,rockets1 ,missiles1 & ,spacecraft ( ! ,national ,air & ,space ,museum ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,lynne ,c4 ,,murphy ,publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,press1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aigf ,illu/ration3 ,museum ,logo ,welcome to ! ,national ,air & ,space ,museum1 "p ( ! ,smi?sonian family4 ,! flight ( ! ,wrights 9 #aijc op5$ ! door to ev] m rapid & p[]ful asc5ts into ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,?is c\ntry1 putt+ its sci5tific & te*nical tal5ts to "w1 has produc$ an array ( fasc9at+ & complex ma*9es4 ,=tunately1 ne>ly all ( ! mo/ significant ones h be5 pres]v$1 & a sampl+ ( !m is includ$ 9 ?is booklet4 ,i hope t y w enjoy x1 & t x w add to y\r und]/&+ ( :at air & space progress has meant to all ( u4 ,illu/ration3 ,mi*ael ,coll9s ,mi*ael ,coll9s ,director1 ,national ,air & ,space ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,vik+ #b--;b\nd = ,m>s--is laun*$ abo>d ,titan ,c5taur on ,septemb] #i1 #aige4 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog+ 9 ,publication ,data ,national ,air & ,space ,museum4 ,rockets1 missiles1 & spacecraft ( ! ,national ,air & ,space ,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,bibliography3 p4 #a4 ,a/ronautics--,unit$ ,/ates--,exhibitions4 #b4 ,national ,air & ,space ,museum4 ,i4 ,murphy1 ,lynne ,c4 ,,ii4 ,title3 ,rockets1 missiles1 & spacecraft ( ! ,national ,air & ,space ,museum 444 ,,tl#ejf4,u#f,w#cgf #aigf #fbi4djigcjgdjaec #gf-fifa ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,design$ by ,elizabe? ,sur ,negative numb]s & photo cr$its #a1 ,a-#dbajc 7,,si72 #b1 #gd-;,h-#ajff 7,,nasa72 #c1 #gd-;,h-#abdd 7,,nasa72 #d1 ,a-#cgeg 7,,si72 #e1 #gb-hfgj 7,,si72 #f1 #eh-;,explor] ,i-#a 7,,nasa72 #g1 #fb-,m>9] ,,ii-#cd 7,,nasa72 #h1 #fc-,m>9] ,,ii-#bf 7,,nasa72 #i1 #fb-,,ma #f-gd 7,,nasa72 #aj1 #fb-,,ma#f-aaa 7,,nasa72 #aa1 #fe-;,h-#icd 7,,nasa72 #ab1 #fe-;,h-#icg 7,,nasa72 #ac1 #fi-;,h-#aaii 7,,nasa72 #ad1 #fi-;,h-#acfg 7,,nasa72 #ae1 #gf-dhhj-ha 7,,si72 #af1 ,p-#adjed 7,,jpl1 ,,nasa1 ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia72 #ag1 #gc-;,h-#iic 7,,nasa72 #ah1 #gd-;,h-#bci 7,,nasa72 #ai1 #ge-aeibf 7,,si72 #bj1 #gd-;,h-#abbj 7,,nasa72 #ba1 ,a-#ejdhc 7,,si72 #bb1 #fe-;,h-#hag 7,,nasa72 #bc1 #gf-agjf 7,,si72 #bd1 #gf-agje 7,,si72 #be1 #ga-;,h-#dac 7,,nasa72 #bf1 #fb-,,nc-#b 7,,nasa72 #bg1 #fc-;,,arcas-#a 7,,nasa72 #bh1 #ge-afjid 7,,si72 #bi1 #ge-afbbh 7,,si72 #cj1 #ge-afbgf 7,,si72 #ca1 #fa-;,,delta-#d-f 7,,nasa72 #cb1 #ff-;,h-#bbc 7,,nasa72 #cc1 ,,van-#aa 7,,nasa72 #cd1 #fg-;,h-#ajjh 7,,nasa72 #ce1 #ff-;,h-#bh 7,,nasa72 #cf1 #fj-,,tiros-#e 7,,nasa72 #cg1 #fi-;,h-#aiae 7,,nasa72 #ch1 #fh-;,h-#aaa 7,,nasa72 #ci1 #fb-,,relay-#ag 7,,nasa72 #dj1 #ga-;,h-#adad 7,,nasa72 #da1 #fi-;,h-#bhe 7,,nasa72 #db1 #ff-;,h-#hga 7,,nasa72 #dc1 #gf-;,h-#aahb 7,,nasa72 #dd1 #fi-;,h-#aihf 7,,nasa72 #de1 #gf-agjd 7,,si72 #df1 ,a-#deiiid 7,,si72 #dg1 ,a-#ebic 7,,si72 #dh1 ,a-#ajhe 7,,si72 #di1 #ge-aadhh 7,,si72 #ej1 ,a-#deed 7,,si72 #ea1 #gb-;,h-#abdj 7,,nasa72 #eb1 #fc-;,,c5taur-#ae 7,,nasa72 #ec1 #ge-acgec 7,,si72 #ed1 #gf-bgef 7,,si72 #ee1 #gf-bfhg 7,,si72 #ef1 #ge-;,h-#dfa 7,,nasa72 #eg1 #gf-ddgi-f 7,,si72 #eh1 #fb-,,ma#f-aji 7,,nasa72 #ei1 #ga-;,h-#achj 7,,nasa72 #fj1 #fe-;,h-#ajba 7,,nasa72 #fa1 ,a-#ecfg 7,,si72 #fb1 #ge-ajbcb 7,,si72 #fc1 ,a-#ejgc 7,,si72 #fd1 #ge-afjia 7,,si72 #fe1 #gf-afbe-aa 7,,si72 #ff1 #gc-gcc 7,,si72 #fg1 ,,space-#ab 7,,nasa72 #fh1 #fg-;,h-#afji 7,,nasa72 #fi1 #fd-;,h-#bgie 7,,nasa72 #gj1 #fe-;,h-#fgd 7,,nasa72 #ga1 #gf-agjg 7,,si72 #gb1 #gf-agjh 7,,si72 #gc1 #gc-;,h-#ibh 7,,nasa72 #gd1 #ga-;,h-#cih 7,,nasa72 #ge1 #fh-;,h-#dbc 7,,nasa72 #gf1 #fh-;,h-#dbb 7,,nasa72 #gg1 #ge-;,h-#bdh 7,,nasa72 #gh1 #ge-;,h-#ajha 7,,nasa72 #gi1 #ge-;,h-#hia 7,,nasa72 #hj1 #ge-;,h-#ajgg 7,,nasa72 #ha1 #ga-;,h-#ebe 7,,nasa72 #hb1 #fa-,,mr#c-gf 7,,nasa72 #hc1 #fe-;,h-#bcee 7,,nasa72 #hd1 #gb-;,h-#gcd 7,,nasa72 #he1 #fb-;,f#a-b 7,,nasa72 #hf1 #fg-;,h-#abje 7,,nasa72 #hg1 #ga-;,h-#adaf 7,,nasa72 #hh1 #gj-;,h-#acib 7,,nasa72 #hi1 #ga-;,h-#cce 7,,nasa72 #ij1 #gd-;,h-#fc 7,,nasa72 #ia1 ,s-#ga-dedhj 7,,nasa1 ,johnson ,space ,c5t]72 #ib1 #gb-;,h-#aega 7,,nasa74 ,cont5ts ,introduction #f ,mile/ones ( ,flight ,gall]y #ajj ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d's ,rockets3 ,m>* #af1 #aibf1 & #aida #g ,sputnik #a #h ,explor] #a #i ,m>9] #b #aj ,fri5d%ip #g #aa ,gem9i #d #ab ,apollo #aa ,comm& ,module1 ,columbia #ac ,life 9 ! ,univ]se ,gall]y #ajg ,ponnamp]uma ,exp]im5ts #ad ,photomosaic ,globe ( ,m>s #ae ,m>9] #aj #af ,u4,s4,s4 ,ent]prise #ag ,satellites ,gall]y #aaj ,godd>d ,a-,s]ies ,rocket1 #aice #ah ,,wac ,corporal #ai ,a]obee #aej #bj ,f>side #ba ,nike-,cajun #bb ,,arcas #bc ,cricket #bd ,vik+ #ab #be ,,m\se #bf ,ag5a-,b #bg ,sci5ce ,satellites #bh ,meteorological ,satellites #cj ,communications ,satellites #cb ,ea/ ,gall]y ,gall]y #aab ,lun> ,module #cd ,lun> ,orbit] #ce ,surveyor #cf ,rocketry & ,space ,flight ,gall]y #aac ,godd>d ,rockets3 ,may #aibf & 8,hoopskirt10 #aibh #cg #ai?-,c5tury ,rockets3 ,congreve & ,hale #ch ,am]ican ,rocket ,society3 ,eng9es & ,p>ts #ci ,h-#a ,eng9e #dj ,,rl-#aj ,eng9e #da ,,jato ,units #db ,,lr-#hg ,eng9e #dc ,t[>d #bjgf3 ,! ,future ( ,rocket ,propulsion #dd ,project ,orion #de ,space ,suits #df ,space ,hall ,gall]y #aad ,v-#b 7,a-#d7 #dh ,v-#a #di ,g]man ,antiaircraft ,missiles #ej ,jupit]-,c #ea ,vangu>d #eb ,sc\t #ec ,m9uteman ,,iii #ed ,poseidon ,c-#c #ee ,skylab #ef ,apollo-,soyuz ,te/ ,project #eh ,m#b-;,f#c ,lift+ ,body #fj ,apollo to ! ,moon ,gall]y #baj ,fre$om #g #fa ,gem9i #g #fb ,f-#a ,eng9e #fc ,lun> ,rov+ ,vehicle #fd ,apollo ,lun> ,tools & ,equipm5t #fe ,apollo ,comm& ,module3 ,skylab #d #ff ,moon ,rocks #fg ,sugge/$ ,read+ #fh ,introduction ,!re is an obvi\s relation%ip betwe5 a]onautics & a/ronautics s9ce ! same pr9ciples ( physics apply & _m mat]ials & te*niques ( con/ruction are common4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! decades foll[+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 rocketry1 guid$ missiles1 & space flights 7 rapidly develop+ a complex hi/ory & lore q diff]5t f t ( aviation4 ,accord+ly1 9 #aife1 ! ,museum e/abli%$ a ,dep>tm5t ( ,a/ronautics p>allel ) a ,dep>tm5t ( ,a]onautics4 ,at t "t1 artifacts 9 categories ( rocket propulsion1 guid$ missiles1 & space-flight programs 7 plac$ "u curatorial control ( ! ,a/ronautics ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 #aifg ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration sign$ an agreem5t :i* provid$ = transf] ( title to & cu/ody ( significant space artifacts by ! ,museum aft] _! te*nical ne$ _h pass$4 ,?r\gh provisions ( ?is in/rum5t ! pres]vation & exhibit ( ?is c\ntry's mo/ important spacecraft1 rocket eng9es1 laun* vehicles1 & missiles has be5 assur$ = po/]ity4 ,) ! con/ruction ( ! new ,museum build+ on ! ,mall lit]ally doz5s ( excit+ & fasc9at+ a/ronautical artifacts h be5 acquir$1 "s j a few mon?s be=e our op5+ 9 ,july #aigf4 ,all major artifacts on exhibit at ! op5+ are describ$ h]e9 ) brief hi/orical summ>ies4 ,f4 ,c4 ,durant ,,iii ,assi/ant ,director1 ,a/ronautics ,janu>y #ac1 #aigf ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d's ,rockets3 ,m>* #af1 #aibf1 & #aida ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d beside 8 liquid-fuel rocket prior to laun* on ,m>* #af1 #aibf4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 8,x look$ almo/ magical z x rose1 )\t any appreciable great] noise or flame1 z if x said1 #8,i've be5 "h long en\gh2 ,i ?9k ,i'll be go+ some:]e else'44440--,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,rocket ) turbopumps on its assembly frame 9 ! ,godd>d %op at ,roswell1 ,new ,mexico1 #aidj4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d contribut$ ! fir/ major a/ronautical break?r\gh on our way to space exploration--a liquid-propellant rocket4 ,a replica ( ! fir/ successful rocket ( ?is type is display$ 9 ?is hall z is ,dr4 ,godd>d's la/ s\nd+ rocket design4 ,! fir/ ( ,dr4 ,godd>d's successful rockets 0 laun*$ on ,m>* #af1 #aibf4 ,x travel$ to an altitude ( #ab4e met]s 7#da feet7 p[]$ by liquid oxyg5 & gasol9e4 ,its flight la/$ #b4e seconds ) an av]age spe$ 9 flight ( ab\t #if4f kilomet]s 7#fj miles7 p] h\r4 ,"p ( ! rocket's nozzle 0 burn$ away dur+ ! flight1 & o!r p>ts 7 damag$ by gr\nd impact2 h[ev]1 pieces ( ! orig9al rocket 7 reassembl$ & fl[n aga9 on ,april #c1 #aibf4 ,! la/ & mo/ advanc$ ( ,dr4 ,godd>d's liquid-propellant rockets 7 ^? te/$ betwe5 #aici & #aida4 ,?is s]ies incorporat$ mo/ ( ! basic pr9ciples & elem5ts lat] us$ 9 all long-range rockets & space boo/]s4 ,design improvem5ts = ?is s]ies includ$ a fuel sy/em t us$ turbopumps to =ce propellants f ! tanks to ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,! rocket on display did n fly1 because a malfunction 9 ! umbilical cord caus$ ! eng9e to %ut d[n %ortly aft] ignition4 ,! ,m>* #af rocket replica is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,! #aida rocket is f ,mrs4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d4 ,sputnik #a ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,model ( ,sputnik #a1 ! fir/ man-made object to be plac$ 9 ,e>?