied with notes and glossaries1 and each edited by an accomplished ,anglo-,saxon scholar1 they afford clergymen1 antiquarians1 and men of letters in general an excellent opportunity of becoming familiar with the earlier forms of the ,english language1 and the best authors during a literary period hitherto regarded as obscure4 ,these publications synchronize with1 and have partly grown out of1 a movement which1 though retrograde1 has been really an improvement and an advance--a movement1 namely1 from ,latinized to ,saxon ,english4 ,we may perhaps date its commencement from the time when ,dr4 ,johnson was approaching his sixtieth year4 ,he had1 for a long time1 been lending the weight of his great name to the practice of using very long words1 and those chiefly of ,latin origin4 ,in doing this he had not merely followed a crowd of classical ,english writers1 but had put himself at their head4 ,the genius of the language was being lost1 and when it seemed to be gaining strength1 it was in reality growing weaker4 ,its original tendency had been toward words of one syllable1 but under ,shaftesbury1 ,bolingbroke1 and a multitude of essayists and pamphleteers of the eighteenth century1 it tended strongly toward the use of words of many syllables4 ,thus sound was frequently substituted for sense1 and sentences1 though they ran more smoothly1 had in them far less fibre4 ,an air of pedantry was thrown over expressions1 when such a word as tremulousness was substituted for quivering1 and exsiccation for drying4 ,mannerism was certainly the mildest epithet that could be applied to such changes1 when they became frequent and systematic4 ,an instance of the habit in question is often quoted from ,johnson's ,dictionary1 where1 in defining net and network1 he calls the first1 anything made with interstitial vacuities1 and the second1 anything reticulated or decussated1 at equal distances1 with interstices between the intersections4 ,yet ,johnson himself had1 in the grammar prefixed to his ,dictionary1 pointed out clearly how very monosyllabic ,english was originally1 how our ancestors were studious to form borrowed words1 however long1 into monosyllables2 how they cut off terminations1 cropped the first syllable1 rejected vowels in the middle1 and weaker consonants1 retaining the stronger1 which seem the bones of words4 ,thus1 from excrucio they made screw2 from exscorio1 scour2 from excortico1 scratch2 from hospital1 spittle2 and the like4 #cai ,by such processes1 performed not according to rule1 but by the unconscious working of national instincts1 our forefathers produced a wonderful agreement between the sound of their words and the thing signified4 ,squeak1 crush1 brawl1 whirl1 bustle1 twine1 are but a few among a multitude of instances which will occur to any one who gives attention to the subject4 ,wallis1 indeed1 a writer often quoted in the grammar referred to1 establishes the fact of a great agreement subsisting between even the letters1 in the native words of our language1 and the thing signified2 and his analysis of the meaning conveyed by sn1 str1 st1 thr1 wr1 sw1 cl1 sp1 and other combinations is highly ingenious and1 on the whole1 satisfactory4 ,he comes to the conclusion that one of our monosyllable words emphatically expresses what in other languages can scarce be explained but by compounds1 or decompounds1 or sometimes a tedious circumlocution4 ,but although ,dr4 ,johnson1 like ,wallis1 appreciated highly the ,saxon origin and character of ,english1 though he fully recognized the strength which it derives from its native sources as opposed to southern innovations1 his own practice was eminently faulty1 and sure1 in the hands of his imitators1 to degenerate into pedantry and stilts4 ,it was well1 therefore1 that when his career was drawing to a close1 an obscure but highly gifted boy in ,bristol ransacked the muniment room of ,st4 ,mary ,redcliffe's ,church1 and found1 or pretended to have found1 in its old chests1 the poems of ,rowley1 who was said to have written in the time of ,edward ,,iii4 ,the poems were not without merit in themselves1 but1 when ,chatterton had1 amid the pangs of hunger1 put an end to his short and weary existence1 they attracted attention in consequence of the antiquated form in which they appeared4 ,they were like the fossil remains of extinct animals1 and spoke of a literary period little known at that time even to the best ,english scholars4 ,they breathed the language and the spirit of ,chaucer2 and from the moment of their appearance may be traced the reaction in favor of ,saxon phraseology which marks the literature of the present day4 ,the boy-author saw by intuition what ,dr4 ,wallis had reduced to rules4 ,perhaps he had never analyzed very closely his own reasons1 nor traced attentively the process of nature in the formation of words1 so as to produce in them an agreement between the sound and the thing signified2 but his youthful ear was charmed with the native energy of what ,byron called our northern guttural1 and he loved to imitate1 in such lines as these1 the rugged sweetness of the early ,english poets3 ,the rodie welkin sheeneth to the eyne2 ,in dasied mantles is the mountain dight1 ,the neshe young cowslip bendeth with the dew4 ,in these lines1 all the words are of the pure ,saxon type2 and the same may be said of almost every stanza in ,chaucer's ,tales4 ,the flowrs of many divers hue ,upon their stalkis gonin for to spread1 ,and for to splay out their leavis ill brede1 ,again the sun1 gold-burned in his sphere1 ,that down to them y-cast his beamis clear4' ,and again1 as we read in ,the ,clerke's ,tale3 ,and whanne sche com hom sche wolde brynge ,wortis and other herbis tymes ofte1 ,the which sche shred and seth for her lyvyng ,and made her bed ful hard1 and nothing softe4 ,this1 as regards language1 is the mould in which the ,tales are cast4 ,the same ,saxon stamp imprinted on the verse of ,spenser1 though the ,fairie ,queen came two centuries after the ,canterbury ,tales4 ,one stanza shall suffice as a specimen3 #cbj ,then came the jolly summer1 being dight ,in a thin silken cassock coloured greene1 ,that was unlyned all1 to be more light2 ,and on his head a girland well beseene ,he wore1 from which as he had chauffed been ,the sweat did drop2 and in his hand he bore ,a bow and shaftes2 as he in forrest greene ,had hunted late the libbard or the bore ,and now would bathe his limbs with labor heated sore4 ,the habits and tastes of ,ben ,jonson and of ,milton were largely influenced by their classical studies4 ,the best authors of ancient ,greece and ,rome filled their memories1 and it was only natural that their writings should betray at every turn the sources from which they had been fed4 ,yet a multitude of passages might be cited from these poets in which the genuine ring of the early ,english rhymers only is heard4 ,thus ,ben ,jonson1 in a favorite piece of advice to a reckless youth1 says3 ,nor would ,i you should melt away yourself ,in flashing bravery2 lest1 while you affect ,to make a blaze of gentry to the world1 ,a little puff of scorn extinguish it1 ,and you be left like an unsavoury snuff ,whose property is only to offend4 ,the last line has more than one word of ,latin origin2 but in ,milton's ,mask of ,comus we find long passages entirely free from the foreign element4 ,thus1 ,sabrina sings3 ,by the rushy-fringed bank ,where grows the willow and the osier dank1 ,my sliding chariot stays1 ,thick set with agat1 and the azure sheen ,of turkis blue and em'rald green1 ,that in the channel strays2 ,whilst from off the waters fleet ,thus ,i set my printless feet ,o'er the cowslip's velvet head ,that bends not as ,i tread4 ,now it must not be supposed that in calling attention to the ,saxon character of ,english as opposed to1 or distinct from1 its ,latin and ,norman aspects1 we are advocating any exclusive system4 ,we rejoice in our language being a compound2 and as some of the most exquisite perfumes are produced by distilling a variety of different flowers and leaves1 so languages formed by the mixture of several races1 and influenced by numerous changes and chances in the history of the people who speak them1 are often1 in their way1 as vigorous and beautiful as any of more simple origin4 ,this is especially the case with that tongue which1 being our own1 is dearer to us than all besides4 ,but because it consists1 and must ever consist1 of various elements1 there is no reason why we should be indifferent to the relative proportions in which these elements are mixed together2 nor is it by any means superfluous to inquire whether the tendency of a compound language may not1 at any particular period1 be toward corruption and decay1 and1 at another time1 toward health1 consistency1 majesty1 melody1 and strength4 ,we have assumed that ,saxon is the basis of ,english1 and that of late years there has been among ,english writers a tendency to reascend the stream to its source1 to freshen and invigorate their diction by the use of native1 as distinct from foreign words4 ,we have mentioned ,chatterton as being1 perhaps unconsciously1 a leader in this movement2 and we would add that ,burns also fostered the reviving taste for pure ,english2 for1 though he wrote in the ,scottish dialect1 that dialect had1 and has still1 a thousand points of contact with our language in the days of its youth4 ,though its peculiarities were of ,gaelic rather than ,saxon origin1 yet they resembled old ,english in this1 that they were marked by short words and many consonants4 ,hence ,robert ,burns's verse revolts instinctively from the many liquid syllables of the ,south1 and is wild and ragged as the crags and glens which were his favorite haunts4 ,so far as it influenced our literature1 it recalled it from the smoother and less vigorous course of ,latinized or ,johnsonian ,english to the sharper1 simpler1 and clearer notes of less artificial times4 #cba ,your critic-folk may cock their nose ,and say1 ,how can you e'er propose1 ,you who ken hardly verse frae prose1 ,to mak a sang8 ,but1 by your leaves1 my learned foes1 ,ye're may be wrang4 ,the touch and racy dialect of the ,border ,minstrelsy1 which ,walter ,scott edited1 ,mr4 ,evans's ,collection of ,old ,ballads1 and ,percy's ,reliques of ,ancient ,english ,poetry1 guided public taste into a direction opposed to the tame mediocrity of the imitators of ,dryden and ,pope4 ,the ear and the mind alike were charmed by the exceeding simplicity of the style of these old ballads1 and their almost exclusive use of monosyllables4 ,here are a few notes from one of those ,jacobite songs which resounded so freely among the ,highlands when ,prince ,charles ,edward came to recover the crown of his fathers4 ,walter ,scott compares such ballads to the grotesque carving on a ,gothic niche3 ,it's nae the battle's deadly stoure ,nor friends pruived fause that'll gar me cower1 ,but the reckless hand o' povertie1 ,oh6 that alane can daunton me6 ,high was ,i born to kingly gear1 ,but a cuif came in my cap to wear1 ,but wi' my braid sword ,i'll let him see ,he's nae the man will daunton me4 ,the ,lake school of poetry1 being founded in a deep love of nature and a close scrutiny of her works1 had a concurrent influence in restoring the liberal use of the older forms of speech4 ,writers like ,charles ,lamb1 whose minds were richly stored with the treasures of ,elizabethan lore1 were sometimes accused of affectation in employing archaisms1 but the old words of the poet1 as the author of ,summer ,time in the ,country observes1 like the foreign accent of a sweet voice1 give a charm to the tone1 without in any large degree obscuring the sense4 ,indeed1 if the most popular passages in ,wordsworth1 and in his great master ,shakespeare1 be examined1 they will be found to answer on the whole to that ideal of ,english phraseology which is here formed--one1 namely1 in which the ,saxon element largely predominates4 ,thus1 almost at random1 we quote from ,the ,midsummer ,night's ,dream3 ,what hempen home-spuns have we swaggering here1 ,so near the cradle of the fairy queen8 ,and from ,wordsworth's ,idle ,shepherd ,boys3 ,beneath a rock1 upon the grass1 ,two boys are sitting in the sun2 ,boys that have had no work to do1 ,or work that now is done4 ,on pipes of sycamore they play ,the fragments of a ,christmas hymn2 ,or with that plant which in our dale ,we call stag-horn or fox's tail1 ,their rusty hats they trim3 ,and thus1 as happy as the day1 ,those shepherds wear the time away4 ,shakespeare's description of ,queen ,mab1 in ,romeo and ,juliet1 may also be pointed out as a signal example of pure ,saxon ,english throughout2 but it is too long and too familiar to our readers to be quoted here4 ,there are not wanting men of talent and research1 who have remarked the change which has come over the national literature in its rebound toward ,saxon diction1 and who have recommended it very distinctly4 ,dean ,swift1 though in point of time he preceded the movement1 held as a principle that no ,saxon word should be allowed to fall into disuse4 ,dean ,hoare has1 in our own time1 expressed his decided conviction that those speakers and writers impart most pleasure whose style is most ,saxon in its character2 and this remark applies1 as he believes1 especially to poetry4 ,it is in accordance with the spirit of the age that we recoil from that fine writing which is generally mere declamation4 #cbb ,in proportion as we become practical1 the racy style--pointed1 suggestive1 and curt--rises in value4 ,by the exercise of thought and cultivation of science we become exact1 and through plenty of business we become brief-spoken4 ,vague talking and writing is now at a discount1 and persons express themselves with more substance and strength because they are trained in the love of truth1 historic and scientific1 and have contracted a hatred of shams of every kind4 ,directness of statement is what is now most valued in a writer1 and such men as ,dr4 ,newman among ,catholics1 and ,carlyle and ,emerson among non-,catholics1 have contributed in an immense degree to promote reverence for this quality4 ,circumlocution and over-expansion are faults which no one will now tolerate1 and this jealousy for the clear and ready conveyance of ideas has a great deal to do with recurrence to the pregnant monosyllables1 the picture-words1 the gnarled and knotted strength of ,saxon ,english4 ,it is1 however1 to ,tennyson1 more than to any other modern writer1 that the public owes the more frequent use of short and sinewy words already known to most readers1 and the enrichment of the language by the revival of many words which had become obsolete4 ,enoch ,arden1 though a poem consisting of two thousand lines1 contains scarcely a word that is not of ,saxon origin4 ,it is1 as far as language is concerned1 simplicity almost in excess4 ,thus1 to take but one example1 it is not till we reach the last word of the following passage that we are reminded of the partly ,latin origin of our tongue3 ,for in truth ,enoch's white horse1 and ,enoch's ocean-spoil ,in ocean-smelling osier1 and his face1 ,rough-reddened with a thousand winter-gales1 ,not only to the market-cross were known1 ,but in the leafy lanes behind the down1 ,far as the portal-warding lion-whelp1 ,and peacock-yewtree of the lonely hall1 ,whose ,friday fare was ,enoch's ministering4 ,in this passage all the words are in common use1 but in other parts of the same volume1 and1 indeed1 in all which the laureate has published1 we perceive a strong tendency to antique and grotesque forms of speech1 derived from long and devoted attachment to the old writers4 ,if they were introduced by design1 simply because they are archaisms1 the artifice would be apparent1 and the pedantry complete4 ,but when they form a genuine part of the author's inner life of thought and memory1 the case is different1 and what would have been formal and stiff becomes natural and easy4 ,they comport well with the idea one forms of a great thinker1 and indicate a thorough mastery over the mother tongue4 ,they might1 no doubt1 easily degenerate into affectation1 but when employed with judgment and skill1 they are like fossils in a well-arranged cabinet1 or old china in a well-furnished room4 ,resembling1 as they do1 the tough1 tortuous olive-tree1 they are valuable signs of a people's mental vigor2 for as surely as the soft bastard ,latin of the ,apennines indicates a population less martial than the ,romans of old--as surely as the soft and sibilant ,romaic tells of a race fallen from the higher walks of ,grecian philosophy1 history1 science1 and song--so surely would ,latinized ,english be a sign that the people writing and speaking it1 were falling away from the marked character of their forefathers1 and contrasting with them as strongly as the silken senators whom ,chatham denounced contrasted with the iron barons of the days of ,king ,john4 ------- #cbc ,waiting4 ,flame1 rosy tapers1 flame6 ,though flushing day ,is mounting into heaven1 it cannot shame ,the weakest rush-light burning in his name ,who soon will say1 ,peace to this house6 ,consoling word1 ,which patient ones have heard1 ,then meekly sighed1 ,now let thy servant1 ,lord1 depart in peace6 ,and1 granted swift release1 ,next moment died4 ,flame1 rosy tapers1 flame6 ,no garish day can shame ,your ruddy wax a-light in ,jesus' name6 ,close1 giddy honeysuckles1 clambering free1 ,close your moist petals to the wandering bee4 ,that with your cloistered dews you may adore ,my ,lord1 when he shall enter at the door4 ,o blossoming sweet-brier6 ,now flushing like a seraph with desire ,to do him homage1 send abroad ,your aromatic breath1 and thus entice1 ,with innocent device1 ,his quickening steps unto my poor abode4 ,calm lilies for his tabernacle sealed1 ,o spicy hyacinths6 now yield ,your odors to the waiting air ,his welcome to prepare2 ,nor fear that by my haste ,your perfumes you will waste2 ,for each expectant sigh ,is dearer1 to the ,holy ,one so nigh1 ,than all your honeyed nectaries exhale4 ,young rose and lilac pale1 ,and every flow'ret fair1 ,incense the blissful air1 ,and bid him1 hail6 #cbd ,flame1 rosy tapers1 flame6 ,no garish day can shame ,your ruddy wax a-light in ,jesus' name6 ,sing1 lark and linnet1 sing ,the graces of this ,king1 ,who1 in such meek array1 ,will visit me to-day3 ,young swallows1 twittering at my cottage eaves1 ,shy wrens1 close-nested in the woodbine leaves1 ,blithe robins1 chirping on the open gate1 ,upon his coming wait3 ,glad oriole1 swinging with the linden bough1 ,i do entreat you1 now ,with gushing throat ,repeat your most ecstatic note4 ,afar ,i hear1 ,with instinct quick and clear1 ,his step who bears1 enshrined upon his breast1 ,the ,god who soon within my own will rest4 ,angelic choirs ,are touching their exultant lyres3 ,sing1 lark and linnet1 sing1 ,and with your artless jubilations bring ,their joy to earth2 and you1 melodious thrush1 ,while my glad soul keeps hush1 ,attune your song ,my silent rapture to prolong4 ,flame1 rosy tapers1 flame6 ,no garish day can shame ,your ruddy wax a-light in ,jesus' name6 ------- #cbe ,from ,the ,rivista ,universale1 ,of ,genoa4 ,the ,supernatural4 ,by ,cesar ,cantu4 ,petulant tyranny of science6 ,it will not allow us to say that two and two are three2 that there can be more than the sum of two right angles in a triangle2 or that the radii of a circle are not equal4 ,what arrogance thus to confine my liberty2 to deny me leave to assert that there is an exact relation between the diameter and circumference of a circle2 that the duplication of the cube is possible1 the trisection of an angle1 and perpetual motion6 ,why should not error have the same rights as truth8 ,reason is mistress of the world2 unlimited mistress of herself4 ,she can prove that yes is identical with no2 that being and nothing are all one4 ,why tire ourselves with the science of ultimate reasons8 ,we must regard the effects without ascending to the causes2 we accept only what can be felt and seen4 ,what is substance8 ,what is cause8 ,what are ideas8 ,let them pass2 we hold only to phenomenon and effect4 ,all would not dare to express these assertions with such boldness1 and yet they are necessary inferences from the current sophisms and phrases of a science which stains its tyranny by petulance and bald negations4 ,experience6 ,experience6 it cries daily1 and proceeds to invent theories on the formation of the universe which will never meet the approval of experience2 it repudiates every truth a priori1 and yet establishes1 a priori1 that faith is contradictory to reason4 ,in the name of free-will it demands the destruction of free-will2 as if man were more free while seeking than after having found the truth2 as if true liberty did not consist in willing what is right4 ,and nowadays a multiform war is waged against ancient belief by a contracted and intolerant science1 and a system of retrogressive and egotistical politics4 ,arguments and buffoonery1 decrees and violences1 alternate1 not only against the priests1 but against ,christ4 ,some disfigure dogmas1 and then throw them to the fishes1 or abandon them to the anger of a mob dressed in black waistcoats or in red caps4 ,some resuscitate ancient errors under modern phraseology1 or excite the demon of curiosity4 ,some1 faithful to the system of defamation and intimidation1 libel as clericals or obscurantists those ,christians who loved liberty when it was not a mere speculation1 if they are unwilling to believe that the ,italy of the future must deny the ,italy of the past1 to become strong4 ,one party in the name of authority attacks its chief source4 ,some drag into the lists a conventional nationality and an exclusive patriotism1 against the universality of faith and charity1 and hurt the partial reasons of a state against ecumenical reason4 ,some fight in the garb of doctors1 striving to apply the methods of observation to what is super-sensible1 confounding the proximate with the first cause1 and thus arriving at scientific scepticism1 positivism1 which repudiates ideas1 or at a criticism which considers generations as succeeding each other without a connecting law--by mere evolution--without seeking what absolute truth corresponds to the successive rise of nations1 or clearing up the future by the past--that which is going to happen with what is permanent4 #cbf ,and thus they whirl in a pantheism which either accepts no ,god but the human mind1 or makes everything ,god except ,god himself2 leaving him the splendor of his idea1 the sovereignty of his name1 but depriving him of the reality of his being and the consciousness of his life4 ,there are others who1 with frivolous argumentation1 produce excellent pillows for doubt1 and refuse to examine1 contenting themselves with repeating the affirmations of the most accredited organs of the press4 ,let us pass over those who flatter the animal instincts of nature by writings and images which ,sodom would condemn1 and proclaim the divine reign of the flesh1 saying1 with ,heine1 ,the desire of all our institutions is the rehabilitation of matter4 ,let us seek good in matter2 let us found a democracy of terrestrial gods1 equal in happiness and holiness2 let us have nectar and ambrosia2 let us desire garments of purple1 delights of perfumes and dances1 comedies and children4 ,hence comes the deplorable degradation of minds plunged not only in ignorance but in base adulations to slaves and to the slaves of slaves1 to the rabble hailed by the people1 to a debasement called progress1 to a freedom which consists in robbing others of liberty4 ,,ii4 ,in such a state of affairs1 what ought a priest or ,christian to do who reserves to himself the right of not calling evil things good8 ,grow low-spirited1 reproach the century1 grow timorous of science1 groan like ,jeremias over the woe of ,jerusalem1 and await the rock which is to crush the clay-footed colossus8 ,it looks like compelling ,providence1 when we refuse to co-operate with it in the conflict between good and evil1 unless on conditions which suit our little egotism1 or please our frivolous vanity4 ,the timid compromise their character with strange conventions between truth and error1 by shameful oscillation between liberty and despotism1 resigning themselves to tyranny as a hypocrite may act toward an atheist4 ,christ came to carry the sword1 and the time has come when he who has one should draw and brandish it4 ,certainly1 ,god will save his church4 ,he alone will have the glory1 but will man have the merit of it8 ,where silence is1 there is death2 and1 outside of what directly touches revealed truth1 discussion is useful1 even when held with those who err2 it teaches us1 at least1 how we are not to act or think1 if nothing else4 ,some say1 ,it is enough to preach morality4 ,what have rigorous truths to do with good sentiments8 the aspirations of the heart with the deductions of cold reason8 ,superficial questions6 ,as if one should say1 ,what has the soul to do with the soul8 ,do not ethics depend on dogma8 do not our actions follow from metaphysical conditions8 ,every doctrine becomes an element of life or a principle of death for the soul4 ,a sophist may1 indeed1 boast of a new code of ethics1 or a new law2 as if truth could be contingent and relative as well as universal1 eternal1 necessary1 and1 as such1 not produced by man1 who is mortal and limited4 ,international associations1 conspiring to assassinate ,christian civilization1 will soon respond with consequent acts to such inconsequences of literature4 #cbg ,when the system of attack is changed1 we must change the system of defence4 ,preaching can no longer be confined to mere prones1 or exhortations to the good and inculcating the fides carbonaria2 ,footnote #ff but we must gird on the sword of science and eloquence1 and attack resolutely those who assail us resolutely4 ,truth can be saved only by victory2 and in this case1 as in war1 the best defence is an attack4 ,footnote #ff3 ,the faith of the coal-heaver who believes without science4 ,if errors fortify themselves in the newspapers1 and come on in serried ranks1 protected by gazettes1 decrees1 arts1 and sciences1 we must meet them with the same means1 humble them with the truths rejected or distorted by the sophists1 turn their own weapons against them2 for error1 which is a stumbling-block for the incautious1 may become a ladder for the wise to ascend higher4 ,nowadays1 when all the arguments of unbelief are allied in an invisible church which has fraternities1 missionaries1 sacrifices1 and even martyrs1 to assault the visible church in the name of progress1 enlightenment1 morality1 reason1 and the future1 we must draw out all the reasons of belief in opposition4 ,the manifestation of truth1 even though it may not destroy error1 weakens its power4 ,it is not enough to show that our adversaries are wrong2 we must be right ourselves4 ,let us not allow men to think that there are truths incompatible with faith1 or outside of its dogmas2 but that1 notwithstanding exaggerations1 absurdities1 erroneous and culpable notions1 those truths obtain from faith all their reality1 vitality1 and durability2 and that he who looks well will see that every incontestable and positive progress comes from the organization of ,christian society4 ,in this labor1 can reason ask the aid of revelation8 ,and why not8 ,the rationalists might complain if we attempted to overwhelm the question with the weight of revealed authority2 but when revelation is united to reason1 the power of the latter is doubled4 ,mysteries are above reason1 not contrary to it4 ,faith is only the most sublime effort of reason1 which is persuaded to believe by arguments1 convinced of its impotence without faith1 as well as of its greatness with faith4 ,faith is a grace1 because it is not sensible certainty4 ,it springs from the desire of a pure heart and of a right mind that the harmonious structure of revelation should be true4 ,reason by itself cannot obtain the knowledge of a mystery1 any more than it can comprehend a mystery when revelation makes it known4 ,reason1 however1 understands that a mystery is above it1 but not opposed to it2 and recognizes the necessity of the supernatural to explain even the mysteries of nature4 ,in like manner1 though we cannot look at the sun1 yet by its light we see all things4 ,some1 seeing our adversaries use the sciences and politics against religion1 work with the arts1 speak with ability1 begin to vituperate civilization1 attack its acts and writings1 deplore the times1 deny the stupendous progress of the age--the fruit of so much study1 fatigue1 and genius4 ,this is not only an evil2 it is a danger4 ,instead of repudiating natural truths1 we must seek to reconcile them with the super-sensible1 show ourselves just toward what is new1 use it to rejuvenate the decrepit1 and apply it to the branches which have lost vitality4 ,the time will never come when all objections will be conquered4 ,they will always arise with new forms and new phases4 #cbh ,great thinkers give the word of command for new revolts against truth2 it is therefore necessary for great theologians to combat them4 ,every ,catholic is not fit to enter the list as a champion1 but every ,catholic ought to know why faith is necessary in general1 and what he ought to believe in particular4 ,the least that can be expected of him is not to be less ignorant than the curious1 the learned1 and the railers who1 on every side1 pick up arguments for not believing4 ,and how few know their religion1 not only among the common people1 but even among the educated classes6 ,the fault lies in the fact that1 while we ,catholics are so superior to our adversaries1 we do not know how to use our advantage1 because we know not in what this superiority consists4 ,otherwise1 every educated person would find by himself as many new1 ingenious1 and brilliant proofs to defend the religion of his ancestors as others invent to destroy it--original1 personal proofs1 as light1 perhaps1 as the objections1 but sufficient for the discussion of circles1 to answer presumptuous contempt1 false ideas1 and false principles1 which are published in seductive garb1 with specious propositions1 audacious negations1 and intrepid affirmations1 ,footnote #fg and which penetrate into politics1 science1 art1 repugnant not only to logic1 but even to the instincts of common sense4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see a golden work of the ,princess ,wittgenstein ,iwanowska1 ,simplicit des ,colombes1 ,prudence des ,serpents1 where she refutes the most common objections1 and exhorts especially ladies to prudence and simplicity in controversy and conduct4 ,but1 moreover1 who does not feel the deficiency in scientific and really practical education in that science which satisfies the reason1 the heart1 and faith4 ,the religious element should form a great part in education1 and it would suffice to change the tone of controversy1 from being sour1 contemptuous1 diffident1 discourteous1 provoking1 and partial1 the result of the usual impoliteness of journalists1 to a courageous yet prudent1 conscientious as well as learned1 indulgent yet immovable1 method2 abandoning a phraseology which did not formerly shock men's feelings1 those sarcasms which neither heal nor console1 and remembering that our adversaries are probably men of high intelligence1 in error precisely on this account2 perhaps persons of right mind1 unimpeachable morals1 and even of delicate sensibility4 ,this is the arena of confrences4 ,fraysinnous began the work of uniting religion with science in the pulpit4 ,those of ,wiseman did better at ,rome4 ,then arose the famous names of ,lacordaire1 ,ravignan1 and now of ,fathers ,felix and ,hyacinthe1 ,footnote #fh and in ,italy1 ,fathers ,maggio1 ,fabri1 ,rossi1 ,giordano1 and others4 ,among these must be named ,alimonda1 provost of the cathedral of ,genoa1 who gave a course of lectures1 all depending on one proposition1 and has just published them in four volumes1 with the title ,man under the ,law of the ,supernatural4 ,genoa1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #fh3 ,at this time ,father ,hyacinthe is treating of ,the ,church under her most general aspect1 in ,notre ,dame1 at ,paris4 ,he treats of the providence of ,god4 ,but four volumes cost more than a box of cigars6 ,how much time it takes to read them6 some will exclaim who have1 perhaps1 read ,les ,miserables of ,hugo1 or ,la ,stella d',italia2 have a copy of ,thiers2 subscribe for four or five magazines1 and who require a hundred or a hundred and fifty pages to be printed on a question of finance or railroads1 but find that number too great where the discussion is about man's being1 or his power of working1 on the essence of ,god1 the immortality of the soul1 the necessity of virtue1 and the necessity of religion to create it1 the divinity of ,christianity1 or belief in its dogmas4 #cbi ,but those who do not merely aspire to cloud the human intellect1 and repress sublime desires under the weight of self-interest1 passion1 and the tyranny of prejudice1 and who exclaim1 with ,linnaeus1 ,oh6 quam contemta res est homo nisi super humana se erexerit1 ,footnote #fi know that to follow great ideas becomes a nobler habit1 as trivialities become common2 and that essential truths1 which are never out of place or time1 are based on the same systematic method which seemed to deny them entirely4 ,footnote #fi3 ,oh6 how contemptible a thing is man if he cannot arise above what is human6 ,,iii4 ,scientific atheism asserts that common sense is the test of belief in the supernatural1 and that the greatness of every religious conception referable to this standard is counterbalanced by the greatness of scientific conceptions on nature and the universe4 ,whoever1 then1 does not belong to the party of those who presume to differ with the atheist1 can easily perceive how unacceptable a treatise on the supernatural must be2 since ,alimonda began by demonstrating that it is true1 and credible2 and that it imports us not only in the next life but even in this to believe it4 ,to desire to invent a mechanical theory of the universe1 a material origin of human intelligence and liberty1 originates the anarchical conception of giving the explanation of the cosmological whole by means of every special science4 ,bchner and ,vogt modified the ,cartesian ideas by teaching that there is no force without matter1 no matter without force2 that matter thinks as well as moves2 and that all things are but dynamic transformations of matter4 ,hence comes intelligent electricity1 cogitating phosphorus2 and ,moleschott was invited to teach in our universities that thought is a motion of cerebral matter1 and conscience a material property4 ,rognero taught that conscience dwells in the circulatory system4 ,these doctrines have been preached in every revolutionary tavern with all that personal exaggeration which we always find in those who retail second-hand dogmas4 ,well6 granted these hypotheses1 we still ask1 ,what is this force8 ,what is this primary motion8 ,where is the mover8 ,would an activity anterior to existence have ever created itself imperfect and subject to evil8 ,can the relation of necessary succession be confounded with the relation of causality8 ,does the metaphysical conception of cause remain indistinct from the conditions of existence8 ,if the order of ideas be distinguished from the order of facts1 everything leads us to a first cause1 to the most real of realities1 to the will of a supreme artificer which determined inert matter to motion rather than to rest4 ,if1 then1 this motion endures with fixed laws2 if1 in so great a diversity of infinite bodies1 ,i recognize a system according to which no one interferes with the other1 but all agree in a supreme harmony of mode2 if1 for instance1 the destruction of one of the celestial bodies would discompose the marvellous structure of the universe2 if from the alteration of the orbit of a planet the man of science can conclude the existence of another1 thousands of miles distant1 it is not the holy fathers but ,voltaire who will exclaim1 ,if the clock exists1 there must necessarily be a clock-maker4 ,it is impossible to kill a moral being1 a universal sentiment1 by arms1 or books1 or declamations4 #ccj ,the ,deity does not offer himself to sensation1 observation1 or experience2 hence the sensists and perceptionists see in him but a hypothesis1 and reject all theology and all metaphysics4 ,they abuse the method of observation by applying it to what is not observable4 ,no object of experiment can be ,god2 nor can any perception reach him in this world1 since he can only manifest himself to us ideally2 that is to say1 by the reflection of thought on itself1 under the pure form of an idea2 and an idea necessarily supposes an existence4 ,reason must come to ,god through the medium of the idea of ,god3 whence an illustrious writer defending religious philosophy adopted the appropriate title of ,,idea ,,of ,,god4 ,nowadays1 when the series of generations are brought to laugh and dance at the funeral of ,god and the evaporation of ,christ1 it is not superfluous to accumulate psychological and social proofs on the existence of a first necessary ,cause1 on its reality1 and on its divine life reverberating in the great labor of creation2 on those laws of phenomena which others call the ideas of nature1 and we call the ,creator4 ,the word must be personified1 and substantiated to express something real4 ,among these laws ,i have always found that those regarding the origin of language had great influence on me and are of great help against the atheists4 ,the more we study1 the more we are convinced that the languages have a common source4 ,how did man ever discover that ideas could be represented with sounds1 or real thought by the medium of words1 and then invent symbolical1 phonetic1 or alphabetic signs to represent both ideas and sounds8 ,or is the word only the means of expressing our thoughts1 or the essential form of them1 the indispensable condition necessary to our having them8 ,can sensation draw anything out of a word but a material sound8 ,how is it that all the human races--,iranic1 ,semitic1 ,gallic1 or ,black--speak1 and only men speak8 ,how is it that although there is a common element in all languages1 yet such diversity exists among certain groups8 ,the more we study this indispensable complement of creation1 this condition of our intellectual development1 the more we are led to confess that there are mysteries in the human word as well as in the divine word2 and all this reveals the name of ,god4 ,when we have proved the reality1 we must investigate the essence of ,god4 ,and here we meet the mystery of unity and trinity1 which1 considered in itself1 explains being2 considered outside of itself1 explains beings4 ,because1 if we repudiate a supernatural ,god1 we must substitute another in his place--a being of reason and abstraction1 or a material god1 or a god of pleasure4 ,but these insane hypotheses must be made to explain the existence of the universe4 ,they are either the eternity of matter or emanatism4 ,life put into matter we know not how2 born1 we know not how1 we have spontaneous productions1 or transformations of species1 as ,lamarck and ,darwin maintain2 but the learned show that these theories are impossible both as to soul and body4 ,and then no one of these naturalists explains the end of man1 nor his most precious gift--liberty4 #cca ,the ,god of the ,bible alone contains the true explanation of man and the universe4 ,he who1 spontaneously putting his omnipotence into activity without material elements1 drew the world out of nothing2 and this because he is good1 and wills the good and the beautiful4 ,,iv4 ,the most prodigious part of creation is man1 destined for eternity2 nor could there be in him a tendency without a scope1 an end without a means1 nor a merit without a recompense4 ,the world is for his use1 but he must not forget that eternity is his destiny4 ,for the purpose of proving the material origin of the human intellect philosophers reject all who would give to life a distinct principle1 isolated from organism1 supposing that life1 at least in its rudimental form1 could spring from the bosom of organic liquids4 ,virchow praised the little cell1 the only one of the anatomic elements which ,milne-,edwards called organical1 and which is a nucleus of various forms1 surrounded by a protoplasm of organic matter without figure4 ,from the cell are formed the embryos1 which gradually become perfect and form animals1 until the ape changes into man4 ,finally1 on interrogating life in its unity1 in its harmonies1 in its cause and end1 in its full and substantial reality1 we find that it does not contain in itself a causal unity which is sufficient for it2 and the great modern physiologist ,bernard says3 ,the problem of physiology does not consist in pointing out the physico-chemical laws which living beings have in common with inorganic bodies1 but in discovering the vital laws which characterize them4 ,by studying mental diseases1 and perceiving that atrophy of a certain part of the brain will cause the loss of certain faculties1 and that the injection of oxygenated blood will reawaken them1 and with similar experiments1 it has been attempted to prove the materiality of cogitation1 and to show that the soul is a chimera4 ,these are irrational materialistic interpretations of physiological facts1 for the cause of the fact is confounded with the conditions of the phenomenon4 ,this same ,virchow1 who seemed to have discovered such a powerful argument against spiritualism in his theory of the cell1 cannot explain with physics and optics alone the phenomena of vision2 becomes confounded before the mystery of life1 and declares3 ,nothing is like life1 but life itself4 ,nature is twofold4 ,organic nature is entirely distinct from inorganic4 ,although formed by the same substance1 from atoms of the same nature1 organic matter offers us a continued series of phenomena which differ in their nature from the inorganic world4 ,not because the latter represents dead nature--for nothing dies but what has lived2 even inorganic nature possesses its activity1 its eternally active labor--but this activity is not life except in a figurative sense4 ,footnote #gj ,footnote #gj3 ,the ,atom and the ,individual1 a discourse pronounced at ,berlin in #ahff4 ,we do not think it superfluous to oppose these reflections1 added to those of ,alimonda1 to the negations of the materialists1 which have weight only because they have been often repeated2 and we conclude with ,alimonda that man is an inexplicable mystery if we do not accept the other mystery of original sin4 ,hence the conflict between reason and the passions2 the inclination to evil and bloodthirstiness2 the necessity of wars and prisons4 #ccb ,if we admit the intrinsic goodness of man1 there is no guilt and there can be no chastisement2 society can institute no tribunals1 but only hospitals to cure diseases4 ,this has been said in our age2 and common sense rejected it4 ,the primitive fall and successive activity show how man progresses indefinitely1 according to nature1 not according to socialistic utopias4 ,this explains the inequality of the faculties and of labor1 and hence of goods1 of property1 which otherwise would be a theft4 ,the whole of ancient society attests this degradation2 but a ,redeemer was promised2 he was confusedly expected by all nations2 he was clearly predicted by the prophets of ,judea1 in order to console mankind1 that they might believe in him to come1 hope in him1 and love him by anticipation4 ,these promises1 and the figures which personified them1 are deposited in the ,bible2 that divine history which clears up the origin of humanity and the changes of civilization1 and whose witnesses1 though apparently contradictory1 only make the thesis and the antithesis of a great synthesis1 interpreted by an infallible authority4 ,the unity of the human species asserted in that book has been proved by the sciences1 even by paleontology1 which some pretended to arm against the biblical affirmations2 and while the frivolity of the last century thought it had mockingly dissipated truth1 we have scientific progress proving the ,bible to be wonderfully in accord with the least expected discoveries4 ,the continual intervention of ,providence in the ,bible is repugnant to human pride1 which would be the centre and creator of all events2 yet this providence it is which satisfies1 at the same time1 the wants of the human heart1 gives a legal constitution to society1 a sanction to human acts1 without which we should only have cutthroats and the gallows4 ,v4 ,thus far we nave presented man in relation to ,god2 let us consider man in relation to ,jesus ,christ1 a theme by far more important1 as we can say with the psalmist3 ,convenerunt in unum adversus ,dominum et adversus ,christum ejus4 ,footnote #ga ,in this most corrupt world reparation was expected from humanity1 but who could fulfil it but the incarnate ,word8 ,greater than all the great ones of the earth1 he established his providential kingdom1 making it the social centre of men and centuries4 ,footnote #ga3 ,they assembled together against the ,lord and his ,christ4 ,our first parents aspired to become gods1 and their pride was transmitted to their posterity2 but behold how ,god really unites himself to man6 ,men felt a secret want of expiation1 expressed by their sacrifices and mortifications2 and ,christ satisfied their desire by uniting in himself the two natures1 and by fecundating with holy merits the sufferings of individuals and of nations4 ,yet men wish to make a myth of him6 ,and after the encyclopaedists have derided him1 now they hypocritically try to crown him with human greatness and beauty1 to rob him of his divinity6 ,but how can you explain his influence on the most cultivated nations1 lasting so many centuries1 and through an incessant war from ,simon ,magus to ,renan8 ,is not his immeasurable influence over the human race divine8 ,with the light of his doctrine he created the life of intelligence and of conscience4 ,his is no hidden and recondite word1 but common and popular2 not methodized into a philosophical system1 equipped with proofs2 not even robed in eloquence4 #ccc ,his scope is not to invent1 but to reveal--that is1 lift the veil which covered primitive truths1 and excite to good4 ,he is virtue personified1 the model of men1 with grace through which charity triumphs over egotism--grace1 the most profound and most beautiful word in the dictionary of religion4 ,but here human pride rebels1 because ,christ taught mysteries4 ,what1 then1 are mysteries but our ignorance1 and the insufficiency of our reason8 ,thus the vulgar believe that the sun goes around the earth because the senses show it2 thus a silly man would deny the existence of the imponderable fluids because he does not see or touch them1 although he feels their effects4 ,three temples rise in the world3 of nature1 of reason1 and of religion2 and in all there are mysteries4 ,there are mysteries in space1 atoms1 divisibility1 forces1 life1 thought1 the cell1 sensation1 idea1 limits3 in everything under the form which passes away there is a mystery which remains4 ,if a miracle is humanly conceivable1 it ought to be divinely possible4 ,if you exclude the idea of the supernatural1 nothing is left but nature1 with the character of necessity which reason denies it2 with a series of monstrous and gratuitous affirmations which constitute pantheism4 ,but some will say1 ,yes1 there is a ,god distinct from nature2 he is self-conscious and free1 but he is immutable3 while the supernatural represents him as changeable and arbitrary4 ,thus reason those who1 led by anthropomorphic illusions1 subject the action of ,god to succession4 ,the acts of man1 who is ephemeral and localized1 are necessarily successive2 and because the results of divine activity are manifested to our eyes in time and space1 they seem new and wonderful4 ,but ,god is not limited by time or space2 his act is one1 eternal1 immanent like his will2 everything which proceeds from that act is the act itself1 one1 eternal1 and immanent1 and thus the differences between the natural and supernatural disappear4 ,to defend the idea of the supernatural is not1 therefore1 to attack science or smother intelligence2 but to defend the idea of ,god1 who is the hinge of all science4 ,this1 indeed1 banishes the supernatural from its domain2 but if every reality is not reducible to nature1 it is impossible not to admit a higher principle of the laws which nature reveals1 and of which nature is not the necessary principle4 ,christianity pronounces nothing on the science of nature1 except that the supernatural is above natural laws2 that there is a ,god1 as ,st4 ,augustine says1 pater luminum et evigilationis nostrae4 ,footnote #gb ,is this a mystery8 ,but is not everything which exists an incomprehensible manifestation of the supernatural8 ,is not the free-will of man an incomprehensible mystery8 ,footnote #gb3 ,the ,father of lights and of our awaking4 ,but revealed mysteries1 much more than dry theorems which restrain reason1 are fruitful in meditation1 humility1 gratitude1 and aspiration after a life of bliss3 they are light to the intellect1 motives for virtue2 all have a comprehensible side2 they have their wherefore2 and this is sufficient for the happiness of individuals1 and works efficaciously on the whole of society4 #ccd ,miracles1 which are extraordinary to man1 are natural to ,god1 and he uses them to manifest ,christ the ,redeemer4 ,but the diminishers of great things wish to make ,christ a mountebank1 or a magician working by natural means like the mesmerizers1 in whom they believe rather than in ,christ4 ,they deny ,christ and offer incense to ,hegel1 who said that the universe is a simple negation4 ,every religious1 moral1 or political doctrine must stand the test of actualization3 the idea must be realized2 the thought must become life2 and the result is the criterion4 ,but the greatest miracle of ,jesus ,christ was the establishment of the new kingdom of grace on the ruins of the kingdom of the world2 to substitute the eternal edifice of the church for corrupt institutions2 instead of proud science1 to put the holy word of the apostolate2 charity1 generous even to martyrdom1 in the place of brute force4 ,martyrdom6 this is another word which shocks the free-thinkers who retail cheap heroes1 and deafen us with hymns to the martyrs of fatherland1 ennobling with this title assassins on the scaffold4 ,christ is a martyr for humanity2 he is a ,god of order1 wisdom1 and charity4 ,but here they stop us again1 and pretend that he aimed at an impossible perfection1 and was a utopist2 and as such1 they reject him1 although they are admirers of such dreamers as ,more or ,giordano ,bruno1 ,fourier or ,saint-,simon4 ,but is it true that ,christ's doctrine cannot be realized8 ,there are precepts and counsels in it2 and you1 by confounding them1 condemn ,christianity1 as if it commanded all to observe what is counselled only to a few exceptional existences called by ,god4 ,to observe the counsels special virtue is required1 and those monks who deserved so well even of society practised them4 ,rather than deride and destroy them1 they diffused the evangelical counsels which they practised in their own lives--obedience1 abstinence1 purity2 those virtues which would give that facilitas imperii--that self-control--which is so hard to keep2 that virtue which is the order of love4 ,those monks peopled the ,thebaid1 lived in the poverty of ,st4 ,francis1 in the austerities of ,st4 ,bruno1 awaited death in caverns1 and ate only herbs2 others fled the world to pray for it1 but the church never gave them pharisaical faces2 life1 soul1 talents1 imagination characterized them2 the happiness of their existence was increased by the blessing of the church2 feasts1 music1 and sacred rites abounded2 social1 domestic1 and scientific life were nourished by ,christian virtue and education2 patriotism had its hymns if fortunate2 audits1 litanies1 if unsuccessful2 art and poetry became incorporated with worship2 admiration for natural beauties was aroused2 activity and prudence stimulated and eulogized1 progress approved1 and civilization encouraged4 ,yet the rationalists would give the glory of this civil society of which we boast to man alone1 while it is in fact the work of the supernatural gospel4 ,in this we find light1 virtue1 harmony2 that is1 power1 subjection1 and agreement4 ,the gospel establishes a respected and vigilant authority in face of a policy which traffics in opinions4 ,kings are bound by the same morality as the least subjects4 ,rulers swear to observe the law of ,god2 that is1 never to become tyrants4 ,power is exercised after the example set by ,god2 and the head of the state is the first-born among brothers4 ,subjects are children who obey not propter timorem sed propter conscientiam--not from fear but for conscience' sake2 an obedience to ,god rather than to men4 ,christianity asserted the true doctrine of equal rights with inequality of rank when it proclaimed that we are all brothers2 it broke the chains of the slave2 abolished hereditary enmity between nations1 and all superiority save that of merit4 #cce ,to deny that these advantages are derived from ,christianity would now be stupidity2 but they say that while it formerly worked wonders1 there is no longer any necessity for religion1 the priest1 or ,christ3 morality has become acclimated2 necessary truths are acquired2 and so man can progress with laws1 tradition1 and social organization4 ,those who speak in this way do not comprehend the connection between metaphysical and practical truth2 do not realize that the most common maxims which we drink in with our mother's milk would become gradually obscured by separation from their source2 as the necessary sanction would be wanting to them4 ,between the merely honest man and the ,christian1 there will always be the difference which exists between the bird that can only hop and the full-fledged bird which flies4 ,let us suppose1 even1 that the learned of the future will govern themselves better than the philosophers of antiquity2 still it is only religion that can say to the multitude1 ,hope always and never obtain4 ,if there is no heaven1 if gold and pleasure are the only aspirations1 why not enjoy them8 ,let a revolutionist arise and promise them1 he will obtain a hearing much more readily than the philosopher who can promise only a doubtful eternity4 ,but then what will become of society8 ,if you preach resignation to the poor without giving them hope1 will not hope arise without resignation8 ,it was the gospel which humanly unfettered the child1 woman1 and the poor4 ,by it alone were exposed children and orphans gathered together2 it founded hospitals and pious retreats for every disease of the body and mind4 ,vincent of ,paul1 ,girolamo ,miani1 ,calasanctius1 and a host of others never ceased in the church2 and even the world blesses their name1 blesses their work1 that of the holy infancy1 and that for the education of ,chinese children1 and for the redemption of captives among the ,moors4 ,entire religious congregations have been founded to save children from death1 from penury1 and from ignorance2 so that at the destruction of these religious orders1 we ought to say1 as ,christ to the mothers of ,jerusalem1 ,weep not over me1 but over your children4 ,we should weep the more when we see their intellects and souls entrusted to state officials who fashion them to suit their masters4 ,and woman8 ,from what base degradation and turpitude has she been raised by ,christianity4 ,but the state law wills that she should be thus addressed3 ,thou hast been brought up to purity2 to avoid every impure act and look2 but henceforth ,i1 the mayor1 command thee to give thyself up to the man whom ,i1 the mayor1 designate as thy husband4 ,on the other hand1 the socialists wish to take her out of the domestic sanctuary to take part in business1 in government1 in war2 she must become a woman of letters1 a politician and a heroine4 ,ah6 the heroism of woman consists in fulfilling her domestic duties1 in the apostleship of doing good2 let her have the heroism of faith and virtue1 and she will save the world1 as she helped so much to do in the person of ,mary over eighteen centuries ago4 ,blessed are the poor1 for theirs is the kingdom of ,god1 said ,christ2 and his chief followers took care of the poor1 instructed them1 supplied their wants with alms2 made them noble with blessings2 and1 since it is necessary to suffer1 the poor were taught to bear their ills with the hope of immortal recompense4 #ccf ,but the strong-minded of this age fiercely scream about the rights of the poor2 and yet rob spontaneous and virtuous charity of the means of supplying the wants of the poor4 ,the necessity of official aid is created1 and thus pride and rancor against the rich are excited1 while suffering remains without consolation4 ,,vi4 ,all these points have their objections and suitable answer well developed in our orator's work4 ,alimonda examines man in relation to the church and shows how human reason1 while it strives to rebel against her1 is obliged to bless her1 even by the mouth of her most determined enemies1 as happened to the prophet ,balaam4 ,this church was not established by the power of man or by progressive development2 she was born beautiful and perfect1 the same in the upper room at ,jerusalem as in the ,council of ,trent2 she underwent every species of hostility1 violent and puerile1 of kings and people1 of rogues and editors1 and yet always remained whole and alive4 ,while human institutions regulate man1 the church aspires to the government of souls4 ,although she aimed at so much1 she was listened to2 she defined what good meant2 restricted authority2 gave the law of work2 and was believed4 ,even the ancient churches by their very nature were spiritual societies2 but they exercised no influence on consciences1 little on men's conduct1 less even than the schools of philosophy4 ,later heresies and schisms could not spread or establish themselves1 except by force and war1 or by allowing every one to be the judge of his own conscience and reason2 that is1 heresy did not pretend to direct souls4 ,our church has a perfect and unchangeable order for the government of conscience1 an order which does not vary according to opinion4 ,the latter will say with ,thierry that the conquered are always right2 with ,cousin and ,thiers1 that it is the conqueror who is is always right4 ,which is one to believe8 ,it will be said that the voice of the people is the voice of ,god1 and that common sense ought to be the rule of our actions4 ,well1 suppose it is2 how can we interrogate it8 ,where is its decision8 ,where its organ8 ,they will tell us to-day it is universal suffrage4 ,we shall not dwell on such nonsense3 we merely inquire1 must ,i ask its advice in reference to my private actions8 ,i need for these safe1 well expressed1 and efficacious principles4 ,the church answers every question2 and her answers are always the most generous1 the most human1 and the most kind to the weak4 ,she has a mixed government--monarchical1 aristocratic1 and democratic2 her aristocrats are poor fishermen4 ,by this she is the type of modern governments which have the representative system4 ,rationalism wants to substitute revolution for this2 takes away from the people the good conditions peculiar to them1 acquired by them1 legitimate and independent of governments2 and makes atheism the lever with which to subvert politics4 ,the apostles of rationalism adore liberty1 provided they are her priests and sacrificators2 create a new author of civilization--the rabble2 oblige kings to divide their authority with the mob2 the mob upsets its creatures2 kings run away2 good men hide2 the owners of property1 menaced by the dogma of plebeian avidity1 oppose the bayonet to the knife of the rabble until these are overcome4 #ccg ,precisely because the temporal mission of the church is great as the mistress and legislator of nations1 precisely because she is authority1 the impotent violently1 and the powerful foolishly1 attack her at a time when men want rights without duties1 the husband as well as the citizen1 the laborer as well as the legislator4 ,the church alone has saints2 she is universal1 perpetual1 irreformable3 characters which manifest her divine origin and divine actuation4 ,this divinity of the church is found in ,catholicism1 not in ,protestantism4 ,catholicity alone has positive unity of faith1 love1 civilization2 that is1 light1 sacrifice1 virtue1 which ,protestantism lacks4 ,all history and statistics1 not systematically false or officially disfigured1 which looks further than merely a few years1 show that civilization does not progress so well with ,protestantism4 ,the ,catholic ,church had conquered the world and formed modern civilization before the unity of faith and charity was broken2 and she would have done more had there been no rupture2 and had not the religious wars impeded her power1 menaced ,europe with a new barbarism1 subjected it again to the scourge of armies and conquests1 which prevent us even yet from considering our age superior to the most deplorable of past centuries4 ,,vii4 ,the ,catholic ,church established her primacy in ,rome by three miracles1 by conquering ,rome when she was mistress of the whole world2 by using ,rome1 her language1 civilization1 and legislation1 to defend ,christianity2 and by perpetuating the primacy in ,rome4 ,everything that exists has a reason for existence2 resurrection is a proof of divinity4 ,christian ,rome1 though often driven to agony1 has always revived4 ,exiled kings die in banishment1 abandoned and despised2 this is a daily spectacle to our age2 the popes become more glorious with persecution2 a pope in exile at ,avignon or in a prison at ,savona is as powerful as in the ,quirinal palace4 ,if the most powerful emperor1 the most iron will of our century1 like the acrobat who kicks away the ladder after using it to ascend1 robbed the pope who assisted him to rise1 insulted and imprisoned him1 all ,europe--,catholic1 ,protestant1 and schismatic--took arms to restore the pontiff4 ,thrones crumble1 dynasties disappear2 but the old man always returns to his seat1 from ,avignon or ,salerno1 from ,fontainebleau or from ,gaeta4 ,modern servility may grow indignant to see ,henry ,v4 at the feet of ,gregory ,,vii42 but it could not see ,pius ,,vi4 kiss the hand of emperors1 as ,voltaire did with ,catharine or with ,frederic of ,prussia2 in vain will it hope to see ,pius ,,ix4 at the feet of diplomatists or demagogues2 but he will say with ,st4 ,augustine1 ,leo victus est saeviendo2 ,agnus vicit patiendo4 ,footnote #gc ,footnote #gc3 ,the lion was conquered by fury2 the lamb triumphed by suffering4 ,the church lives immortal1 neither in nor above but with the state4 ,her relation with the state may be either of protection1 limitation1 or separation4 ,protected as in the beginning and as she was often under the ancient kings1 the church would not be degraded4 ,she had her autonomy in her laws1 ordinances1 and hierarchy2 she was1 not the slave or the flatterer of the power under which she lived4 ,she does not seek limitation or restrictions1 but supports them without changing her nature4 ,by degrees1 as kings prevailed in modern society1 and abridged the power of the people1 of the lords and corporations1 they became jealous of the authority of the church1 restricted her action and obstructed her freedom4 ,powerful in armies1 money1 and slaves1 kings imposed on the church2 she became resigned1 sacrificed some minor points in order to guard the chief ones in tact2 but notwithstanding all the chains of concordats1 she remained sovereign in her freedom4 #cch ,separation from the state is like the separation between soul and body2 hence the church is opposed to a state that is unchristian4 ,the church1 destined to illuminate the world with her divine light1 and not to govern it politically1 is by nature conservative4 ,she was so even when the ,roman emperors oppressed her2 when they went away from ,rome1 she respected them at ,constantinople1 until she found it necessary for her defence and for the cause of national freedom to withdraw herself and ,italy from imperial control4 ,when she absolved nations from their oaths of allegiance1 it was in the name of morality1 and not of a political or social idea2 to preserve for ,god what belongs to him1 and not to deny to ,cesar what belongs to him4 ,footnote #gd ,footnote #gd3 ,by the recent work1 ,religious and ,civil ,history of the ,popes1 of ,wm4 ,audisio1 published at ,rome in #ahfh1 many precious facts have been recalled to my mind4 ,one is that ,gregory ,,xvi41 while ,portugal was divided between ,don ,pedro and ,don ,miguel1 tried to settle the dispute by recalling the ecclesiastical tradition1 to render civil obedience to him who governs in fact3 ,qui actu ibidem summa rerum potiatur4 ,in this he wished to settle the dispute between the contending parties2 for the church seeks qua ,christi sunt1 qua1 ad spiritualem aeternamque populorum felicitatem facilius conducant1 7those things which are of ,christ1 which conduce to the spiritual and eternal happiness of peoples47 ,the other in which ,pius ,,vii41 in the consistory of ,july #bhth1 #ahag1 authorized the oath of allegiance to be taken to the constitution and laws1 because this oath did not oblige in reference to laws which kings might make in spiritual matters2 laws which are null of themselves1 for kings have no right to make them4 ,this decision regarding ,france was repeated ,october #b;d1 #ahah1 in regard to ,bavaria4 ,thus although we may find no constitution which abolishes slavery1 no one will deny that it ceased through the influence of ,christianity1 which modified customs and habits1 and these influenced the laws4 ,thus the time will come when all that is good in modern society will be assured to it2 and then the influence of ,christianity will be made manifest in purifying and consecrating all that came from its teachings1 or from needs which it caused to be felt2 so that the so-called liberals will see that it is not necessary to attack ,christianity in order to defend the acquisitions of their age1 nor will the faithful attack the age as an irreconcilable enemy4 ,does not everything happen by the will or permission of ,god8 ,are not all political changes and social transformations providential facts8 ,if the ,christian cannot praise them1 he becomes resigned to them2 he does not increase the evil by anger2 he trusts in ,god1 who can change the stones into children of ,abraham2 and we1 separating ourselves from those whose patriotism consists in denouncing others as enemies of their country1 say to the men of good-will of our day3 ,o socii 7neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum7 ,o passi graviora1 dabit ,deus hic quoque finem4 ,footnote #ge ,a,eneid1 lib4 ,i4 ,footnote #ge3 ,companions6 we have borne evils before this2 ye who have suffered worse1 remember that ,god will put an end even to these woes4 ,how can you who have learned the watchwords of ,progress1 and ,go-ahead1 expect hasty progress at ,rome1 so slow in her motions8 ,napoleon boasted that he had done in three hours what men formerly took three months to execute4 ,yes1 he ran from ,alexandria to ,vienna1 to ,madrid1 to ,moscow1 and--to ,st4 ,helena2 while ,rome remained at her post4 ,those who do not look superficially admit that she showed splendidly her wisdom in certain circumstances by not closing the way to future wisdom4 ,in the modern exuberance of fungous intelligence1 new systems easily sprout up1 die in a few years2 and the heroes of to-day become the objects of hatred to-morrow4 #cci ,rome1 eternal guardian of truth1 cannot make and unmake in haste1 take up and lay down1 like human societies2 but she proceeds slowly and patiently1 yet she advances4 ,certainly the church will find a new field in which she can co-operate with the state to preserve for humanity1 no longer the antique forms or the mere letter given by ,catholics alone1 but the ,christian spirit2 a new method of protecting ,catholic truth in countries open to every people1 and every worship2 deprived of the help of force and decrees1 she will have no other support but truth2 and since this is greater and more secure in ,catholicism1 it will always succeed in propagating itself4 ,will not this be the object of the approaching ,council8 ,the ,general ,council will not have to destroy what is irremovable1 or what derives necessarily from eternal truth2 but it will help us worldlings to separate1 in principle1 the substance from the form1 the essence from the application4 ,certainly the hate which inspires men in these times against true liberty1 makes governments justify and praise every attack against the church1 and deprive her of every right1 even when they pretend to protect her4 ,do these governments want to form national churches8 ,this would be to go back in civilization1 which progresses toward union2 to deny catholicitv or the universality of the race2 to give up souls as well as bodies to the power of kings1 as before ,christianity2 to give the direction of consciences and the judgment of morals to the civil power1 which should rule only bodies4 ,some would tolerate ,catholicity provided there be liberty of conscience and of worship2 let there be no temporal power in the church2 no religious corporations2 and let the secular clergy be raised to the height1 as they say1 of the age4 ,what is meant by liberty of conscience has been sufficiently explained by the pamphleteers1 and the popes have given solemn decisions on the subject4 ,conceive a society in which it would be unlawful to expel those who violate its laws or disturb its order6 ,the church simply expels from the communion of prayers and sacrifice those who are obstinate in violating her dogmas4 ,how6 ,you insult our community2 refuse to communicate in our rites2 you will not accept the pardon which the church always offers you2 and yet you pretend to force her to comfort your last moments with sacraments which you repel and deride even then2 to force her to bless your corpse1 and bury it in the holy ground where repose those with whom you refused to associate during life6 ,as to temporal goods or the right to possess them1 and as for religious corporations--that is1 the liberty of community life1 of prayer1 benevolence1 of wearing a peculiar dress1 and of worshipping according to your conscience--what could ,alimonda say which had not been said by all the independent men of our century8 ,as to those who assert that the clergy are not educated up to the standard of modern civilization1 we need only appeal to those who have any knowledge to see if the ecclesiastics do not rank high in every part of the encyclopedia2 nor do we hesitate to say that the most educated man in every village is ordinarily the priest2 the priest who is compelled to make a regular course of study1 to pass repeated examinations1 and assist at conferences4 #cdj ,,vii4 ,it is very strange that at a time when the love of show has become a mania2 when kings1 ministers1 journalists1 and myriads of ephemeral heroes are honored with canticles1 poems1 and ovations2 when some button-holes have more decorations than our altars2 when there is hardly a name to which pompous titles are not appended1 it should be deemed necessary for the benefit of religion to abolish external worship in our churches4 ,is not our century especially vain of its investigations in matter8 ,is not the aspiration of the age after physical comfort8 ,why1 then1 try to restrict religion to the spiritual1 to prevent the erection of temples which would please the senses of that double being--man8 ,when ,constantinople1 austerely interpreting the evangelical ordinances1 attempted to destroy reverence for holy images1 the church fought for the right to cultivate the fine arts2 and sustained martyrdom and exile to maintain the privilege of guarding the fine arts in her sanctuaries4 ,when the reform of the sixteenth century called the ,catholic ,church ,babylon1 because she asked ,michael ,angelo and ,raphael to immortalize the grandeurs of ,christianity1 she resisted again--knowing how to distinguish the exceptional life of the voluntary anchorite from the social life of the merely honest man2 exacting virtues from all her children1 but virtues suitable to their state1 to the mystic life of ,mary and to the external life of ,martha1 to the viceroy ,joseph and to the shoemaker ,crispin4 ,the same church defends1 to-day1 love and art from the modern iconoclasts and spurious ,puritans4 ,discoursing about worship1 our author begins by that of ,mary1 showing it to be a religious principle in accord with reason2 a public fact1 approved by history2 a most tender affection1 sanctioned by the heart4 ,it is not long since the chief of the ,english ritualists1 ,doctor ,pusey1 made the most honorable admissions in reference to the ,catholic dogmas and ceremonies1 excepting1 however1 the reverence which ,catholics have for the ,mother of ,god4 ,archbishop ,manning's ,footnote #gf reply is one of the most beautiful and rational apologies for this worship for which ,italy is so remarkable4 ,for all republics were consecrated to her2 she was the chosen patroness of our chief cities2 her likeness was impressed on our coins and seals2 our first poets sang her praises1 and their echoes have not yet died2 our painters could find no higher or sweeter model2 our architects competed in erecting grand temples to her honor2 our musicians to compose canticles to her praise2 great expeditions were undertaken in her name2 colonies were consecrated to her1 where now ,italian power1 but not ,italian influence1 has ceased4 ,and it is ,mary who will save our ,italy from humiliations1 and from that degradation which seems to be the only aspiration of her intolerant sons4 ,footnote #gg ,footnote #gf3 ,probably a mistake for ,dr4 ,newman4 ,footnote #gg3 ,i may be permitted to refer the reader to the fifty-fourth chapter of my ,heretics of ,italy1 in which the respect due to saints and to ,mary is discussed4 ,the intolerant repeat that laws1 decrees1 and social organization are sufficient to regulate civil society4 ,they are sufficient2 but they require science to prepare them and virtue to apply them2 both to be invoked from on high4 ,the safety of one's country1 the fulfilment of its aspirations1 the triumph of justice1 must come from heaven4 ,formerly the ,italians marched to battle under the standard of the saints or of the cross2 the heroes of ,legnano1 of ,fornovo1 and of ,curzolari prostrated themselves in prayer before fighting2 and the ,italians of those times conquered and gave thanks to ,god for having given to them a beautiful1 great1 and prosperous country4 ,but now we have popular tumults and the ravings of newspapers4 #cda ,our strong-minded heroes consider it degrading to bow before the ,author of all things4 ,yet1 passing over all the wise men of antiquity1 the most free nation in ,europe opens its parliaments with prayer1 and obeys the orders of the queen to fast in time of disaster1 or feast in time of great success4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states1 no matter what may be his creed1 orders a day of thanksgiving to ,god1 and he is obeyed4 ,when the telegraph from ,america was able to carry a message to ,europe on ,august #agth1 #aheh1 the first words which leaped along the wire were1 ,europe and ,america are united4 ,glory to ,god in the highest2 peace on earth2 to men1 good-will4 ,what grander spectacle can there be than to see a whole people united in the duties imposed by its religion in celebrating great anniversaries8 ,what heroic outbursts1 how many noble sacrifices1 were expressed in the monologues of holy days6 ,what high thoughts and magnificent conceptions arose in the souls of philosophers and poets6 ,how many generous resolutions were taken6 ,when the observance of the ,sunday was neglected1 the last spark of poetic fire was extinguished in the souls of our poets4 ,it has been truly said1 without religion there is no poetry4 ,we must add1 without external worship and feast days there is no religion4 ,in the country1 where the people are more susceptible of the religious sentiment1 the ,sunday still keeps a part of its social influence4 ,the sight of a rustic population united as one family by the voice of its pastor1 and prostrated in silence and recollection before the invisible majesty of ,god1 is touching and sublime2 is a charm which goes to the heart4 ,who speaks in this way8 ,proud hon4 sic ,and ,napoleon says1 ,do you want something sublime8 ,recite your ,pater noster4 ,the most sublime prayer is the mass--the culminating point of worship2 the perennial expiation of perennial faults4 ,from the mass ,alimonda passes to confession2 then to communion2 and thence to the responsibility of present life4 ,he exhorts all to understand and believe4 ,this is the creed of the ,christian3 ,credere et intelligere4 ,,viii4 ,we have thus far followed the illustrious ,alimonda1 repeating or developing his arguments4 ,let us now examine his manner of treating the questions which he discusses4 ,the classic ,greek orators had wonderful simplicity of style1 in which the familiarity of their expressions ennobled their sentiments and gave force to their reasoning4 ,the ,eastern fathers followed in their footsteps4 ,the ,latins ornamented eloquence so as to make it a special art1 assigning it a measured cadence1 a peculiar intonation of voice1 a system of position and gesture4 ,hence1 the ,latin fathers studied speech even to affectation1 sought after rhetorical figures1 yet always more attentive to the practical than to the abstract4 ,the ,french formed themselves rather according to the ,greek models2 and the noble simplicity of ,bossuet1 ,massilon1 and ,fnlon renders them still models for one who would discourse before a polished people4 ,the ,italians1 if you except some of the very earliest preachers1 preferred to ornament their speeches and indulge in artificial figures4 ,in the ages of bad taste1 the worst display of metaphors disgraced the pulpit2 whence the custom passed to the bar and parliament1 where there have been and still are so many examples of unnatural oratory4 #cdb ,hence1 in so great an abundance of literature1 we have no good preachers except ,legneri4 ,in modern times1 the style of the pretentious ,turchi has been changed to that of the academic ,barbieri2 but that style of preaching whose father is the ,gospel1 and whose mother is the ,bible1 is rarely heard in our pulpits4 ,our very best eloquence1 that of the pastorals and homilies of our bishops1 is spoiled by too frequent citations1 and is often devoid of that sentiment which comes from the heart and goes to it4 ,we do not want to borrow the ,french style4 ,it is a mistake to steal the language of another nation1 either in writing or preaching4 ,peoples have different dispositions4 ,it would not do to address the ,carib in the same way as the ,parisian1 or the contemporaries of ,godfrey as the subjects of ,napoleon4 ,our author1 beside being familiar with the first propagators and defenders of ,christianity1 is highly educated in the classics1 and has always ready phrases1 hemistichs1 and allusions which display his erudition4 ,his method is prudent1 his divisions logical1 and the train of ideas well followed up2 his language correct1 and the clearness and marvellous beauty of his style show him to be a finished orator4 ,he draws an abundance of materials from the most diverse and recondite sources4 ,he adduces the most recent discoveries of science regarding the essence of the sun1 nebula1 aerolites1 and on the nature of matter4 ,without mentioning the biblical and legendary portions of his work1 there are in it traces of every part of both ancient and modern history3 ,camoens and ,napoleon1 ,abelard and ,renan1 ,isnard and ,jouffroy1 ,donoso ,cortes and ,cagliostro1 ,marie ,antoinette and ,madame de ,swetchine1 ,ireland and ,poland1 the discourses of ,napoleon ,,iii4 and of ,cavour4 ,the author brings us through the byways of ,london to the prison of ,thomas ,more1 to the solitude of ,st4 ,helena1 and to the lands where the missionaries are laboring4 ,he quotes even the heroes of romance3 ,renzo and the ,unknown1 ,renato1 ,werter1 ,st4 ,preux1 the ,elvira of ,george ,sand1 ,wiseman's ,fabiola1 and ,victor ,hugo's ,valjean4 ,with the spoils of the ,egyptians ,alimonda builds a tabernacle to the living ,god4 ,who will censure him1 since our ,holy ,father1 in a brief of ,september #bjth1 #ahfg1 approves his labor8 ,the nineteenth century can be saved only by means suitable to the nineteenth century2 and ,simon ,stylites or ,torquemada1 the ,crusaders or the ,flagellants1 would be as much out of place to-day as catapults or the theory of uncreated light4 ,we must fight with modern weapons4 ,clypeos1 ,danaumque insignia nobis aptemus4 ,footnote #gh ,footnote #gh3 ,we must use the weapons and dress of the ,greeks4 ,a,eneid1 lib4 ii4 ,we must study ,catholicity in all its bearings1 and reconcile divine and human traditions with modern exigencies2 authority established on an immovable pedestal1 with liberty which is always developing4 ,courage6 ,let us arouse ourselves from lethargy1 and not suffer a condition of affairs for which we are responsible4 ,let us remember1 with ,bacon1 that prosperity was the boon of the ,old ,testament2 adversity1 of the ,new2 persuaded1 with ,donoso ,cortes1 that it is our duty1 as ,catholics1 to struggle1 and that we should thank ,god who has chosen us to fight for his church1 let us display that energetic will which is so rare among good people4 ,with charity and faith1 by association and perseverance1 we can conquer hatred and unbelief1 the divisions of sects1 and the onslaughts of error on the strongholds of ,catholic truth4 ------- #cdc ,two ,months ,in ,spain ,during ,the ,late ,revolution4 ,seville1 ,fonda ,de ,paris4 ,september #bc1 #ahfi4 ,the train leaves ,cordova at six ,a4,m41 and we are delighted to be again on our journey4 ,the route proves of little interest between ,cordova and ,seville2 the ,guadalquivir is first on one side of us and then on the other2 the hills and mountains bound each side of the plain1 where are olive groves1 and peaceful flocks1 and ploughmen1 as if no revolution were occurring around them4 ,at ,almovar1 7situated on a high hill17 we see the ruins of a ,moorish castle where that half-,moor1 ,peter the ,cruel1 confined his sister-in-law1 ,doa ,juana de ,lara4 ,carmona is another town which has the same celebrity4 ,here he imprisoned many of his female favorites when tired of them4 ,we grow very hungry in spite of these tragic histories1 and our young gentleman buys a great melon de ,castile1 which1 proving very delicious1 we make a good breakfast l'espagnol2 but are not sorry to see the towers of the ,giralda1 and soon after we enter ,seville--the most charming of all ,spanish towns2 the city of ,don ,juan and ,figaro2 the gayest1 the most celebrated for its beautiful women1 its graceful men1 its bull-fights1 its gypsies1 its tertulias1 its fandangos1 its cachuchas1 its ,murillos1 its cathedral1 7said to rival ,st4 ,peter's17 and its ,alcazar1 which is almost as wonderful as the ,alhambra4 ,after dinner1 we hasten to the cathedral through busy1 crowded streets1 by handsome shops2 passing occasionally a pretty ,sevillian whose black dress1 bare arms and neck seen through the black lace mantilla1 with the dainty pink rose peeping from beneath it1 harmonize exactly with one's idea of the ,spanish woman4 ,and presently1 upon a terrace ascended by several steps1 we see before us this wonderful pile of buildings3 the ,giralda 7,moorish tower7 on one side2 the ,sagrario 7the parish church7 on the other2 the chapter house1 and offices facing the cathedral2 and in the centre of all these the court of oranges6 ,the cathedral is entered from this court by nine doors4 ,we scarcely know how to describe this magnificent gothic building1 which has affected us more than any we have ever seen4 ,coming upon us so immediately after the mosque of ,cordova1 7each of these a perfect specimen of its kind17 one sees in each the reflection of the different faiths they represent4 ,the graceful1 elegant mosque seems to appeal more to the senses1 to speak of a faith which promises material joys1 while the grand and majestic gothic cathedral carries one's heart to the heaven in which these lofty arches seem to be lost4 ,in despair of being able to do justice to so high a theme1 ,i must borrow from ,o',shea's guide-book the following description of this building3 ,the general style of the edifice is gothic of the best period of ,spain1 and though many of its parts belong to different styles1 these form but accessory parts1 and the main body remains strictly gothic4 ,indeed all the fine arts1 and each in turn1 at their acme of strength1 have combined to produce their finest inspiration here4 #cdd ,the ,moorish ,giralda1 the ,gothic cathedral1 the ,greco-,roman exterior1 produce variety1 and repose the eye4 ,inside1 its numerous paintings are by some of the greatest painters that ever breathed2 the stained glass1 amongst the finest known2 the sculpture1 beautiful2 the jewellers' and silversmiths' work unrivalled in composition1 execution1 and value4 ,the cathedral of ,leon charms us by the chaste elegance of its airy structure1 the purity of its harmonious lines2 the fairy-worked cimborio of that at ,burgos1 its filagree spires1 and pomp of ornamentation are certainly more striking2 and at ,toledo1 we feel already humbled and crushed beneath the majesty and wealth displayed everywhere4 ,but when we enter the cathedral of ,seville1 there is a sublimity in these sombre masses and clusters of spires whose proportions and details are somewhat lost and concealed in the mysterious shadows which pervade the whole1 a grandeur which quickens the sense1 and makes the heart throb within us1 and we stand as lost among these lofty naves and countless gilt altars1 shining dimly in the dark around us1 the lights playing across them as the rays of the glorious ,spanish sun stream through the painted windows4 ,vast proportions1 unity of design1 severity and sobriety of ornament1 and that simplicity unalloyed by monotony which stamps all the works of real genius1 render this one of the noblest piles ever raised to ,god by man1 and preferred by many even to ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome4 ,it is said that the canons and chapter resolved to make this church the wonder of the world2 and with this view1 sent for the most celebrated architects and artists of the world to adorn it1 denying themselves almost the necessaries of life to accomplish the great work4 ,the pillars are one hundred and fifty feet high2 the church1 four hundred feet long1 two hundred and ninety-one wide1 with ninety-five windows and thirty-seven chapels2 and nearly each one of these contains some pictures of ,murillo1 ,cespedes1 ,campana1 ,roelas1 or some ,spanish painter of celebrity4 ,we go from chapel to chapel1 gazing upon these1 lingering before the altar ,del ,angel de la ,guarda1 where is ,murillo's exquisite picture of the guardian angel with the young child by the hand 7so often reproduced17 and lost in awe before his grand picture of ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua1 to whom the infant ,jesus descends1 amidst angels and flowers and sunbeams1 into the arms ecstatically extended toward him4 ,in a little chapel we come upon a lovely ,virgin and ,child1 by ,alonso ,cao1 called ,n4 ,s4 de ,belem1 7,bethlehem47 ,but the sun declined1 and we ascended the ,giralda to see his last beams shine upon so much beauty4 ,what a strange and charming scene6 ,the forest of white houses painted with delicate blue and green2 the flat roofs decorated with gardens2 the four hundred and seventy-seven narrow streets1 some hardly admitting two people abreast1 through which toiled the patient mules bearing burdens of stones1 mortar for building1 wood1 and vegetables2 the one hundred ornamented squares and promenades2 the orange gardens2 the plaza de ,toros2 the cathedral just beneath us1 with its hundreds of turrets2 the ,torre del ,oro1 7,tower of ,gold17 so named from its yellow hue2 the ,lonja1 7,exchange17 with its pink color2 the grey ,alcazar2 the palace ,san ,telmo by the ,guadalquivir1 which winds through the city and over the plain2 and convents1 and churches1 and palaces2 and1 beyond all1 the verdant plains and the blue mountains6 ,as the sun sank1 the convent bells rang the ,ave ,maria4 ,blessed be the hour6 ,the time1 the chime1 the spot4 ,certainly we all felt that moment in its fullest power6 #cde ,thursday1 #bd4 ,our first visit to-day is to ,san ,telmo--the royal palace given by ,queen ,isabella to her sister1 the ,duchess de ,montpensier--on the banks of the ,guadalquivir1 with enchanting gardens1 palms and citrons1 and orange-trees2 and within1 all oriental in its style and decorations4 ,here are some lovely pictures--one of ,murillo's most beautiful ,virgins1 several splendid ,zurbarans1 a ,sebastian del ,piombo1 ,holy ,family1 etc4 ,next we visit the great tobacco manufactory1 where #djjj women are employed making cigars4 ,as all these were talking at once1 we were glad soon to escape4 ,and then the ,alcazar1 the wonderful ,moorish palace1 than which not even the ,alhambra can be more beautiful--as it seems to us4 ,we wander in delicious gardens --like those described in the ,arabian ,nights--and then enter the enchanted palace6 ,passing several courts1 we find the great door of entrance sculptured and painted in arabesque4 ,here is a long hall1 with exquisitely carved and painted roof1 from which we pass into a square marble court1 or patio1 with double rows of marble columns and a fountain in the centre4 ,from the four sides of this patio you enter by immense doors1 carved and inlaid1 into the apartments beyond4 ,first1 the ,hall of the ,ambassadors1 which communicates with others through elegant arches profusely ornamented1 supported by marble pillars of every color with gilded capitals4 ,the walls and dome are ornamented with sentences from the ,koran1 in gilt letters upon grounds of blue and crimson4 ,every chamber has different decorations1 all equally elegant4 ,below1 opening from the garden1 we are shown some subterranean cells said to have been the prisons of ,christian captives1 and above these the luxurious baths of ,maria de ,padilla--the famous mistress of ,peter the ,cruel4 ,it was the custom for the king and courtiers to sit by and see her bathe1 and for the latter to pretend to sip the water of the bath4 ,seeing one of these fail in this gallant duty one day1 the king asked why he omitted it4 ,because1 sire1 7said the witty courtier17 ,i am afraid to like the sauce so well that ,i shall covet the bird4 ,peter the ,cruel lived much in this palace1 and did much to embellish it through the ,moorish artists whom he employed4 ,many of the ,spanish kings lived there1 and ,charles ,v4 was married in one of the upper rooms4 ,these we did not see1 and learned afterward that they were inhabited by ,fernan ,caballero1 one of the most popular writers of ,spain--whose delightful books we learned later to admire4 ,fernan ,caballero is the nom de plume of this lady1 who has had many misfortunes1 and who by permission of the queen lives in the ,alcazar1 devoting her life to deeds of benevolence amongst the poor1 whose traits and trials she records in many delightful works4 ,it is a pity that out of ,france these books should be unknown4 ,one of our party determines to take some of them to ,america1 that they may be translated and bring to the knowledge of our people these charming scenes of ,spanish home life so inimitably described4,footnote #gi ,footnote #gi3 ,one of ,fernan ,caballero's 7,mrs4 ,fabre7 books1 ,the ,alvareda ,family1 has already been translated here and published in ,the ,catholic ,world three years ago2 and two others1 ,the ,sea ,gull1 and ,the ,castle and ,cottage in ,spain1 have appeared in an ,english dress in ,london1 and ,lucia ,garcia is already translated and will soon appear in this magazine4--,,ed4 ,,cath4 ,w4 ,in the evening we go to a ball1 to see the ,andalusian dances in their proper costume4 ,boleros1 and cachuchas1 and seguidillas1 and manchegas6 ,such graceful movements1 such little feet in such dainty satin shoes6 #cdf ,generally to the accompaniment of the guitar1 with most peculiar and monotonous music1 singing at the same time1 clapping the hands1 stamping the feet1 and the dancer always with castanets4 ,all the dances were peculiar1 solos1 often in couples1 or three at a time1 some of these coquettish--one1 especially1 danced by a man and a woman1 he in hat and cloak1 she with fan and mantilla4 ,how she wielded this little weapon6--now hiding her face1 now peeping from behind it1 which he also did with his manta4 ,by and by he takes off his hat and humbly lays it at her feet4 ,she dances over it scornfully2 without ever losing the step1 he recovers it4 ,she flies2 he pursues1 opening his manta entreatingly2 she relents2 again he throws down the hat2 she stoops and gives it to him1 and eventually they dance away with the manta covering both4 ,friday1 #be4 ,we go again to the wonderful cathedral2 examined many pictures which yesterday escaped us4 ,in the chapter house is one of ,murillo's ,conceptions1 and eight charming heads 7ovals7 painted by him1 in the same room4 ,in the chapel of the kings lies the body of ,st4 ,ferdinand1 and of ,murillo2 who asked to be buried at the foot of a picture 7,the ,descent from the ,cross7 of which he was particularly fond1 which is above the main altar4 ,near the great entrance of the cathedral a stone in the pavement marks the spot where lies ,fernando1 the son of ,christopher ,columbus1 with the motto upon it1 ,a ,castilla y ,leon1 mundo nuevo di ,colon4 ,from his tomb we go to the great ,columbine ,library given by him to his country1 containing some interesting ,,mss4 of his father--one1 a book of quotations containing extracts from the psalms and prophets1 proving the existence of the new world4 ,there are a series of portraits round the room1 of ,columbus1 his son1 ,st4 ,ferdinand1 ,cardinal ,mendoza1 and ,cardinal ,wiseman1 7who was a native of ,seville47 ,there is also preserved here the great two-edged sword of ,ferdinand ,gonsalves4 ,some of our party go to visit the archbishop1 in the hope to get permission to see the treasures of the church1 which are very valuable2 but the presence of the revolution obliges him to deny us this as well as the entre to the convent of ,st4 ,theresa1 which is said to be exactly the same as when she founded it4 ,it was here she underwent such great trouble and persecution1 and where 7finding she had but two or three coppers with which to begin a great foundation7 she said to her nuns1 ,never mind1 two cents and ,theresa are nothing2 but two cents and ,god are everything4 ,and this interesting convent we could not see4,footnote #hj ,indeed1 the time of our visit to ,spain was inopportune for seeing the inside of religious houses4 ,a former revolution having deprived them of their property1 they have now the fear of being turned out of their convents4 ,footnote #hj3 ,for a full description of this convent see ,lady ,herbert's ,impressions of ,spain1 just from the press of the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this work also contains illustrations of cathedrals1 churches1 gardens1 palaces1 and other places described in these letters4--,,ed4 ,,cath4 ,w4 ,while we wait in the church for the return of our friends1 we enter into conversation with two of the little boys of the choir1 whose beauty attracts us1 begging them to describe the style in which they dance before the ,blessed ,sacrament on ,corpus ,christi1 which is said to be a ceremony most solemn1 grave1 and impressive4 ,these children evinced great curiosity about us1 and when told that one of the party was a convert1 7had been a ,protestant17 could not be made to comprehend what it meant2 for they confound all ,protestants with unbelievers4 #cdg ,and did not know about our dear ,lord6 said one little fellow with a look of sorrowful compassion1 reminding one of the scene in one of ,fernan ,caballero's tales 7,the ,alvareda ,family7 where the hero comes home from his travels and describes a country covered with snow so that people are sometimes buried under it4 ,we go to see the house in which ,murillo lived and the spot where he was first buried--passing the house in which ,cardinal ,wiseman was born1 upon which is a large tablet with a beautiful and appropriate inscription4 ,in ,murillo's house is an extensive gallery with many of his loveliest pictures1 and some of the pictures of monks for which ,zurbaran is so famous4 ,here we see the ,infant ,st4 ,john with the ,lamb1 and the ,infant ,saviour1 so often repeated by ,murillo1 apart and together an exquisite ,ecce ,homo2 several ,madonnas1 and ,saints4 ,on our way we are shown the shop where dwelt the original ,figaro1 and also the house of ,don ,juan6 ,the ,casa de ,pilatos1 one of the residences of the ,duke of ,medina ,coeli1 next claims us--a curious old palace1 built in the sixteenth century in imitation of ,pilate's ,house in ,jerusalem1 which was visited at that time by the founder4 ,the patio is fine1 with a beautiful fountain1 and double row of columns1 7one above another17 with statues at the four corners4 ,the marble staircase and halls--lined with azulejos1 7colored porcelain tiles17 universally used in this country--are particularly handsome4 ,next we go to the ,caridad1 one of the most celebrated hospitals in the world1 founded by a young nobleman of ,seville in the seventeenth century1 upon ground which belonged to a brotherhood whose duty it was to give consolation to those about to die on the scaffold4 ,this young man 7,don ,miguel de ,maara7 was distinguished for his profligacy1 but also for his bravery1 generosity1 and his patronage of art4 ,one of our friends told us some most interesting anecdotes connected with his conversion4 ,returning from some orgies1 one night1 he saw a female figure upon a low balcony beckon him4 ,thinking to have an adventure1 he sprang into the open window and found a dead body with a with lights about it alone in the room4 ,another time1 returning at midnight through the streets1 he saw a church lighted1 and1 wondering what could be going on at such an hour1 entered4 ,before the altar was a bier upon which was extended a body covered with the mantle of the knights of the order to which he belonged1 the priests about it singing the office for the dead4 ,asking whose funeral it was1 he was answered1 ,that of ,don ,miguel ,maara1 and going to the corpse and uncovering it1 saw his own face4 ,the morning found him stretched upon the pavement1 the vision gone4 ,but the impression remained1 in which he recognized a call from ,god to a better life1 which he soon after entered1 giving his whole fortune to found this institution for the sick1 the aged1 and incurables2 and here he lived and died an example of humility1 piety1 and penitence4 ,murillo and other eminent artists were also members of this confraternity1 and a letter of the former is here shown in which he asks permission to join the brotherhood4 ,to the friendship of ,don ,miguel for ,murillo the hospital is indebted for some of the finest pictures in the world4 ,in the church are two of his grandest and largest pictures1 ,moses striking the ,rock1 called here the ,sed1 7thirst17 and the ,miracle of the ,loaves and ,fishes1 a ,visitation1 an ,infant ,saviour1 and a ,st4 ,john4 #cdh ,there are also several most remarkable pictures by ,valdes ,leal2 one1 ,the ,triumph of ,time1 in which the skeleton ,death stands triumphantly above crowns and sceptres and all there is of glory4 ,opposite to this is ,the ,dead ,prelate1 a picture made at the suggestion of ,maara4 ,from the top of the picture a pierced hand holds the scales1 in one side of which a kingly crown1 and jewels1 and sceptre1 weigh against the mystic ,i4 ,h4 ,s4 and a book1 the ,word of ,god4 ,below lies a dead prelate1 in mitre and crosier1 half eaten by the worms2 on the other side1 ,don ,miguel ,maara1 wrapped in his knightly mantle1 upon which also the worms run riot4 ,on one of the scales is written nor more2 upon the other1 nor less4 ,murillo told the painter that he could never pass this picture without involuntarily holding his nose4 ,under the pavement1 near the door1 lies the body of the founder2 the ashes of the worst man that ever lived1 so he styles himself in his epitaph2 and he requested that he might lie where the feet of every passer should walk over him4 ,the sisters conduct us over the clean and airy wards4 ,on the wall of the patio are these words1 from the pen of ,maara himself1 ,this house will last as long as ,god shall be feared in it1 and ,jesus ,christ be served in the persons of his poor4 ,whoever enters here must leave at the door both avarice and pride4 ,and over his own cell is inscribed1 ,what is it we mean when we speak of death8 ,it is being free from the body of sin1 and from the yoke of our passions4 ,therefore1 to live is a bitter death1 and to die is a sweet life4 ,another of the charming histories told us by the same lady was of ,st4 ,maria ,coronel1 whose body is preserved in the convent of ,st4 ,inez1 which we could not be permitted to see4 ,peter the ,cruel1 because enamored of her great beauty1 condemned her husband to death1 but offered to save him if she would yield to his wishes4 ,the husband was actually executed1 and ,maria fled to this convent1 where the king pursued her4 ,one night he entered her cell2 and1 seeing no other way to escape him1 she seized the burning lamp1 and emptied its boiling contents over her face4 ,the poor lady lived the life of a saint1 and died in this convent4 ,her body is as fresh as if she had died yesterday1 and the marks of the oil upon her face as clearly visible as upon the day when the heroic deed was committed4 ,in the evening we walk in the crowded streets1 and find splendid shops filled with lovely women1 who go at this hour to walk or shop1 never stirring out in the day4 ,as late as eleven1 when we came in1 the streets and shops were yet filled with ladies4 ,saturday1 #bf4 ,we spend the morning in the gallery1 which is considered the finest in ,spain1 after that of ,madrid4 ,this is especially rich in ,murillos1 and has several ,zurbarans1 the ,spanish ,caravaggio so famous for his pictures of monks4 ,here is ,the ,apotheosis of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 considered his masterpiece2 and of ,murillo there are about twenty-four of his greatest pictures3 the ,st4 ,thomas of ,villanuova giving ,alms1 which was the painter's own favorite2 the ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua kneeling before the ,infant ,saviour1 who stands upon his book--the most perfect type of a child ,god2 and the ecstasy1 the fervor1 the humility1 in the pale1 attenuated face of the monk brings the tears to one's eyes1 you so feel with him4 #cdi ,next this is a picture preferred to the other by most persons1 ,st4 ,felix of ,cantalicia1 with the infant ,saviour in his arms1 the blessed ,mother leaning forward to receive him4 ,the beauty of the ,virgin ,mother and the grace of her attitude is said by critics to be beyond all praise4 ,then comes a beautiful ,annunciation1 a ,st4 ,joseph with the child ,jesus1 ,saints ,rufina and ,justina1 7the patrons of ,seville17 ,saints ,leandro and ,buonaventura1 several ,conceptions1 and the exquisite ,virgin de la ,sevilleta1 7,virgin of the ,napkin17 said to have been painted on a dinner napkin1 and given as a present to the cook of the convent where ,murillo worked4 ,the ,st4 ,john ,baptist in the ,desert should also be mentioned1 as well as many others4 ,this evening we bid farewell to beautiful ,seville1 with all its delights1 and set out for ,cadiz4 ,certainly it is the ,spaniards1 not the ,french1 who are the politest people in the world4 ,the conductor opens the railway carriage with ,good evening1 ladies4 ,may ,i trouble you for your tickets8 concluding with ,a happy night to you4 ,in passing a street1 the other day1 a gentleman with whom we had crossed the mountains1 and whose name we do not even know1 rushes from his house to say1 ,ladies1 is anything wanting8 ,here is your house4 ,such is the pretty exaggerated ,spanish phrase4 ,leaving ,seville1 we pass orange-groves and fields divided by aloe and cactus hedges1 but the country is flat and uninteresting2 and1 except ,lebrija1 which has a tower1 the rival of the ,giralda1 and ,jerez1 we see no towns of any size or interest till we near ,cadiz4 ,jerez de la ,frontera 7the frontier town7 has always been of importance2 one of the earliest ,phoenician colonies4 ,close to this took place the battle of the ,guadelete1 which opened ,spain to the ,moors4 ,st4 ,ferdinand recovered it in #abea2 but it was retaken1 and again recovered by his son1 ,alonzo the ,learned1 in #abfd1 who granted to it many important privileges1 peopling it with forty of his hidalgos--the source of the present ,jerez nobility4 ,it has an ,alcazar of great interest--its ,alameda--some fine old churches1 and near it are the ruins of a fine old ,carthusian convent upon the ,guadelete1 which the ,moors called the ,river of ,delight4 ,jerez is now celebrated for its wines2 the sherry so prized in ,england and ,america1 which occupies palaces rather than wine-cellars4 ,these are called bodegas1 and sometimes hold ten thousand casks4 ,as we near ,cadiz we see ,puerta ,san ,maria1 at the mouth of the ,guadelete--a pretty town1 looking upon the sea1 with a suspension bridge looking most picturesque in the moonlight2 then ,puerto ,real1 ,san ,fernando1 ,cadiz4 ,cadiz1 ,fonda ,de ,paris4 ,sunday1 #bg4 ,the guide takes us first to hear high mass in the new cathedral--a handsome building1 entirely of white marble1 within and without4 ,some good pictures1 7copies of ,murillo17 fine music1 and the most devout of congregations4 ,the loveliest of women1 in modest black dresses1 mantillas1 and fans1 sat or knelt upon the matting1 which is spread upon the space between the high altar and the choir4 ,no seats are provided4 ,a few bring little black camp-stools4 ,the bishop 7who gave the benediction7 is a most dignified and elegant-looking person2 and the guide tells us he is much beloved and respected4 ,already the new order of things pulls down churches and banishes the ,jesuits1 as the first proof of that liberty of worship which is one of the most popular of the war cries4 #cej ,such bandit-looking fellows as we saw yesterday6 ,catalan soldiers1 in red cap1 short pantaloons with red stripe1 half-gaiters1 and a red blanket on the left shoulder1 a leathern belt1 with pistols and a great rifle4 ,the revolution spreads everywhere1 peacefully1 as they say4 ,we see a handbill posted1 in which the queen is spoken of as ,doa ,isabella of ,bourbon1 to whom they wish no harm4 ,some ,spanish ladies who had once lived in ,america1 and are friends of ours1 came to visit us4 ,they are intensely loyal1 as are all the women of ,spain whom we encounter4 ,from these we learn that1 as in all revolutions1 the dregs of the people come to the top1 and are most conspicuous4 ,it is only they make it who have nothing to lose1 and all to gain4 ,these juntas1 who now rule in each city under the provisional government1 are composed of people of low birth and bad morals4 ,here they are taken from the low trades-people1 who are noted drunkards and unbelievers4 ,into such hands are committed the destinies of this lovely city4 ,their first work has been to try and kill the ,jesuits1 who1 with a hundred little boys under their care1 had to defend themselves from these men and the rabble they encourage4 ,and but for the officers of the fleet1 who1 with pistols in hand1 thrust themselves between them1 they must have been murdered4 ,these officers took them on board the ships for safety1 and some are yet secreted in the town1 waiting an opportunity to escape4 ,to-day our guide takes us to several curious old churches which were formerly convents1 with pretty cloisters and marble courts4 ,these1 he says1 are doomed by the junta to be torn down to build houses and theatres1 thus destroying these beautiful old monuments of a past time in their blind fury against religion4 ,in the evening we change our hotel to the ,fonda de ,cadiz1 on the gay plaza ,san ,antonio4 ,after dinner walk by the seashore on the walls4 ,as we pass the streets1 we enter several churches1 where the people are hearing sermons1 or saying prayers with the priests4 ,such picturesque groups6 ,to-night we see from our windows a procession carrying the ,blessed ,sacrament to the sick1 from the parish church opposite4 ,a carriage is always sent1 and a long procession1 bearing lights1 precedes and follows4 ,one of the ladies present tells us that last carnival1 in the midst of the gayeties on this square1 men and women1 in every variety of ridiculous costume1 were dancing to merry music1 when suddenly the bell was heard preceding the ,blessed ,sacrament1 which was being carried to a sick officer1 living upon the square4 ,in an instant every knee was bent of the motley throng1 and the band struck up the ,royal ,march in the most effective manner1 and accompanied the procession to the house2 returning1 the fun recommenced4 ,this lady says there was never anything witnessed more affecting4 ,and1 added she1 this is the faith these revolutionists would take from us4 ,already they talk of introducing every religion1 and they will build a mosque and a synagogue6 ,monday1 #bh4 ,the morning is given to shopping1 to see the lovely mantillas of every shape and style2 fans of wonderful workmanship and exquisite painting on kid or silk2 the beautiful figures in every variety of ,spanish costumes1 made in ,malaga1 of a particular kind of clay for which ,spain is famous2 the pretty mattings of ,cadiz1 etc4 #cea ,in the evening we walk with our friends upon the ,alameda1 a charming promenade by the seaside1 where stately palm-trees wave above marble seats and columns4 ,entering the church of ,mount ,carmel we find it filled with people saying prayers and the rosary4 ,to-night we are kept awake by the mob1 who are marching with drums and ringing the church bells in honor of a victory over the queen's troops near ,cordova4 ,tuesday1 #bi4 ,at eight o'clock we set out upon an excursion to ,jerez1 to visit the bodegas and taste the fine wines4 ,passing the salt-meadows we see the white pyramids of salt glistening in the sunlight1 which had so puzzled us when we last saw them by moonlight4 ,the bay of ,cadiz is on one side1 the broad ocean on the other1 in the distance the mountains of the ,sierra del ,pinal4 ,a friend joins us at ,puerta ,real1 and takes us to one of the largest bodegas in ,jerez1 where are #aj1jjj casks of wine--each cask valued at #ejj6 ,the proprietor 7a gentleman of ,english or ,irish descent7 is most kind1 shows us this extraordinary place1 and gives us to taste of the finest wines--brown sherry and pale sherry1 fifty years of age4 ,but the most delicious of all are the sweet wines--which are also sherries--and are called ,pedro ,ximenes from the name of the person who first introduced this grape4 ,these wines are rich and oily1 7perfect nectar17 and are made from the grape when almost as dry as raisins--twelve days from off the vine4 ,in the midst of these oceans of fine wines1 ,mr4 ,graves 7the proprietor7 tells us he rarely tastes them1 only occasionally taking a glass of the sweet wine4 ,jerez is said to be the richest town in ,spain1 the richest of its size in the world4 ,beautiful plazas planted with palms1 and fine old palaces4 ,we visited an ornamental garden belonging to one of these wine princes1 where were lakes1 and streams1 and grottoes1 and bridges1 and groves1 and flowers of every variety1 birds and fowls1 and model cattle1 etc4 ,and then we saw ,san ,miguel1 one of the finest churches we have seen1 7gothic interior17 of the fifteenth century1 7#adcb17 elegantly ornamented4 ,there is also a cathedral and another most interesting church1 7,st4 ,dionisius17 built by ,alonzo the ,learned in the thirteenth century1 said to be a particularly fine specimen of the gothic moresque of that period4 ,after a fine breakfast of the delicious ,spanish ham1 chocolate1 cakes1 and sherry1 we return to ,cadiz4 ,passing ,puerta ,san ,maria1 we see the ,jesuit college1 from which they have just been ejected1 the broken trees1 the trampled gardens telling their own story of violence4 ,one of the gentlemen in the train tells us there were two hundred and fifty boys cared for here1 and that the ,jesuits fed five hundred poor each day with soup from the leavings of the table4 ,the great building looked a picture of desolation4 ,to-night we have another ringing of bells and marching to the sound of the odious revolutionary hymn4 ,one of the gentlemen of our party goes out to hear the speeches in the square4 ,some of the speakers propose to offer the crown to the father of the ,king of ,portugal1 7of the ,catholic branch of that lucky ,coburg family who1 possessing nothing1 gain everything by marriage17 others are for the ,duke of ,montpensier4 ,some cry ,vive ,napoleon4 ,in fact1 they are in great embarrassment--have caught the elephant and do not know what to do with him1 like another nation we know of4 #ceb ,wednesday1 #cj4 ,to-day we hear that all ,catalonia has pronounced1 and even ,madrid1 and that the rejoicings of last night were for the victory of ,alcolea1 just won1 over the queen's troops1 in which1 however1 the liberals have lost three thousand men4 ,these troops were commanded by ,serrano1 7,duke de ,torres17 who owes everything to the queen's favor2 and on the queen's side by the ,marquis de ,novaliches1 faithful found amongst the faithless4 ,we hear of one of her officers 7the young ,count de ,cheste7 who has shut himself with his men in the fortress of ,montjuich1 at ,barcelona1 resolving to die rather than submit4 ,one must admire such devotion1 in whatever cause it is shown4 ,loyalty6 the most pure and beautiful feeling of the human breast4 ,it is a love which exists without requiring the usual nourishment of return2 a feeling void of every shade of egotism2 that desires and requires nothing but the happiness of loving1 that causes one joyfully to sacrifice life and property for the exalted object whose voice1 perhaps1 never reached his ear4 ,this feeling1 in its highest purity1 is the very triumph of human capacity4 ,such is the true definition of ,loyalty1 which1 like ,liberty1 is often profaned and constantly misunderstood4 ,with our pretty ,spanish friends we go to see a church called the ,cave1 a church only for gentlemen1 where they may go privately to their confession and devotions4 ,the confessionals are unlike those used for women1 for the men go in front and kneel face to face with the priest4 ,it is a beautiful chapel1 wonderfully rich in marbles and fine vestments and bassi-relievi1 and below it is a gloomy chapel from whence the church derives its name4 ,over the altar is represented the crucifixion4 ,it is dimly lighted through a dome1 and the figures 7large as life7 seem to live4 ,here the men go for meditation1 and for the ,good ,friday and other solemn festivals4 ,at one end of the chapel is a carved chair1 raised on a platform1 upon which the priest sits to give his instructions1 while a lamp is so arranged that the light falls only upon the speaker's face1 leaving the rest of the chapel in darkness4 ,the young priest who showed us the church had the face of an angel1 so fair and young and holy2 or1 rather1 such a face as is represented in a picture of ,st4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga1 the patron of youth4 ,as we wander from shop to shop one of our pretty friends meets one of the beaux of ,cadiz1 whose loyalty she suspects and whom she berates most violently for deserting his queen in her need1 and helping to embarrass his country4 ,the pretty way with which she shakes her fan at him1 and gesticulates with her hands1 the expressive eyes and play of feature1 is altogether charming and ,andalusian4 ,late this evening1 we hear particulars of the late battle4 ,novaliches fought against fearful odds--three thousand men to sixteen thousand4 ,he was severely if not mortally wounded1 and was carried off by his men to ,portugal1 the only way of retreat open to them4 ,this defeat1 we suppose1 will put an end to the war4 ,thursday1 ,oct4 #a4 ,this is the feast of the ,guardian ,angel of ,spain1 so we hear mass where the devotion of the forty hours begins4 ,as in ,italy1 two by two1 kneeling and holding lights1 the men of the congregation keep watch before the ,blessed ,sacrament during these forty hours1 while hundreds of adorers continually coming and going attest the devotion of this pious people4 #cec ,the ,church of the ,guardian ,angel is near that belonging to the military hospital2 and on the opposite side of the square is an asylum for widows1 founded many years ago by a converted ,moor--a most interesting institution4 ,widows of all ranks and conditions find shelter here when their necessities require it4 ,each one has her own chamber and sitting-room1 and each one her little cooking apparatus separate4 ,the court with its open corridors on every story1 its pretty flowers1 its fine promenade on the roof1 makes it a very inviting abode2 and1 with the usual ,spanish courtesy1 the old widow who showed us about 7the widow of an officer1 who had been there these forty years7 placed it at our disposition4 ,these poor women go out to walk1 and to church when they wish1 though there is also a chapel in the house4 ,we go next to see the ,albergo dei ,poveri1 a magnificent charity1 founded and endowed by one man in memory of his mother1 and dedicated to ,st4 ,helena4 ,here five hundred children of both sexes are taught weaving1 sewing1 washing1 shoemaking1 etc41 and there is also an asylum for five hundred old men and old women4 ,the school-rooms and dormitories are large and airy2 the marble courts1 where the children play1 and the sewing-room1 where a hundred girls sat at work1 looked out upon the sea1 and were deliciously cool and comfortable4 ,the school-rooms were decorated with pictures of ,bible history1 and seemed to have all the modern inventions which make easy the way to learning4 ,the sister told us how much they had been disturbed by this revolutionary movement4 ,her little orphan boys 7who had been taught music with the view to enter the army as musicians7 had been carried off at night to play the revolutionary hymn1 kept out marching over the town till two o'clock in the morning1 and then sent home foot-sore and with aching heads4 ,the most interesting thing of all was to see the old men at dinner--that helpless thing1 an old man4 ,placed by the nice table1 a man with snow-white apron served the soup1 a sister gave round the meat1 and then came a pudding4 ,the bread was as white as is all the bread of ,spain1 7even the poorest people have bread of this very white flour17 and there seemed about a hundred of these men over sixty years of age4 ,the rain drives us home1 but by and by we go out again to buy some of the boots and shoes of ,cadiz1 which are the prettiest in the world and cover the prettiest of feet4 ,feast ,of ,the ,guardian ,angels4 ,friday1 ,oct4 #b4 ,we go to the lovely church of the ,rosary for high mass4 ,the decorations are very tasteful and beautiful1 and hundreds of men and women1 in their grave black garments1 assist most devoutly2 the men have benches on each side1 the women sit or kneel upon a bit of matting before the altar4 ,from this we go to the ,capuchinos1 where we see three of ,murillo's finest pictures1 the ,marriage of ,st4 ,catherine1 over the altar1 which he left unfinished and which is surrounded1 in five compartments1 by five pictures of ,zurbaran1 almost equal to the centre piece4 ,there is here another ,conception1 and that picture of pictures1 ,st4 ,francis receiving the ,stigmata1 which is certainly the most extraordinary of all the works of this great master4 ,the face of the saint seems to come entirely out of its dark surroundings1 and so do the wonderful hands4 ,these all look like the living flesh1 and move us as if they were so4 #ced ,this ,capuchin convent1 which ,murillo loved to adorn1 and in painting for which he lost his life1 is now a hospital for lunatics--the monks all gone2 the present ,bishop of ,cadiz was one of them4 ,and to show the devotion of the common people to ,murillo1 they will not allow the bishop to move this picture of ,st4 ,francis to an opposite altar1 where it would be in a better light and preserved from the smoke of the altar candles4 ,no2 the place for which ,murillo painted it must be the best place1 and there it shall stay4 ,in a chapel near by is a lovely picture of ,our ,lady of the ,rosary1 which must be a copy of the one in the gallery of ,madrid so celebrated4 ,in this chapel and everywhere here we see statues or pictures of the ,martyrs of ,cadiz1 7,servando and ,germano17 two young ,roman soldiers who1 becoming converts1 died for the faith on a spot near the present city gates4 ,it is said that on the occasion of the terrible earthquake which occurred here ,november #ast1 #agee1 when the sea rose and threatened to devour the city1 two young men in strange garments appeared on the spot of their martyrdom and were seen by hundreds of the inhabitants to stay the waves1 speaking to the people and bidding them pray to ,god4 ,on another side of the city the ,dominican priests bore the favorite statue of ,our ,lady of the ,rosary1 with many prayers1 to the waters' brink1 and the waves receded and there was a great calm4 ,on the third side1 where ,cadiz is most exposed to the sea1 is a little church in which the priest was saying mass on the eventful morning4 ',the people ran to him saying1 ,behold6 the sea is at the very door4 ,he made haste to consume the consecrated ,host1 then seizing the crucifix and the banner of ,our ,lady of ,mercy1 went out upon the door-step where the waves already licked his feet3 ,my ,mother1 let them not come further--and they did not6 ,what is so remarkable in the accounts of this earthquake is1 that there had been no storm to precede it1 but on a soft sunshiny day came this terrible convulsion of the elements4 ,we went to see this church1 where is yet shown the crucifix and the banner which played so important a part on this occasion2 and see the point to which the water rose1 and an inscription on the wall of a house recording the event exactly as here related4 ,next we visit the church of ,san ,lorenzo1 and afterward that of the ,scalzi1 7barefoot friars17 where to-day was said the last mass2 the junta having decreed that it be torn down to build a theatre4 ,the work of destruction had already commenced4 ,how the strong old walls resisted6 ,a dozen carpenters were taking down the gilded altars and curiously carved retablos1 which1 belonging to the days when ,spain had her argosies from the new world laden with gold1 were made to resist all time4 ,four men with iron crowbars were striving to dislodge an angel suspended over an altar1 which positively refused to come down2 while below him1 on the floor1 stood saints and martyrs covered with dust and dbris1 hastily dislodged from the pedestals on which they had rested for centuries--a rueful group6 ,no wonder the women wept1 and eyed resentfully the malicious-looking revolutionists employed to order the work2 while armed soldiers1 with the hateful red ribbon on the arm1 7the revolutionary mark17 kept off the populace1 who strove to get in at the doors1 by the market1 to bid farewell to these ancient altars4 #cee ,it had been the church of the market people1 the cradle of some of popular saints1 the scene of the first communion1 the nuptial mass1 the baptism of their children1 the funeral mass for their dead4 ,great is the clamor outside6 ,old people kiss the walls1 and the young gather bits of the broken altars1 while sorrowful-looking priests are permitted to carry away the mutilated statues and gildings4 ,the convent of the ,good ,shepherd1 opening into the church1 is also to be torn down1 and its unhappy inmates driven elsewhere to seek shelter4 ,they are putting into the same convent these1 with ,carmelites1 ,ursulines1 and others2 crowding together those who teach with those who save the ,magdalens in strange and painful confusion4 ,such are some of the fruits of revolution6 ,and this is the liberty which ,england and ,america seek for the ,spaniard6 ,to-night we hear that the ,marquis de ,novaliches has died of lockjaw1 his face having been dreadfully wounded by a ball4 ,the ,conte de la ,cheste1 who held ,monjuich at ,barcelona1 has gone to join the queen1 abandoning his forlorn hope at her request4 ,saturday1 ,october #c4 ,to-day we hear the high mass in the cathedral1 and go to see the jewels in the sacristia4 ,they have a remarkable custodia1 7the gift of an ancestor of the ,calderon de la ,barca17 set in pearls and emeralds of immense value2 a superbly chased crucifix1 the gift of ,alonzo the ,learned2 a small but exquisitely worked tabernacle of gold with beautiful amethysts forming a cross1 given by the same king4 ,after the mass we go to buy some of the famous ,cadiz gloves1 and then drive on the ramparts to see the fine sea view4 ,in the evening1 to the church of the ,carmel4 ,as it is the eve of the feast of ,our ,lady of the ,rosary1 the church of the ,rosary is illuminated1 and most of the houses throughout the city4 ,sunday1 ,oct4 #d4 ,in the church of the ,rosary is a beautiful ceremony4 ,the music is lovely2 the wind instruments1 in certain parts of the mass1 most effective1 and the whole one of the most solemn services at which we have assisted4 ,the sermon is delivered with such grace and unction that we could but realize the truth of that saying of ,charles ,v41 that ,spanish is the language in which to speak to ,god6 ,so grand1 so sonorous6 ,and there is something in the grave dignity of the ,spanish priest which makes him seem the perfection of ecclesiastical character4 ,we are all struck with the decorum of the people in the churches1 the quiet and devotion2 none of the running in and out and the familiarity with holy things which in ,italy makes one see that the people regard the church as their father's house1 in which they take liberties4 ,here1 it is alone the house of ,god1 as is seen in the reverential manner and careful costume4 ,all wear black1 and not even is a lace mantilla usual1 but the ,spanish mantilla of modest silk4 ,the men are alike reverential1 and nowhere have we seen so many men in church1 particularly at night4 ,to-day we hear the good news that the government of the city is taken from the hands of the junta and given into the care of the former military governor of ,cadiz1 in conjunction with the admiral of the fleet4 ,this is received with great favor by the people of moderate opinion of both sides1 as putting a stop to extreme measures4 ,they have countermanded the destruction of the two old churches1 the ,franciscan and the ,scalzi2 of the last-named they tell a most extraordinary story to-day4 #cef ,yesterday the destroyers had knocked down a portion of the thick old wall4 ,this morning it was found rebuilt as if by invisible hands1 with the same heavy masonry1 as strong as before1 and even the white plaster upon the outside dry and barely to be distinguished from the rest of the building4 ,everybody runs to look at it4 ,the people cry a miracle1 and say that the ,blessed ,virgin1 whose feast it is to-day1 had a hand in it4 ,monday1 ,oct4 #e4 ,we go for the last time to the shops1 and to hear our last mass in ,san ,antonio2 for to-morrow we leave beautiful ,cadiz and the dear friends who have made our stay so delightful4 ,the political horizon to-day is a little clearer4 ,in consequence of some outrages upon priests and churches one man has been banished to ,ceuta1 and large placards are upon the streets threatening with like punishment every one who insults a priest or injures a church4 ,the banished man had harangued the mob1 assuring them that a ,dominican father in the convent of that order had some instruments of torture1 formerly used in the ,inquisition1 and that he applied them to his penitents4 ,the unthinking mob1 guided by him1 rushed to search the convent1 broke the church windows1 and not finding what was promised them1 turned their fury upon the man who had deceived them4 ,in the war of #ahce1 when ,saragossa began the work of burning the monasteries and murdering the monks1 ,cadiz gave her monks five hours to get away1 and armed guards saved the monasteries4 ,to be sure1 the populace burned the libraries and furniture2 but as ,cadiz was then more moderate than her sister cities1 she will not now be less kind than then4 ,how impossible to believe1 in looking out upon a city so smiling and so lovely1 that evil passions should lurk in it anywhere6 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- ,the ,approaching ,council ,of ,the ,vatican4 ,the preparations for the approaching council continue to be made on a grand scale1 and with the greatest diligence4 ,from the ,chronicle of ,matters relating to the future ,council1 which is regularly published at the office of the ,civilta ,cattolic1 in ,rome1 we copy the list of the different commissions and their members which are preparing the matters to be discussed and decided upon by the bishops assembled in ecumenical council4 ,the supreme directive congregation is composed of the most eminent cardinals1 ,patrizi1 de ,reisach1 ,barnabo1 ,panebianco1 ,bizarri1 ,bilio1 ,caterini1 and ,capalti4 ,to these are joined1 as secretary1 ,mgr4 ,giannelli2 and as consulters1 ,mgr4 ,tizzani1 ,mgr4 ,angelini1 vicegerent of ,rome1 ,mgr4 ,talbot1 7an ,englishman17 ,don ,melchior ,galeotti1 of the seminary of ,palermo1 ,f4 ,sanguineti1 ,s4 ,j41 professor of canon law in the ,roman ,college1 ,professor ,feije1 of the ,university of ,louvain1 and ,professor ,hefele1 of ,tbingen4 #ceg ,the commission of ceremonies is composed of prelates who have the general supervision of the grand functions which take place in the principal churches of ,rome4 ,the politico-ecclesiastical commission is composed of2 ,cardinal de ,reisach1 president1 ,mgrs4 ,marini1 del ,parco a ,theatine1 ,bartolini1 ,jacobini1 ,ferrari1 ,nussi1 ,gizzi1 7a judge in one of the high courts17 ,guardi1 7vicar-general of the religious congregation of ministers of the sick17 ,canon ,kovaes1 of ,kolocza in ,bohemia1 ,canon ,molitor of ,spire in ,germany1 the ,abb ,chesnel1 vicar-general of ,quimper1 ,canon ,moufang of ,mayence1 the ,abb ,gibert1 vicar-general of ,moulins1 and ,mgr4 ,trinchieri1 secretary4 ,the commission for eastern affairs is composed of ,cardinal ,barnabo1 president1 ,don ,john ,simeoni1 of the ,propaganda1 ,f4 ,bollig1 ,s4 ,j41 professor of ,sanscrit and ,oriental languages in the ,roman university and ,roman college1 ,f4 ,vercellone1 7,barnabite religious2 since deceased17 ,f4 ,theiner1 of the ,oratory1 the ,most ,rev4 ,leonard ,valerga1 prefect of ,carmelite missions in ,syria1 the ,right ,rev4 ,joseph ,david1 a ,syrian bishop1 ,canon ,roncetti1 professor in the ,roman seminary1 ,don ,joseph ,piazza1 ,don ,francis ,rosi1 ,f4 ,haneberg1 abbot of ,st4 ,boniface and professor of theology in the university of ,munich1 ,f4 ,martinoff1 ,s4 ,j41 ,mgr4 ,howard1 7an ,englishman17 and ,mgr4 ,cretoni1 secretary4 ,the commission on the religious orders and congregations is composed of ,cardinal ,bizarri1 president1 ,mgrs4 ,marini1 ,svegliati1 and ,lucidi1 ,f4 ,capelli1 7,barnabite17 ,f4 ,bianchi17,dominican17 ,f4 ,cipressa1 7,minorite ,franciscan17 ,f4 ,cretoni1 7,augustinian17 ,f4 ,costa1 7,jesuit17 ,mgr4 ,guisasola1 arch-priest of the cathedral of ,seville1 and ,don ,francis ,stoppani1 secretary4 ,the commission of dogmatic theology is composed of ,cardinal ,bilio1 president1 ,mgr4 ,cardoni1 president of the ecclesiastical academy1 ,f4 ,spada1 7,dominican17 master of the sacred palace and professor of dogma in the ,roman university1 ,f4 de ,ferrari1 7,dominican17 ,f41 ,perrone1 ,s4,j41 ,mgr4 ,schwetz1 professor of theology in the university of ,vienna1 ,f4 ,mura1 ex-general of the ,servites1 rector of the ,roman university1 ,f4 ,adrogna1 definitor-general of the conventual ,franciscans1 ,mgr4 ,jacquenet1 cur of ,st4 ,jacques at ,rheims1 the ,abb ,gay1 vicar-general of ,poitiers1 ,f4 ,martinelli1 7,augustinian17 professor of ,scripture in the ,roman university1 ,don ,joseph ,pecci1 professor of philosophy in the same1 ,f4 ,franzlin1 ,s4 ,j41 professor of theology in the ,roman college1 ,f4 ,schrader1 ,s4,j41 professor in the university of ,vienna1 ,professor ,petacci1 of the ,roman seminary1 ,professor ,hettinger1 of ,wurtzburg1 ,professor ,alzog1 of ,friburg1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,corcoran1 of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 ,canon ,labrador1 professor of philosophy and theology at ,cadiz1 and ,canon ,santori1 rector of the pontifical lyceum in the ,roman seminary1 secretary4 ,the commission of ecclesiastical discipline is composed of ,cardinal ,caterini1 president1 ,mgrs4 ,giannelli1 ,angelini1 ,svegliati1 ,simeoni1 ,nina1 ,nobili1 ,lucidi1 de ,angelis1 professor of canon law in the ,roman university1 ,f4 ,tarquini1 ,s4,j41 ,canon ,jacobini1 ,professor ,hergenroether1 of ,wurtzburg1 ,professor ,feije of ,louvain1 the ,abb ,sauv1 of ,laval1 ,canon ,giese1 of ,munster1 ,professor ,heuser1 of ,cologne1 ,professor de ,torres1 of ,seville1 and ,mgr4 ,louis ,jacobini1 secretary4 ,several other distinguished men have been added to these commissioners since this list was published4 ,dr4 ,newman was invited to assist1 but declined on account of his infirm health4 ,dr4 ,dllinger was also invited4 #ceh ,the sessions of the council will be held in one of the large chapels of ,st4 ,peter's ,church1 which is capable of containing several thousand persons4 ,the principal architects of ,rome are already engaged in preparing the proper accommodations1 under the immediate supervision of the ,holy ,father himself4 ,the altar of the council is at one end of the chapel1 the throne of the sovereign pontiff at the opposite end4 ,on the right and left of the throne are placed the seats of the cardinals1 patriarchs1 and ambassadors of sovereigns4 ,the seats of the prelates are ranged in two semicircles1 each tier being elevated above the one before it2 the tribune of the orators is placed in the middle of the open space between1 and there are also tribunes prepared for those who will be admitted as spectators of the public sessions4 ,a large and beautiful piece of black marble1 which was found among the treasures of the ,emperor ,nero1 at the recent exhumation1 is to be made into an obelisk commemorative of the council1 which will be erected near the spot where ,st4 ,peter was crucified4 ,the base of the column is to be made of a number of small blocks of white marble1 equal to the number of prelates assisting at the council1 each one placing his own block1 with his name and title engraved upon it4 ,the bishops alone are entitled to a seat in the council by divine right4 ,cardinals1 abbots1 and generals of religious orders are entitled to a seat also1 by ecclesiastical law or privilege4 ,the question of the right of bishops in partibus infidelium to a seat is now under discussion1 and we have not learned whether it has yet been decided or not4 ,this circumstance has given the ,roman correspondent of the ,new ,york ,heralda chance of furnishing a specimen of the ridiculous and reckless falsification of matters relating to the ,catholic ,church1 by which the ordinary readers of newspapers are perpetually befooled and mystified4 ,the doubt respecting the right of these bishops is represented as having been raised in order to keep out those who are not sufficiently subservient to the holy see1 and the conclusion drawn--with the usual flippant impertinence of this class of writers--that ,rome will admit none who are not prepared to carry out fully her own policy4 ,the truth is1 however1 that these bishops in partibus--who are prelates holding merely titular sees which are in fact extinct or in the possession of schismatics1 many of them having been decorated with the episcopal character by the pope only for the sake of honor--are precisely the men who have the least power of opposing the holy see and the greatest interest in procuring its favor4 ,some of them are vicars-apostolic governing missionary districts1 others are coadjutors of diocesan bishops1 others are prelates who have resigned their sees1 and the remainder are prelates filling certain high offices in the ,roman court4 ,it is evident enough that if there were any reason to apprehend opposition to the pontifical authority from any portion of the hierarchy1 it would be rather from the primates and metropolitans of old and powerful sees1 who have been nominated by sovereigns1 and who would have all their support and authority to sustain them4 ,there is no reason1 however1 to apprehend that any collision will take place between the holy see and the hierarchy1 who have never in the whole history of the church been more completely united than they are at present4 #cei ,the bishops take no theologians with them1 and1 besides the prelates themselves1 only the theologians of the holy see and the representatives of the sovereigns will participate in the deliberations of the council4 ,in regard to the matters which will be proposed for the adjudication of this supreme tribunal1 we find many conjectures1 more or less plausible1 both in ,catholic and secular periodicals4 ,we prefer to wait until the acts of the council are made known in an authentic manner1 before speaking on this subject4 ,we remark merely that there is not the slightest foundation for the rumors which are reported in certain newspapers respecting proposed changes in the established discipline of the church1 regarding matters which have long ago been definitely settled4 ,the impression made upon the whole civilized world by the convocation of an ecumenical council is deep1 universal1 and continually increasing as the time for its assembling draws near4 ,the infidel and red-republican party in ,europe manifest a fear and dread which is certainly remarkable1 and very encouraging to all friends of religion and order4 ,the politicians of the old rgime of state supremacy over the church also manifest a terrible and perfectly well-founded alarm1 lest the church should assert and regain her perfect liberty and independence1 and condemn1 without any hope of appeal1 those maxims and opinions by which they have hitherto held a certain number of sincere ,catholics in alliance with themselves4 ,the reception given by the emperor of ,russia and the patriarch of ,constantinople to the pope's invitation is too well known to need any fresh notice4 ,of course1 the great body of the oriental prelates follow the dictation of these two potentates--a striking commentary upon the value and sincerity of the protest which they make against the tyranny of the ,roman patriarch4 ,there are not wanting1 however1 certain instances showing the impression which the pope's invitation has made upon the more sincere and conscientious members of these separated communions4 ,the bishop of ,trebizond1 a man of venerable age1 received the encyclical letter with marks of great respect1 raising it to his forehead and pressing it to his bosom1 exclaiming at the same time with emotion1 ,o ,rome6 ,o ,rome6 ,o ,st4 ,peter6 ,o ,st4 ,peter6 ,he would not1 however1 declare any decisive intention either to attend the council or to absent himself4 ,the bishop of ,adrianople returned the letter1 saying1 ,i wish first to reflect4 ,i wish to decide for myself4 ,letters from the east testify that many of the ,greek schismatics openly blame the patriarch and the bishops who have refused to attend the council1 saying1 that by this refusal they have shown that they are afraid to enter into discussion with the ,latin bishops4 ,it is believed that the ,armenian bishops who were summoned by their patriarch1 residing at ,constantinople1 to advise with him respecting the pope's invitation1 were in favor of accepting it1 from the fact that he afterward sent the encyclical to the patriarch of ,esmiasin with the report of the doings of the synod4 ,a strong unionist party has been formed among the ,armenians1 and one of their prelates1 ,mgr4 ,narses1 has published a long letter advocating union with the ,roman ,church4 ,the ,ottoman government favors union as a means of weakening the influence of ,russia1 and has separated the ,bulgarians1 who number four millions1 from the jurisdiction of the patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,it has also refused to recognize a prelate sent by the patriarch of ,esmiasin to act as his nuncio at ,constantinople for the purpose of counteracting the efforts of the unionist party1 and has given a semi-official warning to one of the most violent ,russophilist journals4 ,footnote #ha ,footnote #ha3 ,later news informs us that the ,armenian patriarch of ,constantinople has been forced to resign by the clamors raised against him1 that the ,greek patriarch had called an ecumenical council1 and that the ,coptic patriarch of ,alexandria received the encyclical with great respect and many expressions of courtesy toward the prelate who was the bearer of it4 #cfj ,it is an interesting fact that the king of ,birmah1 when made acquainted with the desire of the ,holy ,father that sovereigns should place no obstacle in the way of the attendance of the bishops in their dominions at the council1 exclaimed3 ,what6 can there be any princes who would oppose such a just and holy desire8 ,for my part1 ,i not only promise to interpose no obstacle1 but ,i engage to pay the travelling expenses of the bishops of my kingdom both going and returning4 ,he has also announced the intention of sending by each of the bishops a jewelled cross as a present to the pope4 ,the ,jansenist bishops of ,holland1 who are five or six in number1 each one having two or three priests and about a thousand people under his jurisdiction1 find themselves compelled1 by their own professed principles1 to submit themselves to the judgment of the council4 ,they have appealed1 ever since the condemnation of ,jansenius1 from the pope to an ecumenical council4 ,now they find an ecumenical council on the eve of assembling1 before which they have full liberty to appear1 and plead their case4 ,they acknowledge the infallibility of the tribunal1 and therefore can have no choice but to submit to its decision1 which they openly profess their readiness to do1 so that without doubt they will all be reconciled to the church4 ,among ,protestants we find everywhere a great excitement respecting the council1 a full recognition of the immense importance of the crisis which it must inevitably bring upon ,protestantism2 in general1 a disposition to rouse up for the defence of their losing cause1 and oppose an obstinate renewal of their old protest to the admonition of their chief pastor to return to their allegiance1 but occasionally a manifestation of a different sentiment--a disposition to listen1 to hope for good results1 and to welcome the thought of a possible reconciliation4 ,on the tenth day of last ,november1 ,m4 ,guizot uttered the following words at a reunion of ecclesiastics and laymen1 at ,notre ,dame de ,dozul1 in ,normandy3 ,you priests have faith2 it is faith which directs you2 and even when you seem to act imprudently1 success always justifies you in the end4 444 ,it is thus that the ,catholic ,church sustains itself1 happily for ,france and the world4 444 ,the clergy dies not1 the papacy does not fall4 444 ,pius ,,ix4 has exhibited an admirable wisdom in convoking this grand assembly1 from which1 perhaps1 will issue the salvation of the world2 for our societies are very sick2 but1 for great evils there are great remedies4 ,footnote #hb ,footnote #hb3 ,rev4 du ,monde ,catholique1 for ,january #beth1 p4 #bii4 ,the ,german publicist1 ,wolfgang ,menzel1 in the number of his ,literary ,leaves for last ,october1 thus writes3 ,we are far from wishing to blame a reunion of all good ,christians1 even though the same authority in ,protestants who are truly ,christian is not sufficiently recognized4 ,every tentative of reunion1 however restricted it may be1 must be hailed with joy4 #cfa ,reinhold ,baumstark1 in a pamphlet upon the pontifical letter1 says3 ,it is the ,catholic ,church which has directed and accomplished the education of humanity during the whole middle age4 ,since the ,reformation1 it has sustained without succumbing three centuries of violent struggles1 and1 if the eternal truth of ,god lives in it1 we shall see the realization of the word of its founder1 that there shall be one fold and one shepherd4 ,in quite a different spirit writes ,prof4 ,schenkel1 of ,heidelberg3 ,it is impossible to deny that the ,protestant church of ,germany is at present running a very great danger4 ,the different confessions are becoming daily more opposed to each other4 ,theological parties engage in mortal combats2 the liberal party is combated by the servile party4 ,the bond of peace is with deliberate purpose torn and broken and a large portion of the ,german people1 witnesses of these disputes1 fall into discouragement1 distrust1 and indifference4 ,the ancient and malign enemy laughs at our folly1 that1 after having bitten one another1 we shall finish by eating one another up4 444 ,let us say it1 to our shame1 we have no remedy to oppose to this evil4 ,interiorly divided1 absorbed in party disputes1 deprived of autonomy1 the sport of political calculations1 and politico-ecclesiastical experiments which are perpetually changing1 torn by theological hatred1 abandoned by the populations1 thrust aside by all classes of citizens1 our church resembles only too much a shipwrecked vessel which lets in water on every side4 ,how can we face the violent tempest which is brewing1 when we lack unity of direction1 when we lack a head1 are destitute of any solid interior or exterior organization1 when we are consuming our forces in the continual wars of one confession against another8 ,we are sorry1 ,professor ,schenkel1 that we really cannot tell you how you can do it4 ,perhaps ,dr4 ,bellows1 the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union1 or the ,new ,york ,observer might suggest something a little consoling or encouraging to the unfortunate gentleman4 ,the official replies made by various ,protestant bodies in ,europe are1 as we might expect1 a reiteration of their old protests against the ,roman ,church1 and a declaration of their contentment with their present state4 ,the most courteous and well-reasoned of these papers which we have seen is that of the ,unitarian pastors who sit in the seat of ,calvin at ,geneva4 ,it makes the issue between rationalism1 liberalism1 and humanitarian progress1 on one side1 and the supernatural revelation of doctrine and law1 on the other1 very distinctly--imputing1 in the usual style1 servility1 formalism1 tyranny1 and obscurantism to the ,catholic ,church1 and claiming for ,protestantism the merit of protecting and promoting true liberty1 intelligence1 and happiness4 ,there is more of the same kind in the number of the ,liberal ,christian 7,february #fth7 in which we have read this address4 ,as statements of the position and opinions of the parties issuing them1 these documents may pass4 ,we are to expect that those who are challenged in the way they have been will reply in just such a manner4 ,these are only the preliminaries of an earnest controversy which must be carried on for a long time before any result can be looked for4 ,dr4 ,hedge1 of ,harvard ,university1 has rendered himself supremely ridiculous by denying that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome1 or even visited ,rome at any time2 from which he concludes that the pope has no right to issue encyclicals as his successor4 ,footnote #hc ,footnote #hc3 ,see article on this point in the present number4 #cfb ,the ,liberal ,christian1 with a kind of audacious valor1 backs him up1 and declares that the whole claim of the bishop of ,rome is an absurdity4 ,suppose it to be so to the superior and enlightened minds of this editor and his compeers2 the assertion of it carries no weight1 and can have no effect upon any other person's mind4 ,another ,unitarian1 the ,rev4 ,samuel ,johnson1 of ,massachusetts1 says3 ,if ,i believed in his 7,christ's7 authority even as ,matthew presents it1 not to say ,paul or ,john1 ,i should regard the principles of the papacy as in substance right1 whatsoever ,i might think of the conduct of its representatives4 ,footnote #hd ,considering the very great importance of the subject1 the great learning and number of those who differ from our enlightened friends1 and the curious circumstance that almost every person thinks that no opinion or sect but his own can uphold itself against the claims of ,rome1 would it not be in better taste to have patience a little longer1 and speak with a little more moderation8 ,footnote #hd3 ,radical1 ,january1 #ahfi1 p4 #i4 ,the ,christian ,quarterly1 which is a ferocious young ,campbellite periodical published at ,cincinnati1 thus addresses the ,protestant community3 ,are you able to feel the sting in the following words of ',pius1 sovereign pontiff1 ninth of the name1 to all ,protestants and non-,catholics8' ,in speaking of the multitudinous sects of the ,protestant world1 and of the restlessness1 instability1 and uncertainty that everywhere characterizes ,protestantism1 he says1 etc4 ,the very fact that the ,pope of ,rome should1 in the last half of the nineteenth century1 have occasion to pen such a paragraph1 ought to call the blush of shame to every ,protestant cheek6 ,protestantism has been experimenting for three hundred years1 and the pope of ,rome has summed up the result6 ,let ,protestantism try the force of its logic upon this papal dilemma6 ,footnote #he ,footnote #he3 ,c4 ,q4 ,jan4 #ahfi1 pp4 #eb-c4 ,we take the following item of news from the ,london ,tablet3 ,english ,protestants ,and ,the ,council4 ,there are signs around us that a movement is beginning4 ,the ,diplomatic ,review1 a peculiar and certainly a remarkable journal1 published the first ,wednesday of every month1 in ,london1 contains a ,protestant address to the pope1 and notifies to its readers in town and country that it will lie for signature at its office till the end of the month4 ,the purport of the address is to implore the pope to proclaim again1 by his own authority or by that of the council1 the observance of the laws of natural justice by ,christian and civilized nations in their relations with the heathen and the uncivilized4 ,in an article written in ,french this same journal says3 ',we pronounce the words of the pope like texts1 we draw our deduction from his maxims1 and we see in the accomplishment of his work the only hope for the preservation of ,european society4' 444 ',the strength of the pope is the law3' our duty is to announce explicitly this truth1 ,christianity must be preached anew4' ,in addition to this remarkable declaration1 we have the public expression of the ,rev4 ,e4 ,w4 ,urquhart1 at a meeting of the ',english ,church ,union1' presided over by the ,hon4 and ,rev4 ,c4 ,l4 ,courtenay1 in ,south-,devonshire4 ,he said that the separation of church and state is not far distant1 and suggested that the ,anglican party should seek reunion with the ,church of ,rome1 and that representatives should be sent to the council1 to stipulate the conditions of their submission to the see of ,rome4 ,this language may sound startling in the mouth of an ,anglican clergyman2 but we expect the courage of ,mr4 ,urquhart's utterance will unloose many a tongue4 ,of course1 the only stipulation that can be made is that of unqualified submission to the holy see4 ,to a human and fallible authority you may bring conditions2 to one that is divine and infallible1 you can bring only faith and docility4 #cfc ,the comments of the secular press upon the council1 in many cases1 would seem as if their authors were aiming to carry burlesque to its most farcical extreme4 ,their spirit is that of the mocking ridicule of ,voltairian infidelity without its show of argument1 together with the grossest materialism and the systematic disavowal of any principle higher than self-interest or political expediency4 ,it is sufficiently absurd when such writers attempt to express1 under the protection of their anonymous cloak1 any opinions whatever in religious matters4 ,much more1 when they offer their ludicrous advice to the prelates and theologians of the ,catholic ,church1 and pretend to understand the true nature of ,christianity and its mission upon earth better than the church herself4 ,in itself the matter is only laughable1 and of course the really intelligent and well-informed would only receive with a smile of derision the notion that any serious meaning or value could be ascribed to such lucubrations4 ,but it becomes serious and lamentable when we reflect how small this class really is4 ,the proofs are continually forced upon us of the fact1 that a large proportion of those who are intelligent enough to make money1 to keep the run of politics and the exchange1 to dress well1 and to make a show1 really read nothing but the daily papers1 look to them for their ideas of religion as well as every other topic1 and are actually possessed by the grossest ignorance1 and the most dense and stolid prejudice1 in regard to everything relating to the ,catholic ,church and to all ,catholic nations4 ,any convert to the ,catholic ,church1 who mixes with ordinary men of business or with general society1 will testify to the fact that they are frequently accosted with expressions of surprise that persons intelligent and reputable1 such as they are1 can possibly be ,catholics1 and with the assertion1 as of a truism1 that only the ignorant1 the degraded1 and the vicious1 which with ,americans is generally a synonym for poor people or foreigners1 believe in the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church4 ,those who read the sectarian newspapers suffer themselves to be swept along by the lying current which runs through them1 like the filthy stream of a sewer4 ,we happen to have just read a description from a ,london paper of a visit to the sewers of that city which presents an apt and forcible illustration of what we are saying3 ,under ,farrington street west1 says the writer1 the ,fleet ,ditch was running in two swift1 black streams2 almost below the footway upon each side1 some three feet six inches deep1 and with so strong a current that we were assured it would be impossible to save the life of any one who stepped or slipped into them4 ,these foul streams recalled the ancient ,styx and made one hold back with something like a shudder4 ,the following extract from the ,boston ,traveller has just fallen into our hands in good time to serve as an instance in point3 ,the ,new ,light ,of ,the ,catholic ,church4 ,mr4 ,editor3 ,sabbath evening1 ,april #dth1 ,father ,i4 ,t4 ,hecker1 editor of the ,catholic ,world1 delivered a lecture in the ,music ,hall on ',the ,religious ,condition of the ,country4' ,as it has been reported by the press1 it would seem to be little more than a tissue of misrepresentations of ,new ,england in particular1 and of ,protestantism in general4 ,it would be a sufficient reply to the exaggeration and conceit of the reverend padre to say1 that if ,protestantism had done nothing more than to enable him to rail for an hour and a half at the most cherished and sacred feelings of our people1 its mission would not be in vain4 ,and herein is its eminent superiority to that cast-iron system which holds the reviler of our faith4 ,can ,catholicism do what ,protestantism did on ,sunday week8 ,will ,rome1 or any other ,catholic city1 permit a ,protestant minister1 placarded and advertised days in advance1 in a public hall1 to burlesque and hold up to contempt the ,catholic faith8 ,this lecturer knows that ,rome is mean enough to forbid the exercise of ,protestant worship to travellers1 or visitors from ,protestant lands sojourning temporarily within her walls4 #cfd ,and yet he comes to the largest hall in the capital of ,new ,england and has the impudence to undertake to tell our people that they are adrift on two tides1 one of which is to ,rome and the other to infidelity4 ,and if his statements are reliable1 infidelity makes altogether the better stand4 ,but we insist that he is either wilfully false or wilfully ignorant1 or he would not have said that 'not one in ten of the people of ,new ,england accepts as fundamental1 the truths which his forefathers held4' ,father ,hecker knows1 if he knows anything1 that the evangelical churches of ,new ,england hold for substance the same doctrines that their fathers held2 and he knows1 too1 that there is not a doctrine held or advocated in any ,protestant ,church in ,christendom which does not have its advocates in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church4 ,he must be aware that biblical criticism has made sound progress within two hundred and fifty years2 and we can hardly believe that even he would be narrow enough to deny that certain doctrines may be re-stated and re-explained without plunging into infidelity1 least of all pushing for ,rome4 ,but as he has chosen to attack ,new ,england in particular1 it is no more than fair1 perhaps1 that ,new ,england should have the privilege of being compared with the most favored ,catholic countries4 ,he certainly will not object to ,france1 which has always been overwhelmingly ,catholic1 not one in ten of her population being ,protestant4 ,and yet scarcely fifty years have passed since the whole nation voted ,god out of existence1 and deified reason in the person of a harlot4 ,the ,romish priests1 he knows1 were among the foremost in this carnival of infidelity and blood4 ,nor need he be told that the men of ,france1 to-day1 are infidels4 ,italy1 too1 the seat of this boasting church1 is overshadowed1 as ,father ,hecker knows1 by a sneering1 malignant infidelity4 ,and ,spain--blessed1 so recently1 with the most ,catholic queen to whom the ,pope sent the golden rose1 which enjoyed for generations the blessings of the ,inquisition1 and for many years committed the entire education of her people into the hands of the ,jesuits--what shall we say of her8 ,the best thing we can say of her is1 that she drove from her borders that nasty woman1 and sent the ,jesuits after her4 ,and this is the fruit of ,catholicism1 and not of ,protestantism4 ,in only a single country where the ,catholic ,church has been supreme has the result been the ,catholic faith--that country is ,ireland4 ,and if ,father ,hecker is willing to compare the ,irish1 who are the best fruits of the ,catholic ,church1 with the people of ,new ,england1 who are the best fruits of ,protestantism1 we are entirely content4 ,but it is not a little singular that these best children of the ,catholic ,church should have immigrated to this country by the million1 and are still coming1 to improve their condition8 ,and we think that ,father ,hecker himself will not deny that these favorite sons of ,rome have wonderfully improved in intelligence1 morals1 and thrift in this infidel ,new ,england4 ,but what would this reviling priest have8 ,would he make of ,new ,england another ,ireland or ,spain1 another infidel ,france or ,italy8 ,what would he have us do8 ,blot out our public schools1 take the ,bible from the hands of our people1 subject their consciences to the priests1 establish the inquisition1 raise up a generation of ,christians like those of his church who hung the negroes to the lamp-posts in ,new ,york1 and roll back this land into the old night of the middle ages1 when ,rome sat like a nightmare upon all the peoples of ,christendom8 ,does this priest suppose that our people will swallow such stuff as was offered them at the ,music ,hall8 ,the common school has not diffused general intelligence here for two hundred and fifty years1 that our people should need to go to a ,catholic schoolmaster to learn their own history1 or the history of that church which has made an ,ireland and a ,spain4 ,,puritan4 ,we do not expect that such a dense darkness of ignorance and prejudice as that which exists in the ,protestant world will be immediately dispelled by the light which will radiate from the city of ,god through the council of bishops assembled about their august chief1 the vicar of ,jesus ,christ4 ,we have reason to expect a great number of conversions1 among those who are already partially enlightened1 as its immediate result1 and the more zealous and successful prosecution of the work of bringing back all nations to the fold of truth and grace as its effect during a long period to come4 #cfe ,but1 no doubt1 the greater number of those who are thoroughly committed to the anti-,catholic cause will persevere to the last in their hostility1 and retain for a long time a multitude of followers under their influence4 ,it is useless to argue with such men in the hope of convincing or converting them4 ,they will be forced1 however1 to meet the ,catholic question fairly and squarely1 and no longer be able to hide themselves behind vague platitudes and unmeaning generalities4 ,they will be obliged1 also1 to give account of their own systems1 whatever they may be1 which they put forward as substitutes for the ,catholic religion1 and thus undergo the crucial tests of logic1 history1 and critical science4 ,for ourselves1 we cannot doubt for a moment that1 as the ultimate result1 everything like orthodox or positive ,protestantism will be ground into dust between the two opposing forces of ,catholicity and infidelity1 leaving the great contest to be waged between these two4 ,in regard to this last great issue we venture to make no prognostics4 ,there are reasons both for fear and for hope2 but the only course for us to pursue is to aim for as much good as possible1 leaving the rest with ,god4 ,that a crisis approaches in the conflict between the universal divine order and universal lawlessness1 between the church and the world1 that is1 the wicked world or concrete mass of all false and wicked principles1 the mundus positus in malignos1 of which the apostle speaks2 and that this crisis will be hastened and materially affected by the council1 cannot be doubted4 ,we desire to impress1 therefore1 upon all the really sincere and upright lovers of truth and ,christianity1 the importance of their paying careful attention to the doings of this council and of looking to correct sources for their information4 ,all ,catholics must look forward to the council with sentiments of the most profound veneration and ardent expectation of the incalculable good which it will produce in the bosom of the church4 ,an ecumenical council is the representative ,catholic ,church1 the entire episcopate with its head and supreme bishop1 the highest tribunal on earth1 with plenary authority to define doctrines and enact laws1 with the spiritual presence of ,jesus ,christ in the midst of it1 and the plenitude of the ,holy ,spirit to enlighten and assist its deliberations and judgments2 infallible in all its decrees respecting faith and morals1 sovereign in all its enactments1 with full power to bind all minds and consciences to an implicit and unreserved obedience in the name of ,god4 ,the church is always infallible1 and is perpetually teaching the faith and the rule of morals2 the holy see is always invested with authority to decide controversies and make laws2 and is competent to make even definitions of faith1 to which the assent of the dispersed bishops gives the same force of concurrent judgment which their conciliar action possesses4 ,nevertheless1 the pope with the episcopate assembled in ecumenical council can do more than when they are dispersed4 ,the gift of active infallibility is in a higher and more intense exercise1 because the common intellect and will of the church is prepared by common counsel and communion to receive a more abundant illumination and vivification of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it is by the councils1 from that of ,nice to that of ,trent1 that heretics have been condemned1 and the clear1 explicit definitions of the faith once delivered to the saints have been made4 ,the council of the ,vatican will possess the same infallible authority with that which met at ,jerusalem under ,st4 ,peter1 or that which at under the presidency of the legates of ,st4 ,sylvester1 condemned the ,arian heresy and defined the ,son to be consubstantial with the ,father4 #cff ,this august tribunal will therefore have full power to terminate all controversies and differences among ,catholics in regard to which it shall judge that the interests of the faith and the well-being of the church require a definite judgment to be made4 ,the result will be both a more perfect concordance in doctrine and principles of action1 regarding all the matters which will be decided1 and a more perfect recognition of liberty in reference to all opinions which are left as open questions4 ,that this will be a great gain no truly loyal ,catholic can doubt4 ,another result to be expected is a more precise1 definite1 and uniform system of ecclesiastical law and administration1 providing a more perfect adjustment of all the multiform relations of the church and her hierarchy4 ,those portions of the church which are in an apathetic and torpid state we may hope will be roused up2 a multitude of sluggish and unfaithful ,catholics become reanimated with the spirit of faith2 and the unity1 sanctity1 catholicity1 and apostolicity of the church--the immortality of her life1 the divine authority of her teaching1 the irresistible and universal power of that spirit which is in her--be manifested with a brightness which will make for ever glorious the close of the nineteenth century1 whose opening was so very dark and inauspicious4 ---------- ,st4 ,mary's4 ,if there is one spot in our country to which the ,american ,catholic turns with special interest1 it is certainly to the landing-place of ,lord ,baltimore's colony in ,maryland and the site of ,st4 ,mary's ,city4 ,new ,englanders are never weary of boasting of our pilgrim forefathers1 who landed on ,plymouth ,rock to obtain freedom to worship ,god according to their own peculiar notions4 ,to have an ancestor who came over in the ,mayflower is equivalent to a patent of nobility--it sets the fortunate individual above his fellows1 and makes him a member of a caste truly ,brahminical4 ,the ,catholic can turn with far greater pride to those spiritual forefathers who1 with no self-righteousness1 sought in the new world not only liberty of conscience1 but allowed it to others2 who were so just in their dealings with the natives that they never took an inch of land without paying for it2 and who1 by their ,christian kindness1 won over so many of the ,indians to genuine ,christianity4 ,we truly have reason to say1 ,ay1 call it holy ground ,the soil where first they trod6 ,i had always wished to visit this consecrated spot so dear to the ,catholic heart1 and embraced the first convenient opportunity of doing so4 ,i rode down from ,leonardtown during the pleasant ,indian summer time4 #cfg ,my most vivid remembrance of the ride is of passing over a frequent succession of what my ,aunt ,pilcher used to call sarvent-madams4--a sudden depression1 as if be tween two logs1 which unceremoniously pitched you forward in the carriage and then brought you up with a sudden jerk1 thus forcing you to make an impromptu bow which gave point to the pleasant name of sarvent-madams4 ,this sort of exercise may be novel1 but a continuation of it is not at all amusing1 and ,i was glad when1 after a ride of about twenty miles1 we emerged from a woody path1 crossed a stream1 and found ourselves on the high plain where once stood the city of ,st4 ,mary4 ,one is surprised--pained--to find not one stone left upon another of that settlement4 ,when the seat of government was removed1 nature resumed her sway and avenged herself for the ravages of man by obliterating most of his traces and reclothing the place with her own freshness and beauty4 ,there are now a few dwellings belonging to the farmer who owns this historic site1 a barnlike church belonging to the ,episcopalians1 said to have been built of the ruins of the old state-house1 and a large brick building that stands dreary and treeless1 looking like a factory1 but which is really a seminary for young ladies1 the monument erected by the ,maryland legislature to commemorate the landing of the first colonists6 ,it would be an excellent place for a convent of ,carthusians2 but to banish lively girls to this lonely region1 lovely though it be1 so far from any town1 several miles from the post-office1 and with no literary advantages1 must have been the conception of some malicious and dyspeptic old bachelor4 ,the young are rarely lovers of nature4 ,those whose souls have been chastened and weaned from the world alone find a balm therein4 ,it is a great defect in the training of our youth that they are not made more observant of natural objects4 ,insects1 vegetation1 the very stones beneath the feet1 are a source of unceasing pleasure to the heart in sympathy with nature in all her infinite variety4 ,but this requires teachers who are capable of opening to youth the great treasure-house of nature4 ,it is not always the most intellectual people who are the most fond of the country4 ,madame de ,stal preferred living in the fourth story of a house on the ,rue du ,bac in ,paris to a villa on the enchanted shores of ,lake ,geneva4 ,and ,dr4 ,johnson thought there was no view that equalled the high tide of human beings at ,charing ,cross4 ,this seminary is intended to educate the young ladies of prevailing religious sects of the country1 each of which is represented by a teacher4 ,i have understood that at times there have been serious conflicts between those who were for ,paul and those who were for ,apollos2 but this is not at all surprising in a place where they must be driven to desperation for a little excitement4 ,the only church near is the ,episcopal1 where the services are very intermittent indeed1 which obliges the teachers to play the part of chaplain4 ,this uninviting church is in a yard full of old graves1 shaded by clumps of hollies and gloomy cedars4 ,there is a venerable old mulberry-tree in the midst1 now quite decayed1 but still putting forth a few leafy branches1 said to have been planted 7a twig from old ,england7 by ,leonard ,calvert's own hands4 ,there is a tradition that he was buried in this yard--perhaps near his tree1 familiarly known as ,lord ,baltimore's tree--but there is nothing to indicate the precise spot4 ,it is more probable that he was buried near the ,catholic church1 which was about a quarter of a mile farther down4 #cfh ,relic lovers have nearly killed this venerable tree1 by cutting out pieces for canes1 crosses1 etc4 ,passing through the grassy graveyard1 and descending a steep bank1 you come to a narrow line of sand1 a miniature beach on the shore of ,st4 ,mary's ,river1 the place where the colony landed4 ,the water is as salt as the sea1 and the broad river deep enough for the ,dove and the ,ark to anchor4 ,a gentle ripple came up over the yellow sand and crystalline pebbles4 ,the broad expanse of water lay like a lake1 with undulating hills in the background all covered with woods in their gorgeous autumn foliage4 ,the whole scene was as calm and peaceful as if these waters had never been disturbed by ,indian canoe or white man's craft4 ,a quarter of a mile south of the seminary was a turnip-field1 where once stood the church the colonists hastened to build4 ,you would not imagine you stood on consecrated ground where holy rites were once performed4 ,this was not the place where the holy sacrifice was first offered4 ,their first chapel was an ,indian wigwam1 which a friendly native gave up to ,father ,white2 for the colonists founded an ,indian village here which owned the pacific rule of ,king ,yaocomico1 and established themselves in peace beside it4 ,opposite the place where the church stood1 and east of it1 are some traces of the lord proprietary's residence4 ,the old cellar is nearly filled with rubbish1 in which are found fragments of crockery and bricks--bricks brought from the old country4 ,there were grand doings here once4 ,hilarity and merriment had their hours in that miniature court1 amid those of grave deliberations4 ,but1 at last1 ,pallida ,mors1 that at every door knocks1 came in the train1 and brought mourning to all the settlers2 for here died ,leonard ,calvert4 ,he was nursed in his last moments by his relatives ,margaret and ,mary ,brent4 ,he died on the #ith of ,june1 #afdg4 ,the place of his burial is not known4 ,in these days of woman's rights1 it may not be amiss to recall the first woman in this country1 perhaps1 who asserted her claim to share the privileges of the stronger sex4 ,margaret ,brent was appointed by ,governor ,calvert his sole administratrix1 which is certainly a proof of her capacity for business4 ,by virtue of this appointment she claimed to be the attorney of the lord proprietor4 ,her claims were admitted by the council4 ,she then appeared in the general assembly1 and claimed the right to vote as ,lord ,baltimore's representative4 ,this was not permitted4 ,she was a large land-owner1 and displayed her energy in laying out her estates2 and she quelled a mutiny among some ,virginia soldiers who had served under ,leonard ,calvert4 ,it is surprising the strong-minded women of this day have not brought forward this fine precedent1 who has been ranked with the famous ,margaret of ,parma1 regent of the ,netherlands4 ,let us hope1 with all her fine abilities1 that she retained her sweet womanly ways and that modesty which is the charm of her sex4 ,i fancy she did1 or she would never have subdued those early representatives of the gallant ,virginia chivalry4 ,close by the lord proprietary's place is a spot charming enough for ,egeria4 ,it is a spring of delicious water bubbling up from the rocks1 that flows off in a streamlet1 over tufts of the thickest and greenest moss4 ,it is shaded by a dense clump of cedars and holly bushes---a fit haunt for the dryades and all the sylvan deities4 ,the warm noontide air was fanned into this cool and leafy bower1 where the birds still sang and insects floated1 bringing with it a certain aroma from the crushed leaves of the wood4 #cfi ,from a distance came the measured cadence of some negro song1 snatched up at the hour of noonday rest1 which harmonized with the spot and the atmosphere4 ,there is always an undertone of melancholy in the gayest songs of the colored race which lulls the heart1 as sorrow underlies all gayety in the heart of man4 ,it was a place to be alone with nature1 poetry1 ,god1 and just the spot for an old hermit to set up his cell1 and pass his days in sympathy with nature and in communion with nature's ,god4 ,with all its beauty1 this plain of ,st4 ,mary's is full of melancholy1 especially in the fall of the year4 ,haunted with memories1 its loneliness is in such contrast with its past history that it touches the spring of regret4 ,the autumn winds1 the slight veil of haze that hangs over the landscape1 are full of sadness4 ,one seems to hear the wail of the forsaken lares whose altars have so long been levelled with the rest4 ,in consecrated earth1 ,and on the holy hearth1 ,the lares and lemures moan with midnight plaint4 ,the wailings of ,jeremiah come to mind as we wander over the site of the city that was once full of people1 but now sitteth solitary4 ,the city of thy sanctuary is become a desert1 and the house of thy holiness and our glory1 wherein thou wert praised1 is laid desolate4 ,perhaps1 after all1 the melancholy was in my own heart2 for the sky was clear1 the earth smiling1 and before us lay1 glad and gleaming1 the bright waters of the ,st4 ,mary's river1 ,like any fair lake that the breeze is upon1 ,when it breaks into dimples and laughs in the sun4 ,there is this peculiarity about the river3 its windings are so abrupt that from certain points there seems to be no outlet1 and it has the appearance of a succession of lakelets2 pellucid gems set at this autumn time in bosses enamelled with every shade of crimson and gold1 which ,i loved to think a bright rosary strung by nature in honor of ,our ,lady4 ,two or three miles from ,st4 ,mary's is ,rose ,croft1 a charming old place at the very point between ,st4 ,inigoes ,creek and ,st4 ,mary's ,river4 ,in old colonial times it was the residence of the collector of the port of ,st4 ,mary's1 and here lived the heroine of ,kennedy's ,rob of the ,bowl4 ,as ,i rode up to it1 ,i half expected to see the fair ,blanche peeping out of the window to see if the carriage did not contain the secretary4 ,the house is a low1 broad one1 with verandas and porches1 and large1 airy rooms1 which look out upon a lovely water view4 ,there is a good deal of wainscoting about it1 and some carvings in the large parlor that witnessed the birthday festivities4 ,the lady of the house told me that1 in making some repairs1 a few years ago1 a ring and a pair of velvet slippers were found1 perhaps once worn by ,blanche4 ,all around the yard grows spontaneously the passion flower1 winding over every shrub and tree1 and trailing along the ground4 ,everything was left very much to nature1 and she had thrown over the grounds a certain sad grace of her own1 which harmonized with the antiquity of the house1 and the echo of past times that lingered in its rooms4 ,a spruce garden and well-trimmed trees and shrubbery would have ill accorded with such a spot4 ,and there was a certain melancholy in the large1 sad eyes of the mistress of this charming place that spoke more of the past than of the present1 as if she had imbibed something of its spirit4 #cgj ,on the point between the river and creek1 opposite ,rose ,croft1 is ,st4 ,inigoes manor-house1 belonging to the ,jesuit fathers4 ,st4 ,inigo1 or ,st4 ,ignatius1 was considered1 from the first1 as one of the patrons of the colony4 ,this house is built of brick brought from the old country1 perhaps two hundred years ago or more4 ,it has quite a foreign look1 with its high pitched roof and dormer windows4 ,i have seen similar houses in the valley of the ,loire4 ,at a distance it looks1 as ,kennedy says1 like a chateau with its dependencies around it4 ,there is a huge windmill at the very point1 around which are washed up fine black sand and some spiral shells4 ,on the gable of the southern porch of the mansion is the holy name of ,jesus1 in large black letters--the cognizance of the ,jesuits4 ,the yard is a garden of roses4 ,they grow in bushes1 cover the cottages1 and climb the trees1 blooming often as late as ,christmas tide4 ,and the whole place is like an aviary--a rendezvous of all the martins1 wrens1 whippoorwills1 etc41 of the country--the very place for poor ,miss ,flite1 who would never have found names enough for them4 ,there are martin-houses1 dove-cotes1 and trees full of the ,american mocking-birds4 ,when the windows of the chapel are open in the morning1 it is filled with their musical variations1 and with the perfume of the roses and honeysuckles4 ,that chapel always seemed to me a little corner of heaven itself1 full of the divine presence of which one never wearies4 ,i often betook myself to that sweet solitude4 ,there were memories that haunted me1 an image between me and ,god1 which ,i sought there to consecrate to him4 ,i loved to think the little lamp could be seen all night from the very ,potomac and miles up the ,st4 ,mary's ,river2 perhaps lighting up in some dark and sinful soul some sweet thought of him before whom it burned4 ,a religious air prevails at ,st4 ,inigoes4 ,everything is quiet and subdued1 and favorable to meditation4 ,the day commences with ,mass in the chapel4 ,the ,angelus is rung three times a day1 which every one kneels to say4 ,even ,nimrod1 the dog1 howls while it is ringing1 as if infected by devotion4 ,and they told me his predecessor would pull at the bell till it sounded1 if it was not rung at the moment4 ,such devotional dogs certainly deserve a place--if it is not profane to say so--among those fine little dogs whom ,luther declared would be among our companions in heaven1 whose every hair would be tipped with precious stones and whose collars be of diamonds4,footnote #hf ,footnote #hf3 ,see ,audin's ,life of ,luther4 ,everything about the house is extremely tidy and well preserved1 the garden trim1 the walks swept1 the whole house a temple of purity and cleanliness4 ,one could sit for ever in that southern porch reading and dreaming life away4 ,thought would flow on for ever with that current whose waters are as changeable in their aspect as our own varied moods4 ,when so many live merely for the body1 why should not some live for the imagination and fancy8 ,this is the very place for ,mr4 ,skimpole1 who had no idea of time1 no idea of money2 who only wished to live1 to have a little sun and air1 and float about like a butterfly from flower to flower2 who loved to see the sun shine1 hear the wind blow1 watch the changing lights and shadows1 and hear the birds sing4 ,he asked of society only to feed him1 to give him a landscape1 music1 papers1 mutton1 coffee1 and to leave him at peace from the sordid realities of the world4 #cga ,in the dining-room is a large oval table of solid oak which once belonged to the house of the lord proprietary4 ,it is not misplaced in this hospitable house4 ,daniel ,webster1 when at ,piney ,point1 used to sail over to ,st4 ,inigoes and sit at ,leonard ,calvert's table4 ,and he taught the cook how to make a genuine ,new ,england chowder4 ,there is1 hung up in one of the rooms1 a picture of the famous ,prince ,hohenlohe which interested me4 ,i could not account for its being there till ,i learned that ,father ,carberry1 a former incumbent1 was a brother to ,mrs4 ,mattingly1 of ,washington1 who so many years ago was miraculously cured by the prayers of the holy prince--an occurrence that caused a great excitement at the time4 ,the parish church is about a half a mile from the manor-house4 ,on ,sundays and other festivals you can see boats full of people sailing up the creek4 ,others come flocking in on horseback or in carriages4 ,a graveyard surrounds the church1 which is so hid among the trees that it is not perceived till you are close upon it4 ,the yard is filled before service with the country-people1 who fasten their horses around the enclosure1 and stand talking in groups1 or go wandering around among the grassy mounds1 reminding you of the ,english country church-yards4 ,our northern churches are almost so exclusively filled up with foreigners that it seemed strange to worship in a congregation almost wholly ,american4 ,a gallery was appropriated to the colored people1 and it was crowded4 ,they seemed quite devout and kept up a great rattling with their large rosaries4 ,i noticed that the father1 in preaching1 was careful to make them feel that his sermon was addressed as particularly to them as to the others4 ,i was especially interested to see the number that came filing down the aisle to receive holy communion4 ,sunday after ,sunday it was the same1 and ,i was always affected to see these images of ,god carved in ebony1 as old ,fuller calls them1 at the holy table to receive ,him who is no respecter of persons4 ,in talking with the father about their devotional tendencies1 he told me there was one saintly old negro who walked fifteen miles every ,sunday to worship the ,word made flesh4 ,what an example to the cold and lukewarm in cities who daily pass our churches with scarcely a thought of the ,presence within6 ,this little church is a substantial one of brick1 with arched windows1 but no pretension as to architecture4 ,when the services were over1 the ladies all followed the priest into the sacristy to pay their respects to him1 and there is a pleasant exchange of greetings which is pleasing and family-like4 ,and many of the men1 too1 stroll around the building to the rear door to take part in it4 ,wandering off into the churchyard1 ,i came upon a large cross around which were clustered the graves of several priests4 ,there is a large monument to the memory of ,father ,carberry1 a genial old priest renowned throughout the country for his hospitality4 ,among those buried here is ,mr4 ,daniel ,barber1 of ,new ,hampshire1 who became a convert to the ,catholic ,church1 together with his son's whole family1 at a time when converts were more rare than at the present time4 ,the son1 ,rev4 ,virgil ,barber1 who was an ,episcopal minister1 with his wife and five children1 embraced the religious life4 ,one of the latter took the white veil at ,mount ,benedict1 near ,boston1 and was remarkable for her beauty and accomplishments4 ,she made her profession in ,quebec1 where she died young4 #cgb ,i have heard a nun of that house tell1 and with great feeling1 of her descending every morning to the chapel before the rest of the community1 even in the rigorous winter of that latitude1 to make the ,way of the ,cross1 that touching devotion to the suffering ,saviour4 ,the grandfather1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,barber1 who was also a minister1 only took deacons' orders in the church on account of his age4 ,he loved to visit the old ,catholic families of ,st4 ,mary's1 but was ill pleased when he did not find the cross--the sign of our salvation--in the apartment4 ,where's your sign8 he would abruptly ask4 ,he rests in peace in this quiet country church-yard4 ,the father at ,st4 ,inigoes has to possess a variety of accomplishments not acquired in the theological seminary4 ,priest1 farmer1 horseman1 and boatman must all be combined to form the fine specimen of muscular ,christianity required in this extensive mission4 ,the place is no sinecure4 ,good ,father ,thomas1 obliged to visit a sick person at the very head of ,st4 ,mary's ,river1 invited me to accompany him1 and ,i gladly did so4 ,two colored servants went to manage the sail1 or to row if necessary4 ,the boat was black as a gondola of ,venice4 ,sailing over these waters1 where passed the ,dove and the ,ark1 reminded me of the ,pre ,jean and the novice ,ren on the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,the whole country was1 as we set out1 glorified by the setting sun4 ,the long points of land around which the river wound were bathed on one side by a golden mist1 and on the other in a faint lilac4 ,over the gorgeous woods hung a purple haze that faded every instant4 ,the amber clouds grew crimson1 and then faded away into grey4 ,the father said his breviary1 leaving me to my own reflections a part of the way4 ,there was not a ripple on the broad sheet save the receding ones left by our boat4 ,now and then we would stop to drink in the beauty of the scene--the sky1 the water which reflected it1 the lights and shadows on the banks1 the melancholy cry of the whippoorwill1 and the gay sounds of the laborers just through with their day's work4 ,as it grew darker1 the deep coves were filled with mysterious shades2 the ripples left behind seemed tipped with a phosphorescent light4 ,we glided at last into a sheltered cove just as the moon came out1 giving enchantment to the whole scene4 ,in such bright waters bathed ,diana when ,actaeon beheld her and was punished for his presumption4 ,one of us repeated the beautiful lines of ,shelley3 ,my soul is an enchanted boat1 ,which1 like a sleeping swan1 doth float ,upon the silver waves of thy sweet singing2 ,and thine doth like an angel sit ,beside the helm conducting it1 ,whilst all the winds with melody are ringing4 ,it seems to float ever1 for ever ,upon that many winding river1 ,between mountains1 woods1 abysses1 ,a paradise of wildernesses6 ,till1 like one in slumber bound1 ,borne to the ocean1 ,i float down1 around1 ,into a sea profound1 of ever-spreading sound4 ,a few days after1 ,i sailed over to the ,pavilion to take a boat for ,washington4 ---------- #cgc ,a ,may ,carol4 ,she hid her face from ,joseph's blame1 ,the ,spirit's glory-shrouded bride4 ,the ,sword comes next2 but first the ,shame3 ,meekly she bore1 and naught replied4 ,for mutual sympathies we live3 ,the outraged heart forgives1 but dies3 ,to her1 that wound was sanative1 ,for life to her was sacrifice4 ,at us no random shaft is thrown ,when charged with crimes by us unwrought2 ,for sins unchallenged1 sins unknown1 ,too oft have stained us--act and thought4 ,in past or present she could find ,no sin to weep for2 yet1 no less1 ,deeplier that hour the sense was shrined1 ,in her1 of her own nothingness4 ,that hour foundations deeper yet ,god sank in her2 that so more high ,her greatness--spire and parapet-- ,might rise1 and nearer to the sky3 ,that1 wholly overbuilt by grace1 ,nature might vanish1 like some isle ,in great towers lost--the buried base ,of some surpassing fortress pile4 ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ------- #cgd ,st4 ,peter1 ,first ,bishop of ,rome4 ,the question of which we purpose to treat in this article is one of those that are sure to receive prominence whenever the claims of the ,roman see are discussed with more than ordinary interest and warmth4 ,just now the ,anglo-,catholic mind is exercised to find some way of establishing the existence of a one holy catholic and apostolic church1 without admitting the supremacy of the bishop of ,rome2 besides1 the approaching ecumenical council directs men's attention to the eternal city1 and the high prerogatives of its pontiffs4 ,not unfrequently we meet with a broad denial that ,st4 ,peter ever was at ,rome at all1 or at least that he was ever bishop of ,rome4 ,this is not1 indeed1 the course pursued by the most learned or thoughtful amongst our opponents2 they know history too well to stake their reputation for erudition or fairness on any such denial2 but it is in favor with a lower or less instructed class of minds1 and is adopted in text-books for theological seminaries1 as well as in some popular works intended chiefly for the perusal of persons who1 in all likelihood1 may never have the opportunity1 even should they have the inclination1 of recurring to those more learned authorities by consulting whom the imposture would soon be detected4 ,thus it has come to pass that in popular works1 lectures1 magazine and newspaper articles1 and the like1 one frequently meets with the flippant assertion that it is very doubtful whether ,st4 ,peter ever was at ,rome1 that the place of his death is uncertain2 all that we know for certain being that1 shortly before his demise1 he was in ,babylon1 whence he wrote his first letter4 ,we shall endeavor to establish as a historical truth beyond all reasonable doubt1 supported by evidence that must be admitted as sufficient by any unprejudiced critic1 that ,st4 ,peter visited ,rome1 dwelt there1 was first bishop of the ,roman church1 and there1 together with ,st4 ,paul1 laid down his life for his ,master1 in fulfilment of the latter's prophecy1 ,when thou wilt be old1 thou wilt stretch forth thy hands1 and another will gird thee1 and lead thee whither thou wouldst not2 words which1 as the inspired writer tells us1 signified by what death he should glorify ,god4 ,footnote #hg ,footnote #hg3 ,john xxi4 #ah4 ,the question has been so fully discussed1 that we may not hope to say anything that will be considered new2 to the learned reader1 indeed1 we can but repeat a thrice-told tale2 but1 as the adversaries of the holy see do not disdain to furbish up the arms which have already been stricken from the hands of their predecessors1 we shall be content to draw from the same arsenals whence our fathers drew the weapons that they knew how to wield so skilfully and successfully4 ,all that we ask of the non-,catholic reader is1 that he approach the question as a merely historical one1 to be judged on the ordinary rules of historical evidence4 ,all dogmatical preoccupations against the supremacy of the ,roman pontiffs should be laid aside4 #cge ,this is demanded by fairness and a sincere love of truth2 besides1 although we acknowledge that to establish ,st4 ,peter's ,roman bishopric is1 if not an indispensable1 at least a very important1 preliminary to the successful assertion of the ,roman primacy1 yet the ablest amongst ,protestant theologians have thought that1 even admitting the historical fact1 they could successfully refute the dogma4 ,our inquiry1 then1 shall be purely historical1 to be decided on purely historical grounds4 ,at the beginning of this century1 no one having any pretensions to historical learning attempted to deny that ,st4 ,peter had really lived and died at ,rome4 ,such high names in the ,anglican ,church as ,cave1 ,pearson1 and ,dodwell had given their unbiassed and positive testimony to the truth4 ,whiston had said3 ,that ,st4 ,peter was at ,rome is so clear in ,christian antiquity1 that it is a shame for a ,protestant to confess that any ,protestant ever denied it4 ,but1 about this period1 the rage for the new system of biblical interpretation raised doubts about the accepted meaning of the word ,babylon in the thirteenth verse of the fifth chapter of the first epistle of ,st4 ,peter1 and the question whether the apostle ever was at ,rome again came up for discussion4 ,very little new has been said1 so that little remains to be confuted4 ,we repeat1 we have merely to sum up what has been well and conclusively said before4 ,we have before us a work entitled ,an ,exposition of the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 ,historical and ,doctrinal1 by ,edward ,harold ,browne1 lord bishop of ,ely1 in which ,footnote #hh the author endeavors to confute the position of the ,roman ,church1 that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome4 ,footnote #hh3 ,art4 xxxvii4 sec4 ,,ii4 ,as this work is used as a text-book in the ,new ,york ,protestant ,episcopal ,seminary1 and may1 therefore1 be supposed to furnish ideas and facts on church questions to the average ,episcopalian clerical mind1 we shall follow the author in his argument1 and show how a plain tale can put down all his ingenious explanations and evasions4 ,the plain statement is as follows3 ,the earliest and most reliable documents of ,christian antiquity1 with a clearness and unanimity that leave no room for doubt or cavil1 state that ,st4 ,peter was at ,rome1 took a special care of the ,roman ,church1 and died there4 ,the bishops of ,rome are always represented as his successors1 not merely in that inheritance which has come down to all bishops from the apostles1 but as his successors in his ,cathedra1 or episcopal chair4 ,our witnesses are numerous2 their knowledge and fidelity are unimpeachable2 their statements cannot be evaded or explained away2 and thus the ,roman bishopric of ,st4 ,peter is as undoubted a fact of ecclesiastical history as any other in the earlier ages4 ,we shall give the proofs one by one1 confining ourselves to the first three centuries4 ,st4 ,clement1 who was certainly bishop of ,rome1 and who1 according to ,tertullian was ordained by ,peter1 in his epistle to the ,corinthians--admitted as genuine by the best authorities--referring to the late persecution of the ,roman ,church under ,nero1 mentions among other troubles the recent martyrdom of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 alleging them as noble examples of patience under tribulation4 ,we have here a witness on the spot1 who had seen the apostles1 and been a special disciple of ,st4 ,peter4 ,we have next another apostolic father1 ,st4 ,ignatius of ,antioch1 who suffered martyrdom about ,a4,d4 #ajg1 and in a letter to the ,romans speaks of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul as their special preceptors and masters3 ,i do not command you as ,peter and ,paul2 ,i am a condemned man4 #cgf ,it is to be remarked that no one attempts to deny that ,st4 ,paul was at ,rome1 as one of his journeys thither is related in the last chapter of the ,acts1 and he speaks of himself as in that city2 ,footnote #hi the union of ,st4 ,peter's name with his1 as both commanding the ,romans1 shows that the former apostle had been with them in person as well as ,paul4 ,footnote #hi3 #b ,tim4 i4 #ag4 ,this letter would seem to have been written not long before the apostle's death4 ,see ch4 iv4 #f1g4 ,papias1 ,bishop of ,hierapolis1 probably a disciple of ,st4 ,john the ,apostle1 as quoted by ,eusebius1 says that ,st4 ,mark wrote his gospel from the preaching of ,st4 ,peter at ,rome1 ,footnote #ij and that the apostle wrote his first letter from the same place1 calling it ,babylon4 ,footnote #ia ,footnote #ij3 ,eus4 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 iii4 c44#ci4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ibid4 lib4 iii4 c4 ,i4 ,st4 ,dionysius of ,corinth wrote a letter to the ,roman ,church under the pontificate of ,soter1 7,a4,d4 #aea-agj17 which is also quoted by ,eusebius1 ,footnote #ib in which he says that ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 after planting the faith at ,corinth1 went into ,italy1 planted the faith amongst the ,romans1 and there sealed their testimony with their blood4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ibid4 lib4 ii4 c4 #be4 ,st4 ,irenaeus1 7,bishop of ,lyons ,a4,d4 #agh17 a disciple of ,polycarp1 who was himself a hearer of the ,apostle ,john1 speaks of the ,roman ,church as the greatest and most ancient church1 known to all1 founded and established at ,rome by the two most glorious apostles1 ,peter and ,paul4 ,footnote #ic ,footnote #ic3 ,lib4 iii4 adv4 ,har4 c4 iii4 ,he adds3 ,the blessed apostles having founded and arranged the church1 delivered its bishopric and administration to ,linus4 ,to him succeeded ,anacletus1 after him ,clement1 to him ,evaristus1 and to ,evaristus1 ,alexander4 ,the sixth from the apostles was ,sixtus1 after him ,telesphorus1 next ,hyginus2 then ,pius1 after whom came ,anicetus4 ,soter succeeded ,anicetus1 and now the bishopric is held by ,eleutherius1 the twelfth from the apostles4 ,this is an authentic list of the bishops of ,rome from the apostles to the writer's time1 placing the date of his work between ,a4,d4 #agj and #ahe1 the fifteen years of the pontificate of ,eleutherius4 ,cajus1 a priest of ,rome under ,zephyrinus1 who governed the church during the first seventeen years of the third century1 says1 in a work quoted by ,eusebius1 ,footnote #id but now lost3 ,i can show you the trophies of the apostles2 for whether we go to the ,vatican or the ,ostian way1 we shall meet with the trophies of the founders of this church4 ,this is remarkable testimony to the accuracy of the tradition that prevails to this day of the places where the apostles were buried--,st4 ,peter at the ,vatican1 ,st4 ,paul in the ,ostian way1 which now are marked by trophies1 greater in splendor and magnificence1 but raised by the same spirit of reverence and love as those which this ,roman priest pointed out in the third century4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 lib4 ii4 c4 #ae4 ,tertullian flourished about the same period1 for he died ,a4,d4 #baf4 ,speaking in his great work ,on ,prescriptions ,footnote #ie of apostolic churches1 he says3 ,if you are near ,italy1 you have ,rome1 whence we also the ,african ,church derive our origin4 ,how happy is this church on which the apostles poured forth their whole doctrine with their blood2 where ,peter by his martyrdom is made like the ,lord2 where ,paul is crowned with a wreath like that of ,john6 ,again3 ,let us see 444 what the ,romans proclaim in our ears1 they to whom ,peter and ,paul left the ,gospel sealed with their blood4 ,footnote #if ,footnote #ie3 ,c4 #cf4 ,footnote #if3 ,lib4 iv4 adv4 ,marcion4 #cgg ,and speaking in the book ,on ,prescriptions of the origin of apostolic churches1 he calls on heretics to unfold the series of their bishops1 coming down from the beginning in succession1 so that the first bishop was appointed and preceded by any one of the apostles1 or apostolic men in communion with the apostles4 ,footnote #ig ,for in this way the apostolic churches exhibit their origin2 444 as the ,church of ,rome relates that ,clement was ordained by ,peter4 ,footnote #ih ,clement of ,alexandria 7who died ,a4,d4 #bbb7 states that ,st4 ,paul wrote his gospel at the request of the ,romans1 who wished to have a written record of what they had heard from ,st4 ,peter4 ,footnote #ii ,footnote #ig3 ,ut primus ille episcopus aliquem ex ,apostolis habuerit auctorum et antecessorem4 ,footnote #ih3 ,ch4 #cb4 ,footnote #ii3 ,eus4 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 vi4 c4 #ad4 ,origen1 7,a4,d4 #ahe-bee17 who visited ,rome under the pontificate of ,zephyrinus1 says that ,st4 ,peter having preached to the ,jews in ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,bithynia1 ,cappadocia1 and ,asia1 toward the end of his life ,footnote #ajj came to ,rome1 and was crucified with his head downward4 ,footnote #aja ,footnote #ajj3 ,greek text ,footnote #aja3 ,quoted by ,eusebius1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 iii4 ,c4 ,,ii4 ,st4 ,cyprian1 7,bishop of ,carthage ,a4,d4 #bdh1 put to death for the faith ,a4,d4 #beh17 speaking of the irregular proceedings of some local schismatics who had appealed to ,pope ,cornelius1 says3 ,they venture to set sail1 and carry letters from schismatical and profane men to the chair of ,peter1 and to the principal church1 whence sacerdotal unity has arisen4 ,footnote #ajb ,and in another letter he speaks of the election of ,cornelius1 when the place of ,fabian1 that is1 the place of ,peter1 and the rank of the priestly chair1 was vacant4 ,footnote #ajc ,even ,bishop ,hopkins1 whom his friends cannot blame for too great facility in his concessions1 admits that ,st4 ,cyprian acknowledged that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,epist4 #ei1 ad ,cornel4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,epist4 #eb1 ad ,antonianum4 ,we do not wish to go beyond the three hundred years immediately following the death of the apostle1 and shall therefore omit here the clear and unmistakable statements of ,optatus1 ,jerome1 ,epiphanius1 ,augustine1 and others1 closing with the account given by ,eusebius of ,caesarea1 7bishop ,a4,d4 #cae-cdj17 who is justly regarded as the father of ecclesiastical history1 and of the greatest weight in historical matters4 ,his accuracy and research are universally acknowledged1 and his authority alone is generally regarded as conclusive4 ,footnote #ajd ,he says that ,simon ,magus went to ,rome1 and that against this bane of mankind1 the most merciful and kind ,providence conducted to ,rome ,peter1 the most courageous and the greatest among the apostles1 who on account of his virtue was leader of all4 ,footnote #aje ,he adds in his chronicle3 ,having first founded the ,church of ,antioch1 he goes to ,rome1 where1 preaching the gospel1 he continues twenty-five years bishop of the same city4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,in questions of critical investigation regarding the early church1 no writer bears with him greater authority than that of the learned ,eusebius1 bishop of ,caesarea4 ,removed only by two hundred years from the apostolic times1 and being attached to the imperial court1 and having at his command all the literary treasures of the ,caesarean library1 he ever displays a profound knowledge of the earlier ,christian writers1 and at the same time a truly refined critical acumen in discriminating between their genuine productions and those falsely assigned to them4 --,dublin ,review1 ,june1#aheh1 art4 vii4 ,footnote #aje3 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 ii4 c4 xiv4 ,we have here a continuous series of witnesses1 from those who had seen and conversed with the ,apostle ,st4 ,peter to the date of the first work on ecclesiastical history now extant1 all of whom clearly testify to the fact that he visited ,rome1 took special charge of the ,roman ,church1 and there died a martyr1 as our ,lord had foretold he would die4 ,after the apostolic writers1 who1 from the proximity of the events to their own time1 could not be mistaken1 the most important witnesses are ,irenaeus and ,origen1 ,tertullian and ,cyprian4 #cgh ,the two former had visited ,rome1 and are competent witnesses of the tradition of the ,roman ,church1 the most important of all in this matter2 the two latter can testify to the same tradition1 both because missionaries from ,rome planted the faith in ,africa1 and because the constant intercourse1 as well in ecclesiastical as in civil affairs1 between the capital of the empire and ,carthage1 must necessarily have brought about a community of traditions between the two churches4 ,the whole ancient church thus bears witness to what some ,protestants now vainly affect to deny4 ,greece1 ,asia ,minor1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,northern ,africa1 ,gaul1 ,palestine1 repeat what ,clement1 ordained by ,peter1 tells4 ,the second century takes up the fact from those who had seen the apostles2 the third learns it from the second1 and the father of ecclesiastical history relates it as a matter beyond doubt1 found by him in those ancient records1 for the greater part since lost1 the gist of which he has fortunately preserved to posterity4 ,scarcely any matter of fact--and this is a mere matter of fact--connected with the early age of the church1 leaving out those recorded in the sacred pages1 is better attested4 ,to these written records we must add the expressive testimony of the catacombs4 ,it is impossible to visit them without feeling that the ,roman ,christians looked on the apostles ,peter and ,paul as the founders of their local church4 ,eusebius was struck by the monuments marked with the names of ,peter and ,paul1 which he saw in the cemeteries at ,rome1 and these have been discovered1 in modern times1 by the indefatigable industry of ,christian antiquarians2 they are a living testimony to the fact that ,st4 ,peter1 as well as ,st4 ,paul1 labored in ,rome4 ,the illustrious ,cardinal ,borgia has traced the tradition in regard to the presence of ,st4 ,peter's body in the ,vatican from the beginning of the third century1 ,footnote #ajf when1 as we have seen1 ,cajus1 a priest of ,rome1 in a work against heretics1 ,footnote #ajg spoke of the trophy of ,peter in the ,vatican1 down to the days of ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,and thus the most splendid monument ,christianity has erected to the worship of the living ,god is also an authentic record of the fact that the chief of the apostles selected the city of ,rome1 in a special manner1 as the scene of his labors1 and there consummated his glorious career in the service of his ,master4 ,no wonder learned ,protestants are ashamed to join with their more ignorant brethren4 ,one learned ,german writer of this century says3 ,there is1 perhaps1 no event in ancient 7church7 history so clearly placed beyond doubt by the consenting testimony of ancient ,christian writers as that of ,peter having been at ,rome4 ,footnote #ajh ,another more forcibly1 if possible1 remarks3 ,nothing but the polemics of faction have induced some ,protestants1 especially ,spanheim1 in imitation of some mediaeval opponents of the popes1 to deny that ,peter ever was at ,rome4 ,footnote #aji ,footnote #ajf3 ,in the work ,vaticana ,confessio ,b4 ,petri4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,the ,montanists4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,berthold1 ,historisch-,krit4 ,inlet4 in ,a4 und ,n4 ,t4 apud ,perrone4 ,footnote #aji3 ,gieseler1 ,lehrbuch der ,kirchengesch4 ,ibid4 ,a caviller may1 indeed1 say that all these witnesses prove1 at most1 that ,peter was at ,rome1 not that he was bishop of ,rome4 ,and this is the point made by ,bishop ,browne1 in the work to which we have referred4 ,it is not to be doubted1 he says1 that a tradition did exist in early times that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome4 ,but if that tradition be submitted1 like others of the same kind1 to the test of historical investigation1 it will be found to rest on a very slender foundation4 #cgi ,in the first place1 ,scripture is silent about his having been at ,rome--a remarkable silence1 if his having been bishop there was a fact of such vital importance to the church as ,roman divines have made it to be4 ,then1 the first tradition of his having been at ,rome at all does not appear for more than a century after his death4 ,it is nearly two centuries after that event that we meet with anything like the opinion that the ,roman bishops were his successors4 ,it is three centuries before we find him spoken of as bishop of ,rome4 ,but when we reach three centuries and a half1 we are told that he not only was bishop of ,rome1 but that he resided five and twenty years at ,rome2 a statement utterly irreconcilable with the history of the ,new ,testament4 ,footnote #aaj ,footnote #aaj3 ,loc4 cit4 ,there is1 indeed1 no good reason to doubt that ,st4 ,peter was at ,rome2 that he assisted ,st4 ,paul to order and establish the church there2 that1 in conjunction with ,paul1 he ordained one or more of its earliest bishops1 and that there he suffered death for the sake of ,christ4 ,but there is no reason to believe that he was ever1 in any proper or local sense1 bishop of ,rome4 ,footnote #aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,ibid4 ,we leave aside for the present the alleged silence of the ,new ,testament4 ,in the first place1 it is not true that the first tradition of ,peter's having been at ,rome does not appear for more than a century after his death4 ,clement of ,rome1 ,ignatius of ,antioch1 ,papias1 ,dionysius of ,corinth1 belong to this period1 and all unmistakably testify to ,peter's having been at ,rome4 ,irenaeus may be fairly counted also1 as he was sent from ,lyons to ,rome in ,a4,d4 #agg4 ,of these1 ,bishop ,browne mentions only ,papias and ,irenaeus4 ,he quotes ,papias's opinion about the word ,babylon in ,st4 ,peter's first ,epistle1 and tries to set it aside4 ,but1 whatever the exegetical value of the opinion1 it is proof that ,papias held it as an undoubted fact that ,st4 ,peter was at ,rome2 besides1 he also states that ,mark wrote his gospel at ,rome1 under the eye of ,peter4 ,nor is it at all pertinent to say that ,eusebius tells us that ,papias was a narrow-minded man1 and an enthusiast about the ,apocalypse4 ,neither narrow-mindedness nor enthusiasm prevents men from being competent witnesses to simple facts1 and the one about which we are now inquiring is a simple fact4 ,the only question is--,could ,papias have known for certain whether ,st4 ,peter was at ,rome or not8 ,he lived in the apostolic age1 not half a century after the death of the apostle4 ,this is a sufficient answer1 and his views about either ,babylon or the ,apocalypse cannot impair its sufficiency4 ,as to ,irenaeus1 our lord bishop quibbles in a way that is not handsome4 ,he tries to break down his and other writers' testimony by alleging1 first1 that they disagree as to the first bishop of ,rome after ,st4 ,peter2 second1 that they disagree about the time ,st4 ,peter came to ,rome4 ,we are almost ashamed to have to answer such quibbling4 ,neither disagreement at all touches the substantial part of the narrative4 ,neither is as great as our expounder of the articles1 in his despair1 tries to make it4 ,neither could ever have been alleged in ordinary controversy4 ,all authors1 save ,tertullian1 mention ,linus as first bishop of ,rome after ,peter4 ,the ,african father in reality says only that ,clement was ordained by ,peter2 the context1 however1 would suggest that he supposed he was the immediate successor of the apostle4 ,the truth appears to be that ,linus1 ,cletus1 and ,clement were consecrated bishops by one or the other of the apostles4 ,this was commonly done in the first age2 only one person in every city possessed episcopal jurisdiction1 but more clergymen than one were frequently invested with the episcopal order4 ,this was done in the ,roman ,church4 ,st4 ,peter was its first bishop2 after his death1 ,linus1 ,cletus1 ,clement governed it in succession1 all three having been ordained by the apostles4 #chj ,there is nothing in this supposition at all at variance with what is known to have been the common practice of the first age1 a practice which it is not ingenuous in the lord bishop of ,ely to suppress4 ,as to the discrepancy about the time of the apostle's coming to ,rome1 it is easily explained on the commonly received hypothesis that ,st4 ,peter twice visited ,rome4 ,eusebius says that he went first under ,claudius4 ,he was obliged to leave ,italy in consequence of that emperor's decree banishing thence the ,jews4 ,he returned thither1 toward the end of his life1 and there suffered martyrdom4 ,but it is plain that such discrepancies cannot affect the substance1 namely1 that ,peter was at ,rome2 indeed1 they are intelligible only on the supposition that all the authors quoted held the main fact as certain4 ,it is plain also that there is not the slightest foundation for the lord bishop's assertion that at whatever time ,st4 ,peter came to ,rome1 there was some one else bishop of ,rome then4 ,the courage required for this assertion can be measured from another statement1 just four lines above3 ,all 7the early writers7 agree in saying that the first bishop of the see was ,linus4 ,this is simply shameful4 ,put after see the words after ,peter1 and the quotation will be correct4 ,but then what becomes of the bishop's argument8 ,he says ,linus was bishop of ,rome when ,peter went thither2 and he also admits that some 7early writers7 say that ,st4 ,paul1 others that ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 ordained him4 ,these latter writers surely did not suppose that ,st4 ,peter ordained a man in ,rome before he himself ever went to ,rome4 ,the bishop clearly does not stick at trifles4 ,his chronology is also entirely at fault4 ,he says that it is three centuries 7after ,st4 ,peter's death7 before we find him spoken of as bishop of ,rome4 ,but ,st4 ,cyprian1 whom even ,bishop ,hopkins admits spoke thus of the apostle1 was put to death before the end of the second century from ,st4 ,peter's martyrdom4 ,he sneers at the statement that ,st4 ,peter was five-and-twenty years bishop of ,rome2 yet he admits that it is based on the authority of that eminent and judicious critic1 ,st4 ,jerome1 who1 from his high position under ,pope ,damasus1 had abundant opportunity for an accurate examination of the then extant records4 ,in reality1 it is based on an earlier authority1 the great historian ,eusebius4 ,it is plain that his polemic system is simply factious2 he ignores some authorities1 misconstrues others1 miscalculates dates1 and mistakes mere accessories for the principal fact2 such a course is not only a crime against historical truth1 it is also a blunder1 for it can mislead only the unlearned or the unwary reader4 ,the writers of the first age do not1 it is true1 assert in so many words that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,treating of other matters1 their allusions are merely incidental1 such as we might expect immediately after the death of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 and relating chiefly to the fact of the apostle's connection with the ,roman ,church1 or his martyrdom there4 ,for these facts they are unanswerable authority4 ,these are a necessary preliminary to the assertion of ,st4 ,peter's ,roman bishopric4 ,this fact is broadly stated as soon as we meet with the polemical development of the doctrine of apostolic succession4 ,tertullian1 in the text we have quoted from the book ,on ,prescriptons1 where he accurately defines in what this succession consists1 namely1 that the first bishop was appointed and preceded by an apostle or an apostolic man1 7,apostolum 444 habuerit auctorem et antecessorem17 says that in the ,roman ,church ,clement was ordained by ,peter4 #cha ,tracing thus the succession in ,rome from ,peter1 not from ,paul1 whose death in the imperial city he mentions1 he shows that he knew ,peter was the bishop of the see4 ,st4 ,cyprian uses unmistakable language on the same subject1 and ,eusebius asserts positively that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome4 ,we might quote other catalogues1 but1 though of great authority1 they are of a more recent date4 ,but we shall give two more authorities which can be connected with the period to which we have confined ourselves4 ,st4 ,jerome ,footnote #aab positively states that ,st4 ,peter held the episcopal chair 7cathedram sacerdotalem7 of ,rome for twenty-five years4 ,his historical knowledge and critical acumen give to his words the authority of a statement based on the very best records of the early age4 ,no one can deny that in the latter half of the fourth century there were such records at ,rome4 ,st4 ,optatus of ,millevi1 in ,africa1 7,a4,d4 #cgj17 in a controversial work against the ,donatists1 speaks of ,st4 ,peter's ,roman bishopric as a matter of notoriety1 which no one would dare deny4 ,you ought to know1 says he to the ,donatist leader1 ,parmenian1 and you dare not deny1 that ,peter established at ,rome an episcopal chair1 which he was the first to occupy1 in order that through 7communion with7 this one chair all might preserve unity4 ,footnote #aac ,footnote #aab3 ,in ,catal4 ,footnote #aac3 ,contr4 ,parmenianum4 ,a statement made so positively1 so unhesitatingly1 so boldly1 must have been founded on the very best historical evidence4 ,and the nineteenth century must accept the judgment of competent writers of the fourth on such a subject4 ,unless1 then1 we wish to deny all authority to authentic record of the early age of the church1 we must conclude1 with the good leave of the lord bishop of ,ely1 that there is excellent reason to believe that ,st4 ,peter was bishop of ,rome4 ,nor is there any force in the bishop's remark that all the apostles had the world for their diocese1 and were not confined to any particular city4 ,we do not1 of course mean to say that ,st4 ,peter confined his preaching to ,rome4 ,he was apostle as well as head of the church4 ,as apostle1 he preached chiefly to the ,jews4 ,as head of the church1 he chose for his episcopal see the capital of the world1 in order that there might be no doubts about the legitimate heir of his great dignity4 ,for this reason we find him in ,rome among the ,gentiles1 though ,st4 ,paul had a special mission to them4 ,dr4 ,browne says ,peter was ,st4 ,paul's assistant at ,rome2 and this1 in the face of the facts that every writer1 from ,clement down1 puts him before the great vessel of election1 and that ,st4 ,paul himself1 as we shall see1 speaks of his ministry to the ,romans as one merely of mutual consolation1 a tone he never adopted toward a church which he himself had founded4 ,we have purposely left to the last the argument based on the alleged silence of the ,new ,testament1 because we wished to clear an historical question of all purely exegetical difficulties4 ,we have established our thesis on indubitable evidence2 we might rest here and simply say that1 inasmuch as no one pretends that the ,new ,testament contains the entire history of the apostles1 its silence cannot affect the certainty of our proposition4 ,this silence may puzzle the curious reader2 it may be variously interpreted1 according to the theological bent of the student2 but it cannot disprove facts which are proved by historical authority4 #chb ,bishop ,browne feels the force of this1 and does not insist much on the silence of the ,new ,testament4 ,he merely remarks that this silence is strange1 if ,st4 ,peter's ,roman bishopric be as important as ,roman divines make it out to be4 ,strictly speaking1 we might let this pass1 as we are not now concerned in establishing the supremacy of the ,roman pontiffs1 but merely treating the historical question1 ,who was first bishop of ,rome8 ,we may observe1 however1 that no believer in the doctrine of apostolical succession can consistently urge this silence4 ,how does ,dr4 ,browne trace his succession in the office of bishop from the apostles8 ,is it from ,st4 ,peter8 ,then he has to meet the same objection about the silence of the ,new ,testament on what1 from his point of view1 is a vital matter4 ,is it from ,st4 ,paul8 ,but there is no scriptural evidence that ,st4 ,paul ever ordained a bishop in ,rome1 or anywhere in the west4 ,is it from any other apostle8 ,the same remark holds good4 ,no claim to apostolical succession can be established for any see in the western church unless on the evidence of tradition4 ,this is virtually admitted by ,dr4 ,browne himself4 ,since1 however1 the silence of the ,new ,testament is commonly urged as affording presumptive evidence that ,st4 ,peter never was at ,rome1 we shall examine all that ,protestants have to say on the subject4 ,the principal text--the only one having direct reference to the subject--is ,i ,peter v4 #ac3 ,the church which is in ,babylon1 elected together with you1 saluteth you1 and so doth ,mark1 my son4 ,nearly all ancient writers1 commencing with ,papias1 say that this letter was written at ,rome1 which city ,st4 ,peter designates under the name of ,babylon4 ,our ,protestant opponents1 of course1 reject this interpretation4 ,now1 we wish it to be understood that we do not allege this text to prove that ,st4 ,peter wrote from ,rome4 ,we admit that1 taken in itself1 apart from tradition1 it is obscure1 and can afford1 at best1 ground but for conjecture4 ,but1 having established beyond all doubt the fact that ,st4 ,peter was at ,rome1 we follow the interpretation of the respectable ancient writers whom we have quoted4 ,when the letter was written1 old ,babylon of ,assyria was in ruins1 according to ,strabo and ,pliny2 and the ,jews1 to whom ,st4 ,peter wrote1 had been banished from ,assyria1 according to ,josephus2 and1 though ,seleucia was afterward called ,babylon1 it had not received the name at this early period4 ,some think that the ,babylon referred to was in ,egypt1 the place now called ,cairo4 ,but it was then but a fort1 or fortified village1 7castellum17 and the ,christian church of ,egypt has always looked on ,alexandria as its birthplace4 ,st4 ,peter1 moreover1 warns the ,christians of the approaching persecution1 and exhorts them to be subject to the emperor and his subordinates4 ,these allusions come very naturally from the pen of one writing at ,rome1 but are almost unintelligible if we suppose the writer in ,babylon of ,assyria1 out of the ,roman empire4 ,the opinion that the letter was written at ,rome1 called ,babylon by ,st4 ,peter for some reason which we can only conjecture1 is based on excellent ancient authority1 agrees with well-known facts of history1 and with the internal evidence of the letter itself4 ,leaving aside its bearings on the main question we are discussing1 it is by far the most probable view1 and1 in any other case1 would be accepted without difficulty4 ,footnote #aad ,footnote #aad3 ,occasionally the love of novelty induces some ,catholic writer to differ from his brethren4 ,this is the case with ,hug1 who holds that we cannot admit mystical names in the letters of the apostles1 as there is no instance of their use1 save in this disputed case4 ,this is criticism based on internal evidence run mad4 ,one would suppose that there was a perfect course of sacred epistolary literature in the ,new ,testament1 based on fixed rules1 instead of a few detached letters1 written by different authors at different times1 without any communication or agreement with one another about literary style4 ,there is nothing more fallacious than the interpretation of any of the letters of the apostles on mere internal evidence4 ,hug's remark at most shows that internal evidence does not afford any proof that ,st4 ,peter meant ,rome1 which no one will deny4 #chc ,protestants1 moreover1 commonly allege the absence of any mention of ,st4 ,peter's voyage to ,rome in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 and the absence of any reference to him1 either in ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle to the ,romans or in those he wrote from ,rome4 ,the silence of the ,acts is easily explained4 ,after the council of ,jerusalem1 the writer relates only the missionary labors of ,st4 ,paul1 so that we could not expect any mention of ,st4 ,peter's voyages4 ,dr4 ,browne infers from ,acts xxviii4 #bb1 that the ,jews of ,rome had had no communication with any chief teacher among the ,christians4 ,this inference is not borne out by the text1 ,we desire to hear from thee what thou thinkest2 or as concerning this sect1 we know that it is everywhere opposed4 ,the obvious meaning is that the ,jews of ,rome knowing that ,paul was a ,pharisee learned in the law1 wished to hear what he had to say in favor of the new religion4 ,they must have looked on ,st4 ,peter as a ,galilean fisherman1 who had no right to attempt to expound the law and the prophets4 ,it is puerile for ,dr4 ,browne to allege that they should have heard him with respect because he was the apostle of the circumcision2 for1 of what importance could this title be in their eyes1 if they did not believe in ,him who sent the apostles8 ,if ,st4 ,peter went to ,rome in the reign of ,claudius1 he certainly was afterward absent from the city1 as we find him after this period at the council of ,jerusalem4 ,his absence from ,rome accounts for the fact that ,st4 ,paul does not salute him in his ,epistle to the ,romans1 a straw at which some ,protestant writers clutch with great avidity4 ,the great respect with which ,st4 ,paul speaks of the ,roman ,church1 whose faith1 he says1 was spoken of in the whole world1 agrees with the supposition that ,st4 ,peter had already preached there4 ,on these words1 ,footnote #aae ,for ,i long to see you1 that ,i may impart to you some spiritual gift1 that ye may be strengthened2 that is1 ,i may be comforted together with you1 by that which is common to us both1 your faith and mine4 ,theodoret remarks as follows3 ,because the great ,peter had first given them the doctrine of the gospel1 he said merely1'that ye may be strengthened4' ,i do not wish1 he says1 to bring a new doctrine to you1 but to confirm that which you have received1 and to water the trees which have already been planted4 ,footnote #aaf ,footnote #aae3 ,ch4 i4 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,in locum4 ,the words certainly indicate that the faith had already been firmly established by some teacher of high rank1 and are a very apposite commentary on ,dr4 ,browne's reason why the ,jews1 some years afterward1 were anxious to hear ,st4 ,paul4 ,we cannot really understand what hallucination led him to quote these words to show that ,st4 ,paul writes much as if no apostle had ever been amongst the ,romans4 ,but we admire his prudence in giving purely a reference1 not the words of the text4 ,his other reference to ,rom4 xv4 #ae-bd is even more unlucky4 ,st4 ,paul therein says plainly that he generally preached1 not where ,christ was named1 lest he should build on another man's foundation4 #chd ,for which cause1 he adds1 ,i have been much hindered from coming to you4 ,therefore some other apostle had preached to the ,romans4 ,he even goes on to say that he hoped to be gratified in his desire of seeing them1 when on his way to ,spain1 so that it is plain that he1 though apostle of the ,gentiles1 considered there was no necessity for his making a journey to ,rome on purpose to instruct the ,roman ,church4 ,st4 ,paul1 then1 writes very much as if an apostle had been with the ,romans4 ,whatever else ,dr4 ,browne does1 he ought to quote ,scripture fairly4 ,st4 ,paul's allusions1 obscure though they may be to us1 were1 of course1 clear to those to whom they were written4 ,no familiar letter can be fully understood without taking into account the facts which1 being well known to those to whom he writes1 the author merely alludes to in a passing way4 ,the letters which ,st4 ,paul wrote from ,rome were all written during his first stay there1 with the probable exception of the second to ,timothy4 ,colossians iv4 ,,ii1 and #b ,timothy iv4 #af1 are quoted to show that ,st4 ,peter was not at ,rome1 else he would have stood by ,st4 ,paul4 ,but the epistle to the ,colossians was written during ,st4 ,paul's first imprisonment1 when ,st4 ,peter1 as we have seen1 must have been absent1 and in the second to ,timothy he speaks expressly of his first defence4 ,most writers think he refers to his first imprisonment4 ,others suppose him to speak of a preliminary hearing before ,nero1 during his second imprisonment4 ,admitting this interpretation1 he cannot include ,st4 ,peter1 who was his fellow-prisoner1 in the list of those who had forsaken him4 ,the words apply to persons at large1 who had influence with the authorities1 which they did not use4 ,we have thus fully examined all that ,protestants allege concerning the silence of the ,new ,testament4 ,the candid reader will see that there is nothing in the sacred pages to contradict the historical facts we have established2 the allusions of ,st4 ,paul to the instruction of the ,romans in the faith by a teacher of high rank1 and the interpretation of the word ,babylon in ,st4 ,peter's first letter1 which has come down to us from the apostolic age1 must be counted in their favor4 ,it is on historical evidence that the case must rest2 and on it1 as we have rehearsed it1 we are satisfied to submit it to unprejudiced criticism4 ,the testimony of the apostolic age1 and the two immediately following1 is conclusive2 it cannot be explained away2 much less can it be impeached4 ,we must give up all belief in well-authenticated history1 or else admit that ,st4 ,peter went to ,rome1 founded the church there1 and was its first bishop1 and there died a martyr of ,christ4 ,o ,roma felix1 quae duorum principum ,es consecrata glorioso sanguine ,horum cruore purpurata ceteras ,excellis orbis una pulchritudines4 ,o happy ,rome6 whom the great ,apostles' blood ,for ever consecrates while ages flow3 ,thou1 thus empurpled1 art more beautiful ,than all that doth appear most beautiful below4 ,note ,by ,the ,editor ,on ,the ,chronology ,of ,st4 ,peter's ,life4 ,eusebius says that ,st4 ,peter established his see at ,antioch in the last year of ,tiberius1 who died ,march fifteenth1 ,a4,d4 #cg4 ,it was probably1 therefore1 in the year #cf2 and ,st4 ,ignatius1 the second successor of ,st4 ,peter in that see2 ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 who had been a priest there2 ,origen and ,st4 ,jerome1 as well as ,eusebius1 state that he governed that church seven years2 which probably means1 not that his episcopate was just of that length1 but1 that seven calendar years were included 7the first and the last partially7 in it4 #che ,at any rate1 this would make the establishment of his see in ,rome in ,a4,d4 #db or #dc2 and the day celebrated by the church is ,january #ahth4 ,now1 ,eusebius1 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,cassiodorus1 and others say that ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul were put to death in the fourteenth year of ,nero1 that is1 in ,a4,d4 #fg2 and their martyrdom is celebrated on ,june #bith4 ,this gives twenty-four and a half or twenty-five and a half years for ,st4 ,peter's ,roman episcopate1 or twenty-five years in the sense that the ,antiochan was seven1 if he came to ,rome in #dc2 in which case he may even have established his see at ,antioch in #cg4 ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom says that ,st4 ,paul's life after his conversion was thirty-five years2 which would make that event to have occurred in ,a4,d4 #cb or #cc4 ,he himself says 7,gal4 i47 that three years afterward he went to ,jerusalem1 and thence to ,tarsus1 as is also stated in ,acts ix4 ,from this place he was called to preach to the church at ,antioch1 as mentioned in ,acts xi42 and this visit1 which could not have much preceded the establishment of ,st4 ,peter's see there1 may well have been in ,a4,d4 #ce or #cf1 agreeing with the chronology given above4 ,these dates do not agree with that commonly assigned for the crucifixion2 but numerous evidences show that this occurred in the year #bi4 ,as late a date as ,a4,d4 #ca might1 however1 be allowed4 ---------- ,a ,ruined ,life4 ,it was the saddest1 saddest face ,i ever saw4 ,she stood before the stove in my front office1 on that dark ,december day1 and the steam from her wet1 heated garments almost concealed her from my sight4 ,yet the first glimpse ,i caught of her1 through the partition door1 excited my interest to an unusual degree2 and1 though ,i saw her not again for a half hour1 that one glance fixed her features in my memory as indelibly as they are printed there to-day4 ,it was term time1 and the second return-day of the term4 ,for ten days my eyes and brain had both been crowded with all that varied detail of business which sessions aggregate upon the hands and conscience of a rising lawyer2 and the musty retinue of assumpsit1 ejectment1 and scire-facias had nearly vexed and worn out the little life ,i had at the beginning4 ,but the criminal week1 which was my peculiar sphere1 was close at hand1 and ,i looked to its exciting1 riskful cases as a relief from the dull1 dreary current of civil forms and practice4 ,the little room ,i dignified with the name of front office was filled1 as far as seats went1 with rough backwoodsmen1 witnesses on behalf of a gentleman who occupied with me the snugly carpeted sanctum in the rear4 ,while we discussed together the points of strength or weakness to be tested at the impending trial1 the voices of the rude laborers reached us brokenly1 and more than once words fell upon my ear which made me tremble for the sensibilities of the lonely woman who was with them4 #chf ,they meant no harm1 those bluff1 hearty men4 ,a tear from her drooping eyes would have unmanned them4 ,but they were not well-bred1 nor tender to the weakness of the other sex4 ,my poor client1 as she afterward became1 stood while they sat1 kept silence while they laughed and jeered each other4 ,it was not their fault that they never minded her4 ,they were not hypocrites1 that's all4 ,at length ,i had the happiness to see the door close on the last of them1 and1 after arranging the maps and diagrams which would be needed on the morrow1 ,i called to the stranger to come in4 ,she obeyed1 hesitatingly1 and then1 for the first time1 ,i saw that she belonged to that most forlorn and pitiable of all the many classes who throng around our mining districts1 the recent ,irish emigrant4 ,the very clothes she wore were the same with which she dressed herself in the green isle far away1 and her voice and manner had not yet caught that flippancy and pertness which pass among the longer landed for tokens of ,american independence and equality4 ,she was certainly very poor1 or the rough1 wintry winds would not have been permitted to toss her long1 black hair in tangled masses around her shoulders1 or drop their melting snowflakes on her uncovered head4 ,my chivalric interest died without time to groan1 and whatever thought of profit or romance in assisting her ,i might have had1 at the first sight of her1 perished at the same instant4 ,but ,i saw poverty and sorrow1 and ,i determined in my heart1 before she told her errand1 that my life