-orbit4 ,sputnik #a1 ! fir/ man-made object to be plac$ 9 orbit ar\nd ,e>?1 0 laun*$ by ! ,,ussr on ,octob] #d1 #aieg4 ,a #bi-met] 7#if-;foot7 rocket ) #eaj1jcg kilograms 7#a1abd1ddj p\nds7 ( ?ru/ boo/$ ,sputnik #a into orbit4 ,! satellite's orbital & radio data provid$ sci5ti/s ) in=mation on atmosph]ic & electron d5sities4 ,sputnik #a transmitt$ temp]ature data = #bb days be=e its batt]ies ran d[n4 ,! #hc4e-kilogram 7#ahd-p\nd7 satellite re5t]$ ! e>?'s atmosph]e & burn$ up on ,janu>y #d1 #aieh4 ,?is ,sputnik model is f ! ,,ussr ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,explor] #a ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,trial fir+ ( a full-size mockup ( ,explor] #a on ! ?ird-/age assembly ( ! ,jupit]-,c laun* vehicle4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,on ! laun* pad prior to s5d+ ! fir/ ,am]ican satellite into orbit4 ,explor] #a1 laun*$ ,janu>y #ca1 #aieh1 discov]$ ! fir/ two circul> radiation belts surr\nd+ ! ,e>?4 ,! ,int]national ,geophysical ,ye> 7#aieg-eh7 provid$ ! impetus = ! fir/ (ficial ,am]ican satellite ef=t1 designat$ ,project ,vangu>d 9 #aiee4 ,vangu>d 0 a civilian ef=t t reli$ on a laun* vehicle built especially = ! project's purposes4 ,! laun* by ! ,soviet ,union ( ,sputnik #a on ,octob] #d1 #aieg1 caus$ ! "w on ,project ,vangu>d to g =w>d "u great pressure4 ,:5 ,vangu>d ,te/ ,vehicle #c1 c>ry+ ! fir/ ,am]ican e>? satellite1 explod$ on its laun* pad on ,decemb] #f1 #aieg1 ,unit$ ,/ates pre/ige rea*$ a l[ po9t4 ,on ,janu>y #ca1 #aieh1 ,explor] #a became ! fir/ successful ,am]ican satellite4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ,project ,orbit]1 a jo9t /udy program ( ! ,u4,s4 ,army & ! ,(fice ( ,naval ,rese>*--a project t laps$ aft] ! #aiee decision to designate ,vangu>d z ! (ficial ,am]ican satellite ef=t4 ,foll[+ ! ,sputnik success1 ! ,u4,s4 ,army ,balli/ic ,missile ,ag5cy 0 in/ruct$ to proce$ ) its satellite plans4 ,explor] #a's laun* vehicle 0 a f\r-/age ,jupit]-,c rocket design$1 built1 & laun*$ by ! ,army ,balli/ic ,missile ,ag5cy team head$ by ,w]nh] von ,braun4 ,! satellite's in/rum5tation 0 prep>$ by ,james ,van ,all5 & ,george ,ludwig ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a "u project direction ( ! ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory1 ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,explor] #a measur$ ?ree ph5om5a--cosmic ray & radiation levels 7data t l$ to ! discov]y ( ! e>?'s radiation belts71 ! temp]ature 9 ! vehicle 7important 9 ! design ( future spacecraft71 & ! frequ5cy ( collisions ) micrometeorites4 ,!re 0 no provision = data /orage1 & !re=e ! satellite transmitt$ its in=mation cont9ually4 ,explor] #a 0 n ! only orbit+ ,am]ican satellite = long4 ,9 spite ( ! e>ly problems1 ,project ,vangu>d succe$$ 9 laun*+ ! second ,am]ican e>? satellite on ,m>* #ag1 #aieh4 ,! back-up ,explor] #a on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory4 ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,m>9] #b ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,arti/'s conception ( ,m>9] #b z x flew by ,v5us4 ,! fir/ successful int]planet>y spacecraft prob$ ! environm5t ( ,v5us1 ,e>?'s close/ neighbor4 ,m>9] #b1 work+ flawlessly1 swept by ! hot & cl\dy planet at a close/ approa* ( #cd1hcd kilomet]s 7#ba1fde miles7 on ,decemb] #ad1 #aifb4 ,! j\rney began ) lift-(f on ,augu/ #bg f ,cape ,canav]al atop an ,atlas ,ag5a-,b laun* vehicle4 ,dur+ ! #aji-;day trip to ! planet1 ,m>9]'s on-bo>d in/rum5ts sampl$ ! environm5t ( int]planet>y space & telemet]$ in=mation to ,e>? /ations4 ,gr\nd-bas$ measurem5ts ( ! ,v5]ian surface temp]ature 7 confirm$ by ! probe to be ar\nd #dbe ,c 7#hjj ,f74 ,m>9] #b detect$ no measurable magnetic field or radiation belts1 indicat+ t ,v5us may h a v diff]5t hi/ory ?an has ,e>?4 ,m>9] #b pass$ out ( track+ range on ,janu>y #d1 #aifc1 :5 ! spacecraft 0 ab\t #hg million kilomet]s 7#ed million miles7 f ,e>?4 ,! probe is pres5tly 9 orbit ar\nd ! ,sun4 ,! back-up craft on display w\ld h be5 laun*$ t[>d ,v5us if ,m>9] #b _h fail$ to rea* ! planet4 ,prime contractor = ,m>9] #b 0 ! ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory1 ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,m>9] #b is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,enl>g$ facsimile ( cod$ ,m>9] #b tape transmitt$ ,decemb] #ad1 #aifb1 f ! vic9ity ( ,v5us4 ,encircl$ portions %[ micr[ave & infr>$ cod+4 ,fri5d%ip #g ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,close-up ( ,fri5d%ip #g atop ,atlas laun* vehicle ) escape t[]4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,laun* ( ,am]ica's fir/ man 9 orbit on ,febru>y #bj1 #aifb1 f ,cape ,canav]al1 ,florida4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #bj1 #aifb1 a #bi-met] 7#ie-;foot7 ,m]cury ,atlas laun* vehicle rose f ,cape ,canav]al c>ry+ ,john ,h4 ,gl5n1 ,jr41 9 8 ,m]cury spacecraft1 ,fri5d%ip #g4 ,?is 0 ! lift-(f = ! fir/ ,u4,s4-mann$ orbital space flight4 ,9 slightly m ?an #e m9utes ! ,atlas accel]at$ ,fri5d%ip #g to its orbital velocity ( #bh1bcj kilomet]s p] h\r 7#ag1edj miles p] h\r74 ,a/ronaut ,gl5n complet$ ?ree orbits 9 #d h\rs1 #ee m9utes4 ,f ! orbital pa?1 :i* v>i$ betwe5 #afj & #bfj kilomet]s 7#ajj & #afj miles7 above ,e>?1 ! fir/ ,am]ican 9 orbit describ$ ! f\r sunsets he saw & report$ t he 0 able to di/+ui% a %ip's wake on ! ocean bel[4 ,m]cury spacecraft _h be5 us$ 9 two previ\s mann$ suborbital flights :i* prov$ t x 0 a safe vehicle = mann$ space flights4 ,lat] orbital ,m]cury missions demon/rat$ t man c\ld live & "w 9 space4 ,fri5d%ip #g's flight te/$ ! p]=mance ( ! pilot 9 weightless conditions & ! int]action ( ! human pilot ) ! v>i\s automatic sy/ems 9 ! spacecraft4 ,fri5d%ip #g re5t]$ ! e>?'s atmosph]e & spla%$ into ! ,atlantic ,ocean only #fd kilomet]s 7#dj miles7 f ! plann$ site4 ,gl5n & ,fri5d%ip #g 7 recov]$ by ! ,u4,s4,s4 ,noa ne> ,gr& ,turk ,isl& 9 ! ,bahamas4 ,! ,m]cury spacecraft consi/s ( a conical pressure section topp$ by a cyl9drical recov]y-sy/em section4 ,dur+ flight1 ! ,m]cury spacecraft 0 equipp$ ) ?ree #ded-kilogram 7#ajjj-p\nd7 ?ru/ solid-propellant retro-rockets m\nt$ 9 a package on ! heat %ield4 ,aft] ! ?ree rockets 7 fir$ to sl[ ! spacecraft1 ! retro-rocket package 0 jettison$4 ,prime contractor = ,fri5d%ip #g 0 ,mc,donnell ,aircraft ,company4 ,fri5d%ip #g is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,gem9i #d ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,gem9i #d lifts (f1 ,june #c1 #aife4 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,well ov] #a4f million kilomet]s 7#a million miles7 lat]1 ,gem9i #d is hoi/$ f ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,float+ at ! end ( a gold 8umbilical cord0 atta*$ to ! ,gem9i #d spacecraft1 ,edw>d ,h4 ,:ite ,,ii became ! fir/ ,am]ican to h only 8 space suit = protection f ! space environm5t4 ,:ite direct$ 8 movem5ts dur+ ! hi/oric #bj-m9ute 8walk0 ) a h&-held maneuv]+ device1 :ile comm& pilot ,james ,a4 ,mc,divitt took pictures f )9 ! craft4 ,laun*$ ,june #c1 #aife atop #c ,titan ,,ii boo/]1 ! ,gem9i #d spacecraft made #fb revolutions dur+ ! f\r-day flight4 ,al?\gh ,gem9i #d fail$ to r5dezv\s ) ! ,titan ,,ii's second /age z plann$1 because ! /age fell away too rapidly to cat*1 a/ronauts ,mc,divitt & ,:ite did demon/rate t ! ,spacecraft c\ld be mov$ 9 & out ( its orbital plane ) ease4 ,! crew also photograph$ ! ,e>? successfully4 ,! pictures br\ght back f ,gem9i #d enhanc$ int]e/ 9 photographic surveys ( ,e>? f space4 ,gem9i #d spla%$ d[n 9 ! ,atlantic at #ab3ab ,p4,m4 7,,e/7 on ,june #g1 #aife4 ,mc,divitt & ,:ite 7 on ! deck ( recov]y c>ri] ,u4,s4,s4 ,wasp 9 less ?an "o h\r4 ,! spacecraft frame is titanium & x is cov]$ ) /eel & b]yllium %+les4 ,display$ "h is ! basic spacecraft :i* includes ! pressuriz$ cab9 vessel1 ! heat %ield at ! base1 & ! cyl9drical re5try attitude-control sy/em section on ! nose4 ,! heat %ield is a curv$ section ( fib]glass honeycomb fill$ ) a ph5olic-epoxy res94 ,dur+ re5try1 ! craft's k9etic en]gy 0 conv]t$ to heat by friction ) ! atmosph]e4 ,! heat-%ield mat]ial melt$ & vaporiz$ & 0 bl[n away f ! craft1 c>ry+ ! heat ) x4 ,?is process is call$ ablation4 ,! ,gem9i 0 a true spacecraft1 capable ( maneuv]+ widely 9 space1 *ang+ its configuration = diff]5t phases ( ! flight1 & all[+ ! two-man crew to "w bo? inside & outside ! craft4 ,prime contractor = ,gem9i #d 0 ! ,mc,donnell ,aircraft ,company4 ,gem9i #d is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,l5g? #e4f m4 7#ah ft41 #d 947 9 orbit2 #b4c m4 7#g ft41 #d 947 at spla%d[n ,base diamet] ,adapt]1 #c4a m4 7#aj ft472 spacecraft1 #b4c m4 7#g ft41 #f 947 ,apollo #aa ,comm& ,module1 ,columbia ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,?ree inflat$ bags reposition$ ! spacecraft foll[+ spla%d[n4 ,! a/ronauts wat* p>>escue-man %ut hat* dur+ recov]y4 8,t's "o small /ep = a man1 "o giant leap = mank9d10 ,neil ,a4 ,arm/rong radio$ ,h\/on f ,tranquility ,base on ! ,moon4 ,! fir/ footpr9t _h be5 left on ! lun> surface4 ,x 0 #aj3ef ,p4,m4 7,,edt7 on ,july #bj1 #aifi4 ,neil ,arm/rong 0 ,apollo #aa's comm&]1 ,mi*ael ,coll9s 0 comm&-module pilot1 & ,edw9 8,buzz0 ,aldr9 0 ! lun>-module pilot4 ,_! j\rney began at #i3cj ,a4,m4 7,,edt7 :5 _! ,saturn #e lift$ (f "u #c4d million kilograms 7#g4e million p\nds7 ( ?ru/4 ,! ?ree-man crew made ! #chc1jjj-kilomet] 7#bch1jjj-mile7 j\rney to ! ,moon 9 ?ree days1 travel+ 9 comm&-module ,columbia4 ,at #a3df ,p4,m4 7,,edt71 on ,july #bj1 ,arm/rong & ,aldr9 sep>at$ ! lun> module f ! ,columbia & began ! desc5t to ! lun> pla94 ,dur+ ! #b h\rs & #dg m9utes t ! a/ronauts 7 out on ! surface ( ! ,moon1 !y collect$ samples1 deploy$ in/rum5ts1 took photographs1 & explor$ ,tranquility ,base ar\nd ! lun> module4 ,aft] complet+ _! tasks on ! ,moon1 ! a/ronauts r5dezv\s$ ) ,coll9s 9 ! comm& module4 ,jettison+ ! asc5t /age1 !y began ! ?ree-day j\rney back to ,e>?4 ,spla%d[n occurr$ 9 ! c5tral ,pacific ,ocean on ,july #bd4 ,! a/ronauts climb$ out ( ?is comm& module & 7 recov]$ by helicopt]s t took !m to ! c>ri] ,u4,s4,s4 ,hornet4 ,prime contractor = ,apollo #aa's comm& module 0 ,nor? ,am]ican ,rockwell ,corporation4 ,! ,columbia is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,view ( ! ,apollo #aa ,comm& ,module ) ,a/ronaut ,coll9s abo>d z se5 f ! ,lun> ,module4 ,t]ra9 9 backgr\nd is ! f> side ( ! ,moon4 ,ponnamp]uma ,exp]im5ts ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,equipm5t = ,ponnamp]uma ,exp]im5ts4 ,^! exp]im5tal devices 7 con/ruct$ by ,cyril ,ponnamp]uma & 8 colleagues to %[ t v>i\s =ms ( en]gy may be us$ to produce organic molecules ( ! type f\nd 9 liv+ organisms4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 electron beams 7 fir$ ?r\gh a glass tube :i* conta9$ a mixture ( gases believ$ to resemble ! atmosph]e ( primitive ,e>?4 ,a numb] ( organic molecules1 includ+ am9o acids1 ! 8build+ blocks0 ( life1 7 =m$ z a result4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t--! app>atus on display--electric sp>k dis*>ges 7 us$ to add en]gy to a mixture ( gases & wat] vapor conta9$ 9 ! device's upp] sph]e4 ,! l[] sph]e conta9$ a solution ( wat] & salts1 a solution believ$ to resemble ! slightly salty wat] ( anci5t seas4 ,:5 heat & sp>ks 7 add$ to ! gases & salty wat]1 a numb] ( complex organic molecules =m$4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts support$ ! hypo!sis t cosmic rays & o!r high-en]gy p>ticles bomb>d+ ! primitive atmosph]e c\ld h be5 responsible = ! orig9 ( life on ,e>?4 ,! exp]im5tal devices 7 con/ruct$ & donat$ by ,cyril ,ponnamp]uma & ! ,laboratory ( ,*emical ,evolution1 ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl&4 ,photomosaic ,globe ( ,m>s ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,photomosaic globe ( ,m>s made ( m ?an #aejj comput]-correct$ pictures tak5 by ,m>9] #i 9 #aiga & #aigb4 ,! residual ,nor? ,pole ice cap is at ! top4 ,?is #a4b-met] 7#d-;foot7 diamet] globe ( ,m>s 0 assembl$ f photographs tak5 by ,m>9] #i1 an unmann$ spacecraft t orbit$ ! planet f ,novemb] #ad1 #aiga1 until ,octob] #bg1 #aigb4 ,?is globe is ! fir/ su* photomosaic ev] made ( a planet4 ,laun*$ on ,may #cj1 #aiga1 ,m>9] #i succe$$ 9 photograph+ ! entire surface ( ! planet4 ,9 its #cdi days ( orbit ar\nd ,m>s1 ,m>9] #i circl$ ! planet #fih times & took m ?an #gcjj photographs4 ,9 its highly elliptical orbit1 ,m>9] #i obta9$ a sequ5ce ( ov]lapp+ wide-angle photographs4 ,^! 7 process$ by a comput] to remove ! kn[n v>iations 9 ,m>9] #i cam]a response & geometric di/ortions1 z well z to enhance surface detail4 ,! mosaic made f ! process$ photographs is a pictorial pres5tation ( ! ,m>tian surface :i* %[s ridges & crat]s 9 ! d>k regions & on ! bright pol> caps ) equal cl>ity4 ,surface features are 9 correct relation%ip & p]spective1 ) only a m9imum ( %ad+ diff]5ce betwe5 individual photographs4 ,9 assembl+ ! photomosaic1 ea* picture 0 tap$ 9 place on ! globe4 ,!n1 ! mat* ( adjac5t pictures 0 assess$ to det]m9e :]e to trim ! edges s t %>p features w\ld n be int]sect$4 ,! edges ( ea* pr9t 7 fea!r$ s t :5 ! pr9ts 7 glu$ into place1 ! l9es betwe5 pieces 7 almo/ indi/+ui%able4 ,! complete globe receiv$ a ?9 protective coat+4 ,?is globe & copies ( x enable sci5ti/s to /udy ! geology & morphology ( ,m>s f a p]spective nev] be=e possible4 ,! photomosaic globe 0 design$ & assembl$ at ! ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory1 ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,m>s ,globe is on loan f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,m>9] #aj ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,m>9] #aj return$ data & photographs f ! vic9ities ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,?is comput]-enhanc$ image ( ,m]cury's surface 0 return$ by ,m>9] #aj f #bjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#abd1jjj miles7 & #f h\rs away f close/ approa* to ,m]cury on ,m>* #bi1 #aigd4 ,m>9] #aj return$ closeup pictures ( ! cl\d cov] ar\nd ,v5us & ( ,m]cury's sunbak$ surface4 ,m>9] #aj 0 ! fir/ spacecraft to photograph ,m]cury1 ! inn]mo/ planet4 ,! spacecraft's in/rum5ts also measur$ p>ticles1 fields1 & radiation f ^! planets4 ,m>9] #aj flew by ,v5us on ,febru>y #e1 #aigd1 aft] a ?ree-mon?1 #bdj-million-kilomet] 7#aej-million-mile7 j\rney t took ! ,spacecraft halfway ar\nd ! ,sun4 ,m>9] #aj swung ar\nd ! planet1 tak+ a v>iety ( measurem5ts & photographs ( ! cl\ds t obscure ! planet's face4 ,us+ ! planet's gravity to 8b5d0 its flight pa?1 ,m>9] #aj flew on t[>d enc\nt] ) ,m]cury4 ,on ,m>* #bi1 #aigd4 ,m>9] sp$ across ! night side ( ! little planet close/ to ! ,sun4 ,only #gjc kilomet]s 7#dcf miles7 above ! rugg$ surface1 ,m>9]'s cam]as captur$ ! fir/ closeup views ( ! planet's daylight hemisph]e4 ,! pictures %[ crat]s1 sc>ps--cliffs ne>ly #c kilomet]s 7#b miles7 high & /ret*+ z f> z #ejj kilomet]s 7#cjj miles7 across ! surface--bas9s1 & hilly furr[$ t]ra94 ,aft] provid+ our fir/ glimpse ( ,m]cury's surface1 ,m>9] rac$ on ar\nd ! ,sun & back out across ,v5us' orbit4 ,) "s trajectory adju/m5ts us+ on-bo>d ?ru/]s4 ,m>9] return$ to )9 #dh1jjj kilomet]s 7#cj1jjj miles7 ( ,m]cury on ,septemb] #ba1 #agf days aft] ! fir/ enc\nt]1 aga9 return+ pictures & data4 ,m>9]'s orbit br\ght x back to ! planet = a ?ird pass 9 ano!r #agf days4 ,on-bo>d propellant exhau/$1 ! spacecraft cont9ues its orbit ( ! ,sun & inn]mo/ planet4 ,m>9] #aj is ! fir/ complex spacecraft design$ to travel to ! inn] rea*es ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,at close/ approa* to ! ,sun1 ! spacecraft receiv$ five times z mu* light & heat z x did on leav+ ,e>?4 ,?us ! sol> panels1 :i* collect & conv]t sol> radiation into electrical en]gy = ! spacecraft's in/rum5ts & controls1 7 design$ to tilt m & m away f ! sunlight z ,m>9] approa*$ ! ,sun4 ,m>9] c\ld transmit mu* m in=mation to ,e>? ?an e>li] flyby spacecraft4 ,?is high] data rate enabl$ ! craft to s5d back m live pictures ( ! planets z x flew by !m4 ,"s in=mation 0 /or$ on magnetic tape = lat] transmission4 ,?is capability p]mitt$ ,m>9] to collect data :5 x 0 hidd5 f ,e>? beh9d a planet1 & s5d ! in=mation :5 x em]g$4 ,prime contractor = ,m>9] #aj 0 ,hughes ,aircraft ,company4 ,m>9] #aj is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,u4,s4,s4 ,ent]prise ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,! />%ip ,ent]prise us$ 9 ! film+ ( ! 8,/> ,trek0 television s]ies4 ,?is /udio model ( an int]/ell> space %ip 0 us$ 9 ! film+ ( ! sci5ce-fiction television s]ies1 8,/> ,trek40 ,_m ( ! s]ies' #gh episodes dealt speculatively ) ! problems & results ( human contacts ) extrat]re/rial life =ms & civilizations4 ,! model ( ,u4,s4,s4 ,ent]prise 0 design$ by ,walt] ,m4 ,jeffries & ,g5e ,rodd5b]ry4 ,! model is f ,p>am\nt ,television1 a division ( ,p>am\nt ,pictures4 ,l5g? #c4d m4 7#aa ft41 #c 947 ,diamet] ( disc #a4e m4 7#e ft47 ,godd>d ,a-,s]ies ,rocket1 #aice ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,dr4 ,godd>d 9 8 work%op at ,roswell1 ,new ,mexico1 ,octob] #aice4 ,rob]t ,hut*+s ,godd>d1 ! ,am]ican rocket pione]1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to sugge/ ! use ( ! rocket to ga!r sci5tific in=mation f high altitudes4 ,z seam5 use s\nd+ l9es to measure ! dep? ( unkn[n wat]s1 s sci5ti/s use s\nd+ rockets to inve/igate ! nature ( our atmosph]e4 ,z e>ly z #aiag1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution agre$ to fund ,dr4 ,godd>d's /udies4 ,9 #aibf1 he built & flew ! _w's fir/ successful liquid-propellant rocket :i* rose to an altitude ( #ab4e met]s 7#da feet7 ov] a field 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,aft] ! sci5ti/ receiv$ sub/antial grants f ! ,daniel & ,flor5ce ,gugg5heim ,f\ndation1 he e/abli%$ a facility ne> ,roswell1 ,new ,mexico1 :]e he built & te/$ a s]ies ( rockets & eng9es betwe5 #aicj & #aidb4 ,a-,s]ies rockets--"o on exhibit--7 fl[n dur+ ! summ] ( #aice1 z "p ( ,dr4 ,godd>d's program to develop me?ods ( /abiliz+ 8 rockets 9 v]tical flight4 ,! pr9ciples he pione]$ 9 ?is area 7 among 8 greate/ contributions to ! field ( rocketry4 ,! greate/ height rea*$ by an ,a-,s]ies rocket 0 ab\t #bacj met]s 7#gjjj feet7 & ! greate/ spe$ 9 flight 0 m ?an #aacj kilomet]s p] h\r 7#gjj miles p] h\r74 ,! rocket on exhibit is f ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d4 ,l5g? #d4g m4 7#ae ft41 #f 947 ,diamet] #ae4b cm4 7#f 947 ,fuel ,gasol9e ,oxidiz] ,liquid oxyg5 ,?ru/ ab\t #ij kg4 7#bjj lb47 ,velocity #aacj km4 7#gjj mi47 p] hr4 7 or -7 ,altitude #b4c km4 7#gfjj ft47 7 or -7 ,,wac ,corporal ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,frank ,mal9a1 project lead] 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,,wac ,corporal1 /&s beside ! high-altitude s\nd+ rocket4 ,! ,,wac ,corporal 0 ! fir/ successful ,am]ican s\nd+ rocket to rea* significant altitude4 ,! fir/ ,,wac ,corporal1 laun*$ 9 #aidd f ,:ite ,s&s ,prov+ ,gr\nd 9 ,new ,mexico1 rea*$ a height ( #ga1fjj met]s 7#bce1jjj feet74 ,! f9-/abiliz$ rocket 0 p[]$ by a liquid-propellant eng9e t burn$ a self-ignit+ fuel & oxidiz] comb9ation4 ,use ( ^! propellants elim9at$ ! ne$ = an ignition sy/em4 ,by ,m>* #aidf1 ^! rockets _h atta9$ altitudes ( ov] #gb4d kilomet]s 7#de miles7 ) a boo/]4 ,! ,,wac ,corporal 0 lat] us$ z a second /age on a ,g]man ,v-#b rocket4 ,?is ,u4,s4 program1 code-nam$ 8,bump]10 te/$ te*niques = ignition & sep>ation ( /ages at high altitudes4 ,! ,,wac ,corporal 0 design$ 9 #aidd by ! /aff ( ! ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory1 ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,! rocket on exhibit is f ! ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,l5g? #d4i m4 7#af ft41 #b 947 z exhibit$ ,diamet] #cj4e cm4 7#ab 947 ,fuel ,anil9e-furfuryl alcohol ,oxidiz] ,r$-fum+ nitric acid ,?ru/ #fhj kg4 7#aejj lb47 ,velocity #dejj km4 7#bhjj mi47 p] hr4 at burn\t ,altitude #gb km4 7#de mi47 ) a #aa4c-kilogram 7#be-lb47 payload ,a]obee #aej ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,a boo/] lifts ,a]obee #aej out ( its laun* rail4 ,! half-ton ,a]obee c\ld c>ry a #de4d-kilogram 7#ajj-p\nd7 payload to an altitude ( #abj4f kilomet]s 7#ge miles74 ,= _m ye>s1 ! ,a]obee 0 ! /&>d ,am]ican s\nd+ rocket due to its reliability & relatively l[ co/4 ,sev]al v]sions ( ! orig9al ,a]obee 7 produc$4 ,! ,a]obee reli$ on a %ort-duration1 solid-fuel boo/] = laun*+1 aft] :i* ! ma9-/age1 liquid-propellant eng9e ignit$4 ,on display at ! ,,nasm is an ,a]obee #aej1 a m sophi/icat$ v]sion ( ! rocket4 ,an ,a]obee #aej c lift a #fh4a-kilogram 7#aej-p\nd7 payload to an altitude ( #bgd kilomet]s 7#agj miles74 ,payloads consi/$ ( a v>iety ( sci5tific exp]im5ts4 ,! ,a]obee concept orig9at$ e>ly 9 #aidf :5 ,dr4 ,james ,van ,all51 !n ( ! ,appli$ ,physics ,laboratory at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 sugge/$ t ! ,(fice ( ,naval ,rese>* contract = a rocket ) ^! p>ticul> capabilities4 ,! ,a]ojet ,g5]al ,corporation 7!n ,a]ojet1 ,inc47 0 aw>d$ ! contract1 ) ! ,d\glas ,aircraft ,corporation subcontract+ = a]odynamic /udies on ! nose1 f9s1 & tail cone1 & = ! f9al assembly ( ! rocket4 ,! ,a]obee #aej is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ,godd>d ,space ,flight ,c5t]4 ,f>side ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,arti/'s r5d]+ ( f\r-/age ,f>side s\nd+ rocket1 9 laun*] bel[ balloon4 ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,rocket 0 fir$ directly ?r\gh ! apex ( ! balloon4 ,draw+ %[s ! fir/ /age fall+ away z second-/age rocket takes ov]4 ,f>side 0 a f\r-/age rocket laun*$ f a balloon z an extremely high-altitude rese>* vehicle4 ,a*iev+ heights e/imat$ at #fdjj kilomet]s 7#djjj miles74 ,f>side's in/rum5t payload 0 int5d$ to /udy cosmic rays1 e>?'s magnetic field1 c]ta9 =ms ( electromagnetic radiation 9 space1 ! pres5ce ( int]planet>y gases1 & ! nature ( meteoric du/4 ,! #ijh-kilogram 7#bjjj-p\nd7 ,f>side 0 lift$ to an altitude ( #cj4e kilomet]s 7#ai miles7 by a polye?yl5e balloon4 ,an alum9um /ructure susp5d$ f ! balloon c>ri$ ! #g4c-met] 7#bd-;foot7 rocket to laun* altitude4 ,position$ v]tically 9 its cas+1 ,f>side 0 fir$ directly ?r\gh ! balloon4 ,six ,f>sides 7 laun*$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aieg f ,eniwetok ,atoll 9 ! ,pacific4 ,f>side's fir/ /age consi/$ ( f\r solid-fuel ,recruit rockets1 manufactur$ by ,?iokol ,*emical ,company4 ,a s+le ,recruit s]v$ z ! second /age4 ,f\r ,arr[ ,,ii solid-fuel rockets by ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,rocket ,company con/itut$ ! ?ird /age4 ,! f9al /age1 a s+le ,arr[ ,,ii1 c>ri$ ! in/rum5t payload provid$ by ,s4 ,f4 ,s+] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl&4 ,f>side 0 develop$ by ,a]onutronics ,sy/ems1 ,inc41 = ! ,u4,s4 ,air ,=ce ,(fice ( ,sci5tific ,rese>* & ,developm5t4 ,! rocket on exhibit is f ! ,a]onutronics ,division1 ,=d ,motor ,company4 ,l5g? #g4c m4 7#bd ft47 ,propellants ,solid ,?ru/ ,fir/ /age #fh1bbj kg4 7#aej1djj lb47 ,second /age #ag1jee kg4 7#cg1fjj lb47 ,?ird /ate #dabj kg4 7#ijhj lb47 ,f\r? /age #ajcj kg4 7#bbgj lb47 ,velocity #bi1jjj km4_/hr4 7#ah1jjj mi4_/hr47 ,altitude #cbbj-fddj km4 7#bjjj-djjj mi47 ,nike-,cajun ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,nike-,cajun ready = laun*4 ,illu/ration3 #bf4 ,nike-,cajun laun*4 ,! ,nike-,cajun 0 us$ ext5sively dur+ ,int]national ,geophysical ,ye> 7#aieg-eh7 to p]=m a v>iety ( rese>* tasks4 ,^! includ$ wea!r photography1 /udies ( wat]-vapor di/ribution 9 ! upp] atmosph]e1 & magnetic s\nd+s 9 ! ionosph]e4 ,= photographic /udies1 ! in/rum5t package sep>at$ f ! nose cone at ab\t #hj kilomet]s 7#ej miles7 & !n coa/$ to a peak altitude ( ab\t #abj kilomet]s 7#ge miles71 dur+ :i* "t data 0 collect$4 ,!n p>a*utes op5$1 l[]+ ! cam]as = recov]y4 ,o!r data 0 radio$ to ,e>?4 ,! ,cajun rocket 0 develop$ by ! ,pilotless ,aircraft ,division ( ! ,national ,advisory ,committee = ,a]onautics & ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,! solid-fuel eng9e 0 design$ & manufactur$ by ,?iokol ,*emical ,company4 ,! ,nike boo/] 0 also solid fuel4 ,! rocket on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,l5g? #g4i m4 7#bf ft472 ,cajun1 #d4a m4 7#ac4e ft47 ,diamet] #da4i cm4 7#af4e 947 max2 ,cajun1 #ag4a cm4 7#f4ge 947 ,propellant ,solid ,?ru/ ,su/a9]1 #dcfd kg4 7#ifbj lb47 ,velocity #fgfj km4_/ hr4 7#dbjj mi4_/hr47 ,altitude #afa km4 7#ajj mi47 ) a #bc kg4 7#ej lb47 in/rum5t package2 high] ) a light] payload ,,arcas ,illu/ration3 #bg4 ,load+ ,,arcas into laun*]4 ,all-purpose ,rocket = ,collect+ ,atmosph]ic ,s\nd+ 7,,arcas7 ga!rs local meteorological data helpful to wea!r =eca/]s4 ,its #e4d-kilogram 7#ab-p\nd7 payload may include in/rum5ts :i* measure temp]ature1 pressure1 humidity1 w9d velocity & direction1 & magnetic conditions4 ,! s+le-/age ,,arcas vehicle rea*es an altitude ( #fd kilomet]s 7#dj miles71 propell$ by a sl[-burn+ solid-fuel eng9e :i* produces #ada4d kilograms 7#cab p\nds7 ( ?ru/4 ,:5 ! ,,arcas is boo/$ by a ,sp>r[ or ,sidew9d] missile eng9e1 x c rea* altitudes ( #ahb1hhj met]s 7#fjj1jjj feet74 ,! #cb-kilogram 7#ga-p\nd7 ,,arcas is f> less exp5sive ?an ! l>g] two-/age wea!r rockets x has replac$4 ,x 0 develop$ & produc$ by ! ,atlantic ,rese>* ,corporation4 ,! ,,arcas is f ! ,atlantic ,rese>* ,corporation4 ,l5g? #b4a m4 7#g ft47 ,diamet] #aa4c cm4 7#d4de 947 ,propellant ,solid ,?ru/ #aei kg4 7#cej lb47 ,velocity #ceij km4_/hr4 7#bbcj mi4_/hr47 ,altitude #fd km4 7#dj mi47 ) /&>d #e4d-kg4 7#ab-lb47 payload2 #ia4g km4 7#eg mi47 ) a #b4c-kg4 7#e-lb47 in/rum5t package ,cricket ,illu/ration3 #bh4 ,prep>+ ,cricket = laun*4 ,! reusable ,cricket1 (t5 call$ ! 8meteorologi/'s h&yman10 weighs only #b4e kilograms 7#e p\nds71 #a4d kilograms 7#c p\nds7 ( :i* is propellant4 ,recov]$ by p>a*ute aft] ea* flight1 ,cricket co/s less ?an #aj to refuel4 ,! ,cricket's 4#cd-kilogram 7?ree-f\r? p\nd7 in/rum5t package zooms to #ige met]s 7#cbjj feet7 9 only #ab seconds1 ga!r+ data on air temp]ature1 pressure & w9d direction4 ,"o ( ! rocket's mo/ notewor?y features is t x uses 8cold0 propellants4 ,compress$ c>bon dioxide to :i* acetone is add$ is pump$ into a /orage tank 9 ! rocket at a pressure ( #ef4c kilograms p] squ>e c5timet] 7#hjj p\nds p] squ>e in*74 ,release ( ! pressuriz$ mixture gives ,cricket its ?ru/4 ,cricket is fir$ f its laun*] by a sep>ate *>ge ( c>bon dioxide 9 ord] to pres]ve ! rocket's fuel = flight4 ,?is rocket 0 develop$ by ,texaco ,exp]im5t1 ,inc41 = ! ,u4,s4 ,air ,=ce's ,cambridge ,rese>* ,laboratory4 ,! ,cricket is f ,texaco1 ,inc4 ,l5g? #a4b m4 7#c ft41 #aj 947 ,diamet] #aa cm4 7#d 947 ,propellant ,pressuriz$ c>bon dioxide & acetone ,?ru/ #bc kg4 max4 7#ej lb47 ,velocity #afh m4_/sec4 max4 7#eej ft4_/sec47 ,altitude #ige m4 7#cbjj ft47 ,vik+ #ab ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,vik+ #ab lift-(f4 ,! ,vik+ rocket family1 numb]+ #ad1 grew out ( ! ,navy's ef=ts to develop an upp] atmosph]e rese>* program4 ,) en\gh "t betwe5 laun*es to incorporate modifications