of legal labor should embrace at least one act done thoroughly and for nothing4 ,her story was a short one4 ,her husband and herself had lived in a neighboring village4 ,others of their own people dwelt around them1 and among these was an old woman and her son4 ,no difficulty1 that she knew of1 had ever risen between her family and theirs4 ,but1 a few days before1 as her husband was gathering fuel by the roadside1 these two had rushed out on him1 and in cold blood murdered him4 ,the son had fled1 and the murderer's mother1 with barred doors and windows1 forbade the vicinage of friend or foe4 ,the broken-hearted wife1 urged on to take such vengeance as the law afforded1 had come to me and asked my counsel and assistance4 ,it was of little use to question her4 ,like most of her peculiar class1 her mind could entertain but one idea1 and that1 in some form or other1 recurred in answer to every inquiry ,i could make4 ,satisfying myself1 however1 that a murder had really been committed1 and taking down such names and dates as were necessary for the initial steps of prosecution1 ,i sent her home1 with the assurance that justice should be done her1 and her dead husband's ghost avenged4 ,the warrant was issued1 the arrest made1 the indictment found1 the trial finished4 ,there was no doubt of guilt4 ,the murder was committed in the broad light of day1 and many eyes had seen it4 ,the counsel for the defence had felt the untenability of his position before a tithe of the evidence was in1 and slipped down from innocence to justifiability1 until his last hope for the prisoner was in the allegation of insanity1 late suggested and faintly urged4 ,it was useless4 ,the twelve inexorable men brought in their verdict of wilful murder1 and ,bridget ,davanagh was sentenced to be hanged by the neck till she was dead4 #chg ,it has never been my custom to follow cases1 on which the solemn judgment of the law has been pronounced1 beyond those immediate consequences of that judgment which the connection between a lawyer and his client has compelled me to superintend4 ,but there was something in this case which both attracted and disquieted me1 and one day in vacation ,i found myself at the grated prison-door1 seeking admission to the cell of the condemned4 ,the old woman received me quietly4 ,she seemed to have forgotten me1 or1 at least1 how active a part ,i had taken in the proceedings which had ended in dooming her to a shameful death4 ,she was taciturn and moody2 and1 the longer ,i remained1 the more satisfied ,i became that her mind was now unsettled1 if it had not been before4 ,i went several times after that1 and gradually1 by kind words and the gift of such simple comforts as aged matrons most desire1 ,i won her confidence so far that1 in her faltering1 disconnected way1 she told me all that sad history of woe and wrong and suffering which had brought an untimely grave to ,michael ,herican1 and a felon's fate to her4 ,it was one of those tales of falsity and sorrow which we cannot hear too often1 and whose moral none of us can learn too well4 ,the little village of ,easky1 in the ,county ,sligo1 was1 when this present century was young1 one of those lonesome1 scanty-peopled hamlets whose very loneliness and isolation render them more dear and homelike to their few inhabitants4 ,the waters of the ,northern ,ocean foamed about the rocks where its fisher-boats were moored4 ,the feet of its rambling children trod the rough paths and crumpled the grey masses of the wild ,slieve-,gamph hills4 ,thus hemmed in between the mountains and the sea1 it was almost separated from the world4 ,the white sails that now and then flitted across the far horizon1 and the slow1 lazy car that twice a month brought over his majesty's mail-bags from ,dromore1 were all that ,easky ever had to tell it that there were nations and kingdoms on the earth1 or that its own precipices on the one side1 and its weed-strewn rocks upon the other1 did not embrace the whole of human joys and sorrows4 ,in this solitary village the forefathers of ,patrick ,carrol had dwelt for immemorial years4 ,so far back as tradition went they had been fishermen1 and the last remaining scion now followed the ancestral calling4 ,he was a sort of hero among his fellow-villagers4 ,true1 he was as poor as the poorest of them all1 and had no personal boast save of his vigorous arms and honest heart4 ,but his father1 contrary to the custom of his race1 had refused to lay his bones within an ocean bed1 and had died fighting in the bloody streets of ,killala4 ,all victims of '#ih were canonized by those rude freemen1 and the mantle of honor fell from the father upon the children1 and gave to ,patrick ,carrol a deserved and well-maintained pre-eminence4 ,and so1 when ,bridget ,deery became his wife1 the whole hamlet agreed that the village favorite had found her proper husband1 and1 when the little ,mary saw the light1 the christening holiday was kept by every neighbor1 old or young4 ,four years of perfect happiness flew by4 ,death or misfortune came to other families1 but not to theirs4 ,the little hoarded wealth1 hid away in the dark corner1 grew yearly greater4 ,health and affection dwelt unremittingly upon the hearthstone1 and the hearts of the father and mother were as full of gratitude as the heart of the child was of merriment and glee4 ,but the four years had an end1 and carried with them1 into the trackless past1 the sunshine of their lives4 #chh ,one long1 long summer day the wife sat among the rocks1 watching for her husband's boat1 and playing with the prattler at her side4 ,the boat came not4 ,the sun went down4 ,the gathering clouds in the offing loomed up threateningly4 ,the hoarse northwesters felt their way across the waters1 and whistled in her ears1 as she clasped the child to her bosom and hurried home out of the storm4 ,as the gale strengthened with the darkness1 she fell upon her knees1 and all that wakeful night besought the ,mother and the saints to keep her baby's father from the awful danger4 ,in vain2 for when the morning dawned1 the waves washed up his oars and helm upon the beach1 and an hour later his drowned corse was found beneath the broken crags of ,anghris ,head4 ,for the first few years after that fatal shock the widowed mother lived she knew not how4 ,one by one the treasured silver pieces went1 till destitution stared her in the face4 ,the charity of her neighbors outdid their means1 but even that could not keep her from actual suffering1 and work for the lone woman there was absolutely none4 ,what wonder was it1 then1 that1 when the flowers had bloomed three times above the peaceful bed of ,patrick ,carrol1 his widow1 more for her child's sake than her own1 consented to violate the sanctity of her broken heart1 and become the wife of ,bernard ,davanagh8 ,bernard was a bold1 reckless1 wilful man1 and both the mother and the child soon felt the difference between the dead father and the living4 ,as time passed on1 and the boy ,bernard was born1 the passions of the man grew stronger1 and cruel words1 and still more cruel blows1 became the daily portion of the helpless three4 ,oh6 how often did the widow yearn to lie down with her children by her dead husband's side1 in the drear churchyard1 and be at peace for ever4 ,but not without them4 ,no1 not even to be united with the lost1 could she have left them1 and so they clung together1 closer and closer1 as the years rolled on--knowing little of life except its dark page of sorrow4 ,there never yet was a life without some ray of joy1 and1 even in the midnight darkness which hung around the childhood of ,mary ,carrol1 there were faint gleams of happiness4 ,next door but one to their poor cot lived ,james ,herican4 ,he too was a fisherman1 and1 in better days1 had been ,patrick ,carrol's most intimate and faithful friend4 ,he had remained such to the widow and the fatherless1 and1 but for him1 the family of ,bernard ,davanagh also might sometimes have perished from want and cold4 ,he was the father of one child1 the boy ,michael1 older by two years than ,mary1 and doubly endeared to his heart by the mother's early death4 ,the gossips of ,easky had wondered1 in their simple way1 why ,james ,herican and ,bridget ,carrol did not marry1 but the memory of his dead wife and his dead friend forbade the one ever to entertain the thought1 and the poor widow was as far from wishing it as he4 ,they were happier as they were2 he1 by his kindness and true ,christian charity1 laying up heavenly treasures1 which1 as the second husband of a second wife1 he never could accumulate2 she1 keeping ever fresh and pure the one love of her maiden's heart1 the one hope of reunion in the skies4 ,what1 and how different1 the end had been1 if they had married1 the eye of the ,eternal can alone discern4 #chi ,the friendship of these parents descended to the children4 ,in all their sports1 their rambles1 their labors1 7for in that toiling hamlet even tender childhood labored17 ,michael ,herican and ,mary ,carrol were together4 ,when her half-brother1 eight years younger than herself1 grew into boyhood1 ,michael was his champion against the impositions of larger boys1 and taught him all those arts of wood and water craft which village youth so ardently aspire to1 and so aptly learn4 ,it could not happen otherwise than that these constantly recurring kindnesses should beget firm and fast affection1 and knit together these young hearts in bonds difficult1 if not impossible1 to sunder4 ,it may have been the law of nature1 it may have been the chastening of ,god1 that ,michael ,herican and ,mary ,carrol should come1 in later years1 to love each other4 ,it was simply fitting1 to all human sight1 that it should be so2 and it was so4 ,the father and the mother thanked ,god for it1 day by day1 and bestowed upon them such tokens of encouragement as the bashful lovers could comfortably receive4 ,the boy ,bernard1 when he heard of it1 7and there could be no secrets in ,easky17 threw up his cap for joy1 and the old village crones for once smiled on the prospects of a happiness they had never known4 ,only ,davanagh appeared displeased1 but his abuse of the poor girl had been so extreme for years that it could scarcely suffer any increase1 and all the influence he exerted over her or them was by his ruthless fist and cursing tongue4 ,this at last ceased2 for ears less patient than her own received his stinging insults1 and a blow1 quicker than his drunken arm could parry1 stretched him upon the ground to rise no more4 ,mary ,carrol reached her twentieth birthday4 ,she was a frail1 delicate girl1 below the middle height1 and with that beautiful but strange union of large blue eyes and pearly complexion with jet black hair and lashes which tells at once of the pure ,irish blood4 ,we should not have called her handsome2 perhaps no one would1 except those who loved her1 and in whose sight no disfigurement or disease could have made her homely4 ,but she was one of those superior natures which solitude and suffering must unite with ,christian culture to produce2 and the whole neighborhood1 for this1 and not for her beauty1 claimed her as its favorite and charm4 ,michael had grown to be a stalwart man1 half a head taller than his sire1 and his fellows said that none among them promised better for diligence and success than he4 ,his devotion to ,mary ,carrol knew no bounds1 and she1 in turn1 cherished scarcely a thought apart from him4 ,her mother had rapidly grown old and broken4 ,grief1 and that yearning for the dead which is stronger than any sorrow1 had made her an aged woman long before her time1 and the fond daughter1 between her and the one hope of her young life1 had no third wish or joy4 ,her only trouble was for her brother4 ,the wild elements of his father's nature became more apparent in him every day1 and1 though he loved his mother and half-sister with an almost inhuman passionateness1 they frequently found it impossible to restrain his turbulent and curbless will4 ,the stern control of a seafaring life seemed to be their only chance of saving him1 and so1 at little more than twelve years old1 he was torn away from home and friends and sent out on a coasting merchantman to be subdued4 ,this parting nearly broke his mothers's heart1 but her discipline of suffering had been borne too long and patiently for her to rebel now4 ,it was only another drop to her full cup of bitterness1 when1 a few months later1 news came1 by word of mouth from a sailor in ,dromore1 that the merchantman had foundered in the stormy ,irish ,sea4 #cij ,it would be beyond the power of human pen to describe how these lone women now clung to ,michael ,herican4 ,his father went down to the grave in peace1 and he had none but them1 as they had none but him4 ,already the one looked on him as a husband and the other as a son4 ,when a few more successful voyages were over1 and when the humble necessaries1 which even an ,easky maid could not become a wife without providing1 were completed1 the benediction of the church was to fulfil the promise of their hearts1 and give them irrevocably to each other in the sight of ,god and man4 ,it was an ill-starred day for ,michael ,herican and the ,carrols when the ,widow ,moran and her daughter came to live in ,easky4 ,pierre ,moran1 deceased1 had been a small shopkeeper in ,sligo1 where he had amassed a little competence1 and1 now that he was dead1 his widow returned to her native village to pass her remaining life among her former neighbors4 ,there were few among them who had not known more or less about the reckless girl who ran away with the half-,french half-,irish shopman1 twenty years ago1 and her name and memory was none of the best among those virtuous villagers4 ,but she cared less for this because she had enough of filthy lucre to command exterior respect1 and it was better1 so she thought1 to be highest among the lowly than to be low among the high4 ,in coming to ,easky she had had two ends in view3 to queen it over her former associates1 and to secure a steady and good husband for her daughter4 ,kitty ,moran was like her mother1 but without her mother's faults4 ,she was a girl of dash and spirit1 and with a pride as quick and a nature as impressible as her mother was emotionless4 ,she was a thorough brunette1 with a brunette's violence and passion1 with a brunette's power to love and power to hate4 ,in actual beauty no maiden of the neighborhood could vie with her1 and she had just enough of city polish and refinement to give her an appearance of superiority to those around her4 ,between her and ,mary ,carrol the angels would not have hesitated in choosing--unless1 indeed1 they were those ancient sons of ,god who took wives from among the daughters of men because they saw that they were fair1 and then1 like men1 they would have chosen wrongly4 ,it was not many days before the ,widow ,moran heard of ,michael ,herican1 or many weeks before she had decided that he should be the husband of her child4 ,true1 she knew of his betrothal1 for his name was rarely spoken unconnected with the name of ,mary ,carrol1 but this made no difference4 ,the pale-faced step-daughter of the drunken ,davanagh was of no consequence to her1 and to the right or wrong of her designs she never gave a thought4 ,whatever she wished1 she determined to have4 ,whatever she determined to have1 she set herself industriously to secure4 ,so when she marketed1 it was ,michael's boat from which she purchased4 ,when there was a message to send to ,sligo1 or packages from thence to be brought home to her1 it was ,michael's boat that carried it4 ,when she had work to be done around her cottage1 it waited until ,michael had an idle day1 and then he was hired to do it4 ,well skilled1 as every woman is1 in arts like these1 she used her knowledge and her chances all too well4 #cia ,it is but just to say that ,kitty ,moran had no share in her mother's wicked plans4 ,she was young and gay4 ,michael ,herican was the finest young man in the village4 ,it was not disagreeable to her to watch him and to talk with him1 as he worked by her directions in the little garden1 or to sit beside him at their noontide meal4 ,unconsciously1 she grew to miss him when he was away at sea1 to have a welcome for him in her heart when he came home1 to look for him with impatience when she knew that his vocation brought him back to her4 ,before she was aware of it1 she loved him2 and when she realized her love1 she threw herself into it1 as her one absorbing passion1 without a dream of its results or a suspicion of her error4 ,she would not1 for an empire1 have deliberately wronged the patient girl whom1 by the stern law of contraries1 she had already learned to cherish1 but to her love there was no limit1 no moderation4 ,she could not help loving ,michael ,herican1 and no more could she mete out or restrain her love4 ,so1 when it mastered her1 it was her master1 and her reason and her conscience were whirled away before the rushing tide of passion like bubbles on the bosom of a cataract4 ,how ,michael ,herican came to love this new maiden not even he himself could tell4 ,rochefoucault says1 ,it is in man's power neither to love nor to refrain from loving4 ,and false as this may be as a general law of life1 there are cases in which it appears almost divinely true4 ,it was so in his4 ,he simply could not help it4 ,when he compared the calm1 deep1 tried affection of the heart that had been his for years with the tumultuous outburst of this impetuous soul1 his judgment taught him there ought to be no such comparison between them4 ,he never had one doubt as to his duty4 ,he fought nobly and manfully against the spell that seemed to be upon him4 ,he would gladly have left ,easky1 and have stretched his voyages beyond the northern seas2 but he could not leave ,mary and her mother there alone4 ,he thought of hastening his marriage1 thereby to put an end to all possibility of faithlessness1 7and this is what he should have done17 but he had no reason for it that he dared to give4 ,it was a fearful trial for him1 and would have bred despair in stronger hearts than his1 if such there be4 ,he became lax and careless in his business1 harsh and moody in his intercourse with others4 ,a few tattling croakers1 here and there1 wiser than the rest1 laid the evil at the ,widow ,moran's door2 but they could give no proof when asked for it1 and the frowns and chidings of the neighborhood soon put them down4 ,in this way things went on for months4 ,the day drew near when the wedding-feast should usher in a new life to the waiting pair4 ,it was a drawing near of doom to him4 ,the enchantment had not weakened by indulgence4 ,the siren's song was as soft and seductive as when its first notes took possession of his soul4 ,feeling as he did toward ,kathleen ,moran1 he would not marry ,mary ,carrol1 although from his heart of hearts he could have sworn that his love for her had known no change or diminution4 ,nor did he dare to tell her that the fascinations of the stranger had enchained him2 for he knew that he was all she had1 and all she loved4 ,but it could not go on thus always1 and he knew it4 ,something must be done4 ,had it been the mere sacrifice of himself1 he would not have hesitated for a moment4 ,as little did he hesitate between marrying where he did not love supremely1 and not marrying at all4 #cib ,he had a conscience1 and when his conscience decided between these1 and told him that he must not marry ,mary ,carrol1 it compelled him also to go to her and in plain words tell her so4 ,it almost killed her4 ,the shock was so great1 at the moment1 mightily though she strove to command herself1 that her life was in immediate danger4 ,after a while she rallied again1 a very ghost to what she had been1 though little else before4 ,her mother bore the blow less calmly4 ,she could not understand the powerlessness of the one to save himself1 or the self-sacrifice of the other1 which gave up her life's last greatest hope without a murmur4 ,she felt the disappointment keenly1 but the injury more4 ,dispositions1 that through all her sorrows had never been apparent in her character1 began to show themselves4 ,she grew stem and vengeful in place of her old meekness and submission1 and brooded over their cruel wrong until it became a second nature with her to impute to ,michael ,herican all her troubles1 and curse him in her heart as the destroyer of her child4 ,of course all ,easky soon knew the grief that had come to ,bridget ,davanagh's household2 and1 not unnaturally1 most of them sided with her in her condemnation of ,michael ,herican4 ,they could not understand1 they would not have believed1 that he was under the dominion of a passion which he could neither escape nor resist4 ,to them there was no fascination in the ,widow ,moran's daughter1 and they loved the mother too little for them to suppose that any one could love the child4 ,it was a hard lot for her1 poor girl1 to hear their cutting censures passed upon her as the cause of ,mary ,carrol's sufferings2 for the people of that uncultivated neighborhood did not care to conceal their bitterness beneath soft-spoken words1 and did not hesitate to tell her to her face all that they felt concerning her4 ,nor spared they ,michael ,herican4 ,old men and young greeted him now with looks askance and cold1 instead of the warm welcomes which every hearth had had for him a month before4 ,and every woman in ,easky1 except the few old crones who grudgingly had wished him well when all was well with him1 went by him on the other side1 and prayed the saints to deliver their young maidens from such faithless lovers as he4 ,intolerable as all this was to him1 and unjust as it would have been1 even in their sight who did it1 could they have known how he had fought against his destiny1 it still had its inevitable effect upon him4 ,as there was but one house in ,easky where he met a cordial greeting1 that house became his continual resort4 ,as there was but one heart into which he could look and find responsive love1 he sought his consolation in that heart alone4 ,to ,mary ,carrol he would gladly have continued to be a friend and brother1 but her mother would not suffer him to come inside the doors1 and if the broken-hearted maiden could have received his kindnesses1 they would have been to her a mockery worse than death4 ,thus ,kathleen ,moran's was sometimes the only voice he heard for days1 her smile the only smile ever bestowed upon him1 and she became1 in time1 as necessary to his existence as ,eve to ,adam4 ,they were almost always together4 ,he made longer voyages1 and took longer rests2 and1 when on shore1 rarely left the roof under which she dwelt4 ,but he had no definite aim and purpose for which to earn1 or to lay up his earnings4 ,he never trusted himself to plan for1 or look upon the future4 #cic ,he never yet had dreamed of marrying ,kitty ,moran4 ,the light had fallen out of his life as effectually as out of ,mary ,carrol's2 and it would have seemed to him as bootless to have heaped together money as it would to her to have finished and arranged her bridal gear4 ,a year like this told terribly upon him4 ,the indignation of the villagers did not abate with time1 and more and more did ,michael ,herican become an outlaw4 ,it was strange that an event which1 in the swift whirl of our metropolitan career1 we meet almost every day1 should have made such an impression on the minds of sturdy men and women4 ,but it was the first time1 in the memory of man1 that an ,easky lover had proved faithless to an ,easky maid1 and these rude hearts were as honest in their hate as in their love4 ,he bore it as long as he could1 but he was only human2 and when the ,widow ,moran1 herself made most uncomfortable by the active hostility of her neighbors1 determined to return to ,sligo1 he was only too willing to go with her4 ,he sold the little cottage where his forefathers had lived and died for many generations1 and bade farewell for ever to the home where he had known so many years of happiness1 such months of weary suffering4 ,if ,mary ,carrol suffered less in conscience and in self-respect than ,michael ,herican1 her suffering made far more fearful havoc with her bodily and mental health4 ,the privations of her childhood had sown the seeds of premature decay2 and1 at her best and strongest1 she was frail and weakly4 ,the shock she had sustained when her life's hopes were shattered had partially unsettled her mind1 and physical disease1 now slowly developing1 sank her into hopeless imbecility4 ,she was not violent or peevish4 ,she never needed any restraint1 and1 usually1 but little care4 ,she would sit all day in the sunlight1 listening to the roaring of the sea1 her hands folded in her lap1 and her great blue eyes gazing out vacantly into the sky4 ,she knew enough to keep herself from danger1 and1 at long intervals would go alone into the narrow street1 and wander up and down1 groping her way like a blind person1 yet taking no notice of anything that passed around her4 ,it was a sad sight1 indeed1 for any eyes to see1 but1 far more so to those who knew her history1 and could repeat the story of the cruel wound she bore4 ,there was not among them a heart that did not bleed for her1 and scarce a hand that could not have been nerved to vengeance1 if the blood of her destroyer could have put away her doom4 ,the old woman--,god knows how old in sorrows6--became more firm and resolute as her daughter grew more helpless4 ,she never wearied in doing all that a mother's heart could prompt1 but it was gall and bitterness to her that ,mary suffered so uncomplainingly4 ,if she could once have heard her say one hateful word of ,michael ,herican1 it would have satisfied her1 but she never did4 ,she learned that ,michael had left his home1 and had gone with the ,morans1 and she felt as if she were robbed of her prey4 ,not that she ever purposed ill to him1 but she did wish it1 and the scoffs and denunciations of his neighbors seemed to her so many weapons in her hands against him4 ,alas6 for her that this should be the lot of ,patrick ,carrol's bride4 #cid ,it might have been a half year since the widow and her victim left ,easky1 and the midsummer days had come4 ,mary ,carrol had been so long an invalid1 and1 in her many wanderings1 had been so singularly free from harm1 that her absence from the cottage caused her mother no surprise or fear4 ,the village children1 as they met her rambling in the fields1 would sometimes lead her home1 and the seaward-going fishermen would often watch her footsteps on the beach with fond solicitude2 but they became accustomed to it by and by1 and let her have her way4 ,one cloudless day in ,july she had strayed out at early dawn while the dew was scarcely dry1 and wandered off along the shore1 beyond the furthest cottage4 ,the matron of that house1 as she went by1 sent out her little boy to see that she came to no danger1 but in a moment he returned to say that she was sitting on a broken rock out of the water's reach1 and so for the time she was forgotten4 ,the day wore on1 and ,bridget ,davanagh grew lonely in her desolate home4 ,a dread of coming evil fell upon her1 and1 though her cup already so ran over that she could hardly realize the possibility of further misfortune1 she could not shake off the new shadow4 ,restless and uneasy1 she started out to seek her child4 ,she hurried past the village eastwardly along the sands4 ,she peered into every crevice of the rocky coast that was large enough to hide a sea-gull's nest1 and hunted behind every fallen fragment that might conceal the object of her quest4 ,slowly1 for it was severest toil to her aged feet1 she groped over one mile after another1 until the lofty cap of ,anghris ,head rose up before her4 ,she had never been so near it since that fearful day1 long years ago1 when she came out to see the mangled body of her young husband lying underneath its stormy crags4 ,and now there came over her an impulse to go there once again2 again to visit the place where the waves cast him in their murderous wrath2 the place whither she event last to meet him when he last came home to her4 ,so she climbed over the huge boulders1 one by one1 in the declining sunlight1 till she stood directly underneath that ragged spire which ,anghris lifts aloft above the waves1 and there she saw the spot where her beloved had lain in his sad hour of death4 ,there1 too1 she found her daughter1 lying on the same rocky couch where her father lay before her1 one arm beneath her head1 her face turned up to heaven in the unbreaking slumber of the dead4 ,this same midsummer's day brought news1 from ,sligo to ,easky1 that ,michael ,herican had married ,kitty ,moran1 and that the widow's heartless schemes had been accomplished4 ,the house of ,bridget ,davanagh was now desolate indeed4 ,her son lost for ever in the unknown waters4 ,her daughter sleeping in the village churchyard1 bearing the burden of her cross no more4 ,there was no cheer for her in the well-meant gossip of her neighbors4 ,there was no comfort for her in the promise of a land1 beyond this mortal1 of perpetual rest4 ,if her religious instincts and principles were still alive1 they remained dumb and dormant4 ,she could not read4 ,she loved not company4 ,her few personal necessities rendered much bodily toil superfluous1 and1 when her work was done1 she had no other occupation than to sit down and brood over her sorrows4 ,the range of her thought was narrow4 ,she had no future to look forward to4 ,her eyes were only on the past1 and the past held for her but two figures--her murdered ,mary and her ,mary's murderer4 ,it was in vain that the good parish priest sought to divert her mind and lead her to better things2 for1 though she said but little and that quietly1 he could see1 like all who now came intimately near her1 that her faculties were clouded and her control over her will and imagination almost totally destroyed4 #cie ,how long she might have lived thus without becoming fully crazed was1 fortunately1 never tested4 ,a letter came to her one evening1 bearing a foreign post-mark1 and dotted over with the many colored stamps which tell of journeys upon sea and land4 ,it was the first letter she had ever received4 ,no relative or friend1 no acquaintance except ,michael ,herican1 has she out of ,easky1 and she was sorely puzzled1 as she broke the seal and turned the pages up and down and sideways1 in the useless attempt to tell from whence it came4 ,she called in a passing school-child to decipher it1 and1 as he blundered through its weary lines1 she sat with her face buried in her hands1 rocking her body ceaselessly to and fro4 ,he reached the end and read the signature of ,bernard ,davanagh4 ,the widow's boy still lived4 ,she lifted her worn face out of her hands and the tears chased each other down her cheeks4 ,they eased her throbbing brain1 and she bade the child go over it again1 for of its first reading she had scarcely heard a word except the name4 ,and now she learned that he was in ,america4 ,he had been left sick on shore1 at the last voyage of his ill-fated vessel1 and escaped alive4 ,since then he had been tossed on every sea which bears a name1 till1 tired of the toil and danger1 he had settled in the far-off mining regions of the western continent4 ,he now sent for her and ,mary to come out to him1 enclosing money and passage certificates for each1 and saying that in two month's time he hoped to have them both with him in his new home4 ,it was a long time before the old woman could comprehend the message2 but1 when she once really understood that ,bernard was alive1 she would have started on the instant to reach her boy4 ,her idea of the distance was1 that ,america lay somewhere out beyond ,dromore1 as far1 perhaps1 as that was from ,easky1 and it was with difficulty that the neighbors1 who came flocking in when the news went flitting up and down the street1 could control her4 ,those who stayed with her through the night1 and those who went back homeward1 had settled it1 however1 before morning dawned1 that1 though the journey might be fearful and the chances few1 it was better she should go and perish by the way1 than stay at home to grieve1 and craze1 and die4 ,there was not much preparation4 ,her cottage sold1 her furniture distributed among her friends1 the other passage-paper given to a woman in ,dromore1 who eagerly grasped the chance of going out to seek her husband1 and ,bridget ,davanagh left ,easky and its graves for ever4 ,the emigrant best knows the weariness and hardship of a steerage passage in a crowded ship1 and this old and worn-out woman endured them as a thousand others1 old and feeble1 have done since then and before4 ,but the long voyage had an end some time1 and1 in a day after the ship was moored at ,new ,york wharves1 the mother had found her son4 ,he had a cabin built and furnished1 deep in the wild gorge of a mountain1 out of whose sides the glittering anthracite was torn by hundreds of tons a day2 and here he took her to live and care for him4 ,not a face around her that she ever saw before2 the dialect of their language so differing from her own that she could only here and there make out a word2 ,bernard himself grown up into a tall1 stout1 burly man1 black with dust and reeking with soot and oil1 she longed almost fiercely for her home by the green sea1 and wished herself back again a score of times a day4 #cif ,when her homesickness wore off1 as it slowly did1 and she formed new acquaintances1 and grew familiar with the scenes around her2 above all1 when she began to realize the comforts which the new world gave beyond the old--she became reconciled to her strange life1 and seemed almost herself again4 ,only when1 now and then1 her spite and hatred to the name of ,herican broke out again did her mind reel with its fury2 otherwise1 she was more like ,bridget ,davanagh in her early days of second widowhood than she had been for years4 ,meanwhile1 of ,michael ,herican4 ,he had married ,kitty ,moran1 as the ,easky story said4 ,it was1 on his part1 an act of sheer despair4 ,not that he did not love her4 ,his passion had grown stronger and more absorbing every hour1 and she well returned it4 ,but it was no calm conclusion of his judgment that led him to unite his life with hers4 ,it was more like the suicide of a felon who sees his fate before him1 but would rather die by his own free act1 to-day1 than anticipate inevitable death to-morrow4 ,when the ,widow ,moran went to her own place1 her fortune fell to them4 ,he opened a little store1 and1 for a while1 life1 cheered by business1 seemed more bearable2 but misfortune followed him and1 by one loss and another1 both his credit and his stock were sacrificed4 ,honest to the last farthing1 he stripped himself of everything to pay his debts1 and turned himself and his young wife1 to whom privation had ever been a stranger1 into the streets--to work1 or beg1 or starve4 ,then1 for a time1 he went to sea2 but the lone hours of watchful idleness upon the deep gave him too many opportunities for recollection1 and he could not endure it4 ,as a common hireling he worked about the docks1 and earned by this chance toil a meagre pittance for the bare necessities of life4 ,but he could not settle permanently to anything4 ,of good abilities1 with strong arms and a willing heart1 it was this mental burden only which unmanned him1 and this pursued him everywhere and always1 like an avenging ghost4 ,then he began to wander4 ,from ,sligo they went to ,ballina1 and thence to ,galway1 and thence to ,dublin1 living awhile in each1 but evermore a restless1 wavering1 aimless man4 ,his poor wife suffered fearfully4 ,deprived of all the comforts she had ever known1 and cut down sometimes to a mere apology for food and clothing1 she rued the day when she was born2 but she never blamed her husband4 ,through all1 she clung to him faithfully2 and when she found herself1 at last1 in the lowest portion of the capital1 and living among those whose touch in other days would have been infection1 however else she murmured1 it was never against him4 ,they stayed in ,dublin for a year and more4 ,a child was born there1 but it soon died from exposure and insufficient food1 and this made the mother's heart uneasy1 and she longed to move4 ,a berth fell in his way on board a homeward-bound ,canadian timber-ship1 and he agreed to go4 ,he also paid the passage of his wife with labor1 and1 in due time1 their weary feet were standing on the shores of a new world1 ready for other journeys and1 perhaps1 better paths4 #cig ,but it did not so eventuate4 ,he was the same man still1 though under other skies4 ,there was a doom upon him4 ,his family grew on his hands and opened in his heart new chambers of affection1 but they could give no ballast to his brain4 ,he could not anchor anywhere4 ,the weird ship that sails up and down antarctic seas in an eternal voyage is no more harborless than was he4 ,he fought the forests1 axe in hand1 and smote down many pillars of the olden fane4 ,he toiled on board the river-craft that drift to and fro upon the broad ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,he was a stevedore in ,quebec1 a laborer in ,montreal4 ,so he worked on from one town to another1 fretting away his own existence1 wearing out the health and strength of his devoted wife1 until he reached the ,states1 and1 by some mysterious fatality1 came into the very village where ,bernard ,davanagh and his mother lived4 ,here he found work congenial to his tastes4 ,the dark gloom of the long tunnels underground1 the ghastly lamps1 and1 more than all1 the exciting danger of the labor1 kept his mind on the stretch and drowned his memory more effectually than it had ever been before4 ,he did not know the nearness of ,mary ,carrol's mother4 ,he would as soon have dreamed of meeting his dead children in the street as her1 and his work late and early kept him out of sight1 so that they did not hear of him4 ,but it happened on one ,sunday morning1 as he went to ,mass in the great town1 two miles away1 that he heard the name of ,bernard called by some one in the throng4 ,he looked anxiously around him1 and had no difficulty in recognizing1 in the features of the man addressed1 the son of the detested ,bernard ,davanagh of his youth4 ,had he not known the contrary1 he might have thought it that very father stepped out of his grave4 ,the recognition was not mutual1 but the unquiet heart of ,michael ,herican reeked little of the sacrifice that day1 for thinking where this new phase of his life would end4 ,he feared no bodily injury4 ,he had not lost his animal courage by his sufferings4 ,but he felt like ,orestes at the banquet1 when he dispels with wine the knowledge of the ever-present furies1 and then suddenly beholds the gorgon face pressed closely up to his4 ,he saw in this an omen that1 go where he would1 the wrongs of ,mary ,carrol must live on outside him1 as they did within4 ,how ,bridget ,davanagh and her son became aware that ,michael ,herican and his family were near them1 it is of little consequence to know4 ,when they did find it out1 however1 it was an evil greater in its results to them than to their enemy4 ,bernard had warmly espoused his mother's hatred1 and added to it the natural fierceness of his own disposition4 ,the discovery of her child's betrayer1 and an occasional glimpse of him as he went by1 revived all the old woman's vengefulness1 and aggravated it beyond control4 ,if ,kathleen ,herican had known all this1 sick of her wandering life as she might be1 she would not have stayed near them for a single hour4 ,but she did not know it4 ,bernard and ,bridget she had never seen in ,easky1 and ,michael never told her they were here4 ,thus she1 at least1 lived on unconsciously1 while vengeance sharpened its relentless sword for retribution1 and hung it by an ever-weakening hair over the head of him she loved most of all4 ,up to the morning of the fatal day no word or sign had passed between ,michael ,herican and either of the ,davanaghs4 ,but1 as he went by to his work that morning1 they both stood in their cabin door4 ,the old woman could not resist the impulse to curse him as he passed her1 and ,bernard was as ready with his malison as she4 #cih ,michael turned up the path that led toward them1 and tried to speak in friendliness1 but they would not hear him4 ,at last1 exasperated by their violence and abuse1 he told the mother she was mad--mad as her daughter had been before her4 ,it was a cruel word for him to speak1 cruel for them to hear2 but he did not mean it4 ,it smote upon him as he hurried off to his work1 and the image of the dead ,mary came back and upbraided him many times that day4 ,he left his work early1 and went home4 ,there was a strange look in his eye which made the timid heart of ,kathleen beat faster when she saw it1 and he was more than usually kind and tender to her and his child4 ,his half-eaten supper over1 he took his woodman's basket1 and went out to gather fagots for the morning's fire4 ,on his way home with others who had been on the like errand1 as he came opposite the ,davanagh cottage1 the mother and the son came out and rushed upon him4 ,one struck him with a stone1 and felled him to the earth4 ,the other smote him with an axe1 and cleft his skull4 ,it was all over in an instant4 ,not a word was said4 ,the horror-stricken neighbors stood aghast a moment4 ,when they came to their senses1 ,bernard ,davanagh was climbing up the mountain on the further side of the ravine1 and ,bridget ,davanagh1 with bolted doors1 kept ward in her devoted house alone4 ,they would have lifted ,michael ,herican from the roadside where he lay1 but he was dead4 ,the red blood oozed out of the gaping wound4 ,it trickled on in narrow streamlets down the path4 ,it clotted on the feet of men and women who came to gaze upon the mangled corpse4 ,it stained the hands1 and face1 and garments of his wife and baby as they lay sobbing and shrieking on his pulseless breast4 ,it dried up in the purple sunlight of the dying day1 and soaked away into the dust and ashes of the trampled street4 ,i have little else to tell4 ,the circumstances of the story1 as ,i heard them1 piece by piece1 left on my mind an impression which would not let me stand by and do nothing4 ,i was satisfied that1 if not absolutely crazed1 the murderess had acted in a moment of exceeding passion1 no doubt resulting from the rankling words her victim spoke to her on the morning of that day2 and1 in her unsettled state of mind1 the ordinary presumptions of the law1 that passion cannot last1 were not reliable4 ,it seemed unjust1 to me1 that she should suffer the highest penalty known to our law1 when probably her guilt was actually less than that of hundreds whom a few years in the state prison give their due4 ,i therefore drew up a petition which the presiding judge and nearly all of the convicting jury signed1 praying a commutation of her sentence to imprisonment for life4 ,the prayer was granted1 and ,bridget ,davanagh lives and will die an inmate of the ,eastern ,penitentiary of ,pennsylvania4 ------- #cii ,the ,philosophy ,of ,immigration4 ,it is strange that while so many of the most enlightened minds of the country are engaged in the investigation of the mysteries of social and physical sciences1 so few1 if any1 appear to give the least attention to the phenomenon of ,american immigration2 a study which is equal in importance to any that can come within the purview of the economist1 and of much more practical value to us1 nationally1 than most of the developments of nature1 considered in her material aspect4 ,the researches of geologists and astronomers often supply us with curious and pleasing discoveries1 and the laws which regulate commerce and labor1 manufactures and capital1 are doubtless well worth the attention of intelligent public men2 but not more so than the habits1 qualifications1 and destiny of the millions of foreigners who of late years have made their homes among us1 and who are still annually coming in myriads to our shores4 ,it may safely be said that neither ancient nor modern history presents a parallel to this ,american immigration4 ,the emigration from the plains of ,shinar was a dispersion of one people over the surface of the globe1 a disintegration of a nation into several fragments1 each particle the nucleus of a separate and independent race1 speaking a peculiar tongue1 and destined to establish distinct laws and forms of religion4 ,ours is the convergence of many peoples to one common centre1 silently arraying themselves under a uniform system of public polity1 yielding up their own political predilections1 and to a certain extent their creeds and language1 and destined eventually to profess one faith and speak one language4 ,subsequent migrations in the old world offer points as strikingly dissimilar as the first great exodus4 ,those were nothing else than succeeding waves of population borne from one portion of the earth to the other1 generally preceded and heralded by fire and sword1 and ending in the subjugation and spoliation of the inhabitants of that country over which they swept with irresistible violence4 ,our immigrants1 on the contrary1 come to us in detail1 peaceably to enjoy the benefits of our laws and to respect our institutions1 with no thought of conquest but such as may be suggested by our yet untilled fields of the west and our comparatively undeveloped mineral treasures4 ,viewed in this light1 our knowledge of the past gives no rules of guidance in our relations with this new and very important element of our population1 and it becomes the duty of every patriot jealous of the welfare and reputation of his land to draw lessons of wisdom from every-day1 experience1 in order to help direct this perennial flood of life into the most proper and useful channels4 ,a country's true wealth lies primarily in its population2 the product of its soil is its surest and most permanent concomitant4 ,to give a helping hand and a word of cheer and advice to those future citizens and parents of citizens is the common duty of humanity and patriotism2 to protect them until sufficiently domiciled to be able to protect themselves1 is the absolute duty of our legislators4 #djj ,the city of ,new ,york1 being the centre of the commerce of the country1 is necessarily the objective point of ,european emigration1 though many of our neighboring seaports receive their proportionate share of the precious human freight4 ,it will be scarcely credited that in the space of twenty-one years1 ending with #ahfg1 there arrived at this city alone no less than three million eight hundred and thirty-two thousand four hundred and four immigrants1 or a number almost equal in amount to the entire white population of the country at the time of the ,revolution4 ,footnote #aag ,those arrivals included natives of every country in ,europe1 ,china1 ,turkey1 ,arabia1 ,east and ,west ,indies1 ,south ,america1 ,mexico1 and the lower ,british ,provinces4 ,emigrants from ,ireland and ,germany were of course largely in excess of all others4 ,until #ahfa1 these two countries were nearly equally represented1 the numbers from them for fourteen years previously being respectively #a1ajg1jcd and #igi1ege1 or nearly four fifths of the whole arrivals4 ,since that year the ,german element has largely preponderated1 and is now equal to one half the entire immigration4 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,switzerland follow next in rotation1 the northern countries of ,europe supplying a respectable number in proportion to their sparse population1 and the southern countries1 like ,spain and ,portugal1 comparatively few4 ,footnote #aag3 ,we are indebted to ,bernard ,casserly1 ,esq41 the efficient ,general ,superintendent under the ,commissioners of ,emigration1 for the following official report of arrivals at ,castle ,garden3 #ahdg1 #abi1jfb #ahdh1 #ahi1agf #ahdi1 #bbj1gia #ahej1 #bab1fjc #ahea1 #bhi1fja #aheb1 #cjj1iib #ahec1 #bhd1ide #ahed1 #cai1bbc #ahee1 #acf1bcc #ahef1 #adb1cdb #aheg1 #ahc1ggc #aheh1 #gh1ehi #ahei1 #gi1cbb #ahfj1 #aje1afb #ahfa1 #fe1eci #ahfb1 #gf1cjf #ahfc1 #afg1hdd #ahfd1 #ahb1cif #ahfe1 #aif1ceb #ahff1 #bcc1dah #ahfg1 #bdb1gcj ,total1 #c1hcb1djd ,it were beyond the scope of this article to enter into an extended inquiry as to the cause of this unequal abandonment of nationality on the part of our new denizens4 ,the misgovernment of ,ireland1 which culminated in the terrible famine of #ahdf-g-h1 and the natural affinity of the people of that country for the advantages afforded by free governments1 will easily account for the immensity of their numbers who have sought political and social independence in this republic2 while the low rewards of labor and the heavy burdens of taxation experienced by the ,german in his own home1 form powerful incentives in his economical mind to change his condition and abandon the fatherland of which he is so justly proud4 ,the same reasons1 to a lesser extent perhaps1 operate on ,englishmen and ,scotchmen1 with the additional one of the rapid growth of our infant manufactures requiring the experience of the workmen of ,leeds1 ,birmingham1 and ,glasgow4 ,spain and ,portugal1 the pioneers of immigration in former ages1 though now not essentially an emigrant people1 as a general rule prefer ,central and ,south ,america1 where their languages are spoken and their religion universally established2 while ,france1 of all ,european countries the least disposed to colonization1 has1 on account of political troubles1 sent us many of her best mechanics1 and ,italy some of her finest artists4 ,with the influx of such vast unorganized masses of strangers1 representing all conditions1 ages1 and degrees1 into one port1 and considering the unusual trials and dangers of a long sea-voyage1 it is not to be wondered at that a great amount of sickness and distress should be developed2 but we are glad to know that all that private benevolence and judicious legislation could do has been done for the unfortunate4 #dja ,refuges for the destitute and hospitals for the sick have been established in this neighborhood4 ,employment for the idle1 food for the hungry1 and transportation for the penniless have been provided by the ,commissioners of ,emigration with a free and even profuse liberality4 ,nearly thirty per centumof the total arrivals1 each year1 have been thus benefited without any cost whatever to the state1 the money required being derived from a fund created mainly by a small commutation-tax on each emigrant passenger4 ,though this fund1 as we have said1 is especially intended for the protection and support of immigrants1 a portion of it has necessarily been expended in the erection or purchase of valuable buildings1 requisite for the purposes of the commission1 all of which will revert to the state when no longer required for their original objects4,footnote #aah ,footnote #aah3 ,this property1 besides some on ,staten ,island1 consists of one hundred and eight acres of land with water rights1 etc41 on ,ward's ,island1 in the ,east ,river1 upon which the commissioners have built very spacious and substantial structures1 such as five hospitals capable of accommodating eight hundred patients2 four houses of refuge for destitute males and females2 a nursery1 lunatic asylum1 and two chapels1 besides a number of residences for the officers of these institutions1 out-offices1 etc4--,see ,commissioners' ,report1 #ahfh4 ,but this is not the only direct pecuniary advantage which we derive from immigration4 ,in #ahef it was ascertained that the average cash means of every person landing at ,castle ,garden was about sixty-eight dollars1 a sum which1 considering the improved condition of those who have since arrived1 must amount to much more per capita1 still1 taking the standard of that year1 we find that in twenty-one years over three hundred and twenty millions of dollars have been brought to the country and put into direct circulation4 ,its effect on our shipping interest will be appreciated when we learn that during #ahfg there were engaged in the passenger business alone1 at this port1 two hundred and forty-five sailing vessels and four hundred and four steamships1 requiring large investments of capital and employing thousands of men4 ,it would be impossible to estimate the indirect stimulus given to the general interests of the ,union by the acquisition of so much skilled labor and brawny muscle4 ,we can see its developments1 however1 in the rapid rise of our towns and cities1 the superior condition of arts and manufactures1 and the extraordinary increase of our agricultural productions4 ,coming from so many lands1 each heretofore celebrated for some peculiar excellence1 the ,european artisan1 while he does not necessarily excel his ,american fellow-workmen in the aggregate1 contributes his special knowledge to the general stock of industrial information4 ,the ,swede brings his knowledge of metallurgy1 the ,englishman of woolens1 the ,italian of silk2 the ,german1 of grape culture1 and the ,frenchman1 of those finer fabrics and arts of design for which his country has been so long famous4 ,when the ancient ,grecian sculptor designed to make a representation of the human form in all its perfection1 he selected1 it is said1 six beautiful living models1 copying from each some member more perfect than the rest1 and thus1 by the combination of several excellences1 modelled a perfect and harmonious whole1 in which were combined grace1 beauty1 and harmony4 ,so the republic1 availing itself of the genius and skill which every country sends us so superabundantly1 may attain that general superiority in the arts of peace which was formerly divided among many nations4 #djb ,the destination of this flood of knowledge and strength forms not the least interesting phase of this subject4 ,from the data before us1 we find that the ,state of ,new ,york retains about forty-four per cent2 the ,western ,states receive over twenty five2 the ,middle ,states1 eleven2 the ,new ,england ,states1 eight2 the ,pacific slope1 two1 and the ,southern ,states a little less than two per cent1 the residue being scattered among various portions of the continent outside of our jurisdiction4 ,the comparatively small number who have sought homes in the ,south may be accounted for partly by the occurrence of our late civil war1 but principally by the peculiar organization of labor in that section before the abolition of slavery4 ,in the future we may expect a much greater percentage of people1 particularly from ,southern ,europe1 to assist in developing the almost inexhaustible wealth of such states as ,georgia and ,tennessee4 ,it is to be regretted that no record has been kept of the nationalities and occupations of those who so instinctively choose their favorite sections of our country2 but our own everyday experience1 and the laws of labor and climate1 enable us to form a sufficiently accurate general opinion4 ,irishmen1 though not adverse to agricultural pursuits1 generally prefer large cities and towns1 like those of ,new ,england1 where skilled labor is least required in the production of fabrics4 ,the ,germans1 on the contrary1 though quite numerous in ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 and ,st4 ,louis1 avoid ,new ,england1 and prefer farming in the ,western ,states1 in some of which they already form a majority of the rural population4 ,englishmen are to be met with either in the ,eastern factories or in the ,atlantic cities1 keeping up a business connection with their countrymen at home4 ,frenchmen find a market for their superior mechanical skill amid the luxury of large cities1 and are seldom tillers of the soil1 while a ,welsh miner 7if he does not find his way to ,salt ,lake7 goes as naturally to ,pennsylvania1 and the slate quarries of ,new ,york and ,vermont1 as the ,swede and ,norwegian do to the northern parts of ,michigan and ,wisconsin4 ,the mode of emigration may have something to do with these selections4 ,the continental nations1 particularly the ,germans1 understand migration better than their insular neighbors1 always leaving home in families and groups1 and settling down in small colonies where1 as in all new countries1 union is strength2 but the inhabitants of ,ireland and the other islands of the ,united ,kingdom too frequently emigrate1 one member of a family at a time1 without system or organization1 to the great disruption of those ties of relationship which are always a bond of unity and a source of comfort1 amid the hardships attendant on great changes of habitation4 ,considering the various manners1 habits1 and opinions of so many nationalities1 some of them1 if not repugnant1 at least strange to the native-born of ,america1 the power of absorption possessed by the people of the ,united ,states is astonishing4 ,columbia1 taking to her ample bosom the fiery ,celt and the phlegmatic ,teuton1 the self-asserting ,briton and the dbonnaire ,gaul1 smiles complacently at their peculiarities1 or1 remembering the good qualities which underlie such eccentricities1 waits patiently for time and example to cure them2 and we venture to assert that the ,german feels himself as free to indulge in his national games and festivals in ,new ,york or ,buffalo as if he were in ,vienna or ,berlin1 and the ,irishman can dance as lively and attend a wake or a wedding with as light a heart1 and as free from hindrance as if he had never left his own green isle4 #djc ,in justice1 also1 to the immigrant1 it must be said that1 once settled in ,america1 he gives to its government his hearty and unqualified allegiance1 notwithstanding the occasional spasmodic attempts of a despicable few to subject him to ridicule and social ostracism4 ,how many instances do we find of worthy men who1 having gained a competency here1 acting upon that natural and beautiful love of native land1 return to the homes of their childhood to end their days1 but who almost invariably return to us and the scenes of their manhood's toils and triumphs6 ,there are two other sources of accession to our population1 independent of that of acquisition of territory1 which are worthy of notice4 ,the first1 of present importance1 is the passage of our borders by natives of ,lower ,canada1 and which1 though now more than usually remarkable1 has been going on quietly but steadily for at least a hundred years4 ,footnote #aai ,footnote #aai3 ,five hundred ,french ,canadians took passage at ,montreal1 ,c4 ,e41 for the ,united ,states1 in one week1 during ,march1 #ahfi4 ,the ,french ,canadians are a decidedly unique people4 ,originally from ,normandy1 early deprived of the protection of ,france1 and practically cut off from their fellow-countrymen by the cessation of emigration1 they have still retained all the primitive simplicity1 keenness1 and hardiness of their ancestors4 ,increasing in numbers with extraordinary rapidity1 they have tenaciously adhered to their faith1 language1 and manners of life1 in face of the opposition of a dominant and intolerant master4 ,they have not only1 so far1 held their own against ,english laws and customs2 but1 despite the increase of ,british colonists among them1 they have nearly1 if not altogether1 kept pace in numbers with the ,english-speaking inhabitants of the two ,canadas4 ,they have likewise constantly shot forth numerous hardy offshoots which have taken root and flourished in the far west4 ,detroit1 ,la ,salle1 ,dubuque1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,sault ,ste4 ,marie1 and many other western centres of wealth and population1 were first selected and settled by those enterprising followers of ,jacques ,cartier and the missionary fathers1 and their names are still honored in those places4 ,many of the later immigrants from ,canada find employment in our seaboard cities1 but the majority either still seek the northwest1 as being more congenial in climate1 and offering more opportunities for that spirit of adventure which distinguishes the race1 or go directly to ,california1 where so many of the ,french people have already settled4 ,the ,chinese immigration to the ,pacific coast is one of the most unaccountable events in the history of that section of our country1 and one which may well attract serious public attention4 ,those people1 remarkable for centuries for their ingenuity and industry1 as well as for their exclusiveness and dislike to foreigners1 have at last crossed the ,rubicon that confined them within the limits of the ,celestial empire1 and when we reflect that that empire contains within itself nearly half the population of the world1 we can readily suppose that a few millions1 more or less1 transplanted to the new world would not very perceptibly diminish its influence or strength4 ,the ,chinamen are represented as quiet and docile1 economical in their way of living1 and working for small wages1 and as being eminently adapted for the building of railroads1 and the development of the mineral wealth with which nature has so lavishly enriched the territory on both slopes of the ,rocky ,mountains1 and1 being as yet only a moiety of the population1 are easily controlled4 ,but1 should the tide of ,asiatic emigration commence to flow freely eastward1 the gravest fears are entertained by many that it would lead either to the systematic oppression or even partial enslavement of the ,chinese themselves1 or to the deterioration of the ,caucasians of that beautiful region1 soon destined to become the garden of ,america4 #djd ,taking into account1 however1 the great adaptability of all classes of immigrants in this country to the condition of affairs by which they find themselves surrounded1 the fears of even a ,chinese invasion appear groundless4 ,every day and year bring with them large accessions of energetic and healthy minds to the ranks of the native-born ,americans--some the children of the sons of the soil2 others1 of adopted citizens2 but all ,american in spirit and purpose1 no matter what their parentage4 ,even this uniformity extends to their physique1 and it has been remarked by visitors to our shores that the native-born boy or girl1 however dissimilar the peculiar physical traits of their progenitors1 presents strong points of resemblance in figure and face to each other4 ,something of this may be accounted for by food and climate1 training and association1 but much more by the fact of the admixture of races constantly going forward4 ,the heavy features of the northern ,european are more or less elongated and brightened into thoughtful cheerfulness in his ,american child1 while the angularity and pugnacity supposed to be characteristic of the ,celtic countenance are reduced to finer lines of grace and repose in their cis-,atlantic descendants4 ,taking ,american character as it stood at the beginning of this century1 we cannot deny our admiration of its essential features1 though many of its details were susceptible of improvement4 ,our stateliness had a tendency to what is now generally called ,puritanism1 and our simplicity was apt to degenerate into parsimoniousness4 ,our ancestors wanted a little more breadth of view1 a little leaven of the poetry of life to mix with its stern realities1 and a great deal more love for innocent amusements1 and taste for the fine arts1 which make man feel more kindly to his fellow1 and raise him so high above irrational animals4 ,immigration has done much for us in this way1 and we have done something for ourselves4 ,if we have extended to the strangers within our gates hospitality1 protection1 and the rewards of labor1 they have paid us with the sculpture of ,italy1 the music of ,germany1 the melodies of ,ireland1 and the fashions of ,france4 ,it has not only done this1 but it has reproduced and naturalized the love for them1 and made them racy of the soil4 ,but what is of more importance than all1 it has efficiently helped the spread of true religious faith over this portion of the continent4 ,true1 there were ,catholics and very good ones here1 even in colonial times2 but they were few in number1 and so scattered over the country that they were in constant danger either of losing their faith for want of spiritual ministration or were powerless to assert their proper position before the opposing sects4 ,we have now not only numbers1 but the influence that flows from numbers1 and generously and judiciously has our immigrant population used the power inherent in it4 ,during the late civil strife which so afflicted our country1 and endangered the ,union1 citizens by adoption vied with citizens by birth in defence of our institutions1 and in their contributions to works of piety1 charity1 and education they have been so profuse that to others the results of their charities seem little short of miraculous4 #dje ,even those who have come among us of a different creed1 or no creed at all1 have here a better opportunity of learning the truth than they have had in their own countries4 ,unfettered by statecraft or sectional laws1 the ,catholic priesthood have a field of labor in ,america such as the whole of ,europe cannot present1 and an audience composed of as many races as the sons of ,adam represent4 ,realizing the great things done by our immigrants1 and what may yet be expected from them1 we hope to see their protection and welfare occupy a portion1 at least1 of the attention of our national and state authorities4 ,but it is not enough that the law has so completely thrown its protecting shield over them4 ,individual charity can do much to supply the deficiencies which every general law presents4 ,in the city of ,new ,york1 especially1 where a great deal has already been done by the commissioners to whose especial care the immigrants are entrusted by law1 much remains still to be performed1 in view of the hundreds of thousands of strangers who may annually be expected among us1 for the next decade1 at least4 ---------- ,vigil4 ,i4 ,mournful night is dark around me1 ,hushed the world's conflicting din2 ,all is still and all is tranquil-- ,but this restless heart within6 ,,ii4 ,wakeful still ,i press my pillow1 ,watch the stars that float above1 ,think of ,one for me who suffered2 ,think1 and weep for grief and love6 ,,iii4 ,flow1 ye tears1 though in your streaming ,oft yon stars of his grow dim6 ,sweet the tender grief he wakens1 ,blest the tears that flow for him6' ,richard ,storrs ,willis4 ------- #djf ,the ,geography of ,roses4 ,wherever man has found a dwelling-place1 bounteous nature has conferred on him not only the necessaries of life1 but a share also of its pleasures4 ,from sultry ,india to the pole1 the useful and the beautiful are met with side by side4 ,the bright poppy and the blue cornflower rise with the wheat-ear in the same broad field2 the sweet-smelling amaryllis and the delicate iris unfold their variegated petals among the thick stalks of the ,african maize1 while the marsh-rose and the water-lily float on the surface of the waters that inundate the rice-grounds of ,egypt and ,india4 ,it is evident that nature regards these fair blossoms as indispensable to man's happiness as those other more substantial gifts are to his comfort and existence2 and so1 with lavish hand1 she scatters them on the mountain and in the valley1 amidst plains of burning sand1 or half-buried in snow and ice4 ,floral apostles6 that in dewy splendor ,weep without woe1 and blush without a crime1 ,oh6 may ,i deeply learn1 and ne'er surrender1 ,your law sublime4 ,not useless are ye1 flowers6 though made for pleasure4 ,blooming o'er field and wave1 by day and night1 ,from every source your sanction bids me treasure ,harmless delight4 ,ephemeral sages6 what instructors hoary ,for such a world of thought could furnish scope8 ,each fading calyx a memento mori1 ,yet fount of hope4 ,the rose1 fairest of the floral train1 has been said by some botanists to take its birth in ,asia4 ,the east1 the cradle of the first man1 writes a ,french author1 is also the native place of the rose2 the flowery hillsides near the chain of the frowning ,caucasus were the first spots on earth adorned with this charming shrub4 ,we do not incline to this opinion1 for the researches of science have proved that the lovely flower is found in every clime1 from the arctic circle to the torrid zone1 and that under every sun it seems to be endowed with some different grace4 ,the same species is sometimes met with over a whole continent2 another is unknown beyond the limits of a certain province2 while another again never leaves the mountain or dale where it first shed its sweetness on the air4 ,thus ,pollin's rose 7rosa ,pollinaria7 is never found but at the foot of ,monte ,baldo in ,italy1 nor the ,lyon rose 7rosa ,lyonii7 out of the ,state of ,tennessee2 while the field-rose 7rosa arvensis7 trails its long branches and clusters of white flowers all over ,europe1 and the dog-rose 7rosa canina7 displays its pale pink petals and scarlet hips1 not only throughout ,europe1 but also in northern ,asia and a part of ,america4 ,so numerous1 indeed1 are the varieties of this favorite of nature1 that we will not attempt to describe all that are peculiar to each country2 we will confine our attention to those only most remarkable for their beauty1 and most easy of culture4 ,first on the list of ,american roses1 and far away among the eternal ice that covers the almost desert regions which lie between the seventieth and seventy-fifth degrees of north latitude1 blooms rosa blanda1 the charming soft-colored rose1 which as soon as the sun has melted the snow in the valleys opens its large corolla1 always solitary on its graceful stem1 to the warm breathings from the south4 #djg ,we can picture to ourselves the delight of the stunted1 amphibious ,greenlander1 when1 the long months of the fierce winter past1 he suddenly meets the expanding blossom4 ,he smiles as he remembers how his young wife mourned last year over the death of the flowers1 and he plucks the first rose of ,greenland's short summer to carry back to her as a proof that she must ever hope and trust4 ,why must the flowers die8 ,prisoned they lie ,in the cold tomb1 heedless of tears and rain4 ,o doubting heart6 ,they only sleep below ,the soft white ermine snow3 ,while winter winds shall blow1 ,to breathe and smile on you again6 ,rosa blanda's nearest neighbor is the pretty rosa rap of ,hudson's ,bay1 whose slender1 graceful branches are laden in the early summer with corymbs of pale pink double flowers4 ,nature herself has doubled rosa rapa's sweet corolla1 as if she had foreseen that the wandering tribes of ,esquimaux who inhabit those inclement shores would have too much to do in their never-ending struggle to pick up a precarious existence ever to busy themselves with the culture of the cold1 unyielding soil4 ,rosa blanda and rosa rapa are still at home in ,labrador and ,newfoundland1 but with them two remarkable varieties--the ash-leaved rose1 7rosa fraxinifolia17 with small red heart-shaped petals1 and the lustrous rose1 7rosa nitida17 which shelters its brilliant red cup-like flower and fruit beneath the scraggy trees that grow sparsely along the coast4 ,the lustrous rose is a great favorite with the young ,esquimaux maidens1 who dress their black hair with its shining cups1 and wear bunches of it1 embowered in its own green leaves1 in the bosom of their seal-skin robes4 ,the ,united ,states possess a great number of different roses4 ,at the foot of almost every rocky acclivity we meet the rose with diffuse branches1 7rosa diffusa17 whose pink flowers1 growing in couples on their stem1 appear at the beginning of the summer4 ,on the slopes of the ,pennsylvanian hills blooms the small-flowered rose1 7rosa parviflora17 an elegant little species bearing double flowers of the most delicate pink2 it may fairly vie in beauty with all other ,american roses4 ,in most of the ,middle ,states1 on the verge of the mossy forests1 by the bee-bird haunted1 we find the straight-stemmed rose1 7rosa stricta17 with light red petals1 and the brier-leaved rose1 7rosa rubifolia17 with small1 pale red flowers1 growing generally in clusters of three4 ,the silken rose 7rosa setigera7 opens its great red petals1 shaped like an inverted heart1 beneath the cloistered boughs of ,south ,carolina's woods1 and in ,georgia the magnificent smooth-leaved rose1 7rosa loevigata17 known in its native wilds as the ,cherokee rose1 climbs to the very summit of the great forest trees1 then swings itself off in festoons of large white flowers glancing like stars amidst their glossy1 dark green leaves4 ,when we leave the hills and woodlands1 we find the marshes of the ,carolinas gay with the rosa evratina1 the rosa ,carolina1 and the rosa lucida1 the resplendent rose1 whose corymbs of brilliant red flowers overtop the reeds among which they love to blossom2 while1 nearer to the setting sun1 we see the pink petals of ,wood's rose 7rosa ,woodsii7 reflected in the waters of the great ,missouri4 ,the last ,american rose we shall note in this slight sketch is the rose of ,montezuma1 7rosa ,montezumae17 a solitary1 sweet-scented1 pale red flower with defenceless branches4 ,it was discovered by ,humboldt and ,bonpland on the elevated peaks of the ,cerro ,ventoso1 in ,mexico1 and is perhaps the very rose of which the unhappy ,guatimozin thought when writhing on his bed of burning charcoal4 #djh ,these are some of the species yet known to belong peculiarly to the western hemisphere2 but it is highly probable that many others remain still to be discovered4 ,when we remember the prodigality with which nature lavishes her gifts1 we cannot believe that while ,france alone possesses twenty-four varieties of roses1 all described by ,de ,candolle in his ,flore ,franaise1 the great ,american continent owns but fifteen4 ,we will commence our ,european rose search in that most unpromising of all spots1 ,iceland2 there1 where volcanic fire and polar ice seem to dispute possession of the unhappy soil4 ,so scarce is every kind of vegetation in this rude clime1 that the miserable inhabitants are frequently compelled to feed their cows1 sheep1 and horses on dried fish4 ,and yet even here1 growing from the fissures of the barren rocks1 a solitary cup-shaped rose opens its pale petals to the transient sunbeams of summer4 ,this hardy little plant is1 as its name1 rosa spinosissima1 indicates1 covered all over with prickles4 ,its cream-colored flowers1 numerous and solitary1 are sometimes tinged with pink on the outside1 and its fruit1 at first red1 becomes perfectly black when ripe4 ,in ,lapland1 too1 a country almost as disinherited by nature as ,iceland1 the pretty little ,may rose 7rosa maalis7 expands its bright red corolla even before the tardy sun has melted away all the snow that has covered it during nine long months4 ,a little later on1 in the full blush of the short summer1 when the pine has a fringe of softer green1 the ,lapp maidens gather the blood-red flowers of the rosa rubella among the stunted trees whose parasitical mosses and lichens afford a scanty nourishment to the flocks of reindeer1 sole riches of the land4 ,the ,may rose is also found in ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 and ,russia1 together with the cinnamon rose 7rosa cinnamomea17 and several other species4 ,england claims ten indigenous roses1 many of them1 however1 exceedingly difficult to distinguish from each other4 ,the most common is the dog-rose or ,eglantine1 found in every hedge and thicket1 and very precious to rose-cultivators1 its elegant1 straight1 vigorous stems being admirable for receiving grafts4 ,the light pink corolla is slightly perfumed4 ,in olden times the scarlet fruit was made into conserve1 and highly esteemed in tarts1 but it seems now to be abandoned to the birds4 ,the rosa arvensis1 a small shrub with long trailing branches and white flowers1 and the burnet-leaved rose1 which resembles the rosa spinosissima of ,iceland1 are also very frequently met4 ,but the pride of the southern counties is the rosa rubiginosa1 the true sweet-briar1 with deep pink petals and leaves of the most delicious fragrance2 a flower that seems to belong as peculiarly to the soft ,english spring as the primrose and violet1 and like them to be emblematic of the ,english girl1 delicate in her beauty1 modest and retiring in her garb and manners1 and diffusing around her an atmosphere of gentle sweetness4 ,such1 at least1 was the ,english girl five-and-twenty years ago2 it is said that hoops and boots and croquet have produced strange changes4 ,alas6 that simplicity and modesty and sweetness should ever go out of fashion4 #dji ,in the ,scotch fir-woods is found the rose with rolled petals1 7rosa involuta47 ,the large flowers are red and white1 and the remarkably sombre leaves when rubbed between the fingers give forth a strong smell of turpentine1 an odor the plant has probably acquired from the resinous trees that shelter it4 ,all the rugged mountains of ,scotland possess their roses2 the rosa sabini1 with clustering flowers1 and the villous or hairy rose1 7rosa villosa17 with white or deep red1 are the most worthy of notice4 ,it is only in the environs of ,belfast that we encounter the ,irish rose1 7rosa hibernica17 a species somewhat resembling both the spinosissima and the canina4 ,the other roses of beautiful ,ireland are identical with those of ,england4 ,the fields and forests of ,france have been richly endowed with nature's favorite flower4 ,our now well-known friend canina flourishes there also in every hedge and by every wood-side1 together with a pretty white rose1 7rosa alba17 which has been very successfully cultivated in gardens4 ,the smiling hill-sides around ,dijon are gay with the lovely little crimson double flowers of the rose of ,champagne1 7rosa parviflora27 and1 in the south1 the yellow rose 7rosa eglantaria7 and its varieties surpass all others in the richness of their coloring2 their petals sometimes gleaming with the brightest gold1 sometimes deepening into a brilliant orange red1 sometimes reproducing both hues in vivid flecks and streaks4 ,the woods of ,auvergne are bedecked with the small red solitary corollas of the cinnamon rose1 7rosa cinnamomea17 so called from the color of its stalks2 and in the department of the eastern ,pyrenees the musk-rose blooms spontaneously in magnificent corymbs4 ,this exquisitely scented species is also extensively cultivated for its aromatic essential oil2 one of its kindred is the nutmeg rose1 a pretty flower that smells of the spice4 ,the ,province rose1 so often remarkable for its variegated petals of white1 crimson1 and pink1 is a variety of the rose of ,france1 7rosa gallica17 a species that has given horticulturists a great number of beautiful offshoots4 ,crossing the ,pyrenean mountains1 we again meet with the musk-rose1 but this time in close companionship with the rose of ,spain1 7rosa hispanica17 whose bright red petals expand in the month of ,may4 ,in the ,balearic ,islands the climbing branches of the evergreen rose 7rosa semper-virens17 are seen constantly arrayed in lustrous green leaves mingled with innumerable white perfumed flowers4 ,this beautiful rose is also found in other parts of the south of ,europe1 and in ,barbary4 ,we have already mentioned ,polin's rose1 a sweet ,italian blossom which never strays from the foot of ,monte ,baldo1 in the neighborhood of ,verona4 ,its large crimson corollas open in handsome clusters4 ,sicily and ,greece possess the gluey rose1 7rosa glutinosa17 a small1 red1 solitary flower1 with glandular1 viscous leaflets4 ,germany is poorer in native roses than any other part of ,europe2 nevertheless nowhere do the blossoms of the field-rose display such beauty1 unless1 indeed1 among the mountains of ,switzerland4 ,nowhere else are they so large1 so deeply tinted1 and double4 ,germany also gives birth to the curious turbinated rose1 7rosa turbinata17 whose double corolla rests on a top-shaped ovary4 ,the whole chain of the ,alps abounds with roses4 ,the field-rose1 and the ruby-red ,alpine rose1 7rosa alpina17 an elegant shrub which has contributed many esteemed varieties to our gardens1 bloom in admirable luxuriance in every forest glade and mountain dingle2 while the red-leaved rose1 7rosa rubrifolia17 with red stalks and dark red petals1 stands out in the summer landscape1 a charming contrast to the green foliage of the surrounding trees4 #daj ,the leaves of another species growing among the pines and firs of these elevated regions1 the rose with prickly leaflets1 7rosa spinulifolia17 emit when rubbed the same odor of turpentine that we have already noticed in the rosa involutaof ,scotland4 ,it is singular to observe that the only two roses we know with this smell are both natives of pine-covered mountains4 ,the east has for ages been esteemed the home of flowers2 almost as soon as we can lisp1 we are taught that ,in eastern lands they talk with flowers1 ,and they tell in a garland their loves and cares2 ,each blossom that blooms in their garden bowers ,on its leaves a mystic language bears4 ,and in joyous youth who has not dreamed of that bower of roses by ,bendemeer's stream1 so sweetly sung by the ,irish bard8 ,the very name of ,india reminds one of ,nourmahal and of that most enchanting of all feasts1 the feast of roses4 ,it will then scarcely surprise any one to be told that ,asia1 the birthplace of the great human family1 is also the birthplace of more varieties of roses than all the other parts of the world put together4 ,thirty-nine species have been discovered indigenous to this favored portion of the globe1 fifteen of which belong to the ,chinese empire4 ,one of the prettiest of these fifteen is the ,lawrence rose1 7rosa ,lawrenceana17 a fairy-like bush1 six inches high1 with flowers not much larger than a silver dime1 blooming all the year round4 ,by the side of this pigmy tree1 which we must not forget to observe is remarkable for the symmetry of its proportions1 is often found the many-flowered rose1 7rosa multiflora17 whose flexible branches1 rising sometimes to the height of sixteen feet1 are covered in the early summer with magnificent clusters of pale pink double flowers4 ,among the many double ,chinese roses1 the small-leaved one 7rosa microphylla7 is highly prized and most assiduously cultivated in its native land4 ,its delicate foliage and pale pink very double flowers are well known also to the rose-fanciers of the ,united ,states4 ,another beautiful variety1 the rosa ,banksiae1 climbs the rocky fells of ,china1 hiding their rugged barrenness with a living curtain of verdure1 enamelled with multitudes of little drooping flowers of a yellowish white1 which exhale the sweet odor of violets4 ,cochin-,china1 with these same species1 lays claim to two others that we must notice2 the very thorny rose1 7rosa spinosissima17 with scentless flesh-colored petals1 and the white rose1 7rosa alba17 which we also find indigenous in ,france1 ,lombardy1 and other parts of ,europe4 ,japan1 besides the roses of ,china1 possesses the rosa rugosa1 the only one peculiar to the clime4 ,passing on to ,hindostan1 we may believe that the tiger which prowls along the burning shores of the ,bay of ,bengal ofttimes crouches under the boughs blooming with the lovely white corollas of the many-bracted rose 7rosa involucrata7 to make his deadly spring1 and that the crocodiles of the ,ganges find secure hiding-places to lie in wait for their prey1 beneath the ever-succeeding red blossoms and never-fading luxuriant foliage of the rosa semperflorens4 ,how often1 all the world over1 are sweetest things but lurking-places for pain and death6 #daa ,among the hills of the peninsula we meet the large-leaved rose1 7rosa macrophylla17 the tips of whose white petals are each stained with a small bright red spot2 and on the margin of the sunny lakes of cool ,cashmere1 the milk-white flowers of ,lyell's rose1 7rosa ,lyellii17 a beautiful species that has been successfully acclimatized in ,france4 ,in the gardens of ,kandahar1 ,samarcand1 and ,ispahan the rose tree 7rosa arborea7 is cultivated2 a real tree1 with wide-spreading branches1 covered in the spring with snowy flowers of the richest perfume1 making fragrant the surrounding hill and dales4 ,in ,persia we also find the barberry-leaved rose1 7rosa berberifolia17 a singular variety which displays a star-like yellow corolla marked in the centre with a deep crimson stain4 ,so unlike is this flower to all others of the family that one feels almost inclined to deny its claim to any relationship with the queen of flowers4 ,science1 however1 has decided that the rosa berberifolia is a true rose4 ,further on to the west1 beneath the sultry blue of ,syria's heaven1 we encounter the lovely corymbs of the damask rose1 7rosa damascena17 with crimson velvet or variegated petals and gold-colored stamens4 ,it is said that the valiant knights who accompanied the ,french king ,saint ,louis to the ,crusades brought back with them to ,france this beautiful flower1 an ever-living witness of their prowess in the ,holy ,land4 ,it is as beloved by the honey-bees of ,europe as its wilder sisters on the sweet banks of ,jordan have ever been by the blossom-rifling rovers of ,palestine4 ,as the rose-seeker wanders forth from ,syria toward the north he is arrested for a moment by the vivid yellow double flowers of the rosa sulfurea1 but has scarcely time to admire them1 graceful though they be1 before he catches sight of the loveliest and most fragrant of all roses1 the rosa centifolia1 the hundred-leaved rose1 the rose of the nightingale1 the rose of the poet6 ,rose6 what dost thou here8 ,bridal1 royal rose6 ,how1 'midst grief and fear1 ,canst thou thus disclose ,that fervid hue of love which to thy heart-leaf glows8 ,smilest thou1 gorgeous flower8 ,oh6 within the spells ,of thy beauty's power ,something dimly dwells ,at variance with a world of sorrows and farewells4 ,all the soul forth-flowing ,in that rich perfume1 ,all the proud life glowing ,in that radiant bloom1 ,have they no place but here1 beneath th' o'ershadowing tomb8 ,crown'st thou but the daughters ,of our tearful race8 ,heaven's own purest waters ,well might wear the trace ,of thy consummate form1 melting to softer grace4 ,will that clime enfold thee ,with immortal air8 ,shall we not behold thee ,bright and deathless there8 ,in spirit-lustre clothed1 transcendently more fair6 ,the valleys of ,circassia and ,georgia are the birthplace of this most beautiful of flowers1 of whose exquisite form1 color1 and perfume even ,mrs4 ,hemans's rapturous verses can give no idea4 ,the fierce rose 7rosa ferox7 is sometimes found mingling its great red flowers with those of rosa centifolia1 and the pulverulent rose 7rosa pulverulenta7 dwells near them on the declivities of the ,peak of ,manzana4 ,as we hasten on through the dreary steppes of ,russian ,asia1 we meet the sad-looking yellowish rose1 dismal in aspect as the land it lives in1 and more remarkable for its great pulpy hip than for its flower4 ,a little nearer to the north1 the handsome1 large-flowered rose 7rosa grandiflora7 expands its elegant corolla in the form of an antique vase1 and on the plains lying at the foot of the ,ural mountains the reddish rose1 7rosa rubella17 with petals sometimes rich and deep in color1 but more often faint and faded-looking1 gladdens for a moment the heart-sore ,polish exile as he wends his weary way to his living grave1 faint and faded-looking as the flower that reminds him of his distant home4 #dab ,despite the cold breath of the frozen ocean1 the acicular rose 7rosa acicularis7 lives and thrives on its shores1 and regularly opens its pale-red solitary blossoms at the first call of the short-lived ,siberian summer4 ,the icy breezes of the frigid zone may have done much1 however1 toward developing the ill-natured tendency to long1 needle-like thorns to which this rose owes its uncouth name4 ,omitting ten or twelve other varieties1 we will conclude the list of the indigenous roses of ,asia with the rose of ,kamtschatka1 7rosa ,kamtschatica17 a beautiful solitary flower of a pinkish white color1 and bearing some resemblance to the rosa rugosa of ,japan4 ,the roses of ,africa are still to be discovered2 its vast unexplored regions perhaps contain many as beautiful as those we possess1 but at present we are only acquainted with four or five species1 one of which1 the dog-rose1 so common all over ,europe1 is a native of ,egypt4 ,among the mountains of ,abyssinia blooms a pretty red variety with evergreen foliage1 and on the borders of that wild expanse of lifeless sand1 the great ,sahara in ,egypt1 and on the plains of ,tunis and of ,morocco1 the corymbs of the white musk-rose 7rosa moschata7 perfume the ambient air4 ,this charming flower is also indigenous to the ,island of ,madeira4 ,we have thus taken a bird's-eye view of the rose's habitat1 passing over much of interesting1 much of curious that has been written about the favorite flower4 ,we might go on and mention the singular and marvellous virtues attributed to it by the ancients2 we might 7were we learned7 learnedly discourse on the ,island of ,rhodes1 whose coins are found bearing the effigy of the rose2 of the rose-noble1 and the old ,english fashion of wearing a rose behind the ear2 we might describe the gardens of ,ghazipour and the whole process of extracting the delicious attar of roses2 we might hint at the mysterious influence the scented blossom appears to exercise over some strangely organized individuals1 who seem capable of dying of a rose1 in aromatic pain2 but we prefer to conclude here our sketch of the geography of roses4 ,unlearned and superficial as we well know it is1 it may show some pleasant meanings to the young lover of flowers1 and awaken his curiosity to examine for himself the floral treasures that bloom in every field1 garden1 and grove4 ,such a study will do more toward filling his heart with a spirit of love and peace1 and elevating his mind above purely material cares1 than any other pursuit2 for ,where does the ,wisdom and the ,power divine ,in a more bright and sweet reflection shine8 ,from nature up to nature's ,god is the natural result of all scientific investigations which are carried on with a real capacity of observation and a sincere love of truth4 ,feeling and thought1 purified and sanctified by constant intercourse with the high objects of life1 with the enduring things of nature1 fail not to recognize the ,wisdom and the ,spirit of the universe in his works4 ,were ,i1 ,o ,god6 in churchless lands remaining1 ,far from all voice of teachers or divines1 ,my soul would find1 in flowers of thy ordaining1 ,priests1 sermons1 shrines6 ---------- #dac ,spanish ,life and ,character4 ,footnote #abj ,footnote #abj3 ,impressions of ,spain4 ,by ,lady ,herbert4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 ,letters from ,spain4 ,by ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,voyage en ,espagne4 ,par ,m4 ,eugne ,poitou4 #hvo1 pp4 #dhc4 ,tours3 ,a4 ,mame et ,fila4 #ahfi4 ,lady ,herbert strikes the key-note of her narrative of ,spanish travel about the middle of the book4 ,catholicism in ,spain1 she remarks1 is not merely the religion of the people3 it is their life4 ,precisely because she feels this life1 and1 despite her ,english common sense1 sympathizes with the ,spanish people in their strong religious sentiment1 she describes them with a rare fidelity1 and gives us1 if not a highly colored1 a very vivid picture4 ,no traveller who is not a ,catholic can paint ,spain as she is4 ,mr4 ,bryant looked at the people with a kindly eye2 but he did not understand them4 ,from him1 as well as from the common run of ,english and ,american tourists1 we get mere surface sketches--pleasant enough to read1 perhaps1 but that is all4 ,protestant travellers see no more of the popular life and character than if they sailed over the country in a balloon4 ,they find the diligences marvels of antiquated discomfort2 the railways1 miracles of unpunctuality and slowness2 travel1 a hardship which there is little attempt to alleviate4 ,they find that in ,spain no ,spaniard is ever in a hurry1 and no stranger is allowed to be so either4 ,if they are kept shivering at a roadside station three or four hours in the midst of the night1 waiting for some lumbering railway train1 on a seatless1 unsheltered platform1 they get no commiseration from the surly officials but an exhortation to paciencia4 ,if government is bad and robbers are bold1 the ,spaniard goes on sipping his sugared water and repeats1 ,paciencia1 paciencia6 ,if the country is two or three generations behind the rest of ,europe in all the appliances of material comfort1 why1 ,paciencia1 paciencia6 ,that is the great panacea for all the ills of human life4 ,these peculiarities1 the wretchedness and extravagant charges of all the hotels1 and the horrors of the ,spanish cuisine1 fill most of the travellers' journals4 ,but ,lady ,herbert found a plenty of religious beauty underneath this dilapidated exterior4 ,god and the church are so near to the people's hearts that the mixture of religion with the language and business of every day shocks a stranger at first as something irreverent4 ,pious traditions are familiar to every ,spaniard from his cradle4 ,they come up every hour of the day4 ,they color every man's conversation1 they affect1 more or less intimately1 everybody's conduct2 nay1 it is difficult sometimes to separate them from the ,spaniard's faith1 for he clings to a pious legend almost as stoutly as he holds to an article of the creed4 ,the peasant woman plants rosemary in her garden1 because there is a story that when our ,lord was an infant the ,blessed ,virgin hung out his clothes upon a rosemary bush to dry4 ,red roses get their color from a drop of the ,saviour's blood which fell on them from the cross4 ,a swallow tried to pluck the thorns from the head of the crucified ,christ1 and therefore no ,spaniard will shoot a swallow4 #dad ,the owl was present when our ,lord expired1 and since then has ceased to sing1 his only cry being ,crux1 crux6 ,half the dogs in ,spain are called ,melampo1 because that was the name of the dog of the shepherds who came to ,bethlehem4 ,protestants may laugh at the credulity which listens to such legends1 but to our minds there is the simplicity of real piety in the national belief1 and we cannot think that ,god will be angry with the people if they believe a little too much in his honor4 ,protestants may sneer at the public reverence which is paid to sacred things1 and call it a gross mark of superstition to show as much respect to the ,blessed ,sacrament as to a governor or a general in the army2 but we confess our sympathies are with ,lady ,herbert when she describes the sentinels at ,san ,sebastian presenting arms as he passes before the chapel door1 or the shopkeeper who interrupts a bargain to rush out into the street and kneel down before the ,viatacum1 exclaiming ,sua maesta viene6 ,what a sweet flavor of real piety there is in the popular term for alms1 la bolsa de ,dios1 ,god's purse6--a purse1 by the way1 which is never empty4 ,beggars are treated with a tenderness that is felt for them nowhere else but in ,ireland4 ,the poor peasant may have little or nothing to give2 but if he refuses1 he begs pardon for doing so4 ,there is no city without its charity hospitals1 marvels of cleanliness1 comfort1 and order4 ,there is hardly a town without its asylum1 where religious mea or women tend the unfortunate1 shelter the destitute1 feed the hungry1 and rear the orphan and the foundling4 ,convents have been depopulated and monastic orders banished throughout the kingdom1 but the more active brotherhoods and sisterhoods are spared1 and are doing magnificent work4 ,the deserted convents1 magnificent in their decay1 speak eloquently of the zeal and piety of the people1 whose greatest fault it is as a nation that they have trusted too much to weak and unworthy rulers4 ,every one of these religious monuments is the scene of some holy legend1 and most of them are hallowed by incidents in the lives of saints1 of whom ,spain has been the birthplace and home of so many hundreds4 ,lady ,herbert tells a significant story which shows how closely religion is bound up with the thoughts of the people4 ,she was visiting the ancient palace of ,toledo1 when a peasant woman1 sitting by the gate1 asked the guide if the strange lady was an ,englishwoman1 because she walked so fast4 ,on being answered in the affirmative1 she exclaimed1 ,oh6 what a pity4 ,i liked her face1 and yet she is an infidel6 ,the guide pointed to a little crucifix which hung from a rosary at ,lady ,herbert's side1 whereat the peasant sprang from her seat and kissed both the cross and the visitor4 ,spanish courtesy even has a religious flavor4 ,ask a ,spaniard to point out the road1 and nothing will do but he must go with you on your way1 and pray ,god's blessing on your head when he leaves you4 ,no matter how poor he may be1 you must not offer money for such services2 he will be either grieved or indignant1 at what seems to him an insult4 ,there is piety also in the ,spanish reverence for age4 ,if an old man passes the peasant's door at meal-time1 he is offered a place at the table1 and begged to ask a blessing on the repast4 ,there is1 in fine1 a lovable and engaging side to ,spanish character from which we cannot but expect a great and beneficial influence upon the national destinies4 ,faith has its rewards even in this life1 and we cannot believe that a nation which adhered so firmly to religion will be overthrown without some very grave offence of its own4 #dae ,the reverential tendency of ,spanish character has no doubt overpassed1 in political affairs1 its legitimate barriers1 and loyalty has done some mischief as well as good4 ,respect for legitimate authority has not always been distinguished from a fanatical devotion to the persons of bad or incompetent rulers4 ,there is a great deal of truth1 albeit much falsehood likewise1 in ,mr4 ,buckle's explanation of the causes of ,spanish greatness and ,spanish decay4 ,give the kingdom a great sovereign1 like ,charles ,v41 and with an obedient and devoted people the nation may be raised to the pinnacle of greatness and prosperity4 ,but no people which has not been taught to depend upon itself can long keep in the van4 ,greatness is not inherited with titles and possessions2 weak rulers are sure to come sooner or later1 and then the country finds that it leans upon a broken reed4 ,spain discovers now that she has suffered her kings to monopolize the responsibilities which ought to have been divided among the whole people1 and their duties have not been fulfilled4 ,the nation has slept a sleep of centuries in the comfortable confidence that government would take care of everything1 do all the thinking1 make all the needed improvements1 and educate the country as a father educates his children4 ,it seems to have been forgotten that this was a task which only those mighty geniuses who appear once in a century are strong enough to perform4 ,an indolent1 weak1 and careless ruler under the ,spanish system allows his people to lag behind in the struggle for national preminence2 a bad ruler plunges them into misery and disgrace4 ,spain has suffered terribly from both these afflictions2 we do not believe1 however1 that her case is desperate4 ,while there is much in the present condition of the kingdom to fill all thoughtful men with alarm1 there is promise in the awakened activity of national life1 and in the very spirit of revolution which is driving the liberal party into such lamentable excesses4 ,it is dirty work to clean up the dust of three or four centuries4 ,great political changes are almost always accompanied by disorder2 but when the uproar subsides1 and new parties crystallize out of the fragments of the present tumult1 when the people feel that to be great and prosperous they must use their own power1 and cease to be fed with a spoon1 we believe that there is so much faith and piety at the bottom of the ,spanish heart1 and so much real nobleness in the national character1 that a brighter destiny will be within their reach than has beamed upon them since the days of ,charles and ,philip4 ,we have wandered far away from the volume with which we began our remarks1 and left ourselves little room to praise ,lady ,herbert's narrative as it deserves to be praised4 ,we shall content ourselves here with citing a description of a man who has occupied a prominent place in the recent history of ,spain4 ,we mean ,father ,claret1 the queen's confessor3 ,one only visit was paid1 which will ever remain in the memory of the lady who had the privilege4 ,it was to ,monsignor ,claret1 the confessor of the queen and ,archbishop of ,cuba1 a man as remarkable for his great personal holiness and ascetic life as for the unjust accusations of which he is continually the object4 ,on one occasion1 these unfavorable reports having reached his ears1 and being only anxious to retire into the obscurity which his humility makes him love so well1 he went to ,rome to implore for a release from his present post2 but it was refused him4 #daf ,returning through ,france1 he happened to travel with certain gentlemen1 residents in ,madrid1 but unknown to him1 as he was to them1 who began to speak of all the evils1 real or imaginary1 which reigned in the ,spanish court1 the whole of which they unhesitatingly attributed to ,monsignor ,claret1 very much in the spirit of the old ballad against ,sir ,robert ,peel3 ',who filled the butchers' shops with big blue flies8' ,he listened without a word1 never attempting either excuse or justification1 or betraying his identity4 ,struck with his saint-like manner and appearance1 and likewise very much charmed with his conversation during the couple of days' journey together1 the strangers begged at parting to know his name1 expressing an earnest hope of an increased acquaintance at ,madrid4 ,he gave them his card with a smile6 ,let us hope they will be less hasty and more charitable in their judgments1 for the future4 ,monsignor ,claret's room in ,madrid is a fair type of himself4 ,simple even to severity in its fittings1 with no furniture but his books1 and some photographs of the queen and her children1 it contains one only priceless object1 and that is a wooden crucifix1 of the very finest ,spanish workmanship1 which attracted at once the attention of his visitor4 ',yes1 it is very beautiful1' he replied in answer to her words of admiration2 'and ,i like it because it expresses so wonderfully victory over suffering4 ,crucifixes generally represent only the painful and human1 not the triumphant and divine view of the redemption4 ,here1 he is truly victor over death and hell4' ,contrary to the generally received idea1 he never meddles in politics1 and occupies himself entirely in devotional and literary works4 ,one of his books1 ,camino recto y seguro para llegar al ,cielo1 would rank with ,thomas a ,kempis's ,imitation in suggestive and practical devotion4 ,he keeps a perpetual fast2 and1 when compelled by his position to dine at the palace1 still keeps to his meagre fare of 'garbanzos1' or the like4 ,he has a great gift of preaching2 and when he accompanies the queen in any of her royal progresses1 is generally met at each town when they arrive by earnest petitions to preach1 which he does instantly1 without rest or apparent preparation1 sometimes delivering four or five sermons in one day4 ,in truth1 he is always 'prepared1' by a hidden life of perpetual prayer and realization of the unseen4 ,for the rest1 it is only necessary to add a word upon the admirable manner in which the ,american publishers have presented ,lady ,herbert's book to their patrons4 ,it is beautifully printed upon thick1 rich paper1 and illustrated with excellent wood-cuts1 and will easily bear comparison with the choice productions of the secular press1 as a book for the parlor table and for holiday presents as well as for the library4 ---------- ,from ,the ,german ,of ,baron ,stolberg4 ,filial ,affection ,as ,taught ,and ,practised ,by ,the ,chinese4 ,honor thy father and thy mother1 that thou mayest be long-lived in the land which the ,lord thy ,god will give thee4 ,in a remarkable work1 entitled ,mmoires concernant l'histoire1 les sciences1 les arts1 les moeurs1 les usages1 etc41 etc41 des ,chinois1 written by two natives of ,china who had spent their early years in ,europe1 and had there added the sciences of the west to the learning of the east1 and hallowed their knowledge with the love of ,christ which surpasseth all knowledge1 the greater part of a quarto volume is devoted to the ,teachings of the ,chinese concerning filial affection4 #dag ,what follows is taken from ,li-ki1 a very ancient ,chinese work1 written long before the time of the great ,confucius4 ,confucius was born in the year of the world #cdeb1 before ,christ #eea1 in the twenty-eighth year of the lifetime of ,cyrus4 ,be ever penetrated by religion and your exterior will bespeak a man whose regard is directed inward upon his soul2 and your words will be the language of one who controls his passions4 444 ,religion alone can render indissoluble the ties that attach the subject to his prince1 the inferior to the superior1 the son to the father1 the younger brother to the elder4 ,a son filled with filial affection hears the voice of his father and mother1 even when they are not speaking with him1 and he sees them even when he is not in their presence4 ,at the first call of a father1 all should be forsaken in order to go to him4 ,mourning for parents should continue three years4 ,a son had murdered his father in the kingdom of ,tochu4 ,the authorities reported the crime to ,king ,ting-kong4 ,he rose from his mat2 sighed1 ,alas6 the fault is mine6 ,i know not how to govern6 ,he issued an edict for the future4 ,such a murderer must be instantly put to death2 the house must be razed1 and the governor must abstain from wine during a month4 ,the peace of the realm depends on the filial affection entertained for parents and the respect shown to elder brothers4 ,the following are extracts from a canonical book of the ,chinese entitled ,hiao-king1 the last work of ,confucius1 written #dhj years before the birth of ,christ1 during the time of ,xerxes4 ,filial affection is the root of all virtues1 and the fountain head of all teaching4 ,whosoever loves his parents can hate nobody2 whosoever honors them can despise nobody4 ,if a ruler evinces unlimited respect and affection to his parents1 the virtue and wisdom of his people will be increased twofold4 ,even barbarians will submit to his decrees4 ,if thou entertainest toward thy father the love thou hast for thy mother1 and the respect thou hast for thy ruler1 thou wilt serve thy ruler with filial affection4 ,o immensity of filial affection6 how wonderful thou art6 ,what the revolutions of the planets are for the citadel of heaven1 what fertility is for the fields of the earth1 that1 filial affection is for nations4 ,heaven and earth never deceive4 ,let nations follow their example1 and the harmony of the world will be as indefectible as the light of heaven1 and as the productions of the earth6 ,a prince who causes himself to be loved1 and who improves the morals of men1 is the father and mother of nations6 ,how perfect must be the virtue which guides nations to that which is greatest of all1 whilst they are following the inclinations of their hearts6 ,the emperors of ,china have been giving examples of filial affection from time immemorial4 ,it is an ordinance of the ancients that the new sovereign shall1 during the first three years1 make no changes in the administration of his father4 ,the emperors of ,china1 the mightiest potentates of the earth1 show the most profound reverence to their mothers before the eyes of the whole people4 ,the great ,emperor ,kang-hi published1 in #afhi of our chronology1 a large work1 in one hundred volumes1 on filial affection4 ,in the preface1 written by himself1 he says1 amongst other things3 ,in order to show how the filial affection of an emperor should be constituted1 it is here shown to what tenderness for his people1 interest in the public good1 solicitude for health1 contentment1 and the happiness of his parents bind him4 ,everything in life is filial affection1 for everything refers to respect and love4 ,what a beauty and depth of meaning in these words6 ,together with filial affection this comprises the corresponding love of parents for their children1 and the reciprocal duties of both4 ,from these are also deduced the reciprocal obligations of rulers and subjects4 #dah ,all is ultimately referred to ,god4 ,who is to be feared1 who is to be served1 and who is to be regarded as the ,father and the ,mother of all men4 ,china is the only empire in which public censors of the acts of the emperor are appointed4 ,their number1 which originally was seven1 has been increased to forty4 ,their office is to warn the emperor when he has transgressed or neglected his duty1 and to admonish him4 ,in a work composed by the ,emperor ,kang-hi1 and published in #agcc1 several instances of these admonitions and remonstrances are mentioned3 ,it is the cry of all ages1 ,o ,sovereign6 that it is the most imperative duty of the son to revere his parents6 ,after explaining how one must prove himself concerning the fulfilment of this duty1 and describing various evidences by which to judge1 the sage continues3 ,such1 ,o ,sovereign6 is the nature of genuine filial affection1 of the filial affection of great souls1 of the kind of filial affection that makes the world pleasant1 gains all hearts1 and secures the favor of heaven4 444 ,thy subject1 ,o ,sovereign6 has heard that a good ruler attributes to himself whatever disturbs good order in the realm2 that he is made sad by the smallest misdemeanors of his subjects1 and that he devotes the best days of his life to the sole object of obviating whatever might interfere with the public weal4 ,this remonstrance was presented in the year #ajfd1 of our chronology1 to the ,emperor ,ing-tsong by the ,censor ,see-ma-kuang1 one of the greatest statesmen ,china has ever had1 who was at the same time a historian1 a philosopher1 and a poet4 ,the people loved him so that after his death the entire realm was disposed to go in mourning4 ,another censor very boldly reprimanded the ,emperor ,kuang-tsong1 because in a journey to his country chateau he had passed by the villa of his mother without calling to see her4 ,at a later period this censor upbraided the same emperor in terms of the deepest sorrow for not accompanying his mother's funeral and wearing mourning in her memory1 notwithstanding that all the magnates of the empire had been plunged into the most profound grief by the death of that excellent woman4 ,the censor accused him of having feigned indisposition on that occasion1 whilst it was generally known that he was engaged in his customary pastimes4 ,another emperor was reproached with a noble intrepidity1 for having weakly permitted a favorite daughter to squander a part of the revenues of the state in embellishing her country residence and gardens4 ,the ,emperor ,kang-hi1 one of the wisest and greatest rulers the world has ever seen1 practised filial piety in a most perfect manner toward his grandmother and mother during their lifetime and after their death4 ,when appointing one of his sons heir to the throne--a right accorded him by the constitution--he declared that he was guided in his choice by the wisdom of the two empresses1 his mother and his grandmother4 ,when his grandmother was sick1 this emperor wrote to one of the grandees of the realm1 ,hing-pu1 who was probably minister of justice3 ,my cares do not quit me1 whether by day or by night4 ,i have no relish for food or sleep2 my only consolation lies in raising my thoughts to ,tien1 7,heaven1 or the ,god of ,heaven47 ,with tearful eyes ,i have prostrated myself on the ground1 and buried myself in meditation on the manner of most surely obtaining his holy assistance2 and it appeared to me that the preservation of men1 the objects of his love1 would be the surest means of obtaining1 from his infinite goodness and mercy1 the prolongation of a life that we would all be willing to purchase with our own4 #dai ,hereupon he reprieved all criminals not excluded from the favor by the laws of the state4 ,he concluded with these words3 ,i pray ,tien that he may be pleased to bless my wish4 ,he walked in solemn procession1 accompanied by the nobles1 and offered sacrifices for the empress4 ,as her condition grew more alarming1 he spent day and night at her bedside1 where he slept upon a mat1 in order to be always near to attend to her wants4 ,to the remonstrances of his court and the requests of the invalid herself1 he replied by answering them that he could not control his grief1 and could find consolation only in nursing his beloved grandmother1 who had nursed him in youth with so much wisdom and tenderness4 ,many a reader may consider this intense and openly acknowledged sentiment of filial devotion as exaggerated2 in ,china1 men thought differently4 ,and the man of whom it is related was one of the greatest princes that ever lived1 a great savant1 a philosopher upon a throne1 an undaunted hero1 and during the whole of his long reign the father of his country1 the admiration and joy of his numerous people4 ,when he was besought by the princes of the royal house and by the nobles of the realm to permit the sixtieth anniversary of his birthday to be solemnly commemorated1 he replied3 ,i have never had any taste for and have never found any pleasure in grand festivities and entertainments4 ,yet ,i feel reluctant to refuse what the love of the princes and nobles requests from me4 ,but as these festivities would fall upon the days whereon my much revered father and mother died1 their memory is too vividly present in my heart to suffer me to allow them to be converted into days of rejoicing4 ,at the ,chinese court it is customary for the emperor1 on ,new ,year's day1 to go in company with the princes and nobles to the palace of his mother4 ,a master of ceremonies called a mandarin of ,lizu1 walks in front and reverently prays that it may be her serene pleasure to ascend her throne1 in order that the emperor may throw himself at her feet4 ,she then takes her place upon the throne4 ,the emperor enters the hall and remains standing with his arms hanging down and his sleeves pulled over his hands--a mark of reverence amongst this people4 ,the imperial retinue remain below in the ante-chamber4 ,the musicians sound some thrilling notes1 whereupon the mandarin cries in a loud voice1 ,upon your knees6 ,the emperor and retinue fall upon their knees4 ,to the floor6 ,the emperor bows his head to the floor1 as also the entire court4 ,arise6 ,and all rise up together4 ,after performing three prostrations in this manner1 the mandarin again approaches the throne of the empress and reaches her a written request from the emperor to be pleased to return to her apartment4 ,during the ceremony the sound of the bell from the great tower announces to all the inhabitants of ,pekin that the emperor of ,china1 the ruler of the thousand kingdoms1 as they style him1 is paying homage to humanity4 ,when the empress has returned to her apartment1 the ringing of the bell ceases1 and then the emperor receives the felicitations of the court in his own palace4 ,the idea of the relation between parents and children is1 in fact1 the soul of the constitution of ,china1 a constitution that has continued unchanged for more than three thousand years4 ,through this idea the chains of despotism1 so galling in other countries of the east1 are rendered tolerable2 by it a powerful influence is exercised over the rulers of the mightiest empire of the earth1 so that most of them1 even in modern times1 devote themselves to their exalted duties with the greatest care1 and look upon the empire not as their own possession1 but as a trust committed to them as vicegerents of heaven4 #dbj ,this idea is so deeply rooted that even the victorious ,tartars were forced to respect it and adopt it as their principle of government1 as we are shown by the example mentioned of the great ,kang-hi4 ,we subjoin some selections from a number of ,chinese moral proverbs relating to this subject1 ,filial affection produces the same sentiment1 the same solicitude1 under every clime4 ,the barbarian1 compelled by want to wander through wildernesses1 learns more easily from his own heart what a son owes to his father and mother than sages learn it from their books4 ,the most invincible army is that in which fathers are most mindful of their children1 sons of their parents1 brothers of their brothers4 ,the filial piety of the ruler is the inheritance of the aged1 of widows1 and of orphans4 ,whosoever raises the staff of his father with reverence1 does not strike the father's hand4 ,whosoever yawns at the old man's oft-repeated tales1 will hardly weep at his death4 ,all virtues are threatened when filial affection is sinned against4 ,a good son never looks upon an enterprise as successful until it has received the approbation of his father4 ,rocks are converted into diamonds where father and son have but one heart2 harmony between the elder and younger brothers changes the earth into gold4 ,subjects revere their parents in the person of the emperor2 the emperor must revere his parents in the person of those of his subjects4 ,the love of princes for their parents guarantees to them the love of their subjects4 ,the ,emperor ,gin-tsong was counselled by his minister to declare war4 ,what1 replied the emperor1 am ,i to answer fathers and mothers when they ask their sons of me8 and to the widow who mourns her husband8 and to fatherless orphans8 and to so many disconsolate families8 ,i would willingly sacrifice a province to save the life of one of my own children2 all my subjects are my children4 ,whosoever cuts down the trees planted by his father1 will sell the house that was built by him4 ,it is not the threats1 nor the reproaches1 nor the violence of a father that are dreaded by a dutiful son4 ,he fears his silence4 ,a father is silent either because he has ceased to love or because he believes that he is no longer loved4 ,the one who first shed tears was an unhappy father4 ,much to be pitied is the son who is displeasing to his parents2 but the unhappiest of all is he who does not love them4 ,a good son is a good brother1 a good husband1 a good father1 a good cousin1 a good friend1 a good neighbor1 a good citizen4 ,a wicked son is simply--a wicked son4 ,reverence and tenderness are the wings of filial affection4 ,when brothers will not come to an agreement before the sentence of the judge1 public morals have already deteriorated4 ,if father and son go before the mandarin that he may decide between them1 the state is in danger4 ,if children plot against the life of their parents1 and brothers against that of each other1 all is lost4 ,this tender reverence for parents instils into the ,chinese a similar regard for aged persons1 for authorities1 and for national customs4 ,their empire has been in existence for almost four thousand years6 ,the contrary disposition1 which denies to old age its becoming deference1 which impels youth to contemn the experience of the past1 and to wish1 in its immaturity of judgment1 to pass sentence upon all subjects1 destroys social relations and undermines and ultimately ruins empires4 ,it robs youth of its true grace2 destroys the modesty and thirst for knowledge of the young man as well as the blushing diffidence of the maiden2 defrauds age of its dignity2 renders customs and laws altogether powerless4 #dba ,quid leges1 sine moribus ,vanae1 proficiunt4 said ,horace4 ,the young man trifles with the gaudy display of ever-changing fashion1 a pest of our country from which the more serious east never languished4 ,his philosophy is of the fashion as well as his clothes2 and though1 at present1 he considers them as the very best1 he is nevertheless ready to change them both and decry them as unsuitable1 reserving the liberty1 however1 of resuming them as soon as the wand of the enchantress ,fashion will have given the sign4 ,the religion of ,jesus ,christ confers a pure dignity upon the worthiest and most tender relations of nature4 ,it teaches us to revere a father in the ,being of all beings1 to love him tenderly whose eternal ,son did not disdain to become our brother1 to become the ,spouse of his church4 ,it sanctifies every relation of nature1 every relation of society4 ,but in attempting to picture to ourselves a state of the world in which the great majority would be doing homage to the religion of ,jesus ,christ1 not merely in words1 but in spirit and in deed1 a feeling of sadness takes possession of the soul like to that which might come upon a prisoner1 highly gifted with musical genius1 while reading with the eye the harmonies of ,handel and ,gluck1 when his ear was denied the rapture of hearing their enchanting melodies4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,daily ,meditations1 by his ,eminence1 the late ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,dublin1 ,james ,duffy1 #ahfi4 ,for sale at the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 ,there is a peculiar charm about all the writings of ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,it is the touch of genius1 and of a great genius1 whose loss the world mourns4 ,the present volume1 now published for the first time1 comprises a series of meditations useful for all classes of devout persons1 but more especially designed for the clergy and students in our ecclesiastical seminaries4 ,they were written1 as the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,westminster informs us in a short preface1 when the cardinal entered upon his first responsible office as rector of the ,english college in ,rome4 ,the subjects for the first six months of the year are taken from and arranged under a certain number of heads1 generally repeated each week4 ,these are1 ,the ,end of ,man1 ,last ,things1 ,mystery of our ,saviour's ,life1 ,personal ,duties1 ,the ,passion1 ,sin4 ,means of ,sanctification1 ,self-,examination1 ,the ,decalogue1 ,the ,blessed ,eucharist1 ,the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,each meditation consists of two or three reflections1 and closes with an affective prayer4 ,preparations are given1 after the method of ,st4 ,ignatius1 before the meditations upon the mysteries of our ,lord's life4 ,as a book of meditations1 or for spiritual reading1 we could earnestly commend it to the laity1 who will find the greater part of it eminently suitable for these purposes1 while to the clergy it will be especially acceptable1 furnishing1 as it does1 subjects sufficiently amplified to aid them in the ready preparation of a sermon or pious conference4 ,we have few works in good ,english of this kind1 and the reading of authors whose style is remarkable for purity and vigor cannot fail of improving the style of a speaker4 ,the works of the great cardinal need no praise from us on these points1 and we are sure that it is only necessary to call attention to a new work from his master hand to ensure its rapid sale4 #dbb ,we cannot refrain from transcribing one of the many beautiful affective prayers4 ,the meditation is on the crowning with thorns4 ,jesus1 ,king and ,lord of my heart and soul1 what crown shall ,i give thee to acknowledge thee as such8 ,alas6 gold and silver in my poverty ,i have none3 my gold hath been long since turned into dross1 and my silver been alloyed4 ,i have no roses like thy martyrs1 who returned thee blood for blood2 nor lilies1 like thy virgins1 who loved thee with an unsullied heart4 ,my soul is barren1 my heart is unfruitful1 and ,i have placed thee to reign1 as the ,jewish kings of old1 over a heap of ruins4 ,long since despoiled and ravaged by the enemy1 every flower hath been ploughed up1 and every green plant burned with fire1 and thorns alone and brambles spring up there4 ,of these1 then1 alone can ,i make thee a crown1 my dear and sovereign ,jesus4 ,wilt thou accept it8 ,i will pluck up my unruly affections1 that they may no more have roots1 and1 weaving them together into a wreath1 will lay them as a sacrifice at thy feet4 ,i will gather the thorns of sincere repentance which there each day arise and prick my heart with a sharp but wholesome smart1 and with these will ,i make a crown for thy head1 if thou wilt vouchsafe to wear it4 ,or1 rather1 thou shalt take it from my hand1 only to place it with thine around my heart1 that it may daily and hourly be pricked with compunction4 ,and may the thorns of thy crown be to my soul so many goads of love1 to hasten it forward in its career toward thee4 ------ ,false ,definitions ,of ,faith1 ,and ,the ,true ,definition4 ,by ,rev4 ,l4 ,w4 ,bacon4 ,reprinted from the ,new ,englander for ,april1 #ahfi4 ,mr4 ,bacon defines faith to be trusting one's self for salvation to ,jesus ,christ4 ,the act of faith--of intrusting one's self for salvation to the ,lord ,jesus ,christ--includes1 not as a remote consequence1 but in itself1 repentance1 obedience1 holiness1 and whatever things beside are demanded in the ,scriptures as conditions of salvation4 ,dropping all dispute about terminology1 we will take faith as defined by ,mr4 ,bacon1 and prove that it is inconceivable with out the act of intellectual assent to divine revelation1 which the church requires4 ,jesus ,christ must be accredited as the ,messiah by ,god the ,father in such a way as to give rational1 credible evidence to the intellect1 before a man can reasonably or conscientiously trust himself to him for salvation4 ,when he is convinced that ,christ is the ,saviour1 and trusts himself to him1 he must receive from him certain and infallible instruction as to the method of repenting and obtaining pardon1 as to the nature and extent of the obedience and holiness required1 and as to whatever things beside are demanded as conditions of salvation4 ,if his ,master teaches him certain doctrines1 and requires his assent1 he must give it as a part of his obedience4 ,if he prescribes sacraments and communion with one certain visible church as a condition of salvation1 he must obey4 ,the question with ,mr4 ,bacon is1 therefore1 not respecting the indispensable obligation of believing what ,god has revealed respecting the way of salvation1 but respecting the medium through which that revelation is communicated1 and the actual subject-matter of its contents4 ,mr4 ,bacon very reasonably revolts at the tyranny of imposing mere human and probable opinions derived from private judgment on the ,scriptures as necessary to be believed for salvation4 ,he has an independent spirit and an active mind which will not suffer him to acquiesce tamely in the dominion which certain great names and traditional formulas have hitherto held among the orthodox ,protestants4 ,he thinks for himself and expresses his thoughts in a bold and manly way4 ,in the brochure which he has reprinted from the ,new ,englander1 the defects of the old-fashioned ,puritan theology respecting justification are pointed out with distinctness1 and a far better and more reasonable view presented1 which includes the moral element in the disposition of the soul for receiving grace1 thus rejecting the most fundamental and destructive of all the errors of ,luther4 ------ #dbc ,the ,relations ,and ,reciprocal ,obligations ,between ,the ,medical ,profession ,and ,the ,educated ,and ,cultivated ,classes4 ,an ,oration delivered before the ,alumni ,association of the ,medical ,department of the ,university of the ,city of ,new ,york1 ,feb4 #bc;d1 #ahfi4 ,by ,henry ,s4 ,hewit1 ,m4,d4 ,published by order of the ,association4 ,this pamphlet contains a great deal of matter within a very short compass4 ,it shows the relation of medicine to philosophy and intellectual culture1 refutes the wretched materialism by which the profession has been too much infected1 castigates with merciless severity that charlatanism by which some ignorant pretenders practise on the credulity of the public1 and that criminal malpractice by which others more skilful1 but equally without conscience1 prostitute their science to complicity with licentiousness and child-murder4 ,a higher standard of education in medical science1 a more liberal preparatory culture1 and a distinction in medical degrees are advocated4 ,these are matters of the deepest moment to society1 in which ,catholics have especial reasons to be interested4 ,the physician is next to the priest1 and1 in his sphere1 very like the priest in the responsibilities of his office1 his power of doing good or evil1 and in the necessity of resorting to him under which all men are placed in those dangerous and painful crises of life where he alone can give effectual help4 ,according to ,catholic theology1 no one can pretend to practise medicine or surgery1 without grievous sin1 who has not received a competent education1 and who does not follow what1 according to the judgment of learned and skilful men1 are truly scientific methods4 ,ignorance1 carelessness1 rash empiricism1 or violation of the laws of morality as laid down by the church1 are all grievous sins4 ,they are followed by the most fatal consequences to those who become their victims1 causing even the loss of life and the privation of baptism1 which involves the loss of eternal life1 on a vast scale4 ,it is of the utmost consequence that we should have a body of ,catholic physicians whose scientific culture is the highest possible1 and whose professional code of morals is strictly in conformity with the moral theology of the church4 ,if we are ever so happy as to possess a a ,catholic university1 it is to be hoped that ,dr4 ,hewit's suggestions in regard to medical education may be carried out4 ,the author has rendered a great service to the profession and to the cause of morals and religion by the publication of this able and high-toned oration1 and we trust it may receive a wide circulation1 and exert an equally wide influence4 ,dr4 ,hewit served with great distinction as chief of medical staff to ,generals ,c4 ,f4 ,smith1 ,grant1 and ,schofield during the late war1 and contributed some valuable papers to the medical journals4 ,we are indebted to him for some of the best literary notices which have appeared in our columns1 and the present oration not only shows scientific culture and sound principles1 but also a capacity for producing literary composition of many varied and rare excellences1 combining terse and close logical reasoning with a vivid play of the imagination4 ,the closing sentence is remarkably beautiful1 and speaks of the adventurous life which the author led during his military career4 ,the sun has crossed the meridian1 and tends toward the western horizon2 the tops of the distant mountains are bathed in purple light1 and the black shadows at their base begin to creep in a stealthy and hound-like manner over the plain2 a rising murmur in the branches of the forest warns us to lift up again our burdens1 and take our respective roads4 ,we should like to see a volume from the pen that wrote this sentence1 in which the descriptive power of the author would have full scope1 and another in which the sound principles of philosophy and morals contained in the oration in an aphoristic form would be fully developed4 ------ ,glimpses ,of ,pleasant ,homes2 ,or1 ,stories ,for ,the ,young4 ,by the authoress of ,mother ,mc,auley4 ,illustrated4 #a vol4 #abmo1 vellum cloth4 ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,street4 #ahfi4 ,no one can read a sentence of the preface to this volume without becoming deeply interested in the book itself4 #dbd ,every line tells us that the author has something important to say1 and that her whole soul is in the work of educating the moral faculties of children simultaneously with their physical and mental powers4 ,her aim is to enlist all heads of families in the work1 by making their homes pleasant refuges from the troubles of busy life1 in which their few leisure hours may be spent in fitting all those under their charge for the duties of this earth1 without unfitting them for heaven4 ,the responsibility of forming and directing the tastes of children is often thrown upon the school-teacher2 and1 while the father builds gorgeous business palaces for the benefit of his family1 their future welfare is perilled and their whole life embittered by the system of education which assumes the obligations of priest and parent1 and is gradually driving filial piety from the face of the earth4 ,this book contains not only good examples of the practical working of kindness and love1 but points out the manner in which the parents make many blunders in the management of young and boisterous children4 ,some regard their mechanical toys as causes of trouble1 and wish their children would play outside1 and keep their noise1 dust1 and confusion out of sight and hearing of their seniors4 ,experience among families where such is the fact has taught the author to depict with truth the results3 ,these parents who should have aided in developing and cultivating the tastes of their children1 may possibly find1 ere long1 that there are no tastes to be developed save those acquired in the streets1 where habits have been formed which it is now all but impossible to root out4 ,their children have1 as the phrase is1 got beyond them2 not because1 as is often falsely asserted1 juvenile human nature is different now from what it was in other ages1 or because its lot happens to be cast in the ,united ,states of ,america1 but because parents have not done their part to multiply and strengthen the sweet and powerful ties that could and should bind their children indissolubly to them4 ,to warn parents against this evil1 to cause them to be kind to their children1 and to bind the child more closely to its home1 the author has written these ,glimpses of ,pleasant ,homes1 in which mothers1 fathers1 sons1 and daughters are made to speak and act in so natural a manner that every reader will be forced to love them4 ,in those happy homes1 we find boys full of life and fun1 but always eager to listen to interesting and useful instruction2 girls who are not dolls1 made to act and speak by machine2 and fathers and mothers whose example will force every parent to give a little thought to the manner in which they treat their offspring4 ,the story of little ,frank will be long remembered by those who read it1 and all will like the manly little fellow1 who gravely says3 ',i should rather be whatever it is right to be1' returned the boy4 ',the ,catholics have the ,blessed ,virgin1 and ,i think they must be right1 for every one knows the ,lord would not let his own mother stay in the wrong place4 ,i asked ,mr4 ,griffin was she a ,calvinist or a ,unitarian1 and he said no1 that she was a ,catholic4 ,now1 ,i want to be of her church1 and ,i don't see why ,i cannot receive the sacraments as well as ,tommy and ,bernard4 ,please1 mamma1 allow me1 and ,i'll be ever so good and steady4' ,and immediately after tells us that ,john ,griffin is a first-rate fellow1 because he gives me lots of fruit1 and tells me pleasant stories about birds and angels4 ,every story in this book will amuse the young1 interest the old1 and instruct all in the secret ways of showing kindness to those with whom they may come in contact4 ,kindness is the author's watchword2 every line bears witness to her love of her fellow-beings2 she fulfils her mission of kindness in a delightfully pleasant manner1 and few will finish reading ,the ,glimpses without wishing for many more such pictures1 and hoping that the author may enjoy a little of that happiness on this earth1 which she so lavishly bestows on her readers4 ------ ,black ,forest4 ,village ,stories by ,berthold ,auerbach4 ,translated by ,charles ,goepp4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #dbe ,this volume is a collection of stories from the ,german1 filled with quaint illustrations of peasant life in the ,black ,forest4 ,the representations are well drawn and life-like2 but the tales1 with two or three exceptions1 fail to interest1 except as illustrations of strange phases of human life1 and odd customs retained from age to age by people who seldom left their own hamlets1 or heard from the outer world4 ,each story carries through some of the characters introduced before1 so that there is an intimate connection between them all4 ,in general1 they have no special moral teaching1 but there are two notable exceptions1 in the story of ,ivo1 the ,gentleman1 and ,the ,lauterbacher4 ,the first of these1 ,ivo the ,gentleman1 professes to give the life of a ,catholic family1 and the story of a student in his preparation for the priesthood4 ,we cannot fail to be interested in the home-life of the collegian1 and anxiously watch the development of doubts and difficulties in his path2 but there is a coldness and hardness in the analyzation of his perplexities and his religious footsteps that lead one to feel that there is little vitality in the creed of the author4 ,in the story of ,the ,lauterbacher1 there are many striking thoughts brought out with such charming familiarity as to make one wonder why they have never before seen them on paper4 ,the moral of this tale is clear and good4 ,now and then1 however1 one meets with a touch of the mystical transcendentalism with which many of the works of this author abound2 but we find in this volume less of these fancies than in anything we have seen from his pen4 ,the stories are interspersed with grotesque wood-cuts as illustrations1 with a sprinkling of fantastic rhymes1 which remind us forcibly of our childhood's first introduction to the muses through the whimsical measures of ,mother ,goose's ,melodies4 ------ ,biographical ,sketches4 ,by ,harriet ,martineau4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,no one at all familiar with the mental characteristics and proclivities of ,harriet ,martineau could expect from her pen a more liberal view of the characters which she has here attempted to delineate than the volume before us actually presents4 ,the ordinary reader1 ignorant of or not fully appreciating the standpoint from which the authoress judges the dispositions and achievements of mankind will1 however1 experience a feeling of disappointment and dissatisfaction4 ,the tone of many of her sketches is depreciatory4 ,the time-honored maxim1 ,nil de mortuis1 etc41 is rigidly ignored1 and the shadows in the lives of the personages she notices are brought into striking contrast with the sunlight of their virtues and accomplishments4 ,we remark this especially in regard to those whose work in the world was of a religious or charitable nature4 ,it grates upon our inward reverence for men1 whose toil and self-sacrifice have resulted even in a transient benefit to mankind1 to be told that they were mere creatures of an ephemeral occasion1 or the unconscious agents of political aspirants2 that the seed which they sowed had no root1 and the plant has withered away4 ,it seems like an aspersion on the moral capabilities of the human race when those men who reach the highest ranks of ecclesiastical and religious preferment are represented as untrue to their convictions1 and recreant to the principles confided to their propagating and protecting care4 ,miss ,martineau does good morals and large charity no service1 by showing that their outward exercise may coexist with hypocrisy1 tergiversation1 and sordid self-seeking4 ,nor is it absolute justice to the dead that1 having during life received from her no admonition to correct their faults1 they should at last1 when such correction has become impossible1 be held up to posterity as being1 after all1 but frail and failing specimens of human kind4 ,with this exception1 we have found the work before us worthy of the encomiums bestowed upon it by the press both of this country and ,england4 ,it is a handbook to read and remember1 to take up with interest and lay down with pleasure1 and1 after the first reading1 to consult1 from time to time1 as a gallery of portraits painted from subjects of unusual eminence by a skilful hand4 ------- #dbf ,the ,free-masons4 ,what they are--,what they do--,what they are aiming at4 ,from the ,french of ,mgr4 ,sgur1 author of ,plain ,talk4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahfi4 ,the best notice we can give of this book is to reproduce an extract from the translator's preface3 ,this short treatise1 written1 not by the archbishop of ,paris1 as carelessly stated by some newspapers1 but by ,mgr4 de ,sgur1 the author of the work lately translated and published under the title of ,plain ,talk1 was composed to unveil and show ,free-,masonry as it is in the old world4 ,its strictures1 therefore1 are not wholly applicable to ,freemasonry as it is in the ,united ,states4 ,yet ,masons here may read it with profit to themselves2 and those who are not ,masons1 but might be tempted to join some lodge1 will1 it is hoped1 abandon the idea if they read this book4 ,even here1 ,free-,masonry is a secret society1 and to become a member of it1 one must take at least an oath1 and swear by the name of ,god to do so and so4 ,now1 ,god's command is1 ',thou shalt not take the name of the ,lord thy ,god in vain4' ,and surely it is taken in vain by ,american ,free-,masons1 because they take it without any sufficient and justifiable cause4 ,for1 apart from other ends of their society1 and especially that of affording members a chance never to want what assistance they may need in case of a momentary difficulty in their affairs or loss of means or health1 the main object seems to be to meet at times1 in order to spend an afternoon in a merry way1 and to partake of banquets provided for the occasion4 ,but where is the necessity to bind one's self by an oath1 to gather now and then round a bountifully supplied table1 or even to be charitable1 and1 for such purposes1 to be a member of a secret society8 ,we have many benevolent societies2 there is no secret about them1 no oath to be taken by those who wish to be members of them4 ,their object is to carry out the principles of ,christian charity2 to that they bind themselves simply by a promise1 as also to contribute so much for the purposes of the society4 ,there are other objections to joining ,free-,masonry1 even here2 but this is not the place to discuss that subject4 ------ ,the ,dublin ,review1 for ,april1 #ahfi4 ,london1 ,brown1 ,oates ,co4 ,dr4 ,ward ,on ,american ,orthodoxy4 ,the ,dublin ,review for ,april closes a notice of ,f4 ,weninger's late book on ,papal ,infallibility with the following sentence3 ,in the ,united ,states1 no less than in these islands1 a higher and more orthodox type of ,catholic doctrine seems rapidly gaining the ascendant4 ,to ,god be the praise6 ,this implies that hitherto a low and unorthodox type of doctrine has had the ascendant among us--an insinuation not very complimentary to our hierarchy1 clergy1 professors of theology1 and ,catholic writers4 ,we deny the charge emphatically1 and affirm positively that no type of doctrine1 whatever1 is now gaining the ascendant over any different one which has formerly had the ascendant4 ,the maxims of that set of court canonists1 who maintain the superiority of the episcopate in council over the pope1 and deny the superiority of the pope over a general council1 have never prevailed or been advocated in this country4 ,the dogmatic decrees of the holy see have always been received here as binding on the interior assent to the full extent to which the holy see intends to impose them2 and as for filial obedience to the pontifical authority in matters of discipline1 ,gregory ,,xvi4 expressed the true state of the case when he said that he was nowhere so completely pope as in the ,united ,states4 ,the encyclical of ,pius ,,ix4 was received without a whimper of opposition1 and our college of bishops1 in their steadfast loyalty to the holy father1 amid his struggles with the assailants of his temporal authority1 have represented the universal sentiment of their clergy and laity4 ,the spirit of the theology which has always been taught in our seminaries1 and prevalent among our clergy1 may be seen in the works of that great prelate1 one of the glories of both ,ireland and the ,united ,states1 the late ,archbishop ,kenrick4 #dbg ,a large number of our bishops and leading clergymen have been thoroughly educated and received the doctor's cap at ,rome1 and we are sure that they have never come into collision with any body of their brethren holding contrary opinions1 or found it necessary to make any imputation on their orthodoxy4 ,we esteem highly the great services which ,dr4 ,ward has rendered to religion1 and the many noble qualities of mind and heart which he has exhibited from the beginning of his ,oxford career to the present moment4 ,we think1 however1 that the impetuosity of his zeal needs a little curbing1 and that if he were somewhat more sparing of reproofs and admonition to his brethren and fathers in the church1 which savor more of the novice-master than the editor1 his review would be much more useful1 as well as more generally acceptable4 ,we know that our opinion on this point is shared by some of our most distinguished prelates1 who are as thoroughly ,roman in their theology as ,dr4 ,ward can profess to be1 and we think there are few on this side the water who would dissent from it4 ------ ,church ,embroidery1 ,ancient ,and ,modern1 ,practically ,illustrated4 ,by ,anastasia ,dolby1 ,late ,embroideress to the ,queen4 ,church ,vestments2 ,their ,origin1 ,use1 ,and ,ornament4 ,by the same4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,st41 ,new-,york4 ,these two elegant volumes furnish a complete and practical description of every kind of ecclesiastical vestment1 from the ,roman collar to the ,fanon1 which1 as ,miss ,dolby informs us1 appertains only to the vesture of the sovereign pontiff4 ,the authoress is a ,ritualist1 and1 as will be seen1 of the highest order of that formidable sect of the ,english ,church1 as by law established4 ,her books are full of costly engravings1 the volume on church embroidery being adorned with a fine illuminated frontispiece--an antependium and frontal for high festivals--and the one on church vestments1 with one representing a ,pontifical ,high ,mass1 in which the deacon is a little out of place for such a mass1 according to the rite as celebrated by the ,roman obedience1 but which1 we presume1 is strictly in accordance with the ,anglican obedience4 ,we smile at the pretty piece of assumption1 but forgive ,miss ,dolby from our hearts1 for we have derived the greatest pleasure and benefit from the use of her valuable books4 ,although the volumes are costly1 yet the information they contain would be considered cheap at treble the price by those who are interested in furnishing the holy sanctuary with all things appertaining thereto1 in good taste4 ,the authoress is a practical workwoman1 and not only tells us what to do1 but also1 what is of the highest moment to many of us1 how to do it4 ------ ,the ,ark ,of ,the ,covenant2 or1 a ,series of ,short ,discourses upon the ,joys1 ,sorrows1 ,glories1 and ,virtues of the ,ever ,blessed ,mother of ,god4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,preston4 ,new ,york3 ,robt4 ,coddington4 ,this is a new edition of a work already1 we are sure1 widely known and much admired4 ,it is prepared by the reverend author to suit the beautiful devotion of the month of ,may1 and we do not hesitate to say that it is the best one for that purpose yet written4 ,it is truly refreshing to meet with a book like this1 when one has had a surfeit 7as who has not7 of the many namby pamby ,months of ,mary1 from whose pages we have been expected to cull flowers of piety for our spiritual enjoyment of the sweet season dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ------ ,the ,general2 ,or1 ,twelve ,nights ,in ,the ,hunter's ,camp4 ,a ,narrative of ,real ,life4 ,illustrated by ,g4 ,g4 ,white4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,this is an account of the doings of the ,d---- ,club1 on one of its annual excursions4 ,it is interspersed with stories told round the camp-fire1 by the general1 of his own adventures in the west1 when it was still the home of the ,indian1 and immigrants and land-surveyors were slowly finding their way through the forests and over the prairies4 #dbh ,the club were encamped near ,swan ,lake1 two miles east of the ,mississippi1 and for twelve days gave themselves up to all the pleasure and excitement of hunting and fishing4 ,they had a good time1 and one almost envies them the fresh1 pure air1 the freedom1 the invigorating sport1 and enjoyment of nature4 ,the author thinks that more tents and less hotels in vacation would make our professional men more vigorous4 ,moosehead and the ,adirondacks are better recuperators than ,saratoga1 ,cape ,may1 and the ,rhine2 and fishing-rods and fowling-pieces are among the very best gymnastic apparatus for a college4 ,summer is coming1 and the advice could be tried4 ,the adventures of the general1 and of the hunters at ,swan ,lake1 would while away most pleasantly the hours of a warm summer afternoon on the ,adirondacks or ,lake ,george4 ------ ,reminiscences ,of ,felix ,mendelssohn ,bartholdy4 ,a ,social and ,artistic ,biography4 ,by ,elise ,polko4 ,translated from the ,german by ,lady ,wallace4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,a woman's book in every page and line1 charming for its simplicity and pleasant gossip4 ,madame ,polko was a friend and enthusiastic admirer of the great musician4 ,all that he ever did1 said1 or wrote she tells us with an air of pride and earnestness only equalled by the nave recital of all baby's wonderful pranks and precocious intelligence peculiar to young mothers4 ,these reminiscences will do to beguile a dreamy summer hour1 when the mind needs relaxation1 and is not able to bear anything heavier than the innocent prattle of children1 and the soothing sound of the seaside waves4 ------ ,ferncliffe4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahfi4 ,ferncliffe is an interesting tale of ,english country life4 ,the author has been fortunate enough to give us scenes and characters which appear in all respects very natural1 and therefore are exceedingly interesting4 ,it is seldom we find a book containing so many characters1 each possessing some peculiarity1 and all kept in that complete subordination to the principal one which is so necessary to the full development of the plot4 ,the book is neatly printed on fine paper1 and is a credit to the enterprising publisher who1 we are glad to see1 is accepting the situation1 and making his books in conformity with the improvements of the age in style and manner of getting up4 ,we wish all our publishers would do the same2 for it is high time that ,catholic books appeared in as good a dress as non-,catholic books4 ------ ,salt-water ,dick4 ,by ,may ,mannering4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,pp4 #bcj4 #ahfi4 ,the ,ark ,of ,elm ,island4 ,by ,rev4 ,elijah ,kellogg4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,pp4 #bhh4 #ahfi4 ,in these volumes we have1 in addition to the usual amount of amusing incident and startling adventure inseparable from sea voyages1 a very full and interesting description of life at the ,chincha ,islands1 the great guano depot2 pleasant glimpses into ,lima1 ,rio ,janeiro1 and ,havana2 graphic details of encounters with sea-lions1 etc42 a dreadful storm in the ,gulf of ,mexico1 with a wonderful escape from shipwreck by literally pouring oil on the troubled waters1 the whole agreeably diversified with numerous facts in natural history4 ,combining amusement with instruction1 books such as these have a great fascination for boys1 and may1 in most cases1 be safely recommended4 ------ ,dotty ,dimple ,stories4 ,dotty ,dimple ,at ,school4 ,by ,sophie ,may1 ,author of ,little ,prudy ,stories4 ,illustrated4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #dbi ,this story is one of a series1 although quite complete in itself4 ,they are all admirably written2 for children's stories1 they are almost perfect4 ,they teach important lessons without making the children feel that they are taught them1 or giving them an inclination to skip over those parts4 ,if the little folks get hold of these books1 they will be certain to read them1 and ever afterward count ,miss ,dotty ,dimple and dear little ,prudy among their very best friends4 ,such a pen only needs to be guided by ,catholic faith to make it perfect for children4 ,we do not say this with any want of appreciation of what it is already1 for its moral lessons are beautifully given2 but what might they not be1 enlightened by the truth1 the holiness1 and the beauty of ,catholic faith6 ------ ,alice's ,adventures ,in ,wonder ,land4 ,by ,lewis ,carroll4 ,with forty-two ,illustrations by ,john ,tenniel4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard1 #di ,washington ,street4 #ahfi4 ,these adventures are most wonderful1 even for ,wonderland4 ,one cannot help regretting that children should be entertained in this way instead of by some probable or possible adventures4 ,they are well written1 and the illustrations are excellent4 ------ ,juliette2 ,or1 ,now ,and ,forever4 ,by ,mrs4 ,madeline ,leslie4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,pp4#daf4 #ahfi4 ,a religious tale1 strictly ,protestant1 plentifully besprinkled with scriptural texts1 allusions1 etc41 which will1 no doubt1 prove deeply interesting to those for whose special delectation it is intended4 ------ ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society have purchased all the stereotype plates and book stock of ,messrs4 ,lucas ,brothers1 ,baltimore4 ,some of these books have been out of print for some years1 or have not been kept constantly before the public4 ,the society will soon issue new editions of all of them4 ,messrs4 ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 have just issued an edition of ,milner's ,end of ,controversy1 in paper covers1 which is sold for seventy five cents a copy4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia1 will soon publish ,catholic ,doctrine1 as defined by the ,council of ,trent1 expounded in a series of conferences delivered in ,geneva during the ,jubilee of #ahea1 by ,rev4 ,father ,nampon1 of the ,society of ,jesus2 proposed as a means of reuniting all ,christians4 ,it will make an octavo volume of some #fjj or #gjj pages4 ,from ,roberts ,brothers1 ,boston3 ,handy-volume ,series4 ,realities of ,irish ,life4 ,little ,women2 or1 ,meg1 ,jo1 ,beth1 and ,amy4 ,by ,louisa ,m4 ,alcott4 #b ,vols4 ,illustrated4 ------ ,foreign ,literary ,notes4 ,the ,abb ,sire1 ,superior of the ,seminary of ,st4 ,sulpice1 some time since undertook to procure the translation of the bull ,ineffabilis into all the written languages of the world4 ,in this vast enterprise he has made great progress1 and more than a year ago his zeal received the honoring recognition of the holy father in a letter addressed to him1 beginning3 ,hinc gratissimum nobis accidit1 ,dilecte ,fili1 consilium a ,te susceptum curandi1 ut ,apostoliae ,nostrae de dogmatica ,immaculati ejusdem ,dei ,genitricis ,conceptus ,definitione ,litterae e latino idiomate in omnes converteretur linguas4 ,catholic ,ireland has made a handsome contribution to ,m4 ,sire's work in a volume published in ,dublin1 containing the ,bull and its translation into the ,french1 ,latin1 and ,irish languages4 ,the ,irish translation is by the ,rev4 ,patrick ,j4 ,bourke1 ,president of ,st4 ,jarlath's ,college1 ,tuam1 where1 alone in all ,ireland1 under the auspices1 and1 we may say1 the national enthusiasm of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,hale1 the language of ,ireland is taught1 and endeavored to be preserved4 ,we say endeavored2 for it seems that1 excepting among the hills of ,connaught1 the mother tongue of the ,celtic race has died1 or is rapidly dying out in the green island4 ,dr4 ,bourke's volume1 published in ,dublin1 is a fine specimen of typography4 #dcj ,we believe1 although we have never seen any announcement of it1 that ,dr4 ,bourke is also the editor of the ,keltic ,journal and ,indicator1 a semi-monthly commenced at ,manchester1 7,england17 in ,january last4 ,why it is called ,keltic1 instead of ,gaelic or ,irish1 we do not know1 nor can we understand why it should be published in ,england rather than in ,ireland4 ,two other ,gaelic races1 the ,welsh1 and the ,bretons of ,france1 have periodicals in their native dialect2 the latter1 the ,feiz he ,breiz1 and the former1 several4 ,the dying out of the ,irish language on the lips of a million of people who speak it1 may be attributed mainly to two causes--emigration1 and the indifference of its own race4 ,there is still another difficulty4 ,its pronunciation no longer accords with its received orthography1 and1 as written1 it is encumbered with a quantity of unpronounced letters4 ,if the language is to continue to exist as a written one1 a radical reform similar to that effected by the ,tcheks in the ,bohemian dialect at the end of the last century is absolutely necessary4 ,meantime1 ,dr4 ,bourke is entitled to great praise for his unceasing efforts in the cause of ,ireland's national literature4 ------ ,the publishing house of ,adrien ,le ,clerc 7,paris7 announces an important work in press4 ,it is ,l',histoire des ,conciles1 in ten volumes #hvo1 7large17 of #fdj pages each4 ,the first volume appeared on the #cast of ,january4 ,it is a translation1 by the ,abbs ,goschler and ,delarc1 from the ,german of ,dr4 ,ch4 ,jos4 ,hefele1 ,professor of ,theology at the ,university of ,tbingen4 ,the ,messrs4 ,clarke1 of ,edinburgh1 have announced an ,english translation of the same work from the ,german4 ---- ,the ,femall ,glory1 or the ,life and ,death of our ,blessed ,lady1 the ,holy ,virgin ,mary1 ,god's owne immaculate ,mother1 etc4 etc4 ,by ,anthony ,stafford1 ,gent4 ,london1 #afce4 ,reprinted in #ahfi4 ,an exact typographical reproduction of the original1 in all its quaintness of ancient characters and antiquity of ,english1 preceded by the apology of the author 7,stafford7 and an essay on the cultus of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,orby ,shipley4 ,independently of its intrinsic merit1 this work has always attracted great attention1 from the fact that it was written by a member of the ,english 7,episcopal7 ,church1 and approved by prelates of that denomination as distinguished as ,laud and ,juxon4 ,as a matter of course1 such a book was found to be egregiously scandalous by the ,puritans1 who looked upon it as nothing short of a device of papacy4 ,and ,henry ,burton1 minister of ,friday street1 ,london1 in a sermon1 ,for ,god and the ,king1 denounced several extravagant and popish passages therein1 and advised the people to be aware of it4 ,this was the beginning of a controversial war concerning the ,femall ,glory that made it one of the most notable works of the day4 ,that a papist should have written such a book might have passed without comment1 but that a noble ,stafford of ,northamptonshire1 a graduate of ,oriel ,college ,oxford1 and a staunch ,church of ,england man1 should have done this thing was an irremissible sin in ,puritanic eyes4 ,stafford was distinguished as a man of letters1 and wrote various other works1 most of them with quaint titles1 according to the taste of that day2 as1 ,niobe dissolved into a ,nilus3 or his ,age drowned in her own tears4 #afaa4 ,heavenly ,dogge3 a ,life and ,death of that ,great ,cynick ,diogenes2 whom ,laertius styled ,canis ,caelestis1 the ,heavenly ,dogge4 #afae4 ,the attacks of ,burton and others brought out ,a ,short ,apology1 or ,vindication of a book entitled ,femall ,glory1 etc41 which is republished in the fourth edition of #ahfi4 ,the ,femall ,glory is a book of genuine ,english growth1 entirely free from imitation or adaptation of foreign words1 and1 beyond mere sketches of the most meagre character1 the only full life of the ,blessed ,virgin4 #dca ,it is valuable1 in a controversial point of view1 as contrasting1 the clear and distinct acknowledgment of the dignity and sanctity of the mother of ,god1 as recognized by ,english ,protestants of that1 with the ,episcopal ,low ,church views of the present day4 ,citations might be made from such men as ,jeremy ,taylor1 ,bishop ,bull1 ,bishop ,pearson1 ,archdeacon ,frank1 and ,archbishop ,bramhall1 to show this conclusively4 ,not the smallest charm about the book is the odor of its quaint seventeenth century tone of thought and expression4 ,thus1 in the preface ,to the ,feminine ,reader she is told1 ,you are here presented1 by an extreme honourer of your ,sexe1 with a ,mirrour of ,femall ,perfection4 444 ,by this1 you cannot curle your haires1 fill up your wrinckles1 and so alter your ,looks1 that ,nature1 who made you1 knowes you no more1 but utterly forgets her owne ,workmanship4 ,by this1 you cannot lay spots on your faces2 but take them out of your ,soules1 you may4 ,then there is ,the ,ghyrlond of the ,blessed ,virgin ,marie4 ,there are five letters in this blessed ,name1 ,which1 chang'd1 a five-fold ,mysterie designe2 ,the ,m1 the ,myrtle1 ,a1 the ,almonds clame1 ,r1 ,rose1 ,i1 ,ivy1 ,e1 sweet ,eglantine4 ,that such a book should not find favor in the eyes of the ,london ,athenaeum1 is not surprising4 ,the author of ,spiritual ,wives and the recognizer of the ,pope ,joan fable as veritable history could scarcely be expected to recognize merit in such a work as the ,femall ,glory4 ------ ,a ,slavonian ,version of the ,bible is now in preparation at ,rome4 ,the original ,slavonian text was the work of ,st4 ,cyril and ,st4 ,methodus1 apostles to the ,slavonians in the ninth century4 ,in the lapse of years1 the original text has been seriously tampered with by so-called emendators and incompetent copyists1 so that it is now very difficult to determine several important questions concerning it4 ,was the translation made from the ,latin1 the ,greek1 or the ,hebrew8 ,what class of manuscripts were used by these apostles8 ,which of the ,slavonian dialects was the vehicle of the translation8 ,and1 finally1 was the original version written in glagolitic or cyrillic characters8 ------ ,the ,staple of ,biographical ,notices of ,pope ,sixtus ,v41 is usually made up of a series of stories1 to the effect that he was the son of ignorant parents and himself a swineherd2 that he rose by his talents to the dignity of cardinal1 and that1 feigning extreme illness to the point of appearing to be on the verge of the grave from debility and disease1 was no sooner elected to the papacy than he threw away his crutches and declared himself perfectly restored to health4 ,these stories have found such favor with compilers of historical books that they have been carefully preserved in spite of their want of confirmation by contemporary historians4 ,m4 ,a4 ,i4 ,dumesnil has lately written a life of ,felix ,peretti1 ,pope ,sixtus ,v41 in which he shows that his origin was not low1 and that he was allied to the best families1 short of nobility1 of his province4 ,the stories of his illness1 simulated feebleness1 and affected use of crutches1 he pronounces to be all fabulous1 and quotes ,tempesti1 one of the historians of the conclave which elected ,sixtus1 thus3 ,in electing ,montalto pope1 still vigorous of years1 since he had reached only sixty-four and enjoyed a robust and vigorous constitution1 it was felt certain that he would live long enough to bury ,farnese and his partisans4 ,m4 ,dumesnil does not appear to have added anything by research or discovery to the materials already known to be in existence1 but has simply used the matter furnished by ,tempesti1 ,guerra1 ,fontana1 and other ,italian historians1 with skill and judgment4 ,he bears testimony to the extraordinary talent1 judgment1 and energy of the great pontiff1 whose reign of less than five years was1 unfortunately1 too short to complete the extensive reforms commenced by him in the temporal government of his territory4 ,sixtus ,v4 was remarkable for his energy in the suppression of abuses1 order and economy in the public finances1 and unbending severity toward criminals1 encouragement of industry1 an enlightened fondness for the arts1 as shown by numerous monuments and his patronage of the great architect1 ,fontana1 and an inflexible determination to raise the holy see from any dependence upon foreign princes4 #dcb ,there is another ,life of ,sixus in preparation by ,baron ,hbner1 formerly ,austrian ,ambassador to ,france1 in which he promises numerous documents1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,english1 never yet published4 ,six paragraphs have been moved1 three paragraphs toward the end1 from this location according to the notice on page #gaa-b4 ------ ,concilium ,seleuciae et ,ctesiphonti1 habitum anno #daj4 ,textum ,syriacum edidit latine vertit notisque instruxit1 ,t4 ,j4 ,lamy4 ,lovanii1 #ahfh4 ,from ancient ,syrian literature1 so rich in works relative to the church1 its history1 its discipline1 and its dogmas1 the ,abb ,lamy1 ,professor at the ,university of ,louvain1 has here selected one of its most precious monuments for translation and comment4 ,not less remarkable for the charm of their antique simplicity of language than their fulness of doctrine1 these few pages alone would almost suffice to establish the complete symbolism of the church4 ,confitemur etiam--thus testify the fathers of the ,council of ,seleucia--,spiritum vivum et sanctum1 ,paracletum vivum1 ,,qui ,,ex ,,patre ,,et ,,filio in una ,trinitate1 in una essentia1 in una voluntate1 amplectentes fidem trecentorum decem et octo ,episcoporum1 quae definita fuit in urbe ,nicea4 ,haec est confessio nostra et fides nostra1 quam accepimus a ,sanctis ,patribus ,nostris4 ,the following six paragraphs have been moved to this location according to the notice on page #gaa-b4 ,it will be remembered that in the fifth century the ,priscillianists1 in those countries infected with the ,arian heresy1 took unfair advantage of the special mention made by the ,council of ,constantinople of the first person of the ,trinity and of the omitted mention of the ,son1 to maintain that the ,son was not consubstantial with the ,father4 ,then followed the express insertion of the word ,,filioque by decree of a general council4 ,the history of the ,greek schism turns upon this point1 and students of church history will find high interest and solid instruction in tracing the reasons and circumstances connected with the fact that1 although this addition of filioque really made no change in the doctrine of the church1 although in the ninth century the western churches used it1 and yet ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 insisted on the use in ,rome of the form adopted by the fathers of ,constantinople1 and although between the ,greek and the ,latin churches there was no divergence on this doctrinal point1 nevertheless it was not until after the consummation of the schism of ,photius and of ,michael ,cerularius that the ,greeks began to pretend that they had never professed this dogma4 ,then follows the treatment of this question by the councils of fourth ,lateran1 7#abae17 third ,lyons1 7#abgd17 and that of ,florence1 7#adci47 ,of course it will be seen that the importance of the action of the ,council of ,seleucia lies in the fact that it was composed of forty bishops1 of whom one1 at least1 was a member of the first ecumenical council of ,constantinople1 and that it was called at the instigation and through the initiative of the ,greek ,church herself4 ,so that1 as the lawyers say1 it does not lie in the mouth of the ,greek ,church1 at the present day1 to say that it is simply opposing a ,latin innovation4 ,in almost immediate connection with what we here remark on the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,lamy's book1 we may mention that the ,jacobi ,episcopi ,edessem ,epistola ad ,georgium ,episcopum ,sarugensem de ,orthographia ,syriaca1 so well known1 at least by reputation1 to oriental scholars1 has at last been published at ,leipsic4 ,assemanni and ,michaelis frequently urged its printing1 and ,cardinal ,wiseman1 who took a strong and appreciative interest in the work1 speaks of it at length in the first volume of his ,horae ,syriacae1 7,rome1 #ahbh47 ------ ,monsignor ,giuliani1 of ,verona1 has published a work on public libraries1 in which he shows that the libraries of ,italy possess a greater number of volumes than the libraries of any other nation in the world4 ,the ,italian libraries number #f1jjj1jjj of volumes2 ,france1 #d1chi1jjj2 ,austria1 #b1djj1jjj2 ,prussia1 #b1jdj1jjj1 ,great ,britain1 #a1ggd1dic2 ,bavaria1 #a1bfh1jjj2 ,russia1 #hhb1jij2 ,belgium1 #eji1ajj4 ,collections of books are much scattered in ,italy4 ,paris has one third of all the library books in ,france1 and most of the ,european capitals are rich in almost as great a proportion4 ,this is not the case in ,italy4 ,milan has only #bej1jjj volumes in the ,brera library1 and #aee1jjj in the ,ambrosian4 ------- #dcc ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,no4 #eb4--;,july1 #ahfi4 ,columbus ,at ,salamanca4 ----e di te solo ,basti ai posteri tuoi ch'alquanto accume3 ,che quel poco dar lunga memoria ,di poema dignissima e d'istoria4 ,footnote #aba ,gierusalemme ,liberata1 ,,tasso4 ,footnote #aba3 ,thy single name will pour diviner light ,o'er history's pages2 and thy fame inspire ,bards1 who are yet unborn1 with more celestial fire4 ,tasso's ,jerusalem ,delivered4 ,some three years since1 a large historical painting was exhibited at the gallery of the ,artists' ,fund ,association in the city of ,new ,york4 ,its subject1 as announced1 was ,columbus before the ,council of ,salamanca4 ,the picture was said to be a work of merit1 and attracted much attention4 ,it represented the great discoverer standing in the large hall of a convent1 surrounded by monks and ecclesiastics1 foremost among whom are three ,dominican friars1 who1 having apparently worked themselves into a paroxysm of anger1 face ,columbus with gestures of violent denunciation4 ,grave1 dignified1 and majestic stands the great ,genoese discoverer among them1 apparently the only reasonable being in that assemblage of ignorance and bigotry1 whose victim he is evidently about to become4 ,the pictorial lesson sought to be conveyed was1 clearly1 that here was another ,galileo business1 a second e pur si muove sensation1 a repetition of the favorite amusement of all churchmen1 which every one knows to be the persecution of discoverers and the crushing out of knowledge4 ,and the warrant for all this misrepresentation was said to be found in the pages of ,washington ,irving's ,history of ,columbus4 ,now1 a perusal of those pages shows that1 although ,mr4 ,irving committed a grave historical blunder in describing a council of ,salamanca that had no existence1 he nevertheless expressly excepts from any charge of ignorance and intolerance that may be implied from his language these very ,dominican monks who1 in ,mr4 ,kauffman's historical picture1 are made the foremost and most violent in their denunciation of ,columbus4 ,when ,columbus1 says ,irving1 began to state the grounds of his belief1 the friars of ,st4 ,stephen's 7,dominicans7 alone paid attention to him1 that convent being more learned in the sciences than the rest of the university4 ,the others appear to have intrenched themselves behind one dogged proposition4 #dcd ,in the entire range of ,english art and literature so firmly have some of the most offensive forms of anti-,catholic prejudice become rooted1 that1 whenever any prominent historical character or incident comes in contact with the ,catholic ,church the occasion is seized1 right or wrong1 with or without authority1 and often in the very teeth of history1 to exemplify some phase of what people are pleased to call popish ignorance and persecution4 ,under the dark pall of bigotry that has so long overshadowed the genius of ,english literature1 events which1 in honest truth1 should and do redound to the honor of the ,catholic ,church and its hierarchy as protectors of knowledge and promoters of noble enterprises have been1 by a species of literary legerdemain1 wrested into so many evidences of their intolerance4 ,more than any country1 ,england has furnished astounding and repulsive proofs of the truth of ,count ,de ,maistre's assertion that ,history is a vast conspiracy against truth4 ,with uplifted hands1 dripping with the blood of the innocent1 she accuses other nations of murder4 ,with a statute-book black with intolerance and suppression of knowledge1 she talks complacently of the rights of conscience and the blessings of education4 ,in a lecture on ,daniel ,o',connell1 delivered in ,brooklyn on the fifth of ,march last1 the distinguished orator1 ,wendell ,phillips1 of ,boston1 with all his eloquence1 appeared almost at a loss fittingly to qualify1 by description and illustration1 the frightful tyranny of ,protestant ,england against ,catholic ,ireland1 as exemplified in the diabolical ingenuity of the means by which she sought to stamp out ,irish nationality and annihilate ,catholicity4 ,and1 ,mr4 ,phillips might have added1 she was as consistently bigoted at home as in ,ireland4 ,here1 the poor hedge schoolmaster if a ,catholic1 who taught a child its a b c1 was1 for the first offence1 subject to banishment1 and for the second1 to be hanged as a felon4 ,there1 when the ,university of ,oxford was asked to confer the honorary degree of ,a4,m4 on ,alban ,francis1 a learned ,benedictine1 he was rudely thrust back1 solely for the reason that he was a ,catholic4 ,and yet the same university had shortly before conferred the same degree on--a ,mohammedan6 ,the old distich is very trite1 but on that occasion it was very true3 ,turk1 ,jew1 or atheist may enter here1 ,but not a papist4 ,it is a memorable fact that ,sir ,isaac ,newton particularly distinguished himself by active participation in this piece of bigotry4 ,he actually suspended the preparation for the press of his ,principia1 and lent all the influence of his position and his great name in order that an ,englishman1 distinguished for his virtues and his learning1 might not1 because he was a ,catholic1 receive the cheap recognition of the honorary degree of a ,protestant university4 ,and ,newton's ,english biographer coolly states that it was this circumstance1 perhaps1 as much as the personal merit of ,newton1 that induced the university to select him1 the following year1 to serve as their representative in parliament4 ,but space fails us to dwell on this subject1 and we desire merely to note the fact that1 so thoroughly has a spirit of intolerant anti-,catholicity permeated ,english literature1 that its expression1 in some shape1 is constantly found at the points of the pens of many who are personally unconscious of any such inspiration4 #dce ,the spirit we refer to so thoroughly pervades every department of literature--history1 biography1 travels1 poetry1 philosophy--that from youth to old age it is unconsciously infiltrated into the mental processes of every one who uses the ,english language as a means of acquiring or communicating knowledge4 ,even as we write1 an instance of this presents itself4 ,here is a passage from the editorial columns of a leading daily1 published in ,brooklyn1 the third city of the ,union3 ----the church so long deemed the enemy of human freedom and intellectual progress1 which imprisoned ,galileo1 and tried to thwart ,columbus in putting the girdle of her ancient faith around the world6 ,and yet the article from which this extract is made is evidently written in a spirit that its author honestly supposes to be one of entire freedom from religious prejudice4 ,the church tried to thwart ,columbus6 ,that is the main idea of the passage quoted1 as it was also the inspiration of the ,kauffman painting4 ,such ideas and such inspiration are the result of general prejudice and a foregone conclusion4 ,of course we are aware of the accommodating pliability of the term the church1 as used by writers who have anything disagreeable or false to say of ,catholicity4 ,the church is1 by turns1 a council1 the pope1 the cardinals1 the inquisition1 a bishop or two1 a knot of priests1 sometimes only one1 a king1 a viceroy1 a barefooted friar1 a dying nun1 or even a simple layman4 ,it is really difficult and discouraging to deal with people who either cannot or will not abide by some standard of meaning for words whose proper acceptance is well defined and recognized4 ,in the case of ,columbus these misrepresentations are the more remarkable for the reason that there is no history of the discovery of ,america1 no biography of ,columbus1 how ever imperfect1 however prejudiced it may be1 from whose perusal the student can arise with any other conviction than that ,columbus1 so far from being thwarted1 was1 on the contrary1 enabled to succeed in obtaining from ,spain the means to fit out his expedition only1 wholly1 and solely by reason of the encouragement and aid he received from friars1 priests1 bishops1 and cardinals6 ,from the moment he set foot on ,spanish soil until he sailed from ,palos the generous sympathy and brave advocacy of churchmen never forsook him4 ,never for a moment did they waver in their appreciation of his noble nature1 his sincere piety1 and the merit of his enterprise4 ,from the ,dominicans cloistered in ,st4 ,stephens to ,luis de ,st4 ,angel1 high treasurer at the royal court2 from the saintly hermit of ,la ,rabida to the grand ,cardinal ,mendoza1 7a man of sound judgment1 quick intellect1 eloquent and able1 says ,washington ,irving17 in all are found the same generous enthusiasm and unwavering boldness in their support of the strange sailor's enterprise4 ,and now1 should ,mr4 ,kauffman1 or any other artist1 desirous of painting a great picture without pandering to a taste as false in art as in history1 desire to select a striking incident from the history of ,columbus1 we beg leave to suggest that1 without flying in the face of truth1 he may find it among the following historical incidents3 ,first4 ,pedro ,gonzalez de ,mendoza1 in appearance lofty and venerable1 of generous and gentle deportment1 pleading the cause of ,columbus before the queen4 ,second4 ,the friar ,diego de ,deza aiding ,columbus in sore necessity from his own scant purse4 #dcf ,third4 ,juan ,perez1 prior of the convent of ,la ,rabida1 remonstrating with ,columbus against abandoning his great enterprise and quitting ,spain4 ,fourth4 ,the same prior saddling a mule at midnight to confront the dangers of mountain passes1 and an enemy's country1 in order to intercede for ,columbus with the queen at ,santa ,f4 ,fifth4 ,the same noble monk pleading the cause of ,columbus before the queen with such chivalrous enthusiasm that ,isabella never heard the proposition urged with such honest zeal and impassioned eloquence4 ,sixth4 ,another noble ecclesiastic1 ,luis de ,st4 ,angel1 who1 rivalling ,isabella's magnanimity1 met the queen's noble offer to pledge her crown jewels to raise the necessary funds for ,columbus's expedition with the assurance that she need not1 for he would advance the money4 ,but to return to the council of ,salamanca4 ,the word council presents the idea of a solemn ecclesiastical assemblage3 not a committee1 not a board1 not a junto2 but something grand1 elevated in dignity and large in numbers4 ,when you say council1 every one1 instinctively1 imagines a crowd of mitres and episcopal croziers4 ,with that fatal facility which is the bane of historical composition ,irving has given us an entire chapter of nine pages describing this famous council1 its debates1 and its proceedings1 and from this chapter has gradually1 although--we must in justice to ,mr4 ,irving say--unwarrantably1 grown up a story that1 by dint of thirty years' repetition1 has almost acquired the dignity of an historical fact4 ,that ,prescott should have followed ,irving is not surprising4 ,that ,lamartine should have disdained reference to historical sources and spoken of ,spain of the fifteenth century with that wonderful sans gne that improvises both form and substance1 that writes an apotheosis of ,robespierre and calls it a history of the ,girondins1 in which there is1 of course1 a florid description of the last banquet1 7which never took place17 is still less surprising4 ,but that a ,spaniard and a serious historian1 ,don ,modesto ,lafuente1 should have written an important page in the history of his country on the word of an entire stranger is astounding4 ,the whole of chapter third and part of chapter fourth of ,irving's ,life and ,voyages of ,christopher ,columbus are devoted to the council4 ,irving represents ,ferdinand determined to take the opinion of the most learned men in the kingdom1 and be guided by their decision4 ,ferdinand de ,talavera1 one of the most erudite men of ,spain and high in the royal confidence1 was commanded to consult the most learned astronomers1 etc4 ,after they had informed themselves fully on the subject1 they were to consult together and make a report to the sovereign of their collective opinion4 ,after a long disquisition on the condition of learning and science at that time1 ,irving goes on to say3 ,such was the period when a council of clerical sages was convened in the collegiate convent of ,st4 ,stephen to investigate the new theory of ,columbus4 ,it was composed of professors of astronomy1 geography1 mathematics and other branches of science1 together with various dignitaries of the church and learned friars4 444 ,among the number who were convinced by the reasoning and warmed by the eloquence of ,columbus was ,diego de ,deza1 a worthy and learned friar of the order of ,st4 ,dominick4 ,he obtained for ,columbus a dispassionate if not an unprejudiced hearing4 #dcg ,irving speaks of the assembled body as this learned junto1 and says that occasional conferences took place1 but without producing any decision4 ,talavera1 to whom the matter was specially entrusted1 had too little esteem for it1 and was too much occupied to press it to a conclusion1 and thus the inquiry experienced continual procrastination and neglect4 ,so far the third chapter of ,irving4 ,it is a remarkable fact that1 for all the important statements concerning the council1 ,irving cites but one authority1 ,remesal1 referring to book ii4 chapter #bg1 and book xi4 chapter #g4 ,in an endeavor to verify these citations we find that book ii4 has but twenty-two chapters1 and the passage referred to in book xi4 chapter #g is not there1 but in book ii4 chapter #g4 ,but it is more than singular that ,irving should refer to ,remesal at all on that subject4 ,remesal was a learned ,dominican monk and his work is a ,history of the ,provinces of ,chiapa and ,guatemala1 7,america47 ,his book was completed in #afji1 and first published in #afai4 ,personally1 he was separated from the events at ,salamanca by a space of one hundred and twenty years4 ,he was not writing the history of ,spain in #adhg1 and what he says concerning ,salamanca is merely incidental1 unquestionably correct though it be4 ,thus1 he states that1 with the aid of the ,dominicans1 ,columbus brought over the most learned men of the university1 and among the numerous claims to greatness of the convent of ,st4 ,stephen was that of having been the principal cause of the discovery of the ,indies4 ,footnote #abb ,footnote #abb3 ,y con el favor des los ,religiosos reduxo a su opinion los mayores ,letrados de la escuela4 444 ,entre las muchas grundezas 444 una es aver sido la principal ocasion del descubrimiento de las ,indias4 ,to return to ,irving4 ,he relates in chapter #d that the consultations of the board 7first it was the council1 then this learned junto7 at ,salamanca were interrupted by the ,spanish campaign against ,malaga1 before that learned body could come to a decision1 and for a long time ,columbus was kept in suspense1 vainly awaiting the report that was to decide the fate of his application4 ,it thus appears that the opinion of the council was not sufficiently adverse to ,columbus to report at once and unfavorably of his project4 ,then followed the spring campaign of #adhg1 the siege of ,malaga1 ,august1 #adhg4 ,in the spring of #adhi1 says ,irving1 ,columbus was summoned to attend a conference of learned men to be held at the city of ,seville4 ,but if a fresh conference is to decide1 what then was the value of the ,salamanca council by whose decision1 as ,mr4 ,irving informed us a few pages back1 ,king ,ferdinand had resolved to be guided8 ,in #adij1 ,ferdinand and ,isabella entered ,seville in triumph4 ,spring and summer wore away4 ,at court was ,fernando de ,talavera1 the procrastinating arbiter of the pretensions of ,columbus4 ,so then the arbiter was ,talavera1 not the council1 which1 so far from condemning1 have not yet1 at the end of four years1 given any decision concerning the affair of ,columbus4 ,the higher we remount with the authorities toward the epoch of the council the less do we find concerning it and concerning ,salamanca4 ,the chroniclers of their ,catholic majesties1 ,hernando del ,pulgar1 ,galindez1 ,carvajal1 and others1 make no mention of it1 and ,peter ,martyr1 ,lucio ,siculo1 ,gonzalez de ,oviedo1 ,lopez de ,gomara1 and ,sohs are equally silent on the subject4 #dch ,it must be borne in mind1 with regard to ,columbus1 that historical certainty begins really with the siege of ,granada1 in #adib4 ,everything preceding that epoch is traditional1 often vague and uncertain1 and seldom supported by documentary evidence4 ,a council at ,salamranca held by royal order would have been authorized by special edict or decree4 ,there was none4 ,neither was there any regular delegation to the university1 no commission officially installed1 no interrogatories1 nor registers1 nor records1 followed by a definitive decree4 ,the college and convent of ,st4 ,stephen 7,dominican7 was only one college of the many at ,salamanca constituting the university4 ,if such a council as ,irving describes had ever been held there1 reference to recorded proceedings1 and a final decision in its archives1 or in those of ,st4 ,stephen1 could long since have been made4 ,the truth is that the only authority for any statements concerning a committee of cosmographers is a passage in the life of the grand admiral1 written by his son ,fernando ,columbus4 ,as already remarked1 the nearer we approach the period of the pretended council the less we hear about it4 ,herrera1 whose sagacity1 impartiality1 and fidelity are universally recognized1 thus relates the matter of the cosmographers1 but not once does he mention council or ,salamanca4 ,he says 7#ast ,dec4 book i1 chap4 vii47 that ,columbus's suit was so home pressed 7y tanto se porfi en ello7 that their ,catholic majesties1 giving some attention to the affair1 referred it to father ,ferdinand de ,talavera4 ,he 7,talavera7 held a meeting of cosmographers who debated about it1 7qui confirieron en ello17 but there being few then of that profession in ,castile1 and those none of the best in the world1 and besides ,columbus would not altogether explain himself1 lest he should be served as he had been in ,portugal1 ,footnote #abc they came to a resolution nothing answerable to what he had expected4 ,footnote #abc3 ,during his negotiation at ,lisbon with the king of ,portugal1 ,columbus was requested to furnish for the consideration of the royal council a detailed plan of his proposed voyage1 with charts and documents according to which he intended to shape his course4 ,as soon as these were obtained1 a well-manned vessel1 under command of an able captain1 was despatched with orders to sail west on the ,atlantic according to the instructions of ,columbus4 ,some few days out from the ,cape ,verd ,islands1 the crew became discouraged1 and the vessel returned4 ,the secret of its mission soon transpired1 and ,columbus1 outraged at the treachery1 left ,portugal in disgust4 ,herrera follows ,ferdinand ,columbus very closely2 adopting1 in many passages1 his very words4 ,fernando makes no mention of ,salamanca1 says expressly that the cosmographers were called altogether by ,talavera1 and that ,columbus held back his most important proofs lest what had happened him in ,portugal might also happen him in ,spain1 7n lo ammiraglio si volea lasciar tanto intendere che gli avenisse quel1 che in ,portogallo gli avvenne et gli urbassero la beniditione47 ,fernando ,columbus was a man of learning and ability1 and his history is of great value4 ,unfortunately1 the work1 as he wrote it1 is lost4 ,it was1 of course1 in the ,spanish language4 ,it is said that a son of his brother ,diego took the ,,ms4 to ,genoa1 where it was translated into ,italian4 ,the version now used in ,spain is retranslated from the ,italian1 and abounds in errors4 ,there is a very good copy of the ,italian edition 7,venice1 #afhe7 in the ,astor library4 ,munoz1 the ,spanish national historian who followed ,herrera and precedes ,navarette1 was a scholar of great merits1 talents1 and liberal acquisitions4 ,he was indefatigable in research1 and being royal historiographer had free access to all the records of ,spain4 ,he says that ,talavera was commissioned to examine the enterprise with cosmographers1 and give their opinion4 #dci ,as the court happened that winter to be at ,salamanca1 they met there4 ,it is to be regretted that no record exists of the conferences that took place in the ,dominican convent of ,st4 ,stephen1 from which to form an opinion of the condition of mathematics and astronomy in the university so famous in the fifteenth century4 ,it is clear1 nevertheless1 that ,columbus established his propositions1 produced his proofs1 and met every objection4 ,footnote #abd ,footnote #abd3 ,talavera quien los reyes encargaron la comision de juntar los sujetis habiles in cosmografia1 para examinar la empresa1 y dar su pareceo4 ,formose la junta en ,salamanca1 quiz per el invierno estando alli la corte4 ,es lastima quo no hayan quidado documentis de las disputas que se tuvieron en el convento de los dominicanos de ,san ,esteban para formar juicio del estado de las matematicas y astronomia en aquella universidad famosa en el siglo ,,xv4 ,coustu que ,colon sentaban sus proposisciones1 exponfa sus fundamentos1 y satisfaci a' las dificultades4 ,munoz 7,historia del ,nuevo ,mundo1 pp4 #eg1 #eh1 #ei7 continues3 ,los dominicanos poner entre sus glorias el haber hospedado en ,san ,esteban al descubridor de las ,indias1 dadole de comer y otros auxilios para seguir sus pretensiones2 y sobra todo el haber estado por su opinion en equellas disputas1 y atraido su partido los primeros hombres de la escuela4 ,en lo qual attribuyen la principal parte ,fray ,diego ,deza4 444 cuyo autoridad4 444 contribuy mucho para los creditos y acceptacion de la empresa4 ,footnote #abe ,footnote #abe3 ,the ,dominicans are justly proud of the hospitality extended by them in their convents to the discoverer of ,america1 entertaining him1 and providing him with all things necessary to pursue his projects2 and still more of having declared for him in the argument1 drawing over to his side the first men of the university4 ,in all which the great merit is due to ,diego de ,deza1 whose influence contributed greatly to the appreciation and adoption of the enterprise4 ,only a few years since1 in #aheh1 ,don ,domingo ,doncel y ,ordar1 of ,salamanca1 published a memoir in which he refutes the statements of ,irving4 ,a conference of cosmographers doubtless was held1 but it was not of the nature described by ,irving and those who copy him1 nor was it a council with which the university of ,salamanca had any official connection whatever4 ,the archives1 documents1 and registers of the university have been searched with the most thorough diligence1 and not a trace of the council is on record4 ,the registers in particular1 admirably kept and carefully preserved1 were commenced in #adfd and record incidents almost insignificant in interest1 but make no mention of such a meeting or council as ,irving speaks of4 ,in this connection it is matter of surprise that such writers as ,rosselly ,de ,lorgues and ,cadoret should still be chasing the phantom of this ,salamanca council4 ,the latter says that its decree was rendered five years after its first meeting1 and ,de ,lorgues supposes it probable that its records may yet be found in the archives of ,simancas4 ,if there had been any decision against ,columbus by a body at all approaching the dignity and importance of the university of ,salamanca1 he would have immediately quitted ,spain1 never to return4 ,but we find him leaving ,salamanca strong in the support of its first scholars1 of the entire body of ,dominicans1 and of the papal nuncio4 ,that ,king ,ferdinand should have directed ,talavera to take the opinion of cosmographers is perfectly natural4 ,this temporizing and shuffling treatment of ,columbus would lead him to do anything that would gain time and put ,columbus off4 ,even ,isabella was evidently desirous of procrastinating until a successful termination of the siege of ,granada should enable them to act in the matter4 ,reference to a committee or a board for the sake of delay indefinite is not an invention of the nineteenth century4 ,it is as old as1 if not older than1 the period of ,columbus4 #ddj ,that ,columbus should1 as his son ,fernando relates1 have hesitated to explain himself fully1 was natural1 and indeed inevitable4 ,and with that hesitation there must have been a shade of disdain in his manner4 ,it looks very much as though he had reserved his best1 most cogent reasons for the private ear of his special friends the ,dominicans1 who were enthusiastically the advocates of his enterprise4 ,we see ,columbus leaving ,salamanca not cast down and defeated1 but serene and with all the courage of confirmed conviction4 ,the noble ,diego de ,deza conducts him to the presence of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 and we soon afterward hear the hum of preparation at ,palos4 ,the latest historian of ,columbus1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,helps1 separated from ,washington ,irving by a period of some forty years1 is credited with ability1 and great industry and research4 ,he certainly has the advantage of extensive and successful discoveries of documents concerning ,columbus made in ,spain within that period4 ,it would be but reasonable1 therefore1 to look for the throwing of much additional light and interesting details on so capital an incident as the council of ,salamanca4 ,here is the account given of it by ,mr4 ,helps in his ,life of ,columbus1 published since the commencement of the present year3 ,amid the clang of arms and the bustle of warlike preparation1 ,columbus was not likely to obtain more than a slight and superficial attention to a matter which must have seemed remote and uncertain4 ,indeed1 when it is considered that the most pressing internal affairs of kingdoms are neglected by the wisest rulers in times of war1 it is wonderful that he succeeded in obtaining any audience at all4 ,however1 he was fortunate enough to find at once a friend in the treasurer of the household1 ,alonzo de ,quintilla1 a man who1 like himself1 took delight in great things1 and who obtained a hearing for him from the ,spanish monarchs4 ,ferdinand and ,isabella did not dismiss him abruptly4 ,on the contrary1 it is said they listened kindly2 and the conference ended by their referring the business to the queen's confessor1 ,fra ,hernando de ,talavera1 who was afterwards archbishop of ,granada4 ,this important functionary summoned a junta of cosmographers 7not a promising assemblage67 to consult about the affair1 and this junta was convened at ,salamanca in the summer of the year #adhg4 ,here was a step gained2 the cosmographers were to consider his scheme1 and not merely to consider whether it was worth taking into consideration4 ,but it was impossible for the jury to be unprejudiced4 ,all inventors1 to a certain extent1 insult their contemporaries by accusing them of stupidity and ignorance4 ,and the cosmographical pedants1 accustomed to beaten tracks1 resented the heresy by which this adventurer was attempting to overthrow the belief of centuries4 ,they thought that so many persons1 wise in nautical matters1 as had preceded the ,genoese mariner1 never could have overlooked such an idea as this which had presented itself to his mind4 ,moreover1 as the learning of the middle ages resided for the most part in the cloister1 the members of the junta were principally clerical1 and combined to crush ,columbus with theological objections4 444 ,las ,casas displays his usual acuteness when he says that the great difficulty of ,columbus was not that of teaching1 but that of unteaching2 not of promulgating his own theory1 but of eradicating the erroneous convictions of the judges before whom he had to plead his cause4 ,in fine1 the junta decided that the project was 'vain and impossible1 and that it did not belong to the majesty of such great princes to determine anything upon such weak grounds of information4' ,slender material1 all this1 for another ,kauffman painting6 ,here is our council sunk to a junta--a junta of cosmographers--not an assemblage of theologians to decide what the church thought about the project1 but a junta of men supposed to know something of geography and the conformation of the globe6 ,the theological objections referred to by ,mr4 ,helps were precisely the opportunity of ,columbus's greatest triumph in giving him occasion to reveal himself to friends and enemies in a capacity never suspected to exist in him4 #dda ,among the many traditions in ,spain concerning l'almirante ,footnote #abf --traditions supported by his own writings and the testimony of such men as ,las ,casas--none are so well established as those that recount the eloquent inspiration of ,columbus in citing or commenting the ,scriptures4 ,his perfect familiarity with them was not more admirable than his majesty of manner in declaiming their grandest passages4 ,footnote #abf3 ,humboldt says that whenever a ,spaniard mentions ,l',almirante1 he refers to but one1 namely1 ,columbus4 ,just as the ,mexicans1 when they speak of ,el ,marchese1 mean ,cortes1 and the ,florentines1 when they name ,il ,segretario1 mean ,macchiavelli4 ,luther1 as we learn from that remarkable book1 ,d',aubign's ,history of the ,reformation1 discovered1 unexpectedly discovered1 to his great joy and surprise1 a ,bible chained to a window in the conventual library6 ,could not some modern ,d',aubign inform us how it was that an obscure ,italian sailor could have happened upon a ,bible in such countries as ,italy1 ,portugal1 and ,spain1 could have been permitted to read it--more than all that1 could have had the temerity to quote it to the very face of monks1 and priests1 and1 worse still1 show them that he knew as much about it as they did8 ,we commend the subject to the ,d',aubign editors4 ,in saying that1 in our belief1 the life of ,columbus has yet to be written1 we express no new opinion4 ,in this connection it is well remarked by the ,marquis ,de ,belloy1 that the best history of ,christopher ,columbus would be the collection of his own writings accompanied by commentaries4 ,literary and bibliographical research and labor in ,spain have succeeded in collecting nearly everything that ,columbus wrote from the year #adib up to the period of his death1 and their publication is needed to show this truly grand character in his true light4 ,were ,columbus simply a man of genius1 an ordinary history would suffice to recount his life4 ,but his soul was as great as his genius1 and such a soul is its own best revelation4 ,next to the accomplishments of his great project1 the discovery of a new world beyond the ocean1 a world he distinctly saw1 his dominant thought was--with the wealth that must necessarily be obtained from it--to reconquer and deliver from pagan hands the sepulchre of our ,saviour6 ,profane history and modern impiety instinctively smile at such simplicity4 ,mr4 ,rosselly ,de ,lorgues is one of the very few who have rendered justice to the religious phase of the character of the great mariner1 and he shows that in ,columbus constancy1 perseverance1 bravery1 and honor were not more marked than elevated ,catholic piety4 ,to conclude with ,salamanca1 there is no more searching1 truthful1 and eloquent commentary on its results than the language of ,columbus himself1 for he has recorded it4 ,we quote from ,navarette 7,madrid edition7 vol4 #a4 p4 xcii43 ,diego de ,deza--the ,dominican monk--was his 7,columbus's7 special protector with ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 and mainly contributed to the success of his enterprise2 referring to this1 ,columbus himself said that from his coming into ,castile that prelate 7,deza7 had protected him1 had striven for his honor1 and to him was it due that their majesties possessed the ,indies4 ,footnote #abg ,footnote #abg3 ,por lo cual decia el mismo ,colon que desde que vino ,castilla le habia favorecido aquel prelado y deseado su honora1 y que el fue causa que ,,ss4 ,,aa4 tuviesen las ,indias4 ,for this passage ,navarette quotes ,remesal1 ,historia di ,chiapa e ,guatemala4 ,a very characteristic performance in ,navarette6 ,it was impossible for him to avoid referring to what ,columbus had said1 and he weakens the force of it by not crediting it at once and directly to the proper authority1 ,las ,casas--citing ,las ,casas's own words4 #ddb ,for ,remesal expressly says that he takes it from ,las ,casas1 7lib4 i4 al medio del cap4 #bi37 ,y assi 7dize7 en carta escrita de su mano de ,christobal ,colon vide que dezia al ,rey3 ,que el suso dicho ,maestro del ,principe1 ,arcobispo de ,sevilla ,d4,f4 ,diego ,deza avia fido causa que los ,reyes abrassen las ,indias4 ,it is one thing to be told that ,remesal uses the language cited by ,navarette1 and quite another thing to learn from ,las ,casas that he had seen a letter written by ,columbus himself1 in which he told the king of ,spain that their majesties owed their possession of the ,indies to the ,dominican monk ,diego de ,deza4 ,nothing1 however1 need surprise us from a historian who undertook the desperate task of extenuating the notorious injustice of ,ferdinand toward ,columbus4 ,in its execution ,navarette has needlessly and shamefully outraged the truth of history and the memory of the ,great ,discoverer4 ---------- ,daybreak4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,the ,lord ,answered ,job ,out ,of ,a ,whirlwind4 ,mr4 ,southard was perfectly confident in his expectation of being able to convince ,miss ,hamilton of her mistake4 ,he knew her well enough to be sure that she would fearlessly acknowledge her error as soon as it should be made plain to her2 and he did not doubt that the power to produce that conviction on her mind would be given him4 ,he would not allow that first twinge of wounded personal pride and dignity of office1 with which he had seen how light she held his authority in matters of religion1 to stand in the way of his endeavors4 ,the first dignity of his office was to perform its duties4 ,exacting respect was secondary4 ,mr4 ,southard had one confident3 his journal4 ,the day the books were left on his table he wrote in it3 ,tonight ,i am to read ,milner's ,end of ,controversy4 ,o my ,god6 may ,i read it by the light of thy ,gospel6 ,may a ray of heavenly truth fall on each page1 expose its hidden falsehood1 and teach me how best to prove that falsehood to this stray lamb who has been lured from thy fold into the den of the wolf4 ,two or three days passed1 the book was read1 and read again2 but the refutation was not ready4 ,mr4 ,southard was too honest and too manly to think that personal abuse was a proper answer to theological argument4 ,he remembered that when ,st4 ,michael set his foot upon the neck of ,satan1 and chained him to the rock1 he did not use infernal weapons1 or walk in loathsome ways2 but his sword was tempered in heaven1 and there was no mire upon his sandals4 #ddc ,when ,i fight for the ,lord1 the minister said1 ,i will use the weapons of the ,lord4 ,he laid aside the first book1 and took another4 ,again a few days1 and yet he was not prepared to undermine his adversary4 ,i am astonished at the ingenuity and subtlety of these writers1 was the record he made in those days4 ,all the resources of minds richly dowered by nature1 highly cultivated by education1 and inspired by some strange infatuation for what they call the church1 have been brought to bear upon this question of polemics4 ,how skilfully they mingle truth with falsehood6 ,what beautiful1 what touching1 what sublime sentiments they drop in places where one would not go save so lured6 ,it reminds me of my boyish days1 when the scarlet blossom of a cardinal-flower would entice me down steep banks1 and into dangerous waters1 or some bloomy patch of ripe berries would draw my feet into a treacherous swamp4 ,i begin to perceive the attraction which the ,roman ,church exercises on the unwary4 ,it will be perceived that ,mr4 ,southard had the rare courtesy not to use the word ,romish4 ,he was so much a gentleman that he could not call nicknames1 not even in theological controversy4 ,but as his days of study lengthened into weeks1 a change came over him4 ,the obstacles in his way made him nervous1 feverish1 and1 it must be owned1 rather ill-tempered4 ,his political opposition to ,mr4 ,lewis was expressed with unusual asperity4 ,he was very haughty with ,miss ,hamilton4 ,he entirely absented himself from luncheon1 and he sometimes dined out1 rather than sit beside that smiling papist who was doubtless triumphing over him in her heart1 taking his silence for defeat4 ,he groaned as he heard her light step pass his door every morning on her way to early mass4 ,that step was his rveil4 ,should he1 the ,gospel watchman1 sleep while the foe was awake and at work8 ,why cannot truth inspire as much ardor as error awakens8 he wrote one morning4 ,why cannot we bring back the old days of faith1 when ,god was to man a power1 and not a name2 when the tables of the law were stone to the touch2 when he who made flood1 and fire1 and death was more terrible than flood1 fire1 or death8 ,the author of ,ecce ,homo is right2 no virtue is safe that is not enthusiastic4 ,a cold religion is a worthless religion4 ,o ,lord6 have mercy on ,zion2 for it is time to have mercy on it4 ,but1 angry as he was with her every morning1 when ,mr4 ,southard met ,margaret coming in again from mass1 her face smiling1 her cheeks red from the cold1 he could but forgive her4 ,it is hard to frown on a bright face1 happiness looks so much like goodness4 ,mr4 ,granger took notice of these early walks1 ,mr4 ,lewis alternately scowled upon and laughed at them4 ,mrs4 ,lewis and ,aurelia exclaimed1 ,how dared she go out alone before light6 ,the wicked people1 if there were any1 were all asleep1 ,miss ,hamilton said1 sitting down to breakfast with a most unromantic appetite1 and a general preponderance of rose-color and sparkle in her countenance4 ,at six o'clock on winter mornings no one was abroad but papists and policemen4 ,it was the safest hour of the twenty-four4 ,my good angel and ,i just go about our business1 and nobody molests us1 she said with a spice of mischief2 for the mention of anything peculiarly ,catholic usually had the effect of producing a blank silence1 and a general elongation of visage4 #ddd ,but such a magnificent spectacle as ,i saw this morning6 ,i came home round the ,common4 ,the sleet-storm of last evening had left all the trees crusted with ice to the very tips of their twigs1 and set an ice-mitre on every individual arrow-head of the iron fence4 ,there were the ghosts of all the bishops from ,peter down4 ,there wasn't any sky1 but only a vast crystalline distance4 ,i took my stand on the ,beacon and ,charles street corner4 ,every other person who was so happy as to be out looked also4 ,then the sun came up4 ,park street steeple caught fire at the ball1 and flamed all the way down4 ,there was a glimmer on the topmost twigs1 then the trees all over the ,common were in an instant transfigured into flashing diamonds4 ,the malls were enough to put your eyes out--nothing but glitter from end to end4 ,it was a grand display for the frost-people4 ,the trees will talk about it all next summer4 ,the winter slipped away2 and ,mr4 ,southard had not fulfilled his promise to ,miss ,hamilton4 ,neither had he relinquished his studies4 ,shut up with his books hour after hour and day after day1 in silence and solitude1 he scarcely knew how the world fared without4 ,for him the war had suddenly dwindled4 ,through long and weary vigils that wore his face thin and his eyes hollow1 he studied1 and thought1 and prayed1 not the humble petition of one who places himself before ,god1 and passively awaits an inspiration1 but the impassioned and fiery petition of one who will not doubt the justice of his cause1 and will not be denied4 ,then1 leaning from the window to cool his heated eyes and head in the fresh early dawning1 a peace that was half exhaustion would settle upon him4 ,sleep came pitifully in those hours1 and pressed on the throbbing brain too much expanded by thought1 and for a little while soothed the tormented heart4 ,his journal bore traces of the conflict4 ,i will resist the seduction6 ,this is my time of trial2 but ,i will conquer6 ,in the name of ,god1 ,i will yet confound the doctors of the ,roman ,church4 ,o ,god6 who didst nerve the arm of ,david against ,goliath1 strengthen thou me6 ,at every step he was baffled4 ,catching at what appeared a mere theological weed1 thinking to fling it out of his way1 he found it rooted like an oak4 ,approaching dogmas with the expectation of cutting them down like men of straw1 he was confronted by mailed giants4 ,he found himself among crowds and clouds of ,catholic saints--shadows1 he called them--that would fly from his path when he should hold up the torch of truth4 ,but1 looking in that light1 he saw steadfast eyes1 and shining foreheads1 and palm-branches that brushed his shrinking1 empty hands4 ,and out from among them1 with a look of gentle humility that smote him like a blow1 and with a tremulous radiance gathering about her pure forehead1 came one whom he had frowned upon1 and striven to discrown4 ,what was she saying8 ,all nations shall call me blessed6 ,not great1 not glorious1 not even lovely1 but blessed6 ,well--she--was blessed1 admitted the minister4 ,the next moment he started out of his chair1 muttered some kind of exorcism1 caught his hat1 and went out for a walk4 ,though it was mid-,april1 a north wind was blowing thank heaven for that6 ,nothing murky about the north wind4 #dde ,it would soon blow away all these pestilential vapors that came up from the sun-steeped lowlands of his soul2 pagan places where1 though his iconoclastic will had again and again gone about breaking images1 no sooner did it rest than there they were again1 ,bacchus1 and ,hebe1 and ,diana1 and the rest4 ,or from yet more dangerous because more deceptive regions1 wide1 bright solitudes of the soul1 arid and dazzling1 where the unobstructed sky seemed to lean upon the earth--the region of mirages1 of ,new ,jerusalems1 that shone and crumbled--of sacred-seeming streams that fled from thirsty lips--of cool shadows that never were reached4 ,in one of these impetuous walks1 ,mr4 ,southard came across an old minister1 and went into his study with him1 and told him something of his difficulties4 ,he was too well aware of his own excitement to venture on a full explanation4 ,moreover1 there was something soothing and silencing in the look of this man1 in his tranquil1 rather sad expression1 his noble face1 and snowy hair4 ,the old doctor leaned back in his chair1 and calmly listened while his younger brother spoke1 smiling indulgently now and then at some vivid turn of expression1 some flash of the eyes1 some impatient gesture4 ,elderly ministers were always pleased with ,mr4 ,southard1 who would ask advice and instruction of them with a docility that was almost childlike4 ,such respect was very pleasant to those who seemed to have fallen upon evil days1 who saw the prestige of the ministry departing1 to whom boys had ceased to take off their caps1 to whom even women did not look up as of yore4 ,my dear brother1 said the doctor gently when the other had ceased speaking1 you have made a mistake in attempting this work4 ,i tell you frankly1 we can never argue down the ,catholic ,church4 ,all the old theologians know that1 and avoid the contest4 ,for perfect consistency with itself1 and for wonderful complexity yet harmony of structure1 the world has not seen1 and will not again see its equal4 ,it is the masterwork of the arch-enemy4 ,so much the more reason why we should attack it with all our might6 exclaimed the other4 ,no1 replied the doctor1 ,that does not follow4 ,there are dangers which must be shunned1 not met2 and this is one4 ,as with wine1 so with ,romanism1 'touch not1 taste not1 handle not6' ,that might be said to the laity1 ,mr4 ,southard persisted4 ,but for us who teach theology1 we ought to search1 we ought to examine4 ,it is essential that we know the weapons of our adversary in order to destroy them4 ,truth has many phases1 and so has belief1 was the quiet reply4 ,we begin by believing that the doctrines we hold are the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth1 and that everything else is unmitigated falsehood4 ,but after a while1 according to the degree of candor of which we are capable1 we begin to admit that every religion on earth has something reasonable to say for itself4 ,there is a grain of good in ,mohammedanism1 in ,brahminism1 in ,buddhism4 ,we are now credibly assured that the old story of people throwing themselves under the wheels of ,juggernaut is a myth4 ,hindu converts say that there were sometimes accidents at these religious celebrations1 on account of the crowd1 as we have accidents on the fourth of ,july2 but that ,juggernaut was a beneficent deity who took no pleasure in human pain1 and whose attributes were a dim reflection of ,christianity4 #ddf ,i used to tell that story in perfect good faith whenever a collection was wanted for the missionaries4 ,i don't tell it now4 ,at last we learn to choose what seems to us best1 to present its advantages to others1 but not to insist that all shall agree with us under pain of eternal loss4 ,when ,i hear a man crying out violently against the purely religious opinions of others1 ,i always set him down as a man of narrow heart and narrower head4 ,the principal reason for my well-known hostility to ,catholicism is a political one4 ,the fact is1 brother1 ,god's light falling on the mind of man1 is like sunlight falling on a prism4 ,it is no longer the pure white1 but is shattered into colors which each one catches according to his humor4 ,we ministers are not like ,moses coming from the mountain with the whole law in his two hands1 and a dazzling face to testify for him that he had been with ,god1 he alone4 ,i wish we were1 brother6 ,i wish we were6 ,but faith1 exclaimed the other1 is there no faith8 ,we believe in the essentials2 and they are few4 ,how shall we prove them8 ,as the ,catholic ,church proves them4 ,she holds the whole truth tangled in the midst of her errors1 like a fly in a spider's web4 ,mr4 ,southard sat a moment1 looking steadily1 almost sternly1 at his companion4 ,then you and ,i have no mission1 he said4 ,we are not divinely called4 ,whithersoever a man goes1 there is he called1 said the doctor1 sighing faintly4 ,we among the rest4 ,we have a mission1 too1 and a noble one4 ,we make people keep the ,sabbath1 which1 without us1 would fall into disuse2 we remind them of their duties2 we check immorality2 we keep before the eyes of worldlings the fact that there is another world than this4 ,in short1 we spend our breath in keeping alive the sacred fire on the desecrated altar of the human soul4 ,is that nothing8 ,in speaking1 the doctor lifted his head1 and drew up his stately form4 ,his voice trembled with feeling1 and his eyes were full of indignant tears4 ,his look was proud1 almost defiant2 yet seemed directed less against his companion1 than combating some voice in his own soul4 ,all the enthusiastic dreams of his youth1 though they had long since been subdued1 as he thought1 by common sense and necessity1 stirred in their graves at sound of the imperious questioning1 at sight of the clear1 searching eyes of this young visionary who fancied that in the troubled spirit of man the full orb of truth was to be reflected unblurred4 ,in short1 ,mr4 ,southard said1 rising to go1 you believe that the spirit of evil can propose a problem which the ,holy ,spirit cannot solve4 ,not so6 was the reply2 but the spirit of evil may propose a problem which the ,holy ,spirit may not choose to solve for us till the end of time4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,noblesse ,oblige ,on his way home that day1 the minister met ,mr4 ,granger1 and the two stopped to look at a ,vermont regiment that was marching through the city from the ,maine depot to the ,new ,york depot4 ,as they stopped1 the regiment also was stopped by some obstruction in the street4 ,the attention of the gentlemen was presently attracted to a boy in the rank nearest them1 a bright1 resolute-looking lad1 with a ruddy face and smiling lips4 #ddg ,but it needed not a very keen observer to see in that smile the pathetic bravado of a boy who had just torn himself away from home1 and was struggling to hide the grief with which his heart was swelling4 ,what is a boy like you in the army for8 ,mr4 ,granger asked4 ,the young soldier looked up1 his bright eyes bold with excitement4 ,when men won't go1 the boys have got to go1 he answered4 ,do you want to take my place8 ,mr4 ,granger said no more4 ,beside this boy stood a middle aged man who had an uncommonly good face4 ,he was tall1 somewhat awkward1 and had that look of unsophisticated manliness1 honest candor1 and plain common sense1 which is found only in the country4 ,one could not fancy him a dweller among masked city faces1 breathing air pent in narrow streets1 walking daily on pavements1 and knowing no shades but those of brick and stone4 ,his place was tramping through wild forests1 not with any romantic intent1 but measuring with practised eyes the trunk of some tree in which he saw what woodsmen call a good stick1 and chopping steadily at it while the chips flew about him1 and above him the spreading branches shivered at every stroke2 or plodding slowly through still country roads beside his slow oxen2 or1 in the sultry summer days1 swinging the scythe through thick grass and clover1 mowing them down ankle deep at his feet4 ,he had the flavor of all that about him4 ,now he had to wade through other than that fragrant summer sacrifice1 to break through other ranks than serried clover and ,mayweed1 and those strong arms of his were to lay low something greater than pine or cedar4 ,you could see that this thought was in his mind1 that he never lost sight of it1 but1 also1 that he would not shrink4 ,such men have not much to say2 but in time of need they put into action the heroism which others exhale in glowing language4 ,this man had been looking straight before him2 but at the sound of a childish voice he turned his head quickly4 ,a little girl leaning from the curbstone was admiring the bunch of flowers on the soldier's bayonet1 and stretching longing hands toward them4 ,the fixed look in the man's face broke up instantly4 ,do you want them1 little dear8 he asked4 ,oh6 yes4 ,he lowered his rifle1 removed the flowers1 and gave them to the child1 looking at her with a yearning1 homesick smile that was more pitiful than tears4 ,at that moment the drums began to beat4 ,the soldier laid his bronzed hand on the happy little head1 then1 with trembling lips and downcast eyes1 marched on1 and out of sight for ever4 ,mr4 ,granger turned abruptly away4 ,i feel as if ,i were a great lazy coward6 he exclaimed4 ,i can't stand this any longer6 ,the minister looked at him with a startled expression2 but any reply was prevented2 for just then they met ,mrs4 ,lewis coming out of a flower-store1 with her hands full of ,mayflowers done up in solid pink bunches1 without a sign of green4 ,poor things6 she said4 ,the sight of them always reminds me of the massacre of the ,innocents4 ,see6 they look like so many pretty little pink and white heads cut off4 ,massed so1 without any green1 they are not at all like flowers4 ,are we going home to dinner8 ,my husband will be late1 and we are not to wait for him4 ,he has gone to see who is drafted in our ward4 #ddh ,the family had nearly finished dinner when ,mr4 ,lewis came in4 ,our house is favored1 he said immediately4 ,granger1 both you and ,i are drawn4 ,mr4 ,granger looked up1 but said nothing4 ,i got my substitute on the spot1 ,mr4 ,lewis continued4 ,he is a decent fellow whom ,i can depend on4 ,i asked him if he knew of any one for you1 and he thought he could get somebody4 ,mr4 ,granger made no reply1 seemed to be occupied in waiting on his little girl who sat beside him4 ,how sober he is6 thought ,miss ,hamilton2 but did not feel troubled1 his gravity was so gentle4 ,dora looked up in her father's face1 and laughed1 half with love1 half with delight4 ,you nice papa6 she cried1 and gave his arm an enthusiastic hug4 ,he laid his hand on those sunny curls1 as he had seen the soldier do in the street1 but did not smile4 ,glancing at ,mr4 ,southard1 ,margaret met a look at once anxious and searching4 ,his eyes were instantly averted1 but his expression did not change4 ,what could it mean8 ,after dinner1 he went directly to his room4 ,mr4 ,granger sat apart in the parlor with ,dora1 petting her1 and telling her stories4 ,when her bed-time came1 he went out with her1 and was gone longer than usual4 ,the evening was cool1 and they had a fire in the grate4 ,mr4 ,lewis sat before it reading the evening paper1 and the three ladies gathered in one corner1 and talked in whispers4 ,how sober and strange everything seems this evening6 ,margaret said1 shivering4 ,i feel cold4 ,it isn't like spring1 but like fall4 ,hold my hand1 ,aura dear4 ,what does chill me so8 ,it is because ,mr4 ,southard looked at you in such an odd way1 ,aurelia said gravely1 holding ,margaret's cold hand between her warm ones4 ,i know what ails me1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said1 in a tone of vexation4 ,it is that substitute4 ,my husband will preach poverty for six months to come4 ,charles1 raising her voice1 does your substitute look as if he had swallowed a new black silk dress with little ruffles all over it8 ,he has very much that expression of countenance1 growled ,mr4 ,lewis from behind his newspaper4 ,o dear6 ,and does he look as if ,niagara ,falls had disappeared down his throat1 and as if he were just chewing up a little trip to the mountains8 ,you describe him perfectly1 her husband replied with grim courtesy4 ,mr4 ,granger came in presently1 and stood awhile by one of the windows1 looking out into the twilight4 ,then he took a seat by the fire4 ,it was getting too dark to read without a light1 and ,mr4 ,lewis laid his paper aside4 ,i will see about your substitute to-morrow1 he said1 and send him up to the bank1 if you wish4 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,granger replied4 ,and as soon as ,i get a substitute1 ,i shall immediately volunteer4 ,there was an exclamation from the ladies1 and a sound as if one caught her breath4 ,mr4 ,lewis stared at the speaker1 turned very red1 then started up1 and went out of the room1 banging the door behind him4 ,a minute later1 he flung open the door of ,mr4 ,southard's study1 and marched in without the least ceremony4 ,what is the meaning of this nonsense of ,mr4 ,granger's volunteering8 he demanded1 stammering with anger4 ,mr4 ,southard had been sitting with a ,bible open before him1 and his face bowed forward and resting on it4 ,he rose with cold stateliness at this abrupt invasion4 ,will you sit1 sir8 he said1 pointing to a chair4 #ddi ,no1 sir1 ,i will not6 was the answer4 ,i want you to go down and put a stop to his making a fool of himself4 ,i won't say a word to him2 ,i haven't patience to4 ,if ,mr4 ,granger thinks it his duty to go1 ,i shall not attempt to dissuade him1 said the minister calmly1 reseating himself4 ,he is his own master1 and ,i am in no way responsible for his action in the matter4 ,when a man plants an acorn1 we hold him responsible for the oak1 was the retort4 ,you have indirectly done all you could to make him ashamed of staying at home1 and to make him believe that the more pieces a man gets cut into the more of a man he is4 ,if you don't prevent his going1 ,i shall hold you responsible for whatever may happen4 ,for a moment the minister's self-control deserted him1 and a just perceptible curl touched his lip with scorn4 ,can you see no nobler destiny for a man1 he asked1 than to eat three meals a day1 make money1 and keep a whole skin8 ,mr4 ,lewis's face had been red3 now his very hands blushed with anger4 ,he opened the door to leave the room1 and turned on the threshold4 ,yes1 sir1 ,i can6 he replied with emphasis4 ,but it is not in staying at home and sending another man out to die1 especially when that man may be in your way6 ,banging the door behind him1 ,mr4 ,lewis ran against his niece who was just coming up-stairs4 ,she looked terrified4 ,she had overheard her uncle's parting speech4 ,oh6 how could you6 she exclaimed4 ,aunt was afraid that you were going to say something to ,mr4 ,southard1 and she sent me to beg you to come down4 ,how could you1 uncle8 ,i could a good deal easier than ,i couldn't1 he replied4 ,come into the chamber here and talk to me4 ,i don't want to be left alone a minute4 ,i shan't go down-stairs again to-night2 and ,i would advise you and your aunt to get out of the way1 and give ,miss ,hamilton a chance to talk or cry a little common sense into ,mr4 ,granger4 ,meantime ,mr4 ,granger had been explaining somewhat to the two ladies left with him1 and exonerating ,mr4 ,southard from all responsibility4 ,i know that ,mr4 ,lewis will blame him1 he said2 but that is unjust to both of us4 ,it is paying me a very poor compliment to say that in such a matter ,i would allow another person to think for me4 ,you must remember that my husband's excitement will be in proportion to his regard for you1 ,mrs ,lewis said1 with tears in her eyes4 ,he has a rough way of showing affection2 but he is fonder of you than of any other man in the world2 and ,i'm sure we all-- ,here her voice failed4 ,mr4 ,granger turned hastily toward her as she got up to go out4 ,i don't forget that1 he said4 ,i know he thinks a good deal of me1 and so do ,i of him4 ,we shan't quarrel4 ,don't be afraid4 ,i found out long ago that he has a kind and true heart under that rough manner4 ,i'm going to bring him back1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said1 and went out1 wiping her eyes4 ,mr4 ,granger had not dared to look at ,miss ,hamilton1 or address her directly4 ,after having spoken1 the thought had first occurred to him that he should have been less abrupt in announcing his intention to her4 ,she might be expected to feel his departure more keenly than the others would4 ,he waited a moment to see if she would speak4 ,she sat perfectly quiet in the dim light1 her cheek supported by her hand1 her elbow on the arm of her chair1 and her eyes fixed on the fire4 #dej ,there is an involuntary calmness with which we sometime receive the most terrible news1 and which even an acute observer would take for perfect indifference1 but which1 though not assumed1 is utterly deceptive4 ,perhaps it is incredulity2 perhaps the sudden blow stuns4 ,whatever it may be1 no human self-control can equal it4 ,fortunately1 this phenomenon worked now for ,miss ,hamilton4 ,she would scarcely have forgiven herself or ,mr4 ,granger if she had lost her self-possession4 ,nothing will be changed here1 he said presently1 slightly embarrassed by the continued silence4 ,all will go on just as it has4 ,in case of any uncertainty1 when it would take too long to hear from me1 you can consult ,mr4 ,barton1 who is my lawyer4 ,he knows all my wishes and intentions4 ,of course you have full authority regarding ,dora4 ,i feel quite at ease in leaving her to you4 ,so ,mr4 ,barton had known all about it1 and so had ,mr4 ,southard1 and others1 perhaps4 ,miss ,hamilton recollected herself with an effort4 ,she was in ,mr4 ,granger's employment2 he was1 in some sort1 her patron4 ,she had made the mistake of thinking that they were friends4 ,but that is not friendship where the confidence is all on one side4 ,i shall try to do my duty by ,dora1 she said rather coldly4 ,but what does 'full authority' mean8 ,she is too young to learn theology1 he replied2 but everything else is free4 ,i spoke lest some one might interfere during my absence1 though that isn't likely4 ,margaret waited a moment1 then said1 ,dora tells me that you hear her say the ,our ,father every night and morning4 ,of course1 ,i shall hear it when you are gone4 ,if you are willing1 ,i would like to teach her to bless herself before praying1 and to say a little prayer to the ,mother of ,christ for your safety4 ,i won't make her say ',mother of ,god4' ,mr4 ,granger was touched4 ,that cannot hurt her nor me1 he said4 ,do as you please4 ,presently he spoke again1 ,i received yesterday a letter which my cousin ,sinclair wrote me the day before he was killed4 ,it was given to a soldier who was taken prisoner1 and is only just exchanged4 ,that letter surprised and affected me2 and if ,i had a lingering doubt as to my own course1 it was dispelled then4 ,he was driving to the steamer1 it seems1 when he met the ,seventh ,regiment marching through ,broadway to take the cars south4 ,as they marched1 they sang ',glory ,hallelujah' with a sound like a torrent4 ,he was electrified4 ,there he was on the point of going abroad for distraction when here at home was the centre toward which the eyes of the whole civilized world were turned4 ,he blushed for the slothful ease and aimlessness of his life4 ,here was manly employment4 ,he took no thought for the causes of the war1 since he was not responsible for them2 and circumstances had decided which side he was to take4 ,to him it was a great gymnasium in which men enervated by wealth1 or cramped by petty aims1 were to wake up their nobler powers1 string anew their courage1 'ventilate their souls1' as he expressed it1 and1 finding what they were themselves capable of achieving1 take back thus their faith in others4 ,when he saw those gallant fellows march singing off to battle1 the dusty1 stale old life broke open for him1 and a new golden age bloomed out4 ,he did not feel that they were rejoicing over the shedding of blood1 or the winning of victories2 but they sang their emancipation from littleness1 they sang because they caught breath of a higher air1 they sang because they had found out that their souls were greater than their bodies4 #dea ,then first it seemed credible to him that the ,son of ,god took flesh and died for man2 for then he first perceived that man at his best is a glorious creature4 ',i am happy1' he added4 ',it is like getting out of a close room into the fresh air4 ,i am going through a picture-gallery more magnificent than any in the old world1 and listening to strains of an epic grander than ,homer's4 ,i feel as if ,i were just made new4' ,this recital was to ,margaret like some reviving essence to a fainting person4 ,her heart1 drooping inward on itself1 expanded again4 ,if ,i knew him now6 she said4 ,if he would-come to me now6 ,here is something that will interest you1 ,mr4 ,granger added2 ,i will read it from the letter4 ,he lighted the gas and read3 ,the last time ,i was in ,washington1 ,i went to see ,lieut4 ,a----1 who is laid up in one of the hospitals in charge of the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,everything was quiet and orderly4 ,a4 was enthusiastic about the sisters1 calls them doves of peace and charity1 says their bonnets look like wings of great white birds4 ,i talked with one of them when ,i went out4 ',how can you1 who are the children of peace1 bear to come among us who are the sons of strife8' ,i asked4 ',where can the children of peace more fitly go than among the sons of strife8' she returned4 ',but we must seem to you cruel1 and unworthy of gentle ministrations1' ,i said4 ',you must think that we deserve our pains4' ,a swift1 almost childlike smile just touched her lips1 ',we cannot be everything1' she replied4 ',each has his place2 and the judgment-seat belongs to ,god4 ,i am only the nurse4' ',you must look upon war as the carnival of ,satan1' ,i said4 ',god permits it1' she replied tranquilly4 ',and the thought has occurred to me that it may be some times a preparation for religion4 ,in the army men learn to suffer1 and to sacrifice1 and to be patient and obedient--lessons which perhaps they would not learn in any humbler school4 ,and having acquired these virtues1 they may use them in nobler ways1 perhaps in preventing war4 ,but1' she added hastily1 'it is not for me to explain the designs of the ,almighty4 ,here is my mission6' ,she bowed1 and glided away4 ,a minute later ,i saw her raising the head of a dying soldier1 and as his eyes grew dim1 repeating for him1 ',jesus1 ,mary1 and ,joseph6' ,as ,i went away1 ,i said to myself1 ',i have seen one wiser than ,solomon6' ,as ,mr4 ,granger finished reading1 the door opened1 and ,mr4 ,southard came in1 but stopped on seeing the two alone4 ,i am glad you have1 come1 ,miss ,hamilton said quickly1 ,i want you to assure ,mr4 ,granger that1 though we shall miss him1 and be anxious about him1 we will not let our weakness stand in the way of his strength4 ,no matter if she had been slighted6 ,no matter if the confidence had been all on one side6 ,will you not bid me also ,godspeed8 ,mr4 ,southard asked4 ,you8 ,i have asked1 and am likely to receive1 a year's leave of absence from my congregation1 he said4 ,i do not know how it will be2 but ,i hope to go in the same regiment with ,mr4 ,granger4 #deb ,well1 ,margaret sighed as she climbed wearily up-stairs1 ,i have had one happy year4 ,but could ,i have dreamed that ,maurice ,sinclair would be the one to reprove my weakness at such a time84 ,chapter ,x4 ,a ,broken ,circle4 ,having made up his mind to go1 ,mr4 ,granger lost no time4 ,he who had been the most leisurely of men1 whose composure and deliberateness of manner had often given him the appearance of haughtiness1 was now possessed by a spirit of ceaseless activity4 ,his slow and dignified step became prompt1 he spoke more quickly1 his misty eyes cleared up1 and a color glowed in his swarthy cheeks4 ,there was no more lounging on a sofa1 and reading2 no more theatre nor concert2 no more lingering in picture-galleries1 and looking about with that fastidious1 dissatisfied expression of his till his eyes lit sparkling on something that pleased him2 no more dreaming along1 with a cigar in his mouth1 under the trees at twilight4 ,he was busy1 happy1 and full of life4 ,it did not take long to complete his arrangements4 ,like ,madame ,swetchine1 he thought those obstacles trifling which were not insurmountable4 ,the family found themselves infected by his cheerfulness4 ,mr4 ,lewis's lugubrious visions of wooden arms and legs1 and patches over the eye1 he swept away with a laugh4 ,the wistful glances1 often dim with tears1 with which the ladies looked at him1 following his every step1 listening to his every word1 he chid more gently1 and also more earnestly4 ,how women can weaken men with a tear or a glance6 he said4 ,it will be hard for me to leave you4 ,i love you all4 ,i have been very happy here1 and hope to be as happy here again4 ,but ,i must go4 ,i can't see poor men leaving their families1 and boys torn away from their homes1 and not go4 ,i should never again respect myself if ,i staid at home4 ,but there is something else4 ,the feeling that draws me is something that ,i cannot explain4 ,it is irresistible4 ,the breeze has caught me1 and ,i must move4 ,margaret has a smile for me1 ,i know4 ,it's in her4 ,she comes of a ,spartan stock4 ,could she disappoint his expectation8 ,no4 ,henceforth1 at whatever cost to her1 he should see no sign of weakness4 ,but1 oh6 she thought1 sometimes those who stay at home fight harder battles than those who go4 ,and my little girl1 said the father4 ,she wants me to have beautiful gold straps on my shoulders1 and splendid large gilt buttons on my coat4 ,dora was enchanted4 ,soldiers were to her the most magnificent of beings4 ,yes1 papa6 ,and little gold cuffs to your sleeves1 and stripes on your pantaloons4 ,precisely4 ,and a sword1 and a belt1 and spurs at my heels1 and a feather in my hat4 ,papa will be as fine as a play-actor4 ,and in order to have all these things1 my pet is willing that ,i should go away awhile8 ,the child said nothing1 but looked steadily at her father4 ,the smile still lingered on her lips1 but large1 slow tears were filling her eyes4 ,not for a very great while1 he added4 ,you know we must pay in some way for all we get4 ,you pay money for your dresses1 and study for your education1 and for these shoulder-straps of mine you must pay by letting me go a little while4 #dec ,the child struggled hard to keep down the swelling in her throat1 and dropped her eyes to hide the tears in them4 ,i guess1 papa1 she said1 nervously twisting his watch-chain as she leaned against him1 ,i guess it's no matter about the shoulder-straps4 ,i'd rather have you without' em4 ,he tried to laugh4 ,and the feather1 and the sash1 and the sword1 and the spurs1 do you forget them8 ,she broke down completely at that4 ,i don't want 'em2 ,i'd rather have you than everything else in the world6 ,even than stripes on my pantaloons8 ,o papa6 she sobbed1 what makes you laugh at me when ,i'm most dead8 ,margaret1 exclaimed ,mr4 ,granger1 don't let this child miss me6 ,not if ,i can help it1 she replied4 ,he was to do staff duty till the bloom of his ignorance should be rubbed off1 ,mr4 ,granger said4 ,one whose sole idea of a wheel was that it was something round with spokes in it1 whose only forward had been learned of the dancing-master1 and who knew no worse charge than the grocer's--such a person could scarcely be expected to lead men in battle array4 ,he was going down there to get some of the little boys to teach him drill4 ,it was impossible to resist his delightful humor4 ,even ,mr4 ,lewis relented4 ,if ever the doing of a thing could be forgiven for the sake of the manner in which it is done1 he said1 then ,i could forgive you4 ,but ,i can't promise to turn back all at once from bonny-clabber to new milk4 ,oh6 scold away1 was the laughing reply4 ,i begin to think that there is a certain pleasure in being abused in a discriminating manner4 ,your going to ,fortress ,monroe helps to reconcile me1 ,mr4 ,lewis continued4 ,it's a pleasant place1 and a strong place4 ,my wife calls it ,fortissimo4 ,i supposed that you would insist on going straight to the front to do picket-duty1 or post yourself in a tree as a sharpshooter4 ,i'm glad to see that you've got a little ballast left aboard4 ,i wish that ,mr4 ,southard were to be with you1 instead of going to ,new ,orleans at this time of year4 ,i spent a year at ,new ,orleans when ,i was a young man1 and ,i know all about it4 ,it isn't a city1 it's a deposit4 ,you have to hold on with hands and feet to keep from being melted away by the heat1 or washed away by the water4 ,o the oleanders6 sighed ,mrs4 ,lewis in an ecstasy4 ,almost before they knew1 ,mr4 ,granger was gone4 ,they had heard his last pleasant word1 met his last smile1 and seen the carriage that bore him away disappear down the street4 ,both ,mr4 ,southard and ,mr4 ,lewis accompanied him as far as ,new ,york4 ,when they had seen him off1 the three ladies returned to the parlor1 and the servants went sorrowfully back to their places4 ,the neighbors who waved him away left their windows1 and the friends grouped on the steps and the walk went each his way4 ,dora1 repulsed by ,miss ,hamilton1 went to ,aurelia for comfort4 ,margaret walked uneasily about the room1 putting books in their places1 pushing intrusive vine-leaves out the windows1 arranging and rearranging the curtains4 ,then she seated her self by a table1 and began cutting the leaves of a new magazine4 #ded ,presently ,mrs4 ,lewis approached her1 and after leaning on the arm of her chair a moment without being noticed1 touched her on the shoulder4 ,margaret1 she said1 why will you be so terribly proud8 ,i think you might be willing to shed tears when ,aurelia and ,i do4 ,why shouldn't you grieve over the absence of your friend8 ,he is a kind and true friend to you4 ,aurelia rose quietly1 and led ,dora from the room4 ,margaret persisted a moment longer in her silence and her leaf-cutting4 ,but the book and the knife shook in her hand1 and presently dropped from her grasp4 ,turning impulsively1 she hid her face in that kind bosom1 and sobbed without control4 ,he will soon come back1 ,i am sure of it1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said soothingly4 ,and you know we shall hear from him constantly4 ,we all feel bad4 ,mr4 ,lewis choked up whenever he thought of it1 and the only way he had of turning off his emotion was in scolding4 ,i dare say his last word to ,mr4 ,granger will be an abusive one4 ,and you are almost as bad4 ,i can't bear to be misunderstood1 and watched1 and commented on1 ,margaret said1 trying to control herself4 ,most people seem to think hate more respectable than affection1 and if they see that you care about a person1 they sneer4 ,i know all about it1 dear1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said4 ,you can't tell me anything new about meanness and malice4 ,i have suffered too much from them in my life4 ,but we are friends1 real friends1 here4 ,we respect each other's reserve4 ,but too much reserve is not good nor wholesome4 ,margaret looked up1 and wiped her tears away4 ,how you help me6 she said4 ,i don't feel very bad now1 with a faint smile4 ,it is suppression that kills me4 ,if we could say just what we think and feel1 and act with perfect openness1 how good it would be6 ,looking back1 my life seems to me a cemetery of stifled emotions4 ,my heart is full of their bones and ashes4 ,it's an awful weight6 ,you are very good1 ,mrs4 ,lewis4 ,you do beautiful things sometimes4 ,i grow fonder of you every day4 ,by and by1 smiling again1 ,i shall not be able to do without you4 ,and now1 that poor child6 ,i must go to her4 ,wasn't ,i cruel to put her away8 ,but it is very hard to have to comfort others when you are yourself in need of comfort4 ,the next day the two gentlemen came home with the last news of ,mr4 ,granger1 and they spent the evening more cheerfully than they could have expected4 ,mr4 ,lewis had apologized for his rudeness to the minister1 and had begun to perceive that ,mr4 ,southard had1 as he said1 some grit in him4 ,so they were all harmonious enough4 ,mr4 ,granger's generosity of disposition would lead him to danger unnecessarily1 if he were not warned1 ,mr4 ,southard said1 as they sat together that evening4 ,i talked to him very plainly about it4 ,there is sometimes an unconscious selfishness under those impulses4 ,exulting in the sense of their own fearlessness1 men put themselves in peril1 without thinking what others may suffer in their loss1 and that the real good to be attained does not1 perhaps1 counterbalance the evil done4 ,all that is accomplished is a generous deed4 ,it is something to accomplish a generous deed1 said ,miss ,hamilton4 ,i own1 ,i have not the highest admiration for that 'rascally virtue' of discretion4 ,but when the real cost of that 'sublime indiscretion' falls on some other than the hero1 then ,i object to it1 said the minister firmly4 ,and ,mr4 ,granger agreed with me4 #dee ,there are times when to hear those dear to us praised is painful4 ,it oppresses the heart1 by placing the beloved object too far above us4 ,but a gentle blame1 which hints at no serious fault1 while it does not wound our feelings1 soothes our sense of unworthiness1 and1 without lowering the friend1 brings him within our reach4 ,listening to such gentle censure1 we get a comfortable human feeling toward one whom we were1 perhaps1 in danger of apotheosizing4 ,speaking of the much that they would hear from these soldier friends of theirs1 both ,margaret and ,mr4 ,southard urged ,mrs4 ,lewis to resume her long unused pen4 ,it seemed that every one who had the talent to do it ought to preserve thus some of the many incidents of the war4 ,but she was resolute in refusal4 ,of writing many books there is no end1 she said4 ,and ,i have a terrible vision of a coming deluge of war-literature4 ,everybody will write1 soldiers1 nurses1 chaplains1 7all but you1 ,mr4 ,southard67 philanthropists1 novelists1 rhymsters--all will write without mercy4 ,the dilemma of the old rhyme will seem to be on the point of realization3 ',if all the earth were paper1 ,and all the sea were ink1 ,and all the trees were bread and cheese1 ,what should we do for drink8' ,no1 don't ask me to join in that rout4 ,besides1 no one but a scribbler knows a scribbler's afflictions4 ,no ',heavenly ,goddess' has yet sung those direful woes4 ,first1 there is the printer4 ,you spend all your powers on a certain passage which is to immortalize you1 and under his hands1 by the addition1 or the abstraction1 or the changing of a word1 that passage has taken the one step more which carries it from the sublime to the ridiculous4 ,put in a fine bit of color2 he changes your umber to amber1 and the picture is spoilt4 ,refer to the well-known fact that ,washington ,allston put a great deal of character into the hands and feet he painted1 and this fell patriot drops the ,allston1 and gives the credit to the father of his country4 ,then there are your dear friends4 ,they know all your virtues1 so their sole effort is now to find out your defects4 ,it won't do to praise you1 lest you should become vain2 so1 with a noble regard for your truest good1 they dissect your writings before your eyes1 and prove clearly their utter worthlessness4 ,then1 there are your gushing acquaintances who want you to write about them1 and tell you their histories1 insisting that they shall be put into print4 ,as if you should carry cherry-stones to a cherry-tree1 and say1 ,here1 grow cherries round these6 ,if you should answer ever so humbly1 ,thank you6 but ,i grow stones to my own cherries1 such as they are1 people would be disgusted4 ,of course1 if ,i had a great genius1 it would scorch up all these little annoyances4 ,but ,i have only a pretty talent4 ,perhaps the worst is1 that they will apply your characters4 ,when ,i was a girl1 ,i wrote a rhymed story1 and everybody pointed out the hero4 ,i stared1 ,i bethought myself1 ,i re-read my romance4 ,imagine my horror when ,i found that the description fitted the man perfectly1 even to the wart on his nose4 ,then1 not long ago1 ,i wrote a little idyl addressed to my first love1 and my husband came home with the face of an ,othello4 ,you know you did1 ,charles4 ,the fact was1 ,i never had a first love6 ,mr4 ,lewis laughed4 ,and she twitted me with ,diana4 ,diana was a tall1 superb1 serene woman whom ,i got acquainted with in ,washington1 before ,i was married4 ,i admired her excessively4 ,i didn't know that she was a goose4 ,i would talk1 and she would listen1 and smile at all my jokes2 and ,i thought that she was very witty4 #def ,i spoke of books1 and she smiled and said ',yes6' and ,i was sure that she was a well-read person4 ,i ranted about music1 and she smiled and said ',yes6' and ,i was positive that she was a fine musician4 ,presently ,i began to grow bashful in the society of such a superior woman4 ,i couldn't talk1 so she had to4 ,well1 at first ,i admired her simplicity1 then ,i stared at her simplicity4 ,and at last ,i saw that there was ',no end to all she didn't know4' ,one day ,i'd been there1 up in the parlor1 and when ,i left1 she went down to the door with me4 ,there was a large hat on the entry-table1 and we heard a man's voice in the sitting-room4 ',who's talking with pa8' she asked of a servant4 ',daniel ,webster1 miss1' was the answer4 ,daniel ,webster was my hero4 ,if our hats had been of the same size1 ,i would have swapped fervently1 though mine was new1 and ,daniel's a little shabby4 ,i remembered what somebody had said of ,samuel ,johnson2 and pointing to the table1 ,i exclaimed with enthusiasm1 ',that hat covers a kingdom6' ,diana looked at it with a mild1 idiotic perplexity1 and stretched her long neck to see on the other side4 ',hat covers a kingdom1' she repeated vaguely to herself1 as if it were a conundrum4 ',when it's on his head6' ,i cried out in a rage4 ',oh6' she said1 and smiled1 but without a particle of speculation in her eyes4 ,i bounced out of the house1 and ,i never went to see ,diana again4 ,shortly after1 ,i met that little woman1 and ,i married her because she is smart4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,mountains ,whence ,help ,cometh4 ,mr4 ,granger was one of those persons whom we miss more than we expect to1 their influence is so quiet1 their stability has so little of hardness4 ,as has been beautifully said1 such characters are like the water-lily1 fixed yet floating4 ,we do not know how much we rest on them till the support is withdrawn4 ,they heard from him constantly1 the letters being directed to ,mr4 ,lewis1 but intended for all the family4 ,evidently his good spirits had not deserted him4 ,never before had he been so much alive1 he wrote4 ,the excitement1 the uncertainty1 the very restraints which reminded of power1 and of great interests at stake1 all kept his thoughts in a brisk circulation1 and threw the bile off his mind4 ,miss ,dora had1 however1 her separate correspondence1 letters directed to herself1 which ,miss ,hamilton read to her1 and answered from her dictation4 ,in those days the child learned a new prayer3 ,o ,mother in heaven1 take pity on me who have no mother on earth1 and whose father has gone to the wars4 ,watch over him1 that ,i may not be left an orphan4 ,pray for him1 and for me1 and for whoever loves us best4 ,do not forget me1 ,o ,mother6 for if you do1 my heart will break4 ,who is it that loves us best8 the child asked the first time she said this prayer4 ,i do not know1 was the reply4 ,we can never be sure who loves us best4 ,but ,god knows1 and the good ,mother can find out4 ,i thought it was you1 said ,dora4 ,margaret's voice sank to a whisper4 ,perhaps it is1 dear4 #deg ,in a few weeks ,mr4 ,southard also left then1 not cheerfully1 but with a gloom which he took no pains to conceal4 ,and the few weeks grew to many weeks1 and months multiplied4 ,the summer was gone1 and the autumn was gone1 and winter melted like a snow-flake on the mantle of time4 ,when our eyes are fixed in anxious longing on some future day1 the intermediate days slip through our fingers like sands through an hour-glass1 and keep no trace of their passage4 ,if1 when the spring campaign opened1 and both the absent ones were in active service1 our friends watched with some sinking of the heart for news1 it was no more than happened in tens of thousands of other homes4 ,heart-sickness was by no means a rare disease in those days4 ,the soldier in charge of the soldier's news-room on ,kneeland street became very much interested in one of the few visitors who used to go there that summer4 ,nearly every say1 surely every day when there had been a battle1 a pale-faced young lady would open the door1 enter quickly1 and without looking to right or left go directly to the frames that held the lists of killed and wounded1 and read them through from end to end4 ,the soldier got to have an anxious feeling about this lady4 ,unnoticed by her1 he watched her face while she read1 and hushed his breath till he saw that terrible look go out of her eyes4 ,the lists finished1 she would pull her veil down1 sigh wearily1 and go out as quietly as she had entered4 ,when she finds the name she is looking for1 ,i hall see her drop1 he thought4 ,but ,margaret did not drop1 though often enough she was in danger of it1 as her eyes fell on some blurred name1 or some name very like the one she dreaded to see4 ,it was too wearing4 ,both flesh and spirit were sinking under this constant strain4 ,where was the help that religion was to give her8 ,leave everything to ,god1 trust all to him1 she was told4 ,but how8 ,her thoughts were clenched in these interests2 and1 in spite of faith1 it seemed as though1 if she should let go her hold1 they would fall4 ,she found that her religion was only of the surface4 ,it had grown in the sunshine1 and was not rooted against the storm4 ,she tried to put into practice the precepts she listened to1 but the daily distractions of life constantly neutralized her efforts4 ,there was but one way1 and for the first time ,margaret made a retreat4 ,the place selected was a convent a little out of the city4 ,here in this secluded asylum was all that her soul needed for its restoring2 quiet1 leisure1 the society of those whose lives are devoted to ,god1 and1 to crown all1 the presence of the blessed sacrament of the altar4 ,one feels very near heaven when one hears only praying voices1 sees only happy1 peaceful faces1 is looked upon only by kind eyes1 and can at any hour go before the altar1 alone1 undisturbed by those distractions which constantly environ our ordinary worship4 ,how still we become6 ,in that presence how our little troubles and sorrows exhale1 as mists lift from the rivers at sunrise1 and leave all clear and bright6 ,how cramped and feverish all our past life has been6 ,everything settles into its true place4 ,sorrow and death lose their sting4 ,we are safe1 for we partake of the omnipotence of ,god4 ,to think that the same roof that shelters our heads when we lie down to sleep shelters also the sacred head of the ,son of ,god--that drives every other thought from the mind4 #deh ,it is marvellous1 it seems incredible1 and yet the wonder of it is lost in the sweetness4 ,the moonlight coming in at the window lies white and silent on the bare white floor4 ,you rise to kiss that luminous spot1 for just beneath is the altar4 ,peace rises to exultation1 for you perceive more and more that the ,father holds us all in his hands1 those near and those afar1 and that we have but to lift our eyes1 and we shall behold the mountains whence help cometh4 ,we want to run out and tell everybody4 ,it seems as if we have just discovered all this1 and that no one ever knew it before4 ,we forget that we are sinners4 ,it isn't much matter about us any way4 ,we will think of that afterward4 ,we will make acts of contrition when we get away from here4 ,now we can make only acts of adoration and of joy4 ,the superior of the convent directed ,margaret's retreat1 and on the last morning of it she and all the nuns received communion1 and there was the benediction after mass4 ,the others had gone out1 but ,margaret still lingered before the altar4 ,out in the early sunshine1 the trees rustled softly1 and the breeze waved the curtains of the chapel windows4 ,occasionally1 one of the nuns would come to the door1 look in1 and go away again smiling1 though ,miss ,hamilton's breakfast was spoiling over the fire1 and there was a gentleman waiting in the parlor for her4 ,she is in the chapel at her devotions1 the sister had told him4 ,don't disturb her on any account1 he had answered4 ,there is no haste4 ,margaret was not praying1 was not thinking2 her soul was silent1 lost in ,god1 like a star in the day4 ,presently she came out1 and1 meeting one of the nuns in the hall1 embraced her tenderly4 ,sister1 she said1 this is the most beautiful world that ever was made4 ,the gentleman had been waiting some time when he heard a step1 and in the door there stood a slight1 black-robed lady with a veil thrown over her head1 a bright face1 and a smell of incense lingering about her4 ,she lifted both hands when she saw him4 ,my cup runneth over6 ,you are not a nun8 asked ,mr4 ,granger4 ,you're not an apparition1 she returned4 ,oh6 welcome6 ,and now1 he said1 delighted to see her so happy1 if you are ready1 we will go home4 ,i have only a few days' furlough1 and ,i want to make the most of it4 ,margaret went to take a hasty leave of the nuns1 and also to step into the chapel for one moment4 ,then she went out from under that happy portal1 and down the steps to the carriage that was waiting for them4 ,one of the sisters stood in the door looking after her1 and others here and there in the grounds looked up with a pleasant word of farewell as she passed4 ,she stooped to gather from the lower terrace a humble souvenir1 two or three grass-blades and a clover-leaf1 then stepped into the carriage4 ,as they drove slowly down the avenue1 she looked up into the overhanging branches and repeated3 ',above him the boughs of the hemlock trees ,waved1 and made the sign of the cross1 ,and whispered their ,benedicitis4' ,the family were in raptures over ,mr4 ,granger's return4 ,they could not look at him enough1 listen to him enough1 do enough for him4 ,and how nice you look in your uniform6 said ,margaret1 feeling as if she were about six years old4 ,and how nice you look in anything6 he retorted1 at which they all laughed4 ,it took but little to make them laugh in those days4 #dei ,mr4 ,granger1 on his part1 was as merry as a boy4 ,he was full of adventures to tell them1 glad to be at home1 happy in their confidence and affection1 and hopeful of the future4 ,margaret could scarcely believe her own happiness4 ,she would turn away1 shut her eyes1 and think1 ,i have imagined it all4 ,he is hundreds of miles away1 ,i do not know whether he is sick or well4 ,he may be in peril4 ,he may be dead4 ,o my friend6 come home1 come home6 ,are we never to see you again8 ,then1 when she had succeeded in tormenting herself sufficiently1 when her heart was sinking1 and her eyes overflowing with tears1 she would turn quickly1 trembling between dream and reality1 and see him there alive and well1 and at home4 ,oh6 there he is1 thank ,god6 ,and so every day she renewed in her vivid imagination the pain of his absence and the delight of his return1 till too soon the day came when she no longer dared to play such tricks with herself1 for he was again gone out of their sight4 ,but the lessons of the retreat were not forgotten1 and every morning brought refreshment4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- ,sauntering4 ,saunterer1 7from saint terre17 a pilgrim to holy lands or places4--,thoreau4 ,would that ,i were1 if not like the king of ,ava--lord of the twenty-four umbrellas--at least the owner of one1 was my thought4 ,i was in ,paris1 that paradise of many good ,americans who are not defunct4 ,three thousand and odd miles from home1 in the streets of a strange city1 with an imperfect knowledge of any foreign tongue1 not daring to say parapluie to the most obsequious shopman1 and the rain was pouring down like a douche4 ,i had no devotion to ,st4 ,swithin--not a particle4 ,i respected him in a vague way as a successor of the apostles1 whose name is in the calendar2 but ,i was always inclined to mention him with a smile on account of his hydropathic propensities4 ,i am a perfect ,oriental as far as a warm bath is concerned1 but ,i never could endure the gentlest shower-bath1 and the thought of ,st4 ,swithin1 in his wet grave under a waterspout1 always made me shudder4 ,this peculiar sensitiveness always made me suspicious of the lightest summer cloudlet1 and led me to make for years a series of minute observations on the weather1 till ,i became deeply versed in mackerel clouds1 mare's tails1 and such sinister prognostics4 ,i used to imagine myself so sensitive to the dryness and moisture of the atmosphere1 and to its density and rarity1 that ,i was quite above barometers4 ,i was a barometer to myself4 ,a foreknowledge of the weather was my strong point1 or one of my strong points1 when at home in the new world4 ,there ,i had a full view of the heavens that bend over us all1 down to the very horizon on every side4 ,the rarity of the ,american atmosphere1 its lofty heavens1 with its luminous spheres1 are full of skyey influences1 which tell not only upon the very plants1 if we observe them1 but upon ourselves1 if we heed the silent lesson4 #dfj ,i always knew what those clouds meant1 gathering over the far-off north-wood hills at the west1 and ,i felt the very mist as it began to rise around ,mount ,agamenticus1 in the east1 like sacrificial clouds around that altar of the renowned ,st4 ,aspinquid4 ,i seldom made a false prediction1 and was consequently approached with considerable deference by provident neighbors1 especially before a storm4 ,but somehow1 ,i lost this prestige as soon as my foot was off my native heath4 ,here1 in a compact city1 with the tall houses and narrow streets shutting the great blue eye of heaven till it became a mere line1 like a cat's eye at mid-day1 ,i felt myself utterly at the mercy of nature2 ,i gave myself humbly up to ,st4 ,swithin1 to whom of old ,i was rather defiant4 ,a haughty spirit goes before a fall4 ,humiliations are good for the soul4 ,i think ,i must consider mine a case of special providence2 for there is nothing more soothing to mortified vanity or spiritual pride1 or even in dire calamity1 than the conviction that ours is an instance of special providence4 ,on one of those doubtful days in ,october1 when the air is murky and a light mist from the ,seine pervades every part of the city1 but which were not always1 as ,i had found1 indicative of rain1 ,i sallied forth from the ,hotel ,meurice to wander around the ,french capital with no special object in view4 ,i discarded my guide-book1 tired of being the victim of square and compass4 ,to be told to admire1 whether an object appealed to my peculiar tastes or not1 was quite opposed to my notions of ,american independence1 and sure to rouse a certain spirit of contradiction in me--a bad trait1 ,i fear1 but a fault acknowledged is half cured2 so ,i make a clean breast of it to test the truth of the old saying4 ,i turned1 therefore1 a blind eye to all the palaces1 and gardens1 and fountains1 and went around feasting my eyes on the forbidden vanities of the world which my god-parents had renounced for me at baptism1 but which were glittering delightfully in the booths of this ,vanity ,fair2 not that ,i cared much for them1 to tell the truth1 but from a sheer feeling of perversity4 ,there must be some powerful charm in them1 or they would not be put down in every religious chart as quicksands to be avoided4 ,perhaps ,i was in danger of being stranded among them1 and it was1 after all1 a case of special providence1 when1 as ,i was pursuing my way1 or rather any way in my ignorance of the city1 and moralizing on these things1 or demoralizing1 of a sudden it began to pour4 ,for an old weather-wise like me to be thus caught1 was very humiliating2 and in my consternation1 ,i found myself enjoying one of the high and mighty prerogatives of the king of ,ava1 as aforesaid4 ,que faire8 ,i should have said1 being in ,france4 ,looking around1 ,i saw the open door of a church1 in which ,i gladly took refuge4 ,in benighted1 popish lands1 mother church often affords a place of bodily refuge1 as well as moral4 ,it was the church of ,st4 ,germain l',auxerrois1 to which ,i had wandered back1 and which from this time became my favorite church in spite of the bad repute of the bells4 ,passing from the gay streets into these cool shades is like passing for a moment1 as it were1 from time into eternity4 ,all light and frivolous thoughts--all vanity and littleness die away with the noise of the world1 at the very entrance4 ,the mind is elevated4 ,we partake of the grandeur of the edifice1 and1 for a few moments at least1 our nature is ennobled4 #dfa ,only great and lofty ideas should wander beneath such arches4 ,only souls full of noble and magnificent ideas could have designed them4 ,there are truly sermons in these stones1 of which one never grows weary--sermons in the grand old vitraux1 rich with saintly forms1 and in the gloom1 inspiring sweet and solemn reverie4 ,i love the gloom2 ,i love the white-robed throng2 ,i love the flood of most religious song ,that tosses all its choric waves afar ,to seek and search each quaint-carved crevice there4 ,the music surges to each singing star1 ,and bears the soul to heaven's own upper air1 ,sweet crushed to happy tears2 but chiefly where ,peace1 dove-like1 broods above clasped hands of prayer4 ,the ,catholic is no longer in a foreign land when he enters a church4 ,the altar1 the cross1 the ,madonna1 above all1 the tabernacle1 with it twinkling lamp of olive oil1 are his old familiar friends1 and all there1 and his heart is at home4 ,he feels a bond of universal brotherhood with all these worshippers before the altar4 ,and then the dear old ,latin service6 ,i never thoroughly realized at home the advantage of a universal language in which the whole church could lift up her voice1 as with one accord1 throughout the world4 ,that language--one of those which were consecrated above the head of the dying ,saviour--is associated with all the holiest and tenderest memories of a ,catholic4 ,he cannot remember when he first heard it from the lips of holy mother church4 ,it is one of his mother tongues4 ,each word has a new significance in this foreign land1 and the whole service a new meaning4 ,i have heard people exclaim at the rapidity of the opening service of mass1 not knowing its significance4 ,every act and word in our sublime ritual has its meaning to him that enters into its spirit4 ,dr4 ,newman says1 in his own beautiful way3 ,i declare nothing is so consoling1 so piercing1 so thrilling1 so overcoming1 as the mass1 said as it is among us4 ,i could attend masses for ever and not be tired4 ,it is not a mere form of words2 it is a great action1 the greatest action there can be on earth4 ,it is not the invocation1 merely1 but1 if ,i dare use the word1 the evocation1 of the ,eternal4 ,he becomes present on the altar in flesh and blood1 before whom angels bow and devils tremble4 ,this is that awful event which is the end and is the interpretation of every part of the solemnity4 ,words are necessary1 not as means1 but as ends4 ,they are not mere addresses to the throne of grace2 they are instruments of what is far higher1 of consecration1 of sacrifice4 ,they hurry on as if impatient to fulfil their mission4 ,quickly they go2 the whole is quick1 for they are all parts of one integral action4 ,quickly they go1 for they are awful words of sacrifice2 they are a work too great to delay upon1 as when it was said in the beginning1 ',what thou doest1 do quickly4' ,quickly they pass1 for the ,lord ,jesus goes with them1 as he passed along the lake in the days of his flesh1 quickly calling first one and then another4 ,quickly they pass1 because1 as the lightning which shineth from one part of the heaven unto the other so is the coming of the ,son of ,man4 ,quickly they pass1 for they are as the words of ,moses1 when the ,lord came down in a cloud1 calling on the name of the ,lord as he passed by1 ',the ,lord1 the ,lord ,god1 merciful and gracious1 long-suffering and abundant in goodness and truth4' ,and as ,moses on the mountain1 so do we too 'make haste and bow our heads to the earth and adore4' ,so we all around1 each in his place1 look out for the great advent1 'waiting for the moving of the water4' ,each in his place1 with his own heart1 with his own wants1 with his own thoughts1 with his own intention1 with his own prayers1 separate but concordant1 watching what is going on1 watching its progress1 uniting in its consummation2 not painfully and hopelessly following a hard form of prayer from beginning to end1 but1 like a concert of musical instruments1 each different1 but concurring in a sweet harmony1 we take our part with ,god's priest1 supporting him1 yet guided by him4 ,the words being1 then1 only used as means1 as instruments of consecration1 it is not at all necessary for the people to follow the words of the priest2 but1 entering into the spirit and meaning of each part of the sacrifice1 abandon themselves each one to his own devotions4 #dfb ,while the church is exceedingly particular about the exact following of the liturgy by the clergy1 it allows the greatest latitude to the devotions of laymen4 ,all the sects that have a form of prayer1 or extempore prayers1 afford far less liberty to those who join therein than the church4 ,their service is nothing to you unless you join in its forms1 which leave no liberty of soul4 ,whereas at mass1 while some use a prayer-book with a variety of beautiful and touching devotions in harmony with the service going on at the altar1 others simply say the rosary1 and others again use no form whatever1 but1 following the celebrant in spirit1 abandon their hearts in holy meditation and mental prayer according to the inspiration of the moment4 ,thus our holy services never become a mere form4 ,they are always new1 new and varied as our daily wants1 as our fresh conceptions of what worship is due ,almighty ,god1 and of the nature of the holy oblation in which we are participating4 ,the church of ,st4 ,germain l',auxerrois was once the frequent recipient of royal munificence1 being for a long time the royal parish1 and it was the most sumptuously adorned in ,paris4 ,sculptors and painters vied in filling it with the choicest works of art4 ,it was not much injured at the revolution1 but narrowly escaped destruction in #ahca4 ,the anniversary of the death of the ,duc de ,berri was to be commemorated by services for the repose of his soul2 but a mob surrounded the church1 and destroyed everything in it4 ,it was afterward closed till #ahch1 when it was reopened for public worship4 ,it has some poetical associations as well as historical2 for here ,m4 de ,lamartine is said to have hung up the long locks that ,graziella had shorn from her beautiful head1 and sent to be suspended in one of the churches of his belle ,france4 ,and perhaps this was the one to which he referred in the following words3 ,when the last hour of the day has sounded from thy lofty towers1 when the last beam has faded away from the dome1 when the sigh of the distant organ dies away with the light1 and the nave is deserted by all but the ,levite attentive to the lamps of the holy place1 then ,i come to glide under thy obscure arches1 and to seek1 while nature sleeps1 ,him who never slumbers6 ,the air which the soul breathes in thy aisles is full of mystery and peace4 ,let love and anxious cares seek shade and solitude under the green shelter of groves to soothe their secret wounds4 ,o darkness of the sanctuary6 the eye of religion prefers thee to the wood which the breeze disturbs4 ,nothing disturbs thy foliage4 ,thy still shade is the image of eternal peace4 ,i loved to think the poet found here the source of the inspirations which are embodied in his ,harmonies ,religieuses which are the delight of every tender and religious soul4 ,there is in one of the transepts a beautiful font of pure white marble1 executed by ,m4 ,jouffroy from a model by ,madame de ,lamartine and presented by her to this church4 ,the basin is surmounted by three expressive figures1 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity1 supporting a cross4 ,this church with its perfumed air1 its subdued light1 and its quiet recesses incentive to piety1 so charmed me by its contrast with the gay world without1 and revived all the fervor of early religious impressions1 that ,i did not leave it till ,i had resolved to commence each remaining day of my stay at ,paris1 by going to a different church till ,i had visited them all1 like ,horace ,walpole4 ,and should ,i even visit them like him as a mere amateur of art1 ,i could not fail to receive some inspiration that would leave me better for the rest of the day4 #dfc ,the hours thus passed in the churches seemed to consecrate the day1 and left a perfume in my heart that nothing in the world could wholly dissipate4 ,they became the happiest and most profitable of my life1 both morally and intellectually4 ,for thou dost soothe the heart1 thou ,church of ,rome1 ,by thy unwearied watch1 and varied round ,of service1 in thy ,saviour's holy home4 ,i cannot walk the city's sultry streets1 ,but the wide porch invites to still retreats1 ,where passion's thirst is calmed1 and care's unthankful gloom4 ,there1 on a foreign shore1 ,the homesick solitary finds a friend3 ,thoughts1 prisoned long for lack of speech1 outpour ,their tears1 and doubts in resignation end4 ,one morning ,i went to ,st4 ,merri's1 where ,st4 ,edmund1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 when a young student at ,paris1 used to go to assist at the midnight office4 ,a friend had given me his practical little book entitled ,the ,mirror of the ,church1 and ,i took it with me to read in a place he had loved4 ,in reading it ,i was struck by what he says of the ,lord's ,prayer1 the great prayer of the middle ages1 and the prominence he would have us give it in our devotions4 ,he says3 ,the ,pater ,noster surpasses all other prayers in excellence1 dignity1 and utility4 ,it was made by ,god himself2 hence the injury done to ,jesus ,christ the ,son of ,god when curious or rhymed prayers are preferred to that composed by him who knows the will of the ,father1 and better than we what prayer is most acceptable to him1 and what we most need4 ,how many deceive themselves in multiplying the forms of prayer6 ,they think they are devout1 but they are only carnal in their affections1 for every carnally-minded person naturally delights in the vain curiosity of words4 ,be then prudent and discreet in this respect4 ,i know you will bring forward ,st4 ,augustin1 ,st4 ,gregory1 and other saints to oppose me1 who prayed according to the affections of their hearts4 ,i am certainly far from blaming them4 ,i only blame the practice of those who1 from a spirit of pride or curiosity abandon the prayer made by the ,lord himself for those which the saints have composed4 ,our ,lord himself says1 ,and when you are praying1 speak not much as the heathen do1 for they think they are heard for their much speaking4 ,you therefore shall pray in this manner1 ,our ,father1 etc4 ,we ,catholics are often accused of elevating the creature above the ,creator1 and reproached for saying ten ,hail ,marys to one ,our ,father in the beautiful devotion of the ,rosary1 as if we had no other4 ,this extract from ,st4 ,edmund does not support the accusation1 and he was a prelate of the dark ages--the thirteenth century4 ,but then he was an ,englishman1 and we all know the ,anglo-,saxon race did not fall in ,adam1 and only a little way in ,peter6 ,in justice to ,st4 ,edmund ,i will add that he was so devout to ,our ,lady that1 early in life1 he consecrated himself to her1 and wore1 in memory of this consecration1 a ring with ,ave ,maria upon it4 ,he related this on his death-bed1 that his example might be followed by others1 and was buried with the ring on his finger4 ,there is an interesting chapel in ,st4 ,merri's ,church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,mary of ,egypt1 which is beautifully frescoed by ,chasserian1 depicting the touching old legend1 with its deep moral significance1 of ,that ,egyptian penitent whose tears ,fretted the rock1 and moistened round her cave ,the thirsty desert4 ,the poet tells of a miraculous drop which fell in ,egypt on ,st4 ,john's day1 and was supposed to have the effect of stopping the plague4 ,such a drop fell on the soul of this renowned penitent4 ,there's a drop1 says the ,peri1 that down from the moon ,falls through the withering airs of ,june ,upon ,egypt's land1 of so healing a power1 ,so balmy a virtue1 that even in the hour ,that drop descends1 contagion dies1 ,and health reanimates earth and skies6 ,oh6 is it not thus1 thou man of sin1 ,the precious tears of repentance fall4 ,though foul the fiery plagues within1 ,one heavenly drop hath dispelled them all6 #dfd ,st4 ,mary of ,egypt is one of a long line of penitents who1 after the example of ,magdalen1 have given proofs of their repentance in proportion to their sins and to the depth of their sorrow1 and thus rendered the very scars on their souls so many rays of light4 ,le ,brun painted one whose frailties are linked to fame as ,magdalen1 and at her own request4 ,the universal interest felt in her story1 and the sympathy it always excites1 induced me to visit a place that cannot be disconnected from her memory--the chapel of the ,carmelites in the ,rue d',enfer1 where she took the veil4 ,i refer to ,madame de la ,vallire1 whom ,madame de ,sevign calls la petite violette qui se cachait sous l'herbe4 ,a priest was just commencing mass when ,i entered the chapel4 ,i knelt down by the tomb of the ,cardinal de ,brulle1 who used to come here to pray in the chapel of ,st4 ,magdalen1 having a great devotion to that saint4 ,it was difficult to resist the distractions that were inevitable in such a spot1 but in which ,i would not indulge till the holy sacrifice was over4 ,the choir of nuns was separated from the chancel by a grating which was closely curtained4 ,there is always a certain charm in everything that savors of mystery4 ,whatever is hidden excites our curiosity and interest4 ,that forbidding grate1 that curtain of appalling blackness1 were tantalizing4 ,they concealed a world in which we had no part4 ,behind them were hearts which had aims and aspirations and holy ambitions1 perhaps1 we know not of4 ,they led a life which is almost inexplicable to the world--hidden indeed in ,god4 ,the chapel was so still1 save the murmur of the officiating priest1 that you might have supposed no one else there4 ,but after the ,agnus ,dei1 came out from that mysterious recess a murmur from unseen lips like a voice from another world4 ,it was that of the nuns all saying the ,confiteor together before going to holy communion4 ,that murmur of mea culp1 mea culp1 seemed like the voice of penitence from ,la ,sainte ,beaume1 or the voice of past times repeating the accents of the repentant ,la ,vallire4 ,there she lived and prayed and did penance for thirty-six years1 longer than ,magdalen in her cave1 son coeur ne respirant que du ct du ciel1 thus displaying a remarkable strength of volition1 and therefore of character2 for ,what is character but a perfectly formed will8 says ,novalis4 ,before that altar she used to come two hours before the rest of the community to pray1 and in cold weather she1 that had been brought up in luxury1 was often found senseless on the pavement of the choir when the rest of the nuns came to the chapel4 ,we read that the tears of ,eve falling into the water brought forth pearls1 and we cannot doubt that the tears through which our penitent viewed her past life helped obtain for her the pearl of great price4 ,one instance of her austerity is well known4 ,one ,good-,friday1 meditating in the refectory1 during the meagre repast of the day1 on the vinegar and gall given to the dying ,saviour when he was athirst1 she recalled the pleasures of her past life and particularly of the time when1 returning with the court from the chase1 being thirsty1 she drank with pleasure of some delicious beverage which was brought her4 ,this immortification1 so in contrast with the vinegar and gall of the ,saviour1 filled her with lively sentiments of repentance and humiliation1 and she resolved never to drink again4 #dfe ,for three weeks she did not taste even a drop of water1 and for three years she only drank half a glass day4 ,this severe penance1 which was unsuspected1 brought on a fit of illness and caused violent spasms in the stomach1 which reduced her to a state of great feebleness4 ,besides that1 she suffered greatly from rheumatism1 but she never ceased to share in the labors in the community4 ,she died in #agaj1 aged nearly sixty-six years1 having passed thirty-six years in the convent4 ,her life here was one long ,miserere which was surely heard in heaven4 ,her soul had to pass through the deep waters2 but she took fast hold of that last plank after shipwreck--repentance4 ,everything went to feed the stream of her sorrow4 ,every new grace gave her a new conception of the guilt of sin and awoke new regrets for lost glory4 ,so she shut herself up in the garden of myrrh4 ,she sheltered herself in the creux du rocher from the waves of memory that swept over her soul4 ,in that dark night of her soul she looked tremblingly out over the wide sea of her sorrows with a heart like the double-faced ,janus1 looking into the past and toward the future1 memory and hope struggling in her heart4 ,over that dark sea rose the moonlight of ,mary's face--our ,lady of ,mount ,carmel--a narrow crescent at first1 but growing larger and brighter every day4 ,and the great luminous starry saints with their different degrees of glory studded the heavens that opened to her view4 ,and so the morning came when the voice of ,jesus spoke3 ,many sins are forgiven her because she hath loved much4 ,there is an accent of sincerity1 with no savor of cant1 in the well-known reply of ,soeur ,louise de la ,misericorde when asked if she was happy in the convent3 ,i am not happy1 but ,i am satisfied4 ,how few in the world can even say with sincerity that they are satisfied4 ,dr4 ,johnson said1 ,no one is happy1 but satisfaction is certainly reasonable happiness4 ,carlyle says1 ,there is in man a higher than love of happiness4 ,he can do without happiness1 and instead thereof find blessedness4 ,that happiness alone is real which does not depend on contingencies4 ,it is reasonably satisfied with the present1 and has a constantly increasing hope in the future4 ,such was the happiness ,madame de la ,vallire found among the pale-eyed votaries of the cloister1 a satisfaction of the soul which became perfect happiness when death came to her after so many years of dying4 ,i wonder if there was no perfume left in the dried rose leaves in her heart causing it to faint ofttimes by the way4 ,a person of so much sensibility must have had a wonderful capacity for suffering4 ,that her memory was ever alive to the past is evident from the unrelenting austerity of her life1 from her well-known reply when informed of the death of her son1 and from her requesting ,le ,brun to paint her as ,magdalen4 ,remembering so many proofs of her conversion1 we1 too1 say1 ,neither do ,i condemn thee4 ,no stone will ,i cast on thy grave2 no reproach on thy memory3 for repentance effaced every earthly stain1 and thou art now sharing the joy there is in heaven over one sinner that repenteth4 ,tears of penitent love mingled with those of virgin innocence at the foot of the cross4 ,let them still mingle there2 we will not regard them with distrust or disdain4 ,we too have need to cry3 ,drop1 drop1 slow tears ,i ,and bathe those beauteous feet4 ,which brought from heaven ,the news and ,prince of peace4 ,cease not1 wet eyes1 ,for mercy to entreat3 #dff ,to cry for vengeance ,sin doth never cease4 ,in your deep floods ,drown all my faults and fears3 ,nor let his eye ,see sin but through my tears4 ,every one who looks deeply into his own heart finds a motive of charity for the faults of others4 ,a monk of ,cluny hung up in his cell the picture of a famous debauchee under which he placed his own name4 ,the surprised abbot asked the reason4 ,it was to remind him what grace alone prevented him from becoming4 ,we are all miracles of grace4 ,it may be restraining or transforming4 ,we are not the less in need of it than those who have apparently sunk to lower depths4 ,all these things passed through my mind while lingering in the chapel of the ,carmelites4 ,in that chapel had resounded the grand tones of the great ,bossuet at the profession of ,madame de la ,vallire1 with his usual refrain--the emptiness of all earthly things4 ,away1 earthly honors6 he said on that occasion1 all your splendor but ill conceals our weaknesses and our faults2 conceals them from ourselves1 but reveals them to others4--,there are two kinds of love1 he added1 one is the love of ourselves1 which leads to the contempt of ,god--that is the old life1 the life of the world4 ,the other is the love of ,god1 which leads to the contempt of ourselves1 and is the new life of ,christianity1 which1 carried to perfection1 constitutes the religious life4 ,the soul1 detached from the body by mortification1 freed from the captivity of the senses1 sees itself as it is--the source of all evil4 ,it therefore turns then against itself4 ,having fallen through an ill use of liberty1 it would be restrained on every side1 by frightful grates1 a profound solitude1 an impenetrable cloister1 perfect obedience1 a rule for every action1 a motive for every step1 and a hundred observant eyes4 ,thus hemmed in on all sides1 the soul can only fly heavenward4 ,elle ne peut plus respirer que du ct du ciel--a beautiful expression1 recalling the lines from an old manuscript poem in the ,bibliothque ,royal3 ,li cuers doit estre ,semblans l'encensoir ,tous clos envers la terre ,et overs vers le ciel4 ,the heart should be like a censer1 closed toward earth and open toward heaven2 and such is the heart of the real spouse of ,christ4 ,when ,bossuet had finished his discourse and the black veil was placed upon the head of ,la ,vallire1 the whole audience wept aloud4 ,the ,duchess de la ,vallire was now ,louise de la ,misricorde1 vowed to the rigorous life of the ,carmelites1 to fasts and vigils1 to sackcloth and ashes4 ,philosophers say no motion is ever lost1 and that every act is photographed somewhere in the universe4 ,think of swelling the choral song that will go on vibrating in the air for ever2 of sighs of penitence that go on sighing through space for ever in the ears of a merciful ,god2 of attitudes of adoring praise and love1 which are somewhere imaged1 to be revealed at the last day as a page in the great book that will decide our eternal fate4 ,how much better to be thus perpetuated than idle words1 vain songs1 and all the graces of fashion only intended to please the eye of a fellow-mortal4 ,after all1 there is something in such a life that appeals to the instincts of our nature4 ,even those who condemn it cannot but admire4 ,at least1 they find it poetical4 ,who does not feel an increased sentiment of respect for ,dr4 ,johnson as he stands with bared head1 in the rain1 where his father's book-stall was1 in the market place at ,uttoxeter1 to expiate an act of early disobedience to his father8 #dfg ,the picture of ,samuel ,johnson1 says ,carlyle1 standing bare-headed in the market-place is one of the grandest and saddest we can paint4 ,the memory of old ,michael ,johnson rising from the far distance1 sad1 beckoning in the moonlight of memory4 ,repentance6 repentance6 he proclaims as with passionate sobs--but only to the ear of heaven1 if heaven will give him audience4 ,o heavy laden soul6 kneel down and hear ,thy penance in calm fear2 ,with thine own lips to sentence all thy sin2 ,then1 by the judge within ,absolved1 in thankful sacrifice to part ,for ever with thy sullen heart6 ---------- ,the ,physical ,basis ,of ,life4 ,footnote #abh ,footnote #abh3 ,new ,theory of ,life4 ,identity of the ,powers and ,faculties of all ,living ,matter4 ,a ,lecture by ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 ,new ,york ,world1 ,feb4 #ahth1 #ahfi4 ,we know this rather remarkable discourse only as republished in the columns of ,the ,new ,york ,world1 where it had a sensational title which we have abridged4 ,professor ,huxley's name stands high among ,english physicists or scientists1 and his discourse indicates considerable natural ability1 and familiarity with the modern school of science which seeks the explanation of the universe and its phenomena without recognizing a creator1 or any existence but ordinary matter and its various combinations4 ,the immediate purpose of the professor is to prove the physical or material basis of life1 and that life in all organisms is identical1 originating in and depending on what he calls the protoplasm4 ,the protoplasm is formed of ordinary matter2 say1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen4 ,these elements combined in some unknown way give rise to protoplasm2 the protoplasm gives rise to the plant1 and1 through the plant1 to the animal2 and hence all life1 feeling1 thought1 and reason originate in the peculiar combination of the molecules of ordinary1 inorganic matter4 ,the plant differs from the animal1 and the animal from man1 only in the different combinations of the molecules of the protoplasm4 ,we see nothing in this theory that is new1 or not as old as the physics of the ancient ,ionian school4 ,the only novelty that can be pretended is the assumption that all matter1 even inorganic1 is1 in a certain sense1 plastic1 and therefore1 in a rudimentary way1 living4 ,the same law governs the inorganic and the organic world4 ,but even this is not new4 ,many years ago1 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson asserted the identity of gravitation and purity of heart1 and we ourselves are by no means disposed to deny that there is more or less analogy between the formation of the crystal or the diamond and the growth of the plant4 ,it is not1 perhaps1 too much to say that the law of creation is one law1 and we have never yet been convinced of the existence of absolutely inert matter4 ,whatever exists is1 in its order and degree1 a vis activa1 or an active force4 ,matter1 as the potentia nuda of the schoolmen1 is simple possibility1 and no real existence at all4 #dfh ,there is and can be no pure passivity in nature1 or purely passive existences4 ,we would not therefore deny a certain rudimentary plasticity to minerals1 or what is called brute matter1 though we are not prepared to accept the plastic soul1 asserted by ,plato1 and revived and explained in the posthumous and unfinished works of ,gioberti under the term methexis1 which is copied or imitated by the mimesis1 or the individual and the sensible4 ,yet since1 as the professor tells us1 the animal can take the protoplasm only as prepared by the plant1 must there not be in inorganic matter a preparation or elaboration of the protoplasm for the use of the plant8 ,the professor speaks of the difficulty of determining the line of demarcation between the animal and the plant2 but is it difficult to draw the line between the mineral and the plant1 or between the plant and the inorganic matter from which it assimilates its food or nourishment8 ,pope sings1 ,see through this air1 this ocean1 and this earth1 ,all matter quick1 and bursting into birth2 but we would like to have the professor explain how ordinary matter1 even if quick1 becomes protoplasm1 and how the protoplasm becomes the origin and basis of the life of the plant4 ,every plant is an organism with its central life within4 ,virchow and ,cl4 ,bernard by their late discoveries have proved that every organism proceeds from an organite1 ovule1 or central cell1 which produces1 directs1 and controls or governs the whole organism1 even in its abnormal developments4 ,they have also proved that this ovule or central cell exists only as generated by a pre-existing organism1 or parent1 of the same kind4 ,the later physiologists are agreed that there is no well authenticated instance of spontaneous generation4 ,now this organite must exist1 live1 before it can avail itself of the protoplasm formed of ordinary matter1 which is exterior to it1 not within it1 and cannot be its life1 for that moves from within outward1 from the centre to the circumference4 ,concede1 then1 all the facts the professor alleges1 they only go to prove that the organism already living sustains its life by assimilating fitting elements from ordinary matter4 ,but they do not show at all that it derives its life from them2 or that the so-called protoplasm is the origin1 source1 basis1 or matter of organic life2 or that it generates1 produces1 or gives rise to the organite or central cell2 nor that it has anything to do with vitalizing it4 ,hence the professor fails to throw any light on the origin1 matter1 or basis of life itself4 ,it may or it may not be difficult in the lower organisms to draw the line between the plant and the animal1 and we shall urge no objections to what the professor says on that point2 we will only say here that the animal organism1 like the vegetable1 is produced1 directed1 and controlled by the central cell1 and that this cell or ovule is generated by animal parents4 ,there is no spontaneous generation1 and no well authenticated instance of metagenesis4 ,like generates like1 and even ,darwin's doctrine of natural selection confirms rather than denies it4 ,it is certain that the vegetable organism has never1 as far as science goes1 generated an animal organism4 ,arguments based on our ignorance prove nothing4 ,the protoplasm can no more produce or vitalize the central animal than it can the central vegetable cell1 and1 indeed1 still less2 for the animal cannot1 as the professor himself asserts1 sustain its life by the protoplastic elements till they have been prepared by the vegetable organism4 #dfi ,whence1 then1 the animal germ1 organite1 or ovule8 ,what vitalizes it and gives it the power of assimilating the protoplasm as its food1 without which the organism dies and disappears8 ,giving the professor the fullest credit for exact science in all his statements1 he does not1 as far as we can see1 prove his protoplasm is the physical basis of life1 or that there is for life any physical basis at all4 ,he only proves that matter is so far plastic as to afford sustenance to a generated organic life1 which every farmer who has ever manured a field of corn or grass1 or reared a flock of sheep or a herd of cattle1 knows1 and always has known1 as well as the illustrious professor4 ,we can find a clear statement of several of the conditions of life1 both vegetable and animal1 but no demonstration of the principle of life1 in the professor's very elaborate discourse4 ,indeed1 if we examine it closely1 we shall find that he does not even pretend to demonstrate anything of the sort4 ,he denies all means of science except sensible experience1 and maintains with ,hume that we have no sensible experience of causes or principles1 all science1 he asserts1 is restricted to empirical facts with their law1 which1 in his system1 is itself only a fact or a classification of facts4 ,the conditions of life1 as we observe them1 are for him the essential principle of life in the only sense in which the word principle has1 or can have1 for him1 an intelligible meaning4 ,he proves1 then1 the physical basis of life1 by denying that it has any intelligible basis at all4 ,he proves1 indeed1 that the protoplasm1 which he shows1 or endeavors to show1 is universal--one and the same1 always and everywhere --is present in the already existing life of both the plant and the animal2 but that1 whatever it be1 in the plant or animal1 which gives it the power to take up the protoplasm and assimilate it to its own organism1 which is properly the life or vital power1 he does not explain1 account for1 or even recognize4 ,with him1 power is an empty word4 ,he nowhere proves that life is produced1 furnished1 or generated by the protoplasm1 or has a material origin4 ,hence1 the protoplasm1 by his own showing1 is simply no protoplasm at all4 ,he proves1 if anything1 that in inorganic matter there are elements which the living plant or animal assimilates1 and into which1 when dead1 it is resolved4 ,this is all he does1 and in fact1 all he professes to do4 ,the professor makes light of the very grave objection1 that chemical analysis can throw no light on the principle or basis of life1 because it is or can be made only on the dead subject4 ,he of course concedes that chemical analysis is not made on the living subject2 but this1 he contends1 amounts to nothing4 ,we think it amounts to a great deal4 ,the very thing sought1 to wit1 life1 is wanting in the dead subject1 and of course cannot by any possible analysis be detected in it4 ,if all that constituted the living subject is present in the dead body1 why is the body dead1 or why has it ceased to perform its vital functions8 ,the protoplasm1 or what you so call1 is as present in the corpse as in the living organism4 ,if it is the basis of life1 why is the organism no longer living8 ,the fact is1 that life1 while it continues1 resists chemical action and death1 by a higher and subtler chemistry of its own1 and it is only the dead body that falls under the action of the ordinary chemical laws4 ,there is1 then1 no concluding the principle or basis of life from any possible dissection of the dead body4 #dgj ,the professor's answer to the objection is far from being satisfactory4 ,objectors of this class1 he says1 do not seem to reflect 444 that we know nothing about the composition of any body as it is4 ,the statement that a crystal of calcspar consists of carbonate of lime is quite true1 if we only mean that1 by appropriate processes1 it may be resolved into carbonic acid and quicklime4 ,if you pass the same carbonic acid over the very quicklime thus obtained1 you will obtain carbonate of lime again2 but it will not be calc-spar1 nor anything like it4 ,can it therefore be said that chemical analysis teaches nothing about the chemical composition of calc-spar8 ,such a statement would be absurd2 but it is hardly more so than the talk one occasionally hears about the uselessness of applying the results of chemical analysis to the living bodies which have yielded them4 ,one fact1 at any rate1 is out of reach of such refinements and this is1 that all the forms of protoplasm which have yet been examined contain the four elements1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen1 in very complex union1 and that they behave similarly toward several reagents4 ,to this complex combination1 the nature of which has never been determined with exactness1 the name of protein has been applied4 ,and if we use this term with such caution as may properly arise out of comparative ignorance of the things for which it stands1 it may be truly said that all protoplasm is proteinaceous2 or1 as the white1 or albumen1 of an egg is one of the commonest examples of a nearly pure proteine matter1 we may say that all living matter is more or less albuminoid4 ,perhaps it would not yet be safe to say that all forms of protoplasm are affected by the direct action of electric shocks2 and yet the number of cases in1 which the contraction of protoplasm is shown to be effected by this agency increases every day4 ,nor can it be affirmed with perfect confidence that all forms of protoplasm are liable to undergo that peculiar coagulation at a temperature of #dj degrees--#ej degrees centigrade1 which has been called heat-stiffening1 though ,kuhne's beautiful researches have proved this occurrence to take place in so many and such diverse living beings1 that it is hardly rash to expect that the law holds good for all4 ,this long extract proves admirably how long1 how learnedly1 how scientifically1 a great man can talk without saying anything4 ,all that is here said amounts only to this3 the conclusions obtained by the analysis of the dead body cannot be denied to be applicable to the living body1 because we know nothing of the composition of any body organic or inorganic1 as it is4 ,therefore all life has a physical basis6 ,take the whole extract1 and all it tells you is1 that we know nothing of the subject it professes to treat4 ,all the forms of protoplasm1 which have yet been examined contain the four elements1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen in very complex union4 ,when chemically resolved into these four elements1 is it protoplasm still8 ,can you by a chemical process reconvert them into protoplasm8 ,no4 ,then what does the analysis show of the nature of your physical basis of life8 ,to this complex union1 the nature of which has never yet been determined1 the name of protein has been applied4 ,very important to know that4 ,yet this name protein names not something known1 but something the nature of which is unknown4 ,what then does it tell us8 ,if we use this term protein with such caution as may properly arise out of our comparative ignorance of the things for which it stands1 it may truly be said that all protoplasm is proteinaceous4 ,be it so1 what advance in knowledge1 since we are ignorant of what protein is8 ,it is wonderful what a magnificent structure our scientists are able to erect on ignorance as the foundation4 ,the professor1 after having confessed his ignorance of what the alleged protoplasm really is1 continues3 ,enough has1 perhaps1 been said to prove the existence of a general uniformity in the character of the protoplasm1 or physical basis of life1 in whatever group of living beings it may be studied4 ,but it will be understood that this general uniformity by no means excludes any amount of special modifications of the fundamental substance4 ,the mineral1 carbonate of lime1 assumes an immense diversity of characters1 though #dga no one doubts that under all these protean changes it is one and the same thing4 ,and now1 what is the ultimate fate1 and what the origin1 of the matter of life8 ,is it1 as some of the older naturalists supposed1 diffused throughout the universe in molecules1 which are indestructible and unchangeable in themselves2 but1 in endless transmigration1 unite in innumerable permutations1 into the diversified forms of life we know8 ,or is the matter of life composed of ordinary matter1 differing from it only in the manner in which its atoms are aggregated4 ,is it built up of ordinary matter1 and again resolved into ordinary matter when its work is done8 ,modern science does not hesitate a moment between these alternatives4 ,physiology writes over the portals of life1 ',debemur morti nos nostraque1' with a profounder meaning than the ,roman poet attached to that melancholy line4 ,under whatever disguise it takes refuge1 whether fungus or oak1 worm or man1 the living protoplasm not only ultimately dies and is resolved into its mineral and lifeless constituents1 but is always dying1 and1 strange as the paradox may sound1 could not live unless it died4 ,suppose all this to be precisely as asserted1 it only proves that there is diffused through the whole material world elements which in certain unknown and inexplicable combinations1 afford sustenance to plants1 and through plants to animals1 or from which the living organism repairs its waste and sustains its life4 ,it does not tell us how carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen are or must be combined to form the alleged protoplasm1 whence is the living organism1 nor the origin or principle of its life4 ,it1 in fact1 shows us neither the origin nor the matter of life1 for it is only an actually living organism that uses or assimilates the alleged protoplasm4 ,there is evidently at work in the organism a vital force that is distinguishable from the irritability or contractility of the protoplasm1 and not derived from or originated by it4 ,undoubtedly1 every organism that falls under our observation1 whether vegetable or animal1 has its physical conditions1 and lives by virtue of a physical law2 but this1 even when we have determined the law and ascertained the conditions1 throws no light on the life itself4 ,the life escapes all observation1 and science is impotent1 if it leaves out the creative act of ,god1 to explain it1 or to bring us a step nearer its secret4 ,professor ,huxley tells us no more1 with all his science and hard words1 than any cultivator of the soil1 any shepherd or herdsman1 can tell us1 and knows as well as he1 as we have already said4 ,in the last extract1 the professor evidently prefers1 of the two alternatives he suggests1 the one that asserts that the matter of life protoplasm is composed of ordinary matter1 is built up of ordinary matter1 and resolved again into ordinary matter when its work is done4 ,this the professor applies to man as well as to plants and animals4 ,hence1 he cites the ,roman poet1 ,debemur morti nos nostraque4 ,but we have conceded the professor more than he asks4 ,we have conceded that all matter is1 in a certain sense1 plastic1 and living1 in the sense of being active1 not passive4 ,but the professor does not ask so much4 ,we inferred from some things in the beginning of his discourse that he intended to maintain that his protoplasm is itself elemental1 and pervading all nature4 ,but this is not the case2 he merely holds it to be a chemical compound formed by the peculiar chemical combination of lifeless components4 ,thus he says3 #dgb ,but it will be observed that the existence of the matter of life depends on the pre-existence of certain compounds1 namely1 carbonic acid1 water1 and ammonia4 ,withdraw any one of these three from the world1 and all vital phenomena come to an end4 ,they are related to the protoplasm of the plant1 as the protoplasm of the plant is to that of the animal4 ,carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen are all lifeless bodies4 ,of these1 carbon and oxygen unite in certain proportions and under certain conditions1 to give rise to carbonic acid2 hydrogen and oxygen produce water2 nitrogen and hydrogen give rise to ammonia4 ,these new compounds1 like the elementary bodies of which they are composed1 are lifeless4 ,but when they are brought together1 under certain conditions they give rise to the still more complex body1 protoplasm1 and this protoplasm exhibits the phenomena of life4 ,i see no break in this series of steps in my secular complication1 and ,i am unable to understand why the language which is applicable to any one term of the series may not be used to any of the others4 ,but here is a break or a bold leap from a lifeless to a living compound4 ,no matter how different are the several chemical compounds known from the simple components1 the new compound is always1 as far as known1 as lifeless as were the several components themselves4 ,hydrogen and oxygen compounded give rise to water1 but water is lifeless4 ,hydrogen and nitrogen1 brought together in certain proportions1 give rise to ammonia1 still a lifeless compound4 ,no chemist has yet1 by any combination of the minerals1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen1 the constituents of protoplasm1 been able to produce a living plant or a living organism of any sort4 ,how then conclude that their combination produces the matter of life1 or gives rise to the living organism8 ,there seems to us to be a great gulf between the premises and the conclusion4 ,certain combinations of carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen produce certain lifeless compounds different from themselves1 therefore a certain other combination of these same elements produces the living organism1 plant1 or animal1 or originates the matter1 and forms the physical basis of life4 ,if the professor had in his school days reasoned in this way1 his logic-master1 we suspect1 would have set a black mark against his name1 or1 more likely1 have rapped him over the knuckles1 if not over his head1 and told him that an argument that has no middle term1 is no argument at all1 and that ,transitio a genere ad genus1 as from the lifeless to the living1 is a sophism4 ,the professor is misled by his supposing that what is true of the dead body must be true of the living4 ,because chemical analysis resolves the dead body into certain lifeless elements1 he concludes that the living body is1 while living1 only a compound of these same lifeless elements4 ,that is1 from what is true of death1 he concludes what must be true of life4 ,but for this fallacy1 he could never have fallen into the other fallacy of concluding life is only the result of a certain aggregate or amalgam of lifeless minerals4 ,our scientists are seldom good logicians1 and we have rarely found them able1 when leaving traditional science1 to draw even a logical induction from the facts before them4 ,this is wherefore they receive so little respect from philosophers and theologians1 who are always ready to accept their facts1 but1 for the most part1 unable to accept their inductions4 ,the professor has given us some valuable facts1 though very well known before2 but his logical ineptness is the best argument he has as yet offered in support of his favorite theory that man is only a monkey developed4 ,in the extract next before the last1 the professor revives an old doctrine long since abandoned1 that life is generated from corruption4 ,under whatever disguise it takes refuge1 whether fungus or oak1 worm or man1 the living protoplasm not only ultimately dies and is resolved into its mineral and lifeless constituents1 but is always dying1 and1 strange as the paradox may sound1 could not live unless it died4 #dgc ,we know that some physiologists regard the waste of the body1 which in life is constantly going on1 and which is repaired by the food we take1 as incipient death2 but this is only because they confound the particles or molecules of matter of which the body is externally built up1 and which change many times during an ordinary life1 with the body itself1 and suppose the life of the body is simply the resultant of the aggregation of these innumerable molecules or particles4 ,but the life of the organism1 we have seen1 is within it1 and its action from the centre1 and it is only its life1 not its death1 that throws off or exudes as well as assimilates the material particles4 ,the exudation as well as the assimilation is interrupted by death4 ,why the protoplasm could not live unless it died is what we do not understand4 ,the professor1 of course1 not only denies the immortality of the soul1 but the existence of soul itself4 ,there is for him no soul but the protoplasm formed of ordinary matter4 ,all this we understand very well4 ,we understand1 too1 that on his theory the protoplasm assimilated by the organism to repair its waste1 renews literally1 not figuratively1 the life of the organism4 ,but how he extracts life from death1 and concludes that the protoplasm must die1 as the condition of living1 passeth our comprehension4 ,we suppose1 however1 the professor found it necessary to assert it in order to be able to reason from the dead subject to the living4 ,if the protoplasm were not dead1 he could not by chemical analysis determine its constituents2 and if the death of the protoplasm were not essential to its life1 he could not conclude the constituents of the living protoplasm from what he finds to be the constituents of the dead protoplasm4 ,but this does not help him4 ,in the first place1 the waste of the living organism is not death nor dying1 though death may result from it4 ,and the supply of protoplasm in the shape of food does not originate new life1 nor replenish a life that is gone1 but supplies what is needed to sustain and invigorate a life that is already life4 ,in the second place1 the vital force is not built up by protoplastic accretions1 but operates from within the organism1 from the organite or central cell1 without which there could be no accretions or secretions4 ,the food does not give life2 it only ministers sustenance to an organism already living4 ,no chemical analysis of the food can disclose or throw any light on the origin1 nature1 or constitution of the organic life itself4 ,it is this fact that prevents us from having much confidence in chemical physiology1 which is still insisted on by our most eminent physiologists4 ,in every organism there is something that transcends the reach of chemical analysis1 and which no chemical synthesis can reproduce4 ,take the professor's protoplasm itself4 ,he resolves it into the minerals1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen3 but no chemist can by any possible recombination of them reproduce protoplasm4 ,how then can one say that these minerals are its sole constituents1 or that there are not other elements entering it which escape all chemical tests and1 indeed1 are not subject to chemical laws8 ,chemistry is limited1 and cannot penetrate the essence of the material substance any more than the eye can4 ,it never does and never can go beyond the sensible properties of matter4 ,life has its own laws1 and every physiologist knows that he meets in the living organism phenomena or facts which it is impossible to reduce to any of the laws which are obtainable from the analysis of inorganic or lifeless matter4 #dgd ,it is necessary then to conclude that there is in the living organism present and active some element which1 though using lifeless matter1 cannot be derived from it1 or explained by physical laws1 be they mechanical1 chemical1 or electrical4 ,the law of life is a law sui generis1 and not resolvable into any other4 ,we must even go beyond the physical laws themselves1 if we would find their principle4 ,as far as human science goes1 there is1 where the nucleus of life is wanting1 no conversion of lifeless matter into living matter4 ,the attempt to prove that living organisms1 plants1 animals1 or man are developed from inorganic and lifeless matter1 though made as long ago as ,leucippus and ,democritus1 systematized by ,epicurus1 sung in rich ,latin verse by ,lucretius1 and defended by the ablest of modern ,british physico-philosophers1 ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer1 in his ,biology1 has by the sane part of the human race in all times and everywhere been held to be foolish and absurd4 ,it has no scientific basis1 is supported by no known facts1 and is simply an unfounded1 at least1 an unsupported hypothesis4 ,life to the scientist is an insolvable mystery4 ,we know no explanation of this mystery or of anything else in the universe1 unless we accept the creative act of ,god2 for the origin and cause of nature are not in nature herself4 ,we have no other explanation of the origin of living organisms or of the matter of life4 ,god created plants1 animals1 and man1 created them living organisms1 male and female created he them1 and thus gave them the power to propagate and multiply each its own kind1 by natural generation4 ,the scientist will of course smile superciliously at this old solution1 insisted on by priests and accepted by the vulgar2 but though not a scientist1 we know enough of science to say from even a scientific point of view that there is no alternative3 either this or no solution at all4 ,the ablest men of ancient or modern times1 when they reject it1 only fall into endless sophisms and self-contradictions4 ,professor ,huxley admits none but material existences1 concedes that the terms of his proposition are unquestionably materialistic1 and yet denies that he is individually a materialist4 ,it may seem a small thing to admit that the dull vital actions of a fungus1 or a foraminifer1 are the properties of their protoplasm1 and are the direct results of the nature of the matter of which they are composed4 ,but if1 as ,i have endeavored to prove to you1 their protoplasm is essentially identical with1 and most readily converted into1 that of any animal1 ,i can discover no logical halting place between the admission that such is the case1 and the further concession that all vital action may1 with equal propriety1 be said to be the result of the molecular forces of the protoplasm which displays it4 ,and if so1 it must be true1 in the same sense and to the same extent1 that the thoughts to which ,i am now giving utterance1 and your thoughts regarding them1 are the expression of molecular changes in the matter of life which is the source of other vital phenomena4 ,past experience leads me to be tolerably certain that1 when the propositions ,i have just placed before you are accessible to public comment and criticism1 they will be condemned by many zealous persons1 and perhaps by some of the wise and thoughtful4 ,i should not wonder if 'gross and brutal materialism' were the mildest phrase applied to them in certain quarters4 ,and most undoubtedly the terms of the propositions are distinctly materialistic4 ,nevertheless1 two things are certain3 the one1 that ,i hold the statement to be substantially true2 the other1 that ,i1 individually1 am no materialist1 but on the contrary believe materialism to involve grave philosophical error4 #dge ,if what he has been from the first endeavoring to prove1 and here distinctly asserts1 is not materialism and consequently by his own confession1 a grave philosophical error1 we know not what would be4 ,this union of materialistic terminology with the repudiation of the materialistic philosophy1 he says1 further on1 ,i share with some of the most thoughtful men with whom ,i am acquainted4 ,his terminology is1 then1 better fitted to conceal his thought than to express it4 ,he may repudiate this or that materialistic system2 he may repudiate all philosophy1 which he1 of course does1 yet not his terminology only1 but his thought1 as far as thought he has1 is materialistic4 ,nothing can be more materialistic than the conception of life1 sense1 sentiment1 affection1 thought1 reasoning1 all the sensible1 intellectual1 and moral phenomena we are conscious of1 as the product of the peculiar arrangement or combination of the molecules of the protoplasm1 itself resolvable into the minerals1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen4 ,the scientific professor defends himself from materialism1 by asserting that both materialism and spiritualism lie without the limits of human science1 and by denying the necessity of a substance1 whether spirit or matter1 to underlie and sustain--we should say1 produce--the phenomena1 and the necessary relation of cause and effect1 or that we do or can know things under any relation but that of juxtaposition in space and time4 ,he falls back on the skepticism of ,hume1 and takes refuge behind his ignorance4 ,he is too ignorant either to assert or to deny the existence of spirit1 and though he may not be able to prove the phenomena in question are the product of material forces1 nobody knows enough of the nature and essence of matter to say that they are not2 and in fine1 he in the first part of his discourse is only stating the direction in which physiology has for some time been moving4 ,after all1 what is the difference1 or rather1 what matters the difference between the conception of life as the product of a certain disposition of material molecules1 and the old notion of an ,archaeus governing and directing blind matter within each living body8 ,but if matter lies out of the limits of science1 and the professor is unable to say whether it exists or not1 what right has he to call anything material1 to speak of a material basis of life1 or to represent life and its phenomena as the product of a certain disposition of material molecules8 ,what1 indeed1 has he been laboring to prove through his whole discourse1 but that the phenomena of life are the product of ordinary matter8 ,after this1 it will hardly answer to plead ignorance of the existence and properties of matter4 ,if matter be relegated to the region of the unknowable1 his whole thesis1 terminology and all1 must be banished with it1 for it retains1 and can retain1 no meaning4 ,nor will it answer for the professor to take refuge in ,hume's skepticism1 and say he is not a materialist1 because he admits no necessary relation between cause and effect1 or that there is within the limits of science1 any power or force1 or vis activa1 which men in their ignorance call cause1 actually producing something which men call effect4 ,if he says this1 what becomes of his thesis1 that life and even mind are the product of a certain disposition of material molecules1 or of the peculiar combination of the molecules of the protoplasm8 ,if he denies the existence1 or even the knowledge of causative1 that is1 productive force1 his thesis has no meaning1 and all his alleged proofs of a physical basis of the vital and mental phenomena must count for nothing4 #dgf ,every proof1 every argument1 presupposes the relation of cause and effect4 ,when that relation is denied1 and the two things are assumed to have with each other only the relation of juxtaposition1 no proposition can be either proved or disproved4 ,the professor1 after having asserted and attempted to prove his materialistic thesis1 cannot1 without gross self-contradiction1 plead the skepticism of ,hume in his defence4 ,if he holds with ,hume1 he should have kept his mouth shut1 and never stated or attempted to prove his thesis4 ,whether we are or are not able to prove that life1 sense1 and reason do not originate in the peculiar combination of the molecules of the protoplasm1 is nothing to the purpose4 ,it is for the professor to prove that they do4 ,he must not base his science on our ignorance1 any more than on his own4 ,but our space is exhausted and we must close4 ,taken1 as we have taken him1 on what he must concede to be purely scientific ground1 and brought to a strictly scientific test1 the professor's thesis must be declared not proven1 and to be destitute of all scientific value4 ,we have met him on his own ground1 and have urged no arguments against him drawn from religion or metaphysics2 we have simply corrected one or two mistakes in his science1 and assailed his inductions with pure logic4 ,if he has not reasoned logically1 that is his fault1 not ours1 and neither he nor his friends have any right to complain of us for showing that his inductions are illogical1 and therefore unscientific4 ,yet we are bound to say that the professor reasons as well as any of his class of scientists that we have met with4 ,no man can reason logically who rejects the ,greek text1 that is1 logic itself1 and nothing better than ,professor ,huxley's discourse can be expected from a scientist who discards all causes and seeks to explain the existence and phenomena or facts of the universe1 without rising from second causes to the first and final cause of all4 ,two questions are raised by this discourse1 of great and vital importance4 ,the one as to the nexus between cause and effect1 in answer to ,hume's skepticism1 and the other as to spirit and matter1 and their reciprocal relation4 ,we have not attempted the discussion of either in this article2 but should a favorable occasion offer1 we may hereafter treat them both at some length4 ---------- #dgg ,two ,months ,in ,spain ,during ,the ,late ,revolution4 ,gibraltar4 ,october #g4 ,at an early hour yesterday we left ,cadiz1 which did indeed look like a silver cup floating on the water1 as the ,spaniards say of it4 ,as the steamer bore us away1 the rising sun upon its white towers and cathedral dome1 the belvideres which adorn the roof of every house1 7making each look like a church17 the lovely green alameda1 the distant mountains1 the pretty white towns on the shore1 the hundreds of vessels in the sparkling bay1 all made an enchanting scene1 from which we were recalled to the miseries of sea-sickness6 ,from time to time1 we crept upon deck to see the fine sea view1 and when we came to ,tarifa1 near the straits1 the scene was magnificent4 ,on one side1 the mountains of ,africa1 ,tangier in the distance2 on the other1 the mountains of ,spain and the ,moorish-looking town of ,tarifa1 with an island on which is the lighthouse and defences standing directly in the mouth of the straits2 so that it seemed as if a long line of vessels with their white sails spread were encompassing the island4 ,in sight1 at one time1 were eighty sail4 ,every nation under the sun seemed represented1 as they saluted one another with their flags4 ,among the rest1 ,sweden and ,norway4 ,we landed at ,gibraltar under a glorious sunset4 ,the farewell beams lighted the mountains with a tint of gilded bronze4 ,gibraltar1 opposite these1 was like a huge gray mountain1 and behind it the sky was of the palest rose color1 melting into blue where it touched the water4 ,the town is on the side and at the foot of the ,rock1 7a place of sixteen or twenty thousand inhabitants17 and above it are the famous galleries cut through the rock1 from which we could see the noses of the great guns peeping from the port-holes1 range after range1 one above another1 till the top is reached1 where is the ,signal4 ,the ,rock of ,gibraltar is #adcj feet high1 and about three miles long--a great gray sphinx jutting into the water4 ,it is joined to the mainland by a narrow slip of sand1 capable of being submerged if necessary4 ,upon this neck of land is the neutral ground1 7a narrow strip17 where1 side by side1 the fair ,british sentinel and the sunburned ,spaniard keep their lonely round4 ,we mount upon donkeys to ascend the ,rock1 passing through the wonderful galleries which1 at an immense expense1 have been cut into the solid rock1 where1 with the guns1 are depositories for powder1 balls1 etc4 ,some of these galleries are over a mile and a quarter long1 lighted by the port-holes1 which1 in passing1 gave us glimpses of the loveliest of landscapes4 ,leaving the galleries1 we ascend by zigzag paths to the ,signal2 at every turn feasting our eyes upon the wonderful panorama spread out below us1 which is seen in perfection from the summit4 ,here we looked down upon two seas1 the ,atlantic and the ,mediterranean1 and two worlds1 ,europe and ,africa6 ,spain on one side1 with the snowy heights of the ,alpujarras and ,sierra ,nevada2 at our feet1 the town of ,gibraltar1 with the lovely alameda1 its green trees and bright gardens1 the glorious bay crowded with shipping--men-of-war1 school ships1 steamers1 and every small craft2 and1 seemingly1 but a stone's throw across lay ,ceuta1 at the foot of that other ,pillar of ,hercules which rises #bbjj feet1 and looks like a mountain of bronze1 while ,gibraltar is of gray granite4 #dgh ,these two great pillars were considered in the olden time the end of the world--the ,tarshish of the ,bible2 the ,calpe of the ,phoenicians1 who erected here ,calpe 7carved mountain7 and ,abyla4 ,tarik1 the one-eyed ,berber chief1 took ,gibraltar in #gaa1 and called it after his own name1 ,ghebal ,tarik1 from whence comes ,gibraltar4 ,while upon the ,signal1 we signalize the event by taking a lunch of delicious ,english cheese1 bread and butter1 7the first butter we have had in ,spain17 and such ale6 ,and while thus agreeably engaged1 we hear that an ,american man-of-war is coming into port1 which proves to be the flagship of ,admiral ,farragut2 so we repair to the rampart to see the ship saluted by the town1 and then by the ,british frigate ,bristol1 to both of which the ,yankee replied in gallant style4 ,it was a fine sight1 and1 altogether1 the scene a most remarkable one4 ,down by the neutral ground1 some ,english officers playing cricket looked like ants in the sunshine2 the blue guard-tents of the ,english sentinels1 and the white ones of the ,spaniards1 were little specks1 and the ,christian and ,jewish cemeteries were like checker work on the greensward4 ,how longingly we looked toward the purple mountains of ,africa1 and that beautiful city of ,tangier which we had hoped to visit6 but the quarantine1 still in force1 obliged us to abandon the idea4 ,it would have been something to set foot in another continent6 ,ceuta1 which belongs to ,spain1 and is but a prison-house1 could not tempt us4 ,tearing ourselves from this wonderful scene1 we descended by the other side of the mountain and entered the city by beautiful gardens near the alameda1 seeing below us the government houses1 store-houses1 magazines1 and many fine residences embowered in gardens of tropical trees and plants2 whole hedges of geraniums and cactus lined the roadside1 and almond trees1 dates1 and oranges4 ,we passed a convent-school with beautiful and extensive gardens4 ,in the evening there is music on the alameda1 where are trees and statues1 and marble benches1 on which sit the motley population of this strange place2 ,moors in turbans1 bare-legged ,highlanders1 officers in scarlet1 ,andalusians in the red faja1 ,irishmen fresh from their native isle1 ladies in ,french bonnets and ,english round hats next the ,spanish mantilla and ever-moving fan4 ,gibraltar is a free port1 and every people and kindred meet here for trade4 ,the garrison is very large1 about three thousand men in time of peace2 for the ,spaniards see the occupation of this important point in their country with great jealousy1 and would gladly seek occasion to win it back4 ,and every now and then the subject is mooted in the ,english parliament of giving it up1 as it is a most expensive appendage to the ,english people1 and can bring little benefit save to their pride4 #dgi ,malaga ,hotel ,alameda4 ,october #h4 ,leaving ,gibraltar at an early hour1 and passing the forest of ships in the bay1 we soon see the last of the pillars of ,hercules and the ,african coast4 ,the sea is calm1 and the coast of ,spain along which we come is most beautiful4 ,there is something peculiarly interesting in the mountains of ,spain2 they seem to rise hill upon hill till they grow to be mountains1 and instead of the blue of most southern countries they are of a mulberry hue--seldom with trees1 and reminding one of the purple moors of ,scotland4 ,the steamer is crowded with families returning from ,gibraltar1 whither they had fled to get out of the way of the revolution4 ,we find a busy1 crowded city1 a lovely bay with mountains in the background1 an old ,moorish castle overlooking the city1 and a beautiful alameda1 with trees1 and statues1 and marble seats1 upon which we look from the windows of our delightful hotel4 ,october #i4 ,the first thing to-day is to drive to a lovely villa1 7that of the ,marquis de ,casa ,loring17 in whose garden we see every fruit and flower and tree of the tropics4 ,bananas and mangoes1 the coffee-tree1 the magnolia and ,india-rubber trees1 and among all these we found1 and ate1 ripe persimmons6--that homely fruit of old ,virginia1 found amidst all these oriental splendors2 and sweeter were they than even the oranges which we gathered from their overladen trees4 ,returning1 we paused to see another villa1 from whence is a more extensive and beautiful view of the mountains1 the city and the sea1 and the fertile plateau upon which ,malaga lies1 and which is said to rival even the famous huertas of ,valencia and ,murcia in variety and luxuriance of vegetation4 ,the cemetery gives another favorite point of view1 and the old ,moorish castle 7,gibralfaro7 has even a finer one2 but the day is too warm to attempt the ascent4 ,the castle dates from #abgi1 and the lower portion1 7the ,alcazaba17 which is connected with it1 is supposed to be of ,phoenician origin2 ,malaga having been first a ,phoenician colony1 and afterwards ,roman4 ,of the remains of the ,roman period1 we saw two interesting bronze slabs in a pavilion of the ,villa ,loring this morning1 one of them containing the municipal laws of ,malaga under ,domitian1 and the other those of a city 7,salpense7 now unknown4 ,the interior of the cathedral1 which rises upon the site of an ancient mosque1 is not at all remarkable4 ,it was begun in #aebh4 ,the church of ,el ,cristo del ,victoria is interesting1 from the circumstance of its being built on the spot where stood the tents of the ,catholic kings during the siege of #adhg4 ,on the right of the altar hangs the royal standard of ,ferdinand1 and on the left the one taken from the ,moors4 ,when the city surrendered1 the former was hoisted on the castle1 or alcazaba4 ,opposite this church is a small church1 ,san ,roque1 the first ,christian edifice built here by ,ferdinand and ,isabella4 ,the crucifix which was formerly here was the one brought by their majesties1 is highly revered1 and is now over the high altar of ,santa ,victoria4 ,malaga is famed for its climate1 the best in ,spain4 ,it is considered drier1 warmer1 and more equable than that of ,rome1 ,pau1 ,naples1 or ,nice1 even superior to ,madeira4 ,invalids flock here1 and it will soon be as crowded as ,nice4 ,the extreme dryness of the air is its marked feature1 and it is said that there are not ten days in the whole year when an invalid may not take out-door exercise4 ,the evaporation is so great1 the rain has no influence on the air4 ,during nine years1 it has rained only two hundred and sixty times4 ,the oldest inhabitant does not remember to have seen snow1 and the cold winds from the ,sierra ,nevada are kept off by the mountains immediately surrounding the city4 #dhj ,to show the longevity of the inhabitants1 in the year #ahfj1 twenty-nine out of five thousand deaths were of people who had lived to the ages of ninety or a hundred4 ,granada4 ,october #aj ,this morning we leave ,malaga at an early hour by rail1 the road being cut through extraordinary mountain passes to ,antiquera1 an old ,roman and ,moorish town2 from thence by diligence to ,loja1 where we again take the railway4 ,the journey is altogether delightful1 the day being cool and bright1 and the mountain scenery on either side grand and beautiful4 ,loja is in a narrow valley1 through which runs the ,genil river1 on one side the ,periquete ,hills 7,sierra ,ronda7 and the ,hacho4 ,the ,manzanil unites here with the ,genil1 both rapid and clear mountain streams fertilizing a lovely valley4 ,soon after leaving ,loja1 we reach ,santa ,f1 7,holy ,faith17 built by ,queen ,isabella to shelter her army in winter during the siege of ,granada in #adib1 and called ,santa ,f because she looked upon the war as a struggle for the faith1 and believed piously in its happy issue4 ,this little town has been the scene of many important operations and political acts4 ,it witnessed the signing of the capitulation of ,granada1 and it was to this town that ,columbus was recalled by ,isabella when he had already reached the bridge of ,pios1 behind the mountains1 determining to ask aid elsewhere for his great undertaking4 ,darkness now fell upon us1 and except one exquisite view which the setting sun gave of the snow mountains over ,granada1 we saw nothing till we reached this last stronghold of the ,moors in ,spain1 and found lodgings inside the ,alhambra grounds in the ,hotel ,washington ,irving4 ,october #aa4 ,we go first to the ,cathedral1 to hear the high mass1 and pay our respects to the remains of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 which rest there4 ,driving through beautiful ornamental grounds out of the ,alhambra gate1 down a steep hill in the old ,moorish looking city1 we find the cathedral1 like that of ,malaga1 greatly ornamented1 7in the ,greco-,roman style17 built in #aebi4 ,within the sanctuary are eleven pictures by ,alonzo ,cao1 and two of his most celebrated pieces of sculpture--the heads of ,adam and ,eve carved in cork4 ,cao was a native of ,granada1 and is buried in the ,cathedral ,bocanegra4 ,another of the celebrated artists of ,spain was also a native here1 and the cathedral has several of his pictures4 ,but everything connected with the church sinks into insignificance when one enters into the royal chapel1 where all that can perish of the great ,ferdinand and ,isabella lies 7a small space for so much greatness1 as ,charles ,v4 said47 ,in a crypt1 below the chapel1 in plain leaden coffins1 with but the simple initial of each king and queen upon them1 are the coffins of ,ferdinand and ,isabella and their daughter ,joanna1 with her husband ,philip ,i4 7the handsome7--the last--that very coffin which the poor crazed ,joanna carried about with her for forty-seven years1 embraced with such frantic grief1 and would never be parted from4 ,nothing was so affecting as the sight of this--not even the remembrance of all ,isabella's glories and goodness6 ,so does an instance of heart devotion touch one more than even the sight of greatness4 ,above the vault are the four beautiful alabaster monuments1 made by order of ,charles ,v4 to the memory of his father and mother and his grandparents4 #dha ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 with their statues1 lie side by side2 and poor ,joanne la ,folle looks lovely and placid 7all her jealousies over7 beside the husband she adored1 as if at last sure that she could not be divided from him4 ,isabella died at ,medina del ,campo1 7near ,segovia1 about thirty miles from ,madrid17 but desired to be buried here in the bright jewel which she had won as well for her crown as for her ,god4 ,her body was taken to ,granada in ,december1 journeying over trackless moors amidst storms and torrents1 of which the faithful and learned ,peter ,martyr gives account1 who accompanied his beloved mistress to her last home4 ,the inscription which runs around the cornice tells3 ,this chapel was founded by their most ,catholic ,majesties1 ,don ,fernando and ,doa ,isabel1 king and queen of las ,espaas of ,naples1 of ,sicily--of ,jerusalem--who conquered this kingdom1 and brought it back to our faith2 who acquired the ,canary ,islands and ,indies1 as well as the cities of ,oran1 ,tripoli1 and ,bugia2 who crushed heresy1 expelled the ,moors and ,jews from their realms1 and reformed religion4 ,the queen died ,tuesday1 ,november #bf1 #aejd2 the king died ,january #bc1 #aeaf4 ,the building was completed in #aeag4 ,the bassi relievi on the altar in this chapel are very interesting1 from the scenes they represent--,ferdinand and ,isabella receiving the keys of ,granada from ,boabdil1 etc4 ,at each end of the altar are figures of the king and queen in the costume of the day1 the banner of ,castile behind the king4 ,in the sacristy is the crown of ,isabella1 the sword of ,ferdinand1 the casket in which she gave the jewels to ,columbus1 some vestments embroidered by her own hand1 and the tabernacle used on the altar where they heard mass1 on which is a picture of the adoration of the ,magi1 by that wonderful old painter ,hemling of ,bruges4 ,lord ,bacon has said of ,isabella3 ,in all her relations of queen or woman1 she was an honor to her sex1 and the corner-stone of the greatness of ,spain--one of the most faultless characters in history--the purest sovereign by whom the female sceptre was ever wielded4 ,we hear mass in the chapel of the ,sagrario1 a beautiful church in itself4 ,it was on one of its three doors that the ,spanish knight ,hernan ,perez del ,pulgar 7during the siege of ,granada7 nailed the words1 ,ave ,maria2 to accomplish which feat1 he entered the town at dusk1 and left it unharmed--nay1 even amidst the plaudits of the ,arabs1 who appreciated the deed4 ,he is buried in one of the chapels called ,del ,pulgar4 ,from the ,cathedral we visit the ,cartuja1 once a wealthy ,carthusian convent1 built upon grounds given to the monks by ,gonzales de ,cordova--,el gran ,capitan4 ,in the refectory is shown a cross1 painted on the wall by ,cotan1 which so well imitates wood that the very birds fly to it1 and try to perch there4 ,the church has a beautiful statue of ,st4 ,bruno upon the altar2 and a larger one in the chapel of the ,sagrario1 by ,alonzo ,cao1 is especially fine4 ,the sacristy is rich in marbles from the ,sierra ,nevada1 and the doors and other wood-work of the church and chapel are made of the most curious and beautiful inlaid work--tortoise-shell1 ebony1 silver1 and mother of pearl--all done by one monk1 who took forty-two years to accomplish it2 and after so adorning this chapel1 behold6 the monks are driven from it4 ,in the church are several lovely pictures--a head of our ,lord by ,murillo2 a copy1 by ,alonzo ,cao1 of the ,viergo del ,rosario in the ,madrid gallery1 and a copy of one of the ,conceptions of ,murillo --that one with the fair flowing hair1 so very lovely4 #dhb ,returning home1 we have our first view of the snow mountains1 7,sierra ,nevada47 ,how strange and how charming to be beneath a tropical sun1 and with all the beautiful vegetation of ,africa and the ,indies1 with people all eastern in dress and manners1 and see above one snow-capped mountains like the glaciers of ,switzerland6 ,owing to the proximity of these glaciers1 the heat is never intolerable here1 and yet the winters are so mild they seldom need fire in their sitting-rooms or parlors4 ,october #ab4 ,to-day is made memorable by our first visit to the ,alhambra4 ,situated on a high hill1 on either side of which flows the ,darro and the ,genil1 this space1 which occupies several hundred acres1 was formerly surrounded by walls and towers1 and contained within it the palaces and villas of the ,kalifs of ,granada2 and so numerous were these that it was called a city1 ,medina ,alhambra4 ,of all these1 there now remains but that portion of the ,alhambra known as the summer-palace1 7the winter-palace having been torn down by ,charles ,v4 to make room for a palace which he never finished47 ,besides this summer-palace1 there is the ,generalife1 7a summer-palace built--later than the ,alhambra--in #acai27 the remains of the ,alcazabar1 7fortress17 the ,torre de la ,vega1 where the bell strikes the hours in the same manner as in the ,moorish days1 to signify upon whom devolves the duty of irrigating the vega1 the beautiful and fertile plain below2 the tower of the captive2 tower of the princesses2 the tower of the ,siete ,suetos1 7seven stories27 and the ,torres ,bermujas1 7,red ,towers47 ,the last named are outside the ,alhambra walls1 but are on the same hill1 and claim to belong to an older date than even the ,moors or the ,goths--supposed to be of ,phoenician origin4 ,the walls are entered by several gates1 some ,arabic1 and others more modern4 ,from these gates1 you wander among stately avenues of trees1 with flowers and shrubs and charming paths1 through which now and then is seen a glimpse of the yellow towers1 or some picturesque ruin1 altogether a scene of enchanting beauty4 ,and when upon one of the miradors 7look-outs7 or terraces which crown these towers and palaces1 there lies the ,moorish city at your feet1 the grand snow mountains on the east1 the beautiful vega stretching to the mountains on the west1 down which marched the conquering ,christians2 and on the south lies that mountain so poetically called the last sigh of the ,moor1 from which ,boabdil looked his last upon the kingdom he was leaving for ever1 and where his mother made him the famous reproach which has passed into history1 that he did well to weep as a woman over that kingdom he could not defend as a man4 ,and how venture to describe the ,alhambra1 which has been written of by such men as ,prescott and ,irving6 how give to any one an idea of that which is unique in the world1 of the grace and beauty and wonderful variety of its adornments--the carvings like lace1 the bright colored mosaics and azuelos1 7tiles17 the transparent stucco work and filagree1 the inlaid cedar-wood roofs1 the pillars1 the domes and fountains1 the courts1 the beautiful arches6 ,we enter first the ,court of the ,myrtles1 in which a large square pool1 filled by a fountain at either end1 is surrounded by a hedge of fragrant myrtle1 and this in turn by a marble colonnade1 over which is a second gallery1 with jalousies1 through which we could imagine the dark eyed beauties to have peeped4 #dhc ,the roofs of these galleries are of cedar-wood inlaid1 and the arches and sides of exquisite wreaths and vines in stucco1 with shields of the ,moorish kings1 mottoes and verses from the ,koran1 etc4 ,this court was a place of ablutions for the kalifs4 ,from the ,court of the ,myrtles1 one sees the ,tower of ,comares1 7called from the name of its ,persian architect27 and within this tower1 opening from the ,court of ,myrtles1 and preceded by its antesala is the ,hall of the ,ambassadors1 the largest1 highest1 and most beautifully adorned of all the ,alhambra4 ,here was the sultan's throne and reception room4 ,on three sides1 arched windows look down into the deep ravine from which the tower rises2 and1 beyond1 upon an enchanting prospect1 the old ,moorish city and the verdant hills and mountains4 ,the roof of this hall is a sort of imitation of the vault of heaven1 and that of the antesala 7called ,la ,barca1 from being shaped like a boat7 is also very elegant4 ,on another side the ,court of ,myrtles is the famous ,court of the ,lions1 with its one hundred and thirty-six pillars of white marble1 its twelve lions in the centre1 supporting an alabaster basin1 7a fountain47 ,at each end1 a pavilion projects into the court1 with arabesque patterns so light and graceful that the very daylight is seen through the stucco4 ,opening from the ,court of the ,lions is the ,hall of the ,abencerrages1 deriving its name from the legend according to which ,boabdil invited the chiefs of the illustrious family of that name to a feast1 and had them taken out one by one and beheaded4 ,others assert that they were murdered in this hall1 and show the stains of blood in the marble of the fountain4 ,as they had been mainly instrumental in placing him upon the throne1 this act of ingratitude helped to his ruin4 ,this story is generally believed1 but ,washington ,irving has rescued the name of this unlucky one 7el chico7 from this unjust aspersion4 ,his investigations prove that the crimes laid to the charge of ,boabdil were in reality committed by his father1 ,aben ,hassin4 ,he it was who murdered the thirty-six ,abencerrages upon suspicion of having conspired against him1 and it was he who confined his queen in the tower of the captive1 etc4 ,on the east side of the ,court of the ,lions is the ,sale del ,tribunal1 7the hall of justice17 where the kalifs gave audience on state affairs4 ,three arches in the centre and two at either end lead into this hall1 which is ninety feet long by sixteen wide1 with a dome thirty-eight feet high4 ,this is divided by arches into seven rooms1 all profusely ornamented1 and in the ceilings of several recesses are paintings of ,moors1 with cimeters1 castles1 etc4 ,in one of these rooms is the famous ,alhambra vase of porcelain1 four feet three inches high1 which was found full of gold4 ,in another small room are three tombstones1 one of ,mohammed ,,ii41 and one of ,yusef ,,iii41 found in the tomb-house of the ,moorish kings1 near the ,court of the ,lions1 in #aegd4 ,they have long and elaborate inscriptions1 one of which reads thus3 ,in the name of ,god1 the most merciful and clement6 ,may ,god's blessing for ever rest with this our king6 ,health and peace6 ,gentle showers from heaven come down on this tomb1 and give it freshness1 and the orchard spread its perfume upon it4 ,what this tomb contains is wine without admixture1 and myrtles4 ,reward and pardon be granted to him who lies within4 ,it was ,god's pleasure that he should dwell amid the garden of delights4 ,those that inhabit those happy regions come forth to meet him with palms in their hands4 #dhd ,if thou wouldst know the story of him who lies in the tomb1 listen4 ,he was a prince above all in excellence4 ,may ,god give him sanctity6 ,he was cut down into the dust4 ,yet the ,pleiades themselves are not his equals4 ,unavoidable fate took up arms1 and aimed at the very throne of the empire4 ,oh6 how great was his fame4 ,his excellence1 how high6 and unbounded his virtues6 ,for ,abul ,hadjaj was like the moon that points out the road to take1 and when the sun went down its brightness beamed no less from his eyes4 ,abul ,hadjaj showered down tokens of his liberality4 ,but drought is come2 his liberality has ceased2 his crops are gathered4 ,his generosity is forgotten2 his halls are lonesome2 his ministers silent1 and his rooms deserted4 ,but it was ,god's pleasure1 the merciful one1 7may he be glorified17 to take him into the eternal dwelling when he deprived him of life4 ,here lies he softly1 within this narrow tomb1 but his real dwelling is the heart of every man4 ,why should ,i not pray ,god that the rain should moisten his tomb with its abundant dew8 for the rain of his liberality showered down upon all without ceasing4 ,was he not filled with the fear of ,god1 with gentleness and wisdom8 ,amongst his qualities1 were not virtue1 liberality1 and magnificence one part8 ,was he not the only one that with his science cleared up all doubts8 ,was not poetry one of his attributes1 and did he not deck his throne with verses like strings of pearl8 ,was he not always stout1 and held his ground in the battle-field8 ,how many enemies his sword repelled6 ,but ,ebn ,nasr1 his successor1 is certainly the greatest among all monarchs of the earth4 ,may ,god protect him6 ,for he is most generous and victorious2 besides1 he distributes rewards generously4 ,he has saved the kingdom from ruin1 and restored it to its former greatness4 ,the ,hall of the ,two ,sisters takes its name from two white slabs of equal size in the pavement4 ,here are beautiful arches1 windows with painted jalousies1 a fountain1 and a wonderful roof1 composed of three thousand pieces in little miniature domes and vaults1 all colored in delicate blue and red with white and gold4 ,from this hall1 indeed quite from the ,court of the ,lions1 one sees through a series of arched entrances into the ,corredor de ,lindaraja1 in which room are thirteen little cupolas1 and the ,mirador de ,lindaraja 7a boudoir of the sultana7 looks upon the garden of ,lindaraja1 with flowers1 and fountains1 and orange-trees4 ,on the opposite of this lovely garden1 and looking into it1 are the rooms occupied by ,washington ,irving1 those built by ,philip ,v4 for his beautiful queen1 ,elizabeth of ,parma1 whom the ,spanish call ,isabel ,farnese4 ,several corridors here lead to modernized parts of the building-- the queen's boudoir1 a chapel made by ,charles ,v4 out of the mosque1 and a lofty tower1 used by the ,arabs as an oratory for the evening prayer1 and from which the view is superb--the ,generalife with its white towers1 the woods of the ,alhambra1 the ,darro far below in the deep gorge1 and1 beyond and above all1 the snow-capped ,sierra ,nevada4 ,the ,patio de la ,mosquita 7the court of the mosque7 has only the remains of its beautiful roof4 ,from this to the baths is a long corridor leading to the ,chamber of ,rest1 which has just been restored by ,sig4 ,contreras1 the able architect who is repairing the whole building1 by order of the queen4 ,this has a fountain in the centre1 marble pillars all round1 a gallery above1 where the musicians played and sung while the bather inclined upon the cushions below2 within were the marble baths of the sultan1 the sultana1 etc4 #dhe ,generalife means garden of pleasure1 and here garden above garden rises upon the mountain side1 through which the ,darro rushes noisily1 being brought by a little canal quite through the mountain4 ,in one of the rooms are some interesting portraits of the kings and queens of ,spain4 ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 ,philip the handsome1 ,jeanne la ,folle1 ,charles ,v4 and ,isabella1 ,don ,john of ,austria1 etc42 and in a second room a series of portraits of the ,dukes of ,granada1 whose descendant1 now married to an ,italian nobleman of ,genoa1 owns this lovely place4 ,the founder of this house was a converted ,moor1 and to his descendants 7the houses of ,venegas and ,granada7 ,philip ,,iv4 made this a perpetual grant4 ,in one of the many gardens are some cypress-trees planted by the ,moors1 seven hundred years old4 ,under one of these1 a love story is said to have been enacted1 of which the beautiful ,sultana ,zorayda is the heroine4 ,amongst the portraits in the picture gallery is one of ,boabdil1 fair and handsome1 with yellow hair1 and a gentle1 amiable look4 ,he may not have had the qualities fitted to the terrible emergency in which he was placed1 when domestic contention and misrule had so weakened his empire as to make it difficult to struggle against the growing greatness of ,ferdinand and ,isabella2 but he must have possessed qualities which won for him the love of his people1 for many years after his time1 the ,moors who still lingered about ,granada sung the plaintive song said to have been composed by ,boabdil himself1 relating his misfortunes and his sorrows1 spoke of him reverently1 and lamented his fate4 ,it is said he lived to see his children begging their bread at the door of the mosques in ,fez4 ,he was killed in ,africa1 fighting the battles of the prince who gave him shelter4 ,we hasten from the ,generalife to see the sunset from the ,torre de la ,vega1 which is the finest view we have had of the city--the ,vega with the lovely rivers winding through it1 and the grand mountains beyond4 ,as the sun declined1 from the many church bells came the ,ave ,maria1 soft and musical from the great distance below4 ,the guide points out the hospital founded by ,st4 ,john of ,god1 7a ,portuguese saint17 the founder of the brothers of charity now spread all over ,europe4 ,according to the guide1 the saint asked the king for as much land1 on which to build this hospital1 as he could enclose in a certain number of hours4 ,of course he was miraculously assisted2 and by working all night1 he took in so great a space that the king became alarmed4 ,here he built this hospital and the church in which he is buried4 ,he lost his life rescuing a drowning man1 and died blessing ,granada4 ,tuesday4 ,spent the whole morning in the ,alhambra1 wandering amid its beauties1 feasting upon its romantic memories1 and reading at intervals the charming legends connected with every spot so delightfully told by ,washington ,irving4 ,in the hall of the tribunal1 we read his account of the entrance of the triumphant ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 and fancy the scene when ,cardinal ,mendoza celebrated the first mass here4 ,seated in the ,court of the ,lions1 we meditate upon the cruel death of the noble ,abencerrages1 and lean from the window of the ,tower of ,comares1 down which the good ,ayesha let her infant son ,boabdil escape1 to save him from the jealous fury of her rival ,zorayda4 #dhf ,and then1 in the later days of the beautiful ,elizabetta of ,parma1 we recall the scene where the hypochondriac ,philip persists in being laid out for dead1 and can only be brought to life by the voice and lute of the fair maiden1 the ,rose of the ,alhambra4 ,in contrast to the ,alhambra are the remains of the palace begun with such magnificence by ,charles ,v41 of which only the walls remain4 ,within their vast area and amongst its marble pillars1 muleteers were depositing their billets of wood1 and burdens of dirt and ashes6 ,sic transit gloria mundi4 ,we go to look at that which has lasted longer1 the church built by him near by1 and called ,sta4 ,maria del ,alhambra4 ,wandering on1 we find ourselves amongst the ruins of the ,franciscan convent 7still within the ,alhambra walls7 which was destroyed by the ,french in #ahji-aa1 when so much of the ,alhambra was injured4 ,led by a little boy1 and following the wall1 we come upon a plantation of cactus1 with its red and yellow fruit1 which a man is gathering with great scissors1 to prevent its prickings4 ,a woman politely cuts and pares some for us to taste4 ,it is sweet and juicy2 is much eaten by the poor1 who call it ,tuos4 ,they also make from it a palatable drink--a sort of beer4 ,hans ,andersen has written a pretty sonnet to the cactus1 which seems especially applicable to this time and occasion4 ,yes1 yellow and red are the colors of ,spain2 ,in banners and flags they are waving on high2 ,and the cactus flower has adopted them too1 ,in the warm sunshine to dazzle the eye4 ,thou symbol of ,spain1 thou flower of the sun1 ,when the ,moors of old were driven away1 ,thou didst not1 like them1 abandon thy home4 ,but stayed with thy fruit and thy flowers so gay4 ,the thousand daggers that hide in thy leaves ,cannot rescue thee from the love of gain2 ,too often it is thy fate to be sold1 ,thou sunny fruit with the colors of ,spain4 ,here we find ourselves at the tower of the ,siete ,suelos1 through which ,boabdil passed when he left the ,alhambra for ever4 ,it is said that he asked of ,isabella that the door might be walled up1 so that no one should ever pass through it after him1 and his conquerors acceded to his request4 ,returning through one of the many beautiful paths leading to our hotel1 we diverge to look at a view which presented itself1 and find we are near the villa of ,seora ,calderon4 ,here1 terrace above terrace rises in view of the mountains1 and on the summit is an artificial lake1 with bridges and boats1 and winding walks1 and flowers and fruits1 and statues and fountains--everything to make a perfect paradise4 ,at night1 we have a gypsy-dance4 ,the chief of his troop is the finest guitar player in ,spain--there can be no better in the world--a tall1 dark1 grave man1 who received our plaudits with kingly grace2 he looked as if in sorrow over the degradation of his people1 who are here in great numbers1 living in wretched quarters on a hillside1 in holes or caves in the ground4 ,the dancers were four lovely1 graceful girls1 modestly dressed1 and several men1 all dark1 with large1 soft eyes and white teeth4 ,a youth in short jacket1 with broad red faja 7sash7 and the peculiar ,andalusian hat1 danced a solo of strange fashion1 with many movements of the body1 and the extraordinary gestures which belong to all4 ,the feet move in short steps--a sort of heel and toe--while the body sways to and fro1 and the hands and arms move gracefully and expressively4 ,the men had tambourines and the women castanets1 and the wild airs to which they danced were accompanied with their voices4 ,the variety of dances and songs was curious and interesting1 and often descriptive4 ,at the end of each dance1 the girls came round and saluted all1 gentlemen and ladies1 by passing one arm over the neck4 #dhg ,wednesday4 ,drive about the city1 the public squares1 etc41 and visit the remains of the old ,moorish bazaar which occupies a square intersected by narrow lanes1 every one of which is beautifully ornamented with pillars and arabesque work4 ,the alameda1 planted in long avenues of trees which meet overhead1 beyond which one catches a view of the ,snow mountains1 and beside which flows the ,genil river1 can not be excelled in beauty4 ,the church and hospital of ,st4 ,john of ,god is most interesting4 ,over the door are these words of the saint1 ,labor1 without intermission1 to do all the good works in your power while time is allowed you4 ,the hospital is built round a large court1 with fountains and gardens1 and a double row of corridors in which sat the sick poor1 clean and comfortable4 ,it communicates with the church1 which has several good pictures1 and a head of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 carved by ,cao4 ,in a richly ornamented chapel behind the great altar is the body of the saint in a silver casket4 ,the remains of ,st4 ,feliciana are also here1 as well as many other relics4 ,in an adjoining room is seen the identical basket in which the saint carried provisions to the poor4 ,the church was built by contributions sent by one of the order from ,south ,america4 ,the cedar-wood doors are said to be made from the logs in which the concealed treasures were brought over4 ,we climb to the top of the ,torres ,bermujas1 outside the ,alhambra walls1 from whence is another splendid view--a curious old ruin1 dating from the time of the ,phoenicians4 ,it is said to have been a stronghold of the ,jews1 who made a colony here during their persecutions by the ,romans2 and being treated with equal cruelty by their ,gothic conquerors1 they invited in the ,moors1 betrayed the city to them1 made terms for themselves1 and thus brought upon themselves the eternal enmity of the ,spaniards1 who treated them with great rigor after the conquest1 and finally banished them4 ,in the story of the three beautiful princesses1 this tower plays an important rle2 here were confined the captive ,spanish knights who eloped with the ,infantas1 7daughters of ,mohammed the left-handed17 and beyond1 rising above the deep1 romantic ravine1 is the ,tower of the ,princesses1 beneath which the knights sang their tales of love4 ,madrid1 ,hotel ,de ,paris4 ,friday1 ,october #af4 ,yesterday 7my feast7 and the feast of the great ,spanish ,saint ,teresa was celebrated by our most sorrowful departure from ,grenada6 ,at three o'clock in the morning1 we descend the hill of the ,alhambra1 and ruefully mount to the top of a ,spanish diligence1 and squeeze into what they call the coupe--an exalted place behind the coach-box1 from whence one looks down upon the ten mules who drag this lumbering vehicle1 see all their antics1 observe the rash manner in which they tear down precipitous heights1 and mount steep ascents1 having the comfortable certainty that in no event of danger could we possibly descend from this lofty perch and save ourselves6 ,a special providence1 however1 guards the ,spanish diligence1 to say nothing of the three conductors--the postillion who rides in front1 the individual who sits on the box with gold lace and red on his cap1 and who smokes leisurely1 let what will happen1 only occasionally speaking to the mules1 calling them by name1 and urging them on with a sound like ayah6 and the boy who runs alongside shouting1 screaming1 and plying the whip1 now jumping on the front of the diligence to rest a moment1 now hanging on by one hand to the side doors or behind2 active as a cat he springs up and down while the vehicle is at full speed1 keeping one all the while in terror for his safety4 #dhh ,such is the ,spanish diligence from the coup4 ,in the interior1 shut out from the front view1 one only hears the united voices of the conductors1 and it is less exciting4 ,we who are above1 however1 have the advantage of a fine view of the mountains1 7the ,sierra ,morena17 over which we pass by a smooth and beautiful road4 ,jaen is the only place of importance which we see1 an old ,moorish town with histories and legends1 a fine cathedral1 and a ,moorish castle on the height above4 ,from this1 a few hours brings us to ,menjibar1 where we take the railway at six ,p4,m41 and reach ,madrid about eight the next morning4 ,at ,menjibar1 we bid adieu to our young ,american friend1 who had journeyed with us since leaving ,cordova1 and parted with the ,scotch and ,german ladies whom we had encountered at various points4 ,madrid is filled with people4 ,general ,prim is in this hotel1 is modestly refusing to be made dictator1 and proposing that ,spain shall have1 as heretofore1 a king4 ,we shall see how long it will be before 7like ,caesar7 he is overpersuaded1 and reluctantly assumes power4 ,topete 7the admiral who1 at ,cadiz1 brought over the fleet7 is also in ,madrid2 and ,serrano1 the prince of the traitors1 is president of the provisional government4 ,the table d'hte is crowded with men of the press1 7letter-writers of all nations17 giving their several impressions of matters to the gullible public1 and interpreting events to suit the taste of their readers4 ,we ask one of these 7a witty ,frenchman7 if he writes for ,le ,monde4 ,oui1 ,madame1 pour tout le monde4 ,amongst the motley crowd1 we distinguish the letter-writer of the ,london ,times1 and him of the ,new ,york ,times1 with whom we make acquaintance1 and who having lived a long time in ,france1 and being of ,irish extraction1 is very little of an ,american in appearance and manner4 ,saturday1 ,october #ag4 ,madrid is a modern city with fine buildings and shops1 many handsome streets and squares1 and a beautiful promenade1 called the ,prado1 7meadow47 ,the principal of these squares is the ,puerta del ,sol1 upon which this hotel opens1 and which is always thronged with people1 and is all life and bustle4 ,this being the head and front of the revolution1 and ,general ,prim being in the house1 the doors are besieged by beggars and revolutionists4 ,as we walk the streets1 in many shop-windows are vulgar caricatures of the queen and the priests4 ,this is adding insult to injury1 and the very essence of meanness--to take away her throne1 and then aim at her character as a woman4 ,it is refreshing to find that the best people we see--the best born1 the best bred1 and the best educated--defend her from these aspersions1 and are loyal to her1 and to the throne4 ,sunday1 ,october #ah4 ,we hear high mass in the church of the ,calatrava1 7an ancient order of knighthood17 where are crowds of pious looking men4 ,certainly it will be difficult for the revolution to rob these people of their religion4 ,for a time they may be intoxicated with the excitement of the change1 but the reaction must come1 when the sober second thought will bring them back to their true friends4 #dhi ,now1 the banishment of the ,jesuits1 the best and most learned teachers1 the confiscation of church property1 and the destruction of churches initiates the new order of things4 ,yesterday1 an ,english gentleman 7one of the noisiest supporters of the revolution7 told us how the junta had given two places of great trust and importance into the hands of two of the lowest and most vulgar and ignorant of the bull fighters2 and thus this class of people who have helped on the revolution must be rewarded4 ,we hear1 to-day1 that ,general ,prim has offered to promote1 one grade1 every officer of the army lately opposed to him4 ,to their honor be it spoken1 every one refused such promotion4 ,to ,be ,continued ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,sister ,aloyse's ,bequest4 ,i4 ,how delightful it is to sit under the grand old trees of the courtyard on this charming mid-summer evening6 ,the light breeze is redolent with the fragrance of the new-mown hay1 and the leaves seem to quiver with joy in an atmosphere heavy with sunshine4 ,the swallows pursue each other in play with short1 wild cries1 and in the foliage of the linden-tree that brown bird1 the nightingale1 tries her brilliant cadences1 drowned at times by the shouts of the children at their sports answering her in the silences1 whom without doubt they understood and admired4 ,the children1 happy as the birds1 dance and whirl about1 just like those motes one frequently sees rising up in a sunbeam4 ,the nuns1 sombre and silent figures1 watch them1 contemplating life in its flower and carelessness4 ,this court-yard where the children play and the birds sing belonged formerly to a monastery of the order of ,st4 ,benoit2 but now to a cloister built out of its ruins1 where the virtues of ancient days flourish under the shelter of modern walls1 which are hallowed by the memories of the past4 ,some young girls1 no less pleased with the gambols of the children1 were walking in groups to and fro under the vaulted arches which encircled the court1 talking and laughing merrily2 but whenever they approached a nun reclining in an easy chair1 by an involuntary impulse they lowered their voices4 ,she was a poor invalid1 who had been brought out to enjoy the sweet odors and the pleasant warmth of the evening4 ,she appeared to be nearing the end of life1 though still young4 ,for the paleness of her cheeks1 the emaciation of her body1 and the transparent whiteness of her hands1 all proclaimed the ravages of a long and incurable illness4 ,there was no more sand in the hourglass1 no more oil in the lamp1 and her heart--like a timepiece about to stop--was slacking its pulsations4 ,one could not help but see that ,sister ,aloyse retained a very powerful fascination in the beauty which her terrible illness had not been able to efface4 ,her dark blue eyes had not lost their almond-shape or sapphire hue4 #dij ,her figure was still elegant1 seen under the loose robe which wrapped her like a winding-sheet2 and her voice was as sweet and agreeable as in former days4 ,at first she felt a little better upon being brought into the garden2 but she still suffered1 and neither the pure air nor the mildness of the beautiful evening had revived her4 ,she sat in silence1 absorbed1 perhaps1 in those last thoughts1 which she did not confide even to herself1 and which1 to one who is about departing1 seem to give a glimpse of those unknown shores which are yet so near to her who waits them4 ,what is she thinking of8 ,of her past without remorse2 of her future without terror8 ,does she regret anything which she has renounced for her ,god8 ,does one last thread hold captive this celestial bird8 ,i cannot say4 ,she appears sad2 yet her companions1 always so affectionately attentive1 do not seem to be surprised4 ,for ,sister ,aloyse had always been characterized1 even in the more beautiful days of her youth1 by a kind of melancholy4 ,she resembled an angel of peace1 but yet an angel who weeps4 ,one young girl1 who was walking under the arches1 regarded her with great interest2 and finally1 leaving the group by whom she was surrounded1 approached the nun1 dropped on her knees in the grass before her1 and1 looking in her face1 said earnestly3 ,well1 my sister1 are you better this evening8 ,sister ,aloyse blushed slightly1 just as porcelain is tinged with a faint rose-color when a flame is passed behind it1 and answered in a voice sweet and low3 ,thank you1 ,camille1 ,i am not well1 and ,i shall never be any better till ,i come into the presence of our ,lord4 ,look6 does it not seem indeed as if the gates of heaven were opening yonder8 ,she pointed to the west1 then filled with the glory and splendor of purple and gold and flame colors4 ,yet one cannot go there1 answered ,camille in a caressing tone4 ,oh6 yes2 provided the great ,god will receive us4 ,and something warns me that ,i shall shortly go to him4 ,both now became silent1 ,camille sadly regarding her companion4 ,educated in this convent1 she had always been accustomed to see ,sister ,aloyse there1 where she was much beloved4 ,she would like to have given her some pleasure1 but what could she give1 or what could she say1 to a person so detached from earthly things1 and whose aspirations were fixed on joys eternal8 ,the nun was still thinking1 praying perhaps2 and after a long silence she said1 ,camille1 you must come and see me some time before ,i go away from here4 ,but now good-night1 dear6 ,two nuns now came forward to help the sister into the house1 while ,camille1 who had gathered some white roses1 carried them to ,aloyse1 saying1 ,they are from my own little garden1 my sister2 therefore take them1 ,i pray you4 ,willingly1 said ,aloyse1 and ,i will offer them to the ,holy ,virgin4 ,and1 ,camille1 do not forget to remember me in your prayers tonight4 ,,ii4 ,go1 my child1 said the old abbess to ,camille1 go to the infirmary and see ,sister ,aloyse2 she has something to say to you4 ,is she going to die8 asked ,camille with tears in her eyes4 #dia ,she will go to her eternal home soon1 but not to-day4 ,have no fear1 child1 but go and listen carefully to what she tells you4 ,camille with agitated heart 7for this poor heart is so quickly stirred at sixteen years67 ascended the staircase which led to the cells of the nuns4 ,she passed through a long corridor out of which opened the little doors1 all of which1 instead of a number or design1 bore some holy image or pious inscription4 ,at the end of this corridor she found the infirmary1 a large room1 quiet and retired1 whose windows opened upon the court and garden below4 ,at this moment it was almost vacant2 she found only one bed occupied1 that of ,sister ,aloyse1 who1 as she had no fever1 had been left by the infirmarian while she attended vespers in the chapel4 ,camille noiselessly approached the bed1 the curtains of which were half drawn so that ,aloyse could see out4 ,she was sitting up supported by her pillows1 and her hands were joined before her on the cross of her rosary4 ,she smiled on the young girl1 who timidly embraced her2 and then ,camille very earnestly asked her why she had sent for her to come to her bedside instead of any other of the girls1 or her friends or companions2 for she was afraid1 as one naturally dreads what is unknown4 ,the nun fixed upon her those searching eyes which seemed to look through and beyond anything present1 and said with much sweetness1 ,sit down1 ,camille2 ,i have something to say to you4 ,she hesitated1 but finally said1 ,you have never heard any one of your family speak of me8 ,never1 answered the child1 somewhat surprised4 ,i have known something of your family--your father1 she said with an effort4 ,but it was a long time ago1 a very long time--before you were born4 ,i was related to your grandmother1 ,madame ,reville4 ,i never saw her1 but ,i have seen her great portrait1 said ,camille4 ,yes1 it hangs in the red drawing-room1 does it not8 asked ,sister ,aloyse with a sad smile4 ,ah6 well4 ,madame ,reville received me into her family as a lady's companion--a reader--for ,i was poor1 and needed some home4 ,your father did not live at home with his mother1 but he came there very frequently4 ,here she paused1 breathing with difficulty1 but continued3 ,he wished to marry me2 ,madame ,reville was opposed to it2 he insisted4 ,i saw he would disobey his mother2 ,i was afraid for him2 ,i was afraid for myself4 ,so ,i prayed to the good ,god4 ,he did not reject my afflicted and desolate heart1 but he--the ,divine ,consoler--called me into this home1 and placed this holy veil as a barrier between the world and myself4 ,here ,i found peace1 purchased sometimes with bitter suffering1 but real2 for it filled the depths of my heart2 it was the price of my sacrifice4 ,and ,i was able to see1 in the clear light which streamed from the cross1 how all joy is deceitful1 and all pleasure empty and false4 ,after two years had passed1 ,i came to consecrate myself with irrevocable vows to ,god's service1 when the friends who now and then came to see me1 and public report1 which in our day finds its way even into the cloister1 told me of the only thing which had still power to afflict me4 ,for1 ,camille1 your father--but what can ,i say to you who bear his name6 ,m4 ,reville1 angry at my departure1 and grieving for the loss of the poor creature that ,i am1 sought forgetfulness in dissipation4 ,undoubtedly1 he forgot me--,i trust and hope he did--but he also forgot his ,god6 #dib ,your father is not a ,christian2 nay1 he is an enemy to ,christianity6 ,ah6 since the day when ,i first knew that our prayers did not meet in the pathway to heaven1 how have ,i wept1 how have ,i prayed1 how have ,i done penance6 ,alas6 my tears1 my blood1 my vigils1 my sufferings--all have not prevailed1 and ,i am pierced to the depths of my heart with the terrible reflection4 ,she was unable to continue2 her voice died upon her lips1 while tears1 clear and burning1 rolled down her cheeks4 ,camille1 kneeling by her bedside1 wept too2 for she began to see what this self-denying heart had suffered4 ,my child1 finally said the sister after a long silence1 ,i shall soon die1 and there will then be no one to pray for him1 since your mother1 who ought especially so to do1 is dead4 ,you love your father1 don't you8 ,yes1 with all my heart6 ,well1 then1 promise me that you will unceasingly pray for his conversion--that you will offer for him your every action and your every pain2 promise me that there shall always be a suppliant voice to take the place of poor ,aloyse's1 which will soon be hushed in death--to cry 'mercy6' ,think of what it is to have a soul and an eternity1 and that soul your father's6 ,she had seized the hands of the child in both her own1 and fixed upon her a look in which the last forces of her life were concentrated4 ,promise6 said she4 ,camille thought a moment--her young face wore a grave and stern expression4 ,finally1 raising one arm toward the crucifix1 she said in a distinct voice3 ,i solemnly promise you1 my sister1 ,i will continue what you have commenced4 ,i will pray1 ,i will labor all my life for his conversion4 ,a ray of heavenly light illumined ,sister ,aloyse's countenance1 and she sank back upon her pillows1 murmuring1 ,i can die now4 ,two days later she passed away1 with a peace and serenity worthy of the blamelessness of her whole life1 though in breathing her last she cried1 ,have mercy6 ,was it of herself she thought8 ,,iii4 ,many years have passed away4 ,the grass grows thick and green upon the bed of clay where sleeps ,aloyse4 ,camille1 grown into a fine young woman1 keeps house for her father4 ,she has travelled with him1 she has seen the world1 its balls and its routs1 but she has never forgotten the promise made to ,sister ,aloyse4 ,this promise has banished the strength of her limbs and of her youth4 ,she has become serious all at once4 ,she has given to her life but one aim1 and that sublime and difficult1 and from that moment when the struggle which had animated the life of ,aloyse passed into her own all her actions1 all her thoughts1 had been devoted to the redemption of one soul4 ,at first overflowing with the thoughtless and enthusiastic zeal of youth1 she would talk to him of that religion whose arguments her heart found so natural1 and which seemed to her so irresistible4 ,her father would laugh at her1 and she would cry2 she would persist1 however1 until he became so angry that she was frightened4 ,finally she decided to be more quiet in the future1 and to leave to ,god the conduct of her cause4 ,but with what vigils1 with what prayers1 what sighs1 what agony of heart1 and with what fervent desire did she ask ,god for that precious soul6 ,and what vows did she make to the ,blessed ,mother6 ,what flowers she offered upon her altar6 #dic ,what prayers1 in which she thanked ,god for the kindness that had given mortals this all-powerful ,mediatrix6 ,her father's guardian angel1 what careful conversation did she hold with him6 ,how she labored and prayed for that of which he never thought6 ,as years pass1 ,camille's piety becomes more rigid2 self-denial joins itself to acts of earnest charity1 in their turn supplemented by generous alms6 ,one would naturally ask why ,camille1 rich and young1 charming and admired1 should rise so early in the morning1 should spend so many hours upon her knees in church8 ,why she went with the ,sisters of ,charity to visit the sick1 why her attire was so plain and simple1 why her room was so little ornamented1 why she labored without any relaxation1 and finally1 why with so interesting an appearance and conversation she preferred so severe a life8 ,no one upon earth could answer these questions except the guardian angel who writes down these noble acts to the account of their forgetful subject1 her unrepentant father4 ,but she accomplished nothing1 although the rigors were not for herself1 though she maintained1 for her father1 this piety united with a tenderness which only made her more sweet and affectionate4 ,his hard heart did not open to the rays of divine grace1 nor to the timid smiles of his child4 ,the taste for amusement1 born of a desire for forgetfulness1 had chased from his heart1 at the same time with a pure love1 the belief in holy things4 ,the heavenly flame had been quickly extinguished beneath the ashes of pleasure2 and1 like many other children of his age1 he had neglected to believe through fear of being compelled to be good4 ,bad society and bad literature had completed the work of headlong dissipation2 and neither marriage nor paternity had reclaimed him4 ,his birth1 fortune1 and indisputable talents raised him to public offices4 ,and1 to be consistent with his principles1 and congenial to his friends1 he had to be inimical to all religion4 ,the seminaries2 the ,brothers of the ,christian ,doctrine2 the ,sisters1 hospitallers or teachers2 the free establishments2 the ,carmelites1 who ask nothing of a person2 the ,clarisses1 who ask only a piece of bread2 the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 who gathered food for their old men2 the foreign missions2 the sermons in ,lent in the parish2 the general indulgences granted by the pope2 the cardinals in the senate2 and the ,capuchins who went barefooted--were all equally the objects of his strong aversion4 ,he read continually the ,journal des ,dbats1 the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 and the liberal journal of his department--of that department in which he played a prominent part4 ,shall we say1 in excuse for him1 that his impiety had never been tried by adversity2 and that he had found the world so delightful that he had wished to live for ever in it8 ,in youth he had lived in the midst of noisy pleasures4 ,in more advanced life he lived for comfort1 for his house--cool in summer1 warm in winter1 splendid at all times--for his grand dinners1 his good wine1 his fine horses and elegant equipages4 ,he enjoyed exquisitely those excellent things which the public generally esteem1 but in which divine grace does not much appear4 ,the memories of youth he did not often recall4 ,he now scarcely recollected the name of that poor cousin whom he had once loved so passionately1 but who had never forgotten him1 who1 even in the arms of death1 had displayed an angelic love4 ,one day ,camille spoke of ,sister ,aloyse1 and added1 #did ,was she not related to us1 father8 ,yes1 yes--a romantic affair6 ,she threw herself into a convent2 she became weary even there6 ,he took several turns through the room with a preoccupied air1 and finally stopping before the great picture of his mother--a withered and haughty figure--he said1 ,my mother did not love this poor ,aloyse much6 ,poor girl6 ,what a charming voice she had6 ,a voice which ought to astonish the convent when she chants the ,miserere6 ,she will sing no more2 she has a pain in her chest4 ,zounds6 ,the discipline of the convent6 ,what a pity for this pretty ,aloyse to be buried alive6 ,on the stage she would equal ,malibran6 ,and this was all6 ,the remembrance of ,aloyse was only that of a young girl who could sing charmingly1 and who1 perhaps1 might have commanded a situation in a theatre6 ,he loved his daughter2 but1 for all that1 she troubled him1 and he was anxious that she should marry1 so that he might be relieved from the care and responsibility4 ,she did not oppose his wishes1 for she did not feel that ,god appointed her to lead the life of a nun2 but she wished her husband to be a ,christian1 and said so to her father4 ,he only shrugged his shoulders and cried1 ,still these absurd ideas6 ,the ,christian1 however1 presented himself1 and at twenty-two ,camille ,reville became ,madame de ,laval4 ,,iv4 ,camille is now no longer twenty4 ,her youth has passed on swift wings1 and white is beginning to streak her dark hair2 but her pleasant face preserves the repose of former days4 ,she has been blessed with mixed and imperfect happiness1 such as every one tastes in this world4 ,for in this life the black squares are never far distant from the white ones2 and in its tangled skein the dark threads are woven in by the side of brighter colors4 ,she had lived most happily with her husband4 ,together they had laughed over their little children's gambols1 and together wept over them in sickness4 ,they had brought them up with the labor and care which1 in our day especially1 accompanies all true ,christian education4 ,their eldest daughter1 ,amelia1 had been married about a year2 and they were now very happy in expectation of her approaching maternity4 ,the second daughter was finishing her education in the same convent of ,benedictines where her mother had been in her youthful days4 ,their son ,andr was in a polytechnic school1 and their youngest1 ,maurice1 was pursuing his ,latin studies in his native village4 ,through the disappointments and joy of her life1 through days of rain and days of sunshine1 ,camille had pursued one thought faithfully--the grand aim which she had proposed to herself in early life1 her father's conversion4 ,as a young wife she had prayed with her husband1 for his heart beat in unison with hers4 ,as a young mother1 she had taught her children to pray with her4 ,and now1 having reached the autumn of life1 she still prayed--prayed constantly2 but as yet her prayers had received no answer4 ,the old man lived with her2 and every moment she surrounded him with care and tenderness4 ,she watched him and brooded over him more like a mother than like a daughter4 ,and it was hard indeed for her1 that this old man of sixty-six years would not listen to any serious conversation1 would only rail at holy things1 and would learn no lesson from either life or death4 ,and she was ever obliged to turn his words from their real meaning1 and interpret his jeers and sarcasms so that they would not shock her innocent little children4 #die ,at this moment we find ,camille in the drawing-room with her father1 who is half asleep before a great fire1 with the ,dbats at his feet4 ,she is sewing on some linen for the coming baby2 but twice stops to read two short letters received that morning from two of her absent children4 ,after a thousand details about boarding1 upon the compositions in history1 upon the new piece of tapestry which ,clotilde had just begun1 upon the sermons delivered by a new father whose name she did not know1 she went on to say3 ,i never forget1 dear mother1 to pray with you--you know why6 ,it seems to me that the moment is approaching when the gentle ,god will answer us--as if grandpapa was going to be astonished that he had been able to live so long without thinking of ,god6 ,the second letter was from ,andr1 and would have been unintelligible to any one who did not possess the key to a school-boy's language4 ,but at the end there was a passage which ,camille kissed again and again3 ,dear mamma1 ,i love you1 and ,i always pray with you1 just like you4 ,a stick of wood which just now rolled down with a great noise awoke ,m4 ,reville1 who1 after rubbing his eyes1 asked his daughter1 ,where is ,maurice8 ,he is skating4 ,do you wish me to take his place1 and do anything to amuse you8 ,no1 thank you4 ,but stop1 you may read instead2 read this discussion in the ,chambers upon the military law4 ,camille took the paper and read slowly2 and the old man's eyes were still closed when the violent ringing of the door-bell woke him up completely1 and made ,madame de ,laval start4 ,what is the matter with you8 asked her father4 ,i do not know2 only the sudden ringing frightened me4 ,she jumped up and ran into the hall1 and at the same instant her husband entered from the street4 ,she moved toward him1 but suddenly stopped1 frozen with an inexplicable horror4 ,m4 de ,laval's face was of an ashy paleness2 he tried to speak1 he stammered--the words died upon his lips1 and his wife1 in one of those quick transitions which thought makes1 believed he was going to fall dead at her feet4 ,what ails you8 she cried1 reaching out her arms toward him4 ,do not be frightened1 ,camille1 said he2 but ,maurice-- ,he was unable to finish4 ,maurice6 she echoed4 ,where is he8 ,why does he not come home8 ,o great ,god6 he is dead4 ,he is drowned6 ,m4 de ,laval had now somewhat recovered himself1 and he explained3 ,he rescued a child who was drowning1 and was wounded in the head4 ,they are bringing him home4 ,my dear ,camille1 keep up heart6 ,he lives6 ,god will restore him to us6 ,she staggered and looked at her husband with fixed eyes4 ,have courage1 he cried4 ,the servants1 already called together by the sad news1 had opened the gates to the relatives and the friends who were coming in every direction1 and also to those who were bringing ,maurice4 ,they bore him on a litter1 covered with a mattress1 and his head1 all bloody1 with eyes wide open1 rested upon a pillow made of the coats of the brave men2 while behind the litter walked a man all covered with blood4 ,he was the father of the child whom ,maurice had saved at the price of his own life4 #dif ,the boy was quickly placed upon the bed1 and the physicians were soon by his side1 followed by the parish priest4 ,camille1 kneeling beside him1 saw1 as in an evil dream1 the surgeon dress the wound which ,maurice had in the temple1 and afterward talk in a serious manner to the other physicians behind the curtain4 ,she saw the priest go up to ,maurice1 and1 after talking to him in a low voice1 bend over him and raise his hands in the benediction of the dying1 and immediately after give him the holy oils4 ,as in a dream she heard her husband's voice saying1 ,dear wife1 the good ,god wants him6 ,look at our ,maurice4 ,she then looked at him4 ,maurice1 aroused by the words of the priest1 had regained complete consciousness1 and knew that he was dying4 ,he seemed more than tranquil--happy2 and1 looking around on all present1 said1 ,good-by1 papa2 ,i only did what you taught me4 ,he then discovered the father of the rescued child1 who had concealed himself behind ,m4 de ,laval4 ,give my love to your little boy1 said he4 ,his eyes then sought for his mother4 ,she got up1 and1 bending over him1 took him in her arms4 ,dear mamma1 make me an offering for dear grandpapa's conversion4 ,say to him-- ,he stopped4 ,his mother saw the light fade from his eyes1 and knew that his breath was hushed in death4 ,for a long time she remained holding him in her arms1 like that more desolate of mothers1 bathing him with her tears1 and unable to listen to the comforting words of either husband or father1 both of whom were overwhelmed with grief4 ,at last1 her piety1 those religious sentiments which had always animated her life1 prevailed1 and she said aloud1 ,yes1 my ,god6 ,i accept the sacrifice1 and ,i sacrifice him for my father4 ,save him1 ,lord1 save him6 ,two days later they buried poor ,maurice1 the whole village attending his funeral4 ,the same evening the priest1 who had been with him in his last moments1 presented himself to ,madame de ,laval1 and said3 ,you are afflicted1 but your prayers are heard4 ,divine grace has pursued your father1 and this very morning1 when the body of your child was yet in the house1 he called me to him and made his confession4 ,he could hold out no longer1 he said to me4 ,rejoice then1 madam1 in the midst of your grief4 ,she did indeed rejoice1 though she still wept4 ,o ,aloyse1 said she1 and my dear ,maurice6 ,they are then taken away1 but at what a price6 ,thank ,god6 cried the priest4 ,he separates a family here only to reunite them in eternity6 ------- #dig ,from ,les ,etudes ,religieuses ,the ,second ,plenary ,council ,of ,baltimore1 ,and ,ecclesiastical ,discipline ,in ,the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #abi ,footnote #abi3 ,concilii ,plenarii ,baltimorensis ,,ii4 ,acta et ,decreta4 ,baltimorae1 #ahfh4 ,introductory ,note--,the periodical from which the following article has been translated is one of the highest character1 published at ,paris under the editorial supervision of the ,jesuit fathers4 ,the account which it renders of the late ,council of ,baltimore is made doubly valuable from the fact that it is the work of a foreign1 and therefore an impartial1 judge4 ,we have been obliged to make a few corrections in the article4 ,several of these were suggested by the ,most ,rev4 ,president of the ,council1 and the rest were required by obvious and quite natural inaccuracies of a writer living in a foreign country4 ,the superior of the ,grand ,seminary of ,baltimore has recently done us the honor of transmitting1 in the name of his archbishop1 ,footnote #acj a copy of the ,acts of the ,council held in that city in #ahff4 ,he asks us to make known the contents to the readers of the ,etudes4 ,it gives us pleasure to accede to this request4 ,footnote #acj3 ,mgr4 ,spalding1 ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 is the author of several interesting publications on the religious history of the ,united ,states4 ,he has published two essays concerning the legislation of the early ,protestant colonies respecting divine worship4 ,in their legislation is to be found intolerance running to the most cruel extremes1 and this almost until the ,revolution of #aggf4 ,besides these1 he is the author of ,evidences of ,catholicity1 ,sketches of ,early ,catholic ,missions in ,kentucky1 and ,spalding's ,miscellanea4 ,on the eve of the great event which the ,catholic world expects at the close of this year1 it seems to us that there are few subjects more interesting1 or more worthy to be treated of1 than the present4 ,the very organization of the present council1 at which forty-six bishops were present1 will give us a fair idea of what is to be done when all the prelates of all countries and churches are convened4 ,moreover1 the decisions made in such an imposing assembly will not fail to clear for us some obscure points4 ,but1 better than all1 the collection of decrees will make us comprehend the situation of ,catholicity in the immense territories of the new world1 where it is called to such a lofty destiny4 ,on the #aith of ,march1 #ahff1 the ,feast of ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mgr4 ,spalding1 using the powers received for this purpose from the sovereign pontiff1 convoked at ,baltimore a ,plenary ,council1 ,footnote #aca to be opened on the second ,sunday of ,october1 in the same year4 ,footnote #aca3 ,a council is called plenary at which the bishops of several provinces are assembled4 ,after a general or oecumenical council there is nothing more solemn4 ,the present is the second of this character which has been held at ,baltimore4 ,the first took place in #aheb4 ,if any bishops were prevented from appearing personally1 they were to be represented by proxies furnished with authentic powers4 ,the day having come1 after a preliminary congregation1 held the evening before to clear up certain details1 the council opened with a grand1 solemn1 and public procession2 in which figured forty-four archbishops and bishops1 one administrator apostolic1 two mitred abbots1 together with the most distinguished of the ,american clergy4 ,it was a spectacle alike new and imposing for that great city4 ,more than forty thousand people met to witness it4 #dih ,in the streets through which the procession passed1 there was scarcely a house which was not decorated4 ,this was undoubtedly one of the grandest and most beautiful ,catholic demonstrations which has yet been seen in that land of liberty1 where all sects and communions find a rendezvous4 ,the council furnished one of those striking lessons which the good sense of ,americans does not forget1 and which by little and little will lead them to understand that where there is unity there is also life4 ,every deliberative assembly has need of order2 the fathers began by tracing a plan for themselves2 these are its principal dispositions4 ,every day the particular congregations of theologians were to meet together4 ,these were to discuss among themselves and judge1 in a preliminary manner1 the measures proposed4 ,the result of their deliberations1 gathered by a notary1 with the votes and motives alleged for or against1 in case of a disagreement1 was then to be transmitted to the bishops4 ,these1 again1 held private congregations where they occupied themselves solely with questions already debated by the theologians4 ,a procs verbal was made1 by the secretaries1 of what passed in these meetings4 ,a new examination and judgment was made in this second instance2 yet these preliminary discussions decided nothing2 all was to be referred to the general congregations1 and1 finally1 to the sessions of the council1 where the decrees received their last form1 and the sanction which makes them obligatory4 ,as to the order which was to reign in their deliberations1 the bishops found nothing better fitted to their purpose than a small portion1 clearly stated1 and well defined1 of the rules called parliamentary1 and consecrated under that name in the public assemblies of their land4 ,each had the right of proposing whatever he would1 provided he did so by writing and in the ,latin tongue2 but a motion made by a member could not become a matter of deliberation1 unless another prelate joined the first in making the demand4 ,none was at liberty to depart from the prearranged schedule1 nor from the title which formed the object of present discussion4 ,as to the rest1 the greatest liberty of opinion was not only accorded1 but counselled1 as long as the orators confined themselves to the limits of propriety4 ,if any one transgressed these1 or prolonged his discourse uselessly1 any member could demand a call to order2 the promotor was charged with executing the laws of order1 but1 in cases of doubt1 final decision belonged to the president4 ,before publication in the sessions1 the decrees were submitted to general congregations2 when not only the bishops but also the theologians might set forth their opinions1 with only this provision1 namely1 that those should be first heard who formed the commission on which had previously devolved the consideration of the subject then under discussion4 ,such are the simple and precise dispositions which served to maintain order in so great an assembly4 ,the apostolic delegate had by right four theologians2 the archbishops1 three2 the bishops1 two2 some1 however1 contented themselves with only one4 ,they were divided into seven congregations or bureaux1 among which was divided the matter which was to occupy the attention of the council4 ,footnote #acb ,footnote #acb3 ,this matter comprised the following subjects4 #a4 ,de ,fide ,orthodoxa1 deque erroribus serpentibus2 #b4 ,de ,hierarchia et regimine ,ecclesiae2 #c4 ,de ,personis ,ecclesiasticis2 #d4 ,de ,ecclesiis bonisque ecclesiasticis tenendis tutandisque2 #e4 ,de ,sacranentis2 #f4 ,de ,cultu ,divino2 #g4 ,de ,disciplinae uniformitate promovenda2 #h4 ,de ,regularibus et monialibus2 #i4 ,de ,juventute instituenda pieque erudienda2 #aj4 ,de ,salute animarum efficacitis promovenda2 #aa4 ,de ,libris et ephemeribus2 #ab4 ,de ,societatibus ,secretis4 ,several congregations occupied themselves with two of these subjects at once because of their connection4 ,in the council were added a thirteenth congregation1 on the creation of new bishoprics1 and a fourteenth1 on the execution of the decrees4 #dii ,each congregation was presided over by a bishop2 it had1 besides1 a vice-president and an ecclesiastical notary1 charged1 as we have seen1 with the care of transmitting to the prelates the result of these deliberations4 ,for the council itself were chosen a chancellor archdeacon1 a secretary with assistants1 a notary1 who was to assist those who discharged the same function in the particular congregations2 two promotors1 one a bishop1 the other a priest1 charged with maintaining order and observance of rule in the sessions and public meetings2 finally1 judges1 who were to pronounce on motions of absence1 or on differences which might arise4 ,severe penalties were laid on all who should leave before the work of the council should be finished4 ,this rapid glance at the organization of this assembly and at its plan of operations seems to us necessary1 in order to understand the labor accomplished by it4 ,the chief task of the council was to fix1 ,i had almost said to create1 ,footnote #acc ecclesiastical discipline throughout the entire extent of the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #acc3 ,if the writer had said this1 he would have made a great mistake4 ,while the ,united ,states formed one province1 many provincial councils were held at ,baltimore2 and since the creation of the other provinces they have been regularly held in each one1 and the principal points of discipline have thus been long since effectually settled4--,,ed4 ,c4,w4 ,amid a population so diverse in origin1 manners1 character2 amid the manifold influences produced by the heterogeneous mixture of conflicting sects in which each ,catholic congregation is obliged to live1 it would seem difficult to establish uniformity4 ,moreover1 the spirit of modern times is in every respect so different from that of bygone ages1 private and public institutions have undergone such modifications1 that the application of the canon law meets on all sides obstacles apparently insurmountable4 ,the prelates of ,north ,america have legislated with such prudence1 with such a perfect union of ideas and sentiments1 that their churches will hereafter possess in the collection of their decrees a complete code of laws4 ,footnote #acd ,these acts1 printed in a convenient form1 are to be used as a text-book in all the seminaries1 and this text1 with the comments of the professor will1 we are assured1 suffice for the entire course of canon law4 ,apart from some inconsiderable differences regarding days of fasting and feasts of obligation1 ,footnote #ace all the churches will hereafter have a common law and the same customs4 ,assuredly1 one can scarcely comprehend the vastness of this result1 and we are undoubtedly convinced that the ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore is destined to a memorable place in the history of ,catholicity in the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #acd3 ,the present council had at heart to re-collect in its acts the legislation fixed by preceding councils4 ,the decrees taken from these are recognized by a different style of print4 ,an appendix gives in extenso all the important portions1 above all1 those which have come from ,rome4 ,thus all the ecclesiastical legislation of the ,united ,states is to be found in a single volume4 ,footnote #ace3 ,the prelates had addressed a petition to ,rome that uniformity on this point might be established4 ,the answer which had been returned was1 that it was better to respect the existing customs of each diocese1 and that1 if modifications were to be made therein1 each bishop might have separate recourse to the holy see4 ,but the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception was declared a feast of patronage and obligation throughout the whole of the ,united ,states4 ,the dogmatic part of the acts has not and could not have the same importance1 since a national council1 however numerous1 generally does naught but state the faith already defined2 nevertheless1 on this very ground1 we find declarations very interesting1 and which deserve to command the attention of the ,christians of ,europe4 ,it is to the united fathers1 and1 after them1 to the assisting theologians1 that the merit of this great work is due4 #ejj ,still1 we cannot refrain from noticing ,mgr4 ,spalding1 ,archbishop of ,baltimore and apostolic delegate4 ,called to the presidency of the council by a special brief of the pope1 dated ,february #afth1 #ahff1 instructed1 moreover1 by the ,propaganda1 which recommended to his zeal several important points1 he it is who has prepared the matter of the decrees1 and has brought together in advance all the elements which have entered into this vast construction4 ,under his wise and prudent direction1 his brethren in the episcopate have made their choice4 ,with the assistance of the secretaries and other officers of the council the edifice rises1 to which ,rome gives the finishing touch1 changing a small number of the materials1 and consecrating it with her supreme authority4 ,into this sanctuary1 built with so much care1 ,i invite the readers of the ,etudes to enter1 persuaded that we shall find therein much to admire and at the same time much to learn4 ,i4 ,the first chapter is consecrated to dogma4 ,it treats of the faith and of the errors which are contemporaneously opposed to it4 ,the prelates here recall the precept1 imposed on all1 of embracing the truth1 and entering the haven of the true church4 ,no safety is to be hoped for outside of this ark which ,god guards and conducts4 ,however1 they add1 as to those who are plunged invincibly in error1 and who have not been able to see the light1 that the ,supreme ,judge1 who condemns no man1 save for his own faults1 will assuredly use mercy toward them1 if1 although strangers to the body of the church1 they have1 nevertheless1 with the assistance of grace1 fulfilled the divine commandments1 and professed those ,christian truths which they were able to know4 ,footnote #acf ,footnote #acf3 ,tit4 i4 p4 #f4 ,such is the ,catholic doctrine and the just principle to which all our pretended intolerance is reduced4 ,the council recognizes the rights of reason as well as those of sound faith4 ,it inserts at length in its decrees the four propositions formulated in #ahee by the ,congregation of the ,index1 against traditionalism4 ,at the same time it restates the condemnation pronounced by ,gregory ,,ix4 against the system of ,raymond ,lulle1 which expresses a thought too common in our day1 namely1 that faith is necessary to the masses1 to vulgar and unlettered people1 but that reason suffices for the intelligent man of study1 and constitutes true ,christianity4 ,we notice in this chapter the solicitude of the bishops to place in the hands of the faithful a version of the ,bible in the vulgar tongue4 ,to this end they recommend the ,douay translation1 already approved and circulated by their predecessors4 ,far from opposing these efforts1 the ,congregation of the ,propaganda1 in the response addressed to the ,archbishop of ,baltimore with the revision of the acts of the council1 lays great stress on the necessity of doing this4 ,the congregation directs the prelate to compare anew the different ,english editions1 to avail himself of other ,catholic translations1 if there be any1 in order that we may have in ,english a faithful and irreproachable text of all our sacred books1 and that this version may be spread throughout all the dioceses of ,america4 ,here we have a peremptory answer to those ,protestants who1 at this late hour1 reproach ,catholics with interdicting the reading of the ,holy ,scriptures4 #eja ,on the question of future life1 the fathers declared against those who deny the eternal duration of punishment1 or so mitigate its severity that there remains no longer any proportion between the chastisement and the gravity of the offence4 ,then they rapidly review that multitude of religious sects and errors1 which are nowhere so numerous or so different as in that classic land of free thought4 ,indifferentism1 which considers all religions as equal2 ,unitarianism1 which rejects the divinity of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 ,universalism1 which denies the eternity of punishment after death2 finally1 pantheism and transcendentalism1 which destroy the personality of ,god1 such are the latest forms and last consequences of free inquiry4 ,what a contrast to these is the spectacle which ,catholic truth affords2 that full1 complete1 and unchanging ,christianity1 affirming itself1 with full consciousness of its truth1 in the face of a thousand systems which cannot withstand it and a thousand communions that fail to comprehend what it really is6 ,all serious hearts in ,america must be stuck by such a difference4 ,the ,council of ,baltimore has again made manifest where lies the strength that will triumph over all1 and what is to be the church of the future4 ,the excesses of ,magnetism and ,spiritism have been carried beyond what the fathers consider the limits of morality4 ,with regard to the first1 they undertake to promulgate the well-known decisions of the sacred congregation of the council4 ,footnote #acg ,footnote #acg3 ,encycl ad omnes episcopos contra magnetismi abusus4 ,august #dth1 #ahef4 ,decisions of ,july #bhth1 #ahdg4 ,as to the second1 not finding any explicit precedent in acts emanating from ,rome1 they express their own thought and doctrine thus3 ,it seems certain1 they say1 that many of the astonishing phenomena which are said to be produced in the spiritual meetings are inventions2 that others are the result of fraud1 or are to be attributed to the imagination of the mediums and their assistants1 or1 possibly1 to slight of hand4 ,nevertheless1 they add1 it can scarcely be doubted that some of these facts imply a satanic interference2 since it is almost impossible to explain them in any other way4 ,then1 after a magnificent exposition of the action of good and bad angels1 the prelates remark that1 in a society of which so large a portion remains unbaptized1 it is not surprising if the demon regains in part his ancient empire4 ,they severely censure those ,catholics who take part even indirectly in the spiritual circles4 ,such is the decision of the council2 and1 for our part1 we are happy to see what we have written on this subject ,footnote #ach fully confirmed by so imposing an authority4 ,footnote #ach3 ,les ,morts el les ,vivants4 ,paris1 ,le ,clere4 ,etudes #ahfb1 p4 #da4 ,,ii4 ,the second chapter treats of the hierarchy and government of the church4 ,the fathers begin with a profession of filial loyalty to the holy see1 whose privileges they recognize and enumerate with ,st4 ,irenaeus1 ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,st4 ,leo the ,great4 ,they protest with what respect and love they receive all the apostolical constitutions1 likewise the instructions and decisions of the ,roman congregations1 given for the universal church or for their own special provinces4 ,after ,pius ,,ix4 they rebuke the manner of thought and action of those who count for nothing all that has not been expressly defined as of ,catholic faith1 and who1 embracing opinions contrary to the common sentiment of ,christians1 fear not to shock their ears with scandalous propositions4 ,the temporal power of the pope1 its necessity under the present circumstances1 in order to assure the independence of the head of the church1 is also the subject of a solemn declaration4 #ejb ,passing then to the bishops1 the council affirms their double right of teaching and governing ,christendom in union with the ,roman pontiff1 the successor of ,st4 ,peter and the vicar of ,jesus ,christ4 ,according to the advice of the fathers of ,trent1 provincial councils are to be held every three years throughout the whole extent of the ,united ,states2 for the bishops are persuaded that in these reunions are to be found the most efficacious remedies for the evils which afflict all parts of the church1 when the pastors of dioceses1 after having invoked the ,holy ,spirit1 unite their wisdom to take measures most fitting to procure the salvation of souls4 ,accidental forms are ever changing4 ,formerly1 the synodal witnesses ,footnote #aci were everywhere in use4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ecclesiastics chosen in the provincial councils to observe the state of persons and things in their dioceses1 and to make a report to the metropolitan4 ,after the time of ,benedict ,,xiv4 this function fell into disuse and was supplied by something else4 ,the grave and learned pontiff makes use of these remarkable words1 which the council has thought proper to reproduce3 ,the customs of men are modified and circumstances are continually changing2 that which is useful at one period may cease so to be1 and may become even pernicious in another age4 ,the duty of a prudent pastor1 unless otherwise obliged by a higher law1 is to accommodate himself to times and places1 to lay aside many ancient usages1 when by his judgment and the light of ,god he deems this to be for the greater good of the diocese with which he is entrusted4 ,footnote #adj ,footnote #adj3 ,de ,synod4 ,dioec4 ,l4 ,v4 c4 iii4 n4 #g4 ,as a natural corollary to provincial councils1 the prelates recommend frequent holding of diocesan synods4 ,if the extent of the diocese will not permit the priests who obey the same bishop to unite yearly1 the bishop should at least convoke a synod after each provincial or plenary council1 to promulgate the decrees and provide for their observance4 ,in the meantime1 ecclesiastical conferences1 organized in districts1 can supply1 at least partly1 the place of the synod4 ,the fathers express a wish that such conferences should meet quarterly in cities1 and at least yearly in rural districts1 where pastors cannot easily assemble4 ,i pass hastily over some details to arrive immediately at a matter at once very delicate and important1 that of ecclesiastical judgments4 ,it is well known that the form required by canon law has become very difficult of application throughout the greater part of ,christendom4 ,the ,council of ,baltimore does not innovate4 ,after an experience of ten years it feels bound to renew a decree made in the ,council of ,st4 ,louis in #ahee4 ,footnote #ada ,footnote #ada3 ,that is to say1 the ,plenary ,council1 by its enactment1 extended this decree of the ,provincial ,council of ,st4 ,louis to the other provinces4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,priests suspended by sentence of the ordinary have no right to demand sustenance from him1 since by their own fault they have been rendered incapable of exercising their ministry4 ,but1 in order to cut short all complaints1 the fathers are of the opinion that it is more expedient1 in the cases of priests and clerics1 to adopt a form of trial approaching as nearly as possible the requirements of the ,council of ,trent4 ,the bishop--or his vicar-general1 by his order--shall choose in the episcopal council two members--not always the same--who shall serve him as counsellors1 when the accused shall be called to answer before him and his secretary4 #ejc ,together1 these assistants shall have but one voice1 but either can range himself on the side of the prelate against his colleague4 ,if1 however1 both are of a different mind from that of the bishop or his vicar1 the latter may take into his counsel a third1 and that judgment shall be rendered to which he shall incline4 ,if it happen that all the consultors named by the ordinary hold an opinion contrary to his1 the case is to be transferred to the tribunal of the metropolitan1 who shall weigh the motives for and against1 and himself deliver sentence4 ,and if the process refers to a subject of the metropolitan1 and all his assistants are opposed to him1 the cause shall be evoked before the oldest bishop of the province1 and he shall have the right to decide1 saving always the privileges and authority of the ,holy ,see4 ,here we see reappearing the jurisdiction of metropolitans1 which in many other churches is little exercised at the present day4 ,on the question of their authority the council furnishes another subject worthy of remark4 ,in enumerating the rights of archbishops in reference to their ecclesiastical provinces1 the fathers have designated but three3 #a4 ,to make known to the holy see such of their suffragans as do not observe the laws of residence4 #b4 ,to call the said suffragans to a provincial council1 at least every three years4 #c4 ,to have their cross borne before them in their province1 and to wear the pallium therein on the days when they can wear it in their metropolitan church4 ,the letter written from ,rome for the correction of the acts orders two other privileges of metropolitans to be re-established3 #a4 ,to supply what is negligently omitted by their suffragans in the cases determined by law2 and #b4 to receive appeals from the sentence of their suffragans according to the canonical rules4 ,if we do not deceive ourselves1 there is in this correction a significant tendency4 ,,iii4 ,the manner of the election of bishops had already been determined by an instruction emanating from the ,propaganda1 dated ,march #ahth1 #ahcd4 ,since that time1 at the desire of councils1 several changes and modifications had been made4 ,this is the practice consecrated and universally established since #ahfa3 ,every three years1 each bishop sends to his metropolitan and the congregation of the ,propaganda the list of subjects whom he judges worthy of the episcopate1 with detailed information of the qualities which distinguish them4 ,a see becomes vacant1 the bishops of the province meet in synod1 or any other way1 and discuss the aptitude of the candidates presented by each of them4 ,after a secret examination1 three names are sent to ,rome with the procs verbal of this election4 ,on the representation thus made1 the sovereign pontiff designates the one to be promoted to the episcopal dignity4 ,this portion of ,christendom1 still so new1 has not yet had time to settle itself into regularly divided parishes4 ,if our memory is faithful1 we think there is no such thing as a parish1 properly so called1 in the whole ,united ,states4 ,the prelates of the council express a desire to establish some1 especially in the great cities2 but they add that1 in conferring them on the priests who administer them1 they would not exempt the latter from removal2 this never having1 been the custom in ,america4 ,many of the dioceses have no seminaries4 ,the fathers wish that1 if they cannot be everywhere established1 each province1 at least1 should have its own1 for the formation of which the bishops will unite their resources4 ,following the custom adopted in ,france1 they separate the ,little ,seminary1 where boys who present the conditions required by the ,council of ,trent are received1 from the ,grand ,seminary1 where clerics study dogmatic and moral theology1 canon law1 hermeneutics1 and sacred eloquence4 #ejd ,the council orders the greatest efforts to be made in order to secure eminent professors4 ,if there is an establishment common to an entire province1 it should not be confined to teaching the mere elementary ecclesiastical studies1 but a thorough course of exegesis and oriental languages should be commenced2 and the modern systems of philosophy should be explained in such a manner that graduates should be able to resolve all the difficulties and objections of the day4 ,we have now to contend1 say the fathers1 no longer with the often refuted heresies and errors of a bygone age1 but with new adversaries1 unbelievers of a pagan rather than a ,christian character1 with men who count as naught ,god and his divine promises--and yet are not thereby prevented from having cultivated minds4 ,according to them1 the things of heaven and earth have no other meaning or value than that which reason alone assigns them4 ,thus1 they flatter pride1 so deeply rooted in our nature1 and seduce those who are not on their guard4 ,if truth cannot persuade them1 since they do not care to hear1 it must1 at least1 close their mouths1 lest their vain discourse and sounding words delude the simple4 ,footnote #adb ,footnote #adb3 ,act4 tit4 iii4 p4 #ajh4 ,do not these sage reflections disclose the true plan for renewing ecclesiastical studies8 ,we will not enter on the details of the rules established for the general life and manners of the clergy1 according to their different functions4 ,we confine ourselves to remarking that the chapter on preaching alone contains a complete little treatise on the proper manner of announcing the word of ,god in our times4 ,,iv4 ,questions relating to church property attract the attention of the council4 ,in order to comprehend the arrangements determined on in regard to this matter1 we must form a correct idea of the situation in which the different ,christian communions stand before the ,american civil law4 ,it is well known that the legislation of most of the ,states is willing to accord legal personality to associations1 commercial or religious4 ,a religious society represented by trustees easily obtains incorporation2 that is to say1 is recognized as a person having the right to own property1 to receive gifts and legacies1 to a certain amount1 generally far superior to what is necessary4 ,if this sum is ever exceeded1 it is easy to fulfil the requirements of the law by creating a new centre1 building a new church4 ,nothing then would seem more favorable than these arrangements of ,american law4 ,but1 as they were conceived from a ,protestant point of view1 they recognize the parish only1 and not the diocese1 which is1 nevertheless1 the ,catholic unit4 ,moreover1 the trustees1 invested with church property1 have on several occasions made outrageous and extravagant pretensions4 ,more than once1 they have believed that they possessed the right of choosing their pastors1 and dismissing them1 if they did not suit2 they have held that they at least have the right of presenting to the bishop a priest of their own choice1 and thus forcing his consent4 ,hence1 the frequent conflicts between the parochial element and the episcopal administration4 ,the first ,council of ,baltimore formerly protested against this lay interference1 which it declared contrary to the teaching of the church and the discipline of every age2 it decided that the compensation assigned to members of the clergy1 to be provided from the funds of the parish1 or by the alms of the faithful1 conferred on none the right of patronage4 #eje ,subsequent councils return incessantly to the same question2 and it has even appeared before the civil tribunals4 ,in the diocese of ,new ,york1 particularly1 the disputes between the ,catholic trustees and the bishop were prolonged with various results1 but without interruption1 from #ahdj to #ahfc4 ,finally1 an arrangement was concluded1 and on this model the prelates wish to organize all ecclesiastical property4 ,since1 in the ,united ,states1 it is permitted to every citizen and foreigner to live freely and without molestation1 according to the precepts of the religion which he professes--for the laws recognize and proclaim this right--nothing seems to hinder us from observing1 in all their rigor1 the rules established by councils and the sovereign pontiffs for the acquisition and preservation of church property4 ,the fathers1 therefore1 desire to expose and set clearly before the eyes of the state the true rights of the church with regard to accepting1 possessing1 and defending sacred property1 as1 for example the land on which a church is built1 or presbyteries1 schools1 cemeteries1 and other establishments1 in order that it may be legally permitted to ,catholic citizens to follow exactly the laws and requirements of their church4 ,footnote #adc ,footnote #adc3 ,act4 tit4 iv4 p4 #aag4 ,hence1 one of the principal dispositions of this legislation is1 that the administrators of ecclesiastical property in parishes shall do nothing without the consent of the bishop4 ,in order that this law may be observed1 and that nothing more may be feared from the intervention of the secular tribunals1 there is no other plan than for the bishop to place himself before the civil power1 as having the right to the full administration of all property belonging to his church as a corporation sole4 ,some of the states have recognized this right for the future4 ,in others it is not yet recognized4 ,hence they provide the best means for avoiding1 or1 at least1 diminishing the inconvenience resulting from this state of things4 ,this requires that mutual securities be taken on the part of the bishop and the trustees4 ,as soon as appointed1 the prelate will make a will1 and place a duplicate in the hands of his metropolitan4 ,besides the property of which he is sole proprietor1 he will be ex-officio president of all boards of trustees1 who possess1 in the eyes of the law1 the parochial properties4 ,rules are established for the purpose of ensuring a conscientious choice of these1 in order that they may not infringe on the rights of the parish priest1 nor take any profit from the revenues of the church4 ,such are the principal measures relative to this important matter4 ,v4 ,in the chapter entitled ,de ,sacramentis we notice the prudence which the council wishes to be used in administering baptism to ,protestants returning to the ,catholic ,church4 ,although the greater portion of the sects regard what transpires at the baptismal font as a mere ceremony1 and frequently1 through carelessness1 baptize invalidly1 nevertheless the priest must not proceed hap-hazard1 nor decide on general principles1 but must in each case examine carefully into particulars4 ,only when certain of the nullity or probable invalidity of the baptism1 can he confer the sacrament1 either absolutely or conditionally4 ,in ,france1 discussions have lately arisen as to the proper age for administering the holy communion4 ,although the ,american child is much earlier developed than the ,european1 the fathers of ,baltimore establish as a rule that he shall not be urged at too early an age to present himself at the holy table4 #ejf ,ten and fourteen years are the two extreme limits to which one must ordinarily be confined4 ,nevertheless1 this rule leaves room for all legitimate exceptions1 and particularly1 in case of danger of death1 it would be a grave fault in the pastor who would not administer the eucharist to a child capable of discerning the grace which it contains4 ,as their country is not a vine-growing land1 and one can nowhere be fully certain of the purity of wines imported from ,europe1 the fathers express a desire to establish in ,florida a community which shall be especially charged with the care of preparing the matter for the administration of the different sacraments1 wine1 oil1 etc4 ,this community can also keep swarms of bees1 and furnish the different dioceses with pure waxen tapers4 ,meanwhile they caution priests to beware of using for the holy sacrifice the wines which are commonly sold under the names of port1 sherry1 ,madeira1 ,malaga1 and to choose1 rather1 ,bordeaux1 ,sauterne1 and others less subject to adulteration or fraudulent imitation4 ,moreover1 as the culture of the vine progresses1 it will be inexcusable to neglect having recourse to the products of the soil1 or at least1 not to have a moral certainty of the purity of the wines which are used4 ,in districts where a few ,catholic families find themselves1 as it were1 lost in the midst of ,protestants1 the scarcity of priests causes many children to remain unbaptized ,footnote #add until after marriage2 an impedimentun dirimens which renders the marriage null in the eyes of ,god and the church4 ,footnote #add3 ,the council referred not to unbaptized children of ,catholics1 for such are not to be found among us1 but to unbaptized ,protestants1 or rather pagans1 with whom ,catholics have contracted a civil marriage4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,they live together in good faith1 notwithstanding1 and when the priest1 discovering the radical fault1 speaks to them of renewing their agreement1 it frequently happens that the unbaptized party refuses to do it4 ,the fathers unite in requesting from the holy see power to communicate to missionaries dispensations in radice1 of which they can make use to rehabilitate such marriages4 ,as preceding councils have remarked1 it is certain that1 in most of the provinces of the ,united ,states1 the decree of the ,council of ,trent regarding clandestine marriages has not yet been promulgated4 ,in some districts its promulgation is doubtful4 ,besides1 to require the presence of a certain priest for the validity of a marriage appears to the fathers a measure attended with great inconvenience4 ,they demand1 therefore1 in order to reassure consciences1 and establish uniformity1 to return everywhere1 except in the province of ,new ,orleans1 to the ancient discipline1 already universally in force4 ,but the holy see has not seen fit to accede to this request1 as appears from the answer addressed by the ,propaganda to the postulata of the council4 ,on other points uniformity is supremely desirable4 ,for instance1 the bishops earnestly desire it in that which pertains to ,christian instruction and in prayer-books4 ,a catechism is to be composed after that of ,cardinal ,bellarmine1 adapted to the peculiar situation of ,catholics in the ,united ,states4 ,when this catechism has been approved by the holy see1 it will be adopted in all the dioceses4 ,as to prayer-books which do not bear the express approbation of the ordinary1 they ought not to be found in the hands of the faithful4 #ejg ,the solicitude of the council here extends to various classes of people4 ,following the example of the apostle1 they recommend to ,god those who govern2 but the formulas of the church are alone to be employed in these prayers1 and no one is to imitate certain sects and temples1 wherein political passions and partisan rancor utter accents which dishonor ,god rather than contribute to his worship4 ,no one will neglect any precaution to free ,catholic soldiers and sailors from being obliged1 against their conscience1 to assist at the rites of dissenting sects4 ,the orphans are an object of special solicitude4 ,they must be gathered into the ,catholic asylums which already exist or are yet to be built4 ,this necessity is most pressing1 and appeals to the charity of all who can provide against it4 ,,vi4 ,an entire chapter is consecrated to regular orders of men and women4 ,after recalling the immense advantages which their churches have derived from the labor of religious1 the fathers state certain precautions which ought to be taken in order that foundations may be stable and not precarious4 ,circumstances do not always permit canonical erection or establishment in a permanent manner2 hence1 in the agreement made between the bishop and the religious community1 this clause must hereafter be added1 to wit1 that the latter will not quit the parish1 school1 college1 or congregation with which it is charged1 without notifying the ordinary at least six months in advance4 ,this relates only to diocesan work1 properly so called1 and not to that which the religious may take up of their own accord1 without any obligation to continue4 ,bishops shall conform to the canonical laws1 defending the rights and privileges of the religious whom they find in the territory submitted to their jurisdiction1 and they will avoid giving them subjects of complaint1 or motives for going elsewhere4 ,regulars and seculars work toward the same ends namely1 the glory of ,god and the salvation of souls2 hence1 no dissension ought ever to arise between them1 but harmony1 unity1 and fraternal love should ever reign supreme4 ,the council passes a magnificent eulogium on those sisters who preserve1 in their schools1 the innocence of so many young virgins1 and who1 during the late war1 have known how to turn public calamity to the glory of ,god and the advantage of religion4 ,who of the dissenting sects has not admired their zeal1 charity1 and patience in the hospitals1 and may not say1 the finger of ,god is here8 ,various measures were adopted to assure the observance of the rules of the church on the part of the religious4 ,the fathers have heretofore consulted as to the nature of their sacred engagements4 ,the answers received from ,rome state that1 in several specially designated monasteries of the ,visitantines1 the vows are solemn4 ,footnote #ade ,footnote #ade3 ,these are the monasteries of ,georgetown1 ,mobile1 ,kaskaskia1 ,st4 ,aloysius1 and ,baltimore4 ,the solemnity of the vows is there preserved according to rescripts formerly obtained from ,rome4 ,henceforth1 after the novitiate1 simple vows are to be made1 and ten years later the solemn profession will be permitted4 ,as to other monasteries and religious houses1 simple vows alone are permitted1 except by special rescript from the holy see2 the same rule applying to all convents of women which may be hereafter erected in the various dioceses of the ,united ,states4 ,the fathers severely censure those who leave their monasteries and travel through the country1 under pretext of collecting money for houses pressed with debt or for new foundations2 they declare this to be an intolerable abuse and contrary to the true character of the religious life4 #ejh ,everywhere1 to-day1 but in no country more than in ,america1 the question of schools appears most important1 and claims the most lively solicitude on the part of the episcopate4 ,here the council begins by firmly asserting the rights of the church4 ,jesus ,christ said to his apostles1 ,euntes docete1 ,going1 teach all nations4 ,since that time1 this utterance has been understood in the sense of a mission1 to be fulfilled by instruction and the exercise of spiritual maternity toward all1 but especially toward youth4 ,frequenting such public schools as exist in the ,united ,states offers a thousand dangers4 ,there indifferentism reigns3 corruption of morals is engendered in early youth2 the habit of reading and reciting authors who attack religion and heap insults on the memory of saintly personages weakens the faith in the souls of the young1 while association with vicious companions stifles virtue in their hearts4 ,the only remedy is to create other institutions1 to open further opportunities to ,catholic youth4 ,parochial schools are highly recommended1 as well as the sodalities or congregations which devote themselves to the instruction of the youth of either sex4 ,while speaking of houses of refuge and correction1 the fathers notice the numerous abductions of children which are daily made by the different sects4 ,these are orphans1 or disobedient children whom parents despair of managing4 ,they are taken to places where their relatives can neither find nor hear from them1 and their names are changed1 so as not to recall them at some future day to their religion or family4 ,comfortably nourished1 they are reared in the principles of heresy and in hatred of ,catholicity4 ,footnote #adf ,moved with pity1 several bishops have already opened houses to gather in these little unfortunates2 the council desires them to be everywhere established2 for if one ought to applaud the zeal of those who raise magnificent temples to ,god1 much more should one praise those who prepare for him a spiritual dwelling of these precious and living stones4 ,footnote #adf3 ,acts have recently been passed in the ,legislature of ,new ,york which promise to be a very effectual check to the most nefarious arts of these kidnappers in this ,state4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,here follows a tribute of recognition of the services rendered by the various colleges and academies which already exist in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,american establishments at ,rome1 at ,louvain1 and in ,ireland1 are now furnishing priests and missionaries4 ,when will it be granted to the bishops to found a grand ,catholic university1 which will complete all the good accomplished by these institutions8 ,yet this is not merely a desire2 it is ardently expressed by the council2 we hope the future may bring about its speedy realization4 ,footnote #adg ,footnote #adg3 ,amen6--,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,the missions are one of the most efficacious means of procuring the salvation of souls4 ,regulars and seculars are alike called to this great work4 ,the council demands that a house of missionaries be founded in each diocese1 for giving spiritual exercises in the parishes1 above all during ,lent1 ,advent1 at the time of first communions1 and the episcopal visitations4 ,the parish priests are to co-operate cordially with these auxiliaries1 and if any refuse to do so1 they will be constrained by their bishop4 ,on the other hand1 all precautions are taken to avoid any appearance of interestedness1 and any interference in the parochial government on the part of the missionaries4 #eji ,the idea of association1 so popular at the present day1 is essentially and originally ,catholic4 ,if some have used it against us1 we know how to reclaim and avail ourselves of it4 ,hence1 the fathers recommend the confraternities approved by the church1 such as those of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 the ,sacred ,heart1 the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 ,st4 ,joseph1 and the ,holy ,angels4 ,they recommend the ,apostolate of ,prayer1 also1 another pious association1 which prays especially for the conversion of non-,catholics2 they seek to develop the well-deserving undertakings of the ,propagation of the ,faith and ,holy ,childhood2 they accord the highest praise to the arch-confraternity of ,st4 ,peter2 finally1 they add other works of piety and mercy1 among them the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 so well adapted to our times1 and which has already produced such great results4 ,after this great encouragement1 come restrictions no less called for4 ,no new associations are to be created where ancient confraternities suffice4 ,in case any priest desires to institute a new one1 he must have a written permission from his bishop2 the latter is forbidden to approve a new foundation unless he is sure that its means and aim are truly ,catholic4 ,it will be truly desirable to give such a character to the mutual aid societies to-day so numerous among the working classes4 ,the welfare of the negroes greatly interests the ,american episcopate4 ,what a harvest is here to be gathered among these poor souls1 purchased by the blood of ,jesus ,christ1 and so well prepared by their emancipation to listen to the ,gospel4 ,heresy spares no effort to assure herself of possessing them--another reason for earnestly seconding the desire expressed by the ,congregation of the ,propaganda in this respect4 ,but the measures adopted for this end cannot be everywhere the same1 and general rules are1 therefore1 hard to determine4 ,the negroes must have churches either in common with or separate from the other faithful2 they must have schools1 missions1 orphan asylums4 ,laborers are wanting to this harvest4 ,the superiors of religious orders are requested to designate some of their subjects for this purpose1 and secular priests1 who feel this to be their vocation1 to fly to the succor of this class1 so destitute and so interesting4 ,as to particular measures1 provincial councils will determine in those regions where the negroes are more numerous4 ,,vii4 ,books and journals exercise such a great influence on society1 both for evil and for good1 that they could not fail to be the object of a special decree4 ,after noticing the disastrous effects of an immoral press1 the prelates call on all the servants of ,jesus ,christ1 especially those who are fathers of families1 to rid their houses of all noxious and dangerous books4 ,they do not hesitate in this instance to employ the severe words of the apostle1 ,if any man have not care of his own1 and especially of those of his house1 he hath denied the faith1 and is worse than an infidel4 ,i ,tim4 v4 #h4 ,school-books must be carefully revised1 expurgated1 when necessary1 and submitted to episcopal approbation4 ,a sort of permanent committee is created for this purpose1 composed of the superiors of three colleges existing in the arch-diocese of ,baltimore4 ,as to good books1 their circulation should be favored as much as possible4 ,it is desirable that associations should everywhere be formed1 to employ themselves in this work4 ,the fathers particularly recommend the ,catholic ,publication ,society of ,new ,york1 which has existed for some years1 and has already done immense good4 ,committees in every city are to be formed1 and affiliated to the central society1 and collections are ordered to be made yearly for assisting this good work4 #eaj ,prayer-books ought always to be examined by theologians1 and none should be printed without the approbation of the ordinary4 ,this has hitherto been only a wish2 hereafter it shall be a law obliging all bishops4 ,among current periodicals there are many impious and immoral1 some more tolerable1 but very few deserving eulogy and full recommendation to the faithful4 ,the prelates continue3 ,journals edited or directed by ,catholics indirectly contributing to the advantage of religion1 must exist4 ,but for fear lest the political opinions of the writers may be attributed to ecclesiastical authority1 or to ,christianity itself1 as often happens1 thanks to the bad faith of adversaries1 we desire that all should be duly warned not to recognize any journal as ,catholic unless it bears the express approbation of the ordinary4 ,in several dioceses1 there are journals furnished with this approbation1 under one form or another1 because the bishops require them as a means of conveying their orders or ideas to their clergy and people4 ,hence they are assumed to have an official character1 as if the voice of the pastor were to be heard from every page and line4 ,this is a misunderstanding1 although quite general1 chiefly propagated by sectarians4 ,from it result grave and intolerable inconveniences4 ,for1 whatever may be written by these editors1 who may often be controlled by passions private and political1 is laid to the account of the bishop1 and seems to form a part of his pastoral teaching4 ,in order that such a responsibility may cease to weigh upon the episcopate1 and in order clearly to set forth the relations between the ordinary and the ecclesiastical journals1 the fathers declare that the approbation accorded by a bishop to a ,catholic journal merely signifies that he has found in it nothing contrary to faith or morals2 and that he hopes such will be the case in future2 and moreover1 that the editors are well-deserving men1 and their writings useful and edifying4 ,the bishop1 then1 is only responsible for what appears in the paper as his own teaching1 counsel1 exhortation or command2 and for this1 only when signed with his own hand4 7,act4 tit4 xi4 p4 #bef47 ,they spoke of establishing a journal or review1 solely devoted to the exposition and defence of ,catholic dogma1 of which the archbishops of ,baltimore1 ,new ,york1 and perhaps other metropolitans with them1 would have the ownership4 ,the question was submitted by the council to the judgment of the ordinaries4 ,if the fathers wish to be free from a solidarity often compromising1 they none the less recognize the services of ,catholic writers4 ,the felicitations which they address to them are borrowed from the pontifical allocution of ,april #bjth1 #ahdi1 and from the letters apostolic of ,february #abth1 #ahff4 ,,viii4 ,the church has frequently uttered severe condemnations of secret societies1 engaged in acts forbidden by religion and justice4 ,after having recalled to mind and published anew these condemnations1 the fathers add that they do not see any reason for applying them to societies of artisans which have no other object than the mutual support and protection of people of the same calling4 ,these must not favor the practices of condemned sects1 nor proceed contrary to equity and the rights of patrons4 ,no one must regard as even tolerated1 associations which demand of those entering an oath to do whatever the chiefs command1 or which would maintain an inviolable secrecy in the face of lawful questioning4 ,if there be doubt of the nature of an association1 the holy see must be consulted4 ,no person1 however high his ecclesiastical dignity1 ought to condemn any society which does not fall under the censures of the apostolical constitutions4 ,footnote #adh ,footnote #adh3 ,at the request of certain bishops1 this decree was to be suppressed4 ,it was re-established in acts according to directions from ,rome4 #eaa ,in the thirteenth chapter1 the bishops request the erection of fifteen new episcopal sees2 to wit1 four in the province of ,baltimore1 seven in that of ,st4 ,louis1 one in each of the provinces of ,cincinnati1 ,oregon1 ,san ,francisco1 and ,new ,york4 ,they also desire the churches of ,philadelphia and ,milwaukee to be raised to metropolitan dignity4 ,excepting this last demand1 this chapter has met favorable reception at ,rome2 and at the present moment1 ,america counts twelve new bishoprics or vicarates apostolic4 ,we will not speak of the pastoral letter addressed by the bishops of the council to the faithful of their dioceses4 ,it was published at the time in many ,french journals4 ,moreover1 it merely recapitulates the measures and decrees which ought to be brought to the knowledge of all the ,catholic populations4 ,in it one perceives the accent of ardent zeal for the salvation of souls4 ,amid the felicitations which they address to their flock1 the ,american prelates mingle cries of sorrow at the sight of the abuses which still exist and the souls which are lost4 ,a warm appeal is made to families to favor the development of ecclesiastical vocations2 in this country1 more than in any other in the world1 the harvest is immense1 and arms alone are often wanting to gather it4 ,as to the relations between the church and the state1 the fathers declare that1 apart from a few brief instances of over-excitement and madness1 the attitude taken by the civil power and its non-interference in religious matters is a matter for congratulation2 they complain only of its not according the necessary guarantees for church property1 according to ancient canons and discipline4 ,but several ,states have already done what is reasonable in this respect2 it is hoped that others will soon follow their example4 ,such is the incomplete but at least faithful rsum of the decrees of this great assembly4 ,in reading1 one is struck with the wisdom and prudence which characterize them4 ,after the divine assistance1 certainly not denied to so holy an undertaking1 one here finds something of that ,american good sense1 eminently exact and practical1 which1 in dealing with lofty things1 seizes them principally by their positive side1 and1 without losing sight of principles1 adapts them always to times and circumstances4 ,if doctrine is greatly represented in this volume1 pure theory occupies but a small space4 ,above everything else the council has wished to be a work of organization4 ,no less remarkable for what it has not said than for what it has said1 it seems to embody the device of the poet1 ,semper ad eventum festinat2 no superfluous details1 no useless erudition2 all bears the seal of a legislation soberly but firmly motived1 wherein nothing is omitted which can enlighten and convince the mind1 and nothing allowed to lengthen a text by right short1 or to complicate a simple matter2 a majestic monument1 of simple and severe proportions1 art seems therein neglected1 but is by no means wanting4 ,if it were permissible in presence of so great a work to recur to a secondary detail1 we would say that pupils of the seminaries1 in studying these acts1 will find in them a model of that beautiful ,latinity unfortunately too rare in theological treatises4 ,their task ended1 the prelates had only to congratulate themselves on the success obtained4 ,after having announced to their children that they would be more fully notified of the result in provincial councils and diocesan synods1 they have been able to add1 with lawful pride1 that they expect all manner of good from the practical organization given for the future to the churches of this vast continent4 ------- #eab ,the ,legend of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,and it came to pass1 in those days1 that ,thomas abode at ,jerusalem4 ,and in a dream the ,lord appeared to him1 and said1 ,behold1 ,gondaphorus1 who ruleth in ,india1 hath sent ,abbas his servant into ,syria1 that he may find men skilful in the art of building4 ,go thou1 therefore1 and ,i will show thee unto him4 ,but ,thomas answered1 and said1 ,lord1 suffer me not to go into ,india4 ,but the ,lord answered1 and said to him1 ,fear not1 but rise up and depart2 for behold1 ,i am with thee1 and when thou shalt have converted the nations of ,india1 thou shalt come to me1 and ,i will give unto thee the recompense of thy reward4 ,and when ,thomas heard this1 he said1 ,thou art my ,lord and ,i am thy servant4 ,let it be as thou hast said4 ,and he went his way4 ,and it came to pass that as ,abbas1 the servant of ,gondaphorus the king1 stood in the market-place1 the ,lord met him1 and said1 ,young man1 what seekest thou8 ,and ,abbas answered1 and said1 ,behold1 my master hath sent me hither1 that ,i might bring to him cunning workmen who shall build for him a palace like unto those that are in ,rome4 ,and when he had spoken these things1 the ,lord showed unto him ,thomas1 as that skilful and cunning workman whom he sought4 ,and straightway ,thomas the apostle1 and the servant of ,gondaphorus the king1 departed4 ,and as they journeyed1 the word of the ,lord spake by the mouth of ,thomas1 and great multitudes of the ,gentiles were converted and baptized4 ,and when they came to ,aden1 which lieth at the going in of the ,red ,sea1 they tarried many days4 ,and departing thence1 they came into the coasts of ,india4 ,and behold1 there was a marriage in that city1 and both ,thomas and ,abbas were called to the marriage4 ,and the whole city was with them4 ,and while they rejoiced together1 behold1 ,thomas spake to the people the word of the ,lord1 and wrought many mighty works before them all1 so that great multitudes believed and were baptized4 ,and the daughter of the king1 7whose feast it was17 and her husband1 and the king also1 were among them4 ,and this was she1 who1 after a long time1 was called ,pelagia1 and took the holy veil1 and suffered martyrdom4 ,but the bridegroom was called ,denis1 and became the bishop of that city4 ,and going from thence1 they departed1 and came to ,gondaphorus the king4 ,and to him was ,thomas the apostle brought1 as a cunning workman1 skilled in all manner of building4 ,and the king commanded him to build for him a royal palace1 and gave him vast treasures wherewith to build it1 and having done this1 he went into another country4 ,and it came to pass1 that when ,thomas received the treasure of the king1 he put not his hand to the palace of the king1 but went his way throughout the kingdom1 for the space of two years1 preaching the ,gospel1 healing the sick1 and giving his treasures to the poor4 #eac ,and after the space of two years1 ,gondaphorus the king returned into his own city1 and when he had asked concerning his palace1 ,thomas answered1 and said1 ,behold1 ,o king6 the palace is builded2 but thou shalt dwell therein only in the world that is to come4 ,then was the king exceeding wroth1 when he had heard these things1 and commanded his soldiers to cast ,thomas into prison1 and to flay him alive1 and afterward to burn his body with fire4 ,and it came to pass1 that in those days ,syd1 the brother of ,gondaphorus1 died1 and the king commanded them to prepare for him a goodly sepulchre4 ,and on the fourth day1 as they made lamentation over him1 behold1 he that was dead sat up and began to speak4 ,and they were sore affrighted and amazed4 ,but he said to the king1 ,behold1 ,o king6 he whom thou hast commanded to be flayed and burned is the friend of ,god4 ,for lo6 the angels of ,god1 who serve him1 took me into paradise1 and showed to me a palace adorned with gold and silver and precious stones4 ,and when ,i was astonished at its beauty1 one cried out to me1 and said1 ,behold1 this is the palace which ,thomas has builded for the king1 thy brother4 ,but he has become unworthy2 yet1 if thou thyself wouldst dwell therein1 we will beseech the ,lord1 that thou mayest live again and redeem it of thy brother by paying unto him the treasure he has lost4 ,and when ,gondaphorus had heard these things1 he was sore afraid4 ,and he straightway ran to the prison1 and came in unto the apostle1 and smote off his chains4 ,and bringing a royal robe1 he would have put it on him4 ,but ,thomas answering1 said1 ,knowest thou not1 ,o king6 that those who would have power in heavenly things care not for that which is carnal and earthly8 ,and when he had said this1 the king fell down at his feet1 confessing his sins4 ,and ,thomas baptized both him1 and his brother1 and all his house1 and said to them1 ,in heaven there are many mansions1 prepared from the foundation of the world4 ,but these are purchased only by faith and almsgiving4 ,your riches are able to go before you into these heavenly habitations1 but thither they can never follow you4 ,and after these things1 ,thomas arose and departed1 and came into all the kingdoms of ,india1 preaching the ,gospel1 and doing many mighty miracles4 ,and all the nations of ,india believed and were baptized1 hearing his words1 and seeing the wonders which he did4 ,and it came to pass that ,mesdeus the king heard thereof4 ,and when ,thomas came into his country1 he laid hands upon him1 and commanded him to adore his idols1 even the images of the ,sun1 which he had made4 ,and ,thomas answered1 and said1 ,let it be even as thou hast said1 if at my word the idol bow not its head into the dust4 ,and when he had said this1 the idol fell down prostrate to the earth4 ,and there arose a great sedition among the people1 and the greater part stood with ,thomas4 ,but the king was exceeding angry1 and cast him into prison1 and delivered him up to the soldiers1 that they might put him to death4 ,and the soldiers1 taking him1 led him forth to the top of a mountain over against the city4 ,and when he had prayed a long time1 they pierced him with their spears1 and1 falling down1 he yielded up the ghost4 ,and his disciples1 which stood by1 wept for him with many tears1 and1 taking up his body1 they wound it in precious spices1 and laid it in a tomb4 ,but the church grew and waxed mightily1 and ,siforus the priest1 and ,zuganes the deacon1 whom ,thomas had ordained as he went forth to die on the mountain1 taught in his stead4 #ead ,such is the legend of ,st4 ,thomas1 as recited in the name of ,abdias of ,babylon1 bishop and disciple1 ,footnote #adi in his ten books upon the conflicts of the apostles4 ,whatever we may think of the individual events therein detailed1 the great outline of the story has much intrinsic probability1 and is of no slight interest to the student of ,christian history4 ,especially is this so in the present age1 when the vast and mystic ,east opens her gates once more to the knock of the evangelist1 and when the whole ,christian world is agitated with a missionary zeal which must be comparatively fruitless1 unless guided by a knowledge of the people whom it approaches1 and of the religious traditions with which it must combat or agree4 ,it is our intention in this article to suggest some of the chief facts in the ecclesiastical annals of these unknown lands1 and to trace1 so far as we may be able1 the dogmatic genealogy of those religious notions with which the ,gospel has been1 and will be1 there forced to contend4 ,footnote #adi3 ,abdias of ,babylon1 to whom is ascribed the work mentioned in the text1 is accounted among the ecclesiastical writers of the first age4 ,he was a ,jew by birth1 and one of the seventy disciples of our ,lord4 ,he went with ,,ss4 ,simon and ,jude into ,persia1 and by them was made bishop of ,babylon4 ,the work which bears his name was first printed in the year #aecb4 ,its alleged authorship1 on account of its citations1 and for some other reasons1 has generally been denied by the learned4 ,on this point the present writer ventures no opinion1 although convinced that the tradition1 as contained in ,the ,legend of ,st4 ,thomas1 is substantially true1 and has existed in the same general outline from the earliest periods of ,christian history4 ,in the legend which we have repeated1 and the discussion of which will occupy the present article1 the scene of the labors of ,st4 ,thomas is laid in ,india4 ,the tradition that he preached in ,parthia and other countries of the east1 and that he perished by martyrdom1 is nearly as old as ,christianity itself4 ,all of the early writers are agreed that his apostolic province lay north and east of ,palestine1 and that the ,persians1 ,bactrians1 ,scythians1 and other kindred nations were entrusted to his spiritual care4 ,but in regard to the particular regions over which he travelled1 and the extent of his missionary efforts1 as embraced in modern geographical divisions1 there appears to be no small discrepancy between them4 ,thus1 while certain ancient authors ascribe to him the evangelization of the entire ,east1 ,socrates and ,theodoret expressly state that the ,gospel was not preached in ,india till the fourth century1 when ,frumentius carried thither the knowledge of the true faith1 and established a mission1 of which he himself became the bishop2 while some extend his wanderings to the ,ganges1 or even to the ,celestial empire itself1 others limit him within the eastern boundary of ,persia1 and place his death and burial-place near the city of ,edessa1 less than two hundred miles north-east from ,antioch4 ,much of this apparent disagreement1 however1 is explained away by the acknowledged ambiguity of the phrases under which these different countries were anciently described4 ,india and ,ethiopia seem to have been terms as loosely applied in that age as the ,east1 in ,europe1 and the ,west1 in ,america1 are today2 and it is not at all unlikely that1 as has been the case with the latter phrase in this country1 the application of the former was gradually changed as their nearer frontiers became better known1 and were localized under distinct and peculiar names4 ,the ,india of ,socrates and ,theodoret may or may not embrace the districts included in the ,india of ,gaudentius and ,sophronius2 and each1 in his historic statement1 may be entirely accurate in fact1 though contradictory to the others in his language4 #eae ,moreover1 in those early ages kingdoms were less known than nations4 ,the ancients spoke of ,persians1 ,romans1 ,jews1 ,egyptians1 rather than of the countries in which they were supposed to dwell2 while in our day1 on the contrary1 the explorations of geography have rendered the regions far more definite than the nations which inhabit them4 ,for this reason1 what would be comparatively a safe guide to any given locality in modern usage1 would be far less reliable in writings of a thousand years ago4 ,thus we may well dismiss whatever doubts this seeming disagreement at first sight throws around the post-scriptural account of this apostle1 or at least hold it in abeyance1 to be obliterated if subsequent investigations should disclose sufficient evidence of the toils and triumphs of ,st4 ,thomas in the vast empires of oriental ,asia4 ,it is in this generic sense of the terms that ,india and the ,indies are employed by the author of this legend1 and under the singular as well as under the plural name are included many kingdoms through which the apostle travelled1 from that in which he preached the ,gospel at the nuptials of a king to that in which he found the mountain of his martyrdom4 ,each of these seems to have had its own court and king1 and to have been so far independent of the others that the same religion which was maintained and promulgated by the state in one1 was persecuted and condemned by the rulers of the other4 ,it is not1 therefore1 to these names that we can look with any confidence of finding such vestiges of the apostle's footsteps as shall afford us a definite clue to the countries or the nations which enjoyed the fruits of his laborious love4 ,such1 however1 is not the case with the name of ,king ,gondaphorus to whom particularly1 according to the legend1 the mission of ,st4 ,thomas was directed4 ,until within a few years1 the age1 the residence1 even the existence of this personage has been matter of serious controversy4 ,the opinion most commonly received among the learned was1 that ,gondaphorus was a corruption of ,gun dishavor or ,gondisapor1 a city built by ,artaxerxes1 and deriving its name from ,sapor or ,schavor1 the son and successor of its founder4 ,footnote #aej ,as the city could have acquired this title only in the fourth century1 this1 among other reasons1 has generally led historians to deny the substantial authenticity of the legend itself1 and to regard it as the fabrication of some later age4 ,footnote #aej3 ,gundisapor was the episcopal and metropolitan city of the province of ,sarac1 situated on the ,tigris1 six leagues from ,susa4 ,it is said to have been built by ,hormisdas1 the contemporary of the ,emperor ,constantine1 and to have been called by the name of ,sapor1 his son1 by whom it was afterward immensely enriched and beautified with the treasures which he ravished from the ,roman empire4 ,recent investigations among ,indian antiquities have thrown new light upon this subject1 and1 in this particular1 at least1 seem to have cleared the legend from all suspicions of fraud4 ,among the many coins and medals lately discovered in the ,east are those of the ,indo-,scythian kings who ruled in the valley of the ,indus about the beginning of our present era4 ,one of these kings bore the name of ,gondaphorus1 and pieces of his coinage are now said to be preserved in different collections of ,paris and the ,east4 ,footnote #aea ,this striking corroboration1 in the nineteenth century1 of a tradition which1 in one shape or another1 has been current in the ,christian world for eighteen hundred years1 can hardly fail to satisfy the most critical examiner that the legend ascribed to ,abdias is1 in its grand outline1 entitled to a far higher degree of credit than it has been accustomed lately to receive4 ,footnote #aea3 ,vide ,le ,christianisme en ,chine1 etc41 par ,m1 ,huc4 ,paris1 #aheg1 p4 #bh1 etc4 #eaf ,the course of the apostle and his companion toward the east1 so far as this tradition and its modern limitations have defined it1 may thus be traced4 ,leaving ,jerusalem1 they journeyed by the usual route to the ,red ,sea1 and thence along the coasts of ,arabia ,petraea and ,arabia ,felix to ,aden1 then1 as now1 a city of much commercial importance1 on account of its excellent harbor and commanding situation4 ,here they remained for a considerable period of time1 the apostle preaching the ,gospel and laying foundations on which other men might build4 ,embarking thence1 they sailed around the southern borders of the ,arabian peninsula1 and1 crossing the ,gulf of ,oman1 landed at one of the then flourishing cities near the mouths of the ,indus4 ,after some delay1 of which ,st4 ,thomas made good use in the service of the ,gospel1 they pushed north-easterly into the interior to the immediate province of ,king ,gondaphorus1 where1 after the labors of two years1 the apostle brought the monarch and his family under obedience to the yoke of ,christ4 ,his special work thus accomplished1 ,st4 ,thomas travelled into many other kingdoms on the same divine errand1 and terminated his devoted and fruitful life by holy martyrdom4 ,thus far1 the legend2 and that it agrees with and is in fact the interpreter of all other traditions of ,st4 ,thomas1 as well as of those various monuments which1 until recently1 have been unknown as teachers of ,christian history1 will shortly be made manifest4 ,the holy apostle1 having once established ,christianity in those parts of ,india which lie nearest to ,jerusalem1 would naturally extend his journey into more distant regions1 rather than retrace his steps1 and occupy1 as his field of labor1 a territory to which the ,gospel would1 without his intervention1 probably be soon proclaimed4 ,for1 having in himself powers plenipotentiary for the organization and perpetuation of the church1 wherever he might plant it1 and being assured1 as a ,christian and disciple1 that the zeal and perseverance of his fellow-workers might safely be entrusted with the conversion of the nations adjacent to the centres of ,christian doctrine1 it was simply manlike1 simply apostolic1 for him to set his face steadfastly toward those who1 but for him1 might not in many generations obtain the light of faith4 ,if1 therefore1 the footsteps which we have already traced be genuine1 we may with reason look for traces of the same unwearied feet in other and still more unknown lands4 ,and herein also1 the traditions of the early ages will not disappoint us4 ,still reckoning by nations1 rather than by kingdoms1 the ancient writers tell us that ,st4 ,thomas preached the ,gospel to the ,parthians1 ,medes1 ,persians1 ,hyrcanians1 ,bactrians1 ,germanians1 ,seres1 ,indians1 and ,scythians4 ,thus in a fragment of ,st4 ,dorotheus1 7,a4,d4 #bed17 ,the apostle ,thomas1 having announced the ,gospel to the ,parthians1 ,medes1 ,persians1 ,germanians1 ,bactrians1 and ,mages1 suffered martyrdom at ,calamila1 a city of ,india4 ,theodoret1 speaking of the universality of the preaching of the apostles1 says1 ,they have caused1 not only the ,romans1 and those who inhabit the ,roman empire1 but the ,scythians1 444 the ,indians1 444 the ,persians1 the ,seres1 and the ,hyrcanians to receive from them the law of the ,crucified4 ,origen1 and from him ,eusebius1 relates that ,st4 ,thomas received ,parthia as his allotted sphere2 and ,sophronius mentions that he planted the faith among the ,medes1 ,persians1 ,carmanians1 7,germanians17 ,hyrcanians1 ,bactrians1 and other nations of the extreme east4 ,both the latter and ,st4 ,gaudentius declare that he suffered at ,calamina in ,india4 #eag ,the same traditions are faithfully preserved among the ,christians of ,india4 ,in the breviary of the ,church of ,malabar1 it is stated that ,st4 ,thomas converted the ,indians1 ,chinese1 and ,ethiopians1 and that these different nations1 together with the ,persians1 offer their adorations to ,god in commemoration of this devoted apostle1 from whom their forefathers received the truth of ,christ4 ,the presumption of fact1 which arises out of such a mass of testimony as these and other witnesses which might be quoted offer us1 existing for so many ages and in countries so widely separated from each other1 is surely sufficient to justify a careful study of the localities to which these different nations belonged1 as indicative of the later and more extended missionary labors of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,according to the best authorities on the subjects of ancient geography and ethnology1 all the various territories which were inhabited by the nations whose conversion has been attributed to ,st4 ,thomas lie east of the ,euphrates1 and1 with the single exception of the ,scythians1 below the fortieth parallel of latitude4 ,the ,medes occupied the districts between the ,caspian and ,persian seas4 ,the ,hyrcanians lay on the south-east of the ,caspian1 the ,parthians and the ,bactrians lying east of them2 and all three being included in the present ,turkistan4 ,the ,persians held the northeastern borders of the ,persian ,gulf1 next to the kingdom of the ,medes2 the ,germanians1 or ,carmanians1 lying next on the south-east1 in part of what is now known as ,beloochistan1 and the lower corner of modern ,persia4 ,the ,seres was a name given to the ,chinese in the earliest historic ages1 and embraced the vast and cultivated people who dwell beyond the ,emodi1 or ,himalaya1 mountains1 and east of the sources of the ,indus4 ,the ,indians and ,scythians--the former occupying from the ,indian ,ocean and the latter from the ,arctic zone--met together between the ,bactrians and the ,seres1 and formed the ,indo-,scythian races of the ante-,christian age4 ,calamila1 or ,calamina1 the city near which the apostle finally rested from his labors1 is on the eastern coast of ,hindostan1 a short distance from ,madras1 and has been known1 at different periods1 by the names of ,meliapour1 ,beit-,thoma1 and ,st4 ,thomas4 ,the connection of these ancient nations and countries with1 and their successive propinquity to1 each other enables us to form a tolerably correct idea of the course of the apostle's missionary work1 from the baptism of ,gondaphorus to the close of his own career4 ,for although our guide is simply the intrinsic probability which grows out of the nature of the workman and the work ,god had appointed him to do1 yet1 to whoever takes the map of the various regions which we have described as the scenes of the apostolic life and death1 it will appear that one of two courses must have been adopted4 ,the first starts from the valley of the ,indus1 and1 leading westward1 reaches in turn the ,germanians1 ,persians1 and ,medes2 then1 turning toward the north and flexing eastward by the southern border of the ,caspian ,sea1 it penetrates the land of the ,hyrcanians1 ,parthians1 ,bactrians1 ,indo-,scythians1 and ,seres2 where1 again met by the upper ,indus1 it bends southward1 and1 striking through the heart of ,hindostan1 ends in the lower portion of the peninsula at or near ,madras4 #eah ,the second1 beginning at the same point1 follows up the ,indus in a path directly opposite to the former1 until the place of departure is again reached and the final journey through modern ,india begins4 ,it is scarcely possible to say which of these two routes is most probably correct4 ,future researches may throw light upon the extent of the region over which ,king ,gondaphorus reigned1 upon the relation of the dialects of these bordering nations to each other1 and thus afford a clue to the more exact path of the apostle4 ,but in either case1 the districts over which he travelled1 and the races into contact with whom he carried the ,gospel1 are distinguished with a high degree of certainty1 and the triumphs of the cross under his leadership may thus be clearly understood4 ,indeed1 the work of scarce any apostle of the twelve can now be better followed than that of ,thomas4 ,the chief indefiniteness attaches to his mission to the ,seres2 for here little is extant to show1 with any great conclusiveness1 whether his labors terminated with the borders of ,indo-,scythia1 or penetrated to the ,yellow ,sea4 ,some monuments of antiquity have1 it is true1 been found1 which point strongly to the spreading of the ,gospel over a large part of ,china by primitive if not by apostolic missionaries2 but nothing has as yet been discovered which would justify the conclusion that ,st4 ,thomas actually attempted the evangelization of that immense and thickly-populated empire4 ,if such had been the case1 it is hardly possible that ,india should have received him back again1 and given him the distant ,calamina for his martyrdom4 ,the area of territory over which the apostle ,thomas must thus have journeyed embraces over three million two hundred and fifty thousand square miles1 and the people to whom he opened the doors of heaven1 through the ,gospel1 numbered more than two hundred millions of souls4 ,the linear distance of his own personal travels probably exceeded ten thousand miles1 and this1 for the most part1 necessarily on foot4 ,the consideration of these facts1 and of the results which followed from the apostle's labors1 will give us some idea of the work which our ,divine ,lord committed to his immediate disciples1 and of the untiring zeal and superhuman endurance with which they were endowed4 ,it has become far easier for us to say1 ,the ,lord hath shortened his hand1 than to go and do likewise4 ,yet it is still true that ,thomas was an apostle2 that it was the will of the ,master that all nations should at once almost receive some knowledge of his ,gospel2 that the miraculous gift of tongues swept out of the way one of the greatest obstacles to missionary labor2 and that ,st4 ,thomas had received the gifts of faith and charity to such a degree as enabled him to co-operate1 to the utmost1 with the graces of his work4 ,and it is also true that1 had not he and the others of the twelve been such as they were and accomplished what they did1 the promises of ,christ would have been unfulfilled1 and the church have suffered from their failure to its latest day4 ,but in that they were apostles1 in that they did their work1 the seed of the ,gospel can scarcely fall1 to-day1 on soil which has not been already watered by the blood of martyrs1 or among people in whom it has not1 long ago1 sprung up and brought forth fruit abundantly4 #eai ,there were1 however1 in the case of ,st4 ,thomas1 other and natural reasons why his work should have been so vast and his success so extraordinary4 ,the facility of intercourse between the east and the west was far greater in his day than in our own4 ,the successive conquests of ,alexander had led him beyond the present western boundary of ,china4 ,the ,roman empire1 at the beginning of our era1 reached beyond the ,euphrates1 and the intimate connection of part with part1 and the ease of intercourse between the imperial city and the farthest military outpost1 can scarcely be exaggerated4 ,footnote #aeb ,up to the seventh century1 this unity continued to a great degree unbroken1 and will account not only for the presence of the minister of ,gondaphorus in ,jerusalem and for the results which followed it1 but for the diffusion and preservation of the traditions which have handed down those events to us4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,de ,quincey's ,caesars4 7,introduction47 ,nor was this unity altogether that of conquest4 ,beyond the empire of ,augustus lay the realms of ,porus1 of whom history relates that he held six hundred kings beneath his sway4 ,between these emperors there seem to have been two formal attempts at an intimate political alliance4 ,twenty-four years before the birth of ,christ1 an embassy from ,porus followed ,augustus into ,spain1 upon this errand1 and another some years afterward met with him at ,samos4 ,in the reigns of ,claudius1 ,trajan1 ,antoninus ,pius1 and succeeding emperors1 the same royal courtesies were interchanged1 and it was not until the ,mussulman power1 sweeping like a sea of fire between the east and the west1 became an impassable barrier to either1 that these relations had an end4 ,nearly the same may be said of commercial unity4 ,the trade in silk1 from which substance the ,seres1 or ,chinese1 derived their name1 was carried on between the ,romans and that distant nation on no inconsiderable scale4 ,numerous caravans perpetually journeyed to and fro through the wilds of ,parthia and along the southern border of the ,caspian ,sea2 while the ,erythrean1 ,red and ,mediterranean waters glittered with sails from almost every land4 ,the whole inhabited world 7if we except this continent1 the date of whose first settlement no one can tell7 was thus providentially brought close together1 and a higher degree of unity and association established between its different nations than had existed since the dispersion at ,babel1 or than has now existed for over twelve hundred years4 ,how vast an advantage to apostolic labor this unity must have been can easily be seen4 ,while it removed almost entirely the difficulties of travel1 it assured for the traveller both safety and good-will upon the way4 ,while it conciliated in advance the people among whom they labored1 it gave weight and human authority to the ,gospel1 when actually preached4 ,and1 when the church had been established and little colonies of ,christians marked the track of the apostles1 it enabled them to maintain a constant intercourse with their spiritual children by messengers or by epistles1 and to keep watch and ward over the millions entrusted to their care4 ,those prophetic traditions of a coming ,saviour1 which pervaded the east1 as well as the south and west1 also effected much toward the rapid spread and wide espousal of ,christian truth4 ,the origin of these traditions is shrouded in the mystery of an unchronicled antiquity4 ,they may be attributed to the promise in paradise1 to the transfusion of ,mosaic teachings1 or to direct revelation by means of pagan oracles4 ,but that they existed1 in a clear and well-defined prophetic form1 is established beyond question2 while that they were in the first instance of divine disclosure1 it becomes no ,christian to deny4 #ebj ,the learned and contemplative minds of ,asia especially delighted in this state of expectation4 ,sons of a soil whereon the feet of ,god had trodden in primeval days1 the very atmosphere around them still throbbed with the echoes of that voice which walked in ,eden in the cool of the day4 ,the mountains that overlooked them had aforetime walled in the garden of the ,lord from a dark and half-developed world4 ,the deserts of their meditations lay like a pall above the relics of those generations to whom the deluge brought the judgment wrath of ,god4 ,children of ,sem1 the eldest son of ,noah1 it had been theirs to see1 even more clearly than ,god's chosen ,israel1 the coming of the ,incarnate to the world1 as it was also theirs to win from heaven the first tidings of his birth through the glowing orient star4 ,among the many forms which this tradition assumed1 there is one so beautiful and so theologically accurate1 that we cannot omit to cite it here4 ,while the swan of ,mantua1 on the banks of father ,tiber1 chanted the glories of the golden age1 a ,hindoo poet1 on the borders of the ,ganges1 thus painted to the wondering eyes of ,indian kings the grand event in which the disorders and miseries of that present age should have an end3 ,then shall a ,brahmin be born in the city of ,sambhala4 ,this shall be ,vishnu ,jesu4 ,to him shall the divine scriptures and all sciences unfold themselves1 without the use of so much time in their investigation as is necessary to pronounce a single word4 ,hence shall be given to him the name of ,sarva ,buddha1 as to one who fully knoweth all things4 ,then shall ,vishnu ,jesu1 dwelling with his people1 perform that work which he alone can do4 ,he shall purge the world from sin2 he shall set up the kingdom of truth and justice2 he shall offer the sacrifice2 444 and bind anew the universe to ,god4 4444 ,but when the time of his old age draws nigh1 he shall retire into the desert to do penance2 and this is the order which ,vishnu ,sarva shall establish among men4 ,he shall fix virtue and truth in the midst of the ,brahmins1 and confine the four castles within the boundaries of their laws4 ,then shall return the primeval age4 ,then sacrifice shall be so common that the very wilderness shall be no more a solitude4 ,then shall the ,brahmins1 confirmed in goodness1 occupy themselves only in the ceremonies of religion2 they shall cause penance1 and all other graces which follow in the path of truth1 to flourish1 and shall spread everywhere the knowledge of the holy scriptures4 ,then shall the seasons succeed each other in unbroken order2 the rains1 in their appointed time1 shall water the earth2 the harvest1 in its turn1 shall yield abundance2 the milk shall flow at the wish of those who seek it2 and the whole world1 being inebriated with prosperity and peace1 as it was in the beginning1 all nations shall enjoy ineffable delights4 ,footnote #aec ,footnote #aec3 ,le ,christianisme en ,chine1 p4 #e4 ,the well-known policy of ,st4 ,paul1 who1 preaching on ,mars' hill to the ,athenians1 seized the inscription on their altar1 ,to the unknown ,god1 as the text of his most memorable sermon1 is a divine endorsement of the important part which ,god intended that these far-reaching revelations should play in the conversion of the world4 ,st4 ,thomas1 in the east1 had but to repeat the announcement1 ,him whom ye ignorantly worship1 him declare ,i unto you4 ,he1 for whom you have waited--he1 ,vishnu ,jesu1 has already come2 his wisdom and his counsels ,i reveal to you4 #eba ,and among the clear-thoughted and pure-hearted sages of the east1 among the ,magi of ,persia1 the ,brahmins of ,india1 and the philosophers of ,china1 among such as those who at the mere bidding of a voiceless star followed it to the world's end--to the cave of ,bethlehem--these declarations of the apostle must have been the signal of salvation4 ,in them there were no prejudices to wipe away1 no new and strange ideas to be espoused4 ,the ,gospel was not to them1 as to the ,jews1 the subversion of anticipated glory4 ,it was the realization of expectation1 the golden day which had so long shot gleams of light into the darkness of their iron age4 ,and so it was that1 while ,judea could give to ,christianity but simple fishermen1 or at most a ruler of the synagogue1 ,india and the orient thought not too highly of her kings and sages to yield them up to ,vishnu ,jesu1 and offered on his altars the wealth of all her realms4 ,in the year #aeba1 certain excavations taking place under the ruins of a large and ancient church at ,meliapour1 there were found1 in a sepulchre1 at a great depth beneath the surface of the earth1 the bones of a human skeleton1 in a state of remarkable whiteness and preservation4 ,with them were also found the head of a lance1 still fastened in the wood1 the fragments of an iron-shod club1 and a vase of clay filled with earth4 ,some years later1 near the same spot1 an attempt was made by the ,portuguese to build a chapel2 and in digging for the foundations1 the workmen came upon a monumental stone on which was sculptured a cross1 some two feet long by eighteen inches wide1 rudely ornamented and surrounded by an inscription in characters which1 to the discoverers1 were totally unknown4 ,the authorities of ,meliapour1 being desirous to ascertain the meaning of the letters engraved around this cross1 made diligent search among the native scholars for an interpreter1 and finally obtained one in the person of a ,brahmin of a neighboring city4 ,his translation was as follows3 ,thirty years after the law of the ,christians appeared to the world1 on the #beth of the month of ,december1 the apostle ,st4 ,thomas died at ,meliapour1 whither he had brought the knowledge of ,god1 the change of the law1 and the overthrow of devils4 ,god was born of the ,virgin ,mary1 was obedient to her during thirty years1 and was the eternal ,god4 ,god unfolded his law to twelve apostles1 and of these1 one came to ,meliapour1 and there founded a church4 ,the kings of ,malabar1 of ,coromandel1 of ,pandi1 and of other different nations1 submitted to the guidance of this holy ,thomas1 with willing hearts1 as to a devout and saintly man4 ,footnote #aed ,footnote #aed3 ,le ,christianisme en ,chine1 p4 #bf4 ,the same inscription was afterward laid before other oriental scholars1 each of whom1 without conference or collusion with the rest1 offered the same rendering of this forgotten tongue4 ,thus1 again do the discoveries of later ages verify the traditions of early ,christian history4 ,that ,,ss4 ,dorotheus1 ,sophronius1 and ,gaudentius possessed reliable evidence for their statement that ,st4 ,thomas died at ,calamina1 we can no longer doubt4 ,that the original framer of ,the ,legend of ,st4 ,thomas recited events which1 in his day1 were well known1 and could be easily substantiated1 is almost beyond dispute4 ,the wondrous tales of heroism1 built out of the deeds of martyrs and apostles and evangelists are not all foolish dreams4 ,the ,legends of the ,saints are not1 as the wiseacres of the day would lead us to believe1 altogether idle words4 #ebb ,men1 who could traverse sea and land1 without companions1 without aid1 converting nations1 building churches1 founding hierarchies1 setting their faces ever farther on1 looking for no human sympathy1 having no mother-country1 toiling for ever toward the martyr's crown1 were not the men to fabricate childish stories1 full of false visions and falser miracles4 ,nor were those who stood day by day on the brink of doom2 who1 in the morning1 woke perhaps to meet the lions1 perhaps the stake1 but certainly the burden of the cross of ,christ2 who lay down at night without hope of day1 the men to listen to wild tales of falsehood from some cunning tongue4 ,traditions of those early days were all too often written in blood4 ,they come to us sealed with the lives of saints4 ,they have stood the test of ages of investigation4 ,they remain1 to-day1 monuments1 engraved in many languages1 and on many lands1 asserting the achievements of our fathers1 while modern science adds to ancient story the corroboration of her undeniable deductions1 and vindicates the traditions of ,christian antiquity both from the sneers and the indifference of self-exalted men4 ,it is almost needless to remark1 as the conclusion of this sketch1 that modern missionaries1 who would rival the success of ,st4 ,thomas1 can fairly expect it from no less exertion1 no less singleness of heart4 ,those who from this or other countries sally forth1 with missionary societies behind them to supply their needs1 burdened with the double cares of family and church1 with boards of directors at home1 as well as consciences within1 to satisfy1 with a support to some extent conditioned on their apparent success1 can scarcely be expected to compete with him who1 bidding farewell to home and friends1 goes out alone1 wifeless and childless1 looking to ,god for everything1 and seeking nothing but an endless crown4 ,the history of missions proves1 by indisputable statistics1 which of these two methods is effective1 which has borne with it the divine prestige of success1 and which remains1 in spite of persecutions and oppressions1 vigorous and undismayed after the conflicts of eighteen hundred years4 ,if it were a simple question of policy1 between the ,catholic ,church and her opponents1 the event would indicate her wisdom4 ,if it were one of precedent1 she has the whole apostolic college1 and the missionaries of fifteen centuries upon her side4 ,but if the touchstone of the ,master be still reliable1 and we may know his workmen by their fruits1 then does this history of the great missionary church bear witness1 that not only her vocation but her operations are divine1 and may assure her children1 that1 though heaven and earth should fail1 no jot or tittle of her power or triumph can ever pass away4 ,the throne of ,peter may be smitten by the thunderbolt of war2 the hoary head of his successor may be bowed with grief2 the triple crown may once more be trampled under the feet of men2 the faithful may again be overwhelmed with fear2 but1 in the far wilderness1 beyond the glittering deserts1 across the frozen and the burning seas1 her sons are gathering strange nations to her bosom1 over whom1 in her coming days of victory and peace1 she may renew her joy4 ,for the same ,lord who bade her go into the whole world and teach all his commandments gave1 in the same breath1 its people to her baptism2 and he who promised her the nations for her inheritance1 and the uttermost parts of the earth for her possession1 was the same ,god who said to ,st4 ,peter1 ,super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam1 et porta inferi non prevalebunt4 ------- #ebc ,beethoven1 ,his ,boyhood4 ,i4 ,one ,october afternoon1 in #aghd1 a boat was coming down the ,rhine close to that point where the city of ,bonn sits on its left shore4 ,the company on board consisted of old and young persons of both sexes1 returning from an excursion of pleasure4 ,the company landed full of gayety and mirth1 the young people walking on before1 while their seniors followed4 ,they adjourned to a public garden1 close on the river side1 to finish the day of social enjoyment by partaking of a collation4 ,old and young were seated ere long around the stone table set under the large trees4 ,the crimson faded in the west1 the moon poured her soft light glimmering through the leafy canopy above them1 and was reflected in full beauty in the waters of the ,rhine4 ,your boys are merry fellows1 said a benevolent-looking old gentleman1 addressing ,herr van ,beethoven1 a tenor singer in the electoral chapel1 pointing at the same time to his two sons1 lads of ten and fourteen years of age4 ,but tell me1 ,beethoven1 why did you not bring ,louis with you8 ,because1 answered the person he addressed1 ,louis is a stubborn1 dogged1 stupid boy1 whose troublesome behavior would only spoil our mirth4 ,ah6 returned the old gentleman1 you are always finding fault with the poor lad1 and perhaps impose too hard tasks upon him4 ,i am only surprised that he has not1 ere this1 broken loose from your sharp control4 ,my dear ,simrock1 replied ,beethoven1 laughing1 ,i have a remedy at hand for his humors--my good ,spanish cane1 which1 you see1 is of the toughest4 ,louis is well acquainted with its excellent properties1 and stands in wholesome awe thereof4 ,and trust me1 neighbor1 ,i know best what is for the boy's good4 ,carl and ,johann are a comfort to me2 they always obey me with alacrity and affection4 ,louis1 on the other hand1 has been bearish from his infancy4 ,as to his studies1 music is the only thing he will learn--,i mean with good will2 or1 if he consents to apply himself to anything else1 ,i must first knock it into him that it has something to do with music4 ,then he will go to work2 but it is his humor not to do it otherwise4 ,if ,i give him a commission to execute for me1 the most arrant clodpoll could not be more stupid about it4 ,here the conversation was interrupted1 and the subject was not resumed4 ,the hours flew lightly by4 ,it struck nine1 and the festive company separated to return to their homes4 ,carl and ,johann were in high glee as they went home4 ,they sprang up the steps before their father1 and pulled the door-bell4 ,the door was opened1 and a boy about twelve years old stood in the entry with a lamp in his hand4 ,he was short and stout for his age1 but a sickly paleness1 more strongly marked by the contrast of his thick black hair1 was observable on his face4 ,his small1 gray eyes were quick and restless in their movement1 very piercing when he fixed them on any object1 but softened by the shade of his long1 dark lashes4 ,his mouth was delicately formed1 and the compression of the lips betrayed both pride and sorrow4 ,it was ,louis ,beethoven4 #ebd ,he came to meet his parents1 and bade them ,good-evening4 ,his mother greeted him affectionately4 ,his father said1 while the boy busied himself fastening the door1 ,well1 ,louis1 ,i hope you have finished your task4 ,i have1 father4 ,very good2 to-morrow ,i will look and see if you have earned your breakfast4 ,so saying1 the elder ,beethoven went into his chamber4 ,his wife followed him1 after bidding her sons good night1 ,louis more tenderly than any of them4 ,carl and ,johann withdrew with their brother to their common sleeping apartment1 entertaining him with a description of their day of festivity4 ,now1 ,louis1 said little ,johann1 as they finished their account1 if you had not been such a dunce1 our father would have taken you along2 but he says he thinks that you will be little better than a dunce all the days of your life1 and self-willed and stubborn besides4 ,don't talk about that any more1 answered ,louis1 but come to bed4 ,yes1 you are always a sleepy-head6 cried they both1 laughing2 but in a few moments after getting into bed both were asleep and snoring heartily4 ,louis took the lamp from the table1 left the apartment softly1 and went up-stairs to an attic chamber1 where he was wont to retire when he wished to be out of the way of his teasing brothers4 ,he had fitted up the little room for himself as well as his means permitted4 ,a table with three legs1 a leathern chair1 the bottom partly out1 and an old piano which he had rescued from the possession of the rats and mice1 made up the furniture1 and here1 in company with his beloved violin1 he was accustomed to pass his happiest hours4 ,the boy felt1 young as he was1 that he was not understood by one of his family1 not even excepting his mother4 ,she loved him tenderly1 and always took his part when his father found fault with him2 but she never knew what was passing in his mind1 because he never uttered it4 ,but his genius was not long to be unappreciated4 ,the next morning a messenger came from the elector to ,beethoven's house1 bringing an order for him to repair immediately to the palace1 and fetch with him his son ,louis4 ,the father was surprised2 not more so than the boy1 whose heart beat with undefined apprehension as they entered the princely mansion4 ,a servant was in waiting1 and conducted them1 without delay or further announcement1 to the presence of the elector1 who was attended by two gentlemen4 ,the elector received old ,beethoven with great kindness1 and said1 ,we have heard much1 recently1 of the extraordinary musical talent of your son ,louis4 ,have you brought him along with you8 ,beethoven replied in the affirmative1 stepped back to the door1 and bade the boy come in4 ,come nearer1 my little lad1 cried the elector graciously2 do not be shy4 ,this gentleman here is our new court organist1 ,herr ,neefe2 the other is the famous composer1 ,herr ,yunker1 from ,cologne4 ,we promised them both they should hear you play something4 #ebe ,the prince bade the boy take his seat and begin1 while he sat down in a large easy-chair4 ,louis went to the piano1 and1 without examining the pile of notes that lay awaiting his selection1 played a short piece1 then a light and graceful melody1 which he executed with such ease and spirit1 nay1 in so admirable a manner1 that his distinguished auditors could not forbear expressing their surprise1 and even his father was struck4 ,when he left off playing1 the elector arose1 came up to him1 laid his hand on his head1 and said encouragingly1 ,well done1 my boy6 we are pleased with you4 ,now1 ,master ,yunker1 turning to the gentleman on his right hand1 what say you8 ,your highness1 answered the composer1 ,i will venture to say the lad has had considerable practice with that last air to execute it so well4 ,louis burst into a laugh at this remark4 ,the others looked surprised and grave4 ,his father darted an angry glance at him1 and the boy1 conscious that he had done something wrong1 became instantly silent4 ,and pray what were you laughing at1 my little fellow8 asked the elector4 ,the boy colored and looked down as he replied1 ,because ,herr ,yunker thinks ,i have learned the air by heart1 when it occurred to me but just now while ,i was playing4 ,then1 returned the composer1 if you really improvised that piece1 you ought to go through at sight a motive ,i will give you presently4 ,yunker wrote on a paper a difficult motive1 and handed it to the boy4 ,louis read it over carefully1 and immediately began to play it according to the rules of counterpoint4 ,the composer listened attentively1 his astonishment increasing at every turn in the music2 and when at last it was finished1 in a manner so spirited as to surpass his expectations1 his eyes sparkled1 and he looked on the lad with keen interest1 as the possessor of a genius rarely to be found4 ,if he goes on in this way1 said he in a low tone to the elector1 ,i can assure your highness that a very great contrapuntist may be made out of him4 ,neefe observed with a smile1 ,i agree with the master2 but it seems to me the boy's style inclines rather too much to the gloomy and melancholy4 ,it is well1 replied his highness1 smiling2 be it your care that it does not become too much so4 ,herr van ,beethoven1 he continued1 addressing the father1 we take an interest in your son1 and it is our pleasure that he complete the studies commenced under your tuition1 under that of ,herr ,neefe4 ,he may come and live with him after to-day4 ,you are willing1 ,louis1 to come and live with this gentleman8 ,the boy's eyes were fixed on the ground2 he raised them and glanced first at ,neefe and then at his father4 ,the offer was a tempting one2 he would fare better and have more liberty in his new abode4 ,but there was his father6 whom he had always loved2 who1 in spite of his severity1 had doubtless loved him1 and who now stood looking upon him earnestly and sadly4 ,he hesitated no longer1 but1 seizing ,beethoven's hand and pressing it to his heart1 he cried1 ,no1 no6 ,i can not leave my father4 ,you are a good and dutiful lad1 said his highness4 ,well1 ,i will not ask you to leave your father1 who must be very fond of you4 ,you shall live with him1 and come and take your lessons of ,herr ,neefe2 that is our will4 ,adieu6 ,herr van ,beethoven4 ,from this time ,louis lived a new life4 ,his father treated him no longer with harshness1 and even reproved his brothers when they tried to tease him4 ,carl and ,johann grew shy of him1 however1 when they saw what a favorite he had become4 #ebf ,louis found himself no longer restrained1 but came and went as he pleased2 he took frequent excursions into the country1 which he enjoyed with more than youthful pleasure1 when the lessons were over4 ,his worthy master was astonished at the rapid progress of his pupil in his beloved art4 ,but1 ,louis1 said he one day1 if you would become a great musician1 you must not neglect everything besides music4 ,you must acquire foreign languages1 particularly ,latin1 ,italian1 and ,french4 ,would you leave your name to posterity as a true artist1 make your own all that bears relation to your art4 ,louis promised1 and kept his word4 ,in the midst of his playing he would leave off1 however much it cost him1 when the hour struck for his lessons in the languages4 ,so closely he applied himself1 that in a year's time he was tolerably well acquainted not only with ,latin1 ,french1 and ,italian1 but also with the ,english4 ,his father marvelled at his progress not a little2 for years he had labored in vain1 with starvation and blows1 to make the boy learn the first principles of those languages4 ,he had never1 indeed1 taken the trouble to explain to him their use in the acquisition of the science of music4 ,in #aghe1 appeared ,louis' first sonatas4 ,they displayed uncommon talent and gave promise that the youthful artist would1 in future1 accomplish something great1 though scarcely yet could be found in them a trace of that gigantic genius whose death forty years afterward filled all ,europe with sorrow4 ,we were both mistaken in the lad1 ,simrock would say to old ,beethoven4 ,he abounds in wit and odd fancies1 but ,i do not altogether like his mixing up in his music all sorts of strange conceits2 the best way1 to my notion1 is a plain one4 ,let him follow the great ,mozart1 step by step2 after all1 he is the only one1 and there is none to come up to him--none6 ,and ,louis' father1 who also idolized ,mozart1 always agreed with his neighbor in his judgment1 and echoed1 ,none6 ,it was a lovely summer afternoon about #aghg2 numerous boats with parties of pleasure on board were passing up and down the ,rhine2 numerous companies of old and young were assembled under the trees in the public gardens1 or along the banks of the river1 enjoying the scene and each other's conversation1 or partaking of the rural banquet4 ,at some distance from the city1 a wood bordered the river2 this wood was threaded by a small and sparkling stream1 that flung itself over a ledge of rocks1 and tumbled into the most romantic and quiet dell imaginable1 for it was too narrow to be called a valley4 ,the trees overhung it so closely that at noonday this sweet nook was dark as twilight1 and the profound silence was only broken by the monotonous murmur of the stream4 ,close by the stream half sat1 half reclined1 a youth just emerging from childhood4 ,in fact1 he could hardly be called more than a boy2 for his frame showed but little development of strength1 and his regular features1 combined with an excessive paleness1 the result of confinement1 gave the impression that he was even of tender years4 ,his eyes would alone have given him the credit of uncommon beauty2 they were large1 dark1 and so bright that it seemed the effect of disease1 especially in a face that rarely or never smiled4 #ebg ,a most unusual thing was a holiday for the melancholy lad4 ,his whole soul was given up to one passion--the love of music4 ,oh6 how precious to him were the moments of solitude4 ,he had loved1 for this1 even his poor garret room1 meanly furnished1 but rich in the possession of one or two musical instruments1 whither he would retire at night1 when released from irksome labor1 and spend hours of delight stolen from slumber4 ,but to be alone with nature1 in her grand woods1 under the blue sky1 with no human voice to mar the infinite harmony--how did his heart pant for this communion6 ,his breast seemed to expand and fill with the grandeur1 the beauty1 of all around him4 ,the light breeze rustling in the leaves came to his ear laden with a thousand melodies2 the very grass and flowers under his feet had a language for him4 ,his spirits1 long depressed and saddened1 sprang into new life1 and rejoiced with unutterable joy4 ,the hours wore on1 a dusky shadow fell over foliage and stream1 and the solitary lad rose to leave his chosen retreat4 ,as he ascended the narrow winding path1 he was startled by hearing his own name2 and presently a man1 apparently middle-aged and dressed plainly1 stood just in front of him4 ,come back1 ,louis1 said the stranger1 it is not so dark as it seems here2 you have time enough this hour to return to the city4 ,the stranger's voice had a thrilling though melancholy sweetness2 and ,louis suffered him to take his hand and lead him back4 ,they seated themselves in the shade beside the water4 ,i have watched you for a long while1 said the stranger4 ,you might have done better1 returned the lad1 reddening at the thought of having been subjected to espionage4 ,peace1 boy1 said his companion2 ,i love you1 and have done all for your good4 ,you love me8 repeated ,louis1 surprised4 ,i have never met you before4 ,yet ,i know you well4 ,does that surprise you8 ,i know your thoughts also4 ,you love music better than aught else in the world2 but you despair of excellence because you cannot follow the rules prescribed4 ,louis looked at the speaker with open eyes4 ,your masters also despair of you4 ,the court-organist accuses you of conceit and obstinacy2 your father reproaches you2 and all your acquaintance pronounce you a boy of tolerable abilities1 spoiled by an ill disposition4 ,the lad sighed4 ,the gloom of your condition increases your distaste to all studies not directly connected with music1 for you feel the need of her consolations4 ,your compositions1 wild1 melancholy as they are1 embody your own feelings1 and are understood by none of the connoisseurs4 ,who are you8 cried ,louis in deep emotion4 ,no matter who ,i am4 ,i come to give you a little advice1 my boy4 ,i compassionate1 yet ,i revere you4 ,i revere your heaven-imparted genius4 ,i commiserate the woes those very gifts must bring upon you through life4 ,the boy lifted his eyes again2 those of the speaker seemed so bright1 yet withal so melancholy1 that he was possessed of a strange fear4 ,i see you1 continued the unknown solemnly1 exalted above homage1 but lonely and unblessed in your elevation4 ,yet the lot of such is fixed2 and it is better1 perhaps1 that one should consume in the sacred fire than that the many should lack illumination4 ,i do not understand you1 said ,louis1 wishing to put an end to the interview4 #ebh ,that is not strange1 since you do not understand yourself1 said the stranger4 ,as for me1 ,i pay homage to a future sovereign6 and he suddenly snatched up the boy's hand and kissed it4 ,louis was convinced of his insanity4 ,a sovereign in art1 continued the unknown4 ,the sceptre that ,haydn and ,mozart have held shall pass without interregnum to your hands4 ,when you are acknowledged in all ,germany for the worthy successor of these great masters--when all ,europe wonders at the name of ,beethoven--remember me4 ,but you have much ground to pass over1 resumed the stranger1 ere you reach that glorious summit4 ,reject not the aid of science1 of literature2 there are studies now disagreeable that still may prove serious helps to you in the cultivation of music4 ,contemn not any learning3 for art is a coy damsel1 and would have her votaries all accomplished6 ,above all--trust yourself4 ,whatever may happen1 give no place to despondency4 ,they blame you for your disregard of rules2 make for yourself higher and vaster rules4 ,you will not be appreciated here2 but there are other places in the world2 in ,vienna-- ,oh6 if ,i could only go to ,vienna1 sighed the lad4 ,you shall go there1 and remain1 said the stranger2 and there too you shall see me1 or hear from me4 ,adieu1 now--auf ,wiedersehen4 7,to meet again47 ,and before the boy could recover from his astonishment the stranger was gone4 ,it was nearly dark1 and he could see nothing of him as he walked through the wood4 ,he could not1 however1 spend much time in search2 for he dreaded the reproaches of his father for having stayed out so late4 ,all the way home he was trying to remember where he had seen the unknown1 whose features1 though he could not say to whom they belonged1 were not unfamiliar to him4 ,it occurred to him at last1 that while playing before the elector one day a countenance similar in benevolent expression had looked upon him from the circle surrounding the sovereign4 ,but known or unknown1 the auf ,wiedersehen of his late companion rang in his ears1 while the friendly counsel sank deep in his heart4 ,traversing rapidly the streets of ,bonn1 young ,beethoven was soon at his own door4 ,an unusual bustle within attracted his attention4 ,to his eager questions the servants replied that their master was dying4 ,shocked to hear of his danger1 ,louis flew to his apartment4 ,his brothers were there1 also his mother1 weeping2 and the physician supported his father1 who seemed in great pain4 ,louis clasped his father's cold hand1 and pressed it to his lips1 but could not speak for tears4 ,god's blessing be upon you1 my son6 said his parent4 ,promise me that throughout life you will never forsake your brothers4 ,i know they have not loved you as they ought2 that is partly my fault2 promise me1 that whatever may happen you will continue to regard and cherish them4 ,i will--,i will1 dear father6 cried ,louis1 sobbing4 ,beethoven pressed his hand in token of satisfaction4 ,the same night he expired4 ,the grief of ,louis was unbounded4 ,it was a bitter thing thus to lose a parent just as the ties of nature were strengthened by mutual appreciation and confidence2 but it was necessary that he should rouse himself to minister support and comfort to his suffering mother4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ------- #ebi ,lecky ,on ,morals4 ,footnote #aee ,footnote #aee3 ,history of ,european ,morals1 from ,augustus to ,charlemagne4 ,by ,william ,edward ,hartpoole ,lecky1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahfi4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,mr4 ,lecky divides his work into five chapters4 ,the first chapter is preliminary1 and discusses the nature and foundations of morals1 its obligation and motives2 the second treats of the morals of the pagan empire2 the third gives the author's view of the causes of the conversion of ,rome and the triumph of ,christianity in the empire2 the fourth the progress and deterioration of ,european morals from ,constantine to ,charlemagne2 and the fifth the changes effected from time to time in the position of women4 ,the author does not confine himself strictly within the period named1 but1 in order to make his account intelligible1 gives us the history of what preceded and what has followed it2 so that his book gives one1 from his point of view1 the philosophy and the entire history of ,european morals from the earliest times down to the present4 ,the subject of this work is one of great importance in the general history of the race1 and of deep interest to all who are not incapable of serious and sustained thought4 ,mr4 ,lecky is a man of some ability1 of considerable first or second hand learning1 and has evidently devoted both time and study to his subject4 ,his style is clear1 animated1 vigorous1 and dignified2 but his work lacks condensation and true perspective4 ,he dwells too long on points comparatively unimportant1 and repeats the same things over and over again1 and brings proofs after proofs to establish what is mere commonplace to the scholar1 till he becomes not a little tedious4 ,he seems to write under the impression that the public he is addressing knows nothing of his subject1 and is slow of understanding4 ,he evidently supposes that he is writing something very important1 and quite new to the whole reading world4 ,yet we have found nothing new in his work1 either in substance or in presentation1 nothing--not even an error or a sophism--that had not been said1 and as well said1 a hundred times before him2 we cannot discover a single new fact1 or a single new view of a fact1 that can throw any additional light on ,european morals in any period of ,european history4 ,yet we may say ,mr4 ,lecky1 though not an original or a profound thinker1 is above the average of ,english ,protestant writers1 and compiles with passable taste1 skill1 and judgment4 ,we know little of the author1 except as the author of the book before us1 and of a previous work1 on ,rationalism in ,europe1 and we have no vehement desire to know anything more of him4 ,he belongs1 with some shades of difference1 to a class represented1 in ,england1 by ,buckle1 ,j4 ,stuart ,mill1 ,frank ,newman1 and ,james ,martineau2 and of which the ,westminster ,review is the organ2 in ,france1 by ,m4 ,vacherot1 ,jules ,simon1 and ,ernest ,renan2 and1 in this country1 by ,professor ,draper1 of this city1 and a host of inferior writers4 ,they are not ,christians1 and yet would not like to be called anti-,christians2 they are judges1 not advocates1 and1 seated on the high judicial bench1 they pronounce1 as they flatter themselves1 an impartial and final judgment on all moral1 religious1 and philosophical codes1 and assign to each its part of good1 and its part of evil4 #ecj ,they aim to hold an even balance between the church and the sects1 between ,christian morals and pagan morals1 and between the several pagan religions and the ,christian religion1 all of which they look upon as dead and gone1 except with the ignorant1 the stupid1 and the superstitious4 ,of this class ,mr4 ,lecky is a distinguished member1 though less brilliant as a writer than ,renan1 and less pleasing as well as less scientific than our own ,draper4 ,the writers of this class do not profess to break with ,christian civilization1 or to reject religion or morals1 but strive to assert a morality without ,god1 and a ,christianity without ,christ4 ,they deny in words neither ,god nor ,christ1 but they find no use for either4 ,they deny neither the possibility nor the fact of the supernatural1 but find no need of it and no place for it4 ,they concede providence1 but resolve it into a fixed natural law1 and are what we would call naturalists1 if naturalism had not received so many diverse meanings4 ,in their own estimation1 they are not philosophers1 moralists1 or divines1 but really gods1 who know1 of themselves1 good and evil1 right and wrong1 truth and error1 and whose prerogative it is to judge all men and ages1 all moralities1 philosophies1 and religions1 by the infallible standard which each one of them is1 or has in himself4 ,they are the fulfilment of the promise of ,satan to our mother ,eve1 ,ye shall be as gods4 ,mr4 ,lecky1 in his preliminary chapter1 on the nature and foundation of morals1 refutes even ably and conclusively the utilitarian school of morals1 and defends what he calls the intuitive school4 ,he contends that it is impossible to found morals on the conception of the useful1 or on fears of punishment and hopes of reward2 and argues well1 after ,henry ,more1 ,cudworth1 ,clark1 and ,butler1 that all morality involves the idea of obligation1 and is based on the intuition of right or duty2 or1 in other words1 on the principle of human nature called conscience4 ,but this1 after all1 is no solution of the problem raised4 ,there is1 certainly1 a great difference between doing a thing because it is useful1 and doing it because it is right2 but there is a still greater difference between the intuitive perception of right and the obligation to do it4 ,the perception or intuition of an act as obligatory1 or as duty1 but is not that which makes it duty or obligatory4 ,the obligation is objective1 the perception is subjective4 ,the perception or intuition apprehends the obligation1 but is not it1 and does not impose it4 ,the intuitive moralists are better than the utilitarians1 in the respect that they assert a right and a wrong independent of the fact that it is useful1 or injurious1 to the actor4 ,but they are equally far from asserting the real foundation of morals2 because1 though they assert intuition or immediate perception of duty1 they do not assert or set forth the ground of duty or obligation4 ,duty is debt1 is an obligation2 but whence the debt8 whence the obligation8 ,we do not ask why the duty obliges1 for the assertion of an act as duty is its assertion as obligatory2 but why does the right oblige8 or1 in other words1 why am ,i bound to do right8 or any one thing rather than another8 ,mr4 ,lecky labors hard to find the ground of the obligation in some principle or law of human nature1 which he calls conscience4 ,but conscience is the recognition of the obligation1 and the mind's own judgment of what is or is not obligatory2 it is not the obligation nor its creator4 #eca ,this mistake proceeds from his attempt to found morals on human nature as supreme law-giver1 and is common to all moralists who seek to erect a system of morals independent of theology4 ,dr4 ,ward1 in his work on ,nature and ,grace1 commits the same mistake in his effort to find a solid foundation in nature of duty1 without rising to the ,creator4 ,all these moralists really hold1 as true1 the falsehood told by ,satan to our first parents1 ,ye shall be as gods1 knowing good and evil2 that is1 in order to know good or evil ye shall not need to look beyond your own nature1 nor to recognize yourselves as subject to1 or dependent on1 any authority above or distinct from it4 ,it is the one fundamental error that meets us in all ,gentile philosophy1 and all modern philosophy and science1 speculative1 ethical1 or political1 that holds itself independent of ,god4 ,the schoolmen understood by morals1 when the term means duty1 or anything more than manners and customs1 what is called ,moral ,theology1 or the practical application of speculative and dogmatic theology to the offices of life1 individual1 domestic1 and social or political4 ,natural morality meant that portion of man's whole duty which is prescribed by the natural law and promulgated by reason1 as distinguished from revelation4 ,they based all morals on the great principle of theology1 and therefore they called theology the queen of the sciences4 ,we have made no advance on them4 ,in morals1 three things--first1 the obligation2 second1 the regula or rule2 third1 the end--are essential1 and must be carefully distinguished4 ,why am ,i bound to do one thing rather than another8 that is1 why am ,i bound at all8 ,what am ,i bound to do1 or to avoid8 ,for what end8 ,these three questions are fundamental and exhaustive4 ,the intuitionists hold that all morals involve the idea or conception of duty2 but they omit to present the reason or ground of duty or obligation1 and therefore erect their moral fabric without any foundation1 and make it a mere castle in the air4 ,they confound conscience with obligation1 and the rule or law with the reason or motive for observing it4 ,suppose we find in human nature the rule or law2 we cannot find in it either the obligation or the motive1 for the simple reason that human nature is not independent1 is not sufficient for itself1 does not belong to itself1 and has in itself neither its origin nor its end1 neither its first nor its final cause4 ,the rule--regula--is the law1 and the law prescribes what is to be done and what is to be avoided2 but it does not create the obligation nor furnish the motive of obedience4 ,mr4 ,lecky himself maintains that it does not1 and is very severe upon those who make an arbitrary law the ground of moral distinctions1 or the reason of duty4 ,the law does not make the right or the wrong4 ,the act is not right because commanded1 nor wrong because prohibited2 but it is commanded because it is right1 and prohibited because it is wrong4 ,whence then the obligation8 or1 what is it that transforms the right into duty8 ,this is the question that the independent or non-theological moralists1 no matter of what school1 do not and cannot answer4 ,there is no answer1 unless we give up the godship of man1 give ,satan the lie1 and understand that man is a dependent existence2 for an independent being cannot be bound or placed under the obligation of duty1 either by his own act or by the act of another4 ,if man is dependent1 he is created1 and1 if created1 he belongs to his ,creator2 for the maker has a sovereign right to that which he makes4 #ecb ,it is his act1 and nothing is or can be more one's own1 than one's own act4 ,man1 then1 does not own himself2 he owes himself1 all he is1 and all he has1 to his ,creator4 ,as it has pleased his ,creator to make him a free moral agent1 capable of acting from choice1 and with reference to a moral end1 he is bound to give himself1 by his own free will1 to ,god to whom he belongs2 for his free will1 his free choice1 belongs to ,god1 is his due2 and the principle of justice requires us to give to every one his due1 or what is his own4 ,here1 then1 in man's relation to ,god as his creator1 is the ground of his duty or obligation4 ,it grows out of the divine creative act4 ,deny the being of ,god1 deny the creative act1 deny man is the creature of ,god1 and you deny all obligation1 all duty1 and therefore1 according to ,mr4 ,lecky's own doctrine1 all morals4 ,the irrational cannot morally bind the rational4 ,all men are equal1 and no man1 no body of men has1 or can have1 a natural right to bind or govern another4 ,only the ,creator obliges1 as the owner of the creature2 and if ,i owe myself1 all ,i am and all ,i have1 to ,god1 ,i owe nothing to another in his own right1 and only ,god has any right over me1 or to me4 ,here is at once the basis of obligation and of liberty1 and the condemnation of all tyranny and despotism4 ,from this1 it clearly follows that every system of morals that rests on nature1 the state1 or any thing created1 as its foundation1 is not and of itself cannot be obligatory upon any one1 and that without ,god as our creator1 and whose we are1 there is and can be no moral obligation or duty whatever4 ,pantheism1 which denies the creative act1 and atheism1 which denies ,god1 both alike deny morals by denying its basis or foundation4 ,either is fatal to morals1 for obligation is only the correlative of the right to command4 ,having found the ground of obligation1 and shown why we are morally bound1 the next thing to be considered is the rule by which is determined what we are bound to do1 and what we are bound to avoid4 ,mr4 ,lecky makes this rule conscience1 which1 though he labors to prove that it is uniform and infallible in all ages and nations1 and all men1 he yet concedes varies in its determinations as to what is or is not duty according to the circumstances of the age or nation1 the ideal or standard adopted1 public opinion1 etc4 ,that is1 conscience assures us that we ought always to do right1 but leaves us to find out1 the best way we can1 what is or is not right4 ,conscience1 then1 cannot be itself the rule2 it is a witness within us of our obligation to obey ,god1 and the judgment which we pass on our acts1 usually1 in practice1 on our acts after they are done1 is at best only our judgment of what the rule or law is1 not the rule or law itself4 ,the rule or regula is not conscience1 but the light of conscience1 that by which it determines what is or is not duty2 it is the law which1 according to ,st4 ,thomas1 is quaedam est regula et mensura actuum1 secundum quam inducitur ad agendum1 vel ab agendo retrahitur2 ,footnote #aef or1 in the sense we here use the term1 the rule1 or measure of duty prescribing what is to be done1 and what avoided4 ,footnote #aef3 ,summa primae secundae1 quest4 xc4 art4 ,i4 incorp4 ,it is1 as ,st4 ,thomas also says1 an ordinatio rationis1 and as an ordination of reason1 it can be only the rule or measure of what is obligatory to be done or to be avoided4 ,it defines and declares what is or is not duty1 it does not and cannot make the duty1 or create the obligation4 ,the author and his school overlook the fact that reason is perceptive1 not legislative4 #ecc ,they confound the obligation with the rule that measures and determines it1 and assume that it is the reason that creates the duty4 ,they are psychologists1 not philosophers1 and see nothing behind or above human reason1 man's highest and distinguishing faculty4 ,certainly without reason man could not either perform1 or be bound to perform1 a single moral act2 and yet it is not the reason that binds him2 and if he is bound to follow reason1 as he undoubtedly is1 it is only because reason tells him what is obligatory1 and enables him to do it4 ,since only ,god can bind morally1 only ,god can impose the law which measures1 defines1 or discloses what independent of the law is obligatory4 ,the rule of duty1 of right and wrong1 is therefore the law of ,god4 ,the law of ,god is promulgated in part through natural reason1 and in part through supernatural revelation4 ,the former is called the natural law1 lex naturalis2 the latter1 the revealed law1 or the supernatural law4 ,but both are integral parts of one and the same law1 and each has its reason in one and the same order of things1 emanates from one and the same authority1 for one and the same ultimate end4 ,there are1 no doubt1 in the supernatural law1 positive injunctions1 and prohibitions1 which are not contained in the natural law1 though not repugnant thereto2 but these have their reason and motive in the end1 which in all cases determines the law4 ,all human laws1 ecclesiastical or civil1 derive all their vigor as laws from the law of ,god1 and all the positive injunctions and prohibitions of either are1 in their nature1 disciplinary1 or means to the end1 in which is the reason or motive of the law4 ,hence there is1 and can be1 nothing arbitrary in duty4 ,nothing is or can be imposed1 under either the natural law or the supernatural law1 in either church or state1 in religion or morals1 that does not immediately or mediately grow out of our relation to ,god as our creator1 and as our last end or final cause4 ,as a ,christian ,i am bound to obey the supreme ,pastor of the church1 not as a man commanding in his own name1 or by his own authority1 but as the vicar of ,christ1 who has commissioned him to teach1 discipline1 and govern me4 ,as a citizen ,i am bound to obey all the laws of my country not repugnant to the law or the rights of ,god1 but only because the state has1 in secular matters1 authority from ,god to govern4 ,in either case the obedience is due only to ,god1 and he only is obeyed4 ,it is his authority and his alone that binds me1 and neither church nor state can bind me beyond or except by reason of its authority derived from him4 ,the law is the rule1 and is prescribed by the end1 in which is the reason or motive of duty4 ,the law is not the reason or motive of duty1 nor is it the ground of the obligation4 ,it is simply the rule1 and tells us what ,god commands1 not whence his right to command1 nor wherefore he commands4 ,his right to command rests on the fact that he is the ,creator4 ,but why does he command such and such things1 or prescribe such and such duties8 ,we do not answer1 because such is his will2 though that would be true as we understand it4 ,for such answer would be understood by this untheological age1 which forgets that the divine will is the will of infinite reason1 to imply that duties are arbitrary1 rest on mere will1 and that there is no reason why ,god should prescribe one thing as duty rather than another4 ,what the law of ,god declares to be duty is duty because it is necessary to accomplish the purpose of our existence1 or the end for which we are created4 ,everything that even ,god can enjoin as duty has its reason or motive in that purpose or end4 ,the end1 then1 prescribes1 or is the reason of1 the law4 #ecd ,the end for which ,god creates us is himself1 who is our final cause no less than our first cause4 ,god acts always as infinite reason1 and cannot therefore create without creating for some end2 and as he is self-sufficing and the adequate object of his own activity1 there is and can be no end but himself4 ,all things are not only created by him but for him4 ,this is equally a truth of philosophy and of revelation1 and even those theologians who talk of natural beatitude1 are obliged to make it consist in the possession of ,god1 at least1 as the author of nature4 ,hence1 ,st4 ,paul1 the greatest philosopher that ever wrote1 as well as an inspired apostle1 says1 ,rom4 xi4 #cf1 ,of him1 and by him1 and in him are all things2 or1 in him and for him they subsist1 as ,archbishop ,kenrick explains in a note to the passage4 ,the motive or reason of the law is in the end1 or in ,god as final cause4 ,the motive or reason for keeping or fulfilling the law is1 then1 that we may gain the end for which we are made1 or1 union with ,god as our final cause4 ,this is all clear1 plain1 and undeniable1 and hence we conclude that morals1 in the strict sense of the word1 cannot be asserted unless we assert ,god as our creator and as our last end4 ,mr4 ,lecky and his school do not1 then1 attain to the true philosophy of morals1 for they recognize no final cause1 either of man or his act2 and yet there is no moral act that is not done freely propter finem1 for the sake of the end4 ,we do not say that all acts not so done are vicious or sinful1 nor do we pretend that no acts are moral that are not done with a distinct and deliberate reference to ,god as our last end4 ,the man who relieves suffering because he cannot endure the pain of seeing it1 performs a good deed1 though an act of very imperfect virtue4 ,we act also from habit1 and when the habit has been formed by acts done for the sake of the end1 or by infused grace1 the acts done from the habit of the soul without an explicit reference to the end are moral1 virtuous1 in the true sense of either term2 nor do we exclude those ,gentiles who1 not having the law1 do the things of the law1 of whom ,st4 ,paul speaks1 ,rom4 ii4 #ad-af4 ,mr4 ,lecky overlooks the end1 and presents no reason or motive for performing our duty1 distinguishable from the duty itself4 ,he adopts the philosophy of the ,porch1 except that he thinks it did not make enough of the emotional side of our nature1 that is1 was not sufficiently sentimental4 ,the ,stoics held that we must do right for the sake of right alone1 or because it is right4 ,they rejected all consideration of personal advantage1 of general utility1 the honor of the gods1 future life1 heaven or hell1 or the happiness of mankind4 ,they admitted the obligation to serve the commonwealth and to do good to all men1 but because it was right4 ,the good of the state or of the race was duty1 but not the reason or motive of the duty4 ,the professedly disinterested morality on which our author1 after them1 so earnestly insists1 closely analyzed1 will be found to be as selfish as that of the ,garden1 or that of ,paley and ,bentham4 ,the ,epicurean makes pleasure1 that is1 the gratification of the senses1 the motive of virtue2 the ,stoic makes the motive the gratification of his intellectual nature1 or rather his pride1 which is as much a man's self as what the apostle calls concupiscence1 or the flesh4 #ece ,intellectual selfishness1 in which the ,stoics abounded1 is even more repugnant to the virtue of the actor than the sensual selfishness of the votary of pleasure4 ,we care not what fine words the ,stoic had on his lips1 no system of pagan morals was further removed from real disinterested virtue than that of the ,porch4 ,mr4 ,lecky denounces the morality of the church as selfish1 and says the selfish system triumphed with ,bossuet over ,fnlon2 but happily for us he is not competent to speak of the morals enjoined by the church4 ,he does not understand the question which was at issue1 and entirely misapprehends the matter for which ,fnlon was censured by the ,holy ,see4 ,the doctrine of ,fnlon1 as he himself explained and defended it1 was never condemned1 nor was that of ,bossuet1 which1 on several points1 was very unsound1 ever approved4 ,several passages of ,fnlon's ,maxims of the ,saints were censured as favoring quietism1 already condemned in the condemnation of ,molinos and his adherents--a doctrine which ,fnlon never held1 and which he sought in his ,maxims to avoid without running into the contrary extreme1 but1 the ,holy ,see judged1 unsuccessfully4 ,his thought was orthodox1 but the language he used could be understood in a quietistic sense2 and it was his language1 not his doctrine1 that was condemned4 ,the error favored by ,fnlon's language1 though against his intention1 was that it is possible in this life to rise and remain habitually in such a state of charity1 or pure love of ,god for his own sake1 of such perfect union with him1 that in it the soul no longer hopes or fears1 ceases to make acts of virtue1 and becomes indifferent to its own salvation or damnation1 whether it gains heaven or loses it4 ,the church did not condemn the love of ,god for his own sake1 nor acts of perfect charity1 for so much is possible and required of all ,christians4 ,the church requires us to make acts of love1 as well as of faith and hope1 and the act of love is3 ,o my ,god6 ,i love thee above all things1 with my whole heart and soul1 because thou art infinitely amiable and deserving of all love2 ,i love also my neighbor as myself for the love of thee2 ,i forgive all who have injured me1 and ask pardon of all whom ,i have injured4 ,here is no taint of selfishness1 but an act of pure love4 ,yet though we can and ought to make distinct acts of perfect charity1 it is a grave error to suppose that the soul can in this life sustain herself1 habitually1 in a state of pure love1 that she ever attains to a state on earth in which acts of virtue cease to be necessary1 in which she ceases from pure love to be actively virtuous1 and becomes indifferent to her own fate1 to her own salvation or damnation1 to heaven or hell--an error akin to that of the ,hopkinsians1 that in order to be saved one must be willing to be damned4 ,as long as we live1 acts of virtue1 of faith1 hope1 and charity1 are necessary2 and to be indifferent to heaven or hell1 is to be indifferent whether we please ,god or offend him1 whether we are united to him or alienated from him4 ,it is a great mistake to represent the doctrine the church opposed to quietism or to ,fnlon as the selfish theory of morals4 ,to act from simple fear of suffering or simple hope of happiness1 or to labor solely to escape the one and secure the other1 is1 of course1 selfish1 and is not approved by the church1 who brands such fear as servile1 and such hope as mercenary1 because in neither is the motive drawn from the end1 which is ,god1 as our supreme good4 #ecf ,what the church bids us fear is alienation from ,god1 and the happiness she bids us seek is happiness in ,god1 because ,god is the end for which we are made4 ,thus1 to the question1 ,why did ,god make you8 the catechism answers1 ,that ,i might know him1 love him1 and serve him in this world1 and be happy with him for ever in the next4 ,with him1 not without him4 ,the fear the church approves is the fear of hell1 not because it is a place of suffering1 and the fear of ,god she inculcates is not the fear of him because he can send us to hell1 but because hell is alienation from ,god1 is offensive to him3 and therefore the fear is really fear of offending ,god1 and being separated from him4 ,the hope of happiness she approves is the hope of heaven1 not simply because heaven is happiness1 but because it is union with ,god1 or the possession of ,god as our last end1 which is our supreme good4 ,here neither the fear of hell nor the hope of heaven is selfish2 for in each the motive is drawn from the end1 from ,god who is our supreme good4 ,it therefore implies charity or the love of ,god4 ,and herein is its moral value4 ,it may not be perfectly disinterested1 or perfect charity1 which is the love of ,god for his own sake1 or because he is the supreme good in himself2 but to love him as our supreme good1 and to seek our good in him and him only1 is still to love him1 and to draw from him the motive of our acts4 ,the church enjoins this reference to ,god in which1 while she recognizes faith and hope as virtues in this life1 she enjoins charity1 without which the actor is nothing4 ,if ,mr4 ,lecky had known the principle of ,catholic morals1 and understood the motives to virtue which the church urges1 he would never have accused her of approving the selfish theory1 which proposes in no sense ,god1 but always and everywhere self1 as the end4 ,he will allow us no motive to virtue but the right2 that is1 in his theory1 duty has no reason or motive but itself4 ,no doubt his conception of right includes benevolence1 the love of mankind1 and steady1 persevering efforts to serve our country and the human race2 but he can assign no reason or motive why one should do so without falling either into the selfishness or the utilitarianism which he professes to reject4 ,the sentimental theory which he seems to adopt cannot help him1 for none of our sentiments are disinterested2 all the sentiments pertain to self1 and seek always their own gratification4 ,this is as true of those called the higher1 nobler sentiments as of the lower and baser1 and1 in point of fact1 sentimentalists1 philanthropists1 and humanitarians are usually the most selfish1 cruel1 heartless1 and least moral people in society4 ,men who act from sentimental instead of rational motives are never trustworthy1 and are1 in general1 to be avoided4 ,mr4 ,lecky maintains that right is to be done solely because it is right1 without any considerations of its particular or general utility1 or regard to consequences4 ,but he shrinks from this1 and appeals to utility when hard pressed1 and argues that considerations of advantage to society or to mankind1 or a peculiar combination of circumstances1 may sometimes justify us in deviating from the right--that is1 in doing wrong4 ,he contends that it may be our duty to sacrifice the higher principles of our nature to the lower1 and appears shocked at ,dr4 ,newman's assertion that the church holds that it were better for sun and moon to drop from heaven1 for the earth to fail1 and for all the many millions of its inhabitants to die of starvation in extreme agony1 so far as temporal affliction goes1 than that one soul1 ,i will not say should be lost1 but should commit one venial sin1 tell one wilful untruth1 though it harmed no one1 or steal one poor farthing1 without excuse4 #ecg ,this is too rigid for ,mr4 ,lecky4 ,he places duty in always acting from the higher principles of our nature2 but thinks there may be cases when it is our duty to sacrifice them to the lower6 ,he supposes1 then1 that there is something more obligatory than right1 or that renders right obligatory when obligatory it is4 ,but this doctrine of doing right for the sake of the right is utterly untenable4 ,right is not an abstraction1 for there are no abstractions in nature1 and abstractions are simple nullities4 ,it must be either being or relation4 ,if taken as a relation1 it can be no motive1 no end1 because relation is real only in the related4 ,if being1 then it is ,god1 who only is being4 ,your friends1 the ,stoics1 placed it above the divinity1 and taught us in ,epictetus and ,marcus ,aurelius that it binds under one and the same law both ,god and man4 ,but an abstraction which is formed by the mind operating on the concrete can bind no one1 for it is in itself simply nothing4 ,the weaker cannot bind the stronger1 the inferior the superior1 or that which is not that which is4 ,but there is no being stronger than ,god or above him2 for he is1 in every respect1 supreme4 ,nothing can bind him1 and right must either be identified with him or held to grow out of the relations of his creatures to himself4 ,in the first case1 right is ,god1 or ,god is right2 and the obligation to do right is only the obligation to do what ,god commands4 ,right1 as being1 cannot exist distinct from ,god1 and can bind men only in the sense in which ,god himself binds them4 ,their sovereign1 in such case1 is ,god1 who1 by his creative act1 is their lord and proprietor4 ,but right and ,god are not identical1 and1 consequently1 right is not being1 but a relation4 ,what binds is not the right or the relation1 but he who1 by his creative act1 founds the relation4 ,rejecting1 then1 right as an abstraction1 we must understand by the right what under this relation it is the duty of the creature to do4 ,right and duty are then the same4 ,ask what is man's duty2 the answer is1 what is right4 ,ask what is right1 and the answer is1 whatever is duty4 ,but right does not make itself right1 nor duty itself duty4 ,here is the defect of all purely rationalistic morals1 and of every system of morals that is not based1 we say not on revelation1 but on theology1 or the creative act of ,god4 ,right and duty are identical1 we grant2 but neither can create its own obligation1 or be its own reason or motive4 ,to say of an act1 it is duty because it is right1 or it is right because it is duty1 is to reason1 as the logicians say1 in a vicious circle1 or to answer idem per idem1 which is not allowable by any logic we are acquainted with4 ,we must1 then1 if we assert morals at all1 come back to theology1 and find the ground of obligation or duty--which is simply the right or authority of ,god to command us--in our relation to ,god1 as our creator or first cause1 and the reason or motive in our relation to him as our last end or final cause4 ,no doubt the reason why the rationalistic moralists in modern times are reluctant to admit this is1 because they very erroneously suppose that it means that the basis of morals is to be found only in supernatural revelation1 and is not ascertainable or provable by reason4 ,but this is a mistake1 growing out of another mistake2 namely1 that the creative act is a truth of revelation only1 and not a truth of science or philosophy4 ,the creative act is a fact of science1 the basis1 rather1 of all science1 as of all life in creatures1 and must be recognized and held before revelation can be logically asserted4 #ech ,that ,god is1 and is our creator1 our first cause1 and our final cause1 are truths that do not depend on revelation to be known2 and the theological basis of morals which we assert1 in opposition to the rationalistic moralists1 is within the province of reason or philosophy4 ,but the rationalists1 in seeking to escape revelation1 lose ,god1 and are forced to assert a morality that is independent of him1 and does not suppose or need him in order to be obligatory4 ,they are obliged1 therefore1 to seek a basis of morals in nature1 which in its own right has no legislative authority2 for nature is the creature of ,god1 and is nothing without him4 ,the intuition of right1 obligation1 duty1 which1 according to our author1 is the fundamental principle of morals1 is only1 he himself maintains1 the immediate apprehension of a principle or law of human nature1 or of our higher nature1 from which we are to act1 instead of acting from our lower nature2 but our higher nature is still nature1 and no more legislative than our lower nature4 ,nature being always equal to nature1 nothing is more certain than that nature cannot bind nature or place it under obligation4 ,besides1 when the author places the obligation in nature1 whether the higher or the lower1 he confounds moral law with physical law1 and mistakes law in the sense in which it proceeds from ,god as first cause for law in the sense in which it proceeds from ,god as final cause4 ,the physical laws1 the natural laws of the physiologists1 are in nature1 constitutive of it1 indistinguishable from it1 and are what ,god creates3 the moral law is independent of nature1 over it1 and declares the end for which nature exists1 and from which1 if moral nature1 it must act4 ,it is supernatural in the sense that ,god is supernatural1 and natural only in the sense that it is promulgated through natural reason independently of supernatural revelation4 ,natural reason asserts the moral law1 but asserts it as a law for nature1 not a law in nature4 ,by confounding it with physical laws1 and placing it in nature as the law of natural activity1 the author denies all moral distinction between it and the law by which the liver secretes bile1 or the blood circulates4 ,he holds1 therefore1 with ,waldo ,emerson that gravitation and purity of heart are identical1 and1 with our old transcendentalist friends1 that the rule of duty is expressed in the maxims1 ,obey thyself2 ,act out thyself2 ,follow thy instincts4 ,no doubt they meant1 as our author means1 the higher instincts1 the nobler self1 the higher nature4 ,but the law recognized and asserted is no more the moral law than is the physical law by which the rain falls1 the winds blow1 the sun shines1 the flowers bloom1 or the earth revolves on its axis4 ,physical laws there are1 no doubt1 in human nature2 but the theologians tell us that an act done from them is not an actus humanus1 but an actus hominis1 which has no moral character1 and1 whatever its tendency1 is neither virtuous nor vicious4 ,mr4 ,lecky1 as nearly all modern philosophers1 denies ,god as final cause1 if not as first cause4 ,the moral law has its reason and motive in him as our final cause1 and this is the difference between it and physical law4 ,the pagan ,greeks denied both first cause and final cause1 for they knew nothing of creation2 but being a finely organized race and living in a country of great natural beauty1 they confounded the moral with the beautiful1 as some moderns confound art with religion4 ,the author so far agrees with them1 at least1 as to place duty in the beauty and nobility of the act1 or in acts proceeding from the beauty and nobility of our nature--what he calls our higher nature4 #eci ,we do not quarrel with ,plato when he defines beauty to be the splendor of the divinity1 and therefore that all good1 noble1 and virtuous acts are beautiful1 and that whoever performs them has a beautiful soul4 ,but there is a wide difference between the beautiful and the moral1 though the ,greeks expressed both by the same term2 and art1 whose mission it is to realize the beautiful1 has of itself no moral character2 it lends itself as readily to vice as to virtue1 and the most artistic ages are very far from being the most moral or religious ages4 ,the mistake is in overlooking the fact that every virtuous or moral act must be done propter finem1 and that the law1 the reason1 the motive of duty depends on the end for which man was made and exists4 ,but the author and his school have not learned that all things proceed from ,god by way of creation1 and return to him without absorption in him as their last end4 ,morals are all in the order of this return1 and are therefore teleological4 ,not knowing this1 and rejecting this movement of return1 they are forced to seek the basis of morals in man's nature in the order of its procession from ,god1 where it is not4 ,the intuition they assert would be something1 indeed1 if it were the intuition of a principle or law not included in man's nature1 but on which his nature depends1 and to which it is bound1 by the right of ,god founded in his creative act1 to subordinate its acts4 ,but by the intuition of right1 which they assert1 they do not mean anything really objective and independent of our nature1 which the mind really apprehends4 ,on their system they can mean by it only a mental conception1 that is1 an abstraction4 ,we indeed find men who1 as theologians1 understand and defend the true and real basis of morals1 but who1 as philosophers1 seeking to defend what they call natural morality1 only reproduce substantially the errors of the ,gentiles4 ,this is no less true of the intuitive school1 than of the selfish1 the sentimental1 or the utilitarian4 ,cudworth founds his moral system in the innate idea of right1 in which he is followed by ,dr4 ,price2 ,samuel ,clarke gives1 as the basis of morals1 the idea of the fitness of things2 ,wollaston finds it in conformity to truth2 ,butler1 in the idea or sense of duty2 ,jouffroy1 in the idea of order2 ,fourier1 in passional harmony--only another name for ,jouffroy's order4 ,but these all1 since they exclude all intuition of the end or final cause1 build on a mental conception1 or a psychological abstraction1 taken as real4 ,the right1 the fitness1 the duty1 the order they assert are only abstractions1 and they see it not4 ,it is the hardest thing in the world to convince philosophers that the real is real1 and the unreal is unreal1 and therefore nothing4 ,abstractions are firmed by the mind1 and are nothing out of the concrete from which they are generalized4 ,a system of philosophy1 speculative or moral1 built on abstractions or abstract conceptions of the true1 the right1 the just1 or duty1 has no real foundation1 and no more solidity than the baseless fabric of a vision4 ,yet we cannot make the philosophers see it1 and every day we hear people1 whose language they have corrupted1 talk of abstract principles1 abstract right1 abstract justice1 abstract duty1 abstract philosophy1 abstract science2 all of which are airy nothings1 to which not even the poet can give a local habitation and a name4 ,the philosophers who authorize such expressions are very severe on sensists and utilitarians2 yet they really hold that all non-sensible principles and causes1 and all ideas not derived from the senses1 are abstractions1 and that the sciences which treat of them are abstract sciences4 #edj ,know they not that this is precisely what the sensists themselves do8 ,if the whole non-sensible order is an abstraction1 only the sensible is real1 or exists a parte rei1 and there is no intelligible reality distinct from the sensible world4 ,all heathen philosophy ends in one and the same error1 which can be corrected only by understanding that the non-sensible is not an abstraction1 but real being1 that is ,god1 or the real relation between ,god and his acts or creatures4 ,but to do this requires our philosophers to cast out from their minds the old leaven of heathenism which they have retained1 to recognize the creative act of ,god1 and to find in theology the basis of both science and morals4 ,mr4 ,lecky proves himself1 in the work before us1 as in his previous work1 an unmitigated rationalist1 and rationalism is only heathenism revived4 ,he himself proves it4 ,he then can be expected to write the history of ,european morals only from a heathen point of view1 and his judgments of both heathen and ,christian morals will be1 in spite of himself1 only those of a respectable pagan philosopher and in the latter period of pagan empire1 and attached to the moral philosophy of the ,porch4 ,he is rather tolerant than otherwise of ,christianity1 in some respects even approves it1 lauds it for some doctrines and influences which it pleases him to ascribe to it1 and to which it has no claim2 but judges it from a stand-point far above that of the fathers1 and from a purely pagan point of view1 as we may take occasion hereafter to show1 principally from his account of the conversion of ,rome1 and the triumph of the ,christian religion in the ,roman empire4 ,but we have taken up so much space in discussing the nature and foundation of morals1 to which the author devotes his preliminary chapter1 that we have no room for any further discussion at present4 ,what we have said1 however1 will suffice1 we think1 to prove that rationalism is as faulty in morals as in religion1 to vindicate the church from the charge of teaching a selfish morality1 and to prove that the only solid basis of morals is in theology4 ---------- ,faith4 ,faith is no weakly flower1 ,by sudden blight1 or heat1 or stormy shower ,to perish in an hour4 ,but rich in hidden worth1 ,a plant of grace1 though striking root in earth1 ,it boasts a hardy birth3 ,still from its native skies ,draws energy which common shocks defies1 ,and lives where nature dies6 ,oratory1 ,birmington4 ,e4 ,caswall4 ------- #eda ,religion ,emblemed ,in ,flowers4 ,wondrous truths1 and manifold as wondrous1 ,god hath written in the stars above2 ,but not less in the bright flowerets under us ,stands the revelation of his love4 ,and with childlike1 credulous affection ,we behold their tender buds expand-- ,emblems of our own great resurrection1 ,emblems of the bright and better land4 ,of all the poetic and suggestive traditions that linger with us from the early ages--those ages when art revived through religion1 and symbolized the truths of eternity by the creation and application of such esthetics which1 under the dominion of heathendom1 had been perverted to purely sensual enjoyment--of all these traditions1 then1 we find few more beautiful in their various types1 more elevating in their idealization1 or which form a stronger connecting link between the soul's aspirations and our material enjoyment1 than those frailest children of the beautiful that belong to the floral kingdom4 ,coeval with the creation1 the solace1 companions1 and delight of our first parents1 they shared the punishment1 likewise1 of man's transgression1 in the flood2 but when the waters subsided1 they were the chosen symbols to announce to ,noah the cessation of omnipotent vengeance1 and the first to greet the weary wanderers1 as their feet again touched the earth2 raising their lowly heads from around the tree-roots1 and through the rocky fissures1 as emblems of the life immortal that springs from decay4 ,among those which seem to be the chosen ones1 as most expressive of religious sentiment1 both in the ,old and ,new ,testament as well as in early legendary lore1 are the rose1 the lily1 the olive1 and the palm4 ,to each of these has been given a significance1 from the earliest times1 that has made them cherished with our households and associated with our faith4 ,although the rose was perverted by the heathen into a type of sensual love and luxury1 yet1 through the marvellous beauty and variety of its creation1 it was reclaimed by the ,christian poets1 to be the attendant of the pure and holy1 wherever an ornament was needed to paint a moral victory1 or glorify decay4 ,that this flower was largely cultivated by the ,jews1 and used in their religious festivals as an ornament1 is made clear by the frequent use we find of it1 as a simile in the ,bible4 ,solomon1 in his song1 compares the church to the rose of ,sharon and lily of the valley4 ,again1 in the book of ,wisdom1 we see their appreciation in the admonition1 ,let us crown ourselves with rosebuds ere they be withered4 ,also1 in ,ecclesiasticus1 occurs this metaphor1 ,i was exalted like a palm-tree in ,engaddi1 and as a rose-plant in ,jericho4 ,again1 ,hearken to me1 ye holy children1 and bud forth as roses growing by the brook4 ,it was a belief among the ,jews1 according to ,zoroaster1 says ,howitt1 that every flower is appropriated to a particular angel1 and that the hundred-leaf rose is consecrated to an archangel of the highest order4 ,the same author relates1 that the ,persian fire-worshippers believe that ,abraham was thrown into a furnace by ,nimrod1 and the flames forthwith turned into a bed of roses4 #edb ,in contradistinction to this in sentiment is the belief of the ,turk1 who holds that this lovely flower springs from the perspiration of ,mohammed1 and1 in accordance with this creed1 they never tread upon it or suffer one to lie upon the ground4 ,i think it was ,solon who held the theory that the rose and the woman were created at the same time1 and in consequence thereof1 there sprang up a contest among the gods1 as to which should be awarded the palm of superior beauty4 ,certainly there may yet be traced a close resemblance between these native queens1 not only in the matter of beauty1 but also in the variety and fragility for which the rose1 above all others1 is distinguished4 ,everywhere has ,god planted this exquisite work of his hand4 ,in the bleak polar regions1 where the days of sunshine are so short1 and so few1 there is seen among the first breathings of the summer zephyrs the ,rosa rapa1 its slender stem covered with pale double flowers1 lifting its head to greet those ice-bound prisoners as they issue from the stifling air of their winter huts4 ,degraded as are that people in their tastes1 the magic of these silent messengers from ,god is so forcible1 that they greet them with a poet's joy1 and deck their heads and rough sealskin clothing with their tender blossoms4 ,even to the broken-hearted ,siberian exile1 there come a few short days in his life when these frail comforters rise from the frozen earth to greet him1 like messengers from his lost home and friends4 444 ,it is not to be wondered1 then1 with all the associations of ,eden ever clinging about these eloquent voices1 that the early ,christians transferred their ornamental and suggestive beauties from the saturnalian rites of heathendom to the honor of ,god and his saints4 ,hence it is1 that1 in so many of the beautiful legends that have come down to us1 we find these frail memorials so often associated as types of some noble deed accomplished1 or the given reward of some heavy human sacrifice4 ,to those who look upon these legends as myths1 or simply religious fairy tales1 we can only say1 with ,mrs4 ,jameson1 that we most sincerely pity all such sceptics from our heart2 for1 where they outstrip the bounds of even miraculous probability1 there may yet be found in their pages both entertainment and instruction4 ,and after all1 why should not religion have her fairyland1 as well as material life8 ,why should not the soul enjoy the privilege of an occasional transport into a world of poetical visions1 as well as the imagination1 which finds in the fairy-dreams of childhood only a dim vista of annual blooms1 upon which the breath of heaven can never blow8 ,weary with the turmoil of life1 with the noise and whirl of the shifting scenes that open continuously upon a vista of pain1 and sorrow1 and unrealized hopes1 such legends recall to the soul auroral gleams of childhood's purity1 and transport her into fields that are redolent with the flowers of that eternal land where earthly woes can never come4 ,in this ,dodona grove1 the soul hallows the heart2 the impossible becomes the real2 and as all the aspirations for the higher life possess it1 the skies seem to open1 we catch a flutter of the angels' robes1 the perfume of the flowers of paradise1 and a glimmer even of the golden gates shoots radiantly across the uplifted1 tear-dimmed eye2 and we feel1 for these few moments at least1 that ,god and heaven are very nigh1 ay6 even in our heart of hearts4 #edc ,what matters it1 then1 if it be not all truth1 since it serves the purpose1 and for the time being decks the soul in regal splendor1 and makes the unattainable and dim worth the longest toil and hardest battle that the short span of human life can compass8 ,in those early ages1 when the heathen idols were tottering on their thrones1 and the voice of ,pan had died out in a mighty wail at the sound of a feeble infant's cry--in those dawning ,christian days there was felt the need of mental food of a nourishing and elevating kind for the masses4 ,heretofore1 they had been kept occupied by public games1 periodical saturnalian revels1 gladiatorial combats1 and other heathen abominations1 in order to allow the philosopher to pursue his subtle theories in quiet1 and the wheels of government to run smoothly on4 ,as years and numbers1 however1 increased the ,christian fold1 and the first fervor began to abate under the influence of human passions and the need of life's varieties1 it became evident that some food was necessary to meet the hunger of the craving mind4 ,the time and thoughts of the philosophers and theologians were too deeply engrossed with the abstruse problems of the day--the esoteric and exoteric--to give other time beyond that of the soul's immediate requirements to the ignorant4 ,hence it was1 that1 as human blood was poured out like water1 in libations to the true ,god1 when beauty and innocence1 rank and lowliness1 wealth and poverty1 found a common centre wherein to pray and suffer--hence it was1 that the religious1 poetic heart of the people idealized and beatified these deeds of heroic sanctity2 and the church1 while striving to repress extravagance1 yet welcomed and fostered a taste which she saw1 in her mighty wisdom1 would be productive of elevating thought and emulative example4 ,and it is a mistake1 says ,mrs4 ,jameson1 to suppose that these legends had their sole origin in the brains of dreaming monks4 ,the wildest of them had some basis of truth to rest on1 and the forms which they gradually assumed were but the necessary results of the age which produced them4 ,they became the intense expression of that inner life which revolted against the desolation and emptiness of the outward existence2 of those crushed and outraged sympathies which cried aloud for rest1 and refuge1 and solace1 and could nowhere find them4 ,mrs4 ,jameson disclaims any idea of treating these legends save in their poetic and artistic aspect4 ,but as religion is the root from whence all have their source1 so it is insensibly transmuted throughout the whole work4 ,and how could she do otherwise1 ,protestant though she was8 ,for the great trunk1 the massive column1 around which all these delicate fibres of poesy cling1 is religion4 ,without such support1 they would fall1 and be trailed in the dust1 and long1 long ere this1 their ephemeral life would have been crushed out1 as were the oracular voices of the marble gods4 ,this literature1 then1 became one in which peace was represented as better than war1 and sufferance more dignified than resistance2 which exhibited poverty and toil as honorable1 and charity as the first of virtues2 which held up to imitation and emulation self-sacrifice in the cause of good1 and contempt of death for conscience' sake--a literature in which the tenderness1 the chastity1 the heroism of woman1 played a conspicuous part2 which distinctly protested against slavery1 against violence1 against impurity in word and deed2 which refreshed the fevered and darkened spirit with images of moral beauty and truth1 revealed bright glimpses of a better land1 where the wicked cease from troubling1 and brought down the angels of ,god with shining wings1 and bearing crowns of glory1 to do battle with the demons of darkness1 to catch the fleeting soul of the triumphant martyr1 and carry it at once into a paradise of eternal blessedness and peace4 ,footnote #aeg ,footnote #aeg3 ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,legendary ,art4 #edd ,under the influence1 then1 of these new inspirations1 art likewise revived1 and the brush and the chisel lent the aid of their immortal touch to give force and perpetuity to these creations2 and birds1 and flowers1 and the elements were introduced as types or allegories of the subjects thus interpreted4 ,each one possessed a significance and symbolism that united the soul to the eternal source of these gifts1 and kept alive in the common heart those principles which the people could admire if not emulate4 ,the rapidity with which artists multiplied at this period belongs to the marvelous4 ,god needed artisans for his work1 and truly the old masters seemed1 judging from their deeds and spirit1 to have risen1 like ,adam1 from the clay moulding of the almighty hand4 ,possessed by a sense of the lofty nature of their calling1 they not only strove for perfection in detail1 but also for a religious spirit1 which should so inspire the work as to move every heart to piety1 and embody for instruction the full force of the solemn truths therein portrayed4 ,they emerged from the impure influences of the old religion and literature1 like the chrysalis1 into the golden-hued glory that shone in the lives of the ancient patriarchs and prophets2 in the auroral beams that hung like sea-foam over the angels as they walked or talked as ,god's messengers on earth1 until1 bathed in a glory borrowed from the very smile of the ,creator1 they saw the divine ,son descend like the morning star1 and dwell upon earth among men4 ,in all their work a confession of faith lay embodied2 and feeling themselves called to this vocation1 hearing the voice and seeing in the enthusiasm of their fervor the burning bush1 they purified themselves by prayer1 and fasting1 and long meditation upon the subject that was to grow into life under the glowing tints of the brush or the magic stroke of the chisel4 ,this mystical spirit so elevated and ennobled the soul-work of those grand old masters that faults in mechanical execution and anachronisms in details are1 even to this day1 overlooked1 for the sake of that con amore zeal which pervades the vital treatment of their subjects4 ,fra ,angelico1 a ,dominican monk1 devoted his art life exclusively to the religious mysticism of his subjects4 ,whenever he painted ,christ upon the cross1 says ,jarves1 the tears would roll down his cheeks as if he were an actual eyewitness of his ,saviour's agony4 ,there is a celestial glow in all his beatified faces that seem to radiate from his own soul4 ,lippo ,dalmasio1 an early painter of ,bologna1 was also noted for his piety in art4 ,he never painted the holy ,virgin without fasting the previous evening1 and receiving absolution and the bread of angels in the morning after2 and1 finally1 never consented to paint for hire1 but only as a means of devotion4 ,footnote #aeh ,footnote #aeh3 ,lord ,lindsay's ,christian ,art4 ,add to these1 ,luini1 of ,milan2 ,francia1 of ,bologna2 ,gentile and ,john ,bellini1 of ,venice2 ,fra ,bartolomeo1 the ,florentine monk1 and friend of ,savonarola2 ,perugino1 and finally1 ,raphael--and we have the list of those who led the vanguard in the perpetuity of those heaven-toned idealizations that yet greet the eye with their beauty and animate the heart with emotions of grateful homage4 #ede ,such art has left us1 and can never again be revived until artists believe and pray as did those men of old2 until they can see and feel as they did at all hours1 amid their rejoicings or as they slept1 holy personages1 saints1 and virgins1 apostles and evangelists1 martyrs1 and the symbolized faith for which they died4 ,virtues1 and not graces2 angels1 and not muses2 types of spiritual truths1 and not expressions of sensuous beauty or lustful passion--these were their daily intellectual food4 ,amid all things--in church1 shop1 or bedroom2 on the roadside and by the palace2 at every street corner1 and over every threshold--were the figures of the ,redeemer and his holy mother to direct their thoughts still higher heavenward4 ,religion1 at all events1 in its external form1 and as believed1 was confessed by all men and in all places4 ,youth were taught to rely on spiritual powers for their earthly support and sole sustenance4 ,charity1 faith1 the due subjection of the body to the development of its perfect strength1 humanity1 the succor of the oppressed1 the relief of the unfortunate1 devoir1 duty to all men--such were the doctrines of chivalry in the middle ages4 ,footnote #aei ,footnote #aei3 ,art ,hints1 by ,jarves4 ,apart from the palm and olive1 we find no mention in the ,new ,testament of flowers1 save that exquisite simile of the lilies1 made by our ,saviour himself2 and there can be found no other instance wherein such an illustration is rendered with more beautiful pathos and force4 ,that he appreciated these frail emblems is not only made apparent in this1 but is further proved by his choice of the calm repose and soothing influence of these silent sympathizers on ,gethsemane's night of woe4 ,no human companionship1 no human eye or voice1 could aid him then1 in that fearful contest of humanity over divinity1 as did nature's voiceless comforters--the flowers that were bent down by the weight of their tears1 the great shifting sky above1 with the eloquent calm of its silver stars1 through which floated clear and luminous the angel comforters4 ,our ,saviour proved in all the suffering episodes of his life that lovely groves1 and dim funereal forests speak more forcibly to a heart in pain than do the wilder and grander convulsions of nature4 ,it is in quiet and subdued passages of unobtrusive majesty1 the deep1 the calm1 and the perpetual2 that which must be sought ere it can be seen1 and loved ere it is understood2 things which the angels work out for us daily1 and yet vary eternally2 which are never wanting1 and never repeated2 which are to be found always1 yet each found but once--it is through these that her lesson of devotion is chiefly taught and the blessing of beauty given4 ,footnote #afj ,footnote #afj3 ,ruskin's ,modern ,painters4 ,nowhere have these beautiful accessories in life's pilgrimage been more glowingly and successfully used1 not only as an abstract religious emblem1 but as a divine allegorical poem1 than in the representations of the life and attributes of the blessed ,virgin4 ,to this type of all that was pure and noble in woman2 to the humanity which was a link in the chain of divinity1 a partaker of all human woes1 and yet the chosen of the ,godhead--to her were specially dedicated those early labors in revived art1 and of which she was the inspiration4 ,herein1 as elsewhere1 we find the historical1 mystical1 and devotional treated with every conceivable adjunct that can typify a being so elevated and benign4 ,the beauty and variety of the rose1 the purity and fragrance of the lily1 were devoted to her special honor1 wherever her name was venerated and loved4 ,even before it was safe for the early ,christians to make an open profession of faith1 they expressed their devotion to the mother conjointly with the ,son1 in the darkness and solitude of the catacombs4 #edf ,therein it was1 that the first ,christian artist dared give life to his heart's belief2 and therein it was1 that her image with that of her divine ,son and the apostles were impressed upon the walls and sarcophagi of that grand subterranean temple4 ,as the ,annunciation was the door through which all future blessings flowed1 so it became a most fruitful theme to the faith and imagination of those great religious artists whose work was a labor of love2 and we find it treated from the fifth to the sixteenth century by ,byzantine1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,german art with a variety1 beauty1 and significance that only an enshrined saint could inspire4 ,in the earliest representations of this subject1 the angel appeared holding a sceptre1 but this mark of authority gradually gave way to the more symbolic lily4 ,this was introduced universally1 either held in the hand of the angel as he salutes her1 or seen growing in a pot placed in some part of the room4 ,others again1 represent an enclosed garden1 upon which the ,blessed ,virgin is looking from a window4 ,in all1 from the crudest to the most finished1 some floral adjunct gives beauty and significance to the subject4 ,the ,assumption--that fitting climacteric of a life whence sprung the ,eternal ,word--was likewise a theme of devotional and sublimated art-worship1 which gathered pathos and beauty from the belief that her body was worthy the care of the seraphim and cherubim1 who transported it with angelic harmonies into the home of her glorified ,son4 ,here1 too1 we find1 according to the legend1 her floral emblems springing up in the tomb from whence her incorruptible body had just been raised4 ,in an ,annibale ,carracci1 the apostles are seen below1 one of whom is lifting1 with an astonished air1 a handful of roses out of the sepulchre4 ,in another1 by ,rubens1 one of the women exhibits the miraculous flowers held up in the folds of her dress4 ,dominico di ,bartolo1 who painted in #adcj1 7according to ,mrs4 ,jameson17 omits the open tomb1 but clothes the holy mother in a white robe embroidered with golden flowers4 ,from the time of the ,nestorian heresy1 when the title of ,dei genitrix was denied the ,blessed ,virgin1 her votaries became even more zealous to corroborate her right to the title and privileges of mother of the man-,god2 and under the influence of this test of devotion and faith sprang those multitudinous representations of the woman glorified1 as the enthroned ,madonna4 ,from thence the descent was natural and gradual to those characteristics which distinguished her life in its daily ministrations to her divine ,son2 and so touchingly natural1 so beautiful in their tenderness1 are many of these more human portraitures1 that the coldest heart cannot withhold its homage1 though it may its devotion4 ,even ,mrs4 ,jameson1 herself a ,protestant1 says1 ,we look1 and the heart is in heaven2 and it is difficult to refrain from an ,ora pro nobis4 ,in a large number of these inspirations of faith and love1 we meet the various floral emblems that typify her beauty and purity4 ,some of the earliest representations are found in many of the old ,gothic cathedrals1 executed in sculpture4 ,she is therein portrayed in a standing position1 bearing the child on her left arm1 while in the right hand she holds a flower1 or sometimes a sceptre4 ,in a holy family in the academy of ,venice1 by ,bonifazio1 ,the virgin is seated in glory1 with her infant on her knee1 and encircled by cherubim4 ,on one side an angel approaches with a basket of flowers on his head1 and she is in the act of taking these flowers and scattering them on the saints who stand below4 #edg ,the ,arcadian and pastoral life1 with which many of the ,italian artists environ the mother and child1 is certainly both poetical and natural4 ,mrs4 ,jameson gives many instances of this treatment2 among them1 one by ,philippino ,lippi1 which is a beautiful idea4 ,here1 she says1 the mystical garden is formed of a balustrade1 beyond which is seen a hedge1 all in blush with roses4 ,the virgin kneels in the midst and adores her infant2 an angel scatters rose leaves over him1 while the little ,st4 ,john also kneels1 and four angels1 in attitudes of devotion1 complete the group4 ,but a more perfect example1 continues the same author1 is the ,madonna of ,francia in the ,munich gallery1 where the divine infant lies on the flowery turf1 and the mother standing before him1 and looking down on him1 seems on the point of sinking on her knees in a transport of tenderness and devotion4 ,with all the simplicity of the treatment1 it is strictly devotional4 ,the mother and her child are placed within the mystical garden enclosed in a treillage of roses1 alone with each other1 and apart from all earthly associations1 all earthly communions4 ,those who are familiar with the ,raphael series of ,madonnas will recall1 in this connection1 his exquisite pastoral ,la ,jardinire4 ,there is also one similarly entitled by a ,french artist1 though differently treated4 ,the virgin is enthroned on clouds1 and holds the infant1 whose feet rest on a globe4 ,both mother and child are crowned with roses2 and on each side1 as if rising from the clouds1 are vases filled with roses and lilies4 ,titian has also left many beautiful and some exaggerated works of the ,arcadian school4 ,there is an old ,coptic tradition which is very beautiful1 and bears somewhat on this subject of nature's aid in glorifying these two lives4 ,near the site of the ancient ,heliopolis1 there still stands a very pretty garden1 in which 7runs the tradition7 the holy family rested in their flight into ,egypt4 ,feeling oppressed with thirst1 a spring of fresh water gushed at their feet1 and on being pursued into their retreat by robbers1 a sycamore-tree opened1 and hid them from sight4 ,the spring still exists1 says a recent traveller1 and the tree yet stands1 and bears such unmistakable marks of antiquity as to make this tradition and faith of the present generation of ,coptics at least plausible4 ,but these floral emblematical tributes are as inexhaustible as are the sentiments of love1 homage1 and tender pity that fill the heart from the contemplation of the ,mater ,dei ,genitrix down to the appealing anguish of the ,dolorosa4 ,thus in highest heaven1 yet not out of sight of earth2 in beatitude past utterance2 in blessed fruition of all that faith creates and love desires2 amid angel hymns and starry glories1 we will leave enthroned the blessed amongst women1 and turn to other legends1 wherein the saints who followed her stand crowned with flowers celestial1 awaiting a share of our praise and veneration4 ,part ,second4 ,in ,thuringia1 one of the provinces of ,germany1 the traveller is attracted by a species of rose that is universally cultivated by the poorest peasant1 as well as the richest land-owner4 ,when the question as to its origin is asked1 the answer invariably is1 ,oh6 that is the rose of the dear ,st4 ,elizabeth1 our former queen2 and was grown from one of the sprigs given to her by the angels4 #edh ,one might as well try to turn the faith of these simple people from their belief in the sanctity of her life as from the truth of the miraculous roses4 ,according to ,montalembert and others1 thus runs the substance of the legend4 ,elizabeth loved the poor1 and was specially devoted to relieving their necessities1 frequently carrying with her own hands goods of various kinds1 to distribute among them4 ,at one season1 there was a great scarcity of crops throughout the land1 and caution and economy in the use of the royal stores had been advised even in the palace4 ,elizabeth could not bear to know of unrelieved suffering among her people2 so1 by close economy in her own wants1 she managed to furnish food for many others4 ,on one occasion1 a very pressing case of necessity reached her2 and not wishing to encourage her servants in disobedience to the general command1 she started alone on her errand of mercy1 with some lighter articles of food concealed in the folds of her dress4 ,just as she reached the back steps of the chateau1 however1 she met her husband1 with several gentlemen1 returning from the chase4 ,astonished to see his wife alone1 and thus burdened1 he asked her to show him what she was carrying2 but as she held her dress in terror to her breast1 he gently disengaged her hands1 and behold6 ,it was filled with white and red roses1 the most beautiful he ever saw4 ,wandering in thought over these scenes wherein the air is redolent with their fragrance1 the form of the young and lovely ,dorothea1 with the radiant boy-angel at her side1 rises in diaphonous light before the vision4 ,we see her as she stands confronting her heathen judge ,fabricius1 who longs to possess her charms2 and to his command1 ,thou must serve our gods or die4 she mildly answers1 ,be it so2 the sooner shall ,i stand in the presence of ,him ,i most desire to behold4 ,then the governor asked her1 ,whom meanest thou8 ,she replied1 ,i mean the ,son of ,god1 ,christ1 mine espoused4 ,his dwelling is in paradise2 by his side are joys eternal1 and in his garden grow celestial fruits1 and roses that never fade4 ,and resisting all temptations1 all entreaties1 she went forth to torture and to death4 ,and as she went1 7continues the legend17 a young man1 a lawyer of the city1 named ,theophilus1 who had been present when she was first brought before the governor1 called to her mockingly1 ',ha6 fair maiden1 goest thou to join thy bridegroom8 ,send me1 ,i pray thee1 of the fruits and flowers of that same garden of which thou hast spoken4 ,i would fain taste of them6' ,and ,dorothea1 looking on him1 inclined her head with a gentle smile1 and said1 ',thy request1 ,o ,theophilus6 is granted4' ,where at he laughed aloud with his companions2 but she went on cheerfully to death4 ,when she came to the place of execution1 she knelt down and prayed2 and suddenly at her side stood a bright and beautiful boy1 with hair bright as sunbeams4 ,in his hands1 he held a basket containing three apples and three fresh-gathered fragrant roses4 ,she said to-him1 ',carry these to ,theophilus2 say that ,dorothea hath sent them1 and that ,i go before him to the garden whence they came1 and await him there4' ,with those words1 she bent her neck1 and received the stroke of death4 ,meantime1 the angel went to seek ,theophilus1 and found him still laughing in merry mood over the idea of the promised gift4 ,the angel placed before him the basket of celestial fruit and flowers1 saying1 ',dorothea sends thee these1' and vanished4 #edi ,amazement filled the mind of ,theophilus1 and the taste of the fruit and fragrance of the roses pervaded his soul with a new life1 the scales of darkness fell1 and he proclaimed himself a servant of the same ,lord that had won the heart of the gentle maiden4 ,carlo ,dolci1 ,rubens1 and ,van ,eyck have given the most poetical illustrations of this subject4 ,many other artists have also treated it1 but more coldly4 ,with the name of ,st4 ,cecilia arise visions of angels poised in mid-air1 enthralled by seraphic music1 which1 through the power of its voluminous sweetness1 has pierced even the gates of heaven4 ,but the flowers of paradise1 as well as its celestial harmonies1 are also associated with the name of this beautiful virgin--flowers that were sent to her bridal-chamber1 as a reward for her angelic purity and the eloquence which had moved her young heathen husband to respect her vow of chastity4 ,returning from the instructions of ,st4 ,urban1 to whom she had sent him1 he heard the most enchanting music1 and on reaching his wife's chamber he beheld an angel1 who was standing near her1 and who held in his hands two crowns of roses gathered in paradise1 immortal in their freshness and perfume1 but invisible to the eyes of unbelievers4 ,with these he encircled the brows of ,cecilia and ,valerian2 and he said to ,valerian1 ,because thou hast followed the chaste counsel of thy wife1 and hast believed her words1 ask what thou wilt1 it shall be granted thee4 ,i stood1 early one morning late in the month of ,june1 looking sadly upon the dead1 white1 upturned face of one who had seemed to walk1 while on earth1 more with angels than with men4 ,a mystery of sadness had enveloped her life1 but1 like the cloud in the wilderness1 it proved a power that drew her in the footprints of the ,man of sorrows4 ,as ,i meditated upon the calm etherealized beauty that now absorbed the old earthly pain1 and wondered what this secret of a heart-life could have been1 her mother entered with tear-dimmed eyes1 and placed upon her brow of auburn hair1 through which glinted here and there a streak of gray--dawn of another life that broke o'er her earthly horizon--in her hands1 and over the white fleecy robes1 crowns and sprays of mingled crimson and white roses1 all glistening with the morning dew4 ,red roses for the dead6 ,i exclaimed in surprise4 ,white alone can surely typify such a life and death as hers4 ,so you think1 my friend1 because you with others saw only the outward calm that marked her way4 ,but ,i--,i who loved her so1 knew and saw the thorn-crown that pressed her brow1 and the hard stones and barbs that strewed every step of her way through life--,i place them then here1 because she loved them1 and because they express1 in conjunction with their sister's whiteness1 the sorrow and purity of the angelic life now closed to pain and open only to joy4 ,well done of ,god1 to halve the lot1 ,and give her all the sweetness2 ,to us1 the empty room and cot2 ,to her1 the heaven's completeness4 ,for her to gladden in ,god's view2 ,for us to hope and bear on4 ,grow1 ,lily1 in thy garden new ,beside the rose of ,sharon4 ,i turned away sadly1 marvelling upon the mystery of this life now closed so happily1 and involuntarily arose to my mind the exquisite legend of the sultan's daughter4 #eej ,i4 ,early in the morning1 ,the sultan's daughter ,walked in her father's garden1 ,gathering the bright flowers1 ,all full of dew4 ,and as she gathered them1 ,she wondered more and more ,who was the master of the flowers1 ,and made them grow ,out of the cold1 dark earth4 ,in my heart1' she said1 ',i love him2 and for him ,would leave my father's palace ,to labor in his garden4' ,,ii4 ,and at midnight ,as she lay upon her bed1 ,she heard a voice ,call to her from the garden1 ,and1 looking forth from her window1 ,she saw a beautiful youth ,standing among the flowers2 ,and she went down to him1 ,and opened the door for him2 ,and he said to her1',o maiden6 ,thou hast thought of me with love1 ,and for thy sake ,out of my father's kingdom ,have ,i come hither4 ,i am the master of the flowers2 ,my garden is in paradise1 ,and if thou wilt go with me1 ,thy bridal garland ,shall be of bright red flowers4' ,and then he took from his finger ,a golden ring1 ,and asked the sultan's daughter ,if she would be his bride4 ,and when she answered him with love1 ,his wounds began to bleed1 ,and she said to him1 ',o ,love6 how red thy heart is1 ,and thy hands are full of roses4' ',for thy sake1' answered he1 ',for thy sake is my heart so red1 ,for thee ,i bring these roses4 ,i gathered them at the cross ,whereon ,i died for thee6 ,come1 for my father calls1 ,thou art my celestial bride6' ,and the sultan's daughter ,followed him to his father's garden4 ,footnote #afa ,footnote #afa3 ,golden ,legend1 by ,longfellow4 ,throughout all the early church legends1 we find whatever is pure and beautiful in sentiment and exalted in art carefully cherished1 and constantly presented to the contemplation of the votary in some glowing form that could act as a counterpoise to the corrupting influence of heathen passions and pursuits4 ,when the holy mother stood on ,calvary1 her heart steeped in agony unutterable1 not the least cause of her anguish was to see the waste of those precious drops of blood as they bedewed the hard insensible ground4 ,but behold6 as she gazes1 and her tears fall1 delicate bell-shaped crimson blossoms spring up1 and absorb the human dew2 and thus1 through these frail beautifiers of suffering and consolers of grief1 the heart of the mother was comforted1 and the soul is drawn to look upward1 away from the agonizing ignominy of the cross to the beatified glory to which he is translated at the price of so much woe4 ,thus also1 in the horrid details of the early martyrdoms1 we constantly meet these compensating1 suggestive metaphors of the glory won4 ,the painful agony of the downward crucifixion of ,st4 ,peter1 the waste of blood from that congested head1 springs into a fountain of clear gurgling water1 from which flows healing for all suffering flesh that seek its miraculous aid4 ,as ,st4 ,grata bears the decapitated head of her friend ,st4 ,alexander to the tomb1 lo6 flowers spring up as the blood falls1 and are gathered by the mourners to deck his grave4 ,among the little band that followed ,mother ,seton more than fifty years ago1 in her divine mission of self-abnegation and ,christian love1 was a delicate young woman whose life had been spent in ease1 amid the devoted love and admiration of a large family circle4 ,dreamy and poetical by nature1 her talent1 then rare among ,american women1 was revered and looked up to by seven young brothers as something marvellous2 and no implement more fatiguing than the pen or needle was ever allowed to weary her dainty fingers4 ,one day as she sat amid her flowers and books1 conning a new inspiration1 suddenly the open door of heaven seemed to stand before her1 and she felt a voice saying1 ,he who would come after me must take up his cross and follow me4 #eea ,and believing that her heavenly spouse had called1 she closed her books1 and turned her face steadfastly away from her weeping friends1 and went cheerfully forth to privation and labor4 ,faithful to her new vows1 religion yet did not forbid the exercise of the talent ,god had given her2 only now her themes had become more exalted1 and the love and perennial sublimity of heaven took the place of the perishable and annual blooms of time4 ,the privations and labors spent in the service of suffering humanity soon reduced her delicate frame to patient helplessness2 but the beauty and love of ,god in his works and ways triumphed over all her bodily infirmities1 and her strength was never too frail to raise a sursum corda in his praise4 ,whitsuntide of #ahac rose in the light of a glorious ,may morning1 and the sufferer lay panting for breath1 after a night of exhausting hemorrhage1 and she knew that the angel1 with palm in hand1 stood by her side ready to conduct her to ,god4 ,in blissful hope of the fruition that now dawned upon all those past sacrifices1 labors1 and sufferings1 she fell1 to the music of those unseen1 undulating wings1 into a sweet sleep4 ,mother ,seton1 who had left the sufferer's bed for a breath of the fresh morning air1 just then returned from the garden1 bearing in her hand the first rose of the season1 knowing how refreshing and suggestive such a gift would be to the weary sufferer4 ,rejoiced to find her in repose1 she gently laid the flower upon her bosom1 above the white1 folded hands1 and quietly left the room4 ,the fitful fever sleep was soon ended1 and as ,mary opened her eyes1 first the fragrance1 then the beauty of this heavenly symbol1 caught her eye4 ,wasted and dying though the earthly tenement was1 the soul1 the poet's soul1 yet glowed with vital power2 and raising from a little table at her side a pencil and paper1 she thereon breathed her last pean of poetic utterance in these lines3 ,the morning was beautiful1 mild1 and serene1 ,all nature had waked from repose2 ,maternal affection came silently in1 ,and placed on my bosom a rose4 ,poor nature was weak1 and had almost prevailed1 ,the weary eyelids were closed2 ,but the soul rose in triumph1 and joyfully hailed ,the sweet queen of flowers--the rose4 ,whitsuntide was the time1 the season of love3 ,methought the blest spirit had chose ,to leave for awhile the mild form of a dove1 ,and come in the blush of a rose4 ,come1 ,heavenly ,spirit1 descend on each breast1 ,and there let thy blessing repose1 ,as thou once didst on ,mary1 thy temple of rest2 ,for ,mary's our mystical rose4 ,oh6 may every rose that blooms forth evermore1 ,enkindle the spirit of those ,who see it1 or wear it1 to bless and adore ,the hand that created the rose4 ,when ,mother ,seton returned1 she found the lines with the rose still lying on her bosom2 and looking into the sweet upturned face1 she saw the signet of death stamped upon the luminous eyes1 and knew by her short1 heavy breathing that ere long she would be singing her songs in the rose-gardens of paradise4 ,suggestive of peace and lowliness as are these creations1 yet even they have been perverted by the passions of man into insignia of blood and shame4 ,the thirty years' war of the houses of ,york and ,lancaster make the white and red rose ever associated with the sorrows and humiliations1 the heroic endurance1 and true womanly nobility of ,margaret of ,anjou4 ,we see her as she stands under her rose-banner1 on the heights of ,tewksbury1 with dauntless courage in her heart1 and a mother's wild prayer upon her lips2 standing there1 amid the wild havoc1 unflinchingly1 until the wailing1 weird blast of the trumpeters tells her that her beautiful white rose is broken at the stem1 and its leaves scattered1 trampled1 and bathed in the life-blood of her only son4 #eeb ,tracing1 then1 these exquisite adumbrations throughout the spiritual aspect of life1 is it strange that we have learned to look upon these frail children of the beautiful as one of the connecting links with heaven8 ,of such every heart has its conservatory2 every home its storehouse of withered1 scentless mementoes1 that recall1 when the gates of the sanctuary are unbarred1 memories deep and voiceless1 and faces whose beauty has paled1 like them1 in dust4 ,here is the remnant of a cross of white immortelles4 ,it was taken from the breast of a loved one who died far away in a foreign land1 among strangers4 ,it was sent with the last spoken words to comfort and uplift the heart of the mourners2 and as we lift it from the sacred casket1 the echo of those words seems to take form in the rustle of its blighted leaves1 and the old1 subdued sorrow breaks out afresh before the multitudinous memories and images evoked by a withered flower4 ,here lie together a sprig of orange blossom and a white rosebud1 double memorial of a happy bridal and an early grave4 ,ere the perfume of the orange blossom had faded from her brow1 the white rose lay on her pulseless heart4 ,ere the echo of the wedding march had died on the air1 it was merged into a requiem dirge of woe4 ,ah this spray of brown leaves6 what memories lie folded in its veins6 ,a picture of a lone1 far away grave rises1 and by its side kneel a wife and daughter1 come from a great distance to pay some tribute to a beloved one's last resting-spot in a land of strangers4 ,desolate looked the bare1 uncultivated mound2 but at the head some tender stranger's hand had placed a plain wooden cross to mark the spot for the absent ones1 and planted a wild rose which twined its arms over and around the cross in graceful beauty1 as if to offer a poor substitute for the visits of loving friends4 ,how warmly the prayers of the widow went forth for that unknown one who had thus filled the place and thoughtfulness of the absent6 ,a prisoner walks rapidly up and down the parapet of the ,capitol prison in ,washington1 the wild throbbings of his heart keeping time to the tramp1 tramp of his restless feet1 which long for space1 for liberty1 and the sound of the brother voices that send their wild echo from the other side of the ,potomac4 ,suddenly the laughter of a child's voice sounds above him1 and1 as he in surprise raises his eyes1 lo6 a cherub head looks from a window down upon him1 and the little hands drop at his feet a half-blown rose4 ,war's wild alarum call suddenly dies out1 and the soldier's dream of glory gives place to the man's warm love4 ,the wide blue sea no longer rolls between him and home1 and over and above the din of battle floats the voice of mother and sister in loving prayer for the absent one1 who1 impelled by a noble people's cry for aid1 hastened to the rescue1 and found instead of the lan of battle the cold1 dark walls of a prison home4 ,lo6 the power and pathos of a little child and a fragile flower within the walls of a dungeon4 ,a father kneels in grief unutterable by the soulless body of a little daughter4 ,in the agony of his rebellious grief1 he prays to ,god to send him one ray of comfort1 one gleam of light1 to see and know that the transition is at least well for her4 ,as he raises his head1 his eyes fall upon the family ,bible1 and with the prayer still in his heart he opens its leaves1 and his finger1 as if guided by an angel1 falls upon these lines1 ,and he took the damsel by her hand1 and said unto her1 ,i say unto thee1 arise4 #eec ,with the sacred verse1 there came shining down into his heart a clear1 sweet perception of the fact that at that very moment our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who alone is the resurrection and the life1 was raising up out of her cold and lifeless form that beautiful1 spiritual body in which little ,lucy will exist as an angel for ever4 ,he plucked some white and green leaves from the flowers which lay in the dead child's hands1 and placed them on that verse of the sacred volume4 ,years have passed away1 and they are there still1 pale and withered1 sacred little mementoes of the consolation which came like a voice from heaven in his hour of need4 ,when he is haunted by sorrowful memories1 and falls into states of desolation and despair1 he opens that holy book1 and kisses those faded leaves1 and his spirit is sometimes elevated into that mount which the three disciples ascended with their ,lord1 and there1 by the permission of the same ,redeemer who makes every child an image of himself1 he sees the body of his little daughter transfigured in glory6 ,footnote #afb ,footnote #afb3 ,our ,children in ,heaven1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,holcombe1 ,m4,d4 ,in a white alabaster box1 yellowed by the mould of years1 are lying1 side by side1 a crisp1 golden curl1 a sprig of lily of the valley1 and a tuberose4 ,through the mist of tears that fill the eye rise the angelic features of a little girl1 the first-born of her mother4 ,the joyous laughter1 the music of the little feet1 the endless activity of the waxen fingers1 ere they closed lifelessly over those tender lily sprays1 all take form and life in presence of these mute memorials4 ,other children ,god sent to console the mother for the loss of this little one1 and long1 long years have ripened them into men and women1 and sent them forth to fill the various missions of life that separate them from mother and home4 ,but to the long and early lost1 the maternal heart now yearningly turns1 as still1 above all others1 the child of her love4 ,no stronger earthly ties stand between them even now2 the mother holds her place supreme here1 and feels that for her1 above all others on earth1 those little hands are folded in prayer1 and that sweet-toned voice raised in songs of supplication4 ,yet still1 in all the singing1 ,thinks haply of her song1 ,which in that life's first springing ,sang to her all night long4 ,comforted by such memories1 she kisses the mute and withered mementoes1 and1 as she folds them again reverently1 lovingly away in their casket1 she prays that ,when her dying couch about ,the natural mists shall gather1 ,some smiling angel close shall stand ,in old ,correggio's fashion1 ,and bear a lily in his hand ,for death's annunciation4 ------- #eed ,catholicity ,and ,pantheism4 ,number ,seven4 ,the ,finite4--,continued4 ,we pass to the next question3 ,what is the end of the exterior action of ,god8 ,god is infinite intelligence4 ,an agent who acts by understanding must always act for a reason1 which is as the lever of the intelligence4 ,this reason is called the end of the action4 ,therefore1 the external act1 being the act of an infinite intelligence1 must have an end1 an object1 a reason4 ,so far everything is evident2 but a very difficult question here arises3 ,what can the end of the exterior action be8 ,in the first place1 it cannot be an end necessarily to be attained2 for the necessity of the end would imply also the necessity of the means1 and the external act in that supposition would become necessary4 ,but suppose the end not necessary4 ,god1 in that case1 would be free to accept it2 and in that supposition he would either act without a reason1 or have another reason or object for accepting an end not necessary to be attained2 which second reason would1 in its turn1 be either necessary or not necessary4 ,if the former1 the same inconvenience would exist which we have pointed out before2 if the latter1 it would require a third reason to account for the second2 and so on ad infinitum4 ,the answer to this difficulty consists in the following doctrine4 ,the reason by which an agent acts may be twofold3 one1 efficient or determining2 the other1 qualifying the action without determining it4 ,ontologically speaking1 every intelligent agent must act for a reason1 but not always be determined to act by the reason4 ,this is eminently true when the agent or efficient cause is the first and universal agent4 ,in this case there would be a contradiction1 if the first and universal agent were to act by a reason determining him to the act4 ,for then the predicate would destroy the subject2 that is1 if the first and universal agent were to act by a determining reason1 he would no longer be first1 but second agent2 no longer universal1 but particular4 ,because in that case the final cause would move him1 and thus he would neither be the first nor the cause of everything4 ,this theory resolves the question of the end of the external act4 ,there exists neither an intrinsic reason on the part of the agent to determine him to act outside himself1 nor an exterior reason on the part of the term to impel him to act1 as we have already demonstrated4 ,consequently1 there can be no determining reason for the external act1 and the act must determine itself4 ,the efficient or determining reason of the external act is the choice of the act which is absolute master of itself2 it lies in its liberty3 and here applies with strict truth that saying1 ,stat pro ratione voluntas4 ,and necessarily so1 since the first agent either determines himself without any efficient reason1 or he is determined by the reason2 and in that case he is no longer first1 but second4 ,but then ,god acts outside himself without any reason8 ,without any efficient and determining reason1 independent of his own act1 it is granted2 without a sufficient reason to make the act rational1 it is denied4 #eee ,if there be a reason which qualifies the act1 it is sufficient and rational4 ,now1 for instance1 to create finite substances is to create substantial good2 hence the act of creating them must be good1 and therefore rational4 ,and since every finite being1 or its perfection1 is good1 inasmuch as it resembles the infinite goodness and perfection of ,god1 it follows that1 as ,st4 ,thomas says1 the goodness of ,god is the end of the external act4 ,divina bonitas est finis omnium rerum4 ,the determination of the end of the exterior act1 which is the goodness of ,god1 as we have explained it1 gives rise to another question1 which has occupied the highest intellects among philosophers and theologians1 and of which we must speak1 to pave our way to lay down the whole plan of the exterior action of ,god1 as proclaimed by the ,catholic ,church4 ,finite beings are capable of indefinite perfection4 ,an assemblage of finite beings would form a cosmos1 or universe2 and as they are capable of indefinite perfections1 we may suppose an indefinite number of these1 one more perfect than the other1 all arrayed in beautiful order in the intelligence of the ,creator1 in which the intelligibility of all possible things resides4 ,the question arises here1 suppose ,god has determined to act outside himself1 which of the whole series of the ideal worlds residing in his intelligence shall he choose8 ,can he choose any of them8 ,is he bound to choose the best8 ,the reader will remark that this question is different from that of the end of creation4 ,the one establishes that ,god cannot be forced by any reason to act outside himself1 else he would not be the first and universal cause4 ,the other question that is proposed now1 supposes that ,god has determined freely and independently of any reason to act outside himself1 and asks whether ,god can choose any of the possible ideal worlds residing in his intellect1 or is he forced to choose the best in the series8 ,some philosophers1 among whom are ,leibnitz and ,malebranche1 contend that ,god is absolutely free to create or not to create2 but once he has determined to create1 he is bound to choose the best possible cosmos in the series4 ,we shall let them expound their system in their own words4 ,god1 says ,leibnitz1 is the supreme reason of things1 because those which are limited1 like everything which comes under our vision and experience1 are contingent and have nothing in them which may render their existence necessary2 it being manifest that time1 space1 and matter1 united and uniform in themselves1 and indifferent to everything1 may receive every other movement and figure and be in another order4 ,we must1 therefore1 seek for a reason for the existence of the world1 which is the whole assemblage of contingent beings1 and seek it in that substance which carries within itself the reason of its own existence1 and which is consequently necessary and eternal4 ,it is necessary also that this cause should be intelligent1 because the world which exists now1 being contingent1 and an infinity of other worlds being equally possible1 and equally claiming existence1 so to speak1 it is necessary that the cause of this world should have looked into all such possible worlds to determine upon one4 #eef ,this look or relation of an existing substance to simple possibilities can only be the intelligence which possesses their ideas2 and to determine upon one1 can only be the act of a will which chooses4 ,the power of such substance renders its will efficacious4 ,power has relation to being2 intelligence1 to truth2 the will1 to good4 ,this cause1 moreover1 must be infinite in every possible manner1 and absolutely perfect in power1 in wisdom1 in goodness2 because it reaches all possibility4 ,and as all this goes together1 we can only admit one such substance4 ,its intelligence is the source of metaphysical essences2 its will1 the origin of existences4 ,behold1 in a few words1 the proof of one ,god with all his perfections1 and of the origin of things by him6 ,now1 this supreme wisdom1 allied to a goodness no less infinite1 could not fail to choose the best4 ,for as a lesser evil is a kind of good1 so a lesser good is a kind of evil2 and there would be something to correct in the action of ,god1 if there were a means to do better4 ,and as in mathematics when there is neither a maximum nor a minimum--in fact1 no difference at all--all is done equally1 or1 when this is impossible1 nothing is done1 ,footnote #afc so we may say the same in respect to perfect wisdom1 which is no less regulated than mathematics1 that if there had not been a best one among all possible worlds ,god would not have created any4 ,i call world the whole series and collection of all existing things1 that none may say that several worlds might exist in different times and places4 ,for in that case they would be counted together as one world1 or1 if you prefer1 universe4 ,and although one might fill all time and space1 it would always be true that they could be filled in an infinity of manners1 and that there is an infinity of worlds possible2 among which it is necessary that ,god should have selected the best1 because he does nothing without acting according to supreme reason4 ,footnote #afd ,footnote #afc3 ,if it is required1 for instance1 to draw the shortest possible line from the centre to the circumference of a circle1 you may draw a line to every point of the circumference1 and there is no reason why a line should be drawn to any one point rather than to another4 ,or1 if an object at the centre is attracted equally to every point in the circumference1 it cannot move in any direction1 but remains at rest4--,,ed4 ,footnote #afd3 ,leibnitz4 ,theod4 ,p4 ,i41 par #h4 ,malebranche1 in his ninth metaphysical conversation1 after having laid down the principle that the end of creation is the glory of ,god1 concludes that ,god must choose the best possible cosmos1 because thereby he would gain greater glory than if he chose any of the series4 ,that which ,god wishes solely1 directly1 and absolutely in his designs1 is to act in the most divine manner possible2 it is to impress upon his conduct1 as well as upon his work1 the character of his attributes2 it is to act exactly according to what1 and to all he is4 ,god has seen from all eternity all possible works1 and all possible ways of producing them2 and as he does not act but for his own glory and according to what he is1 he has determined to will that work which could be effected and maintained by ways which must honor him more than any other work produced in a different manner4 ,the principles of this theory are two4 ,one is to admit a necessity on the part of ,god to choose the best possible world in the series2 the other is to suppose from reason that there is a best possible cosmos1 as ,leibnitz does2 in other words1 it is to limit the question only to the creative moment1 and not to the whole external action of ,god4 ,now1 we think that both propositions are false4 ,as regards the first1 why should ,god choose the best8 ,for three reasons1 according to the ,german philosopher4 #eeg ,the first is as follows3 ,a lesser good is a kind of evil1 if it be opposed to a greater good4 ,but if ,god chose any world of the series in preference to the best1 he would prefer a lesser good to a greater2 hence1 he would prefer a kind of evil to good1 and the world chosen would be a kind of evil4 ,the major of the syllogism might be granted1 though not perfectly correct1 if a lesser good were opposed to a greater which must necessarily be effected1 but not otherwise4 ,suppose1 among a number of actions1 one more perfect than the other1 of which ,i am not bound to perform any1 ,i choose to perform any of the series1 rejecting all others2 how would the action which ,i choose to perform be a kind of evil8 ,if ,i was bound to perform the best1 and preferred one which is less so1 in a certain sense we might grant that the one ,i select is a kind of evil4 ,but when ,i am not bound to perform any1 the one ,i choose1 though not the most perfect1 cannot change its nature of good because ,i might1 if ,i preferred1 perform a more perfect one4 ,the argument1 therefore1 of ,leibnitz1 supposes what is to be proved1 that ,god was bound to effect the best possible cosmos2 for only in that case it might be said that he preferred a certain kind of evil to good4 ,his second reason is not more solid than the first3 ,if ,god did not choose the best1 we might find something to correct in his action1 because there would be a means to do better4 ,we might find something to correct in the action of ,god1 if1 in the world he chose in preference to the best1 there was something wanting in the attributes and properties required by its nature4 ,but if the world that ,god chooses is endowed with all its essential attributes and proper elements1 certainly there would be nothing at all to correct in it4 ,when that great ,italian artist drew a fly upon the picture of his master1 so true to nature that the master on coming home went right up to the canvas to chase it away1 if any one holding the opinion of ,leibnitz had told him1 ,there is something to correct in your fly1 because you could have painted a madonna or a saint1 the painter would certainly have been astonished1 and his answer would have been1 ,i might do a greater and better work2 but you cannot discover any defect in my fly1 because you cannot deny that1 though a fly1 it is a masterpiece of art4 ,the same reason holds good with regard to the subject in question4 ,god might certainly do better2 but if he prefers not to create the best possible cosmos1 and selects any of the series1 if the one selected is endowed with all the elements its nature requires1 it is perfect in its own order2 and no one could discover any flaw or defect in it1 but every one would be obliged to call it a masterpiece4 ,the last reason of ,leibnitz has much less foundation1 and savors very strongly of pantheism3 ,if there had not been a best possible world in the series of all the possible ones1 ,god would not have created any4 ,this means neither more nor less than that the world1 or the aggregate of all contingent beings1 unless it had a kind of absolute perfection1 would be impossible4 ,it is tantamount to denying the very possibility of creation4 ,because a best possible world cannot be had2 for the nature of all contingent beings is like number1 which progresses indefinitely1 without ever reaching to a number beyond which you cannot go4 ,consequently1 the nature of contingent things1 though capable of indefinite progress1 is altogether incapable1 ontologically speaking1 of absolute perfection2 a perfection which would be required to effect a world truly the best4 #eeh ,if1 therefore1 such ultimate perfection is required in order that ,god may create1 it is evident that creation is impossible1 and that optimism runs into pantheism4 ,the argument drawn from the sufficient reason also fails4 ,if ,god were to choose a cosmos less perfect in preference to one more perfect1 he would have no sufficient reason for the preference4 ,this argument fails1 first1 because a cosmos1 the very best and most perfect1 cannot be had1 as we have hinted just now4 ,therefore1 there is no necessity for any sufficient reason for choice4 ,suppose a series of worlds1 one more perfect than the other1 arrayed in the mind of ,god according to numerical order4 ,if ,god were to choose the tenth in the series1 there would be no sufficient reason for his preferring it to the eleventh2 and if he were to select this last1 there would be no sufficient reason for his preferring it to the twelfth1 and so on indefinitely2 and as we cannot reach to a cosmos which would be the last and the highest in perfection1 so there never could be a sufficient reason for the preference of any4 ,consequently2 there being no sufficient reason for preferring any cosmos of the series1 ,god is free to choose any4 ,in the second place1 even if there could be a best possible cosmos1 the reason alleged by ,leibnitz would not1 on that account1 oblige ,god to choose it4 ,for a reason may be objectively or subjectively sufficient2 that is1 its sufficiency may emerge from the object to be created1 or from the agent4 ,now1 granting the principle of the ,german philosopher1 ,god might have a subjective reason to make him act according to the requirements of wisdom1 even in preferring any cosmos of the series and rejecting the best4 ,this subjective reason might be to show and to put beyond any possibility of doubt his absolute freedom and independence in the creative act4 ,no optimist can deny that this may have been a sufficient reason for the creative act4 ,consequently1 even granting the possibility of a best possible world1 ,god was not bound to create it4 ,the reason of ,malebranche is not more conclusive than those we have just refuted4 ,god must prefer the best possible cosmos1 because this alone would manifest his glory in the best possible manner4 ,the argument would be conclusive if it were proven that ,god does wish to1 or must manifest his glory in the best possible manner4 ,but this the ,french philosopher does not and cannot prove4 ,because the best possible manner for ,god to manifest his infinite excellence is1 to cause an infinite effect4 ,now1 this is a contradiction in terms4 ,the second position of the optimists to which we object is1 to assume the possibility of a best possible cosmos1 as ,leibnitz does1 from reason4 ,now1 we contend that reason alone1 unaided by revelation1 proves decidedly the contrary2 it proves that1 ontologically speaking1 a best possible cosmos cannot exist1 and that if there be a way by which to raise the cosmos to a certain ultimate perfection1 or perfection beyond which it could not be supposed to go1 this is altogether outside and beyond the province of reason alone1 and must be determined by revelation4 ,we have already alluded to this in the examination of the third argument of ,leibnitz4 ,the best possible cosmos implies a certain ultimate and absolute perfection4 ,now1 ontologically speaking1 this is impossible in finite beings4 ,for the question here is between two extremes1 the finite and the infinite4 ,between the two lies the indefinite4 #eei ,the first extreme1 or the finite1 may be supposed to ascend the ladder of perfection1 or quantity of being1 indefinitely1 without ever reaching the infinite2 because its nature is essentially immutable1 as every other essence4 ,hence1 suppose it as great in perfection as you can1 it will be always finite1 and consequently you may always suppose a greater still4 ,hence1 admitting a series of numberless worlds one ontologically more perfect than the other1 and you can never arrive at one of which you may say this is the best1 because you can always suppose a better still4 ,st4 ,thomas with his eagle glance saw1 centuries before1 the birth of optimism1 and refuted it triumphantly1 in the following argument1 similar to that which we have just given4 ,asking the question1 whether the divine intellect is limited to certain determinate effects1 he denies it thus3 ,we have proved1 he says1 the infinity of the divine essence4 ,now1 however you may multiply the number of finite beings1 they can never approximate the infinite1 the latter surpassing any number of finite beings1 even if it be supposed infinite4 ,on the other hand1 it is clear that1 besides ,god1 no being is infinite1 because every being comes under some category of genus or species4 ,therefore1 no matter of what quality the divine effects are supposed to be1 or what quantity of perfections they may contain1 it is in the nature of the divine essence infinitely to excel them1 and hence the possibility of an indefinite number of them4 ,consequently1 the divine intellect cannot be limited to this or that effect4 ,this argument might be abridged thus3 ,the nature of the infinite and of the finite being immutable1 the infinite must always surpass1 infinitely1 the finite4 ,hence there can be no definite term assigned to the perfection of the finite1 and consequently there cannot be a cosmos ultimate and absolute in perfection4 ,our reason1 therefore1 does not support the optimists in supposing a most perfect cosmos2 on the contrary1 it shows that1 as to essence and nature1 there cannot be a cosmos the perfection of which can be supposed to be ultimate1 and in a certain manner absolute2 in other words1 limiting the question to the creative moment which effects ontological perfection only1 a best possible cosmos cannot be had4 ,moreover1 if there be a way by which to raise the cosmos to a certain ultimate and absolute perfection1 reason can tell us also that it must be altogether supernatural1 and to it superintelligible4 ,in other words1 this way must be a moment or moments of the action of ,god1 distinct from the creative moment1 and causing effects above and beyond the nature and essential attributes of every possible cosmos1 ontologically considered4 ,for if this way of raising the cosmos to an ultimate perfection were the same moment of the action of ,god which creates essences and proper attributes1 it could not correspond to the effect desired--that of raising the cosmos to a certain absolute perfection4 ,because1 when we speak of a creative moment effecting essences and attributes1 we consider the cosmos ontologically2 and ontologically the cosmos cannot have an absolute and ultimate perfection4 ,the creative moment creates substances and essential attributes2 hence if the moment of raising the cosmos to an ultimate perfection were identified with the creative moment1 it would always effect substances and essential attributes--that is1 a cosmos indefinitely progressive--and could not give us a cosmos absolute in perfection4 ,therefore the moment or moments of the action of ,god raising the cosmos to a certain absolute perfection must be distinct from the creative moment1 and must produce effects above and beyond every possible cosmos1 ontologically considered4 #efj ,now1 that which implies a moment of the action of ,god1 distinct from the creative moment and causing effects above and beyond every possible cosmos1 is called supernatural1 because beyond and above nature or essence4 ,therefore1 the way of raising the cosmos to a certain absolute perfection must be supernatural in its cause and in its effects4 ,if supernatural in its cause and in its effects1 it is evident that this way is superintelligible to reason4 ,because reason1 being an effect of the creative moment1 cannot understand that which is above and beyond it in its cause and in its effects4 ,hence1 reason cannot determine whether there is such a way1 or what this way is2 and must necessarily leave these two questions to be determined by revelation4 ,another problem1 closely connected with the one which we have just discussed1 presents itself here4 ,it is as follows3 ,in the supposition that ,god could find a way by which to raise the cosmos to a certain ultimate perfection1 it is asked whether the divine goodness1 which is the end of the exterior action of ,god1 contains in itself a principle of fitness and agreeableness to incline it to effect this best possible cosmos4 ,this question1 as the reader is aware1 is altogether different from optimism4 ,this opinion contends that ,god must create the best possible cosmos4 ,the question we propose now asks whether divine goodness1 which is the end of the external action of ,god1 may be inclined to effect it in force of reason of fitness and agreeableness between divine goodness and the best possible production of it1 a reason of fitness which implies no manner of obligation or necessity whatever4 ,we answer it affirmatively2 it having the support of all ,catholic tradition1 and the proof of it is to be found in the very force of the terms--,god is infinite goodness2 in acting outside himself1 he effects finite goodness4 ,now1 finite goodness and infinite goodness are agreeable to each other2 therefore1 if there be a way of raising finite goodness to a certain absolute goodness1 it will be most agreeable to infinite goodness4 ,footnote #afe ,footnote #afe3 ,s4 ,th4 ,s4 ,t4 p4 #c4 q4 ,i4 ,before we enter upon the explanation of the whole plan of the exterior works of ,god1 it is necessary to notice another point altogether within the reach and province of reason2 this is1 to assign some general laws which must govern the exterior action of ,god4 ,reason1 as we have seen1 cannot of itself tell whether there may be a way of exalting the cosmos to a certain ultimate perfection1 and thus rendering it the best possible cosmos2 again1 reason cannot tell whether ,god has or has not chosen to effect it4 ,but1 admitting the supposition that there is such a way1 and that ,god has preferred it1 reason can assign some laws1 which it conceives must necessarily govern his exterior action1 if he chooses to effect the best possible cosmos4 ,nor is this going beyond the sphere or province of reason1 or infringing upon the rights of revelation4 ,because1 although the premises are superintelligible1 and to be declared by revelation1 yet the premises once given1 reason may lawfully and safely deduce some consequences1 evidently flowing from those premises4 ,in this case1 the premises would be superintelligible2 the consequences springing from them altogether intelligible4 #efa ,reason1 therefore1 affirms that if ,god chooses to make the best possible cosmos1 the effectuation of such cosmos must be governed by the laws of variety1 of unity1 of hierarchy1 of continuity1 of communion1 of secondary agency4 ,the first imports that1 if ,god intends to effect the best possible manifestations of himself1 to which the best possible cosmos would correspond1 he must effect a variety of moments1 a variety of species1 of individuals under each species1 except when the nature and the object of the moment admits no variety or multiplicity4 ,st4 ,thomas proves the necessity of such a law by the following argument3 ,every agent1 he says1 intends to stamp his own likeness on the effect he produces1 as far as the nature of the effect will permit1 and the more perfect the agent1 the stronger is the likeness he impresses upon his effect4 ,god is a most perfect agent2 it was fitting therefore that he should impress his own likeness on his exterior works as perfectly as their nature would allow4 ,now1 a perfect likeness of ,god cannot be expressed by one moment or species of effects2 because it is a principle of ontology that1 when the effect is necessarily inferior in nature to the cause1 as in the present case of the cosmos with regard to ,god1 the perfections1 which in the cause are united and1 as it were1 gathered together into one intense perfection1 cannot be expressed in one effect1 but ask for a variety and multiplicity of effects4 ,the truth of this principle may be seen in the following example4 ,what is the reason that we must frequently make use of a variety of words to express one idea8 ,the reason lies in the objective and ontological difference of the nature of the two terms4 ,the idea is simple1 spiritual1 intelligible2 words are a material sound4 ,the one in its nature is far superior to the other2 the idea is possessed of more being1 more perfection than words4 ,hence the one cannot be expressed and rendered by the other1 except through a variety and multiplicity of terms4 ,consequently this example illustrates the principle that1 when an effect is inferior in nature to its cause1 whatever perfections are found in the cause1 as united and simplified in one perfection1 cannot be rendered or expressed except by a multiplicity and variety of effects4 ,what we have said of language may be affirmed of every fine art1 as painting1 sculpture1 music1 etc4 ,the type which creates them is always one and simple2 it cannot be expressed except in a variety and multiplicity of forms4 ,the best manifestations1 therefore1 of ,god's transcendental excellence cannot be rendered and mirrored except through a variety of moments1 of species1 and of individuals4 ,the law of variety asks for the law of hierarchy4 ,for variety cannot exist except by supposing a greater or less amount of perfection in the terms composing the series1 one being varying from the other by possessing a greater amount of ontological perfections4 ,now1 by admitting a greater or less amount of being1 we admit a superiority on the part of that which is endowed with more ontological perfection1 and an inferiority on the part of that which is endowed with less2 and each being composing the cosmos1 keeping its own place according to the general order1 and in relation to other beings1 it follows that this superiority on the part of one1 and inferiority on the part of the other1 founded on the intrinsic worth of their respective essences1 establishes and explains the law of hierarchy4 #efb ,the third law is that of unity1 which implies that the variety of the different moments composing the cosmos must be brought together so as to form a perfect whole4 ,for1 first1 if the variety of moments1 of species and individuals1 is requisite in order to express the intensity of the ontological perfection and excellence of the type of the universe1 which is the infinite grandeur of ,god1 unity1 also1 is required1 in order to express the simplicity and entirety of the type4 ,in the second place1 what would be the cosmos without unity but a numberless and confused assemblage of beings8 ,hence1 whatever may be the variety of the moments and species of the cosmos1 they must necessarily be brought together as parts and components of one harmonic whole4 ,the nature of this unity will be gathered from the explanation of the other laws4 ,and first1 it begins to be sketched out by the law of continuity4 ,this implies that there should be a certain proportion between each moment of the cosmos1 between one species and another1 and between the degrees and gradations within the species1 all as far as the nature of the terms will permit4 ,hence1 the law embraces two parts3 #ast4 ,the necessity of the greatest number of moments and of species1 as much as possible alike to each other1 without ever being confounded4 #b;d4 ,the greatest possible number of gradations within the same species1 in proportion as individuals partake more or less fully of the species4 ,to give an instance3 the first part of this law explains why substantial creation is composed of1 #ast1 atoms which do not give any signs of sensitive life2 #b;d1 of brute animals2 #c;d1 of intelligent animals2 #dth1 of pure spirits4 ,the second part of this law explains why each of the four species just mentioned is developed in gradations almost infinite--minerals composed and recomposed in all possible ways1 manifesting forms1 properties1 and acts altogether different1 and some so constantly as to defy any change from the force of nature so far known to man2 hence1 in force of that immutable type1 they are taken by naturalists as so many scientific species1 and the fifty-nine or sixty elements which chemistry so far enumerates2 animals also1 extending so gradually that the ladder of fixed marks1 taken by natural philosophers as so many species1 begins where the signs of life are almost insensible and dubious1 and ends with man2 nor is there wanting1 as far as it may be known1 any of the intermediate steps4 ,the pure spirits1 as we know from revelation1 are divided into choirs and legions innumerable1 whose successive gradations in quality and number1 to us unknown but certain1 are unfathomable2 and it is most probable that the ladder of pure spirits is higher1 beyond measure1 than that which we observe in the sensible universe1 and that one spirit is far more superior and distant from another spirit than one star from another4 ,the necessity of this law springs from that of unity4 ,for1 if the type of the cosmos be one1 each moment and species representing1 as it were1 a side of that type1 there must be as much affinity and proportion between each moment and each species as to pave the way for the law of unity to represent and mirror the entirety and oneness of the type4 ,we say as much affinity as it is possible to produce1 because between each moment and each species there is necessarily a chasm which no continuity or affinity can fill up4 ,for instance1 between pure animality and pure intelligence there is necessarily a chasm4 ,man1 placed between the two1 draws them together as much as possible2 yet the necessary distance marking the two distinct natures cannot by any proportion be eliminated1 else the natures would be confounded and destroyed4 #efc ,but variety1 brought together by the law of continuity1 cannot sufficiently exhibit unity4 ,hence the necessity of a fourth law1 that of communion4 ,this law implies1 #ast1 that the terms of the cosmos should be so united together as to act one upon the other1 and serve each other for sustenance and development2 #b;d1 that1 founded on the law of hierarchy1 inferior beings should be so united to superior ones as to be1 in a certain sense1 transformed into them1 the distinctive marks of their respective natures being kept inviolate4 ,this law1 in both its aspects1 we see actuated in the visible universe4 ,thus man has need of food1 which is administered to him by brutes and the vegetable kingdom2 he has need of air1 to breathe2 of light1 to see2 of his kind1 to multiply and to form society4 ,all other animals have need of beings different from themselves to maintain their own existence2 and of their like1 to multiply their species4 ,the vegetable kingdom needs minerals1 earth1 water1 and the different saps by which it lives4 ,if vegetables did not expel oxygen and absorb carbonic acid1 air would become unfit for the respiration of animals2 and these sending back1 by respiration1 carbonic acid1 supply that substance of which plants stand in need4 ,everything1 moreover1 in the world serves for the development and perfection of man1 both as to his body and as to his intellectual1 moral1 and social life4 ,every inferior creature is transformed into man4 ,the same animal and vegetable kingdom which1 transformed into his blood1 sustains his life1 helps him for the development of his ideas and his will4 ,the reason of this law1 which may be called the law of life1 is1 that the unity of the cosmos should not be only apparent and fictitious1 but real4 ,now1 a real union is impossible if the terms united exercise no real action upon each other1 and do not serve for the maintenance and development of each other4 ,finally1 the law of communion calls for the law of secondary agency2 that is1 the effects resulting from the moments of the exterior action of ,god should be real agents4 ,for no real union and communion could exist among the terms of the external action unless they really acted one upon another2 any other union or communion being simply fictitious and imaginary4 ,hence ,malebranche1 in his system of occasional causes1 where he deprives finite beings of real agency1 has not only undermined the liberty of man1 but destroyed the real communion among creatures1 and marred the beauty and harmony of the cosmos4 ,to represent the cosmos as a numberless series of beings united together by no other tie than juxtaposition1 and by no means really acting upon each other1 is to break its connection1 its real and living unity2 is to do away with the whole beauty and harmony of that hymn and canticle which ,god has composed to his own honor and glory4 ,we come now to the last question3 ,what is the whole plan of the exterior action of ,god8 ,we have seen that if there be a way by which to effect a cosmos endowed with a certain absolute perfection1 that it would be most agreeable to infinite goodness1 the end of the exterior action of ,god4 ,we have seen1 moreover1 that whether there be such a way1 and what this way is1 must be determined by revelation4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 therefore1 the living embodiment of revelation1 must answer these two problems4 ,it answers both affirmatively4 ,the most perfect cosmos is possible4 ,god has effected it1 because most agreeable to his infinite goodness4 ,what is this cosmos8 ,we shall give it in the following synoptic table4 #efd ,god's exterior action divided into3 ,the hypostatic moment2 ,the beatific1 or palingenesiacal moment2 ,the sublimative moment2 ,the creative moment4 ,the terms corresponding to each moment of the action of ,god are3 ,the ,theanthropos1 or ,jesus ,christ1 ,god and man1 centre of the whole plan2 ,beatific cosmos2 ,sublimative cosmos2 ,substantial cosmos4 ,individual terms of each cosmos3 #a4 ,beatified angels and men2 #b4 ,regenerated men on the earth2 #c4 ,angels1 or pure spirits2 ,men1 or incarnate spirits2 ,sensitive beings2 ,organic beings2 ,inorganic beings4 ,as each moment of the action of ,god1 as the creative1 implies two subordinate moments1 preservation and concurrence1 it follows that each moment of the action of ,god implies its immanence and concurrence1 though in the ,theanthropos it takes place according to special laws4 ,hence1 ,hypostatic immanence and concurrence2 ,beatific immanence and concurrence2 ,creative immanence and concurrence4 ---------- ,to ,a ,favorite ,madonna4 ,lady ,mary1 throne of grace1 ,imaged with thy ,child before me6 ,softly beams the perfect face1 ,fragrant breathes its pureness o'er me4 ,i but gaze1 and all my soul ,thrills as with a taste of heaven4 ,passion owns the sweet control2 ,peace assures of sin forgiven4 ,oh6 then1 what thy loveliness ,where it shines divinely real1 ,if its strength has such excess ,feebly shadowed in ideal6 ,from thy arms thy ,royal ,son ,waits to fill us past our needing3 ,hears for all1 denied to none1 ,thy resistless whisper pleading4 ,dream1 say they1 for poet's eye8 ,thou a dream6 ,then truth is seeming4 ,only let me live and die ,safely lost in such a dreaming6 ,b4 ,d4 ,h4 ------- #efe ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,to ,those ,who ,tell ,us ,what ,time ,it ,is4 ,before introducing our subject1 my dear reader1 let me give a moment to a little person whose caprices equal those of any woman living4 ,brilliant as the most fashionable beauty1 she never goes without her diamonds and rubies in their golden setting1 and of which she is equally proud4 ,her little babbling is heard continually2 and while she boasts her independent movements1 like any prisoner or slave she always wears her chain4 ,i call her a little person1 because she accompanies me everywhere2 though sometimes she stops while ,i walk1 and goes again when ,i am inclined to stop4 ,this delicate1 fantastical organization1 so difficult to discipline1 and as subject to the influences of cold and heat as any nervous lady or chilly invalid1 is ,mademoiselle--my watch4 ,you have nearly all1 my dear readers1 a watch of silver or gold in your vest-pocket1 and you can have them of wood or mother-of-pearl1 with one great advantage3 they cannot be pawned4 ,ladies wear watches whose cases shine with their diamonds like the decorations of a great officer of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,and they can have them inserted in bracelets1 in bon-bon boxes1 and in buckles for sashes and belts4 ,but ,i must tell you1 the first accurate instruments1 after the sun-dial and hour-glass of the ancients1 were huge clocks2 and these clocks1 so immense1 led artists insensibly to construct smaller ones for apartments1 in form of pendulums1 and which were in the beginning very imperfect4 ,then others still more skilful conceived the idea of portable clocks1 to which they gave the name of montres1 7watches1 in ,english17 from montrer1 to show4 ,but at first these ornaments were very awkward1 and of inconvenient size for the pocket to which they were destined4 ,finally1 however1 they were lessened to such a point that they graced the heads of canes1 the handles of fans1 and even the setting of rings1 and were about the size of a five-cent silver piece4 ,it is to ,hook1 a physician and ,english philosopher1 born in #afce1 died in #agjb1 that we owe the invention of pocket watches4 ,in #aegg1 the first watches were brought from ,germany to ,england4 ,they had been made at ,nuremberg for the first time in the year #aejj1 and were called the eggs of ,nuremberg1 on account of their oval form4 ,at last a man appeared who1 not content to enchain time1 endeavored to force matter to represent with greater accuracy the flight of years4 ,this was ,julien le ,roy1 the most skilful practical philosopher that ,france ever had4 ,always on the qui vive for everything useful and curious1 as soon as he heard of the watches of the celebrated ,graham1 he imported the first one seen in ,paris1 and not until he had proved it would he relinquish it to ,m4 ,maupertuis4 ,graham1 in turn1 procured all he could from ,julien le ,roy4 #eff ,one day my ,lord ,hamilton was showing one of these wonderful repeaters to several persons4 ,i wish ,i were younger1 said ,graham1 to be able to make one after this model4 ,this illustrious ,maupertuis1 who accompanied the king of ,prussia to the battle-field1 was made prisoner at ,molwitz and conducted to ,vienna4 ,the grand-duke of ,tuscany--since emperor--wished to see a man with so great a reputation4 ,he treated him with respect1 and asked him if he had not regretted much of the baggage stolen from him by the hussars4 ,maupertuis1 after being urged a long time1 confessed he would gladly have saved an old watch of ,graham's1 which he used for his astronomical observations4 ,the grand-duke1 who owned one by the same maker1 but enriched with diamonds1 said to the ,french mathematician1 ,ah6 the hussars have wished to play you a trick2 they have brought me back your watch4 ,here it is2 ,i restore it to you4 ,to-day1 as formerly1 the handling of watches is an art4 ,it is much more difficult to measure time than wine or cider4 ,therefore1 among the members of the ,bureau of ,longitudes1 by the side of the senator ,leverrier1 the marshal of ,france1 7,m4 ,vaillant17 the ,admiral ,matthieu1 is placed the simple clock-maker1 ,m4 ,bregnet4 ,and for these artists who give us the means of knowing the hour it is1 there is a publication as serious as the ,journal of ,debates1 called the ,chronometrical ,review4 ,it certainly should be regularly sent to its subscribers4 ,if the carrier is late1 it cannot be for want of knowing if he has to-day's or yesterday's paper2 and the subscribers are never exposed to chercher midi quatorze heures4 ,m4 ,claudius ,saurrier1 the chief editor of this ,chronometrical ,review1 has also a clock-maker's annual almanac for #ahfi4 ,this appears very abstruse at the first glance2 but if we examine the little volume with the same nicety as a watchmaker his mainspring--that is to say1 with a powerful magnifying glass--we will find some things to greatly interest us4 ,for example1 a sketch of different attainable speed3 ,miles per hour4 ,the soldier in ordinary step makes1 #b ,the soldier in a charge #d ,the soldier in gymnastic exercise1 #g ,the horse walking1 #c ,the horse on the trot1 #g ,the horse on the gallop1 #ad ,the horse on the race-course1 #cj ,the locomotive at ordinary speed1 #cj ,the locomotive going rapidly1 #fj ,the current of the ,seine1 #c ,steamboats1 #d to #ad ,a railroad train making thirty miles the hour would consume about three hundred and fifty years in the journey from the earth to the sun4 ,more than a dozen successive generations would have time to appear and disappear during the transit4 ,but nothing can more surely measure speed than the man who says to his watch1 ,thou givest me sixty seconds a minute1 and thou canst go no farther4 ,the little book which has so worthily occupied my attention is not contented with simply describing professional instruments4 ,it plunges into old curiosity shops1 and brings out the watch of ,marat6 ,evidently it does not tell us if this watch was hung in the bathing saloon where the friend of the people was struck by the poignard of ,charlotte ,corday4 ,but it gives us an exact description of the jewel1 or rather of the onion of the celebrated and redoubtable tribune4 ,it was1 indeed1 a curious watch that ,marat possessed2 and1 if we cannot imagine the fashion of the epoch1 which gave to every one an immense gewgaw1 requiring a counter-weight to support it1 it will be impossible to explain the oddity of its form4 #efg ,it was a massive silver pear1 opening into two equal parts4 ,in the lower part of the fruit was found the dial2 the upper contained engraved designs of foliage4 ,the case of the pear reproduced the same model2 the artist evidently had but one idea4 ,its size was that of an ,english pear of medium dimensions1 and1 thanks to its density1 this jewel has been able to pass without any deterioration through the most stormy periods of the world4 ,the almanac for clock-makers also contains its good stories4 ,it relates that a thief introduced himself into a watch-store as a workman seeking employment1 but with the design of abstracting the pocket-book of the proprietor4 ,the scene is dialogued as the two parts of a clock containing the chimes of the north1 the solemn stillness of the night broken by question and response1 until they mingled in a nave contre-point4 ,thy purse1 said the thief4 ,i have forgotten it4 ,thy chain4 ,i only wear a ribbon4 ,pshaw6 no more ceremony4 ,look at thy watch4 ,what hour is it8 ,the hour of thy death6 replied the young man in a thundering voice1 presenting at the same time a double-barrelled pistol at his head4 ,oh6 oh6 said the thief1 ,i was only joking4 ,so much the worse4 ,come1 thy purse4 ,the thief handed it to him4 ,thy chain4 ,and the chain followed the purse4 ,thy watch4 ,the thief1 trembling from head to foot1 drew out a package of watches1 entangled one in the other4 ,oh6 oh6 ,i have you now4 ,get out1 file to the left1 turn thy dial1 and go4 ,and the pickpocket withdrew4 ,the young watch-maker1 perfectly astonished1 went immediately to the mayor4 ,they counted twenty-two watches2 and the grateful proprietors handsomely indemnified him for his trouble1 while at the same time he found himself1 by this one stroke1 with twenty-two good jobs and a patronage4 ,had ,i time1 ,i could extract many more interesting things from this little work4 ,for example1 a description of a watch made by the grandfather of the present ,bregnet--the perpetual watch1 so called because it winds itself through some simple movement inserted by the maker4 ,and ,i could give1 also1 good advice to wearers of watches4 ,where to put them at night4 ,the manner and time to wind them1 and the management of the little needle that makes them go slower and faster4 ,then1 again1 the injury done watches by trotting horsemen1 especially physicians1 who thereby lose an accurate guide for the pulse of their patients4 ,then ,i should like to consider how ,abraham ,bregnet made the sympathetic clock1 upon which it is only necessary to place before midday or midnight a pocket repeating-watch1 advancing or retarding it a little to allow for the time consumed1 and by simple contact it regulates the pendulum4 ,if ,m4 ,claudius ,saurrier wants something curious for his almanac of the coming year1 he has only to take the chapter on clock-making from ,the ,arts of the ,middle ,ages1 by ,paul ,lacroix4 ,there he will see the three primitive methods of measuring time1 namely1 the sun-dial or gnomon that ,anximandre imported from ,greece2 the clepsydra1 where the flowing water indicated the flying minutes2 and the hour-glass1 where the sand took the place of the water4 #efh ,he will find there a watch of the house of ,valois placed in the centre of a ,latin cross1 and moving with it symbolical figures1 ,time1 ,apollo1 ,diana1 etc42 or1 again1 the ,virgin1 the apostles and saints4 ,time has not always been lost through the instruments that indicate its flight4 ,ages have changed even palaces2 and the ,palais ,royal1 whose cannon gives us still the exact hour of mid-day1 once knew no hours for its habitus1 and vice and immorality consumed the time that virtue now gives to better purposes4 ,the poet of #ahcj said3 ,the palace lives in better days1 ,and virtue holds its court supreme2 ,the sun that lent to vice its rays ,now gives to time its potent beam4 ,but now that ,i have rendered every tribute to ,m4 ,claudius ,saurrier that his special science can demand1 may ,i not be equally frank with him8 ,i don't like to know what time it is2 ,i am seized with profound melancholy when the clock strikes and as the hands of my watch indicate the rapidity with which my life is passing4 ,if there had never been an hourglass1 a clepsydra1 a clock1 a regulator1 a ,swiss cuckoo1 or a ,french chronometer1 what with the variations of the seasons which are no longer regular--the trees leafing in ,january1 and the house-tops iced in ,april--we might never be sure of anything1 and lead the existence of those who frequented the balls of the tenor ,roger4 ,with shutters closed and curtains drawn1 the sun excluded for four days1 his guests could have doubted whether time had anything to do with their existence4 ,then we could so long believe ourselves young6 ,the dreaded question ,how old are you8 could be answered in all sincerity1 ,i do not know4 ,one word more1 however1 for our pretty watch4 ,how often has it been the symbol of gallantry4 ,a lady asked a poet why he used two watches4 ,he replied immediately3 ,dear madam1 shall ,i tell you why8 ,one goes too fast1 and one too slow2 ,when near you ,i would fondly fly1 ,i use the first2 the other1 when ,i go4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,doctrine ,of ,the ,atonement4 ,an ,historical ,inquiry into its ,development in the ,church4 ,with an ,introduction on the ,principle of ,theological ,development4 ,by ,henry ,nutcombe ,oxenham1 ,m4,a41 formerly ,scholar of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 ,second ,edition4 ,london3 ,allen ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this is a very scholarly treatise on an important subject4 ,it is not a dogmatic work1 but a work on the history of dogma4 ,the author possesses a remarkable insight into the deep and sublime mysteries of faith1 especially that of the ,incarnation1 and writes like one whose whole mind and soul have become imbued with the spirit of scriptural and patristic theology4 ,his manner is remarkably calm1 impartial1 and dignified2 his method of statement1 clear and succinct2 and his style is that of an accomplished ,english and classical scholar1 often rising to passages of high poetic fervor and beauty4 #efi ,so far as the exhibition of the true doctrine of the atonement is concerned1 beyond the critical statement of different schools of opinion1 its chief value consists in the refutation of the ,calvinistic doctrine1 and its discrimination of the modern prevalent ,catholic opinion derived from ,st4 ,anselm from the dogma properly so called4 ,the essay on development is one of the ablest portions of the book4 ,mhler1 in his ,athanasius1 has accused ,petavius of overstating or pressing too far1 in his controversial zeal1 the well-known points of his thesis respecting the doctrine of the anti-,nicene fathers against ,bishop ,bull4 ,it appears to us that ,mr4 ,oxenham has overstepped the mark in the same way in regard to development in general1 or at least has used language liable to misapprehension4 ,we think1 also1 that the character of his mind1 which is not adapted to metaphysical or speculative inquiries1 and the influence under which his opinions have been formed1 lead him to undervalue scholastic theology4 ,there are here and there1 also1 indications of a bias toward the opinions of a certain class of ,french writers of the last century1 which appears to us to be out of harmony with the genuine spirit of docility to the teaching of the church1 and the pietas fidei with which the author is certainly animated4 ,we will specify one instance of this1 where ,mr4 ,oxenham has exposed a most vulnerable spot in his defensive armor4 ,it is on page #aa of the introductory essay1 where he is rebutting the famous statement of ,chillingworth1 that there are ,popes against popes1 councils against councils1 etc4 ,in reply to this1 he says1 ,on this ,i have to observe1 as to popes against popes1 waiving the question of fact1 their judgments1 when resting on their own authority alone1 if maintained by some theologians to be infallible1 are as strenuously denied to be so by others4 ,it is a purely open question4 ,councils are held by no one to be infallible except in matters of doctrine1 and there is no case of doctrinal contradiction between councils universally received in the church as ecumenical4 ,the author1 in this specimen of most faulty logic1 by waiving the question of fact respecting the dogmatic judgments of the popes1 concedes everything which ,chillingworth asserted on that point1 and leaves him master of the field4 ,he confines himself to one point of defence1 that there are no dogmatic decisions of ecumenical councils which are contradictory to each other4 ,but suppose there are dogmatic decisions of popes to which obedience is required as a term of communion and under pain of excommunication1 which are contrary to dogmatic decisions of councils1 what then8 ,suppose one pope requires submission to a dogmatic decision as a term of communion1 and his successor requires the same to an opposite decision1 what then8 ,can ,mr4 ,oxenham say transeat8 ,if ,mr4 ,ffoulkes should write a letter to ,mr4 ,oxenham containing an argument based on an affirmation that those suppositions are facts1 against the actual position of the holy see and the ,catholic episcopate1 as against ,constantinople and ,canterbury1 could ,mr4 ,oxenham answer it conclusively without defending that point which he so easily gives up8 ,that the question of the infallibility of the pope is not entirely closed is1 of course1 true2 but it is not so wide open as an ordinary reader would infer it to be from the author's very inconsiderate and unsatisfactory way of stating the matter2 nor has it ever been so wide open at any time since ,st4 ,peter received from our ,lord the charge to confirm his brethren in the faith4 ,bossuet would never have exposed his flank in the unguarded manner that our author has done4 ,the indefectibility of the ,roman see in doctrine1 and the duty of obedience to its dogmatic judgments1 were always maintained by that great theologian1 and by all orthodox ,gallicans4 ,the doctrine of what may be called passive infallibility is logically contained in this doctrine of ,bossuet and in that doctrine of ,catholic faith1 that the pope is always the supreme head of the church4 ,by passive infallibility1 we mean a security against the separation of the pope and the ,roman ,church in doctrine from the universal church1 either by apostasy from dogmas already defined1 or by the enforcement of any new and false dogmas4 #egj ,the active power of the pope1 as the teacher and defender of the faith which he perpetually proclaims to the world1 and protects by denouncing and condemning heresy1 which no ,catholic questions1 is necessarily secured by this indefectibility or passive infallibility from being perverted to the service of heresy or immorality4 ,the only question that can be discussed between ,catholics regarding this matter relates to the conditions and extent of the active infallibility of the pope4 ,the gift of infallibility must necessarily preserve the dogmatic unity of the pope and the ,catholic episcopate1 and must therefore influence both4 ,they are both factors in the sum of infallibility4 ,what is precisely the force of each as distinct from the other is not yet fully and clearly defined as a canon of faith1 and we are willing to await the result of the approaching council which will1 probably1 at least consider the question of the propriety of making such a canon1 before applying any theological formula as a criterion of the orthodoxy of writers1 or written statements4 ,nevertheless1 we have a right to expect that every writer should so guard his language and statements that they be not open to a misconception that furnishes a convenient door for the enemy to enter in by4 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,oxenham will not essentially dissent from the view we have expressed2 and we have the best reason to expect that whatever there may be that is defective or inconsequent in his theological system will be filled up and harmonized by the result of riper thought and study4 ,his work1 as a whole1 is one of the best and most valuable of those which have been produced by the sound scholars and devoted sons of the church who have been won to the ancient faith of ,england within the classic halls of ,oxford4 ,every clergyman or scholar addicted to theological studies will find it well worthy of a place in his library1 and of a careful perusal4 ---- ,alice ,murray2 a ,tale4 ,by ,mary ,i4 ,hoffmnan1 authoress of ,agnes ,hilton4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,pp4 #dij4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahfi4 ,we like this story for its perfect picture of ,american country life4 ,we get but one glimpse1 and that a very imperfect one1 of the city4 ,we have plenty of books1 good1 bad1 and indifferent1 describing city life1 its manners and customs1 its frivolities and follies1 and even its vices4 ,it was1 therefore1 with a feeling of relief1 that we read this volume2 for1 even if one can but seldom visit the country1 still one likes to read about its green fields1 rippling brooks1 gushing springs and dark1 cool woods1 the lowing kine1 and bleating sheep1 and in this book we get a goodly dose4 ,miss ,hoffman seems to be a practical farmer1 and is as much at home with the butter-ladle as with the pen1 and has a thorough disgust1 as all good farmers must have1 for what city folk often cultivate as flowers--the pesky white daisy4 ,the first chapters of the story are a little dull1 and the place in which its scene is laid is not definitely stated2 but further on1 we learn that it is in ,western ,new ,york4 ,there is nothing extraordinary or intricate in the plot of of the story4 ,every scene and incident may have occurred just as it is related4 ,it is the old story of innocence and virtue being outgeneralled for a while by craftiness and vice4 ,and while we have such timid girls as ,alice ,murray1 such acts of wrong are possible4 ,it is very well to follow the gospel precept1 and when struck upon one cheek to turn the other2 but the gospel nowhere requires us to give in addition our own hand with which to smite our cheek4 ,alice ,murray was the niece of ,mr4 ,elbray's first wife4 ,her parents died while she was quite young1 and ,mr4 ,elbray brought her up as his daughter1 as he had no children of his own4 ,he was rich1 a self-made man1 and a worldly-minded ,catholic1 paid little attention to the duties or requirements of his religion1 but made money his ,god4 #ega ,he became acquainted with a strong-minded1 designing widow1 who manages to make him marry her1 and from that moment ,alice ,murray had actually no home4 ,the ambitious wife had her own daughter to provide for1 and her whole energies were bent on getting rid of ,alice1 which she succeeded in accomplishing4 ,from her adopted home ,alice went to her uncle ,bradley--her mother's sister's husband--who procured her a district school4 ,even here1 though miles away from her1 the new ,mrs4 ,elbray1 beside intercepting all letters between ,alice and her uncle1 got up a charge against her of having stolen a gold chain presented to her by her dear departed husband4 ,this was done to prevent ,alice returning to her uncle1 who was ever regretting her absence4 ,but the crafty woman succeeded2 ,alice is discarded1 and the result is1 that ,mrs4 ,elbray's daughter makes a brilliant match1 and all the ,elbray family move to ,new ,york1 where old ,elbray is ruined by his wife and her daughter's husband1 and has to go to the almshouse1 where he is discovered by a priest who knew him1 and ,alice is informed of the poverty of her uncle4 ,she hesitates not a moment1 accepts the hand of the lover she had previously refused1 because she wished to pay back her uncle all the money he had spent on her1 and the new-married couple go straight to ,new ,york1 rescue the uncle from the almshouse1 and take him home with them1 where he lives in peace4 ,the picture of the ,bradley family is a beautiful one--just what a good ,catholic family should be2 in fact1 all of ,miss ,hoffman's family pen-pictures are good4 ,her great weakness lies in her dialogues2 they need more animation and sprightliness2 and her very bad characters are better drawn than her very good ones4 ,for instance1 in ,mrs4 ,elbray1 an ambitious1 proud1 self-willed and worldly woman1 we have decidedly the best depicted character in the book4 ,she labors for a purpose1 a bad purpose it is true1 and succeeds1 although the success was her ruin4 ,had ,alice used for a good purpose one half the energy ,mrs4 ,elbray did for a bad one1 a world of suffering would have been saved her1 but then ,alice ,murray would not have been written4 ,we wish the writers of our ,catholic stories would allow their good characters to act like living men and women1 not mere machines1 throwing the responsibility of all their troubles and tribulations upon ,god1 and leaving it all in his hands to see justice done2 but teach them to use the means ,god gave them to help themselves4 ,we have said that ,miss ,hoffman's descriptions of ,american country life and scenery are good4 ,there is one pen-picture on page #agj that will remind many of similar scenes4 ,the story is thoroughly ,catholic in tone and sentiment1 but is not of the belligerant class4 ,there are no religious discussions indulged in for the sake of displaying one's theological knowledge2 but the whole atmosphere of the book--the whole sentiment is ,catholic1 and the reader feels it1 just as one in reading ,kempis would know and feel that the writer was a devout1 practical ,catholic4 ,the typographical execution of the book might easily be improved by employing a better proof-reader and the use of better type4 ---- ,chips ,from ,a ,german ,workshop4 ,by ,max ,mller1 ,m4 ,a4 #b vols4 crown #hvo1 pp4 #cgd1 #djb4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 ,these two volumes consist of various essays1 lectures1 etc41 which ,professor ,mller has published from time to time during the intervals of his long years of labor on the ,rig-,veda4 ,they are all more or less closely connected with the great work to which he has devoted his life1 and are all illustrations of a systematic religious philosophy4 ,the first volume is devoted to essays on ,the ,science of ,religion4 ,the author remarks that in religion everything new is old1 and everything old is new1 and there has been no entirely new religion since the beginning of the world4 ,st4 ,augustine says that what is now called the ,christian religion has existed among the ancients1 and was not absent from the beginning of the human race until ,christ came in the flesh2 and the design of these essays is to show how the radical ideas of religion revealed by ,almighty ,god at the beginning have undergone various changes1 corruptions1 and combinations1 yet1 though frequently distorted1 tend again and again to their perfect form4 #egb ,professor ,mller traces these primitive ideas through the ancient religions of ,india and ,persia1 and extracts from the forbidding obscurity of ,sanscrit literature a wealth of illustration1 which1 with his charming style and incomparable happiness in selection1 he makes attractive to nearly all classes of readers4 ,he studies the matter not as a theologian but as a coldly critical man of science2 and his reasoning is1 of course1 directly in support of the truths of revelation4 ,the second volume contains an essay on ,comparative ,mythology1 and papers on early traditions and customs1 all bearing upon the subject of the first1 and many of them highly curious4 ,at some future day1 if opportunity permits1 we hope to recur to these valuable ,chips1 and give our readers a few specimens of their excellence4 ---- ,pastoral ,letter ,of ,the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop and ,suffragan ,prelates of the ,province of ,baltimore1 at the close of the ,tenth ,provincial ,council4 ,may1 #ahfi4 ,baltimore3 ,j4 ,murphy ,co4 ,this letter of the fathers of the council of ,baltimore is a renewed evidence of the paternal affection and ceaseless vigilance with which the pastors of the church watch over their flock4 ,on many most important points1 they have spoken out with a clearness that must be gratifying to every ,catholic heart4 ,first among them is ,education4 ,we quote a portion3 ,bitter experience convinces us daily more and more that a purely secular education1 to the exclusion of a religious training1 is not only an imperfect system1 but is attended with the most disastrous consequences to the individual and to society4 ,among ,catholics1 there cannot be two opinions about this subject4 ,and we are happy to see that this practical truth is beginning to find acceptance also in the minds of reflecting men among our separated brethren4 ,the catechetical instructions given once a week in our ,sunday-schools1 though productive of the most beneficial results1 are insufficient to satisfy the religious wants of our children4 ,they should every day breathe a healthy religious atmosphere in those schools1 where not only their minds are enlightened1 but where the seeds of faith1 piety1 and sound morality are nourished and invigorated4 ,children have not only heads to be enlightened1 but1 what is more important1 hearts to be formed to virtue4 ,the most reverend archbishop has been from the first one of the most earnest supporters of the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 and1 with the prelates of the council1 again commends it to the patronage of clergy and laity4 ,we desire to renew1 say they1 our cordial approbation of the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 recently established in ,new ,york1 and we earnestly hope it may receive from our clergy and laity all the patronage it so well deserves4 ,this society is laudably engaged in the publication of such ,catholic works as are peculiarly adapted to the wants of our times1 and it serves as a powerful auxiliary in the propagation of ,catholic truth4 ,short religious tracts are also issued under the auspices of the same society4 ,these tracts are daily growing in popularity and usefulness4 ,in one year1 about six hundred thousand of them were printed and distributed4 ,their brevity recommends their perusal to many who have neither leisure nor disposition to read books treating of the same subject4 ,their short but convincing arguments always make a favorable impression on sincere minds2 while their plain1 familiar style renders them attractive to the lowest capacity4 ,the very moderate price at which they are sold places them within the reach of all4 ,we trust that our zealous missionary clergy will adopt some effectual and systematic means by which the books1 and especially the tracts of this excellent society may be regularly circulated throughout their missions1 and distributed among the children attending our schools4 #egc ,these words are very encouraging and opportune2 for one thing is sure1 and that is1 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 without this co-operation and sympathy1 both on the part of the clergy and the laity1 cannot accomplish the great work that is before it in our country4 ,then follow some timely words of admonition to ,catholics lest they imbibe the loose notions which prevail among many around them in regard to the crime of infanticide4 ,next1 are condemned round dances1 indecent publications1 and the obscene theatrical performances which are becoming so abundant4 ,the remainder of the letter contains words of encouragement to the clergy and laity in the various charitable works in which they are engaged1 as the erecting of protectories and orphan asylums1 the providing churches and schools for our colored brethren1 etc4 ---- ,fnlon's ,conversations ,with ,m4 ,de ,ramsai ,on ,the ,truth ,of ,religion1 ,with his ,letters on the ,immortality of the ,soul1 and the ,freedom of the ,will4 ,translated from the ,french by ,a4 ,e4 ,silliman4 #ahfi4 ,fnlon was a genius and a saint4 ,he had1 moreover1 the faculty of expressing his thoughts in a remarkably clear style1 and throwing a peculiar charm about every subject he handled4 ,the conversations with ,chevalier ,ramsay form a short treatise1 proving that there is no medium between deism and ,catholicism4 ,it is very admirable1 and ,mr4 ,silliman has done a good service in translating it1 with the two other short but excellent treatises which are appended4 ,the translator's preface1 which is perfectly calm and passionless in its tone1 gives a brief but interesting sketch of ,fnlon's character1 and of some of the events of his life1 and relates the circumstance which gave occasion to the conversations with ,chevalier ,ramsay4 ,as it alludes to the condemnation of the ,maxims by the pope1 and states that this condemnation was given reluctantly and under threats from the king of ,france1 it may be well to explain this matter in a few words4 ,it is true that the accusation of ,fnlon at ,rome was made through enmity against his person1 and in a manner discreditable to the parties concerned1 and very displeasing to the pope4 ,it is not true1 however1 that the decision was given in accordance with the wishes of the king on account of his entreaties or threats4 ,the pope did not wish to have the matter brought before him1 because he preferred to leave the errors of ,fnlon's book to be corrected by milder methods than a public condemnation1 and desired to spare so great and holy a prelate--who had erred only through a mistaken judgment of the true sense of certain statements of the most approved mystic authors--the mortification of a public censure and a formal retraction4 ,the action of ,fnlon's enemies made the matter so public and notorious1 and brought his erroneous statements into such a clear light that it was impossible to avoid an examination and judgment without scandal4 ,the judgment was impartial1 and was necessarily against ,fnlon1 whose doctrine was clearly irreconcilable with the teaching of the church4 ,at the same time1 a sharp reproof was given to his accusers for the spirit which they had shown in pushing matters to extremes1 and the personal respect and esteem of the pope for ,fnlon were clearly manifested4 ,the translator has added a very judicious note to the treatise on the immortality of the soul1 justly censuring certain statements of the author on the nature of the connection between soul and body4 ,like many other writers of that time1 ,fnlon was too much influenced by the philosophy of ,descartes whose ridiculous theory of occasional causes appears in the passages criticised by ,mr4 ,silliman4 ,on this point1 the language of the ,protestant translator is much more in accordance with the ,catholic doctrine that the soul is forma corporis than that of the ,catholic archbishop4 ,we recommend this most beautiful specimen of reasoning and persuasive eloquence most heartily to all readers1 especially to those who fancy they can find a halting-place somewhere between the rejection of all positive revelation and the acceptance1 pure and simple1 of ,catholicity4 #egd ,the translation is well done1 and the mechanical execution of the book1 which is a medium between a volume and a pamphlet1 is elegant4 ,if the translator finds sufficient encouragement in the reception which it meets with to induce him to continue1 we recommend to him the translation of ,fnlon's admirable treatise on the existence and attributes of ,god1 as a work which we should welcome as a timely and valuable addition to our ,english religious literature4 ---- ,la ,natura ,e ,la ,grazia1 7,nature ,and ,grace47 ,discourses on ,modern ,naturalism delivered in ,rome during the ,lent of #ahfe4 ,by ,father ,charles ,m4 ,curci1 ,s4,j4 #b vols4 ,rome1 ,turin1 and ,venice4 ,we are greatly indebted to the courtesy of ,f4 ,curci in sending us a copy of this admirable collection of discourses4 ,with the greatest modesty1 the distinguished author apologizes in his preface for the defects of his work4 ,to his readers1 however1 his name will be a sufficient guarantee of its excellence and ability2 nor will a careful examination give them any reason to change their opinion4 ,these are no ordinary ,lent sermons upon the commonplace themes of exhortation which preachers are wont to handle during this holy season4 ,they are profound1 eloquent1 and classically written discourses upon all the great ,catholic doctrines and practices which are disputed or denied by modern infidels and rationalists2 a specimen of that high1 intellectual1 philosophical1 and1 at the same time1 thoroughly spiritual preaching which is so necessary in our day for the educated classes4 ,if it were possible1 it would be highly desirable and beneficial to have these volumes translated into ,english4 ,if we are not able1 at present1 to have this done1 it is only because of the very great cost of translating and publishing in this country a work of such a high class1 the circulation of which would be necessarily limited to the clergy and a small portion of the most highly educated among the laity4 ----- ,italy1 ,florence1 ,and ,venice4 ,from the ,french of ,h4 ,taine4 ,by ,j4 ,durand4 #hvo1 pp4 #che4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 ,this is a companion volume to ,m4 ,taine's book on ,rome and ,naples1 which appeared in an ,english dress about a year ago4 ,the author visited ,italy in #ahfd1 7though the date1 by a strange oversight1 is not mentioned in the volume now before us17 and his observations upon the political situation of the country and such social peculiarities as arose from political causes1 have now lost much of their value4 ,these observations are fortunately few1 nor were they ever very profound4 ,m4 ,taine is not a student of public affairs1 nor a keen observer of popular characteristics4 ,of ,italian life and manners1 he learned no more than the mere guide-book tourist can see in hotels1 galleries1 and public conveyances1 and what he saw he tells no better than many have told the same things before him1 and not so well as at least one or two ,american travellers whom we could mention4 ,it is as a critic of art that he demands our attention1 and in this particular he far surpasses nine tenths of all the writers on such topics with whom ,english readers are familiar4 ,the eloquence and rapidity of his style1 the refinement of his esthetic sense1 and the keenness of his philosophy1 invest his pages with an interest and a brilliancy which must charm every body4 ,yet there is something lacking in his appreciation of paintings1 there is a coldness even in the midst of his enthusiasm1 which leave the mind unsatisfied4 ,the fact is1 he writes like a man of the world1 to whom the inner religious sentiment of art is only half revealed4 ,he judges of paintings only with the head2 but there are certain works--above all1 for instance1 those of ,fra ,angelico--which must be judged by the heart4 ----- ,love2 ,or ,self ,sacrifice3 a ,story by ,lady ,herbert4 ,published by ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,price1 #ge cts4 ,the life of ,gwladys1 the heroine of ,lady ,herbert's story1 is made up of three important events2 two marriages and the death of her lovely boy2 and it required all of ,lady ,herbert's experience as a writer to fill a volume covering the space of eighteen years1 with the joys and sorrows of her monotonous life4 #ege ,the book abounds in exquisite descriptive scenes and truthful narratives of the fatigues and incidents of travel2 but there is a striking resemblance between many of the leading characters1 and the episodes1 in general1 are unnatural4 ,these faults can only be accounted for on the supposition that the overstrained mind of the heroine did not preserve a perfect picture of each individual2 their virtues and faults appearing to ,gwladys in proportion to the amount of kindness they heaped upon her4 ,thus ,lady ,herbert was unable to paint them as they were in reality and contented herself by coloring them to suit the ideas of her much-loved friend4 ,the external appearance of the book we cannot praise4 ,the proofs must have been read by the printer's devil1 with malice prepense1 for a more slovenly printed book it has never been our misfortune1 as a reviewer1 to have been compelled to read4 ----- ,die ,alte ,und ,neue ,welt4 ,vols4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,benziger ,bros4 ,we are indebted to the publishers for the three volumes1 beautifully bound1 of this excellent ,german illustrated magazine4 ,we have already noticed the admirable character both of the reading matter and of the illustrations of this periodical1 which is an instructive and at the same time highly entertaining family magazine1 decidedly the best of its class we have ever met with in any language4 ,for those who can read the ,german language1 these volumes form as pleasant a companion as one could desire of a rainy afternoon1 or in any leisure hour when one is desirous of some pleasant and innocent mental relaxation4 ,it is also profitable as well as pleasant1 chiefly on account of the charming pictures it presents of ,catholic life in ancient and modern ,germany4 ,to all who read ,german1 we cordially recommend the purchase of these volumes1 both for the sake of the reading matter1 and also of the excellent illustrations4 ,as for our ,german fellow-,catholics1 they ought to be proud of possessing in their own rich and grand mother-tongue a magazine which does them so much honor1 and ought to give it their universal support4 ,for the clergy1 for parish libraries1 for the family1 and for young people who have a taste for reading1 it is invaluable4 ,we fear that the children of our ,german fellow-citizens are too much disposed to forget the glorious fatherland of their parents1 which is in them a great folly1 to be checked and discouraged in every way4 ,it is not necessary1 in order to become good ,americans1 to disown and forget the country and the literature of one's ancestors4 ,if it is worth while for those whose mother-tongue is ,english to spend years in acquiring a knowledge of the language and literature of ,germany1 it is surely a great piece of folly for those whose early education has given them the means of attaining this knowledge without any trouble to throw it away as of no value4 ,we think that the ,american part of the magazine1 that is1 all that represents the life of the ,german population in the ,united ,states1 might be much better sustained than it is4 ,we cannot blame the editors for this defect1 which is no doubt entirely due to a lack of contributors living in this country2 but it appears to us that a more extensive and zealous co-operation of the clergy here with the ,european editors would1 without difficulty1 supply it1 and make the ,alte und ,neue ,welt really1 as its name imports1 a magazine of the new as well as of the old world4 ,we wish the enterprising firm of the ,messrs4 ,benziger abundant success in their laudable and skilful efforts to promote the cause of ,catholic literature in the ,german language4 ----- ,winifred2 ,countess ,of ,nithsdale4 ,by ,lady ,dacre4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,this story has appeared in ,the ,tablet1 and has nothing remarkable in it to praise or blame1 if we except the numerous typographical errors1 which are the more noticeable on account of the dulness of the narrative1 and the low order of the curious dialogues4 ----- #egf ,little ,women2 ,or1 ,meg1 ,jo1 ,beth1 ,and ,amy4 ,by ,louisa ,m4 ,alcott4 ,illustrated by ,may ,alcott4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahfi4 ,this is a charming story1 full of life1 full of fun1 full of human nature1 and therefore full of interest4 ,the little women play at being pilgrims when they are children1 and resolve to be true pilgrims as they grow older4 ,life to them was earnest2 it had its duties1 and they did not overlook them or despise them4 ,directed by the wise teachings and beautiful example of a good mother1 they became in the end true and noble women4 ,make their acquaintance2 for ,amy will be found delightful1 ,beth very lovely1 ,meg beautiful1 and ,jo splendid2 that there is a real ,jo somewhere we have not the slightest doubt4 ----- ,mental ,photographs4 ,an ,album for ,confessions of ,tastes1 ,habits1 and ,convictions4 ,edited by ,robert ,saxton4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 ,we have here an ingenious invention for the amusement of the social circle1 and one which is capable of affording a good deal of merriment and interest1 provided smart and sensible people take part in it4 ,the album contains places for photographs1 and by the side of each a series of forty questions1 such as ,what is your favorite book8 color8 name8 occupation8 etc41 to which answers are to be written by the original of the picture4 ,in this way1 the editor says1 as complete a portrait as possible is obtained both of the inner and outer man4 ,most of the questions are pertinent and suggestive4 ----- ,the ,phenomena ,and ,laws ,of ,heat4 ,by ,achille ,cuzin1 ,professor of ,physics in the ,lyceum of ,versailles4 ,translated and edited by ,elihu ,rich4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,illustrated4 ,pp4 #bfe4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this volume belongs to the ,library of ,wonders1 and its aim is to present in a summary the principal phenomena of heat1 as viewed from the standpoint afforded by recent discoveries in physics4 ,the illustrations are excellent1 and give the reader a complete elucidation of the text4 ----- ,the ,fisher-,maiden4 ,a ,norwegian ,tale4 ,by ,bjrnstjerne ,bjrnson4 ,from the ,author's ,german ,edition1 by ,m4 ,e4 ,niles4 ,new ,york3 ,leypold ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,an artist1 not a photographer1 ,bjrnson draws souls more than faces4 ,in these times of blatant novelists1 it is no ordinary treat to get a story which affects one almost as finely as a poem4 ----- ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will soon publish ,the ,history of the ,catholic ,church on the ,island of ,new ,york4 ,by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,bayley1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,newark4 ,this work will contain many important documents relating to the history of the church in this city1 not heretofore published4 ----- ,books ,received4 ,from ,charles ,scribner ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,waterloo2 a ,sequel to the ,conscript of #ahac4 ,translated from the ,french of ,erckmann-,chatrian4 ,illustrated4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #cfh4 ,from ,p4 ,m4 ,haverty1 ,new ,york3 ,speeches on the ,legislative ,independence of ,ireland4 ,with introductory notes by ,thomas ,francis ,meagher1 and a memorial oration1 by ,richard ,o',gorman4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4#cag4 ,from ,lee ,shepard1 ,boston3 ,the ,gates ,wide ,open2 or1 ,scenes in another ,world4 ,by ,george ,wood4 ,pp4 #ced4 ---------- #egg ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,no4 #ec4--;,august1 #ahfi4 ----- ,our ,established ,church4 ,footnote #aff ,footnote #aff3 ,putnam's ,monthly ,magazine4 ,our ,established ,church4 ,new ,york4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,son4 ,july1 #ahfi4 ,the title1 ,our ,established ,church1 given by ,putnam to a bitterly anti-,catholic article in its number for last ,july1 is too malicious for pleasantry and too untrue for wit4 ,the writer knows perfectly well that we have in this ,state of ,new ,york no established church1 and that1 of all the so-called churches1 the ,catholic ,church is the furthest removed from being the state church4 ,in no city1 town1 or county of the ,state are ,catholics the majority of the population2 and even in this city1 where their proportion to the whole population is the largest1 they probably constitute not much1 if any1 over one third of the whole4 ,public opinion throughout the ,state1 though less hostile than it was a few years ago1 is still bitterly anti-,catholic4 ,in this city1 the numbers and influence of naturalized1 as distinguished from natural born citizens1 is1 no doubt1 very great2 but these naturalized citizens are by no means all ,catholics1 and a large number of those who may have been baptized ,catholics are wholly uninfluenced by their ,catholicity in their public1 and1 we fear1 to a great extent1 even in their private life4 ,it is simply ridiculous1 even by way of irony1 to speak of our church as the established church1 or as exerting a controlling influence in the ,state or city4 ,moreover1 no church can be the established church1 here or elsewhere1 unless it concedes the supremacy of the state1 and consents to be its slave4 ,this the ,catholic ,church can never do4 ,the relations of church and state in ,catholic countries have for many centuries been regulated by concordats2 but in this country1 since the adoption of the ,federal constitution1 the civil authority has recognized its own incompetency in spirituals1 and1 as before it1 the equal rights of all religions not contra bonos mores1 as also its obligation to protect the adherents of each in the free and full enjoyment of their entire religious liberty4 ,the state guarantees1 thus1 all the freedom and protection the church has ever secured elsewhere by concordats4 ,she much prefers freedom to slavery1 and her full liberty1 though shared with hostile sects1 to the gilded bondage of a state church4 ,she neither is the established church1 nor can she consent to become so2 for a state church means a church governed by the laity1 and subordinated to secular interests1 as we see in the case of the ,anglican establishment4 #egh ,her steady refusal to become a state establishment is the key to those fearful struggles in the middle ages between the church and the empire2 and the secret of the success of the ,protestant ,reformation is to be found in its ready submission to the secular prince1 or its practical assertion of the supremacy of the civil power and the subordination of the spiritual4 ,there is always great difficulty in discussing such questions as the writer in ,putnam raises with our ,protestant fellow-citizens2 for we and they start from opposite principles and aim at different ends4 ,we1 as ,catholics1 assert the entire freedom and independence of the spiritual order2 but they1 consciously or unconsciously1 assume that the state is supreme1 and that the spiritual should be under the surveillance and control of the secular4 ,we understand by religious liberty the freedom and independence of the church as an organic body2 they understand by it the freedom of the laity from all authority claimed and exercised by the pope and clergy as ministers of ,god or stewards of his kingdom on earth4 ,if each ,protestant sect claims1 in its own case1 exemption from secular control1 every one insists that the ,catholic ,church shall be subject to ,caesar1 and all unite to deprive her of her spiritual freedom and independence4 ,hence1 they and we view things from opposite poles4 ,they regard them from the point of view of the ,gentiles1 with whom religion was a civil function1 and the state supreme alike in spirituals and temporals2 we1 from the point of view of the ,gospel1 or the ,new ,law1 which asserts the divine sovereignty1 and requires us to obey ,god rather than men4 ,they would secularize the church and education1 abolish the priesthood1 explain away the sacraments1 and reduce the worship of ,god to the exercise of preaching1 praying1 and singing1 which can be performed by laymen1 or even women1 as well as by consecrated priests4 ,what they call their religion is a perpetual protest against what we call religion1 or the ,christian religion as we understand1 hold1 and practise it4 ,it is especially a protest against the priesthood1 priestly functions and authority4 ,hence the difficulty of a mutual understanding between them and us4 ,what they want is not what we want4 ,we are willing to let them have their own way for themselves1 but they are not willing that we should have our own way for ourselves2 and they try all manner of means in their power to force us to follow their way and to fashion ourselves after their model4 ,they do not concede that we have1 and are not willing that we should have1 equal rights with themselves in the state4 ,if the state treats us as citizens standing on a footing of equality with them1 they are indignant1 and allege that it treats us as a privileged class1 and to their great wrong4 ,if it does not subordinate us to them1 they pretend that it makes ours the established church1 and places them in the attitude of dissenters from the state religion4 ,they are not satisfied with equality2 they can see no equality where they are not the masters4 ,they cannot endure that ,mordecai should be allowed to sit in the king's gate4 ,this is the real sense of ,putnam's article1 and the meaning of the clamor of the sectarian and a large portion of the secular press1 against the ,state and city of ,new ,york1 for their alleged liberality to the church4 #egi ,the complaint in ,putnam is1 that the ,state and city of ,new ,york have granted aid to certain ,catholic charitable institutions1 such as hospitals1 orphan asylums1 reformatories or protectorates for ,catholic boys1 etc41 out of all proportion to its grants of aid to similar ,protestant institutions4 ,also1 that the ,legislature has authorized the city to appropriate a certain percentage of the fees received for liquor licenses to the support of private schools for the poor1 some portion1 even the larger portion1 of which1 it is assumed1 will go to the support of ,catholic parochial schools1 and therefore1 it is pretended1 to the support of sectarian schools2 for in the ,protestant mind whatever is ,catholic is sectarian4 ,but is it true that the ,state or the city does proportionably less for non-,catholic charitable or educational institutions--not a few of which are well known to be formed for the very purpose of picking up1 we might say kidnapping1 ,catholic poor children1 and bringing them up in some form of ,protestantism or infidelity--than it does for ,catholic charitable institutions8 ,most certainly not4 ,it does far less for ,catholic than for non-,catholic institutions2 and yet1 because it does a little for institutions1 though for the benefit of the whole community1 under the control and management of ,catholics1 the ,state and city are calumniated1 and we are insulted by its being pretended that our church is made the state church4 ,in this matter of ,state grants or city donations1 the ,protestant mind proceeds upon a sad fallacy4 ,the divisions of ,protestants among themselves count for nothing in a question between them and ,catholics4 ,protestants overlook this fact1 and while they call all grants and donations to ,catholic institutions sectarian1 they call none sectarian of all that made to ,protestant institutions which are not under the control and management of some particular denomination of ,protestants1 as the ,episcopalian1 the ,presbyterian1 the ,baptist1 or the ,methodist2 but this is a grave error1 and cannot fail to mislead the public4 ,all grants and donations made to institutions1 charitable or educational1 not under the control and management of ,catholics are made to non-,catholics2 and1 with the exception of those made to the ,hebrews1 to ,protestant institutions4 ,there are but two religions to be counted1 ,catholic and ,protestant4 ,the true rule is to count on one side whatever is given to institutions under ,catholic control and management1 and on the other side all that is given for similar purposes to all the institutions1 whether public or private1 not under ,catholic control and management4 ,the question1 then1 comes up1 ,have the ,state and city given proportionately greater amounts to ,catholic charitable and other institutions than to ,protestant institutions8 ,if not1 we have no more than our share1 and the ,protestant clamor is unjust and indefensible4 ,of the policy of granting subsidies by ,state or city1 to eleemosynary institutions1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant we say nothing2 for being1 even now1 at most not more than one fifth of the whole population of the ,state1 we are in no sense answerable1 as ,catholics1 for any policy the ,state may see proper to adopt4 ,but1 if it adopts the policy of granting subsidies1 we demand for our institutions our proportion of the subsidies granted4 ,have we received more than our proportion8 ,nay1 have we received anything like our proportion8 ,we find from the official report made to the ,state ,convention1 that the total of grants made by the ,state to charitable and other institutions--including the ,new ,york ,institution of the ,deaf and ,dumb1 the ,new ,york ,institution for the ,blind1 the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents of ,new ,york1 ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,state ,normal ,school1 the ,western ,house of ,refuge for ,juvenile ,delinquents1 ,state ,lunatic ,asylum1 the ,asylum for ,idiots1 the ,willard ,asylum for the ,insane1 academies1 orphan asylums1 etc41 hospitals1 etc41 colleges1 universities1 etc41 and miscellaneous---have amounted1 for twenty-one years1 ending with #ahfg1 to #f1ibj1hha4ia4 #ehj ,of this large amount1 ,catholics should have received for their institutions certainly not less than one million of dollars4 ,yet1 all that we have been able to find that they have received out of this large sum is a little less than #bgf1jjj2 that is1 not over one fourth of what they were entitled to2 yet ,putnam's ,magazine has the effrontery to pretend that our church is favored at the expense of ,protestantism4 ,so much for the ,state subsidies4 ,in passing to the city1 we find its donations to charitable institutions1 from #ahdg to #ahfg inclusive1 amount to #a1hcg1eic4bg2 of which1 ,catholic institutions1 including #de1jjj for parochial schools1 have received1 as nearly as we can ascertain from the returns1 a little over three hundred thousand dollars4 ,all the rest has gone to non-,catholic1 and a large part to bitterly anti-,catholic associations and institutions4 ,of the aggregate grants and donations of the ,state and city of #h1ged1gei4ah1 ,catholic institutions1 as far as we have been able to discover from the official tables before us1 received1 prior to #ahfh1 less than #fjj1jjj1 not1 by any means1 a fourth of our proportion4 ,yet we are treated as the established church6 ,but we have not yet stated the whole case4 ,we do not know how many millions are appropriated annually for the support of public schools throughout the ,state2 but in this city the tax levy1 this year1 for the public schools1 is1 we are told1 #c1jjj1jjj or over4 ,catholics pay their proportion of this amount1 and they are a third of the population of the city4 ,the sum appropriated to the aid of private schools1 we are told1 is estimated at #bjj1jjj2 and if every cent of it is applied in aid of our schools1 as it will not be1 it is far less than the tax we pay for schools which we cannot use4 ,the public schools are anti-,catholic in their tendency1 and none the less sectarian because established and managed by the public authority of the ,state4 ,the ,state is practically ,protestant1 and all its institutions are managed almost exclusively by ,protestants4 ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,fordham1 or ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's1 in this city1 is not more exclusively ,catholic than ,columbia or ,union is exclusively ,protestant4 ,these latter are open to ,catholics1 but not more than the former are to ,protestants4 ,we count in the grants and donations to ,protestant institutions the whole amount raised by public tax1 together with that appropriated from the school fund of the ,state for the support of the public schools4 ,thus we claim that ,catholic charities and schools do not receive1 in grants and donations1 a tithe of what is honestly or justly their share--whether estimated according to their numbers or according to the amount of public taxes1 for sectarian charitable and educational purposes levied on them by the ,state and its municipalities4 ,how false and absurd1 then1 to pretend that this ,state specially favors our religion1 and treats us as a privileged class6 ,the writer in ,putnam is obliged to draw largely on his sectarian imagination for facts to render his statements at all plausible4 ,his pretended facts are in most cases no facts at all4 ,we wish his estimate of the value of the real estate owned by the church were true2 but he exaggerates hugely the amount1 and then says it is held1 for the most part1 in fee-simple1 by one or another of five ecclesiastics1 which shows how ill-informed he is4 #eha ,we subjoin the brief but spirited contradiction1 by the bishop of ,rochester1 of several of his misstatements4 ,to the ,editor of the ,rochester ,democrat3 ,in your paper1 of ,june #af1 appears an article with the caption1 ,our ,established ,church4' ,the article is based on one with the same title in ,putnam's ,magazine for ,july4 ,i do not wish to review the article in ,putnam1 but claim the privilege of correcting some of its misstatements4 ,i am one of the 'five ecclesiastics' in the ,state of ,new ,york holding property worth millions4 ,yet1 strange to say1 there is not to my knowledge one foot of land in the wide world in my name4 ,all the church societies in the diocese of ,rochester not organized as corporate bodies under the laws of the ,state of ,new ,york1 previous to my appointment as ,bishop of ,rochester1 have organized or are completing their organization under those laws4 ,so soon as these societies comply with the law of the ,state1 ,bishop ,loughlin1 of ,brooklyn1 will transfer to them1 by quit-claim deeds1 whatever property of theirs he inherited from the late ,bishop ,timon4 ,had ,i had ever so little desire to hold property in my name1 ,i might have held in fee-simple the lots on which ,i am building the bishop's house2 but ,i have placed the title in the name of ',st4 ,patrick's ,church ,society4' ,the other 'ecclesiastics' in the ,state of ,new ,york1 who have not already transferred the property which they held in fee-simple1 are engaged in making such transfer of the 'fifty millions' said to be held by them4 ,the chief trouble1 it seems to me1 is in the fact that the ,catholic ,church is allowed to hold property in any shape or form4 ,but the ,catholic ,church does hold property1 and she will continue to hold it to the end of the chapter1 and ',what do you propose to do about it8' ',the 7,catholic7 ,nursery and ,hospital on ,fifty-first street and ,lexington avenue1' is a ,protestant institution4 ,the new ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral stands on ground purchased by ,catholics about sixty years ago1 and ever since in their possession4 ,this fact spoils ,parton's compliment to the ,archbishop ,hughes's foresight1 and a nice bit of irony in ,putnam's ,magazine4 ,the ,catholics in ,new ,york ,city1 in #ahag1 opened an orphan asylum1 which they maintained1 without assistance from the city or ,state1 until some time after the year #ahdj1 when they received on a perpetual lease the block of ground between ,fourth and ,fifth avenues and ,fifty-first and ,fifty-second streets1 at that time of very little value4 ,on these lots they have erected two vast and magnificent buildings1 in which they support over a thousand children1 at an annual cost to them1 and not to the city or ,state1 of from #gj1jjj to #ij1jjj4 ,i make these corrections to show that the writer of the article in ,putnam is far astray in his facts4 ,there are many other objectionable statements in the article1 but a magazine contribution without a little spice in it would be tame and unreadable4 ,thus1 the allusion to the church trouble in ,auburn1 and the pretty play on the name of the church1 would lose their point if the history of that affair were properly understood4 ,catholics do not claim to have rights above any one else1 but they know they have equal rights with others4 ,they have no notion of their church ever becoming the ',established ,church1' and they are just as certain that no other church shall ever assume to be the ',established ,church' in the ,united ,states4 ,b4 ,j4 ,mc,quaid1 ,bishop of ,rochester4 ,this is conclusive as far as it goes4 ,we do not know the money value of our churches1 the sites and buildings of our schools1 colleges1 orphan asylums1 hospitals1 religious houses1 and academies2 but it is possible that in the five dioceses into which the ,state is ecclesiastically divided it may be half as much as the value of the real estate owned by ,trinity ,church in this city2 but be it more or be it less1 the property of the church has been bought and paid for1 so far as paid for at all1 with very slight exceptions1 by the voluntary offerings of the faithful1 and none of it has been obtained by the despoiling of ,protestant owners4 ,very little of it is due to public grants1 and the few lots leased us by the city at a nominal rent for a term of years1 though of great value now1 were of little value when leased4 #ehb ,nor have these lots in any case been leased for sites of churches1 but in all cases for purposes in which the city itself is no less deeply interested than the ,catholics themselves4 ,the grants to the reformatory for ,catholic boys1 though apparently large1 are measures of economy on the part of the city2 for we can manage reformatories and take care of our juvenile delinquents far more economically than the city or ,protestant institutions can4 ,the industrial school of the ,sisters of ,charity is a public benefit1 and the city and the ,state would save money were all their hospitals and asylums placed under the charge of these good sisters1 or of the kindred congregation of the ,sisters of ,mercy4 ,our hospitals1 again1 are as open to ,protestants as to ,catholics4 ,it is never a ,catholic practice to inquire what is a man's religion before rendering him assistance4 ,whoever needs our help1 whatever his religion1 is our neighbor4 ,the city has made donations1 as far as we are aware1 only to such ,catholic institutions as are established for really public objects1 and which in their operations save the city from what would otherwise be either a public nuisance or a public charge4 ,take the case of ,catholic orphan asylums4 ,the orphans they receive and provide for would otherwise be a charge on the city treasury4 ,take the institute of the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd4 ,it has for its object a noble charity1 that of rescuing and reforming fallen women4 ,these victims of vice and propagators of corruption1 received and cared for by the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd1 and generally restored to health1 virtue1 and usefulness1 would1 if not taken up by them1 fall into the hands of the correctional police1 and the city would have the expense of arresting1 punishing1 and providing for them in the house of correction1 the penitentiary1 or its hospitals4 ,catholic charity not only accomplishes a good object1 confers a public benefit1 but saves a heavy expense to the ,commissioners of ,public ,charities and ,correction4 ,it is only such ,catholic institutions as tend directly to promote a public good1 and to lighten the public expense1 that the city aids with its grants and donations4 ,it aids in the same way1 and to a far greater extent1 similar ,protestant institutions1 such as the ,house of the ,friendless1 the ,house of ,mercy1 the ,society for the ,protection of ,juvenile ,delinquents1 the ,christian's ,aid ,society1 the ,magdalen ,society1 the ,nursery and ,children's ,hospital1 etc41 for the most part1 institutions founded with an anti-,catholic intent4 ,the ,magazine asserts1 the ,state paid out1 in #ahff1 for benefactions under religious control1 #abi1jbe4di1 444 of which the trifling sum of #abd1agd4ad went to the religious purposes of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we have not been able to find a particle of proof of this1 and the mode of reckoning adopted by ,putnam is so false1 and its general inaccuracy is so great1 that1 in the absence of specific proof1 we must presume it to be untrue1 and made only for a sensational effect4 ,the writer in ,putnam seems to count as ,catholic such institutions and associations as the ,ladies' ,mission ,society1 ,the ,new ,york ,magdalen ,benevolent ,society1 ,ladies' ,union ,aid ,society1 ,nursery and ,children's ,hospital1 ,ladies' ,home ,missionary ,society1 ,five ,points ,gospel ,union ,mission1 ,five ,points ,house of ,industry1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 and we know not how many more1 all ,protestant1 and not a few of them designed1 under pretext of charity1 and by really rendering some physical relief to the poor and destitute1 to detach the ,catholic needy1 and especially ,catholic children1 from the church1 and yet all of them are beneficiaries of the ,state or city4 #ehc ,no institution supported1 even for proselyting purposes1 by a union of two or more evangelical sects1 is reckoned by ,putnam as ,protestant or sectarian4 ,we hold them to be thoroughly ,protestant1 and rabidly sectarian4 ,the sensational writer in ,putnam complains of the city for leasing to ,catholics valuable real estate1 at a nominal rent1 for a long term of years4 ,only one such lease1 that for the ,house of ,industry for the ,sisters of ,charity1 has been made in this city since #ahdg4 ,the site of ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral1 which he pretends is leased by the city1 at a rent of one dollar a year1 has been owned by ,catholics for over sixty years1 and was bought and paid for by them with their own money1 as the venerable ,bishop of ,rochester asserts4 ,the only other instance named1 that of the ,nursery and ,children's ,hospital1 ,fifty-first street and ,lexington avenue1 is a ,protestant1 not a ,catholic institution4 ,the writer should not take grants and donations made to ,protestants as grants and donations made to ,catholics4 ,between ,catholics and ,protestants there is a difference6 ,the writer's statement of the huge endowments the church will have1 at the rate the city and ,state are endowing her1 in #aiah1 we must leave to the consideration of the future ,putnams4 ,sufficient for the day is the evil thereof4 ,we will only say that the church has had1 thus far1 in this country1 no endowment1 and has no source of revenue but the unfailing charity of the faithful4 ,the magnificent revenues of our churches1 colleges1 hospitals1 asylums1 etc41 so dazzling to the writer in ,putnam1 are all in his eye4 ,we have not a single endowed church1 convent1 college1 school1 hospital1 or asylum in the ,union6 ,we do great things with small means1 and what to ,protestants would seem to be no means at all1 because ,he who is great is with us1 and because we rely on charity1 and charity never faileth4 ,we have sufficiently disposed of the property question1 and vindicated the ,state and city from the charge of undue favoritism to our church4 ,no charge can be more untrue or more unjust4 ,a few words on the common school question1 and we dismiss the article in ,putnam1 which has already detained us too long4 ,the writer in ,putnam attempts to be so ironical and so witty1 and so readily sacrifices sobriety and truth to point1 that he must excuse us from following him step by step in his account of our relation to the common schools4 ,we know well the common school system of this and other ,states4 ,we--we speak personally--received our early education in the public schools1 were for five years a common school teacher1 and for fifteen years had charge of the schools in the place of our residence1 as school committee-man4 ,we have not one word to say against them as schools for the children of those who are willing to secularize education4 ,we make no war on the system for non-,catholics4 ,if they wish the system for themselves1 we offer them no opposition4 ,indeed1 for those who hold the supremacy of the secular order1 and believe that every department of life should be secularized1 no better system can be devised4 ,we oppose it not when intended for them1 but only when intended for us and we are taxed to support it4 ,we hold the spiritual order superior to the secular1 and wish our children to be educated accordingly4 #ehd ,we hold that education1 or the instruction and training of children and youth1 is a function of the church1 a function which she cannot discharge except in schools exclusively under her management and control4 ,this education and training can be successfully given only in the ,catholic family and the ,catholic school4 ,in this country1 for reasons we need not stop to enumerate1 the ,catholic school is especially necessary4 ,we do not1 by any means1 oppose what is called secular learning1 and in no country where they have not been prevented by a hostile or anti-,catholic government1 have ,catholics failed to take the lead in all branches of secular learning and science4 ,all the great literary masterpieces of the world1 since the downfall of ,pagan ,rome1 are the productions either of ,catholics or of men who have received a ,catholic training4 ,few as we are1 and great as are the disadvantages under which we labor in this country1 ,catholics even here compare more than favorably1 at this moment1 in secular learning and science1 with non-,catholics4 ,the religious training they receive from the church1 the great catholic principles which she teaches them in the catechism and in all her services1 tend to quicken and purify the mind1 and to fit it to excel even in secular science and learning4 ,the ,catholic has the truth to start from1 and why should he not surpass all others8 ,no6 we do not oppose1 we favor secular learning and science2 but we oppose separating secular training from religious training1 and can never consent to the secularization of education4 ,here is where we and the present race of ,protestants differ4 ,it is because the common schools secularize1 and are intended by their chief supporters to secularize1 education and to make all life secular1 that we oppose them1 and refuse to send our children to them where we can possibly avoid it4 ,even if religious education is given elsewhere1 in the family or in the ,sunday-school1 the evil is only partially neutralized4 ,the separation of the secular from the religious tends to create a fearful dualism in both individual and social life1 to place the spiritual and the secular in the relation of antagonism1 each to the other1 which renders impracticable that concord between the two orders so necessary to the harmonious development of the individual life and the promotion of the well-being and progress of society4 ,we insist1 therefore1 on having our children and youth trained in schools under charge of the church1 that in them the spiritual and the secular may be harmonized as necessary parts of one dialectic whole4 ,such are our views and wishes1 and such our conscientious conviction of duty4 ,whether we are right or wrong1 is no question for the state or civil authority to settle4 ,the state has no competency in the matter4 ,it is bound to respect and protect every citizen in the free and full enjoyment of the freedom of his conscience4 ,we stand before the state on a footing of perfect equality with non-,catholics1 and have the same right to have our ,catholic conscience respected and protected1 that they have to have their non-,catholic and secularized conscience respected and protected4 ,we do not ask the state to impose our conscience on them1 or to compel them to adopt and follow our views of education2 but we deny its right to impose theirs on us1 or even to carry out their views of education in any degree at our expense4 ,the ,catholic conscience binds the state itself so far1 but only so far1 as ,catholics are concerned4 ,non-,catholics are the great majority of the population1 at least five to our one1 throughout the ,state1 and they have the power1 if they choose to exercise it1 to control the ,state and to deny us our equal rights2 but that does not alter the fact that we have equal rights1 and that the ,state is bound to respect and cause them to be respected4 #ehe ,the ,state no doubt is equally bound to respect and protect the equal rights of non-,catholics1 but no more than it is bound to respect and protect ours4 ,on this question of education1 we and non-,catholics no doubt stand at opposite poles4 ,we cannot accept their views1 and they will not accept ours4 ,between them and us there is no common ground on which we and they can meet and act in concert4 ,they feel it as keenly as we do4 ,now as the ,state owes equally respect and protection to both parties1 and has no right to attempt to force either to conform to the views of the other1 its only just and honest course is to abandon the policy of trying to bring both together in a system of common schools4 ,catholic and non-,catholic education cannot be carried on in common4 ,in purely secular matters1 ,catholics and ,protestants can act in common1 as one people1 one community2 but in any question that involves the spiritual relations and duties of men1 we and they are two communities1 and cannot act in concert2 and as both are equal before the ,state1 it can compel neither to give way to the other4 ,this may or may not be a disadvantage2 but it is a fact1 and must by all parties be accepted as such4 ,the solution of the problem would present no difficulty1 were the non-,catholics as willing to recognize our rights as we are to recognize theirs4 ,they support secular schools1 and wish to compel us to send our children to them1 because they hope thus to secularize the minds of our children--enlighten them1 they say2 darken them1 we say--and detach them from the church1 or1 at least1 so emasculate their ,catholicity that it will differ only in name from ,protestantism4 ,they regard common schools1 in which secular learning is diverted from religious instruction and training1 as a most cunningly devised engine for the destruction of the church2 and therefore they insist on it with all the energy of their souls1 and the strength of their hatred of ,catholicity4 ,it gives them the forming of the character of the children of ,catholics1 and thus in an indirect way makes the ,state an accomplice in their proselyting schemes4 ,here arises all the difficulty in the case4 ,but1 whether they are right or wrong in their calculations1 the ,state has no more right to aid them against us1 than it has to aid us against them4 ,if it will1 as it is bound to do1 respect and protect the rights of conscience1 or real religious liberty1 the only solid basis of civil liberty1 it must do as the continental governments of ,europe do1 and divide the public schools into two classes2 the one for ,catholics1 and the other for non-,catholics2 that is1 adopt the system of denominational schools1 or1 rather1 as we would say1 ,catholic schools--under the management and control of the church--for ,catholics1 and secular schools--under its own management and control1--for the rest of the community4 ,let the system stand as it is for non-,catholics1 by whatever name they may be called1 and let the ,state appropriate to ,catholics1 for the support of schools approved by their church1 their proportion of the school fund1 and of the money raised by public tax for the support of public schools1 simply reserving to itself the right1 through the courts1 to see that the sums received are honestly applied to the purposes for which they are appropriated4 #ehf ,the ,state may1 if it insists1 fix the minimum of secular instruction to be given1 