sugge/$ by exp]i5ce ) e>li] ,vik+s1 no two rockets ( ! s]ies 7 exactly alike2 h[ev]1 !re 7 two basic types ( ,vik+s4 ,! fir/ sev5 rockets 7 tall]1 ?9n]1 & _h l>g] f9s ?an ^? numb]$ #h-ad2 rockets 9 ! second set 7 heavi]1 ) fuel capacity greatly increas$1 & 7 design$ ei!r to g high] ?an ! e>ly ,vik+s or to c>ry heavi] payloads to ! same altitude4 ,vik+'s highe/ altitude 0 #bed kilomet]s 7#aeh miles7 foll[+ a laun* f ,:ite ,s&s on ,may #bd1 #aied4 ,exp]im5ts fl[n on ^! rockets measur$ air temp]ature1 d5sity1 pressure1 & composition1 z well z provid+ cosmic & sol> radiation data4 ,"o ( ! few failures 9 ?is program 0 ,vik+ #h1 ! fir/ rocket ( ! second set1 :i* unexpect$ly tore loose f ! laun* /& :ile be+ te/-fir$4 ,vik+ 0 conceiv$ at ! ,naval ,rese>* ,laboratory1 design$ & produc$ by ! ,gl5n ,l4 ,m>t9 ,company ( ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&1 & p[]$ by a liquid-propellant eng9e by ,reaction ,motors1 ,inc4 ,! rocket on exhibit is f ! ,hayd5 ,planet>ium & ,m>t9 ,m>ietta ,a]ospace4 ,l5g? #ac4g m4 7#de ft47 ,diamet] #a4a m4 7#c ft41 #i 947 ,propellant ,alcohol ,oxidiz] ,liquid oxyg5 ,?ru/ #icjj kg4 7#bj1ejj lb47 ,velocity #fdhj km4 7#djbe mi47 p] hr4 ,altitude #aic km4 7#abj mi47 ) a #djb-kg4 7#hhg-lb47 payload ,,m\se ,illu/ration3 #cj4 ,,m\se model displays "s ( ! e>lie/ sol> cells made 7"u squ>e cov] on front74 ,! concept ( artificial e>? satellites 0 a logical ext5sion ( exi/+ s\nd+-rocket programs4 ,! ,,m\se1 or ,m9imum ,orbital ,unmann$ ,satellite ( ,e>?1 0 conceiv$ 9 #aiea z ! smalle/ possible orbital vehicle capable ( p]=m+ sci5tific tasks4 ,:ile ! ,,m\se 0 nev] built or fl[n1 x demon/rat$ :at c\ld be accompli%$ by an orbit+ vehicle ( mode/ size & weight4 ,! ,,m\se w\ld h weigh$ #de4d kilograms 7#ajj p\nds74 ,x 0 design$ to /udy cosmic rays1 int]planet>y du/1 & sol> ultraviolet & ,x rays1 ) ! in/rum5ts atta*$ to rods project+ f ei!r end4 ,! satellite 0 to be p[]$ by sol> cells4 ,,m\se 0 conceiv$ by ,k5ne? ,w4 ,gatl&1 ,an?ony ,kunes*1 & ,alan ,dixon ( ,engl&4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,f4 ,s+] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& design$ ! ,,m\se & con/ruct$ ! model on exhibit4 ,! model displays "s ( ! e>lie/ sol> cells produc$ by ! ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories4 ,! ,,m\se is f ,s4 ,f4 ,s+]4 ,ag5a-,b ,illu/ration3 #ca4 ,?or-,ag5a laun* vehicle & its satellite payload be=e laun*4 ,! ,ag5a laun* vehicle has be5 an integral "p ( bo? unmann$ & mann$ space programs4 ,fl[n z an upp] /age on ,?or & ,atlas boo/]s1 ,ag5a orbit$ an impressive ro/] ( spacecraft includ+ ! ,e*o communications satellites1 ! ,rang] & ,lun> ,orbit] ,moon probes1 & ! ,m>9] vehicles t travel$ to ,v5us & ,m>s4 ,z ! t>get = dock+ exp]im5ts dur+ ,project ,gem9i1 ,ag5a made sub/antial contributions to ! ev5tual success ( ! ,apollo program4 ,! vehicle e>n$ ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to place a payload 9 pol> orbit1 & 0 also ! fir/ to a*ieve circul> orbit4 ,! ,ag5a eng9e 0 ! fir/ :i* c\ld be /opp$ & re/>t$ 9 space4 ,! ,ag5a laun* vehicle 0 develop$ & manufactur$ by ! ,lockhe$ ,missiles & ,space ,company = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,air ,=ce4 ,l5g? #g4a m4 7#bc4be ft47 ,diamet] #a4e m4 7#e ft47 ,weight ,empty #fgd kg4 7#adhd lb47 ,fuel ,unsymmetrical dime?ylhydraz9e ,oxidiz] ,inhibit$ r$-fum+ nitric acid ,?ru/ #gbfj kg4 7#af1jjj lb47 ,! ,ag5a-,b is f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,air ,=ce & ! ,lockhe$ ,missile & ,space ,company4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4 ,! ,ag5a ,t>get ,dock+ ,vehicle se5 f ! ,gem9i #h spacecraft dur+ r5dezv\s approa*4 ,sci5ce ,satellites ,illu/ration3 #cc4 ,vangu>d #a1 second ,am]ican satellite laun*$4 ,in=mation f ,vangu>d %[$ t ! ,e>? is n q r\nd4 ,! fir/ artificial e>? satellites 7 sometimes call$ 8long-play+ rockets0 because !y c>ri$ ! same in/rum5ts & inve/igat$ ! same problems z _h ! s\nd+ rockets4 ,! great advantage ( ! satellite 0 its ability to provide a cont9u\s fl[ ( in=mation = long p]iods ( "t4 ,! fir/ sci5ce satellites 7 ! =]unn]s ( lat] vehicles t w\ld demon/rate ! direct b5efits t satellites c\ld (f] to su* v>i$ fields z wea!r obs]vation & communication4 ,! adv5t ( ! e>? satellite provid$ sci5ti/s ) a new & valuable rese>* tool4 ,sci5ce satellites h be5 us$ = su* tasks z sol> & a/ronomical obs]vations1 biology exp]im5ts1 or atmosph]ic inve/igation4 ,explor] #a 7laun*$ ,janu>y #ca1 #aieh7 & ,vangu>d #a 7laun*$ ,m>* #ag1 #aieh71 ! fir/ ,am]ican e>? satellites1 c>ri$ sci5tific payloads into space4 ,project ,vangu>d's important contributions to ,am]ica's space program 7 ! creation ( ! m9itrack track+ sy/em1 ! fir/ use ( silicon sol> cells = electric p[] 9 a satellite1 z well z ! discov]y t ,e>? is n q r\nd4 ,! ,vangu>d program drew to a close ) ! #aiei laun* ( ,vangu>d #c4 ,?is satellite /udi$ v>iations 9 sol> & x-ray radiation & ! e>?'s magnetosph]e4 ,x also det]m9$ air d5sity 9 ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,! my/]ies ( ! ne>-e>? space environm5t drew ,explor] #f1 laun*$ ,augu/ #g1 #aiei4 ,explor] #f in/rum5ts measur$ radiation levels 9 ! ,van ,all5 radiation belts1 mapp$ ! e>?'s magnetic field1 c\nt$ micrometeorites1 & /udi$ ! behavior ( radio waves 9 space4 ,9 addition1 ,explor] #f c>ri$ a scann+ device :i* return$ ! fir/ complete television cl\d-cov] picture ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,illu/ration3 #cd4 ,arti/'s concept ( ,,imp-,e4 ,?is satellite's prim>y mission is to /udy sol> w9d & ! int]planet>y magnetic field at lun> di/ance & _! int]action ) ! ,moon4 ,explor] #aj1 laun*$ on bo>d a ,?or-,delta rocket on ,m>* #be1 #aifa1 confirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ! sol> w9d--! /ream ( p>ticles t c>ries ! ,sun's magnetic field beyond ! orbit ( ,e>?4 ,dur+ ! satellite's plann$ #eb h\rs 9 orbit1 x relay$ in=mation on ! relation%ip betwe5 t]re/rial & int]planet>y magnetic fields & ! sol> w9d4 ,to cont9ue ! /udy ( sol> w9d & int]planet>y magnetic fields1 ,explor] #ab 0 orbit$ by a ,delta laun* vehicle on ,augu/ #af1 #aifa4 ,x 0 ! fir/ 9 a s]ies ( satellites to /udy en]getic p>ticles 9 space4 ,^! electrons & protons con/itute ! e>?'s radiation belts & !y affect wea!r & o!r ph5om5a on ,e>?4 ,atmosph]e ,explor]-,a 0 ! fir/ ( ,,nasa's a]onomy satellites4 ,x 0 design$ to rema9 9 op]ation ?ree mon?s1 /udy+ ! composition1 d5sity1 pressure1 & temp]ature ( ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,?is satellite discov]$ a belt ( neutral helium atoms ar\nd ! ,e>?4 ,d]iv+ its "n f a _s 9 ,%akespe>e's play1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,ariel #a explor$ ! ionosph]e1 a region ( electrically *>g$ air :i* beg9s ab\t #dj kilomet]s 7#be miles7 above ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,laun*$ ,april #bf1 #aifb1 ,ariel 0 a coop]ative v5ture betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 bo? ! fir/ ,briti% satellite & ,,nasa's fir/ int]national satellite4 ,! ,royal ,society's ,briti% ,national ,committee on ,space ,rese>* coord9at$ ! exp]im5tal program2 ,,nasa sci5ti/s & te*nicians built ! craft4 ,two small sci5tific laboratories1 call$ ,int]planet>y ,monitor+ ,plat=ms1 7 laun*$ 9 #aifg to /udy ! sol> w9d & o!r ph5om5a4 ,,imp-,e inve/igat$ int]planet>y magnetic fields 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,moon4 ,,imp-,f inve/igat$ ! int]planet>y magnetic field also1 9 addition to ! e>?'s magnetosph]e & radiation levels 9 space4 ,int]planet>y space betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,v5us 0 ! subject area = ,pione] #e1 laun*$ ,m>* #aa1 #aifj4 ,! satellite te/$ long-range communications sy/ems1 develop$ me?ods = measur+ a/ronomical di/ances1 /udi$ ! effects ( sol> fl>es1 & p]=m$ o!r tasks be=e x w5t into orbit ar\nd ! ,sun4 ,) increas+ int]e/ 9 ! e>?'s space environm5t1 a satellite 0 laun*$ on ,septemb] #g1 #aifg1 to inve/igate ! impact ( space on biological processes4 ,biosatellite #b 0 ! second satellite 9 ! program ( ?ree su* vehicles4 ,frog eggs1 plants1 micro-organisms & insects 7 plac$ 9 orbit to enable sci5ti/s to /udy ! comb9$ effects ( weightlessness1 artificially produc$ radiation1 & ! abs5ce ( ! normal day-night cycle on ^! organisms4 ,foll[+ two days 9 space1 ! capsule conta9+ ! exp]im5tal package re5t]$ ! atmosph]e & 0 caught 9 mid-air by an ,air ,=ce recov]y aircraft4 ,vangu>d #a is f ,john ,p4 ,hagan4 ,vangu>d #c1 ,explor] #aj1 ,explor] #ab1 ,,ae-,a1 ,ariel #a1 ,,imp-,e ,f1 & ,biosatellite #b are f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,! models ( ,explor] #f & ,pione] #e are f ,space ,te*nology ,laboratories4 ,meteorological ,satellites ,illu/ration3 #ce4 ,,tos satellite is cov]$ ) sol> cells4 ,wea!r =eca/s are important to ev]yone--9 plann+ :e!r or n to c>ry an umbrella1 :5 to plant crops1 :5 to evacuate riv]bank areas4 ,n9ete5?