and withhold all or a portion of the public moneys from all ,catholic schools that do not come up to it4 ,this1 if the ,state1 for public reasons1 insists on universal education1 is the best way of solving the difficulty1 without violence to the equal rights of either ,catholics or non-,catholics4 ,the ,state would thus respect all consciences1 and at the same time secure the education of all the children of the land1 which is1 no doubt1 a public desideratum4 ,another way would be1 to exempt ,catholics from the tax levied for the support of the public schools1 and give to the schools they maintain their proportion of the school fund held in trust by the ,state1 and leave ,catholics to establish and manage schools for their own children in their own way1 under the supervision and control of the church4 ,either way of solving the difficulty would answer our purpose1 and we venture to say that one or the other method of dealing with the public school question will ere long have to be adopted1 whatever the opposition excited4 ,the ,american sense of justice already begins to revolt at the manifest wrong of taxing us to support schools from which our conscience will not permit us to derive any benefit4 ,at present1 we pay our quota to the support of the public schools1 which we cannot with a good conscience use1 and are obliged to support our own schools in addition4 ,this is grossly unjust1 and in direct violation of the equal rights guaranteed us by the constitution1 and the religious liberty which is the loud boast of the country4 ,the subsidies granted to some of our parochial schools in this city are an attempt1 and an honorable attempt1 to mitigate the injustice which is done us by the common school system4 ,but the sums appropriated1 as considerable as they may seem1 are far below the sums collected from us1 for the support of the public schools4 ,the principle on which the common school system is founded is1 that the wealth of the ,state should educate the children of the ,state4 ,one third1 at least1 of the children of this city1 are the children of ,catholic parents1 and belong to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the sum appropriated for the public schools in this city1 the present year1 is1 if we are correctly informed1 something over three millions of dollars1 and ,catholics are entitled to one third of it1 or to one million of dollars4 ,they do not receive for their schools even a third of one million--even according to the most exaggerated statements of ,putnam's ,magazine and the sectarian press--and nothing like the amount of the public school tax which they are compelled to pay2 yet it is pretended that ours is the established church1 and that ,catholics are specially favored by the ,state and city6 ,we ask no favors1 but we demand justice1 and that our equal rights with non-,catholic citizens be respected1 and protected4 ,there are other points1 in ,putnam1 that we should like to notice--points which are intended1 and not unfitted1 to tell on the minds of ignorant anti-,catholic bigots and fanatics2 but our space1 as well as our patience1 is exhausted4 ,the writer is worthy of no confidence in any of his statements4 ,he proves effectually that it is untrue that figures cannot lie2 for under his manipulation they not only lie1 but lie hugely4 ,even the anti-,catholic ,nation has rebuked him for his levity1 and he has even disgusted all fair-minded and moderate ,protestants4 ,he has quite overshot his mark4 ,but be that as it may1 we have confidence in the justice and right sense of the great body of our countrymen and fellow-citizens1 and we do not believe1 however much they dislike the church1 that they will persevere in a course manifestly unjust to ,catholics1 and repugnant to the first principles of ,american liberty1 after becoming once aware of its bad character4 #ehg ,as to the subsidies granted by the ,legislature to ,catholic charitable and educational institutions1 they have been far less than are due--as the ,hon4 ,john ,e4 ,devlin justly remarked in the ,convention1 not ten per cent of the amount granted4 ,and it has been no crime on our part to accept what has been offered us2 for we have received and accepted them only for purposes of public utility and common humanity4 ,nor are we responsible for the action of the ,state ,legislature2 for it is composed chiefly of non-,catholics1 and by a large majority elected by non-,catholics4 ,catholics are by no means the majority of electors in the ,state4 ,we institute no inquiry into the motives that have influenced the members of the ,legislature2 we never assign bad or sinister motives1 when good and proper motives are at hand4 ,we presume the motive has been a sense of justice toward a large and growing class of the community1 whose rights have for a long time been trampled on or disregarded4 ,to condemn them1 is not at all creditable to the rabid ,protestant press1 and1 in our judgment1 is very bad policy4 ,however it may be with the ,protestant leaders1 the majority of the ,american people are sincerely and earnestly attached to the ,american doctrine of equal rights1 and will no more consent to its manifest violation in the case of ,catholics than of non-,catholics4 ---------- ,mark ,,iv4 ,why are ye afraid1 ,o ye of little faith8 ,as if the storm meant ,him2 ,or'cause ,heaven's face is dim1 ,his needs a cloud4 ,was ever froward wind ,that could be so unkind1 ,or wave so proud8 ,the wind had need be angry1 and the water black1 ,that to the mighty ,neptune's self dare threaten wrack4 ,there is no storm but this ,of your own cowardice ,that braves you out3 ,you are the storm that mocks ,yourselves2 you are the rocks ,of your own doubt4 ,besides this fear of danger there's no danger here1 ,and he that here fears danger does deserve his fear4 ,crashaw4 ------- #ehh ,daybreak4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,so ,as ,by ,fire4 ,when spring came again1 the letters from ,mr4 ,granger were less frequent1 and as weather and work grew warmer1 the family had to content themselves with a few lines at irregular and sometimes long intervals4 ,they were not to be anxious1 he wrote1 even if they should not hear from him for several weeks4 ,as the newspapers and the speech-makers had it1 we were making history every day1 and he must write his little paragraph with the rest4 ,it took both hands to wield the pen1 and he must have a care to make no blots4 ,which was a roundabout way of saying that his military duties required all his time4 ,they must remember that no news is good news1 and try to possess their souls in patience4 ,on his next furlough he would ,shoulder his crutch1 and tell how fields were won1 or lost2 but till then a hasty scrawl must suffice4 ,he thought of them whenever he lay down to rest2 and sometimes1 when he was in the midst of the hurry and noise of battle1 he would catch a flitting vision of the peaceful fireside where friends sat and thought of him4 ,that home was to him like the headland beacon to the mariner far away on the rough horizon1 and threw its point of tender light on every dark event that surged about him4 ,i shall be there before long4 ,meantime1 good-by1 and don't worry4 ,from ,mr4 ,southard they had heard less frequently1 and less at length4 ,his monthly letters to his congregation were usually accompanied by a few lines addressed to ,mr4 or ,mrs4 ,lewis1 telling them in rather formal fashion where he was1 and as little as possible of what he was doing4 ,at present1 the regiment of which he was chaplain still had their quarters at ,new ,orleans4 ,i am afraid he thinks that we don't care much to hear from him1 ,margaret said1 the three ladies sitting together1 and talking the matter over4 ,suppose we all write just as freely as we do to ,mr4 ,granger8 ,we can tell him all the little household events1 and how his chair and his place at the table are still called his1 and kept for him4 ,i think he would be pleased1 don't you1 ,aura8 ,i do4 ,it isn't a wonder that he writes formally to us when he gets such ceremonious answers4 ,to complain of cold replies to cold letters is like the wolf accusing the lamb of muddying the brook1 retorted ,mrs4 ,lewis4 ,i shall waste none of my sweetness on the desert air1 and you will be a pair of simpletons if you do4 ,we might expend ourselves in those gushing epistles to him1 and after a month or two we should probably get about three lines apiece in return1 each line cooler than the last1 and not an intimation that he wasn't bored4 ,but ,i think he would be pleased1 repeated ,margaret doubtfully1 beginning to waver4 ,what right or reason have you to think so when he never says that he is8 ,mrs4 ,lewis persisted4 ,for my part1 ,i think that friendship is worthy of acknowledgment from king or kaiser--that is1 if he wants it2 and if ,mr4 ,southard isn't an iceberg1 then he is a very selfish and arrogant man1 that's all4 #ehi ,you may do as you like4 ,but ,i shall never again try to get a sunbeam out of that cucumber4 ,i have spoken4 ,the entrance of ,mr4 ,lewis put an end to their discussion4 ,he came in with a very cross face4 ,here ,i've got to start for ,baltimore1 with the thermometer at eighty degrees1 and the ,confederates swarming up the ,shenandoah by tens of thousands1 and ready to pounce on anybody south of ,new ,york6' ,why have ,i got to go8' ,why1 my agent is on the point of absconding with the rents1 and the insurance policies on my houses are out1 and ,i can't renew them in ,boston or ,new ,york for love or money2 and if things are not seen to there1 we shall be beggars4 ,you needn't laugh1 madam6 ,it's no joke4 ,i've just seen a man straight from ,baltimore1 and he says that rascal is all but ready to start on a ,european tour with my money in his pocket4 ,i shall get a sunstroke1 or have an apoplexy2 ,i know ,i shall4 ,a cabbage-leaf in your hat might prevent the sunstroke1 his wife said serenely4 ,as to the apoplexy1 ,i am not so safe about that1 if you keep on at this rate4 ,when do you start8 ,to-night2 and now it is two o'clock4 ,the rails may be ripped up at any hour4 ,you see now1 ,mrs4 ,lewis1 the disadvantage of living in one town and having your property in another4 ,you would come to ,boston4 ,nothing else would suit you4 ,and the consequence is1 that ,i've got to go posting down to ,baltimore in ,july1 to collect my rents4 ,mrs4 ,lewis laughed merrily4 ',the woman whom thou gavest me'--that's the way1 from ,adam down4 ,who would think1 girls1 that this is the very first intimation ,i ever had that ,mr4 ,lewis would rather live in ,baltimore than ,boston6 ,but1 bless me6 ,i must see to his valise1 and have an early dinner4 ,as for the raid panic1 ,i will risk you4 ,i don't believe there's much the matter4 ,margaret had been looking steadily at ,mr4 ,lewis ever since he began speaking4 ,she said not a word while the others exclaimed and questioned1 and finally went out to prepare for his journey2 but some sharp work was going on in her mind1 an electric crystallization of vague and floating impressions1 impulses1 and thoughts into resolve4 ,it had been weeks since they heard from ,mr4 ,granger4 ,she had not been very much troubled about it--had1 indeed1 wondered that she felt so little anxiety2 but her quietude was by no means indifference or security4 ,she could not have defined her own feelings4 ,for the last week she had not uttered his name1 had shrunk with an unaccountable reluctance from doing so1 and1 worse yet1 had found it impossible to pray for him4 ,her other prayers she said as usual2 but when she would have prayed for his safe return1 the words died upon her lips4 ,she was neither excited nor distressed2 she was1 perhaps1 more calm than usual4 ,her hands were folded1 her face upraised1 she had placed herself in the presence of ,god2 but if a hand had been laid upon her lips she could not have been more mute4 ,a physical weakness seemed to deprive her of the power of speech4 ,this was not once1 but again1 and yet again4 ,margaret had the most absolute faith in the power of prayer4 ,she believed that we may sometimes obtain what we had better not have1 ,god giving for his word's sake to those who will not be denied1 but chastening the petitioner for his lack of submission by means of the very gift he grants #eij ,she had said to herself1 ,if a sword were raised to strike one ,i love1 it could not fall while ,i prayed4 ,he has promised1 and ,i believe4 ,but now1 if the sword hung there indeed1 she could utter no word to stay its falling4 ,she felt herself forbidden1 bound by a restraint she could not throw off4 ,well1 ,margaret1 ,mr4 ,lewis said at length1 what are you thinking of8 ,you look as if your brain were a galvanic battery in full operation1 sending messages in every direction at once4 ,the sparks have been coming out of your eyes for the last five minutes4 ,the crystallizing process was over1 and her resolution lay there in her mind as bright and hard as though it were the work of years4 ,i'm going to ,washington1 she said4 ,i have been thinking of it this week4 ,i will go with you tonight1 if you please4 ,of course there were wonderments1 and questions1 and objections4 ,according to all the canons of propriety1 it was highly improper for a lady to go ,south under the existing state of things1 unless there were bitter need4 ,it was warm1 and it was hard travelling night and day1 as he would have to do4 ,he would like to have her company1 of course1 but he didn't see-- ,no matter about your seeing1 interrupted ,miss ,hamilton1 rising4 ,if you won't have me with you1 ,i'll go alone4 ,please don't say any more4 ,cannot you understand1 ,mr4 ,lewis1 that there are times when trivial objections and opposition may be very irritating8 ,we will not discuss canons of propriety just now4 ,i have something of more consequence to attend to4 ,well1 don't be cross1 he said good-naturedly4 ,i won't say another word4 ,if you can stand the journey1 ,i shall be glad to have you go4 ,but you will have to be quicker in getting your traps ready than my wife and ,aurelia ever are4 ,i can be ready in fifteen minutes to go anywhere1 was the reply4 ,now ,i will go tell ,mrs4 ,lewis4 ,mrs4 ,lewis saw at a glance that opposition was useless4 ,moreover1 she was one of those persons who can allow for exceptional cases1 and distinguish between rashness and inspiration4 ,i know it seems odd1 ,margaret said to her2 but ,i must go4 ,i feel impelled4 ,i would go if ,i had to walk4 ,you will be good1 and take my part1 won't you8 ,don't tell anybody where ,i have gone--nobody has any right to know--and take care of my little ,dora4 ,i'm going up to the ,state ,house now1 but will be back by the time dinner is ready4 ,i wouldn't venture to stop her if ,i could1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said4 ,margaret is not given to flying off on tangents1 and this start may mean something4 ,she has perception at every pore of her4 ,in the messenger's room at the ,state ,house a score of persons were in waiting4 ,i would like to see the governor a few minutes1 ,margaret said4 ,you will have to wait your turn1 ma'am1 answered a very authoritative individual4 ,the gov'ner's tremendously busy--overwhelmed with work--hasn't had time to get his dinner yet4 ,just sit down and wait1 and ,i will let him know as soon as there is a chance4 ,if you tell me your business1 ,i might mention it to him4 ,thank you6 ,which is his room8 ,he pointed to a door4 ,but you can't go in now4 ,i'll tell him presently1 if you give me your name4 #eia ,with the most sublime disregard for formalities1 ,miss ,hamilton walked straight toward the door indicated4 ,but ,i tell you you can't go in there1 said the messenger angrily1 attempting to stop her4 ,for answer1 she opened the door1 and walked into the room where the governor sat at a table1 with a secretary at each side of him4 ,he looked up with a frown on seeing a visitor enter unannounced1 but rose immediately as he recognized her4 ,that's right4 ,i'm glad you did not wait1 he said4 ,then as she glanced at his companions1 added1 ,come in here1 and led her through a small ante-room where two young ladies sat waiting1 and into the vacant council-chamber4 ,i will detain you but a minute1 she said hastily4 ,i am going to start for ,washington to-night1 and ,i want to visit the hospitals there4 ,will you give me a letter to some one who will get me permission8 ,i am not sure that ,i shall find an acquaintance in the city at this season1 except the family to whose house ,i shall go1 and they are people of no influence4 ,besides1 ,i do not wish to have any delay6 ,certainly2 with pleasure6 ,i will give you letters that will take you through everything without a question4 ,but what in the world are you going there now for8 ,it is hardly safe4 ,my autograph will stand a pretty good chance of falling into the hands of ,mosby4 ,i am uneasy about ,mr4 ,granger1 she replied directly4 ,we haven't heard from him for weeks1 and ,i must know if there is anything the matter4 ,he has been a good friend to me4 ,he saved my life once1 and ,i owe him everything4 ,we are only friends1 you know2 but that word means something with me4 ,do you think there is any impropriety in my going8 ,mr4 ,lewis goes with me as far as ,baltimore4 ,not the least impropriety in life1 was the prompt reply4 ,i won't say a word against your going4 ,i always think that when any person1 man or woman1 gets that raised look that ,i see in your face1 slow coaches had better roll off the track4 ,come1 now1 and ,i'll write your letters4 ,you are worth a million times your weight in gold6 ,margaret exclaimed4 ,you are one of the few persons who don't carry a wet blanket about in readiness to extinguish people4 ,i cannot tell how ,i thank you6 ,the gentleman laughed4 ,rather an extravagant valuation1 considering the present percentage1 and my pounds avoirdupois4 ,as for wet blankets1 ,i never did much believe in 'em4 ,while the governor wrote1 ,margaret stood at his elbow and watched the extraordinary characters that grew to life beneath his pen4 ,are you sure they will understand what those mean8 she asked timidly4 ,they will know the signature1 he replied1 making a dab over a letter1 to indicate that an i was somewhere in the vicinity4 ,you can use them as cartes--well--noires1 ,i suppose1 on the strength of which you are to ask anything you please4 ,choate and ,i--here a polysyllable was dashed across the whole sheet--had a vocation for lettering tea-boxes1 you know4 ,there6 now you had better use either of these first1 if it is just as convenient1 and keep ,mr4 ,lincoln's till the last4 ,but aren't you afraid of being stopped on the way8 ,everything is in a heap down there4 ,so ,i hear2 but ,i feel as if we shall get through4 ,don't mention to any one about my going1 will you8 she whispered1 as they went to the door4 #eib ,he laughed4 ,to nobody but the council4 ,good-bye4 ,good luck to you6 ,an hour later she saw the city slowly disappearing as the cars rolled out over the new lands4 ,mr4 ,lewis settled himself comfortably in his seat4 ,and now for ,maryland1 my ,maryland6 ,by ,george6 he exclaimed presently1 putting his hand into his pocket1 here is a letter from ,mr4 ,southard4 ,it will serve to amuse us2 but ,i am sorry that the others hadn't seen it4 ,he opened the letter1 and they read it together4 ,mr4 ,southard had been ill1 he wrote1 and was yet only able to dawdle about the wards of the hospital and gossip with the patients4 ,he had been offered private quarters1 but had preferred a hospital4 ,it chanced that the ,sisters of ,charity had charge of the one to which he was sent1 and they had given him the best of care4 ,that was the gist of the letter4 ,how will that read to his congregation1 ,i wonder8 ,margaret said4 ,i fancy they won't half like it4 ,perhaps not4 ,but ,i call that a good letter4 ,it is the best we have had2 not a word of religion1 from first to last4 ,but it breathes the very spirit of charity1 was the quick reply4 ,how gently he mentions every one6 ,not a hard word even for the enemy6 ,mr4 ,lewis deliberately folded the letter4 ,i dare say2 and that is the kind of religion ,i like4 ,when ,i hear a man continually calling on ,god to witness everything he says and does1 ,i always think that he stands terribly in need of a backer4 ,they reached ,new ,york the next morning1 and learned there that the panic was increasing rather than diminishing4 ,the track was yet open1 but no one went ,south who had not pressing business4 ,what do you say1 ,maggie8 asked ,mr4 ,lewis4 ,on to ,richmond1 eh8 ,do let us go6 she begged1 her impatience growing with every obstacle4 ,on it is1 then4 ,i like your pluck4 ,i should think that the lady would rather wait1 the conductor suggested4 ,wait1 sir8 said ,mr4 ,lewis bluffly4 ,by no means6 ,don't trouble yourself4 ,she isn't one of the squealing sort4 ,very well1 the man replied doubtfully4 ,but we shall go pretty fast4 ,margaret's heavy eyes brightened4 ,that is what ,i want4 ,you cannot go too fast for me4 ,on they went again with steadily increasing speed1 reaching ,philadelphia ahead of time4 ,there fresh news of disaster awaited them4 ,on then to ,baltimore1 where they found the citizens arming1 and every one full of excitement4 ,i must and will go through6 ,margaret said passionately1 seeing ,mr4 ,lewis about to expostulate4 ,he resumed his seat4 ,then ,i shall go with you4 ,they stopped only long enough to be assured that communication with ,washington was still open1 then started on the last stage of their journey1 keeping a sharp lookout1 since it was not impossible that at almost any moment they might be saluted by a volley of musketry1 or thrown headlong over an unseen hiatus in the rail4 #eic ,seems to me we are getting over the ground at a tearing pace1 remarked one of the passengers in a lazy drawl4 ,for my part1 ,i don't know but ,i'd as lief stand my chance of a minie-ball as run the risk of being knocked into railroad-pi4 ,a slug is a neat thing2 but these smash-ups are likely to injure a fellow's personal appearance4 ,there they are6 exclaimed an other1 who had been watching through a glass ever since they left ,baltimore4 ,i should guess that there's only a score of cavalry2 but they may have more behind4 ,do you see8 ,just over the hill4 ,it's a pretty even thing which of us reaches the crossing first4 ,not above a mile ahead1 is it8 ,he of the drawl1 a cavalry captain1 turned to ,margaret4 ,do you object to fire-arms1 ma'am8 he asked1 in much the same tone of voice he would have used in asking if she objected to cigar-smoke4 ,not when there is need of them1 she replied4 ,he pulled a beautiful silver-mounted revolver out of his pocket1 and carefully examined the barrels4 ,this has been like a father to me1 he said with great tenderness4 ,it's all the family ,i have4 ,the barrels ,i call my six little sisters4 ,each one has a name4 ,they've got pretty sharp tongues1 but ,i like the sound of 'em2 and they always speak to the point4 ,jennie is my favorite--see6 her name is engraven1 with the date--ever since she helped me out of a hobble at ,ball's ,bluff4 ,i was playing cat and mouse with a fellow there1 he with his rifle aimed1 waiting to get a shot at something besides my boot or the end of my beard1 and ,i hanging on the off-side of my horse1 clinging to saddle and mane4 ,i was brought up on horseback1 and have spent a good part of my time scouring over the ,southwest1 ,missouri1 ,texas1 and thereabouts2 but of course ,i couldn't hang there for ever4 ,well1 just as ,i was thinking that ,i should have to drop1 or straighten up and take my slug like a man1 ,i managed to spare a finger and thumb1 and got ,paterfamilias here out of my belt4 ,where can one better be than in the bosom of his family8 says ,i4 ,i didn't hurt the fellow much2 ,i didn't mean to4 ,when two men have been dodging and watching that way for some time1 they get to have quite an affection for each other4 ,i spoilt his aim1 though2 and ,i fancy that he will never be a very good writer any more4 ,aren't you sorry now that you came8 ,mr4 ,lewis asked ,margaret4 ,no1 she said brightly2 ,i feel as though we shall get through4 ,a new spirit was beginning to stir in her veins4 ,the speed of the cars was of itself exciting--those long strides at the full stretch of the iron racer1 when the wheels1 instead of measuring the track with a steady roll1 rise up and drop again with a sharp click1 as regular as verse2 not that cantering line of ,virgil's1 ,quadrupedante and the rest1 but a hard1 iambic gallop4 ,besides this1 the sense of danger and power combined was intoxicating4 ,for1 after all1 danger is intolerable only when we have nothing to oppose to it4 ,there had been trees and rocks1 but they were changed to a buzz1 the road became a dizziness1 and the whole landscape swam4 ,there was something near the track that looked about as much like horsemen as the shadow of the same would look in broken1 swift-running water2 a few shots were heard1 there was a little rattle of shivered glass2 then all the men broke into a shout4 ,did you hear ,jennie smile8 asked the captain1 as he put ,paterfamilias carefully into his belt again4 #eid ,margaret laughed with delight1 and gave her handkerchief a little flutter out the window4 ,i can guess how chain-lightning feels1 she said2 only it can't go on minutes and minutes4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,the ,court ,of ,the ,king4 ,after their little adventure1 our travellers rode triumphantly into ,washington1 and ,miss ,hamilton found her friends glad to receive her the more so that she came as a boarder1 and their house was nearly empty4 ,the ,blacks had1 in their younger days1 been humble followers of ,doctor ,hamilton2 and though their acquaintance with ,margaret was slight1 as they felt a kind of duty toward all the connection1 they were proud to receive her4 ,i am anxious about friends whom ,i have not heard from for some time1 she explained2 and ,i have come here to look round a little4 ,who do you know in the army8 ,mrs4 ,black inquired1 not too delicately1 considering the reserve with which her visitor had spoken4 ,miss ,hamilton was not learned in the slippery art of evasion4 ,she simply ignored the question4 ,i am exhausted1 she said4 ,of course ,i did not sleep any last night2 and the ride has been fatiguing4 ,i have but one desire1 and that is to rest4 ,can you show me to my room at once8 ,i feel as though ,i should drop asleep as soon as my head touches the pillow4 ,when ,i do sleep1 please don't wake me4 ,when she lay down to rest the afternoon sun was gilding the trees in the square opposite1 flaring on the long white-washed walls of the hospital in their midst1 and brightening momentarily the pale faces pressed close to the window-bars of the jail beyond4 ,when she woke from the deep and dreamless sleep that seemed to have almost drawn the breath from her lips1 it was night4 ,some one had set a star of gas burning in her room1 and left a plate of cake and a glass of wine on the stand at her bedside4 ,margaret raised herself like one who has been nearly drowned and still catches for breath1 gathered her benumbed faculties and recollected where she was4 ,all was quiet within the house2 and without there was stillness of another sort1 a silence that was living and aware1 a sense as of thousands waking and watching4 ,now and then there came from the hospital across the street some voice of a sleepless sufferer1 the long1 low moan of almost exhausted endurance1 the broken cry of delirium1 or the hoarse gasp of pneumonia4 ,after a while these sounds became deadened1 and finally lost in another that rose gradually1 deepening like the roll of the sea heard at night4 ,margaret went to her window and leaned out4 ,the sultry air was heavily-laden with fragrance from the flower-gardens around1 and in the sky the large stars trembled like over-full drops of a golden shower descending through the ambient purple dusk4 ,that sea-roll grew nearer as she listened1 and became the measured tramp of men4 ,soon they appeared out of the darkness at the left1 marching steadily line after line1 and company after company1 to disappear into darkness at the right4 ,they moved like shadows1 save for that multitudinous muffled tread1 and save that1 at certain points1 a street-light would flash along a line of rifle-barrels1 or catch in a flitting sparkle on a spur or shoulder-strap4 ,then1 like a dream1 they were gone2 darkness and distance had swallowed them up from sight and hearing2 and again there was that strange1 live stillness1 broken only by the complaining voices of the sick4 #eie ,as ,margaret looked1 the dim light in one of the hospital-wards flared up suddenly and showed three men standing by a bed near one of the windows4 ,they lifted the rigid form that lay there1 and placed it on a stretcher2 two of the men bore it out1 and the light was lowered again1 ,after a little while the men appeared outside bearing that white and silent length between them1 through the dew and the starlight1 and were lost from sight behind the trees4 ,when they returned1 they walked side by side2 and what they had carried out they brought not back again4 ,the watcher's heart sent out a cry3 ,o ,father in heaven6 see how thy creatures suffer4 ,in the excitement of the last part of her journey1 and the exhaustion following it1 she had almost forgotten her object in coming2 but this sight brought it all back4 ,she remembered1 too1 that she had been dropping into the old way of taking all the burden on her own shoulders2 and even in crying out for pain1 she recollected the way of comfort4 ,how sweet the restfulness of that recollection6 ,as though a child1 wandering from home1 lost1 weary1 and terrified1 should all at once see the hearth-light shining before him1 and hear the dear familiar voices calling his name4 ,she thought over the lessons learned during that blessed retreat1 that ,mecca toward which henceforth her thoughts would journey whenever her soul grew faint by the way4 ,the half-forgotten trust came back4 ,who but ,he who had set the tangles of this great labyrinth could lead the way out of it8 ,who but ,he whose hand had strung the chords of every human heart could ease their straining1 and bring back harmony to discord8 ,where but with ,him1 the centre of all being1 could we look for those who are lost to us on earth8 ,when1 long after sunrise1 ,mrs4 ,black entered her visitor's chamber1 she found ,margaret kneeling by the window1 fast asleep1 with her head resting on the sill4 ,there was plenty of news and excitement that morning4 ,all communication with the ,north was cut off1 the ,president and his family had come rushing in at midnight from their country-seat1 and there was fighting going on only a few miles out of town4 ,it was altogether probable that the ,confederates would be in the city before night4 ,mrs4 ,black told all this with such an air of satisfaction in the midst of her terror that ,margaret made some allowance for embellishment in the story4 ,evidently the good woman enjoyed a panic1 and was willing to be frightened to the very verge of endurance for the sake of having it to tell of afterward4 ,she went about in a sort of delighted agony1 gathering up her spoons and forks1 and giving little shrieks at the least unusual sound4 ,if they should bombard the city1 my dear1 she said1 we can go down cellar4 ,i have an excellent cellar4 ,it is almost certain that they will come4 ,we must be in a strait when the treasury-clerks come out4 ,and such a sight6 ,they passed here just before ,i went up to call you1 all in their shirt-sleeves1 and looking no more like soldiers1 dear1 than ,i do this minute4 ,half of them carried their rifles over the wrong shoulder1 and seemed scared to death lest they should go off4 ,and no wonder2 for the way the barrels slanted was enough to make you smile1 even if there were a bomb-shell whizzing past your nose4 #eif ,the muzzles looked all ways for ,sunday1 so to speak4 ,there were little boys with them1 too4 ,i don't see where their pas and mas were1 if they've got any4 ,it's a sin and shame4 ,do eat some more breakfast1 pray6 ,you may as well have a full stomach2 for if we should be obliged to hide in the cellar1 we might not dare come up to get a mouthful for twenty-four hours4 ,i do hope it won't be a long siege4 ,if they've got to come in1 let'em come4 ,i'm sure they would be too much of gentlemen to molest a houseful of defenceless females4 ,as for poor ,mr4 ,black1 he doesn't count4 ,though he is my husband1 ,i have seen braver men1 not to speak of women4 ,i had to threaten him1 this morning1 within an inch of his life1 to prevent him from running a ,confederate flag out of the window4 ,he keeps one in his trunk1 in case it should be needed4 ,he declared he heard firing in the avenue4 ,bless me6 ,what is that8 ,one of the servants has broken a dish4 ,the destructive minxes6 ,but where are you going1 dear8 ,over to the hospital8 ,oh6 they don't admit visitors on ,sunday4 ,even on week-days you can't get in till after the surgeons have gone their rounds1 and that is never before ten o'clock4 ,it is military rule1 you know2 as regular as clock-work4 ,it won't come ten till sixty minutes after nine o'clock1 not if you perish4 ,the first time ,i went in there1 the soldier on guard came near running me through with his bayonet1 just because ,i didn't walk in a certain particular road4 ,i tried to reason with him2 but you might as well reason with stocks and stones4 ,there was the man in the middle of the road1 and there was the point of his bayonet within an inch of my stomacher2 and the upshot of the matter was1 that ,i had to turn about and walk in a straight road instead of a curved one1 for no earthly reason that ,i could see4 ,you really cannot get in to-day4 ,wait till to-morrow1 and ,i will go over with you4 ,margaret smoothed on her gloves4 ,mrs4 ,black1 she said1 did you ever hear of the man who said that whenever he saw ',positively no admittance' posted up anywhere1 he always went in there directly8 ,well1 the lady sighed1 ,i can't say but you may get in4 ,you are your grandfather's granddaughter1 and he never said fail4 ,only1 be sure you look your best4 ,you remember the song your mother used to sing about the chief who offered a boatman a silver pound to row him and his bride across the stormy ferry2 and the ,highland laddie said he would1 not for the 'siller bright1' but for the 'winsome lady4' ,many's the time ,i cried to hear your poor mother sing that1 and how they all perished in the storm1 and the father they were running away from stood on the shore lamenting4 ,your grandfather would wipe his eyes on the sly1 and wait till she had finished every word of it2 and then he would speak up and say that she had better be singing the praises of ,god4 ,may be the officers over there will be like the ,highland boatman1 and do for you what they would n't do for an ugly old woman like me4 ,margaret closed her ears to that piercing sentence1 the song your mother used to sing --,o silent lips6--and going out1 crossed over to the hospital4 ,as she turned into a curved road that approached the door1 a soldier pacing there presented his bayonet1 probably the same one that had threatened ,mrs4 ,black's plaited linen stomacher4 ,you must go the other way1 he said with military brevity4 #eig ,the smaller the warrior1 the greater the martinet4 ,doubtless this young man regarded his present adversary with far more fierceness than he would have shown toward a six-foot ,texan grey coat1 with a belt bristling with armor1 and two eyes like two blades4 ,margaret retreated with precipitance1 hiding a smile1 and took the other road4 ,your pass1 ma'am1 said a second soldier at the step4 ,i haven't any1 she said pitifully1 and looked with appealing eyes at an officer just inside the door4 ,he came out immediately4 ,what is your pleasure1 madam8 he asked1 touching his hat4 ,she told her errand briefly1 and handed him the letters she had brought4 ,mrs4 ,black had not overrated the power of the winsome lady4 ,the surgeon in charge1 for this was he1 merely glanced over the letters to learn the bearer's name and ,state4 ,he had already found her face1 voice1 and gloves such as should1 in his opinion1 be admitted anywhere and at all times4 ,please come in1 he said courteously4 ,it is almost inspection time now1 and ,i must be on duty4 ,but if you will wait in my office a little while1 ,i shall be happy to escort you through the wards4 ,thank you6 ,but cannot ,i go now1 by myself8 said ,margaret4 ,he drew himself up stiffly1 in high dudgeon at the little value she set on his escort4 ,certainly6 ,you can do just as you please4 ,she thanked him again1 and went up the hall1 utterly unconscious that she had been greatly honored4 ,the hall was very long1 so long that the door at the furthest end looked as though only a child could go through without stooping1 and the wards were built out to right and left4 ,she visited every one1 walking up and down the rows of beds1 her eager glance flashing from face to face4 ,there was no face there that she had ever seen before4 ,with a faint voice she asked for the names of those who had lately died4 ,the names were as strange as the faces4 ,finally she sat down in one of the wards to rest4 ,the inside of the hospital was altogether less gloomy than the outside had appeared4 ,they were in a bustle of preparation for inspection1 putting clean white covers on the beds and the stands1 regulating the medicine-table and the book-shelves1 squaring everything1 looking out that the convalescents were in trim1 belt-buckles polished1 shoes bright1 hair smooth1 jackets buttoned up to the chin4 ,the ward looked fresh and cheerful4 ,the white walls were festooned with evergreen1 green curtains shaded the windows1 and the floor was as white as a daily scouring could make it4 ,nearly half of the patients were dressed1 and eagerly talking over the news2 and even the sickest there looked on with interest1 and brightened occasionally4 ,fly round here6 cried the ward-master1 a fair-faced1 laughing young ,german4 ,they've gone into the next ward4 ,hustle those clothes out of sight somewhere4 ,tumble 'em out the window6 ,kohl1 if you groan while the surgeons are here1 ,i'll give you nothing but quinine for a week4 ,can't somebody see to that crazy fellow up there6 ,he's pulling the wreath down off the wall4 ,pitch into him6 ,tell him that he shan't have a bit of ice to-day if he doesn't lie still4 ,and there's that other light-head eating the pills all up4 ,i'll be hanged if he hasn't swallowed twenty-five copper and opium pills6 #eih ,well1 sir1 you're dished4 ,long ,tom1 mind yourself1 and keep your feet in bed4 ,i can't6 whispered ,tom1 who seemed to be a mere boy1 though his length was something preposterous4 ,the bed is too short4 ,well1 crumple up some way1 said the ward-master1 laughing4 ,i'll have you up next week1 fever or no fever4 ,if you lie there much longer1 you'll grow through the other side of the ward4 ,it isn't my fault1 ,tom said pitifully to ,miss ,hamilton1 who sat near him4 ,when ,i went to bed here1 five weeks ago1 ,i wasn't any taller than the ward-master2 and now ,i believe ,i'm seven feet long4 ,i believe it was that everlasting quinine6 ,and poor ,tom burst into tears4 ,here they are6 said the ward-master4 ,attention6 ,instantly all was silence4 ,each convalescent stood at the foot of his bed1 and the nurses were drawn up inside the door4 ,the little procession of surgeons appeared1 marched up one side of the ward and down the other1 and out the door2 and the inspection was over4 ,as they passed by her1 one of them1 in drawing his handkerchief from his pocket1 drew with it a card1 which1 unseen by him1 dropped at ,margaret's feet4 ,she took it up1 and saw the photograph of the gentleman who had dropped it1 dressed in the uniform of a ,confederate colonel4 ,who was that last surgeon in the line8 she asked of ,tom4 ,that's our surgeon1 ,doctor ,a----4 ,he is a ,virginian4 ,who is his guarantee here1 do you know8 she inquired4 ,he's a friend of ,senator ,wyly's1 ,tom said4 ,an orderly came to the door4 ,every man who is able to carry a rifle get ready to go down to ,camp ,distribution1 he said4 ,don't let any of 'em shirk1 ,linn4 ,send some of those fellows down to the office to be examined4 ,every man is wanted4 ,as ,margaret went out1 she saw ,surgeon ,a---- hasten from one of the wards1 and look along the floor of the hall1 as if in search of something4 ,his face was very pale1 she saw1 and he looked up sharply at her as she approached him4 ,perhaps you miss this photograph1 ,col4 ,a---1 she said1 offering it to him4 ,his face reddened violently as he took it4 ,has any one seen it besides you1 madam8 he asked4 ,no one4 ,will you give me an opportunity to explain8 he asked eagerly4 ,if you would permit me to call on you1 or accompany you out now-- ,by no means1 she replied coldly4 ,i do not wish to hear any explanation4 ,i am here on business of my own1 and shall not1 probably1 take any further notice of what ,i have seen4 ,but if on second thought ,i should consider myself obliged to mention it1 you can make your explanation to ,mr4 ,lincoln4 ,she left him at that1 and went home to hear ,mrs4 ,black's compliments on her success4 ,there were no more visits that day2 but the next morning a close carriage was sent to the door1 and ,margaret began her rounds4 ,in the afternoon she found herself going out ,fourteenth street toward ,columbia ,hospital4 ,there was a shower1 and as the horses plodded along through the pouring floods of southern rain1 she leaned her face upon her hand and wondered sadly what was to come of this search of hers1 and if that strange1 irresistible impulse on which she had been shot1 like ,camilla on her spear1 over every obstacle to her coming1 had been1 after all1 but a vain whim4 #eii ,looking up presently1 she found that they were in the midst of what seemed to her an army1 soldiers crowding close to the carriage1 and stretching forward and backward as far as she could see4 ,it was the ,sixth corps1 one of them told her1 going out to meet ,early and ,breckinridge4 ,they were marching in a mob1 without order1 plodding wearily through the rain that just served to wash from them the stains of their last battle4 ,their faces were browned and sober1 their clothes faded and stained2 many1 foot-sore with long marches1 carried their shoes in their hands4 ,they were little enough like the gay troops she had seen march away from home4 ,when they came to the college hospital1 it was found impossible to reach the side-walk through that crowd1 and ,margaret ordered the driver to wait till they should pass4 ,as she leaned back in her carriage and watched the living stream flow slowly over the hill1 a gentleman came out of the hospital1 and1 standing on the sidewalk opposite her1 seemed to be looking for some one among them4 ,presently his face brightened with a recognizing smile1 and he waved his handkerchief to one who was riding near4 ,as the horseman drew up between her and the sidewalk1 ,margaret's heart seemed to leap into her mouth4 ,he was wrapped in a cloak1 and a wide-brimmed hat1 still dripping from the spent shower1 shaded his face2 but she knew him at the first glance4 ,o ,mr4 ,granger6 ,a shout from the convalescents collected outside the tent wards drowned her glad cry1 and the next instant she would not for the world have repeated it4 ,by a sudden revulsion of feeling1 the face that had flushed with delight now burned with unutterable shame and humiliation4 ,for the first time she looked on what she had done as the world might look upon it--as ,mr4 ,granger himself might look upon it4 ,friends or foes1 he was a gentleman1 and she a lady1 and not a baby4 ,she1 wandering from place to place1 unbidden1 in search of him1 weeping1 praying1 making a fool of herself1 she thought bitterly1 and he sitting his horse there gallantly1 safe and merry1 within reach of her hand1 showing his white teeth in a laugh1 stroking down his beard with that gesture she knew so well1 taking off his hat to shake the raindrops from it1 and loop up the aigrette at the side6 ,she had time to remember with a pang of envy the quiet1 guarded women who sit at home1 and take no step without first thinking what the world will say of it4 ,if he should think of me at all1 she said to herself1 he would fancy me at home1 trailing my dress over his carpets1 making little strokes with a paint-brush1 having a care lest ,i ink my fingers1 or teaching ,dora to spell propriety--as ,i ought to be6 as ,i ought to be6 ,i need a keeper6 ,but still1 with her veil drawn close1 she looked at him steadily2 for1 after all1 he was going into battle1 and he was her friend4 ,as she looked1 he glanced up at one of the hospital windows1 and immediately his glance became an earnest gaze4 ,he ceased speaking1 and his face showed surprise and perplexity4 ,what do you see8 his friend asked4 #fjj ,strange6 he muttered1 half to himself4 ,it is only a resemblance1 of course1 but ,i fancied ,i saw there a face ,i know1 looking out at me4 ,it is gone now4 ,whatever it was1 the sight appeared to sober as well as perplex him4 ,he took leave of his friend1 and1 drawing back to join his regiment1 brought his horse round rather roughly against ,miss ,hamilton's carriage4 ,i beg your pardon1 madam6 he said at once1 taking off his hat to the veiled lady he saw there4 ,he must have thought her scarcely courteous2 for she merely nodded1 and immediately turned her face away4 ,he rode slowly on1 looking back once more to the hospital window1 and in a few minutes was out of sight4 ,will you get out now8 asked the driver4 ,margaret started4 ,why1 yes4 ,she went in and seated herself in the hall4 ,i want to rest1 she said to a soldier who stood there4 ,i don't feel quite well4 ,a slight1 elderly lady in a black dress1 and with her bonnet a little awry1 came down the stairs1 and stood looking about as though she expected some one4 ,can you tell me where ,miss ,blank is to be found8 she asked of the soldier to whom ,margaret had spoken4 ,she has been out in the tent wards1 and there she comes1 he said1 nodding toward a young woman who came in at the door furthest from them1 and1 with a face expressive of apprehension1 approached the waiting lady4 ,you wished to see me8 she asked tremulously4 ,yes1 was the reply4 ,you will be ready to return home to-morrow1 or as soon as communication is reestablished4 ,i will send your transportation papers to-night4 ,you need not go into the wards again4 ,the young woman stared in speechless distress and astonishment1 her eyes filling with tears4 ,is that ,miss ,dix8 ,margaret asked of the soldier4 ,yes1 he replied4 ,she makes short work of it4 ,that is one of the best nurses1 and the best dresser in the hospital4 ,why is she dismissed8 ,miss ,dix has probably heard something about her4 ,she's a good young woman1 but the old lady is mighty particular4 ,margaret rose to meet ,miss ,dix as she came along the hall4 ,i am going to stay in ,washington a few days1 she said1 and ,i would like to be useful while ,i am here4 ,can ,i do anything for you8 ,who are you8 asked the lady4 ,margaret presented her credentials1 and ,miss ,dix glanced them over1 then looked sharply at their owner4 ,i am afraid you are too young1 she said4 ,i am twenty-eight1 and ,i feel a hundred1 said ,margaret4 ,do you know anything about nursing8 ,as much as ladies usually know4 ,will you go to a disagreeable place8 ,yes1 if it is not out of the city4 ,come1 then2 my ambulance is at the door4 ,in two minutes the carriage was dismissed1 and ,margaret was seated in the ambulance1 and on her way down to the city again4 ,you will be very careful who you speak to1 the lady began2 you will dress in the plainest possible manner1 wear no ornaments1 and1 of course1 high necks and long sleeves4 ,your hair--are those waves natural8 ,yes'm6 said ,margaret humbly1 and was about to add that perhaps she could straighten them out1 but checked herself4 #fja ,well1 dress your hair very snugly1 wear clean collars1 and don't let your clothes drag4 ,it looks untidy4 ,is that dress quite plain8 ,margaret threw back the thin mantle she wore1 and showed a gray dress of nunlike plainness4 ,that will do1 the lady said approvingly4 ,here they turned into the square1 and got out at the door of the hospital ,margaret had visited the day before4 ,she was introduced to the officer of the day1 received an astonished bow from the surgeon-in-charge in passing1 caught a glimpse of ,doctor ,a----1 and was escorted to her ward4 ,be you the new lady nurse8 asked ,long ,tom4 ,so it seems2 but ,i am not quite sure1 she said4 ,i'm proper glad1 said ,tom1 with an ecstatic grin4 ,i liked the looks of you when ,i saw you yesterday4 ,and so here ,i am 'at the court of the king1' she thought4 ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,out ,of ,harm's ,way4 ,common sense goes a great way in nursing2 and when there is added a sympathetic heart1 steady nerves1 a soft voice1 and a gentle hand1 your nurse is about perfect1 though she may not have gone through a regular course of training4 ,ward six considered itself highly favored in having ,miss ,hamilton's ministrations1 even for a few days4 ,the nauseous doses she offered were swallowed without a murmur1 fevered eyes followed her light1 swift step1 and men took pride in showing how well they could bear pain when such appreciative eyes were looking on4 ,mrs4 ,black1 rushing over to expostulate and entreat1 became a convert4 ,it was certainly very romantic1 she said2 and since her young friend was not treated like a common nurse1 but had everything her own way1 it was not so bad4 ,and without1 perhaps1 having ever heard the name of ,rochefoucauld1 the good lady added1 ,anything may happen in ,washington now4 ,moreover1 ,miss ,hamilton would sleep and take her meals at ,mrs4 ,black's1 which was another palliating circumstance4 ,mr4 ,lewis1 with a fund of gibes ready1 came also to see the new nurse4 ,but the sight of her silenced him4 ,bending over a dying man to catch the last whisper of a message to those he would never see again2 speaking a word of encouragement to one who lay with his teeth clenched and with drops of agony standing on his forehead2 mediating in the chronic quarrel between regulars and volunteers2 hushing the ward1 that the saving sleep of an almost exhausted patient might not be broken--in each of these she seemed in her true place4 ,as he looked on1 he began to realize how impertinent are conventionalities when life and death are in the balance4 ,i don't blame you1 ,margaret1 he said seriously1 though ,i am glad that you don't think of staying any longer than ,i do4 ,i will give you till ,friday afternoon4 ,if we start then1 we can reach home by ,sunday morning4 ,the track is open1 and ,i am just off for ,baltimore4 ,good-by4 ,she accompanied him to the door4 ,if you should see ,mr4 ,granger1 or write to him1 she said1 with some confusion1 don't mention why ,i came here4 ,i am ashamed of it4 #fjb ,oh6 you needn't feel so1 he replied soothingly4 ,we have had a nice little adventure to pay us for the journey2 and you were breaking your heart with inaction and anxiety4 ,women should break their hearts at home6 she said proudly1 her cheeks glowing scarlet4 ,that was ,wednesday4 ,thursday morning1 as she rose from a five o'clock breakfast to go over to the hospital1 a carriage stopped at the door1 and1 looking out1 she saw ,mr4 ,lewis coming up the walk4 ,o ,god6 ,the blow had fallen6 ,no need even to look into his white and smileless face to know that4 ,he stopped1 and spoke through the open window4 ,come1 ,margaret6 ,morning1 was it8 ,morning6 ,she could hardly see to reach the carriage1 and the earth seemed to be heaving under her feet4 ,as they drove through that strange1 feverish world that the sunny summer day had all at once turned into1 she heard a long1 heavy breath that was almost a groan4 ,o dear6 said ,mr4 ,lewis4 ,she reached out her hand to him1 as one reaches out in the dark for support4 ,tell me6 ,it is a wound in the head1 he said2 and any wound there is bad4 ,i got the dispatch at ,baltimore last night1 and came right back4 ,they forwarded it from ,boston4 ,why did not you tell me that you saw him ,monday8 ,saw him6 ,then you didn't know him8 ,mr4 ,lewis said4 ,i thought it strange you shouldn't mention it4 ,louis says that when they were going out past ,columbia ,college1 he glanced up at one of the windows1 and saw you leaning out and looking at him4 ,you were very sober1 and made no motion to speak2 and after a moment your face seemed to fade away4 ,it made such an impression on him that he asked to be carried there and to that room1 though it isn't an officers' hospital4 ,he was almost superstitious about it1 till ,i told him that you were really here4 ,it was true then4 ,the intensity of her gaze1 and the concentration of her thoughts upon him at that moment had by some mystery of nature which we cannot explain1 though guesses have been many1 impressed her image on his mind1 and thrown the reflection of it through his eyes1 so that where his glance chanced to fall at that instant1 there she had seemed to be4 ,you must try to control yourself1 ,margie1 ,mr4 ,lewis went on1 his own lip trembling4 ,there is danger of delirium4 ,he is afraid of it1 and watches every word he says4 ,he can't talk much4 ,i'll give you a chance to say all you want to2 and whenever ,i'm needed1 you can call me4 ,i will wait just outside the door4 ,give your bonnet and shawl to the lady4 ,there1 this is his room1 and that is yours1 just across the entry4 ,then they went in4 ,the pleasant chamber was clean1 cool1 and full of a soft flicker of light and shade from trees and vines outside4 ,on a narrow1 white bed opposite the windows lay ,mr4 ,granger4 ,could it be that he was ill8 ,his eyes were bright1 and his face flushed as if with health4 ,the only sign of hurt was a little square of wet cloth that lay on the top of his head4 ,but in health1 in anything short of deadly peril1 he would have smiled on seeing her after so long a time1 and when she stood in such need of reassuring4 ,his only welcome was an outstretched hand1 and a fixed1 earnest gaze4 ,she seated herself by the bedside4 ,i have come to help take care of you1 ,mr4 ,granger4 ,then smiling1 faintly1 ,you don't look very sick4 #fjc ,i was in high health before ,i got this1 he said1 motioning toward his head4 ,perhaps he saw in her face some sharp springing of hope2 for he closed his eyes1 and added almost in a whisper1 ,it isn't as wide as a barn-door1 nor as deep as a well2 but it will do4 ,the room swam round before her eyes a moment1 but she kept her seat4 ,presently the surgeon came in1 and she gave place to him4 ,but as he removed the cloth from his patient's head1 she bent involuntarily1 with the fascination of terror1 and looked1 and at the sight1 dropped back into her chair again4 ,she had looked upon nature in her inmost mysterious workshop1 to which only death can open the door4 ,it was almost like having committed a sacrilege4 ,mr4 ,lewis wet a handkerchief with cologne1 and put it into her hand4 ,the others had not noticed her agitation4 ,when the surgeon left the room1 he beckoned ,margaret out with him4 ,all that you can do is1 to keep his head cool1 he said4 ,don't let him get excited1 or talk much without resting4 ,he has kept wonderfully calm so far2 but it is by pure force of will4 ,i never saw more resolution4 ,there was nothing to do1 then1 but to sit and wait2 to make him feel that he was surrounded by loving care1 and to let no sign of grief disturb his quiet4 ,she returned to the room1 and ,mr4 ,lewis1 after bending to hold the sick man's hand one moment in a silent clasp1 went out and left them together4 ,after a little while1 when she had resumed her seat by him1 ,mr4 ,granger spoke1 always in that suppressed voice that told what a strain there was on every nerve4 ,i should have asked you to marry me1 ,margaret1 if ,i had gone back safe1 he said1 looking at her with a wistful1 troubled gaze1 as if he wished to say more1 but could not trust himself4 ,no matter about that now1 she replied gently4 ,you have been a good friend to me1 and that is all ,i ever wanted4 ,we could be married here1 if you are willing1 he went on4 ,mr4 ,lewis will see to everything4 ,margaret lightly smoothed his feverish hands4 ,no1 she said1 ,i do not wish it4 ,i didn't come for that4 ,we are friends2 no more4 ,let me wet the cloth on your head now4 ,it is nearly dry4 ,he closed his eyes1 and made no answer4 ,if he guessed confusedly that his proposal1 and what it implied1 so made1 was little less than an insult1 it was out of his power to help it then4 ,and if for a breath ,margaret felt that all her obligations to him were cancelled1 and that she could not even call him friend again1 it was but for a breath4 ,his case was too pitiful for anger4 ,she could forgive him anything now4 ,i shall always stay with ,dora1 if you wish it1 she said softly4 ,do not have any fears for her4 ,i will be faithful4 ,trust me4 ,i could gladly do it for her sake1 for ,i never loved any other child so much4 ,but still more1 ,i will take care of her for yours4 ,i arranged everything before ,i came away1 he said1 looking up again4 ,and his eyes1 she saw1 were swimming in tears4 ,i looked out for both of you4 ,your home was to be always with her1 and ,mr4 ,lewis to be guardian for both4 ,margaret could not trust herself to thank him for this proof of his care for her4 ,have you seen the chaplain8 she asked1 to turn the subject4 #fjd ,yes2 but ,i don't feel like seeing him again4 ,he does me no good1 and his voice confuses me4 ,you are all the minister ,i need--smiling faintly--and yours is the only voice ,i can bear4 ,while he rested1 she sat and studied how indeed she should minister to him4 ,mr4 ,granger had never been baptized2 and1 though nominally what is called an orthodox ,congregationalist1 he held their doctrines but loosely4 ,he had that abstract religious feeling which is the heritage of all noble natures1 the outlines of ,christianity even before ,christianity is adopted1 as ,madame ,swetchine says2 but his experience of pietists had not been such as to tempt him to join their number4 ,if a man lived a moral life1 were kind1 just1 and pure1 it was about all that could be required of him1 he thought4 ,such a life he had lived2 and now1 though he approached death solemnly1 it was with no perceptible tremor1 and no painful sense of contrition4 ,she watched him as he lay there1 smitten down in the midst of his life and of health4 ,he was quiet1 now1 except that his hands never ceased moving1 tearing slowly in strips the delicate handkerchief he found within his reach1 pulling shreds from the palm-leaf fan that lay on the bed1 or picking at the blanket4 ,it was the only sign of agitation he showed4 ,his face was deeply flushed1 his breathing heavy1 and his teeth seemed to be set4 ,once he raised himself1 and looked through the open window at the treetops1 and the city spires and domes4 ,margaret wondered if they looked strange to him1 and what thoughts he had2 but she never knew4 ,after waiting as long as she dared1 she spoke to him4 ,can ,i talk to you a little1 ,mr4 ,granger1 without disturbing you8 she asked4 ,speak1 he said2 you never disturb me4 ,she began1 and without any useless words1 explained to him the fundamental doctrines of the church1 original sin1 the redemption1 the necessity and effects of baptism4 ,what she said was clear1 simple1 and condensed4 ,a hundred times during the last two years she had studied it over for just such need as this4 ,you know of course1 she concluded1 that ,i say this because ,i want you to be baptized4 ,are you willing8 ,i would like to do anything that would satisfy you1 he said presently4 ,but you would not wish me to be a hypocrite8 ,you cannot think that baptism would benefit me1 if ,i received it only because you wanted me to4 ,i don't think that ,i have led a bad life4 ,i have not knowingly wronged any one4 ,i am sorry for those sins which1 through human frailty1 ,i have committed4 ,but if ,i were to live my life over again1 ,i doubt if ,i should do any better4 ,no1 child1 ,i think it would be a mockery for me to be baptized now4 ,she changed the cloth on his head1 laid the ice close to his burning temples1 and fanned him in silence a few minutes4 ,then she began again1 repeating gently the command of our ,saviour regarding baptism1 and his charge to the church to baptize and teach4 ,it is impossible to force conviction1 he said4 ,i cannot profess to believe what ,i do not4 ,the words came with difficulty1 and his brows contracted as if some sudden pain shot through them4 ,i am not careless of the future1 dear1 he said after a while4 ,i know that it is awful1 and uncertain2 but it is also inevitable6 ,it is too late now for me to change4 ,but ,i wish that you would pray for me4 ,let me hear you4 ,pray your own way4 ,i am not afraid of your saints4 #fje ,margaret knelt beside the bed1 and repeated the ,our ,father4 ,he listened reverently1 and echoed the ,amen4 ,she repeated the ,acts1 and there was no response this time2 the ,creed1 and still there was no answer4 ,she could not rise4 ,in faltering tones she said the ,memorare1 with the request1 ,obtain for this friend of mine the gift of faith1 that though lost to me he may not be lost to himself4 ,still he was silent4 ,all the pent emotion of her soul was surging up1 and showing the joints in her mail of calmness4 ,he was going out into what was to him the great unknown1 and she1 with full knowledge of the way1 could not make him see it4 ,one last1 vain effort of self-control1 then she burst forth with a prayer half drowned in tears4 ,o merciful ,christ6 ,i cannot live upon the earth unless ,i know that he is in heaven4 ,thou hast said1 ,knock1 and it shall be opened unto you4 ,with my heart and my voice ,i knock at the door4 ,open to me for thy word's sake6 ,thou hast said that whatever we ask in thy name1 we shall receive4 ,i ask for faith1 for heaven1 for my friend who is dying4 ,give them for thy word's sake6 ,thou hast said that whoever does good to the least of thy children has done it unto thee4 ,remember what this man has done for me4 ,i was miserable1 and he comforted me4 ,i was at the point of death1 and he saved me4 ,i was hungry1 and he fed me4 ,i was a stranger1 and he took me in4 ,oh6 look with pity on me1 who in all my life have had only one year of happiness1 but many full of sorrow2 see how my heart is breaking1 and hear me for thy word's sake6 for thy word's sake6 ,as her voice failed1 a hand touched her head1 and she heard ,mr4 ,granger's voice4 ,i cannot make you distrust the truth of ,god1 he said4 ,i do not believe2 but also1 ,i do not know4 ,i am willing to do all that he requires4 ,perhaps he does require this4 ,such faith as yours must mean something4 ,do as you will4 ,may ,i send for a priest right away8 ,and will you be baptized8 ,dear little friend1 yes6 he said4 ,o ,mr4 ,granger6 ,god bless you6 ,i am happy4 ,doesn't he keep his promises8 ,i will never distrust him again4 ,his grave looks did not dampen her joy4 ,of course it was not necessary that he should have much feeling4 ,the good intention was enough4 ,she wet his face with ice-water1 laid ice to his head1 put the fan in his hand1 in her childish1 joyful way1 shutting his fingers about it one by one1 then went out to send ,mr4 ,lewis for a priest4 ,he stared at her4 ,why1 you look as if he were going to get well1 he said almost indignantly4 ,so he is1 ,mr4 ,lewis1 she answered4 ,he is going to have the only real getting well4 ,i shall never have to be anxious about him any more4 ,he will be out of harm's way4 ,she went back to the sick-room then1 quiet again4 ,forgive me if my gladness jarred on you1 she said4 ,i forgot everything but that you were now all safe4 ,you will go straight to heaven1 you know4 ,and of course1 since it is to be now1 then now is the best time4 #fjf ,he said nothing1 but watched her with steady eyes1 wherever she moved4 ,what thoughts were thronging behind those eyes1 she could never know4 ,nothing was said till ,mr4 ,lewis came back with the priest4 ,it was sunset when he came1 and the father staid till late in the evening4 ,then he went1 promising to say mass the next morning for his new penitent1 and to come early to see him4 ,mr4 ,granger was evidently suffering very much1 and ,margaret would not talk to him4 ,only once1 when he opened his eyes1 she said1 ,you wish ,dora to be a ,catholic8 ,yes1 surely6 ,o my child6 with a little moan of pain4 ,when the priest came up in the morning1 they had some difficulty in rousing ,mr4 ,granger2 and when at length he comprehended their wishes1 he looked from one to the other with an expression of incredulity4 ,communion for me6 he repeated4 ,the priest sat beside him1 and as gently as possible prepared him for the sacrament4 ,what6 it is really and indeed the body and blood of ,jesus ,christ that is offered me as a viaticum8 he asked1 now thoroughly roused4 ,god himself has said so2 and who shall dispute his word8 ,the patient raised himself upright4 ,after ,i have spent all my life in forgetfulness of him1 when ,i turn to him only on my death-bed1 will he come to me now1 and give me all himself8 ,yes1 the priest answered4 ,he forgives generously1 as only ,god can4 ,he does not wait1 he comes to you4 ',behold6 ,i stand at the door1 and knock4' ,the sick man lifted his face2 ,o wonderful love6 he exclaimed4 ,the priest smiled1 and put on his stole4 ,the angels wonder no less than you1 he said4 ,left alone with him once more1 ,margaret knelt1 praying continually1 but softly too1 so as not to disturb one sacred thought in that soul for the first time united to its ,saviour4 ,when a half-hour had passed1 she touched his folded hands4 ,he had always before opened his eyes at her faintest touch2 but now he did not4 ,he has lost consciousness1 the surgeon said1 when she called him4 ,he will never speak again4 ,oh6 never again8 ,what8 never again8 ,mr4 ,lewis took her by the hand4 ,try to bear it1 ,maggie1 he said4 ,think what comfort you have4 ,but he never said good-by to me6 ,i wanted to say something to him4 ,i had so much to tell him2 but ,i thought of him first6 ,ah6 well4 ,when we go down to the valley of the shadow of death with our loved ones1 and find the iron door that admits them shut in our faces1 then indeed we know1 if never before1 how precious is faith4 ,and those who can see the pearly gates beyond the iron one should take shame to themselves if they refuse to be comforted4 ------- #fjg ,beethoven4 ,his ,youth4 ,at eighteen1 ,louis ,beethoven became conscious of new perceptions1 and new capacities for joy4 ,a young kinswoman of his mother1 a beautiful1 sprightly girl1 whose parents lived in ,cologne1 came on a visit to ,bonn4 ,the voice and smile of ,adelaide called his genius into full life1 and he felt he had power to do as he had never done4 ,but ,adelaide could not understand him1 nor appreciate his melodies1 which were now of a bolder and higher1 yet a tenderer cast4 ,he never declared his love in language2 but his brother ,carl discovered it1 and one evening1 ,louis overheard him and ,adelaide talking of his boyish passion1 and laughing at him4 ,the girl said she was half inclined to draw him out1 it was such a capital joke6 ,pale and trembling1 while he leaned against the window-seat concealed by the folds of a curtain1 ,louis listened to this colloquy4 ,as his brother and cousin left the room1 he rushed past them to his own apartment1 locked himself in1 and did not come forth that night4 ,afterward he took pains to shun the company of the heartless fair one2 and was always out alone in his walks1 or in his room1 where he worked every night till quite exhausted4 ,the first emotions of chagrin and mortification soon passed away2 but he did not recover his vivacity4 ,his warmest feelings had been cruelly outraged2 the spring of love was never again to bloom for him2 and it seemed1 too1 that the fair blossoms of genius also were nipped in the bud4 ,the critics of the time1 fettered as they were to the established form1 were shocked at his departure from their rules4 ,even ,mozart1 whose fame stood so high1 whose name was pronounced with such enthusiastic admiration1 what struggles had he not been forced into with these who would not approve of his so-called innovations6 ,the youth of nineteen had struck out a bolder path6 ,what marvel1 then1 that1 instead of encouragement1 nothing but censures awaited him8 ,his master1 ,neefe1 who was accustomed to boast of him as his pride and joy1 now said1 coldly and bitterly1 his pupil had not fulfilled his cherished expectations--nay1 was so taken up with his newfangled conceits1 that he feared he was for ever lost to real art4 ,is it so indeed8 asked ,louis of himself in his moments of misgivings and dejection4 ,is all a delusion8 ,have ,i lived till now in a false dream8 ,young ,beethoven sat in his chamber1 leaning his head on his hand1 looking gloomily out of the vine-shaded window4 ,there was a knock at the door2 but wrapped in deep despondency1 he heard it not1 nor answered with a come in4 #fjh ,the door was opened softly a little ways1 and in the crevice appeared a long and very red nose1 and a pair of small1 twinkling eyes1 overshadowed by coal-black bushy eyebrows4 ,gradually became visible the whole withered1 sallow1 comical1 yet good-humored face of ,master ,peter ,pirad4 ,peter ,pirad was a famous kettle drummer1 and was much ridiculed on account of his partiality for that instrument1 though he also excelled on many others4 ,he always insisted that the kettle-drum was the most melodious1 grand1 and expressive instrument1 and he would play upon it alone in the orchestra4 ,but he was one of the best-hearted persons in the world4 ,it was quite impossible to look upon his tall1 gaunt1 clumsy figure---which1 year in and year out1 appeared in the well-worn yellow woolen coat1 buckskin-colored breeches1 and dark worsted stockings1 with his peculiar fashioned felt cap--without a strong inclination to laugh2 yet1 ludicrous as was his outward man1 none remained long unconvinced that1 spite of his exterior1 spite of his numerous eccentricities1 ,peter ,pirad was one of the most amiable of men4 ,from his childhood1 ,louis had been attached to ,pirad2 in later years1 they had been much together4 ,pirad1 who had been absent several months from ,bonn1 and had just returned1 was surprised beyond measure to find his favorite so changed4 ,he entered the room1 and walking up quietly1 touched the youth on the shoulder1 saying1 in a tone as gentle as he could assume1 ,why1 ,louis6 what the mischief has got into your head1 that you would not hear me8 ,louis started1 turned round1 and1 recognizing his old friend1 reached him his hand4 ,you see1 continued ,pirad1 you see ,i have returned safely and happily from my visit to ,vienna4 ,ah6 ,louis6 ,louis6 that's a city for you4 ,as for taste in art1 you would go mad with the ,viennese6 ,as for artists1 there are ,albrechtsberger1 and ,haydn1 ,mozart1 and ,salieri--my dear fellow1 you must go to ,vienna4 ,with that ,pirad threw up his arms1 as if beating the kettle-drum1 7he always did so when excited17 and made such comical faces1 that his young companion1 spite of his sorrow1 could not help bursting out laughing4 ,saker6 cried ,pirad1 that is clever2 ,i like to see that you can laugh yet1 it is a good sign2 and now1 ,louis1 pluck up like a man1 and tell me what all this means4 ,why do ,i find you in such a bad humor1 as if you had a hole in your skin1 or the drums were broken--out with it8 ,my brave boy1 what is the matter with you8 ,ah6 replied ,beethoven1 much more than ,i can say2 ,i have lost all hope1 all trust in myself4 ,i will tell you all my troubles1 for1 indeed1 ,i cannot keep them to myself any longer6 ,so the melancholy youth told all to his attentive auditor2 his unhappy passion for his cousin2 his master's dissatisfaction with him1 and his own sad misgivings4 ,when he had ended1 ,pirad remained silent awhile1 his forefinger laid on his long nose1 in an attitude of thoughtfulness4 ,at length1 raising his head1 he gave his advice as follows3 ,this is a sad story1 ,louis2 but it convinces me of the truth of what ,i used to say2 your late excellent father--,i say it with all respect to his memory--and your other friends1 never knew what was really in you4 ,as for your disappointment in love1 that is always a business that brings much trouble and little profit4 ,women are capricious creatures at best1 and no man who has a respect for himself will be a slave to their humors4 ,i was a little touched that way myself1 when ,i was something more than your age2 but the kettle-drum soon put such nonsense out of my head4 #fji ,my advice is1 that you stick to your music1 and let her go4 ,for what concerns the court-organist1 ,neefe1 ,i am more vexed2 his absurdity is what ,i did not precisely expect4 ,i will say nothing of ,herr ,yunker2 he forgets music in his zeal for counterpoint2 as if he should say he could not see the wood for the tall trees1 or the city for the houses6 ,have ,i not heard him assert1 ay6 with my own living ears1 slanderously assert1 that the kettle-drum was a superfluous instrument8 ,only think1 ,louis1 the kettle-drum a superfluous instrument6 ,donner and--6 ,did not the great ,haydn--bless him for it6--undertake a noble symphony expressly with reference to the kettle-drum8 ,what could you do with ',dies irae1 dies illa1' without the kettle-drum8 ,i played it at ,vienna in ,don ,giovanni1 the chapel-master ,mozart himself directing4 ,in the spirit scene1 ,louis1 where the statue has ended his first speech1 and ,don ,giovanni in consternation speaks to his attendants1 while the anxious heart of the appalled sinner is throbbing1 the kettle-drum thundering away-- ,here ,pirad began to sing with tragical gesticulation4 ,yes1 ,louis1 ,i beat the kettle-drum with a witness1 while an icy thrill crept through my bones2 and for all that the kettle-drum is a useless instrument6 ,what blockheads there are in this world6 ,to return to your master--,i wonder at his stupidity1 and yet ,i have no cause to wonder4 ,now1 my creed is1 that art is a noble inheritance left us by our ancestors1 which it is our duty to enlarge and increase by all honest and honorable means4 ,my dear boy1 ,i hold you for an honest heir1 who would not waste your substance2 who has not only power1 but will to perform his duty4 ,so take courage1 be not cast down by trifles2 and take my advice and go to ,vienna4 ,there you will find your masters3 ,mozart1 ,haydn1 ,albrechtsberger1 and others not so well known4 ,one year1 nay1 a few months in ,vienna1 will do more for you than ten years vegetating in this good city4 ,you can soon learn1 there1 what you are capable of2 only mind what ,mozart says1 when you are playing in his hearing4 ,the young man started up1 his eyes sparkling1 his cheeks glowing with new enthusiasm1 and embraced ,pirad warmly4 ,you are right1 my good friend6 he cried4 ,i will go to ,vienna2 and shame on any one who despises your counsel6 ,yes1 ,i will go to ,vienna4 ,when he told his mother of his resolution1 she looked grave1 and wept when all was ready for his departure4 ,but ,pirad1 with a sympathizing distortion of countenance1 said to her1 ,be not disturbed1 my good ,madame van ,beethoven6 ,louis shall come back to you much livelier than he is now2 and1 madame1 you may comfort yourself with the hope that your son will become a great artist6 ,young ,beethoven visited ,vienna for the first time in the spring of the year #agib4 ,he experienced strange emotions as he entered that great city2 perhaps a dim presentiment of what he was in future years to accomplish and to suffer4 ,he was not so fortunate this time as to find ,haydn there2 the artist had set out for ,london a few days before4 ,he was disappointed1 but the more anxious to make the acquaintance of ,mozart4 ,albrechtsberger1 ,haydn's intimate friend1 undertook to introduce him to ,mozart4 #faj ,they went several times to ,mozart's house before they found him at home4 ,at last1 on a rainy day1 they were fortunate4 ,they heard him from the street1 playing2 our young hero's heart beat wildly as they went up the steps1 for he looked on that dwelling as the temple of art4 ,when they were in the hall1 they saw1 through a side-door that stood open1 ,mozart1 sitting playing the piano2 close by him sat a short1 fat man1 with a shining red face2 and at the window1 ,madame ,mozart1 holding her youngest son1 ,wolfgang1 on her lap1 while the eldest was sitting on the floor at her feet4 ,the composer greeted ,albrechtsberger cordially1 and looked inquiringly on his young companion4 ,herr van ,beethoven from ,bonn1 said ,albrechtsberger1 presenting his friend2 an excellent composer1 and skilful musician1 who is desirous of making your acquaintance4 ,you are heartily welcome1 both of you1 and ,i shall expect you to remain and dine with me to-day1 said ,mozart2 and taking ,louis by the hand1 he led him to the window where his wife sat4 ,this is my ,constance1 he continued1 and these are my boys2 this little fellow is but three months old--and throwing his arm around ,constance's neck1 he stooped and kissed the smiling infant4 ,louis looked with surprise on the great artist4 ,he had fancied him quite different in his exterior2 a tall man1 of powerful frame1 like ,handel4 ,he saw a slight1 low figure1 wrapped in a furred coat1 notwithstanding the warmth of the season2 his pale face showed the evidences of long-continued ill-health2 his large1 bright1 speaking eyes alone reminded one of the genius that had created ,idomeneus and ,don ,giovanni4 ,so you1 too1 are a composer8 asked the fat man1 coming up to ,beethoven4 ,look you1 sir1 ,i will tell you what to do2 lay yourself out for the opera2 the opera is the great thing6 ,louis looked at him in surprise and silence4 ,master ,emanuel ,schickaneder1 the famous impressario1 said ,albrechtsberger1 scarcely controlling his disposition to laugh4 ,yes1 continued the fat man1 assuming an air of importance1 ,i tell you ,i know the public1 and know how to get the weak side of it2 if ,mozart would only be led by me1 he could do well6 ,i say if you will compose me something--by the way1 here is a season ticket2 ,i shall be happy if you will visit my theatre2 to-morrow night we shall perform the ,magic ,flute1 it is an admirable piece1 some of the music is first-rate1 some not so good1 and ,i myself play the ,papageno4 ,you ought to do something in that line1 said ,mozart1 laughing1 your singing puts one in mind of an unoiled door-hinge4 ,the impressario took a pinch of snuff1 and answered with an important air1 ,i can tell you1 sir1 the singing is quite a secondary thing in the opera1 for ,i know the public4 ,here several persons1 invited guests of the composer1 came in2 among them ,mozart's pupils1 ,sutzmayr and ,holff1 with the ,abb ,stadler and the excellent tenorist1 ,peyerl4 ,after an hour or so spent in agreeable conversation1 enlivened by an air from ,mozart1 they went to the dinner-table4 ,schickaneder here played his part well1 doing ample justice to the viands and wine4 ,the dinner was really excellent2 and the host1 notwithstanding his appearance of feeble health1 was in first-rate spirits1 abounding in gayety1 which soon communicated itself to the rest of the company4 ,after they had dined1 and the coffee had been brought in1 ,mozart took his new acquaintance apart from the others1 and asked if he could be of any service to him4 #faa ,louis pressed the master's hand1 and without hesitation gave his history1 and informed him of his plans2 concluding by asking his advice4 ,mozart listened with a benevolent smile2 and when he had ended1 said1 ,come1 you must let me hear you play4 ,with that1 he led him to an admirable instrument in another apartment2 opened it1 and invited him to select a piece of music4 ,will you give me a theme8 asked ,louis4 ,the master looked surprised2 but without reply wrote some lines on a leaf of paper1 and handed it to the young man4 ,beethoven looked over it2 it was a difficult chromatic fugue theme1 the intricacy of which demanded much skill and experience4 ,but without being discouraged1 he collected all his powers1 and began to execute it4 ,mozart did not conceal the sur prise and pleasure he felt when ,louis first began to play4 ,the youth perceived the impression he had made1 and was stimulated to more spirited efforts4 ,as he proceeded1 the master's pale cheek flushed1 his eyes sparkled2 and stepping on tiptoe to the open door1 he whispered to his guests1 ,listen1 ,i beg of you6 ,you shall have some thing worth hearing4 ,that moment rewarded all the pains1 and banished all the apprehensions of the young aspirant after excellence4 ,louis went through his trial-piece with admirable spirit1 sprang up1 and went to ,mozart2 seizing both his hands and pressing them to his throbbing heart1 he murmured1 ,i also am an artist6 ,you are indeed6 cried ,mozart1 and no common one6 ,and what may be wanting1 you will not fail to find1 and make your own4 ,the grand thing1 the living spirit1 you bore within you from the beginning1 as all do who possess it4 ,come back soon to ,vienna1 my young friend--very soon6 ,father ,haydn1 ,albrechtsberger1 friend ,stadler1 and ,i will receive you with open arms2 and if you need advice or assistance1 we will give it you to the best of our ability4 ,the other guests crowded round ,beethoven1 and hailed him as a worthy pupil of art6 ,even the silly impressario looked at him with vastly increased respect1 and said1 ,i can tell you1 ,i know the public-well1 we will talk more of the matter this evening over a glass of wine4 ,i also am an artist6 repeated ,louis to himself1 when he returned late to his lodgings4 ,much improved in spirits1 and reinspired with confidence in himself1 he returned to ,bonn1 and ere long put in practice his scheme of paying ,vienna a second visit4 ,this he accomplished at the elector's expense1 being sent by him to complete his studies under the direction of ,haydn4 ,that great man failed to perceive how fine a genius had been intrusted to him4 ,nature had endowed them with opposite qualities2 the inspiration of ,haydn was under the dominion of order and method2 that of ,beethoven sported with them both1 and set both at defiance4 ,when ,haydn was questioned of the merits of his pupil1 he would answer with a shrug of his shoulders--,he executes extremely well4 ,if his early productions were cited as giving evidence of talent and fire1 he would reply1 ,he touches the instrument admirably4 ,to ,mozart belonged the praise of having recognized at once1 and proclaimed to his friends1 the wonderful powers of the young composer4 ------- #fab ,sauntering4 ,,no4 #aa4 ,among the churches of ,paris which ,i visited in my saunterings1 whose very stones seemed to have a tongue and cry aloud1 was the interesting one of ,st4 ,germain des ,prs4 ,each shrine and tomb within thee seems to cry4 ,here were buried ,mabillon and ,descartes1 and also ,king ,casimir of ,poland1 who laid aside his crown for a cowl in #affh1 and died abbot of the monastery in #afgb4 ,he is represented kneeling on his tomb offering his crown to heaven4 ,two of the ,douglases are likewise buried here1 with their carved effigies lying on their tombs clad in armor4 ,one was the seventeenth earl1 who died in #afaa4 ,he had been bred a ,protestant1 but1 going to ,france in the time of ,henry ,,iii41 was converted to the faith of his fathers1 those old knights of the ,bleeding ,heart1 by the discourses at the ,sorbonne4 ,he returned to ,scotland after his conversion1 but was persecuted there on account of his religion1 and had the choice of prison or banishment4 ,so he chose to be exiled1 and went back to ,france1 where he ended his days in practices of piety4 ,he used to attend the canonical hours at the abbey of ,st4 ,germain des ,prs1 and even rose for the midnight office4 ,it was no unusual thing in the middle ages for the laity to assist at the night offices1 and the church encouraged the practice4 ,there was a confraternity in ,paris1 in the thirteenth century1 composed of devout persons who used to attend the midnight service4 ,this was not confined to men1 but even ladies did the same4 ,many people used to pass whole nights in prayer in the churches1 as1 for example1 ,king ,louis ,,ix4 and ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,there is in this church a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 under a ,gothic canopy all of stone1 at the west end of the edifice1 and looking up the right aisle4 ,it pleased me so much that ,i never passed the church afterward without turning aside for a moment to say my ,ave before it4 ,tapers were always burning before it1 and there was always some one in prayer1 who1 like me1 would doubtless forget for a few moments the cares and vanities of life at the feet of the ,mother of ,sorrows4 ,this statue was at ,st4 ,denis before the revolution1 having been given to that church by ,queen ,jeanne ,d',evereux4 ,king ,childebert's tomb formerly occupied a conspicuous place in this church1 but it is now at ,st4 ,denis1 where he is represented holding a church in his hands1 and with shoes which have very sharp and abrupt points at the ends1 like an acuminate leaf4 ,he was the original founder of this church and the abbey once adjoining4 ,it was called the ,golden ,church1 because the walls outside were covered with plates of brass1 gilt1 and inside with pictures on a gold ground4 ,it took its name from ,st4 ,germain1 ,bishop of ,paris1 who was buried here1 and was the spiritual adviser of ,childebert4 ,st4 ,germaine l',auxerrois was named from the sainted bishop of ,auxerre of that name1 renowned for his instrumentality in checking ,pelagianism in ,england4 ,he visited that country twice for that purpose4 ,and at the head of the ,britons he was the instrument of the great ,alleluia victory in #dcj4 #fac ,whatever other people discover1 ,i found a great deal of piety in ,paris4 ,the numerous churches and chapels are frequented at an early hour for the first masses2 and all through the day is a succession of worshippers4 ,i particularly loved the morning mass in the ,lady ,chapel at ,st4 ,sulpice1 at which a crowd of the common people used to assist and sing charming cantiques in honor of the ,madonna or the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,and at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 one of the most popular churches in the city1 and renowned throughout the world for its arch-confraternity to which so many of us belong1 there is no end to the stream of people4 ,the wonderful answers to prayer and the many miracles wrought there draw needy and heavily-laden hearts1 not only from all parts of the kingdom1 but of the world4 ,the altar of ,notre ,dame des ,victoires looks precisely as it is represented in pictures4 ,the front and sides are of crystal1 through which are seen the relics of ,st4 ,aurelia1 from the ,roman catacombs4 ,seven large hanging lamps burn before it1 and an innumerable quantity of tapers4 ,on the walls are ex voto and many marble tablets with inscriptions of gratitude to ,mary2 such as3 ,j'ai invoqu ,marie1 et elle m'a exauc4 ,reconnaissance ,marie1 etc4 ,it is extremely interesting and curious to examine all these1 and they wonderfully kindle our faith and fervor4 ,among them is one of particular interest---a silver heart set in a tablet of marble fastened to one of the pillars of the grand nave4 ,on it are the arms of ,poland and a votive inscription4 ,this heart contains a portion of the soil of ,poland impregnated with the blood of her martyred people--hung here before her whom they style their queen1 as a perpetual cry to ,mary from the bleeding heart of crushed and ,catholic ,poland4 ,this was placed here on the two hundredth anniversary of the consecration of that country to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 by ,king ,john ,casimir1 on the first of ,april1 #afef4 ,on the same day1 #ahef1 all the ,polish exiles in ,paris assembled at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 to renew their vows to ,mary and make their offering1 which was received and blessed by ,m4 l',abb ,desgenettes1 the venerable cur1 and founder of the renowned arch-confraternity of the ,immaculate ,heart of ,mary4 ,a lamp burns perpetually before this touching memorial1 emblem of the faith1 hope1 and charity of the donors4 ,in the national prayer of the ,poles is the following touching invocation3 ,give back1 ,o ,lord6 to our ,poland her ancient splendor4 ,look down on our fields1 soaked with blood6 ,when shall peace and happiness blossom among us8 ,god of wrath1 cease to punish us4 ,at thy altar we raise our prayer2 deign to restore us1 ,o ,lord6 our free country4 ,this prayer is a ,parce nobis which will be echoed by every one who sympathizes with the down-trodden and oppressed4 ,coming out of the church of ,notre ,dame des ,victoires ,i heard the words1 ,quelques sous1 pour l'amour de la ,sainte ,vierge1 and looking around ,i saw an old man holding out his hat in the most deferential of attitudes--one of the few beggars ,i met in the city4 ,i could not resist an appeal made in the holy name of ,mary1 and on the threshold of one of her favorite sanctuaries4 ,i thought of ,m4 ,olier1 the revered founder of the ,sulpicians1 who made a vow never to refuse anything asked in the name of the ,blessed ,virgin--a resolution that would not often be put to the test in the ,united ,states1 but one which in ,catholic countries is less easy to be kept1 where the name of ,mary is so often on the lips4 #fad ,m4 ,olier never left his residence without encountering a crowd of cunning beggars crying for alms in the name of the ,sainte ,vierge1 and1 when he had nothing more1 he would give them his handkerchief or anything else he had in his pocket4 ,some do not approve of indiscriminate charity2 but if ,god were to bestow his bounties only on the deserving1 where should we all be8 ,freely ye have received2 freely give4 ,the ,sainte ,chapelle has peculiar attractions4 ,it was built in the middle of the thirteenth century for the reception of the precious relics connected with the ,passion of our ,lord1 given by ,baldwin ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,constantinople1 to ,louis ,,ix41 in #abch4 ,there is a nave with four windows on each side1 and a semi-circular choir with seven windows1 all filled with beautiful old stained glass1 representing the principal events of the life of ,st4 ,louis and of the first two crusades4 ,among the relics enshrined here was the holy crown of thorns4 ,the king sent two ,dominican friars1 ,james and ,andrew1 to ,constantinople for it4 ,when it approached ,paris1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,queen ,blanche his mother1 with a great many of the court1 went out beyond ,sens to meet it4 ,entering ,paris1 the king and his brother ,robert1 clad in woollen and with feet bare1 bore the shrine on their shoulders to the church4 ,the bishops and clergy followed with bare feet4 ,the streets through which they passed were sumptuously adorned4 ,in #agic1 the holy crown was transferred to the ,hotel des ,monnaies1 where it was taken from its reliquary and given with other relics to the commission of arts under the care of ,secretary ,oudry1 from whom the ,abb ,barthlemi obtained it in #agid4 ,he was one of the conservateurs of the antique medals in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 where the sacred relic remained till #ahjd1 when the ,cardinal de ,belloy1 ,archbishop of ,paris1 reclaimed the relics from the ministre des cultes4 ,every proper means was taken to identify them1 which being satisfactorily done1 the holy crown was transported with great pomp to ,notre ,dame1 ,august #aj1 #ahjf4 ,a portion of the holy cross1 once in the ,sainte ,chapelle1 was saved in #agic by ,m4 ,jean ,bonvoisin1 a member of the commission des arts and a painter4 ,he gave it to his mother1 who preserved it with veneration during the revolution and restored it to the chapter of ,paris1 in #ahjd1 after ,m4 ,bonvoisin and his mother had sworn to the truth of these facts in order to authenticate the relic4 ,it was then allowed to be exposed in the reliquary of crystal in which we see it4 ,there were at ,paris other portions of the holy and true cross on which our ,saviour was crucified4 ,one was the ,vraie ,croix d',anseau1 so called because it was sent in #aaji to the archbishop and chapter of ,paris by ,anselle or ,anseau1 grand-chantre of the church of the ,holy ,sepulchre at ,jerusalem1 who had obtained it from the superior of the ,georgian nuns in that city1 the widow of ,david1 king of ,georgia4 ,in #agic1 ,m4 ,guyot de ,st4 ,hlne obtained permission to keep the cross of ,anseau4 ,he divided it with ,abb ,duflost1 guardian of the four crosses made of the part he kept1 of which three only have been restored to ,notre ,dame4 ,m4 ,guyot took the precaution to have them authenticated1 and they were restored to the veneration of the faithful in #ahjc4 #fae ,another portion of the true cross was called the ,palatine cross1 because it belonged to ,anna ,gonzaga of ,cleves1 a ,palatine princess1 who left it by her will to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,germain des ,prs1 attesting that she had seen it in the flames without being burnt4 ,this relic was enclosed in a cross of precious stones1 double1 like the cross of ,jerusalem4 ,this cross had belonged to ,manuel ,comnenus1 ,emperor of ,constantinople1 who presented it to a prince of ,poland4 ,it is eight inches high1 without measuring the foot of vermeil of about the same height1 ornamented with precious stones4 ,it has two cross-pieces1 like the crosses of ,jerusalem1 which are filled with the wood of the true cross4 ,it is bordered with diamonds and amethysts4 ,the ,palatine princess received it from ,john ,casimir1 ,king of ,poland1 who took it with him when he retired to ,france4 ,it was preserved by a cur in #agic1 and restored1 in #ahbh1 to ,notre ,dame4 ,there are two portions of the holy nails at ,notre ,dame de ,paris--one formerly at the abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 and the other at ,st4 ,germain des ,prs4 ,the first was brought by ,charles the ,bald from ,aix-la-,chapelle1 it having been given ,charlemagne by the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem4 ,in #agic1 ,m4 ,le ,livre1 a member of the ,institute1 begged permission to take it from the commission des arts to examine and analyze it as a specimen of mineralogy4 ,he thus saved it from profanation1 and restored it to the ,archbishop of ,paris in #ahbd4 ,the second portion was given to ,st4 ,germain des ,prs by the ,princess ,palatine1 who had received it from ,john ,casimir of ,poland4 ,there are many curious old legends respecting the wood of the cross4 ,sir ,john ,mandeville says it was made of the same tree ,eve plucked the apple from4 ,when ,adam was sick1 he told ,seth to go to the angel that guarded paradise1 to send him some oil of mercy to anoint his limbs with4 ,seth went1 but the angel would not admit him1 or give him the oil of mercy4 ,he gave him1 however1 three leaves from the fatal tree1 to be put under ,adam's tongue as soon as he was dead4 ,from these sprang the tree of which the cross was made4 ,one of the first portions of the holy cross received in ,france was sent by the ,emperor ,justin to ,st4 ,radegonde4 ,it was adorned with gold and precious stones4 ,when it arrived with other relics1 and a copy of the four ,gospels richly ornamented1 the archbishop of ,tours and a great procession of people went out with lights1 incense1 and sound of holy chant to bear them into the city of ,poitiers1 where they were placed in the monastery of the ,holy ,cross founded by ,st4 ,radegonde4 ,the great ,fortunatus composed in honor of the occasion the ,vexilla ,regis1 now a part of the divine office4 ,i quote two verses of a fine translation of this well-known hymn3 ,o tree of beauty1 tree of light6 ,o tree with royal purple dight6 ,elect on whose triumphal breast ,those holy limbs should find their rest6 ,on whose dear arms1 so widely flung1 ,the weight of this world's ransom hung1 ,the price of human kind to pay1 ,and spoil the spoiler of his prey6 ,one pleasant morning ,i took the cars to visit ,st4 ,denis1 the old burial-place of the kings of ,france4 ,as ,michelet says1 ,this church of tombs is not a sad and pagan necropolis1 but glorious and triumphant2 brilliant with faith and hope2 vast and without shade1 like the soul of the saint who built it2 light and airy1 as if not to weigh on the dead or hinder their spring upward to the starry spheres4 #faf ,mabillon was at one time the visitor's guide to the tombs of ,st4 ,denis4 ,i do not know whether ,i should prefer his learned details and sage reflections over the ashes of the illustrious dead1 or be left as ,i was to wander alone with my own thoughts through the church of the crypts4 ,what a great chapter of history may be read in this sepulchre of kings6 ,what a commentary on the text1 ,dieu seul est grand1 is that stained page of the revolution1 when the bones of the mighty dead were torn from their magnificent tombs and cast into a trench6 ,it was then earth to earth and ashes to ashes1 like the meanest of us4 ,what a long stride may be made here from ,king ,dagobert's tomb at the entrance1 all sculptured with legendary lore1 to the clere-story window1 all emblazoned with ,napoleon's glory2 from the recumbent ,du ,guesclin to the tomb of ,turenne1 and from the chair of ,st4 ,eloi to the stall of ,napoleon ,,iii46 ,a fit place to moralize1 among these statues of kneeling kings and queens1 with their hands folded as if they had gone to sleep in prayer4 ,for heaven's sake1 let us sit upon the ground1 ,and tell sad stories of the death of kings4 ,i sought out the tomb of one of my favorite knights of the middle ages--that of ,bertrand du ,guesclin1 who1 by his devotion to his country and his prowess1 merited a place here among kings and to have his ashes mingled with theirs in #agic4 ,there are four of these knights of the olden time in this chapel1 all in stone1 lying in armor on their tombs4 ,i sat down at the feet of ,du ,guesclin to read my monographie before going around the church4 ,my visit was in the octave of the festival of ,st4 ,denis and his companions1 and their relics were exposed on an altar covered with crimson velvet4 ,huge wax tapers burned around them1 and the chancel was hung around with old tapestry after the designs of ,raphael-- ,whose glittering tissues bore emblazoned ,holy memorials1 acts of zeal and love ,recorded eminent4 ,this church is a monument of the genius and piety of ,suger1 one of the most noble and venerable figures in ,french history1 the ,abbot of ,st4 ,denis1 and a statesman4 ,he has been styled the true founder of the ,capetian dynasty4 ,he was one of those eminent men so often found in the church of the middle ages who were raised from obscurity to positions of authority4 ,in his humility1 when regent of ,france1 he often alluded to his lowly origin1 and once in the following words3 ,recalling in what manner the strong hand of ,god has raised me from the dunghill and made me to sit among the princes of the church and of the kingdom4 ,the princes of ,france used to be educated in the abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 and it was here ,louis ,,vi4 formed a lasting friendship for ,suger1 which led him afterward to make him his prime minister4 ,the monk ,suger was on his way home from ,italy in #aabb when he heard of his election as abbot of ,st4 ,denis4 ,he burst into tears through grief for the death of good old abbot ,adam1 who had cared for him in his youth4 ,that very morning he had risen to say matins before leaving the hostelry where he lodged1 and1 finishing the office before it was light1 he threw himself again on his couch to await the day4 ,falling into a doze1 he dreamed he was in a skiff on the wide raging sea1 at the mercy of the waves1 and he prayed ,god to spare and to conduct him into port4 ,he felt1 on awakening1 as if threatened with some great danger1 but1 as he afterward said1 he trusted the goodness of ,god would deliver him from it4 #fag ,after travelling a few leagues1 he met the deputation from ,st4 ,denis announcing his election as abbot4 ,when ,louis le ,jeune1 with a great number of nobles1 decided to go to the ,holy ,land1 it was resolved to choose a regent to govern the kingdom during his absence4 ,the ,holy ,spirit was invoked to guide the decisions of the nobles and bishops4 ,st4 ,bernard delivered a discourse on the qualities a regent should possess4 ,the ,count de ,nevers and ,abbot ,suger were chosen4 ,the former declined the office1 wishing to enter the ,carthusian order4 ,suger accepted this office with extreme reluctance1 and only at the command of the pope4 ,he showed himself an able statesman4 ,st4 ,bernard reproached him for the state in which he lived while at court1 but he proved his heart was not in such a life by resuming all his austerities when he returned to his monastery4 ,he rebuilt the abbey church of ,st4 ,denis in a little more than three years4 ,he assembled the most skilful workmen and sculptors from all parts4 ,but he himself was the chief architect4 ,the very people around wished to have a share in the work1 believing it would draw down on them the blessing of ,heaven4 ,they brought him marble from ,pontoise1 and wood from the forest of ,chevreuse1 sixty leagues distant4 ,but he himself selected the trees to be cut down4 ,bishops1 nobles1 and the king assisted in laying the foundations1 each one laying a stone while the monks chanted1 ,fundamenta ejus in montibus sanctis4 ,while they were singing in the course of the service1 ,lapides pretiosi omnes muri tui1 the king took a ring of great value from his finger and threw it on the foundations1 and all the nobles followed his example4 ,when the church was consecrated1 the king and a host of church dignitaries were present4 ,thibaud1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 consecrated the high altar1 and twenty other altars were consecrated by as many different bishops4 ,suger had a little cell built near the church for his own use4 ,it was fifteen feet long and ten wide4 ,when he built for ,god his ideas were full of grandeur1 but for himself nothing was too lowly4 ,this little cell beside the magnificent church was a continual act of humility before the majesty of the ,most ,high4 ,whatever is dear and most precious should be made subservient to the administration of the thrice holy ,eucharist1 said he4 ,we read how ,peter the ,venerable1 ,abbot of ,cluny1 came to visit ,st4 ,denis4 ,after admiring the grandeur of the church1 they came to the cell4 ,behold a man who condemns us all6 exclaimed ,peter with a sigh4 ,the cell had neither tapestry nor curtains4 ,he slept on straw1 and his table was set with strictest regard to monastic severity4 ,he never rode in a carriage1 but always on horseback1 even in old age4 ,when ,abbot ,suger felt his end approaching1 he went1 supported by two monks1 into the chapter room where the whole community was assembled1 and addressed them in the most solemn and impressive manner on the judgments of ,god4 ,then he knelt before them all1 and with tears besought their pardon for all the faults of his administration during thirty years4 ,the monks only answered with their tears4 ,he laid down his crosier1 declaring himself unworthy the office of abbot1 and begged them to elect his successor1 that he might have the happiness of dying a simple monk4 ,there is a touching letter from ,st4 ,bernard written at this time1 which commences thus3 #fah ,friar ,bernard to his very dear and intimate friend ,suger1 by the grace of ,god abbot of ,st4 ,denis1 wishing him the glory that springs from a good conscience1 and the grace which is a gift of ,god4 ,fear not1 ,o man of ,god6 to put off the earthly man --that man of sin which torments1 oppresses1 persecutes you--the weight of which sinks you down to earth and drags you almost to the abyss6 ,what have you in part with this mortal frame--you who are about to be clothed with glorious immortality8 ,toward ,christmas ,suger grew so weak that he rejoiced at the prospect of his deliverance1 but fearing his death would interrupt the festivities of that holy time1 he prayed ,god to prolong his life till they were over4 ,his prayer was heard4 ,he died on the twelfth of ,january1 having been abbot of ,st4 ,denis twenty-nine years and ten months1 from #aabb to #aaeb4 ,his tomb bore the simple inscription3 ,cy gist l',abb ,suger4 ,the charter for the foundation of the abbey of ,st4 ,denis was given by ,clovis4 ,it was written on papyrus1 and among others the signature of ,st4 ,eloi was attached to it4 ,pepin and ,charlemagne were great benefactors of the abbey4 ,pepin was buried before the grand portal of the old church with his face down1 wishing by his prostrate position to atone for the excesses of his father ,charles ,martel4 ,charlemagne with filial reverence built a porch to the church1 as a covering over his father's tomb1 and that he might not lie without the church4 ,in rebuilding it1 ,suger had the porch removed and the body transferred into the interior4 ,the treasury of the abbey was once exceedingly rich4 ,the old kings of ,france left their crowns to it1 and on grand festivals they were suspended before the high altar4 ,here were the cross and sceptre of ,charlemagne1 and the crown and ring of the holy ,louis ,,ix4 ,philip ,augustus gave the abbey in his will all his jewels and crosses of gold1 desiring twenty monks to say masses for his soul4 ,the chess-board and chess-men of ,charlemagne were kept here for ages4 ,joubert1 the ,coleridge of ,france1 says3 ,the pomps and magnificence with which the church is reproached are in truth the result and proof of her incomparable excellence4 ,whence came1 let me ask1 this power of hers and these excessive riches1 except from the enchantment into which she threw all the world8 ,ravished with her beauty1 millions of men from age to age kept loading her with gifts1 bequests1 and cessions4 ,she had the talent of making herself loved and the talent of making men happy4 ,it is that which wrought prodigies for her1 it is thence she drew her power4 ,sixty great wax candles used to burn around the high altar of ,st4 ,denis on great festivals4 ,dagobert left one hundred livres a year to obtain oil for lights1 and ,pepin allowed six carts to bring it all the way from ,marseilles without toll4 ,in the middle ages there were fairs near the abbey which lasted for a month4 ,merchants came from ,italy1 ,spain1 and all parts of ,europe1 and1 to encourage them to be mindful of their souls as well as of their purses1 indulgences were granted to all who visited the church4 ,these are a few notes of my saunterings4 ,each one of these holy places1 as well as every church in those old lands1 has its history which is interesting1 and its legends that are poetical and full of meaning4 ,they would fill volumes4 ,travelling is like eating2 what gives pleasure to one only aggravates the bile of another4 ,some only find tyranny in the authority of the church1 a love of pomp and display in her splendor1 and superstition in her piety4 ,thoreau says1 ,where an angel treads1 it will be paradise all the way2 but where ,satan travels1 it will be burning marl and cinders4 ------- #fai ,spiritualism and ,materialism4 ,professor ,huxley1 as we saw in a late number of this magazine1 in the article on ,the ,physical ,basis of ,life1 while rejecting spiritualism1 gives his opinion that materialism is a philosophical error1 on the ground of our ignorance of what matter is1 or is not4 ,there is some truth in the assertion of our ignorance of the essence or real nature of matter or material existence1 though the professor had no logical right to assert it1 after having adopted a materialistic terminology1 and done his best to prove the material origin of life1 thought1 feeling1 and the various mental phenomena4 ,yet we are far from regarding what is called materialism as the fundamental error of this age1 nor do we believe that there is any necessary or irrepressible antagonism between spirit and matter1 either intellectual or moral4 ,in our belief1 a profound philosophy1 though it does not identify spirit and matter1 shows their dialectic harmony1 as revelation asserts it in asserting the resurrection of the flesh1 and the indissoluble reunion of body and soul in the future life4 ,the fundamental error of this age is the denial of creation1 and1 theologically expressed1 is1 with the vulgar1 atheism1 and with the cultivated and refined1 pantheism4 ,atheism is the denial of unity1 and pantheism the denial of plurality or diversity1 and both alike deny creation1 and seek to explain the universe by the principle of self-generation or self-development4 ,what is really denied is ,god ,,the ,,creator4 ,there are1 no doubt1 moral causes that have led in part to this denial1 but with them we have at present nothing to do4 ,the assertion of moral causes is more effective in preventing men from abandoning the truth and falling into error than in recovering and leading back to the truth those who have lost it1 or know not where to find it4 ,we lose our labor when we begin our efforts1 as philosophers1 to convert those who are in error by assuring them that they have erred only through moral perversity or hatred of the true and the good1 the just and the holy1 especially in an age when conscience is fast asleep4 ,we aim at convincing1 not at convicting1 and therefore take up only the intellectual causes which lead to the denial of creation4 ,among these causes1 we shall1 no doubt1 find materialism and a pseudo-spiritualism both playing their part2 but the real causes1 we apprehend1 are in the fact that the philosophic tradition1 which has come down to us from gentilism1 has never been fully harmonized with the ,christian tradition1 which has come down to us through the church4 ,gentilism had lost sight of ,god the ,creator1 and confounded creation with generation1 emanation1 or formation4 ,why the gentiles were led into this error would be an interesting chapter in the history of the wanderings of the human mind2 but we have no space at present for the inquiry4 ,it is enough1 for our present purpose1 to establish the fact that the gentiles did fall into it4 ,the conception of creation is found in none of the heathen mythologies1 learned or unlearned1 of which we have any knowledge2 and that they do not recognize a creative ,god1 may be inferred from the fact that in them all1 so far as known1 was worshipped1 under obscure symbols1 the generative forces or functions of nature4 #fbj ,in no gentile philosophy1 not even in ,plato or ,aristotle1 do you find any conception of ,god the ,creator4 ,pre ,gratry1 indeed1 thinks he finds the fact of creation recognized by ,plato1 especially in the ,timaeus2 but though we have read time and again that most important of ,plato's dialogues1 we have never found the fact of creation in it2 all we can find in it bearing on this point is what ,plato1 as we understand him1 uniformly teaches1 the identity of the idea with the essence or causa essentialis of the thing4 ,as1 for instance1 the idea of a man is the real1 essential man himself2 and is simply the idea in the divine mind1 impressed on a preexisting matter1 as the seal upon wax4 ,god creates neither the idea nor the matter4 ,the idea is himself2 the matter is eternal4 ,aristotle does not essentially differ from ,plato on this point4 ,the individual existence1 according to him1 is composed of matter and form2 the form alone is substantial1 and matter is simply its passive recipient4 ,the substantial forms are supplied1 but not created by the divine intelligence4 ,in no form of heathenism that existed before the ,christian era have we found any conception of creation4 ,the conception or tradition of creation was retained only by the patriarchs and the synagogue1 and has been restored to the converted gentiles by the ,christian church alone4 ,st4 ,augustine1 and after him the great medieval doctors--especially the greatest of them all1 the ,angel of the schools--labored assiduously1 and up to a certain point successfully1 to amend the least debased gentile philosophy so as to make it harmonize with ,christian theology and tradition4 ,they took from gentile philosophy the elements it had retained from the ancient wisdom1 supplied their defects with elements taken from the ,christian tradition1 and formed a really ,christian philosophy1 which still subsists in union with theology4 ,this work of harmonizing faith and philosophy1 or1 perhaps1 more correctly1 of constructing a philosophy in harmony with faith and theology1 was nearly1 if not quite completed by the great western scholastics or medieval doctors2 but1 unhappily1 the ,east1 separated from the centre of unity1 or holding to it only loosely and by fits and starts1 did not share in the great intellectual movement of the ,west4 ,it made little or no progress in harmonizing gentile philosophy and ,christian theology4 ,it retained and studied the gentile philosophers1 especially of the ,platonic and ,neoplatonic schools2 and when the ,greek scholars1 after the taking of ,constantinople by the ,turks1 in #adec1 sought refuge in the ,west1 they brought with them1 not only their schism1 but their unmitigated gentile philosophy1 corrupted the western schools1 and unsettled to a fearful extent the confidence of scholars in the scholastic philosophy4 ,we owe the false systems of spiritualism and materialism1 of atheism and pantheism1 to what is called the ,revival of ,letters in the fifteenth century1 or the ,greek invasion of western ,christendom4 ,the scholastics1 especially ,st4 ,thomas1 had transformed the peripatetic philosophy into a ,christian philosophy2 but the other ,greek schools had remained pagan2 and it was precisely these other schools1 especially the ,platonic1 and ,neoplatonic1 or ,alexandrian eclecticism1 that now revived in their unchristianized form1 and were opposed to the ,aristotelian philosophy as modified by the schoolmen4 #fba ,some of the early fathers were more inclined to ,plato than to ,aristotle1 but none of these1 not ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,origen1 or even ,st4 ,augustine1 had harmonized throughout ,plato's philosophy with ,christianity1 and we should greatly wrong ,st4 ,augustine1 at least1 if we called him a systematic ,platonist4 ,with the study of ,plato was revived in western ,europe a false and exaggerated spiritualism1 and a philosophy which denied creation as a truth of philosophy1 and admitted it only as a doctrine of revelation4 ,the authority of the scholastic philosophy was weakened1 a decided tendency in pantheistic direction to thought was given1 and the way was prepared for ,giordano ,bruno1 as well as for the ,protestant apostasy4 ,we say apostasy1 because ,luther's movement was really an apostasy1 as its historical developments have amply proved4 ,with ,plato was revived the ,academy with its scepticism1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 and after him ,epicurus2 and before the close of the sixteenth century1 ,europe was overrun with false mystics1 sceptics1 pantheists1 and atheists1 who abounded all through the seventeenth century1 in spite of a very decided reaction in favor of faith and the church4 ,what is worthy of special note is1 that in all this period of two centuries and a half it was no uncommon thing to find men who1 as philosophers1 denied the immortality of the soul1 which as believers they asserted2 or combining a childlike faith with nearly universal scepticism1 as we see in ,montaigne4 ,gradually1 however1 men began to see that1 while they acknowledged a discrepancy between what they held as philosophy and the ,christian faith1 they could not retain both2 that they must give up the one or the other4 ,england1 in the latter half of the seventeenth century1 swarmed with free thinkers who denied all divine revelation2 and ,france1 in the eighteenth century1 rejected the church1 rejected the ,bible1 suppressed ,christian worship1 rebuilt the ,pantheon1 and voted death to be an eternal sleep4 ,but the eighteenth century was born of the seventeenth1 as the seventeenth was born of the sixteenth1 as the sixteenth was born of the revival of ,greek letters and philosophy1 thoroughly impregnated with paganism1 supposed by unthinking men to be the most glorious event in modern history1 saving1 always1 ,luther's ,reformation4 ,in the seventeenth century1 ,descartes undertook to reform and reconstruct philosophy after a new method4 ,he undertook to erect philosophy into a complete science in the rational order1 independent of revelation4 ,if he recognized the creative act of ,god1 or ,god as creator1 it was as a theologian1 not as a philosopher2 for certainly he does not start with the creative act as a first principle1 nor does he1 nor can he1 arrive at it by his method4 ,god as creator cannot be deduced from cogito1 ergo sum2 for1 without presupposing ,god as my creator1 ,i cannot assert that ,i exist4 ,gentilism had so far revived that it was able to take possession of philosophy the moment it was detached from ,christian theology and declared an independent science2 and as that has no conception of creation1 the tradition preserved by ,jews and ,christians was at once relegated from philosophy to theologian1 from science to faith4 ,hence we fail to find creation recognized as a philosophical truth in the system of his disciple ,malebranche1 a profounder philosopher than ,descartes himself4 ,the prince of modern sophists1 ,spinoza1 adopting as his starting point the definition of substance given by ,descartes1 demonstrates but too easily that there can be only one substance1 and that there can be no creation1 or that nothing does or can exist except the one substance and its attributes1 modes1 or affections4 ,calling the one substance ,god1 he arrived at once at pantheism1 now so prevalent4 #fbb ,that ,descartes felt a difficulty in asserting creation in its proper sense1 may be inferred from the fact that he always calls the soul la pense1 thought2 never1 if we recollect aright1 a substance that thinks1 which was itself a large stride toward pantheism1 for pantheism consists precisely in denying all substantive existences except the one only substance1 which is ,god4 ,spinoza developed his principles with a logic vastly superior to his own1 and brought out errors which he probably did not foresee4 ,indeed1 we do not pretend that ,descartes intended to favor or had any suspicion that he was favoring pantheism2 but he most certainly did not recognize any principle that would enable his disciples to oppose it1 and in former days1 before we knew the church1 we ourselves found1 or thought we found1 pantheism flowing logically from his premises1 and we escaped it only by rejecting the ,cartesian philosophy4 ,descartes revived in modern philosophy that antagonism between spirit and matter which was unknown to the scholastic philosophy1 and which renders the mutual commerce of soul and body inexplicable4 ,the scholastic doctors had recognized1 indeed1 matter and form2 but with them matter was simply possibility1 existing only in potentia ad formam1 and was never supposed to be the basis or substratum of any existence whatever4 ,the real existence was in the form1 the forma or the idea4 ,they distinguished1 certainly1 between corporeal and incorporeal existences2 but not1 as the moderns do1 between spiritual and material existences1 and the question between spiritualism and materialism1 as we have it to-day1 did not and could not come up with them4 ,the distinction with them was between sensibles and intelligibles1 the only distinction that philosophy by her own light knows4 ,spirit was a term very nearly restricted to ,god1 and spiritual meant partaking of spirit1 living according to the spirit2 that is1 living a godly life begotten by the ,holy ,spirit1 as in the inspired writings of ,st4 ,paul4 ,even the ancients did not distinguish1 in the modern sense1 between spirit and matter4 ,their gods were corporeal1 but ordinarily impassible4 ,the spirit was not a distinct existence1 but was the universal principle of life1 thought1 and action1 and the spirit of man was an emanation from the universal spirit1 which at death flowed back and was reabsorbed in the ocean from which it emanated4 ,their ghosts were not disembodied spirits1 as ours are1 were not departed spirits1 but the umbra or shade--a thin1 aerial apparition1 bearing the exact resemblance of the body1 and had formed during life1 if ,i may so speak1 its inner lining1 or the immediate envelope of the spirit4 ,it is the body that after death still invests the soul1 according to ,swedenborg1 who denies the resurrection of the flesh4 ,according to ancient ,greek and ,roman gentilism it was not spirit1 nor body1 but something between the two4 ,it hovered over and around the dead body1 and it was to allay it1 and enable it to rest in peace that the funeral rites or obsequies of the dead were performed1 and judged to be so indispensable4 ,the ,marquis de ,mirville1 in his work on ,the ,fluidity of ,spirits1 seems to think the umbra was not a pure imagination1 and is inclined to assert it1 and to make it the basis of the explanation of many of the so-called spirit-phenomena4 #fbc ,he supposes it is capable of transporting the soul1 or of being transported by the soul1 out of the body1 and to a great distance from it1 and that the body itself will bear the marks of the wounds that may be given it4 ,in this way he also explains the prodigies of bilocation4 ,but however this may be1 the ghost of heathen superstition is never the spirit returned to earth1 nor is it the spirit that is doomed to ,tartarus1 or that is received into the ,elysian ,fields1 the heathen paradise4 ,hades1 which includes both ,tartarus and ,elysium1 is a land of shadows1 inhabited by shades that are neither spirit nor body2 for the heathen knew nothing1 and believed nothing1 of the resurrection of the flesh1 and the reunion of soul and body in a future life4 ,the spirit at death returns to its fountain1 and the body1 dissolved1 loses itself in the several elements from which it was taken1 and only the shade or shadow of the living man survives4 ,even in ,elysium1 the ghosts that sport on the flowery banks of the river1 repose in the green bowers1 or pursue in the fields the mimic games and pastimes that they loved1 are pale1 thin1 and shadowy4 ,the whole is a mimic scene1 if we may trust either ,homer or ,virgil1 and is far less real and less attractive than the happy hunting grounds of the red men of our continent1 to which the good1 that is1 the brave ,indian is transported when he dies4 ,the only distinction we find1 with the heathen1 between spirit and matter1 is1 the distinction between the divine substance1 or intelligence1 and an eternally existing matter1 as the stuff of which bodies or corporeal existences1 the only existences recognized1 are formed or generated4 ,but ,descartes distinguished them so broadly that he seemed to make them each independent of the other4 ,why1 then1 was either necessary to the life and activity of the other8 ,and we see in ,descartes no use that the soul is or can be to the body1 or the body to the soul4 ,hence1 philosophy1 starting from ,descartes1 branched out in two opposite directions1 the one toward the denial of matter1 and the other toward the denial of spirit2 or1 as more commonly expressed1 into idealism and materialism1 but as it would be more proper to say1 into intellectism and sensism4 ,the spiritualism of ,descartes1 so far as it had been known in the history of philosophy1 was only the ,neoplatonic mysticism1 which substitutes the direct and immediate vision1 so to speak1 of the intelligible1 for its apprehension through sensible symbols and the exercise of the reasoning faculty4 ,from this it was an easy step to the denial of an external and material world1 as was proved by ,berkeley1 who held the external world to consist simply of pictures painted on the retina of the eye by the creative act of ,god2 and before him by ,collier1 who maintained that only mind exists4 ,it was an equally short and easy step to take the other direction1 assert the sufficiency of the corporeal or material1 and deny the existence of spirit or the incorporeal1 since the senses take cognizance of the corporeal and the corporeal only4 ,either step was favored by the ancient philosophy revived and set up against the scholastic philosophy4 ,it was hardly possible to follow out the exaggerated and exclusive spiritualism of the one class without running into mystic pantheism1 or the independence of the corporeal or material1 without falling into material pantheism or atheism4 ,these two errors1 or rather these two phases of one and the same error1 are the fundamental or mother error of this age--perhaps1 in principle1 of all ages--and is receiving an able refutation by one of our collaborateurs in the essay on ,catholicity and ,pantheism now in the course of publication in this magazine4 #fbd ,it is no part of our purpose now to refute this error2 we have traced it from gentilism1 shown that it is essentially pagan1 and owes its prevalence in the modern world to the revival of ,greek letters and philosophy in the fifteenth century1 the discredit into which the study of ,plato and the ,neoplatonists threw the scholastic philosophy1 and especially to the divorce of philosophy from theology1 declared by ,descartes in the seventeenth century4 ,yet we do not accept either exclusive materialism or exclusive spiritualism1 and the question itself hardly has place in our philosophy1 as it hardly had place in that of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,it became a question only when philosophy was detached from theology1 of which it forms the rational as distinguishable but not separable from the revealed element1 and reduced to a mere ,wissenchaftslehre1 or rather a simple methodology4 ,true philosophy joined with theology is the response to the question1 ,what is1 or exists8 ,what are the principles and causes of things8 ,what are our relations to those principles and causes8 ,what is the law under which we are placed8 and what are the means and conditions within our reach1 natural or gracious1 of fulfilling our destiny1 or of attaining to our supreme good8 ,not a response to the question1 for the most part an idle question1 ,how do we know1 or how do we know that we know8 ,many of the most difficult problems for philosophers1 and which we confess our inability to solve1 may be eluded by a flank movement1 to use a military phrase4 ,such is the question of the origin of ideas1 of certitude1 and the passage from the subjective to the objective1 and this very question of spiritualism and materialism4 ,all these are problems which no philosopher yet has solved from the point of view of exclusive psychology1 or of exclusive ontology1 or of any philosophy that leaves them to be asked4 ,but we are much mistaken if they do not cease to be problems at all1 when one starts with the principles of things1 or if they do not solve themselves4 ,we do not find them1 in the modern sense1 raised by ,plato or ,aristotle1 nor by ,st4 ,augustine or ,st4 ,thomas4 ,when we have the right stand-point1 if ,mr4 ,richard ,grant ,white will allow us the term1 and see things from the point of view of the real order1 these problems do not present themselves1 and are wholly superseded4 ,professor ,huxley is right enough when he tells us that we know the nature and essence neither of spirit nor of matter4 ,i know from revelation that there is a spirit in man1 and that the inspiration of the ,almighty giveth him understanding1 but ,i know neither by revelation nor by reason what spirit is4 ,god is a spirit2 but if man is a spirit1 it must be in a very different sense from that in which ,god is a spirit4 ,although the human spirit may have a certain likeness to the ,divine spirit1 it yet cannot be divine1 for it is created2 and they who call it divine1 a spark of divinity1 or a particle of ,god1 either do not mean1 or do not know what they literally assert4 ,they only repeat the old gentile doctrine of the substantial identity of the spirit with divinity1 from whom it emanates1 and to whom it returns1 to be reabsorbed in him--a pantheistic conception4 ,all we can say of spiritual existences is1 that they are incorporeal intelligences2 and all we can say of man is1 that he has both a corporeal and an incorporeal nature2 and perhaps without revelation we should be able to say not even so much4 #fbe ,we know1 again1 just as little of matter4 ,what is matter8 ,who can answer8 ,nay1 what is body8 ,who can tell8 ,body1 we are told1 is composed of material elements4 ,be it so4 ,what are those elements8 ,into what is matter resolvable in the last analysis8 ,into indestructible and indissoluble atoms1 says ,epicurus2 into entelecheia1 or self-acting forces1 says ,aristotle2 into extension1 says ,descartes2 into monads1 each acting from its centre1 and representing the entire universe from its own point of view1 says ,leibnitz2 into centres of attraction and gravitation1 says ,father ,boscovich2 into pictures painted on the retina of the eye by the ,creator1 says ,berkeley1 the ,protestant bishop of ,cloyne1 and so on4 ,we may ask and ask1 but can get no final answer4 ,take1 instead of matter1 an organic body2 who can tell us what it is8 ,it is extended1 occupies space1 say the ,cartesians4 ,but is this certain8 ,leibnitz disputes it1 and it is not easy to attach any precise meaning to the assertion it occupies space1 if we have any just notion of space and time1 the pons asinorum of psychologists4 ,what is called actual or real space is the relation of co-existence of creatures2 and is simply nothing abstracted from the related4 ,it would be a great convenience if philosophers would learn that nothing is nothing1 and that only ,god can create something from nothing4 ,space being nothing but relation1 to say of a thing that it occupies space1 is only saying that it exists1 and exists in a certain relation to other objects4 ,this relation may be either sensible or intelligible2 it is sensible1 or what is called sensible space1 when the objects related are sensible4 ,extension is neither the essence nor a property of matter1 but the sensible relation of an object either to some other objects or to our sensible perception4 ,it is1 as ,leibnitz very well shows1 only the relation of continuity4 ,whirl a wheel with great force and rapidity1 and you will be unable to distinguish its several spokes1 and it will seem to be all of one continuous and solid piece4 ,intelligible space as distinguished from sensible space is the logical relation of things1 or1 as more commonly called1 the relation of cause and effect4 ,when we conform our notions of space to the real order1 and understand that the sensible simply copies1 imitates1 or symbolizes the intelligible1 we shall see that we have no authority for saying extension is even a property of body or of matter4 ,that extension is simply the sensible relation of body1 not its essence1 nor even a property of matter1 is evident from what physiologists tell us of organic or living bodies4 ,there can be no reasonable doubt that the body ,i now have is the same identical body with which ,i was born1 and yet it contains1 probably1 not a single molecule or particle of sensible matter it originally had4 ,as ,i am an old man1 all the particles or molecules of my body have probably been changed some ten or twenty times over2 yet my body remains unchanged4 ,it is evident1 then1 since the molecular changes do not affect its identity1 that those particles or molecules of matter which my body assimilates from the food ,i take to repair the waste that is constantly going on1 or to supply the loss of those particles or molecules constantly exuded or thrown off1 do not compose1 make up1 or constitute the real body4 ,this fact is commended to the consideration of those learned men1 like the late ,professor ,george ,bush1 who deny the resurrection of the body1 on the ground that these molecular changes which have been going on during life render it a physical impossibility4 ,this fact also may have some bearing on the ,catholic mystery of ,transubstantiation4 #fbf ,st4 ,augustine distinguishes between the visible body and the intelligible body--the body that is seen and the body that is understood--and tells us that it is the intelligible1 or1 as he sometimes says1 the spiritual1 not the visible or sensible1 body of our ,lord that is present in the ,blessed ,eucharist4 ,in fact1 there is no change in the sensible body of the bread and the wine1 in ,transubstantiation4 ,the sensible body remains the same after consecration that it was before4 ,the change is in the essence or substance1 or the intelligible body1 and hence the appropriateness of the term transubstantiation to express the change which takes place at the words of consecration4 ,only the intelligible body1 that is1 what is non-sensible in the elements bread and wine1 is transubstantiated1 and yet their real body is changed1 and the real body of our ,lord takes its place4 ,the nonsensible or invisible body1 the intelligible body1 is then1 in either case1 assumed by the sacred mystery to be the real body2 and hence1 supposing us right in our assumption that our body remains always the same in spite of the molecular changes--which was evidently the doctrine of ,st4 ,augustine--there is nothing in science or the profoundest philosophy to show that either transubstantiation or the resurrection of the flesh is impossible1 or that ,god may not effect either consistently with his own immutable nature1 if he sees proper to do it4 ,nothing aids the philosopher so much as the study of the great doctrines and mysteries of ,christianity1 as held and taught by the church4 ,the distinction between seeing and intellectually apprehending1 and therefore between the visible body and the intelligible body1 asserted and always carefully observed by ,st4 ,augustine when treating of the ,blessed ,eucharist1 belongs to a profounder philosophy than is now generally cultivated4 ,our prevailing philosophy1 especially outside of the church1 recognizes no such distinction4 ,it is true1 we are told1 that the senses perceive only the sensible properties or qualities of things2 that they never perceive the essence or substance2 but then the essence or substance is supposed to be a mere abstraction with no intelligible properties or qualities1 or a mere substratum of sensible properties and qualities4 ,the sensible exhausts it1 and beyond what the senses proclaim the substance has no quality or property1 and is and can be the subject of no predicate4 ,this is a great mistake4 ,the sensible properties and qualities are real1 that is1 are not false or illusory2 but they are real only in the sensible order1 or the mimesis1 as ,gioberti1 after ,plato and some of the ,greek fathers1 calls it in his posthumous works4 ,the intelligible substance is the thing itself1 and has its own intelligible properties and qualities1 which the sensible only copies1 imitates1 or mimics4 ,all through nature there runs1 above the sensible1 the intelligible1 in which is the highest created reality1 with its own attributes and qualities1 which must be known before we can claim to know anything as it really is or exists4 ,we do not know this in the case of body or matter2 we do not and cannot know what either really is1 and can really know of either only its sensible properties4 ,we know that if matter exists at all1 it must have an essence or substance2 but what the substance really is human science has not learned and cannot learn4 ,we really know1 then1 of matter in itself no more than we do of spirit1 except that matter has its sensible copy1 which spirit has not4 #fbg ,matter1 as to its substance1 is supersensible1 and as to the essence or nature of its substance is superintelligible1 as is spirit2 and we only know that it has a substance2 and of substance itself1 we can only say1 if it exists1 it is a vis activa1 as opposed to nuda potentia1 which is a mere possibility1 and no existence at all4 ,such being the case1 we agree with ,professor ,huxley1 that neither spiritualism nor materialism is1 in his sense1 admissible1 and that each is a philosophical error1 or1 at least1 an unprovable hypothesis4 ,but here our agreement ends and our divergence begins4 ,the ,holy ,see has required the traditionalists to maintain that the existence of ,god1 the immateriality of the soul1 and the liberty of man can be proved with certainty by reason4 ,we have always found the definitions of the church our best guide in the study of philosophy1 and that we can never run athwart her teaching without finding ourselves at odds with reason and truth4 ,we are always sure that when our theology is unsound our philosophy will be bad4 ,there is a distinction already noted between spirit and matter1 which is decisive of the whole question1 as far as it is a question at all4 ,matter has1 and spirit has not1 sensible properties or qualities4 ,these sensible properties or qualities do not constitute the essence or substance of matter1 which we have seen is not sensible1 but they distinguish it from spirit1 which is non-sensible4 ,this difference1 in regard to sensible qualities and properties1 proves that there must be a difference of substance1 that the material substance and the immaterial substance are not1 and cannot be one and the same substance1 although we know not what is the essence or nature of either4 ,we take matter here in the sense of that which has properties or qualities perceptible by the senses1 and spirit or spiritual substance as an existence that has no such properties or qualities4 ,the ,holy ,see says the immateriality1 not spirituality1 of the soul1 is to be proved by reason4 ,the spirituality of the soul1 except in the sense of immateriality1 cannot be proved or known by philosophy1 but is simply a doctrine of divine revelation1 and is known only by that analogical knowledge called faith4 ,all that we can prove or assert by natural reason1 is1 that the soul is immaterial1 or not material in the sense that matter has for its sign the mimesis1 or sensible properties or qualities4 ,we repeat1 the sensible is not the material substance1 but is its natural sign4 ,so that1 where the sign is wanting1 we know the substance is not present and active4 ,on the other hand1 where there is a force undeniably present and operating without the sign1 we know at once that it is an immaterial force or substance4 ,that the soul is not material1 therefore is an immaterial substance1 we know2 because it has none of the sensible signs or properties of matter4 ,we cannot see1 hear1 touch1 smell1 nor taste it4 ,the very facts materialists allege to prove it material1 prove conclusively1 that1 if anything1 it is immaterial4 ,the soul has none of the attributes or qualities that are included1 and has others which evidently are not included1 in the definition of matter4 ,matter1 as to its substance1 is a vis activa1 for whatever exists at all is an active force2 but it is not a force or substance that thinks1 feels1 wills1 or reasons4 ,it has no sensibility1 no mind1 no intelligence1 no heart1 no soul4 ,but animals have sensibility and intelligence2 have they immaterial souls8 ,why not8 ,we have no serious difficulty in admitting that animals have souls1 only not rational and immortal souls4 #fbh ,soul1 in them1 is not spirit1 but it may be immaterial4 ,indeed1 we can go further1 and concede an immaterial soul1 not only to animals but to plants1 though1 of course1 not an intelligent or even a sensitive soul2 for if plants1 or at least some plants1 are contractile and slightly mimic sensibility in animals1 nothing proves that they are sensitive4 ,we have no proof that any living organism1 vegetable1 animal1 or human1 is or can be a purely material product4 ,professor ,huxley has completely failed1 as we have shown1 in his effort to sustain his theory of a physical or material basis of life1 and physiologists profess to have demonstrated by their experiments and discoveries that no organism can originate in inorganic matter1 or in any possible mechanical1 chemical1 or electrical arrangement of material atoms1 and is and can be produced1 unless by direct and immediate creation of ,god1 only by generation from a preexisting male and female organism4 ,this is true alike of plants1 animals1 and man4 ,nothing hinders you1 then1 from calling1 if you so wish1 the universal basis of life anima or soul1 and asserting1 the psychical basis1 in opposition to ,professor ,huxley's physical basis1 of life2 only you must take care and not assert that plants and animals have human souls1 or that soul in them is the same that it is in man4 ,there are grave thinkers who are not satisfied with the doctrine that ascribes the apparent and even striking marks of mind in animals to instinct1 a term which serves to cover our ignorance1 but tells us nothing2 still less are they satisfied with the ,cartesian doctrine that the animal is simply a piece of mechanism moved or moving only by mechanical springs and wheels like a clock or watch4 ,theologians are reluctant chiefly1 we suppose1 to admit that animals have souls1 because they are accustomed to regard all souls1 as to their substance1 the same1 and because it has seemed to them that the admission would bring animals too near to men1 and not preserve the essential difference between the animal nature and the human4 ,but we see no difficulty in admitting as many different sorts or orders of souls as there are different orders1 genera1 and species of living organisms4 ,god is spirit1 and the angels are spirits2 are the angels therefore identical in substance with ,god8 ,the human soul is spiritual2 is there no difference in substance between human souls and angels8 ,we know that men sometimes speak of a departed wife1 child1 or friend as being now an angel in heaven2 but they are not to be understand literally1 any more than the young man in love with a charming young lady who does not absolutely refuse his addresses1 when he calls her--a sinful mortal1 not unlikely--an angel4 ,in the resurrection men are like the angels of ,god1 in the respect that they neither marry nor are given in marriage2 but the spirits of the just made perfect1 that stand before the throne1 are not angels2 they are still human in their nature4 ,if1 then1 we may admit spirits of different nature and substance1 why not souls1 and1 therefore1 vegetable souls1 animal souls1 and human souls1 agreeing only in the fact that they are immaterial1 or not material substances or forces8 ,it perhaps may be thought that to admit different orders of souls to correspond to the different orders1 genera1 and species of organisms1 would imply that the human soul is generated with the body2 contrary to the general doctrine of theologians1 that the soul is created immediately ad hoc4 #fbi ,the ,holy ,see censured ,professor ,frohshamer's doctrine on the subject2 but the point condemned was1 as we understand it1 that the professor claimed creative power for man4 ,but it is not necessary to suppose1 even if plants and animals have souls1 that the human soul is generated with the body1 in any sense inconsistent with faith4 ,the church has defined that anima est forma corporis1 that is1 as we understand it1 the soul is the vital or informing principle1 the life of the body1 without which the body is dead matter4 ,the organism generated is a living not a dead organism1 and therefore if the soul is directly and immediately created ad hoc1 the creative act must be consentaneous with the act of generation1 a fact which demands a serious modification of the medical jurisprudence now taught in our medical schools4 ,some have asserted for man alone a vegetable soul1 an animal soul1 and a spiritual soul1 but this is inadmissible2 man has simply a human soul1 though capable of yielding to the grovelling demands of the flesh as well as to the higher promptings of the spirit4 ,but we have suffered ourselves to be drawn nearer to the borders of the land of impenetrable mysteries than we intended1 and we retrace our steps as hastily as possible4 ,our readers will understand that what we have said of the souls of plants and animals is said only as a possible concession1 but not set forth as a doctrine we do or design to maintain2 for it lies too near the province of revelation to be settled by philosophy4 ,all we mean is that we see on the part of reason no serious objection to it4 ,perhaps it may be thought that we lose1 by the concession1 the argument for the immortality of the soul drawn from its simplicity2 but1 even if so1 we are not deprived of other1 and to our mind1 much stronger arguments4 ,but it may be said all our talk about souls is wide of the mark1 for we have not yet proved that man is or has a soul distinguishable from the body1 and which does or can survive its dissolution1 and that our argument only proves that1 if a man has a soul1 it is immaterial4 ,the materialist denies that there is any soul in man distinct from the body1 and maintains that the mental phenomena1 which we ascribe to an immaterial soul1 are the effects of material organization4 ,but that is for him to prove1 not for us to disprove4 ,organization can give to matter no new properties or qualities1 as aggregation can give only the sum of the individuals aggregated4 ,matter we have taken all along1 as all the world takes it1 as a substance that has properties and qualities perceptible by the senses1 and it has no meaning except so far as so perceptible4 ,any active force that has no mimesis or sensible qualities1 properties1 or attributes1 is an immaterial1 not a material substance4 ,that man is or has an active force that feels1 thinks1 reasons1 wills1 we know as well as we know anything2 indeed1 better than we know anything else4 ,these acts or operations are not operations of a material substance4 ,we know that they are not1 from the fact that they are not sensible properties or qualities1 and therefore there must be in man an active force or substance that is not material1 but immaterial4 ,material substance is1 we grant1 a vis activa2 but if it has properties or qualities1 it has no faculties4 ,it acts1 but it acts only ad finem1 or to an end1 never propter finem1 or for an end foreseen and deliberately willed or chosen4 ,but the force that man has or is1 has faculties1 not simply properties or qualities1 and can and does act deliberately1 with foresight and choice1 for an end4 ,hence1 it is not and cannot be a substance included in the definition of matter4 #fcj ,that this immaterial soul1 now united to body and active only in union with matter1 survives the dissolution of the body and is immortal1 is another question1 and is not proved1 in our judgment1 by proving its immateriality4 ,there is an important text in ,ecclesiastes1 #c3ba1 which would seem to have some bearing on the assumption that the immortality of the soul is really a truth of philosophy as well as of revelation4 ,who knoweth if the spirit of the children of ,adam ascend upward1 and if the spirit of the beasts descend downward8 ,the doubt is not as to the immortality of the soul1 but as to the ability of reason without revelation to demonstrate it4 ,certainly1 reason can demonstrate its possibility1 and that nothing warrants its denial4 ,the doctrine1 in some form1 has always been believed by the human race1 whether savage or civilized1 barbarous or refined1 and has been denied only by exceptional individuals in exceptional epochs4 ,this proves either that it is a dictate of universal reason1 or a doctrine of a revelation made to man in the beginning1 before the dispersion of the human race commenced4 ,in either case the reason for believing the doctrine would be sufficient2 but we are disposed to take the latter alternative1 and to hold that the belief in the immortality of the soul1 or of an existence after death1 originated in revelation made to our first parents1 and has been perpetuated and diffused by tradition1 pure and integral with the patriarchs1 the synagogue1 and the church2 but mutilated1 corrupted1 and travestied with the cultivated as well as with the uncultivated heathen4 ,with the heathen ,satan played his pranks with the tradition1 as he is doing with it with the spiritists in our own times4 ,but if the belief originated in revelation and is a doctrine of faith rather than of science1 yet is it not repugnant to science1 and reason has much to urge in its support4 ,the immateriality of the soul implies its unity and simplicity1 and therefore it can not undergo dissolution1 which is the death of the body4 ,its dissolution is impossible1 because it is a monad1 having attributes and qualities1 but not made up by the combination of parts4 ,it is the form of the body1 that is1 it vivifies the organic or central cell1 and gives to the organism its life1 instead of drawing its own life from it4 ,science1 then1 has nothing from which to infer that it ceases to exist when the body dies4 ,the death of the body does not necessarily imply its destruction4 ,true1 we have here only negative proofs1 but negative proofs are all that is needed1 in the case of a doctrine of tradition1 to satisfy the most exacting reason4 ,the soul may be extinguished with the body1 but we cannot say that it is without proof4 ,left to our unassisted reason1 we could not say that the soul of the animal expires with its body4 ,indeed1 the ,indian does not believe it1 and therefore buries with the hunter his favorite dog1 to accompany him in the happy hunting grounds4 ,the real matter to be proved is not that the soul can or does survive the body1 but that it dies with the body4 ,we have seen that it is distinguishable from the body1 does not draw its life from the body1 but imparts life to it2 how then conclude that it dies with it8 ,we have not a particle of proof1 and not a single fact from which we can logically infer that it does so die4 ,what right then has any one to say that it does8 ,the laboring oar is in the hands of those who assert that the soul dies with the body1 and it is for them to prove what they assert1 not for us to disprove it4 #fca ,the real affirmative in the case is not made by those who assert the immortality of the soul1 but by those who assert its mortality4 ,the very term immortal is negative1 and simply denies mortality4 ,life is always presumptive of the continuance of life1 and the continuance of the life of the soul must be presumed in the absence of all proofs of its death4 ,we have seen that the immateriality1 unity1 and simplicity of the soul prove that it does not necessarily die with the body1 but that it may survive it4 ,the fact that ,god has written his promise of a future life in the very nature and destiny of the soul1 is for us a sufficient proof that the soul does not die with the body4 ,that ,god is1 and is the first and final cause of all existences1 is a truth of science as well as of revelation4 ,he has created all things by himself1 and for himself4 ,he then must be their last end1 and therefore their supreme good1 according to their several natures4 ,he has created man with a nature that nothing short of the possession of himself as his supreme good can satisfy4 ,in so creating man1 he promises him in his nature the realization of this good1 that is1 the possession of himself as final cause1 unless forfeited and rendered impossible by man's own fault4 ,to return to ,god as his supreme good without being absorbed in him1 is man's destiny promised in his very constitution4 ,but this destiny is not realized nor realizable in this life1 and therefore there must be another life to fulfil what he promises1 for no promise of ,god1 however made1 can fail4 ,this argument we regard as conclusive4 ,the resurrection of the flesh1 the reunion of the soul and body1 future happiness as a reward of virtue1 and the misery of those who through their own fault fail of their destiny1 as a punishment for sin1 etc41 are matters of revelation or theology as distinguished from philosophy1 and do not require to be treated here1 any further than to say1 if reason has little to say for them1 it has nothing to say against them4 ,they belong to the mysteries of faith which1 though never contrary to reason1 are above it1 in an order transcending its domain4 ,we have thus far treated spiritualism and materialism from the point of view of philosophy1 not from that of psychology1 or of our faculties4 ,the two doctrines1 as they prevail to-day1 are simply psychological doctrines4 ,the partisans of the one say that the soul has no faculty of knowing any but material objects1 and therefore assert materialism2 the partisans of the other say that the soul has a faculty by which she apprehends immediately immaterial or spiritual objects or truths1 and hence they assert what goes by the name of spiritualism1 which may or may not deny the existence of matter4 ,descartes and ,cousin assert the cognition of both spirit and matter1 but as independent each of the other2 ,collier and ,berkeley deny that we have any cognition of matter1 and therefore deny its existence1 save in the mind4 ,the truth1 we hold1 lies with neither4 ,the soul has no direct intuition of the immaterial or intelligible4 ,we use intuition here in the ordinary sense1 as an act of the soul--knowing by looking on1 or immediately beholding2 that is1 in the sense of intelligible as distinguished from sensible perceptions--intellection1 as some say1 as distinguished from sensation4 ,this empirical intuition1 as we call it1 is very distinct from that intuition a priori by which the ideal formula is affirmed1 for that is the act of the divine ,being himself1 creating the mind1 and becoming himself the light thereof4 #fcb ,but that constitutes the mind1 and is its object1 not its act4 ,no doubt1 the intellectual principles of all reality and of all science are affirmed in that intuition a priori1 and hence these principles are ever present to the soul as the basis of all intelligible as well as of all sensible experience4 ,yet they are asserted by the mind's own act only as sensibly represented1 according to the peripatetic maxim1 ,nihil est in intellectu1 quod non prius fuerit in sensu4 ,the mind has three faculties1 sensibility1 intellect1 and will1 but it is itself one1 a single vis or force1 and never acts with one faculty alone1 whether it feels1 thinks1 or wills2 and1 united as it is in this life with the body1 it never acts as body alone or as spirit alone4 ,there are then no intellections without sensation1 nor sensations without intellection2 purely noetic truth1 therefore1 can never be grasped save through a sensible medium4 ,we have already explained this with regard to material objects1 in which the substance1 though supersensible1 has its sensible sign1 through which the mind reaches it4 ,but immaterial or ideal objects are1 as we have seen1 precisely those which have no sensible sign of their own--properties or qualities perceptible by the senses4 ,for this order of truth the only sensible representation is language1 which is the sensible sign or symbol of immaterial or ideal truth4 ,we arrive at this order of reality or truth only through the medium of language which embodies it2 that is to say1 only through the medium of tradition1 or of a teacher4 ,so far we accord with the traditionalists4 ,we do not believe that1 if ,god had left men in the beginning without any instruction or language in which the ideas are embodied1 they would ever have been able to assert the existence of ,god1 the immateriality of the soul1 and the liberty or free will of man--the three great ideal truths which the ,holy ,see requires us to maintain can be proved with certainty by reason2 and we do not hold that1 like the revealed mysteries1 they are suprarational truth1 and to be taken only on the authority of a supernatural revelation4 ,if ,god had not infused the knowledge of them into the first of the race along with language1 which he also infused into ,adam1 we should never by our reason and instincts alone have found them out1 or distinctly apprehended them2 but being taught them1 or finding them expressed in language1 we are able to verify or prove them with certainty by our natural reason1 in which respect we accord with those whom the traditionalists call rationalists4 ,we have studiously avoided1 as far as possible1 the metaphysics of the subject we have been considering1 and perhaps have1 in consequence1 kept too near its surface2 but we think we have established our main point1 that neither spiritualism nor materialism1 taken exclusively1 is philosophically defensible4 ,we are able to distinguish between spirit and matter1 but we can deny the existence or the activity1 according to its own nature1 of neither4 ,we know matter by its sensible properties or qualities1 ,we know spirit only as sensibly represented by language4 ,let language be corrupted1 and our knowledge of ideal or non-sensible truth1 or philosophy1 will also be corrupted1 mutilated1 or perverted4 ,this will be still more the case with the superintelligible truth supernaturally revealed1 which is apprehensible only through the medium of language4 ,hence1 ,st4 ,paul is careful to admonish ,st4 ,timothy to hold fast the form of sound words1 and hence1 too1 the necessity1 if ,god makes us a revelation of spiritual things1 that he should provide an infallible living teacher to preserve the infallibility of the language in which it is made4 #fcc ,we may see here1 too1 the reason why the infallible church is hardly less necessary to the philosopher than to the theologian4 ,where faith and theology are preserved in their purity and integrity1 philosophy will not be able to stray far from the truth1 and where philosophy is sound1 the sciences will not long be unsound4 ,the aberrations of philosophy are due almost solely to the neglect of philosophers to study it in its relation with the dogmatic teaching of the church4 ,some of our dear and revered friends in ,france and elsewhere are seeking1 as the cure for the materialism which is now so prevalent1 to revive the spiritualism of the seventeenth century4 ,but the materialism they combat is only the reaction of the mind against that exaggerated spiritualism which they would revive4 ,where there are two real forces1 each equally evident and equally indestructible1 you can only alternate between them1 till you find the term of their synthesis1 and are able to reconcile and harmonize them4 ,the spiritualism defended by ,cousin in ,france has resulted only in the recrudescence of materialism4 ,the trouble now is1 that matter and spirit are presented in our modern systems as antagonistic and naturally irreconcilable forces4 ,the duty of philosophers is not to labor to pit one against the other1 or to give the one the victory over the other2 but to save both1 and to find out the middle term which unites them4 ,we know there must be somewhere that middle term2 for both extremes are creations of ,god1 who makes all things by number1 weight1 and measure1 and creates always after the logic of his own essential nature4 ,all his works1 then1 must be logical and dialectically harmonious4 ,whether we have indicated this middle term or not1 we have clearly shown1 we think1 that it is a mistake to suppose the two terms are not in reality mutually irreconcilable4 ,nothing proves that1 as creatures of ,god1 each in its own order and place is not as sacred and necessary as the other4 ,we do not know the nature or essence of either1 nor can we say in what1 as to this nature and essence1 the precise difference between them consists2 but we know that in our present life both are united1 and that neither acts without the other4 ,all true philosophy must then present them not as opposing1 but as harmonious and concurring forces4 ,we do not for ourselves ever apply the term spiritualism to a purely intellectual philosophy4 ,we do not regard the words spirit and soul as precisely synonymous4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,heb4 iv4 #ab1 says1 ,the word of ,god is living and effectual1 444 reaching unto the division of the soul and the spirit1 or1 as the ,protestant version has it1 quick and powerful1 444 piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit4 ,there is evidently1 then1 however closely related they may be1 a distinction between the soul and the spirit4 ,hence there may be soul that is not spirit1 which was generally held by the ancients4 ,the ,greeks had their ,greek text and ,greek text1 and the ,latins their anima and spiritus4 ,the term spirit1 when applied to man1 seems to us to designate the moral powers rather than the intellectual1 and the moral powers or faculties are those which specially distinguish man from animals4 ,st4 ,paul applies the term spiritual uniformly in a moral sense1 and usually1 if not always1 to men born again of the ,holy ,ghost1 or the regenerated1 and to the influences and gifts of the ,holy ,spirit2 that is1 to designate the supernatural character1 gifts1 graces1 and virtues of those who have been translated into the kingdom of ,god and are fellow-citizens of the commonwealth of ,christ1 or the ,christian republic4 #fcd ,hence1 we shrink from calling any intellectual philosophy spiritualism4 ,if it touches philosophy1 as it undoubtedly does--since grace supposes nature1 and a man must be born into the natural order before he can be born again into the supernatural order1 or regenerated by the ,spirit--it rises into the region of supernatural sanctity1 into which no man by his natural powers can enter2 for it is a sanctity that places one on the plane of a supernatural destiny4 ,but even taken in this higher sense1 there is no antagonism between spirit and matter4 ,there is certainly a struggle1 a warfare that remains through life2 but the struggle is not between the soul and the body2 it is1 as is said1 between the higher and inferior powers of the soul1 between the spirit and concupiscence1 between the law of the mind1 which bids us labor for spiritual good which will last for ever1 and the law in the members1 which looks only to the good of the body1 in its earthly relations4 ,the saints1 who chastise1 mortify1 macerate the body by their fastings1 vigils1 and scourgings1 do not do it on the principle that the body is evil1 or that matter is the source of evil4 ,there is a total difference in principle between ,christian asceticism and that of the ,platonists1 who hold that evil originates in the intractableness of matter1 that holds the soul imprisoned as in a dungeon1 and from which it sighs and struggles for deliverance4 ,the ,christian knows that our ,lord himself assumed flesh and retains for ever his glorified body4 ,he believes in the resurrection of the body and its future everlasting reunion with the soul4 ,christ1 dying in a material body1 has redeemed both matter and spirit4 ,hence we venerate the relics of our ,lord and his saints1 and believe matter may be hallowed4 ,in our ,lord all opposites are reconciled1 and universal peace is established4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,angela4 ,chapter ,i4 ,crinoline4 ,an express train was just on the eve of leaving the railway station in ,munich4 ,two fashionably dressed gentlemen stood at the open door of a railway carriage1 in conversation with a third1 who sat within4 ,these two young men bore on their features the marks of youthful dissipation1 indicating that they had not been sparing of pleasures4 ,the one in the carriage had a handsome1 florid countenance1 two clear1 expressive eyes1 and thick locks of hair1 which he now and then stroked back from his fine forehead4 ,he scarcely observed the conversation of the two friends1 who spoke of balls1 dogs1 horses1 theatres1 and ballet-girls4 ,in the same carriage sat another traveller1 evidently the father of the young man4 ,he was reading the newspaper--that is1 the report of the money market--while his fleshy left hand dallied with the heavy gold rings of his watch-chain4 ,he had paid no attention to the conversation till an observation of his son brought him to serious reflection4 #fce ,by the by1 said one of the young men quickly1 ,i was nearly forgetting to tell you the news1 ,richard6 ,do you know that ,baron ,linden is engaged8 ,engaged8 ,to whom8 said ,richard carelessly4 ,to ,bertha von ,harburg4 ,i received a card this morning1 and immediately wrote a famous letter of congratulation4 ,richard looked down earnestly and shook his head4 ,i commiserate the genial baron1 said he4 ,what could he be thinking of1 to rush headlong into this misfortune8 ,the father looked in surprise at his son2 the hand holding the paper sank on his knee4 ,permit me1 gentlemen1 said the conductor2 the doors were closed1 the friends nodded good-by1 and the train moved off4 ,your observation about ,linden's marriage astonishes me1 ,richard4 ,but perhaps you were only jesting4 ,by no means1 said ,richard4 ,never more earnest in my life4 ,i expressed my conviction1 and my conviction is the result of careful observation and mature reflection4 ,the father's astonishment increased4 ,observation--reflection---fudge6 said the father impatiently1 as he folded the paper and shoved it into his pocket4 ,how can a young man of twenty-two talk of experience and observation6 ,enthusiastic nonsense6 ,marriage is a necessity of human life4 ,and you will yet submit to this necessity4 ,true1 if marriage be a necessity1 then ,i suppose ,i must bow to the yoke of destiny4 ,but1 father1 this necessity does not exist4 ,there are intelligent men enough who do not bind themselves to woman's caprices4 ,oh6 certainly1 there are some strange screech-owls in the worlds--some enthusiasts4 ,but certainly you do not wish to be one of them4 ,you1 who have such great expectations4 ,you1 the only son of a wealthy house4 ,you1 who have a yearly income of thousands to spend4 ,the income can be enjoyed more pleasantly1 free and single1 father4 ,free and single--and enjoyed6 ,zounds6 you almost tempt me to think ill of you4 ,happily1 ,i know you well4 ,i know your strict morality1 your solidity1 your moderate pretensions4 ,all these amiable qualities please me4 ,but this view of marriage ,i did not expect2 you must put away this sickly notion4 ,the young man made no answer1 but leaned back in his seat with a disdainful smile4 ,herr ,frank gazed thoughtfully through the window4 ,he reflected on the determined character of his son1 whose disposition1 even when a child1 shut him out from the world1 and who led an interior1 meditative life4 ,strict regularity and exact employment of time were natural to him4 ,at school1 he held the first place in all branches4 ,his ambition and effort was to excel all others in knowledge4 ,his singular questions1 which indicated a keen observation and capacity1 had often excited the surprise of his father4 ,and while the companions of the youth hailed with delight the time which released them from the benches of the school and from their studies1 ,richard cheerfully bound himself to his accustomed task1 to appease his longing for knowledge4 ,approaching manhood had not changed him in this regard4 #fcf ,he was punctual to the hours of business1 and labored with zeal and interest1 to the great joy of his father4 ,he recreated himself with music and painting1 or by a walk in the open country1 for whose beauties he had a keen appreciation4 ,the few shades of his character were1 a proud haughtiness1 an unyielding perseverance in his determinations1 and a strength of conviction difficult to overcome4 ,but perhaps these shades were1 after all1 great qualities1 which were to brighten up and polish his maturity4 ,this obstinacy the father was now considering1 and1 in reference to his singular view of marriage1 it filled him with great anxiety4 ,but1 ,richard1 began ,herr ,frank again1 how did you come to this singular conclusion8 ,by observation and reflection--and also by experience1 although you deny my years this right4 ,what have you experienced and observed8 ,i have observed woman as she is1 and found that such a creature would only make me miserable4 ,what occupies their minds8 ,fineries1 pleasures1 and trifles4 ,the pivot of their existence turns on dress1 ornaments1 balls1 and the like4 ,we live in an age of crinoline1 and you know how ,i abominate that dress2 ,i admit my aversion is abnormal1 perhaps exaggerated1 but ,i cannot overcome it4 ,when ,i see a woman going through the streets with swelling hoops1 the most whimsical fancies come into my mind4 ,it reminds me of an inflated balloon1 whose clumsy swell disfigures the most beautiful form4 ,it reminds me of a drunken gawk1 who swaggers along and carries the foolish gewgaw for a show4 ,the costume is indeed expressive4 ,it reveals the interior disposition4 ,crinoline is to me the type of the woman of our day--an empty1 vain1 inflated something4 ,and this type repels me4 ,then you believe our women to be vain1 pleasure-seeking1 and destitute of true womanhood1 because they wear crinoline8 ,no1 the reverse4 ,an overweening propensity to show and frivolity characterizes our women1 and therefore they wear crinoline in spite of the protestations of the men4 ,bah6 ,nonsense2 you lay too much stress on fashion4 ,i know many women myself who complain of this fashion4 ,and afterward follow it4 ,this precisely confirms my opinion4 ,women have no longer sufficient moral force to disregard a disagreeable restraint4 ,their vanity is still stronger than their inclinations to a natural enjoyment of life4 ,do you want a wife who would be sparing and saving2 who1 by her frugality1 would increase your wealth2 who1 by her social seclusion1 would not molest your cash-box8 ,no2 ,i want no wife1 answered the young man somewhat pettishly4 ,and ,i am not alone in this4 ,the young men are beginning to awaken4 ,a sound1 natural feeling revolts against the vitiated taste of the women4 ,alliances are forming everywhere4 ,the last paper announced that1 at ,marseilles1 six thousand young men have1 with joined hands1 vowed never to marry until the women renounce their ruinous costumes and costly idleness1 and return to a plain style of dress and frugal habits4 ,i object to this propensity to ease and pleasure--this desire of our women for finery and the gratification of vanity4 ,not because this inclination is expensive1 but because it is objectionable4 ,every creature has an object4 ,but1 if we consider the women of our day1 we might well ask1 for what are they here8 #fcg ,for what are women here1 foolish man8 interrupted ,herr ,frank4 ,are they to go about without any costume1 like ,eve before the fall8 ,are they to know the trials of life1 and not its joys8 ,are they to exist like the women of the sultan1 shut up in a harem8 ,for what are they here8 ,i will tell you4 ,they are here to make life cheerful4 ,does not ,schiller say1 ',honor to woman6 she scatters rife ,heavenly roses1'mid earthly life2 ,love she weaves in gladdening bands2 ,chastity's veil her charm attires2 ,beautiful thoughts' eternal fires1 ,watchful1 she feeds with holy hands4' ,richard smiled4 ,poetical fancy6 said he4 ,my unhappy friend ,emil ,schlagbein often declaimed and sang with passion that same poem of ,schiller's4 ,love had even made a poet of him4 ,he wrote verses to his ,ida4 ,and now1 scarcely three years married1 he is the most miserable man in the world--miserable through his wife4 ,ida has still the same finely carved head as formerly2 but that head1 to the grief of ,emil1 is full of stubbornness--full of whimsical nonsense4 ,her eyes have still the same deep blue2 but the charming expression has changed1 and the blue not unfrequently indicates a storm4 ,how often has ,emil poured out his sorrows to me6 ,how often complained of the coldness of his wife6 ,a ball missed--missed from necessity--makes her stupid and sulky for days4 ,in vain he seeks a cheerful look4 ,when he returns home worried by the cares of business1 he finds no consolation in ,ida's sympathy1 but is vexed by her stubbornness and offended by her coldness4 ,emil sprang headlong into misery4 ,i will beware of such a step4 ,you are unjust and prejudiced4 ,must all women1 then1 be ,ida ,schagbeins8 ,perhaps my ,ida might be still worse1 retorted ,richard sharply4 ,herr ,frank drummed on his knees1 always a sign of displeasure4 ,i tell you1 ,richard1 said he emphatically4 ,your time will come yet4 ,you will follow the universal law1 and this law will give the lie to your one-sided view--to your contempt of woman4 ,that impulse1 father1 can be overcome1 and habit becomes a second nature4 ,besides-- ,besides--well1 what besides8 ,i would say that the time of which you speak is1 in my case1 happily passed1 answered ,richard1 still gazing through the window4 ,for me the time of sentimental delusion has been short and decisive1 he concluded with a bitter smile4 ,can ,i1 your father1 ask a clearer explanation8 ,the young man leaned back in his seat and looked at the opposite side while he spoke4 ,last summer ,i visited ,baden-,baden4 ,on old ,mount ,eberstein1 which is so picturesquely enthroned above the village1 ,i fell in with a party4 ,among the number was a young lady of rare beauty and great modesty4 ,an acquaintance gave me an opportunity of being introduced to her4 ,we sat in pleasant conversation under the black oaks until the approaching twilight compelled us to return to the town4 ,isabella--such was the name of the beauty--had made a deep impression on me4 ,so deep that even the detested crinoline that encircled her person in large hoops found favor in my sight4 ,her manner was in no wise coquettish4 ,she spoke with deliberation and spirit4 ,her countenance had always the same expression4 ,only when the young people1 into whose heads the fiery wine had risen1 gave expression to sharp words1 did ,isabella look up1 and a displeased expression1 as of injured delicacy1 passed over her countenance4 #fch ,my presence seemed agreeable to her4 ,my conversation may have pleased her4 ,as we descended the mountain1 we came to a difficult pass4 ,i offered her my arm1 which she took in the same unchanging1 quiet manner which made her so charming in my sight4 ,i soon discovered my affection for the stranger1 and wondered how it could arise so suddenly and become so impetuous4 ,i was ashamed at abandoning so quickly my opinion of women4 ,but this feeling was not strong enough to stifle the incipient passion4 ,my mind lay captive in the fetters of infatuation4 ,he paused for a moment4 ,the proud young man seemed to reproach himself for his conduct1 which he considered wanting in manly independence and clear penetration4 ,on the following day1 he continued1 there was to be a horse-race in the neighborhood4 ,before we parted1 it was arranged that we would be present at it4 ,i returned to my room in the hotel1 and dreamed waking dreams of ,isabella4 ,my friend had told me that she was the daughter of a wealthy merchant1 and that she had accompanied her invalid mother here4 ,this mark of love and filial affection was not calculated to cool my ardor4 ,isabella appeared more beautiful and more charming still4 ,we went to the race4 ,i had the unspeakable happiness of being in the same car and sitting opposite her4 ,after a short journey--to me1 at least1 it seemed short--we arrived at the grounds where the race was to take place4 ,we ascended the platform4 ,i sat at ,isabella's side4 ,she did not for a moment lose her quiet equanimity4 ,the race began4 ,i saw little of it1 for ,isabella was constantly before my eyes1 look where ,i would4 ,suddenly a noise--a loud cry--roused me from my dream4 ,not twenty paces from where we sat1 a horse had fallen4 ,the rider was under him4 ,the floundering animal had crushed both legs of the unfortunate man4 ,even now ,i can see his frightfully distorted features before me4 ,i feared that ,isabella's delicate sensibility might be wounded by the horrible sight4 ,and when ,i looked at her1 what did ,i see8 ,a smiling face6 ,she had lost her quiet1 weary manner1 and a hard1 unfeeling soul lighted up her features6 ',do you not think this change in the monotony of the race quite magnificent8' said she4 ,i made no answer4 ,with an apology1 ,i left the party and returned alone to ,baden4 ,very well1 said the father1 your ,isabella was an unfeeling creature granted4 ,but now for your application of this experience4 ,we will let another make the application1 father4 ,listen a moment4 ,in ,baden a bottle of ,rhine wine1 whose spirit is so congenial to sad and melancholy feelings1 served to obliterate the desolate remembrance4 ,i sat in the almost deserted dining-room4 ,the guests were at the theatre1 on excursions in the neighborhood1 or dining about the park4 ,an old man sat opposite me4 ,i remarked that his eyes1 when he thought himself unobserved1 were turned inquiringly on me4 ,the sudden cooling of my passion had perhaps left some marks upon me4 ,the stranger believed1 perhaps1 that ,i was an unlucky and desperate player4 ,a player ,i had indeed been4 ,i had been about to stake my happiness on a beautiful form4 ,but ,i had won the game4 #fci ,the wine soon cheered me up and ,i entered into conversation with the stranger4 ,we spoke of various things1 and finally of the race4 ,as there was a friendly1 confiding expression in the old man's countenance1 ,i related to him the unhappy fall of the rider1 and dwelt sharply on the impression the hideous spectacle made on ,isabella4 ,i told him that such a degree of callousness and insensibility was new to me1 and that this sad experience had shocked me greatly4 ',this comes1' said he1 'from permitting yourself to be deceived by appearances1 and because you do not know certain classes of society4 ,if you consider the beautiful ,isabella with sensual eyes1 you will run great danger of taking appearances for truth--the false for the real4 ,even the plainest exterior is often only sham4 ,painted cheeks1 colored eyebrows1 false hair1 false teeth2 and even if these forms were not false1 but true--if you penetrate these forms1 if1 under the constraint of graceful repose1 we see modesty1 purity1 and even humility--there is then still greater danger of deception4 ,a wearied1 enervated nature1 nerves blunted by the enjoyment of all kinds of pleasures1 are frequently all that remains of womanly nature4 ',do you wish to see striking examples of this8 ,go into the gaming saloons--into those horrible places where fearful and consuming passions seethe2 where desperation and suicide lurk4 ,go into the corrupt1 poisonous atmosphere of those gambling hells1 and there you will find women every day and every hour4 ,whence this disgusting sight8 ,the violent excitement of gambling alone can afford sufficient attraction for those who have been sated with all kinds of pleasures4 ,is a criminal to be executed8 ,i give you my word of honor that women give thousands of francs to obtain the best place1 where they can contemplate more conveniently the shocking spectacle and read every expression in the distorted features of the struggling malefactor4 ',isabella was one of these exhausted1 enervated creatures1 and hence her pleasure at the sight of the mangled rider4' ,thus spoke the stranger1 and ,i admitted that he was right4 ,at the same time ,i tried to penetrate deeper into this want of sensibility4 ,like a venturesome miner1 ,i descended into the psychological depth4 ,i shuddered at what ,i there discovered1 and at the inferences which ,isabella's conduct forced upon my mind4 ,no1 father1 no1 said he impetuously1 ,i will have no such nuptials--,i will never rush into the miseries of matrimony6 ,thunder and lightning6 are you a man8 cried ,herr ,frank4 ,because ,emil's wife and ,isabella are good-for-nothings1 must the whole sex be repudiated8 ,both cases are exceptions4 ,these exceptions give you no right to judge unfavorably of all women4 ,this prejudice does no honor to your good sense1 ,richard4 ,it is only eccentricity can judge thus4 ,the train stopped4 ,the travellers went out1 where a carriage awaited them4 ,is everything right8 said ,herr ,frank to the driver4 ,all is fixed1 sir1 as you required4 ,is the box of books taken out8 ,yes1 sir4 ,the coach moved up the street4 ,the dark mountain-side rose into view1 and narrow1 deep valleys yawned beneath the travellers4 ,fresh currents of air rushed down the mountain and ,herr ,frank inhaled refreshing draughts4 ,richard gazed thoughtfully over the magnificent vineyards and luxurient orchards4 #fdj ,the road grew steeper and the wooded summit of the mountain approached4 ,a light which ,frank beheld with satisfaction glared out from it4 ,its rays shot out upon the town that1 amid rich vineyards1 topped the neighboring hill4 ,our residence is beautifully located1 said ,herr ,frank4 ,how cheerful it looks up there6 ,it is a home fit for princes4 ,you have indeed chosen a magnificent spot1 father4 ,everything unites to make ,frankenhhe a delightful place4 ,the vineyards on the slopes of the hills1 the smiling hamlet of ,salingen to the right4 ,in the background the stern mountain with its proud ruins on the summit of ,salburg1 the deep valleys and the dark ravines1 all unite in the landscape3 to the east that beautiful plain4 ,these words pleased the father4 ,his eyes rested long on the beautiful property4 ,you have forgotten a reason for my happy choice1 said he1 while a smile played on his features4 ,i mean the habit of my friend and deliverer1 who1 for the last eight years1 spends the month of ,may at ,frankenhhe4 ,you know the singular character of the doctor4 ,nothing in the world can tear him from his books4 ,he has renounced all pleasure and enjoyment1 to devote his whole time to his books4 ,when ,frankenhhe entices and captivates the man of science1 so strict1 so dead to the world1 it is1 as ,i think1 the highest compliment to our place4 ,richard did not question his father's opinion4 ,he knew his unbounded esteem for the learned doctor4 ,the road grew steeper and steeper4 ,the horses labored slowly along4 ,the pleasant hamlet of ,salingen lay a short distance to the left4 ,a single house1 separated from the village1 and standing near the road in the midst of vineyards1 came into view4 ,the features of ,herr ,frank darkened as he turned his gaze from ,frankenhhe to this house4 ,it was as though some unpleasant recollection was associated with it4 ,richard looked at the stately mansion1 the large out-houses1 the walled courts1 neat and clean4 ,this must be a wealthy proprietor or influential landlord who lives here1 said ,richard4 ,i have indeed seen this place in former years1 but it did not interest me4 ,how inviting and pleasant it looks4 ,the property must have undergone considerable change at least1 ,i remember nothing that indicated the place to be other than an ordinary farmhouse4 ,herr ,frank did not hear these observations4 ,he muttered some bitter imprecation4 ,the coach gained the summit1 left the road1 and passed through vineyards and chestnut groves to the house4 ,frankenhhe was a handsome two-story house whose arrangements corresponded to ,frank's taste and means4 ,near it stood another1 occupied by the steward4 ,a short distance from it were stables and out-houses for purposes of agriculture4 ,herr ,frank went directly to the house1 and passed from room to room to see if his instructions had been carried out4 ,richard went into the garden and walked on paths covered with yellow sand4 ,he strolled about among flower-beds that loaded the air with agreeable odors4 ,he examined the blooming dwarf fruit-trees and ornamental plants4 ,he observed the neatness and exact order of everything4 ,lastly1 he stood near the vineyard whence he could behold an extensive view4 #fda ,he admired the beautiful1 fragrant landscape4 ,he stood thoughtfully reflecting4 ,his conversation made it evident to him that his feelings and will did not agree with his father's wishes4 ,he saw that between his inclinations and his love for his father he must undergo a severe struggle--a struggle that must decide his happiness for life4 ,the strangeness of his opinion of women did not escape him4 ,he tested his experience4 ,he tried to justify his convictions1 and yet his father's claims and filial duty prevailed4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,weather-cross4 ,the next morning ,richard was out with the early larks1 and returned after a few hours in a peculiar frame of mind4 ,as he was entering his room1 he saw through the open door his father standing in the saloon4 ,herr ,frank was carefully examining the arrangements1 as the servants were carrying books into the adjoining room and placing them in a bookcase4 ,richard1 as he passed1 greeted his father briefly1 contrary to his usual custom4 ,at other times he used to exchange a few words with his father when he bid him good-morning1 and he let no occasion pass of giving his opinion on any matter in which he knew his father took an interest4 ,the young man walked to the open window of his room1 and gazed into the distance4 ,he remained motionless for a time4 ,he ran his fingers through his hair1 and with a jerk of the head threw the brown locks back from his forehead4 ,he walked restlessly back and forth1 and acted like a man who tries in vain to escape from thoughts that force themselves upon him4 ,at length he went to the piano1 and beat an impetuous impromptu on the keys4 ,ei1 ,richard6 cried ,herr ,frank1 whom the wild music had brought to his side4 ,why1 you rave6 ,how possessed6 ,one would think you had discovered a roaring cataract in the mountains1 and wished to imitate its violence4 ,richard glanced quickly at his father1 and finished with a tender1 plaintive melody4 ,come over here and look at the rooms4 ,richard followed his father and examined carelessly the elegant rooms1 and spoke a few cold words of commendation4 ,and what do you say to this flora8 said ,herr ,frank pointing to a stepped framework on which bloomed the most beautiful and rare flowers4 ,all very beautiful1 father4 ,the doctor will be much pleased1 as he always is here4 ,i wish and hope so4 ,i have had the peacocks and turkeys sent away1 because ,klingenberg cannot endure their noise4 ,the library here will always be his favorite object1 and care has been taken with it4 ,here are the best books on all subjects1 even theology and astronomy4 ,frankenhhe is indeed cheerful as the heart of youth and quiet as a cloister1 said ,richard4 ,your friend would indeed be ungrateful if this attention did not gratify him4 ,i have also provided that excellent wine which he loves and enjoys as a healthful medicine4 ,but1 ,richard1 you know ,klingenberg's peculiarities4 ,you must not play as you did just now2 you would drive the doctor from the house4 ,make yourself easy about that1 father2 ,i will play while he is on the mountain4 #fdb ,richard took a book from the shelf1 and glanced over it4 ,herr ,frank left him1 and he immediately replaced the book and returned to his own room4 ,there he wrote in his diary3 #abth of ,may4--,man is too apt to be led by his inclination4 ,and what is inclination8 ,a feeling caused by external impressions1 or superinduced by a disposition of the body4 ,inclination1 therefore1 is something inimical to intellectual life4 ,a vine that threatens to overgrow and smother clear conviction4 ,never act from inclination1 if you do not wish to be unfaithful to conviction and guilty of a weakness4 ,he went into the garden1 where he talked to the gardener about trees and flowers4 ,are you acquainted in ,salingen1 ,john8 ,certainly1 sir4 ,i was born there4 ,do strangers sometimes come there to stop and enjoy the beautiful neighborhood8 ,oh6 no1 sir2 there is no suitable hotel there--only plain taverns2 and people of quality would not stop at them4 ,are there people of rank in ,salingen8 ,only farmers1 sir4 ,but---stay4 ,the rich ,siegwart appears to be such1 and his children are brought up in that manner4 ,has ,siegwart many children8 ,four--two boys and two girls4 ,one son is at college4 ,the other takes care of the estate1 and is at home4 ,the oldest daughter has been at the convent for three years4 ,she is now nineteen years old4 ,the second is still a child4 ,richard went further into the garden2 he looked over at ,salingen1 and then at the mountains4 ,his eye followed a path that went winding up the mountain like a golden thread and led to the top4 ,then his eye rested for a time on a particular spot in that yellow path4 ,richard remained taciturn and reserved the rest of the day4 ,he sat in his room and tried to read1 but the subject did not interest him4 ,he often looked dreamily from the book4 ,he finally arose1 took his hat and cane1 and was soon lost in the mountain4 ,the next morning ,richard went to the borders of the forest1 and looked frequently over at ,salingen as it lay in rural serenity before him4 ,the pleasant hamlet excited his interest4 ,he then turned to the right and pursued the yellow path which he had examined the day before1 up the mountain4 ,the birds sang in the bushes1 and on the branches of the tallest oak perched the black-bird whose morning hymn echoed far and wide4 ,the sweet notes of the nightingale joined in the general concert1 and the shrill piping of the hawk struck in discordantly with the varied and beautiful song4 ,even unconscious nature displayed her beauties4 ,the dew hung in great drops on the grass-blades and glittered like so many brilliants1 and wild flowers loaded the air with sweet perfumes4 ,richard saw little of these beauties of spring4 ,he ascended still higher4 ,his mind seemed agitated and burdened4 ,he had just turned a bend in the road when he saw a female figure approaching4 ,his cheeks grew darker as his eyes rested on the approaching figure4 ,he gazed in the distance1 and a disdainful flush overspread his face4 ,he approached her as he would approach an enemy whose power he had felt1 and whom he wished to conciliate4 ,she was within fifty paces of him4 ,her blue dress fell in heavy folds about her person4 ,the ribbons of her straw bonnet1 that hung on her arm1 fluttered in the breeze4 ,in her left hand she held a bunch of flowers4 ,on her right arm hung a silk mantle1 which the mild air had rendered unnecessary4 #fdc ,her full1 glossy hair was partly in a silk net and partly plaited over the forehead and around the head1 as is sometimes seen with children4 ,her countenance was exquisitely beautiful1 and her light eyes now rested full and clear on the stranger who approached her4 ,she looked at him with the easy1 natural inquisitiveness of a child1 surprised to meet such an elegant gentleman in this place4 ,frank looked furtively at her1 as though he feared the fascinating power of the vision that so lightly and gracefully passed him4 ,he raised his hat stiffly and formally4 ,this was necessary to meet the requirement of etiquette4 ,were it not1 he would perhaps have passed her by without a salutation4 ,she did not return his greeting with a stiff bow1 but with a friendly good-morning2 and this too in a voice whose sweetness1 purity1 and melody harmonized with the the beautiful echoes of the morning4 ,frank moved on hastily for some distance4 ,he was about to look back1 but did not do so2 and continued on his way1 with contracted brows1 till a turn in the road hid her from his view4 ,here he stopped and wiped the sweat from his forehead1 ,his heart beat quickly1 and he was agitated by strong emotions4 ,he stood leaning on his cane and gazing into the shadows of the forest4 ,he then continued thoughtfully1 and ascended some hundred feet higher till he gained the top of the mountain4 ,the tall trees ceased2 a variegated copsewood crowned the summit1 which formed a kind of platform4 ,human hands had levelled the ground1 and on the moss that covered it grew modest little violets4 ,near the border of the platform stood a stone cross of rough material4 ,near this cross lay the fragments of another large rock1 that might have been shattered by lightning years before4 ,a few steps back of this1 on two square blocks of stone1 stood a statue of the ,virgin and ,child1 of white stone very carefully wrought1 but without much art4 ,the ,virgin had a crown of roses on her head4 ,the ,child held a little bunch of forget-me-nots in its hand1 and as it held them out seemed to say1 ,forget me not1 ,two heavy vases that could not be easily overturned by the wind1 standing on the upper block1 also contained flowers4 ,all these flowers were quite fresh1 as if they had just been placed there4 ,richard examined these things1 and wondered what they meant in this solitude of the mountain4 ,the fresh flowers and the cleanliness of the statue1 on which no dust or moss could be seen1 indicated a careful keeper4 ,he thought of the young woman whom he met4 ,he had seen the same kind of flowers in her hand1 and doubtless she was the devotee of the place4 ,scarcely had his thoughts taken this direction when he turned away and walked to the border of the plot1 and gazed at the country before him4 ,he looked down toward ,frankenhhe1 whose white chimneys appeared above the chestnut grove4 ,he contemplated the plains with their luxuriant fields reflecting every shade of green--the strips of forests that lay like shadows in the sunny plain--numberless hamlets with church towers whose gilded crosses gleamed in the sun4 ,he gazed in the distance where the mountain ranges vanished in the mist1 and long he enjoyed the magnificence of the view4 ,he was aroused from his dreamy contemplation by the sound of footsteps behind him4 #fdd ,an old man with a load of wood on his shoulders came up to the place4 ,breathing heavily1 he threw down the wood and wiped the sweat from his face4 ,he saw the stranger1 and respectfully touched his cap as he sat down on the wood4 ,frank went to him4 ,you are from ,salingen1 ,i suppose1 he began ,yes1 sir4 ,it is very hard for an old man like you to carry such a load so far4 ,it is indeed1 but ,i am poor and must do it4 ,frank looked at the patched clothes of the old man1 his coarse shoes1 his stockingless feet1 and meagre body1 and felt compassion for him4 ,for us poor people the earth bears but thistles and thorns4 ,after a pause1 the old man continued1 ,we have to undergo many tribulations and difficulties1 and sometimes we even suffer from hunger4 ,but thus it is in the world4 ,the good ,god will reward us in the next world for our sufferings in this4 ,these words sounded strangely to ,richard4 ,raised as he was in the midst of wealth1 and without contact with poverty1 he had never found occasion to consider the lot of the poor2 and now the resignation of the old man1 and his hope in the future1 seemed strange to him4 ,he was astonished that religion could have such power--so great and strong--to comfort the poor in the miseries of a hopeless1 comfortless life4 ,but what if your hope in another world deceive you8 ,the old man looked at him with astonishment4 ,how can ,i be deceived8 ,god is faithful4 ,he keeps his promises4 ,and what has he promised you8 ,eternal happiness if ,i persevere1 patient and just1 to the end4 ,i wonder at your strong faith6 ,it is my sole possession on earth4 ,what would support us poor people1 what would keep us from despair1 if religion did not8 ,frank put his hand into his pocket4 ,here1 said he1 perhaps this money will relieve your wants4 ,the old man looked at the bright thalers in his hand1 and the tears trickled down his cheeks4 ,this is too much1 sir2 ,i cannot receive six thalers from you4 ,that is but a trifle for me2 put it in your pocket1 and say no more about it4 ,may ,god reward and bless you a thousand times for it6 ,what does that cross indicate8 ,that is a weather cross1 sir4 ,we have a great deal of bad weather to fear4 ,we have frequent storms here1 in summer2 they hang over the mountain and rage terribly4 ,every ravine becomes a torrent that dashes over the fields1 hurling rocks and sand from the mountain4 ,our fields are desolated and destroyed4 ,the people of ,salingen placed that cross there against the weather4 ,in spring the whole community come here in procession and pray ,god to protect them from the storms4 ,richard reflected on this phenomenon2 the confidence of these simple people in the protection of ,god1 whose omnipotence must intervene between the remorseless elements and their victims1 appeared to him as the highest degree of simplicity4 ,but he kept his thoughts to himself1 for he respected the religious sentiments of the old man1 and would not hurt his feelings4 ,and the ,virgin1 why is she there8 ,ah6 that is a wonderful story1 sir1 he answered1 apparently wishing to evade an explanation4 ,which every one ought not to know8 ,well--but perhaps the gentleman would laugh1 and ,i would not like that6 #fde ,why do you think ,i would laugh at the story8 ,because you are a gentleman of quality1 and from the city1 and such people do not believe any more in miracles4 ,this observation of rustic sincerity was not pleasing to ,frank4 ,it expressed the opinion that the higher classes ignore faith in the supernatural4 ,if ,i promise you not to laugh1 will you tell me the story8 ,i will2 you were kind to me1 and you can ask the story of me4 ,about thirty years ago1 began the old man after a pause1 there lived a wealthy farmer at ,salingen whose name was ,schenck4 ,schenck was young4 ,he married a rich maiden and thereby increased his property4 ,but ,schenck had many great faults4 ,he did not like to work and look after his fields4 ,he let his servants do as they pleased1 and his fields were1 of course1 badly worked and yielded no more than half a crop4 ,schenck sat always in the tavern1 where he drank and played cards and dice4 ,almost every night he came home drunk4 ,then he would quarrel with his wife1 who reproached him4 ,he abused her1 swore wickedly1 and knocked everything about the room1 and behaved very badly altogether4 ,schenck sank lower and lower1 and became at last a great sot4 ,his property was soon squandered4 ,he sold one piece after another1 and when he had no more property to sell1 he took it into his head to sell himself to the devil for money4 ,he went one night to a cross-road and called the devil1 but the devil would not come2 perhaps because ,schenck belonged to him already1 for the ,scripture says1 ',a drunkard cannot enter the kingdom of heaven4' ,at last a suit was brought against him1 and the last of his property was sold1 and he was driven from his home4 ,this hurt ,schenck very much1 for he always had a certain kind of pride4 ,he thought of the past times when he was rich and respected1 and now he had lost all respect with his neighbors4 ,he thought of his wife and his four children1 whom he had made poor and miserable4 ,all this drove him to despair4 ,he determined to put an end to himself4 ,he bought a rope and came up here one morning to hang himself4 ,he tied the rope to an arm of the cross1 and had his head in the noose1 when all at once he remembered that he had not yet said his three ,hail6 ,marys4 ,his mother who was dead had accustomed him1 when a child1 to say every day three ,hail6 ,marys4 ,schenck had never neglected this practice for a single day4 ,then he took his head out of the noose and said1 ',well1 as ,i have said the ,hail6 ,marys every day1 ,i will say them also to-day1 for the last time4' ,he knelt down before the cross and prayed4 ,when he was done1 he stood up to hang himself4 ,but he had scarcely stood on his feet when he was snatched up by a whirlwind and carried through the air till he was over a vineyard1 where he fell without hurting himself4 ,as he stood up1 an ugly man stood before him and said1 ',this time you have escaped me1 but the next time ,i will get you4' ,the ugly man had horses' hoofs in place of feet1 and wore green clothes4 ,he disappeared before ,schenck's eyes4 ,schenck swears that this ugly man was the devil4 ,he declares also that he has to thank the ,mother of ,god1 through whose intercession he escaped the claws of the devil4 ,schenck had that statue placed there in memory of his wonderful escape--and that is why the ,mother of ,god is there4 #fdf ,a wonderful story indeed6 said ,richard4 ,although ,i do not laugh at it1 as you see1 yet ,i must assure you that ,i do not believe the story4 ,i thought so1 answered the old man4 ,but you can ask ,schenck himself4 ,he is still living1 and is now seventy4 ,since that day he has changed entirely4 ,he drinks nothing but water4 ,he never enters a tavern1 but goes every day to church4 ,from that time to this ,schenck has been very industrious1 and has saved a nice property4 ,that the drunkard reformed is the most remarkable and best part of the story1 said ,frank4 ,drunkards very seldom reform4 ,but1 continued he smiling1 the devil acted very stupidly in the affair4 ,he should have known that his appearance would have made a deep impression on the man1 and that he would not let himself be caught a second time4 ,that is true1 said the old man4 ,but ,i believe the devil was forced to appear and speak so4 ,forced8 ,by whom8 ,by ,him before whom the devils must believe and tremble4 ,schenck was to understand that ,god delivered him on account of his pious custom1 and the devil had to tell him that this would not happen a second time4 ,how prudent you are in your superstition6 said ,frank4 ,as the gentleman has been kind to me1 it hurts me to hear him speak so4 ,now1 said ,richard quickly1 ,i would not hurt your feelings4 ,one may be a good ,christian without believing fables4 ,and the flowers near the statue4 ,has ,schenck placed them there too8 ,oh6 no--the ,angel did that4 ,the ,angel4 ,who is that8 said ,frank1 surprised4 ,the ,angel of ,salingen--,siegwart's angel4 ,ah6 angel is ,angela1 is it not8 ,so she may be called4 ,in ,salingen they call her only ,angel4 ,and she is indeed as lovely1 good1 and beautiful as an angel4 ,she has a heart for the poor1 and she gives with an open hand and a smiling face that does one good4 ,she is like her father1 who gives me as many potatoes as ,i want1 and seed for my little patch of ground4 ,why does ,angela decorate this statue8 ,i do not know2 perhaps she does it through devotion4 ,the flowers are quite fresh2 does she come here every day8 ,every day during the month of ,may1 and no longer4 ,why no longer8 ,i do not know the reason2 she has done so for the last two years1 since she came home from the convent1 and she will do so this year4 ,as ,siegwart is so good to the poor1 he must be rich4 ,very rich--you can see from his house4 ,do you see that fine building there next to the road8 ,that is the residence of ,herr ,siegwart4 ,it was the same building that had arrested ,richard's attention as he passed it some days before1 and the sight of which had excited the ill-humor of his father4 ,richard returned by a shorter way to ,frankenhhe4 ,he was serious and meditative4 ,arrived at home1 he wrote in his diary3 ,may #acth4--,well1 ,i have seen her4 ,she exhibits herself as the ',angel of ,salingen4' ,she is extremely beautiful4 ,she is full of amiability and purity of character4 ,and to-day she did not wear that detestable crinoline4 ,but she will have other foibles in place of it4 ,she will1 in some things at least1 yield to the superficial tendencies of her sex4 ,isabella was an ideal1 until she descended from the height where my imagination1 deceived by her charms1 had placed her4 ,the impression which ,angela's appearance produced has rests on the same foundation--deception4 ,a better acquaintance will soon discover this4 ,curious6 ,i long to become better acquainted6 #fdg ,religion is not a disease or hallucination1 as many think4 ,it is a power4 ,religion teaches the poor to bear their hard lot with patience4 ,it comforts and keeps them from despair4 ,it directs their attention to an eternal reward1 and this hope compensates them for all the afflictions and miseries of this life4 ,without religion1 human society would fall to pieces4 ,a servant entered1 and announced dinner4 ,ah ,richard6 said ,herr ,frank good-humoredly4 ,half an hour late for dinner1 and had to be called6 ,that is strange2 ,i do not remember such a thing to have happened before4 ,you are always as punctual as a repeater4 ,i was in the mountain and had just returned4 ,no excuse1 my son4 ,i am glad the neighborhood diverts you1 and that you depart a little from your regularity4 ,now everything is in good order1 as ,i desired1 for my friend and deliverer4 ,i have just received a letter from him4 ,he will be here in two days4 ,i shall be glad to see the good man again4 ,if ,frankenhhe will only please him for a long time6 ,i have no doubt of that1 said ,richard4 ,the doctor will be received like a friend1 treated like a king1 and will live here like ,adam and ,eve in paradise4 ,everything will go on as formerly4 ,i will be coming and going on account of business4 ,you will1 of course1 remain uninterruptedly at ,frankenhhe4 ,you are high in the doctor's esteem4 ,you interest him very much4 ,it is true you annoy him sometimes with your unlearned objections and bold assertions4 ,but ,i have observed that even vexation1 when it comes from you1 is not disagreeable to him4 ,but the poor should not annoy him with their sick1 said ,richard4 ,he never denies his services to the poor1 as he never grants them to the rich4 ,indeed1 ,i have sometimes observed that he tears himself from his books with the greatest reluctance1 and it is not without an effort that he does it4 ,but we cannot change it1 said ,herr ,frank2 we cannot send the poor away without deeply offending ,klingenberg4 ,but ,i esteem him the more for his generosity4 ,after dinner the father and son went into the garden and talked of various matters2 suddenly ,richard stopped and pointing over to ,salingen1 said1 ,i passed to-day that neat building that stands near the road4 ,who lives there8 ,there lives the noble and lordly ,herr ,siegwart1 said ,herr ,frank derisively4 ,his tone surprised ,richard4 ,he was not accustomed to hear his father speak thus4 ,is ,siegwart a noble8 ,not in the strict sense4 ,but he is the ruler of ,salingen4 ,he rules in that town as absolutely as princes formerly did in their kingdoms4 ,what is the cause of his influence8 ,his wealth1 in the first place2 secondly1 his charity2 and lastly1 his cunning4 ,you are not favorable to him8 ,no1 indeed6 ,the ,siegwart family is excessively ultramontane and clerical4 ,you know ,i cannot endure these narrow prejudices and this obstinate adherence to any form of religion4 ,besides1 ,i have a particular reason for disagreement with ,siegwart1 of which ,i need not now speak4 #fdh ,excessively ultramontane and clerical6 thought ,richard1 as he went to his room4 ,angela is undoubtedly educated in this spirit4 ,stultifying confessionalism and religious narrow-mindedness have no doubt cast a deep shadow over the 'angel4' ,now--patience2 the deception will soon banish4 ,he took up ,schlosser's ,history1 and read a long time4 ,but his eyes wandered from the page1 and his thoughts soon followed4 ,the next morning at the same hour ,richard went to the weather cross4 ,he took the same road and again he met ,angela2 she had the same blue dress1 the same straw hat on her arm1 and flowers in her hand4 ,she beheld him with the same clear eyes1 with the same unconstrained manner--only1 as he thought1 more charming--as on the first day4 ,he greeted her coolly and formally1 as before4 ,she thanked him with the same affability4 ,again the temptation came over him to look back at her2 again he overcame it4 ,when he came to the statue1 he found fresh flowers in the vases4 ,the child ,jesus had fresh forget-me-nots in his hand1 and the ,mother had a crown of fresh roses on her head4 ,on the upper stone lay a book1 bound in blue satin and clasped with a silver clasp4 ,when he took it up1 he found beneath it a rosary made of an unknown material1 and having a gold cross fastened at the end4 ,he opened the book4 ,the passage that had been last read was marked with a silk ribbon4 ,it was as follows3 ,my son1 trust not thy present affection2 it will be quickly changed into another4 ,as long as thou livest thou art subject to change1 even against thy will2 so as to be sometimes joyful1 at other times sad2 now easy1 now troubled2 at one time devout1 at another dry2 sometimes fervent1 at other times sluggish2 one day heavy1 another day lighter4 ,but he that is wise and well instructed in spirit stands above all these changes1 not minding what he feels in himself1 nor on what side the wind of instability blows2 but that the whole bent of his soul may advance toward its due and wished-for end2 for thus he may continue one and the self-same without being shaken1 by directing without ceasing1 through all this variety of events1 the single eye of his intention toward me4 ,and by how much more pure the eye of the intention is1 with so much greater constancy mayest thou pass through these divers storms4 ,but in many the eye of pure intention is dark2 for men quickly look toward something delightful that comes in their way4 ,and it is rare to find one who is wholly free from all blemish of self-seeking4 ,frank remembered having written about the same thoughts in his diary4 ,but here they were conceived in another and deeper sense4 ,he read the title of the book4 ,it was ,the ,following of ,christ4 ,he copied the title in his pocketbook4 ,he then with a smile examined the rosary1 for he was not without prejudice against this kind of prayer4 ,he had no doubt ,angela had left these things here1 and he thought it would be proper to return them to the owner4 ,he came slowly down the mountain reading the book4 ,it was clear to him that ,the ,following of ,christ was a book full of very earnest and profound reflections4 ,and he wondered how so young a woman could take any interest in such serious reading4 ,he was convinced that all the ladies he knew would throw such a book aside with a sneer1 because its contents condemned their lives and habits4 ,angela1 then1 must be of a different character from all the ladies he knew1 and he was very desirous of knowing better this character of ,angela4 ,in a short time he entered the gate and passed through the yard to the stately building where ,herr ,siegwart dwelt4 ,he glanced hastily at the long out-buildings--the large barns2 at the polished cleanliness of the paved court1 the perfect order of everything1 and finally at the ornamented mansion4 #fdi ,then he looked at the old lindens that stood near the house1 whose trunks were protected from injury by iron railings4 ,in the tops of these trees lodged a lively family of sparrows1 who were at present in hot contention1 for they quarrelled and cried as loud and as long as did formerly the lords in the parliament of ,frankfort4 ,the beautiful garden1 separated from the yard by a low wall covered with white boards1 did not escape him4 ,frank entered1 upon a broad and very clean path2 as his feet touched the stone slabs1 he heard1 through the open door1 a low growl1 and then a man's voice saying1 ,quiet1 ,hector4 ,frank walked through the open door into a large room handsomely furnished1 and odoriferous with a multitude of flowers in vases4 ,a man in the prime of life sat on the sofa reading and smoking4 ,he wore a light-brown overcoat1 brown trousers1 and low1 thick boots4 ,he had a fresh1 florid complexion1 red beard1 blue eyes1 and an expressive1 agreeable countenance4 ,when ,frank entered he arose1 laid aside the paper and cigar1 and approached the visitor4 ,i found these things on the mountain near the weather-cross4 said ,frank1 after a more formal than affable bow4 ,as your daughter met me1 ,i presume they belong to her4 ,i thought it my duty to return them4 ,these things certainly belong to my daughter1 answered ,herr ,siegwart4 ,you are very kind1 sir4 ,you have placed us under obligations to you4 ,i was passing this way1 said ,frank briefly4 ,and whom have we the honor to thank8 ,i am ,richard ,frank4 ,herr ,siegwart bowed4 ,frank noticed a slight embarrassment in his countenance4 ,he remembered the expressions his father had used in reference to the ,siegwart family1 and it was clear to him that a reciprocal ill feeling existed here4 ,siegwart soon resumed his friendly manner1 and invited him with much formality to the sofa4 ,richard felt that he must accept the invitation at least for a few moments4 ,siegwart sat on a chair in front of him1 and they talked of various unimportant matters4 ,frank admired the skill which enabled him to conduct1 without interruption1 so pleasant a conversation with a stranger4 ,while they were speaking1 some house-swallows flew into the room4 ,they fluttered about without fear1 sat on the open door1 and joined their cheerful twittering with the conversation of the men4 ,richard expressed his admiration1 and said he had never seen anything like it4 ,our constant guests in summer1 answered ,siegwart4 ,they build their nests in the hall1 and as they rise earlier than we do1 an opening is left for them above the hall door1 where they can go in and out undisturbed when the doors are closed4 ,angela is in their confidence1 and on the best of terms with them4 ,when rainy or cold days come during breeding time they suffer from want of food4 ,angela is then their procurator4 ,i have often admired ,angela's friendly intercourse with the swallows1 who perch upon her shoulders and hands4 ,richard looked indeed at the twittering swallows1 but their friend ,angela passed before his eyes1 so beautiful indeed that he no longer heard what ,siegwart was saying4 ,he arose2 ,siegwart accompanied him4 ,as they passed through the yard1 ,frank observed the long row of stalls1 and said1 ,you must have considerable stock8 #fej ,yes1 somewhat4 ,if you would like to see the property1 ,i will show you around with pleasure4 ,i regret that ,i cannot now avail myself of your kindness2 ,i shall do so in a few days1 answered ,frank4 ,herr ,frank1 said ,siegwart1 may the accident which has given us the pleasure of your agreeable visit1 be the occasion of many visits in future4 ,i know that as usual you will spend the month of ,may at ,frankenhhe4 ,we are neighbors--this title1 in my opinion1 should indicate a friendly intercourse4 ,let it be understood1 ,herr ,siegwart2 ,i accept with pleasure your invitation4 ,on the way to ,frankenhhe ,richard walked very slowly1 and gazed into the distance before him4 ,he thought of the swallows that perched on ,angela's shoulders and hands4 ,their sweet notes still echoed in his soul4 ,the country-like quiet of ,siegwart's house and the sweet peace that pervaded it were something new to him4 ,he thought of the simple character of ,siegwart1 who1 as his father said1 was ultramontane and clerical1 and whom he had represented to himself as a dark1 reserved man4 ,he found nothing in the open1 natural manner of the man to correspond with his preconceived opinion of him4 ,richard concluded that either ,herr ,siegwart was not an ultramontane1 or the characteristics of the ultramontanes1 as portrayed in the free-thinking newspapers of the day1 were erroneous and false4 ,buried in such thoughts1 he reached ,frankenhhe4 ,as he passed through the yard1 he did not observe the carriage that stood there4 ,but as he passed under the window1 he heard a loud voice1 and some books were thrown from the window and fell at his feet4 ,he looked down in surprise at the books1 whose beautiful binding was covered with sand4 ,he now observed the coach1 and smiled4 ,ah6 the doctor is here1 said he4 ,he has thrown these unwelcome guests out of the window4 ,just like him4 ,he took up the books and read the titles1 ,vogt's ,pictures from ,animal ,life1 ,vogt's ,physiological ,letters1 ,colbe's ,sensualism4 ,he took the books to his room and began to read them4 ,herr ,frank1 with his joyful countenance1 soon appeared4 ,klingenberg is here6 said he4 ,i suspected as much already1 said ,richard4 ,i passed by just as he threw the books out of the window with his usual impetuosity4 ,do not let him see the books2 the sight of them sets him wild4 ,klingenberg walks only in his own room4 ,i wish to read these books2 what enrages him with innocent paper8 ,i scarcely know1 myself4 ,he examined the library and was much pleased with some of the works4 ,but suddenly he tore these books from their place and hurled them through the window4 ',i tolerate no bad company among these noble geniuses1' said he1 pointing to the learned works4 ',pardon me1 honored friend1' said ,i1 'if1 without my knowledge1 some bad books were included4 ,what kind of writings are these1 doctor8 ',stupid materialistic trash1' said he4' ,if ,i had ,vogt1 ,moleschott1 ,colbe1 and ,bchner here1 ,i would throw them body and bones out of the window4' ,i was very much surprised at this declaration1 so contrary to the doctor's kind disposition4',what kind of people are those you have named8' said ,i4 #fea ',no people1 my dear ,frank1' said he4' ,they are animals1 ,this ,vogt and his fellows have excluded themselves from the pale of humanity1 inasmuch as they have declared apes1 oxen1 and asses to be their equals4' ,i am now very desirous to know these books1 said ,richard4 ,well1 do not let our friend know your intention1 urged ,frank4 ,richard dressed and went to greet the singular guest4 ,he was sitting before a large folio4 ,he arose at ,richard's entrance and paternally reached him both hands4 ,doctor ,klingenberg was of a compact1 strong build4 ,he had unusually long arms1 which he swung back and forth in walking4 ,his features were sharp1 but indicated a modest character4 ,from beneath his bushy eyebrows there glistened two small eyes that did not give an agreeable expression to his countenance4 ,this unfavorable expression was1 however1 only the shell of a warm heart4 ,the doctor was good-natured--hard on himself1 but mild in his judgments of others4 ,he had an insatiable desire for knowledge1 and it impelled him to severe studies that robbed him of his hair and made him prematurely bald4 ,how healthy you look1 ,richard6 said he1 contemplating the young man4 ,i am glad to see you have not been spoiled by the seething atmosphere of modern city life4 ,you know1 doctor1 ,i have a natural antipathy to all swamps and morasses4 ,that is right1 ,richard2 preserve a healthy naturalness4 ,we expected you this morning4 ,and would go to the station to bring me4 ,why this ceremony8 ,i am here1 and ,i will enjoy for a few weeks the pure1 bracing mountain air4 ,our arrangements will be as formerly--not so1 my dear friend8 ,i am at your service4 ,you have1 of course1 discovered some new points that afford fine views8 ,if not many1 at least one--the weather cross1 answered ,frank4 ,a beautiful position4 ,the hill stands out somewhat from the range4 ,the whole plain lies before the ravished eyes4 ,at the same time1 there are things connected with that place that are not without their influence on me4 ,they refer to a custom of the ultramontanists that clashes with modern ideas2 ,i will have an opportunity of seeing whether your opinion coincides with mine4 ,very well2 since we have already an object for our next walk--and this is according to our old plan--tomorrow after dinner at three o'clock1 and saying this he glanced wistfully at the old folio4 ,frank1 smiling1 observed the delicate hint and retired4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- #feb ,antiquities of ,new ,york4 ,it is as true of nations as it is of individuals that they live more in the past and the future than in the present2 and when either are young and have a very limited past1 their thoughts dwell most upon the future4 ,this is one marked difference between the peoples of the old world and us on this continent4 ,our past is so small in comparison with theirs1 that antiquarian societies1 so common with them1 are quite unknown among us1 and it is not often that we throw our thoughts back4 ,yet in that respect1 as in others1 we are daily improving1 and we begin1 now and then1 to find something to think upon in the days of our forefathers4 ,these thoughts have arisen in our mind from having come across a book recently published by the ,state of ,new ,york3 ,laws and ,ordinances of ,new ,netherlands1 #afch-afgd1 compiled and translated from the original ,dutch records in the office of the ,secretary of ,state4 ,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,e4,b4 ,o',callaghan4 ,from that book a good deal can be learned of the manners and customs in our goodly city some two hundred years ago1 that cannot fail to be interesting4 ,it was in #afba that the ,states ,general of the ,united ,netherlands incorporated a ,west ,india ,company1 with power to establish colonies in such parts of ,america as were not already occupied by other nations4 ,under this authority1 the company established a colony embracing the land from the present ,state of ,maryland to the ,connecticut ,river1 and called ,,new ,,netherland4 ,the ,amsterdam ,chamber of the company exercised supreme government over this colony until #affd1 when it was captured by the ,english1 but recovered by the ,dutch in #afgc1 but was finally ceded to the ,english4 ,it was in #afji that ,hendrik ,hudson discovered the country1 and in #afbc it was that the ,west ,india ,company sent its first colony of families1 who settled at what was then ,fort ,orange1 now ,albany1 and settled a colony of families at ,new ,amsterdam1 now ,new ,york4 ,the colonial government1 including legislative and executive powers1 was administered by a director-general and council2 and it is from the laws which they enacted that we can gather much knowledge of the manners and customs of our ,dutch progenitors and from which we now proceed to make some extracts4 ,slavery4 ,on the #gth of ,june1 #afbi1 the ,west ,india ,company granted what we would call a charter to all settlers in the new world1 but which they called freedoms and exemptions1 to all patroons1 masters1 or private persons who would plant colonies in ,new ,netherland4 ,they consisted of thirty-one articles2 and among them was that which1 if it may not be considered the origin1 in this country1 of that slavery which it took us some two hundred and fifty years to get rid of1 was1 by one of the articles1 not only tolerated1 but was actually established1 with a covenant on the part of the home government to supply the settlers with slaves4 #fec ,article ,,xxx4 ,the ,company will use their endeavors to supply the colonists with as many ,blacks as they conveniently can1 on the conditions hereafter to be made1 in such manner1 however1 that they shall not be bound to do it for a longer time than they shall think proper4 ,on the #aith of ,november1 #afed1 the ,amsterdam board allowed the importation of negroes direct from ,africa1 by the ship ,witte ,paert1 and on the #fth of ,august1 #afee1 the director-general and council of ,new ,netherland imposed an ad valorem duty of ten per cent on the exportation of any of the slaves brought in by that ship4 ,the ,yankees4 ,the discord between the quiet1 stolid ,dutchmen of those days1 and the restless ,yengees1 of whom they had so much dread1 soon began to show itself1 and every once in a while we find a paper bomb-shell fired off at them1 in the shape of a law1 and hitting them in a tender spot1 by forbidding trade4 ,take this1 the first instance3 ,ordinance ,of the ,director and ,council of ,new ,netherland1 prohibiting the purchase of produce raised near ,fort ,hope4--,passed #c ,april1 #afdb4 ,whereas our territory which we purchased1 paid for1 and took possession of1 provided in the year #afcc with a ,blockhouse1 ,garrison1 and ,cannon1 on the ,fresh ,river of ,new ,netherland1 a long time before any ,christians were in the said river1 hath now1 for some years past1 been forcibly usurped by some englishmen1 and given the name of ,hartford1 notwithstanding we duly protested against them2 who1 moreover1 treat our people most barbarously1 beating them with clubs and mattocks even unto the shedding of blood2 cut down our corn1 sow the fields by night which our people ploughed by day2 haul home by force the hay which was mowed by our people2 cast our ploughs into the river1 and forcibly impound our horses1 cows1 and hogs1 so that no cruelty1 insolence1 nor violence remains which is not practised toward us1 who yet have treated them with all moderation2 ,yea1 even at great hazard1 have redeemed and sent back home their ,women1 who were carried off by the ,indians2 ,and although we are commanded by the ,states-,general1 his ,highness of ,orange1 and the ,honorable ,west ,india ,company to maintain our ,limits and to assert our ,right by every means1 which ,we1 also1 have the power to do1 yet rather have ,we chose patiently to suffer violence1 and to prove by deeds that we are better ,christians than they who go about there clothed with such outward show1 until in its time the measure shall be entirely full4 ,therefore1 our order and command provisionally is1 ,we do hereby ,ordain that our ,inhabitants of ,new ,netherland be most expressly forbidden from purchasing1 either directly or indirectly1 by the third or second shipment1 or in any manner whatsoever1 any produce which has been raised on our land near ,fort ,hope on the ,fresh ,river1 on pain of arbitrary correction1 until their rights are acknowledged1 and the sellers of the produce which shall arrive from our ,fresh ,river of ,new ,netherland and from ,new ,england shall first declare upon oath where the produce has been grown1 whereof a certificate shall be given them1 and thereupon every one shall be at liberty to buy and to sell4 ,and finally the quarrel went so far as to give rise to the following ,ordinance ,of the ,governor-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland further prohibiting the entertainment of ,strangers1 forbidding intercourse or correspondence with the people of ,new ,england4--,passed1 #ab ,december1 #afgc4 ,whereas1 it is found by experience that notwithstanding the previously published ,ordinance and ,edicts1 many ,strangers1 yea enemies of this ,state1 attempt to come within this government without having previously obtained any consent or passport1 and have even presumed to show themselves within this city of ,new ,orange2 also that many ,inhabitants of this ,province1 losing sight of and forgetting their ,oath of ,allegiance1 presume still daily to correspond1 and exchange letters with the ,inhabitants of the neighboring colonies of ,new ,england and other enemies of this ,state1 whence nothing else can result but great prejudice and loss to this ,province1 and it is1 accordingly1 necessary that seasonable provision be made therein4 #fed ,therefore1 the ,governor-,general of ,new ,netherland1 by and with the advice of his ,council1 reviewing the aforesaid ,ordinances and ,edicts enacted on that subject1 have deemed it highly necessary strictly to order and command that all ,strangers and others1 of what nation or quality soever they may be1 who have not as yet bound themselves by ,oath and promise of fealty to the present ,supreme government of this ,province1 and have not been received by it as good subjects1 do within the space of four and twenty hours from the publication hereof depart from out this province of ,new ,netherland1 and further interdicting and forbidding any person1 not being actually an inhabitant and subject of this government1 from coming within this government without first having obtained due license and passport to that end1 on pain and penalty that the contraveners shall not be considered other than open enemies and spies of this ,state1 and consequently be arbitrarily punished as an example to others4 ,and to the end that they may be the more easily discovered and found out1 all ,inhabitants of this ,province are interdicted and forbidden from henceforth harboring or lodging any strangers over night in their houses or dwellings unless they have previously given due communication thereof to their officer or ,magistrate before sun-down1 under the penalty set forth in the former ,edict4 ,furthermore1 the ,inhabitants of this ,province are strictly interdicted and forbidden1 from this day forward1 from holding any correspondence with the neighboring ,colonies of ,new ,england1 and all others actual enemies of our ,state1 much less afford them any supplies of any description1 on pain of forfeiting the goods and double the value thereof1 likewise from exchanging any letters1 of what nature soever they may be1 without having obtained previous special consent thereto4 ,therefore all messengers1 skippers1 travellers1 together with all others whom these may in any wise concern1 are most expressly forbidden to take charge of1 much less to deliver1 any letters coming from the enemy's places1 or going thither1 but immediately on their arrival to deliver them into the ,secretary's office here in order to be duly examined1 on pain of being fined ,one hundred guilders in ,beaver1 to be paid by the receiver as well as by the deliverer of each letter which contrary to the tenor hereof shall be exchanged or delivered4 ,their ,currency4 ,gold and silver were scarce among them4 ,the modern device of paper money had not then come in vogue1 and so they had to use wampum--the ,indians' currency or medium of exchange4 ,this was made from oyster-shells1 and was worn by the natives as ornaments1 and had no intrinsic value1 but only a conventional one4 ,and it seems to have been hard work to keep it up to its standard4 ,every body could make it that could catch oysters1 and its plenty or scarcity causing a fluctuation of prices1 gave them a great deal of trouble1 especially when their old rock of offence1 the ,yankees1 began to manufacture it and buy away from them all they had to sell1 for what was actually of no value4 ,so we find every once in a while ,ordinances passed on the subject1 which in their quaint and simple way show the state of things4 ,between ,april #ahth1 #afda1 and ,december #bhth1 #affb1 we find in this book twelve different ordinances on the subject2 some of them fixing their value1 some punishing frauds1 some making them a legal tender1 some declaring them merchandise1 some providing that they shall be paid out by measure1 some exempting them from import duty1 and some providing for their depreciation4 ,the following extracts will afford an idea of their difficulties on the subject4 ,resolutions ,of the ,director and ,council of ,new ,netherland respecting loose ,wampum4--,passed1 #cj ,november1 #afdg4 ,resolved and concluded in ,council at ,fort ,amsterdam1 that1 until further ,order1 the loose ,wampum shall continue current and in circulation only that1 in the mean while1 all imperfect1 broken1 or unpierced beads can be picked out1 which are declared ,bullion1 and shall1 meantime1 be received at the ,company's counting-house as heretofore4 ,provided that the ,company1 or any one on its part1 shall1 in return1 be at liberty to trade therewith among the ,merchants or otter ,inhabitants1 or in larger parcels1 as may be agreed upon and stipulated by any individual1 or on behalf of the ,company4 #fee ,ordinance ,of the ,director and ,council of ,new ,netherland further regulating the currency4--,passed #ad ,september1 #afej4 ,the ,director-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland1 ,to all those who hear1 see1 or read these presents1 ,greeting4 ,whereas1 on the daily complaints of the inhabitants1 we experience that our previous ,ordinance and ,edict relative to the poor strung ,wampum1 published under date #cj ,may1 ,a #afej1 for the accommodation and protection of the people1 is not observed and obeyed according to our good intention and meaning2 but that1 on the contrary1 such pay1 even for small items1 is rejected and refused by ,shopkeepers1 ,brewers1 ,tapsters1 ,tradespeople1 and ,laboring men1 to the great confusion and inconvenience of the ,inhabitants in general1 there being1 at present1 no other currency whereby the ,inhabitants can procure from each other small articles of daily trade2 for which wishing to provide as much as possible1 for the relief and protection of the ,inhabitants1 the ,director and ,council do hereby ,ordain and command that1 in conformity to our previous ,ordinance1 the poor strung ,wampum shall be current and accepted by every one without distinction and exception for small and daily necessary commodities required for housekeeping1 as currency to the amount of ,twelve guilders and under only1 in poor strung wampum2 of twelve to twenty-four guilders half and half1 that is to say1 half poor strung and half good strung ,wampum2 of twenty guilders to fifty guilders1 one third poor strung and two thirds good strung wampum1 and in larger sums according to the conditions agreed upon between ,buyer and ,seller1 under a penalty of six guilders for the first time1 to be forfeited on refusal by contraveneor hereof2 for the second time nine guilders1 and for the third time two pounds ,flemish and stoppage of his trade and business1 pursuant to our previous ,edicts4 ,thus done and enacted in ,council by the ,director and ,council1 this #ad ,september1 #afej1 in ,new ,amsterdam4 ,ordinance ,of the ,director-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland regulating the currency4--,passed #c ,january1 #afeg4 ,the ,director-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland1 ,to all those who see or hear these presents read1 ,greeting1 make known4 ,whereas they1 to their great regret1 are by their own experience daily informed1 and by the manifold complaints of ,inhabitants and ,strangers importuned1 respecting the great1 excessive and intolerable dearness of all sorts of necessary commodities and household supplies1 the prices of which are enhanced from time to time1 principally among other causes1 in consequence of the high price of ,beaver and other ,peltries in this country beyond the value1 which1 by reason of the great abundance of ,wampum1 is advanced to ten1 eleven and twelve guilders for one ,beaver2 ,and ,wampum being1 for want of ,silver and ,gold coin1 as yet the most general and common currency between man and man1 ,buyer and ,seller1 domestic articles and daily necessaries are rated according to that price1 and become dearer from time to time2 the rather1 as not only ,merchants1 but also1 consequently1 ,shopkeepers1 ,tradesmen1 ,brewers1 ,bakers1 ,tapsters1 and ,grocers make a difference of #cj1 #dj1 to #ej per cent when they sell their wares for ,wampum or for ,beaver4 ,this tends1 then1 so far to the serious damage1 distress and loss of the common ,mechanics1 ,brewers1 ,farmers and other good ,inhabitants of this ,province1 that the ,superior and inferior magistrates of this ,province are blamed1 abused and cursed by ,strangers and ,inhabitants1 and the ,country in general receives a bad name1 while some greedy people do not hesitate to sell the most necessary eatables and drinkables1 according to their insatiable avarice2 viz41 the can of ,vinegar at #ah #bj stivers2 the can of ,oil at #d #e guilders2 the can of ,french wine at #dj #de stivers2 the gill of ,brandy at #ae stivers1 and two quarts of home brewed ,beer1 far above its price1 at #adae stivers1 c41 which the greater number endeavor to excuse on the ground that they lose a great deal in the counting of the ,wampum2 that it is partly short and partly long2 that they must give #aaab and more guilders before they can convert the wampum into ,beaver4 ,so that1 at last1 the home government took it up1 and in #afei they wrote to the council at ,new ,amsterdam1 among other things3 #fef ,from this particular reduction of the ,wampum a second general reduction must necessarily follow1 if the depreciation thereof is to be prevented4 ,this arises in consequence