-c5tury ,am]ican meteorologi/s reli$ on local wea!r obs]vations telegraph$ to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 ,wa%+ton & !n plott$ on a l>ge map ( ! nation f :i* =eca/s 7 prep>$4 ,:5 ,tiros-#a return$ ! fir/ global cl\d-cov] picture 9 #aifj1 meteorologi/s 7 on _! way to m accurate =eca/s4 ,s9ce ! satellite pictures (f]$ m compreh5sive wea!r data ov] a l>g] geographic area1 ! id5tification ( wea!r patt]ns became m reliable4 ,:ile our k ( atmosph]ic conditions is /ill imp]fect1 we h le>n$ to make reasonably accurate regional wea!r =eca/s & to id5tify & track viol5t /orms & hurricanes bas$ on satellite in=mation4 ,! ,,tiros s]ies 7,television ,infr>$ ,obs]vations ,satellites7 7 design$ to te/ ! feasibility ( wea!r obs]vation f orbit4 ,! ,,tiros satellite on exhibit 0 ! prototype = ! entire s]ies ( vehicles4 ,! prototype made eight trips to ! laun* /& at ,cape ,k5n$y1 :]e x 0 us$ to *eck communications & h&l+ proc$ures prior to ! laun* ( ! s*$ul$ ,,tiros4 ,all #aj ,,tiros satellites 7 successful4 ,laun*$ betwe5 ,april #a1 #aifj1 & ,july #a1 #aife1 !y c>ri$ a v>iety ( cam]a sy/ems = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,n9e ,,tiros ,op]ational ,satellites 7,,tos7 foll[$ ,,tiros #a-aj4 ,except = ! fir/ ,,tos1 ^! satellites flew 9 pairs ) "o craft /or+ pictures on bo>d = lat] transmission to major receiv+ c5t]s1 :ile ! o!r broadca/ its photographs cont9u\sly to any gr\nd /ation )9 range4 ,! satellite on display is ( ! latt] type4 ,^! vehicles 7 laun*$ betwe5 #aiff & #aifi4 ,!y 7 plac$ 9 ne>-pol> orbits by reliable ,?or-,delta laun* vehicles4 ,illu/ration3 #cf4 ,,tiros ,i photo %[+ a section ( ! ,ea/ coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ! ,bo/on & ,new ,engl& area4 ,aft] laun*1 ,,tos vehicles 7 ref]r$ to z ,,essa satellites4 ,,essa 0 an acronym bo? = ,environm5tal ,survey ,satellite & = ! ,environm5tal ,sci5ce ,s]vice ,adm9i/ration1 ! f$]al ag5cy t op]at$ ! spacecraft4 ,?is organization became a "p ( ! ,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration :i* curr5tly has responsibility = op]ational meteorological satellite programs4 ,f ab\t #acib kilomet]s 7#hfe miles7 above ,e>?1 two wide-angle television cam]as m\nt$ on ei!r side ( ! spacecraft took 9 #aj4d-million squ>e kilomet]s 7#d-million squ>e miles7 p] photo4 ,! ,improv$ ,,tiros ,op]ational ,satellite 7,,itos7 op5$ ! _w ( radiometric measurem5t to meteorologi/s--in=mation ab\t surface temp]atures on ! gr\nd1 at sea level1 or at ! cl\d tops obta9$ by scann+ devices s5sitive to en]gy t is invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,,itos spacecraft c\ld return accurate day or night surface & cl\d-cov] images4 ,sev5 ( ^! satellites 7 laun*$ betwe5 #aigj & #aigc4 ,,tiros 0 pres5t$ to ! ,national ,air & ,space ,museum by ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration2 ,,tos is f ! ,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration2 ,,itos is f ! ,a/ro-,electronics ,division ( ,,rca1 ,inc4 ,illu/ration3 #cg4 ,arti/'s concept ( ,,itos wea!r satellite illu/rat+ h[ ! wea!r eye takes night-"t 7infr>$7 cl\d-cov] pictures4 ,communications ,satellites ,illu/ration3 #ch4 ,gr\nd inflation te/ on ,e*o #a1 ! _w's fir/ passive communications satellite4 ,communications satellites c be gr\p$ into two broad categories4 ,passive vehicles reflect signals f "o gr\nd /ation to ano!r4 ,active satellites accept gr\nd signals & ei!r amplify & rebroadca/ !m imm$iately or record messages = lat] transmission4 ,! ,e*o satellite balloons typifi$ ! passive category ( communications spacecraft4 ,^! satellites 8b\nc$0 radio signals f "o gr\nd /ation to ano!r4 ,un9flat$ ,e*o payloads 7 c>ri$ into orbit pack$ 9 special /orage conta9]s4 ,:5 releas$ 9 space1 ! balloon 0 inflat$ by *emicals pack$ inside :i* sublim9at$ to produce inflat+ gas4 ,! myl> pla/ic sk9 ( ! satellite 0 s&wi*$ betwe5 two lay]s ( alum9um foil4 ,e*o #b--on display--includ$ a sy/em = releas+ gas ov] a long p]iod ( "t to ma9ta9 ! satellite's sph]ical %ape4 ,laun*$ ,janu>y #be1 #aifd1 ,e*o #b 0 ! fir/ satellite us$ = communication exp]im5ts betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,soviet ,union4 ,project ,we/ ,=d1 laun*$ ,may #i1 #aifc1 0 a unique exp]im5t 9 passive satellite communications4 ,x 0 n a solid vehicle1 b a s]ies ( #djj-million t9y individual copp] filam5ts call$ dipoles4 ,! dipoles =m$ a reflective lay] "s #fd1cjj kilomet]s 7#dj1jjj miles7 long1 #cb kilomet]s 7#bj miles7 ?ick1 & #cb kilomet]s 7#bj miles7 wide4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! individual dipoles av]ag$ #ecf met]s 7"o-?ird mile74 ,! ,we/ ,=d exp]im5t prov$ disappo9t+1 & advances 9 ! design ( active communications satellites made fur!r exp]im5ts ( ?is nature unnecess>y4 ,osc> #a 7,orbital ,satellite ,c>ry+ ,amateur ,radio7 0 conceiv$1 design$1 & con/ruct$ by ,am]ican amateur radio 8hams40 ,laun*$ z a 8piggyback0 satellite on ,decemb] #ab1 #aifc1 ,osc> transmitt$ a s]ies ( ,morse code dots spell+ 8hi40 ,! message 0 pick$ up by #ejjj op]ators 9 #bh nations dur+ ! #ah days ( transmission4 ,osc> inve/igat$ radio propagation ph5om5a 9 space on t portion ( ! radio frequ5cy spectrum allocat$ to amateur radio 7#add-adf megah]z74 ,te/+ ! use ( a 8delay$-repeat]0 satellite 9 global milit>y communications1 ,c\ri] #a-;,b 0 plac$ 9 a high-altitude orbit on ,octob] #d1 #aifj4 ,! craft accept$ & /or$ messages z x pass$ ov] "o gr\nd /ation1 !n replay$ !m on comm&4 ,relay1 ano!r active repeat] satellite1 0 plac$ 9 orbit on ,decemb] #ac1 #aifb4 ,relay c>ri$ communications exp]im5ts to te/ a v>iety ( relay equipm5t--includ+ t = phot(acsimile1 telepr9t]1 & data transmission4 ,dur+ its #be-mon? lifespan1 ,relay #a introduc$ ! nations ( ! _w to satellite communication4 ,a second1 improv$ ,relay 0 laun*$ 9 #aifd4 ,illu/ration3 #ci4 ,! ext]ior ( eight-sid$ ,relay is compos$ ( honeycomb alum9um panels /udd$ ) #hbae sol> cells4 ,! _w's fir/ comm]cial communications satellite 0 call$ 8,e>ly ,bird10 or ,,intelsat #a4 ,built a decade ago by ,hughes ,aircraft ,company = ,communications ,satellite ,corporation 7,,comsat71 ,e>ly ,bird c\ld transmit simultane\sly on #bdj two-way *annels = telephone1 telegraph1 or data transmission4 ,transatlantic telephone circuit capability increas$ by #ej p]c5t once ,e>ly ,bird w5t into orbit on ,april #f1 #aife4 ,al?\gh ! craft _h a life expectancy ( #ah mon?s1 x op]at$ satisfactorily 9 full-"t s]vice = m ?an ?ree & "o-half ye>s4 ,,intelsat #b introduc$ multipo9t communications betwe5 e>? /ations 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,) almo/ twice ! p[] ( ,e>ly ,bird1 ,,intelsat #b prov$ p>ticul>ly important z communications support = ! ,apollo missions to ! ,moon4 ,,intelsat #b e/abli%$ a global network ( ?ree satellites t 0 effective 9 l9k+ two-?irds ( ! _w's p 9 "o communications *a94 ,! fir/ ( ! s]ies 0 laun*$ on ,janu>y #aa1 #aifg4 ,^! spacecraft 7 design$ & manufactur$ by ! ,hughes ,aircraft ,company = ,intelsat1 ,inc41 & _h a design lifetime ( ?ree ye>s4 ,,intelsat #c 0 a s]ies ( five communications satellites :i* provid$ global cov]age = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is ,,intelsat _h a capacity ( #bdjj voice1 data1 facsimile1 & telegraph circuits1 plus f\r television *annels & _h a design lifetime ( five ye>s4 ,! satellite featur$ a de-spun ant5na :i* rema9$ po9t$ at a p>ticul> area ( ! globe1 :ile ! body ( ! satellite spun ar\nd x4 ,x 0 ! fir/ comm]cial satellite capable ( transmitt+ voice & television broadca/s simultane\sly4 ,,intelsat #c satellites 7 manufactur$ by ,,trw ,sy/ems1 ,inc41 = ,intelsat1 ,inc4 ,e*o #b1 ,c\ri] #a-;,b1 & ,relay are f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration2 ,,osc> #a is f ,project ,osc>1 ,inc42 ,,intelsat #a1 ,,intelsat #b1 & ,,intelsat #c are f ! ,int]national ,telecommunications ,satellite ,organization4 ,lun> ,module ,illu/ration3 #dj4 ,apollo #ae ,lun> ,module1 c5t]1 on ! ,moon4 ,a/ronaut ,irw9 on left & ,lun> ,rov+ ,vehicle on "r4 ,! lun> module is "o ( twelve built = ! ,apollo moon-l&+ program4 ,al?