of the great importation of ,wampum from ,new-,england1 which barters therewith and carries out of the country not only the best cargoes sent hence1 but also a large quantity of beaver and other peltries1 whereby the ,company is defrauded of its revenues and the merchants here of good returns1 while the ,factors and inhabitants there remain with chests full of ,wampum1 which is a currency utterly valueless except among ,new ,netherland ,indians only1 etc4 ,the rate of depreciation may be discovered from the fact that an ordinance passed in ,april1 #afda1 fixed it at #d polished and #e unpolished for one stiver1 while another1 passed in ,december1 #affb1 fixed it at #bd for one stiver2 and that in #afej it was fixed at #f white and #c black for one stiver1 and twelve years afterward at #bd white and #ab black for one stiver--making what ,president ,johnson would call a depreciation of #djj per cent in that short time4 ,religion4 ,the government interfered very much in religious matters1 seeming to aim not so much at protection against molestation as to produce conformity of opinion1 by making the people view such things as the ,director and ,council did4 ,between ,april1 #afda1 and ,november1 #afgc1 fourteen ordinances were passed concerning ,sunday4 ,and between ,june1 #afda1 and ,november1 #afgc1 there were sixteen ordinances as to religion4 ,as to ,sunday1 the laws were3 #aa ,april1 #afda4--,no person shall attempt to tap beer or any other strong drink during divine service1 nor use any other measure than that which is in common use at ,amsterdam4 ,this law was preceded by a recital3 ,whereas complaints have been made to us that some of the inhabitants here are in the habit of ,tapping ,beer during ,divine ,service1 and of making use of small foreign ,measures1 which tends to the dishonor of religion and the ruin of this state4 #ac ,may1 #afdg4--,none of the ,brewers1 ,tapsters and ,tavern-keepers shall on the rest day of the ,lord by us called ,sunday1 before two of the clock when there is no sermon1 or1 otherwise1 before four o'clock in the afternoon1 set before1 tap or give any people any ,wine1 ,beer or strong liquors of any kind whatever1 and under any pretext1 be it what it may1 etc4 ,that law has this preamble3 ,whereas we see and observe by experience1 the great disorders in which some of our inhabitants indulge in drinking to excess1 quarreling1 fighting1 and smiting1 even on the ,lord's day of rest1 whereof1 ,god help us6 we have seen and heard sorrowful instances on last ,sunday1 etc4 #aj ,march1 #afdh4--;,after reciting that the former edict is disobeyed1 they say1 ,the reason and cause why this our good ,edict and well meant ,ordinance is not obeyed according to the tenor and purport thereof1 are that this sort of business and the profit easily accruing therefrom divert and lead many from their original and primitive calling1 occupation and business1 to resort to ,tavern-keeping1 so that nearly the just fourth of the city of ,new ,amsterdam consists of ,brandyshops1 ,tobacco or ,beer-houses4 ,and they enact1 among other things1 that tapsters and tavern-keepers shall not sell nor furnish ,beer or ,liquor to any person1 travellers and boarders alone excepted1 on the ,sunday1 before three o'clock in the afternoon1 when ,divine ,service is finished4 #feg #bi ,april1 #afdh4--;,after complaining again of non-observance of former laws1 they renew and amplify previous edicts1 and declare that1 having for the stricter observance thereof1 with the preadvice of the ,minister of the ,gospel1 deemed it expedient that a sermon shall be preached from the sacred ,scriptures1 and the usual prayers and thanksgivings offered from this time forward in the afternoon as well as the forenoon1 etc41 and forbid all tapping1 fishing1 hunting1 and business during divine service4 #bf ,october1 #afef4--,repeating their complaints1 they enact an ordinance against performing on ,sunday any work1 such as ploughing1 mowing1 building1 etc41 and1 as they term it1 much less any lower or unlawful exercise and amusement4 ,drunkenness1 frequenting ,taverns or ,tippling-houses1 ,dancing1 ,playing ball1 ,cards1 ,trick-,track1 ,tennis1 ,cricket or ,nine-pins1 going on pleasure parties in a boat1 car or wagon1 before1 between or during ,divine ,service1 and forbidding the sale of liquor before1 between or during the sermons1 etc4 #ab ,june1 #afeg4--,they forbid all persons1 of what nation or rank he may be1 to entertain any company on ,sunday or during divine service4 #ah ,november1 #affa4--,they forbid all work on ,sunday under the penalty of #a ,flemish for the first time1 double as much for the second time1 and four times double as much for the third time4 7,silent as to the fourth time47 ,and they forbid all entertainments in taverns1 and any giving away or selling any liquor4 #aj ,september1 #affc4--,the director-general and council of ,new ,amsterdam passed an ordinance against which the burgomasters and schepens of ,new ,amsterdam rebelled1 and which they refused to enforce1 for the reason that it was too severe and too much in opposition to the ,freedoms of ,holland4 ,that law extended the former laws to the whole of ,sunday from sunrise to sunset1 and in addition prohibited any riding in cars or wagons1 any roving in search of nuts or strawberries1 and the too unrestrained and excessive playing1 shouting and screaming of children in the streets4 #af ,june1 #afda4--,they began by securing to all ,englishmen who might settle with them the free exercise of ,religion4 #af ,november1 #afdd4--,they granted to the town of ,hempstead the power of using and exercising the ,reformed ,religion with the ,ecclesiastical discipline thereunto belonging4 #aj ,october1 #afde--,they granted to the town of ,flushing the ,liberty of ,conscience according to the ,custom and manner of ,holland1 without molestation or disturbance from any magistrate or any other ,ecclesiastical minister4 #ai ,december1 #afde4--,they made the same grant to ,gravesend4 ,at a later day a change seems to have come over them1 as witness the following3 ,ordinance ,of the ,director and ,council of ,new ,netherland against ,conventicles4--,passed #a ,february1 #afef4 ,whereas the ,director and ,council of ,new ,netherland are credibly informed and apprized that here and there within this ,province not only are ,conventicles and ,meetings held1 but also that some unqualified persons in such ,meetings assume the ministerial office1 the expounding and explanation of the ,holy word of ,god1 without being called or appointed thereto by ecclesiastical or civil authority1 which is in direct contravention and opposition to the general ,civil and ,ecclesiastical order of our ,fatherland2 besides that many dangerous ,heresies and ,schisms are to be apprehended from such manner of meetings4 ,therefore1 the ,director ,general and ,council aforesaid hereby absolutely and expressly forbid all such conventicles and meetings1 whether public or private1 differing from the customary and not only lawful but scripturally founded and ordained meetings of the ,reformed ,divine service1 as this is observed and enforced according to the ,synod of ,dordrecht1 etc4 #feh ,on #ba ,september1 #affb1 they enacted that beside the ,reformed worship and service1 no conventicles or meetings shall be kept in the province1 whether it be in houses1 barnes1 ships1 barkes1 nor in the woods nor fields4 ,in ,december1 #afef1 they enacted an ordinance containing this1 among other things3 ,further1 whenever1 early in the morning or after supper in the evening1 prayers shall be said1 or ,god's word read1 by any one thereunto commissioned1 every person1 of what quality soever he may be1 shall repair to hear it with becoming reverence4 ,no man shall raise or bring forward any question or argument on the subject of religion1 on pain of being placed on bread and water three days in the ship's galley4 ,and if any difficulties should arise out of the said disputes1 the author thereof shall be arbitrarily punished4 ,they repeatedly passed ordinances requiring their officers to be of the reformed religion4 ,ordinance ,of the ,director-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland prohibiting the bringing of ,quakers and other ,strollers into ,new ,netherland4--,passed #ag ,may1 #affc4 ,the ,director-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland1 ,to all those who shall see or hear these ,presents read1 ,greeting1 make known4 ,whereas we daily find that many ,vagabonds1 ,quakers and other ,fugitives are1 without the previous knowledge and consent of the ,director ,general and ,council1 conveyed1 brought and landed in this ,government1 and sojourn and remain in the respective ,villages of this ,province without those bringing them giving notice thereof1 or such persons addressing themselves to the government and showing whence they come1 as they ought to do1 or that they have taken the oath of fidelity the same as other ,inhabitants2 the ,director ,general and ,council1 therefore1 do hereby ,order and command all ,skippers1 ,sloop ,captains and others1 whosoever they may be1 not to convey or bring1 much less to land1 within this government1 any such ,vagabonds1 ,quakers and other ,fugitives1 whether ,men or ,women1 unless they have first addressed themselves to the government1 have given information thereof1 and asked and obtained consent on pain of the importers forfeiting a fine of twenty pounds ,flemish for every person1 whether ,man or ,woman1 whom they will have brought in and landed without the consent or previous ,knowledge of the ,director ,general and ,council1 and1 in addition1 be obliged immediately to depart out of this government with such persons4 #ag ,march1 #affd1 they ordained that the schoolmasters shall appear in church with their scholars1 on ,wednesday before divine service1 and be examined after service by the minister and elders1 as to what they have committed to memory of the ,christian ,commandments and ,catechism1 and what progress they have made4 ,on #a ,october1 #afgc1 #h ,november1 #afgc1 and #ae ,january1 #afgd1 they passed ordinances that the sheriff and magistrates1 or the schout and magistrates1 each in his quality1 take care that the reformed ,christian religion be maintained in conformity to the ,synod of ,dordrecht1 7or ,synod of ,dort17 without suffering or permitting any other sects attempting any thing contrary thereto1 or suffering any attempt to be made against it by any other sectaries4 ,on #ab ,november1 #affa1 they passed a law imposing a land tax at ,esopus to defray the expense of building a ,minister's ,house there4 ,on #ac ,february1 #afeg1 the court of ,breuckelen 7,brooklyn7 imposed an assessment on that town to pay the ,rev4 ,minister ,de ,j4 ,theodorus ,polhemius fl #cjj1 as a supplement of his promised salary and yearly allowance4 ,miscellaneous4 ,a few more instances of the manner in which our staid and quiet ,dutch progenitors managed their affairs will suffice for this paper1 already long enough4 #fei ,the ,ferry4--,in an ordinance regulating the ferry at the ,manhattans1 passed #a ,july1 #afed1 it was among other things enacted3 ,item4 ,the ,lessee shall be bound to accommodate the passengers on summer days only from #e ,o'clock in the morning till #h ,o'clock in the evening1 provided the windmill ,footnote #afg hath not taken in its sail4 ,footnote #afg3 ,the windmill here spoken of stood on the old ,battery1 and seemed to serve as a barometer or indicator of bad weather to all the people4 ,item4 ,the ,lessee shall receive ordinary ,ferriage during the ,winter from #g ,o'clock in the morning to #e ,o'clock in the evening2 but he shall not be bound1 except he please1 to convey any one over in a tempest1 or when the windmill hath lowered its sail in consequence of storm or otherwise4 ,wages4--,in #afec1 the director and council of ,new ,netherland passed an ordinance fixing the rate of wages to be paid to carpenters1 masons1 etc4 ,but the directors at ,amsterdam disapproved of it as impracticable4 ,fast ,driving4--,here1 now1 is a law which would illy enough suit our times1 and which shows us how queer were the times when such a regulation could exist4 ,ordinance ,of the ,director and ,council of ,new ,netherland regulating the driving of ,wagons1 ,carts1 etc41 in ,new ,amsterdam4--,passed #bg ,june1 #afeb4 ,the ,director-,general and ,council of ,new ,netherland1 in order to prevent accidents1 do hereby ,ordain that no ,wagons1 ,carts or ,sleighs shall be run1 rode or driven at a gallop within this city of ,new ,amsterdam2 that the drivers and conductors of all ,wagons1 ,carts and ,sleighs within this city shall not sit or stand on them1 but now henceforth within this ,city 7the ,broad ,highway alone excepted7 shall walk by the ,wagons1 ,carts or ,sleighs1 and so take and lead the horses4 ,danger from ,fires4--,they passed quite a number of ordinances on this subject4 ,in ,january1 #afdh1 they recite that the people do not keep their chimneys clean1 whereby greater damage is to be expected in future from fire1 the rather as the houses here in ,new ,amsterdam are1 for the most part1 built of wood1 and thatched with reed1 beside which the chimneys of some of the houses are of wood1 which is most dangerous2 and they forbid any more wooden chimneys1 but those already built may remain4 ,they appoint as fire wardens to see that the chimneys are kept clean1 from the ,hon4 ,council1 ,commissary ,adriaen ,d',keyser2 from the commonalty1 ,thomas ,hall1 ,marten ,crigier and ,george ,wolsey4 ,on #bh ,september1 #afdh1 they direct the fire wardens to visit every house1 and see that every one is keeping his chimney properly clean by sweeping4 ,and finally1 on #ae ,december1 #afeg1 they passed a law which complains1 as usual1 of the non-observance of former laws1 and recites that divers calamities and accidents have been caused1 and are still to be apprehended1 from fire2 yea1 a total ruin of this city1 inasmuch as it daily begins to be compactly built1 etc42 ,and enact that all thatched roofs and wooden chimneys1 ,hay ricks and hay stacks within this city shall be broken up1 and removed within the time of four consecutive months1 to be promptly put in execution for every house1 whether small or large1 ,hay rick1 or hay stack1 or wooden chimney1 hen houses1 or hog pens1 etc42 ,and then1 after reciting that whereas1 in all well ordered ,cities and ,towns it is customary that ,fire ,buckets1 ,ladders1 and ,hooks be found provided about the corner the streets and in public houses1 they authorize the burgomaster1 to send by the first opportunity to ,fatherland for one hundred to #aej ,leather ,fire ,buckets1 etc4 #ffj ,marriages4--,on #ae ,january1 #afeh1 after reciting that the ,director ,general and ,council not only are informed1 but have even seen and remarked that some persons1 after the proclamation and publication for the third time of their bans1 or intention of marriage1 do not proceed further with the solemnization of their marriage1 as they ought1 but postpone it from time to time1 not only weeks1 but some months1 which is directly contrary to1 and in contravention of1 the good order and custom of our ,fatherland3 ,they enact that marriage must be solemnized within one month after the last publication1 or appear in council and show cause3 ,and that no man and woman shall be at liberty to keep house as married persons before and until they are lawfully married1 on pain of forfeiting one hundred guilders1 more or less1 as their quality shall be found to warrant1 and all such persons may be amerced anew therefor every month by the officer1 according to the order and the custom of our ,fatherland4 ---------- ,the ,charms ,of ,nativity4 ,in this day1 when a spirit of restlessness seems to have seized upon the various peoples of the world1 and operates to produce great movements from one locality to another1 or from one country to another1 we propose to devote some pages to the discussion of this interesting subject4 ,the world may be said to be grossly material2 for surely no land of flowering beauty1 however rich in the wealth of nature's charms1 can1 to a sentimental and spiritual soul1 be at all comparable to those heavenly flowers of love which bloom in the vicinage in which we were reared4 ,in leaving a cold and bleak country even1 we may go to one where nature has stamped her own warmth1 as she is sure to do1 on the hearts of her inhabitants2 but those scenes to which we were earliest used are1 by far1 dearer to the sensitive soul1 than others which1 in distant lands1 crop out more gorgeously2 and the playmates1 the associates of our hearts1 our early lives1 even though it may be in the very chill and frost of barren rocks and dreary plains1 are far dearer to us than the welcome of strangers1 let it be as warm and as sunny as genial and glowing hearts can make it4 ,the stranger1 with soul1 in a strange land1 has fully felt the truth of these remarks4 ,these are considerations which should operate powerfully with us to bind us to our homes and our own communities4 ,but the benefits of staying at home1 or of enlarging the area of civilization and of settlement but slowly1 are not confined1 by any means1 to our feelings4 ,to prevent the loneliness which we naturally feel in a strange country is not the only object to be gained by migrating1 when we migrate at all1 slowly1 and but little at a time1 7say a few miles only17 and by making our habitations as permanent as possible4 ,there are1 perhaps1 weightier considerations1 even1 which should govern in the matter than the loneliness and the estrangement which we must suffer for years1 when we make distant removals4 ,home is1 in its full meaning1 a most heavenly word4 ,it is a word that is allied with every principle of our natures4 ,it is the nursery in which our spirits are trained4 ,it is the seat of our religion and the abode of our loves4 ,there can be to us but one home1 that is1 in the full sense of the term4 #ffa ,and that home is a locality1 a place1 where1 with the kindred ideas1 elements1 and social and spiritual partnerships of our earlier lives and beings1 we can enjoy life pure and perfect as we at first received it4 ,any local or social estrangements from these pure elements of life1 no matter how complete the surrounding appointments of comfort may seem to be which draw us away from them1 do not constitute and make up the bulk of what1 properly1 is to the human spirit to be considered home4 ,the loss of home1 then1 by removal to a distance from those earlier scenes1 localities1 peoples1 ideas1 and customs of which we are a part1 is a far greater loss to us1 considered in the aggregate1 than is at first apparent by any mere feelings of loneliness or estrangement which we may suffer in a strange community4 ,because1 while these feelings undoubtedly indicate to us the part of our lives with which we have parted in leaving those scenes and associations of which we were a part1 they do not always reflect back to us the painful vacuum which is created at home by our absence2 and therefore1 our feelings are not always an accurate measurement of the full injury done by the detaching of human elements from their proper places1 to be thereafter located in strange and distant lands4 ,and it may properly be said that the suffering of these feelings by those who have removed is not the greatest injury done by such removals4 ,for1 while feelings represent some of the injury done to us by such removals1 they certainly do not represent all of it4 ,the strongest powers of a man1 naturally considered1 are in the locality or in the society in which he was raised4 ,he may1 in distant communities1 where social life is just taking root1 or where1 indeed1 it has already taken root1 be1 to outward appearances1 a more prominent person than at home1 where he was raised4 ,he may be called into public life oftener1 and be made to assume offices of trust which at home he never would have assumed1 and1 perhaps1 never could have assumed4 ,but1 after all1 he is really not so important a personage in his new locality1 and in his new offices1 as he would have been at home in his natural offices4 ,this statement may appear1 to some minds1 paradoxical4 ,but it really is not so1 examined by the light and the law of uses and of natural adaptations4 ,we shall not go into any extended discussion1 however1 of this particular question1 but we shall assume1 at the outset1 that the circle of civilization or of settlement1 should be but slowly and gradually enlarged4 ,there are a great many strong reasons for this plea of widening and enlarging the circle of civilization or of settlement4 ,the same reasons which operate to show that no single individual can be as useful 7in the scale of nature7 in a community distant and remote from his birthplace1 as he could in serving out his natural uses in his birthplace1 will operate equally to show that such distant removals are not healthy for whole communities of people4 ,our border ,states1 some of which are very far out from the centres of settlement1 have been peopled by persons leaving the older and denser communities where they were born and raised1 and repairing to these new settlements4 ,the effect of it has been1 in many instances1 to change the wheel of individual fortune1 and to place some in high positions who1 in their native communities1 would never have reached those positions4 ,but we shall argue that this result has not always been beneficial to the parties so elevated4 #ffb ,the natural growth of communities1 that is1 the growth by enlarging the circle of settlement but slowly and connectedly1 is sustained by every healthy law of economy4 ,even in the gross matter of material wealth1 the bulk of the people are better off in an old than in a new community4 ,we venture the assertion that this remark will hold good even as between the outer border ,states of the ,west1 and the inhabitants of those countries from whose populations these ,states have1 in a large measure1 been settled4 ,but it will especially hold true as between the people of those outer border ,states and the people of a corresponding class of our older ,states4 ,but what is the moral exhibit8 ,what do the facts here prove8 ,they prove1 incontestably1 that the standard of law1 of morals1 of religion1 and of society1 in all the vast multitude of its meaning1 is1 in the new settlements1 incomparably below what it is in the old communities4 ,these are grave proofs1 and of importance enough1 in our judgment1 to settle a national policy against the building up of new communities at great distances from the old ones4 ,if it were physically possible to detach one half of the territory of an old state1 and to send the detached portion1 with its entire population1 to some distant and remote country1 and there locate it1 even this huge mass of matter and of peoples would greatly suffer by the shock of the new situation4 ,the earth has its affinities as well as people have theirs1 and no considerable portion of the earth 7that is1 if such a thing were possible at all7 could be detached from its proper place1 where all of its connections are natural and healthy1 and could be transported to another portion of the globe where the materials and the fashions of nature are not exactly of the same kind1 without suffering by the change4 ,how much more1 then1 will human beings1 who are more subject to influences1 suffer by a corresponding change8 ,the laws of affinity and of sympathy must be preserved in the commonest things even2 and if such a change as we have spoken of were possible in any considerable portion of the earth's surface1 the peoples carried along with the detached portion would1 for a time1 have the same laws1 the same customs1 the same religions--would see the same scenery1 and would1 to some extent1 breathe the same air to which they had all along been accustomed2 but1 in the course of time1 they would find themselves laboring and struggling in full sympathy with the earth so detached for sympathy with the new objects and new external surroundings of the new situation1 until a perceptible change would take place in their feelings1 and in the very ardor of their religious worships4 ,we have put the case in this strong form to show what will be done by change4 ,change in one thing necessarily involves change in another thing4 ,we cannot change our habitations and our abodes1 without also changing all in us which is peculiar to locality and the law of locality2 and in this alone there is a large volume of life4 ,that society is always the best which holds the closest together1 and in which the work of adaptation and assimilation has been carried on the longest between its members4 ,the superior frame of ,english society1 which is the growth of an old community1 and the sturdy world of the ,english people1 will demonstrate this4 ,there is a certain morality in locality1 too1 and the morality developed by a particular locality is always the healthiest for its people4 ,we do not1 however1 mean to say that the morality of locality is sui generis--that it is something which is peculiar to particular localities independent of the people of those localities4 #ffc ,this is an absurdity which we will not utter4 ,but we merely mean to say that the morality of localities1 or of the people of particular localities1 is influenced1 more or less1 by the surrounding circumstances of locality4 ,this remark will be strongly verified in the different social habits and moral sentiments of people whose occupation1 from natural causes1 differs2 circumstances1 for instance1 of different situation1 such as make some people nautical and seafaring1 while others are agricultural and domestic4 ,it is in this wise that locality may be said to have its morality1 and that the peculiar phases of morality developed by the natural and unavoidable circumstances of situation are the best for the people of that locality4 ,this is a proposition which we imagine no one will dispute4 ,but there are very often carried into a particular locality certain phases of morality1 or rather the want of it1 which have no connection with the locality1 and with which the genius of the locality has nothing to do4 ,these are positive conditions of vice and immorality which may be engendered in any community4 ,sensibilities are the most delicate and refined things conceivable4 ,they are the result of the most delicate nurture of the feelings1 the associations1 and the relationships of life4 ,the peculiar modes of association of a people--the peculiar frame and structure of their domestic relationships--has a great deal to do with the type and kind of their sensibilities4 ,in a new country1 where everything is rough1 the sensibilities cannot be as nice and as refined as in an older community where they are nursed4 ,sensibilities1 then1 depend for their flexibility1 and for the grain of their qualities1 on the fineness--on the niceness--of the social food on which they have been fed4 ,this is constantly being illustrated to us in the treatment of animals1 even1 which certainly have sensibilities of a certain kind4 ,where the finer threads of society1 then1 are preserved1 and where there are close-knit sympathies between the people1 without too much of the rough work of a rough country to harden them and to dry up the fountains of the sensibilities1 we may always there expect to find the flowers of love blooming in the greatest abundance4 ,new countries1 then1 are not as favorable to the development of these feelings as older ones are1 and the moral havoc in such countries is1 usually1 very great4 ,but1 apart from the rough circumstances of a new country1 which have upon the feelings a hardening effect1 the mental sensibilities are greatly influenced by scenery1 and by the natural effect of air1 temperature1 etc4 ,these refined elements are just as much a part of the mental food on which we feed as anything else is4 ,all our ideas of comfort1 of beauty1 and of healthiness do not come from artificial surroundings and from the frame-work of society which we may have constructed4 ,mental emotions are excited in us by scenery2 and that of the particular kind to which we have been used1 though in reality it may1 to some extent1 be barren and bleak1 is to us the most charming4 ,the appearance of things in nature is indissolubly associated with our earlier lives1 memories1 incidents1 occurrences1 and sentiments2 and so we1 in the very nature of things1 must love this earlier record better than any subsequent one which we may make4 ,it necessarily follows that we love those peculiar features in nature the best which are the closest associated with our earlier experiences of life4 #ffd ,the analyzing spirit will detect1 at a slight glance1 even the minute and particular differences between the outward features of different localities4 ,the eye of the student of nature will at once perceive the smallest shades of difference in the leaves of trees of the same class in different localities4 ,to the sensitive mind the rain1 even1 of different localities will have a different spirit1 and its falling will make a different impression upon the mind4 ,we are a wonderfully constructed battery1 and the effect of these manifold things in nature upon the organism cannot be estimated1 or correctly judged of1 by any but those who1 by living in new and strange countries1 have had full experience of it4 ,the chemistry of the soul is more marvellous than that of flesh and matter1 and the effect of scenery1 of air1 of the spirit of the air1 and of all the vast and grand combinations of matter on the brain1 and on the life principles of man1 cannot be judged of until1 to him1 some foreign country has written its strange history on his organism1 and he discovers that1 though in reality he is the same individual1 still he does not see nature through the same eyes through which he was wont to see it1 and does not feel its refreshing spirit as he was wont to feel it4 ,these are some of the sad mental impressions made by great changes from one distant locality to another4 ,could anything be more hurtful or injurious to the human spirit8 ,could anything be more obliterative of morality1 than not to respect and act out1 every day of our lives1 its sacred lessons in close connection with those old school associations with which we linked life the fondest1 and through which we enjoyed it the dearest8 ,the early dawn as it came to us shaded by the hills and the forests common to the localities in which we were born and reared2 our parting with the great companion of the day1 influenced by the same surroundings2 the familiar notes of the night-birds common to our localities2 the peculiarities of the very gusts of wind there2 the peculiar haze of the atmosphere2 the methods in which the very trees droop their branches2 these1 these are all familiar scenes and things to us all1 and are1 we may say1 the school-house associates of our earlier lives1 when our spirits were first learning the great lessons of life--those lessons under which life in us was organized and under which it has spread its richest and its grandest panorama4 ,change these localities and these scenes1 and we feel as though we had parted with dear friends whose association is necessary to our lives1 and for years afterward1 they form1 in our minds1 an ever present picture of their appearance4 ,these familiar scenes are the old oaken trees1 so to speak1 under whose umbrageous bowers we learned our first lessons of virtue and of life2 and we cannot give them up1 and part from them1 without also surrendering some of the sacred lessons which1 in their midst and in their hallowed shadow1 we learned4 ,but1 throughout1 the parting with home1 and going into new localities1 makes a new era in our lives4 ,the village boy1 who is the object of charity1 and who has no ties to bind him but those of the guardian public1 feels it4 ,he even feels1 when he parts with the dear scenes of his nativity1 almost as though he had taken leave of the very ,god1 whom he had been taught to worship1 and that he lay launched out upon a great wide ocean of uncertainties1 there to hunt for another ,god1 and other friends4 ,how must it1 then1 be with those who are a part of the household and the inheritance of human affections8 ,mother1 father1 brothers and sisters are gathered for the sad parting4 #ffe ,tears of deep grief fall thick and fast4 ,there is1 indeed1 occasion for them4 ,the heir of the possession1 or the mate of fraternal friendship and love1 is about to become a stranger4 ,he is about to seek a home6 7ah6 sad word1 in this connection17 it may be in the midst of olive-groves and of vineyards--away from the home of his inheritance1 and the family are summoned to bemoan their loss4 ,years are to pass between him and them before they meet again1 and when they do meet they are to each other strangers4 ,this is indeed a sad picture4 ,can the growth and the building up of a new country compensate for it8 ,i say not4 ,i say that the planting of empire even1 in the name and under the titles of the home government1 it may be in some grandly tropical country1 will not repay for these losses and for these sacrifices4 ,political grandeur is not the only object to be attained in this world4 ,in fact1 it is but an epitome of the grand and the beautiful objects of life4 ,the comforts of home1 and its solid connections1 are worth more to us than all the offices in the world could be without them4 ,and how few are there who nowadays appreciate and enjoy the comforts of home1 even in their own natural communities1 who are weighed down with the shackles and the plunder of office8 ,how much more deplorable1 then1 the fate of the poor office-holder at a distance from his natural home1 and those associates of his early life1 found nowhere outside of home1 which make life agreeable1 and give to it its charms and its zest8 ,his fate must indeed be pitiable and deplorable in the extreme4 ,it is only1 then1 viewed generally1 in the interests of the public1 7a most false public interest17 that we heretofore have been enabled to find so much heroism in the spirit of venture and of distant emigration that the almost entire press of the country have lauded it1 and have praised it as a spirit of public enterprise2 which praise has done much toward exciting in the people of the world that restlessness and feverish spirit of excitement1 which has led so many men and families to leave their natural attachments1 and to seek location either in foreign and distant countries1 or in ,states1 at least1 remote from those in which they were reared4 ,these removals have always1 when viewed in a moral and social light1 been more productive of harm to the parties concerned than of good4 ,avoid them1 in the future1 would be our earnest advice to all good people4 ,the best and greatest men of the world have invariably staid at home4 ,but are not the boundaries of civilization to be extended1 may be asked8 ,most assuredly they are2 but only slowly and by degrees1 like waves as they spread and enlarge from a centre of disturbed waters4 ,this is1 undoubtedly1 the true method of enlarging the area of settlement and of civilization4 ,the parties immediately concerned are not alone the parties injured by distant removals4 ,they affect1 more or less1 the world at large4 ,the bad morals1 engendered by innumerable people leaving their homes1 where the sediments of society have settled to the bottom1 and repairing to new and remote localities where there is no strongly constructed web of society1 are not confined alone to the localities where the social connections are loose2 but they spread like some terrible plague1 and seize upon the minds of people of the denser and older communities4 #fff ,a reciprocal interchange in morals is finally established between these remote and unlike communities1 until the tone of the one is measurably improved1 while that of the other is gradually reduced1 and made worse by the interchange than it was before4 ,these are some of the damaging effects of new settlements1 at a distance from the older ones4 ,the law perfected is to be found only in the close and tight connections of society1 with all of the social interests well defined1 and with social rights so clear that one person will not interfere with those of another4 ,this degree of social security and comfort is the perfection of the law2 and no civilized government has any interest in upholding a system of settlement and of colonization which impairs the strength of the social structure4 ,society has been built under the guardianship of the church1 and any system either of settlement1 or of politics1 which threatens the integrity of society1 is against the interests of government1 and equally against the interests of the ,christian religion4 ,government is the secular means which we employ to enforce those wholesome moral inspirations of the church which have constructed society on sure foundations4 ,anything which attacks this wholesome system is at war with the ,christian religion1 and1 consequently1 against the higher civilization of the age4 ,the sacred affinities and congenialities of home should not be disturbed1 and society debauched1 by a mania amongst the people for separations and removals4 ,those whom ,god hath joined together let no man put asunder1 applies also to the firm welding together of those whose lots he has made similar by nature1 as it does to that holy matrimonial alliance by which a man takes to himself a consort and a mate1 and by which a woman takes to herself a husband4 ,that government is not truly and reliably built on the foundations of the ,christian religion which disregards any of these sound maxims of social life1 and which makes provision for scattering those members of society who are the most natural to each other1 and which holds out to them the very strongest inducements to scatter and to form new associations4 ,such is certainly not a healthy law of society1 and is in direct contravention of the great natural order4 ,we must pay attention1 in this as in all other things1 to the associations made by nature4 ,it is a monstrosity to suppose that there is not power enough in nature to adapt those to each other who were born together4 ,it is a faith in this sort of power which associates people together in family groups1 and which upholds the vast system of paternal and fraternal relations established throughout the world4 ,if it were not for the belief in the perfect natural adaptation to each other of persons born of the same parents1 we would not have so strong a system for rearing them together1 and for imposing upon those who are responsible for their being so large a duty to keep them together whilst taking care of them4 ,nature1 it is true1 would suggest this duty1 but society has strengthened it4 ,it is the perfect fitness1 naturalness1 and adaptation of beings for each other1 who were born together1 which makes the family system strong1 and which imposes upon parents the moral duty of keeping their offspring together while they take care of them2 by which means the beautiful and sacred relations of brother and sister are established in something more than in the mere name4 ,but we will not discuss a proposition which is so plain4 ,it is not necessary for us to do it4 ,the main feature which1 in this connection1 it is the most necessary for us to notice1 is the necessity for some system by which violent separations between members of the same community and family may be avoided1 and by which society may be strengthened in its foundations4 #ffg ,for1 if these separations tend1 as they most assuredly do1 to the weakening of the family ties1 it is necessary for us to take some strong measures in order to bind families more closely together2 or else1 the whole system of society1 through these very means of neglect1 will ultimately be disorganized1 and will go to pieces4 ,indeed1 we are rather verging on such a condition in this country now4 ,we have what we call homes1 it is true2 but we now have really very little of the true family system4 ,nearly one half of the time of the younger members of the family--if not more--is not now spent1 in the great majority of cases1 under the paternal roof2 and there is now in ,american society a perfect mania for being anywhere else except at home1 and there may be said to be no family law4 ,this is certainly a most deplorable state of things1 and if pushed to further extremes1 will ultimately disorganize society altogether4 ,whenever that may be done1 government will then be impossible4 ,so it behooves the public men of this country to look about for some remedy for this most distressing evil4 ,where can it be found8 is the important inquiry of to-day4 ,our opinion is1 that emigration1 the restless spirit of movement1 which our system of legislation has developed1 is the fruitful source of the evil1 and consequently1 to correct it1 we must change our migratory habits and policy4 ,we have organized too many territories1 and have encouraged the building of too many railroads in far distant and remote regions from the centres of settlement1 thereby causing our people to emigrate and to move about from one place to another4 ,we have not sufficiently encouraged stability in the people4 ,we have pursued a course of legislation which has made them restless1 speculative1 and venturesome4 ,in this way we have not developed the real wealth which we might have developed had our people staid at home1 and preserved their even1 temperate avocations4 ,but the material injury done by this system of removals has not been the principal evil of it by any means4 ,society has been unhinged by it4 ,the strong attachments of home have been violently rent asunder1 and by that means1 our people have been compelled to look for their amusements1 their enjoyments1 and their entertainments1 more in public than in private4 ,this has had upon their dispositions1 their habits1 and their morals a most unbalancing effect1 until now very little indeed is held by them to be any longer secured4 ,these are the gigantic evils of the day with which we now have to battle1 and the important question of the hour is1 ,how are they to be met8 ,the question is much more easily asked than answered4 ,a huge evil is upon us1 however1 and we must devise ways of ridding ourselves of it4 ,indeed1 we do but develop the strength of the human1 by devising means for the overthrow--the complete overthrow--of all of our evil conditions4 ,no condition1 then1 however bad1 may be supposed to be too gigantic for our efforts4 ,let us but keep steadily in view the great and important aims of life1 and we certainly can make all else succumb to them4 ,in working out the great problem of life1 we must expect often to have to go back1 and work it over again4 ,we must often undo much of the work which we may suppose ourselves to have done1 and must do it over again1 in order to avoid errors and to correct mistakes4 #ffh ,it may be a hard task for us to perform2 but nevertheless1 we must do it4 ,we know that there is a common error that in national affairs ,god is at the helm1 and that we cannot steer wrong2 that everything that has been done in the national destiny has been rightly done1 and that ,god is certainly with us there in every step that we may take4 ,this is certainly a most fatal error4 ,god is no more with us in our national course than he is in our individual business1 and in this we very often find it necessary to retrace our steps1 and to correct errors4 ,if we were to accept every individual misfortune1 and every individual piece of bad management1 as the direct work of ,god1 and should make no effort to correct it1 our private fortunes would be in a most deplorable condition4 ,without1 then1 being irreverent1 we must recognize ,god in ourselves1 in our national as well as in our individual matters1 and must understand that good results are invariably the offspring of good motives and of good efforts1 and that bad results are invariably the offspring of bad motives and bad efforts4 ,we must understand this1 and we must make results the guide and the criterion of divine will and divine favor4 ,if results are good1 we must suppose that ,god favors them2 if they are bad1 we must suppose that he disapproves them2 and1 as we honor him1 we must set about correcting them4 ,this1 in my judgment1 is the true criterion by which to judge of the divine will and the divine favor4 ,under this rule1 then1 we are at liberty1 and we are expected to scrutinize every act of national conduct1 and to see whether or not it is full of the seeds of good results2 and if we find that it is not1 then1 at whatever cost to us the thing may have been done1 to expunge it1 and correct the error4 ,this is sound national wisdom1 as it would be sound individual wisdom4 ,we have1 then1 already1 too many railroads extending into far1 remote regions of our country1 distant from the centres of settlement1 inviting our people to leave their homes and their families1 and to emigrate in quest of fortune and of new honors4 ,these invitations by our government are like so many snares set by the tempter to tempt us into sin and wickedness4 ,i would say that all of the sacred interests of society would dictate to us the policy of abandoning the building of these roads1 and equally to abandon the policy of organizing new territories1 to thereby tempt our people to hunt for new fields of settlement4 ,let us make that strong which we already have4 ,let us refine and civilize as we go1 and let us make but slow haste in extending the boundaries of our settlements4 ,this would seem1 to our mind1 to be the suggestion of wisdom4 ,we must not conclude1 either1 that because money has been spent1 and labor has been performed1 that therefore we may not abandon altogether huge enterprises of settlement which have already been begun1 and that our people now in remote settlements may not1 in a great measure1 return to their former homes4 ,such a course1 undertaken on a large scale1 might be productive of the best results1 and perhaps1 in the course of time1 would be4 ,but we must not anticipate too much4 ,we must reach this proposition by degrees4 ,we must1 in a matter so grave as this1 be1 as in the process of settlement1 slow4 ,we must not proceed with it too fast4 ,the degrees of civilization are remote from each other4 ,indeed1 government would be of but little use if it were not productive of the best results1 where it is applied in the best spirit and under the soundest administration4 #ffi ,we cannot1 from the very nature of the circumstances1 expect these results for it in distant and remote regions from the centres of settlement1 where the population is sparse1 and where1 on account of the formidable difficulties of a new country and new fields of labor1 there is but little time on the part of the people to devote to social improvements4 ,these are difficulties1 certainly1 to be considered1 in estimating the scale of civilization of a people4 ,we naturally look for a much healthier tone in an old community than we do in a new one4 ,in an old community there is a much larger surface from which to choose an occupation1 and the various interests of society are much better connected than they are in the new communities4 ,these are important things to be considered by the adventurer after a home--if so paradoxical a thing is to be allowed as that a home may be found by adventure6 ,in fact1 the thing is impossible4 ,adventure can never make a home4 ,a home is the product of continuing possession1 and of careful culture4 ,it is not necessarily a particular house1 or a particular piece of land1 which has been in the same hands for generations1 which makes a home4 ,but it is a continuous abiding of the same family and its members for several generations in the same neighborhood1 the same locality1 which makes1 in the fullest sense1 a home4 ,they are then a part--incorporated as such by nature--of the community and of the locality in which they may chance to dwell4 ,it is this1 more than the continuous possession of a particular house or a particular piece of ground1 which makes home4 ,the woods1 the streams1 the outer walls of nature to which people have been accustomed1 must have been the same1 or similar and kindred ones1 for at least several generations1 in order to make for them a home4 ,where this has been the case1 there nature is fully incorporated in those beings4 ,there is not1 then1 in their own peculiar locality1 a leaf1 or a tree1 or a flower1 or a bird1 that is not fully understood1 and interiorly possessed by them4 ,through the manifold processes of nature1 they1 in this time1 have made acquaintance with things in nature1 and have become a much stronger part of the creation4 ,any traveller will tell us that1 when he first begins to wander1 things in nature at a distance from home appear strange to him1 and that he never does become as well acquainted with them as he is with those corresponding things which he has left behind1 that have been not only his1 but also the familiar associates of his parents before him4 ,this1 we will venture to say1 will be the testimony of all travellers4 ,there is1 in this testimony1 a great lesson to be learned by us4 ,it is the lesson that1 if we want to be a part--absolutely a part--of creation1 so as to have immediately under our control1 at all times1 a commanding sense and consciousness of our power in nature1 and over it1 as a part of it1 we must stay where our organisms command the elements the best1 and where1 by long residence1 they have become the strong masters of things in nature4 ,this is certainly no new philosophy4 ,if it has not been fully heretofore eliminated as a philosophy1 in this form1 it certainly has in other forms1 just as substantial and far more practical4 ,what are our feelings connected with our return to the earth but a confirmation of this doctrine8 ,every man who has a soul in him loves his own native soil2 and when the solemn hour of dissolution approaches1 he feels1 as one of the last of his earthly hopes1 that he would like to be gathered to the graves of his fathers1 in the land of his and of their wanderings4 #fgj ,this is an event which is capable of testing the matter1 and of proving the attractions which our earliest homes have for our spirits4 ,when all nature is dissolving in us1 we naturally look for support to those localities where life was organized in us1 and which have fortified us the strongest with those forces on which we must rely the most to ward off dissolution4 ,thus our minds and our affections are naturally carried back to the land of our birth1 in a way to make us love it above all other spots of earth1 and in a way to cause us to desire it as our last resting-place4 ,if these last trials do not show to the human spirit--drawing upon all of its resources for support--where its chief strength in nature lies1 whether in the new home1 or the old one1 then perhaps our theory that we lose many of the essential elements of life by migrating1 and by going to a great distance from the home of our nativity1 may not1 indeed1 be a sound one4 ,but we must take the case of the normal spirit to prove it4 ,the moods of the spirit that has been debauched and made common2 that has lost the love of its sanctuaries by dishonorable and aimless wanderings1 are not a fair test of our philosophy4 ,we must take some spirit who has gone into a distant land seeking fortune1 with the love of home in his heart1 and with the responsibilities of family upon him2 and let the trial of dissolution come upon him1 even after years of absence1 and see if his last thoughts are not directed to the home of his childhood1 and if the last appeals which he makes in his mind to nature to save him are not addressed to the genius1 the localities1 the scenes1 the cherished associations1 of his earlier home4 ,this must be so4 ,it is unavoidable4 ,the cool stream from which we drank in our boyhood thirst often has power1 when vividly called to mind1 to abate the rage of some terrible fever2 and the maternal hand1 as we see it in imagination laid upon us1 long years1 even1 after that hand has been stilled1 has power to soothe us4 ,thus fancy makes medicine from the past1 and the chosen spots of the spirit's earlier wanderings are the places to which she goes for her healing arts4 ,the maternal breast has attractions for us as long as we live4 ,its sorrows are our sorrows1 and it is upon the same principle and by the same laws of correspondence that we love our earlier homes the best1 and that they have over our morals a stronger control and a more salutary influence than any other society or community can have4 ,in fact1 a removal from our own community and our own home is too often looked upon as a license to do as we please1 and is interpreted as a relaxing of the social traces in which we had been bound4 ,it is not worth while1 at present1 to explore the philosophy of this fact1 but it is a fact1 and we therefore deal with it accordingly4 ,we know that the white man is the representative of civilization1 and that he carries with him a ,christian inheritance wherever he goes4 ,we know that in any situation in which he may be placed1 he will strive to ally himself with his ,god4 ,we know that he has fixed the cross of his worship upon many a bleak mountain of this land1 and that he has planted the vineyard of peace in the remote regions of the wilderness4 ,we know that he has established government1 erected schools1 built churches1 and planted the seeds of society in far and distant regions from the centres of civilization4 ,we know all this1 and yet we know1 or believe1 that if this same potent mass of human beings1 thus scattered and toiling separate and apart from each other1 had held together under the strong covenants of a powerful society1 and had advanced in a body to occupy and possess the land1 holding together at every step1 the rainbow of ,god's favor would have spanned over them in such luminous light that we of this continent would now have been a strong and powerful and united people1 in the enjoyment of a civilization and in the possession of a purity of social life neither enjoyed nor possessed by any other people on the earth4 #fga ,it may be supposed by some that this position assumes too much2 but our own opinion is1 that it may be brought almost down to a demonstration4 ,such a social wreck as follows the violent segregation of members of the same family or community1 to form in new communities1 must be followed by a corresponding civil prostration4 ,but wild and incoherent ideas of government will be entertained1 and the strength of the masses in such communities1 or in old ones1 either1 that have been much affected by these separations1 may1 upon any wild and great excitement1 although in reality springing but from trivial causes1 be organized to overturn rather than to sustain a government4 ,without intending in the least to be sectional1 or even to verge1 in the slightest degree1 on the brink of politics1 we will venture to say that the history of events in this country within the last few years will sustain this position4 ,too much liberty--such as is usually enjoyed in new communities free from proper social restraints--confuses the reason4 ,law1 as a centre of action1 is the only safeguard of any people2 and to be law1 it must be firmly planted in constitutions beyond the reach of the passions of the populace4 ,to maintain law as a centre1 there must not be too many flying forces connected with it at a distance from those regular and steady communities which have developed it4 ,for1 unless the system of law is equally developed1 and the structure of society 7upon which the law is founded7 is equally perfected in every part of a country where the central source of labor is equally controlled by law-givers from every part1 we must expect a general deterioration of morals1 corresponding to the mixture of good and bad elements which are the active forces of the lawmaking power4 ,too many territories1 and too many new ,states at a distance from the older communities1 tend1 in our judgment1 to unsettle the morals of the country1 and1 through the morals1 the laws1 and ultimately through the laws1 the government itself4 ,we have divided our people into fractions too fast4 ,it would have been better for our own1 and for the interests of humanity1 if we had held more firmly together in better connected and more contiguous communities4 ,our people would not then have had the same wild ideas about law that many of them have to-day1 and the better united interests of the country would have made a more loving and united people4 ,unity1 in the affairs of men1 is certainly a great desideratum4 ,immense geographical and social divisions between people usually produce a spirit of alienation1 and1 in many instances1 of absolute hostility4 ,mere navigable streams of water and railroad connections cannot so connect a people at the distance of many hundreds of miles from each other as to make them but one people4 ,the nearest possible approach that can be made to a close social and sympathetic connection between peoples who are separated from each other by so much space1 is to bridge the space over by densely packed masses of human beings1 and then we establish lines of mental and social sympathy which will make them but one people4 ,this is the only method1 aside from the bond of religious unity1 by which a close and hearty cooperation can be secured between people even of one blood and living under the same laws4 ,the human bridge connecting together remote parts of a country is the most complete4 #fgb ,the true policy1 then1 is not to plant colonies or settlements at distances from the centres of settlement1 and to bridge over1 with human beings1 the intervening space1 by degrees4 ,but on the contrary1 for us to advance in a body1 closely connected1 and to carry1 unbroken1 our civilization with us as we go4 ,there will then be no spasmodic disturbances of the law4 ,the wild passions of the wild tribes who roam our borders will not then be incorporated 7as is now too often the case7 by our people1 who go in fragmentary bodies to great distances from the solid settlements1 and there make their dwellings amidst the rude timbers of nature4 ,there would be1 under this plan of settlement1 an equipoise and a balance4 ,it would be regular1 steady1 and not as now fragmentary4 ,the arrangement of the ,state divisions--as a form of government--would not1 in the least1 be interfered with4 ,we only propose that1 instead of disjointed masses of human beings going off by themselves at great distances from the main settlements1 people hold1 as they go1 more together as a body1 and that we encourage wild schemes of emigration less4 ,they have had upon our people1 upon our laws1 and upon society1 a most disastrous and unsettling effect4 ,the policy which we propose does not interfere with commerce or with healthy travel1 but is only against the wild spirit of emigration which has seized upon the world1 and which moves those not engaged in commerce to seek new homes4 ,the charms of nativity will be greatly increased by educating the mind to look upon our earlier homes as the theatres in which we are to act our parts in life4 ,it will develop in us a more conformatory spirit in life1 and will secure for us the measureless blessings of a compact and united society4 ,a different training and a different practice are the fruitful sources of those wild idiosyncrasies in society which teach us that all men should be to us alike1 and that there are no sacred fountains of the affections where the faith of the heart ever beams bright1 and where the hallowed altars of love and confidence have established their holiest worship4 ,in a word1 the home-training1 continuing through a life1 and ending1 for the most part1 where begun1 that is1 under the genius of the same state laws1 and amongst people of a kind1 is indispensable to happiness1 and to the natural enjoyment of life4 ,it is equally1 alas6 indispensable to a full understanding of the genius of law and to the development of that conservative spirit in us which will teach us to value the blessings of social life far too much for us ever to interfere in their sacred enjoyment by other people4 ,the man of home1 then1 as against the emigrant and the wanderer1 is a man of peace1 a man of law1 a man of religion1 and a man of society4 ,he does not go with his rifle to destroy1 nor with his individual will to make it the law of the surrounding country2 but he is content to stay at home1 and he accepts the developments of society there as he finds them1 and labors conscientiously1 when improvement is needed1 to improve them2 but always within the boundaries of those barriers which ,christianity and conscience have set up as the landmarks of his labors4 #fgc ,if we would preserve our stability1 then1 as a people1 and make our government and society what they ought to be1 we must change our wandering habits1 and must cultivate the flowers of home-love as the only sure guarantee of peace and happiness4 ,we must not allow our wandering ambitions to stretch away into other domains2 but we must put upon ourselves the bridle of wisdom1 and must be content to people our fields at home with the laborers which we now offer to other lands1 to other climes1 and to other states4 ,this policy will make us truly great4 ---------- ,a ,mother's ,prayer4 ,the regent of a goodly realm1 ,a sovereign wise and fair1 ,gazed fondly on her youthful son1 ,and breathed her earnest prayer2 ,the one wish of her loving heart1 ,her ceaseless1 solemn thought1 ,sole boon her love had craved for him1 ,the only prize she sought4 ,was it new conquests8 blood-bought gems ,to deck his kingly hand8 ,fair realms by cruel triumphs wed ,unto his rightful land8 ,rich trappings8 robes of royal state8 ,a fawning courtier throng8 ,or minstrels' ringing lays1 to pour ,the flatteries of song8 ,nay1 nay1 no earthly leaven base1 ,no worldly dross could cling ,unto that pure1 maternal prayer ,for ,france's youthful king4 ',my precious son6 more dear than life1 ,more prized than aught on earth1 ,in all this false and fleeting world ,my only gift of worth6 #fgd ,oh6 loved and treasured as thou art1 ,far rather would ,i weep ,above the bier where thou wert laid ,in thy last1 dreamless sleep1 ,than live to know this form of thine ,held1 foully shrined within1 ,a tarnished gem1 a soul defiled1 ,by e'en one mortal sin44 ,well answered was that mother's prayer3 ,no foul1 polluting taint ,e'er marred the white and shining soul ,of ,france's royal saint4 ,his pure baptismal robe of grace ,unstained through life he wore2 ,the lily sceptre of the just ,king ,louis brightly bore4 ,o ,christian matron6 in thy heart ,this lesson fair enshrine2 ,and let the blest1 heroic prayer ,of holy ,blanche be thine4 ,for what are all the gifts of earth1 ,the charms of form and face1 ,if the immortal soul hath lost ,its bright1 baptismal grace8 ,ay6 what avails the wealth of worlds1 ,if1 lured by syren vice1 ,god's heir hath sold his birthright fair1 ,his only pearl of price8 ,in vain may proud ambition grasp ,vast realms to tyrants given1 ,if from his guilty hand hath passed ,the heritage of heaven4 ------- #fge ,two ,months ,in ,spain ,during ,the ,late ,revolution4 ,,madrid4 ,monday1 ,oct4 #ai4 ,we visit the ,museo to-day--the richest picture-gallery in the world4 ,ten ,raphaels1 forty-six ,murillos1 sixty-two ,rubens1 sixty-four ,velasquez1 forty-three ,titians1 etc4 ,but even ,raphael's ,perla1 7that holy family called the ,pearl17 even his ,spasmo de ,silicia1 7,christ falling beneath the cross17 even ,guido's exquisite ,magdalen and ,spagnoletto's ,jacob's ,dream1 even these great pictures sink to nothingness beside ,murillo's ,annunciation1 his ,adoration of the ,shepherds1 ,eleazar at the ,well1 ,the ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,andrew1 the ,divine ,shepherd1 the ,infant ,saviour giving ,st4 ,john to drink from a shell1 called ,los ,nios de la ,concha1 the ,vision of ,st4 ,bernard1 and those wonderful ,conceptions which embody all that is most sublime and ecstatic in devotion and in the representation of divine love4 ,the more one sees of ,murillo1 the more one is convinced that he is the greatest painter of the world4 ,others may have points of excellence superior to his2 but his subjects are so full of piety and tenderness1 so fascinating in coloring1 and appeal so at once to the heart and the common sense of mankind1 that they please at once the learned and the unlearned4 ,the ,spaniards say of him that he painted ,con leche y sangre1 with milk and blood1 so wonderful are his flesh tints4 ,the ,spasmo de ,silicia is so called from the convent for which it was painted1 ,st4 ,maria della ,spasima1 in ,palermo4 ,the ,virgin's ,trance on the way to ,calvary is considered by some critics only second to the ,transfiguration4 ,the ,perla is so named because ,philip ,,iv41 beholding it for the first time1 exclaimed1 ,this is the pearl of my pictures4 ,it belonged to the ,duke of ,mantua1 was bought by ,charles ,i41 and was sold with his other pictures by the tasteless puritans and reformers4 ,tuesday1 ,oct4 #bj4 ,spend another hour in the ,museo1 looking at the pictures of the ,flemish and ,dutch schools--fifty-three ,teniers1 twenty-two ,van ,eycks1 fifty-four ,breughels1 twenty-three ,snyders1 ten ,wouvermans1 etc4 ,a wonderful gallery1 so rich in great masters4 ,we then go to see the ,house of the ,congress1 which is handsomely decorated4 ,the ministers' bench is here blue1 while the others are red4 ,the library is small but very handsome4 ,from this we go to the interesting artillery museum1 and then to see the coach-houses and stables of the palace1 begun by ,charles ,,iii4 and finished by ,ferdinand ,,vii4 ,one felt more than ever sorry for the poor fugitive queen1 at sight of all this majesty4 ,beautiful ,arabian and ,andalusian horses and mules1 over a hundred carriages of every hue and shape1 from the black1 cumbrous thing in which poor ,jeanne la ,folle carried about the coffin of her handsome husband1 to the beautiful modern carriage in which the lovely ,infanta went so lately to her bridal6 ,all had a personal sort of interest2 but most touching of all was the sight of the little carriages and perambulators which bore evidence of having been long used by the royal children4 #fgf ,the state carriages are very grand1 many of them gifts from crowned heads3 one from the first ,napoleon2 another from the present emperor to ,queen ,isabella2 and a handsome plain ,english coach from ,queen ,victoria to her majesty4 ,but even more than the carriages do the saddles and embroidered housings1 the plumes1 and harness1 and trappings1 and liveries1 give one an idea of this splendor-loving court1 especially those belonging to the days of ,charles ,,iii4 and ,philip ,v4 ,above all these stood the crowned lion1 with his feet on two worlds1 significant of the greatness of ,spain4 ,and where is she1 so lately the mistress of all this grandeur8 ,the people told us that there had been thirteen thousand people dependent upon the queen's privy purse2 that she had a school in the palace for all the children of her servants2 and that there was no end to her generosity and kindness2 and that1 had she not been away1 the revolution would never have occurred4 ,and just here we meet a long line of troops1 horse1 foot1 and artillery1 who proved to be the men who had fought so bravely for their queen at ,alcolea1 and at such fearful odds4 ,the men of ,novaliches6 ,and no man cried1 ,god bless them6 as they passed1 weary and dispirited1 through the streets2 their enemies would not do them honor1 and their friends dared not4 ,when we reached the hotel1 ,general ,prim was making a speech to a ragged1 dirty mob1 who were shouting for ,libertad4 ,he told them it was his saint's day--that they need not work1 he would give them money4 ,so1 after distributing some coppers1 he got into a fine carriage and drove off4 ,while we struggled to get in1 one of our party heard some of the poor women exclaim softly1 ,our poor queen6 and then the usual piteous exclamation1 ,ay ,dios mios6 ,ay ,dios mios6 ,wednesday1 ,oct4 #ba4 ,go this morning to finish the pictures in the ,museo--if such a thing could be done--but the more one looks1 the more one feels it impossible ever to finish with them4 ,the sculpture-gallery 7gallery of ,isabella ,,ii47 is very handsome1 but contains only a few antiques of interest and a beautiful modern statue of ,st4 ,john of ,god carrying a sick man out of his burning hospital4 ,next we go to the gallery of the ,belli ,arti1 where1 among other good pictures1 are four of ,murillo's1 and first of these ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary washing the ,lepers1 one of the greatest pictures in the world--by some considered ,murillo's very best4 ,it was painted for the ,caritad of ,seville1 for which its subject made it peculiarly appropriate4 ,the beautiful saint is the centre of a group of nine persons plainly dressed in black1 an apron before her1 the crown upon her head1 and above and around a soft luminous halo seems to beam from her whole person4 ,her white hands are washing the head of a ragged boy who leans over the basin1 and writhes with pain4 ,a lovely young girl holds a pitcher1 another the ointments1 and an old woman with spectacles peers between them4 ,in front of the picture1 a beggar-man is taking off the dirty bandage from his leg1 ready for his turn to be washed4 ,on the other side1 a withered old crone1 with stick in hand1 gazes eagerly on the saint1 who speaks with her4 ,a lame beggar on crutches is behind1 and in the distance is the palace and a dinner-table upon the terrace1 surrounded by beggars1 upon whom the queen waits1 showing her charity in another form4 #fgg ,an artist who was copying the picture made us remark the wonderful variety and harmony in the figure1 the tender pity of the saint's expression1 the natural and graceful grouping1 and the soft light over all4 ,many critics find the sores too truly painted to be agreeable to look upon2 but 7as some ,protestant traveller says of it7 her saint-like charity ennobles these horrors1 on which her woman's eye dares not look2 but her royal hand does not refuse to heal1 and how gently6 ,the service of love knows no degradation4 ,in another room are two semicircular pictures1 taken also from ,seville1 7from the church of ,st4 ,maria de la ,blanca17 representing the legend of the founding of the great church of ,st4 ,maria ,maggiore in ,rome1 in the year #cfj4 ,the first picture represents the ,dream of the ,roman patrician and his wife1 in which he sees the ,blessed ,virgin in the heavens1 pointing out the spot where the church shall be built--upon which spot the snow will fall in ,august4 ,in the companion picture1 the founder and his wife are kneeling before the pope relating the vision1 while in the dim distance is seen a procession advancing to the appointed place4 ,coming from the ,museo1 we go to see the palace of the ,duke of ,medina ,coeli1 one of the richest nobles of ,spain and one of the highest in rank4 ,a regal establishment1 with a greater air of comfort than prevails in most palaces4 ,gardens and picture-galleries1 a theatre1 suites of magnificent rooms--one in rose-colored satin1 with walls hung in gray silk4 ,thursday1 ,oct4 #bb4 ,set out for ,toledo2 pass the palace of ,aranjuez1 the ,st4 ,cloud of ,spain1 as la ,grandja1 built by ,philip ,v41 is its ,versailles4 ,we mistake our way1 and are left on the plains of la ,mancha in a miserable posada1 or rather a venta1 7the lower grade of inn17 where we remain all day with nothing visible save one of ,don ,quixote's windmills1 which we are sorely tempted to battle with after the fashion of that redoubtable hero4 ,how truly it has been said of this sterile-looking country1 the old ,castile of la ,mancha1 by a witty traveller-- the country is brown1 the man is brown1 his jacket1 his mantle1 his wife1 his stew1 his mule1 his house--all partake of the color of the saffron1 which is profusely cultivated1 and which enters into the composition of his food as well as his complexion4 ,at length we are cheered by the arrival of a lovely ,spanish woman and her daughter1 who are returning from their estate near by1 and come1 like ourselves1 to wait the train for ,madrid4 ,the daughter had been educated in the ,sacr ,coeur ,convent near ,madrid4 ,spoke ,french well4 ,she told us in her lively way that1 though these plains looked so brown and desert-like1 they brought good crops and put money in the pocket1 and that back from the roads were fine plantations of olive and vine4 ,saturday1 ,oct4 #bd4 ,some ,spanish friends come to show us some of the hospitals and other great charities of ,madrid1 which numbers forty in all4 ,first1 to the general hospital1 attended by the ,sisters of ,charity--a city in itself1 where are over eighteen hundred sick poor4 ,it covers an immense extent of ground1 and1 like all ,spanish hospitals1 has shady courts1 and gardens1 and corridors running around the courts4 ,all was clean and comfortable1 the sisters tenderly feeding the sick children and old people1 and reading or praying beside the beds4 #fgh ,from this we go to the most interesting of all1 called the ,maison de la ,providence1 supported by the ladies of rank in ,madrid1 and under the care of the ,french ,sisters of ,charity1 who wear the familiar cornette4 ,here1 besides enfants trouvs and orphans1 they have 7or had7 six hundred poor children1 taken out of the streets4 ,many of these are kept for the day1 the parents seeking them at night3 all of them are taught gratuitously4 ,we were shown a room in which forty of the smallest 7not one over two years7 had been put to bed for the noonday sleep1 perfect little cherubs1 side by side1 on the tiniest and whitest of beds1 with fringed curtains above them4 ,the sister opened the window-shutters to give us a look at this lovely picture2 and the light woke many of them1 who sat up rubbing their bright eyes1 and looking with wonder at the strangers1 but not one cried4 ,in one corner were great basins and towels showing why the faces were so clean and rosy4 ,the sister then took us to the playground1 where hundreds of little things1 from the ages of three to six years1 were playing2 the boys on one side1 the girls on the other2 the sisters with them4 ,we were invited to remain and see them go into school1 that we might see the system of uniting instruction with amusement1 which has been so successfully employed by these charitable teachers4 ,at the sound of an instrument1 7something like a castanet17 the little things fell into ranks1 one behind the other1 the hindmost holding on with both hands to the shoulders of the one who preceded him4 ,in this way1 and slowly keeping time with their little feet1 they marched into the room1 marching and countermarching with admirable precision4 ,three divisions of eight1 headed by a captain1 7a well-drilled soldier17 form1 and go to their seats2 each captain helps to seat his division1 and then counts to see if he has the correct number4 ,the children then rise to say the ,lord's ,prayer1 all in concert1 slowly and reverently1 preceding it with the sign of the cross1 made with1 some1 such tiny fingers6 ,the sister next proceeds to give a lesson4 ,great black letters1 on wooden blocks1 7so large as to be seen by all17 are one by one laid in grooves upon an inclined plane1 the children all 7together7 calling out the letter as it is placed1 spelling the word1 then reading 7or rather1 singing7 the sentence4 ,if the sister makes a mistake1 a dozen little voices correct it4 ,a child of six is next chosen to spell a sentence1 and severe were the little critics when he misplaced a letter4 ,next came a lesson in ,scripture history4 ,a book of colored prints was opened here and there1 and the stories were told by the children in their own pretty way1 of ,adam and ,eve1 ,david and ,absalom1 etc4 ,we were presently shown the children old enough to be taught to work1 little things of five and six years1 knitting or sewing2 and then a class making plain sewing2 and then the larger orphan girls1 working the finest needlework and embroidery4 ,and this is one of eight such institutions in ,madrid6 ,it is kept up by individual charity2 and the fear is1 that it must be curtailed if not closed on account of the revolution2 the ladies who contributed most to it having been forced to leave with the queen's party1 or having absented themselves from fear of getting into trouble4 ,these high-born ladies have had also many schools in different parts of the city1 where they taught the poor every ,sunday1 as in our ,sunday-schools4 ,the provisional government has stopped all these1 on the pretext that they are incendiary1 as they have also that of the ,conferences of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul6 #fgi ,our ,spanish friends tell us of the closing1 yesterday1 of the royal school1 7founded many centuries ago by one of the kings of ,spain1 and supported from the privy purse of the reigning king or queen17 for the daughters of the nobility who have met with reverse of fortune1 orphans and others of good birth but of no means4 ,yesterday these poor girls were turned out1 homeless1 houseless2 and as they passed along1 the brutal rabble insulted them with cries of1 ,come out1 you thieves2 you have eaten our bread long enough2 come out1 and let us have place4 ,to-day1 we see them tearing down the building4 ,and this is progress6 ,we hear that the carriage of the ,duchess ,medina ,coeli has been assaulted to-day1 the crown upon her carriage pelted1 the glasses broken1 with the cry of ,down with the aristocrats6--that fatal cry1 which 7with many other bad things7 they borrow from the ,french1 and which was the signal to spill so much good blood4 ,toledo4 ,october #be4 ,only three hours' time 7by rail7 separate ,toledo and ,madrid1 the old and new world of ,spain6 ,what a contrast between the two6 ,toledo towers like an eagle's nest on the steep rock1 the dark1 melancholy ,tagus winding below1 with walls and ,moorish gates and steep crags1 with ,roman and ,gothic and ,arabic ruins1 with glorious memories of the fierce and warlike ,goths1 and of its imperial renown under ,charles ,v42 while the modern upstart1 ,madrid1 has nothing of which to boast1 save fine houses1 and shops1 bustle and traffic1 noise and dirt1 progress and revolution6 ,toledo is said to have been a ,phoenician or ,grecian colony1 then conquered by the all-absorbing ,romans1 #adf ,b4,c41 and the favorite resort of the ,jews who fled from ,jerusalem after its fall1 and who became here rich and powerful1 and exercised an important influence in the history of the country until expelled by ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 in #adib4 ,in the fifth century1 the ,goths conquered ,spain and founded that splendid and powerful kingdom which1 after three hundred years1 ended with ,roderick in #gab1 when the ,moors1 under ,taric1 overthrew the ,goths in the battle of the ,guadalete1 and overran all ,spain4 ,in #ajhe1 it was reconquered by ,alonzo ,v41 and ,toledo was the seat of the court until removed by ,philip ,,ii4 to ,madrid in #aefj1 and 7for a few years7 to ,valladolid4 ,our first duty is to the cathedral1 considered by many persons to be the finest building in the world4 ,it was commenced by ,st4 ,ferdinand in #abbg1 on the site of a mosque1 which1 in turn1 had been built upon a church founded in #ehg by ,st4 ,eugenius1 the friend and disciple of ,st4 ,denis1 who introduced ,christianity into ,spain4 ,it employed one hundred and forty-nine of the greatest artists of the world two hundred and sixty-six years to complete and render it the masterpiece it now is4 ,the cathedral of ,seville is grander1 higher1 more impressive from its austere simplicity2 but this1 from its greater lightness1 the mingling of the early ,gothic with the later and more florid style1 from the ,moorish carvings on the white stone of which it is built1 is more graceful and beautiful2 and from the thousand memories of great men and great deeds with which it is associated1 its royal tombs and statues1 its ,muzurabic chapel1 its great relics1 its grand treasures1 is infinitely more interesting4 #fhj ,we arrived in time to hear the high mass--the glorious organs1 and fine voices1 while the morning sunlight streamed through seven hundred and fifty stained windows and among eighty-eight colossal pillars4 ,picturesque groups knelt before the different shrines4 ,we chose the chapel of ,st4 ,ildefonso1 raised upon the spot where1 according to the legend1 he received the chasuble from the hands of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which ,murillo has made the subject of one of his finest pictures4 ,near this chapel is the altar at which ,ferdinand and ,isabella heard mass after the conquest of ,granada4 ,the grand retablo of the main altar extends from the altar to the ceiling1 and is considered a marvel of exquisite carving1 representing the scenes in the passion of our ,lord--the work of twenty-five artists1 of whom ,john of ,bologna was one4 ,on either side of this1 7in niches17 are the tombs of ,sancho the ,brave1 ,alfonso ,,vii41 and ,sancho the ,wise1 and1 below these1 that of the great ,cardinal ,mendoza4 ,on each side of the altar are screens1 of which the carvings in marble are exquisite1 as are the seventy stalls of the choir1 which are divided by jasper pillars4 ,the two pulpits are of gilt metal resting on marble columns1 and are of the finest workmanship4 ,the chapels are exceedingly rich1 especially that of ,santiago1 built by that worthless favorite of ,john ,,ii4 of ,castile1 ,don ,alvaro de ,luna1 as the burial-place of his family4 ,upon his tomb was originally a statue which was contrived so as to rise and kneel at the time of the elevation during mass2 but ,queen ,isabella1 the wife of ,john ,,ii41 7who was the means of bringing him to justice17 had it changed4 ,he lies quietly enough now1 with his sword between his legs1 while kneeling figures of knights pray at each corner of the tomb4 ,the chapter-house contains portraits of all the archbishops of ,toledo1 many pictures1 and a superb carved and inlaid ceiling of alerce wood4 ,here have been held all the important councils of ,spain4 ,there is a chapel filled with interesting relics1 and the treasures of the church surpass those of all ,spain in value4 ,among these is the cross which ,cardinal ,mendoza carried in procession at the surrender of ,granada1 and planted on the walls of the ,alhambra2 a custodia of gold and silver1 weighing twenty-five arobas--about six hundred pounds--nine feet high1 and covered with myriads of statuettes and exquisite ornaments4 ,it was given by ,queen ,isabella1 and made from the first gold sent by ,columbus from ,america4 ,there was one vestment covered with eighty-five thousand pearls2 another with as great profusion of coral2 a crown1 and other ornaments of diamonds and other jewels2 a missal1 given by ,st4 ,louis2 some silver plate carved by ,benvenuto ,cellini2 and in the vestuario is the grandest display of vestments in the world4 ,those at ,st4 ,peter's are not so fine4 ,many of these were given by cardinals ,mendoza and ,ximenes1 by ,queen ,isabella1 and other sovereigns2 and most of them many centuries old1 yet preserving the brightness of the gold and silver work1 and the colors of the embroidery4 ,there were the chairs used by these great dignitaries1 and the hangings used to adorn the church on the occasion of the thanksgiving for the victory of ,lepanto4 #fha ,but above all this is the interest felt in the ,muzarabic ,chapel1 built by ,cardinal ,ximenes1 7,cisneros1 as they call him in ,spanish17 to preserve the ancient liturgy of the ,muzarabes1 7,muzarabes--mixed ,arabs17 who were the ,goths who1 after the conquest of ,spain by the ,moors1 agreed to live under the ,moslem rule1 retaining the ,christian worship4 ,this is the oldest ritual in ,spain1 introduced here by the apostles of this country1 ,st4 ,torquatus and his companions4 ,it was at first1 in most respects1 similar to the ,roman liturgy2 but underwent many changes after the conquest of ,spain by the ,visi-,goths and ,vandals1 who were ,arians1 and brought with them to ,spain their liturgy1 which was ,greco-,arian1 written in ,latin4 ,this ,gothic liturgy was almost exclusively adopted in ,spain1 after the fourth council of ,toledo in #fcc1 when ,st4 ,isidore of ,seville and other celebrated ,spanish bishops of this period1 to put a stop to the disorders in the churches1 arranged the ritual and obliged all to follow it4 ,even after the introduction of the ,gregorian liturgy1 the ,spaniards retained their own1 and it was universal up to the eighth century1 when the ,moors conquered ,spain4 ,by those ,goths who submitted to the ,moors1 and who were promised freedom of their religion1 it was guarded with the utmost vigilance2 and even after ,spain was conquered by the free ,spaniards1 7who had meantime adopted the ,gregorian rite17 the ,muzarabes retained their own ,gothic rite1 and it was allowed to them in six parishes1 just as it had existed during the six hundred years of ,moorish domination4 ,but as the ,muzarabic families disappeared or mingled with others1 their venerable and ancient liturgy gradually disappeared2 and but for cardinals ,mendoza and ,ximenes1 it must have been lost entirely4 ,the first formed the design which ,ximenes carried out--gathered up all the manuscripts of their liturgy1 had them revised by their own priests1 and printed a great number of the missals1 and built this chapel in his own cathedral1 7called ad ,corpus ,christi17 and founded a college of thirteen priests to serve it1 confiding to the chapter of the cathedral the protection of this religious foundation4 ,other bishops followed his example1 and in the sixteenth century a chapel was founded in ,salamanca1 and another in ,valladolid2 but the one in ,toledo seems to be the only one now existing3 here the mass is said every day at nine o'clock2 but few attend it1 and it has become a mere liturgic curiosity4 ,it commences with a prayer very little different from the ,roman liturgy2 then the same psalm ,judica me1 the introit1 the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 a lesson from the ,old ,testament1 then the gradual and epistle4 ,the prayers of the offertory are almost identical with those of the ,roman liturgy2 then follow prayers like the ,greek and ,milanese liturgies2 then the preface4 ,but the canon of the mass is different2 the trisagion is followed immediately by the consecration1 and the credo is said at the elevation4 ,the host is divided into two parts2 the priest then divides one part into five1 and the other into four small bits2 places them upon the paten1 upon which is engraved a cross composed of seven circles1 so that seven pieces of the host are placed in the seven circles4 ,he then places 7on the right7 at the side of the cross upon the paten1 the other two parts2 each of these nine parts has a name corresponding to a mystery in the life of ,christ1 and they form1 placed upon the paten the following figures1 ,incarnation1 ,passion1 ,nativity1 ,death1 ,circumcision1 ,resurrection1 ,epiphany1 ,ascension1 ,eternal ,kingdom4 #fhb ,after this division1 follows the ,pater1 a prayer for the afflicted1 for prisoners1 the sick and the dead4 ,the priest then takes a particle of the host corresponding to the words1 ,eternal ,kingdom1 and lets it fall into the chalice1 pronouncing the appropriate words2 then he blesses the people1 and communicates2 then the particle of the host corresponding to the word ,ascension1 recites a prayer for the dead1 says the ,domine1 non sum dignus1 and communicates with the particle of the host just mentioned1 and so successively with all the others2 empties the chalice1 takes the ablutions1 says the post-communion1 the ,salva ,regina1 blesses the people1 and leaves the altar4 ,over the altar of the ,muzarabic chapel is a picture of the taking of ,oran1 7in ,africa17 which ,ximenes conquered at his own risk and his own expense1 and made a gift of it to the crown of ,spain4 ,opposite the cathedral is the archbishop's palace1 where is a library open to the public1 and adjoining this is the ,casa del ,ayuntamiento1 house of the municipality1 built by ,del ,greco1 a ,greek who came to ,toledo in #aegg1 where he became famous as painter and architect4 ,we now travel through the narrow1 precipitous streets1 visiting curious and beautiful architectural remains of the ,gothic and ,moorish times1 found in public and private buildings1 strange projecting door-posts1 with cannon-ball ornaments2 traverse the ,zocodover1 the market square1 which is most ,moorish looking1 with irregular windows and balconies1 and is as well the fashionable promenade1 and lounging place as place of traffic4 ,among the many churches1 two are especially interesting in arabesque remains--,st4 ,maria de la ,blanca and ,el ,transitu1 built in #acbf1 which were once synagogues2 the latter was afterward given by ,queen ,isabella to the order of ,calatrava4 ,next to the cathedral in interest is the church of ,st4 ,juan de los ,reyes1 7,st4 ,john of the ,kings17 ,st4 ,john being the special patron of the kings of ,spain4 ,this was built by ,ferdinand and ,isabella in #adif1 in thanksgiving for the victory of ,toro1 where they defeated the king of ,portugal1 who had set up a rival to the throne of ,castile1 in the person of ,jeanne ,beltranea1 the natural daughter of ,jeanne of ,portugal1 wife of ,henry ,,ii41 the elder brother of ,isabella4 ,upon the outside walls of this church hang the chains taken off the ,christians found in captivity in ,granada4 ,the interior has been much changed2 but there still remain the high tribunes used by the royal family1 and much of the curious and elaborate carving1 whose richness was once past all description4 ,the cloisters of the adjoining convent of ,franciscans1 now in ruins1 were once one of the most splendid specimens of florid ,gothic art in the world4 ,the fine pointed arches and delicate arabesque carvings are now half covered by passion-vine and ivy1 and the pretty garden is a desert wild4 ,in this convent the great ,cardinal ,ximenes made his novitiate as a ,franciscan monk1 from which retirement he was called1 by ,cardinal ,mendoza1 to be the confessor of ,queen ,isabella2 and this wonderful woman1 who had the discernment to know and choose men who could aid her in her great designs1 when ,mendoza died1 named as successor to the great cardinal the poor monk ,francis ,ximenes1 who became at one time bishop of ,toledo1 primate of ,spain1 and grand chancellor of ,castile2 and though1 in this position1 the first personage of the court1 and the greatest grandee of the kingdom1 he still retained the simple habits of the ,franciscan2 and it was necessary to have an order from the pope to induce him to assume the appendages belonging to his rank4 #fhc ,indeed1 it is said that under his robes of silk and velvet he wore the cilice and the coarse brown habit of his order2 and after his death was found the little box with the needles and thread with which the great primate of ,spain mended his own garments4 ,he concluded the treaties which made ,spain at this time the greatest power of the world2 and it is wonderful how this man1 already old--for he was sixty when he assumed the primacy--how he could at once attend to the various and multiplied duties of which he is said never to have neglected anything4 ,he lived in the age of great men1 of ,mendoza1 7el gran cardinal17 of ,gonzales de ,cordova1 7el gran capitan17 of ,christopher ,columbus1 and many others1 and took part in all the great events of this great age4 ,immediately upon the invention of printing1 he had printed the celebrated polyglot ,bible of ,alcala1 which cost him #ejj1jjj francs of our money1 and was in itself enough to immortalize him4 ,he founded universities1 built colleges1 endowed professorships and scholarships1 and built convents and schools for the education of poor children4 ,raumer1 in his ,history of ,europe1 says of him1 ,his sagacity and his activity were equal to his sanctity4 ,embracing all the branches of administration1 nourishing the grandest plans and projects1 he neglected for these neither piety nor science4 ,as a warrior1 he commanded in #aeji the crusade which made a descent in ,africa1 and conquered ,oran4 ,he founded1 upon principles which do honor to his intelligence1 the university of ,alcala1 and directed the printing of the celebrated ,bible to which this city gives its name4 ,he is the only man admired by his contemporaries as a politician1 a warrior1 and a saint at the same time4 ,from the esplanade in front of the church of ,st4 ,juan de los ,reyes is a fine view4 ,the great manufactory of the ,toledo blades lies below upon the wild and melancholy ,tagus1 which winds through the plain2 beyond are the mountains4 ,the bridge of ,st4 ,martin spans the ,tagus on one side1 with its ,moorish towers at either end4 ,the tower of ,cambron1 one of the great ,moorish towers1 is in front1 in which is a lovely statue of ,st4 ,leocadia1 and near the bridge of ,st4 ,martin1 on the city side1 is the site of the palace of the ,gothic kings4 ,here are some arches of a ruin called ,los ,vaos de ,florinda--she who was the daughter of the apostate ,don ,julian1 and with whose unhappy fate is involved that of the last of the ,gothic kings4 ,the ,alcazar1 which overlooks the whole city1 was a ,moorish palace1 then a fortress1 with additions made by ,alonzo ,,vi41 in #ajhe4 ,improved by ,don ,alvarado de ,luna1 and then by ,charles ,v4 in #aedh1 and by ,philip ,,ii4's great architect1 ,herara1 there only remains the great patio1 with its fine columns and the magnificent staircase for which ,philip sent directions from ,england4 ,burned in the war of the succession1 it was repaired by ,cardinal ,lorenzana1 a munificent patron of arts1 and whose whole life was devoted to good works1 who made it a silk factory for poor girls4 ,the ,french injured it again in #ahji1 and it has been a ruin until now1 when some repairs seem to be going on by order of the queen4 #fhd ,the esplanade in front commands a fine view4 ,just below is the military college1 formerly the great hospital of ,santa ,cruz1 founded by ,cardinal ,mendoza4 ,on a height near are the ruins of the castle of ,cervantes1 not the author ,cervantes1 but one which belonged to the ,knights ,templars4 ,we pass through the ,puerta del ,sol1 one of the great ,moorish gates1 follow the steep and winding way by the remains of an old ,roman bridge and fortress1 cross the bridge of ,alcantara1 and so--leave ,toledo4 ---------- ,all ,for ,the ,faith4 ,there is a mystery1 an evangel1 in suffering2 and this fiery evangel1 ,god's message to our immortality1 prepares and perfects the soul for the long hereafter4 ,in a humble room sat ,sir ,ralph de ,mohun and the ,lady ,beatrice4 ,the soft sunlight of ,provence was fading1 and athwart the rose leaves the dying flush rested on this fairest type of girlish loveliness4 ,absorbed in her rosary1 she sat at the open window2 while1 bending near1 ,sir ,ralph watched the gorgeous heavens1 gazing with no thought of the surroundings1 and thinking--thinking as we so often do in the hours that fate allows us for decision4 ,glimpses of his proud ,english home stole upon the old man's vision2 of the shadowy oak-lined halls and stately corridors where1 as a boy1 he had looked with childish pride upon portraits of a brave line that had passed their own childhood there2 the cross of the old chapel glittered in his dreams1 for beneath it the mother of his children slept4 ,but now1 homeless and an alien1 he would never again see the white cliffs of the land his heart loved best4 ,the battle of the ,boyne had crushed the lingering hopes of the ,cavaliers who had forsaken home and kindred to follow the last ,stuart king4 ,if ,james had only possessed average tact1 he might have retained the affection of his subjects2 but strong-willed without discrimination1 zealous without wisdom1 his whole reign was a succession of errors which could not but alienate the middle classes1 all ways practical and struggling against the encroachments of the aristocracy4 ,nobly did the ,cavaliers rally to the rescue of this last ,catholic king1 when1 forsaken even by those of his blood1 he stood alone1 held at bay by the same subjects who had sworn him fealty4 ,all through the darkness of his mistaken flight1 through the changeful1 disastrous campaign1 and1 so trying to their haughty spirit1 even unto the court of ,louis1 where sneering courtiers dared to greet them with slights and contumely1 they neither swerved nor varied4 ,all this had tested their loyalty1 tried their faith2 yet they neither changed nor forsook him3 and of this band none had suffered more than gallant ,sir ,ralph de ,mohun4 ,a very pleasant life was that of the ,catholic gentry in ,england2 they hunted1 they were jovial at their meetings1 but devout in the chapel2 and no class of the ,english subjects were more orderly and refined4 ,but when the old crown rested on other than the brow of a ,stuart1 they left the broad moors and sunny downs1 and fled with the monarch who represented not only their government1 but their faith1 in old ,england4 #fhe ,stripped of the wealth that had given him comfort1 despoiled of all that makes a man's position a blessing1 the brave knight steadily1 defiantly met an adverse fate4 ,noblesse oblige6 spoke in every phase of his stormy life2 he would suffer1 ay1 die1 as a gentleman1 with no murmur to the world of the sorrow and strife within4 ,but an uncontrolled1 unsubdued feeling warred with the iron resolve which supported him1 and this was his devotion to the last bairn left him by his fair ,scottish wife4 ,twenty summers had deepened her girlhood into that rare womanhood1 refined through suffering1 strengthened by discipline2 and the sweet eyes shone with a softer light1 a more earnest loveliness1 as they gazed from under the long1 dark lashes2 while the gentle1 low voice owned a subdued tone1 very different from the lightsome carol that had gladdened bluff ,sir ,ralph at the gay meet in old ,suffolk4 ,but times were different now1 and the table was becoming scantier1 while the silver grew very low2 and the soldier who had rallied the dragoons at the ,boyne1 had stood unmoved when advancing squadrons of the ,english1 his own blood in the front ranks1 swept on to attack him1 felt his eyes dim as he watched his frail1 last blossom1 and knew that soon she would be in a strange land all alone4 ,the afternoon faded into night1 and the scanty fire could not warm the chill and bare chamber in which the old man lay4 ,he was dozing in the great arm-chair1 and ,beatrice was crouched on a low cushion near1 when softly the door opened4 ,was the young girl dreaming1 as with her large eyes larger still1 she rose instinctively1 rose as though swayed by an unseen spirit1 and walked out upon the terrace8 ,beatrice1 ,i have risked life1 almost honor for this4 ,philip ,stratherne1 life belongs to honor1 and honor should never be risked4 ,the speech cost her an effort1 for her voice was faint and very low4 ,i have come to offer peace and comfort1 my darling1 and--dare ,i whisper the story which you used to listen to1 under the elms at home8 ,sir ,philip ,stratherne1 you forget the past2 you will not remember the blood that lies between us4 ,my darling6 my darling6 we have no past save what you gave to me4 ,life belongs to honor1 your own sweet voice has told me1 and we are commanded to 'love without dissimulation2' therefore the logic of courts and battle-fields shall claim no power here4 ,philip6 ,philip6 was all the maiden could find speech to answer1 uttered in a tone meant to be reproachful4 ,two years of sorrow had passed since the fatal battle of the ,boyne1 and the heart of the maiden was very sore1 very lonely1 very hungry for the one love that made her life4 ,beatrice6 called from the room1 and she entered4 ,come and sing to me1 little one2 for ,i have been dreaming sad dreams of the old home4 ,and so she sat on her cushion at his feet1 and sang in her soft alto3 ,it was a' for our rightful king1 ,we left fair ,scotia's strand2 ,it was a' for our rightful king1 ,we e'er saw ,irish land1 ,we e'er saw ,irish land6 ,the sodger frae the war returns1 ,the sailor frae the main2 ,but ,i hae' parted frae my love1 ,never to meet again1 ,never to meet again4 ,when day is done1 and night is come1 ,and a' things wrapt in sleep2 ,i think o' one who's far away1 ,the lee lang night1 an' weep1 ,the lee lang night1 an' weep4 ,will ,sir ,ralph ,mohun welcome the son of an old friend8 #fhf ,the old man turned hastily1 and ,philip ,stratherne stood before him4 ,the time was1 ,sir ,philip1 when ,i should have grasped your hand with all the feeling which my love for the boy inspired4 ,now1 you are under the roof of what is left me1 and therefore ,i am silent4 ,there was a stately courtesy in all this which embarrassed and wounded the young man4 ,this1 certainly1 is not my former welcome2 but the times have changed the manners1 ,sir ,ralph1 and we must accept the change4 ,true1 ,sir ,philip4 ,there is little that ,i can offer you now2 yet methinks there is a seat for you4 ,the young man hesitated1 and then sat down4 ,i have not learned diplomacy on battle-fields1 ,sir ,ralph1 therefore ,i will without preamble tell you what is heavy on my heart4 ,first1 to be selfishly eager1 ,i have come to ask you for what you promised years ago--your daughter4 ,sir ,ralph de ,mohun1 you were once young1 and blood coursed as fiery then as now4 ,can you find it in your heart to separate us8 ,then1 secondly1 your old friends at court offer entire restitution and pardon1 if you will accept the new rgime1 with ,england's faith4 ,if ,i have been true to my country1 then must ,i still be true to my ,god6 ,philip ,stratherne1 if ,i had not loved you from your boyhood1 the words that would come to my lips would tell you what my heart wills to speak to all who have proved false6 ,for the rest1 my daughter has the ,mohun blood1 and she knows what her church teaches4 ,and ,beatrice sat silent1 crushed as a lily powerless from the storm4 ,she knew her duty1 she felt her love4 ,reason--honor told her that even love could not span the chasm through which the blood of her gallant brothers flowed4 ,they1 too1 had followed the fortunes of the ,stuart king1 and one lay dead before the bastions of ,londonderry1 while another gave up his young life with the war-shout on his fearless lips1 in the van of his father's regiment at ,newtown-butler4 ,it was ,philip ,stratherne who led the detachment of ,enniskillen horse that rode down the mere handful of ,irish dragoons1 inspired by ,guy ,mohun's ringing cry2 and ,sir ,ralph had listened to ,philip ,stratherne's voice1 as1 clear and steady1 it rallied the ,enniskilleners to the charge that had snatched that last son from him4 ,not only for the ,stuart had he yielded his glorious life1 but for the cross1 for the faith1 in the defence of which centuries had borne brave testimony for the ,mohuns1 not only in bonnie ,england1 but on every battle-field in ,christendom4 ,a stern self-control subdued the old man2 but the girl1 the woman was suffering2 honor commanded1 duty pleaded1 but a wilder1 stronger1 stormier feeling fought within her now4 ,the color crimsoned the fair face1 and the sweet eyes turned1 rested for one moment on the young man with all the girl's tenderness1 all the woman's passion--a mute appeal1 a dying cry for help2 then with the delicate hands clasped tightly over her breast1 as though to keep down the heart's mad struggling1 she spoke so low that the words seemed almost inarticulate1 yet to the man listening with such painful eagerness each sound knelled the death which knows no resurgam6 ,only the simple words came faltering forth1 came sobbing as the wind soughs the prelude to destruction1 ere the lightning scathes its fiery death2 and so in this whisper he heard1 ,were ,i a false ,mohun1 ,i could not be a true ,stratherne4 #fhg ,then without a word she left them2 and when the old man sought her1 he found her lying as one dead before her crucifix4 ,tenderly he raised her1 and from his lips sounded the prayer3 ,may the ,lord receive the sacrifice from thy hands1 to the praise and glory of his name1 and to the benefit both of us and of his holy church4 ,amen6 whispered a low voice1 and the soft eyes unclosed all dim with tears4 ,no murmur escaped her lips1 no regret was ever spoken1 but fairer and frailer in her rare loveliness1 the old man trembled as he watched her1 and he cried in the bitterness of his agony1 ,save me1 ,o ,god6 for the waters are come in even unto my soul4 ,it was ,holy-week1 the most solemn of the ,lenten season1 and ,beatrice ,mohun knelt in the old cathedral during the impressive ,tenebrae1 and as the fourteen candles were extinguished1 and the solemn ,miserere rose1 from the depths of her heart came the prayer3 ,let not the tempest of water drown me1 nor the deep swallow me up4 ,and the pervading gloom corresponded with her own spirit2 her life owned no brightness1 and the one tie left her seemed fast wearing away4 ,trouble had weakened the iron constitution of ,sir ,ralph2 for more exhausting than mere physical pain is the ceaseless care that preys upon the vitals1 claiming life as its tribute4 ,he felt that he could buy back ease and comfort for his darling1 and he knew that for him earth held but a very few years2 but to obtain all this1 he must barter his honor1 yield his creed1 and the old blood still owned the fierceness of a changeless fidelity4 ,no ,mohun had ever swerved1 not even in the dark days of the last ,tudor1 nor after1 when his graceless daughter held the sceptre4 ,and now1 though bereft of home1 with his gallant sons lying far from their kindred1 his fair young daughter life-wrecked1 his own existence a burden1 when even starvation mocked them1 the loyal spirit knew no change2 but staunchly by the old faith1 true to the weak king1 the brave knight still fought his adverse destiny4 ,and ,beatrice came back through the darkness1 and leaned against the couch on which her father lay4 ,come to me1 little one2 for ,i fear that you are not as strong as in the days when wild ,bess bore you to the hunt4 ,have you any regrets for the past1 my darling8 ,duty gives us discipline1 papa1 and it would not be right to question ,providence4 ,bravely spoken1 my daughter2 you nerve a courage which was growing too human to be strong4 ,but you grieve at the choice which has kept you the slave of an old man's caprice8 ,o papa6 and a low quick sob stopped her2 then with more control she quietly said1 ,you forget that it was not only to be with you1 but to remain firm and loyal to holy church2 and papa1 ,i often think that earth is only the high road to a better world2 therefore ,i only pray that the end may be very near4 ,little one1 bring the light nearer--let me look upon your face2 hold it nearer1 darling4 ,ah ,god6 this is the dimness which brings my warning4 ,quick1 daughter mine1 send for ,father ,paolo4 ,now1 ,o ,god6 my eyes1 darkened with the mist of death1 fix their last dying looks on thy crucified image4 ,merciful ,jesus1 have mercy on me6 #fhh ,father ,paolo did come1 and in the gray dawn of ,good-,friday the old knight lay dying4 ,kyrie ,eleison6 said the clear voice of the holy father1 and1 clasping closer the blessed crucifix1 the old man's voice was steady as he responded1 ,christe eleison6 ,and alone in her agony the young girl knelt4 ,a clattering of hoofs sounded in the court-yard1 and a quick step1 that startled her even then1 broke the solemn stillness4 ,in manus tuas1 ,domine1 commendo spiritum meum1 prayed the priest4 ,domine ,jesu ,christe1 suscipe spiritum meum1 in clear1 earnest tones rung out the old man's voice2 then the door was flung open1 and ,philip ,stratherne entered4 ,not too late1 thank ,god6 ,hold her not away from me4 ,say now that you die ,william's subject1 and all your own shall be hers4 ,the closing eyes opened1 the old strength came back to them1 and a sweet smile illumed his face1 as the words came1 ,maria1 mater gratis1 mater misericordiae1 tu me ab hoste protege1 et in hora mortis suscipe6 ,and with a long low sigh the spirit passed away to ,god4 ,with a sob that rent her heart in twain1 ,beatrice threw herself beside her father4 ,my darling1 come with me2 the last obstacle has passed away1 and ,god has given you as my legacy4 ,she made no answer4 ,the solemn monotone of the priest alone was heard1 ,requiem aeternam dona ei1 ,domine1 et lux perpetua luceat ei4 ,but to all this the man was deaf2 he only saw the prostrate girl1 and listened to her sobs of agony4 ,my waif has drifted to her haven1 and ,i will guard her with my life4 ,his strong arms were around her1 and the voice that thrilled her soul was sounding in her ears4 ,how could she send him from her8 ,ah6 ,god help me6 she cried4 ,et ne nos inducas in tentationem1 came in deep1 sonorous tones from the priest4 ,sed libera nos a malo1 sounded the response4 ,and further1 ,domine1 exaudi orationem meam6 ,et clamor meus ad te veniat6 and ,beatrice fainted with these words upon her lips4 ,son1 leave her to us1 urged the priest1 but he would not go till she opened her sweet eyes4 ,daughter6--and she caught the hand of ,father ,paolo1 as in the desperation of agonized despair4 ,a shadow darkened ,philip ,stratherne's brow4 ,the cursed priest again6 he muttered between his closed teeth4 ,tell me when ,i may see you again1 ,beatrice1 free from these fearful surroundings4 ,the ,monday of ,easter-week1 was all she replied1 and he left her4 ,and when the ,monday dawned1 bright with the carol of birds1 he sought her2 but the old chateau by the valley was silent1 the shutters barred1 and the flowers drooping and dead4 ,an aged woman came hobbling to him1 who said1 with the tears dimming her old eyes1 ,ah6 the sweet bird has flown1 master1 and ,st4 ,ursula guards her from behind the bars4 ,god of heaven1 save me6 ,here is gold if you will prove this false4 ,keep your gold for charity1 master2 for the truth is strong2 and our holy ,mother keeps her safe from all evil4 #fhi ,wild with the horror of losing her1 he strode across the valley to the convent near4 ,the angelus was sounding1 and over the hills1 up the broad river1 the holy prayer-call echoed1 for the ,easter season rejoiced the earth2 her jubilate for the blessed link connecting the ,god-man with humanity4 ,blade1 and leaf1 and blossom gloried in the new life1 and the spring sun spread over the natural world the same light with which the resurrection gladdened the soul2 but to all this was the young man blind and deaf and dumb--for surging and beating within his heart was the stormy1 o'er-mastering human feeling4 ,he only knew that the woman to whom he bent the knee in this mad1 idolatrous love was lost to him1 he only felt that fate had snatched her from him for ever6 ,the sister started1 as his deathly face presented itself4 ,with scarcely human utterance1 he asked for the ,lady ,beatrice1 and after a few moments1 the messenger returned1 and a folded paper was put in his hand4 ,he read3 ,the ,lord keepeth thee from all evil3 may the ,lord keep thy soul6 ,and she1 with her intenser passion1 clinging steadily1 loving unselfishly1 as only a woman can1 gave him up2 yielded her costly tribute to the faith which taught her that loyalty to ,god demands1 if need be1 all that life and love can give4 ,then1 faint and weary1 bruised and suffering1 yet staunch and true to her faith as she was1 the holy church opened its arms to her1 comforting the broken spirit1 healing the bleeding heart1 and blessing her with the precious benediction that brings its calm to those who seek the life that dieth not4 ,in deeds of unselfish love and sacrifice1 she passed her days2 all the strength within her clinging to the cross1 all the human passion purified1 glorified into the worship of the ,lamb whose blood had made her whiter than snow4 ,and safe in her haven1 the dove of peace rested upon her heart2 for the fellowship of the ,holy ,ghost had sanctified her3 and thus1 when her summers were yet in their flush1 she passed away to ,god4 ,but he forgot her in the years that came after1 and found happiness in the fair ,english ,protestant1 whose children heired the broad lands of the brave ,mohuns4 ,verily man's love is fleeting1 but in ,god is eternal life2 and while we pay our tribute to one who was so strong in resisting1 we pray that all who are thus tempted may likewise prove ready to yield all for the faith4 ------- #fij ,the ,struggle ,between ,letter ,and ,spirit ,in ,the ,jewish ,church4 ,conference ,preached ,in ,the ,cathedral ,of ,notre ,dame1 ,in ,paris1 ,by ,r4 ,pere ,hyacinthe1 ,january #c1 #ahfi4 ,littera occidit1 spiritus autem vivificat4 ,the letter killeth2 but the spirit giveth life4 ,it is due to ,r4 ,p4 ,hyacinthe to say that the following translation is made from a short-hand report1 published in the ,semaine ,religieuse de ,paris4 ,in style1 in development of ideas1 the compte rendu is incomplete4 ,but to us who cannot listen to the great ,carmelite's eloquence1 in the nave of ,notre ,dame1 even an outline of this conference1 so full of fresh and healthy thought1 will be acceptable4--,,trans4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,hyacinthe takes this text from ,st4 ,paul1 at once as the basis and the summary of his entire conference4 ,on previous occasions he had pointed out two elements in the ,jewish ,church1 opposed to each other yet equally essential to the aims of that church2 the one exclusive1 securing the preservation of the sacred deposit of revelation2 the other universal1 insuring the diffusion of this deposit throughout the whole human race4 ,these two elements he now calls1 in the language of the apostle1 letter and spirit4 ,according to the letter1 the ,bible--that is to say1 the ,old ,testament1 is exclusive2 according to the spirit1 it is universal4 ,the internal struggle of these two elements forms the history of ,judaism1 thoughtfully viewed4 ,their startling rupture during the life of ,jesus ,christ introduced the ,christian era1 inaugurated the ,catholic ,church4 ,as sons of that holy and infallible church1 we need not fear the triumph of the letter2 but as members of a church composed of and governed by imperfect men and sinners1 we should not disregard the struggles of the letter for predominance4 ,let us1 then1 review the profitable history of these combats between letter and spirit in the bosom of ,judaism1 considering successively the representatives of the letter and the representatives of the spirit in the ,jewish ,church4 ,i4 ,the ,representatives ,of ,the ,letter4 ,these were the kings and priests4 ,the kings represented the letter in the political order2 the priests1 in the religious order4 ,i4 ,david prophesied1 ,he shall rule from sea to sea1 and from the river unto the ends of the earth4 ,and all kings of the earth shall adore him2 all nations shall serve him4 ,and discerning in the far-off radiance that one among his sons whom he called the ,anointed1 the ,christ par excellence1 he said1 or let the ,lord say by his lips3 ,sit thou at my right hand until ,i make thy enemies thy footstool4 ,with thee is the principality in the day of thy strength3 in the brightness of the saints3 from the womb before the day star ,i begot thee4 #fia ,in the throne of the son of ,david1 the ,god-engendered1 two royalties were united3 a temporal royalty1 created to reign over the house of ,jacob1 confined within the narrow limits of its own blood1 regnabit in domo ,jacob2 and a royalty destined to extend throughout all humanity1 within the wide boundary of the faith of ,abraham1 regnabit in aeternumn4 ,the danger lay in confounding these two royalties1 in absorbing the celestial in the terrestrial royalty--an error so frequent in similar unions4 ,to this danger succumbed the synagogue4 ,in a national church1 or in a religious nation1 no peril is more imminent1 none more fatal1 than the confusion of religious and political forms4 ,footnote #afh ,already great while remaining human1 for such it is in character and origin1 political thought becomes still greater in ascending to the heavenly spheres of morality and religion4 ,but religion shrinks in dimensions1 abdicating its true position1 revolting against human instinct1 and wounding the attributes of ,divine ,majesty1 when it assumes political forms1 adopting the ideas1 the habits1 the paltry interests of politics4 ,footnote #afh3 ,lest those who may be unacquainted with previous conferences of ,pre ,hyacinthe should interpret this passage as referring to the temporal power1 we subjoin a quotation from a conference delivered by him in ,notre ,dame in the year #ahfg4 ,speaking of the complications caused by placing political power and religious power in the same hands1 ,r4 ,p4 ,hyacinthe says3 ,nowhere under the sun of the ,catholic world do ,i find this dreadful confusion4 ,if you bid me look toward ,rome1 it is not the confusion1 it is the exceptional alliance of the two powers that ,i hail in that place1 itself exceptional as a miracle4 ,beneficent alliance1 knot of the liberty of conscience1 never to be united1 because it unites there what it must separate elsewhere1 never were you more fearfully necessary to us than now6 ,you have received the testimony of ,french blood1 shed by those who have been called mercenaries while they are simply heroes6 ,you are defended by the eloquent words1 the national words of our orators1 by the energetic and loyal declarations of our government4 ,in a conference preached at ,rome during the ,lent of #ahfh1 ,r4 ,p4 ,hyacinthe compares those who urge the church to throw aside the temporal power1 and lead a purely supernatural existence1 to ,satan tempting ,christ to cast himself from the pinnacle of the temple1 that angels may bear him up4 ,such1 however1 was the kingdom which kings1 and the partisans of kings1 persistently dreamed of giving to humanity4 ,for one single instant1 under ,david1 that prophetic ideal foreseen and pictured by the prophet king shone with unblemished purity1 soon to be veiled under the worldly1 7we will speak in plain terms17 under the pagan ideal of ,solomon4 ,solomon was a great king1 especially at the outset of his career4 ,he was always great1 even in his errors and crimes4 ,but intoxicated with the science of nature1 which he possessed1 says the inspired text1 from the cedar growing on the summit of ,lebanon to the hyssop piercing the cracks of the walls1 ,solomon1 not content with knowledge leading to ,god1 wished to possess all the riches and the loves of earth4 ,he built him palaces bearing little resemblance to the palm-tree beneath which ,deborah administered justice1 or to the tents where ,david camped with his soldiers2 palaces so sumptuous that the queen of ,sheba came from the depths of ,arabia to admire them4 ,he had harems filled with women1 chiefly foreigners and idolaters2 seven hundred sultanas and three hundred concubines6 ,then letting this inebriation mount1 ,i will not say from heart1 but from sense to brain1 he fell down with his women at the feet of all their idols1 venerating1 under poetic symbols1 that great nature which is the work of ,god and so easily takes the place of ,god4 ,such was the spectacle presented by ,jerusalem under the successor of ,david--a hideous spectacle1 but made less repulsive in the days of ,solomon by a glory he had no power to bequeath to his heirs in ,judah and to his ,israelitish emulators4 ,he left them only his pride1 his sensuality1 his idolatry2 and when the two inimical yet analogous monarchies succumbed at last beneath the blows of powerful neighbors1 of those northern conquerors whose favors they had so often solicited1 and whose arms they had so often braved1 they left behind them1 in the history of the holy nation1 a long track of mire and blood4 #fib ,such was the royalty of ,judea1 such the royalty of ,israel2 promised to the world under the name of the kingdom of ,god6 ,so perverted were the ,jews by their kings--or1 to speak more justly1 for we must not misjudge these kings1 so perverted were they by national pride1 that they could not throw aside this gross ideal1 but contemplated still1 under the profaned name of the kingdom of ,god1 the domination of races with the sword and with a rod of iron4 ,when the true ,messiah1 ,jesus1 came to them1 they misunderstood him1 chiefly because he rejected this low and narrow royalty1 proclaiming the true principle of the kingdom of ,god--a spiritual kingdom which should be in the world1 but not of the world2 regnum meum non est de hoc mundo2 a spiritual kingdom which comes to bear witness of the truth1 ego in hoc natus sum et ad hoc veni in mundum1 ut testimonium perhibeam veritati4 ,they preferred1 before him1 the seditious ,barabbas1 who had fought in the streets of ,jerusalem1 shedding blood to deliver them from the ,romans4 ,they preferred1 before him1 all the false ,messiahs1 all the impotent and treacherous ,christs1 who closed their mad career by precipitating the ruin of the nation1 the city1 and the temple they had pretended to save4 ,break1 then1 vase of ,jewish nationality6 formed so lovingly by ,god through the hand of ,moses2 royal and sacerdotal vessel1 break6 since thou wilt have it so4 ,thou wert formed to keep the treasures of religious life for all humanity2 thou didst close upon thyself in jealous egotism2 break6 and let thy shivered atoms1 scattered through the world1 spread abroad the balm which shall intoxicate all nations4 ,the vase was shattered1 says ,holy ,writ1 and the whole house was filled with the odor4 ,et domus impleta est ex odore unguenti4 ,what kings effected in the political order1 priests accomplished in the religious order4 ,indeed1 fatal as is the mistake of confounding religious with political forms1 still more lamentable is the error of identifying1 within the very heart of religion1 accidental and accessory forms with essential forms4 ,every religion--above all1 the true religion1 the ,christian religion--going back to ,moses1 ,abraham1 ,adam1 is not merely a religious idea1 a religious sentiment1 as it pleases contemporary rationalism to call it4 ,it is a fact1 and therefore has positive forms2 it is a living fact1 and therefore has a determined organism4 ,but1 placed amid time and space1 the fact of religion must consider the varying conditions of space1 the changing conditions of time4 ,its organism must discharge its functions amid dissimilar or even contradictory surroundings4 ,therefore1 side by side with substantial1 permanent forms1 we find variable1 accessory forms1 clothing the first1 so to speak1 according to the exigencies of races and centuries4 ,by trying to confound religion with accessory forms peculiar to certain countries or races1 we should isolate it from the great current of humanity in the present4 ,by trying to bind it to worn-out forms1 we should isolate it from the great current of humanity in the future4 ,we should misinterpret ,st4 ,paul's words to the ancient synagogue3 ,quod autem antiquatur et senescit1 prope interitum est4 ,no worse service could be rendered to religious unity4 ,on this shoal the ,jewish priesthood stranded4 #fic ,i would speak respectfully of that priesthood4 ,last ,sunday we inhaled the perfume of its censers1 we listened to the harmony of its canticles4 ,the rod of ,aaron had not blossomed in his hands in vain1 and in the ancient tabernacle we almost adored the body of ,christ ,jesus prefigured in the manner1 the word of ,christ ,jesus prepared in the decalogue4 ,but however respectable in origin and essence the ,levitical priesthood1 it no longer merits respect1 corrupted as it now is2 or1 at least1 corrupted as are most of its members4 ,this corruption bears a special name1 pharisaism4 ,is pharisaism hypocrisy8 ,no4 ,whatever the dictionary may say1 in the biblical sense pharisaism is not hypocrisy1 unless in that subtle form1 at once most innocent and most fatal1 that unconscious hypocrisy which believes itself sincere4 ,jesus often said1 ,pharisees1 hypocrites1 pharisaei1 hypocriae2 but he explained this expression by another1 ,blind guides1 pharisaee caece4 ,and the great apostle ,paul1 himself a pharisee1 reared1 as he says1 at the feet of the pharisee ,gamaliel1 bears witness in a striking manner to their sincere zeal for ,god1 habent zelum ,dei1 but not according to knowledge1 sed non secundum scientiam4 ,pharisaism1 thoughtfully considered1 is religious blindness1 the blindness of priestly depositaries of the letter1 who think they guard it best by explaining it least2 blindness bearing on all points of the sacred deposit--blindness in dogma1 predominance of formula over truth2 blindness in morals1 predominance of external works over interior justice2 blindness in worship1 predominance of external rites over religious feeling4 ,blindness in dogma4 ,they taught the truth4 ,the scribes and pharisees sit on the chair of ,moses1 said ,christ2 all1 therefore1 whatsoever they shall say to you1 observe and do3 but according to their works do ye not2 for they say1 and do not4 ,there is no revealed idea enlightening and vivifying the world that has not words to contain it3 lucerna verbum tuum1 domine4 ,but when speech compresses itself1 when it encloses the idea as in a jealously narrow prison1 obscuring and choking it1 that is pharisaism4 ,that is what the apostle ,paul called guarding the word1 but keeping it captive in iniquity4 ,that is what forced from the meek lips of our ,saviour ,jesus the terrible anathema ,vae vobis6 ,wo to you who have taken the key of knowledge1 and will not enter1 and all those who would try to enter1 you prevent4 ,in morals1 it is exterior works1 it is a multiplicity of human practices1 resting like a despicably tyrannical load upon the conscience1 making it forget1 in unhealthy dreams1 that it is an honest man's conscience1 a ,christian conscience4 ,the pharisees said to ,jesus ,christ1 ,why do thy disciples transgress the traditions of the ancients8 for they wash not their hands when they eat bread4 ,and our ,saviour replied1 ,why do you trample under foot the commandments of ,god1 to keep the commandments of men8 ,rites are essential to worship1 as formula is essential to dogma--wo to him who tears the formula of biblical revelation1 or the formula of the definitions of the church2 and1 since works are essential to morality1 wo to him who sleeps in a dead and sterile faith1 without works4 ,worship6 but worship is the expansion of the religious soul2 it is the heart's emotion rising odorous and harmonious to ,god4 ,it is action working from within outward2 it is1 also1 the not less legitimate reaction from without inward4 ,rites elevate religious feeling1 and arouse inspiration in heart and conscience4 #fid ,but when there is no religious feeling1 when heart and conscience bend beneath the weight of exterior practices2 ,yea1 verily1 said ,jesus ,christ again1 7for the gospels are full of these things2 the gospels are the eternal reprobation of pharisaism17 yea1 verily1 the prophet ,isaias spoke truly when he said1 ,this people honoreth me with their lips1 and with their hands1 but their heart is far from me4 ,this is the yoke of which ,st4 ,peter said1 ,you would impose it on the head of nations2 neither our fathers nor we have been able to bear it4 ,this is the smothered and exhausted breath with which they thought to renew the world4 ,this is not the ,judaism of ,moses1 but the decrepit ,judaism of the scribes and pharisees4 ,when the entire world1 by the eloquent lips of ,greece and ,rome1 asked of the ,east salvation2 when1 by the sudden stir of barbarians quivering in the depths of ,germany and ,scythia1 the world demanded light and civilization1 this was offered to them6 ,judaism became the more inadmissible as the world had more need of it4 ,pharisaism1 in its blind fanaticism1 stood before the gates of the kingdom of heaven to prevent generations from entering4 ,away6 men of the letter2 away6 enemies of humanity4 ,adversantur omnibus hominibus1 says ,st4 ,paul4 ,and thou1 ,jesus1 arise1 my ,saviour and ,god6--thou who wert moved by wrath twice only in thy life6 ,jesus felt no anger against poor sinners4 ,he sat at their table2 and when the woman taken in adultery fell at his feet1 burning with shame and weeping with remorse1 he raised her up1 thinking only of absolving her3 ,go in peace1 and sin no more4 ,he felt no anger against heretics and schismatics4 ,he sat by ,jacob's well1 beside the woman of ,samaria1 announcing to her1 with the salvation which comes from the ,jews1 quia salus ex ,judaeis est1 worship in spirit and in truth4 ,but ,jesus was moved with wrath on two occasions3 once1 scourge in hand1 against those who sold the things of ,god in the temple1 and again1 with malediction on his lips1 against those who perverted the things of ,god in the law4 ,arise1 then1 meek ,lamb6 arise in thy pacific wrath against the enemies of all men1 and against the true enemies of ,god's kingdom6 ,arise and drive them from the temple6 ,thus did the synagogue perish1 and the ,christian ,church come to life4 ,,ii4 ,the ,representatives ,of ,the ,spirit4 ,i have said 7and you already knew it7 that we have nothing to fear from the triumphs of the letter4 ,yet we cannot overlook the struggles and temptations1 not only of every priesthood1 but of all pious persons2 the temptation of the faithful1 as well as of priests1 to allow the letter to predominate over the spirit4 ,let us glorify ,god because we are born in a holy and infallible church1 which ,jesus ,christ protects1 and will protect until the consummation of his work1 in the course of ages1 against the ignorance of our minds and the weakness of our wills4 ,but what voice strikes my ear8 ,these are no longer the coarse tones of earthly domination1 nor of carnal legislation4 ,nor yet is it a ,christian voice1 the voice of ,christ speaking to us a moment ago2 but1 though anterior to ,christ1 how like to him it sounds3 #fie ,hear the word of the ,lord1 ye rulers of ,sodom2 give ear to the law of our ,god1 ye people of ,gomorrha1 saith the voice2 and yet it is speaking to the church of ,sion4 ,to what purpose do you offer me the multitude of your victims1 saith the ,lord8 ,i am full2 ,i desire not holocausts of rams1 and fat of fatlings1 and blood of calves1 and lambs1 and buck-goats4 ,offer sacrifice no more in vain3 incense is an abomination to me4 ,the new moons1 and the sabbaths1 and other festivals1 ,i will not abide2 your assemblies are wicked4 ,my soul hateth your new moons1 and your solemnities3 they are become troublesome to me2 ,i am weary of bearing them4 ,and when you stretch forth your hands1 ,i will turn away my eyes from you3 and when you multiply prayer1 ,i will not hear3 for your hands are full of blood4 ,wash yourselves1 be clean1 take away the evil of your devices from my eyes3 cease to do perversely1 learn to do well3 seek judgment1 relieve the oppressed1 judge for the fatherless1 defend the widow4 ,and then come and accuse me1 saith the ,lord3 if your sins be as scarlet1 they shall be made as white as snow3 and if they be red as crimson1 they shall be white as wool4 ,this is the voice of ,mosaic spirituality in all its energy and light4 ,how different from the pharisaism we were speaking of just now2 from the letter1 smothering beneath its murderous weight reason1 conscience1 and heart6 ,how like the gospel1 the law of ,christ1 with its two commandments3 an insatiable hunger1 an inextinguishable thirst after righteousness1 and a heart ever open to mercy6 ,ah6 ,i feel that this is no local law1 no national organization1 no restricted or temporary code4 ,it is the law of all people and of all ages4 ,it needs but the breath of ,st4 ,paul to bear it from one end of the world to the other4 ,but the voice of the ,spirit still speaks--no longer1 now1 of the carnal law1 but of the earthly kingdom3 ,and in the last days1 the mountain of the house of the ,lord shall be prepared on the top of mountains1 and it shall be exalted above the hills3 and all nations shall flow into it1 fluent ad eum omnes gentes4 ,and many people shall go1 and say3 ,come and let us go up to the mountain of the ,lord1 and to the house of ,jacob1 and he will teach us his ways1 and we will walk in his paths3 for the law shall come forth from ,sion1 and the word of the ,lord from ,jerusalem1 quia de ,sion exibit lex et verbum ,domini de ,jerusalem4 ,come1 let us break our swords and make ploughshares2 let us shatter our lances and turn them into sickles1 for the anointed of the ,lord will reign in justice and peace2 all idols shall be broken1 et idola penitus conterentur1 and in those days the ,eternal shall alone be great4 ,such was the future disfigured by kings and the successors of kings4 ,understand it well2 this is not oppression1 but deliverance6 ,it belongs to the letter to impose itself by force2 this is its necessity2 it has no other way1 if this can be called a way4 ,to the spirit belongs the appeal summoning us to the liberty of man and the liberty of ,god4 ,ubi spiritus1 ibi libertas4 ,where the ,spirit of the ,lord is1 there is liberty4 ,therefore1 ,i do not see in the ,messiah's hands a sword besmeared and gory4 ,i see nations rise up spontaneously1 like a sea shuddering to its deepest abysses4 ,fluent ad eum omnes gentes2 this is not servitude2 it is deliverance4 ,this is not the reign of the ,messiah victor2 but it is the reign of the ,messiah liberator4 ,but you ask me whose is this voice preaching a spiritual kingdom to priests1 a divine royalty to kings and nations8 ,the voice shall interpret itself2 it shall tell its origin and mission4 ,here ,pre ,hyacinthe relates the famous vision in which ,isaiah receives his mission after a seraph has purified his lips with a burning coal4 ,this is prophecy4 ,and were not prophets and saints2 necessary to the ,jewish ,church1 as they are necessary to the ,catholic ,church8 ,the two beggars in the dream of ,innocent ,,iii4 upholding the crumbling ,lateran basilica1 as if symbolizing the decadence of the hierarchical church in the middle ages2 those two mendicants1 ,dominic de ,guzman and ,francis of ,assisi1 what were they but prophets of the ,new ,testament1 sprung not from the hereditary tradition of ages1 but from the living kiss of ,jehovah8 #fif ,yes1 we need saints1 we need prophets--that is to say1 men of love1 martyrs2 men of vision who read not only according to the letter but according to the spirit1 who see ,god in the vision of their reason enlightened by faith2 in the ecstasy of their conscience elevated by grace4 ,i have seen the ,lord with my eyes--,oculis meis vidi ,dominum4 ,we need men who speak to him face to face like ,moses1 and1 above all1 men who love him heart to heart1 and pass through the struggles of days and ages1 struggles only to be fully understood by contemplating them in the final future4 ,vidit ultima1 et consolatus est lugentes in ,sion4 ,such men were the prophets4 ,they were seers4 ,they saw the future4 ,they did not look only upon the present1 so accurately fitted to the measure of narrow minds and hearts4 ,they did not return with cowardly tears toward the past1 never to be born again4 ,it was for ,gentiles1 for pagan antiquity1 to dream of a golden age for ever lost4 ,the prophets1 gazing into the future1 saw the golden age of ,eden reappear1 under a form more full and lasting1 at the gates of heaven1 yet still upon the earth4 ,the prophets believed in the future because they believed in ,god4 ,they believed in progress2 they were in all antiquity the only men of progress4 ,antiquity did not believe in it1 not even knowing its name4 ,but the prophets believed in the most incredible and the most necessary of all progress1 moral and religious progress4 ,they believed in it despite the fall1 or rather because of the fall and of the redemption4 ,to them evil did not lie in radical vice1 essential to our nature1 or in the inflexible decree of destiny2 it was in the liberty of man1 and must find its remedy in the liberty of ,god4 ,if ,god had allowed the starting-point of man to recoil1 be cause of sin1 into the abyss1 it was in order to raise1 through the redemption2 his goal to the very heavens4 ,from the summits to which their faith lifted them1 they saw salvation spread from individuals to nations1 from nations to the human race1 from the human race to all nature4 ,such was progress to the prophets2 such the future universal ,sion they hailed in the future8 ,isaiah prophesied it in the existence and in the relative prosperity of ,jerusalem4 ,jeremiah mingled it with tears shed over the smoking ruins of his beloved city4 ,ezechiel in the bosom of captivity pictured ,sion1 no longer ,jewish1 but humanitarian1 where all nations were to find their place4 ,he engraved upon the pediment of the gates this immortal device1 ,the ,lord is there2 ,dominus ibidem4 ,,ii4 ,this was what the prophets1 men of faith in vision and men of vision in faith1 believed and respected4 ,this was the object of their love1 for they were men of understanding1 and also men of heart4 ,i do not love ,utopians1 ,i do not love thought which dwells exclusively in the future1 feeding on sterile and chimerical dreams4 ,i love men of the future who are also men of the present2 contemplatives1 but workers too4 ,the prophets were workers4 ,they did not love the future in the future1 but in the present where it germinates4 ,they did not love humanity in humanity--too abstract if it be an idea1 too vast if it embrace all individuals2 they loved humanity in their nation2 they loved the typical ,jerusalem of their vision in their terrestrial ,jerusalem of their existence4 #fig ,i love to follow them in their writings2 to see them rise up in the face of every national fact1 every religious fact of that gross people--rise up to meet every evil deed with anathema1 to consecrate in the ,lord's name every moral or religious act tending toward true progress4 ,i love to see them go down into the deep ravines1 to the borders of the torrent of ,cedron1 where the ,messiah was to drink before lifting up his head2 climb the abrupt acclivity to the citadel1 to the temple where ,jesus was to teach2 traverse the public squares where ever and anon the wind from the desert1 as if to mock their hopes1 caught up the dust beneath the burning sun and flung it in their faces4 ,now1 in the ravine1 in the citadel1 and in the temple of ,sion1 in the streets possessed by the whirlwind1 everywhere in that city environed with their love and their devotion1 they saw that ,sion which was to grow up in its bosom and embrace the world4 ,they loved the future2 they loved humanity in ,god2 they loved them in the house of ,abraham and in the church of ,jesus ,christ4 ,in the presence of these great examples1 let me say to you of the love of country all that ,i have said of domestic love4 ,we no longer know1 or rather we no longer rightly know1 what it is to love country and people2 to see and love1 in them1 the city of humanity1 the city of ,jesus ,christ1 the city of time and eternity4 ,,iii4 ,men of vision and of love1 the prophets were also men of combat1 and1 when necessary1 martyrs1 soldiers1 and victims4 ,no man passes without effort that ,red ,sea which separates present and future4 ,the prophets crossed it bearing with them on their vigorous shoulders the ark of ,god and the ark of mankind4 ,but what combats and struggles6--struggles majestic as their visions and their love4 ,they shrunk from them in their infirm human nature2 they dreaded these struggles4 ,they knew that the word of ,god ends by slaying those who hear it3 ,i have slain them1 saith the ,lord1 in the word of my mouth4 ,ah ,lord ,god6 cried ,jeremiah1 behold ,i cannot speak1 for ,i am a child2 and the ,lord answered1 ,say not1 ,i am a child2 for thou shalt go to all that ,i shall send thee3 and whatsoever ,i shall command thee thou shalt speak4 ,behold1 ,i have given my words in thy mouth4 ,lo1 ,i have set thee this day over the nations1 and over kingdoms1 to root up and to pull down1 and to waste and to destroy1 and to build and to plant4 ,for1 behold1 ,i have made thee this day a fortified city1 and a pillar of iron1 and a wall of brass1 over all the land1 to the kings of ,judea1 to the princes thereof1 and to the priests and to the people of the land4 ,and they shall fight against thee and shall not prevail1 for ,i am with thee to deliver thee4 ,and to ,ezechiel1 colleague and successor of ,jeremiah1 ,god ever spoke the language of struggle3 ,fear not2 ,i send thee to an apostate people that hath revolted from me1 ad gentem apostatricem2 but ,i have made thy face stronger than their faces1 and thy forehead harder than their foreheads2 ,i have made thy face like an adamant and like flint4 ,i will set thee up like a wall of iron and like a city of brass1 for ,i will be with thee4 ,thus did the prophets struggle for that ,sion which fought against them1 repudiating them4 ,they never forsook it1 they always loved and always served it4 ,we are about to part for another year4 ,let me entreat you now to unite yourselves with me in a consecration to that kingdom of ,god1 to that church whose courts we have traversed4 ,christianity is not of today nor of yesterday4 ,it belongs not merely to the historical period of ,jesus ,christ and his apostles4 #fih ,it comes from ,david1 from ,abraham1 it comes to us from ,adam1 our father1 our king1 our pontiff4 ,in this unique religion1 this church changeable in form1 immovable in foundation1 friends1 brothers--let me use words which come from my heart--let us consecrate ourselves1 following the example of the prophets1 to the love and service of ,god's kingdom4 ,the kingdom of ,god is for ever established in ,christianity1 in the ,catholic1 ,apostolic1 ,roman ,church4 ,but1 as ,i said just now1 this church must ever pass from form to form--de forme en forme-from brightness to brightness--transformamur claritate in claritatem--until her pacific empire shall cover the whole earth1 until with humanity she shall attain the age of the perfect man in ,christ ,jesus4 ,do we not wish to work for this kingdom8 ,what are we to do if not that8 ,what are the works of our public and private life if they do not relate finally to the kingdom of truth1 justice1 charity1 to all which constitutes ,christianity1 to the ,catholic and ,apostolic ,roman ,church8 ,i do not ask you to love her as she does not wish to be loved--to love her as a sect is loved1 as the gross ,jews loved the synagogue1 with a heart and mind restricted to the letter4 ,i do not ask you to love our grand ,catholic ,church by glorifying the infirmities of her life1 which are your infirmities and mine2 or by condemning all the truths professed and all the virtues practised outside of her by men who are often her sons without knowing it4 ,no2 let us have no sectarian love6 ,i ask you to love the church with the heart of the church herself2 with a heart commensurate only with the heart of ,jesus ,christ1 dilatamini et vos4 ,you are not straitened in us1 said ,st4 ,paul to the ,corinthians2 but in your own bowels you are straitened4 ,but having the same recompense1 7,i speak as to my own children17 be you also enlarged4 ,dilatamini et vos4 ,before leaving you1 let me tell you the secret of my youth4 ,let me speak to you of the day of my priestly consecration1 when in this nave1 less crowded then than it is to-day1 stretched upon that icy pavement1 filled with burning palpitations1 ,i was sustained1 ,i was inebriated with one thought--the conviction that ,i had but one love and one service1 the kingdom of ,god and humanity4 ,yes1 let us love the church in every man1 and every man in the church6 ,what matters condition8 ,rich or poor1 ignorant or learned1 omnibus debitor sum1 ,i am every man's debtor1 says ,st4 ,paul4 ,what matters country8 ,whether ,frenchman or foreigner1 ,greek or barbarian1 omnibus debitor sum1 ,i answer with ,st4 ,paul4 ,i am the debtor of barbarism as of civilization4 ,in a certain sense1 what matters even religion1 if we would love a man8 ,ah6 if he is not a son of the ,catholic ,church in the body1 by external union1 he is so1 perhaps--he is1 ,i hope1 in the soul1 by invisible union4 ,if he is a son of the ,catholic ,church neither according to the body nor in the spirit1 nor in the letter1 he is so at least by preparation in the design of ,god4 ,if the water of baptism is not on his brow1 ,i grieve to know it2 but ,i see there the blood of ,jesus ,christ1 for ,jesus ,christ died for all1 opening wide his arms to all the world upon the cross6 ,the world belongs to ,jesus ,christ1 therefore the world belongs to the church1 if not in act1 at least in power4 ,let me1 then1 love all men2 and you1 too1 love all men with me--not only in person1 not only in their narrow earthly individuality1 but in the great ,christian community1 in the great divine community which summons each and all4 #fii ,when ,moses1 founder of the ,jewish church1 died on the mountain within sight of the land of promise1 the ,hebrew text says that he died in the kiss of ,jehovah4 ,before dying let us learn to live in the kiss of ,jehovah1 which is also the kiss of all humanity4 ,o holy ,church6 thou art more than man and thou art more than ,god--than ,god alone in heaven1 than man alone on earth4 ,o holy ,church6 thou art the kiss of ,god to man1 the kiss of man to ,god2 the embrace of all men1 all races1 all ages1 in the flame of universal and eternal love4 ,he who abideth in love abideth in ,god1 and ,god abideth in him4 ---------- ,a ,sketch ,of ,leo ,x4 ,and ,his ,age4 ,in the annals of literature and art1 the name of ,florence peers above that of any other ,italian city1 ,rome excepted4 ,here were the poets who tuned the ,italian language and made it the most musical of modern idioms2 here was the illustrious astronomer1 who was not the discoverer of a planet1 but the revealer of the whole celestial machinery2 and here1 too1 were the artist and politician who were not only the first sculptors and statesmen of their time1 but the inventors of the very art and craft in which they excelled4 ,every day the pilgrim scholar arrives at her gates and requests to be shown the monuments of her great men1 and every day genius worships at the shrine of genius4 ,at the time of which we write1 the middle ages had seen their palmiest days1 when a ,charlemagne courteously entertained ambassadors from the ,mussulmans of ,florence and the ,caliphs of ,bagdad1 and when the flower of chivalry1 headed by a valiant ,philip1 a lion-hearted ,richard1 and a sainted ,louis1 rushed to the plains of the east to battle with the ,moslem foe2 they had presided over the erection of those great ,gothic piles whose sublime architecture towered to the clouds1 and had beheld the pontiffs of ,rome issuing orders for the foundation of universities not only in ,italy1 but on the very outskirts of the civilized world2 ,footnote #afi and finally they had seen the laborious and prolific genius of the schoolmen multiplying inventions and discoveries1 fathoming the profound depths of theological science1 and disserting on those great metaphysical problems1 which1 like so many apples of discord1 have caused endless dissension and controversy among modern philosophers4 ,footnote #agj ,footnote #afi3 ,gibbon tells us in a foot-note to his ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire that1 at the end of the fifteenth century1 there were about fifty universities in ,europe4 ,though this is indeed a glorious tribute1 considering from whom it came1 paid to the mediaeval ages1 we are1 however1 more inclined to believe with the ,new ,american ,cyclopaedia that1 before the year #aejj1 there were over sixty-four universities in ,europe4 ,footnote #agj3 ,mackintosh says1 ,scarcely any metaphysical controversy agitated among recent philosophers was unknown to the schoolmen4 7,dissertation on the ,progress of ,ethical ,philosophy47 ,but before these great medieval ages had reached their terminus1 they again shone forth with brilliant splendor4 ,that1 indeed1 was a glorious epoch in the world's history1 when the most important invention recorded in the annals of mankind came forth from the brain of ,guttenberg2 when the stormy ,atlantic was first ploughed by adventurous keels1 and new worlds discovered2 when letters1 philosophy1 and the fine arts were cultivated in such schools as the ,medicean palaces1 and were patronized by such men as ,cosmo and ,lorenzo de' ,medici4 #gjj ,under the enlightened patronage of these princely merchants1 ,florence became the ,athens of ,italy1 and one of the favorite retreats of the muses4 ,her public halls were crowded with youths eager to listen to an eloquent hellenist1 expatiating upon the beauties of ,homer2 her poets sang in the idiom of the great ,mantuan2 her philosophers were smitten with love for the divine ,plato2 and her scholars were so well read in antiquity1 that students from every country came thither1 to slake their thirst at what was then considered the fountain-head of ancient lore4 ,the gardens of the ,medici recalled the groves of the ,academies in which the ,athenian philosopher descanted upon human and divine things1 and the shady porches of the ,lyceum1 in which the ,stagirite perambulated whilst delivering his sublime lessons4 ,a great bustle might have been observed in these gardens on the #aath of ,december1 #adge2 artists and humanists were vieing with one another in congratulating ,lorenzo the ,magnificent on the birth of his second son1 who1 in memory of his paternal uncle1 was christened ,giovanni4 ,lorenzo was proud of his little ,benjamin1 and he listened with complacency to those who admired his keen1 restless eye1 his pure and noble forehead1 his flowing hair and snowy neck4 ,in contemplating the sweet expression of his countenance1 the poet declared that he would revive classic literature2 and the ,neoplatonician predicted a bright era for philosophy2 whilst a fugitive ,hellene read in the ,greek profile of the infant happy days for his dispersed countrymen2 and an old sage1 endowed with ,simeon-like prophecy1 exclaimed1 ,my soul1 praise the ,lord6 ,giovanni shall be the honor of the sanctuary4 ,the education of the young child's heart and the embellishment of his mind were1 for his enlightened parents1 objects of supreme importance4 ,the former duty necessarily devolved upon themselves2 and how well they succeeded was best shown by the mild and placable temper1 polished manners1 and kind and affable disposition of their little favorite2 the latter they entrusted to scholars whose names even then were running through the schools of ,europe1 especially to ,politiano1 one of the best classical writers of the renaissance1 and the preceptor of a pleiad of illustrious men4 ,naturally docile1 well endowed with parts1 in constant intercourse with men of rank and talent1 ,giovanni acquired a dignity of deportment1 a facility of conversation1 and a fund of knowledge1 much beyond his years4 ,at sixteen1 he had completed the curriculum of ,pisa1 was graduated doctor and invested with the insignia of the cardinalate1 and thus entitled to take his seat among the princes of the church4 ,these precocious acquirements and early preferments ought to have ripened into days of serenity2 but no1 they were more like the calm that precedes the storm4 ,brought up in the school of prosperity1 he was to acquire his last finish amidst the rude trials of adversity4 ,before attaining the highest dignity that can adorn the brow of man1 he was destined to experience the instability of human affairs and the fickleness of men4 ,the death of his father1 and the demise of his munificent protector1 ,innocent ,,viii41 inflicted deep wounds on his sensitive heart4 #gja ,in the mean time1 a terrific storm was gathering in ,florence4 ,the inhabitants of this metropolis1 exasperated at the seemingly unpatriotic conduct of ,piero de' ,medici1 his elder brother1 expelled from within their walls even the last scion of their noblest family2 something like the ungrateful ,athenians1 who ostracized the very man on whom they had conferred the title of just4 ,to cheer the dreary hours of exile1 no less than to enrich his mind with useful knowledge1 the expatriated cardinal resolved upon visiting the principal cities of ,europe4 ,even here1 difficulties and disquietudes unforeseen lurked in the background of the smiling ideal that he had formed of his itinerary4 ,the suspicious authorities of ,ulm and ,rouen arrested the little caravan1 and ordered him and his companions to confinement2 the foaming billows deterred him from proceeding to ,england1 and thus deprived him of the pleasure of visiting the land of ,bede and of ,king ,alfred4 ,on his return1 he was cast by a storm on the ,genoese coast1 and1 thinking it advisable to relinquish his voyage1 proceeded by land to ,savona1 where he met the celebrated ,cardinal ,della ,rovere--a remarkable coincidence1 if we consider that ,della ,rovere1 ,giulio de' ,medici1 and he himself were afterward raised to the dignity of the tiara4 ,notwithstanding all the afflictions that poured in on him1 the future pontiff invariably preserved that equanimity of mind and amenity of manners which were the prominent features in his character4 ,better and brighter days were now about to dawn4 ,the premature death of ,piero1 partially disarmed the hostility of the ,florentines1 and they finally threw open their gates to the illustrious representative of the time-honored family of the ,medici4 ,a year had hardly elapsed after his restoration before ,rome was plunged into mourning by the death of that wary and energetic pontiff1 ,julius ,,ii4 ,the conclave assembled immediately after the obsequies1 and ,cardinal de' ,medici was called by the unanimous vote to the see of ,st4 ,peter4 ,giovanni de' ,medici was now ,leo ,x41 and the choice of that name1 as ,erasmus spiritually remarks1 was not without its significance4 ,if ,leo ,i4 saved the eternal city from the ravages of the scourge of ,god2 if ,leo ,,iv4 again repelled from her walls the barbaric bands of ,saracens1 ,leo ,x4 was to make her the capital city of the republic of letters1 as she was already the starry centre of the ,christian world4 ,italy had already taken the lead in the restoration of ancient learning1 and supplied the fire from which the other nations lighted their torches4 ,footnote #aga ,as may easily be fancied1 the elevation to the pontificate of the son of ,lorenzo the ,magnificent spontaneously awoke the most sanguine expectations of the artists and literati4 ,in their fervor1 they imagined that genius1 worth1 and talent could not remain unnoticed or unremunerated4 ,under these impressions1 says a ,protestant writer1 ,footnote #agb ,footnote #aga3 ,hallam1 ,literature of ,europe1 vol4 i4 ch4 i4 ,footnote #agb3 ,roscoe1 ,life and ,pontificate of ,leo1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,rome became1 at once1 the general resort of those who possessed or had pretensions to superior learning1 industry1 or ability4 ,they all took it for granted that the supreme pontiff had no other objects of attention than to listen to their productions and to reward their labors4 ,that their hopes were to be realized1 was evident to all from the very first act of the new pontiff's administration1 the selection as apostolic secretaries of ,bembo and ,sadoleti1 two scholars who resume in themselves the intellectual life of the time--,sadoleti1 a profound philosopher and the best exegete of his age2 and ,bembo1 who emulated ,virgil and ,cicero with equal success1 and recalled in his writings the elegance of ,petrarch and ,boccaccio4 ,footnote #agc ,footnote #agc3 ,bettinelli4 ,it is to ,bembo that we are indebted for the restoration of the long-lost art of abbreviated or shorthand writing4 #gjb ,a new era in literature and art was about to dawn2 its first bright rays were for ,italy1 that land of taste and sensibility4 ,with a pontiff who could say1 ,i have always loved accomplished scholars and belles-lettres2 this love was born with me1 and age has but increased it2 for literature is the ornament and glory of the church2 and ,i have always remarked that it knits its cultivators more firmly to the dogmas of our faith2 with such a pontiff1 the intellectual movement that then pervaded ,italian society was nobly sustained and enlivened1 until at last the golden age again reappeared on earth4 ,all sorts of encouragements1 such as honorary employments1 lucrative offices1 pecuniary gratuities1 and even ecclesiastical preferments1 were lavished upon talent and genius4 ,every latent energy luxuriantly budded forth and blossomed in the genial sunshine of such munificence4 ,the academies of literary men philosophized on the banks of the ,tiber or in the cool recesses of a fragrant villa4 ,the lovers of the arts1 the votaries of the muses1 and the cultivators of polite literature sat side by side at the sumptuous banquets frequently given in the ,vatican4 ,at these grand entertainments all topics were convivially canvassed1 and fancy soared aloft to delight the guests by her sublime improvisations4 ,popular favorites1 like the poet of ,arezzo and the celestial ,accolte1 read their productions in public halls to admiring multitudes2 while the best scholars of the age1 yielding to the invitation of ,leo1 filled the professorships of the great universities4 ,italy was then1 in the beautiful words of ,audin1 the promised land of the intellect2 ,footnote #agd and ,rome the centre of learning and the nursery of great men4 ,no wonder1 then1 that the snow-capped ,alps presented but a feeble barrier to the transalpine scholar1 and that every day some new ,hannibal descended their craggy flanks and pushed forward to the seven-hilled city1 to pay a courteous visit to the accomplished pontiff1 and gratify a long-entertained desire of conversing with the celebrities of the age4 ,the whole world thus recognized that ,the fount at which the panting mind assuages ,her thirst of knowledge1 quaffing there her fill1 ,flows from th' eternal source of ,rome's imperial hill4 ,footnote #age ,footnote #agd3 ,vie de ,luther1 vol4 i4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #age3 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 ,canto ,,iii4 ,since the days of ,petrarch1 the ,italian muse had all but hushed her lovely strains2 her lyre was silent and unstrung4 ,politiano came1 swept its music-breathing chords1 and sent its sweet notes on the wings of the zephyrs throughout the ,italian peninsula4 ,all listened with rapture to the enchanting strains of the ,tuscan siren1 and1 after a moment of hesitation1 prepared their pens to write on every theme and to illustrate every department of science and letters4 ,the classic models of heroic poetry1 fresh from the ,aldine presses or half consumed by the dust of ages1 were taken down from their shelves and studied with passionate ardor4 ,the children of song were delighted with the epic muse1 and were now hard at work at their great poems4 #gjc ,mozarello elaborates his ,porsenna2 ,querno1 the archpoet1 cadences the twenty thousand verses of his ,alexias2 ,vida1 like ,horace of old1 draws up the rules of the metrical art1 and sings his ,christiad in verses of ,augustan purity and elegance2 ,ariosto1 the ,homer of ,ferrara1 condenses into his ,orlando ,furioso a vein of poetry so remarkable for its grace and energy as to leave it doubtful whether the palm of superiority should be awarded to him1 or to the author of the ,jerusalem ,delivered4 ,footnote #agf ,the terrible eventualities of tragedy and the more pleasing casualties of comedy were brought upon the stage by ,trissino1 ,ruccellai1 and ,bibbiena2 the protean burlesque assumed its most humorous forms under ,berni's magic pen1 and the shafts of satire were keenly pointed by ,aretino1 whose virulent epigrams drew upon him such an amount of physical retaliation that a contemporary writer calls him the loadstone of clubs and daggers4 ,footnote #agg ,footnote #agf3 ,laharpe4 ,cours de ,littrature1 vol4 i4 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #agg3 ,see ,addison1 ,spectator1 ,no4 #bc4 ,guicciardini wrote the history of his country with the elegant diction of the great historians of ,rome2 ,giovio's periods were so flowing as to make ,leo ,x4 declare that next to ,livy he had not met with a more eloquent writer4 ,the ,prince of ,macchiavelli enjoys a world-wide reputation1 and his ,history of ,florence is so remarkable for the beauty of its style1 that it is said to have had more influence on ,italian prose than any other work1 except the ,decameron of ,boccaccio4 ,besides these reigning stars1 there was a host of other literary celebrities who shed a brilliant lustre on ,leo's golden reign4 ,there was ,fracastoro1 who1 at the early age of nineteen1 had won the highest academic degree of the ,paduan university1 and was nominated to the professorship of logic2 ,navagero1 whose aversion to an affected taste was so intense that he annually consigned to the flames a copy of ,martial2 ,aleandro1 who was only twenty-four when the celebrated ,manuzio dedicated to him his edition of the ,iliad1 alleging as a reason for conferring this honor on a person so young1 that his acquirements were beyond those of any other person with whom he was acquainted1 and it is well known that the ,venetian typographer was the friend and correspondent of almost all the literary characters of the day2 ,augurelli1 whom a contemporary historian calls the most learned and elegant preceptor of his time2 ,castiglione1 who was called by ,charles ,v4 the most accomplished gentleman of the age2 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 who1 long before the philosopher of ,verulam1 proclaimed experiment the base of the physical sciences1 and1 before the astronomer of ,thorne1 taught the annual motion of the earth2 and ,calcagnini1 who wrote an elaborate work to defend this startling thesis4 ,the correction of the calendar was investigated by ,dulciati1 and even hieroglyphics found an expounder in the encyclopedic ,valeriaro1 who wrote no less than fifty-eight books on that abstruse subject4 ,literature1 indeed1 was a universal hobby2 it was the royal road to distinction in an age when the love of the well-turned period and the mellifluous sonnet was epidemic4 ,the lady cultivators of polite letters were numerous1 and not only accomplished proficients but formidable rivals4 ,the sonnets of ,veronica ,gambara rank among the best2 ,vittoria ,colonna1 in lively description and genuine poetry1 excelled all her contemporaries with the sole exception of the inimitable ,ariosto2 and ,laura ,battifera is represented as the rival of ,sappho4 #gjd ,notwithstanding this general enthusiasm for the amenities of literature1 great attention was bestowed upon the more arid study of languages4 ,already the ,latin muse had come to dwell again beneath the beautiful sky of ,ausonia2 and the humanists1 fleeing from the savage fury of the triumphant ,ottomans1 sang1 in the gardens of ,florence and on the banks of the ,tiber1 the fall of ,troy and the adventures of ,ulysses4 ,leo ,x4 was not only a ,latin scholar1 he was also a refined hellenist4 ,moreover1 he knew what vast treasures of patristic lore are contained in the ,greek fathers1 and hence1 as a lover of sacred and profane literature1 he lavished his treasures on the revival of that beautiful tongue4 ,a little colony1 fresh from the ,morea1 was installed in a magnificent mansion on the ,esquilian hill1 and a ,greek seminary was opened to impart to the ,italians the true pronunciation and the very genius of the ,homeric idiom4 ,the famous ,lascaris1 at the invitation of ,leo ,x41 relinquished his position at the ,french court1 in order to direct the studies of his young countrymen and superintend the editions of the ,greek classics that were issued from the ,roman press4 ,the ,hebrew was taught at ,rome by ,guidacerio1 who published a grammar of that language and dedicated it to ,leo ,x42 the ,syriac and ,chaldaic were taught at ,bologna by ,ambrozio1 a regular canon of the ,lateran1 who at fifteen could converse in ,greek and ,latin with as much ease and fluency as any of his contemporaries1 and who subsequently mastered eighteen languages4 ,a useful and authentic lexicon was first given to the learned world by ,varino4 ,a new ,latin version of the ,bible from the ,hebrew having been announced by ,pagnini1 ,leo ,x4 requested an interview with the author1 and was so well pleased with his competency as well as with the elegance and accuracy of the work1 that he defrayed all the expenses of transcription and publication4 ,erasmus1 who corresponded with ,leo1 and1 more than any one else1 knew his great desire to promote biblical studies1 inscribed to him his ,new ,testament in ,greek and ,latin with corrections and annotations4 ,giustiniani commenced1 in #aeaf1 a new edition of the ,bible in ,greek1 ,latin1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 and ,chaldaic4 ,if to this we add that the famous ,cardinal ,ximenes dedicated to ,leo ,x4 his herculean work1 the ,complutensian ,polyglot1 we shall have some idea of the efforts made in the beginning of the sixteenth century toward the promotion of scriptural and philological studies4 ,footnote #agh ,footnote #agh3 ,it may here be remarked1 in passing1 that1 before the ,reformation1 the ,bible was translated into not only the classic and oriental languages1 but also the vernacular of every nation of ,europe4 ,for particulars1 see ,cantu1 ,histoire ,universelle1 vol4 xv4 p4 #ab4 ,it has been said that a genuine love of literature invariably evinces its existence by an insatiable thirst for books1 those souls of ages past4 ,this love ,leo ,x4 possessed to an eminent degree2 he was a second ,nicholas ,v4 ,at his request and under his patronage1 sterling bibliophiles set out from ,rome to overrun the world in quest of manuscripts4 ,the monasteries of ,britain and ,germany and the ruins of the ,byzantine libraries were diligently searched2 ample pecuniary remuneration was everywhere offered for unpublished works2 and as kings and princes encouraged this hunt after books1 it may easily be fancied that volumes teemed in from every quarter4 ,the ,vatican was made the recipient of these literary treasures2 and1 thanks to the zeal of the popes1 it now possesses the most valuable collection of manuscripts in the world4 #gje ,leo ,x4 was not only a man of letters1 he was also well versed in antiquities4 ,prior to his elevation to the pontificate1 his greatest delight was to shut himself up in his library or museum1 and there pore over his hoarded treasures4 ,this antiquarian taste he inherited from his illustrious ancestors1 whose collections were famous throughout all ,italy4 ,one day1 while he was yet a cardinal1 a statue of ,lucretia was exhumed2 his joy was supreme1 and in the heat of his enthusiasm1 he strung his lyre and commemorated the happy event in beautiful iambics4 ,on another occasion1 a piece of sculpture1 representing the ship of ,a,esculapius1 was1 owing to his exertions1 discovered in the ,tiber4 ,this was considered by his omen-liking friends as an augury of his future dignity4 ,the discovery of the famous group known as the ,laocon was an epoch in ,rome4 ,that evening1 the bells were rung to announce the event2 the poets1 among whom was ,sadoleti1 lucubrated all night1 preparing their hymns1 sonnets1 and canzoni1 to welcome the reappearance of the masterpiece4 ,next morning1 all ,rome was on foot1 and the public works were suspended while the antique statue1 festooned with flowers and verdure1 was carried processionally to the capitol1 amidst the sound of vocal and instrumental harmony4 ,such was the joy of the ,roman artists on the discovery of a relic of ancient art4 ,the twin arts painting and sculpture shared largely in the munificence of the pontiff4 ,bramarte1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 and ,leonardo da ,vinci1 the princes of modern art1 were the worthy emulators of ,phidias and ,apelles4 ,in immortalizing their names and that of their patron1 they immortalized their age and their country4 ,at their call1 genius again returned to earth1 and exhibited1 in the chiselled marble and on the glowing canvas1 such animated representations as filled the eye with wonder and stirred the deep foundations of the heart4 ,bramarte planned and commenced ,st4 ,peter's1 which1 in the estimation of the sceptic ,gibbon1 is the most glorious structure that has ever been applied to religion2 for ,majesty1 ,power1 glory1 strength1 and beauty1 all are aisled ,in the eternal ark of worship undefiled4 ,michael ,angelo1 whose very fragments have educated eminent artists1 continuing the noble structure1 placed the pride of ,roman architecture in the clouds1 and drew the design of the ,last ,judgment1 which connoisseurs pronounce a miracle of genius4 ,raphael covered the ,vatican with his inimitable frescoes and sketched his ,transfiguration1 which was hailed by the ,roman people as the type of the beautiful1 a paragon of art1 and the masterpiece of painting4 ,the profound ,da ,vinci painted the ,last ,supper and thus afforded ,christian families a neat ornament for their refectories and a piece of artistic finish for their drawing-rooms4 ,sansovino's productions1 according to the historian of the arts1 were among the finest specimens of the plastic art1 and ,romano's were worthy of his divine master4 ,such was the flourishing state of the arts and the great impulse given to all branches of learning just before the memorable epoch when the fetters of the human intellect were1 forsooth1 burst asunder by the great ,saxon hero1 the unfrocked monk of ,wittemberg1 against whom ,leo ,x4 hurled the bolt of excommunication4 ,if this grand impetus was not followed up1 if the pen was forgotten for the sword1 and the altars of ,apollo were deserted for those of the homicide ,mars2 if the era of the reformation was truly a barbarous era1 ,footnote #agi it most certainly was not owing to incapacity on the part of the ,roman pontiffs1 since sectarians themselves proclaim them in general superior to the age in which they lived1 ,footnote #ahj while historians of the depth of ,neander are struck with admiration to find the popes ever attentive to the moral and religious wants of their people2 ,footnote #aha but it must be attributed to the immediate effects of the so-called ,reformation1 that spirit of blind fanaticism which was equalled only by the wholesale brigandage and all-destroying vandalism of the sainted evangelicals4 ,footnote #agi3 ,schlegel1 ,philosophy of ,history4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,roscoe1 ,life and ,pontificate of ,leo ,x4 ,footnote #aha3 ,neander1 ,general ,history of the ,christian ,religion and ,church4 #gjf ,a kind dispensation of ,providence it was1 that saved ,leo ,x4 the sight of the harrowing scenes that ,europe then presented4 ,he had already occupied the throne of ,st4 ,peter eight years1 eight months1 and nineteen days1 during all which time he had faithfully guarded the interests of the church against royal encroachments1 and the liberty of his dominions against foreign aggression2 he had presided over the last seven sessions of the oecumenical council of ,lateran1 and conferred on an ,english monarch the title of ,defensor fidei2 and now1 in the forty-seventh year of his age1 cruel death takes him from the affection of his subjects1 the love of his cardinals1 and the veneration of men of letters4 ,sad was the day when it was told that ,leo ,x4 was no more4 ,artists and humanists dropped a tear for their friend and benefactor2 the sculptor and the painter commemorated their deceased ,maecenas in the virgin marble and on the glowing canvas1 while the historian wrote the annals of his reign and the poet embalmed his memory in immortal verse4 ,rome erected his monument1 and posterity1 admiring the virtues of the ,christian1 reverencing the eminent qualities of the pontiff1 and idolizing the protector of letters and art1 has called the age in which he lived the golden age of ,leo the ,tenth4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,spanish4 ,little ,flowers ,of ,spain4 ,by ,fernan ,caballero4 ,humble flowers of religious poetry1 and derivations of popular expressions and proverbs1 is the title given by the authoress to the article headed ,cosas 7humildes7 de ,espaa --,humble ,things of ,spain4 ,if there exists an individual who has read all that we have written--and the case1 though not probable1 is nevertheless not impossible--he must have noticed that our zeal1 our labor1 and our specialty is to find out origins and causes1 draw inferences and conclusions1 and trace things to their why and wherefore4 ,we are really apprehensive lest in this branch we may become too notable4 ,our system is the same that is followed nowadays by writers of history4 ,let it be understood that we do not meddle with such weighty subjects1 nor venture into profound depths1 and that our employment of the aforesaid modern system is solely in questions of the humble schools4 ,our information is all obtained from popular traditions1 romances1 and beliefs4 ,the data which it is our delight to place in relief1 all the world has handled as the ,indians did gold before their conquerors gave it value2 as future generations will give value to the things of which we treat when they lament their loss4 #gjg ,our explorations in these rich mines have been rewarded4 ,we have ascertained that the first tree that ,god planted was the white poplar2 therefore the white poplar is the most ancient of trees--the vegetable ,adam4 ,we have learned that the serpent went straight1 erect1 and proud of his triumph in ,paradise1 until the flight into ,egypt1 when1 encountering the ,holy ,family1 he attempted to bite the child ,jesus1 and the indignant ,st4 ,joseph prevented him with these words1 ,fall1 proud one1 and never rise again6 ,from that good day to this he has crawled4 ,we have learned1 moreover1 that snakes and toads are permitted to exist solely for the purpose of absorbing the poisons of the earth4 ,we have found out that the evergreen trees are endowed with their privileges of life and beauty in recompense for having given shelter and shade to the ,mother and ,child whenever they stopped to rest in their flight from the sword of ,herod2 that the rosemary enjoys its fragrance and always blossoms on ,friday1 the day of ,our ,lord's ,passion1 because the ,blessed ,virgin1 when she washed the little garments of the babe1 used to hang them to dry upon its branches2 also1 that for this very reason it has the gift of attracting peace and good-hap to the dwellings that are perfumed with it on ,holy-night4 ,that everybody has sympathy1 affection1 and even reverence for the swallows1 because compassionately and with such sweet charity they pulled out the thorns that were piercing the temples of the divine ,martyr4 ,that the red-owl1 which1 grieved and appalled1 witnessed the cruel crucifixion of the ,god-man1 has done nothing ever since but repeat the melancholy cry ,cruz6 ,cruz6 ,that the rose of ,jericho1 which was white before1 owes its purple hue to a drop of the wounded ,saviour's blood that fell into its cup4 ,that on ,mount ,calvary1 and all along the way of agony1 the gentle plants and fresh herbs wilted and died when our ,lord passed by bearing his cross1 and that these places were presently covered with briers4 ,that the lightning loses its power to hurt in the whole circumference that is reached by the sound of praying4 ,that at ,high ,mass on ,ascension-day1 at the moment of the elevation1 the leaves of the trees incline upon each other1 forming crosses1 in token of devotion and reverence4 ,when newborn infants smile1 in dreams or waking1 we know that it is to angels1 visible only to them4 ,a murmur in the ears is the noise made by the falling of a leaf from the tree of life4 ,when silence settles all at once upon several persons forming a company1 it is not1 as the wise ones say1 because the carriage is running upon sand1 but because an angel has passed over them1 and the air that is moved by his wings communicates to their souls the silence of respect1 though their comprehension fails to divine the cause4 ,likewise1 we have ascertained that the tarantula was a woman extravagantly fond of the dance1 and so inconsiderate that when1 on one occasion1 she was dancing1 and ,his ,divine ,majesty ,footnote #ahb passed by1 she did not stop1 but continued her diversion with the most frightful irreverence4 ,for this she was changed into a spider with the figure of a guitar delineated upon its back1 and possessed of a venom that causes those who are bitten by it to dance and dance until1 fainting and exhausted1 they fall down in a swoon4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,in effect1 we have learned many other things3 some of them we have already written2 the rest we mean to write2 that is to say1 ,if the rope does not break1 all will go on as usual4 #gjh ,but1 among these things1 there is one which we are going to communicate immediately1 for fear lest we die of cholera1 and it descend with us into the tomb2 for it barely survives at present1 and with it would perish its remembrance4 ,in times when faith filled hearts to overflowing1 offerings and ex-votos were brought by thousands to the house of ,god4 ,now that we are enlightened1 we have other uses for our gold1 our rare objects1 and fine arts2 for1 as the poet says1 ,en el sigh diez y nueve ,nadie tener f se atreve1 ,y no huy que en milagros cred4 ,footnote #ahc ,footnote #ahc3 ,in the nineteenth century1 no one dares to have faith and there is no one who believes in miracles4 ,it is well--or1 better said1 it is ill4 ,the first ostrich eggs procured by the ,spaniards1 in their voyages to ,africa1 were regarded as marvels1 and deposited1 either as offerings or ex-votos1 in the churches1 where1 bound and tied with gay ribbons1 they hung before the altars and were looked upon as ornaments of great value4 ,and even now1 before modest altars in humble villages are sometimes seen these enormous eggs2 presenting with their worn and faded decorations the appearance of porcelain melons4 ,by whom were they brought8 where were they found8 who hung them here8 are questions that assault the mind of the beholder1 and send his thoughts and fancy into the vast field of conjectures impossible to verify1 but all sweet1 romantic1 and holy4 ,the imagination of the ,spanish people is an instinct4 ,they cannot see a material object without attaching to it an ideal4 ,out of the fervor of their own heart they made a symbol of this4 ,the belief adapted to the ostrich egg1 hung in front of the altar1 is one that will be sagely qualified by sanctimonious devotees of literal truth as superstitious and fanatical4 ,we offer it to the ,protestant missionaries who favor us with their propaganda1 as a killing weapon against the benighted and malignant papists4 ,it is said that the mother-bird cannot hatch these eggs1 which appear to be of marble1 because it is impossible for her to cover them1 and because there is not heat enough in her body to warm them through2 but that she has in her look such fire1 kindled by her great desire to free her offspring1 that by keeping her eyes continuedly and without distraction fixed upon the eggs1 the ardor and concentration of her love penetrates the hard shell and delivers her little ones4 ,and they hung these eggs before the places where the holy sacrifice of the mass is offered1 to teach us to keep our eyes fixed upon the altar with equal desire1 equal love1 and exclusive attention and devotion4 ,o poets6 if you would fulfil your mission1 which is to move the heart1 learn less in palaces1 and more from the people who feel and believe4 ,among sayings and proverbs that have been accepted everywhere without having to show their parentage1 is the well-known expression1 ,ahi me las den todas3 ,may ,i get them all there4 ,one of the creditors of a certain dishonest fellow1 that owed all the world and paid nobody1 laid his complaint before the judge1 who sent an alguacil to suggest to the debtor the necessity of paying at once4 ,for response to the intimation1 the debtor gave the alguacil1 who was a very dignified man1 a slap on his face4 ,the latter1 returning to the tribunal1 addressed the magistrate thus3 ,sir1 when ,i go to notify an individual on the part of your worship1 whom do ,i represent8 ,me1 answered the judge4 ,well1 sir1 proceeded the alguacil1 touching his cheek1 to this cheek of your worship they have given a slap4 ,may ,i get them all there1 replied the judge4 #gji ,here is the etymology of another saying1 ,quien no te conozea te compre3 ,let some one buy you that don't know you4 ,three poor students came to a village where there was a fair4 ,what shall we do to amuse ourselves8 asked one as they were passing a garden in which an ass was drawing water from a well4 ,i have already hit upon a way1 answered another of the three4 ,put me into the machine1 and you take the ass to the fair and sell him4 ,as it was said1 so it was done4 ,when his companions had gone1 the student that had remained in the place of the ass stood still4 ,arre6 ,footnote #ahd shouted the gardener1 who was at work not far off4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,geho6 ,the improvised ass neither started nor shook his bell1 and the gardener mounted to the machine1 in which1 to his great consternation1 he found his ass changed into a student4 ,what is this8 he cried4 ,my master1 said the student1 some ill-natured witches transformed me into an ass1 but ,i have fulfilled the term of my enchantment and returned to my original shape4 ,the poor gardener was disconsolate1 but what could be done8 ,he unharnessed the student1 and1 bidding him go with ,god-speed1 set out sorrowfully for the fair to buy another beast4 ,the very first that presented itself was his own1 which had been bought by a company of gipsies4 ,the moment he cast his eyes upon it1 he took to his heels1 exclaiming1 ,let some one buy you that don't know you4 ,yo te cono c ciruelo--,i knew you when you were a plum-tree--is a common saying4 ,the people of a certain village bought a plum-tree of a gardener1 for the purpose of having it converted into an effigy of ,st4 ,peter4 ,when the image was finished and set up in the church1 the gardener went to see it1 and1 observing the somewhat lavish coloring and gilding of its drapery1 exclaimed3 ,gloriosisimo ,san ,pedro1 ,yo te cono c ciruelo1 ,y de tu fruta comi2 ,los misagros que tu hagas ,que me me los cuelgan mi6 ,most glorious ,saint ,peter6 ,i knew you when you were a plum-tree1 and ate of your fruit2 the miracles you do1 let them hang upon me4 ,ya saco raja--,he has got a share--is often said1 and we trace it to ,estremadura1 where the live-oak groves are divided into rajas2 raja being the name of an extension yielding acorns enough to feed a given number of hogs4 ,when the rajas are public property1 they are distributed at a trifling rent to the poorer householders1 who are1 as will be supposed1 very anxious to have them4 ,but to obtain one is difficult1 for the ayuntamientos1 or town councils1 generally give them to their protgs and hangers-on2 and1 from this circumstance1 ,he has got a hog-pasture1 has come to be said of any person that by skill1 cunning1 audacity1 or good luck succeeds in obtaining an advantage difficult to get1 or of which the getting depends upon some one else4 ,el que tiene capa escapa--,he that wears a cloak escapes--dates from the giving way of the new bridge at ,puerto ,santa ,maria1 under the weight of the great crowd that had collected upon it4 ,to prevent thefts and disturbances1 ,captain-,general ,o',kelly issued an order to the effect that no person wearing a cloak should be allowed to cross the bridge4 ,in consequence of this order1 no one wearing a cloak fell into the river4 #gaj ,it is usual to indicate that a person is poor by saying1 ,el esta la cuarta pregunta--,he is at the fourth question4 ,this assertion is derived from the interrogation of witnesses for the defence in suits when1 among other circumstances1 that of poverty is wished to be proved4 ,this extreme being comprehended in the fourth question1 as follows3 ,does the witness know1 of his own knowledge1 that the party he represents is poor1 and possesses neither landed property nor income2 so that he has absolutely no means of support except the product of his own labor8 ---------- ,the ,pearl ,and ,the ,poison4 ,from ,the ,french4 ,chanced it1 where along the strand ,softly foaming broke the sea1 ,lay an oyster on the sand ',mid her neighbors merrily3 ,and her shelly doors1 ablaze ,with the sapphire's thousand rays1 ,she had opened to the sigh ,of the zephyrs flitting by4 ,fell into her bosom there ,just a single drop of rain-- ,just a rain-drop dull and plain3 ,when1 behold6 a jewel rare-- ,a sudden pearl exceeding fair6 ,chanced it on the heath hard by ,that a viper1 lurking dread1 ,uttered then her hissing cry-- ,to the zephyr raised her head3 ,when upon her dart accurst ,fell a rain-drop like the first3 ,just a drop of poison more ,to recruit her venom's store4 ,with twofold nature are our hearts endued1 ,nor open less to evil than to good3 ,responding kindly to the tiller's care1 ,the soil becomes what skilful hands prepare4 ,dear parents1 take you heed4 ,if yours the will ,to guard your children's sacred innocence1 ,be timely care and foresight the defence2 ,and drop by drop instil ,into their little spirits thoughts of good1 ,to be their daily food4 ,if you are wise1 through years to come ,a pearl of a child will make you blest3 ,if not1 you'll cherish in your home ,a very poison to your rest4 ------- #gaa ,foreign ,literary ,notes4 ,the testimony of so distinguished an authority as ,m4 ,e4 ,littr1 of the ,french ,institute1 is now added to that of ,digby1 ,maitland1 ,montalembert1 and so many others1 to show that the middle ages were not barbarous4 ,m4 ,littr1 as is well known1 is very far from being a ,catholic2 but1 treating the subject with his great erudition from a purely historical point of view1 he shows1 in his ,etudes sur les ,barbares et le ,moyen ,age1 that1 after the frightful degeneration of the ,roman world--a degeneration aggravated and precipitated by the violent immixtion of barbarous peoples--the period of the middle ages was an era of renovation in institutions1 in letters1 and in morals2 a renovation1 slow1 it is true1 but certain and continuous2 a renovation entirely due to ,catholicity1 revivifying by powerful and fecund impulsion the antique foundation formed by pagan society1 and augmenting it by all that ,christianity possesses superior to paganism4 ,on this beneficial and constantly civilizing influence of the church1 which formed the moral unity of a world whose material unity had disappeared1 re-educating people fallen into infancy1 rescuing letters by her schools1 clearing the forests by her monks1 founding social and political institutions worthy of the name1 and the like of which the ,roman empire had never seen--for the reason that all its conceptions of man and of liberty were false1 and it could never raise itself to the idea of a spiritual power that was independent of the lay power--on all these points1 so worthy the attention of the historian1 there are1 particularly in the first two chapters1 some admirable pages4 ,m4 ,littr speaks with admiration of the spread of monachism in the west1 and distinctly recognizes the many great blessings that followed in its train4 ,he 7p4 #c7 reproaches ,gibbon with having ignored the importance of the religious fact of ,christianity4 ,and yet his naturalism has led him astray from the conclusion to which the invincible logic of his own presentation of facts must bring him4 ---- ,a valuable addition to biblical criticism is1 unquestionably1 the lately published ,saint ,paul's ,epistle to the ,philippians4 ,a revised text1 with introduction1 notes1 and dissertations4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,hulsean ,professor of ,divinity1 and ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,london1 ,macmillan4 #hvo1 #ccg pp4 ,this book forms the second volume of an exegetical work that is to embrace all the epistles of ,st4 ,paul4 ,galatians has already been published4 ,the present volume is particularly valuable for its introduction of the results of the latest archeological and historical research4 ,the commentaries on ,seneca and the doctrines of the ,stoics are interesting1 as also the remarks on the ,greek text in verse #ac of first chapter4 ---- ,a distinguished priest of the ,oratory1 ,h4 de ,valroger1 has recently published an able and learned disquisition on biblical chronology4 ,he terminates it thus3 ,no more than the ,bible has the church laid down a dogmatic system of precise dates strictly connected and confining the primitive history of the world and of man within narrow and inflexible limits4 ,no more than the ,bible does the church deprive astronomers1 geologists1 paleontologists1 archaeologists1 or chronologists of the liberty of ascertaining scientifically the period of time elapsed since the creation of the world and of man1 or since the deluge1 which terminated the first of the reign of humanity4 ---- ,in the ,foreign ,literary ,notes of our number for ,june1 we noticed an important publication by the ,abb ,lamy on the ,council of ,seleuciae1 a translation from one of the numerous productions of early ,syrian literature1 so rich in works relative to the church1 its history1 its discipline1 and its dogmas4 ,and1 in this connection1 it may be proper here to note a typographical transposition seriously interfering with a correct reading of the notice in question1 namely1 the six paragraphs of the first column of p4 #dcb that precede ,concilium ,seleuciae et ,ctesiphonti1 etc41 should follow the second paragraph on the second column of the same page4 #gab ,this work of the ,abb ,lamy is one out of many recent publications showing the great attention lately given to the monuments of early ,syrian literature by theologians of ,europe4 ,especially in ,germany is the activity great in this new field4 ,it has long been known that a serious chronological break existed in this literature1 covering a period of nearly three hundred years1 stretching from the translation of the ,scriptures to the classical period of ,syrian patristic literature4 ,only of late years has this void been partially filled by the important work of ,cureton1 7,w417 entitled1 ,ancient ,syriac ,documents relative to the earliest ,establishment of ,christianity in ,edessa4 ,with a preface by ,w4 ,wright4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate4 #ahfd4 ,this work of ,cureton was preceded by his ,spicilegium ,syriacum1 containing remains of ,bardesan1 ,meliton1 ,ambrose1 and ,mara bar ,serapion4 ,london3 ,francis ,rivington4 #ahee4 ,in connection with these may be mentioned ,cardinal ,wiseman's ,horae ,syriacae1 ,rome1 #ahbh2 ,pohlmann1 ,s4 ,ephraemi ,syri ,commentariorum in ,s4 ,scripturum2 ,lamy1 ,diss4 de ,syrorum fide et disciplina in re eucharistica2 ,s4 ,ephraemi ,syri ,rabulae1 ,balaei aliorumque opera selecta4 ,oxford1 ,clarendon4 #ahfe4 ---- ,an interesting historical controversy has for some time been going on between ,m4 ,cretineau ,joly1 of ,paris1 and the ,rev4 ,father ,theiner1 ,prefect of the ,archives of the ,vatican1 concerning the authenticity of the memoirs of ,cardinal ,consalvi1 published by ,m4 ,cretineau ,joly1 in #ahfd4 ,father ,theiner1 in his ,history of the ,concordat1 throws serious doubts upon the genuineness of these memoirs4 ,on the other hand1 ,m4 ,joly1 in his lately published ,bonaparte1 the ,concordat of #ahja1 and the ,cardinal ,consalvti1 defends his position1 and declares that he translated with the most conscientious exactitude the memoirs in question1 such as they were confided to me at ,rome1 such as ,i now possess them in ,,mss4 at ,paris1 such as any one is free to test by examination4 ---- ,logicae1 ,metaphysicae1 ,ethicae ,institutiones quas tradebat ,franciscus ,battaglinius1 ,sacerdos1 ,philosophiae ,lector4 ,bologna1 typogr4 ,felsinea4 #ahfi4 #a vol4 in #hvo1 #gab pp4 ,this work is a collection of the lectures delivered at the ,seminary of ,bologna1 by ,professor ,battaglini4 ,the spirit of the learned professor's philosophy is1 as he himself states1 secundum divi ,thomae doctrinas4 ,no slight task1 certainly1 to bring the ,angelic ,doctor within the grasp of the young theological student4 ,the work has attracted the attention of many of the ,french clergy1 and is highly approved by them4 ---- ,there appears to be serious danger that the ,french people are in a way soon to know all about the ,bible4 ,besides the numerous copies of the sacred ,scriptures already in existence in ,france1 the publisher ,lethielleux now has in press the first volume of a new edition of the entire ,bible1 which will give the ,latin text of the ,vulgate1 with the ,french translation1 and a full body of commentaries--theological1 moral1 philological1 and historical1 edited so as to include the results of the best works in ,france1 ,italy1 ,germany1 and elsewhere1 with a special introduction for each book1 by the ,abb ,drach1 ,d4,d41 and the ,abb ,bayle1 ,professor of the ,faculty of ,aix4 ---- ,the mantle of ,mai and of ,mezzofanti has fallen upon ,cardinal ,pitra1 recently appointed to the important position of librarian of the ,vatican4 ,the office could not be filled by one more erudite and worthy of it in every respect1 and his holiness could hardly have made a better choice4 ,cardinal ,pitra is well known as the author of several learned works in theological and canonical science4 ,like a true ,benedictine1 his life has been devoted to study and scientific #gac ,a succession of articles lately given in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 by ,m4 d',haussonville1 ,footnote #ahe has thrown fresh light on the long and interesting struggle between ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 and ,napoleon2 between moral and physical force1 between the inspiration of heaven and the inspiration of the world4 ,m4 d',haussonville1 by the publication of numerous documents until now unpublished1 and by the letters and despatches of ,napoleon the ,first1 lately given to the world by the present imperial government1 has added a new interest to the sad story of the captivity of the holy father1 and the negotiations at ,savona4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,lately elected a member of the ,french ,academy4 ,the dignity1 firmness1 and elevated piety of the noble pontiff stand out in more striking relief from their necessary comparison with the rude and merciless tyranny of his oppressor1 and have wrung the strongest expression of admiration from sources the most unexpected4 ,in an article entitled1 ,the ,papacy and the ,french ,empire1 the ,edinburgh ,review 7,october1 #ahfh7 says3 ,the meek resistance of ,pius ,,vii4 to the overwhelming force which had crushed every independent power on the continent of ,europe1 was therefore a protest worthy of the sacred character of the head of the ,latin ,church in favor of the dignity and liberty of man2 and1 by the justice of ,heaven1 the victim survived the conqueror1 the feeble endured1 the mighty one perished4 ---- ,great activity prevails throughout ,europe in the search for and publication of documents1 long buried in libraries and private collections of ,,mss41 which are calculated to throw light upon the history and workings of the so-called ,reformation4 ,and this activity is probably greatest in ,switzerland1 where every canton1 separately or with an adjoining canton1 has its historical society in active and industrious operation4 ,german and ,french1 ,catholic and ,protestant1 vie with each other in their praiseworthy efforts to rescue from decay and ruin old parchments1 chronicles1 protocols1 and letters1 that are calculated to throw any light on the events of past centuries4 ,in this direction works the ,protestant ,berner in the ,helvetia ,sacra1 and the ,pius ,verein promises great results in a collection of which the first volume has lately appeared1 entitled1 ,archiv fr die ,schweizerische ,reformnationsgeschichte4 ,herausgegeben auf ,veranstaltung des ,schweizerischen ,piusvereins4 ,erster ,band4 ,solothurn4 #hvo1 #hef pp4 ,the central committee of this society consists of ,count ,scherer ,beccard1 of ,lucerne1 and ,prebendary ,fiala and ,professor ,barmwart1 both of ,solothurn4 ,the volume announced contains chronicles1 monographs1 and extracts from the archives of ,lucerne1 the mere enumeration of which would be too much for our space4 ---- ,the old ,benedictine abbey of ,la ,cava1 in ,italy1 has long been known to possess in its archives a mass of documents and ,,mss4 said to contain treasures of diplomatic and archaeological erudition4 ,they cover the period from ,pepin le ,bref to ,charles ,v4 ,father ,morcaldi1 one of the most distinguished savants of ,italy1 has undertaken their classification and publication4 ,they will fill1 when printed1 eight or ten folio volumes1 and require from five to seven years for publication4 ---- ,a recent number of the ,literarischer ,handweiser1 edited at ,mnster by ,dr4 ,franz ,hlskamp and ,dr4 ,herrmann ,rump1 contains an article on ,catholic journalism in the ,united ,states4 ,here is an extract3 ,since the cessation of the well-known ,quarterly1 edited by ,dr4 ,brownson1 ,american ,catholics possess but one really first-class periodical1 namely1 ,the ,catholic ,world1 founded some four years since1 and published at ,new ,york1 in handsomely printed monthly numbers4 ,this monthly1 founded by ,father ,hecker1 of the ,congregation of the ,paulists1 a zealous convert1 distinguished for his effective dialectic and polemic ability1 is one of the most welcome manifestations in the field of ,north ,american periodical literature4 ,already1 during the short period of its existence1 it has gained numberless friends1 and bears favorable comparison with the best productions of the ,european press4 ,the influence and writings of ,father ,hecker and his collaborators are sufficient warrant that ,the ,catholic ,world has an important future before it in the field of defence and polemics1 and that it will most probably be for many the guide to the bosom of the church4 ---- #gad ,among new ,english books announced is ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and her ,accusers2 embracing a ,narrative of ,events from the ,death of ,james ,v41 in #aeeb1 until the close of the ,conference at ,westminster1 in #aefi4 ,by ,john ,hosack1 ,barrister in ,law4 ,the work is to contain the ,book of ,articles produced against ,queen ,mary at ,westminster1 which1 it is said1 has never hitherto been printed1 and will be published by ,blackwood ,sons1 ,edinburgh4 ,if this work be in ,mary's defence1 it is not the first one--to their credit be it said--produced by the ,protestants of ,scotland4 ,we confess to some surprise that some one of the many ,english ,catholic writers1 with their peculiar facilities for reference to authorities1 have not taken up and exposed the scandalous malice of ,mr4 ,froude's attack on the memory of the unfortunate queen4 ,his desperate attempt to advocate the genuineness of the silver casket letters1 bold and ingenious though it be1 is nevertheless a failure1 and its unfairness and sophistry should be exposed4 ---------- ,new ,publications4 ,life ,of ,mother ,margaret ,mary ,hallahan1 ,o4,s4,d41 ,foundress of the ,english ,congregation of ,st4 ,catherine of ,sienna1 of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,dominic4 ,by her religious children4 ,with a preface by the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,ullathorne4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 #abf ,nassau street4 #ahfi4 ,all who are interested in the extraordinary1 not to say miraculous1 revival of the ,catholic faith in ,english-speaking countries1 will hail with delight the appearance of this book4 ,it is a simple and evidently a truthful narrative of the life of one of those providential personages who1 in all great movements1 stand out as beacon lights to mark their progress4 ,margaret ,mary ,hallahan was born in ,london in #ahjb1 of ,irish parents1 who had fallen from a respectable position in life to honorable poverty4 ,she was their only child1 and became a complete orphan at the age of nine years4 ,her education had been provided for1 as well as circumstances would permit1 by her kind-hearted father1 in the schools established in ,london by the ,abb ,carron1 a refugee priest of the ,french revolution4 ,slender1 indeed1 were the prospects of a poor ,catholic orphan girl in the capital of a country so full of bigotry as was ,england in #ahaa4 ,having spent a short time in the orphan asylum at ,somerstown1 she was placed under the care of a ,madame ,caulier1 whose harsh discipline was hardly compensated by occasional acts of kindness4 ,in her twentieth year1 she was introduced by this lady to the family of ,doctor ,morgan1 once physician to ,george ,,iii4 ,being then an invalid1 he was attended by ,margaret during the last six months of his life2 and after his death she became the bosom friend of his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,thompson1 whom she served1 rather as a sister than as a domestic1 for twenty years4 ,five years of this time were spent in ,england and fifteen in ,belgium4 ,in the latter country she became a member of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,dominic1 on the feast of ,st4 ,catherine of ,sienna1 in the year #ahce4 ,on her return to ,england1 in #ahdb1 she took charge of the ,catholic schools of ,coventry1 where ,father ,ullathorne1 of the ,benedictine order1 was pastor4 ,her days were spent in the education of young children1 and her evenings in the instruction1 religious and secular1 of the poor factory girls of the place4 #gae ,in a short time1 there was a visible improvement in the ,catholic community of ,coventry2 and ,sister ,margaret had the happiness of beholding a religious procession1 the first of the kind seen in ,england since the change of religion1 at the head of which was borne her own image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the only treasure she had carried with her from ,belgium4 ,a few pious companions1 having united with ,sister ,margaret in the performance of good works1 she and three others1 by the advice of ,father ,ullathorne1 and with the authorization of the general of the ,dominican order1 received the habit of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,dominic1 with a view to living in community1 on the #aath of ,june1 #ahdd4 ,on the #hth of ,december1 #ahde1 they made their religious profession4 ,soon after this1 ,father ,ullathorne was appointed by the holy see vicar apostolic of the western district2 and1 having established his residence at ,bristol1 it was deemed advisable for the young community1 of which he was the father and protector1 to remove to ,clifton1 near his episcopal city4 ,this was in #ahdh2 and when1 in #ahej1 the ,catholic hierarchy was reestablished in ,england1 ,bishop ,ullathorne1 now transferred to ,birmingham1 founded the second convent of the ,dominican ,sisters at ,stow4 ,this became the general novitiate of the order in ,england1 and here were established by ,mother ,margaret her boarding and free schools1 her orphanage1 and hospital for incurables4 ,in #aheh1 she went to ,rome to obtain of the holy see the canonical erection of her community into a congregation governed by a provincial prioress4 ,her request was granted by a brief given in #ahei1 by which she was named provincial prioress1 which office she retained until her death1 in #ahfh4 ,here we may be allowed to quote the words of her friend1 ,bishop ,ullathorne1 in his preface to her life3 ,and now behold this lonely and poor woman1 made ripe in spiritual wisdom and in human experience1 returning1 a stranger and unknown1 to the land of her birth4 ,yet ,god has already prepared a way for her1 and she begins a spiritual work which slowly rises under her hands1 from humble beginnings1 into the highest character1 and surrounds itself with numerous institutions of mercy and charity4 ,foundress of a congregation of the ancient ,dominican order1 she trained a hundred religious women1 founded five convents1 built three churches1 established a hospital for incurables1 three orphanages1 schools for all classes1 including a number for the poor2 and1 what is more1 left her own spirit in its full vigor to animate her children1 whose work is only in its commencement4 ,the history of her life will amply repay perusal4 ,it is a continual exemplification of her great maxim1 ,all for ,god4 ,the most prominent feature in her administration of the affairs of her order was1 that she never allowed external employments1 undertaken for the benefit of her neighbor1 to encroach in the least upon the hours assigned for prayer and meditation4 ,her zeal in decorating altars1 and in providing all things necessary for the decency of divine worship1 knew no bounds4 ,we heartily recommend the life of ,mother ,margaret ,mary to all our readers4 ---- ,die ,jenseitige ,welt4 ,eine ,schrift ber ,fegefeuer1 ,hlle ,und ,himmel4 ,von ,p4 ,leo ,keel1 ,capitular des ,stiftes ,maria ,einsiedeln4 ,einsiedeln1 ,new ,york1 and ,cincinnati3 ,benziger4 #ahfi4 ,the first two books of this work are out1 and we anxiously expect the third1 on ,heaven1 a topic on which it is very difficult to write anything worth reading1 and on which very little has been written in our modern languages4 ,german books are generally better than others1 and a work which merits the praise of ,german critics is sure to be solid4 ,the present work is highly esteemed in ,germany1 and we have examined the part which treats of purgatory sufficiently to convince us that the author has written something far superior in learning1 and vigor of thought1 to the ordinary treatises on religious doctrines which are to be met with4 ,to those clergymen who are ,germans1 or who read the language1 we can recommend this book as well worth its price4 ,it is printed in the neatest and most attractive style4 #gaf ,warwick2 or1 the ,lost ,nationalities of ,america3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,mansfield ,tracy ,walworth4 ,new ,york3 ,carleton4 #ahfi4 ,this novel is a remarkable production1 exhibiting vivid imagination1 extensive and curious research1 descriptive power of a high order1 chivalrous sentiments1 and a lofty moral ideal1 in the author4 ,its principal scenes1 events1 and characters belong to an ideal world entirely beyond the possibilities of real and actual life1 with an intermingling of some minor sketches drawn from nature which show the author's power to depict the real if he pleases to do so4 ,it seems to us that the serious arguments which are interspersed through the book1 and the curious speculations respecting the original inhabitants of ,america1 which are not without at least historical and scientific plausibility1 would be presented with far greater effect if they were detached from a plot which is too absorbing to leave the mind leisure to give them due attention4 ,the moral effect intended to be produced by the story itself would be also greater if the characters were more real1 the events more natural and probable1 and the scenes drawn more from real life4 ,the great praise1 so seldom deserved1 must be given to the author1 that he inculcates high moral and religious principles in an eloquent and attractive manner1 and will therefore undoubtedly exercise a refining and elevating influence over the mind of many a young reader who would reject graver lessons4 ,highly-wrought works of fiction have become a necessity to a large class of readers1 and here is one which will give their imagination a wild ride on a racer over a safe road4 ,the young and accomplished author of ,warwick1 will1 we trust1 follow up his literary career1 and produce other and maturer fruits of his genius1 which will add more renown to the illustrious name he bears4 ---- ,the ,life ,of ,john ,banim1 the ,irish novelist1 author of ,damon and ,pythias1 etc41 and one of the writers of ,tales by the ,o',hara ,family4 ,with extracts from his correspondence1 general and literary4 ,by ,patrick ,joseph ,murray4 ,also selections from his poems4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahfi4 ,the ,ghost-hunter ,and ,his ,family4 ,by the ,o',hara ,family4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahfi4 ,john ,banim was born in the city of ,kilkenny1 on the #c;d day of ,april1 #agih4 ,his parents were in humble life1 but1 through industry and economy1 were enabled to bestow upon their son the inestimable advantage of a good literary education1 while their precepts and example united to secure for him a thorough ,christian training4 ,his genius for novel writing manifested itself at an early age4 ,while in his sixth year1 his ready fancy gave birth to a story of no little merit4 ,he was not sufficiently tall to write conveniently at a table1 even when seated1 and having placed the paper upon his bedroom floor1 he lay down beside it and commenced the construction of his plot4 ,during three months he devoted nearly all his hours of play to the completion of his task2 and when at length he had concluded1 the writing was so execrable that he alone could decipher it4 ,in this dilemma he obtained the assistance of his brother ,michael1 and of a school-fellow2 they acted as amanuenses1 relieving each other when weary of writing from ,john's dictation4 ,when the tale was fully transcribed1 it was stitched in a blue cover1 and ,john determined that it should be printed4 ,but here the important question of expense arose to mind1 and1 after long deliberation1 the youthful author thought of resorting to a subscription publication4 ,accordingly the manuscript was shown to several of his father's friends1 and1 in the course of a week1 the subscribers amounted to thirty1 at a payment of one shilling each4 ,disappointment was again the lot of our little genius2 for in all ,kilkenny he could not induce a printer to undertake the issuing of his story4 ,this was a heavy blow to his hopes2 but honorable even as a child1 he no sooner found that he could not publish the tale than he waited upon his subscribers for the purpose of restoring to them their shillings4 #gag ,all received him kindly and refused the money1 telling him that they were quite satisfied with reading the manuscript4 ,in this little incident of his boyhood1 the salient features of the character of ,john ,banim1 the man and the author1 are easily discernible4 ,his extreme facility of conception1 his hurrying energy of execution1 his confidence in the merits of his productions1 his indomitable persistence in commanding public attention1 his patience and courage under defeat and disappointment1 and his scrupulous honesty of purpose1 which controlled alike his writings and his business relations1 are all contained and foreshadowed in the circumstances of this almost infantile enterprise4 ,maturer years darkened the shadows1 deepened the lines1 heightened the lights of ,banim's character2 but such as he was1 when he ran home from his school-mates in their hours of play1 to see that ',farrell the ,robber' had not stolen his mother1 such also was he1 till1 in his last hours1 he begged of his brother1 ,that ,i would stand by while his grave was digging1 and that1 when his body was lowered to its last resting place1 ,i should be certain the side of his coffin was in close contact with that of his beloved parent4 ,of the literary life and achievements of ,banim1 of his privations and discouragements1 of his physical sufferings1 and his premature decay and death1 the pages of ,mr4 ,murray's book contain a tolerably full description4 ,it is to be regretted1 however1 that the task did not fall into the hands of ,michael ,banim1 his brother and co-laborer in the ,o',hara ,tales4 ,the work before us is too evidently the accomplishment of an outsider--of one who draws his information from letters1 from books1 from the accounts and descriptions of others1 and not of one who knew his man1 and delineates the results of his own personal sight and hearing4 ,john ,banim was a man whose biographer should have been his most intimate and dearest friend1 whose choicest qualities those who knew him most thoroughly could alone adequately value1 and whom a distant public can be taught fully to appreciate only by a writer who himself has learned the lesson through long and close association4 ,of the works of ,banim1 7one of the best of which we have also just received17 it is needless for us to make particular mention4 ,they are worthy to be classed among the standard fictions of the century1 whether for their rhetorical or dramatic power1 and are almost wholly free from the loose sensationalism which disgraces the pages of so many modern tales4 ,we have found them to inculcate virtue and industry1 to do honor to purity and devotion1 to abound in filial affection and religious fidelity to duty2 and there is no half-heartedness in our wish that they1 and such as they1 may supplant1 at least among ,catholic readers1 the noisome volumes which come swarming faster and faster both from the ,american and ,english press4 ---- ,problematic ,characters3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,freidrich ,spielhagen4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 #ahfi4 ,it seems unnecessary1 to say the least1 to translate from the ,german pictures of life like those contained in this romance1 since there are innumerable ,english and ,american novels1 filled with the same sensuous details1 and teeming with shameless descriptions of illicit love4 ,in all the family life introduced to our notice in the course of this thick volume1 the only married pairs that are described as living comfortably together are objects of ridicule1 while men who make love to their neighbors' wives1 and the married women who respond to these advances1 are made to appear exceedingly interesting and lovely1 and their wicked words and deeds justified on the ground1 so popular in these days1 incompatibility in the conjugal relations4 ,as might be expected from such immoral teaching1 utter infidelity follows in its wake4 #gah ,responsibility to ,god or man is ignored throughout these pages1 though much is said about the great eternal laws of nature1 which seems to mean1 according to this author1 unbelief in the ,god of revelation2 since the only persons who profess to have any faith in the life beyond are proved arrant hypocrites1 and excite only our disgust by their assumed piety4 ,such reading should be condemned without qualification1 although the style may be1 as in this volume1 graceful and polished1 the language vigorous1 often piquant1 the descriptions of natural beauties glowing with light and warmth1 social questions discussed with equanimity and calmness--but the trail of the serpent is over them all4 ,we unhesitatingly pronounce this a dangerous book--not problematically1 only1 but positively bad reading4 ---- ,walter ,savage ,landor4 ,a ,biography4 ,by ,john ,forster4 #hvo1 pp4 #fic4 ,boston3 ,fields1 ,osgood ,co4 ,mr4 ,forster has led us to expect so much from him1 by his excellent biography of ,goldsmith and other works1 that we are not only disappointed but a great deal surprised by the defects of the present bulky volume4 ,landor's life was a tempting theme to one who knew it so well as ,mr4 ,forster4 ,stretching far beyond the ordinary limit of human longevity1 crowded not perhaps with very stirring incidents1 yet with figures of deep historical and literary interest1 and curious for its extraordinary manifestations of a strong character1 it was a subject of which an accomplished writer might have made one of the best biographies in the language4 ,mr4 ,forster has committed a grave fault1 however1 in being too diffuse1 and1 valuable as his book must be to the student of ,landor's history and times1 it certainly cannot be called very interesting4 ,what with the prolixity of the narrative1 and the prolonged summaries and analyses of ,landor's writings1 the reader is too often tempted to close the book from utter weariness4 ,yet there is a remarkable attraction in the life of that violent1 wrongheaded1 wonderful old man of genius1 who left so many enthusiastic friends1 though1 it has been truly said1 nobody could possibly live with him1 and who has enriched ,english literature with poetry worthy of the classic ages of ,greece1 and prose among the purest and most eloquent in the language1 though there is probably no other author of equal pretensions of whom the mass of readers are so completely ignorant4 ,for this reason1 ,mr4 ,forster's biography1 cumbrous as it is1 deserves an extensive circulation1 and it contains so much merit1 that we hope he may be induced to bring it into better shape4 ---- ,wandering ,recollections ,of ,a ,somewhat ,busy ,life3 ,an ,autobiography4 ,by ,john ,neal4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahfi4 ,if the ,messrs4 ,roberts had desired to issue a book for the season1 they could hardly have selected one more appropriate than this pleasant autobiography of ,john ,neal4 ,like the life of its author and subject1 it is full of variety1 everything by starts1 and nothing long1 and runs as naturally from the piling up of bricks and mortar in the resurrection of ,portland from the ashes of #ahff1 to the traditions and incidents of two centuries ago1 as ,mr4 ,neal himself seemed to slip from shop-keeping into authorship1 and from peddling into law4 ,it is a book that one can take up anywhere1 and find somewhat of amusement and instruction2 and can lay down anywhere without fearing to lose the train of thought or the thread of narrative4 ,there is method enough in it to entitle it to be called an autobiography2 there is also a complete justification of the title which its author has appropriated to it4 ,it is the pleasant chat of an old man of seventy-three1 over events and personages into contact with whom extensive travel and a long life have brought him2 a potpourri of the memories and observations of two continents and of over three-score years4 ,its publishers have done for it in print and paper what the matter and the manner of the work deserved2 and if it finds its way into the portmanteau of the summer tourists whether by mountain-side or sea-side1 it will hardly fail to be read1 and so put to good use otherwise perhaps wasted hours4 ---- #gai ,sogarth ,aroon2 ,or1 ,the ,irish ,priest4 ,a ,lecture4 ,by ,m4 ,o',connor1 ,s4,j4 ,baltimore3 ,murphy ,co4 #ahfi4 ,the author of this lecture was once the bishop of ,pittsburg1 a prelate hardly second to any member of the ,american hierarchy in learning and all the highest qualities of a bishop2 and1 as all know1 he resigned his dignity to become a simple ,father in the ,society of ,jesus1 where1 in spite of his broken health1 he has ever since been zealously laboring for the salvation of souls4 ,father ,o',connor has always been remarkable for his intense devotion to his native country and to the best interests of ,irishmen4 ,more than once1 his learned and powerful pen and voice have been employed in their cause4 ,in this lecture he has once again given a just and glowing tribute to the ,irish priesthood4 ,there are some1 both here and in ,ireland1 who are fearing lest the tie which has bound the ,irish people to their priests should be weakened by the efforts of demagogues seeking political influence1 and by other causes of like nature4 ,we trust this may never be the case2 but it behooves all who love the ,irish people truly to imitate ,father ,o',connor1 and do everything in their power to strengthen this tie1 and keep alive the spirit of ,catholic faith in the bosoms of the children of the ,martyr ,church of ,ireland4 ,we recommend this lecture to general circulation both here and in ,ireland1 as an antidote to the poison which some traitors to their race and their religion are seeking to disseminate4 ---- ,young ,christian's ,library1 containing the lives of more than eighty eminent saints and servants of ,god4 #ab vols4 ,philadelphia3 ,henry ,mc,grath4 #ahfi4 ,this miniature library should be found in every ,catholic household4 ,while necessarily abbreviated1 ,the ,lives it contains are by no means mutilated condensations1 and can be read1 not alone with much spiritual benefit1 but with real pleasure1 in so admirable a manner has the editor performed his allotted task4 ,hence1 although specially designed for youth1 we have no hesitation in recommending it to persons advanced in years as an excellent substitute for the ,rev4 ,alban ,butler's more elaborate work1 from which they are severally abridged4 ,the series is very beautifully got up1 and reflects great credit on the taste and liberality of the publisher4 ---- ,appleton's ,annual ,cyclopedia ,for #ahfh4 ,this well-known annual sustains its reputation as a valuable repertory of contemporaneous history4 ,one great merit it has1 is the careful manner in which authentic documents are reproduced in extenso4 ,in regard to ,catholic matters1 it is1 as usual1 guardedly respectful1 evidently intending to be impartial to every body4 ,this is1 of course1 attempting the impossible1 and it is easy to see which way the drift and current of the work do run4 ,we say this in order that the younger and more inexperienced ,catholic students may understand that works of this kind1 proceeding from non-,catholic sources1 are only to be used as lexicons and books of reference1 but never to be trusted as guides or authorities for forming their opinions4 ---- ,the ,habermeister4 ,translated from the ,german of ,h4 ,schmid4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,in this novel we have a vivid picture of ,german peasant life4 ,the plot rests upon the assumption of unlawful authority1 in the name of an ancient custom1 the necessity of which has long since disappeared2 and the catastrophe is brought about by the use made of it by infamous persons4 ,the characters are well delineated4 ,the rag-picker's ride and the grave scene will be found to exhibit to advantage the talents of an author whose greatest success lies in his description of men4 ,the denouement is satisfactory1 although brought about by slightly distorting the truth in regard to the convent reception-room4 ,but the changes in the butcher's character were impossible1 if we regard terror as the cause1 for terror brings only degradation4 ---- #gbj ,the ,irish ,brigade1 ,and ,its ,campaigns3 with some account of the ,corcoran ,legion1 and sketches of the principal officers4 ,by ,capt4 ,d4 ,p4 ,conyngham1 ,a4,d4,c4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,pp4 #eei4 #ahfi4 ,in this1 the second edition of ,captain ,conyngham's well-known work1 the publisher has left nothing to be desired1 but has given us a book which1 with its clear type1 good paper1 handsome and substantial binding1 will compare not unfavorably with any recent issue of the press4 ---- ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society will have ready1 in a few days1 a new edition of ,st4 ,liguori's ,way of ,salvation1 and a new edition of the ,douay ,bible1 #abmo1 printed on fine paper4 ,also an #hvo edition1 on superfine paper1 illustrated4 ---- ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society is now printing a cheap edition of ,challoner's ,catholic ,christian ,instructed1 #bdmo1 to be done up in strong paper covers1 and sold at #bj cents per copy1 or ten dollars for one hundred copies4 ,this will enable clergymen and others to distribute this valuable book among non-,catholics4 ,the ,society will also print a cheap #abmo edition 7large type7 of the some book1 which will be sold at a low price4 ,at the same time1 cheap editions will be issued of ,the ,poor ,man's ,catechism1 7two editions17 ,poor ,man's ,controversy1 ,bossuet's ,exposition4 ,gallitzin's ,defence of ,catholic ,principles1 and ,gallitzin's ,letters on the ,bible4 ,also cheap editions1 bound1 of ,the ,following of ,christ are in press4 ,these1 with several other new editions of valuable books1 will be printed during the fall4 ,the new edition of ,bishop ,bayley's ,history of the ,church on ,new ,york ,island will be enriched by several new notes1 and portraits on steel of ,bishops ,concannon1 ,connolly1 ,dubois1 and ,archbishop ,hughes4 ---- ,messrs4 ,john ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 will soon publish ,the ,life of the ,very ,rev4 ,frederick ,w4 ,faber1 ,d4,d4 ,mr4 ,patrick ,donahoe1 ,boston1 has in press a ,life of ,christopher ,columbus1 translated from the ,french4 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 are preparing for publication ,ten ,working ,designs for ,catholic ,churches4 ,the work is highly recommended by several archbishops and bishops4 ---- ,books ,received4 ,from ,leypoldt ,holt1 ,new ,york3 ,stretton4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,henry ,kingsley4 ,with illustrations4 ,pp4 #bej4 #ahfi4 ,from ,lee ,shepard1 ,boston3 ,credo2 an ,american ,woman in ,europe4 ,patty ,gray's ,journey from ,boston to ,baltimore4 ,from ,benziger ,bros41 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,cantarium ,romanum4 ,pars ,prima4 ,ordinariun ,missae4 ---------- #gba ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,ix41 ,no4 #ed4 ,september1 #ahfi4 ---------- ,daybreak4 ,chapter ,,xv4 ,the ,coming ,of ,the ,messenger4 ,all through that terrible day1 the two staid by ,mr4 ,granger's bedside1 holding his hands1 cooling his fevered face1 and watching for a sign of consciousness that came not4 ,at evening there was a struggle1 short but sharp1 and before they had breathed forth the breath they caught as he started up1 the soul had broken loose1 and a lifeless form sank back upon the pillow4 ,do they listen to us when they are gone8 ,could he1 in the first surprise of sudden freedom1 hear the cry1 like that of a bereaved ,lear1 that sought to follow him1 ,oh6 stay a little6 or the weeping testimony of the other1 ,there stopped the noblest1 kindest heart that ever beat8 ,but1 listen though he might1 from one he heard no word of mourning or appeal after that4 ,since he was happy1 and had no longer any need of her1 and since she had done all in her power to do for him1 she could now remember herself4 ,that his humiliating offer of an empty hand had been kindly meant1 did not lessen her resentment1 but rather increased it4 ,however confident he had been that his interpretation of her perfectly frank conduct was the true one1 he should never have allowed her to know it1 she said4 ,her heart seemed hardened toward him1 and all her friendship dead4 ,how ,i have wasted myself6 was the bitter comment with which she turned away from taking her last look at him4 ,more than once1 in the first days of their loss1 that fiery anger of an insulted heart broke forth4 ,on their way home1 as she sat on the steamer-deck at night1 slowly touching bead after bead of her rosary1 not praying1 but waiting for a prayerful feeling that might come1 there came1 instead1 a recollection of the year before4 ,it rose and painted itself1 like a picture1 between her and the wide1 cool shade and sparkle of midnight sea and sky4 ,there was the home parlor1 the window where she sat that day after her retreat was over1 so happy1 half with heaven and half with earth1 the curtain fanning her1 the vines swinging in and out in the light breeze4 ,she saw ,mr4 ,granger come to her side and drop a rosary into her hands1 saw the silver glitter of his pretty gift1 and heard the words that accompanied it1 ,and indeed1 it should have been of gold1 had not ,jupiter been so poor4 #gbb ,the words caught a new meaning as she recollected them4 ,if not gold1 then nothing6 she exclaimed2 and1 leaning over the rail1 flung his gift as far as she could fling it out over the water4 ,the waning moonlight ran around the frosted chain and pearl beads1 as if some spirit hand had swiftly told every ,pater and ,ave of them in expiation of that rash act4 ,then the waters caught them1 and they slipped twinkling down through the green deeps4 ,margaret left the deck1 and went down to where ,mr4 ,lewis walked to and fro1 keeping his mournful watch4 ,his face was pale1 and his eyes heavy4 ,he looked perfectly grief stricken4 ,what is the matter8 he asked4 ,has any one spoken to you8 ,no2 but ,i have been thinking4 ,she leaned on his arm1 and looked down upon the casket at their feet4 ,that man thought that ,i wanted him to marry me4 ,is it only a wicked pride1 ,i wonder1 that rises up in revolt when ,i remember it8 ,should not there be a better name8 ,i could not be angry then1 because he was dying2 and ,i forgot it till the next night1 after all was over1 when ,i went in to see him4 ,i was full of grief then1 and had some silly notion1 just like me6 of telling him1 and that he would hear4 ,the wind had blown the hair over his forehead1 and just as ,i started to put it back1 ,i recollected1 and caught my hand away and left him4 ,i had nothing to say to him then1 nor since4 ,what did he want to kill my friendship so for8 ,his memory would have been sweet to me4 ,it is poisoned4 ,well1 ,mr4 ,lewis said1 with a sort of despair1 women are queer beings1 and you are ultra womanish4 ,one day you will risk your life for a man1 and the next you will look with scorn upon him in his coffin4 ,a better name than pride1 do you say8 ,i call it the most infernal kind of pride4 ,where is your gratitude1 girl1 toward the man who never had any but a kind word and thought for you8 ,he arranged everything for you1 that first night1 just as much as he did for ,dora1 and made me promise that you should never want for a friend while ,i live4 ,you ought to humble yourself1 ,margaret1 and beg his pardon4 ,do you think so8 she asked faintly4 ,i hope that you are right4 ,i would rather blame myself than him4 ,of course ,i think so6 he answered indignantly4 ,did he ever give you one unkind look1 even8 ,did he ever prefer any one else before you8 ,did he ever allow any one to speak against you in his presence8 ,i never1 before nor since1 saw him take fire as he did once when some one criticised you to him4 ,did he8 ,did he8 exclaimed ,margaret1 kneeling by the casket1 and laying her cheek to the cold wood4 ,ah6 that was indeed friendship6 ,in that softened mood she reached home4 ,when death1 in visiting a household1 is unaccompanied by sordid cares1 the lost one being necessary to our hearts alone2 when the living have no remorse for the past and no terror for the future of their friend2 when the silent face is peaceful2 and when the earth that opens to receive it is warm and full of life1 like the bosom of a mother where a sleeping child hides its face--then death is more beautiful than life4 #gbc ,thus this celestial visitant came to the ,granger household2 and if an angel had alighted visibly in their midst1 and folded his white wings to tarry there a day1 the presence could not have been more sacred or more sweet4 ,every sign of gloom was banished4 ,the light was no more shut out than it always was in summer2 all the rooms were perfumed with flowers2 and the master of the house was not left alone1 but lay at the front end of the long parlor suite1 in full sight of the family as they came and went4 ,among the many callers who came that day was the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,kenneth1 the old minister with whom we have seen ,mr4 ,southard taking theological counsel4 ,this gentleman listened with astonishment and indignation while ,mrs4 ,lewis told him that ,mr4 ,granger had died a ,catholic1 and would have a requiem mass the next morning4 ,he must have been unduly influenced1 madam6 said the minister excitedly4 ,mr4 ,granger would never have taken such a step of himself4 ,it is impossible6 ,somewhat embarrassed1 ,mrs4 ,lewis drew back1 and disclosed ,miss ,hamilton sitting in the shadow behind her1 and1 at the first word of reply1 gladly left the room1 having no mind to stand between two such fires1 though the doctor's opponent looked too pale and quiet to be very dangerous4 ,with ,god all things are possible1 ,dr4 ,kenneth1 was what ,margaret said4 ,he regarded her sternly2 yet after a moment softened at sight of the utter mournfulness of her face4 ,o child of many prayers6 he exclaimed1 whither have you wandered8 ,please don't6 she said4 ,i can not bear anything2 and we don't want any harsh words while he is here4 ,the doctor hesitated1 and turned to go2 but she stopped him4 ,while ,i saw you standing out there and looking at him1 ,i remembered how often you used to come to my grandfather's1 and how you petted me when ,i was a little girl4 ,one day ,i was trying to carry you the large ,bible1 and ,i fell with it4 ,grandfather scolded me2 but you patted my head when you saw that ,i was on the point of crying1 and said that the ,highest and the ,holiest fell1 not once only1 but thrice1 under his burden4 ,and you pulled my curls1 and said1 laughing1 that if strength dwelt in length of locks1 then ,i ought to be able to carry not only the ,bible1 but the house4 ,what makes the difference now8 ,are you harder8 or am ,i in less need of charity8 ,you have your friends1 he said coldly1 those for whom you left us4 ,not so1 she replied4 ,i have those in this house2 but in the church ,i had only him out there4 ,my church1 here1 at least1 does not receive converts as yours does4 ,i suppose it must be because they know that we are only coming home to our own ,father's house1 and they think it would be presumptuous in them to come to meet us1 as if we needed to be welcomed4 ,what6 was no courtesy1 no kindness shown you8 he asked incredulously4 ,scarcely a decent civility1 she replied4 ,but no matter about that4 ,only1 ,i want you to remember it1 and to send my old friends back to me4 ,if they will not come1 then their talk of religious freedom is hardly sincere2 and if you do not tell them1 then ,i shall think you unchristian4 ,indeed1 doctor1 when you have passed me ill the street1 without any notice1 ,i haven't thought that you were very good just then4 #gbd ,the doctor looked at her keenly4 ,i will be friends with you on one condition1 he said4 ,and that8 ,let ,mr4 ,southard alone6 he said with emphasis4 ,before she could utter a protestation1 he had left the room4 ,the day crept past1 and the night1 and another day2 and then there was nothing for them to do but take up their life1 and try to make the best of it4 ,the first event to break the monotony came in ,september1 when ,dora was baptized4 ,all the family attended the ceremony1 for the time putting aside whatever prejudices they might feel4 ,then they began to look eagerly for ,mr4 ,southard's return4 ,he might be expected on the first ,sunday of ,october1 he wrote most positively1 but1 for the rest1 was very indefinite4 ,he wrote so vaguely1 indeed1 that his congregation were rather displeased4 ,his leave of absence had expired1 yet he seemed to consider his coming home a furlough4 ,rather extraordinary1 they thought it4 ,mr4 ,southard was not one of those pastors who live in a chronic deluge of worsted-work from their lady friends4 ,on his first coming to the pulpit1 there had been symptoms of such an inundation2 but he had checked them with characteristic promptness1 representing to the fair devotees the small need he had of four-score pairs of pantoufles1 even should his life be prolonged as many years1 and suggesting that those who had so much leisure might profitably employ it in visiting and sewing for the poor4 ,but the repulse was given with such simplicity and candor1 and so utterly unconscious did he appear that any motive could have prompted their labors save a profound conviction that their pastor was shoeless1 that even the most inveterate needle-woman forgave him4 ,he was not in the least sentimental1 he was indeed strict1 and often cold1 though never harsh4 ,still1 though he lacked many of the qualities of a modern popular minister1 his people were much attached to him4 ,they trusted him thoroughly1 and they were proud of him4 ,he had talent1 culture1 and a high character and reputation4 ,he was not a sensational preacher2 but his directness and earnestness were unique1 and occasionally his hearers were electrified by some eloquent outburst1 full of antique fire kindled at the shrines of the prophets4 ,it also did not go against him that he was the handsomest man in the city1 a bachelor1 and rich enough in his own right to dispense with a salary4 ,great1 therefore1 was their delight when his return was positively announced1 and they set about preparing for it with a good will4 ,the church was renovated1 a new ,bible and a sofa were purchased1 and a beautiful ,catharine-wheel window1 full of colored glass1 was put in over the choir4 ,receptions were arranged1 flowers bespoken1 committees appointed1 the barouche which was to take him home from the depot was chosen1 and the two dignitaries who were to occupy it with him were1 after due deliberation1 selected4 ,all this was done decently and in order4 ,mr4 ,southard's people were far from being of the vulgar1 showy sort1 and prided themselves on being able to accomplish a good deal without any fuss whatever4 ,even the newspaper chorus which proclaimed each progressive step of the minister's homeward journey1 as ,clytemnestra the coming of the sacred fire1 sang in subdued language and unobtrusive type4 ,at last1 all that was wanting was the final announcement1 in the ,saturday evening papers1 that the reverend gentleman had arrived4 #gbe ,indeed1 the notice had been written1 with all particulars1 the evening before1 and had almost got into print1 when it was discovered that ,mr4 ,southard had not arrived4 ,the barouche had returned from the depot without him1 the two dignified personages who went as escort suffering a temporary diminution of dignity and an access of ill-temper4 ,it is rather mortifying to see people look disappointed that it is only you who have come1 and to know that not only have you lost the glory which was to have been reflected on you from the principal actor in the scene1 but that your own proper lustre is for the time obscured4 ,it was found1 however1 that a letter had been written by ,mr4 ,southard1 not a pleasing one1 by any means1 to his disappointed masters of ceremonies4 ,he would be in his pulpit on ,sunday morning1 he informed them2 and after ,sunday would be happy and grateful to see any of his dear and long-tried friends who would be so kind as to call on him4 ,but till that time he did not feel equal to the excitement of any formal reception4 ,he had scarcely recovered his strength after a long illness1 he was fatigued with travel1 and also1 he was returning to a house made desolate by the death of one of his oldest and dearest friends4 ,they are terribly wilted1 ,mr4 ,lewis said1 as the family sat around the centre-table that evening4 ,you never saw anybody so grumpy as the deacons are4 ,they are scandalized1 moreover1 in view of the only way in which he can come now4 ,of course1 he will have to travel all night1 and come into town ,sunday morning4 ,there's ,sabbath-breaking for you4 ,one good thing1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said2 they have stopped ringing the door-bell4 ,i do believe there have been a hundred people here to-day to ask if ,mr4 ,southard had come4 ,auntie1 said ,aurelia1 with a look of mild horror1 you don't know what uncle said to the last gentleman who came4 ,he told him that when the minister made his appearance1 he would hang out a flag over the portico1 and fire rockets from the front windows4 ,the three ladies were sewing1 and ,dora sat beside ,margaret with a catechism in her hand1 learning the ,acts4 ,aunt ,margaret1 whispered the child1 what do you think ,god told me when ,i said1 ',o my ,god6 ,i firmly believe'8 ,says he1' ,oh6 what a lying little girl you are6' ,why should he say that8 was the grave inquiry4 ,because ,i told him that ,i believed all the sacred truths2 and how can ,i believe when ,i don't know 'em8 ,this is what ,i did2 ,i said1 ',please don't listen to me now1 ,o ,lord6 ,i'm not talking to you4 ,i'm only learning my lesson4' ,come to bed now1 my dear1 said ,margaret1 and we will talk about it4 ,i did not expect ,mr4 ,southard to show so much feeling1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said1 when the two had gone out4 ,he received the news of ,mr4 ,granger's change of religion with such silent displeasure that ,i supposed he would discard even his memory4 ,he shows courage1 too1 in still speaking of him as a friend2 for some of his people will be displeased4 ,i'm sure1 aunt1 ,aurelia replied rather hastily1 no one can say that ,mr4 ,southard ever lacked the courage to utter his sentiments4 ,no1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said in a very moderate tone1 but looked sharply into her niece's drooping face4 #gbf ,aurelia had not looked up in speaking1 and seemed to be engrossed in her work2 but there was a glistening of tears through the thick lashes1 and the delicate rose in her cheeks had grown crimson-hearted4 ,she seldom spoke with spirit2 but when she did1 it always woke that rich bloom4 ,the bell rang again1 and in a few minutes the parlor-door opened1 and the ,rev4 ,doctor ,kenneth came in4 ,the servant told me that ,mr4 ,southard has not arrived1 he said2 but as she did not absolutely forbid me1 ,i came in to see the rest of you4 ,they welcomed him cordially4 ,the doctor had got in the way of dropping in occasionally1 and they were always glad to see him4 ,the venerable gentleman was something of a courtier1 and knew how to make himself all things to all men4 ,i have my colleague at last1 he said1 and to-morrow ,i promise myself the pleasure of hearing ,mr4 ,southard1 if he comes4 ,margaret returned to the parlor1 and was pleasantly saluted by the doctor who made room for her to sit beside him4 ,she took the place willingly1 being especially pleased with him just then2 for1 by his influence1 her old friends were beginning to gather about her1 coldly at first1 it is true1 but that would mend in time4 ,they resumed the conversation which her coming had interrupted4 ,i have never denied that ,mr4 ,maurice ,sinclair might possess some noble qualities1 the doctor said1 in his stateliest manner4 ,and ,i have never said nor thought that he could rightly be called a base man4 ,but ,i have said1 and ,i still think that he was a dangerous man2 and moreover1 that last letter of his1 instead of softening my judgment1 makes me condemn him all the more2 for it shows unmistakably what light he sinned against4 ,but1 doctor1 interposed ,aurelia's soft voice1 he seemed to be a ,christian at last4 ,by no means1 my dear1 the doctor answered decidedly4 ,his unbelief was nobler1 that is all4 ,the ,christian soul strains upward1 and drops off the earthly2 the pagan soul strains outward1 and grasps what is greatest on earth4 ,he was a pagan4 ,i have always1 during my whole ministry1 had more fear of those who stand on the border-lands between good and evil1 than of those who are clearly in the enemy's country4 ,do you want to take wine with a drunkard8 ,certainly not4 ,the faithful can resist a glaring tempter2 but let one of these gallant chieftains come up with his mouth full of fine sentiments1 and presto1 ',all the blue bonnets are over the border6' ,but what can we preachers do when the ladies decide to canonize a man8 ,i'm afraid they are disposed to believe that a fine head must deserve a fine crown4 ,there's one exception1 doctor1 ,mr4 ,lewis said1 pointing to his wife4 ,the lady appeared not to notice the allusion to herself1 but spoke in a musing1 silvery voice1 her eyes fixed dreamily on space4 ,what a wise arrangement of ,providence it is1 that interesting masculine penitents should awaken the gushing philanthropy of ladies1 gentlemen standing aloof2 while interesting feminine penitents almost as invariably excite the pious charity of men1 ladies1 in their turn1 holding off4 ,in both cases1 there are the feast and the skeleton quite correct4 ,i recollect1 doctor1 hearing you preach1 years ago1 a sermon on the ,magdalen4 ,it was very edifying2 but ,i was sorry that you found it necessary to mention her golden hair4 ,indeed1 ,i have always thought that the old painters would have made a better point if they had represented her as a plain1 middle-aged woman1 with great haggard eyes1 like pits of darkness through which the soul was struggling1 only a spark1 but kindled to a conflagration which should consume with holy fire that poor1 desecrated clay of hers4 ,that is the true ,magdalen2 not your light ,correggio1 who might be a danseuse reading a ,french novel after the ballet4 #gbg ,the lady had dropped her careless air1 and was speaking almost vehemently4 ,it seemed1 indeed1 that some personal experience lent a poignancy to her convictions on the subject4 ,i am glad of the chance to express my opinions1 she said1 and glad that you have made me angry enough to have courage to speak4 ,i protest against this pernicious indulgence which latter-day ,christians show to vice1 persuading themselves that they are charitable4',swear him1 and let him go1' as the soldier said of the rattlesnake4 ,when ,i see these sentimentalists seek out real penitence where it hides speechless and ashamed1 then ,i will call them charitable1 and not before4 ,but no2 real penitence is not interesting4 ,it cannot attitudinize1 it stammers1 it has red and swollen eyes1 it shrinks almost from being forgiven1 it never holds its head up again4 ,but1 madam1 said the doctor1 somewhat disconcerted1 all are liable to mistakes2 and in being too strict with doubtful penitents1 we may discourage the true ones4 ,they are easily distinguished1 she said curtly4 ,besides1 you lose sight of another risk you run4 ,you appear to take for granted that none are tempted save those who fall4 ,how do you know how many may be holding on to their integrity by a mere thread1 struggling desperately but silently1 needing every help1 in so precarious a condition that a breath1 a word1 may destroy them8 ,such people do not speak2 you hear nothing of them but the crash of their fall4 ,or1 if they fall not1 you never know4 ,to me1 that conflict is more pathetic1 more tragical1 than all the paraded sighs and tears of those who have found that dishonesty doesn't pay4 ,those who do right simply and purely for ,god's sake are few and far between4 ,most people need the support of public opinion and the approbation of those whom they look up to4 ,let it be seen that1 do what they may1 if only they can excuse themselves prettily and plausibly1 they will be easily forgiven1 and set still higher than before1 and what will be the result8 ,you can see it in society to-day4 ,charity1 so-called1 has increased2 has virtue increased8 ,if good women would not make themselves so disagreeable1 as they often do1 ,mr4 ,lewis said gruffly4 ,try to please them1 his wife replied4 ,praise them a little2 be agreeable yourselves1 and see if they don't improve in that respect4 ,meet a person with a glum face1 and if that person is sincere and sensitive1 you are not likely to get smiles in return4 ,aurelia leaned toward her aunt1 put an arm around her1 and whispered1 ,dear auntie1 you're an angel2 but please don't say any more4 ,i do not like to hear men and women criticise each other1 the doctor said calmly1 introducing a switch into the track of the conversation4 ,they are neither of them fitted to think for and judge the other4 ,they1 in the moral universe1 are like earth and sea in the physical4 ,and as air is common to earth and sea1 so spirit1 and all higher influences1 are common to man and woman alike4 #gbh ,yes1 ,miss ,hamilton said1 and while the earth has gold1 and silver1 and iron1 and gems1 the sea has only pearls1 and they are tears1 woman's proper parure4 ,and while the earth maintains its place1 and is not moved1 the sea goes moaning about1 breaking itself on rocks1 and climbing even to heaven1 only that it may fall again upon the land4 ,blessed showers6 said the doctor1 who had watched her smilingly while she spoke4 ,be sure1 ,margaret1 sooner or later those for whose sakes you and your sisters have climbed to heaven with such toil and pain will see some heavenly likeness in you1 and hail you as welcome messengers4 ,don't lose courage1 dear4 ,don't join the bitter waves that break themselves against the rocks1 or the sly1 insidious waves that steal away the land and drag it down4 ,but let your part be with those who visit us by the way of heaven4 ,wouldn't you rather we should look up when we want you1 though it were seldom1 than look down1 though it were often8 ,she looked up1 bright and blushing for a moment1 like her old self1 trembling with gladness1 she knew not why4 ,it seemed to be a prophecy of good tidings4 ,into the silence that followed a deep sigh broke4 ,they all looked up1 then rose1 speechless1 changed suddenly into a group of mourners4 ,for ,mr4 ,southard stood before them with that in his countenance which showed how much more plainly than even their living faces he saw the shadow of one who was gone for ever4 ,pallid with sickness1 fatigue1 and trouble1 he came forward to receive their almost voiceless welcomes4 ,god knows1 he said1 that if the choice had been with me1 my place1 rather than his1 should have been made vacant4 ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,a ,deserted ,flock4 ,bostonians have been accused of putting too much ,sabbath into their ,sundays2 but long may it be before the noisy waves of business or pleasure shall wash away that quiet island in the weary sea of days4 ,there is a suggestion of peace1 if not of sacredness1 in the silence almost like that of the country1 in the closed doors and empty streets2 and when the bells ,sprinkle with holy sounds the air1 as the priest with the hyssop ,sprinkles the congregation1 and scatters blessings upon them1 he must be insensible indeed who does not--at least1 momentarily--remember that there is another world than this4 ,on the morning after his return1 ,mr4 ,southard resumed his old ,sunday habit of breakfasting in his own room1 and none of the family saw him before service4 ,he always went to his church early1 and alone1 and never spoke to any one on the way4 ,margaret1 you really ought to go with us this time1 ,mrs4 ,lewis said4 ,i think you might unbend for once4 ,to stoop from the presence of ,god to the presence of a creature is bending too far1 was the reply4 ,such bending breaks4 ,i and my pet are going to see the heavens open1 and the ,lord descend2 are we not1 ,dorothea1 gift of ,god8 ,mrs4 ,lewis turned herself about before the cheval-glass to see the effect of a superb toilet that she had made in honor of the occasion4 ,ah6 well1 she said4 ,you may be right4 ,i have indeed a faithful heart1 but a woefully skeptical head2 shall we go now8 #gbi ,the night had been very sharp for the season2 but when they all went out together1 the sun was shining warmly through the morning haze1 the air was still1 and the dripping1 splendid branches of the ,october trees were hesitating between hoarfrost and dew1 and glittering with both4 ,people in holiday attire1 and with holiday faces1 went past1 the bells clanged out1 then paused1 and left only a tremulous murmur in the air1 the very spirit of sound4 ,far away1 a chime rang an old-fashioned hymn1 in that quaint1 stiff way that chimes have4 ,at a street-corner the party separated1 and went their several ways4 ,as the ,lewises entered their own church1 they involuntarily exchanged a smile4 ,nothing could be prettier than that interior4 ,the side-lights were all shut out1 and for the first time the new window was unveiled1 and threw its rich light over the choir1 and up the nave1 kindling the flowers that profusely draped the pulpit and platform1 and edging with crimson the garnet velvet cushions4 ,the people in this church had usually easy elbow-room1 but to-day they permitted themselves to be crowded a little by visitors4 ,there were even chairs brought into the galleries2 and when the hour for service arrived1 there was a row of gentlemen standing behind the last pews4 ,but there was no sound save the soft rustle of ladies' dresses1 and now and then a hushed whisper4 ,there was the most perfect decorum and composure1 and a silence that was respectful if not reverential4 ,no belligerent mutterings ever rose through the voice of prayer or praise within these walls2 no belated worshipper ever went tramping up to the very front after service had begun2 and moreover1 neither in this1 nor in any other ,protestant church1 did visitors come with opera-glasses and chattering tongues1 to turn what was meant as a place of worship into a place of amusement4 ,quite late1 ,dr4 ,kenneth came up the aisle1 and seated himself in the ,lewis pew2 and while every one looked at him1 the door leading back from the platform to the vestry was opened1 and almost before they were aware1 ,mr4 ,southard had entered and taken his place4 ,there was a soft stir and rustle all through the church1 and the choir sang an anthem--that beautiful one of ,brasbury's3 ,how beautiful is ,zion ,upon the mountain's brow1 ,the coming of the messenger1 ,to cheer the plains below4 ,mr4 ,southard sat with his eyes fixed on the cornice-wreath1 and let his congregation stare at him1 and they did not scruple to take advantage of the opportunity4 ,the impression was not the one they had expected to receive4 ,he was too pale and spiritual1 and his expression was too much that of some lofty martyr fronting death unmoved1 a ,st4 ,sebastian1 pierced with arrows1 his soul just pluming itself for flight through those lifted eyes4 ,moreover1 not only were all their flowers invisible to him1 but he never looked at their new window1 though the light from one of its golden panes streamed full in his face as he sat4 ,where was the smiling glance that might1 surely1 have made one swift scrutiny of their familiar faces1 unseen so long8 ,where was the prayer of thanksgiving that he had been brought safely back to his people1 after such an absence1 and through so many dangers8 ,where was the joyful hymn of praise8 ,when ,mr4 ,southard rose1 he repeated only the ,lord's prayer2 and the first hymn he read was anything but joyful3 ,nearer1 my ,god1 to thee1 ,nearer to thee1 ,e'en though it be a cross ,that raiseth me4 #gcj ,dear me6 doctor1 ,mrs4 ,lewis could not help whispering1 ,i do wish that for to-day1 at least1 he could have hidden the cross under the crown4 ,the text was unexpected3 ,little children1 love one another4 ,not a single war-note1 not a word of that ,aceldama from which he had but just come1 but an impassioned exhortation that1 casting aside all differences1 dissensions1 and uncharitableness1 they should love each other even as ,christ had loved them4 ,mr4 ,southard seldom displayed any strong feeling except indignation or a lofty fervor2 but now he seemed deeply moved1 and full of a yearning tenderness toward those whom he addressed4 ,and they1 after the first1 forgot their disappointment1 and were almost as much affected as he4 ,why do ,i choose for my text words which recall the sufferings of our divine ,lord8 he asked4 ,and why do ,i select words of parting exhortation rather than words of greeting8 ,because the passion is not yet ended2 because ,christ is no more a king to-day than he was nineteen centuries ago2 because even among those who call upon his name1 his commands1 his entreaties are disregarded4 ,still his sceptre is but a reed1 his purple still covers the marks of the lash1 his brow still bleeds under its crown4 ,lastly1 because ,i am not a pastor returning joyfully to his flock1 hoping for no more partings1 but one who comes sorrowfully to say farewell1 scarcely daring to hope for any other meeting with you4 ,a pastor8 ,and who is he that leadeth the flocks of the ,lord8 ,he to whom the divine ,shepherd hath given the charge1 bidding him go4 ,brethren1 he has not spoken to me1 save in rebuking4 ,instead of green pastures1 ,i have led you in the desert4 ,for still waters1 ,i have brought you to the banks of ,marah4 ,who is he in whose hands the baptismal waters are cleansing1 who can bind man and woman as husband and wife1 who can consecrate the bread and wine1 who can loosen its burden from the penitent soul8 ,he who1 looking up the line of his spiritual descent1 sees the tongues of fire alighting upon his ancestors in the ,lord4 ,bear with me1 my friends6 ,at the head of my line stands the traitor who sat at meat with ,christ1 and ate the bread he broke1 and drank the wine he blessed1 and then betrayed him4 ,the congregation were too much startled and puzzled by this sudden turn to notice that ,doctor ,kenneth's head was bowed forward on the front of the pew1 and that ,aurelia ,lewis was leaning with her face hidden on her aunt's shoulder4 ,but ,mr4 ,southard saw them1 and grew yet paler4 ,when he spoke again1 it was with difficulty4 ,this is no place for me to stand and advocate doctrines denied by you4 ,yet surely it is no treason to the trust you reposed in me when you invited me to become your pastor1 if ,i ask1 if ,i entreat that you will examine fairly and prayerfully before you condemn my course4 ,i dare not trust myself to thank you for all your past friendship for me1 to utter my wishes for your future good1 or to tell you how my heart is torn by this parting4 ,i have only strength to go4 ,do you ask whither ,i am going8 ,after years of mental torment unsuspected by you1 and when at last my strength was deserting me1 and the waters were going over my soul1 where did ,i find refuge and safety8 ,in that glorious old ship whose sails are full of the breath of the ,spirit1 who has faith for an anchor1 the cross as her ensign1 and ,st4 ,peter at the helm4 ,brethren1 ,i am a ,roman ,catholic1 thank ,god6 #gca ,immediately the congregation were in confusion1 and one gentleman stood up and called1 ,stop1 sir6 ,the light that had sprung to ,mr4 ,southard's face at the last words dropped out again4 ,he leaned over the pulpit1 and commanded silence with a gesture at once imploring and imperative4 ,one word more6 he said4 ,believe in my unaltered affection for you2 and believe also that though my hands are not anointed to give benediction1 ,i fervently pray that ,god may bless you now and for ever4 ,farewell6 ,he turned away from them1 and walked slowly toward the vestry-door4 ,before he had closed it behind him1 a silence fell1 and he heard ,doctor ,kenneth's trembling voice exclaim1 ,let us pray6 ,glancing back1 ,mr4 ,southard saw the old minister standing with upraised hands in his deserted pulpit4 ,where he passed the rest of that day1 the family did not know4 ,it was early twilight when they saw him coming up the street toward the house4 ,by that time they had recovered from their first excitement1 all but ,aurelia4 ,she still kept her room4 ,mr4 ,southard walked with a firm and dignified step1 and his face was perfectly serene4 ,he even smiled when he saw ,margaret standing in the parlor window1 watching for him4 ,no servant shall open the door for him this time1 at least1 she thought1 and hastened to open it herself4 ,welcome home6 she said exultingly1 holding out both hands to him4 ,you did that nobly6 ,a thousand times1 welcome6 ,mr4 ,southard closed the door1 then looked at her boldly1 putting her hands back4 ,do not mock my empty life with so slight a gift as mere kindness1 he said4 ,if you give me your hand1 give it to me to keep4 ,she stood one instant wavering1 then gave him her hand again4 ,keep it1 she said4 ,lingering behind him as he went to meet ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lewis1 ,margaret flung her pledged hand upward as if she flung a gauge4 ,louis ,granger1 you shall not look down and think that ,i am breaking my heart for you6 ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,in ,exitu ,israel4 ,some one tells of a wind so strong that he could turn and lean his back against it1 as against a post4 ,mr4 ,southard found some such effect as this in the excitement caused by his change of religion4 ,for there are times when a strong opposition is wonderfully sustaining4 ,it fans the flame1 and keeps the soul in a lively glow1 without any expenditure of our own breath4 ,being thus saved the pains of maintaining his fervor1 the new convert took up tranquilly his religious studies1 viewing from the inside that church which heretofore he had seen only from the outside4 ,the study was an ever fresh delight2 and as1 one after another1 new beauties were revealed1 and new harmonies unfolded themselves1 the miracle seemed to be1 not that he should see now1 but that he should have been blind so long4 ,no one knows1 save those who have been born away from this home of the soul1 the full delight of that succession of surprises and discoveries in the search made by him who comes late to his father's house4 ,the first dawn or flash of faith1 come as faith may1 shows only the door1 and a dim and long-stretching perspective4 ,but once inside1 with what wonder1 what curiosity1 what incredulity1 even1 we wander about examining the treasures of this new-found inheritance of ours4 #gcb ,surely1 we say1 here we shall be disappointed4 ,here there will be a shade on the picture4 ,but1 looking closely1 we find instead a still more eminent beauty4 ,nor are these varied discoveries exhausted in a few months1 nor in a few years1 nor in many years4 ,even when the noon of life has been spent in the quest1 and twilight comes1 still there are such suites to explore1 ,such closets to search1 such alcoves to importune4 ,but the most spiritual of us are not all spirit2 and when1 after a few weeks1 the storm of denunciation against him subsided a little1 weary of its own violence1 ,mr4 ,southard began to feel the vacuum left by his loss of occupation1 and to depend more on the home life4 ,here the prospect was not without shadows4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lewis had behaved nobly1 and1 after the first shock1 had stood by him through every trial4 ,not that ,i am so fond of ,catholicism1 ,mr4 ,lewis said4 ,but ,i like to see a man who has a mind of his own1 and isn't afraid to speak it4 ,the shadow in this case was ,mr4 ,lewis's niece1 who showed an unconquerable coldness toward her former minister4 ,this was not to him a matter of vital consequence1 certainly1 though it troubled him more than he would have expected4 ,she had always looked up to him with undoubting faith as her religious guide4 ,now he perceived with pain and mortification that he had not only destroyed her respect for his own authority1 but had made her distrustful of all authority4 ,he attempted to justify himself to her2 but she stopped him4 ,i do not occupy myself in criticising your conduct and opinions1 ,mr4 ,southard1 she said2 and ,i would rather say nothing about it4 ,for the first time1 it struck him that ,miss ,lewis had a very stately manner4 ,neither was ,miss ,hamilton just what ,mr4 ,southard wished his promised wife to be to him1 though he could scarcely have told in what she was lacking4 ,her evident desire that for the present the engagement should be unsuspected1 even by their own family1 he did not find fault with1 though it prevented all confidential intercourse between them2 but he would have preferred that she had not been quite so positively friendly1 and no more4 ,it seemed a little odd1 too1 that he should never1 even by accident1 find her alone1 though they had frequently met so in the old times4 ,weary1 at length1 of waiting on chance1 he requested an interview1 and stated his wishes4 ,he would like to go to ,europe as soon as possible1 and stay there a year4 ,he could not feel himself settled in the church1 till he had been in ,rome a ,catholic1 having once been there an unbeliever4 ,of course he would expect to take his wife with him4 ,why should they delay4 ,why not be married at ,christmas1 and start so as to reach ,rome before ,easter8 ,margaret grew pale4 ,it is so soon1 she said in a frightened way4 ,and you know ,i cannot leave ,dora4 ,you might go without me4 ,then1 as his countenance fell1 she added1 trying to smile1 ,i love my freedom1 and want to keep it as long as ,i can4 ,but when ,i do take bonds on myself1 ,i shall be very dutiful4 ,i do not think that you will lose any freedom which you need greatly desire to keep1 he said gently1 but with a shade of disapproval4 ,and as to ,dora1 ,mrs4 ,lewis would take good care of her4 #gcc ,dora is a sacred charge to me1 ,mr4 ,southard1 ,margaret said hastily2 not only her person1 but her faith4 ,i cannot intrust her to any one else4 ,besides1 she would break her heart if parted from me4 ,no one else can comfort her when--when she needs comfort4 ,mr4 ,southard considered awhile4 ,i approve of your being careful to do your duty by the child1 he said presently4 ,but1 you know1 some priest could have her religious education under his supervision while we are gone4 ,i would not1 on any account1 urge you to violate a scruple of conscience4 ,possibly1 however1 if you should consult your confessor1 he might decide that your duty to the child should bend to your duty to me4 ,margaret's face blushed up crimson1 and her eyes emitted a spark4 ,the confessor whom ,i shall consult when ,i name my wedding-day1 will be my own heart1 she said1 in anything but a humble tone of voice4 ,mr4 ,southard looked at her searchingly4 ,can it be1 he asked1 that a lack of affection on your part is the cause of this reluctance8 ,i esteem you highly1 ,mr4 ,southard1 she replied faintly1 shrinking a little4 ,but ,i am not very reasonable1 and you must have patience with me4 ,please don't say any more now4 ,this is very sudden4 ,i will think of it4 ,very well1 he replied4 ,perhaps when you have thought1 you may accede to my first proposal4 ,it is not worth while to delay1 you know1 when one's mind is made up4 ,i must go now with ,dora to make her first confession1 ,margaret said1 anxious to change the subject4 ,will you excuse me8 ,i am afraid the storm may grow worse4 ,the rain is falling gently now2 but you know the old proverb3 ',when the wind comes before the rain1 ,you may hoist your topsails up again2 ,but when the rain comes before the winds4 ,you may reef when it begins4' ,and a true proverb it is in more ways than one1 ,mr4 ,lewis said1 appearing at that moment4 ,when my wife begins by flying at me and tearing my hair out1 and then goes to crying afterward1 ,i hope for fair weather soon4 ,but when she starts with a gentle drip of tears1 ,i always look out for squalls before it is over4 ,remember that for your future guidance1 ,mr4 ,southard4 ,margaret escaped from the room1 and in a few minutes was on her way to the church1 with ,dora half hidden under her cloak1 and nestled close to her side4 ,as she rode along1 feeling1 some way1 as if they were flying from pursuit or from a prison1 she experienced one of those tender touches of recollection with which the ,spirit1 ever following us1 seeks to recall our wayward hearts4 ,what should ,i do if ,i had no church to go to8 was the thought that came2 and as it came1 the altar toward which she was approaching1 glowed through the chill ,november rain like the fire in happy homes4 ,outside1 in the corridor leading to that familiar chapel of ,st4 ,valentine1 endeared by so many sacred and tender memories1 they paused a moment and recollected themselves4 ,my dear little one1 ,christ ,jesus the ,lord is in there6 ,do you truly think that he likes me8 whispered ,dora apprehensively1 glancing askance at the lambent little flame that burned inside4 ,oh6 yes1 was the confident answer4 ,he is very fond of you when you are good4 ,the sweet face smiled again4 ,then ,i an't afraid of him1 auntie4 ,come4 #gcd ,after an act of contrition on her own account1 and a prayer for the child1 ,margaret led ,dora to the confessional1 placed her on her knees there1 and1 dropping the curtain behind her1 retired to wait at a distance4 ,verifying the proverb1 it was blowing quite violently when the two started for home again4 ,margaret went directly up to her chamber1 having need to be alone4 ,what was it striving within her1 what memory1 almost at the surface of her mind1 yet unseen1 like a flower in spring just ready to burst through the mould that feels but knows it not8 ,on her table was a bunch of ,english violets that some one had left there for her4 ,at the sight of them1 her trouble sharpened to pain that had yet some touch of delight in it4 ,the wind was full of voices1 it caught the rain1 and lashed the windows1 it shook the doors1 and called sighingly about the chimneys1 and swung the vines against the panes4 ,as she leaned there wondering and troubled1 a faint1 sweet perfume from the violets stole into her face4 ,it was magical4 ,she sank on her knees and drew the flowers to her bosom4 ,o my friend6 how could ,i ever dream of forgetting you8 ,how it came back1 that rainy day at the seaside1 the terror of the tempest1 the fire she had kindled1 the watch she had kept1 the presentiment of sorrow1 then the muffled figure coming down the road1 the rain1 the wind1 and his smile1 all meeting her at the door1 and the perfume of the violets he had brought her6 ,who knows not the power that perfumes have over the memory8 ,the influence of sound is evanescent1 that which the eyes have seen the imagination changes in time2 but a perfume is the most subtile and indestructible of reminders4 ,you have walked in the world's beaten ways many a year1 till the country home of your childhood is a picture almost effaced from your mind4 ,its tones echo no more1 its faces are faded1 its scenes forgotten4 ,some sultry summer day1 wandering from the city1 but only half weaned from the thoughts of it1 your listlessly straying feet crush the warm1 wild herbage1 and a thick perfume of sweet-fern rises about you4 ,what does it mean8 ,thrilling to your finger-tips1 you bend and inhale that strange yet familiar scent4 ,its touch is as potent as the touch of the rod of ,moses4 ,a score of years roll back their tide ,of mingled joy and pain2 ,dry-shod ,i cross the torrent's bed1 ,and am a child again4 ,old scenes come up3 gray rocks start out1 lichen-jewelled2 there are billows of butter-cups1 mayweed1 and clover1 over which your young fancies sailed moth-winged1 and brought rich freights from every port2 the long lines of pole and stone fences are built up again in a twinkling2 the boiling spring leaps bubbling into the heart of the sunshine2 in the woods the cold1 bright waters run hurrying over the pebbles2 there is the homestead1 the smoke from the chimney1 the open windows1 some one standing in the door1 some one calling you with a voice as real as your breath2 there are faces with eyes that see you1 every feature plain1 there are hands stretched out4 ,how it rises and tramples on your present1 that past that hides but never dies6 ,how your heart-strings strain with the vain longing to stay for ever in this bright1 recovered country1 and look no more on the desert and the land of bondage6 ,flow back1 ,o years6 into your channel1 ,flow1 and stop the way6 ,let me forget how vain the fancies ,of that childish day4 #gce ,if we did not know that every hope and sweetness in the past were but seeds for future blossom and fruit2 if we did not know that childhood is but a bee's load of honey1 but a babe's sip of milk1 to those flowing streams in the promised land2 if we did not believe that ,god's denial is brief1 his bounty endless2 that surely he sees and marks every pain2 and that he holds the fulfilment of our utmost wish just at the verge of our utmost endurance--if we were not sure of this1 could human nature bear the cross that sometimes is laid upon it8 ,it could not6 ,miss ,hamilton did not appear at the dinner-table that day2 but in the evening ,mr4 ,southard was summoned to her in the library4 ,she met him with an ,april face full of a grieved kind of joy1 or a joyful grief1 crossed the room toward him when he came in1 and held out her hands to him4 ,forgive me6 she said hurriedly4 ,but1 ,mr4 ,southard1 ,i cannot marry you4 ,i made a mistake4 ,don't be angry with me4 ,i cannot help it4 ,and ,i think1 too1 that you mistook also4 ,i do not understand this1 he said1 dropping her hand4 ,i should never have thought of marrying1 if ,i had not been angry with him1 she said4 ,that was wicked and foolish1 and ,i have got over it now4 ,we are reconciled4 ,i shall never forget him4 ,am ,i to understand that your remembrance of ,mr4 ,granger is a bar to your union with me8 asked ,mr4 ,southard1 regaining his composure4 ,an insurmountable bar6 ,he bowed gravely4 ,then there is no more to be said4 ,i wish you good-evening4 ,she watched him go2 and when the door had closed1 broke into a soft laugh4 ,in exitu ,israel2 she said4 ,i am free6 ,the door opened again1 and ,mr4 ,lewis came in4 ,you here8 he said4 ,i want to get the first volume of--,but what's the matter with you8 ,i just met ,mr4 ,southard going into his room4 ,have you promised to marry him8 ,no1 ,i have promised not to1 ,margaret said1 smiling4 ,mr4 ,lewis looked at her with a softening face1 and eyes that grew dim4 ,i'm glad of it1 ,maggie1 he said4 ,my wife and ,aurelia were sure that you and he would make a match2 and ,i couldn't say anything against it4 ,but ,i hated the thought of your forgetting him4 ,there was no danger1 indeed1 of her forgetting him4 ,it was impossible for her4 ,she had not one of those facile hearts that rest here and there1 on whatever offers1 growing worn and threadbare at last1 till there is nothing left to give4 ,hers was an imperious constancy which1 having once chosen1 did not know how to change1 and perpetually renewed itself1 like a fountain1 as fresh to-day as it was a century ago4 ,such affection does not absolutely need the happiness of earth2 for its root is in the soul1 not in the flesh1 and the time of its perfecting is hereafter4 ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,daybreak4 ,as there are plants that need crushing to bring out their perfume1 so there are natures that become thoroughly amiable only through pain and humiliation4 ,mr4 ,southard's was one of these4 ,every blow that struck him made some breach in his puritanic severity1 and revealed some hidden grace of mind or heart4 ,he had possessed an intellectual humility1 and had submitted himself with all the force of his reason4 #gcf ,but such humility is like the weight of snow that in winter presses the head of the slender sapling to earth1 whence it is ever ready to spring back again at the first fiery sun-touch4 ,it savored too much of the arrogant self-accusation of those who1 as ,mr4 ,lewis said1 think they are the sun because they have spots on them4 ,now1 he seemed really humble1 he distrusted himself1 and he accepted kindness with a gratitude that touched the hearts of those who gave it4 ,to ,mrs4 ,lewis's surprise1 he made a confident of her1 and spoke quite freely of his disappointment4 ,i do not blame ,margaret1 he said4 ,it was ungenerous of me to take advantage of her first moment of enthusiastic sympathy for me to exact a promise from her4 ,but the temptation was strong4 ,existence with her would never be mere vegetation4 ,she always gets at the inside of life4 ,however1 since ,god has willed it otherwise for me1 ,i shall try to act like a ,christian and like a sensible man4 ,all the difference it makes in my plans is that ,i shall go away a little sooner4 ,they were sorry to have him go2 for their esteem for him had insensibly grown into affection1 and their affection constantly increased4 ,i declare1 ,i had no idea that ,i should feel so bad about it1 ,mr4 ,lewis said when the time came for good-byes4 ,give me your shawl to take out4 ,i am going to the depot with you4 ,margaret and ,dora had taken leave of ,mr4 ,southard1 and were standing in one of the front windows1 watching to see him off4 ,mrs4 ,lewis walked slowly out of the parlor with him4 ,where is ,aurelia8 he asked1 looking about4 ,i have not seen her4 ,oh6 she told me to say good-by for her1 answered ,mrs4 ,lewis carelessly4 ,he hesitated1 and looked hurt4 ,i suppose she doesn't care to take the trouble to see me1 he said4 ,tell her ,i said good-by1 and ,god bless her4 ,i will do nothing of the kind6 said the lady1 with emphasis4 ,mr4 ,southard stared at her in astonishment4 ',doesn't care to take the trouble6 she repeated indignantly4 ,it is rather you who haven't cared to treat her with common gratitude or civility4 ,you have had eyes for only ,miss ,hamilton1 who didn't care a fig for you2 while ,aurelia1 the poor simpleton6 who made a hero of you1 and broke her heart because you were in disgrace with the world and disappointed in love--you hadn't a glance for4 ,no2 ,i won't say good-by to her4 ,i will let her believe that you went without remembering her existence1 as you came near doing4 ,it will help her to forget you4 ,there1 take that with my blessing1 and good-by4 ,the carriage is waiting4 ,where is she8 he exclaimed1 his whole face changed1 and become alive all at once4 ,i shall not stir from the house till ,i have seen her1 if ,i have to wait a year4 ,what will ,miss ,hamilton think of your constancy8 asked ,mrs4 ,lewis with a toss of the head4 ,madam1 said ,mr4 ,southard1 for me there is but one woman in the world1 and that is she who loved me without waiting to be asked4 ,will you be so good as to tell ,aurelia that ,i wish to see her in the library8 ,he went toward the library1 and ,mrs4 ,lewis leisurely returned to the parlor1 a curious little smile on her lips4 #gcg ,aurelia ,lewis was seated before the library fire1 with her hands folded in her lap4 ,as ,mr4 ,southard paused an instant at sight of her1 then came hastily in and shut the door after him1 she rose and looked at him with an air of dignified composure4 ,her face was perfectly colorless4 ,is it true1 he began at once1 that you have sympathized with me more than ,i knew8 ,tell me6 ,a disappointment now would be too cruel4 ,aurelia's full bright eyes opened a little wider1 and a faint color warmed her cheeks2 but she seemed too much astonished or too indignant to speak4 ,yet after the first glance1 she drooped a little1 and leaned on the back of her chair1 as if1 like that fair ,jewish queen1 for delicateness and overmuch tenderness1 she were not able to bear up her own body4 ,how pure and sweet she was6 ,silent as dew4 ,how utterly womanly her untainted loveliness6 ,esther6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,southard4 ,after ten minutes ,mr4 ,lewis put his head out of the carriage door1 and made a sign to his wife1 who was benevolently contemplating him from the parlor4 ,she raised the window4 ,where is ,mr4 ,southard8 he asked4 ,he is saying good-by to ,aurelia1 was the reply2 and the window went down again4 ,minutes passed1 but no ,mr4 ,southard appeared4 ,it was the day before ,christmas1 and the air was too sharp to make a long tarrying out doors agreeable4 ,i've heard of eternal farewells1 but ,i never before had the honor of assisting at one1 muttered ,mr4 ,lewis2 and having waited as long as endurance seemed a virtue1 he went into the house4 ,where is ,mr4 ,southard8 he asked1 looking round the parlor4 ,in the library1 saying good-by to ,aurelia1 replied his wife suavely4 ,mr4 ,lewis looked at ,margaret4 ,will you tell me what she means8 ,i don't believe her4 ,she always puts on that truthful look when she tells a lie4 ,margaret laughed4 ,i think you may as well dismiss the carriage1 she said4 ,in something less than half an hour ,mr4 ,southard and ,aurelia made their appearance4 ,they were received with great cordiality4 ,i hope you liked your journey to ,europe1 said ,mr4 ,lewis with immense politeness4 ,is the pope in good health8 ,mr4 ,southard was beyond the reach of mocking4 ,i have postponed my journey till this lady can be ready to accompany me1 he said4 ,and ,i have convinced her that four weeks will be enough for her preparation4 ,aurelia went to lean on ,margaret's shoulder4 ,she was trembling1 but her face showed full contentment4 ,i would rather be ,esther than ,vashti1 she whispered4 ,i'm delighted enough to forgive you even a greater impertinence than that1 if greater could be1 was the whispered answer4 ,i am not ,vashti1 though you are ,esther4 ,the next day1 after coming home from early mass1 ,margaret sat in her chamber toward the east1 with ,dora and her two friends1 ,agnes and ,violet1 leaning on her lap1 and watching her face4 ,she had been telling them the story of that miraculous birth1 and1 finishing1 looked up into the morning sky1 and forgot them2 forgot the sky1 too1 presently1 with all its vapory golden stretches1 and glimpses of far-away blue1 and saw instead her life past1 present1 and to come4 ,looking calmly1 she forgave herself much1 for had not ,god forgiven her8 and hoped much1 for there was no room for despair2 and grew content1 for all that she could desire was within her reach4 #gch ,beginning at the lowest1 she had an assured home1 kind friends1 and a dear and sacred duty in the care of this child4 ,so far1 all was peace4 ,one step higher then4 ,could the friend who still lived on in her heart forget her in that heaven to which her love had led him8 ,and1 weak and childish though she was1 with her impatience1 her scarcely broken pride1 her obstinately clinging affection1 could she be altogether unlovely to him8 ,some strong assurance answered no4 ,higher yet her thought took its stand4 ,there was faith1 that second sight by which the soul sets her steps aright as she climbs1 never missing the way4 ,there was an unfading hope1 and a charity that embraced the world4 ,there was ,god4 ,and all were hers6 ,as ,margaret sat there1 the three children leaned motionless1 hushing themselves lest they should break that beautiful trance4 ,it was no momentary glow of enthusiasm1 no mere uprising of feeling2 for mounting slowly1 through pain1 and doubt1 and weakness1 she had reached at last the heights of her soul1 and saw a wide1 bright daybreak over the horizon of a loftier life4 ---------- ,a ,glimpse ,of ,ireland4 ,i had long cherished the desire to visit ,ireland1 a country for many reasons so interesting to every ,american ,catholic4 ,the opportunity of making a brief tour in ,europe during a summer vacation having unexpectedly presented itself1 ,i determined1 therefore1 to leave the steamer at ,queenstown and make the journey to ,london by way of ,dublin4 ,on the #bith of ,july1 #ahfg1 after a remarkably pleasant passage1 we found ourselves1 at an early hour of the morning1 in sight of the famous ,skellig rocks--called by sailors the ,bull1 ,cow1 and ,calf--and thus gained the welcome advantage of sailing all day in sight of the ,irish coast4 ,the first impression one receives from the appearance of the country between ,valentia and ,cork is sad and desolate2 in harmony with the tragic history of the suffering1 oppressed race1 whose home is seen for the first time1 by the voyager from the ,new ,world1 under one of its most barren and lonely aspects4 ,the only interest which can attract the eye and the mind is that of a sort of wild and rugged grandeur1 coupled with the historical associations which give a charm to the names of ,bantry and ,dingle4 ,the lonely waters1 where scarcely a sail was to be seen during the live-long day1 told of the suppression of the industrial and commercial life of the ,irish nation by the long-continued tyranny of that power which absorbs all its resources to feed its own greatness4 ,the long1 barren stretches1 showing scarcely a sign of vegetable1 animal1 or human life1 where for miles one could see only here and there a little shealing and a few sheep cropping the brown1 scanty herbage1 seemed to give the lie to the well-known1 and1 as ,i afterward saw1 well deserved appellation of the ,emerald ,isle4 #gci ,expressions of surprise escaped from some of my fellow-passengers1 agreeable and intelligent ,american gentlemen1 who1 like myself1 were on their maiden trip to ,europe2 and from some others of the party who were children of ,irish parents1 looking for the first time on the land of their exiled ancestors4 ,the coast is frequently steep and precipitous1 suggesting to the memory the many tales of shipwreck in wild nights of tempest one has read in boyhood4 ,the ,martello towers stand at intervals along the horizon1 like gigantic watchmen looking out seaward to spy the smuggler or the foreign invader1 and in the distance the line of the ,kerry ,mountains completes the view of the wild1 desolate landscape4 ,the heights of ,bantry are rendered for ever sacred and memorable by the martyrdom of the ,franciscan fathers1 ,donald and ,healy1 in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,they were revisiting the ruined monastery of ,bantry1 for the purpose of ministering to the spiritual wants of their poor1 persecuted flock1 when they were seized by the agents of the glorious reformation1 tied back to back1 and hurled headlong down the precipice into the ocean4 ,what a wonder that the ,irish people are so insensible to the value of a gospel brought to them with so much pains and trouble1 so kindly presented to them1 enforced by such lovely examples of ,christian virtue1 and supported so long1 notwithstanding their obstinacy1 at such great expense6 ,early in the morning1 we stopped our engines off the ,cove of ,cork1 a little steamer boarded us1 the freight and baggage were speedily1 though1 in the case of rocking-chairs1 not very safely1 tumbled aboard of her decks1 under the herculean direction of our fat boatswain4 ,three cheers went up from the ,city of ,paris1 which steamed off grandly for ,liverpool1 and we puffed in1 not grandly but very pleasantly1 toward ,queenstown4 ,the ,cove of ,cork is world-renowned for its beauty and excellence as a haven for ships1 but desolate-looking from the fact that it is better supplied with fortresses1 cannon1 and ships of war than with the peaceful1 plenty-bringing steamers and sailing-vessels of commerce4 ,i once heard a little ,american boy utter the exclamation1 as we were entering the port of ,havana and espied the soldiers on duty1 ,how afraid they must be1 guarding everything that way6 ,it appears to be the same case in ,ireland4 ,the ,english government is very much afraid of its ,irish subjects1 if we may measure its fears by the display of force which meets the eye everywhere4 ,the only consolation which a sincere lover of the ,irish people can find in looking upon this state of things is1 that1 since the endurance of this coercive tyranny is for the time a necessary evil1 the force is so very irresistible as effectually to prevent the bloody horrors which would follow a general insurrection4 ,a young ,english officer1 whom ,i met at the hotel in ,cork1 expressed his regret that an open rebellion had not broken out1 which1 he said1 would have been an affair of a month1 and which of course would only have increased the miseries and riveted the chains of the ,irish people4 ,for myself1 ,i could not help shuddering at the thought of the fearful tragedy which would have been enacted if the people had been goaded by demagogues to such an attempt1 and blessing ,god that the efforts of these madmen had failed4 ,it is plain enough that ,ireland cannot be governed in this way much longer4 #gdj ,there is but one hope and one method for the ,english crown to retain ,ireland as a portion of the ,british empire2 which is1 to win the willing loyalty of the people by an ample redress of their grievances1 and the inauguration of a policy which has in view the real good of the ,irish people4 ,our little steamer landed us at about eight in the evening2 the officers were very polite and obliging1 and we were soon ashore on the sacred soil1 with our luggage in the hands of a couple of lively gossoons1 and our steps free to go anywhere we pleased4 ,as soon as one steps ashore on the ,irish soil1 he feels that he is in the land of frolic and drollery4 ,the irrepressible and indomitable spirit of the ,celtic race rebounds under the strokes of adversity like an india-rubber ball under the blows of a bat4 ,the harder you do knock him down1 the higher he do bounce4 ,my fellow-voyagers who came ashore at ,queenstown fell into a state of hilarity at once which was wonderful to behold1 and which continued during their whole stay in ,ireland4 ,they held their sides and laughed uproariously1 not1 be it understood1 with any feeling of contempt or ridicule--for they were gentlemen1 and altogether free from snobbish prejudice or religious bigotry--but from pure1 genial sympathy with the comedy which was going on in the crowd that pressed eagerly around the welcome passengers from ,america1 contending for their luggage4 ,old women whose vivacity old age had only sharpened1 and little boys who were so many ,flibbertigibbets in fun and smartness1 with huge cars drawn by diminutive donkeys1 on which they piled pyramids of trunks1 if they were lucky enough to get them2 boys with barrows1 and boys with only hands and shoulders--struggled and jibed and danced and scolded1 and rushed upon every passenger as he emerged from the barrier1 in a good humored and tumultuous manner that can only be appreciated by one who has seen it4 ,we pushed off for the last train to ,cork1 followed by a dozen runners of the ,queenstown hotels1 vociferating the praises of their several houses1 assuring us that the train had left five minutes before1 and urging us most affectionately to go up the next morning after a good night's sleep1 by the boat1 that we might enjoy the scenery of the beautiful river ,lee4 ,this piece of advice was good1 and ,i recommend every traveller to follow it4 ,we turned a deaf ear to it1 however1 reached the train in time1 and in half an hour were comfortably deposited in the well-known and most excellent ,imperial ,hotel of ,cork4 ,the rather singular ,english name of ,cork is not1 as one is apt to suppose1 our common word designating a certain very light substance1 and applied without any reason or propriety that anybody can see to a very substantial city and county4 ,it is a corruption of the ,irish word ,carroch1 signifying a valley1 which has been ,anglicized1 like many other foreign words1 by a most perverse and stupid ,english custom of changing them into ,english words of somewhat similar sound4 ,the first beginning of the city was a monastery founded in the seventh century by ,st4 ,finnbar1 whom ,i recognized as an old acquaintance1 from the cathedral dedicated to his honor at ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 by the illustrious ,bishop ,england1 who was a native of ,cork4 ,the old cathedral of ,st4 ,finnbar1 which was rebuilt in #agce1 has been demolished1 to make way for a new one1 which ,i most devoutly hope may never be built on the sacred spot consecrated by the ancient ,irish monk until this shall revert to its rightful possessors4 #gda ,another holy site1 that of ,gil ,abbey1 which is extremely picturesque and beautiful1 is occupied by the ,queen's ,college4 ,the ,sisters of ,mercy are fortunate enough to possess another pleasant spot1 rising to a wooded hill1 which was also the seat of an ancient monastery1 and where is now situated their very neat and commodious convent4 ,there are three very good ,catholic churches in the city--,st4 ,patrick's1 ,st4 ,mary's1 and ,holy ,trinity2 the latter founded by ,f4 ,matthew1 and containing a stained glass window as a memorial of ,o',connell4 ,the ,mardyke1 an avenue shaded with elms for the distance of a mile1 is a pleasant walk1 and ,i passed an hour there in company with a small party of friends1 from ,new ,york1 in a most amusing and agreeable manner1 surrounded by a group of children with whom we soon established a most intimate friendship by means of plums4 ,the ,irish children are remarkable for their beauty1 their blooming health1 and for a mixture of fun and innocence1 of brightness and simplicity1 of boldness and modesty1 indicating a state as near to that of unfallen childhood as ,i can imagine4 ,the pranks of the young ,corkonians afford a source of unfailing amusement to the stranger within their gates2 but ,i was most amused by the boys with donkeys1 who were to be seen riding in state to school in the morning1 and1 in the afternoon1 all about the environs scattered in groups on the grass1 ready to exchange a biting sarcasm with every passing coachman1 while their dear little friends1 the donkeys1 fed quietly near by4 ,it would be useless1 however1 to attempt to describe all that is droll and comic in the population of ,cork1 for it seems as if it were the business of their lives to be as funny as they can1 for their own delight and that of the beholder4 ,cork is a fine1 well-built town1 of #ij1jjj inhabitants1 the third in importance in ,ireland4 ,the environs are extremely beautiful4 ,i was there at midsummer2 the weather was perfect1 and ,i could see to the best advantage the tilth and verdure which make the ,emerald ,isle so famous4 ,certainly1 they have not been exaggerated1 and no one can wonder at the praise which the ,irishman bestows upon his soil1 or the intense love which he cherishes for it4 ,i only wonder that those who were born and bred there can ever be contented elsewhere2 and surely nothing but the most unendurable poverty and want would ever drive such numbers of them into exile4 ,perhaps the most picturesque objects which meet the eye1 in the country1 are the white farm-houses with thatched roofs1 standing in their neat little flower-gardens1 their walls covered with honeysuckle or other creeping vines4 ,the only thought which mars the pleasure of looking on the rich meadows1 the waving fields1 the herds of superb cattle1 and flocks of fat sheep1 is1 that the outward show of beauty and prosperity is obtained by the sacrifice of the poor people1 and enjoyed by a small number only4 ,if you drive out1 your carriage is followed by a troop of ragged1 fleet-footed young beggars2 and if you chance to pass a factory when the hour for stopping work has come1 you may see a long procession of young women1 bareheaded1 barefooted1 ragged1 and emaciated1 who are glad to work for a shilling a day4 ,the most interesting place to visit in the neighborhood of ,cork is ,blarney ,castle4 ,i am ashamed to say that ,i was afraid to go on a jaunting-car1 although at ,dublin ,i made the experiment with great success and pleasure4 ,it seemed to me1 when ,i looked at the jaunting-car for the first time1 that it would shake one off as soon as it turned a corner4 #gdb ,we accordingly drove out to ,blarney in an open carriage1 going by the road to ,kanturk1 and returning by ,sunday-,well road4 ,aside from the merely jocose associations of the ,blarney-stone1 the old1 ivy-clad tower is an extremely interesting and picturesque object1 and the grounds of the demesne1 so celebrated in ,irish lyrics1 are charming4 ,the cromlech and pillar stones1 on which are inscriptions in the ancient ,ogham characters1 carry back the imagination to an antiquity almost without limits1 and suggest the thought that perhaps as long ago as the time of ,king ,david1 or even the ,exodus1 ,druids may have performed their sacred rites in these still groves4 ,our guide was a poor little sickly humpbacked boy of sixteen rejoicing in the sobriquet of ,lord ,john ,russell1 and possessing very sharp wits and inexhaustible good-humor4 ,every one about the castle seemed to take especial delight in a standing joke at his expense1 that he was an old man with a heavy family4 ,the poor fellow seemed to enjoy our company very much1 and expressed the intention of emigrating to ,america4 ,the only reason he could give was that the weather was too warm in summer at ,blarney4 ,at the castle gate his jurisdiction terminated1 and we were handed over to another amusing original1 the lame old gardener1 who has many a story to tell of ,walter ,scott1 and ,tom ,moore1 and ,father ,prout4 ,as for the ,blarney-stone1 ,i will not say how many of our party kissed it4 ,in ,lord ,john ,russell's opinion1 there was no need of our doing so2 he was sure we had one of our own in ,america which we had all kissed frequently before leaving home4 ,whoever has spent an afternoon at ,blarney1 in genial company1 will admit that it was one of the pleasantest days of his life1 if his soul is not too full of steam and railroads to be capable of simple and natural enjoyments4 ,the journey by rail from ,cork to ,dublin is a most tantalizing one4 ,flying at full speed through several counties1 one catches glimpses at every moment of places and scenes of historic interest and natural or artificial beauty1 which he longs to visit and inspect at leisure4 ,the distance is one hundred and sixty-five miles2 the railway is an admirable one2 everything about the way stations is neat and attractive1 and the route passes in a direct line through the counties of ,cork1 ,limerick1 ,tipperary1 ,king's1 ,queen's1 and ,kildare4 ,among the objects of interest which are passed are the abbeys of ,mourne1 ,bridgetown1 ,kilmallock1 ,knocklong1 ,holy ,cross1 ,thurles1 ,templemore1 ,moore ,abbey1 ,old ,connell1 ,kildare ,cathedral1 with ,st4 ,bridget's chapel2 the castles of ,barrett1 ,carrignacenny1 ,kilcolman1 which the poet ,spenser received as his share in the spoliation2 ,charleville2 the ,rock of ,dunamase1 with the ruins of ,strongbow's ,castle2 the ,rock of ,cashel2 the ,hill of ,allen1 where ,fin ,mc,coul lived2 several round towers2 the famous bog of ,allen2 the ,curragh of ,kildare2 and quantities of others--which keep one perpetually1 and to a great extent vainly1 looking out of window1 first on one side1 then on the other1 while you are hurried over a country every step of which is rich in history1 poetry1 and legend1 and should be slowly traversed on foot and at leisure4 ,three of my agreeable companions of the voyage were with me in the same carriage2 a very pleasing gentleman1 with his son1 a bright youth of sixteen1 joined us an hour or two before reaching ,dublin1 and they were as curious about ,america1 especially ,indians1 and our sea-voyage1 as we were about the antiquities and curiosities of ,ireland4 #gdc ,our trip was therefore wanting in nothing to make it lively and agreeable1 and we were finally deposited at the ,gresham ,hotel1 ,sackville street1 ,dublin1 in high good humor1 and quite ready for a good dinner4 ,as ,i had only that evening and the following day to remain in ,dublin1 ,i was obliged to content myself with a superficial view of the city1 and a visit to a few places of particular interest4 ,in its general features1 ,dublin is at least equal to our finest ,american towns of the same class1 although more quiet1 and showing signs of stagnation in commercial prosperity4 ,its agreeable climate makes it a delightful place of residence at all seasons of the year1 especially in the summer4 ,my first visit was made to the scene of the life and labors of the saintly ,catherine ,mc,auley1 foundress of the ,sisters of ,mercy1 the convent in ,baggott street1 where also repose her mortal remains--a lovely spot for the cradle of a religious order1 and suggestive of the time1 ,i hope not far distant1 when ,ireland shall once again be full of these sacred homes of the monastic life1 as she was before the spoliation of her holy places by the ruthless minions of ,henry and ,elizabeth4 ,i visited also ,clontarf1 the scene of ,brian ,boru's decisive victory over the ,danes1 and death1 and went to see what is said to have been his harp1 and is undoubtedly a relic of very ancient times1 at the museum of ,trinity ,college4 ,the college is a most attractive place1 and delightfully situated1 on ground of course originally stolen from the ,catholic ,church1 and endowed out of the spoils of monasteries4 ,quite in keeping with its origin is the fact that its library contains a large number of valuable manuscript records1 originally stolen from the papal archives4 ,the learned body which rules within its classic halls has also made itself remarkable by sustaining a claim1 perhaps the most absurd ever advanced by persons professing to be scholars1 namely1 that the ,protestant ,church of ,ireland is the lineal and legitimate successor1 in a direct1 unbroken line1 of the ancient church of ,saint ,patrick4 ,this is adding insult to injury4 ,as if it were not enough to rob the ,irish people of their property1 to persecute1 torture1 exile1 and massacre them by millions1 on account of their fidelity to their hereditary faith1 their title to the very name of ,catholic must be denied to them1 and arrogated for the intruders who have forced themselves into their heritage by the point of the bayonet and the violation of treaties4 ,two terrible antagonists have arisen1 however1 out of their own camp to smite these pretenders2 ,dr4 ,maziere ,brady1 an ,irish ,protestant clergyman1 and ,froude1 the ,english historian4 ,the former gentleman1 in several learned and unanswerable works1 has demonstrated the regular1 unbroken succession of the present ,catholic hierarchy and people of ,ireland1 from the bishops and faithful who preceded the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 and has shown that the ,irish ,protestant ,church is nothing but an ,english colony4 ,the learned and accomplished ,dr4 ,moran1 also1 whom ,i had the pleasure of meeting1 has written with great ability and research upon the same topics4 ,stephen's ,green1 which is near by ,trinity ,college1 witnessed the burning of the heroic martyr ,archbishop ,o',hurley1 tortured and put to death1 at the instigation of the infamous ,loftus1 archbishop of ,dublin4 ,a few days later1 ,i saw in the private chapel of ,archbishop ,manning1 at ,london1 a cloth stained with the blood of ,archbishop ,plunkett1 another illustrious martyr1 who was publicly executed by the ,english government on false charges4 #gdd ,i venerate the relics of the older martyrs1 and the places made sacred by the hallowed memories of other countries and ages far remote2 but nothing stirs my blood like the holy mementoes of the men who suffered in ,ireland and ,england1 for the faith1 under the tyranny of the apostate sovereigns and bishops of ,great ,britain4 ,these men are our fathers in the faith1 the heroes who fought our battles1 from whom we have received the precious heritage we enjoy in comparative peace4 ,their memory ought to be kept alive and honored among us1 in every possible way1 as a powerful incitement to imitate their example1 and a means of endearing to our people that religion which has been handed down1 bathed in the blood of so many noble ,christians4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral is the most interesting and venerable monument of antiquity in ,dublin4 ,my fellow-travellers were astonished at seeing a ,protestant ,st4 ,patrick's1 with a statue of the great apostle over the principal door4 ,probably most ,americans who have not made themselves specially familiar with ,irish history fancy that most of the fine churches of ,dublin are ,catholic churches4 ,perhaps many of them are not aware that every church1 graveyard1 glebe-house1 abbey1 every rood of land1 every building1 and every farthing of revenue belonging to the ,catholic ,church in ,ireland1 has been confiscated by the ,english government4 ,in ,dublin1 out of eighty-four churches1 forty belonged to the ,english church1 and only twenty to the ,catholics1 in #ahff4 ,at the close of the last century there was not a ,catholic church in ,dublin1 nor could there be one according to law4 ,all the churches and other institutions in ,dublin are therefore the creation of the present century1 the fruit of the free-will offerings of the poor people1 and a few wealthy persons1 such as ,catherine ,mc,auley1 who consecrated her handsome fortune entirely to religion4 ,st4 ,patrick's dates from the year #aaij1 though the spire was added in the fourteenth century4 ,it has been thoroughly repaired and renovated1 at a cost of one hundred thousand pounds1 which was given by the well-known brewer1 ,mr4 ,guinness4 ,it contains one of ,st4 ,patrick's holy wells1 which is visible through an opening in the floor1 and guarded with great respect4 ,tradition says that the saint baptized the first ,irish convert in this fountain4 ,this is probably not true2 but it is very likely that he did use it for baptism1 and perhaps baptized in it the first converts in that part of the country4 ,there are some ancient monuments of bishops and knights1 and some modern ones of persons who have figured during the ,protestant ascendency--,brown and ,loftus1 ,swift1 ,stella1 and the late ,dr4 ,whately1 who was ,dr4 ,trench's immediate predecessor4 ,it is painful enough to see the old churches and abbeys of ,england in the hands of aliens from the faith1 although the mass of the people have fallen away and cannot appreciate the fearful loss they have suffered1 in the substitution of a creature of parliament in the place of the spouse of ,christ4 ,in ,ireland1 where the people remain fervently and devoutly ,catholic1 it is a far more painful sight to witness their ancient shrines and holy places in the hands of the descendants of their spoilers1 who are unable to make any use1 even for ,protestant worship1 of the greater part of them4 #gde ,while the respectable sexton1 whose appearance was that of a faded dean1 was showing me the church for the consideration of a shilling1 ,i was busily occupied in my own mind invoking ,st4 ,patrick to take his own again1 bring back the altars1 restore the unbloody sacrifice1 and cause the chants of ,high ,mass to resound once more within the walls of the venerable cathedral dedicated to his honor4 ,it is a great consolation to reflect that since then the death-blow has been levelled at the state church by the same power which created it4 ,and although justice has not yet been done to the ,catholic people of ,ireland1 or any step taken to restore to them the sacred property of which they have been robbed1 there is the greatest reason to hope that1 in the course of events1 they will yet regain it by fair and peaceable means1 without violence or revolution4 ,two other objects which interested me greatly1 were the chamber of the ,irish ,house of ,lords1 preserved still in the same state as when the last session was held in it1 and the tomb of ,o',connell1 at the beautiful cemetery of ,glasnevin4 ,the next morning ,i bade adieu to ,ireland from the deck of the ,kingstown and ,holyhead steamer1 and although it was only a passing glimpse ,i had obtained of this fair island1 ,i shall always be thankful to have had even this glimpse4 ,ireland has the strongest claims on the love and gratitude of all ,catholics throughout the ,english-speaking world4 ,her ,celtic race1 although distinct in character1 language1 and history from the people whose mother tongue is ,english1 has been brought into such close relations with it1 and is now blending with it to such a remarkable extent in this country1 and other ,british colonies1 that its history becomes as interesting to us as the early history of ,england4 ,moreover1 although a handful of ,english and ,scotch remained true to the faith during the revolution of the sixteenth century1 it is to ,ireland that is due the honor of holding aloft the banner of religion1 around which are now grouped one fifth of the bishops owning allegiance to ,st4 ,peter4 ,american converts are especially bound to gratitude to that ,irish people who1 above all others1 have been the founders of the ,catholic ,church throughout the largest portion of our republic4 ,for fourteen centuries1 that people has handed down and witnessed to the faith which ,st4 ,patrick brought from ,france and ,rome in the fifth century1 when ,st4 ,augustine was yet scarcely cold in his grave4 ,without disparaging the great services which other nationalities have rendered to religion in our country1 it is undoubted that1 in our portion of it1 it is through the ,irish succession chiefly that we communicate with past ages1 and through their rich life-blood that our ,catholicity has become vigorous4 ,as ,catholics and as ,americans1 we are the natural friends of ,ireland and the ,irish4 ,one very good and pleasant way of showing this friendship is1 for those who have money enough to travel1 to spend a portion of their time and money in ,ireland4 ,the advantage will be mutual4 ,those who are in search of health1 pleasure1 and improvement1 cannot spend a month or two more delightfully or beneficially than on such a tour4 ,on the other hand1 the money spent1 whether in purchases or in alms to the poor1 will do great good1 and the sympathy1 kindness1 respect for their religion and themselves1 manifested toward the people so long borne down by the peine forte et dure of oppression and contempt1 will be fully appreciated by their warm hearts1 and encourage them to hope for the full coming of that better day whose dawning already appears in the horizon4 #gdf ,it is much to be desired that the good beginning already made by several excellent writers1 in publishing books on the religious history of ,ireland1 should be actively followed up4 ,a well-written1 popular history1 with illustrations1 of all the principal places of interest in the secular and ecclesiastical history of the country1 with sketches of the monastic institutions formerly flourishing2 of the old churches1 and episcopal sees2 and lives of the saints and great men who have flourished1 especially the martyrs1 would be of the greatest service to religion4 ,such a volume would enable the ,catholic tourist to visit the country with the greatest possible advantage and pleasure1 beside the more important help it would give in strengthening the faith and devotion of the rising generation in ,ireland1 and the countries to which she has sent her colonies4 ,the richest and most abundant field is open to literature of all kinds1 both of the lighter and the more solid character1 and it is to be hoped that it will be thoroughly explored and well worked by those who are true and faithful to the ancient1 valiantly defended faith of the ,island of ,saints4 ---------- ,primeval ,man4 ,footnote #aif ,footnote #ahf3 ,primeval ,man4 ,an ,examination of some ,recent ,speculations4 ,by the ,duke of ,argyll4 ,new ,york3 ,routledge ,sons4 #ahfi4 #afmo1 pp4 #baj4 ,there are few more active or able members of the ,english ,house of ,lords or of the ,british ministry than the ,scottish ,duke of ,argyll1 and1 if we could forget the treason to the ,stuarts and the ,scottish nation of some of his ancestors1 there are few scholars and scientific men in the ,united ,kingdom whom we should be disposed to treat with greater respect4 ,he is at once a statesman1 a scientist1 and a theologian2 and in all three capacities has labored earnestly to serve his country and civilization4 ,in politics1 he is1 of course1 a whig1 or1 as is now said1 a liberal2 as a theologian1 he belongs to the ,kirk of ,scotland1 and may be regarded as a ,calvinist2 as a man of science1 his aim appears to be to assert the freedom and independence of science1 without compromising religion4 ,his work on the ,reign of ,law1 reviewed and sharply criticised in this magazine for ,february1 #ahfh1 was designed to combat the atheistic tendencies of modern scientific theories1 by asserting final causes1 and resolving the natural laws of the physicists into the direct and immediate will of ,god4 ,in the present work1 quite too brief and sketchy1 he treats of the primeval man1 and maintains man's origin in the creative act of ,god1 against the developmentists and natural selectionists1 which is well1 as far as it goes4 ,he treats1 also1 of the antiquity of man1 and of his primeval condition4 ,he appears disposed to allow man a higher antiquity than we think the facts in the case warrant2 but1 though he dissents1 to some extent1 from the theory of the late ,anglican ,archbishop of ,dublin1 we find him combating with great success the savage theory of ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 who maintains that man began in the lowest form of barbarism in which he can subsist as man1 and has risen to his present state of civilization by his own spontaneous and unassisted efforts--a theory just now very generally adopted in the non-,catholic world1 and assumed as the basis of the modern doctrine of progress--the absurdest doctrine that ever gained currency among educated men4 #gdg ,the noble duke very properly denies the origin of species in development1 and the production of new species by natural selection1 as ,darwin holds1 and acceded to by ,sir ,charles ,lyell and an able writer in ,the ,quarterly for last ,april4 ,the duke maintains that man was created man1 not developed from a lower species1 from the tadpole or monkey4 ,but1 while he asserts the origin of species in the creative act of ,god1 he supposes ,god supplies extinct species by creating new species by successive creative acts2 thus losing the unity of the creative act1 placing multiplicity in the origin of things1 and favoring that very atheistical tendency he aims to war against4 ,his ,reign of ,law1 though well-intended1 and highly praised by our amiable friend1 ,m4 ,augustin ,cochin1 of ,le ,correspondant1 showed us that the noble author has failed both in his theology and philosophy4 ,in resolving the natural laws into the will of ,god enforcing itself by power1 he fails to recognize any distinction between first cause and second cause1 and1 therefore1 between the natural and the supernatural4 ,god does all1 not only as first cause1 or causa eminens1 as say the theologians1 but as the direct and immediate actor1 which1 of course1 is pantheism1 itself only a form of atheism4 ,yet we know not that his grace could have done better1 with ,calvinism for his theology1 and the ,scottish school1 as finished by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 for his philosophy4 ,to have thoroughly refuted the theories against which he honorably protests1 he must have known ,catholic theology1 and the ,christian view of the creative act4 ,we have no disposition1 at present1 to discuss the antiquity either of man or the globe4 ,if the fact that ,god1 in the beginning1 created heaven and earth1 and all things therein1 visible and invisible1 is admitted and maintained1 we know not that we need1 in the interest of orthodoxy1 quarrel about the date when it was done4 ,time began with the externization of the divine creative act1 and the universe has no relation beyond itself1 except the relation of the creature to the creator4 ,considering the late date of the ,incarnation1 we are not disposed to assign man a very high antiquity1 and no geological or historical facts are1 as yet1 established that require it for their explanation4 ,we place little confidence in the hasty inductions of geologists4 ,but the primitive condition of man has for us a deeper interest2 and we follow the noble duke with pleasure in his able refutation of the savage theory of ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock4 ,sir ,john evidently holds the theory of development1 and that man has been developed from a lower species4 ,he assumes that his primitive human state was the lowest form of barbarism in which he can subsist as man4 ,with regard to man's development from lower animals1 it is enough to say that development cannot take place except where there are living germs to be developed1 and can only unfold and bring out what is contained in them4 ,but we find in man1 even in the lowest form of savage life1 elements1 language or articulate speech1 for instance1 of which there are no germs to be found in the animal kingdom4 ,we may dismiss that theory and assume at once that man was created1 and created man4 ,but was his condition in his primitive state that of the lowest form of barbarism8 ,is the savage the primitive man1 or the degenerate man8 #gdh ,the former is assumed in almost every scientific work we meet2 it is defended by all the advocates of the modern doctrine that man is naturally progressive4 ,saint-,simon1 in his ,nouveau ,christianisme1 asserts that paradise is before us1 not behind us2 and even some who accept the ,biblical history have advanced so little in harmonizing their faith with what they call their science1 that they do not hesitate to suppose that man began his career1 at least after the prevarication of ,adam1 in downright savagism4 ,even the learned ,dllinger so far falls in with the modern theory as to make polished gentilism originate in disgusting fetichism4 ,the noble duke sufficiently refutes the theory of ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 but does not seem to us to have fully grasped and refuted the assumptions on which it is founded4 ,his two main lines of argument1 he says1 7page #e17 connect themselves with the two following propositions1 which he undertakes to prove1 ,first1 that there are indications of progress even among savages2 and second1 that among civilized nations there are traces of barbarism4 ,the first proposition is not proved or provable4 ,the characteristic of the savage is to be unprogressive4 ,some tribes may be more or less degraded than others4 ,the ,american ,indian ranks above the ,new ,hollander2 but1 whether more or less degraded1 we never find savages lifting themselves by their own efforts into even a comparatively civilized state4 ,niebuhr says there is no instance on record of a savage tribe having become a civilized people by its own spontaneous efforts2 and ,heeren remarks that the description of the tribes eastward of the ,persian ,gulf along the borders of the ,indian ,ocean1 by the companions of ,alexander1 applies perfectly to them as we now find them4 ,no germs of civilized life are to be found among them1 or1 if so1 they are dead1 not living germs1 incapable of development4 ,the savage is a thorough routinist1 the slave of petrified customs and usages4 ,he shows often great skill in constructing and managing his canoe1 in making and ornamenting his bow or his war-club2 but one generation never advances on its predecessor1 and the new generation only reproduces the old4 ,all the arts the savage has have come1 as his ideas1 to a stand-still4 ,he is stern1 sad1 gloomy1 as if oppressed by memory1 and exhibits none of the joyousness or frolicsomeness which we might expect from his fresh young life1 if he represented the infancy or childhood of the race1 as pretended4 ,even in what are called civilized heathen nations we find a continual deterioration1 but no indication of progress in civilization1 or in those elements which distinguish civilized from barbaric or savage life4 ,culture and polish may be the concomitants of civilization1 but do not constitute it4 ,the generations that built the pyramids1 ,babylon1 ,nineveh1 ,thebes1 ,rome1 were superior to any of their successors4 ,no subsequent ,greek poet ever came up to ,homer1 and the oldest of the ,vedas surpass the powers of the ,indian people in any generation more recent than that which produced them4 ,the ,chinese cannot to-day produce new works to compare with those of ,confucius4 ,where now are the once renowned nations of antiquity whose ships ploughed every sea1 and whose armies made the earth tremble with their tread8 ,fallen1 all have fallen1 and remain only in their ruins1 and the page of the historian or song of the bard4 #gdi ,if these nations1 so great and powerful1 with many elements of a strong civilization1 could not sustain themselves from falling into barbarism1 how pretend that the lowest and most degraded savages can1 without any foreign assistance1 lift themselves into a civilized state8 ,the second proposition1 that civilized nations retain traces of barbarism1 proves nothing to the purpose4 ,these traces1 at most1 prove only that the nations in which we detect them have passed through a state of barbarism1 as we know modern nations have2 not that barbarism was1 in any form1 the primitive condition of the race4 ,it is not pretended that no savage tribe has ever been civilized2 what is denied is1 that the race began in the savage state1 or that1 if it had so begun1 it could ever have risen by its own natural forces alone to civilization4 ,there is no evidence that the cruel and bloody customs1 traces of which we find in civilized nations1 were those of the primeval man4 ,the polished and cultivated ,romans were more savage in their customs than the northern barbarians who overthrew their civilization1 much to the relief of mankind4 ,when the late ,theodore ,parker drew a picture of the ,new ,zealander in order to describe ,adam1 he proceeded according to his theory of progress1 but without a shadow of authority4 ,we find a cruelty1 an inhumanity1 an oppression1 bloody and obscene rites1 among polished nations--as ,rome1 ,syria1 ,phoenicia1 and modern ,india--that we shall look in vain for among downright savages2 which shows that we owe them to cultivation1 to development1 that is1 to development1 as the noble duke well says1 in corruption4 ,but these traces of so-called barbarism among civilized nations are more than offset by remains of civilization which we find in savage tribes4 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock and others take these remains as indications of progress among savages2 but they mistake the evening twilight deepening into darkness1 for that of the morning ushering in the day4 ,this is evident from the fact that they are followed by no progress4 ,they are reminiscences1 not promises4 ,if germs1 they never germinate2 but have been deprived of their vitality4 ,to us1 paganism bears witness in all its forms that it has degenerated from its normna1 or type2 not that it is advancing toward it4 ,we see in its incoherence1 its incongruities and inequalities1 that it is a fall or departure from something higher1 more living and more perfect4 ,any one studying ,protestantism1 in any of its forms1 may see that it is not an original system of religion2 that it is a departure from its type1 not an approach to it2 and1 if we know well the ,catholic ,church1 we see at once that in her is the type that ,protestantism loses1 corrupts1 or travesties4 ,so paganism bears unmistakable evidence of what we know from authentic history1 that1 whether with polished gentiles or with rude savages and barbarians1 its type1 from which it recedes1 is the patriarchal religion4 ,we know that it was an apostasy or falling away from that religion1 the primitive religion of the race1 as ,protestantism is an apostasy or falling away from the ,catholic ,church4 ,protestantism1 in the modern world1 is what gentilism was in the ancient2 and as gentilism is the religion of all savage or barbarian tribes1 we have in ,protestantism a key for explaining whatever is dark or obscure in their history4 ,we see in ,protestant nations a tendency to lose or throw off more and more of what they retained when they separated from the church1 and which before the lapse of many generations1 if not arrested1 will lead them to a hopeless barbarism4 ,the traces of ,catholic faith we find in them are reminiscences1 not prophecies4 #gej ,we find with the lowest and most degraded savages1 language1 and often a language of great richness1 singular beauty and expressiveness4 ,terms for which savages have no use may sometimes be wanting1 but it is rare that the language cannot be made to supply them from its resources4 ,in the poorest language of a savage tribe1 there is always evidence of its having been the language of a people superior in ideas and culture to the present condition of those who speak it4 ,language1 among savage tribes1 we take to be always indicative of a lost state far above that of barbarism2 and it not only refutes the theory of natural progress1 but1 as far as it goes1 proves the doctrine of primitive instruction by the ,creator1 maintained by ,dr4 ,whately1 and only partially accepted by his ,grace of ,argyll4 ,language is no human invention1 nor the product of individual or social progress4 ,it requires language to invent language1 and there is no individual progress out of society1 and no society is possible without language4 ,hence1 animals may be gregarious1 but not sociable4 ,they do not1 and never can1 form society4 ,max ,mller has disposed of the bow-wow theory1 or the origin of language in the imitation of the cries of animals1 and also of the theory that supposes it to originate in the imitation of the sounds of nature1 as buzz1 rattle1 etc42 for if a few words could originate in this way1 language itself could not1 since there is much more in language than words4 ,the more common theory1 just now1 and which has respectable names in its favor1 is that ,god is indeed the author of language1 but as causa eminens1 as he is of all that nature does2 that is1 he does not directly teach man language1 but creates him with the power or faculty of speaking1 and making himself understood by articulate speech4 ,but this theory will not bear examination4 ,between language and the faculty of using it there is a difference1 and no faculty creates its own object4 ,the faculty of speaking could no more be exercised without language1 than the faculty of seeing without a visible object4 ,where there is no language1 the faculty is and must be inoperative4 ,the error is in supposing that the faculty of using language is the faculty of creating language1 which it cannot be2 for1 till the language is possessed and held in the mind1 there is nothing for the faculty of speech to operate on or with4 ,to have given man the faculty of speech1 the ,creator must have begun by teaching him language1 or by infusing it with the meaning of its words into his mind4 ,we misapprehend the very nature and office of language1 if we suppose it can possibly be used except as learned from or taught by a teacher4 ,man1 as second cause1 can no more produce language than he can create something from nothing4 ,if ,god made us as second causes capable of creating language1 why can we not do it now1 and master it without a long and painful study8 ,since the faculty must be the same in all men1 why do not all men speak one and the same dialect8 ,we will suppose man had language from the first4 ,but there is no language without discourse of reason4 ,a parrot or a crow may be taught to pronounce single words1 and even sentences1 but it would be absurd to assert that either has the faculty of language4 ,to have language and be able to use it1 one must have knowledge1 and the sense of the word must precede1 or at least be simultaneous with the word4 ,both the word and its meaning must be associated in the mind4 #gea ,how then could the ,creator give man the faculty of language1 without imparting to him in some way the ideas and principles it is fitted to express1 and without expressing which it cannot be language8 ,he must do so1 or there could be no verbum mentis1 and the word would be spoken without meaning4 ,moreover1 all language is profoundly philosophical1 and conforms more nearly to the reality of things than any human system yet attained to1 not only by savages1 but by civilized and cultivated men2 and whenever it deviates from that reality1 it is when it has been corrupted by the false systems and methods of philosophers4 ,in all languages1 we find subject1 predicate1 and copula4 ,the copula is always the verb to be1 teaching those who understand it that nothing existing can be affirmed except by being and in its relation to being1 that is ,god1 who is ,,qui ,,est4 ,were ignorant savages able distinctly to recognize and embody in language the ideal formula1 when no philosopher can ever apprehend and consider it unless represented to him in words8 ,impossible4 ,we take language1 therefore1 as a reminiscence among savages of a previous civilization1 and a conclusive proof that1 up to a certain point at least1 the primeval man1 as ,dr4 ,whately maintains1 was and must have been instructed by his ,maker4 ,as language is never known save as learned from a teacher1 its existence among the lowest and most degraded barbarians is a proof that the primeval man was not1 and could not have been an untutored savage4 ,the ,anglican archbishop1 having1 as the ,scottish duke1 no proper criterion of truth1 may have included in the primitive instruction more than it actually contained4 ,an error of this sort in an ,anglican should surprise no one4 ,truth or sound philosophy from such a source would be the only thing to surprise us4 ,we do not suppose ,adam was directly instructed in all the mechanic arts1 in the whole science and practice of agriculture1 or in the entire management of flocks and herds1 nor that he had steam-engines1 spinning-jennies1 power-looms1 steamboats1 railroads1 locomotives1 palace-cars1 or even lightning telegraphs4 ,we do not suppose that the race1 in relation to the material order1 received any direct instructions1 except of the most elementary kind1 or in matters of prime necessity1 or high utility to his physical life and health4 ,the ornamental arts1 and other matters which do not exceed man's natural powers1 may have been left to man to find out for himself1 though we have instances recorded in which some of them were taught by direct inspiration1 and many modern inventions are only the reproduction of arts once known1 and subsequently lost or forgotten4 ,it is not difficult to explain how our modern advocates of progress have come to regard the savage as the primeval man1 and not as the degenerate man4 ,their theory of natural progress demands it1 and they have always shown great facility in accommodating their facts to their theories4 ,they take also their starting-point in heathenism of comparatively recent origin1 and study the law of human development in the history of gentilism4 ,they forget that gentilism originated in an apostasy from the patriarchal or primitive moral and religious order1 and that1 from the first1 there remained1 and always has remained1 on earth a people that did not apostatize1 that remained faithful to tradition1 to the primitive instruction and wisdom4 #geb ,they fail to consider that1 language confounded and the race dispersed1 those who remained nearest the original seats of civilization1 and were separated by the least distance from the people that remained faithful1 became the earliest civilized or polished gentile nations1 and that those who wandered further into the wilderness--receding further and further from light1 losing more and more of their original patrimony1 cut off from all intercourse with civilization by distance1 by difference of language1 and to some extent1 perhaps1 by physical changes and convulsions of the globe1 degenerated gradually into barbarians and savages4 ,occasionally1 in the course of ages1 some of these wandering and degenerate tribes were brought under the influence of civilization by the arts1 the arms1 and the religion of the more civilized gentile nations4 ,but in none has the gentile civilization1 in the proper sense of the term1 ever risen above what the gentiles took with them from the primitive stock1 when they apostatized4 ,protestant nations are below1 not above1 what they were at the epoch of the ,reformation4 ,the reformers were greatly superior to any of their successors4 ,but our philosophic historians take no account of these things1 nor of the fact that history shows them no barbaric ancestors of the ,egyptians1 ,indians1 ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,syrians1 ,phoenicians1 etc4 ,they find1 or think they find1 from the ,greek poets and traditions1 that the ancestors of the ,greeks and ,romans1 each a comparatively modern people1 were really savages1 and that suffices them to prove that the savage state is the primeval state of the race6 ,they find1 also1 that a marvellous progress in civilization1 under ,christianity has been effected1 and what hinders them from concluding that man is naturally progressive1 or that the savage is able1 by his own efforts1 to lift himself into civilized life8 ,have not the northern barbarians1 who overthrew the ,roman empire of the west1 and seated themselves on its majestic ruins1 become1 under the teachings and the supernatural influences of the church1 the great civilized nations of the modern world8 ,how1 then1 pretend to deny that barbarians and savages can become civilized by their own spontaneous efforts and natural forces alone8 ,whether any savage tribe was ever civilized under gentilism is1 perhaps1 doubtful2 but if the philosophers of history would take the right line1 instead of a collateral line or bastard branch of the human family1 and follow it from ,adam down1 through the patriarchs1 the synagogue1 and the ,catholic ,church1 they would find that there has always been a believing1 a faithful1 an enlightened1 and a civilized people on earth1 and they never would and never could have imagined any thing so untrue as that man began in the lowest form of barbarism in which he can subsist as man4 ,we have no indication of the existence of any savage or barbarous tribes before the flood2 nor after the flood1 till the confusion of language at ,babel1 and the consequent dispersion of the human race2 that is1 till after the gentile apostasy1 of which they are one of the fruits4 ,adam1 by his fall1 lost communion with ,god1 became darkened in his understanding1 enfeebled in his will1 and disordered in his appetites and passions2 but he did not lose all his science1 forget all his moral and religious instruction1 and become a complete savage4 ,besides1 his communion with ,god was renewed by repentance and faith in the promised ,messiah1 or incarnate ,son of ,god1 who should come to redeem the world1 and enable man to fulfil his destiny1 or attain his end4 #gec ,we do not by any means deny progress4 ,we believe in it with ,st4 ,paul1 and struggle for it in individuals and in society4 ,we only do not believe in progress or perfectibility by the simple forces of nature alone1 or that man is naturally progressive4 ,existences have two movements or cycles3 the one1 their procession1 by way of creation1 from ,god as first cause2 the other1 their return1 without absorption in him1 to ,god as their final cause or beatitude1 as we have on several occasions very fully shown4 ,in the first cycle1 man is explicated by natural generation1 and his powers are determined by his nature1 or the physical laws of his existence4 ,in the second cycle1 his explication is by regeneration1 a supernatural act2 and his progress is directed and controlled by the moral law prescribed by ,god as final cause1 and is limited only by the infinite1 to which he aspires1 and1 by the assistance of grace1 may attain4 ,the first cycle is initial1 and in it there is no moral1 religious1 or social progress2 there is only physical development and growth4 ,it is under the natural laws of the physicists1 who never look any further4 ,the second cycle is teleological1 and under the moral law1 or the natural law of the theologians and the legists4 ,in this teleological cycle lies the whole moral order1 as distinguished from the physical2 the whole of religion2 its means1 influences1 and ends2 and1 consequently1 civilization1 in so far as it has any moral or religious character1 aims1 or tendency4 ,civilization1 we are aware1 is a word that has hardly a fixed meaning1 and is used vaguely1 and in different senses4 ,it is derived from a word signifying the city--in modern language1 the state--and relates to the organization1 constitution1 and administration of the commonwealth or republic4 ,it is used vaguely for the aggregate of the manners1 customs1 and usages of city life1 and also for the principles and laws of a well ordered and well-governed civil society4 ,we take it chiefly in the latter sense1 and understand by it the supremacy of the moral order in secular life1 the reign of law1 or the subjection of the passions and turbulent elements of human nature in the individual1 the family1 and society to the moral law2 or1 briefly1 the predominance of reason and justice over passion and caprice in the affairs of this world1 and therefore coincident with liberty1 as distinguished from license4 ,the race began in civilization1 because it began with a knowledge of the law of human existence1 man's origin and destiny1 and of the means and conditions of gaining the end for which he exists2 and because he was placed in the outset by his ,maker in possession of these means and conditions1 so that he could not fail except through his own fault4 ,those who reject1 neglect1 or pervert the moral order1 follow only the natural laws1 separate from the communion of the faithful1 and remain in the initial cycle1 gradually become barbarians1 superstitious1 the slaves of their own passions1 cruel and merciless savages1 even if still cultivated1 refined1 and mild-mannered4 ,we place civilization1 then1 in the second cycle or movement of existences1 under the moral law1 and must do so or deny it all moral basis or moral character4 ,what is not moral in its aims and tendencies1 or is not in the order of man's return to ,god as his last end1 we exclude from civilization1 as no part of it1 even if called by its name4 ,there is no civilization where there is no state or civil polity2 and there can be no state or civil polity1 though there may be force1 tyranny1 and slavery1 out of the moral order4 #ged ,the state lies in the moral or teleological order1 and is under the moral law--the law prescribed by ,god as final cause4 ,it derives all its principles from it1 and is founded and governed by it4 ,its very mission is the maintenance of justice1 freedom1 and order2 and1 as far as it goes1 to keep men's faces towards the end for which they are created4 ,and hence the concord there is1 or should be1 between the state and the church4 ,most of those things1 it will be seen from this1 after which the gentiles seek1 and which the moderns call civilization1 may be adjuncts of civilization1 in the sense of our ,lord1 when he says1 ,seek first the kingdom of ,god and his justice1 and all these things shall be added unto you2 but they do not constitute civilization1 are not it1 nor any part of it4 ,here is where modern gentilism errs1 no less than did the ancient4 ,take up any of the leading journals of the day1 and you will find what with great emphasis is called modern civilization is in the initial order1 not the teleological2 and is only a development and application of the natural laws of the physicists1 not the natural or moral law of the theologians and legists4 ,the press and popular orators called1 a few years ago1 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 who had taken a leading share in laying a submarine telegraph from the western coast of ,ireland to the eastern coast of ,newfoundland1 a second ,messiah4 ,when1 after much urging and some threats1 ,president ,lincoln proclaimed1 as a war measure1 the emancipation of the slaves in certain ,states and parts of ,states then at war with the general government1 the press and orators that approved1 both at home and abroad1 forthwith pronounced him also a second ,messiah1 and without stopping to inquire whether the emancipation would be any thing more than the exchange of one form of compulsory physical labor for another1 perhaps no better4 ,now1 when a new ,atlantic cable is laid from ,france to ,massachusetts1 we are told in flaring capitals and lofty periods that it is another and a glorious triumph of modern civilization--of mind over matter1 man over nature4 ,if our ,san ,francisco friend succeeds in constructing an aerial ship1 with which he can navigate the air1 it will be a greater triumph still of modern civilization1 and the theologians and moralists will have to hide their heads4 ,all this shows that civilization1 by the leaders of public opinion in our day1 is placed wholly in the physical order1 and consists in the development and application of the natural laws to the accomplishment of certain physical ends or purposes of utility only in the first cycle of our existence1 and without the least moral significance4 ,so completely have we become devoted to the improvement of our condition in the initial order1 that we forget that life does not end with it1 or that the initial exists only for the teleological1 and that our development and application of the physical laws of nature imply no progress in civilization1 or the realization of a moral ideal4 ,but whatever success we may have in developing and applying to our own purposes the physical laws of man and the globe he inhabits1 we must remember that no success of that sort initiates us into the second cycle1 or the life of our return to ,god4 ,to enter that life we must be regenerated1 and we can no more regenerate than we can generate ourselves4 ,here1 we may see why even to civilization the ,incarnation of the ,word is necessary4 ,the hypostatic union of the divine and human natures in the divine person of the ,word carries the creative act to its summit1 completes the first cycle1 and initiates the second1 into which we can enter only as we are reborn of ,christ1 as we were born in the first cycle of ,adam4 #gee ,hence1 ,christ is called the second ,adam1 the ,lord from heaven4 ,civilization1 morality1 salvation1 are in one sense in the same order and under one and the same law4 ,progress being possible1 except in the sense of physical development1 only in the movement of return to ,god as final cause1 and that movement originating in the ,incarnation only1 it follows that those nations alone that are united to ,christ by faith and love1 either united to him who was to come1 as were the patriarchs and the synagogue1 before the ,incarnation1 or to him in the church or the regeneration1 as are ,catholics since1 are or can be progressive1 or even truly civilized nations4 ,they who assert progress by our natural forces alone1 confound the first cycle with the second1 generation with regeneration1 and the natural laws1 which proceed from ,god as first cause1 with the natural or moral law which is prescribed by ,god as final cause4 ,it is a great mistake1 then1 to suppose1 as many do1 that the mysteries of faith1 even the most recondite1 have no practical bearing on the progress of men and nations1 or that it is safe1 in studying civilization1 to take our point of departure in gentilism4 ,in accordance with our conclusion1 we find that gentile nations1 ancient or modern1 are really unprogressive1 save in the physical or initial order2 which is of no account in the moral or teleological order4 ,we deny not the achievements of ,protestant nations in the physical order2 but1 in relation to the end for which man exists1 they not only do not advance beyond what they took with them from the church1 but are constantly deteriorating4 ,they have lost the condition of moral and spiritual progress1 individually and collectively1 by losing communion with ,christ in his church2 they have lost ,christ1 in reality1 if not in name2 and by losing the infallible word preserved by the church alone1 they have lost or are losing the state1 civil authority itself1 and finding themselves reduced to what ,st4 ,paul calls the natural man4 ,they place all their hopes in physical success1 always certain to fail in the end1 when pursued for its own sake4 ,we have raised and we raise here no question as to what ,god might have done1 or how or with what powers he might have created man1 had he chosen4 ,we only take the plan he has chosen to adopt2 and which1 in his providence and grace1 he carries out4 ,in the present decree1 as say the theologians1 he has subjected the whole teleological order to one and the same law2 and civilization1 morality1 and ,christian sanctity are not separable in principle1 and depend on one and the same fundamental law4 ,gentilism divorces religion and the state from morality2 and modern heresy recognizes no intrinsic relation between them4 ,it tells us religion is necessary to the stability of the political order2 that ,christianity is the basis of morality1 and that it is the great agent of progress2 but it shows us no reason why it is or should be so1 and in its practical doctrine it teaches that it is not so4 ,every thing1 as far as it informs us1 depends on arbitrary appointment1 and without any reason of being in the system of things which ,god has seen proper to create4 ,hence1 people are unable to form to themselves any clear view of the relation of religion and morality1 of morality and civilization1 or to arrive at any satisfactory understanding of the purpose and law of human existence2 and they either frame to themselves the wildest1 the most fanciful1 or the most absurd theories1 or give the whole up in despair1 sink into a state of utter indifference1 and say1 ,let us eat and drink1 for to-morrow we die4 #gef ,they simply vegetate in vice or crime1 or1 at best1 only take themselves to the study of the physical sciences1 or the cultivation of the fine arts4 ,we have shown that their difficulties and discouragements are imaginary1 and arise from ignorance of the divine plan of creation1 and the mutual relation and dependence of all its parts4 ,one divine thought runs through the whole1 and nothing does or can stand alone4 ,we study things too much in their analysis1 not enough in their synthesis4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,german ,of ,conrad ,von ,bolanden4 ,angela4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,quod ,erat ,demonstrandum4 ,on the following day1 ,richard went to the weather-cross4 ,he did not meet ,angela4 ,she must have been unusually early2 for the flowers had evidently just been placed before the statue4 ,he returned1 gloomy1 to the house and wrote in his diary3 ,may #adth4--,she did not meet me today1 and probably will not meet me again4 ,i should have left the book where it was2 it might have awakened her gratitude2 for ,i think she left it purposely1 to give me an opportunity to make her acquaintance4 ,how many young women would give more than a book to get acquainted with a wealthy party4 ,the ',angel' is very sensitive2 but this sensibility pleases me1 because it is true womanly delicacy4 ,she will now avoid meeting me in this lonely road4 ,but ,i will study her character in her father's house4 ,i will see if she does not confirm my opinion of the women of our times4 ,it was for this purpose alone that ,i accepted ,siegwart's invitation4 ,angela must not play ,isabella2 no woman ever shall4 ,single and free from woman's yoke1 ,i will go through the world4 ,he put aside the diary1 and began reading ,vogt's ,physiological ,letters4 ,at three o'clock precisely1 ,richard with the punctual doctor left ,frankenhhe4 ,they passed through the chestnut grove and through the vineyard toward ,salingen4 ,the doctor pushed on with long steps1 his arms swinging back and forth4 ,he was evidently pleased with the subject he had been reading4 ,he had1 on leaving the house1 shaken ,richard by the hand1 and spoken a few friendly words1 but not a syllable since4 ,richard knew his ways1 and knew that it would take some time for him to thaw4 ,they were passing between ,siegwart's house and ,salingen when they beheld ,angela1 at a distance1 coming toward them4 ,she carried a little basket on her arm1 and on her head she wore a straw hat with broad fluttering ribbons4 ,richard fixed his eyes attentively on her4 ,this time1 also1 she did not wear hoops1 but a dress of modest colors4 ,he admired her light1 graceful movement and charming figure4 ,the blustering doctor moderated his steps and went slower the nearer he came to ,angela1 and considered her with surprise4 ,frank greeted her1 touching his hat4 ,she did not thank him1 as before1 with a friendly greeting1 but by a scarcely perceptible inclination of the head2 nor did she smile as before1 but on this account seemed to him more charming and ethereal than ever4 ,she only glanced at him1 and he thought he observed a slight blush on her cheeks4 #geg ,these particulars were engrossing the young man's attention when he heard the doctor say1 ,evidently the ,angel of ,salingen4 ,who8 said ,richard in surprise4 ,the ,angel of ,salingen1 returned ,klingenberg4 ,you are surprised at this appellation2 is it not well-merited8 ,my surprise increases1 doctor2 for exaggeration is not your fashion4 ,but she deserves acknowledgment4 ,let me explain4 ,the maiden is the daughter of the proprietor ,siegwart1 and her name is ,angela4 ,she is a model of every virtue4 ,she is1 in the female world1 what an image of the ,virgin1 by one of the old masters1 would be among the hooped gentry of the present4 ,as you are aware1 ,i have been often called to the cabins of the sick poor1 and there the quiet1 unostentatious labors of this maiden have become known to me4 ,angela prepares suitable food for the sick1 and generally takes it to them herself4 ,the basket on her arm does service in this way4 ,there are many poor persons who would not recover unless they had proper1 nourishing food4 ,to these ,angela is a great benefactor4 ,for this reason1 she has a great influence over the minds of the sick1 and the state of the mind greatly facilitates or impedes their recovery4 ,i have often entered just after she had departed1 and the beneficial influence of her presence could be still seen in the countenances of the poor4 ,her presence diffused resignation1 peace1 contentment1 and a peculiar cheerfulness in the meanest and most wretched hovels of poverty1 where she enters without hesitation4 ,this is certainly a rare quality in so young a creature4 ,she rejoices the hearts of the children by giving them clothes1 sometimes made by herself1 or pictures and the like4 ,her whole object appears to be to reconcile and make all happy4 ,i have just seen her for the first time2 her beauty is remarkable1 and might well adorn an angel4 ,the common people wish only to ,germanize ',angela' when they call her ',angel4' ,but she is indeed an angel of heaven to the poor and needy4 ,frank said nothing4 ,he moved on in silence toward the weather-cross4 ,i have accidentally discovered a singular custom of your 'angel1' doctor4 ,there is at the weather-cross a ,madonna of stone4 ,angela has imposed upon herself the singular task of adorning this ,madonna1 daily1 with fresh flowers4 ,you are a profane fellow1 ,richard4 ,you should not speak in such a derisive tone of actions which are the out-flowings of pious sentiment4 ,every one has his hobby4 ,what will not people do through ambition8 ,i know ladies who torture a piano for half the night1 in order to catch the tone of the prima-donna at the opera4 ,i know women who undergo all possible privations to be able to wear as fine clothes1 as costly furs1 as others with whom they are in rivalry4 ,this exhaustive night-singing1 these deprivations1 are submitted to through foolish vanity4 ,perhaps ,angela is not less ambitious and vain than others of her sex4 ,as she cannot dazzle these country folk with furs or toilette1 she dazzles their religious sentiment by ostentatious piety4 ,radically false6 said the doctor4 ,charity and virtue are recognized and honored not only in the country1 but also in the cities4 ,why do not your coquettes strive for this approval8 ,because they want ,angela's nobility of soul4 #geh ,and again1 why should ,angela wish to gain the admiration of the peasants8 ,she is the daughter of the wealthiest man in the neighborhood4 ,if such was her object1 she could gratify her ambition in a very different way4 ,then ,angela is a riddle to me1 returned ,richard4 ,i cannot conceive the motives of her actions4 ,which are so natural6 ,the maiden follows the impulses of her own noble nature1 and these impulses are developed and directed by ,christian culture1 and convent education4 ,angela was a long time with the nuns1 and only returned home two years ago4 ,here you have the very natural solution of the riddle4 ,are you acquainted with the ,siegwart family8 ,no2 what ,i know of ,angela ,i learned from the people of ,salingen4 ,they arrived at the platform4 ,klingenberg stood silent for some time admiring the landscape4 ,the view did not seem to interest ,richard4 ,his eyes rested on ,angela's home1 whose white walls1 surrounded by vineyards and corn-fields1 glistened in the sun4 ,it is worth while to come up here oftener1 said ,klingenberg4 ,angela's work1 said ,richard as he drew near the statue4 ,the doctor paused a moment and examined the flowers4 ,do you observe ,angela's fine taste in the arrangement of the colors8 said he4 ,and the forget-me-nots6 ,what a deep religious meaning they have4 ,they returned by another way to ,frankenhhe4 ,angela's pious work1 began ,richard after a long pause1 reminds me of a religious custom against which modern civilization has thus far warred in vain4 ,i mean the veneration of saints4 ,you1 as a ,protestant1 will smile at this custom1 and ,i1 as a ,catholic1 must deplore the tenacity with which my church clings to this obsolete remnant of heathen idolatry4 ,ah6 this is the subject you alluded to yesterday1 said the doctor4 ,i must1 in fact1 smile1 my dear ,richard6 ,but ,i by no means smile at 'the tenacity with which your church clings to the obsolete remnants of heathen idolatry4' ,i smile at your queer idea of the veneration of the saints4 ,i1 as a reasonable man1 esteem this veneration1 and recognize its admirable and beneficial influence on human society4 ,this declaration increased ,frank's surprise to the highest degree4 ,he knew the clear mind of the doctor1 and could not understand how it happened that he wished to defend a custom so antagonistic to modern thought4 ,you find fault1 continued ,klingenberg1 with the custom of erecting statues to these holy men in the churches1 the forest1 the fields1 the houses1 and in the market8 ,yes1 ,i do object to that4 ,if you had objected to the lazy ,schiller at ,mayence1 or the robber's poet ,schiller1 as he raves at the theatre in ,mannheim1 or to the conqueror and destroyer of ,germany1 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 whose statue is erected as an insult in a ,german city1 then you would be right4 ,schiller-worship has its justification1 retorted ,frank4 ,they erect public monuments to the genial spirit of that man1 to remind us of his services to poetry1 his aspirations1 and his ,german patriotism4 ,it is praiseworthy to erect monuments to the poet4 ,but do not talk of ,schiller's patriotism1 for he had none4 ,but let that pass2 it is not to the point4 ,the question is1 whether you consider it praiseworthy to erect monuments to deserving and exalted genius8 #gei ,without the least hesitation1 ,i say yes4 ,but ,i see what you are driving at1 doctor4 ,i know the remorseless logic of your inferences4 ,but you will not catch me in your vise this time4 ,you wish to infer that the saints far surpassed ,schiller in nobility and greatness of soul1 and that honoring them1 therefore1 is more reasonable1 and more justifiable1 than honoring ,schiller4 ,i dispute the greatness of the so-called saints4 ,they were men full of narrowness and rigorism4 ,they despised the world and their friends4 ,they carried this contempt to a wonderful extent--to a renunciation of all the enjoyments of life1 to voluntary poverty and unconditional obedience4 ,but all these are fruits that have grown on a stunted1 morbid tree1 and are in opposition to progress1 to industry1 and to the enlightened civilization of modern times4 ,the dark ages might well honor such men1 but our times cannot4 ,schiller1 on the contrary1 that genial man1 taught us to love the pleasures of life4 ,by his fine genius and his odes to pleasure1 he frightened away all the spectres of these enthusiastic views of life4 ,he preached a sound taste and a free1 unconstrained enjoyment of the things of this beautiful earth4 ,and for this reason precisely1 because he inaugurated this new doctrine1 does he deserve monuments in his honor4 ,how does it happen then1 my friend1 said the doctor1 in a cutting tone that was sometimes peculiar to him1 that you do not take advantage of the modern doctrine of unconstrained enjoyment8 ,why have you preserved fresh your youthful vigor1 and not dissipated it at the market of sensual pleasures8 ,why is your mode of life so often a reproach to your dissolute friends8 ,why do you avoid the resorts of refined pleasures8 ,why are the coquettish1 vitiated1 hollow inclinations of a great part of the female sex so distasteful to you8 ,answer me6 ,these are peculiarities of my nature2 individual opinions that have no claim to any weight4 ,peculiarities of your nature--very right2 your noble nature1 your pure feelings rebel against these moral acquisitions of progress4 ,i begin with your noble nature4 ,if ,i did not find this good1 true self in you1 ,i would waste no more words4 ,but because you are what you are1 ,i must convince you of the error of your views4 ,schiller1 you say1 and1 with him1 the modern spirit1 raised the banner of unrestrained enjoyment1 and this enjoyment rests on sensual pleasures1 does it not8 ,well--yes4 ,i knew and know many who followed this banner--and you also know many4 ,of those whom ,i knew professionally1 some ended their days in the hospital1 of the most loathsome diseases4 ,some1 unsatiated with the whole round of pleasures1 drag on a miserable life1 dead to all energy1 and spiritless4 ,they drank the full cup of pleasure1 and with it unspeakable bitterness and disgust4 ,some ended in ignominy and shame--bankruptcy1 despair1 suicide4 ,such are the consequences of this modern dogma of unrestrained enjoyments4 ,all these overstepped the proper bounds of pleasure1 said ,richard4 ,the proper bounds8 ,stop6 cried the doctor4 ,no leaps1 ,richard6 ,think clearly and logically4 ,christianity also allows enjoyment1 but--and here is the point--in certain limits4 ,your progress1 on the contrary1 proclaims freedom in moral principles1 a disregard of all moral obligations1 unrestricted enjoyment--and herein consists the danger and delusion4 ,i ask1 ,are you in favor of restricted or unrestricted enjoyment8 #gfj ,frank hesitated4 ,he felt already the thumbscrew of the irrepressible doctor1 and feared the inferences he would draw from his admissions4 ,come6 urged ,klingenberg1 decide4 ,sound reason declares for restricted enjoyment1 said ,frank decidedly4 ,good2 there you leave the unlimited sphere which godless progress has given to the thoughts and inclinations of men4 ,you admit the obligation of self control1 and the restraint of the grosser emotions4 ,but let us proceed2 you speak of industry4 ,the modern spirit of industry has invoked a demon--or1 rather1 the demoniac spirit of the times has taken possession of industry4 ,the great capitalists have built thrones on their money-bags and tyrannize over those who have no money4 ,they crush out the work-shop of the industrious and well-to-do tradesman1 and compel him to be their slave4 ,go into the factories of ,elfeld1 or ,england2 you can there see the slaves of this demon industry--miserable creatures1 mentally and morally stunted1 socially perishing2 not only slaves1 but mere wheels of the machines4 ,this is what modern industry has made of those poor wretches1 for whom1 according to modern enlightenment1 there is no higher destiny than to drag through life in slavery1 to increase the money-bags of their tyrants4 ,but the capitalists have perfect right1 according to modern ideas2 they only use the means at their command4 ,the table of the ten commandments has been broken2 the yoke of ,christianity broken4 ,man is morally and religiously free2 and from this false liberalism the tyranny of plutocracy and the slavery of the poor has been developed4 ,are you satisfied with the development1 and the principles that made it possible8 ,no1 said ,frank decidedly4 ,i despise that miserable industrialism that values the product more than the man4 ,my admissions are1 how ever1 far from justifying the exaggerated notions of the saints4 ,wait a bit6 cried ,klingenberg hastily4 ,i have just indicated the cause of this wretched egotism1 and also a consequence--namely1 the power of great capitalists and manufacturers over an army of white slaves4 ,but this is by no means all4 ,this demon of industry has consequences that will ruin a great portion of mankind4 ,now mark what ,i say1 ,richard6 ,the richness of the subject allows me only to indicate4 ,the progressive development of industry brings forth products of which past ages were ignorant1 because they were not necessary for life4 ,the existence of these products creates a demand4 ,the increased wants increase the outlay1 which in most cases does not square with the income1 and therefore the accounts of many close with a deficit4 ,the consequences of this deficit for the happiness1 and even for the morals of the family1 ,i leave untouched4 ,the increased products beget luxury and the desire for enjoyment2 the ultimate consequences of which enervate the individual and society4 ,hence the phenomenon1 in ,england1 that the greater portion of the people in the manufacturing towns die before the age of fifteen1 and that many are old men at thirty4 ,enervated and demoralized peoples make their existence impossible4 ,they go to the wall4 ,this is a historical fact4 ,ergo1 modern industry separated from ,christian civilization hastens the downfall of nations4 #gfa ,i cannot dispute the truth of your observations4 ,but you have touched only the dark side of modern industry1 without mentioning its benefits4 ,if industry is a source of fictitious wants1 it affords1 on the other hand1 cheap prices to the poor for the most necessary wants of life2 for example1 cheap materials for clothing4 ,very cheap1 but also very poor material1 answered ,klingenberg4 ,in former times1 clothing was dearer1 but also better4 ,they knew nothing of the rags of the present fabrication4 ,and it may be asked whether that dearer material was not cheaper in the end for the poor4 ,when this is taken into consideration1 the new material has no advantage over the old4 ,i will freely admit that the inventions of modern times do honor to human genius4 ,i acknowledge the achievements of industry1 as such4 ,i admire the improvements of machinery1 the great revolution caused by the use of steam1 and thousands of other wonders of art4 ,no sensible man will question the relative worth of all these4 ,but all these are driven and commanded by a bad influence1 and herein lies the injury4 ,we must consider industrialism from this higher standpoint4 ,what advantage is it to a people to be clothed in costly stuffs when they are enervated1 demoralized1 and perishing8 ,clothe a corpse as you will1 a corpse it will be still4 ,and besides1 the greatest material good does not compensate the white factory-slaves for the loss of their liberty4 ,the ,lucullan age fell into decay1 although they feasted on young nightingales1 drank liquified pearls1 and squandered millions for delicacies and luxuries4 ,the life of nations does not consist in the external splendor of wealth1 in easy comfort1 or in unrestrained passions4 ,morality is the life of nations1 and virtue their internal strength4 ,but virtue1 morality1 and ,christian sentiment are under the ban of modern civilization4 ,if ,christianity does not succeed in overcoming this demon spirit of the times1 or at least confining it within narrow limits1 it will and must drive the people to certain destruction4 ,we find decayed peoples in the ,christian era1 but the church has always rescued and regenerated them4 ,while the acquisitions of modern times--industrialism1 enlightenment1 humanitarianism1 and whatever they may be called--are1 on the one hand1 of little advantage or of doubtful worth1 they are1 on the other hand1 the graves of true prosperity1 liberty1 and morality4 ,they are the cause of shameful terrorism and of degrading slavery1 in the bonds of the passions and in the claws of plutocracy4 ,frank made no reply4 ,for a while they walked on in silence4 ,let us1 continued ,klingenberg1 consider personally those men whose molten images stand before us4 ,schiller's was a noble nature1 but ,schiller wrote3 ',no more this fight of duty1 hence no longer ,this giant strife will ,i6 ,canst quench these passions evermore the stronger8 ,then ask not virtue1 what ,i must deny4 ',albeit ,i have sworn1 yea1 sworn that never ,shall yield my master will2 ,yet take thy wreath2 to me 'tis lost for ever6 ,take back thy wreath1 and let me sin my fill4' ,is this a noble and exalted way of thinking8 ,certainly not4 ,schiller would be virtuous if he could clothe himself in the lustre of virtue without sacrifice4 ,the passionate impulses of the heart are stronger in him than the sense of duty4 ,he gives way to his passions4 ,he renounces virtue because he is too weak1 too languid1 too listless to encounter this giant strife bravely like a strong man4 ,such is the noble ,schiller4 ,in later years1 when the fiery impulses of his heart had subsided1 he roused himself to better efforts and nobler aims4 #gfb ,consider the prince of poets1 ,goethe4 ,how morally naked and poor he stands before us6 ,goethe's coarse insults to morality are well known4 ,his better friend1 ,schiller1 wrote of him to ,koerner1 ',his mind is not calm enough1 because his domestic relations1 which he is too weak to change1 cause him great vexation4' ,koerner answered1' ,men cannot violate morality with impunity4' ,six years later1 the 'noble' ,goethe was married to his 'mistress' at ,weimar4 ,goethe's detestable political principles are well known4 ,he did not possess a spark of patriotism4 ,he composed hymns of victory to ,napoleon1 the tyrant1 the destroyer and desolator of ,germany4 ,these are the heroes of modern sentiment1 the advance guard of liberty1 morality1 and true manhood6 ,and these heroes so far succeeded that the noble ,arndt wrote of his time1 ',we are base1 cowardly1 and stupid2 too poor for love1 too listless for anger1 too imbecile for hate4 ,undertaking every thing1 accomplishing nothing2 willing every thing1 without the power of doing any thing4' ,so far has this boasted freethinking created disrespect for revealed truth4 ,so far this modern civilization1 which idealizes the passions1 leads to mockery of religion and lets loose the baser passions of man4 ,if they cast these representatives of the times in bronze1 they should stamp on the foreheads of their statues the words of ,arndt3 ',we are base1 cowardly1 and stupid2 too poor for love1 too listless for anger1 too imbecile for hate4 ,undertaking every thing1 accomplishing nothing2 willing every thing1 without the power of doing any thing4' ,you are severe1 doctor4 ,i am not severe4 ,it is the truth4 ,how does it happen that a people so weak1 feeble1 and base could overthrow the power of the ,french in the world8 ,that was because the ,german people were not yet corrupted by that shallow1 unreal1 hollow twaddle of the educated classes about humanity4 ,it was not the princes1 not the nobility1 who overthrew ,napoleon4 ,it was the ,german people who did it4 ,when1 in #ahac1 the ,germans rose1 in hamlet and city1 they staked their property and lives for fatherland4 ,but it was not the enlightened poets and professors1 not modern sentimentality1 that raised their hearts to this great sacrifice2 not these who enkindled this enthusiasm for fatherland4 ,it was the religious element that did it4 ,the ,german warriors did not sing ,goethe's hymns to ,napoleon1 nor the insipid model song of ',luetzows wilder ,jagd1' as they rushed into battle4 ,they sang religious hymns1 they prayed before the altars4 ,they recognized1 in the terrible judgment on ,russia's ice-fields1 the avenging hand of ,god4 ,trusting in ,god1 and nerved by religious exaltation1 they took up the sword that had been sharpened by the previous calamities of war4 ,so the feeble philanthropists could effect nothing4 ,it was only a religious1 healthy1 strong people could do that4 ,but the saints1 doctor6 ,we have wandered from them4 ,not at all6 ,we have thrown some light on inimical shadows2 the light can now shine4 ,the lives of the saints exhibit something wonderful and remarkable4 ,i have studied them carefully4 ,i have sought to know their aims and efforts4 ,i discovered that they imitated the example of ,christ1 that they realized the exalted teachings of the ,redeemer4 ,you find fault with their contempt for the things of this world4 ,but it is precisely in this that these men are great4 #gfc ,their object was not the ephemeral1 but the enduring4 ,they considered life but as the entrance to the eternal destiny of man--in direct opposition to the spirit of the times1 that dances about the golden calf4 ,the saints did not value earthly goods for more than they were worth4 ,they placed them after self-control and victory over our baser nature4 ,exact and punctual in all their duties1 they were animated by an admirable spirit of charity for their fellow-men4 ,and in this spirit they have frequently revived society4 ,consider the great founders of orders--,st4 ,benedict1 ,st4 ,dominic1 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul6 ,party spirit1 malice1 and stupidity have done their worst to blacken1 defame1 and calumniate them4 ,and yet1 in a spirit of self-sacrifice1 the sons of ,st4 ,benedict came among the ,german barbarians1 to bring to them the ennobling doctrines of ,christianity4 ,it was the ,benedictines who cleared the primeval forests1 educated their wild denizens1 and founded schools2 who taught the barbarians handiwork and agriculture4 ,science and knowledge flourished in the cloisters4 ,and to the monks alone we are indebted for the preservation of classic literature4 ,what the monks did then they are doing now4 ,they forsake home1 break all ties1 and enter the wilderness1 there to be miserably cut off in the service of their exalted mission1 or to die of poisonous fevers4 ,name me one of your modern heroes1 whose mouths are full of civilization1 humanity1 enlightenment--name me one who is capable of such sacrifice4 ,these prudent gentlemen remain at home with their gold-bags and their pleasures1 and leave the stupid monk to die in the service of exalted charity4 ,it is the hypocrisy and the falsehood of the modern spirit to exalt itself1 and belittle true worth4 ,and what did ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul do8 ,more than all the gold-bags together4 ,st4 ,vincent1 alone1 solved the social problem of his time4 ,he was1 in his time1 the preserver of society1 or rather1 ,christianity through him4 ,and to-day our gold-bags tremble before the apparition of the same social problem4 ,here high-sounding phrases and empty declamation do not avail4 ,deeds only are of value4 ,but the inflated spirit of the times is not capable of noble action4 ,it is not the modern state--not enlightened society1 sunk in egotism and gold--that can save us4 ,christianity alone can do it4 ,social development will prove this4 ,i do not dispute the services of the saints to humanity1 said ,frank4 ,but the question is1 ,whether society would be benefited if the fanatical1 dark spirit of the middle ages prevailed1 instead of the spirit of modern times8 ,the fanatical1 dark spirit of the middle ages6 cried the doctor indignantly4 ,this is one of those fallacious phrases4 ,the saints were not fanatical or dark4 ,they were open1 cheerful1 natural1 humble men4 ,they did not go about with bowed necks and downcast eyes2 but affable1 free from hypocrisy1 and dark1 sullen demeanor1 they passed through life4 ,many saints were poets4 ,st4 ,francis sang his spiritual hymns to the accompaniment of the harp4 ,st4 ,charles played billiards4 ,the holy apostle1 ,st4 ,john1 resting from his labors1 amused himself in childish play with a bird4 ,such were these men2 severe toward themselves1 mild to others1 uncompromising with the base and mean4 ,they were all abstinent and simple1 allowing themselves only the necessary enjoyments4 ,they concealed from observation their severe mode of life1 and smiled while their shoulders bled from the discipline4 ,pride1 avarice1 envy1 voluptuouness1 and all the bad passions1 were strangers to them2 not because they had not the inclinations to these passions1 but because they restrained and overcame their lower nature4 #gfd ,i ask you1 now1 which men deserve our admiration--those who are governed by unbounded selfishness1 who are slaves to their passions1 who deny themselves no enjoyment1 and who boast of their degrading licentiousness2 or those who1 by reason of a pure life1 are strong in the government of their passions1 and self-sacrificing in their charity for their fellowmen8 ,the preference cannot be doubtful1 said ,frank4 ,for the saints have accomplished the greatest1 they have obtained the highest thing1 self-control4 ,but1 doctor1 ,i must condemn that saint-worship as it is practised now4 ,human greatness always remains human1 and can make no claims to divine honor4 ,the doctor swung his arms violently4 ,what does this reproach amount to8 ,where are men deified8 ,in the ,catholic ,church8 ,i am a ,protestant1 but ,i know that your church condemns the deification of men4 ,doctor1 said ,frank1 my religious ignorance deserves this rebuke4 ,i meant no rebuke4 ,i would only give conclusions4 ,catholicism is precisely that power that combats with success against the deifying of men4 ,you have in the course of your studies read the ,roman classics4 ,you know that divine worship was offered to the ,roman emperors4 ,so far did heathen flattery go1 that the emperors were honored as the sons of the highest divinity--,jupiter4 ,apotheosis is a fruit of heathen growth2 of old heathenism and of new heathenism4 ,when ,voltaire1 that idol of modern heathen worship1 was returning to ,paris in #aggh1 he was in all earnestness promoted to the position of a deity4 ,this remarkable play took place in the theatre4 ,voltaire himself went there4 ,modern fanaticism so far lost all shame that the people kissed the horse on which the philosopher rode to the theatre4 ,voltaire was scarcely able to press through the crowd of his worshippers4 ,they touched his clothes--touched handkerchiefs to them--plucked hairs from his fur coat to preserve as relics4 ,in the theatre they fell on their knees before him and kissed his feet4 ,thus that tendency that calls itself free and enlightened deified a man--,voltaire1 the most trifling scoffer1 the most unprincipled1 basest man of ,christendom4 ,let us consider an example of our times4 ,look at ,garibaldi in ,london4 ,that man permitted himself to be set up and worshipped4 ,the saints would have turned away from this stupidity with loathing indignation4 ,but this boundless veneration flattered the old pirate ,garibaldi4 ,he received #bfg1jjj requests for locks of his hair1 to be cased in gold and preserved as relics4 ,happily he had not much hair4 ,he should have graciously given them his moustaches and whiskers4 ,frank smiled4 ,klingenberg's pace increased1 and his arms swung more briskly4 ,such is the man-worship of modern heathenism4 ,this humanitarianism is ashamed of no absurdity1 when it sinks to the worship of licentiousness and baseness personified4 ,the senseless aberrations of modern culture do not excuse saint worship4 ,and you certainly do not wish to excuse it in that way4 ,there is1 however1 a reasonable veneration of human greatness4 ,monuments are erected to great men4 ,we behold them and are reminded of their genius1 their services2 and there it stops4 ,it occurs to no reasonable man to venerate these men on his knees1 as is done with the saints4 #gfe ,the bending of the knee1 according to the teaching of your church1 does not signify adoration1 but only veneration1 replied ,klingenberg4 ,before no ,protestant in the world would ,i bend the knee2 before ,st4 ,benedict and ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul ,i would willingly1 out of mere admiration and esteem for their greatness of soul and their purity of morals4 ,if a ,catholic kneels before a saint to ask his prayers1 what is there offensive in that8 ,it is an act of religious conviction4 ,but ,i will not enter into the religious question4 ,this you can learn better from your ,catholic brethren--say from the ,angel of ,salingen1 for example1 who appears to have such veneration for the saints4 ,you will not enter into the religious question2 yet you defend saint-worship1 which is something religious4 ,i do not defend it on religious grounds1 but from history1 reason1 and justice4 ,history teaches that this veneration had1 and still has1 the greatest moral influence on human society4 ,the spirit of veneration consists in imitating the example of the person venerated4 ,without this spirit1 saint-worship is an idle ceremony4 ,but that true veneration of the saints elevates and ennobles1 you cannot deny4 ,let us take the queen of saints1 ,mary4 ,what makes her worthy of veneration8 ,her obedience to the ,most ,high1 her humility1 her strength of soul1 her chastity4 ,all these virtues shine out before the spiritual eyes of her worshippers as models and patterns of life4 ,i know a lady1 very beautiful1 very wealthy2 but she is also very humble1 very pure1 for she is a true worshipper of ,mary4 ,would that our women would venerate ,mary and choose her for a model6 ,there would then be no coquettes1 no immodest women1 no enlightened viragoes4 ,now1 as saint-worship is but taking the virtues of the saints as models for imitation1 you must admit that veneration in this sense has the happiest consequences to human society4 ,i admit it--to my great astonishment1 ,i must admit it1 said ,richard4 ,let us take a near example1 continued ,klingenberg4 ,i told you of the singular qualities of ,angela4 ,as she passed1 ,i beheld her with wonder4 ,i must confess her beauty astonished me4 ,but this astonishing beauty1 it appears to me1 is less in her charming features than in the purity1 the maidenly dignity of her character4 ,perhaps she has to thank1 for her excellence1 that same correct taste which leads her to venerate ,mary4 ,would not ,angela make an amiable1 modest1 dutiful wife and devoted mother8 ,can you expect to find this wife1 this mother among those given to fashions--among women filled with modern notions8 ,while ,klingenberg said this1 a deep emotion passed over ,richard's face4 ,he did not answer the question1 but let his head sink on his breast4 ,here is ,frankenhhe1 said the doctor4 ,as you make no more objections1 ,i suppose you agree with me4 ,the saints are great1 admirable men2 therefore they deserve monuments4 ,they are models of virtue and the greatest benefactors of mankind2 therefore they deserve honor4 ',quod erat demonstrandum4' ,i only wonder1 doctor1 that you1 a ,protestant1 can defend such views4 ,you will allow ,protestants to judge reasonably1 replied ,klingenberg4 ,my views are the result of careful study and impartial reflection4 #gff ,i am also astonished--pardon my candor--that with such views you can remain a ,protestant4 ,there is a great difference between knowing and willing1 my young friend4 ,i consider conversion an act of great heroism1 and also as a gift of the highest grace4 ,richard wrote in his diary3 ,if ,angela should be what the doctor considers her6 ,according to my notions1 such a being exists only in the realm of the ideal4 ,but if ,angela yet realizes this ideal8 ,i must be certain4 ,i will visit ,siegwart to-morrow4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ---------- ,from ,the ,german ,the ,flight ,into ,egypt4 ,greenwood tent1 new splendors wear1 ,let thy festal tree-tops glisten2 ,stag1 come here to look and listen2 ,for the world's joy draweth near6 ,flowers1 unclose your lids1 that clearer ,light your dew-wet eyes may mirror4 ,blossom6 blossom6 ,on her bosom ,lo6 the mother bears the ,child6 ,glad-winged birds1 from forest dim1 ,hither fly1 where peace long-sought is2 ,sing melodious jubilates1 ,with the blessd cherubim4 ,morning airs1 come quick6 with tender ,thrill breathe on the branches slender2 ,breathe and hover6 ,rough ways over ,comes the mother with the ,child6 ,stag1 birds1 trees1 and breezes blest1 ,triumph in harmonious numbers-- ,fear not to disturb the slumbers ,of the ,babe upon her breast4 ,gently lull him with your voices1 ,o'er whom all the world rejoices6 ,sing1 adore him6 ,bend before him6 ,hail the mother with the ,child6 ---------- #gfg ,hon4 ,thomas ,dongan1 ,governor of ,new ,york4 ,footnote #ahg ,footnote #ahg3 ,authorities3 ,o',callaghan's ,documentary and ,colonial ,histories of ,new ,york4 ,bancroft's ,history of the ,united ,states4 ,lingard's ,history of ,england4 ,bishop ,bayley's ,history of the ,catholic ,church in ,new ,york4 ,o',callaghan's ,journal of the ,legislature of ,new ,york1 especially a note thereto1 by ,george ,h4 ,moore1 ,esq4 ,shea's ,history of the ,catholic ,missions4 ,campbell's ,life and ,times of ,archbishop ,carroll4 ,de,courcy and ,shea's ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 etc4 ,the student of ,catholic history may be permitted to recall1 with an honorable pride1 the illustrious name and recount the eminent public services of ,colonel ,thomas ,dongan1 who1 while the only ,catholic1 was one of the most able and accomplished1 of the colonial governors of ,new ,york4 ,his life and exploits are but little known1 even among ,catholics2 and while his merits place him without a superior in the honored list of our governors1 it yet remains1 for the ,catholic historian especially1 to rescue his fame from obscurity1 and to weave together1 from scattered historical fragments1 the story of a career at once brilliant and useful1 checkered and romantic4 ,as soldier1 ruler1 exile1 nobleman1 or ,christian gentleman1 he is equally entitled to a distinguished place among the remarkable men of his age4 ,his position was a most difficult and delicate one--a ,catholic ruler over ,protestant subjects1 at a time when religious rivalries and animosities formed the mainspring of public and private political action4 ,it is no small achievement that1 in so trying an office1 he acquitted himself to the satisfaction of friend and foe2 and that ,protestant and ,catholic historians unite in commending his wise and honorable course4 ,as a patriot1 he has won our national gratitude2 for it is to his courage and address that we are indebted for the invaluable service of having extended the northern frontier of our republic to the great lakes4 ,his devotion to civil and religious liberty places his name with that of ,calvert1 in the hearts of ,catholics2 while both should be hallowed together by all lovers of free government4 ,the subject of this memoir was descended from a noble and ancient ,irish family1 distinguished for an energy of character and enterprising spirit which he did not allow to expire with his ancestors4 ,his father was ,sir ,john ,dongan1 baronet1 of ,castletoun1 in the county of ,kildare1 ,ireland4 ,he was also nephew to ,richard ,talbot1 ,earl of ,tyrconnel1 who figured conspicuously in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 as he did in that of ,james ,,ii4 ,this ,earl of ,tyrconnel1 uncle to ,governor ,dongan1 was one of those against whom ,titus ,oates informed4 ,he was made lieutenant-governor of ,ireland1 and afterward lord deputy1 on the recall of ,clarendon1 by ,james ,,ii42 and he aimed at rendering ,ireland independent of ,england1 in the event of the ,prince of ,orange succeeding in his efforts to gain the throne4 ,in furtherance of his patriotic designs1 ,earl ,tyrconnel solicited of ,james permission to hold an ,irish parliament2 but that monarch1 suspecting his purpose1 rejected the measure4 ,thomas ,dongan was born in #afcd2 and1 after being well-grounded in his religion1 and in secular learning1 was trained to the profession of a soldier4 ,he entered the military service of ,france1 and served as colonel of a ,french regiment1 under ,louis ,,xiv4,footnote #ahh ,footnote #ahh3 ,we find his name rendered in ,french documents as ,colonel ,d',unguent4 #gfh ,his services there were so highly prized that it was with great difficulty and at considerable sacrifice that he was able to withdraw from it4 ,in #afgg-h1 after the ,english parliament had forced ,charles ,,ii4 to break with ,louis ,,xiv41 an order was issued commanding all ,british subjects in the service of ,france to return home4 ,colonel ,dongan obeyed the order of his own sovereign2 and he himself informs us that he was obliged to quit that honorable and advantageous post1 and resisted the temptations of greater preferment1 then offered him1 if he would continue there2 for which reason the ,french king commanded him to quit ,france in forty-eight hours1 and refused to pay him a debt of sixty-five thousand livres1 then due him for recruits and arrears1 upon an account stated by the intendant of ,nancy4 ,no subsequent efforts of ,colonel ,dongan succeeded in appeasing the ,french king's resentment1 or in securing the payment of his claim4 ,on his return from the ,french service to ,england1 he was appointed1 by ,charles ,,ii41 a general officer in the ,english army1 then destined for ,flanders1 and had an annual pension of #ejj settled on him for life1 in consideration of his losses in ,france4 ,but it is regarded as quite certain that he did not go to ,flanders under this appointment1 to defend and support the ,english garrisons in that country1 then menaced by the ,french2 for1 in the same year1 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of ,tangier1 a position which he accepted1 and continued to fill until the year #afhj4 ,at this time1 the ,american province of ,new ,york was under the proprietary government of ,james1 ,duke of ,york1 whose deputy's administration of the affairs of the colony had produced great discontent among the people4 ,his governor1 ,andros1 had been recalled to answer the charges of the people2 had returned to ,new ,york1 acquitted by the duke1 and resumed the imposition of the heavy system of taxation which had weighed so heavily on the citizens1 and produced such discontent4 ,but the resistance of the people1 not stopping short even of calling in question the supreme authority of the duke1 seconded by the remonstrances of ,william ,penn1 finally had the desired effect4 ,andros was recalled1 and ,colonel ,dongan appointed to succeed him as governor of ,new ,york4 ,his commission from the ,duke of ,york1 bearing date ,september #cjth1 #afhb1 contains the following appointing clause3 ,and whereas1 ,i have conceived a good opinion of the integrity1 prudence1 ability and fittness of ,coll4 ,thomas ,dongan1 to be employed as my ,lieutent there1 ,i have therefore thought fitt to constitute and appoint him ye said ,coll4 ,thos to be my ,lt and ,govr within ye lands1 islands1 places aforesaid 7except the said ,east and ,west ,new ,jersey7 to performe execute all and every the powers wch are by the said lettrs pattents granted unto me to be executed by me1 my ,deputy1 ,agent or ,assignes4 ,the written instructions received by the new governor from the ,duke of ,york1 bearing date ,january #bgth1 #afhc1 direct him3 ,first1 to call together the council of the duke1 consisting of ,fredericke ,phillipps1 ,stephen ,courtland1 and other eminent inhabitants1 not exceeding ten councillors4 ,second1 and most important of all1 to issue warrants to the sheriffs of the counties for an election of a general assembly of all the freeholders of the province1 to pass laws for the good weale and government of the said ,colony and its ,dependencyes1 and of all inhabitants thereof4 #gfi ,the assembly was not to exceed eighteen members1 and was to assemble in the city of ,new ,york4 ,third1 to give or withhold his assent to such laws as the general assembly might pass1 as he might approve or disapprove of the same1 etc4 ,fourth1 the laws so passed to be permanent4 ,fifth1 ,and ,i doe hereby require and command you yt noe man's life1 member1 freehold1 or goods1 be taken away or harmed in any of the places undr yor government but by established and knowne laws not repugnant to1 but as nigh as may be agreable to the laws of the kingdome of ,england4 ,sixth1 to repress drunkennesse and debauchery1 swearing and blasphemy1 and to appoint none to office who may be given to such vices2 and to encourage commerce and merchants4 ,seventh1 to exercise general discretionary powers1 except that of declaring war1 without the duke's consent4 ,the eighth relates to assessment of the estates of persons capable of serving as jurors4 ,ninth1 to establish courts of justice1 and to sell the royal lands4 ,tenth1 to pardon offences4 ,eleventh1 to erect custom-houses and other public buildings4 ,twelfth1 to organize the militia4 ,thirteenth1 to settle the boundaries of the province4 ,fourteenth1 to encourage planters1 and to lay no tax on commerce1 except according to established laws4 ,fifteenth1 to purchase ,indian lands4 ,sixteenth relates to the granting of a liberal charter to the city of ,new ,york4 ,seventeenth1 to send reports1 by every ship1 of the progress of the colony1 and to regulate internal trade2 and eighteenth1 to devote his life1 time1 etc41 to the faithful discharge of his duties4 ,the admirable document of which the foregoing is a brief synopsis1 containing as it does the general principles of all good government1 was1 no doubt1 designed to meet the former evils complained of by the people of ,new ,york4 ,that the influence of ,colonel ,dongan1 during the eight months or so that he remained in ,england between his appointment and departure for ,new ,york1 was wholesomely exerted in impressing a liberal and enlightened character upon the policy and instructions of the home government1 cannot be doubted4 ,no one was better fitted by experience1 good judgment1 and inclination1 for such a task4 ,the document itself1 the most just and liberal that ever emanated from an ,english sovereign1 goes far to vindicate the name and character of ,james ,,ii4 ,the new governor arrived at ,new ,york on the #beth of ,august1 #afhc1 and entered upon the duties of his office--duties rendered more delicate and embarrassing by the excitement through which the community had just passed1 the high and extravagant expectations built upon a new appointment1 made with the view of remedying old complaints1 and by the fact that he himself was a professed and zealous ,catholic1 while the community whose destinies he was commissioned to guide were almost without exception ,protestants1 and peculiarly inclined1 at that time1 to look with distrust and hatred upon all ,papists4 ,that such was the case1 we are told by all the historians of the state and city2 but that1 by his address1 good government1 and enlightened policy1 ,governor ,dongan soon removed this difficulty1 we have the same authority for asserting4 ,smith says of him1 ,he was a man of integrity1 moderation1 and genteel manners1 and1 though a professed papist1 may be classed among the best of our governors2 and adds that he surpassed all his predecessors in a due attention to our affairs with the ,indians1 by whom he was highly esteemed4 #ggj ,valentine writes1 that he was a ,roman ,catholic in his religious tenets1 which was the occasion of much remark on the part of the ,protestant inhabitants of the colony4 ,his personal character was in other respects not objectionable to the people1 and he is described as a man of integrity1 moderation1 and genteel manners1 and as being among the best of the governors who had been placed in charge of this province4 ,and ,booth also writes of him1 ,he was of the ,roman ,catholic faith1 a fact which rendered him1 at first1 obnoxious to many2 but his firm and judicious policy1 his steadfast integrity1 and his pleasing and courteous address1 soon won the affections of the people1 and made him one of the most popular of the royal governors4 ,colden1 in his history of the ,five ,nations1 calls him an honest gentleman1 and an active and prudent governor4 ,the governor at once organized his council1 which1 as well from necessity as from prudent policy1 was composed of gentlemen of the ,dutch ,reformed and ,english churches4 ,regarding his functions as purely civil1 he did not1 in the government of the colonists1 who were ,protestants1 advance his views upon subjects not connected with civil government offensively before them1 as they feared he would do4 ,he might have induced over from the old country members of his own church to form his council2 but neither duty nor prudence recommended this measure4 ,catholics1 however1 were no longer excluded from office1 nor from the practice of their religion4 ,the governor had a chapel1 in which himself1 his suite1 his servants1 and all the ,catholics of the province1 could attend divine service according to their own creed4 ,a ,jesuit father1 who accompanied him from ,england1 was his chaplain4 ,he proceeded at once1 according to his instructions1 to issue his warrants for the election of a general assembly4 ,this was an auspicious beginning of his administration1 as it was a concession from the ,duke of ,york for which the people had long struggled4 ,this illustrious body1 consisting of the governor1 ten councillors1 and seventeen representatives elected by the people1 assembled in the city of ,new ,york1 on the #agth of ,october1 #afhc4 ,as he was the first1 so he was the most liberal and friendly royal governor1 that presided over the popular legislatures of ,new ,york2 and the contests between arbitrary power and popular rights1 which distinguished the administration of future governors1 down to the ,revolution1 did not have their origin under his administration4 ,the first act of the general assembly was the framing of a charter of liberties--the first guaranty of popular government in the province2 and ,governor ,dongan1 as he was the first governor to sign the charter of civil and religious liberty in ,new ,york1 was1 not many years afterward1 the first citizen persecuted for his religion after its adoption4 ,this noble charter ordained1 ,that supreme legislative power should for ever reside in the governor1 council1 and people1 met in general assembly2 that every freeholder and freeman might vote for representatives without restraint2 that no freeman should suffer but by the judgment of his peers1 and that all trials should be by a jury of twelve men2 that no tax should be assessed1 on any pretext whatever1 but by the consent of the assembly2 that no seaman or soldier should be quartered on the inhabitants against their will2 that no martial law should exist2 that no person1 professing faith in ,god1 by ,jesus ,christ1 should1 at any time1 be in any way disquieted or questioned for any difference of opinion in matters of religion4 #gga ,it was provided that the general assemblies were to convene at least triennially2 new police regulations were established2 ,sunday laws were enacted2 tavern-keepers were prohibited from selling liquor except to travellers2 children were prohibited from playing in the street1 citizens from working1 and ,indians and negroes from assembling1 on the ,sabbath2 twenty cartmen were licensed1 on condition that they should repair the highways gratis1 when called on by the mayor1 and cart the dirt from the streets beyond the limits of the city4 ,the inhabitants were required to sweep the dirt of the streets together every ,saturday afternoon1 preparatory to its removal by the cartmen4 ,on the #hth of ,december1 #afhc1 the city was divided into six wards1 each of which was entitled to elect an alderman and councilman annually1 to represent them in the government of the city4 ,the appointment of the mayor was reserved to the governor and council1 and was not made elective by the people until after the ,american ,revolution4 ,in #afhe1 on the death of ,charles1 the ,duke of ,york succeeded to the ,english crown1 under the title of ,james ,,ii4 ,governor ,dongan1 by special orders from the home government1 proclaimed ,king ,james throughout the province4 ,indian and ,french disturbances having ceased1 all was now quiet along the northern frontier1 and the governor1 skilfully availing himself of the opportunity1 caused the king's arms to be put upon all the ,indian castles along the ,great ,lake1 and they1 he writes to ,secretary ,blathwayt1 submitted willingly to the king's government4 ,in #afhf1 ,governor ,dongan received a new commission1 bearing date on the #ajth of ,june of that year4 ,this was a very different document from his first commission1 and manifests the change in favor of arbitrary power which took place in the sentiments and policy of ,james on his accession to the throne4 ,the general assembly was abolished and the legislative power was vested in the governor and council1 subject to the approval of the king2 they were also authorized to proclaim and enforce martial law1 to impose taxes1 etc4 ,it has been erroneously stated by one of our historians that ,james1 in this document1 instructed ,governor ,dongan to favor the introduction of the ,roman ,catholic religion into the province--a course of policy which the governor1 himself a ,catholic1 was reluctant to adopt2 whereas1 the only provision therein relating to religion is in these words3 ,and wee doe1 by these presents1 will1 require1 and command you to take all possible care for the ,discountenance of ,vice and encouragement of ,virtue and good-living1 that by such example the ,infidels may bee invited and desired to partake of the ,christian ,religion4 ,according to this commission1 the general assembly was dissolved on the #fth of ,august1 #afhe1 and no other was convened during the reign of ,james4 ,notwithstanding this radical change in the organic law of the province1 the mild1 liberal1 and judicious administration of the governor caused the exercise of arbitrary power to be but lightly felt by the people4 ,in #afhf1 ,governor ,dongan signalized his administration by granting1 in the name and by the authority of the king1 the celebrated charter of the city of ,new ,york known as the ,dongan ,charter1 bearing date the #bb;d of ,april of that year4 ,this document constitutes to this day the basis and foundation of the municipal laws1 rights1 privileges1 public property1 and franchises of the city4 ,it was confirmed and renewed by ,governor ,montgomery1 on the #aeth day of ,january1 #agcj1 in the reign of ,george ,,ii4 #ggb ,this charter was granted on the petition of the mayor and common council of the city of ,new ,york1 addressed ,to the ,right ,honorable ,colln4 ,dongan1 ,esqr41 ,lieutennant ,governor ,vice ,admirall under his ,royall ,highness1 ,james ,duke of ,york and ,albany1 c41 of ,new ,york and ,dependencyes in ,america4 ,in this petition are recited the ancient privileges and incorporation of the city1 and especially the fact that the whole island of ,manhattan had been made a part of the corporation1 and all the inhabitants thereof were subject to the government of the city2 and praying a re-grant and confirmation of the same1 and of all their ancient rights and privileges4 ,the charter itself confirms all the ancient franchises and grants to the city1 and confers many new ones upon it2 it grants to the city the waste or unappropriated lands on the island1 and concedes the right of local or municipal legislation1 the ferries1 markets1 docks1 etc41 and covers thoroughly the whole ground of municipal government4 ,it would seem1 from an endorsement made on the petition in the office of the home government1 by the secretary through whose hands it passed1 that the new charter should be granted on the express condition that the old charter be surrendered2 otherwise1 they may keep all their ,old ,priviledges by virtue of that1 and take ye additions by this new one1 without ,subjecting their ,officers1 c41 to the approbation ,refusall1 c41 of ye governors4 ,among other public measures and acts of ,governor ,dongan may be mentioned1 that he proposed to the home government the establishment of post-offices1 or post-houses1 as they were called1 all along the ,atlantic coast within the ,english dominions1 and the establishment of a mint4 ,french ,protestants1 resorting to the colony for trade or business of any kind1 were not to be molested4 ,the fort was supported for one year at his private expense1 during the insufficiency of the public revenue under ,collector ,santen4 ,he obtained a release from the ,ranseleers to the lands in ,albany1 and then granted a charter to that town2 and he endeavored to bring about the union of ,new ,jersey and ,connecticut1 under one and the same government with ,new ,york1 as a measure of public safety and strength4 ,in #afhf1 the governor's salary was raised from #djj to #fjj per annum4 ,the governor's residence was at the fort1 and there was attached to the office the products or rents of a farm1 called1 at various times1 the governor's1 duke's1 or king's farm1 and of another smaller piece of land1 called the queen's garden1 which were subsequently granted to and remain to this day the property of the corporation of ,trinity ,church4 ,it may also be mentioned1 as an evidence of ,governor ,dongan's popularity1 that there is to be found1 in a list of the titles of acts passed by the general assembly in #afhd1 the following title1 ,a ,bill for a present to the ,governor4 ,we are told by the historians that considerable improvements were made in the city in ,governor ,dongan's time4 ,footnote #ahi ,footnote #ahi3 ,valentine4 ,the city wall1 erected in #afec1 on the present line of ,wall street1 which derived its name from this circumstance1 ran through the farm of ,jan ,jansen ,damen2 and from ,broadway to ,pearl street1 the lands north of the wall were1 in ,governor ,dongan's time1 in possession of ,damen's heirs1 who were now induced to part with the same1 so that the wall was removed and these valuable lots brought at once into the market1 and were soon improved4 #ggc ,afterward1 ,governor ,dongan determined still further to enlarge the city1 to demolish the old fortifications1 which were in a state of decay1 and to erect new defences further out4 ,wall street was laid out on the site of the old city wall4 ,the street was afterwards favored by the erection of the city hall on the site of the present custom-house1 and of ,trinity ,church1 facing its westerly extremity1 and soon became one of principal streets of the city4 ,in #afhg1 a new street was laid out between ,whitehall street and ,old ,slip1 and the corporation sold the lots on condition that the purchasers should build the street out toward the water and protect it against the washing of the tide4 ,these improvements were not carried into effect until several years afterward4 ,this is the present ,water street4 ,in the second year of ,governor ,dongan's administration1 #afhd1 the vessels of ,new ,york consisted of three barques1 three brigantines1 twenty-six sloops1 and forty-six open boats2 facts which convey some notion of the commerce and prosperity of ,new ,york at that time4 ,governor ,dongan manifested great activity and energy in the conduct of public affairs4 ,his report on the condition of the colony is a document replete with intelligence1 vigor1 and practical experience1 and shows that no part of the colony1 however remote1 escaped his attention and care2 and no branch of the public service was neglected by him4 ,mr4 ,santen1 the collector of the port1 became a defaulter to the amount of #cjjj1 and was the occasion of great embarrassment and loss to ,governor ,dongan1 who1 however1 on his part1 acted promptly in the premises1 by seizing the books of the delinquent official1 causing him to be arrested and brought before the council for trial1 and1 on his proving refractory1 sending him to ,england4 ,while in ,england1 the displaced collector preferred charges against ,governor ,dongan1 who defended himself in that able and conclusive document1 or report1 on the condition of the colony1 addressed to the lords of the home government1 to which allusion has just been made4 ,the following extract will show how characteristically he defended himself against one of ,mr4 ,santen's charges3 ,to the ,tenth3 ,concerning my ,covetousness1 as hee is pleased to term it4 ,here1 7if ,mr4 ,santen speaks true1 in saying ,i have been covetous17 it was in the management of this small ,revenue to the best advantage1 and had ,mr4 ,santen been as just as ,i have been careful1 the ,king had not been in debt1 and ,i had more in my pocket than now ,i have4 ,this document also shows how active ,governor ,dongan was to secure the beaver and other ,indian trade for the province2 his zeal would not stop short of confining the ,french to the other side of the great lakes1 and ,william ,penn and his people south of a line drawn from a point on the ,delaware to the falls in the ,susquehanna4 ,footnote #aij ,footnote #aij3 ,wyalusing ,falls1 ,bradford ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the report is also full of valuable suggestions on the future as well as the past and present government of the province1 and contains valuable statistics relating to the courts of justice1 the public revenues1 trade and commerce1 population1 the ,indians1 shipping1 agriculture1 and every other public interest4 ,governor ,dongan distinguished his administration in an especial manner by his attention to the relations and interests of the province connected with the ,indian tribes within and adjoining it2 and he is admitted by historians to have surpassed all his predecessors in this department of public affairs1 and to have been held in the greatest esteem by the ,indians themselves4 #ggd ,while seeking their alliance1 their trade1 and their submission to his government1 he ever treated them with frankness1 generosity1 and true friendship4 ,the grateful savages always addressed him by the friendly name of ,corlear2 ,footnote #aia and the name of ',dongan1 the white father1' was remembered in the ,indian lodges long after it had grown indifferent to his countrymen at ,manhattan4 ,his master-stroke of ,indian policy was in gaining the alliance of the ,five ,nations1 securing their submission to the ,english government in preference to that of ,france1 and carrying our northern frontier to the great lakes4 ,footnote #aia3 ,this was the name of one of the old ,dutch inhabitants1 who had conferred a great boon upon the ,indians1 and by his timely intervention saved a large number of them from a contemplated massacre in one of their wars4 ,whenever afterward they wished to address a person in terms of strong attachment and confidence1 they called him ,corlear4 ,the ,five ,nations were a confederacy of the five most powerful ,indian tribes of the north3 the ,mohawks1 the ,oneidas1 the ,onondagas1 the ,cayugas1 and the ,senecas4 ,they were usually called1 by the ,french1 by the name of ,iroquois4 ,their confederation dates back beyond the limits of their history1 as known to the white race2 and both1 like that of other nations in their origin1 are only known to us through dim traditions and fabulous exaggerations4 ,they were united when the ,french came to ,canada2 for we are told1 that1 when ,champlain arrived in ,canada1 he found them united in a war against the ,adirondacks1 or ,algonquins2 and1 as he settled in the country of the latter1 he accompanied them in one of their hostile incursions1 and1 by the assistance of the ,french1 a body of the ,five ,nations was defeated4 ,they long felt a resentment for this act of hostility1 although they received missionaries from the ,french1 and1 in a great measure1 embraced the ,christian faith4 ,on the arrival of the ,dutch1 a trade sprang up between the inhabitants of ,new ,amsterdam and the ,indians of the ,five ,nations2 and the latter1 by exchanging their furs for fire-arms1 became more powerful and more terrible to their enemies4 ,it does not seem that the ,dutch government laid any claim to their country1 or to their allegiance2 though ,governor ,dongan1 in his controversy with the ,french1 claimed that his pretensions were based upon a ,dutch title4 ,their form of government was federal1 like our own4 ,each nation had its own separate government1 for the regulation of their local and individual affairs1 and a general government in all things relating to their common interests4 ,they were the most powerful1 the most permanent1 and the most capable ,indian organization in ,america4 ,like the ,romans1 they incorporated the nations they conquered into the confederacy1 with equal rights2 or1 if this were impracticable1 they destroyed their enemies entirely4 ,such was their power that they exacted tribute from neighboring tribes4 ,in #agae1 the ,tuscaroras of ,north ,carolina were aggregated to the original confederacy1 which was thereafter known by the name of the ,six ,nations4 ,governor ,dongan soon perceived the importance of securing the friendship and alliance of these powerful and warlike tribes4 ,the ,dutch had made a treaty of peace with the ,five ,nations1 which had never been openly broken2 but as it was necessary to keep treaties with the ,indians constantly renewed1 in order to prevent them from being forgotten2 and1 as the ,indians had considered themselves1 on several occasions1 slighted by the ,english governors1 they had more than once invaded the territories of the latter4 #gge ,the ,french in ,canada1 as the first ,europeans who had visited their country1 claimed it and the allegiance of the tribes4 ,french missionaries1 men of heroic self-sacrifice and profound piety1 were among them1 preaching the ,gospel1 receiving their confessions of faith1 offering up the ,christian sacrifice in their midst1 and doing all in their power to improve their temporal and spiritual condition4 ,it was natural1 it was probably necessary1 that these pious missionaries should bring their flocks in contact with their own government2 and1 while their mission and holy office among the ,indians were utterly divested of all political or worldly motives1 they could not avoid being powerful instruments1 with the ,french government1 in securing the advancement of ,french interests among those nations4 ,governor ,dongan1 on the other hand1 had by his kindness and frankness completely gained their confidence1 and was succeeding well in cementing the relations between himself and the ,five ,nations4 ,he soon discovered the presence of the ,french missionaries in their midst an obstacle to this policy2 and1 at the same time1 as a ,catholic1 he felt a profound interest in their religious enlightenment1 and in their adherence to the church of which he was himself a devoted member4 ,to avoid the conflict which might arise between the duty he owed1 on the one hand1 to his church and his conscience1 and1 on the other1 to his king1 he resolved on the plan of insisting upon his claim to the allegiance of the ,five ,nations1 claiming the country to the great lakes1 and upon the withdrawal of the ,french missionaries1 and the substitution of ,english ,jesuit missionaries in their place4 ,though receiving little encouragement from the home government in these measures1 ,governor ,dongan carried them so far into effect as to secure the withdrawal of the ,french missionaries from three of the ,five ,nations1 and to obtain the services of ,english ,jesuits at ,new ,york1 destined for the ,indian missions1 in the place of ,french priests4 ,father ,harrison arrived in ,new ,york in #afhe1 and ,father ,gage arrived there in #afhf4 ,but1 in consequence of their ignorance of the ,indian language1 they were compelled to remain in the city while studying it and preparing for the mission4 ,war1 too1 soon rendered the field of their missionary zeal and labor inaccessible to them1 and the sequel of events shows that it was neither their own nor the good fortune of the ,indians that they should ever reach it4 ,a ,catholic writer ,footnote #aib thus alludes to ,governor ,dongan's position on this1 to him1 delicate subject3 ,there can be no doubt that ,governor ,dongan1 on coming among the ,new ,yorkers1 found that if the measures for converting the ,indians were to proceed1 the political interests of his own country required that ,english missionaries should take the place of the ,french ,jesuits1 some of whom were incorporated among the ,five ,nations4 ,the historians of ,new ,york assert that no previous governor had made himself so well acquainted with ,indian affairs1 or conducted the intercourse between the settlers and ,indians with so much ability and regard to the interests of the subjects of ,great ,britain2 while1 at the same time1 he was held in high esteem by the ,indians themselves4 ,and it is mentioned1 to his honor1 by the same historians1 who are unsparing in their condemnation of his religion1 that he did not permit the identity of his faith with that of the ,catholic missionaries of ,france to prevent him from opposing their residence among the ,indian tribes in his province2 their influence being calculated to promote the interests and policy of ,france1 and weaken the authority of the ,english4 ,but it was loyalty to his own government1 and a just regard for the interests confided to him1 and not indifference to the pious work of ,christianizing the ,indians1 that induced ,governor ,dongan to oppose the missions of the ,french4 ,footnote #aib3 ,campbell's ,life and ,times of ,archbishop ,carroll4 #ggf ,another ,catholic author ,footnote #aic thus writes on the same subject3 ,footnote #aic3 ,shea's ,hist4 ,cath4 ,missions4 ,the ,english colony of ,new ,york had now passed under the sway of ,colonel ,dongan1 one of the most enterprising and active governors that ever controlled the destinies of any of the ,english provinces4 ,his short but vigorous administration showed that he was not only thoroughly acquainted with the interests of ,england1 but able to carry them out4 ,a ,catholic1 who had served in the ,french armies1 he was biassed neither by his religion nor his former services in the duties of the station now devolved upon him4 444 ,claiming for ,england all the country south of the great lakes1 he it was who made them a boundary4 ,his first step was to extend the power of ,new ,york over the five ,iroquois cantons1 and bind those warlike tribes to the ,english interest4 ,his next1 to recall the ,caughnawagas to their ancient home1 by promises of a new location on the plains of ,saratoga1 where a church should be built for them1 and an ,english ,jesuit stationed as their missionary4 ,in this plan he found his efforts thwarted by the missionaries1 who1 ,french by birth and attachment1 looked with suspicion on the growing ,english influence in the cantons1 as fatal to the missions which had cost so much toil1 and who relied little on ,dongan's fair words1 and subsequent promise to replace them by ,english members of their society4 ,the same author1 in another work1 expresses his confidence in the sincerity of ,governor ,dongan's intentions and promises1 and points to the three ,english ,jesuits brought to ,new ,york by him1 as proof of both4 ,footnote #aid ,footnote #aid3 ,new ,york ,doc4 ,hist4 ,letter of ,mr4 ,shea1 iii4 #aaj4 ,the ,french government of ,canada was equally bent on reducing the ,five ,nations to subjection to the king of ,france4 ,it required no serious pretexts to induce the ,french to carry their plans into effect by open war2 and pretexts were not long wanting4 ,the murder of a ,seneca chief at ,mackinaw2 an attack by the ,iroquois on a ,french post in ,illinois2 the seizure of a flotilla--fanned the embers of war into a flame1 and the subjugation of the ,five ,nations seemed to be at hand4 ,a large ,canadian army was organized for this purpose4 ,it is said by historians1 and with probable truth1 that the ,french king had remonstrated with ,james ,,ii4 against ,colonel ,dongan's interference with the ,french missions1 and that ,james had instructed his governor to desist from this policy2 also1 that ,james1 on hearing of the designs of the ,canadians on the ,five ,nations1 supposing that these warlike and refractory tribes1 either as subjects or enemies1 would be always a thorn in the side of his province1 while within its limits1 ordered ,colonel ,dongan not to interfere with those designs4 ,but ,colonel ,dongan entertained very different views on these subjects4 ,not only did he insist on replacing the ,french ,jesuits with ,english members of the same society1 but he also proposed1 both to the home government and to the governors of ,maryland and ,virginia1 that these two provinces should unite with ,new ,york in resisting the encroachments of the ,french4 ,he also proposed to the home government a plan of emigration from ,ireland to ,new ,york1 and that one of his own nephews should be appointed to conduct and manage the enterprise4 ,he wrote to the home government on this subject as follows3 ,it will be very necessary to send over men to build those forts the proposed forts along the northern frontier4 444 ,my lord1 there are people enough in ,ireland1 who had pretences to estates there1 and are of no advantage to the country1 and may live here very happy4 ,i do not doubt1 if his majesty think fit to employ my nephew1 he will bring over as many as the king will find convenient to send1 who will be no charge to his majesty after they are landed4 #ggg ,governor ,dongan1 notwithstanding his instructions to the contrary1 was far too honorable to see his allies1 7the ,five ,nations17 murdered in cold blood1 in obedience to the will of his superiors4 ,he sent his messengers to warn the ,iroquois of the impending danger1 and invited them to meet him at ,albany1 to renew the old treaty of peace1 which had been long ago made between them and the ,dutch1 and which had almost faded from the memories of the chiefs4 ,both met punctually at the appointed rendezvous2 and ,colonel ,dongan made one of his most characteristic and effective speeches to them1 in which he explained his claims upon them1 demonstrated the hostility of the ,french and his own friendship for them1 made promises of future aid1 and proposed an alliance4 ,the treaty here entered into was long respected by both parties4 ,the clouds of war now burst upon the ,five ,nations1 but found them not unprepared4 ,two invasions of the ,french were repelled1 and finally the invaders1 weakened by sickness and unacquainted with the ,indian modes of war1 returned with scattered ranks to their own country1 to await the terrible retaliation of an injured foe4 ,the warriors of the ,five ,nations burst with fury on the ,canadian settlements1 burning1 ravaging1 and slaying without mercy1 until they had nearly exterminated the ,french from the territory4 ,the war continued until1 of all the ,french colonies1 ,quebec1 ,montreal1 and ,three ,rivers alone remained1 and the ,french dominion in ,america was almost annihilated2 ,governor ,dongan remaining1 says the historian1 a firm friend of the ,indians during his administration1 aiding them by his council1 and doing them every good office in his power4 ,footnote #aie ,footnote #aie3 ,booth's ,history of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,by his bold and independent course1 so much at variance with the views of his royal master1 ,governor ,dongan incurred the displeasure of ,james ,,ii41 who suspended him from his functions1 and about ,april1 #afhh1 the governor resigned his office4 ,the functions of the office of governor then devolved upon the deputy-governor1 ,nicholson4 ,smith1 the historian1 says of ,dongan's removal from the office which he had graced so well1 and in which he had done so much for the good of his king and his fellow-citizens1 that he fell into the king's displeasure through his zeal for the true interest of the province4 ,the voluminous correspondence between ,governor ,dongan and ,mons4 ,denonville1 governor of ,canada1 on the relations of the two rival ,english and ,french colonies1 published in the ,colonial and ,documentary histories of ,new ,york1 is replete with interest1 as containing valuable information concerning the affairs of the day1 and as fairly illustrating the character of our governor4 ,though frequently running into bitter personalities and irreconcilable conflict1 the letters of these two officials were not devoid of personal courtesies and amenities4 ,thus1 we see the ,french governor acting as a mediator with his sovereign in behalf of ,governor ,dongan1 in order that he might recover his claim for services rendered in the ,french army2 and we find ,governor ,dongan1 at one time1 regretting that distance prevented him from meeting and interchanging social civilities with his rival2 and1 at another1 sending to the ,canadian governor a present of oranges1 which1 he had heard1 were a great rarity in ,canada1 and regretting that the messenger's want of carriage prevented him from sending more4 #ggh ,there was one point1 however1 upon which ,governor ,dongan was ever uncompromising2 this was his determination to claim the great lakes as his boundary1 and to submit to nothing short of this4 ,he carried his point even in his own day2 for the royal arms of ,england were emblazoned on the ,indian castles along that border1 ,english forts defended it1 and the ,five ,nations recognized the king of ,england as their father4 ,though wars intervened1 this boundary was afterward recognized1 by solemn treaty1 as the line dividing the ,english and ,french dominions in our day1 the visitor to the great lakes1 and the tourist at the falls of ,niagara1 sees the ,american flag floating where ,governor ,dongan planted its predecessor1 the standard of our ,english ancestors4 ,then1 ,proudly hath it floated ,through the battles of the sea1 ,when the red-cross flag o'er smoke-wreaths played ,like the lightning in its glee4 ,hemans4 ,now1 ,when ,freedom from her mountain height ,unfurled her standard to the air1 ,she tore the azure robe of night1 ,and set her stars of glory there4 ,drake4 ,after his retirement from office1 ,governor ,dongan spent his time in ,new ,york and on ,staten ,island1 in both of which places he had acquired some property1 but resided mostly on his estate on ,staten ,island4 ,he was offered the commission of a major-general in the ,british army1 and the command of a regiment in the service of ,james ,,ii41 all of which he declined to accept4 ,from the time that ,james ,,ii4 ascended the ,english throne1 discontents began to arise among his ,protestant subjects1 on both sides of the ocean1 at the transfer of power from the ,protestants to the ,catholics4 ,the appointment of ,governor ,dongan1 a professed papist1 was offensive at first to the people of the province of ,new ,york2 but his upright administration1 his devotion to the best interests of the colony1 and his personal popularity1 quelled all actual disturbance during his term of office4 ,we have seen that1 soon after his arrival1 civil and religious liberty were guaranteed1 and that he selected the council from members of the ,dutch ,reformed ,church1 in order to disarm all prejudices4 ,he certainly was not disposed1 however1 to debar himself and his fellow-,catholic subjects from the enjoyment of that religious liberty which he had done so much to secure for others4 ,he had been accompanied to ,new ,york1 in #afhc1 by ,father ,thomas ,harvey1 ,s4,j41 who performed the divine services in the governor's chapel1 in the fort1 and attended to the spiritual wants of the governor1 and of such ,catholics as were in ,new ,york during his administration4 ,fathers ,harrison and ,gage were sent for1 and arrived in ,new ,york afterward1 with the view of superseding the ,french missionaries among the ,indians4 ,it does not appear that large numbers of ,catholics emigrated to ,new ,york1 during his administration1 for his plan for encouraging emigration from ,ireland was not carried into effect2 yet it is reasonable to suppose that the number of ,catholics increased somewhat under the favorable auspices of a ,catholic governor4 ,and1 although ,matthias ,plowman1 the successor to ,mr4 ,santer1 the late collector1 was a ,catholic1 we do not find that ,governor ,dongan filled many of the public offices in his gift with ,catholics4 ,mr4 ,nicholson1 the deputy-governor1 into whose hands ,governor ,dongan resigned his office1 was not appointed by him1 but was the deputy of ,governor ,andros1 who had been appointed by the home government governor of ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 and whose headquarters were at ,boston2 this ,mr4 ,nicholson was said to have been an adherent of the ,catholic faith4 ,religious controversies ran high1 however1 during this period1 and historians generally inform us that plots were formed by the ,protestants1 not only in ,england1 under ,james1 but also in the province of ,new ,york1 under ,governor ,dongan4 #ggi ,this seems probable from the readiness with which the people on both sides of the ,atlantic rose on their ,catholic rulers as soon as the opportunity presented itself4 ,this opportunity was afforded not long after ,governor ,dongan's retirement from office1 in #afhi1 on the invasion of ,england by ,william ,prince of ,orange1 and the abdication and flight of ,james ,,ii4 from ,england4 ,the tone of public sentiment in ,new ,york in #afhi is thus described by ,bishop ,bayley1 in his treatise on the ,history of the ,catholic ,church on the ,island of ,new ,york3 ,smith1 describing the disposition and temper of the inhabitants of the colony at the time1 shows that1 notwithstanding the personal popularity of the governor1 the increase of ,catholics was looked upon with a suspicious eye4 ',a general disaffection1' he says1'to the government prevailed among the people4 ,papists began to settle in the colony under the smiles of the governor4 ,the collector of the revenues and several principal officers threw off the mask1 and openly avowed their attachment to the doctrines of ,rome4 ,a ,latin school was set up1 and the teacher strongly suspected for a ,jesuit2 in a word1 the whole body of the people trembled for the ,protestant cause4' ,the news of the revolution in ,england1 and the subsequent proceedings under ,leisler1 probably caused such ,catholics as were in a situation to get away1 to withdraw at the same time with the governor4 ,the documents connected with ,leisler's usurpation of authority1 as published by ,o',callaghan in his ,documentary ,history of ,new ,york1 show how studiously he appealed to the religious prejudices of the people1 in order to excite odium against the friends of the late governor1 and establish his own claims4 ,the 'security of the ,protestant religion1' and the 'diabolical designs of the wicked and cruel papists1' are made to ring their changes through his various proclamations and letters4 ,depositions and affidavits were published1 in which it was sworn that ,lieutenant-,governor ,nicholson had been several times seen assisting at mass2 that the papists on ,staten ,island 'did threaten to cut the inhabitants' throats1' and to come and burn the city2 'that ,m4 ,de ,la ,prearie had arms in his house for fifty men2 that eighty or a hundred men were coming from ,boston and other places1 that were hunted away1 7no doubt1 not for their goodness17 and that there were several of them ,irish and papists2 that a good part of the soldiers that were in the fort already were papists1' etc4 ,among other depositions1 is one of ,andries and ,jan ,meyer1 in which they declare that1 'being delivered from a papist governor1 ,thomas ,dongan1 they thought that the deputy-governor in the ,fort would defend and establish the true religion2 but we found to the contrary4 ,there was a cry that all the images erected by ,col4 ,thomas ,dongan in the fort would be broken down and taken away2 but when we were working in the fort with others1 it was commanded1 after the departure of ,sir ,edmond ,andros1 by said ,nicholson1 to help the priest1 ,john ,smith1' 7supposed to be a name assumed for the sake of safety by one of the ,jesuit fathers of ,new ,york17 'to remove1 for which we were very glad2 but it was soon done1 because said removal was not far off1 but in a better room in the fort2 and ordered to make all things ready for said priest1 according to his will1 and perfectly1 and to erect all things as he ordered1 from that time1' etc4 ,mr4 ,graham says of the state of public feeling prevailing at this time in ,new ,york1 that ,an outrageous dread of popery had invaded the minds of the lower classes of the people1 and not only diminished real and substantial evils in their esteem1 but nearly extinguished common sense in their understandings1 and common justice in their sentiments4 ,deputy-,governor ,nicholson took possession of the government in ,august1 #afhh4 ,on the #bdth of that month1 ,governor ,andros issued a proclamation for a general thanksgiving throughout the ,english provinces for the birth of a prince1 the son of ,king ,james1 and heir to the ,english throne4 ,but by the next mail news of quite a different character arrived3 the invasion of ,england by the ,prince of ,orange1 the flocking of the people to his standard1 the abdication and flight of ,king ,james1 and the proclamation of ,william and ,mary as king and queen of ,england4 #ghj ,mr4 ,nicholson and his followers recognized the authority of ,william and ,mary1 and1 claiming that the commissions issued under ,james ,,ii4 still held good1 proposed to exercised the functions of the public offices under them1 until instructions should be received from the new government at home4 ,they were supported by the more respectable and wealthy part of the citizens4 ,but the popular party took the opposite ground1 and contended that all the commissions were now invalid1 and that the people should take the government into their own hands until the will of their present majesties should be heard from4 ,they were led on by one ,jacob ,leisler1 a successful merchant1 but a bitter bigot and ambitious demagogue1 and the leader of such as refused all social intercourse with ,catholics4 ,leisler had been appointed as early as #afhc1 by ,governor ,dongan1 commissioner of the ,admiralty2 but1 while holding this office1 he was deeply disaffected1 and had previously gained some notoriety by his opposition to ,rensselaer1 an ,episcopal minister and suspected papist1 at ,albany1 who had been sent to the province by the ,duke of ,york4 ,the revolution commenced in ,new ,york by the refusal of ,leisler and others to pay revenue and taxes to ,mr4 ,plowman1 the collector1 because he was a ,catholic4 ,the people of ,long ,island deposed their magistrates and elected new ones1 and despatched a large body of militia to ,new ,york1 to seize the fort1 and keep off popery1 ,french invasion1 and slavery4 ,the public money1 amounting to #ggc #abs41 had been deposited1 for safe keeping1 in the fort which was garrisoned by a few soldiers commanded by a ,catholic ensign4 ,in order to secure this treasure1 the popular party assembled on the #b;d of ,june1 #afhi1 and seized the fort4 ,leisler1 who had refused to lead them to attack1 on hearing of its seizure1 went1 with forty-seven men1 to the fort1 was welcomed by the citizens1 and acknowledged as their leader4 ,at a meeting of the people1 a so-called ,committee of ,safety was appointed for the immediate government of the province1 and ,leisler was appointed to the chief command4 ,then followed the reign of terror described by ,smith1 ,graham1 and other historians4 ,catholics were hunted down in every direction1 and many ,protestants1 suspected of being papists at heart1 were treated in the same manner4 ,orders were issued for the arrest of ,governor ,dongan--who1 since his retirement from office1 had been quietly residing on his estate at ,staten ,island--and all other ,catholics1 who were compelled to fly for safety4 ,governor ,dongan and other ,catholics took shelter on board of a vessel in the harbor1 where they remained for weeks1 during the height of the excitement4 ,he probably was obliged to keep himself concealed4 ,he fled to ,rhode ,island1 and soon afterward returned to ,staten ,island2 his servants were arrested1 his personal effects--charged1 in the frenzy of the hour1 to embrace a number of arms--were seized at his mill on ,staten ,island2 and all who pretended to hold commissions under him were ordered to be arrested4 ,so effectually were the ,catholics driven from the province that1 in #afif1 seven years afterward1 on a census of ,catholics1 taken by the mayor of the city by order of ,governor ,fletcher1 only nine names were returned1 namely1 ,major ,anthony ,brockholes1 ,william ,douglass1 ,john ,cooley1 ,christiane ,lawrence1 ,thomas ,howarding1 ,john ,cavalier1 ,john ,patte1 ,john ,fenny1 and ,philip ,cunningham4 #gha ,whether ,governor ,dongan returned to ,england1 and again came out to the province after the excitement had abated1 or remained concealed in the province or neighborhood1 seems not to be clear4 ,it is certain1 however1 that he was in ,new ,york in #agia sic4 ,it need only be added here that the ,charter of ,liberties1 passed in #afhc1 under a ,catholic governor1 was1 with all other laws passed by the late general assembly1 repealed by the ,protestant assembly of ,new ,york1 in #afia1 and a so-called ,bill of ,rights passed1 which expressly deprived ,catholics of all their political and religious rights4 ,in #afig this ,bill of ,rights was repealed by ,king ,william1 probably as being too liberal1 says ,bishop ,bayley2 and1 in #agjj1 an act was passed which recited that ,whereas1 divers ,jesuits1 priests1 and popish missionaries have1 of late1 come1 and for some time have had this province1 and others of his majesty's adjacent colonies1 who1 by their wicked and subtle insinuations1 industriously labored to debauch1 seduce1 and withdraw the ,indians from their due obedience to his most sacred majesty1 and to excite and stir them up to sedition1 rebellion1 and open hostility against his majesty's priest1 etc41 remaining in or coming into the province after ,november #ast1 #agjj1 should be deemed and accounted an incendiary and disturber of the public peace and safety1 and an enemy of the true ,christian religion1 and shall be adjudged to suffer perpetual imprisonment1 that1 in case of escape and capture1 they should suffer death1 and that harborers of priests should pay a fine of two hundred pounds1 and stand three days in the pillory4 ,if it is alleged that the law of #afia was the result of high party excitement and public alarm1 what excuse1 it may be asked1 is to be alleged for the more illiberal and persecuting law of #agjj8 ,it is but justice to ,james ,,ii41 to point to the ,charter of ,liberties of #afhc1 passed with his own approbation1 and at his suggestion1 and then to the laws of #afia and #agjj1 passed under ,william and ,mary1 and remark that1 though the revolution gave the colonies ,william and ,mary in the place of ,james1 it also gave penal and odious laws1 and a deceptive ,bill of ,rights1 in exchange for a ,charter of ,liberties that gave what its title professed to confer4 ,in ,maryland1 too1 whose ,catholic founders proclaimed civil and religious liberty as the basis of their commonwealth1 the same scenes1 on a more extended scale1 were at the same time being enacted2 the persecutors in ,new ,york were in intimate correspondence with their co-laborers in ,maryland and ,new ,england4 ,in #afia1 when ,governor ,dongan saw1 from the passage of the ,bill of ,rights1 that ,catholics were excluded from the benefits of government1 and subjected to persecution1 he returned to ,england4 ,while he was governor of ,new ,york1 in #afhe1 his brother ,william1 who had1 in #affa1 been created ,baron ,dongan and ,viscount ,claine in the ,irish peerage1 was advanced to the earldom of ,limerick1 with remainder1 on the failure of direct issue1 to ,colonel ,thomas ,dongan4 ,on the breaking out of the revolution and the flight of ,james ,,ii41 ,william1 ,earl of ,limerick1 adhered to that monarch1 and followed him into ,france2 whereupon his estates were forfeited1 and granted to the ,earl of ,athlone1 an adherent of ,william4 #ghb ,this grant was confirmed by an act of the ,irish parliament1 but with a clause saving the right of ,colonel ,thomas ,dongan4 ,colonel ,dongan1 on his return to ,england1 made every effort to recover some portion of his brother's estates4 ,his brother1 the ,earl of ,limerick1 died at ,st4 ,germain in #afih1 whereupon ,colonel ,dongan was introduced to ,william ,,iii4 as successor of the late ,earl of ,limerick1 and the new earl did homage to the king for his earldom1 and1 according to the feudal custom1 kissed the king's hand on succeeding to the rank4 ,he was allowed by the government1 about the same time1 #bejj1 in tallies1 in part payment for advances made by him for public purposes while governor of ,new ,york4 ,his persevering efforts to recover the estates of his deceased brother so far finally succeeded as to induce the passage of an act of parliament for his relief1 on the #beth of ,may1 #agjb4 ,he subsequently offered himself for service in the ,american colonies1 but it does not appear that he was ever in the service of the crown after his return to ,england4 ,he died in ,london1 on the #adth day of ,december1 #agae1 and was interred in the church-yard of ,st4 ,pancras1 ,middlesex4 ,the inscription on his tombstone reads as follows3 ,the ,right ,honble ,thomas ,dongan1 ,earl of ,limerick4 ,died ,december #adth1 aged eighty-one years1 #agae4 ,requiescat in ,pace4 ,amen4 ,in addition to the encomiums passed upon him both by ,catholic and ,protestant historians1 the following1 from ,de ,courcy and ,shea's ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 is here inserted3 ,this able governor was not long enough in office to realize all his plans for the good of the colony1 where he had expended1 for the public good1 most of his private fortune4 ,in this1 as in many other points1 the ,catholic ,governor ,dongan forms a striking contrast with the mass of colonial rulers1 who sought their own profit at the expense of the countries submitted to them4 ,to ,dongan1 too1 ,new ,york is indebted for the convocation of the first legislative assembly1 the colony having been1 till then1 ruled and governed at the good pleasure of the governor2 and this readiness to admit the people to a share in the government is a fact which the enemies of ,james ,,ii4 should not conceal in their estimate of that ,catholic monarch4 ,mr4 ,moore gives us the following particulars in his note1 cited among the authorities to this article3 ,this nobleman died without issue4 ,his estates in ,america were settled chiefly on three nephews1 ,john1 ,thomas1 and ,walter ,dongan4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,edward ,vaughan ,dongan1 of the third battalion of ,new ,jersey ,volunteers1 who died of wounds received in an attack on the ,british posts on ,staten ,island1 in ,august1 #aggg1 was son of the last-mentioned gentleman4 ,john ,charlton ,dongan1 another collateral relative of the ,earl of ,limerick1 represented ,richmond ,county in the ,new ,york ,assembly1 from #aghf to #aghi4 ,representatives of this ancient family are still to be found in ,new ,york4 ,,note4--,the above article is condensed from a forthcoming work of ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,clarke1 to be entitled1 ,lives of ,eminent ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ---------- #ghc ,beethoven4 ,his ,warning4 ,years passed on1 and ,beethoven continued to reside at ,vienna with his two brothers1 who had followed him thither1 and took the charge of his domestic establishment1 so as to leave him entirely at leisure for composition4 ,his reputation had advanced gradually but surely1 and he now stood high1 if not highest1 among living masters4 ,the prediction was beginning to be accomplished4 ,it was a mild evening in the latter part of ,september1 and a large company was assembled at the charming villa of the ,baron ,raimond von ,wetzlar1 situated near ,schnbrunn4 ,they had been invited to be present at a musical contest between the celebrated ,wolff and ,beethoven4 ,the part of ,wolff was espoused with great enthusiasm by the baron2 that of ,beethoven by the ,prince de ,lichnowsky1 and1 as in all such matters1 partisans swarmed on either side4 ,the popular talk among the music-loving ,viennese was1 everywhere1 discussion of the merits of the rival candidates for fame4 ,beethoven was walking in one of the avenues of the illuminated garden1 accompanied by his pupil1 ,ferdinand ,ries4 ,the melancholy that marked the composer's temperament seemed1 more than ever1 to have the ascendency over him4 ,i confess to you1 ,ferdinand1 said he1 apparently in continuation of some previous conversation1 ,i regret my engagement with ,sonnleithner4 ,and yet you have written the opera8 ,i have completed it1 but not to my own satisfaction4 ,and ,i shall object to its being produced first at ,vienna4 ,why so8 ,the ,viennese are your friends4 ,for that very reason ,i will not appeal to their judgment2 ,i want an impartial one4 ,i distrust my genius for the opera4 ,how can that be possible8 ,it is my intimacy with ,salieri that has inclined me that way2 nature did not suggest it2 ,i can never feel at home there4 ,ferdinand1 ,i am self-upbraided1 and should be1 were the applause of a thousand spectators sounding in my ears4 ,nay1 said the student1 the artist assumes too much who judges himself4 ,but ,i have not judged myself4 ,who1 then1 has dared to insinuate a doubt of your success8 ,beethoven hesitated2 his impressions1 his convictions1 would seem superstition to his companion1 and he was not prepared to encounter either raillery or ridicule4 ,just then the host1 with a party of the guests1 met them1 exclaiming that they had been everywhere sought2 that the company was all assembled in the saloon1 and every thing ready for the exhibition4 ,you are bent on making a gladiator of me1 dear baron1 cried the composer1 in order that ,i may be mangled and torn to pieces1 for the popular amusement1 by your favorite ,wolff4 #ghd ,heaven forbid ,i should prejudge either combatant6 cried ,von ,wetzlar4 ,the lists are open2 the prize is not to be awarded by me4 ,but your good wishes--your hopes-- ,oh6 as to that1 ,i must frankly own ,i prefer the good old school to your new-fangled conceits and innovations4 ,but come--the audience waits4 ,each in turn1 the two rivals played a piece composed by himself1 accompanied by select performers4 ,then each improvised a short piece4 ,the delight of the spectators was called forth in different ways4 ,in the production of ,wolff a sustained elevation1 clearness1 and brilliancy recalled the glories of ,mozart's school1 and moved the audience to repeated bursts of admiration4 ,in that of ,beethoven there was a startling boldness1 an impetuous rush of emotions1 a frequency of abrupt contrasts--and withal a certain wildness and mystery--that irresistibly enthralled the feelings1 while it outraged1 at the same time1 their sense of musical propriety4 ,there was little applause1 but the deep silence1 prolonged even after the notes had ceased1 told how intensely all had been interested4 ,the victory remained undecided4 ,there was a clamor of eager voices among the spectators2 but no one could collect the suffrages1 nor determine which was the successful champion in the contest4 ,the ,prince ,lichnowsky1 however1 stood up1 and boldly claimed it for his favorite4 ,nay1 interrupted ,beethoven1 advancing1 my dear prince1 there has been no contest4 ,he offered his hand to his opponent4 ,we may still esteem each other1 ,wolff2 we are not rivals4 ,our style is essentially different2 ,i yield to you the palm of excellence in the qualities that distinguish you4 ,you are right1 my friend1 cried ,wolff2 henceforth let there be no more talk of championship between us4 ,i will hold him for my enemy who ventures to compare me with you--you so superior in the path you have chosen4 ,it is a higher path than mine--an original one2 ,i follow contentedly in the course marked out by others4 ,but our paths lead to the same goal1 replied ,beethoven4 ,we will speed each other with good wishes2 and embrace cordially when we meet there at last4 ,there was an unusual solemnity in the composer's last words1 and it put an end to the discussion4 ,all responded warmly to his sentiment4 ,but amidst the general murmur of approbation1 one voice was heard that seemed strangely to startle ,beethoven4 ,his face grew pale1 then flushed deeply2 and the next moment he pressed his way hastily through the crowd1 and seized by the arm a retreating figure4 ,you shall see me in ,vienna1 whispered the stranger in his ear4 ,yet a word with you4 ,you shall not escape me thus4 ,auf wiedersehen6 ,and shaking off the grasp1 the stranger disappeared4 ,no one had observed his entrance2 the host knew him not1 and though most of the company remarked the composer's singular emotion1 none could inform him whither the unbidden guest had gone4 ,beethoven remained abstracted during the rest of the evening4 #ghe ,the opera of ,leonore was represented at ,prague2 it met with but indifferent success4 ,at ,vienna1 however1 it commanded unbounded applause4 ,several alterations had been made in it2 the composer had written a new overture1 and the finale of the first act2 he had suppressed a duo and trio of some importance1 and made other improvements and retrenchments4 ,not small was his triumph at the favorable decision of the ,viennese public4 ,a new turn seemed to be given to his mind2 he revolved thoughts of future conquests over the same portion of the realm of art2 he no longer questioned his own spirit4 ,it was a crisis in the artist's life1 and might have resulted in his choice of a different career from that in which he has won undying fame4 ,beethoven sat alone in his study2 there was a light knock at the door4 ,he replied with a careless come in1 without looking up from his work4 ,he was engaged in revising the last scenes of his opera4 ,the visitor walked to the table and stood there a few minutes unobserved4 ,probably the artist mistook him for one of his brothers2 but1 on looking up1 he started with indescribable surprise4 ,the unknown friend of his youth stood beside him4 ,so you have kept your word1 said the composer1 when he had recovered from his first astonishment2 and now1 ,i pray you1 sit down1 and tell me with whom ,i have the honor of having formed acquaintance in so remarkable a manner4 ,my name is of no importance1 as it may or may not prove known to you1 replied the stranger4 ,i am your good genius1 if my counsel does you good2 if not1 ,i would prefer to take an obscure place among your disappointed friends4 ,there was a tone of grave rebuke in what his visitor said that perplexed and annoyed the artist4 ,it struck him that there was affectation in this assumption of mystery1 and he observed coldly1 ,i shall not attempt1 of course1 to deprive you of your incognito2 but if you assume it for the sake of effect1 ,i would merely give you to understand that ,i am not prone to listen to anonymous advice4 ,oh6 that you would listen1 said the stranger1 sorrowfully shaking his head1 to the pleadings of your better nature6 ,what do you mean8 demanded ,beethoven1 starting up4 ,ask your own heart4 ,if that acquit you1 ,i have nothing to say4 ,i leave you1 then1 to the glories of your new career2 to the popular applause--to your triumphs--to your remorse4 ,the composer was silent a few moments1 and appeared agitated4 ,at last he said1 ,i know not your reasons for this mystery2 but whatever they may be1 ,i will honor them4 ,i entreat you to speak frankly4 ,you do not approve my present undertaking8 ,frankly1 ,i do not4 ,your genius lies not this way1 and he raised some of the leaves of the opera music4 ,how know you that8 asked the artist1 a little mortified4 ,you1 perhaps1 despise the opera8 ,i do not4 ,i love it2 ,i honor it2 ,i honor the noble creations of those great masters who have excelled in it4 ,but you1 my friend1 are beckoned to a higher and holier path4 ,how know you that8 repeated ,beethoven1 and this time his voice faltered4 ,because ,i know you2 because ,i know the aspirations of your genius2 because ,i know the misgivings that pursue you in the midst of success2 the self-reproach that you suffer to be stifled in the clamor of popular praise4 ,even now1 in the midst of your triumph1 you are haunted by the consciousness that you are not fulfilling the true mission of the artist4 ,his piercing words were winged with truth itself4 ,beethoven buried his face in his hands4 #ghf ,woe to you1 cried the unknown1 if you suppress1 till they are wholly dead1 your once earnest longings after the pure and the good6 ,woe to you1 if1 charmed by the syren song of vanity1 you close your ears against the cry of a despairing world6 ,woe to you1 if you resign unfulfilled the trust ,god committed to your hands1 to sustain the weak and faltering soul1 to give it strength to bear the ills of life1 strength to battle against evil1 to face the last enemy6 ,you are right--you are right6 exclaimed ,beethoven1 clasping his hands4 ,i once predicted your elevation1 your world-wide fame1 continued the stranger2 for ,i saw you sunk in despondency1 and knew that your spirit must be aroused to bear up against trial4 ,you now stand on the verge of a more dreadful abyss4 ,you are in danger of making the gratification of your own pride1 instead of the fulfilment of ,heaven's will1 the aim--the goal of your life's efforts4 ,oh6 never1 cried the artist1 with you to guide me4 ,we shall meet no more4 ,i watched over you in boyhood2 ,i have now come forth from retirement to give you my last warning2 henceforth ,i shall observe your course in silence4 ,and ,i shall not go unrewarded4 ,i know too well the noble spirit that burns in your breast4 ,you will--yes1 you will fulfil your mission2 your glory from this time shall rest on a basis of immortality4 ,you shall be hailed the benefactor of humanity2 and the spiritual joy you prepare for others shall return to you in full measure1 pressed down and running over6 ,the artist's kindling features showed that he responded to the enthusiasm of his visitor2 but he answered not4 ,and now1 farewell4 ,but remember1 before you can accomplish this lofty mission1 you must be baptized with a baptism of fire4 ,the tones that are to agitate and stir up to revolution the powers of the human soul come not forth from an unruffled breast1 but from the depths of a sorely wrung and tried spirit4 ,you must steal the triple flame from heaven1 and it will first consume the peace of your own being4 ,remember this--and droop not when the hour of trial comes6 ,farewell6 ,the stranger crossed his hands over ,beethoven's head1 as if mentally invoking a blessing--folded him in his embrace1 and departed4 ,the artist made no effort to follow him4 ,deep and bitter were the thoughts that moved within him2 and he remained leaning his head on the table1 in silent revery1 or walking the room with rapid and irregular steps1 for many hours4 ,at length the struggle was over2 pale but composed1 he took up the sheets of his opera and threw them carelessly into his desk4 ,his next work1 ,christ in the ,mount of ,olives1 attested the high and firm resolve of his mind1 sustained by its self-reliance1 and independent of popular applause or disapprobation4 ,his great symphonies1 which carried the fame of the composer to its highest point1 displayed the same triumph of religious principle4 ,the ,last ,hours ,of ,beethoven4 ,once more we find ,beethoven1 in the extreme decline of life4 ,in one of the most obscure and narrow streets of ,vienna1 on the third floor of a gloomy-looking house1 was now the abode of the gifted artist4 ,for many weary and wasting years he had been the prey of a cruel malady1 that defied the power of medicine for its cure1 and had reduced him to a state of utter helplessness4 #ghg ,his ears had long been closed to the music that owed its birth to his genius2 it was long since he had heard the sound of a human voice4 ,in the melancholy solitude to which he now condemned himself1 he received visits from but few of his friends1 and those at rare intervals4 ,society seemed a burden to him4 ,yet he persisted in his labors1 and continued to compose1 notwithstanding his deafness1 those undying works which commanded for him the homage of ,europe4 ,proofs of this feeling1 and of the unforgotten affection of those who knew his worth1 reached him in his retreat from time to time4 ,now it was a medal struck at ,paris1 and bearing his features2 now it was a new piano1 the gift of some amateurs in ,london2 at another time1 some honorary title decreed him by the authorities of ,vienna1 or a diploma of membership of some distinguished musical society4 ,all these moved him not1 for he had quite outlived his taste for the honors of man's bestowing4 ,what could they--what could even the certainty that he had now immortal fame--do to soften the anguish of his malady1 from which he looked alone to death as a relief8 ,they wrong me who call me stern or misanthropic1 said he to his brother1 who came in ,march1 #ahbg1 to pay him a visit4 ,god knoweth how ,i love my fellow-men6 ,has not my life been theirs8 ,have ,i not struggled with temptation1 trial1 and suffering from my boyhood till now1 for their sakes8 ,and now if ,i no longer mingle among them1 is it not because my cruel infirmity unfits me for their companionship8 ,when my fearful doom of separation from the rest of the human race is forced on my heart1 do ,i not writhe with terrible agony1 and wish that my end were come8 ,and why1 brother1 have ,i lived1 to drag out so wretched an existence8 ,why have ,i not succumbed ere now8 ,i will tell you1 brother4 ,a soft and gentle hand--it was that of art--held me back from the abyss4 ,i could not quit the world before ,i had produced all--had done all that ,i was appointed to do4 ,has not such been the teaching of our holy church8 ,i have learned through her precepts that patience is the handmaid of truth2 ,i will go with her even to the footstool of the eternal4 ,the servant of the house entered and gave ,beethoven a large sealed package directed to himself4 ,he opened it2 it contained a magnificent collection of the works of ,handel1 with a few lines stating that it was a dying bequest to the composer from the ,count de ,n----4 ,he it was who had been the unknown counsellor of ,beethoven's youth and manhood2 and the arrival of this posthumous present seemed to assure the artist that his own close of life was crowned with the approval of his friend4 ,it was as if a seal had been set on that approbation1 and the friendship of two noble spirits4 ,it seemed like the dismissal of ,beethoven from further toil4 ,the old man stooped his face over the papers2 tears fell upon them1 and he breathed a silent prayer4 ,after a few moments he arose1 and said1 somewhat wildly1 ,we have not walked to-day1 ,carl4 ,let us go forth4 ,this confined air suffocates me4 ,the wind was howling violently without2 the rain beat in gusts against the windows2 it was a bitter night4 ,the brother wrote on a slip of paper1 and handed it to ,beethoven4 #ghh ,a storm8 ,well1 ,i have walked in many a storm1 and ,i like it better than the biting melancholy that preys upon me here in my solitary room4 ,oh6 how ,i loved the storm once2 my spirit danced with joy when the winds blew fiercely1 and the tall trees rocked1 and the sea lashed itself into a fury4 ,it was all music to me4 ,alas6 there is no music now so loud that ,i can hear it4 ,do you remember the last time ,i led the orchestra at ,von ----'s8 ,ah6 you were not there2 but ,i heard--yes1 by leaning my breast against the instrument4 ,when some one asked me how ,i heard1 ,i replied1 ',j'etntends avec mes entraillies4' ,disturbed by his nervous restlessness1 the aged composer went to the window1 and opened it with trembling hands4 ,the wind blew aside his white locks1 and cooled his feverish forehead4 ,i have one fear1 he said1 turning to his brother and slightly shuddering1 that haunts me at times--the fear of poverty4 ,look at this meanly furnished room1 that single lamp1 my meagre fare2 and yet all these cost money1 and my little wealth is daily consumed4 ,think of the misery of an old man1 helpless and deaf1 without the means of subsistence6 ,have you not your pension secure8 ,it depends upon the bounty of those who bestowed it2 and the favor of princes is capricious4 ,then again1 it was given on condition ,i remained in the territory of ,austria1 at the time the king of ,westphalia offered me the place of chapel-master at ,cassel4 ,alas6 ,i cannot beat the restriction4 ,i must travel1 brother--,i must leave this city4 ,you-leave ,vienna8 exclaimed his brother in utter amazement1 looking at the feeble old man whose limbs could scarcely bear him from one street to another4 ,then1 recollecting himself1 he wrote down his question4 ,why8 ,because ,i am restless and unhappy4 ,i have no peace1 ,carl6 ,is it not the chafing of the unchained spirit that pants to be free1 and to wander through ,god's limitless universe8 ,alas6 she is built up in a wall of clay1 and not a sound can penetrate her gloomy dungeon4 ,overcome by his feelings1 the old man bowed his head on his brother's shoulder1 and wept bitterly4 ,carl saw that the delirium that sometimes accompanied his paroxysms of illness had clouded his faculties4 ,the malady increased4 ,the sufferer's eyes were glazed2 he grasped his brother's hand with a tremulous pressure4 ,carl6 ,carl6 ,i pardon you the evil you did me in childhood4 ,pray for me1 brother6 cried the failing voice of the artist4 ,his brother supported him to the sofa and called for assistance4 ,in an hour or two1 his friend and spiritual adviser1 summoned in haste1 had administered the last rites of the church1 and neighbors and friends had gathered around the dying man4 ,he seemed gradually sinking into insensibility4 ,suddenly he revived2 a bright smile illumined his whole face2 his sunken eyes sparkled4 ,i shall hear in heaven6 he murmured softly1 and then sang in a low but distinct voice the lines from a hymn of his own3 ,brder6 ber'm ,sternenzelt1 ,muss ein lieber ,vater wohnen4 ,in the last faint tone of the music his gentle spirit passed away4 ,thus died ,beethoven1 a true artist1 a good and generous man1 a devout ,catholic4 ,simple1 frank1 loyal to his principles1 his life was spent in working out what he conceived his duty2 and though his task was wrought in privation1 in solitude1 and distress1 though happiness was not his lot in this world1 doth there not remain for him an eternal reward8 #ghi ,the ,viennese gave him a magnificent funeral4 ,more than thirty thousand persons attended4 ,the first musicians of the city executed the celebrated funeral march composed by him1 and placed in his heroic symphony2 the most famous poets and artists were pall-bearers1 or carried torches2 ,hummel1 who had come from ,weimar expressly to see him1 placed a laurel crown upon his tomb4 ,prague1 ,berlin1 and all the principal cities of ,germany1 paid honors to his memory1 and solemnized with pomp the anniversary of his death4 ,such was the distinction heaped on the dust of him whose life had been one of suffering1 and whose last years had been solitary1 because he felt that his infirmities excluded him from human brotherhood4 ---------- ,the ,assumption ,of ,our ,lady4 ,if sin be captive1 grace must find release2 ,from curse of sin the innocent is free4 ,tomb prison is for sinners that decease2 ,no tomb but throne to guiltless doth agree4 ,though thralls of sin lie lingering in the grave1 ,yet faultless corse with soul reward must have4 ,the dazzled eye doth dimmd light require1 ,and dying sights repose in shrouding shades2 ,but eagles' eyes to brightest light aspire1 ,and living looks delight in lofty glades4 ,faint-wingd fowl by ground do faintly fly3 ,our princely eagle mounts unto the sky4 ,gem to her worth1 spouse to her love ascends2 ,prince to her throne1 queen to her heavenly king2 ,whose court with solemn pomp on her attends1 ,and choirs of saints with greeting notes do sing4 ,earth rendereth up her undeservd prey3 ,heaven claims the right1 and bears the prize away4 ,southwell4 ---------- #gij ,the ,conversion of ,rome4 ,footnote #aif ,footnote #aif3 #a4 ,history of ,european ,morals1 from ,augustus to ,charlemagne4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahfi4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #b4 ,history of the ,rise and ,influence of the ,spirit of ,rationalism in ,europe4 ,by the same4 ,from the ,london edition4 ,new ,york3 ,appleton ,co41 #ahfh4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,two irreconcilable systems of morals have disputed the empire of the earliest times4 ,the one is founded on the fact that ,god creates man2 the other on the assumption that man is himself ,god1 or1 at least1 a god unto himself4 ,the first system finds its principle in the fact stated in the first verse of ,genesis1 ,in the beginning ,god created heaven and earth2 the second finds its principle in the assurance of ,satan to ,eve1 ,ye shall be as gods1 knowing good and evil4 ,the first system is that of the ,biblical patriarchs1 the synagogue1 the ,christian church1 and all sound philosophy as well as of common sense--is the theological system1 which places man in entire dependence on ,god as principle1 medium1 and end1 and asserts as its basis in us1 ,,humility1 ,blessed are the poor in spirit1 for theirs is the kingdom of heaven4 ,the other system is the gentile or pagan system1 or that which prevailed with the ,gentiles after their falling away from the patriarchal religion4 ,it assumed1 in its practical developments1 two forms1 the supremacy of the state and the supremacy of the individual2 but in both was asserted the supremacy of man--or man as his own lawgiver1 teacher1 and master1 his own beginning1 middle1 and end1 and therefore1 either individually or collectively1 man's sufficiency for himself4 ,its principle or basis1 then1 is ,,pride4 ,mr4 ,lecky adopts1 as we have shown in our former article1 the pagan1 or1 more properly1 the satanic system of morals1 at least as to its principle1 though in some few particulars he gives the superiority to ,christian morals1 particulars in which ,christians advanced further than had advanced the best pagan school before the conversion of ,rome1 but in the same direction1 on the same principle1 and from the same starting-point4 ,he nowhere accepts the ,christian or theological principle1 and rejects everywhere1 with scorn1 ,christian asceticism1 which1 according to him1 is based on a false principle--that of appeasing the anger of a malevolent ,god4 ,he accepts ,christianity only so far as reducible to the pagan principle4 ,the only points in which ,christian morals--for ,christian dogmas1 in his view1 have no relation to morals1 and are not to be counted--are a progress on pagan morals1 are the assertion of the brotherhood of the race and the recognition of the emotional side of human nature4 ,but even these two points1 as he understands them1 are not peculiar to ,christianity4 ,he shows that some of the later ,stoics1 at least1 asserted the brotherhood of the race1 or that nothing human is foreign to any one who is a man--that all good offices are due to all men2 and whoever has studied ,plato at all1 knows that ,platonism attached at least as much importance1 and gave as large a scope to our emotional nature1 as does ,christianity4 ,christian morals have1 then1 really nothing peculiar1 and are1 in principle1 no advance on paganism4 ,the most that can be said is that ,christianity gave to the brotherhood of the race more prominence than did paganism1 and transformed the ,platonic love1 which was the love of the beautiful1 into the love of humanity4 #gia ,this being all1 we may well ask1 ,how was it that ,christianity was able to gain the victory over the pagan philosophers1 and to convert the city of ,rome and the ,roman empire8 ,mr4 ,lecky adopts the modern doctrine of progress1 and he endeavors to prove from the historical analysis of the several pagan schools of moral philosophy1 that the pagan world was gradually approaching the ,christian ideal1 and that when ,christianity appeared at ,rome it had all but attained it1 so that the change was but slight1 and1 there being a favorable conjuncture of external circumstances1 the change was easily effected4 ,the philosophers of the empire had advanced from primitive fetichism to a pure and sublime monotheism2 the mingling of men of all nations and all religions in ,rome1 consequent on the extension of the empire over the whole civilized world1 had liberalized the views1 weakened the narrow exclusiveness of former times1 and gone far towards the obliteration of the distinction of nations1 castes1 and classes1 and thus had1 in a measure1 prepared the world for the reception of a universal religion1 based on the doctrine of the fraternity of the race and love of humanity4 ,all this would be very well1 if it were true2 but it happens to be mainly false4 ,the fact1 as well as the idea of progress1 in the moral order1 is wholly foreign to the pagan world4 ,no pagan nation ever exhibits the least sign of progress in the moral order1 either under the relation of doctrine or that of practice4 ,the history of every pagan people is the history of an almost continuous moral deterioration4 ,the purest and best period1 under a moral point of view1 in the history of the ,roman republic1 was its earliest1 and nothing can exceed the corruption of its morals and manners at its close4 ,we may make the same remark of every non-,catholic nation in modern times4 ,there is a far lower standard of morals reached or aimed at in ,protestant nations to-day than was common at the epoch of the ,reformation2 and the moral corruption of our own country has increased in a greater ratio than have our wealth and numbers4 ,we are hardly the same people that we were even thirty years ago2 and the worst of it is1 that the pagan system1 whether under the ancient ,greco-,roman form or under the modern ,protestant form1 has no recuperative energy1 and the nation abandoned to it has no power of self-renovation4 ,pagan nations may advance1 and no doubt1 at times1 have advanced1 in the industrial order1 in the mechanic arts1 and in the fine arts1 but in the moral1 intellectual1 and spiritual order1 never4 ,mr4 ,lecky confines his history almost entirely to the moral doctrines of the philosophers2 but even in these he shows no moral melioration in the later from the earlier1 no progress towards ,christian morals4 ,in relation to specific duties of man to man1 and of the citizen to the state1 the ,christian has1 indeed1 little fault to find with the ,de ,officiis of ,cicero2 but we find even in him no approach to the ,christian basis of morals4 ,the ,greeks never have any conception of either law or good1 in the ,christian sense4 ,the ,greek text was only a rule or principle of harmony2 it had its reason in the ,greek text1 or the beautiful1 and could not bind the conscience4 ,the ,latins placed the end1 or the reason and motive of the moral law1 in the honestum1 the proper1 the decent1 or decorous4 ,the highest moral act was virtus1 manliness1 and consisted in bravery or courage4 #gib ,the rule was1 to be manly2 the motive1 self-respect4 ,one must not be mean or cowardly1 because it was unmanly1 and would destroy one's self-respect4 ,we have here pride1 not humility2 not the slightest approach to the ,christian principle of morals1 either to the rule or the motive of virtue as understood by the ,christian church4 ,yet ,mr4 ,lecky tells us the moral doctrines of the philosophers were much superior to the practice of the people4 ,he admits the people were far below the philosophers1 and were very corrupt2 but we see no evidence that he has any adequate conception of how corrupt they were4 ,what the people were we can learn from the satirists1 from the historians1 ,livy1 ,sallust1 and ,tacitus1 especially from the ,de ,civitate ,dei of ,st4 ,augustine1 and the writings of the early ,greek and ,latin fathers4 ,our author acknowledges not only that the philosophers were superior to the people1 but also that they were impotent to effect their moral elevation or any moral amelioration of their condition4 ,nothing more true4 ,how1 then1 if ,christianity was based on the pagan principle of morals1 was in the same order with paganism1 and differed from it only in certain details1 or1 as the schoolmen say1 certain accidents--how explain the amelioration of morals and manners which uniformly followed whenever and wherever it was received8 ,if1 as the author holds1 ,christianity was really only a development of the more advanced thought of the pagan empire1 why did it not begin with the philosophers1 the representatives of that advanced thought8 ,yet nothing is more certain than that it did not begin with them4 ,the philosophers were the first to resist it1 and the last to hold out against it4 ,it spread at first among the people1 chiefly among the slaves--that is1 among those who knew the least of philosophy1 who were least under the influence of the philosophers1 and whose morals it is confessed the philosophers did not and could not elevate4 ,this of itself refutes the pretence that ,christianity was an offshoot of heathen philosophy4 ,if it had been1 and its power lay in the fact that the empire in its progress was prepared for it1 its first converts should have been from the ranks of the more advanced classes4 ,but the reverse was the fact4 ,you see your calling1 brethren1 says ,st4 ,paul to the ,corinthians1 that not many are wise according to the flesh1 not many mighty1 not many noble2 but the foolish things of the world hath ,god chosen1 that he may confound the wise2 and the weak things of the world hath ,god chosen1 that he may confound the strong2 and the mean things of the world1 and the things that are contemptible1 hath ,god chosen1 and things that are not1 that he might destroy the things that are2 that no flesh should glory in his sight4 ,footnote #aig ,so said the great teacher of the ,gentiles1 as if anticipating the objection of modern rationalists4 ,evidently1 then1 the pretended preparation of the ,roman empire for ,christianity must count for nothing1 for ,christianity gained its first establishments among those whom that preparation1 even if it had been made1 had not reached4 ,footnote #aig3 ,cor4 i4 #bf4 ,we cannot follow step by step the author in the special chapter which he devotes to the conversion of ,rome1 and the triumph of ,christianity in the empire4 ,we have already indicated the grounds on which he explains the marvellous fact4 #gic ,he denies all agency of miracles1 will recognize no supernatural aid1 and aims to explain it on natural principles or by natural causes alone4 ,thus far he has certainly failed2 but let us try him on his own ground4 ,we grant that the breaking down of the hundred nationalities and fusing so many distinct tribes and races into one people1 under one supreme political authority1 did in some sense prepare the way for the introduction of a universal religion4 ,but it must be remembered that the fusion was not complete1 and that the work of amalgamating and ,romanizing the several nations placed by conquest under the authority of ,rome was only commenced1 when ,christianity was first preached in the capital of the empire4 ,each conquered nation retained as yet its own distinctive religion1 and to a great extent its own distinctive civilization4 ,gaul1 ,spain1 and the ,east were ,roman provinces1 but not thoroughly ,romanized1 and it was not till after ,christianity had gained a footing in the empire that provincials out of ,italy were admitted to the rights and privileges of ,roman citizenship4 ,the law recognized the religion of the state1 but it tolerated for every conquered nation its own national religion4 ,there was as yet nothing in the political1 social1 or religious order of the empire to suggest a universal religion1 