\gh ?is "o nev] flew because an e>li] te/ flight 0 completely successful1 two-/age lun> modules l ?is "o h be5 us$ = ea* mann$ moon l&+4 ,lun> modules d n h to be /reaml9$ = flights ?r\gh ! vacuum ( space or to )/& re5try4 ,! lun> module 7,,lm7 lifts (f f ,e>? enclos$ 9 a comp>tm5t ( ! ,saturn #e laun* vehicle1 bel[ ! comm&-s]vice module t h\ses ! a/ronauts4 ,! comm& module pulls ! ,,lm f its /orage area once ! spacecraft are on _! way to ! ,moon1 & ! two travel toge!r until !y arrive 9 lun> orbit4 ,:5 ! crew is ready to l&1 two ( ! ?ree a/ronauts ent] ! ,,lm & undock x1 leav+ ! ?ird to pilot ! comm& module4 ,aft] t\*d[n on ! ,moon1 ! a/ronauts exit ?r\gh ! door above ! ladd]4 ,! silv] & black asc5t /age1 conta9+ ! a/ronauts' pressuriz$ comp>tm5t & ! clu/]s ( rockets t control ! spacecraft1 fits on top ( ! %9y gold desc5t /age t actually t\*es d[n on ! ,moon4 ,! desc5t /age conta9s a ma91 c5trally locat$ rocket eng9e4 ,?is segm5t ( ! craft rema9s on ! ,moon z ! crew lifts (f 9 ! asc5t /age to rejo9 ! comm& module4 ,aft] ! crew transf]s to ! comm& module1 ! asc5t /age is also left beh9d z ! ?ree crew memb]s />t _! return j\rney4 ,! ,,lm is display$ j z x w\ld look dur+ a moon-l&+ mission4 ,! gold & black mat]ials insulate ! spacecraft's inn] /ructure f temp]ature extremes & protect x f micrometeoroids4 ,?9 %eets ( bo? mat]ials are us$ 9 8blankets0 to accompli% ! necess>y protection 9 a =eign environm5t4 ,! black mat]ial is heat-resi/ant nickel-/eel alloy4 ,ea* %eet is only 4#jjb millimet]s 7#a_/ab1jjj ( an in*7 ?ick4 ,^! absorb heat & radiate x back into ! blackness ( space4 ,! %9y gold mat]ial on ! desc5t /age is alum9um t is ?9ly coat$ ov] pla/ic film4 ,! ?9 %eets ( pla/ic & alum9um are us$ 9 blankets ( up to #be lay]s = protection & insulation ( ! spacecraft4 ,prime contractor = ! lun> module 0 ,grumman ,a]ospace ,corporation4 ,! lun> module on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,height #g m4 7#bb ft41 #aa 9471 legs ext5d$ ,diamet] #i4d m4 7#ca ft47 diagonally across l&+ ge> ,weight ,e>? laun* #ad1gjj kg4 7#cb1djj lb47 ,,lm 7dry7 #cijj kg4 7#hfjj lb47 ,volume ,pressuriz$ #f4g cu4 m4 7#bce cu4 ft47 ,habitable #d4e cu4 m4 7#afj cu4 ft47 ,illu/ration3 #da4 ,lun> ,module ,c5t] ,in/rum5t ,panel 9 ! asc5t /age4 ,lun> ,orbit] ,illu/ration3 #db4 ,lun> ,orbit]4 ,directional ,ant5na ,velocity ,control ,rocket ,eng9e ,fuel ,tank ,nitrog5 ,gas ,reaction ,jets ,oxidiz] ,tank ,l5ses ,micrometeoroid ,detectors ,flight ,programm] ,photographic ,subsy/em ,sun ,s5sor 7locat$ "u equipm5t deck7 ,sol> ,panel ,canopus ,/> ,track] ,in]tial ,ref]5ce ,unit ,omni ,directional ,ant5na ,! ,lun> ,orbit] project 0 initiat$ 9 #aifc z "p ( ! ,u4,s4 ,apollo program to l& m5 on ! ,moon dur+ ! decade ( ! n9ete5 sixties4 ,lun> ,orbit]'s prim>y mission 0 to take & transmit bo? wide-angle & closeup images ( ! ,moon4 ,lun> ,orbit]s photograph$ _m areas ( sci5tific int]e/ & provid$ g5]al photographic cov]age ( mu* ( ! moon's surface4 ,^! pictures 7 !n us$ to select ! be/ l&+ sites = ! fir/ mann$ lun> l&+s4 ,orbit]s also %[$ t ! moon's gravitational field p]mitt$ /able orbits4 ,lun> ,orbit] #a 0 laun*$ atop an ,atlas-,ag5a ,d rocket on ,augu/ #aj1 #aiff4 ,! la/ 9 ! project1 ,lun> ,orbit] #e1 0 laun*$ on ,augu/ #a1 #aifg4 ,all five missions 7 successful4 ,! fir/ ?ree missions 7 simil>4 ,aft] ea* laun*1 ! ,ag5a /age's boo/] eng9e 0 fir$ to s5d ! spacecraft on a #ij-;h\r coa/+ trajectory to ! ,moon1 ab\t #chf1afj kilomet]s 7#bdj1jjj miles7 di/ant4 ,z ! spacecraft ne>$ ! ,moon1 its on-bo>d eng9e 0 fir$ z a retrorocket to sl[ ! ,orbit] & p]mit x to g into orbit ar\nd ! ,moon4 ,! close/ approa* to ! ,moon 9 ea* orbit 0 ab\t #de kilomet]s 7#bh miles71 & ! spacecraft swung out to ab\t #ahej kilomet]s 7#aaej miles7 f ! ,moon4 ,photography 0 conduct$ :ile ! ,orbit] 0 ne> ! lun> surface4 ,lun> photography = ! ,apollo ,program l&+-site selection 0 complet$ by ! fir/ ?ree ,lun> ,orbit]s4 ,ea* 0 !n int5tionally cra%$ into ! ,moon to prev5t x f int]f]+ ) lat] missions4 ,! la/ two ,lun> ,orbit]s 7 us$ = sci5tific photography ( ! ,moon4 ,bo? 7 plac$ into pol> orbits s t !y c\ld photograph all ( ! sunlit areas ( ! ,moon4 ,ea* ,lun> ,orbit] c>ri$ a cam]a ) bo? a telephoto & a wide-angle l5s4 ,! telephoto l5s 0 capable ( resolv+ objects on ! lun> surface z small z #ia4d c5timet]s 7?ree feet7 9 diamet]4 ,! wide-angle l5s c\ld resolve objects z small z #g4f met]s 7#be feet7 9 diamet]4 ,! photographic images 7 conv]t$ to electrical signals = transmission to ,e>?4 ,! ,lun> ,orbit] project 0 a complete success4 ,all spacecraft op]at$ prop]ly1 photograph+ a total ( m ?an #cf-million squ>e kilomet]s 7#ad-million squ>e miles7 ( ! moon's surface4 ,prime contractor = ! ,lun> ,orbit] program 0 ! ,boe+ ,company4 ,pr9cipal subcontractors 7 ,ea/man ,kodak ,company & ,,rca4 ,! ,lun> ,orbit] 9 ! ,national ,air & ,space ,museum's collection 0 us$ = !rmal te/+ ( spacecraft sy/ems4 ,lun> ,orbit] is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,maximum span ,ant5na booms #e4f m4 7#ah ft41 #f 947 ,sol> panels #c4g m4 7#ab ft41 #b 947 ,height #a4fh m4 7#e ft41 #f 947 )\t panels ,weight #che4f kg4 7#hej lb47 ,p[] ,electrical2 f\r sol> panels ) a total area ( j ov] #d4h sq4 m4 7#eh sq4 ft47 provid+ #cge w4 to nickel-cadmium batt]ies ,velocity control ,a #de4d kg 7#ajj lb47 ?ru/ eng9e burn+ a sy/em hydraz9e mixture & nitrog5-tetroxide oxidiz] ,surveyor ,illu/ration3 #dc4 ,surveyor4 ,high-ga9 ,ant5na ,omnidirectional ,ant5na ,a ,!rmally ,controll$ ,comp>tm5t ,a ,rad> ,altitude - ,doppl] ,velocity ,s5sor ,v]ni] ,propellant ,tanks ,footpad #b ,cru%able ,block ,attitude ,control ,gas ,tank 7,nitrog57 ,sol> ,panel ,,tv ,cam]a ,!rmally ,controll$ ,comp>tm5t ,b ,alpha ,scatt]+ ,in/rum5t ,electronics ,canopus ,/> ,s5sor ,omnidirectional ,ant5na ,b ,footpad #c ,v]ni] ,eng9e #c ,v]ni] ,propellant ,pressuriz+ ,gas ,tank 7,helium7 ,alpha ,scatt]+ ,in/rum5t ,illu/ration3 #dd4 ,apollo #ab crewman exam9es ,surveyor #c1 :i* s(t-l&$ on ! ,moon on ,april #ai1 #aifg4 ,! ,apollo #ab 7#aifi7 ,lun> ,module is 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! ,surveyor ,project1 begun 9 #aifj1 consi/$ ( sev5 unmann$ spacecraft :i* 7 laun*$ betwe5 ,may #cj1 #aiff1 & ,janu>y #f1 #aifh4 ,! craft 7 us$ to develop lun> s(t-l&+ te*niques1 to survey pot5tial ,apollo l&+ sites1 & to improve sci5tific und]/&+ ( ! ,moon4 ,five ( ! sev5 ,surveyor spacecraft successfully l&$ on ! ,moon & p]=m$ _! tasks well4 ,!y respond$ to #fjj1ede comm&s f ,e>? & return$ #hg1fcb television images ( _! lun> surr\nd+s4 7,surveyors #b & #d cra%$ into ! ,moon & 7 de/roy$47 ,besides return+ ,,tv images1 ,surveyors #c1 #e1 #f1 & #g c>ri$ a soil-sampl+ claw :i* c\ld dig a tr5*1 & te/ soil h>dness & o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,! soil-sampl] te/s %[$ t ! lun> surface w\ld be> ! weight ( an ,apollo ,lun> ,module4 ,surveyors #e1 #f1 & #g c>ri$ in/rum5ts capable ( mak+ simple *emical analyses ( ! lun> soil ne> ! spacecraft4 ,?is in=mation told sci5ti/s t mo/ lun> soil ne> ! ,surveyors 0 basalt1 a common rock on ,e>? z well4 ,! ,surveyor spacecraft on exhibit1 designat$ ,s-#aj1 0 us$ 9 gr\nd-bas$ te/s ( on-bo>d equipm5t1 & 0 n us$ on a mission4 ,s-#aj is exhibit$ z x w\ld h appe>$ j be=e l&+ on ! ,moon4 ,prime contractor = ! ,surveyor spacecraft 0 ! ,hughes ,aircraft ,company4 ,! project 0 manag$ by ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory1 ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia4 ,! spacecraft on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,height #c m4 7#aj ft47 ,di/ance across #c4e m4 7#aa ft41 #f 947 footpads ,weight #ajjj kg4 7#bbjd lb47 at laun*2 #bib kg4 7#fdd lb47 z exhibit$ ,electrical p[] ,"o 4#hc sq4 m4 7#i sq4 ft47 sol> panel provid+ #hi w4 to a silv]-z9c batt]y ,l&+ v]ni] ,?ree ?rottleable liquid-propellant rockets rocket sy/em ea* provid+ f #ad4f to #dg4b kg4 ?ru/ 7#cj to #ajd lb4 ?ru/74 ,fuel--,monome?ylhydraz9e monohydrate2 oxidiz] #ij nitrog5 tetroxide & #aj nitric oxide4 ,godd>d ,rockets3 ,may #aibf & 8,hoopskirt10 #aibh ,! ,am]ican pione] ( a/ronautics1 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d 7#ahhb-aide7 n only outl9$ ! physical pr9ciples t w\ld gov]n space flight1 b he also con/ruct$ & te/$ _m rocket eng9es1 airframes1 control devices1 & guidance me*anisms betwe5 #aibf & #aidb4 ,godd>d held a doctorate 9 physics1 & 0 a pr(essor at ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution began fund+ ,godd>d's exp]im5ts z e>ly z #aiag & publi%$ 8 fir/ major "w1 ,a ,me?od ( ,rea*+ ,extreme ,altitudes1 9 #aiai4 ,godd>d 0 n only a tra9$ sci5ti/1 b a tal5t$ & +5i\s eng9e] z well4 ,on ,m>* #af1 #aibf1 he laun*$ ! _w's fir/ liquid-propellant rocket4 ,by #aicj1 he _h e/abli%$ a rocket te/ facility at ,mescal]o ,ran*1 ne> ,roswell1 ,new ,mexico4 ,"h1 he conduct$ rese>*1 fund$ by ! ,daniel & ,flor5ce ,gugg5heim ,f\ndation1 on rocket p[] plants1 pumps & fuel sy/ems1 control me*anisms1 & o!r vital elem5ts ( ! mod]n rocket4 ,! ,rocket ( ,may #d1 #aibf ,?is vehicle is ! olde/ surviv+ liquid-propellant rocket 9 ! _w4 ,built ( p>ts employ$ 9 ! fir/ liquid-propellant rocket laun*$ on ,m>* #af1 #aibf1 ! eng9e 0 mov$ f ! nose ( ! vehicle to ! re> = ! ,may #d trial4 ,o!r *anges 7 introduc$ to r$uce ! weight ( ! rocket to #b4e kilograms 7#e4e p\nds74 ,! motor burn$ gasol9e & liquid oxyg54 ,! alcohol burn] "u ! liquid oxyg5 tank 0 inadv]t5tly n ignit$1 caus+ ! ,may #d attempt$ laun* to fail4 ,a second te/ on ,may #e also prov$ unsuccessful4 ,h[ev]1 ! rocket eng9e 0 fir$ on bo? occasions4 ,! ,may #d rocket is f ,mrs4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d & ! ,daniel & ,flor5ce ,gugg5heim ,f\ndation4 ,may #aibf rocket ,l5g? #a4ie m4 7#f ft41 #d 947 ,weight #b4e kg4 7#e4e lb47 ,fuel ,gasol9e ,oxidiz] ,liquid oxyg5 ,! 8,hoopskirt0 ,rocket ,illu/ration3 #de4 ,dr4 ,godd>d & ! 8,hoopskirt40 ,propellant tanks are on legs ( frame4 ,illu/ration3 #df4 ,! upp] section ( ! 8,hoopskirt0 rocket4 ,develop$ by ,dr4 ,godd>d dur+ ! late summ] & e>ly fall ( #aibh1 ! 