or that opened the way for the introduction of a catholic as distinguished from a national religion4 ,all the religions recognized and tolerated were national religions4 ,christianity was always catholic1 for all nations1 not for any particular nation alone4 ,if1 then1 at a subsequent period1 the boasted universality of the empire favored the diffusion of ,christianity1 it did not favor its introduction in the beginning4 ,in all other respects there was1 as we read history1 no evangelical preparation in ,rome or the ,roman empire4 ,the progress1 if progress it may be called1 of the ,gentiles1 had been away from the primitive religion reasserted by ,christianity1 and in a direction from1 not towards1 the great doctrines and principles of the ,gospel4 ,what of primitive tradition they had retained had become so corrupted1 perverted1 or travestied as to be hardly recognizable4 ,they had changed1 even with the philosophers1 the true basis of morals1 and the corrupt morals of the people were only the practical development of the principles adopted by even the best of the ,gentile philosophers1 as rationalism is only the development of principles adopted by the reformers1 who detested it1 and asserted exclusive supernaturalism4 ,even the monotheism of some pagan philosophers was not the ,christian doctrine of one ,god1 any more than simple theism--the softened name for deism--or even theophilanthropy is ,christianity4 ,the ,christian ,god is not only one1 but he is the creator of the world1 of all things visible and invisible1 the moral governor of the universe1 and the remunerator of all who seek him4 ,the ,god of ,plato1 or of any of the other philosophers1 is no creative ,god1 and the immortality of the soul that ,plato and his master ,socrates defended had hardly any analogy with the life and immortality brought to light through the ,gospel4 ,the ,stoics1 whom the author places in the front rank of pagan moralists1 did not regard ,god as the creator of the world1 and those among them who held that the soul survives the body1 believed not in the resurrection of the flesh1 nor in future rewards and punishments4 ,their motive to virtue was their own self-respect1 and their study was to prove themselves independent of the flesh and its seductions1 indifferent to pleasure or pain1 serene and unalterable1 through self-discipline1 whatever the vicissitudes of life4 #gid ,the philosophers adopted the morality of pride1 and aimed to live and act not as men dependent on their ,creator1 but as independent gods1 while the people were sunk in the grossest ignorance and moral corruption1 and subject to the most base and abominable superstitions4 ,such was the pagan empire when ,christianity was first preached at ,rome1 only much worse than we venture to depict it4 ,now1 to this ,roman world1 rotten to the core1 the ,christian preachers proclaimed a religion which arraigned its corruption1 which contradicted its cherished ideas on every point1 and substituted meekness for cruelty1 and humility for pride1 as the principle of morals4 ,they had against them all the old superstitions and national religions of the empire1 the religion of the state1 associated with all its victories1 supported by the whole power of the government1 and by the habits1 usages1 traditions1 and the whole political1 military1 social1 and religious life of the ,roman people4 ,they could not move without stepping on something held sacred1 or open their mouths without offending some god or some religious usage2 for the national religion was interwoven with the simplest and most ordinary usages of private and social life4 ,if a pagan sneezed1 no ,christian could be civil enough to say1 ,jupiter help you1 for that would recognize a false god4 ,yet the ,christian missionaries did succeed in converting ,rome and making it the capital of the ,christian world1 as it was1 when they entered it1 the capital of the heathen world4 ,you tell me this mighty change was effected1 circumstances favoring1 by natural and human means6 ,credat ,judaeus ,appelles1 non ego4 ,the cause of the success1 after the preparation named1 which turns out to have been no preparation at all1 were1 according to the author1 principally the zeal1 the enthusiasm1 and the intolerance or exclusiveness of the ,christians1 the doctrines of the brotherhood of the race and of a future life1 and their appeals to the emotional side of human nature4 ,he does not think the conversion of ,rome any thing remarkable4 ,the philosophers had failed to regenerate society in the moral order1 the old religions had lost their hold on men's convictions1 the old superstitions were losing their terrors1 and men felt and sighed for something better than any thing they had4 ,in fact1 minds were unsettled1 and were ready for something new4 ,this description1 not very applicable to ,rome at the period in question1 is not inapplicable to the ,protestant world at the present time4 ,protestants are no longer satisfied with the results1 either dogmatic or moral1 of the ,reformation1 and the thinking portion of them wish for something better than any thing they have2 yet not1 therefore1 can we conclude that they can easily1 or by any purely human means1 be converted to the ,catholic ,church2 for they have--with individual exceptions1 indeed--not lost their confidence in the underlying principle of the ,reformation1 or opened their minds or hearts to the acknowledgment of the principle1 either of ,catholic dogma or of ,catholic morals4 ,it is not so much that they do not know or misconceive that principle1 but they have a deep-rooted repugnance to it1 detest it1 abhor it1 and cannot even hear it named with patience4 ,so was it with the pagan ,romans4 ,the whole pagan world was based on a principle which the ,christian preacher could not speak without contradicting4 #gie ,the ,christian ideal was not only above1 but antagonistic to the pagan ideal1 and1 consequently1 the more zealous the ,christian missionary1 the more offensive he would prove himself4 ,his intolerance or exclusiveness might help him whose faith was strong1 yet little heeded in practice2 but when faith itself was not only wanting but indignantly rejected1 it could only excite anger or derision4 ,the apostle had no point d'appui in the pagan traditions1 and it was only rarely that he could find any thing in heathen authors1 poets1 or philosophers that he could press into his service4 ,the pagan1 no doubt1 had natural reason1 but it was so darkened by spiritual ignorance1 so warped by superstition1 and so abnormally developed by false principles1 that it was almost impossible to find in it anything on which an argument for the truth could be based4 ,the ,gospel was not in the pagan order of thought1 and the ,christian apologists had to support it by appealing to a line of tradition which the ,gentiles had not1 or had only as corrupted1 perverted1 or travestied4 ,the only traditions they could appeal to were those of the ,hebrews1 and they found it necessary1 in some sort1 to convert the pagans to ,judaism1 before they could convince them of the truth of the ,gospel4 ,this was any thing but easy to be done2 for the ,gentiles despised the ,jews and their traditions1 and the ,jews themselves were the most bitter enemies of the ,christians1 had crucified the founder of ,christianity1 and rejected the ,christian interpretation of their ,scriptures4 ,the doctrine of the brotherhood of the race taught by the church was something more than was taught by the philosophers1 in fact1 another doctrine2 and1 though it had something consoling to the poor1 the oppressed1 the enslaved1 yet these are precisely the classes with whom old traditions linger the longest1 and prejudices are the most inveterate and hardest to be overcome4 ,they are the classes the most opposed to innovations1 in the moral or spiritual order4 ,the ,protestant reformers proved this1 and the peasantry were the last to accept the new gospel they preached1 and rarely accepted it at all but through the influence or compulsion of their princes and nobles4 ,we see1 also1 now1 in ,protestant countries1 that1 the peasantry having become ,protestant1 are far more difficult to convert than persons by birth or education belonging to the upper classes4 ,yet1 it was precisely among the lower classes1 or rather the slave class1 that the ,christian missionary had his greatest success2 though the emancipation and equality he preached were spiritual only1 not physical or social4 ,the doctrine of future life the church taught was coupled with two other doctrines hard for pagans to receive4 ,the mere continuance of the spirit after the death of the body was1 in some form1 no doubt1 held by the whole pagan world1 a few sceptics excepted2 but the resurrection of the body1 or that what had once ceased to live would live again1 was a thing wholly foreign to the pagan mind4 ,plato never1 to my recollection1 once hints it1 and could not with his general principles4 ,he held the union of the soul with the body to be a fall1 a degradation from its previous state1 the loss of its liberty2 regarded the body as the enemy of the soul1 as its dungeon1 and looked upon death as its liberation1 as a restoration to its original freedom and joy in the bosom of the divinity4 ,the pagans had1 as far as ,i can discover1 no belief in future rewards and punishment in the ,christian sense4 #gif ,they believed in malevolent gods1 who1 if they failed to appease their wrath before dying1 would torture them after death in ,tartarus2 but the idea that a ,god of love would doom the wicked to hell1 as a punishment for their moral offences or sins1 was as hard for them to believe as it is for ,mr4 ,lecky himself4 ,yet ,christianity taught it1 and brought the whole empire to believe it4 ,christianity1 while it delivered the pagans from the false terrors of superstition1 replaced them by what to the pagan mind seemed even a still greater terror4 ,in what the author says of appeals to the emotional side of our nature1 he shows that he has studied paganism with more care and less prejudice than he has ,christianity4 ,the emotions1 as such1 have for the ,christian no moral or religious value4 ,the love the ,gospel requires is not an emotional love1 and ,christian morals have little to do with the moral sentiment which ,adam ,smith asserted1 or the benevolence which ,hucheson held to be the principle of morality4 ,there is no approach to the ,christian principle in the fine-spun sentiment of ,bernardine ,saint-,pierre1 ,madame de ,stal1 or ,chateaubriand4 ,sentimentalism1 in any form1 is wholly foreign to ,christian morals and to ,christian piety1 and neither has probably a worse or a more dangerous enemy than the sentimentalism so rife in modern society1 and which finds its way even into the writings of some ,catholics4 ,the sentiment of benevolence may be a mobile1 but it is never the motive of ,christian virtue4 ,no doubt1 one of the great causes of the success of ,christianity was the inexhaustible charity of the early ,christians1 their love for one another1 their respect for and tenderness to the poor1 the forsaken1 the oppressed1 the afflicted1 the suffering4 ,but that charity had not its origin in our emotional nature1 and though it may be attended by sentiment1 is itself by no means a sentiment2 for its reason and motive was the love of ,god1 especially of ,god who had assumed our nature1 and made himself man for man's sake1 and died on the cross for man's redemption4 ,the ,christian sees ,god in every fellow-man who needs his assistance1 or to whose wants he can minister4 ,inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these my brethren1 ye have done it unto me4 ,the ,christian finds his ,lord1 the ,beloved of his soul1 wherever he finds one for whom ,christ died1 to whom he can be of service4 ,this charity1 this love1 may be mimicked by the sentiment of benevolence1 but it does not grow out of it1 is not that sentiment developed or intensified2 it depends on the great central mystery of ,christianity1 that of the ,word made flesh1 and can never be found where faith in the ,incarnation is wanting1 and faith is1 always and everywhere1 an intellectual act1 not a sentimental affection4 ,if it were a natural sentiment or emotion1 why was it to be found among ,christians alone8 ,the heathen had all of nature that ,christians have2 they even recognized the natural brotherhood of the race1 as does the author2 how happens it1 then1 if ,christianity is only a development of heathenism1 and ,christian charity is only a natural sentiment1 that you find no trace of it in the pagan world8 ,there is no effect without a cause1 and there must have been something operating with ,christians that was not to be found in paganism1 and which is not included even in nature4 ,the pagans1 like modern ,protestants1 worshipped success1 and regarded success as a mark of the approbation of the gods4 ,misfortune1 ill-luck1 failure was a proof of the divine displeasure4 ,cromwell and his ,roundheads interpreted uniformly their victories over the royalists as an indisputable proof of the divine approval of their course4 #gig ,it never occurred to them that the ,almighty might be using them to chastise the royalists for their abuse of his favors1 or to execute vengeance on a party that had offended him1 and that1 when he had accomplished his purpose with them1 he would break them as a potter's vessel1 and cast them away4 ,the heathen looked upon the poor1 the needy1 the enslaved1 the infirm1 the helpless1 and the suffering1 as under the malediction of the gods1 and refused to offer them any aid or consolation4 ,they left the poor to struggle and starve4 ,they did not do even so much for them as to shut them up in prisons called poor-houses4 ,they looked with haughty contempt on the poor and needy1 and if they sometimes threw them a crust1 it was from pride1 not charity1 without the least kindly sympathies with them4 ,as with modern non-,catholics1 poverty1 with them1 was regarded and treated as a misfortune or as a crime4 ,yet the ,christians looked upon the poor with love and respect4 ,poverty1 in their eyes1 was no misfortune1 no crime1 but really a blessing1 as bringing them nearer to ,god1 and giving to the ,christian more abundant in this world's goods an opportunity to do good1 and lay up treasures in heaven4 ,the ,christian counts what he gives to the poor and needy as so much treasure saved1 and placed beyond the reach of thieves and robbers1 or any of the vicissitudes of fortune4 ,whence this difference between the pagan and the ,christian1 we might say1 between the ,catholic and non-,catholic8 ,it cannot come from the simple recognition of the natural brotherhood of the race1 for the natural ties of race and of kindred fail to call forth a love so strong1 so enduring1 so self-forgetting as ,christian charity4 ,indeed1 ,christian charity is decidedly above the forces of nature4 ,the brotherhood that gives rise to it is not the brotherhood in ,adam1 but the closer brotherhood in ,christ2 not in generation1 but in regeneration4 ,give1 then1 as large a part as you will to ,christian charity1 in the conversion of ,rome1 you still have offered no proof that the conversion was effected by natural causes1 for that charity itself is supernatural1 and not in the order of natural causes4 ,mr4 ,lecky wholly fails to adduce any natural causes adequate to the explanation of the conversion of ,rome and the triumph of ,christianity over paganism4 ,he cannot do it1 for this one sufficient reason1 that paganism was impotent to reform itself1 and yet it had all the natural causes working for it that ,christianity had4 ,the ,christians had no more of nature than had the pagans1 while all the natural advantages1 power1 wealth1 institutions1 human learning and science1 the laws1 habits1 customs1 and usages of the entire nation1 or aggregation of nations1 were against them4 ,how1 then1 not only do by nature what the same nature in paganism could not do1 or by nature alone triumph over nature clothed with so many advantages1 and presenting so many obstacles8 ,why should nature be stronger1 and so much stronger1 in ,christians than in ,pagans1 that a few illiterate fishermen from the lake of ,genesareth1 belonging by race to the despised nation of the ,jews1 could change not only the belief1 but the moral life of the whole ,roman people8 ,clearly1 the ,christians could not succeed without a power which paganism had not1 and therefore not without a power that nature does not and cannot furnish4 #gih ,the author denies the supernatural1 and seeks to combat the argument we use by showing that several eastern superstitions1 especially the worship of ,isis1 were introduced into ,rome about the same time with ,christianity1 and gained no little currency1 in spite of the imperial edicts against them4 ,this is true1 but there was no radical difference between those eastern superstitions and the state religion1 and they demanded and effected no change of morals or manners4 ,they were all in the order of the national religion1 were based on the same principle1 only they were a little more sensual and corrupt4 ,their temporary success required no other basis than ,roman paganism itself furnished4 ,and the edicts against their mysteries and orgies were seldom executed4 ,it needs no supernatural principle to account for the rapid rise and spread of ,methodism in a ,protestant community1 for it is itself only a form of ,protestantism4 ,but ,christianity was not1 and is not1 in any sense1 a form or development of paganism2 in almost every particular1 it is its direct contradictory4 ,it was based on a totally different principle1 and held entirely different maxims of life4 ,a worshipper of ,bacchus or ,isis could without difficulty conform to the national or state religion1 and comply with all its requirements4 ,the ,christian could conform in nothing1 and comply with no pagan requirements4 ,he could take no part in the national festivities1 the national games1 amusements1 or rejoicings1 for these were all dedicated to idols4 ,there is no analogy in the case4 ,mr4 ,lecky denies that the conversion of ,rome was a miracle1 and that it was effected on the evidence of miracles4 ,he admits that miracles are possible1 though he confounds miracles with prodigies1 and says there is five times more proof in the case of many miracles than would be required to prove an ordinary historical fact2 but he rejects miracles1 not for the want of proof1 nor because science has disproved them1 but because the more intelligent portion of mankind have gradually dropped them1 and ceased to believe in them1 as they have dropped the belief in fairies1 dwarfs1 etc4 ,the enlightened portion of mankind1 it must be understood1 are those who think like ,mr4 ,lecky1 and profess a ,christianity without ,christ1 moral obligation without ,god the creator1 and hold effects are producible without causes4 ,we confess that we are not of their number1 and probably shall never be an enlightened man in their sense4 ,we believe in miracles1 and that miracles had not a little to do with the introduction and establishment of ,christianity4 ,as the author admits them to be possible1 and that many are sustained by far greater proof than is needed to prove ordinary historical events1 we hope that it will be allowed1 that1 in believing them1 we are not necessarily involved in total darkness4 ,but we have no space1 at present1 to enter upon the general question of miracles--a question that can not be properly treated without treating the whole question of the natural and the supernatural4 ,the author tells us that the early ,christians at ,rome rarely appealed1 if at all1 to miracles as proofs either of their doctrines or their mission4 ,yet that they sometimes did would seem pretty certain from the pains the pagans took to break the force of the ,christian miracles by ascribing them to magic1 or by setting up analogous or counter miracles of their own4 ,certain it is1 however1 that they appealed to the supernatural1 and adduced not only the miracle of the resurrection of our ,lord1 which entered into the very staple of their preaching1 and was one of the bases of their faith1 but to that standing miracle of prophecy1 and of a supernatural providence--the ,jewish1 people4 #gii ,the very religion they preached was supernatural1 from beginning to end1 and they labored to prove the necessity of faith in ,christ1 who was crucified1 who rose from the dead1 and is ,lord of heaven and earth4 ,there is no particular miracle or prophecy adduced to prove this that cannot1 indeed1 be cavilled at2 but the ,hebrew traditions and the faith of the ,jewish people could not be set aside4 ,here was a whole nation whose entire life through many thousand years had been based on a prophecy1 a promise of the ,messiah4 ,this prophecy1 frequently renewed1 and borne witness to by the national organization1 the religious institutions1 sacrifices1 and offerings1 and the entire national and moral life through centuries1 is a most stupendous miracle4 ,when you take this in connection with the traditions preserved in the ,hebrew ,scriptures1 which go back to the creation of the world--developing one uniform system of thought1 one uniform doctrine1 one uniform faith1 free from all superstition2 one uniform plan of divine providence1 and throwing a marvellous light on the origin1 duty1 and end of man--you find a supernatural fact which is irresistible1 and sufficient of itself to convince any unprejudiced mind that ,christianity is the fulfilment of the promises made to ,adam after his expulsion from the ,garden1 to the patriarchs1 to ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 and to the ,jewish people4 ,we have no space here to develop this argument1 but it is the argument that had great weight with ourselves personally1 and1 by the grace of ,god1 was the chief argument that brought us to believe in the truth of ,christianity1 and in the church as the fulfilment of the synagogue4 ,the apostles and early apologists continually1 in one form or another1 appeal to this standing miracle1 this long-continued manifestation of the supernatural1 as the basis of their proof of ,christianity4 ,they adduced older traditions than any the pagans could pretend to1 and set forth a faith that had continued from the first man1 which had once been the faith of all mankind1 and from which the ,gentiles had fallen away1 and been plunged1 in consequence1 into the darkness of unbelief1 and subjected to all the terrors of the vilest1 most corrupt1 and abominable superstitions4 ,they labored to show that the ,gentiles1 in the pride of their hearts1 had forsaken the ,god that made them1 creator of heaven and earth1 and all things therein1 visible or invisible1 for ,satan1 for demons1 and for gods made with their own hands1 or fashioned by their own lusts and evil imaginations4 ,they pursued1 indeed1 the same line of argument that ,catholics pursue against ,protestants1 only modified by the fact that the ,protestant falling away1 so clearly foretold by ,st4 ,paul in his ,epistles1 is more recent1 less complete1 and ,protestants have not yet sunk so low as had the ,gentiles of the ,roman empire4 ,but it was not enough to establish the truth of ,christianity in the ,roman mind4 ,christian morals are above the strength of nature alone2 yet the pagans were not only induced to give up their own principle of morals1 and to accept as true the ,christian principle1 but they gave up their old practices1 and yielded a practical obedience to the ,christian law4 ,those same ,romans changed their manner of life1 and attained to the very summits of ,christian sanctity4 ,the philosophers gave many noble precepts1 preserved from a purer tradition than their own1 but they had no power to get them practised1 and our author himself says they had no influence on the people2 yet they enjoined nothing above the forces of nature4 #hjj ,the ,christians came1 taught the people a morality impracticable to nature even in its integrity1 and yet what they taught was actually practised even by women1 children1 and slaves4 ,how was this8 ,it was not possible without supernatural aid1 or the infusion of grace which elevates the soul above the level of nature1 enabling it at once to act from a supernatural principle1 and from a supernatural motive4 ,all who have attempted the practise of ,christian perfection by the strength of nature alone1 have sadly failed4 ,take the charitable institutions1 societies for relieving the poor1 providing for the aged and infirm1 protecting the fatherless and widows1 for restoring the fallen1 and reforming the vicious or criminal1 established by non-,catholics--they are all comparative1 if not absolute failures4 ,though modelled after institutions of the church1 and supported at lavish expense1 none of them succeed4 ,they lack some essential element which is efficacious in ,catholic institutions1 and that element is undoubtedly supernatural grace1 for that is all ,catholics have that they have not in far greater abundance4 ,they have humanity1 natural benevolence1 learning1 ability1 and ample wealth--why do they not succeed8 ,because they lack supernatural charity1 and the blessing of ,god that always accompanies it4 ,no other reasons can be assigned4 ,mr4 ,lecky thinks the persecutions by the state1 which the early ,christians had to endure1 or that the spread of ,christianity in spite of them1 are not worth anything in the argument4 ,in the first place1 he pretends that the persecutions were not very severe1 and were for the most part confined to particular localities1 and rarely became general in the empire2 they were of brief duration1 and came only at distant intervals1 and the number of martyrs could not have been great4 ,in the second place1 the persecutions rather helped the persecuted religion1 as persecution usually does4 ,rome1 in reality1 was tolerant1 and most of the pagan emperors were averse to harsh measures1 and connived at the growth of the new religion1 which they regarded as one of the innumerable superstitions hatched in the ,east1 and which must soon pass away4 ,rome tolerated for conquered nations their national religion1 or worship1 but no religion except the state religion for ,romans4 ,the national gods recognized by the senate1 and whose images were allowed to stand by the side of the ,roman gods1 might be worshipped2 but no ,roman citizen was allowed to desert the state religion1 and nowhere in the empire was any religion tolerated that was not the national worship of some people subject or tributary to ,rome4 ,now1 ,christianity was no national religion1 and was hostile to the state religion1 and utterly irreconcilable with it2 for it there was no toleration2 it was prohibited by the laws of the empire as well as by the edicts of the emperors4 ,the ,christians might at first be overlooked as too insignificant to excite hostility1 or they might have been regarded1 since they were chiefly ,jews1 as a ,jewish sect2 they might also1 as they were a quiet1 peaceable people1 obeying the laws when not repugnant to the law of ,god1 performing all their moral1 social1 and civil duties1 and never mingling in the affairs of state1 have been connived at for a time4 ,but they had no legal protection1 and if complained of and brought before the tribunals1 and proved to be ,christians1 they had no alternative but to conform to the national religion or suffer death1 often in the most excruciating forms2 for the ,romans were adepts in cruelty1 and took delight in watching the writhings and sufferings of their victims4 #hja ,even ,trajan1 while he prohibited the search for them1 ordered1 if accused and convicted of being ,christians1 that they should be put to death4 ,such being the law1 the prefect or governor of a province could at any time1 without any imperial edict1 put the law in force against the ,christians1 if so disposed2 and that they did so in all the provinces of the empire1 frequently and with unsparing severity1 we know from history4 ,the ,christians were safe at no time and nowhere in the empire1 and it is probable that the number of victims of the ten general persecutions were by far the smaller number of those who suffered for the faith prior to the accession of ,constantine4 ,we place no confidence in the calculations of ,gibbon or our author1 and we have found no reason for believing that the ,christian historians1 or the fathers1 exaggerated the number of those who received the crown of martyrdom4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that paganism had lost its hold on the ,roman mind till long after the ,christians had become a numerous body in the empire4 ,there were1 no doubt1 individuals who treated all religions with indifference1 but never had the pagan superstitions a stronger hold on the mass of the people1 especially in ,rome and the western provinces1 than during the first two centuries of our era4 ,the republic had been transformed into the empire1 and the government was never stronger1 or the worship of the state more intolerant1 more fervent1 or more energetically supported by the government4 ,the work of ,romanizing the various conquered nations was effected under the emperors1 and the signs of decline and dissolution of the empire did not appear till near the close of the third century4 ,the ,roman state and paganism seemed to be indissolubly linked together--so closely that the pagans attributed to the rise and progress of ,christianity the decline and downfall of both4 ,certain it is1 that paganism lost its hold on the people or the state only in proportion to the progress of ,christianity2 and the abandonment of the heathen gods and the desertion of the heathen temples were due to the preaching of the ,gospel1 not a fact which preceded and prepared the way for it4 ,converts are seldom made from the irreligious and indifferent classes1 who are the last1 in any age1 to be reached or affected by truth and piety4 ,the fact is1 that paganism fought valiantly to the last1 and ,christianity had to meet and grapple with it in its full force1 and when supported by the strongest and most effective government that ever existed1 still in the prime and vigor of its life4 ,the struggle was harder and longer continued than is commonly supposed1 and by no means ended with ,constantine4 ,paganism reascended the throne--in principle1 at least--under ,constantius1 the son1 and avowedly under ,julian1 the nephew of the first ,christian emperor4 ,every pagan statesman saw1 from the first1 that there was an irrepressible antagonism between ,christianity and paganism1 and that the former could not prevail without destroying the latter1 and1 of course1 the religion of the state1 and apparently not without destroying the state with it4 ,the intelligent and patriotic portion of the ,roman people must have regarded the spread of ,christianity very much as the ,protestant leaders regard the spread of ,catholicity in our own country4 ,they looked upon it as a foreign religion1 and anti-,roman4 #hjb ,it rejected the gods of ,rome1 to whom the city was indebted for her victories and the empire of the world4 ,we may be sure1 then1 that the whole force of the state1 the whole force of the pagan worship1 backed by the passions and fanaticism of the people1 whether of the city or the provinces1 was exerted to crush out the new and offensive worship2 and1 whether the numbers of martyrs were a few more or a few less1 the victory obtained by ,christianity against such fearful odds is not explicable without the assumption of supernatural aid--especially when that victory carried with it a complete change of morals and manners1 and the practice in not a few who underwent it of a heroic sanctity1 or virtues which are confessedly above our natural strength4 ,no false or merely natural religion could have survived1 far less have vanquished1 such opposition as ,christianity encountered at every point4 ,the very fact that it thrived1 in spite of the fearful persecution to which it was subjected1 is a proof of its truth and divinity4 ,we grant the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the church1 but persecution fails only when it meets truth1 when it meets ,god as the resisting force4 ,we know the strength of superstition and the tenacity of fanaticism2 but we deny that persecution has ever increased or multiplied the adherents or aided the growth of a false religion4 ,there is no example of it in history4 ,it is only the truth that does not succumb2 and even they who profess the truth1 when they have lost the practice of it1 have yielded to the spirit of the world1 and have ceased to be faithful to ,god1 fail to stand before persecution1 as was seen in the almost entire extinction of ,catholics in the ,european nations that accepted the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,the inefficacy of persecution to extinguish the doctrine persecuted is a commonplace of liberalism2 but history proves the contrary1 and hence the fact that ,christianity1 instead of being extinguished by the heathen persecution1 spread under it1 and even gained power by it1 is no mean proof of its truth and its supernatural support4 ,the author obtains his adverse conclusion by substituting for the ,christianity to which ,rome was actually converted1 and which actually triumphed in the empire1 a ,christianity of his own manufacture1 a rationalistic ,christianity1 which has nothing to do with ,christ ,jesus1 and him crucified2 a ,christianity despoiled of its mysteries1 its doctrinal teachings1 its distinctive moral precepts1 and reduced to a simple moral philosophy4 ,it is with him a theory1 a school2 not a fact1 not a law1 not an authority1 not a living organism1 nor of an order essentially different from paganism4 ,his ,christianity has its starting point in paganism1 and only marks a particular stage in the general progress of the race4 ,he does not see that it and paganism start from entirely different principles1 and come down through separate and hostile lines1 or that they have different ancestors4 ,he does not understand that ,christianity1 if a development at all1 is not the development of paganism1 but of the patriarchal and ,jewish religion1 which placed the principle of duty in man's relation to ,god as his creator and final cause1 not in the assumption of man's own divinity or godship4 ,hence he finds no need of supernatural aid to secure its triumph4 ,the author1 placing ,christianity in the same line with paganism1 supposes that he accounts sufficiently for the conversion of ,rome by the assumption that the ,christians placed a stronger emphasis on certain doctrines held by the pagan philosophers1 and were actuated by a greater zeal and enthusiasm than were those philosophers themselves4 #hjc ,yet he does not show the origin of the greater zeal1 nor its character2 and he entirely misapprehends the enthusiasm of the early ,christians4 ,they were1 in no received sense of the word1 enthusiasts1 nor were they1 in his sense of the word1 even zealots4 ,they in no sense corresponded to the character given them in ,the ,last ,days of ,pompeii4 ,they were neither enthusiasts nor fanatics2 and their zeal1 springing from true charity1 was never obtrusive nor annoying4 ,we find in the earlier and later sects enthusiasts1 fanatics1 and zealots1 who are excessively offensive1 and yet are able to carry away the simple1 the ignorant1 and the undisciplined2 but we never find them among the early orthodox ,christians1 any more than you do among ,catholics at the present day4 ,the early ,christians did not creep into houses and lead away silly women1 nor assault people in the streets or market-place1 and seek to cram ,christianity down their throats1 whether they would or not1 but were singularly sober1 quiet1 orderly1 and regular in their proceedings1 as ,catholics have always been1 compelling not people to hear them against their will1 and instructing in the faith only those who manifested a desire to be instructed4 ,the author entirely mistakes both the ,christian order of thought and the character of the early ,christians who suffered from and finally triumphed over the pagan empire4 ---------- ,translated ,from ,the ,french4 ,paganina4 ,i4 ,master ,aloysius ,swibert was an organist in a small ,austrian town2 but from afar his perfect knowledge of harmony1 and freshness and delicacy of inspiration1 were known and praised2 and many a stranger artist1 having heard him1 wondered that he did not seek renown and even glory in larger cities1 and saw with astonishment how his art and his simple friendships contented and ornamented a life requiring nothing more4 ,he gave his time to the study of the great masters1 a study full of pure enjoyment1 but laborious and difficult1 and1 with a singular simplicity of character1 he never approached them without the greatest reserve and respect4 ,obstinately he worked1 allowing himself but little respite to indulge the flights of his fancy1 or the inspiration which1 now and then1 came to him so luminously1 so brightly that the brave artist cried out his thanks in ecstasy1 in the fulness of his joy4 ,his musical thoughts are all in a tiny volume4 ,no long fantasies--half pages mostly--sometimes only lines1 short and excellent and original2 blessed originality1 not coarse or confusing1 but healthy and true--the daughter and messenger of inspiration6 #hjd ,,ii4 ,thus rolled the weeks1 returning ever the ,sunday so ardently desired2 for to ,master ,swibert each ,sunday was an event4 ,he thought of the one passed1 and looked forward to the coming one2 all were equally dear4 ,from the ,saturday evening previous1 all things sang to him his feast-day songs1 and the next morning1 collected and serious1 in his best clothes1 he sought his church and his organ4 ,he had his own ideas1 considered extreme by some1 on the ministry of the musician in the services of the church1 on the respect due the place and the instrument4 ,his heart beat when he approached the organ1 and he played1 following his conscience1 sometimes well1 sometimes better1 never seeking success--on the contrary1 dreading it4 ,his work accomplished1 he walked with his sister1 serious and happy4 ,the people loved to see them pass1 and1 from the doors of their houses1 saluted them amicably4 ,in return1 they gave each a pleasant smile1 and rejoiced that men and things should wear their holiday robes1 their ,sunday colors4 ,if the trees were green and the weather fine1 their happiness was complete4 ,it made the good man sad1 though1 if men or children worked1 or even planned their occupations4 ,poor creatures6 he said1 is not even ,sunday for them8 ,and his heart beat as he spoke4 ,but when he met whole families enjoying themselves1 the fathers important1 the mothers busy and happy1 and the children gay and prattling1 he entered his lodging so happily1 kissed his sister1 and awaited his friends4 ,,iii4 ,he had but two--that is too many--and these could only remember having passed one ,sunday evening away from ,master ,swibert4 ,on their arrival1 there were three just men under the same roof--one more than is necessary in order that our ,lord may be in the midst of them4 ,they supped1 and the organist's sister1 twelve years younger than he1 a fresh and graceful girl1 waited on his guests1 and offered them some nice white cakes1 prepared the day before4 ,each one paid her his heartfelt compliments1 while1 smiling and silent1 with pleasure she received them4 ,after supper1 ,master ,swibert seated himself at his piano and played for his friends his studies of the past week4 ,the music was mingled with conversation1 and art and philosophy beguiled the hours4 ,seated around a good-sized pot of beer1 with consciences at ease1 with active bodies and cheerful spirits1 these companions pursued endless conversations in all that interested their honest hearts until1 as night closed round them1 their souls were elevated and they spoke of heaven4 ,there seemed to be a marvellous contact between their natures and all that is spiritual4 ,such was ,master ,swibert's interior on ,sunday evenings4 ,could chance have led thither some growing youth1 all ardor and enthusiasm1 and had he essayed the eternal temptations of love and glory1 his answer would have been a smile4 ,there they had no place4 ,the three friends were happy4 ,,iv4 ,but in this world every thing passes1 happiness especially4 ,the day came when ,master ,swibert had to part from all he loved--his quiet habits1 his home1 and his country4 ,he was tall1 and looked strong and healthy2 yet his friends were disquieted about him1 for he seemed restless1 like a tree which outwardly appears vigorous1 but at heart decayed and liable to fall with the first rough wind4 ,his physicians gave a reason for their uneasiness1 and ordered him south4 #hje ,the organist and his sister set out one day1 hurrying their adieus as people who run away4 ,when they were at the foot of the ,alps in ,italy1 they stopped at a sunny little town1 a day's journey from ,milan1 which we will call ,arse4 ,master ,swibert was then forty-four4 ,how this man1 who1 till now1 had lived more like a priest than a man of the world1 could be led by his passions to marry an ,italian and a singer1 is difficult to explain4 ,besides1 it is superfluous to look for a reason for any unreasonable act4 ,perhaps the good old sun was the cause1 laughing behind the trees at the follies of which he makes us guilty4 ,but the girl was pretty1 reputed good1 and dedicated to her parents every moment her vanity did not require4 ,so the organist married her4 ,v4 ,they say love lives by contrasts2 the god of such a union should have been well fed4 ,but his life was short1 for1 after a few months only1 he died4 ,perhaps of a fit of indigestion4 ,the ,italian did not like the retired and exclusive life demanded of her1 and the ,german could not accept the free behavior of his wife4 ,he could not believe in the purity of a soul that sought vulgar homage and common admiration4 ,he was wrong to judge her by the ideas of his own country4 ,his name there had been so honorably borne that1 if it was for the singer too heavy a burden1 death only could release her4 ,this death took place under peculiar circumstances4 ,paganini was just then being heard at ,milan1 and exercising that singular fascination that made his artistic personality the most characteristic of our time4 ,this age1 which believes in no thing1 accords him a legend1 and1 in truth1 his power with the instrument he used was surprising and unequalled4 ,the fascination he possessed by his eccentric and well-executed performances is well known2 how1 for instance1 he only appeared in a demi-obscurity1 in some romantic scene2 or1 in some fit of inspiration1 broke rudely the three strings of his instrument1 and performed on the remaining one his most astonishing variations4 ,whether it was skill1 or a want of genius1 no matter2 the effect produced was marvellous4 ,on the wife of ,master ,swibert the result was astonishing4 ,her child was born before its time1 and in one of the side-scenes of the theatre of ,la ,scala4 ,its life seemed so feebly assured that it was baptized immediately with the name of ,rose ,marie2 but ,paganini1 flattered by the adventure1 insisting upon being godfather on the occasion1 the little one was only known by the name of ,paganina4 ,thus was born the singular artist whose history we relate4 ,we know the exterior facts1 the accidents1 we may say1 of her life4 ,popular imagination has made of them an interesting legend2 but these facts were produced by interior emotions little understood1 and would be perfectly unintelligible could we not trace in her the two tendencies1 the two natures1 which she inherited from her parents4 ,master ,swibert arrived in time to say adieu to his wife1 who did not survive her confinement4 ,then1 as a miser with his treasure1 he carried off his daughter4 ,the child was feeble1 but the organist felt within himself such an intensity of paternal love that he could not doubt she would live2 for1 said he1 the vital forces of a creature are not wholly in itself1 but in the love of its parents4 #hjf ,the sister of ,master ,swibert had married and left him4 ,therefore alone with his daughter1 he entered an unoccupied house1 where their new lives should develop themselves4 ,,vi4 ,happy the children born of ,christian parents6 ,they alone understand the integrity of affection that addresses itself to the soul1 the delicacy of love which envelops the infant1 from the bosom of its mother1 conducting it through every danger1 and1 even in spite of maternal instinct1 to the port of safety4 ,the organist could put in practice no personal theories of education4 ,he thought a father and mother 7he was both7 have but one thing to do--to love and love on1 to watch on their knees near the cradle of their child1 to observe attentively the movements of the soul in its dawning light1 to direct it on high1 always on high1 guard it from all that is impure1 7triviality1 even1 he considered so27 and so1 in fine1 enforce the impressions of a saintly and ideal character1 before even the child has consciousness of its perceptions4 ,give your imagination to the interior of a family where such sentiments prevail2 one sees marvellous things1 that no painter can paint in colors true enough to render public4 ,o pure and holy family joys6 ,if we hesitate to describe you1 it is from respect4 ,we know with what discretion we should touch on holy things1 and we hardly dare to make ourselves understood1 to those who are fathers1 by sketching the scenes of these first years of childhood between ,master ,swibert and his daughter4 ,,vii4 ,night has come2 the child is going to sleep4 ,her father1 pursuing his studies1 is seated at the piano near the little being who has all his heart1 and is now his inspiration2 the waves of harmony go out into the night1 white apparitions encircle the cradle1 graze the earth1 and fly away4 ,the child sleeps4 ,attentive and listening1 her angel looks at her1 opening slightly its wings to better protect her1 and throwing over her closed eye-lids the bluish and transparent veil4 ,the little face smiles sweetly4 ,in the morning she awakes1 her soul filled with the joys of the night4 ,she hears the birds sing1 and the bright morning sun with heavenly rays gilds the cover of her little bed4 ,she watches it play on her white curtains and turns toward her father1 her eyes filled with tears1 a weight on her heart4 ,why do you weep1 my daughter8 ,because1 my father1 ,i love you dearly1 and ,i am too happy4 ,yes1 well may we discuss the joys of childhood4 ,to sing them1 poets lose their breath2 to paint them1 exhaust the colors of their palettes2 and heap image upon image as their heated fancies may suggest1 yet what have they done8 ,nothing4 ,yet the subject is worth their study4 ,and how is it that there are so many who have known these joys in all their purity1 who in their manhood gaze on into the future1 and so seldom look to that past which made them so happy8 ,would they not1 at times1 give worlds to be again that little child at its mother's knee8 ,,viii4 ,paganina was nearly seven years old1 when she found a companion2 the organist's sister died1 leaving her only child to the care of her brother4 #hjg ,the little boy1 named ,andr1 seemed to be of a gentle and even weak character4 ,he was the same age as his cousin1 but never was presented a more perfect contrast4 ,paganina had not yet acquired that marvellous beauty that afterward became so celebrated1 but something there was about her very strange and very attractive4 ,she was reticent and retiring1 nonchalant in gesture and careless in behavior4 ,her face was always sad1 an indescribable1 almost ferocious ennui seeming completely to overpower her4 ,but if some recital1 some sudden expression touched her imagination1 or music entranced her1 her deep black eyes threw out a violet flame1 and even sparkled4 ,but that was all4 ,the calm of an affected1 scornful carelessness returned immediately4 ,restlessness is the common host of the domestic hearth4 ,master ,swibert trembled to see the worldly and theatrical genius of the mother develop in the child2 he knew well that1 in a nature strong and deep as hers1 such tastes would make terrible ravages4 ,and the development of each successive year was not calculated to dispel his fears4 ,everything in the child alarmed him1 from her habitual concentration to her fits of passionate tenderness--the outburst of the moment1 volcano-like1 a jet of brilliant flame which sparkles and goes out4 ,,ix4 ,master ,swibert could boast in his dying hours of never having deserted the child for an hour even4 ,after having devoted the early hours of the day to her and her cousin's education1 he superintended and guided their recreations--an important part1 in good hands1 of the training of a child4 ,he had the habit of taking every day a long walk4 ,the route they loved best he called the ,german road4 ,it was that by which the organist had come to ,italy4 ,the sight of it revived his memories1 and flattered the melancholy love he gave his country4 ,on the way1 the children listened to the stories of the good musician1 who so willingly related them4 ,they spoke of ,germany2 for on this chapter ,master ,swibert never tired4 ,he led his little auditors into the world of ballads and legends1 and we can readily imagine the pretty curiosity and happy astonishment which1 at their age1 he awakened4 ,their favorite legend was that of the great emperor ,barbarossa1 who slept so many centuries in an obscure grotto1 leaning on a table of stone into which his beard had grown4 ,these stories were better than our nurses tell2 for the organist related them1 not to impose on the credulity of his youthful auditory1 but to extract the poetry they contained2 and this he did wonderfully4 ,poetry never did harm to any one4 ,but the children loved1 even better than the legends1 the recitals suitable for them from the ,german poets4 ,the story of ,mignon delighted them4 ,what could be told them sufficed2 and they loved the little girl who had no other language than song1 who took the face of an angel and aspired to heaven1 where she went without scarcely having lived on earth4 ,their imagination was inflamed4 ,they longed to see the country of their dreams4 ,sometimes1 at the turn of the road1 they began to run1 in the unavowed hope of seeing1 at last1 what was behind the mountain2 but1 the circuit passed1 and only a long road1 apparently without end1 presenting itself1 the poor little things cried with disappointment4 #hjh ,their father1 ready to weep with them1 took them in his arms to control them1 and told them for the hundredth time one of his pretty ballads4 ,x4 ,the route into ,germany is through a beautiful country4 ,after traversing a plain for some distance1 one enters into a deep gorge in the mountain and then begins to ascend4 ,this gorge gives passage to a torrent1 dry in summer1 but1 becoming furious during the rains of autumn1 uproots trees1 carries away bridges1 and1 undermining the stones at their base1 lowers1 each year1 the level of the neighboring elevations4 ,the route accommodates itself poorly to this terrible neighbor1 and follows it as far off as possible4 ,around on the left shore1 it turns quickly at a certain height1 and crosses the torrent over a very high bridge4 ,there1 continuing to ascend1 it makes a circuit over a plain of moderate extent1 while a narrow and badly constructed road1 bordering the sides of the ravine1 leaves it to descend to the magnificent residence which1 from time immemorial1 belongs to the family of the ,ligonieri4 ,it is called the ,chteau ,sarrasin4 ,a view unequalled presents itself from this elevation4 ,below it1 on the first ladder of the heights1 is seen the black mass of the chateau1 so near that one can almost penetrate into the interior of the edifice2 and beyond1 the plain1 displaying under the silvery net-work of its water-courses the richness of its vegetation2 and finally1 on the left1 the wooded slopes of the mountain1 crowned with glaciers1 and developing into a gigantic hemicycle4 ,when the dazzled eye is at rest1 or gazing afar1 it ever returns to the ,chateau ,sarrasin2 and worthy is it of the closest regard4 ,its name indicates its antiquated pretensions2 but it has no uniformity of style2 each age has given it a stone1 and from the labor of centuries has resulted a whole of a character grand and majestic4 ,proudly encamped on a perpendicular rock1 accessible only on one side1 it commands the plain and defies the mountain with its black and menacing tower1 that seems to have been placed there to protect the other less hardy constructions4 ,from the road1 the traveller raises his eyes to this eagle's nest2 he contemplates with pleasure the terraces which shelve below1 suspending over the precipice their flowering groves and massive oaks1 and1 naturally1 he demands its history4 ,yet this history was not always to be praised4 ,the chronicle credits those who inhabited it in past ages with a series of adventures more curious than moral1 and enough to fill a book of legends4 ,the ,ligonieri have followed the progress of civilization4 ,in our day1 they respect the laws1 and even make themselves respected4 ,they serve the state in the highest ranks of the administration1 the army1 and diplomacy4 ,yet it would seem that1 after all1 the devil has not lost much2 for they tell wild stories of the castle's being fatal to conjugal love1 of its reigning queens ever suffering in silence the affronts of some rival under its cursed roof4 ,popular recitals represent them isolated1 lifting to heaven their innocent hands1 and mingling their prayers with the noise of orgies and the songs of feasts4 ,the favorites of the ,chateau ,sarrasin belonged mostly to the theatre1 and among them was she who reigned a certain evening when the scene took place ,i am going to relate4 #hji ,,xi4 ,this evening1 then1 the organist and his two children had arrived on the elevation that commands the residence of the ,ligonieri1 and were looking about them4 ,there was a fte at the ,chteau ,sarrasin4 ,the grand salon of the ground floor was illuminated1 and crowded with a brilliant assembly of guests4 ,long waves of light came from the windows and doors1 and showed the crowd pressing around every opening1 and in the shadows revealed groups seated attentively at cards4 ,all heads were turned toward one point2 all looks were in the same direction1 and attached themselves to a woman standing in the centre of the light1 and surrounded by a chorus and a numerous orchestra4 ,this woman was clothed in green1 and wore a crown of ivy1 the ornament of the old bacchantes4 ,a green diamond threw its lustrous rays from her impure forehead4 ,she sang--not the songs that carry tired souls into the regions of the ideal1 and make them forget for a moment the sadness of earth2 but guilty joys and culpable pleasures were her theme4 ,the metallic voice sang in response to her chorus2 and1 becoming more and more excited1 the quick1 passionate notes mounted into a demoniacal laugh4 ,how sad1 how true it is1 that the human soul1 once beyond the bounds of purity1 rejoices in and receives new excitement from the delirium of blasphemy4 ,,xii4 ,attracted by the light1 ,paganina advanced toward the precipice4 ,the passionate music had turned her brain4 ,her growing agitation became extreme1 and she betrayed it in gestures and ardent words4 ,when ,master ,swibert called her1 she refused to obey4 ,understanding at last1 her father rose1 pale as a corpse4 ,unfortunate child6 he cried1 thy bad angel is approaching thee4 ,now comes the hour when ,i regret thy birth4 ,god grant that ,i may not be punished for having shown thee the spectacle of evil thou comprehendest so quickly4 ,the child advances1 her father follows1 and she begins to run4 ,wildly through the midst of the rocks she risks her life at every step4 ,her father1 breathless1 pursues her1 frightened1 and covered with a cold perspiration4 ,his eyes1 grown large already with fear1 see his daughter precipitated into an endless abyss2 and discover1 also1 in the future another abyss still more shadowed and more horrible1 where1 perhaps1 will be lost the deeply-loved soul of his child4 ,the guests of the ,chteau ,sarrasin heard two cries mingle with the joyousness of their fte4 ,the organist seized his child just at the moment when1 from the edge of the precipice1 she would have plunged into eternity4 ,he had saved her life1 but not regained her soul4 ,that evening1 the child separated herself from him in a spirit of revolt which almost broke his heart to witness4 ,,xiii4 ,master ,swibert slept but little1 and badly4 ,when he awoke1 he wondered how he had been able to omit to ,paganina his usual good-night4 ,his eyes fell instinctively on the door where1 every morning1 she came1 half-clothed1 to salute him4 ,the sun's rays gilded the sill1 and the good father's heart beat1 thinking how happy he would be if at that moment she would appear4 ,he said1 ,she is coming2 but she came not4 #haj ,the organist walked up and down his room1 interrupting1 from time to time1 his monotonous promenade1 to listen1 in hopes of hearing a word1 a creaking1 a fluttering of a robe4 ,he heard nothing but the uncertain step of ,andr1 wandering sad and lonely in the parts of the house least occupied4 ,the hours passed4 ,the organist still waited1 his suffering becoming anguish4 ,sometimes he felt he must call out1 ,my child6 my child6 ,already he opened his arms to receive her2 but his sense of duty prevailed1 and he waited for her4 ,the night again returned1 and ,paganina had shown no signs of life4 ,a bitter sadness1 drop by drop1 was accumulating in the heart of her unfortunate father4 ,the most mournful thoughts took possession of him4 ,he dreamed of his approaching death1 and saw his child alone1 abandoned to interior and exterior enemies1 and in his weakness he reproached himself for having brought her into this world4 ,already more than half the night had gone4 ,overwhelmed with sorrow1 exhausted1 he threw himself into an arm-chair1 wondering if he could bear to suffer more1 when ,paganina entered noiselessly1 on tiptoe1 lest she should awaken her father1 whom she believed asleep4 ,she approached him gently1 knelt by his side1 and1 taking one of his hands1 covered it with silent tears4 ,what a change for our poor organist6 ,an immense joy overflowed his heart1 and spread over his whole being in delicious emotion4 ,he forgot all past suffering and future inquietude4 ,he lost all consciousness of the present but the knowledge that his daughter was there1 pressed to his heart1 and palpitating midst her sobs4 ,he leaned over1 and two tears1 the first shed by this austere man1 fell on the young bowed head--her baptism of peace and pardon4 ,grief1 repentance1 the love of the child1 obscured for a time1 now manifested themselves violently4 ,she hung convulsively on the neck of her father1 and begged his pardon4 ,they exchanged kisses1 stifled cries1 and little words of tenderness1 that are the first elements of that pure and passionate1 delicate and violent language of the domestic hearth1 so little capable of description4 ,,xiv4 ,the stars sparkled peacefully in a cloudless sky4 ,the breath of the night1 with its penetrating odors1 came noiselessly1 and mingled the white hair of the father with the black curls of the child4 ,it refreshed their burning foreheads4 ,peace has descended into their souls4 ,now and then a sob from ,paganina is the only witness of the past storm4 ,master ,swibert1 with his head inclined1 speaks in a low voice4 ,he says3 ,my daughter1 my tenderness for you knows no bounds4 ,trust to me4 ,arrived at the summit of life1 ,i1 whose head is whitening toward eternity1 will tell you that1 in this world1 the only happiness given man is in the affections of his family4 ,you cannot tell1 before being a mother1 what paternal affection is1 and still less will you understand mine4 ,i was ignorant of it myself until yesterday4 ,the child standing1 her little feet united1 pressed her head against the heart of her father4 ,the organist continued3 ,the angel of a woman never leaves the domestic hearth4 ,if she lives in the world1 her angel has forsaken her4 ,a woman's crown is formed in shadow and silence2 the gaze and admiration of a crowd will wither it4 ,your soul ,i love1 my daughter2 and our mutual love must never end4 ,do you understand me8 ,never6 provided our souls rise together toward the abode of infinite love4 #haa ,the child listens attentively2 divining1 by a sort of intuition1 the sense of these teachings1 engraving themselves1 in letters of fire1 on her heart2 and which she will understand1 each day1 more and more4 ,little by little1 lulled by the whispering of her father2 refreshed1 as if bathed in such admirable tenderness1 she fell asleep4 ,her father held her in his arms1 and1 raising his eyes1 he prayed4 ,day has come4 ,the aurora awakes in its humid splendor1 and throws its first rays over the mountain violets4 ,the bells of the town dance into the air their clear and joyous notes4 ,my father1 said ,paganina in a low voice1 and without opening her eyes1 what do those bells say8 ,their ringing sound makes me tremble with joy4 ,my daughter1 they celebrate1 as they may1 the day of the ,ascension1 when ,christ ascended into heaven4 ,to heaven6 my father2 and she added1 in so weak a voice that he could scarcely hear her1 ,it seems that ,i am there now--that ,i repose in your arms4 ,the organist looked at his daughter1 whose closed eyes seemed to enjoy interior contemplation2 while his pale face expressed his delight4 ,he raised her2 held her up1 as if to offer her to ,god2 then laid her quietly on her little bed1 and let her sleep4 ,,xv4 ,from that day1 the organist possessed perfect control over his daughter4 ,if she seemed disposed to escape from his influence1 he recalled the night of the ,ascension1 and that sufficed4 ,paganina was still a little girl2 but soon she would cease to be one4 ,her future beauty was crystallizing4 ,the features could be seen2 but they had not yet blended into their after harmony4 ,there was something surprising about her4 ,morally1 the incomprehensible little creature was all dissonance and violent contrasts1 promising to be equally powerful for good or evil1 as she should be led by superior or inferior influences4 ,the distinctive character of her nature1 habitually concentrated and sometimes impetuous to excess1 was her passion for every thing beautiful4 ,music exercised an extraordinary influence over her4 ,it was1 properly speaking1 her language2 and she understood in it what others could not4 ,already she spoke in it wonderfully4 ,her father taught her his instrument2 and she gave herself with love to the study4 ,however1 it was easy to see that the demon of song would make her his2 so ,master ,swibert hesitated to give her a master1 restrained by his personal ideas on the subject4 ,he had his theory1 which appeared singular1 no doubt1 and he revealed it to his daughter1 saying1 ,too perfect an instrument is a snare for a musician2 for when he has at his service an organ of this kind1 he forgets too often to raise it to the ideal1 and gives it to matter4 ,where are those who can disengage themselves from matter to arrive at an idea8 ,where are those who know that the beauty of the body is the shadow of the beauty of the soul8 ,to pursue exclusively the first is to lose both4 ,look at the immortal composers of my country1 whose genius will radiate unto the last of posterity4 ,the shrill notes of the piano are the most common expression of their glorious thoughts4 ,the musicians of this nation find voices neither pure nor powerful enough to express their pitiful imaginations4 ,when ,i see such anxiety for the sign1 ,i esteem poorly the thing signified1 and ,i think that its beauty is1 above all1 material4 #hab ,i love the human voice4 ,what an admirable instrument6 ,but ,i tremble to see how it is used to express the passions of earth and the enchantments of pleasure4 ,it is dangerous to possess it4 ,i warn you of your danger1 my daughter4 ,i have already said that this theory was singular4 ,the word appears weak1 perhaps2 but it came from ,germany4 ,however1 it had no influence on the destiny of ,paganina2 for1 having finished his reasoning1 her father gave her a master4 ,happily1 logic alone does not govern the world4 ,the little one then learned to sing4 ,her success in this study was rapid1 and passed all foresight4 ,sometimes ,master ,swibert was confounded when he heard her1 and trembled before this power which had come from himself4 ,,xvi4 ,the moment came when ,andr was to be submitted to the proof of a public education4 ,his uncle considered such a course necessary to make him a man4 ,it was decided that he should receive at the conservatory of ,naples the classic traditions of ,italian art4 ,the organist and his daughter wished to accompany him to his destination4 ,they travelled by short stages4 ,master ,swibert proposing1 according to his habit1 an elevated result1 communicated to his children the riches of his erudition4 ,they stopped wherever they could hope to gather some fruit1 curious to visit every place of which they knew the history1 and he desirous to give them a living knowledge which would be for ever impressed upon them4 ,his studies and affections induced him to neglect the mere vestiges of antiquity to seek with greater love the souvenirs of ,christianity and the relics of the saints4 ,we know if they abound on this illustrious earth4 ,every day1 then1 the travellers turned a new leaf of the book which they had lisped from their childhood4 ,the history of the martyrs particularly seized upon the imagination of ,paganina4 ,she never tired of listening to it on the very places they had sanctified by such sublime acts as the world rarely knows4 ,we may scoff at or disdain the wonders of interior sanctity1 but indifference is arrested by the heroism of martyrdom4 ,the martyrs wear the double crown of divine and human glory4 ,after their ,god1 they are the vanquishers of death4 ,inspired courage burns on their faces2 and when are added to their ranks the grace and beauty of woman and child1 why refuse to their memory the homage of love and admiration1 if even not to be ,christian is considered worthy of worldly honor4 ,paganina had the intelligence of greatness2 she loved courage and true nobility4 ,the recitals of her father drew tears from her eyes2 and in traversing the arenas made memorable by some bloody triumph1 she felt within her every inspiration to celebrate them4 ,here she was true to her ,italian nature2 but she spoke with an elevation of accent and depth of emotion which are the privileges of northern nations4 ,one evening she was at the ,colosseum4 ,she felt an enthusiasm within her1 an inspiration unaccountable1 and pictured in life-colors the crowd of excited people1 watching and crying out to the poor ,christian martyrs struggling and dying1 in the brightness of a supernatural light4 ,she entirely forgot herself4 #hac ,something like a hymn breathed from her oppressed heart2 eloquence overflowed from her lips4 ,the passers-by were attracted toward her1 and her father listened overcome and astonished4 ,while she appeared transfigured1 standing in the light of the setting sun1 which seemed to throw around her the bloody purple of which she chanted1 a ray of the glory of her ancestors rested on the forehead of this grandchild of the martyrs4 ,that evening1 her father1 in taking her home again1 said to her1 ,go on1 my little one2 many have passed for eloquent who had not your inspiration2 many have sought for poetry1 and great they were2 but they have not found the fruit your tiny hands have gathered4 ,mignon sang3 you sing and speak2 and if you use your power for good1 ,mignon may not compare with you4 ,excuse the blindness of a father1 if you please4 ,,xvii4 ,when the time came for the children to part1 ,andr was overcome in a manner which seemed incompatible with his nature1 so ordinarily tranquil4 ,the father and daughter returned alone1 and lived afterward with no other company than themselves4 ,they felt no need to seek their diversion among their neighbors4 ,the simple ties of friendship or convenience to them were unnecessary1 and the organist preserved with the outside world only the acquaintance that strict politeness demanded4 ,paganina's affection increased daily4 ,a profound sentiment without display1 and only recognizable by certain mute signs that might have escaped an indifferent eye4 ,her father1 however1 could not be deceived4 ,so these two beings were never separated4 ,they worked together2 the organist conducted his daughter into the highest regions of music1 and was astonished1 in teaching her1 to discover horizons hitherto unknown4 ,paganina made wonderful progress4 ,those who find in art their happiness in this world1 and seek the depths of those mysterious tongues of which so many speak and know nothing--those alone can form an idea of the happy moments passed in their solitude4 ,at times these two souls rose together1 mounted even to the pure heights where1 to those who attain to them1 is given a supernatural felicity4 ,to these joys ,paganina aspired with an immoderate ardor2 but in attaining them she experienced a reaction of extreme sadness4 ,this disquieted her father2 so1 in the language of parable which he liked to use1 and which sometimes proved more original than gracious1 he said1 ,my daughter1 my daughter1 drink with precaution2 at the bottom of the purest streams are hidden the most dangerous reptiles4 ,be prudent1 or you will swallow the leech4 ,there is only one fountain to quench your thirst1 and where1 with your impetuous humor1 you may drink with safety3 it is that which gushes toward eternal life4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ------- #had ,transcriber's note3 ,this discussion is impressive1 considering that quantum theory and the internal structure of the atom appears many decades in the future4 ,translated ,from ,the ,etudes ,religieuses4 ,recent ,scientific ,discoveries4 ,by ,fr4 ,carbonelle4 ,the hypothesis of an ethereal medium everywhere diffused1 is still1 in spite of some vague objections urged against it1 universally received1 and the most recent theories and researches have not suggested its abandonment or modification in any important respect4 ,on the contrary1 they point to its more exact establishment1 and to its application to large classes of phenomena in which1 until lately1 it was hardly supposed to be involved4 ,there is no longer any branch of natural philosophy which can dispense with it2 and in the theory of heat as a mode of motion1 which will soon be the basis of a new system of physics more full and clear than the previous one1 the motion must probably be explained by the principle of ethereal undulations or vibrations4 ,these vibrations show themselves by three different effects1 namely1 heat1 chemical action1 and color4 ,the first two were for a long time neglected1 but the third offered quite a large field1 in which many very beautiful discoveries were made4 ,it was known1 for instance1 that the oscillations were made with prodigious rapidity4 ,thus1 the red of the spectrum is produced by vibrations repeated four hundred and eighty-three trillions of times in a second2 while for the violet1 more than seven hundred and eight trillions are required4 ,between these limits all the visible rays are contained1 and1 taken successively1 they produce all the shades of the spectrum1 and1 by their combination1 all possible colors4 ,but as there are vibrations in the air too rapid or too slow to give the sense of sound to the ear1 so there are1 in the ether1 slower than the red1 or quicker than the violet1 and hence invisible4 ,the first have been detected by their calorific1 the second by their chemical effects4 ,the spectrum has thus been considerably extended at both ends1 and we cannot be sure that its true limits have even yet been found4 ,these facts have been known for some time1 and are found in all treatises on physics4 ,we only speak of them in order to explain better the theories proposed by modern science to explain the three effects of ethereal radiation4 ,the hypothesis of three essentially different kinds of rays has now been abandoned4 ,the solar beam1 for example1 which causes six hundred and thirty trillion vibrations a second1 has the three properties of producing in the eye the sensation of blue1 of heating ,melloni's thermo-electric pile1 and of decomposing the chloride of silver used in photography2 but it does not appear that three different rays vibrating with this velocity are sent to us1 each the cause of a separate effect4 ,notwithstanding the most careful experiments1 no one of these properties has ever been diminished in a ray without diminishing the rest in the same proportion4 ,of course1 these properties are differently proportioned in the different rays of the spectrum2 but in two rays from the same part1 and hence having the same velocity of vibration1 these properties always consist in the same relative intensity4 #hae ,at the red end of the spectrum1 the heating power predominates2 at the other extremity1 the chemical2 in the middle1 the luminous4 ,the reason of this seems to be merely the difference of vibratory velocities2 and we shall see that this will suffice to account for it4 ,let us first explain how we conceive the production of the phenomena of chemical action and of heat4 ,for clearness1 we must advert to a theory familiar to all1 according to which ponderable matter is composed of excessively small volumes1 called atoms1 which1 though perhaps theoretically divisible1 are never divided by any physical or chemical action4 ,in the constitution of bodies1 these atoms are supposed to be grouped in some manner1 each group forming what is called a molecule4 ,these1 unlike the atoms1 are decomposed in chemical changes1 though not in physical ones1 by which we understand such as evaporation1 melting1 crystallization1 heating1 magnetizing1 electrifying1 etc41 unless these happen to affect the chemical constitution as well as the physical condition of the substance4 ,all these do not alter the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule1 but only the position or distance of the molecules with regard to each other4 ,a collection of molecules may be called a particle2 physical action then alters the constitution of the particle as chemical does that of the molecule4 ,it may be remarked that our senses give us no direct evidence of the existence of molecules1 much less of that of atoms1 and they are supposed to be so extremely small that it will probably never be possible to detect them in this way4 ,in the application of this chemical theory to that of light1 a new hypothesis is made1 namely1 that the ethereal fluid1 whether itself continuous or composed of separate elements1 penetrates all the interstices between the atoms of a molecule1 as well as those between the molecules4 ,the motions of this fluid1 and of the matter which it penetrates1 are communicated to each other1 according to laws not yet ascertained1 but of which we already have some glimpses4 ,thus1 in treating of the effects of the ethereal vibrations on ponderable bodies1 great importance is probably due to what is called isochronism1 or equality of times2 that is1 the agreement of the rapidity of vibration of the ether with that of which the matter is susceptible2 for in all known communications of vibratory movements1 this isochronism plays a very notable part4 ,if1 for example1 we place upon the same stand two clocks1 having pendulums of the same length1 and consequently swinging in the same time1 and start one of them1 the slight impulses communicated by this to the other will finally set the latter also in motion4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the pendulums are not isochronous1 no such effect will be produced4 ,in the same way1 a stretched cord will vibrate if one of the sounds of which it is capable is produced near by2 but it will not be affected by other notes1 even though much louder--showing that isochronism is more important than intensity4 ,another illustration of the same thing struck me forcibly some ten years ago4 ,i had ascended with some photographic apparatus to the top of an old square tower1 very high and massive1 to take some views4 ,the tower belonged to a church1 the bells of which were rung several times while ,i was there4 ,the great bell1 though of a very considerable size1 shook the building very slightly2 it hardly caused any tremor in the image of the landscape4 #haf ,but a second and much smaller bell could not be rung without giving to the tower1 after two or three minutes1 a strong swaying movement like that of a tree shaken by the wind4 ,this was owing to the isochronism between the oscillations of the tower and of the small bell1 which more than compensated for the difference of mass4 ,we have here an explanation of the physical and chemical phenomena produced by the ethereal rays4 ,a few vibrations of this medium1 probably1 would produce no perceptible effect on a mass of matter2 but these movements are repeated hundreds of trillions of times in a second1 and however feeble their influence at first1 isochronism may finally give it great power4 ,let us consider1 first1 the molecules1 which have some connection between them1 as yet unknown1 but probably only allowing a certain set of vibratory velocities1 7as a cord will only vibrate so as to produce a definite series of musical notes47 ,if1 then1 these are isochronous with those of the surrounding ether1 the movement of the latter will be communicated to the molecules2 or1 according to the new theory of heat1 the body will be warmed4 ,these movements may even become so violent as to permanently modify the manner of union of the molecules--that is1 to change the state of the body from solid to liquid or gaseous2 and1 by this change of state1 the molecules may become insensible to the vibrations which previously affected them2 for the set which they can now perform may have been entirely altered4 ,the phenomena of heat are then well accounted for by this theory4 ,to explain similarly the chemical ones1 we have only to suppose ethereal vibrations1 such that the movement affects the atoms separately1 instead of the whole molecule1 so that1 after they have been sufficiently prolonged1 the connection between the atoms will be destroyed4 ,according to this1 the chemical action of light should always be one of decomposition2 it is so undoubtedly in most cases1 and in the rest1 where a combination is produced--as1 for instance1 in the formation of chlorhydric acid by the action of the violet rays on a mixture of chlorine and hydrogen--we shall adduce hereafter some facts which explain them1 and show that even here the real action of the rays is a decomposing one4 ,it may be remarked that the introduction of these ethereal vibrations1 whose dimensions and velocities are well known1 into the region1 still so mysterious1 of atoms and of molecules1 promises to lead to results long unhoped for4 ,if1 for example1 the theory above stated is correct1 it would appear that the union of the atoms is such that their necessary time of oscillation is shorter than that of the molecules2 since the red rays1 which have the greatest heating power1 vibrate more slowly than the violet1 which are the most active chemically1 as stated some distance back4 ,the luminous action of the rays is no doubt the most important for us1 but also the most difficult to study2 we have1 however1 something to say about it1 for real progress has lately been made in this department4 ,in the first place1 since we are speaking of sensations1 it is necessary to notice that this subject has two very different parts1 one of which belongs to natural science1 and the other to psychology4 ,we shall here speak only of the first1 that is1 of three classes of phenomena which are produced at the exterior extremities of the nervous fibres1 on the line of the fibres1 and in the brain respectively4 #hag ,it has been said1 in a previous paper1 that each of these requires a certain time1 and the experimental results as to these times were there given4 ,but this is all1 or almost all1 the knowledge1 unfortunately1 which we yet have as to what takes place in the brain4 ,the conjecture has been made that the different kinds of sensations are due to different modifications of the cerebral extremities of the various nerves2 or that at the interior extremity of the optic nerve1 a different action occurs from that at the nerve of hearing1 which seems probable1 since there are good reasons for believing that the action of the main body of the nerve itself is precisely the same for all the sensations4 ,in more than one way1 our nervous system would then resemble the telegraph4 ,all the wires are traversed by similar currents1 but the registering apparatus is different in each4 ,in one1 the dispatch is read off upon a dial2 in another1 it is printed on a moving band2 in a third1 a facsimile is given of it1 etc4 ,the sending is also accomplished by different means2 but in all cases the same agent1 the electric current1 is employed4 ,since we are treating of the sensation of sight only in connection with the external vibrations1 we need here only discuss the first of the three classes of phenomena mentioned above1 those which correspond to the transmission of the dispatch4 ,in explaining this1 we shall follow the celebrated professor of ,heidelberg1 ,m4 ,helmholtz4 ,the use of the spectroscope1 and the analysis of light as now made in physics1 chemistry1 and astronomy1 might induce the idea that color is an intrinsic property of the rays1 depending entirely upon the length of the undulation in each1 and inseparably connected with it2 but this is not the case4 ,color is an organic phenomenon1 only produced in the living animal2 and1 in one sense1 is very independent of the length of the wave1 since it can even exist without the presence of any luminous ray4 ,its laws are admirably exhibited in a figure called ,newton's circle4 ,this circle has been modified by recent experiments1 and has received three enlargements1 which make it a sort of triangle with rounded corners2 but it is very well to preserve its name1 for1 as yet1 the claims of ,newton in optics have not been contested in any ,commercium epistolicum4 ,let us briefly describe this figure4 ,the red1 green1 and blue of the spectrum occupy the three corners respectively4 ,passing round the circumference1 we go from red to green through yellow1 from green to blue through greenish blue1 and from blue to red through violet and purple4 ,if we draw a straight line from any point of the circumference to the centre1 we find the same color on all points of the line1 but more and more diluted1 so that the centre itself is perfectly white4 ,this figure contains all possible shades of color1 and has the following remarkable property1 established by experiment4 ,if we wish to know what color will be produced by the mixture of any others1 we have only to mark upon this figure the points where the several colors are found1 and place weights there proportional to the intensities in which the different colors are to be used in the combination2 at the centre of gravity of these weights1 that is1 at the point on which the circle 7supposed itself to be without weight7 would balance when thus loaded1 we shall find the resulting shade4 ,this point does not need to be found by experiment1 being more easily calculated mathematically4 #hah ,now it is evident from this that color is a mere matter of sensation2 for it is obvious that the same centre of gravity can be obtained by an infinity of arrangements of the original colors1 notwithstanding the diversity of their wave-lengths2 and it will also be found that these various mixed rays1 though having precisely the same color--that of the centre of gravity--will differ entirely in their other properties4 ,they act variously upon the thermometer and on the sensitive photographic plate1 and give different tinges to colored objects which they illumine4 ,but upon the retina the action of all is the same4 ,how is this result to be explained8 ,we will answer without stating the proofs1 which the limits of this article would forbid4 ,from what has been said1 it will be seen that all colors can be produced by the mixture of the three fundamental or primary ones1 red1 green1 and blue1 which were placed at the three rounded corners of ,newton's circle4 ,it will also be supposed that1 as in the theory of ,thomas ,young1 nervous fibres of three kinds are found at every point of the retina4 ,when these are excited in any way1 whether by the vibrations of the ether1 by lateral pressure on the ball of the eye1 by a feeble electric current1 or by any other means1 they transmit the excitement to the brain2 but the red fibres1 7so to speak17 if they should act alone1 would only produce1 however they were irritated1 the uniform sensation of a red such as we hardly ever actually see1 more saturated than the ordinary red1 and which would be found in our figure at the extreme summit of the rounded corner4 ,the two other kinds of fibres would1 of course1 act similarly1 producing colors more pure than are usually seen2 since1 in our usual sensations1 the three are always mixed1 each predominating in its turn2 and this is the case even in the spectrum itself4 ,the effect of the pure colors in the latter may1 however1 be heightened as follows3 ,let us fix our eyes1 for instance1 for a few moments on the blue-green4 ,this is the complementary of the red4 ,the fatigue will produce a momentary insensibility in the fibres corresponding to the blue and green1 and1 turning the eyes to the red part of the spectrum1 the slight admixture of these colors there present will fail to excite sensibly the corresponding nerves1 so that the red will be seen for a few seconds in great purity4 ,but to return4 ,the stimulus of the first set of fibres1 though found more or less in all parts of the spectrum1 will predominate at the red end1 where the vibrations are slowest2 that of the second set in the middle1 where the green is found2 that of the third1 at the blue extremity4 ,why these inequalities8 ,why1 also1 do the dark rays1 preceding the red and following the violet1 fail to act on the retina8 ,no certain reason can be assigned1 but there are two very plausible ones3 first1 the media which the rays have to traverse in the eye before reaching the nerves have1 like all other transparent bodies1 the power of absorbing the vibrations1 not all uniformly1 but some in preference to others4 ,this elective absorption would destroy or diminish the effect of the rays on the nervous fibres4 ,the second reason1 as will readily be surmised1 is the want of isochronism between the vibrations of the rays and those of the nervous fibres4 ,in confirmation of this theory1 a remarkable anatomical fact1 noticed among many birds and reptiles1 may be cited4 ,these actually have in the retina three kinds of fibres3 the first terminated by a small1 oily red drop1 the second by a yellow one1 while the third have no perceptible appendage4 #hai ,evidently1 the red rays will arrive most purely at the first1 the central rays of the spectrum at the second1 while the blue and violet ones will act freely only on the third4 ,it must be granted that no such thing has been observed in man and the other mammalia2 but something similar may be found in the singular pathological phenomenon to which the chemist ,dalton has given his name4 ,daltonism is most frequently an inability to perceive red4 ,for eyes thus affected1 the chromatic triangle or circle just mentioned is considerably simplified2 but sad mistakes are the consequence4 ,all the differences of color1 says ,helmholtz1 appear to them as mixtures of blue and green1 which last they call yellow4 ,this disorder would be1 according to the above theory1 a paralysis of the first1 or red fibres4 ,the simplicity of this explanation is certainly in favor of the theory which gives it4 ,but we had determined not to bring up arguments4 ,let us1 then1 pass on2 remarking1 however1 one respect in which the eye1 otherwise so superior to the rest of the senses1 is inferior to the ear4 ,sounds1 though combined to any extent in harmonies or discords1 can readily be separated by an experienced ear4 ,the eye1 on the other hand1 only sees the result of mixed colors2 it needs instruments to rival the ear2 and it is only by means of the prism that it can separate and classify the various vibrations which reach it4 ,but1 provided with this prism1 or spectroscope1 it has lately done wonders4 ,it has discovered and measured a whole world of new phenomena1 which1 according to the theory just developed1 must be attributed to reciprocal exchanges of movement between the ether and the ponderable molecules4 ,the light given by these has disclosed to us many secrets of chemistry1 and especially of astronomy4 ,before specifying the most recent of these discoveries1 we will profit by what has already been said to explain very briefly the fundamental principles of spectral analysis4 ,transparent bodies1 whether solid1 liquid1 or gaseous1 exercise upon the rays an absorption which is called elective1 because some undulations are allowed to pass1 while others are stopped1 according to their velocities2 and one of the effects of this absorption is the color of such bodies4 ,this is to be explained by the principle of isochronism4 ,those vibrations which1 for want of it1 cannot be imparted to the surrounding matter1 pass freely2 the others are absorbed4 ,but it is remarkable that gases and vapors only absorb a small number of them1 while solids and liquids retain a great many4 ,thus1 supposing that we have obtained1 in any way1 a continuous spectrum--that is1 one with no breaks--containing all the known rays1 not only the visible ones between the red and violet1 but also the rest outside of these limits1 a liquid or solid body intercepting this light will entirely destroy1 or considerably weaken1 large portions of this spectrum2 whereas a gas or vapor generally will only efface a few small ones1 whose absence is detected in the luminous part of the spectrum by the dark1 transverse lines which have been so long known in that of the sun4 ,this is certainly quite extraordinary1 since it would suggest the inference that in gaseous bodies1 the molecules1 though less condensed1 or further from each other1 than in solids or liquids1 have a much smaller range of possible vibrations4 ,besides this1 the researches of ,mr4 ,frankland on flames have lately shown that1 even in gases1 this range increases as the density augments4 ,these results must undoubtedly be considered as strange2 but what1 after all1 do we know of the connection of the elements of matter8 #hbj ,without dwelling further on this point1 we will mention the most important fact learned by these experiments3 that this elective absorption is a complete test of the chemical composition of gases4 ,in given conditions of temperature and pressure1 each gas is perfectly distinguished from all others by the special absorption which it exercises upon the luminous rays4 ,the principle by which chemical analysis is performed spectroscopically is thus evident4 ,to find if any particular gas is to be found on the path of the ray1 it is only necessary to develop the latter into a spectrum1 and to see1 by the position of the particular dark lines produced in it1 if the absorption due to this gas has been effected4 ,but this is not all4 ,bodies sufficiently heated become luminous4 ,according to the theory1 this means that the molecules of matter1 in their turn1 communicate their vibrations to the ether2 and here again we should find the influence of isochronism4 ,the ether1 it is true1 is susceptible of vibrations of any velocity within certain very wide limits2 but the molecules can give it none which are not isochronous with their own4 ,let us see what will result4 ,evidently1 that the light which is emitted will1 when developed into a spectrum1 be concentrated in brilliant lines at those points where the velocities of undulation are the same as those of which the gas is capable2 and1 further1 these lines should also evidently be in the same places1 as the dark lines which this gas produces1 as explained above1 in a continuous spectrum1 by absorption4 ,this actually takes place in most cases1 but some exceptions must be expected2 because variations of temperature and pressure change the mutual connections of the gaseous molecules1 and hence should also change the velocities of their oscillations4 ,thus1 it is often found that the same gases change their systems of brilliant lines as their temperature or pressure changes2 and ,mr4 ,frankland has even obtained gases giving continuous spectra1 sometimes attaining this result by pressure alone4 ,the influence of heat also explains why solid or liquid bodies1 when incandescent1 give continuous spectra2 while1 at a low temperature1 their interposition produces an elective absorption4 ,for it is known that transparent solids or liquids become opaque when heated sufficiently to shine2 the reason apparently being that1 like the ether1 they are capable of vibrations of any degree of rapidity within the usual limits1 and hence allow no ethereal ones--or1 in other words1 no light--to pass through them1 but absorb them all4 ,most flames or incandescent vapors1 on the contrary1 do not entirely lose their transparency4 ,this property is of inestimable value in our investigations of nature4 ,gases1 by the combination of their elective absorption with their equally elective emission1 produce results which at first sight might appear singular1 but which can now readily be explained4 ,suppose that a flame is situated on the path of some rays which1 without this interposition1 would give a brilliant continuous spectrum4 ,this flame only absorbs the ray having vibrations isochronous with its own2 on the other hand1 it emits rays similar to those which it absorbs4 ,the resulting spectrum will vary according to the relative intensity of the emitted and absorbed rays4 ,if these two intensities are equal1 the spectrum will remain continuous2 but if the absorption predominates1 there will be dark lines in it2 if the emission1 brilliant ones4 #hba ,similar phenomena of reversal have been often met with in the recent examinations of different parts of the sun4 ,the principles just explained have been known for several years1 and were sufficient for astronomy as long as it restricted its investigations to the chemical analysis of the atmospheres of the heavenly bodies4 ,but it was soon perceived that much greater use could be made of the spectroscope4 ,information is now beginning to be acquired by means of it which had previously appeared to be unattainable1 regarding1 for instance1 the rapidity of the motion of stars the distance of which is still unknown2 the great movements which are continually taking place in the great masses of gas in the solar photosphere1 and the pressure of these masses at different depths2 and it is even hoped that a direct determination of their temperature may be made4 ,let us speak first of the observations of stellar velocities4 ,their possibility may easily be shown by means of an acoustic phenomenon which the reader must frequently have noticed4 ,let us suppose two trains of cars to be moving rapidly in opposite directions1 and that one of them whistles as it passes the other4 ,if we are seated in the latter1 we shall perceive that the pitch of the whistle suddenly falls as it passes us4 ,the reason is manifest4 ,a certain time is necessary for the sound to reach us2 and while the train is approaching1 this time is sensibly shorter for each succeeding vibration1 so that the interval between the vibrations is apparently diminished1 and the note is higher than it would be were the trains at rest4 ,on the other hand1 as the whistle recedes after passing1 its pitch is lowered for a similar reason4 ,of course1 no such effect is produced by that of our own train1 which always remains at the same distance from us4 ,by the amount of flattening of the sound1 it is quite possible to calculate the velocity of the train1 as compared with that of sound4 ,footnote #aih ,footnote #aih3 ,suppose the sum of the velocities of the trains to be one-ninth of that of sound1 and that the whistle is1 at a given moment1 #aadj feet 7which is about the distance travelled by sound in a second7 from our ear4 ,the vibrations emitted at this instant will reach us in one second2 and all those emitted in the nine seconds required for the train to arrive will be condensed into the remaining eight4 ,their frequency will then be nine-eighths of what it would be without the motion4 ,it will be diminished in nearly the same ratio after the passage2 since the vibration emitted nine seconds afterward will require an additional second to reach us2 thus1 the frequency will now be nine-tenths of what it would be without the motion1 or four-fifths of what it was before meeting2 corresponding to a flattening of two whole musical tones4 ,this would require a relative velocity of #abg feet a second1 or #hg miles an hour2 which gives the rule1 that1 for every half-tone of flattening1 the sum of the velocities1 or the velocity of the moving train1 if we are at rest1 is #bb miles an hour4 ,it is very easy to apply what has just been said of the waves of sound to those of light4 ,the motion of the sonorous body displaces its sounds on the acoustic scale2 in the same way1 the motion of the luminous body will displace its light on the optic1 placing any particular line1 dark or brilliant1 in the spectrum nearer to the violet or rapid end1 if the body is approaching2 and nearer to the red1 if it is receding4 ,and we are not obliged to wait till the change has taken place in the character of the motion1 as in the case of the train1 since we can always obtain lines similar to those thus displaced1 and having the same velocity of vibration1 from some terrestrial substance1 relatively at rest1 and put the two side by side in the same field2 and by this means we obtain at once the difference between the apparent number of vibrations in a second of the ray from the moving body1 and the real number1 and thus the velocity of the moving object4 ,this observation has the advantage of being independent of the distance of the objects observed1 being as accurate for the most distant stars as for the nearest4 #hbb ,we may notice1 in passing1 also a singular consequence4 ,if the motion were rapid enough1 it would change the colors of objects2 and1 since outside the visible spectrum there are dark rays1 it would even be possible for a luminous body to become invisible1 by the mere effect of movement away from or to us4 ,but the prodigious velocity of light places such a result among mere metaphysical possibilities4 ,indeed1 it was thought1 for a time1 that the effect of motion on the spectral lines would never be perceptible4 ,the first trials only gave negative results1 either because the bodies observed were moving too slowly1 or because the instruments used were not sensitive enough4 ,this is no longer the case1 as we shall soon see4 ,to conclude this explanation of principles1 it only remains to say a few words on the spectroscopic observations of temperature and pressure4 ,but here we shall indeed be obliged to be brief2 since ,messrs4 ,frankland and ,lockyer1 who have undertaken investigations on these important points1 have not yet finished their labors2 and what they have as yet communicated to the ,royal ,society of ,london1 and the ,academy of ,sciences of ,paris1 is not sufficiently detailed4 ,in #ahfd1 ,messrs4 ,plcker and ,hittorf discovered that variations in temperature of some of the chemical elements1 such as hydrogen1 nitrogen1 sulphur1 and selenium1 caused sudden changes in their spectra4 ,at a certain degree of heat1 their former lines instantly disappeared and were succeeded by new ones4 ,this is evidently somewhat analogous to what takes place in a sonorous pipe when it is blown more forcibly4 ,at first1 the sound only becomes louder1 then its pitch is suddenly raised4 ,but here we know the relation of the new note to the old one2 but the connection between the successive spectra has not yet been ascertained4 ,as regards pressure1 ,messrs4 ,frankland and ,lockyer inform us that one of the lines of hydrogen increases in breadth with increased compression of the gas4 ,we have also already said that under very high pressures the gases have not only shown broader bright lines1 but even continuous spectra4 7,it will be remembered that the usual spectrum given by a luminous gas consists of isolated bright lines47 ,father ,secchi1 whose attention has lately been turned to composite rather than to simple substances1 has observed1 among other things1 that the spectrum of benzine vapor is gradually modified with a gradual increase of density4 ,let us pass to the recent applications which astronomers have made of these various principles4 ,the eclipse of the #ahth of ,august1 #ahfh1 and the beautiful discovery of ,m4 ,janssen1 have naturally turned their attention to the sun1 and some most interesting discoveries have been made4 ,to study its various portions1 an image of it is first produced in the focus of a large telescope1 which image is afterward enlarged by a lens similar to those used for the objectives of microscopes2 and its different parts are successively placed upon the slit of the spectroscope4 7,the slit is the small aperture of that shape through which the light enters before falling upon the analyzing prism47 ,this slit thus receives light from only a part of the sun's disc2 for the light diffused in our atmosphere and falling upon it1 although coming indeed from all parts of the sun1 is too feeble to interfere with the observations4 ,suppose1 then1 that our eye is at the spectroscope1 and that the slit is receiving rays from the centre of the sun4 #hbc ,the movement of the heavens will bring all the points of the solar radius successively upon it1 from the centre to the edge2 and if the slit is placed perpendicular to this radius1 it will come out1 of course1 tangent to the edge4 ,under these conditions1 and if the atmosphere is steady1 the phenomena will be as follows4 ,as long as we are upon the disc1 we shall see nothing but the usual solar spectrum with its colors and its numerous dark lines4 ,the region from which this light comes is called the photosphere2 and its spectrum would be continuous were not its light absorbed by the interposed vapors of a great many substances4 ,these vapors produce the dark lines2 but where are they8 ,it was for a long time supposed that they formed an immense atmosphere round the sun1 only visible during total eclipses under the form of a brilliant aureola4 ,this hypothesis seems now to have been abandoned1 for reasons which will soon be given4 ,it is generally thought that these absorbing vapors form the atmosphere in which the luminous clouds float1 or1 at least1 that they are in immediate contact with the photosphere4 ,secondly1 when we have nearly arrived at the edge1 the spectrum is covered with a number of bright lines4 ,according to ,messrs4 ,frankland and ,lockyer1 these probably indicate a very thin gaseous covering of the photosphere1 the elective emission of which has no effect for want of sufficient thickness1 except upon the borders of the sun1 where it is seen very obliquely4 ,upon the rest of the surface it only acts by its elective absorption1 and perhaps may be the only cause of the dark lines4 ,this conjecture certainly agrees with the principles just developed4 ,thirdly1 at the moment of passing off the disc1 the lines all disappear1 and the spectrum becomes continuous4 ,father ,secchi1 who informs us of this fact1 naturally ascribes it to a particular layer enveloping the photosphere4 ,he adds that this layer is very thin1 so that tremulousness in the air suffices to prevent its observation1 on account of the mixture of lights4 ,it is not found on the whole circumference of the disc2 but we shall give an explanation of this4 ,he supposes that it is the seat of the elective absorption which produces the dark lines2 but how can this be reconciled with the continuity of the spectrum which it emits8 ,this spectrum soon disappears1 and some brilliant lines take its place1 particularly a red1 a yellow1 a green1 and a violet one4 ,at this moment the slit is illumined by the famous rose-colored layer1 now called the chromosphere1 upon which rest the protuberances1 formerly so mysterious1 seen in total eclipses4 ,we cannot see it in the ordinary way1 on account of the atmospheric light2 but it comes out in the spectroscope1 its light being concentrated in a few bright lines1 while that of our atmosphere is spread out in a long spectrum1 and consequently much weakened4 ,it has been found that the mean thickness of this gaseous envelope of the sun is more than #ejjj kilometres1 7#cajg miles17 or about four tenths of the earth's diameter1 and that its contour is very variable2 it is often agitated like the waves of a stormy sea1 while in some places it sometimes has a very uniform level4 ,it is now regarded as forming the outer limit or coating of the sun4 ,the only reason which formerly supported the belief in a gaseous atmosphere outside of it1 the elective absorption of which gave the dark lines of the solar spectrum1 was the phenomenon of the aureola1 already mentioned4 ,but the thin layer discovered by ,f4 ,secchi will probably account for this2 and there are1 on the other hand1 very strong reasons for rejecting the idea of such a vast exterior envelope4 #hbd ,one is the appearance1 mentioned above1 of the numerous bright lines which ,messrs4 ,frankland and ,lockyer attribute to a thin1 gaseous coating of the photosphere4 ,the light of these ought seemingly to be absorbed by a thick atmosphere1 and the lines reversed to dark ones4 ,besides1 these same observers consider that the change of breadth of the lines shows that the pressure is insignificant at the summit of the chromosphere1 and that even at the base it is less than that of our own air4 ,lastly1 no traces have been found of the bright-line spectrum which this envelope ought itself to give in the vicinity of the disc4 ,to return to the chromosphere3 of what gases is it formed8 ,it certainly is principally composed of hydrogen1 perhaps in many parts entirely so4 ,when a series of electric sparks is passed through a tube containing pure hydrogen at a very low pressure1 the tube is illumined with a light of the same color as that of the protuberances4 ,if this light is examined with the spectroscope1 it shows a fine spectrum with a number of brilliant and very fine lines1 among which four are conspicuous1 broader and brighter than the others4 ,the first is red1 the second green1 the third and fourth are violet2 but this fourth is much the faintest1 and even the third is not so bright as the other two4 ,the first is called ,c1 the second ,f1 because their positions exactly correspond to those of the two dark lines thus designated by ,fraunhofer in the solar spectrum4 ,the third is very near the dark line ,g of the sun1 which is produced by the vapor of iron4 ,now1 the two first are always found among the lines of the chromosphere2 the third also is often visible2 and ,m4 ,rayet has recently seen the fourth4 ,hydrogen1 then1 exists in this layer2 for though its other lines are not seen1 this may easily be ascribed to their faintness4 ,but there is one line of the chromosphere which is still unexplained1 the yellow one between ,c and ,f4 ,it would at first seem to be the well-known double line of sodium1 called ,d1 which is so frequently met with in spectroscopic experiments2 but it is certain that it is somewhat more refrangible than this2 and it is not yet known to what substance it is due2 it may1 perhaps1 also belong to hydrogen1 under a different pressure or temperature from any under which it has been observed here4 ,it has been said that the outline of the chromosphere is generally very irregular4 ,immense columns rise from it1 the celebrated protuberances1 the height of which is sometimes as much as eleven diameters of the earth1 7or #he1jjj miles47 ,it must1 therefore1 be subject to great agitation1 to which the spectroscope bears witness4 ,mr4 ,lockyer has observed several times that foreign substances were projected into it2 for example1 magnesium into one protuberance as far as the sixth part of its height2 barium and sodium1 and probably other bodies also1 were seen1 but at smaller elevations4 ,we now understand the breaks in the thin layer detected by ,f4 ,secchi2 it is probably torn by the upward movement of various substances toward the protuberances4 ,it is1 in fact1 wanting near the bright spots on the sun1 called faculae1 and it is now known that these faculae are always covered by protuberances4 ,near these bright spots are also usually found the dark spots which have been observed for more than two centuries4 ,some discoveries have just been made regarding these which are perhaps the most interesting of any yet made in the sun4 #hbe ,every one knows that they are composed of two distinct parts--the nucleus1 which appears black in a telescope1 but which is really quite bright1 since it gives a spectrum of its own2 and the penumbra1 which surrounds this nucleus4 ,the latter consists of portions of the photosphere1 drawn out in the form of threads toward the centre of the nucleus2 these threads sometimes unite with each other and form bridges1 as it were1 over the dark space4 ,all the spectral observations confirm the idea previously entertained1 that these spots are really cavities in the photosphere2 also they indicate that these cavities are filled with absorbing vapors1 whose high degree of pressure is manifest by the broadening of their lines4 ,mr4 ,lockyer has seen in them sodium1 barium1 and magnesium2 ,f4 ,secchi1 calcium1 iron1 and sodium4 ,above these spots the hydrogen of the chromosphere appears in quantities sufficient for its elective emission to destroy the black lines produced by its absorption upon other parts of the disc1 and even sometimes to change them into bright ones4 ,but there are many other peculiarities in the spectra of the spots2 and ,f4 ,secchi1 in examining them1 has hit upon an idea which seems to us very suggestive4 ,it was already known by observations of their frequency and size1 that the sun is a slightly variable star1 with a period of ten and one third years4 ,we now find a new resemblance between it and the other variable stars4 ,it may be remembered that the ,roman astronomer has lately divided the stars into four classes1 according to the general character of their spectra4 ,he has just compared the different portions of the sun with these four groups1 and finds that if its surface was all like the nuclei of the spots1 it would have to be put in the class whose type is ,betelgeux1 all of which are more or less variable2 that the penumbras are like ,arcturus1 and the general surface of the photosphere like ,pollux4 ,he has also concluded1 from the presence of many of the dark lines in the nuclei1 that the vapor of water exists in these regions of the sun2 and the appearance of others not yet named has caused him to suspect the presence of many other compound bodies4 ,up to this time1 hardly any thing but the simple substances has been looked for1 as the heat of the sun would seem to be so great as to separate all the composite ones2 but this temperature probably is not so high in the spots4 ,it became1 therefore1 of interest to examine the faint red stars which form his fourth group2 and in doing so1 ,f4 ,secchi has obtained the surprising result that the vapor of a compound substance1 namely1 benzine1 gives1 when incandescent1 a spectrum having bright lines exactly corresponding to the dark ones of one of the stars of this group4 ,this star1 then1 appears to have an atmosphere of benzine4 ,finally1 the spectroscope has demonstrated the movement of at least one star4 ,mr4 ,huggins has found that the hydrogen lines in the spectrum of ,sirius do not exactly coincide with those of this gas when at rest1 but are displaced toward the violet2 this observation was confirmed at ,rome4 ,it would follow from this that ,sirius is rapidly approaching us4 ,this is the only observation of this description which seems yet to be well established4 ,but may it not be possible to make others1 and even elsewhere than among the stars8 ,the chromosphere is1 as we know1 the scene of very rapid movements2 and may not these be visible by the displacement of the spectral lines8 #hbf ,the following remark of ,mr4 ,lockyer1 in one of his communications to the ,royal ,society1 would induce us to hope for this3 ,in the protuberance of which we are speaking1 the line ,f was strangely displaced4 ,it seemed that some disturbing cause altered the refrangibility of this line of hydrogen under certain conditions and pressures4 ,but is it really to pressure that this displacement is due1 when we know that rapid movement produces this effect1 which has never been known to follow from pressure8 ,but let us hasten to acknowledge that1 in a subsequent communication of the same author1 we find a sentence much more to the point1 and which only needs to be a little more developed to answer our question4 ,mr4 ,lockyer is here speaking of movements in the vapors which fill the cavities of the spots4 ,the changes of refrangibility1 says he1 of the rays in question show that the absorbing matter is rising and falling relatively to the luminous matter1 and that these movements can be determined with great precision4 ,let us hope that this will be verified by observation1 and that exact measures will show the fertility of such a promising theoretical principle4 ,footnote #aii ,footnote #aii3 ,the rapidity of some of these movements has been said to be about one hundred miles a second4 ,the length of this bulletin is beginning to alarm us2 but since it should include all the last scientific developments concerning the subject of ethereal vibrations1 a word must be added on some curious experiments of ,mr4 ,tyndall4 ,the chemical action of these vibrations had hardly been examined hitherto1 except in the nutrition of plants1 in the formation of chlorhydric acid1 and in the transformation of various substances1 principally used in photography4 ,the successor of ,faraday has recently studied their effects upon vapors1 and has applied the curious results of his investigations to some as yet unexplained facts of meteorology and astronomy4 ,passing a cylindrical beam of light down a long glass tube full of the vapor which he wished to examine1 he found that the vapor soon ceased to be completely transparent4 ,an incipient cloud1 as he calls it1 soon appeared1 so thin that it could only be seen by the light of the beam producing it1 but became invisible in the full light of day4 ,some vapors undoubtedly will not produce it2 but the experiment succeeds perfectly with many different ones1 especially with nitrite of amyle1 bisulphide of carbon1 benzine1 etc4 ,the following explanation of this phenomenon seems quite probable4 ,the vibrations of the ethereal medium1 or at least some of them1 are communicated to the atoms of which the composite molecules of the vapor are formed4 ,owing to isochronism1 the movement becomes strong enough to break up the molecule1 the atoms of which are formed into new combinations1 which are better able to resist the action of light4 ,if the new substance cannot remain under the given pressure and temperature in the gaseous state1 it will be precipitated in liquid particles1 which are at first extremely small1 but gradually increase in size1 so as to intercept the light and become visible4 ,if the vapor employed satisfies these conditions1 the experiment ought to succeed4 ,the chemical analysis of the products has1 we believe1 in some cases confirmed this explanation2 we will now confirm it by some facts of another kind4 ,in ,mr4 ,tyndall's experiments1 the vapor examined was never unmixed2 when it was put into the tube1 some other gas was also introduced1 usually atmospheric air2 but other gases were also employed4 ,with hydrogen1 a remarkable effect was produced4 ,on account of its small density1 it failed to sustain the liquid particles1 and they slowly settled in the bottom of the tube4 #hbg ,by a suitable diminution of the pressure of these mixtures of gas and vapor1 the chemical action of the rays could be retarded at pleasure4 ,the incipient cloud could then be seen to form gradually2 and whatever was the character of the vapor used1 the cloud had always at first a magnificent blue color4 ,continuing the experiment1 the brilliancy of the cloud increased1 but its blue tinge diminished1 until it became as white as those usually formed4 ,the natural explanation of this change is found in the gradual growth of the liquid particles4 ,the cloud was not usually formed all along the course of the rays4 ,after having traversed a certain thickness of vapor1 the rays1 though seeming as bright as ever1 lost their chemical power4 ,this result might easily be predicted by the theory4 ,only a few of these rays had the proper length of wave to act by isochronism upon the atoms of the vapor4 ,these would be absorbed shortly after entering2 and the others1 though vastly more numerous and escaping absorption1 would produce no chemical effect4 ,it was even probable that1 by passing the light at the outset through a small thickness of the liquid1 the vapor of which was contained in the tube1 all its active rays could be taken out2 and experiment confirmed this conclusion4 ,it is to be regretted that the light was not examined with the prism before being employed2 the wave-length of the active rays would then have been known4 ,it is no doubt very probable that they are toward the violet extremity1 either among the visible rays or beyond4 ,but the colored glasses1 which the ,english physicist interposed1 only partially resolve the question4 ,the prism would undoubtedly have shown that the wave-length of the active rays varies with the substance exposed to them4 ,some vapors taken alone are almost insensible1 while their mixture is immediately affected by the passage of the rays4 ,such is the case of that of nitrite of butyle with chlorhydric acid4 ,this is very easily explained theoretically4 ,the disturbance communicated to the atoms by the ethereal vibrations1 though very decided1 may be insufficient to break up the molecules4 ,but if another cause1 though itself insufficient alone1 comes to its assistance1 the atoms may be separated4 ,such another cause is that which chemists have long known as affinity1 the manifestations of which are very numerous2 but which has not yet been submitted to a precise analysis4 ,in the case just mentioned1 the affinity of the elements of the nitrite of butyle for those of the chlorhydric acid conspires with the vibrations to destroy the molecules of the two substances and form a new one1 which is precipitated4 ,the phenomenon is like that observed in the growth of plants4 ,light alone is not sufficient to decompose the carbonic acid of the air2 neither are the leaves when in the dark4 ,but when the sun's rays fall upon them1 the carbonic acid is decomposed1 its oxygen uniting with the atmosphere and its carbon with the plant4 ,it is now easy to justify what was said in the beginning as to the formation of chlorhydric acid by the action of the rays on a mixture of chlorine and hydrogen4 ,it is only necessary that the molecules of these gases1 or1 at least1 of one of them1 should be composed of several atoms4 ,affinity alone could only break the union of these very slowly2 but the light would shake them apart1 and enable the affinity to act immediately4 #hbh ,so far ,mr4 ,tyndall's experiments agree perfectly with the theory2 they confirm it1 but they do not extend it4 ,he has1 however1 made others1 which seem to disclose new points in the theory of exchange of movements between the ether and ponderable matter4 ,it might no longer be the atoms or the molecules which would have to be considered in respect to the ethereal vibrations1 but even the particles1 if sufficiently small4 ,in fact1 these particles reflect the rays not absorbed1 according to entirely new laws4 ,in the first place1 although belonging to colorless liquids1 they reflect the blue rays much better than the others4 ,this is true of all the vapors tried1 without exception4 ,this elective reflection only holds when their dimensions are small1 since it disappears as the size of the particles increases4 ,this is quite a new fact1 and1 it must be acknowledged1 as yet quite unexplained4 ,secondly1 they polarize light according to laws which must also be called new1 being entirely different from those given by theory and experiment for polarization by reflection4 ,in one respect these laws are not new2 for they have been long observed in atmospheric polarization2 but this has always been one of the knotty points of the undulatory theory4 ,evidently1 ,mr4 ,tyndall's experiments do not clear it up entirely2 but they have made an important advance in that direction1 by showing to what physical circumstance this polarization is probably due4 ,it would appear1 that is1 that in the higher regions of our atmosphere there are vapors which1 instead of condensing in particles large enough to form ordinary clouds1 are precipitated like those used by ,mr4 ,tyndall1 and fill the air with extremely small particles and with incipient clouds4 ,this hypothesis is certainly very probable4 ,it accounts at once for the blueness of the sky1 and for its polarization of light4 ,here is1 then1 a problem for theorists1 in a better condition than previously4 ,we hope to return to it shortly1 in a subsequent bulletin4 ,in conclusion1 let us point out a new application of these experiments to the physical theory of comets4 ,mr4 ,tyndall considers the cometary matter to be a vapor on which the sun's rays act physically and chemically4 ,these two actions would be somewhat contrary to each other2 for the first would tend to evaporate the liquid particles and expand the vapor1 while the second would precipitate this vapor in the form of incipient cloud4 ,as the comet approaches solar action1 forming an immense volume1 of which the visible part will be only a small fraction1 the head being the most condensed portion4 ,if1 now1 we suppose the head to absorb the heating rays more abundantly than the remaining ones1 in the cool shadow behind it the chemical action may prevail1 and form an incipient cloud1 which will be the tail of the comet4 ,elsewhere1 the calorific action will predominate1 and the vapor will remain invisible4 ,such is substantially the new theory of comets4 ,it certainly satisfies the general conditions of the problem1 and especially it explains very naturally the enormously rapid movements observed in the tails of these bodies4 ,but will what is still undetermined in it enable it to be accommodated to the numerous facts already observed1 and hereafter to be so8 ,here1 also1 it may be regretted that the spectroscope was not employed by the ,english physicist4 ,the spectra of the incipient clouds might have been compared with those of comets' tails2 and would have given an excellent test of the theory4 ,perhaps1 however1 he has reserved this part of his researches for a future publication4 ---------- #hbi ,st4 ,oren's ,priory4 ,or1 ,extracts ,from ,the ,note-book ,of ,an ,american ,in ,a ,french ,monastery4 ,pour chercher mieux4 --,device of ,queen ,christina of ,sweden4 ,,part ,i4 ,i hear a voice you cannot hear1 ,forbidding me to stay3 ,i see a hand you cannot see1 ,which beckons me away4 ,such were the words on my lips1 my dear friend1 when ,i bade you farewell and promised that ,i would1 from time to time1 give you a picture of my convent life1 that you might in spirit follow me closely into the sealed garden of the ,beloved1 though forced by circumstances to remain far from me in body4 ,fatigued with my long journey1 you can imagine ,i was very glad when ,i reached this city4 ,i hastened to find the ,rue du ,prieur1 a narrow1 gloomy street1 paved with cobble-stones1 cheerless and uninviting4 ,but about half-way down1 ,i saw a statue of ,mary ,most ,pure1 in a niche over a large doorway1 with her all-embracing arms extended in welcome4 ,that was a sursum corda which reassured me4 ,the place where ,mary is honored is always a home for her children4 ,the sight of her image brings peace and repose to the soul1 and ,i turned aside to rest under her shadow4 ,it was the grand portal of ,st4 ,oren's ,priory1 an arched passage through the very building1 wide enough to admit a carriage4 ,i stopped before the ponderous door that was to open for me a new life4 ,this was the door ,i had so often heard compared with another portal which bears the inscription3 ,all ye who enter here1 leave hope behind4 ,but above my head was the ,madonna which meant love and peace4 ,peace2 yes1 that was what ,i sought1 like the ,tuscan poet at the ,italian monastery3 ,and as he asks what there the stranger seeks1 ,my voice along the cloister whispers1 ,peace6 ,the door opened just wide enough to admit me1 and1 passing through the arch1 ,i found myself in a small paved court1 enclosed by the monastery on all sides1 where the sun only comes for a short time at midday--a grateful refuge from its heat4 ,in it is a fine large linden-tree1 under whose wide-spreading branches ,i found a group of nuns--it being the hour of daily reunion4 ,i felt bewildered by the sight of so many strange faces1 but my first impression was one of general kindness and cordiality4 ,i could not have asked for a kinder welcome1 and surely hope and peace were on every face4 ,one of the mothers1 seeing my fatigue1 took me to the chapel for a moment1 and then1 through long corridors1 to a small cell2 thus giving me a general glance at my foreign home4 ,i found thick stone walls1 long passages1 paved floors1 a dim old chapel1 and narrow cells4 ,you will think this fearful2 on the contrary1 it is charming because monastic4 ,one of the narrow cells is mine2 furnished with a table1 chair1 bed1 and prie-dieu4 ,on the latter stands a crucifix1 and on the wall hangs a print of ,notre ,dame de ,bon ,secours4 ,there is one window in it1 ,looking toward the golden ,eastern air4 #hcj ,it opens in the middle1 longitudinally1 like all the windows here2 each part swinging back like a folding-door4 ,looking through it upon the convent garden1 the first thing ,i saw was a lay-sister1 bearing on her head an antique-looking jar1 which she had just filled from a huge well4 ,there are two of these immense wells in the garden1 dug by the monks of old6 ,yes1 monks1 for our monastery was once a ,benedictine abbey1 and dates from the tenth century4 ,there's hoary antiquity for you1 which has such a charm for us people of the new world4 ,these first days1 while resting from my fatigue1 ,i have been looking over the annals of this old establishment1 and must give you an outline of them4 ,do you remember reading1 in the ,chronicles of ,sir ,john ,froissart1 of the ,armagnacs1 so long at enmity with the house of ,foix8 ,the first ,count of ,armagnac1 was the founder of ,st4 ,oren's ,priory4 ,he was known by the name of ,bernard le ,louche4 ,he made this city the capital of his comt2 and one of his first acts1 after his establishment here1 was to build this monastery4 ,the old parchment in the archives of the priory1 quite in accordance with the spirit of the times1 runs thus3 ,bernardus ,luscus1 mindful of his sins1 unable to fulfil a vow he had made to visit the ,holy ,places at ,jerusalem1 and desirous of liquidating his debts to ,divine ,justice1 resolved1 by the counsel of his wife1 the ,domina ,emerina1 and the advice of the magnates1 his lieges1 to found a monastery in honorem ,sanctorum ,joannis ,baptistae et ,evangelistae et ,beati ,orentii1 that therein prayer might be daily offered for his sins and for those of his posterity4 ,the site selected for the erection of this monastery was on the banks of a branch of the ,garonne1 at the foot of an old city known in the time of the ,caesars as ,climberris1 and built en amphithatre1 with superb terraces1 upon the side of an elevation4 ,it was fitting that the abbey1 which ,count ,bernard had founded for the spiritual weal of himself and his posterity1 and endowed with lands and livings many a rood1 should find shelter beneath his fostering eye at the very foot of his crescent-shaped city1 which was itself surmounted by the embattled walls of his own stronghold4 ,thus enclosed by hills on the north and west1 and the peaceful1 sluggish ,algersius on the east1 threading its way toward the ,garonne--its current soft-gliding and calm as the life of the cloister--what spot more suitable could ,count ,bernard have found on which to build a house of prayer8 ,the warm sun of ,france to which it thus lay exposed was tempered by the keen1 invigorating winds that came from the snowy ,pyrenees1 which glitter away to the south4 ,in this very place1 before the advent of the ,messiah1 in mythological times1 a temple had stood in honor of ,diana1 the old ideal of a people's reverence for purity1 and one of nature's foreshadowings of the ,christian exaltation of chastity4 ,the ,auscitains being early converted to ,christianity1 their zealous apostles overthrew the high places of the ,gentiles1 and thereon set up the victorious ensign of the cross--,vexilla regis prodeunt6 ,on the ruins of ,diana's temple was erected an altar to the true ,god1 and a baptistery1 named1 as all baptisteries are1 after the precursor of ,christ1 where came the warlike ,ausci to be regenerated at the holy hands of the zealous ,st4 ,taurin1 and the fearless1 idol-demolishing ,st4 ,oren1 who in turn fixed their abode hard by4 ,other saints too have lived on the same spot1 and their bodies were enshrined hereon after their spirits had passed away4 #hca ,st4 ,taurin1 ,st4 ,oren1 ,st4 ,lothade1 ,st4 ,austinde1 names ever venerable to the heart of an ,auscitain1 living in the shadow of your shrines1 sheltered by your votaries who merit for me your protection1 ,i should be ungrateful to you1 untrue to my own heart1 did ,i not often murmur your potent names and praise you to those afar off6 ,st4 ,taurin was the fourth successor of ,st4 ,paterne1 whom ,st4 ,sernin1 the great apostle not only of ,toulouse but of all this part of ,france1 consecrated first bishop of ,eauze1 then the metropolis of ,novempopulania1 as ,gascony was called4 ,forced by barbarians1 who came in search of spoils1 to quit ,eauze1 ,st4 ,taurin took refuge in ,climberris1 bringing with him1 among other relics1 the bodies of his four sainted predecessors in the episcopacy3 ,st4 ,paterne1 ,st4 ,servand1 ,st4 ,optat1 ,st4 ,pompidien4 ,at that time1 there were two distinct cities here--,climberris1 a ,gaulish city1 on the side and crest of the hill1 and ,augusta ,auscorum1 on the eastern bank of the ,algersius1 which last received its name from the ,emperor ,augustus1 who passed through it on his return from ,spain1 and gave it the rights of a ,roman city4 ,st4 ,saturnin had first preached the gospel here1 and built a church under the invocation of ,st4 ,peter in the city of ,augusta2 and at the foot of ,climberris1 where our priory now stands1 was a church of ,st4 ,john4 ,st4 ,taurin chose the latter as his metropolitan church--a rank it retained for a long period--and there enshrined the holy bodies he had brought with him4 ,the zeal of ,st4 ,taurin was not confined to his own flock4 ,hearing of a great ,druidical celebration in the woods of ,berdale1 he repaired thither4 ,the unholy rites had commenced1 and a profound silence reigned1 when all at once a loud voice was heard4 ,it was that of ,st4 ,taurin1 denouncing their idolatry and calling upon the multitude to turn to the true ,god4 ,the crowd was at first too much astonished at his boldness to move1 but after some hesitation1 incited by the ,druids1 overwhelmed the apostle with a shower of stones4 ,finding he still breathed1 they cut off his head4 ,his feast is solemnized with the utmost pomp in this diocese1 on the fifth of ,september1 which is believed to be the day of his martyrdom4 ,st4 ,oren belonged to a ,spanish family of high rank1 his father being the ,duke of ,urgel and ,governor of ,catalonia4 ,he early renounced his right of heritage1 but1 after the death of his brother1 succeeded to the family estates4 ,he sold all his property1 distributed the money among the poor1 and retired to a hermitage amidst the mountains of ,bigorre1 where he led an angelic life1 giving himself up to severe austerities and the contemplation of divine things4 ,the renown of his virtues and his reputation for learning caused his nomination to this see1 of which he reluctantly took possession in the year #djj4 ,he displayed extraordinary energy and zeal in rooting out the vestiges of idolatry still lingering in his diocese1 and in reviving true piety among the lukewarm of his flock4 ,st4 ,oren was a learned man and a poet4 ,the great ,fortunatus1 ,bishop of ,poitiers1 who lived in the sixth century1 mentions his poems1 of which some fragments have come down to us4 ,his ,nomenclature1 in particular1 has always been known and quoted4 ,it is more extensive than any other ancient list of the symbols of the ,god-,man4 ,sylvius1 in the fifth century1 gives forty-five of these symbolical names in seven verses4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 in his hymn to our ,saviour1 gives ten4 ,st4 ,cyril mentions twelve1 in a sermon4 #hcb ,the list of ,st4 ,phbade of ,agen1 in the fourth century1 comprises twenty-one4 ,the ,nomenclature of ,constantinople mentions twelve2 that of ,rome1 twenty-two2 but that of ,st4 ,oren1 composed in his solitude of ,bigorre1 gives1 in five distichs1 fifty-two of these emblematical names of our ,saviour4 ,i quote it entire3 ,de ,epithetis ,salvatoris ,nostri4 ,janua1 ,virgo1 ,leo1 ,sapientia1 ,verbum1 ,rex1 ,baculus1 ,princeps1 ,dux1 ,petra1 ,pastor1 ,homo1 ,retia1 ,sol1 ,sponsus1 ,semen1 ,mons1 ,stella1 ,magister1 ,margarita1 ,dies1 ,agnus1 ,ovis1 ,vitulus1 ,thesaurus1 ,fons1 ,vita1 ,manus1 ,caput1 ,ignis1 ,aratrum1 ,flos1 ,lapis angularis1 ,dextra1 ,columba1 ,puer1 ,vitis1 ,adam1 ,digitus1 ,speculum1 ,via1 ,botryo1 ,panis1 ,hostia1 ,lex1 ,ratio1 ,virga1 ,piscis1 ,aquila1 ,justus1 ,progenies regis1 regisque ,sacerdos2 ,nomina ,magna ,dei1 major at ipse ,deus4 ,these are the great names of ,god1 but he himself is still far greater6 says the last line4 ,st4 ,oren never lost his love for solitude1 and this attraction1 added to the burden of his episcopal duties1 induced him at last to resume his hermit's staff and set out for the grotto1 which had been the witness of his former austerities and was the never-ceasing object of his regret4 ,his flock1 in consternation1 pursued him and brought him back to his post1 where his piety1 his talents1 and the miracles he wrought1 gave him preeminence among all the bishops of ,aquitaine4 ,when ,theodoric ,i41 ,king of the ,visigoths1 was besieged at ,toulouse1 by ,lictorius1 lieutenant of the celebrated ,atius1 the former sent ,st4 ,oren1 with several other bishops1 to arrange terms of peace with the ,roman commander4 ,lictorius received them with haughty contempt1 and1 sure of victory1 rejected all their propositions4 ,then ,theodoric humbled himself before the ,lord of ,hosts4 ,he covered himself with sackcloth1 prostrated himself in prayer1 and then went forth to battle and to victory4 ,shortly after this embassy1 ,st4 ,oren felt his end approaching1 and armed himself with the holy sacraments for the last earthly combat4 ,his soul passed away1 with a sweet odor1 on the first of ,may1 and his body was enshrined in the church of ,st4 ,john1 which subsequently took his name4 ,he has always been greatly venerated in this country1 and is invoked in all diseases of the mind4 ,count ,john ,i4 of ,armagnac gave a magnificent silver bust as a reliquary for the skull of ,st4 ,oren4 ,his feast is still religiously celebrated1 and is a great holiday among the common people1 who assemble after vespers to dance their rondeaux in the open air4 ,the church of ,st4 ,john1 where reposed a long line of holy apostles and prelates1 was1 with the two cities1 destroyed by the ,saracens1 in the eighth century4 ,but in the year of grace #ief1 as ,i have said1 ,bernard le ,louche1 inspired by ,god1 built on the same spot a magnificent church with three naves1 to which he joined a ,benedictine abbey4 ,they were built of the stones of the city walls1 which1 two centuries before1 had been levelled to the dust by the ,moors4 ,a hundred years later1 this abbey was reduced to a priory by ,st4 ,hugo1 and affiliated to his abbey at ,cluny4 ,the names of a long succession of abbots and priors are recorded in the chronicles of ,st4 ,oren's ,priory1 most of whom belonged to the noblest families of the country4 ,during the ,french ,revolution of #agic1 the abbatial church and a part of the monastery were1 alas6 destroyed2 but there is a quadrangular tower--a part of the original abbey--still standing1 and a fine ,gothic chapel1 which dates from the fourteenth century1 besides a more modern1 and still large1 edifice1 with long dim corridors leading away to austere cells1 or to spacious sunny salons4 ,these were taken possession of by a venerable community of ,ursuline nuns1 who had been dispersed during the ,reign of ,terror1 but who1 as soon as permitted1 hastened like doves to find a new ark4 #hcc ,a steep spiral staircase1 of hewn stone1 lighted only by long narrow chinks left purposely in the thick walls1 leads to the top of the old tower1 which commands a delightful view of the valley of the ,algersius4 ,at the foot1 toward the south1 lies the convent garden1 with its wells1 its almond-trees1 acacias1 vines1 and rose-bushes--loved haunts of the nightingales1 which ,i heard there for the first time in my life4 ,on the east passes the route impriale1 beneath the very convent walls1 and beyond1 parallel with it1 flows the river which gives its name to the dpartement4 ,centuries ago1 when the country was more thickly wooded1 it is said to have been a navigable river1 and merited to be sung by ,fortunatus1 who was a poet as well as bishop4 ,the eastern bank is shaded by a long grove of noble trees--a public promenade--where1 at due hours1 may be seen all the fashion1 valor1 and sanctity of the city4 ,through the trees may be caught a glimpse of an old ,franciscan monastery1 now an asylum for the insane1 where once stood a temple of ,bacchus1 whose memory is still perpetuated in this land of vineyards4 ,there1 in the fourteenth century1 was buried ,reine1 niece of ,pope ,clement ,v41 and wife of ,john ,i41 the thirteenth ,comte d',armagnac4 ,near by is the airy tower of ,st4 ,pierre1 first built by ,st4 ,saturnin1 in the third century1 and rebuilt several times since--the last time1 after its destruction by the ,huguenots in the civil and religious disturbances of the sixteenth century4 ,the music of its carillon floats through the valley at an early hour every morning1 summoning the devout to mass4 ,cradling the valley toward the west is the quaint old city4 ,its houses of cream-colored stone with red tiled roofs rise one behind the other on terraces1 and1 crowning all1 are the towers of one of the finest cathedrals of ,france4 ,due east from the tower1 in the background1 rises a high hill1 called in the time of the ,romans ,mount ,nerveva1 but which now glories in the more ,christian appellation of ,mount ,st4 ,cric4 ,there our glorious ,st4 ,oren battered down a temple of ,apollo1 but its summit is still lit up by that god at each return of hallowed morn4 ,away to the south stretch the ,pyrenees1 hiding ,catholic and chivalric ,spain1 and gleaming in the sun like the very walls of the celestial city4 ,even ,maldetta1 with its name of ill omen1 looks pure and holy4 ,this old tower is for me a loved haunt on a bright sunny day4 ,i often betake myself to its top to enjoy all the reveries inspired by the scene before me4 ,its venerable1 almost crumbling walls1 its curious recesses and carvings1 speak loudly of the monks of old4 ,there ,i seem nearer to heaven2 ,i breathe a purer1 a more refined atmosphere1 which exalts the heart and quickens its vibrations4 ,there is a large sunny apartment in the tower in which ,i witnessed a most affecting event--the death of a nun4 ,so impressed was ,i by this flight of an angelic soul to the everlasting embraces of the ,spouse of virgins1 that ,i cannot refrain from giving you a sketch of its closing scenes4 #hcd ,when ,i first arrived at the priory1 poor ,sister ,saint ,sophie wandered around like a ghost1 already far gone with pulmonary consumption4 ,she entered the cloister while only seventeen years of age1 wishing to offer the flower of her life to him who loves the fragrance of an innocent heart4 ,now1 at the age of twenty-eight1 she was called to exchange the holy chants of the choir for the divine ,trisagium of the redeemed above4 ,her health had long been delicate2 but the innocence of her soul1 the natural calmness of her disposition1 her strong religious faith1 and her detachment from earth1 made her look forward to death without the slightest apprehension4 ,she spoke of the event as she would of going to the chapel where dwells the ,beloved4 ,about a week before her death1 she went to the infirmary1 by her own request--to die4 ,the infirmary is a commodious apartment in the second story of the tower1 a room which most of the nuns shrink from approaching1 for there they have seen so many of their sisters die4 ,i went every day to see poor ,sister ,sophie4 ,the room was adorned with religious engravings1 a crucifix1 a statue of the ,madonna1 and a holy-water font4 ,on the mantel were some books of devotion1 among which ,i noticed the ,new ,testament in ,french4 ,i always found this dying sister calm1 excepting one evening1 when her cheeks glowed with a burning fever4 ,it was only a few days before her death1 and was caused by her last struggle with earth4 ,when that was past1 she was ready to die4 ,her sister1 longing to see her once more1 had obtained permission of the ecclesiastical superiors to enter the monastery4 ,but ,sister ,sophie1 wishing to avail herself of this last opportunity of self-sacrifice1 opposed her entrance2 and it was this struggle between natural affection and a sense of duty which produced so violent a fever4 ,this act of self-denial affected me deeply4 ,one ,saturday1 at about half-past eight in the morning1 ,i was hastily summoned by the ,mre ,st4 ,j---- to go to the infirmary1 for ,sister ,sophie was dying4 ,i hurried down4 ,poor ,sophie lay1 ghastly white1 with her crucifix in her hands4 ,her rosary and girdle lay1 on the bed1 at the foot of which was placed an engraving of the ,sacred ,heart of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 in the opening of which reposed a dove--emblem of the soul that trusts in the ,saviour4 ,she was perfectly calm4 ,there was not a sign of apprehension4 ,her brother-in-law1 who was her physician1 stood by her bedside1 and said she could not survive the day4 ,her confessor1 the ,abb de ,b----1 a venerable priest of more than four score years1 asked if she had any thing on her conscience4 ,she shook her head4 ,her soul was clad in its pure bridal robe1 ready for the marriage supper of the ,lamb4 ,all went to the chapel1 and1 with lighted tapers1 two and two1 followed the holy viaticum to the infirmary4 ,it was borne by the cur in a silver ciborium1 and placed on an altar erected in the middle of the room4 ,it was a most solemn scene--the nuns kneeling all around with wax tapers in their hands1 their heads bowed down in adoration1 and their black robes and veils flowing around them1 all responding to the priest1 who1 in white surplice and stole1 brought comfort to the dying4 ,he demanded of the dying nun a profession of her faith2 if she died in charity with all mankind2 and if she were sorry1 and begged pardon of ,god1 for all her sins--to which she faintly but distinctly responded4 ,he then gave her the divine viaticum1 and prepared to administer to her the sacrament of extreme unction4 #hce ,as he anointed each organ1 he said1 before repeating the formula of the church1 ,o ,god6 forgive me the sins ,i have committed by such an organ1 7of sight1 hearing1 etc47 ,after this sacrament he accorded her the plenary indulgence of ,bona ,mors4 ,i was very much affected by these holy rites1 and the more so as ,i then witnessed them for the first time4 ,i went to see the departing sister several times in the course of the day4 ,the death-struggle was long1 but there was no appearance of suffering4 ,at eight o'clock in the evening1 while we were reading the meditation for the following morning1 a nun came in haste4 ,quick6 quick6 pray for ,sister ,sophie4 ,she is dying6 ,in a moment the infirmary was crowded with nuns4 ,sister ,sophie was in her agony4 ,the crucifix was still in her hand4 ,a blessed candle of pure white wax was burning beside her1 and the sub-prioress was reading solemn prayers for the departing soul1 to which the nuns sobbingly responded4 ,at the head of her bed stood a sister1 who sprinkled her from time to time with holy water4 ,near her stood another prompting pious aspirations3 ,jesus6 ,mary6 ,joseph6 may ,i breathe out my soul with you in peace6 ,at half-past eight she had given up her soul as calmly as if going to sleep4 ,the ,sub-venite was said1 and then we all went to the chapel to pray for the departed4 ,the next morning1 7,sunday17 on my way to the chapel1 ,i stopped at the infirmary4 ,sister ,sophie was lying on a bier1 clad in her religious habit1 with the sacred veil upon her head1 and in her clasped hands a crucifix1 and the vows which bound her to the ,spouse of virgins4 ,her countenance was expressive of happiness and repose4 ,a wax candle burned on each side of her head4 ,a holy-water font stood near1 and some nuns knelt around1 praying for their departed sister4 ,that day1 masses were offered for her in every church and chapel in the city1 and at a later hour the nuns said the office of the dead in choir4 ,at four o'clock1 ,i went again to the infirmary1 to see her placed in her coffin4 ,i have witnessed among those who are vowed to a life of holy poverty many examples of detachment from every thing the world deems essential1 but ,i have never seen any thing which so went to my heart as when ,i saw ,sister ,sophie's coffin4 ,it was simply a long deal box1 unpainted and without lining4 ,the body was placed therein1 still in the religious costume4 ,the black veil covered the face1 and on her head was a wreath of white flowers4 ,how bitterly did the nuns weep as they placed their sister in her narrow cell--even more austere than that in which she had lived6 ,i too wept profusely to see one buried thus humbly1 but perhaps suitably4 ,the lid being nailed down1 the coffin was covered with a pall1 on which was a great white cross1 and on it the novices spread garlands of fresh white flowers mingled with green leaves4 ,the nuns are buried in the cemetery of ,st4 ,oren's parish1 and nothing is more affecting than when1 at the portal of the convent1 the coffin is entrusted to the hands of strangers2 the nuns not being able to go beyond the limits of the cloister4 ,it is then conveyed to the exterior church4 ,several priests received ,sister ,sophie at the door1 and sprinkled the coffin with holy water1 chanting meanwhile the ,de ,profundis and ,requiem aeternam4 ,how awfully solemn are these chants of the dead6 ,every tone went to my very heart4 ,the coffin was then borne to the centre of the church1 where it was surrounded by lights1 and the priests chanted the office for the dead1 at the close of which they went in procession to the cemetery4 #hcf ,first were three acolytes1 the middle one bearing an immense silver cross1 which gleamed aloft in the departing sunlight2 and the other two bore the censer and the bnitier2 then came the priests1 two and two1 chanting the ,miserere4 ,the coffin followed1 borne on a bier by six peasant women dressed in white1 with curious white caps and kerchiefs4 ,their sepulchral appearance made me shudder4 ,then went four young ladies bearing a pall1 on which was the great white cross and the significant death's-head4 ,many other ladies followed in procession4 ,arriving at the cemetery1 the grave was blessed1 while we all knelt about it4 ,water that had been sanctified with prayer was sprinkled on the fresh earth2 clouds of incense rose from the smoking censer1 and ,ego sum resurrectio et vita burst in solemn intonations from the lips of the priests4 ,then the coffin was lowered into the grave2 the young ladies threw in garlands of flowers which were soon covered4 ,poor ,sophie was at rest1 and her soul was enjoying the reward of her sacrifices4 ,i bedewed her grave with my tears4 ,never was ,i so peculiarly affected by any death as by this1 every circumstance of which is fastened most vividly in my memory4 ,the ,de ,profundis and the ,miserere still ring in my ear1 and poor ,sister ,sophie1 as she lay in her agony1 surrounded by the spouses of ,christ1 praying amid their sobs1 for her admittance into ,paradise1 will never be forgotten4 ,requiescat in pace6 ,but of all parts of the priory1 ,i love best the antique chapel of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,it is entered through the cloister by a low1 dim vestibule1 supported by ponderous columns1 short and low4 ,a few steps1 and the arches spring lightly up1 forming a perfect gem of a ,gothic chapel1 with its altar faithful to the east-- ,mindful of ,him who1 in the ,orient born1 ,there lived1 and on the cross his life resigned1 ,and who1 from out the regions of the morn1 ,issuing in pomp1 shall come to judge mankind4 ,three ogival windows in the chancel throw on the pavement the warm gules of an escutcheon emblazoned on the glass4 ,they diffuse not too strong a light--only enough for a glow around the tabernacle1 leaving the rest of the chapel in a shade that disposes the heart to contemplation and prayer4 ,in the morning1 at mass1 the rising sun streams through1 mingling with the light of the tapers1 like that of nature and grace in the hearts of the worshippers4 ,over the altar1 in a niche1 is a statue of ,mary ,most ,pure1 with the divine ,babe in her arms--as ,i love to see all her statues1 that the remembrance of the ,blessed ,virgin may never be disconnected from that of the ,incarnation4 ,the ,madonna and ,child--a subject so consecrated by antiquity1 says ,mrs4 ,jameson1 so hallowed by its profound significance1 so endeared by its associations with the softest and deepest of our human sympathies1 that the mind has never wearied of its repetition1 nor the eye become satiated with its beauty4 ,those who refuse to give it the honor due to a religious representation yet regard it with a tender1 half-unwilling homage1 and when the glorified type of what is purest1 loftiest1 holiest1 in womanhood stands before us1 arrayed in all the majesty that accomplished art1 inspired by faith and love1 could lend her1 and bearing her divine ,son1 rather enthroned than sustained1 on her maternal bosom1'we look1 and the heart is in heaven6' and it is difficult1 very difficult1 to refrain from an ',ora pro nobis6' #hcg ,in this chapel ,mary has been honored for ages4 ,the chronicles of the priory tell us that in the days of the monks of ,st4 ,benedict crowds of the faithful filled1 as now1 this chapel on the eighth of ,december1 its patronal fte4 ,the deep-toned voices that then chanted the praises of ,mary have died away1 but the notes have been caught up and continued in softer1 sweeter tones by the lips of the spouses of ,christ4 ,i can never enter this chapel without a thrill4 ,i love to linger beneath its vault of stone1 the arches of which spring from corbells quaintly sculptured1 and form1 at their intersection1 medallions of ,jesus and ,mary1 who look benignly down on the suppliant beneath4 ,prostrate on the pavement which holy knees have worn1 and breathing an air perfumed by the prayers of centuries1 my mind goes back to former times1 and ,i think of the cowled monks who once bowed in prayer before the same altar1 and murmured the same prayers ,i so love to repeat3 ,their book they read and their beads they told1 ,to human softness dead and cold1 ,and all life's vanity4 ,i must tell you something of ,st4 ,mary's ,cathedral1 which is the glory of this place4 ,you should see it from our garden1 crowning this city built upon a hill1 with its towers and pinnacles4 ,it is perfectly majestic4 ,there1 on the same spot1 before the ,incarnation1 stood a temple of ,venus4 ,christianity1 which always loved to sanctify these high places1 made the lascivious ,venus yield to the ,mother of pure love4 ,toward the end of the third century1 ,st4 ,taurin brought a venerated statue of our ,lady from ,eauze1 and erected a chapel here in her honor4 ,it was not till about the year #hjj that a cathedral was erected in the same place4 ,it has been four times demolished1 and as often rebuilt4 ,in #agic1 it was preserved with great difficulty4 ,during that time it served as a prison for many of the noblesse1 and was stripped of many of its most precious ornaments4 ,the holy image of ,mary was superseded by the ,goddess of ,reason1 and horses were stabled in its chapels4 ,but one does not love to linger over such profanation4 ,this cathedral is particularly remarkable for the carvings of the choir and for the fine stained-glass windows of the ,renaissance4 ,wishing to examine it minutely1 ,i obtained permission to visit it at those hours when it is closed--that is1 from noon till three o'clock4 ,accompanied by a servant1 ,i was there precisely at twelve4 ,the ,angelus bell pealed forth just as ,i entered the church1 and ,sprinkled with holy sounds the air1 as the priest with his hyssop ,sprinkles the congregation and scatters blessings upon them4 ,the ,suisse1 who was an old soldier under ,napoleon ,i41 and was in the ,russian campaign1 locked us in1 free to wander at will and unremarked in this vast cathedral1 with the excellent ,monographie by the learned ,abb ,canto in hand4 ,at the very portal we passed over the tomb of an old archbishop1 who wished through humility to be buried under the pavement of the principal entrance to the church1 that he might be trodden under foot by all men4 ,perhaps there was something of natural instinct in this choice4 ,i know not whether ,i should prefer some quiet and shady nook for my grave1 or a great thoroughfare like this1 with the almost constant ring of human feet above my head4 ,this prelate has lain there about two centuries1 awaiting1 as the inscription says1 the resurrection of the dead4 ,we entered the church beneath the tribune of the organ1 a fine instrument--the master-piece of ,joyeuse1 a famous organ-maker of the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,on its front panels are beautifully carved1 en relief1 ,st4 ,cecilia and the ,royal ,harper4 #hch ,the whole building is over three hundred feet long4 ,four rows of pillars divide it into three naves and collateral chapels1 which are twenty-one in number1 extending quite around it1 each with paintings1 and statues1 and altars of marble1 and its oaken confessional1 ,where the graveyard in the human heart ,gives up its dead at the voice of the priest4 ,the baptismal font1 in the first chapel to the left1 is of a single block of fine black ,belgian marble4 ,one lingers reverentially before it1 to think of all the souls that have there been regenerated1 and of the holy joy of the guardian angels around it4 ,the windows are glorious in their effect4 ,thereon are represented all the principal characters of the ,bible1 beginning with ,adam and ,eve2 interspersed are the sibyls 7,teste ,david cum sibylla7 and saints of the middle ages4 ,the bright sun1 streaming through these storied windows richly dight1 revealing in brightest hues many a prophet1 many a saint1 casts a rich light of purple and crimson and gold over altar and saint and shrine2 not the dim religious light of the poets1 but bright and glorious as the rainbow that spans the ,eternal ,throne6 ,i could sit in their light for ever4 ,what a beautiful missal1 gorgeously illuminated1 they form for the common people1 and a book ever open1 full of the beauty of holiness6 ,i envy those who have worshipped in such a church from infancy1 whose minds and tastes have been formed1 in part1 by its influences1 whose earliest religious associations are connected with so much that is beautiful as well as elevating4 ,there must be a certain tone to their piety1 as well as to their minds1 wanting to those who have only frequented the humbler chapels of the new world4 ,i can never enter the plainest ,catholic church without emotion4 ,the very sight of a humble altar surmounted by the rudest cross1 goes to my heart2 how much more a magnificent church like this1 where every thing appeals to the heart1 the soul1 the imagination6 ,over the doors leading to the transepts are the rose-windows4 ,flamboyant with a thousand gorgeous colors1 ,the perfect flower of ,gothic loveliness6 ,beyond the transepts is the choir--a church within a church2 for it is enclosed by a high wall with a screen and rood-loft in front4 ,here the canons chant the divine office seven times a day4 ,the stalls in which they sit are fit for princes--each one a marvellous piece of workmanship1 like the handiwork of a fairy rather than of man4 ,the panels with their large figures in relief1 the ,gothic niches with their statuettes1 the desks all covered with carved animals and plants almost in the perfection of nature1 the canopy with its hangings1 beautiful as lace1 are all perfectly wrought in black oak1 and surpass all conception4 ,i have heard it said the wood was kept under water twenty years1 and the carver was fifty years in completing his work2 and you would believe it could you see the effect4 ,i have seen finer churches1 in some respects1 but no carvings to surpass these4 ,one is never weary of examining every inch of this exquisite choir1 so full of perfection is every part4 ,sacred and profane history1 mythological and legendary lore1 the fauna and flora1 are all mingled in these stalls4 ,there are one hundred and thirteen of them--sixty-seven superior1 and forty-six inferior2 and three hundred and six statuettes in wonderful little ,gothic niches4 ,each superior stall has its large panel1 on which in demi-relief is the image of some saint or sibyl4 #hci ,one of them represents ,st4 ,martha of ,bethany1 with an aspersoir in her hand and the ,tarasque at her feet1 alluding to the old legend so popular in ,provence1 of her subduing a monster which ravaged the banks of the ,rhone by sprinkling him with holy water4 ,the city of ,tarascon commemorates the tradition4 ,a magnificent church built there1 under the invocation of ,st4 ,martha1 was endowed by ,louis ,,xi4 ,at three o'clock the canons came for vespers1 after which we went to the tower to see the view and examine the bells1 the largest of which is covered with medallions of the apostles and the ,blessed ,virgin1 and with mottoes4 ,it bears the name of ,mary4 ,these bells have been anointed ,and baptized with holy water4 ,perhaps you do not know that in the ceremony of consecrating a bell1 the bishop prays that1 as the voice of ,christ appeased the troubled waters1 ,god would endow the sound of the bell with power to avert the malign influence of the great enemy2 that it may possess the power of ,david's harp1 which dispelled the dark cloud from the soul of ,saul2 and that at its sound hosts of angels may surround the assembled multitudes1 preserve their souls from temptation and defend their bodies from all danger4 ,the smaller bells are rung daily for the ,angelus and ordinary occasions4 ,the tones of the great ,bourdon are reserved for the grand festivals of ,christmas1 ,easter1 etc4 ,i was curious to see them1 for they are like friends from whom we have had many kind tokens1 but have never met4 ,they are always ringing above the priory2 and their tones say so many things to our hearts--solemn and funereal1 or tender1 or joyful4 ,there is something beautiful in the church-bell1 says ,douglas ,jerrold--beautiful and hopeful4 ,they talk to the high and low1 rich and poor1 in the same voice4 ,there is a sound in them that should scare away envy and pride and meanness of all sorts from the heart of man2 that should make him look on the world with kind1 forgiving eyes2 that should make the earth itself seem1 to him at least1 a holy place4 ,yes1 there is a whole sermon in the very sound of the church-bells1 if we only have the ears to understand it4 ,as ,longfellow says3 ,for the bells themselves are the best of preachers2 ,their brazen lips are learned teachers4 ,from their pulpits of stone in the upper air1 ,sounding aloft1 without crack or flaw1 ,shriller than trumpets under the law1 ,now a sermon and now a prayer4 ,the clamorous hammer is the tongue2 ,this way1 that way1 beaten and swung1 ,that from mouth of brass1 as from mouth of gold1 ,may be taught the ,testaments1 ,new and ,old3 ,and above it the great cross-beam of wood ,representeth the holy rood1 ,upon which1 like the bell1 our hopes are hung4 ,and the wheel wherewith it is swayed and rung ,is the mind of man1 that round and round ,sways1 and maketh the tongue to sound6 ,and the rope1 with its twisted cordage three1 ,denoteth the scriptural ,trinity ,of morals1 and symbols1 and history2 ,and the upward and downward motions show ,that we touch upon matters high and low3 ,and the constant change and transmutation ,of action and of contemplation1 ,downward1 the ,scripture brought from on high2 ,upward1 exalted again to the sky2 ,downward1 the literal interpretation1 ,upward1 the vision and mystery6 ,in the undercroft of the cathedral reposes1 among other saints1 the body of ,st4 ,lothade4 ,he was of royal blood1 being a near relative of ,eudes1 ,duke of ,aquitaine1 who was of the race of ,clotaire ,,ii4 ,he was also related to ,charles ,martel1 and to the well-known sylvan saint1 ,hubert1 who was contemporary with ,st4 ,lothade1 and a native of this part of ,france4 ,st4 ,lothade embraced the monastic state early in life1 and1 after being abbot at ,moissac1 was called to govern this diocese1 which he did for twenty-seven years4 ,in the wars between ,charles ,martel and ,eudes he retired into ,burgundy1 his native place1 where he died at the beginning of the eighth century4 ,his body was reclaimed by the ,auscitains4 #hdj ,his tomb is all sculptured with the symbols of our ,saviour--the fish1 wine1 etc4 ,st4 ,lothade is invoked in various diseases1 particularly for epilepsy4 ,through the kindness of the mre prieure ,i had the privilege of assisting at the office of ,holy ,week at ,st4 ,mary's ,cathedral4 ,i witnessed all those affecting rites from the jub1 or rood-loft1 which is reached by a dark1 winding stairway in one of the huge pillars4 ,my position was one of seclusion1 and yet overlooked both the choir and the nave4 ,to fully appreciate the ceremonies of the church1 one must witness them in one of these old churches of the middle ages1 to which they seem adapted4 ,the long procession of white-robed clergy1 through the forest of columns1 with palm branches in their hands2 ,hosanna to the son of ,david6 resounding through the arches2 the tapers1 rich vestments1 the heavenly light streaming through the stained-glass windows1 not dimly1 but like a very rainbow of hope encircling us all--impress the heart with sentiments of profound devotion4 ,i was particularly struck by the vivid picture of the ,passion given in the gospel of ,palm-,sunday1 as sung by the choir4 ,one priest chanted the historical parts in a recitative way2 a second1 the words of our ,lord2 and a third1 the words of the disciples and others4 ,the insolent cries of the multitude1 the confident tones of ,st4 ,peter1 the loud bold tones of ,judas1 were well reproduced2 while the sacred words of ,christ were repeated in the clearest1 calmest1 most subdued and plaintive of accents1 that sank into my soul and moved me to tears4 ,that voice seemed to sweep over the sea of surging hearts that filled the church1 like the very voice of ,jesus calming the tempest on the lake6 ,it rung in my heart for days4 ,it rings there yet1 a sermon more powerful than any man could preach4 ,when the priest comes to the words1 and gave up the ghost1 the sight of the vast multitude prostrating to the ground is most impressive4 ,the gospel of the ,passion1 succeeding the triumphant procession with the palm branches1 becomes doubly impressive by the contrast4 ,oh6 what a contrast1 cries ,st4 ,bernard1 between ',tolle1 tolle1 crucifige eum1' and ',benedictus qui venit in nomine ,domini1 ,hosanna in ,excelsis6' ,what a contrast between ',king of ,israel1' and ',we have no king but ,caesar6' ,between the green branches and the cross6 ,between the flowers and the thorns6 ,between taking off their garments to cast before him1 and stripping him of his own and casting lots for them6 ,the nave was one forest of waving green branches1 and the common people seemed to enter into and enjoy the ceremonies very heartily4 ,these grand services give such a vivid idea of the great events of the life of ,christ that they must be very beneficial to the people1 who come in throngs to witness them2 and there are no pews here1 with their invidious distinctions1 to shut them out4 ,the peasant and the nobleman are brought on a level in that place where alone is to be found true democracy--the ,church4 ,the archbishop presided at these ceremonies1 a venerable1 austere-looking prelate1 who moved about with gravity1 always attended by his servant1 a pale1 cadaverous-looking man in black1 with a white cravat1 reminding me so forcibly of one of our ,new ,england ministers that ,i never could resist a smile when my eye fell on him1 as he obediently followed the dignified prelate4 #hda ,st4 ,mary's ,cathedral was once one of the richest in ,france1 being endowed by the kings of ,arragon1 ,navarre1 and of ,france1 and by the ,counts of ,fezensac and of ,armagnac4 ,in those days the archbishop was a magnate in the land4 ,the ,counts of ,armagnac paid homage to him1 and when he came to take possession of his see1 the ,baron de ,montaut1 with bared head and one limb bare1 awaited him on foot at the gates of the city1 took his mule by the bridle1 and so conducted him to the cathedral4 ,he was then1 as he styles himself now1 primate of ,novempopulania and of the two ,navarres4 ,one of the old archbishops1 of the race of the ,counts d',aure1 accompanied ,richard the ,lion-hearted to ,palestine in #aaij1 and died there the next year4 ,on ,holy ,thursday all business was suspended4 ,the streets were crowded with people going to visit the different churches where the ,blessed ,sacrament was exposed4 ,i visited fourteen churches and chapels4 ,at every turn in the streets were boys erecting little altars and chapels by the way-side1 and importuning the passer-by for a sou to aid in fitting them up4 ,of course1 ,i saw the greater part of the city1 which is picturesque1 as seen from the valley1 but rather ugly when one has mounted the weary flights of steps1 and gained its heart4 ,the streets are mostly narrow and treeless1 but there are two promenades with fine old trees1 and the public buildings are a credit to the place4 ,there is a grand and petit sminiaire here1 a lyceum1 normal school1 two boarding-schools1 besides several day and free schools2 so there is no lack for means of instruction4 ,the famous ,nostradamus1 renowned for his ,centuries prophtiques1 was once a professor in this place4 ,and ,st4 ,francis ,regis was regent of the ,jesuits' college which was here before the suppression of that order in the last century4 ,on ,good-,friday ,i went to the chapel of the ,carmelites1 for the ,three ,hours' ,agony4 ,daylight was wholly excluded4 ,the altar was fitted up like a ,calvary1 with a large crucifix on the summit4 ,tall wax candles burned around it as round a bier4 ,the rest of the chapel was in darkness4 ,the black grating that separates the chancel from the choir of the nuns was so closely curtained that they were wholly invisible4 ,the agony was a paraphrase of the last words of our ,saviour upon the cross1 making it like seven discourses1 or rather meditations4 ,at the end of each part all knelt1 while the preacher made an extempore prayer1 and then rose a sweet solemn wail of music4 ,one by one the lights around the ,calvary were extinguished--a deeper gloom shrouding the chapel and settling on our hearts4 ,at last1 only one light was left1 emblematic of ,him who came to give light to the world4 ,that1 too1 went out at three o'clock1 leaving us in utter darkness4 ,then the preacher cried3 ,jesus is dying6--,jesus is dead6 ,all fell on their knees4 ,the most profound silence reigned4 ,when sufficiently recovered from the awe and solemnity which pervaded every heart1 all prostrated themselves1 and softly left the church4 ,the effect was indescribable4 ,nothing could so powerfully incite the heart to repentance for sin1 and unite it to the sufferings and death of ,christ1 as this three hours' meditation on his agony upon the cross4 ,holy ,mother1 pierce me through2 ,in my heart each wound renew ,of my ,saviour crucified6 #hdb ,after the weight of sorrow that had been accumulating on the heart during the great week of the ,passion1 you cannot imagine the effect when1 on ,holy ,saturday1 the joyful ,alleluias rang out with all the bells of the city1 which had been hushed for days1 announcing the ,resurrection4 ,a great rock seemed rolled away from the heart1 and hope and joy rose triumphant over sorrow1 and anguish1 and fear4 ,on ,easter-,sunday ,i saw something at ,st4 ,mary's quite new to me4 ,after mass1 a basket of bread was blessed1 broken in pieces1 and passed around the church4 ,all took a piece1 made the sign of the cross1 and said a short prayer before eating it4 ,this pain bnti is in commemoration of the ,agapae of the primitive ,christians1 ,i suppose4 ,it is a common custom here4 ,while still at our devotions1 a man came around with a dish1 saying in a queer1 sing-song tone1 ,pour les mes du ,purgatoire1 7,for the souls in purgatory17 and offered the dish as if doing you a favor to receive your mite1 which1 perhaps1 was right enough4 ,last ,sunday evening ,i went to ,st4 ,oren's parish church1 to assist at the month of ,mary4 ,on each side of the pulpit is a large statue4 ,one is of ,moses1 the ,hebrew lawgiver1 with two horns4 ,he is often represented so by the old masters1 because the same word which expresses the brightness of his face when he descended from the mount1 may also be rendered horns4 ,they give him a comical look1 any thing but saint-like4 ,such a statue would seem more suitable1 to my unaccustomed eyes1 for some rural spot4 ,then it would look like some link between man and the lower animals1 and so have some claims to our sympathy4 ,i went into the sacristy to see the ivory horn said to have been used by ,st4 ,oren1 in the fifth century1 to call the people to the holy mysteries4 ,it was still used1 last century1 during ,holy ,week4 ,it is curiously carved in the ,byzantine style1 with leaves1 birds1 beasts1 etc41 upon it4 ,it is popularly believed to have the power of restoring hearing to the deaf4 ,in the sacristy was an old statue of ,st4 ,jago in a pilgrim's garb4 ,in former times there was a hospice in this city for the reception of pilgrims to his shrine at ,compostella4 ,in making some excavations in our grounds1 where once were the cloisters of the monks1 the workmen have found many old graves1 and also some curiosities4 ,the other day a marble slab was found1 on which is a ,latin inscription in quaint old characters1 stating that it was erected by ,amaneus ,,ii41 an archbishop of this diocese in the thirteenth century4 ,beneath the inscription was carved a cross1 on one side of which was a crosier1 and on the other a leopard lion1 the cognizance of the house of ,armagnac4 ,it bore the date of #abhh4 ,the said ,amaneus was of the celebrated house of ,armagnac1 the head of which founded this priory4 ,i should not be a true daughter of the house did ,i not1 with pious memory1 love to recall our benefactors1 for1 replacing the old monks1 we take upon ourselves their sweet debt of gratitude4 ,i will give you1 then1 an outline of this once proud family1 that you may share all our glorious memories4 ,the counts of ,armagnac descended from the ,merovingian race of kings4 ,they were connected by marriage with the proudest families of ,europe1 and at one time they gave their name to a faction of ,france against the ,burgundians4 ,their proud name and royal blood were fit to merge again into a race of kings4 #hdc ,the first ,count d',armagnac was ,bernard le ,louche1 who1 through ,charibert1 sovereign of ,toulouse and ,aquitaine1 descended from ,clotaire ,,ii4 ,count ,bernard was distinguished for his piety and his benefactions to the church4 ,the third count of ,armagnac divested himself of his worldly goods1 and became a monk of the order of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,the famous contest of the ,armagnacs with the house of ,foix began in the time of ,bernard ,,vi41 the twelfth count4 ,the pope in vain endeavored to reconcile them4 ,philippe of ,navarre finally decided their differences1 and peace was declared in #acbi4 ,the war was renewed some years after1 in the time of ,count ,john1 who was taken prisoner1 and had to pay a ransom of one thousand livres4 ,count ,bernard ,,vii4 is the most famous of the ,armagnacs4 ,he was the fifteenth count4 ,his daughter ,bonne married ,charles1 ,duke of ,orleans1 then only nineteen years of age1 and the son of the ,duc d',orlans who was killed by ,jean-sans-peur1 ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,count ,bernard became1 by the youth of his son-in-law1 the head of the ,orleans faction against the ,burgundians4 ,he was made constable of ,france in #adae4 ,to the dignity of supreme commander of the army was added in a short time that of prime minister4 ,descended from the old ,french monarchs1 he had great sway in the south of ,france1 and was one of the greatest warriors of his age4 ,he displayed remarkable talents in remedying the frightful evils which broke out throughout the kingdom4 ,his efforts would doubtless have been successful1 had he not had to struggle against the ,burgundian party4 ,by his experience and firmness he established discipline among his troops1 and kept them constantly ready for action4 ,active1 intrepid1 gifted with a bold and elevated character1 he became a fearful rival for ,jean-sans-peur4 ,the numerous partisans of the latter1 having succeeded in deceiving the vigilance of the constable1 introduced the ,burgundian troops into ,paris in the middle of the night4 ,the massacre of the principal royalists was the consequence1 and the ,count of ,armagnac himself was slaughtered in the most frightful manner1 on the #abth of ,june1 #adah1 in the fiftieth year of his age4 ,he was concealed in the house of a mason4 ,the ,burgundians threatening the partisans of the ,armagnacs with death and confiscation1 the mason treacherously denounced his guest1 who was immediately imprisoned in the conciergerie1 amid the imprecations of a multitude of his enemies4 ,forcing themselves into the prison1 they slew the count4 ,in their fury they cut off a piece of his skin1 two inches wide1 from the right shoulder to the left side1 in ridicule of the scarf which was the distinguishing badge of the ,armagnacs4 ,he was buried at ,st4 ,martin des ,champs4 ,his successor1 ,count ,john ,,iv41 greatly aided ,charles ,,vii4 against the ,english1 but finally offended him by desiring to marry the daughter of the ,king of ,england1 and by styling himself1 by the grace of ,god1 ,count of ,armagnac1 though his ancestors had used the expression for six centuries4 ,the haughty pretensions of the counts of ,armagnac were the cause of their final ruin4 ,king ,louis ,,xi41 ever jealous of the claims of the nobility1 decreed the downfall of their house4 ,count ,john ,v4 was besieged at ,lectoure1 and obliged to capitulate4 ,the soldiers entered the palace1 ascended to the count's chamber1 and slew him on the first ,saturday in ,lent1 #adgc4 ,at the third blow he died1 invoking the ,virgin4 ,all the people of ,lectoure were massacred1 and for two months wolves were the only inhabitants of the place4 #hdd ,the lands of ,count ,john were united to the crown of ,france4 ,his brother ,charles1 who had been kept prisoner for fifteen years1 was finally restored to liberty1 and to the possession of the ,comt d',armagnac in #adhc4 ,he married ,jane of ,foix1 who had no children2 but he left a natural son1 the ,baron de ,caussade1 whose only son1 ,george d',armagnac1 embraced the ecclesiastical state1 and became a cardinal4 ,he was the last of the male line of the ,armagnacs4 ,the ,comt d',armagnac was afterward given by ,louis ,,xii4 as the dowry of his niece1 ,margaret of ,valois1 when she married ,charles d',alenon1 the grandson of ,marie d',armagnac1 daughter of ,count ,john ,,iv4 ,charles dying without children1 ,margaret married ,henri d',albret1 ,king of ,navarre1 who descended from a daughter of ,count ,bernard ,,vii4 of ,armagnac4 ,henri ,quatre1 ,king of ,france1 was their grandson1 and from his time the ,comt d',armagnac has been permanently united to the crown4 ,louis ,,xiv41 after consummating his marriage at ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 returned to ,paris through this city1 where he assisted at the divine office in ,st4 ,mary's ,cathedral1 and1 in quality of ,count of ,armagnac1 took his place in his exquisitely carved stall as chanoine honoraire4 ,the stronghold of the ,armagnacs was long since laid low4 ,their very name and blood are lost in those of another race1 and their lands given to another2 but still in the green valley of the ,algersius rise the gray walls of a remnant of ,st4 ,oren's abbey to propitiate the mercy of ,god in behalf of ,count ,bernard and his lady ,emerina1 and still for them and their posterity goes up from the nuns in choir the daily ,oremus pro benefactoribus nostris6 ,last evening ,i went to the cathedral to hear ,hermann improvise upon the organ1 or1 ,i should say1 ,frre ,augustin1 for he is a barefooted ,carmelite monk4 ,he was the favorite pupil of ,liszt1 under whose instructions he became a celebrated musical artist and composer4 ,he was miraculously converted at ,paris some years since1 by some particular emanation from the blessed sacrament1 the full particulars of which he has never given4 ,secretun meum mihi1 he says1 when speaking of it4 ,he had gone to church1 at the request of a ,christian friend1 to play on the organ4 ,his conversion was succeeded by the desire of becoming a monk1 that he might daily receive our ,lord in the blessed sacrament1 to which1 from the first1 he felt the most tender devotion4 ,he now belongs to a monastery in ,agen4 ,you should have heard him last night1 as ,i did1 amid a crowd of all ranks4 ,i do not enjoy music scientifically1 but it gives expression to a thousand emotions and desires which are floating in the soul1 and which the tongue knows not how to express4 ,that of ,hermann partakes of the enthusiasm and tenderness of his nature4 ,i stationed myself at the baptismal font1 that ,i might see the frre as he came down from the tribune4 ,he was dressed in the costume of his order1 which is of the natural color of the wool4 ,his cowl was thrown back4 ,his head was shaven closely with the exception of a circlet of hair1 as we see in pictures4 ,he is an ,israelite and his features are of the ,jewish type1 but not too strongly marked4 ,his face was pale4 ,in fact1 he is out of health and on his way to a place of rest4 ,his manner was refined but unpretending1 and he seemed quite unconscious of the curiosity and interest displayed by the crowd4 #hde ,he is a poet as well as musician1 and some of his cantiques in honor of the blessed sacrament are very beautiful1 particularly the one entitled ,quam dilecta ,tabernacula ,tua6 ,i quote two verses from it3 ,ils ne sont plus les jours de larmes3 ,j'ai retrouv la paix du coeur ,depuis que j'ai got les charmes ,des tabernacles du ,seigneur6 ,trop long-temps1 brebis fugitive1 ,je m'eloignai du ,bon ,pasteur4 ,aujourd'hui1 colombe plaintive1 ,il l'appelle--il m'ouvre ,son ,coeur6 ,a friend sent me this morning a pamphlet containing the dedication of a collection of his hymns1 which is a flame of love4 ,i give you an extract1 which is only the echo of my own heart3 ,o adorable ,jesus6 as for me1 whom thou hast led into solitude to speak to my heart--for me whose days and nights glide deliciously away in heavenly communications with thy adorable presence2 between the remembrance of the communion of to-day and the hope of the communion of to-morrow1 ,i embrace with transport the walls of my cherished cell1 where nothing distracts my only thought from thee2 where ,i breathe only love for thy divine sacrament4 444 ,if the church did not teach me that to contemplate thee in heaven is a still greater joy1 ,i should never believe there could be more happiness than ,i experience in loving thee in the holy eucharist1 and in receiving thee in my heart1 so poor by nature but so rich through thy grace6 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ---------- ,the ,new ,englander ,on ,the ,moral ,aspects ,of ,romanism4 ,in ,the ,catholic ,world of ,april last1 we vindicated the fair fame of the ,catholic ,church from some foul aspersions of a ,protestant minister1 the ,rev4 ,m4 ,hobart ,seymour1 contained in a book of his entitled1 ,nights among the ,romanists4 ,the matter was a very simple one4 ,this reverend gentleman1 in the opening chapter of his book1 gave us the moral results of the ,romish ,system1 as he elegantly1 in accordance with the exigencies of modern controversy1 styles the ,catholic ,church4 ,this moral result was1 that ,catholics are1 everywhere1 beyond comparison1 more unchaste than ,protestants--say from three or four to twelve times as much so4 ,we do not exaggerate in the least4 ,every reader who reads this book will draw this conclusion4 ,as ,the ,new ,englander says1 ,the effect of this exhibit on the mind of the reader is overwhelming4 ,to the ,protestant reader it serves to close the case1 at the outset1 against the pretensions of the ,roman ,catholic ,church to be the institution ordained of ,christ to destroy the works of the devil4 ,this conclusion was reached by a comparison of the statistics of many ,roman ,catholic countries of ,europe with ,protestant ,england1 in regard to homicide4 ,then by comparing the amount of illegitimacy in certain ,catholic cities with that in certain other ,protestant cities in ,europe4 ,passing by the first branch of the subject for reasons which we assigned1 and which prevent us from taking up the matter now1 we considered the second very fully and completely4 ,we examined1 with the utmost care and fidelity1 the statistics of illegitimacy of all the leading countries of ,europe1 including the whole population of both city and country1 and found ,mr4 ,seymour's conclusions1 in this respect1 were utterly and completely false4 #hdf ,the complete exhibit showed that1 taking the number of illegitimate births as a standard of comparison1 ,catholic countries are not in any degree more unchaste than ,protestant1 but1 on the contrary1 the difference is in their favor quite decidedly1 though not with that overwhelming preponderance claimed by ,mr4 ,seymour in favor of ,protestantism4 ,he states that he has taken his figures from official documents1 7and we have not disputed this17 but these same documents give the account for the countries as well as for the cities1 and ,mr4 ,seymour cannot be allowed to plead ignorance in reference to them4 ,he cannot1 therefore1 be excused from wilful and deliberate deception1 when he suppresses these statistics so necessary to form a judgment in the case1 and only gives such portions of them as shall seem to sustain a false conclusion4 ,this is the true suppressio veri and suggestio falsi1 which is certainly one of the meanest and most cowardly forms of lying known4 ,we felt a natural indignation at being made the victims of such treatment1 and denounced the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,seymour as a calumniator1 and called on the ,rev4 ,l4 ,w4 ,bacon1 who had warmly recommended him and his book1 to withdraw his recommendation1 and cease to abet the circulation of a vile calumny1 even though the ,catholic ,church were the object of it4 ,mr4 ,bacon1 in reply to our article1 comes out in ,the ,new ,englander1 endorsing not only the statements1 but the unjust and wicked conclusions of ,mr4 ,seymour1 and claims to have refuted the statements of ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,we will now proceed to show in what fashion he has done this4 ,the conclusions of ,mr4 ,seymour in regard to the moral results of the ,romish system1 rest mainly in a comparison of the city of ,london with the capitals of four ,catholic countries1 showing that while the rate of illegitimacy is only #d per cent in the former1 it varies from #cc to #ea per cent in the latter4 ,this is reinforced by tables of ten ,prussian cities 7of which1 by the by1 the best two are ,catholic cities7 with ten ,austrian2 another of five ,english cities with the same number of ,italian1 with similar1 though by no means such striking results4 ,then1 lest countries should seem to get the go-by1 various ,protestant countries are compared with provinces of the ,austrian empire1 which1 it is needless to say1 make a bad show in the comparison4 ,as we have said before1 we did not impugn in ,the ,catholic ,world the accuracy of these figures1 but we pointed out that we could not trust them as indicating the morality of ,london1 ,liverpool1 and the ,english cities1 because the rate of illegitimacy in them was lower than in the whole of ,england2 and it is a most violent and incredible supposition1 that cities acknowledged to be the hotbeds of vice should be purer than the countries in which they are situated4 ,we suggested that other forms of impurity had probably replaced illegitimacy1 and that1 after all1 ,london1 ,liverpool1 etc41 were not much1 if any1 better than the continental cities4 ,we quoted some figures in reference to the amount of what is called the social evil in ,london1 etc41 from ,the ,church and the ,world1 a ritualistic journal4 ,this1 and this alone1 ,mr4 ,bacon attacks1 of all that is contained in our article4 ,our other reasons in regard to the morality of ,london1 etc41 are left entirely unnoticed4 ,we gave also some1 as we conceived1 very grave and strong reasons why the figures of illegitimacy should not be regarded as conclusive in regard to the continental cities4 #hdg ,we pointed out the existence of very large establishments in them for the reception of foundlings1 receiving all infants deposited in them2 and suggested that1 for this reason alone1 the illegitimacy of whole districts of country would all show itself in the city4 ,this is obvious enough2 for example1 if a large hospital of this kind existed in ,new ,york ,city1 no one doubts it would receive infants from ,new ,jersey1 ,connecticut1 and all the adjacent country1 and the rate of illegitimacy would represent all this part of the country1 rather than the city alone4 ,mr4 ,bacon has not vouchsafed to give one word of reply to all this1 or to discuss the matter at all4 ,now1 as it concerns the good name of a large class of his fellow-men1 and is evidence in rebuttal of a very grave accusation against them1 this really seems more like the conduct of a partisan determined on victory at any rate1 rather than of a ,christian gentleman seeking to vindicate a fellow-,christian from an imputation against his character4 ,but whatever might be said about the comparative morality of certain cities1 we vindicated the ,catholic ,church from the charge of having produced a moral result incomparably worse than ,protestantism1 and completely destroyed the overwhelming effect calculated to be produced on the ,protestant mind by ,mr4 ,seymour's conclusions1 by giving one complete table of the percentage of illegitimacy in all the chief countries of ,europe1 both ,protestant and ,catholic1 as follows3 ,catholic ,countries4 #ahbe-cg1 ,kingdom of ,sardinia1 #b4a #ahei1 ,spain1 #e4f #ahec1 ,tuscany1 #f4 #aheh1 ,catholic ,prussia1 #f4a #ahei1 ,belgium1 #g4d #ahef1 ,sicily1 #g4d #aheh1 ,france1 #g4h #ahea1 ,austria1 #i4 ,protestant ,countries4 #ahei1 ,england and ,wales1 #f4e #ahee1 ,norway1 #i4c #aheh1 ,protestant ,prussia1 #i4c #ahee1 ,sweden1 #i4e #ahee1 ,hanover1 #i4i #ahff1 ,scotland1 #aj4a #ahee1 ,denmark1 #aa4e #ahch-dg1 ,iceland1 #ad4 #aheh1 ,saxony1 #af4 #aheg1 ,wurtemberg1 #af4a ,every item of which was taken by ourselves1 after a patient and minute examination1 from the ,journals of the ,statistical ,society of ,london1 in the ,astor ,library1 taking the latest accounts of each country in every case4 ,here the whole question lies in a nut-shell4 ,as ,mr4 ,bacon says1 the criterion is in the number of illegitimate births4 ,this table gives a complete view of this criterion1 and therefore it requires to be refuted before it can be said that any refutation has been made of ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,how does ,mr4 ,bacon meet it8 ,he does not meet it at all4 ,he says that the figures of ,the ,catholic ,world are outrageously false1 and that he shall presently prove it4 ,we have looked in vain for the proof that any figure of this table is either outrageously false or false at all4 ,we do not see that he has said one word to bring any of them under even the least shadow of suspicion4 ,we will give the substance of his arguments against the truth of our statements3 #a4 ,mr4 ,seymour's book appeared1 and no answer was made to it for many years1 and therefore it must be presumed to be truth1 as to its facts and conclusions4 #hdh ,to this we reply1 that it makes no difference what presumptions may exist when they are upset by positive proof4 ,whether ,mr4 ,seymour has been answered or not1 does not change the rate of illegitimacy in any country of ,europe in the least4 ,catholics may not deem it more worth while to reply to ,seymour than to the ,mc,gavins and the ,brownlees4 ,the obviously sinuous and unfair selection of ,mr4 ,seymour's statistics is a sufficient reason for allowing them to slide along with a thousand other calumnies so obviously false as not to be worth the trouble of refuting4 ,however that may be1 we have given the refutation1 and that ends all the presumptions4 #b4 ,mr4 ,bacon tries to produce an impression on the minds of his readers that we shall add up and arrange the figures to suit our convenience1 and are not to be trusted because we profess confidence1 in the outset1 of the result of the investigation1 on account of our belief that the ,catholic ,church is the church of ,christ4 ,we will give an extract1 that our readers may judge3 ,but ,the ,catholic ,world for ,april last crushes these formidable allegations with one single stroke of a priori argument3 ',we know that she 7the ,roman ,church7 is ,christ's church1 and that just in proportion as she exerts her influence1 virtue and morality must prevail2 and that it is impossible to prove1 unless through fraud and misrepresentation1 that the practical working of her system produces a morality inferior to that of any other4' ,this1 of course1 is 'the end of controversy4' ,to go into details of argument would be superfluous1 not to say ridiculous1 after a demonstration so sweeping4 ,but scorning criticism and ridicule1 straightway down into details and figures marches ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,having at the start announced it as de fide that the figures must be so found and so added up as to show a satisfactory balance in favor of his side1 or else the foundations of the faith were destroyed and the hope of salvation cut off1 he proceeds to the statistical business with that eminently fair1 candid1 and philosophical spirit which might be expected to result from such convictions4 ,the ,christian1 then1 according to the reasoning of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bacon1 who1 firmly believing in the divinity of the religion of ,christ1 expresses confidence in the result of any investigation as to the moral result of ,christianity1 is to be deemed a rascal who will not hesitate to employ any unworthy arts in selecting and adding up his figures so as to make the result come out in accordance with a foregone conclusion4 ,we dismiss insinuations like this with the contempt they deserve4 ,if we have done any thing of this kind let it be proved2 if not1 do not insinuate it to our prejudice4 #c4 ,mr4 ,bacon says3 ,the gist of the article in ,the ,catholic ,world is taken from one in ,the ,church and the ,world1 an ultra-ritualist journal1 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,this is entirely untrue4 ,the criterion of the moral results of the ,romish system was illegitimacy1 and the gist of the article is in the comparison embraced in the tabular statement of the ,roman ,catholic and ,protestant countries of all ,europe1 of which nothing whatever has been taken from ,the ,church and the ,world4 ,we cited the statistics of ,ireland from this journal1 warning our readers of the fact that we could not verify it out of the statistical journals1 and therefore we did not include it in our table1 as can be seen by referring to the article itself4 ,besides this1 nothing is taken on the authority of ,the ,church and the ,world1 except some statistics in relation to a side issue1 the amount of prostitution in ,london1 and other ,english cities4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,chambers1 ,m4,a41 ,recorder of ,salisbury1 the author of the article in ,the ,church and the ,world1 states that there are #bh1ajj bad women in ,london1 known to the ,metropolitan ,police1 while it should be1 that number1 in all ,england1 known to the ,metropolitan ,police4 #hdi ,he also gives a table of the number of houses in other ,english cities where abandoned women resort1 and this number does not correspond at all with the number of brothels reported by the police4 ,it seems to us that ,mr4 ,chambers may have been misled by the term ,metropolitan ,police1 in setting down the number of abandoned women to ,london rather than to ,england1 without attributing to him any wilful falsification4 ,and if these women are so well known to the ,metropolitan ,police1 it may be inferred that1 wherever they belong1 they must carry on their nefarious occupation in ,london a good part of the time1 and thus ,mr4 ,chambers be substantially correct in his statement1 after all4 ,mr4 ,bacon roundly asserts that ,mr4 ,chambers has given the number of brothels in the leading ,english cities4 ,this is incorrect1 and1 when the object is to fasten a brand of infamy on another's character1 an inexcusable proceeding4 ,mr4 ,chambers has not given the number of brothels1 but the number of houses to which bad women resort4 ,there are many such resorts in ,new ,york ,city1 which would not be reported as brothels in the police returns4 ,we wish the public to understand this fully4 ,mr4 ,bacon accuses ,mr4 ,chambers of a gross exaggeration in the number of brothels in the ,english cities4 ,he gives the table as follows3 ,brothels in ,according to ,,catho4 ,,world in ,fact ,birmingham #iff #ahc ,manchester #aaaa #daj ,liverpool #aegc #ijf ,leeds #cac #fc ,sheffield #dcc #hd and hence deduces that ,mr4 ,chambers is a wilful liar1 to be branded as such4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,chambers never stated the above number of brothels in those cities1 but that number of houses where prostitutes resort1 a very different thing4 ,we find in ,thom's ,almanac of #ahfi the following table1 for ,england and ,wales1 of houses of bad character3 ,receivers of stolen goods1 #bbcj ,resorts of thieves and prostitutes1 #efhi ,brothels and houses of ill-fame1 #ffad ,tramps' lodging-houses1 #efad ,the last three figures may well be added up to give us the number of houses where prostitutes resort2 the tramps' lodging-houses1 according to ,mr4 ,kaye's description of them1 7in his ,social ,state of ,england17 being little better than brothels4 ,the public may now form an intelligent judgment which is the most guilty of misrepresentation1 ,mr4 ,bacon or ,mr4 ,chambers1 and which most deserves to be branded as a calumniator of his neighbor4 ,he thus finishes up the unlucky ,mr4 ,chambers3 ,the witness is impeached and kicked out of court with a very ugly letter burned too deep in his forehead to be rubbed out4 ,we are glad to acknowledge that ,the ,catholic ,world is not the guilty author of these impostures1 and to express our unfeigned and most willing belief that that every way respectable magazine would be incapable of contriving such tricks4 ,alas ,mr4 ,bacon6 we fear that in your inconsiderate haste to brand another1 the ugly letter will be burned so deep in your own forehead that you will find it very hard to efface it4 #d4 ,having finished up ,mr4 ,chambers in this style1 he considers that his refutation of ,the ,catholic ,world is complete4 ,he says3 ,the figures with which ,the ,catholic ,world attempts to vindicate the superior morality of ,romish over ,protestant countries1 are taken from a discredited and refuted writer in ,the ,church and the ,world444 ,we have given facts enough now to discredit without any particular refutation whatever else of assertion may be contained in the article on the 'comparative morality of ,catholic and ,protestant countries' in ,the ,catholic ,world for ,april1 #ahfi4 ,we do not need to rebut the testimony of this article point by point4 #hej ,these facts given relate exclusively to ,mr4 ,chambers and the statistics of prostitution1 as we have shown above1 and do not affect those relating to the criterion of illegitimacy4 ,the substance--as ,mr4 ,bacon calls it1 the gist--of the article of ,the ,catholic ,world remains as yet intact2 it has not even been examined by the critic4 ,who gave ,mr4 ,bacon the right to say1 as he does1 that the substance of our article was taken from ,the ,church and the ,world8 ,there is an unblushing effrontery about this statement which is astonishing4 ,there is nothing in the article to warrant it4 ,whenever we quoted ,the ,church and the ,world1 the reference is made at the foot of the page1 and we distinctly state1 there1 that our figures on illegitimacy are taken from the ,journals of the ,statistical ,society of ,london4 ,our readers can judge of this proceeding for themselves4 ,but ,mr4 ,bacon criticises us in severe terms for using these ,journals1 and says3 ,if we had been in search of truth1 how much easier and better to go to the census returns1 and get facts that can be trusted4 ,but when the object is1 as with ,the ,catholic ,world1 to find figures which shall tally with a conclusion already determined by theological considerations1 doubtless it is well to keep clear of authoritative documents1 and take only such figures as have been manipulated in a succession of magazine articles1 constructed to serve a purpose4 ,what better authority can we have in this country1 on statistics1 than the ,statistical ,journals of ,london8 ,it is all an idle pretence to speak of getting the governmental returns in any great public library4 ,we hunted for them in the ,astor ,library1 and could not find one of them4 ,the ,society of ,london is composed of ,protestants4 ,mr4 ,lumley1 the author of the principal article on statistics1 is probably one too4 ,he has taken his information1 he tells us1 in regard to ,great ,britain1 from the ,registrar's ,reports2 the others1 from reports made to parliament1 and from the ,annuaire de l',economie et de la ,statistique1 of ,paris4 ,we have not a shadow of reason to doubt either the accuracy or fairness of the returns1 or that they have been taken from the best governmental census returns4 ,it would have been more creditable if ,mr4 ,bacon had favored us with a table taken from these same returns1 which he says are so easy to be obtained1 to show the outrageous falsity of our statements1 rather than to attempt to refute us by the method of pure insinuation4 ,we challenge ,mr4 ,bacon or any one else to produce a table of illegitimacy embracing all or nearly all the ,protestant and ,catholic countries of ,europe1 from the latest governmental returns1 which shall differ essentially from ours1 or from which any one may not draw precisely the conclusions we have drawn in respect to the moral results of ,protestantism and ,catholicity4 ,this is all we need say on the main issue in question4 ,we will now explain what was stated about the rate of illegitimacy in ,ireland4 ,had we been inclined to proceed in the unscrupulous manner which ,mr4 ,bacon insinuates in regard to us1 we could have given this rate of three per cent from ,the ,church and the ,world without remark1 as it is simply given there among the other figures2 but as we could not verify it in the ,statistical ,journals1 we said so1 in order to warn the public1 and we stated that probably ,mr4 ,chambers had access to the ,registrar's ,report1 which we had not4 #hea ,for this1 ,mr4 ,bacon pitches into us in this style3 ,what will be the amazement of the reader to be informed that there are no ',registrar's ,reports' for ,ireland2 that the ,romish priests and the ,romish party have constantly succeeded in preventing1 for reasons satisfactory to themselves1 any act of parliament for securing such returns from ,ireland2 and that the supposed ',registrar's ,report' of three per cent of illegitimate births is a mere fiction6 ,hold on1 ,mr4 ,bacon6 do not go ahead quite so fast4 ,there are ,registrar's ,reports for ,ireland1 plenty of them1 to be seen in the ,statistical ,journals in the ,astor ,library4 ,in ,thom's ,official ,almanac and ,directory1 ,dublin1 #ahfi1 we read1 ,the act for the registration of births and deaths in ,ireland came into operation on the #ast of ,january1 #ahfd4 ,then follows registrar's returns of these for #ahfd1 #ahfe1 #ahff1 and #ahfg4 ,the first return of illegitimate births has just been published4 ,our supposition was1 that these returns were in existence1 though not perhaps complete enough to warrant publication1 and that they were known in ,england to ,mr4 ,chambers and others1 and this seems to be the truth4 ,the rate for ,ireland is #c4h per cent1 not so different from the figure of ,the ,church and the ,world4 ,we take the following from the ,catholic ,opinion1 ,london1 ,june #ai3 ,statistics ,of ,illegitimate ,births4 ,the ,scotsman1 one of the leading organs of ,presbyterian ,scotland1 gives the following3 ',we come next to a very painful and important point1 and shall get away from it as soon as possible4 ,the proportion of illegitimate births to the total number of births1 is1 in ,ireland1 #c4h per cent4 ,in ,england1 the proportion is #f4d2 in ,scotland1 #i4i4 ,in other words1 ,england is nearly twice1 and ,scotland nearly thrice worse than ,ireland4 ,something worse has to be added1 from which no consolation can be derived4 ,the proportion of illegitimacy is very unequally distributed over ,ireland1 and the inequalities are such as are rather humbling to us as ,protestants1 and still more as ,presbyterians and as ,scotchmen4 ,takings ,ireland according to registration divisions1 the proportion of illegitimate births varies from #f4b to #a4i4 ,the division showing this lowest figure is the western1 being substantially the province of ,connaught1 where about nineteen-twentieths of the population are ,celtic and ,roman ,catholic4 ,the division showing the highest proportion of illegitimacy is the north-eastern1 which comprises or almost consists of the province of ,ulster1 where the population is almost equally divided between ,protestant and ,roman ,catholic1 and where the great majority of the ,protestants are of ,scotch blood and of the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,the sum of the whole matter is1 that semi-,presbyterian and semi-,scotch ,ulster is fully three times more immoral than wholly ,popish and wholly ,irish ,connaught--which corresponds with wonderful accuracy to the more general fact that ,scotland1 as a whole1 is three times more immoral than ,ireland as a whole4 ,there is a fact1 whatever may be the proper deduction4 ,there is a text1 whatever may be the sermon2 we only suggest that the sermon should have a good deal about charity1 self-examination1 and humility4' ,so that1 after all1 now that the truth is at last out1 the ,romish priests and the ,romish party have no reason to be ashamed of it4 ,probably their reason is best known to themselves2 for it would puzzle any one else to devise any earthly reasons why they should oppose the publication of the ,registrar's ,report1 so honorable to the ,catholic people of ,ireland4 ,mr4 ,bacon is happy to announce that1 as a result of the attack of ,the ,catholic ,world1 a new edition of ,seymour's book1 with its opening chapter1 is soon to appear4 ,so1 all the old calumnies and falsehoods are to be circulated with redoubled activity1 and the commandment1 ,thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor1 conveniently be thrust aside4 ,the statistics of ,london are to be reproduced1 while those of ,england are kept in the dark4 #heb ,paris is to be compared with ,london1 to produce1 as ,mr4 ,bacon says1 an overwhelming effect on the mind of the ,protestant reader1 while not a word is to be breathed of ,england and ,france4 ,five ,italian cities are still to be compared with five ,english1 to show that the ,italian ,catholics are four times as depraved as the ,english ,protestants1 while the rate of illegitimacy in all ,italy is considerably less than that of ,england4 ,and the tell-tale official reports of the census of ,scotland1 of ,catholic and ,protestant ,prussia1 are to be passed over in complete silence4 ,the countries of ,norway1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 are to be offset by provinces of the ,austrian empire in which1 as we showed in ,the ,catholic ,world1 a grinding law of the government hinders us from getting any real knowledge of the statistics of illegitimacy1 and while the whole empire shows a rate smaller than any of those different countries4 ,but we are tired of this disgusting enumeration of the fraud and trickery of the ,rev4 ,m4 ,hobart ,seymour4 ,the republication of his book cannot hurt us1 and only tends to increase the growing distrust on the part of the public of the thousand and one calumnies so unscrupulously circulated concerning ,catholics4 ,we have only to add that ,the ,new ,englander very appropriately finishes its article against us by bringing out a very infamous falsehood of ,mr4 ,seymour's about the morality of the city of ,rome1 which we shall not fail to pay our respects to in the next number of ,the ,catholic ,world4 ---------- ,sick4 ,my brother1 o my brother6 how my heart1 ,uncertain1 sad1 doth yearn for thee to-day6 ,and my deep soul her earnest prayer doth say1 ,that ,god not yet will loose the fearful dart2 ,not yet1 sweet mercy1 call on thee to part1 ,prepared so scantily for the long1 long way2 ,nor till his lamp lights with her blessed ray ,the narrow line along the shadowy chart4 ,dear ,lord1 a stranger1 far away he lies1 ,where fevered pestilence about him leers2 ,his breath the yellow death6 ,and yet my cries ,are not for that loved body whose weak sighs ,first warmed her breast--'tis nine and twenty years-- ,the soul1 poor soul 'tis needs these prayers and tears4 ------- #hec ,translated ,from ,the ,spanish4 ,how ,matanzas came to be called ,matanzas4 ,footnote #bjj ,or1 ,uncle ,curro ,and ,his ,club4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,matanzas signifies murders or slaughters4 ,fernan ,caballero4 ,here ,i am1 ,aunt ,sebastiana1 with a fixed intention to make you tell me a story4 ,aunt ,sebastiana4 ,say that to my ,juan1 seor2 he can tell no end of stories1 and when he don't remember them1 he makes them to suit himself4 ,fernan4 ,here comes ,uncle ,romance1 who1 if he wants a cigar and desires to give me pleasure1 will tell me the story you have promised me in his name4 ,uncle ,romance4 ,you must know then1 seor1 that there was once a man who lived gayly1 without thinking of to-morrow2 and1 since to spend1 to owe1 and not to pay1 is the way to the poorhouse1 our man soon found himself without hacienda1 and with but thirty days to the month for possessions1 and nothing to eat but his finger-nails4 ,he grew so spiritless that his wife used to beat him1 and his children insult him1 and say impertinent things to him when he came home bringing no provisions for the house4 ,he got so desperate at last that he borrowed a rope of his gossip1 and went away to a field to hang himself4 ,he had fastened the rope to an olive-tree2 but just as he was going to put it around his neck1 a little fairy-man appeared to him1 dressed like a friar4 ,what are you doing1 man8 said the friar4 ,hanging myself1 as your worship sees4 ,so1 then1 ,christian1 you are going to do like ,judas4 ,go away from there4 ,it wouldn't be well for you4 ,take this purse1 which is never empty1 and mend your fortune4 ,our man took the purse1 and drew out a dollar1 then another1 then another1 and saw that it was like a woman's mouth1 that pours out to all eternity words1 and words1 and still words1 and its words are never exhausted4 ,seeing this1 he untied the rope1 wound it up1 and started for home4 ,there was an inn on the road2 he entered it and began to ask for whatever they had to eat and drink1 paying when it was brought2 for the innkeeper1 seeing him so greedy1 would not trust him for all he wanted4 ,he ate so much and drank so much that he fell under the table1 and lay there more sound asleep than the dead in ,holyfield4 ,the innkeeper1 who had perceived that the purse was none the lighter1 told his wife to make one just like it1 and while ,uncle ,curro slept1 went and stole the enchanted purse out of his pocket and put the other in its place4 ,when ,uncle ,curro woke up1 he took the road again1 and reached his house more jolly than a sunshiny day4 ,hurrah6 he shouted to his wife and children1 here's money and to spare2 our troubles are over4 ,he put his hand into the purse and drew it out empty2 put it in again2 but what was there to take out8 ,when his wife saw that1 she flew at him and beat him into a new shape4 #hed ,more desperate than ever1 he snatched the rope and went back to hang himself4 ,he went to the same place1 and tied the rope to a branch of the olive4 ,what are you going to do1 ,christian8 said the little fairy-man1 appearing in the form of a cavalier1 in the crotch of the tree4 ,hang myself like a string of garlics from a kitchen ceiling1 answered ,uncle ,curro quite composedly4 ,so you have lost patience1 again8 ,and if ,i have nothing to eat1 seor8 ' ,it is your own fault1 your fault2 but--go away4 ,take this table-cloth1 and while you keep it you will never find yourself without something to eat4 ,then the little fairy-man gave him a table-cloth1 and disappeared among the branches4 ,uncle ,curro unfolded the cloth upon the ground4 ,the minute it was spread out1 it covered itself with dishes1 some of them good and the rest better than the king's cook could have made them1 if he had tried his best4 ,after ,uncle ,curro had stuffed himself till he could hold no more1 he gathered up the cloth and set out for his house4 ,when he got as far as the inn1 he felt sleepy and lay down to take a nap4 ,the innkeeper knew him1 and guessed that he had something valuable2 so1 as cool as you please1 he pulled the cloth away from him1 and put another in its place4 ,uncle ,curro reached home1 and shouted to his wife and children1 ,come1 come to dinner2 ,i'll take it upon me to see that you get your fill this time4 ,thereupon he undid the cloth1 but only to behold it covered with stains of all sorts and sizes4 ,at him she went4 ,mother and children all fell upon the poor man at once1 and an object of charity they left him4 ,uncle ,curro seized the rope once more and went off to hang himself4 ,he was determined to do it this time1 and the fairy-man was determined he shouldn't4 ,he gave ,uncle ,curro a little club1 and told him that with it he would be able to possess his soul in comfort2 for that he had nothing to do but say1 ,bestir yourself1 little club6 to make all the world run away and leave him in peace1 with a wide berth4 ,uncle ,curro set out for home with the club1 as happy as an alcalde with his stick4 ,as soon as he saw the young ones coming toward him demanding bread with insults and impertinences1 he said to the club1 ,bestir yourself1 little club6 and before the words were fairly out of his mouth1 it began to deal about it in a way that speedily routed the children4 ,their mother ran out to help them1 but1 ,at her6 cries ,curro1 at her with all your might6 and with one rap the club killed her4 ,they gave notice to the magistrate1 and presently the alcalde made his appearance with his officers4 ,bestir yourself1 little club6 ordered ,curro1 and the club came down on them as if it had been paid at the rate of a dollar a thump4 ,it killed the alcalde1 and the others ran away with such might that not one of them had a sole left to his foot4 ,then they sent a messenger to let the king know what was going on1 and the king sent a regiment of grenadiers to take ,uncle ,curro of the little club4 ,but1 ,bestir yourself1 club6 bawled ,uncle ,curro1 as soon as they came in sight1 and threw the club in the midst of the files4 ,the club begun its dance upon the ribs of the grenadiers1 with a sound like a fulling-mill4 ,it crippled this one's leg1 and that one's arm2 knocked out one of the captain's eyes1 and1 in short1 the grenadiers threw away their muskets and knapsacks1 and took to their heels1 in the full belief that the devil was running loose4 #hee ,free from care1 ,uncle ,curro lay down to sleep1 with his club hidden in his bosom1 for fear that somebody might steal it4 ,when he awoke1 he found himself tied hand and foot1 and on the way to prison4 ,they sentenced him to ignominious death4 ,the next morning they took him out of the dungeon1 and1 when they had caused him to ascend the scaffold1 untied his hands4 ,out he drew his little club1 and as he said1 ,bestir yourself6 threw it at the executioner1 who speedily yielded up the ghost under its blows4 ,free that man1 commanded the king1 or he'll finish with every one of our subjects4 ,tell him that he shall have an estate in ,america if he will leave the country4 ,uncle ,curro consented1 and the king made him lord of lands in the island of ,cuba1 where he built himself a city1 and killed so many people in it with his club that its name was called1 and has remained1 ,matanzas4 ---------- ,correction ,of ,a ,mistake4 ,the writer of the article on ,spiritualism and ,materialism1 in the ,magazine for ,august1 page #fbg1 says1 ,the ,holy ,see says the immateriality1 not spirituality1 of the soul is to be proved by reason4 ,this is a mistake4 ,the language of the ,holy ,see is1 ,ratiocionatio ,dei existentiam1 animae spiritualitatem1 hominis libertatem cum certitudine probare potest--,reasoning can prove with certainty the existence of ,god1 the spirituality of the soul1 and the liberty of man4 ,the writer wishes us to say that he is wholly unable to account for his blunder2 for in writing1 he had the words of the ,holy ,see before his eyes1 and certainly thought he read immaterialitatem2 but in re-reading the words since a friend called his attention to the mistake1 he finds that the word is plainly printed spiritualitatem4 ,of course the misstatement was wholly unintentional1 and whatever in the article rests on it must be withdrawn1 and the writer fully and explicitly retracts it4 ,yet the writer requests us to say that he thinks the doctrine maintained in the article is not affected by this mistake1 blunder1 or misstatement4 ,the writer does not question the spirituality of the soul1 but maintains that the soul's spirituality1 save in the sense of its immateriality1 is not provable by reason without revelation4 ,he thinks immateriality1 in the sense he explains it1 covers all that is really meant by spiritualiy in the decision of the ,holy ,see4 ,we certainly do not1 by reason alone1 know what either spirit or matter is in its essence4 ,we can prove by reason the substantiality1 activity1 unity1 simplicity1 indissolubility1 and immateriality of the soul1 or that it is not matter4 ,does the ,holy ,see decide that we can do more1 or go further8 ,does the spirituality of the soul1 as provable by reason1 mean any thing more8 ,if not--and the writer1 till better informed1 must think it does not--he has erred only in using one word when he should have used another1 and mistaking the word actually used by the ,holy ,see4 ,so much the writer of the article wishes us to say for him1 which we do cheerfully2 for we are well assured of his devotion to the ,holy ,see and his loyalty to the ,holy ,father4 ---------- #hef ,new ,publications4 ,cantarium ,romanum1 ,pars ,prima1 ,ordinarium ,missae4 ,studio et sumptibus ,monachorum ,ord4 ,s4 ,benedicti4 ,conv4 ,st4 ,meinradi1 ,ind4 #ahfi4 ,cincinnati and ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,bros4 ,this publication purposes to give1 in modern notation1 the melodies of ,gregorian ,masses2 that is1 those portions which are common to all masses--the ,kyrie1 ,gloria1 ,credo1 ,sanctus1 ,agnus ,dei1 with the ,responses4 ,we hail this as a step in the right direction1 but are forced to find some fault with this volume4 ,in the first place1 we do not find the notation at all in conformity with the ,roman ,gradual or ,missal1 and suppose that it is according to one of those numerous propers which1 in course of time1 have been patched up for the use of various particular dioceses and religious orders4 ,the spirit of the church to-day is one which inspires a return to unity in even minor points of discipline1 of which the unity of the chant is1 in our judgment1 not the least4 ,again1 the division of the words1 their adaptation to the notes1 and the length of notes given1 makes horrible work in some places with the accent of the ,latin1 and destroys the majestic march of the melody4 ,the effeminate sharp reigns supreme1 and fancy responses take the place of those given in the ,missal4 ---- ,meditations ,on ,the ,sufferings1 ,life1 ,and ,death ,of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,sister of ,mercy4 ,part ,first4 ,cincinnati3 ,robert ,clarke ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this is a very excellent book of meditations1 well translated1 and published in the best style2 to be completed in thirteen numbers4 ,the proceeds are to be devoted to the building of a church annexed to the ,convent of the ,sisters of ,mercy1 in ,cincinnati1 to be called ,the ,church of the ,atonement1 and to be devoted especially to the adoration of the ,sacred ,heart of our ,lord1 in reparation of the injuries and outrages which it suffers from the neglect of tepid ,christians and the more open sins of the wicked4 ,the book is one which will be very useful to those who desire to practise meditation1 and the object to which the good sisters intend to devote the profits1 which we hope they may receive from it abundantly1 is one that must commend itself to the heart of every good ,catholic4 ,we give them our best wishes for their complete success1 and recommend their book most heartily to general circulation4 ---- ,an ,american ,woman ,in ,europe4 ,by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,r4 ,urbino4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,a journal of two years and a half sojourn in ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 and ,italy1 in only #cch duodecimo pages1 is1 as things go and as people write1 really very moderate4 ,it is a simple1 straightforward story of what the authoress saw and heard1 with a variety of practical information that many ,americans on a first ,european tour might find useful4 ,there is no affectation of style or sentiment in the book1 and the authoress may be said to belong to the realistic school of travellers1 who keep a bright lookout for railroad fares1 hotel bills1 and the prices of things in general4 ,with disquisitions on art1 ,mrs4 ,urbino does not trouble us much1 although she admires the works of that queen of ,jarleys1 ,madame ,tussaud1 whose name she ungratefully prints ,trousseau4 ,at p4 #bbh1 the authoress indulges in this reflection3 ,how out of place crosses look in the ,coliseum6 #heg ,i cannot see why they were put there1 since there are a sufficient number of churches in the city4 ,the good lady does not appear to be aware of the fact that if the cross had not been placed in the ,coliseum1 we people of the nineteenth century would never have seen the noble ruin of that grand monument4 ---- ,service ,manual2 for the instruction of newly-appointed ,officers1 and the ,rank and ,file of the ,army1 as compiled from ,army ,regulations1 the ,articles of ,war1 and the ,customs of the ,service4 ,by ,henry ,d4 ,wallen1 ,brevet ,brigadier-,general ,united ,states ,army1 and ,commander of the ,general ,service ,department1 ,fort ,columbus1 ,new ,york ,harbor4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #aff4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand4 #ahfi4 ,general ,wallen has compiled this excellent manual from the authorized sources1 and added to it the fruit of his mature experience and intimate practical knowledge of the subject4 ,the work possesses value1 not only as an authentic guide to the young officer in all the details of company1 camp1 and garrison duty1 his relations of subordination and responsibility1 and his duties and obligations to those above and below him in the military order1 but also is mellowed and animated by a spirit of kindness and good-will1 and that genuine characteristic of the good soldier and thorough gentleman to whom duty is honorable1 and both command and obedience acceptable for their own sakes and the inherent virtue they imply4 ,this spirit animates this work throughout1 and gives to it a character far superior to ordinary dry regulations4 ,general ,wallen is well qualified for the task he has undertaken4 ,he is an old and faithful officer1 and intimately acquainted with the service in all its branches and ramifications4 ,he served with credit in the war with ,mexico1 and was one of the pioneers of the settlement of ,oregon4 ,owing to the fact of having been born in ,georgia1 ,general ,wallen was distrusted during the late war by ,mr4 ,stanton1 and ordered to ,new ,mexico4 ,general ,grant1 who is his life-long friend1 as soon as he came into power1 ordered him to the ,east1 and did what he could to repair the injury he had experienced from the suspicious disposition of the late secretary of war4 ,this work is of equal value to soldiers and officers1 and will have a tendency to promote that mutual goodwill and cordial sympathy between the two classes growing out of the faithful performance of their respective duties1 which we alone need to make our military system perfect1 and absolutely invincible in war1 as well as an example of honor and fidelity in peace4 ---- ,a ,report ,on ,the ,excisions ,of ,the ,head ,of ,the ,femur ,for ,gun ,shot ,wounds4 ,by ,george ,a4 ,otis1 ,m4,d41 ,assistant ,surgeon and ,brevet ,lieutenant-,colonel ,u4,s4,a4 ,being ,circular ,no4 #b ,war ,department1 ,surgeon-,general's ,office4 ,jan4 #ahfi4 #dto1 pp4 #ada4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office4 ,it is not our purpose1 in calling the attention of the readers of ,the ,catholic ,world to this work1 to enter upon any discussion or details of a purely surgical character1 which would be obviously out of place4 ,the ,catholic ,world is essentially ,catholic1 and while strictly and purely so1 aims to embrace within the scope of its critical observation every subject of interest and importance to society2 and especially to award its cordial praise to those efforts which have for their object genuine science1 true humanity1 and national and individual honor and intellectual and moral advancement4 ,the work before us is of the character indicated4 ,in reverting to the public calamities and private miseries of the late war1 it is a matter of satisfaction to know that out of the eater has come forth some meat2 out of the strong1 some sweetness4 #heh ,with the exception of the doubtful advantage of the knowledge which we have gained of our brute strength1 some improvement in gunnery1 and the familiarization of the public mind with battle1 murder1 and sudden death1 we have reaped no substantial benefit excepting in the department of military surgery4 ,the medical profession gave during the war an extraordinary example of courage1 devotion to duty1 labor1 and self-sacrifice1 which we fear is not fully appreciated either by the country or the government4 ,they rose as a body above the political issues involved1 and the personal passions evoked1 and1 acting on the great principle of charity underlying their vocation1 saw1 in many a sick and wounded man1 a friend and brother4 ,this principle was acted upon on both sides1 it was the most humanizing element which entered into the conflict1 and aided and seconded the chivalric spirit which animated the graduates of ,west ,point4 ,these two qualities redeemed the late war from utter barbarism4 ,there was1 on the part of the medical officers1 an earnest1 conscientious1 and zealous determination to ascertain the best methods of treatment in all cases1 and an ardent desire to relieve suffering1 save life1 and preserve limbs in the best possible condition for future usefulness4 ,the publications of the ,medical ,department and the admirable museum collected at ,washington bear testimony to the accuracy of this statement1 and1 while they are a terrible and sickening commentary on man's inhumanity to man1 they are also a sublime and beautiful illustration of that power which turns temporary calamities into permanent benefits1 and of that humanity and science which are both motives and objects of the profession of medicine4 ,the reports issued from time to time by the surgeon-general are the concentrated and distilled expression of multitudes of crude and detached observations1 carefully elaborated1 compared1 analyzed1 and corrected1 till they come to express the precise knowledge and experience of the present day on a given subject4 ,the portion of this great work before us is prepared by ,doctor ,george ,a4 ,otis1 ,assistant ,surgeon and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,u4,s4,a41 and is a model of patient labor1 exact knowledge1 just discrimination1 and acutely intelligent appreciation4 ,it presents all that is known in regard to a class of terrible and exceedingly fatal injuries4 ,the facts1 evidence1 and opinions are carefully and impartially weighed and estimated1 and the conclusions are such as will be accepted by every discriminating surgeon throughout the world4 ,the voice of the medical profession will1 we believe1 endorse the opinion which we somewhat apodictically express4 ,society and the country owe ,doctor ,otis a debt of gratitude for his great work1 and also the medical bureau which aids and directs his labors4 ,such works belong to the class of benefits whose value cannot be expressed by human standards4 ,they reflect honor upon the age and country which produce them1 and are an invaluable legacy to the future4 ,we cannot conclude this imperfect notice without expressing the hope that ,congress1 influenced by the universal sentiment of the country1 will give all the material aid required to the ,surgeon-,general's ,department in prosecuting its great and most fruitful labors4 ---- ,silver ,jubilee ,of ,the ,university ,of ,notre ,dame1 ,june #bc;d1 #ahfi4 ,compiled and published by ,joseph ,a4 ,lyons1 ,a4,m4 ,chicago3 ,e4 ,b4 ,myers ,co4 ,this is a tastefully gotten-up volume1 designed as a memorial tribute to the students1 past and present1 of the ,university of ,notre ,dame1 in ,northern ,indiana1 on the occasion of the celebration of the twenty-fifth or silver anniversary of the corporate existence of that now large1 flourishing1 and important ,catholic institution of learning4 ,it gives a brief but interesting history of the university1 from its humble beginnings1 a quarter of a century since1 under the zealous and effective labors of the ,very ,rev4 ,father ,sorin and his well-chosen and able co-workers1 to its present wide and ample proportions4 #hei ,this is followed by an account of its internal economy or arrangements2 its study1 discipline1 and amusements2 its societies--religious1 literary1 and others2 its library1 museum1 etc41 etc4 ,sketches are also given of the lives of its presidents1 vice-presidents1 professors1 and teachers1 as well as of its alumni1 with a full account of the exercises of its recent ,jubilee commencement4 ,altogether1 the volume must prove a very interesting and acceptable one to the numerous graduates1 pupils1 and friends of ,notre ,dame4 ---- ,nora ,brady's ,vow1 ,and ,mona ,the ,vestal4 ,by ,mrs4 ,anna ,h4 ,dorsey4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahfi4 ,the first of these stories is of modern times1 and the other is of the time of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 like all writers not to the ,irish manner born1 makes fearful work with what some persons are pleased to call the ,irish brogue4 ,this is1 however1 a small fault1 with which we do not wish to quarrel4 ,the stories are presented to the public in a beautifully printed and elegantly bound volume1 and will1 we doubt not1 be welcomed in many an ,irish-,american household4 ---- ,the ,way ,of ,salvation1 in ,meditations for all times in the year4 ,by ,st4 ,alphonsus ,liguori4 ,translated from the ,italian by the ,rev4 ,james ,jones4 ,new ,york3 ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #abf ,nassau ,st4 ,one of the best signs of the present time1 and a sign most encouraging to ,catholics of all classes and professions1 is that books of genuine piety are more and more in demand every day4 ,it was this fact that induced the ,catholic ,publication ,society to bring out in a neat and very convenient form the celebrated ,way of ,salvation1 by ,st4 ,liguori4 ,it is one of the most popular works of that sainted author2 and the mere announcement of its publication is sufficient recommendation4 ---- ,the ,two ,schools4 ,a ,moral ,tale4 ,by ,mrs4 ,hughs4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahfi4 ,this book presents in a striking manner the results of two systems of home education4 ,in it we have a vivid picture of the consequences of wealth1 recklessly lavished on an only daughter1 contrasted with the encouraging way in which the virtue of a much-injured girl triumphs over the designs of base and cunning enemies4 ,the authoress possesses a happy talent of describing persons in an easy and remarkably concise style1 and she succeeds in causing her characters to act and speak in a natural manner4 ,the book will be read1 by girls especially1 with the keenest enjoyment4 ,the conduct of ,mary will seldom fail to draw forth their approval1 and all readers will agree that this is a good story4 ---- ,a ,german ,reader4 ,in ,prose and ,verse4 ,with ,notes and ,vocabulary4 ,by ,william ,d4 ,whitney4 ,new ,york3 ,leypoldt ,holt4 ,the text of this ,reader has at length reached us2 and in regard to accuracy1 arrangement1 and clearness of type it is all that can be desired4 ,the selections are very good1 although many of them have already done service in ,german educational works4 ,originality is only claimed for the vocabulary and notes1 which have not yet been published1 so that we may only remark that the volume will enjoy a very high reputation1 if the forthcoming part be prepared with the same attention that has been devoted to the text4 ---- ,the ,poetical ,works ,of ,samuel ,lover4 ,london and ,new ,york3 ,george ,routledge ,sons4 ,a most beautiful edition of the beautiful songs of ,lover1 written mostly1 as all know1 about love and lovers4 ,yet not all4 ,we are indebted to him for many charming ballads1 of sweetest melody and deepest pathos1 to which indeed ,lover owes his fame as a poet4 ---- #hfj ,the ,irish ,widow's ,son2 ,or1 ,the ,pikemen ,of ,ninety-eight4 ,a story of the ,irish ,rebellion1 embracing an historical account of the ,battles of ,antrim and ,ballinahinch4 ,by4 ,con ,o',leary4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahfi4 ,this book is interesting1 and free from the coarseness which is found in so many stories of ,ireland4 ,the author has succeeded in producing a readable tale of that epoch in ,ireland's history when secret associations became the controlling power of that misgoverned country4 ---- ,essay ,on ,divorce ,and ,divorce ,legislation1 with special reference to the ,united ,states4 ,by ,theodore ,d4 ,woolsey1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,president of ,yale ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfi4 ,this book1 by one of the first scholars of our country1 is a very learned and laudable effort to effect a reform in our divorce legislation4 ,it would require a long and elaborate article to do justice to the work and the subject4 ,at present we can only say that the community ought to thank ,dr4 ,woolsey for the labor he has performed in their service1 and which he has done as well as it can be done by one who stands on the ,protestant platform4 ---- ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society has in preparation1 and will publish early in ,october1 ,the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac for #ahgj4 ,it will contain the astronomical tables1 calendars1 a great amount of valuable statistics1 as well as several well-written sketches of places and things in various countries4 ,it will be illustrated with over twenty splendid wood-cuts1 and will be sold for #be cents per copy4 ,orders from the trade should be sent in at once4 ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york1 has in press1 and will publish this season1 ,lacordaire's ,sketch of the ,order of ,st4 ,dominic2 ,memoir1 ,journal1 and ,correspondence of ,mrs4 ,seton1 by ,mgr4 ,seton1 in #b vols4 #hvo2 ,love of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 by ,st4 ,jure1 vol4 #b2 ,library of ,good ,examples1 #ab vols4 ,john ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 announce ,a ,memoir of the ,life and ,character of the ,rev4 ,demetrius ,augustin de ,gallitzin1 ,founder of ,loretto and ,catholicity in ,cambria ,county1 ,pa41 ,apostle of the ,alleghanies4 ,by ,very ,rev4 ,thomas ,heyden1 of ,bedford1 ,pa4 ,patrick ,donahoe1 ,boston1 has in press ,mary and ,mi-,ka1 a story of ,the ,holy ,childhood2 ,five ,years in a ,protestant ,sisterhood1 and ,ten ,years in a ,catholic ,convent2 and a ,life of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co41 ,baltimore1 announce the republication of the ,roman periodical1 ,acta ex ,iis decerpta quae apud ,sanctam ,sedem geruntur4 ,the ,double ,sacrifice3 a tale of ,castelfidardo4 ,the ,life of ,madame ,louise de ,france1 ,daughter of ,louis ,,xv41 in religion ,mother ,terese de ,st4 ,augustin4 ,the ,day ,sanctified2 being meditations and spiritual readings for daily use4 ,popular ,tales4 ,by ,maria ,edgeworth4 ,moral ,tales4 ,by ,maria ,edgeworth4 -------