8,hoopskirt0 rocket featur$ a small rocket eng9e m\nt$ 9 ! nose & a sy/em ( tanks & alcohol burn]s--to ma9ta9 fuel pressure--m\nt$ on two legs4 ,on ,decemb] #bf1 #aibh1 ! rocket flew #fb4cc met]s 7#bjd4e feet7 9 #c4b seconds--its mo/ successful flight4 ,l all ,godd>d rockets1 ! 8,hoopskirt0 burn$ gasol9e & liquid oxyg54 ,! 8,hoopskirt0 rocket is f ,mrs4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d4 8,hoopskirt0 ,height #d4e m4 7#ad ft41 #h 947 ,weight #ab4ic kg4 7#bh4e lb47 ,fuel ,gasol9e ,oxidiz] ,liquid oxyg5 #ai?-,c5tury ,rockets3 ,congreve & ,hale ,illu/ration3 #dg4 ,! ,bomb>dm5t ( ,algi]s1 #ahaf4 ,congreve rockets 9 use4 ,! rebir? ( ,european int]e/ 9 milit>y rocketry c be trac$ to ! ,engli% conque/ ( ,india dur+ ! late #ah? c5tury4 ,william ,congreve1 an artill]y exp]t1 0 intrigu$ by ! tactical success ( ! ,indian w> rockets4 ,he began a rese>* program 9 #ahjd t l$ to ! developm5t ( a metal-cas$1 /ick-guid$ artill]y rocket t c\ld be fir$ 9 b>rages aga9/ enemy troops4 ,! rocket c>ri$ inc5di>y or explosive w>heads4 ,! #ad4e-kilogram 7#cb-p\nd7 ,congreve w> rocket models on display %[ ! e>ly side-m\nt+ ( ! /abiliz+ guide /ick & ! lat] 7#ahae7 design 9 :i* ! guide /ick 0 c5t]-m\nt$ to give great] accuracy4 ,congreve rockets play$ an important role dur+ ! ,napoleonic ,w>s & ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,! exp]im5tal #de4d-kilogram 7#ajj-p\nd7 ,congreve inc5di>y rocket 0 develop$ z a siege weapon = use aga9/ =tresses or entr5*$ enemy positions1 al?\gh x is n kn[n to h be5 us$ 9 combat4 ,! #f4g-met] 7#bb-;foot7 guide /ick screw$ toge!r & fitt$ to ! side ( ! projectile be=e fir+4 ,l ! small] ,congreve rockets1 x c\ld be laun*$ f a frame or e>!n embankm5t4 ,william ,hale 0 an ,engli% eng9e] & ordnance exp]t :o made cumb]some guide /icks obsolete ) ! introduction ( sp9 /abilization to rocketry4 ,hale's fir/ design ( a /ickless1 or rot>y1 rocket 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahdd4 ,al?\gh ! #e4d-kilogram 7#ab-p\nd7 rocket 0 us$ dur+ ! ,mexican ,w> 7#ahdf-ahdg7 & ! ,civil ,w>1 ,hale subsequ5tly ref9$ x because ! rocket _h a t5d5cy to oscillate 9 ! air foll[+ exhau/ion ( ! propellant4 ,hale's int]m$iate patt]n rocket ( #ahfb--on display--0 nev] produc$1 giv+ way 9 #ahfe to a rocket weigh+ #aa kilograms 7#bd p\nds7 ) a maximum range ( #bjab met]s 7#bbjj y>ds7 :5 fir$ f a #d4f-met] 7#ae-;foot7 elevation4 ,! propellant burn$ = #e to #aj seconds1 produc+ an e/imat$ maximum ?ru/ ( #acf kilograms 7#cjj p\nds74 ,! ,am]ican v]sion ( ! ,hale rocket has two sets ( gas nozzles4 ,! major ap]ture on ! base ( ! case all[$ ! propellant gases to escape4 ,! small] holes above ! rocket's midpo9t are angl$2 ! exhau/ gases sp9 ! projectile1 /abiliz+ x dur+ flight4 ,hale rocket designs 7 employ$ by bo? sides dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 #dh4 ,hale rocket ) cant$ nozzles = sp9-/abilization4 ,! ,congreve #ad4e-kilogram 7#cb-p\nd7 w> rocket model 0 copi$ f ! orig9al at ! ,royal ,artill]y ,in/itution2 ! exp]im5tal ,congreve inc5di>y rocket on display is a gift ( t ,in/itution4 ,hale's #ahdd design rocket1 8 #ahfb exp]im5tal rocket1 & ! #ahfe rocket are on loan f ! ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london4 ,! ,am]ican ,hale rocket is on loan f ,f4 ,c4 ,durant ,,iii4 ,am]ican ,rocket ,society3 ,eng9es & ,p>ts ,illu/ration3 #di4 ,/atic te/ ( liquid-fuel rocket eng9e on ,am]ican ,rocket ,society ,te/ ,/& ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 #ej4 ,two e>ly types ( liquid-fuel1 rocket motors4 ,left1 ! orig9al ,,ars motor2 "r1 a f\r-nozzle motor = ,,ars ,no4 #d rocket4 ,?ru/ /ud = fa/5+ to rocket ,bla/ *amb] ,fuel fe$ ,oxyg5 fe$ ,nozzle ,wat] jacket ,nozzles ,?ru/ & fuel column atta*$ to rocket ,fuel fe$ ,oxyg5 fe$ ,! ,am]ican ,rocket ,society 7,,ars7 0 ! fir/ organization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d$icat$ to rocket rese>*4 ,! society 0 f\nd$ 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 ,m>* #aicj by ,g4 ,e4 ,p5dray & ,david ,las]4 ,! fir/ successful ,,ars rocket 0 laun*$ on ,may #ac1 #aicc4 ,! gr\p cont9u$ to build & te/ rocket eng9es until ! outbreak ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,aft] #aide1 ! ,,ars became a pr(essional society = eng9e]s involv$ 9 a/ronautics4 ,! ,,ars jo9$ ) o!r a]onautical eng9e]+ gr\ps to =m ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,a]onautics & ,a/ronautics 9 #aifc4 ,! fir/ liquid-propellant rocket eng9es built by ! ,am]ican ,rocket ,society 7 ma*9$ f blanks ( heat-resi/ant1 ca/-alum9um alloy4 ,eng9e ,no4 #a p[]$ ! fir/ two rockets design$ & con/ruct$ by ! ,,ars4 ,x featur$ combu/ion *amb] walls #ab4g millimet]s 7 in*7 ?ick & burn$ liquid oxyg5 & gasol9e to produce a ?ru/ ( #bg4bb kilograms 7#fj p\nds74 ,liquid oxyg5 0 pressuriz$ by p>tial evaporation1 :ile bottl$ nitrog5 =c$ gasol9e f ! tank to ! eng9e4 ,,ars ,eng9e ,no4 #d1 l its pr$ecessors1 0 m\nt$ 9 ! nose1 r ?an ! tail1 ( ! rocket4 ,! eng9e featur$ a s+le combu/ion *amb] & f\r nozzles4 ,! nozzles direct$ ! jet gases to ! re> & slightly away f ! top ( ! gasol9e tank on :i* ! eng9e 0 m\nt$4 ,! rocket p[]$ by ?is eng9e 0 te/$ on ,septemb] #i1 #aicd4 ,x rose sev]al hundr$ feet1 at :i* po9t "o ( ! nozzles burn$ out1 br++ ! flight to a close4 ,9 #aich1 ,,ars memb] ,james ,wyld sugge/$ a cool+ sy/em :]eby propellants circulate ?r\gh a jacket surr\nd+ ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,eng9es us+ ?is sy/em are t]m$ 8reg5]atively cool$40 ,! fir/ ,wyld rocket motor te/$ develop$ #da kilograms 7#ij p\nds7 ( ?ru/ = #ac seconds4 ,x prov$ s successful t ,wyld & o!r memb]s ( ! ,,ars f\nd$ ,reaction ,motors1 ,inc41 to produce & sell rocket eng9es bas$ on ?is design4 ,! p]=mance ( motors develop$ by ! ,,ars prior to ,_w ,w> ,,ii 0 measur$ on a te/ /& ) built-9 fuel & oxidiz] tanks & bottl$ nitrog5 gas4 ,! eng9e 0 m\nt$ on a c>riage1 & connect$ to ! /&'s propellant tanks by flexible metal hoses4 ,?ru/ 0 indicat$ on a pressure gauge4 ,! /& 0 fir/ us$ 9 #aich4 ,all ,am]ican ,rocket ,society artifacts are f ,g4 ,e4 ,p5dray & ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,a]onautics & ,a/ronautics4 ,h-#a ,eng9e ,illu/ration3 #ea4 ,a two-/age ,saturn #a;,b rocket p[]$ by ,h-#a eng9e clu/] lifts (f c>ry+ ,skylab #d a/ronauts1 ,novemb] #af1 #aigc4 ,! ,h-#a liquid-propellant rocket eng9e 0 an outgr[? ( ! ,,lr-#gi :i* s]v$ z ! basic p[] plant = ! ,,usaf ,?or missile4 ,! ,h-#a 0 us$ 9 ! #h-;eng9e clu/] ( ! fir/ /age ( ! ,saturn #a & #a;,b laun* vehicles4 ,! ,h-#a burns liquid oxyg5 & a grade ( aviation k]os5e to produce a total ?ru/ ( #ib1ihf kilograms 7#bje1jjj p\nds74 ,ea* eng9e functions z an indep5d5t unit1 ) its own combu/ion *amb] & turbopump1 b fuel is drawn f common tanks4 ,! ,saturn #a;,b 0 fir/ laun*$ on ,febru>y #bf1 #aiff1 & mo/ rec5tly on ,july #ae1 #aige1 9 ! laun* ( ! ,u4,s4 crew ( ! ,apollo-,soyuz ,te/ ,project4 ,x 0 develop$ by ,rocketdyne1 a division ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,rockwell ,corporation4 ,! eng9e on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,,rl-#aj ,eng9e ,illu/ration3 #eb4 ,,rl-#aj eng9es us$ to p[] ,c5taur laun* vehicle4 ,! ,,rl-#aj is an upp] /age propulsion sy/em t c be /opp$ & re/>t$ 9 space4 ,x is a reg5]atively cool$ eng9e :i* burns liquid hydrog5 & liquid oxyg5 to produce #fhjj kilograms 7#ae1jjj p\nds7 ( ?ru/4 ,,rl-#ajs pione]$ ! use ( liquid hydrog5 z a rocket fuel4 ,!y p[]$ ! ,c5taur laun* vehicles t boo/$ su* craft z ,surveyor & ,vik+ into space4 ,a six-eng9e clu/] ( ,,rl-#ajs 0 also us$ to propel ! ,s#d /age ( ! ,saturn #a4 ,! ,,rl-#aj 0 develop$ by ,pratt ,:itney ,aircraft division ( ! ,unit$ ,aircraft ,corporation4 ,! ,,rl-#aj eng9e is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,,jato ,units ,illu/ration3 #ec4 ,,jato-boo/$ ,m>t9 ,m>9] aircraft4 ,,jato 7,jet ,assi/$ ,take-,(f7 rockets boo/ heavy aircraft f %ort runways or f high-altitude airports :]e long take-(f runs are requir$4 ,! developm5t ( m p[]ful airplane eng9es has r$uc$ ! use ( ,j,a,t,os 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican ,,jato units 7 te/$ at ,m>* ,field1 ,cali=nia1 on ,augu/ #ab1 #aida4 ,six solid-propellant eng9es1 ea* develop+ #ab4h kilograms 7#bh p\nds7 ( ?ru/1 boo/$ a light plane pilot$ by ,capt4 ,hom] ,b\%ey into ! air on ?is occasion4 ,^! motors 7 design$ & built by /aff memb]s ( ! ,air ,corps ,jet ,propulsion ,rese>* ,project ( ! ,gugg5heim ,a]onautical ,laboratory ( ! ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 "w cont9u$ on ,,jato prototypes3 ! ,m#ag;,g 0 develop$ by ,reaction ,motors1 ,inc41 to provide #eij kilograms 7#acjj p\nds7 ( ?ru/ to assi/ ! take-(f ( ,,pbm fly+ boats2 ! ,m#ai;,g1 also built by ,reaction ,motors1 ,inc41 0 fuel$ by gasol9e ) liquid oxyg5 z an oxidiz]4 ,! liquid-propellant #be;,,ald#ajjj1 develop$ dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 produc$ #dec kilograms 7#ajjj p\nds7 ( ?ru/ & burn$ r$-fum+ nitric acid z an oxidiz] & anil9e z a fuel4 ,x 0 successfully us$ on a v>iety ( aircraft1 includ+ ! ,b-#bd1 ,b-#be1 ,c-#dj1 & ,p-#ch4 ,aft] ! w> end$1 ,,jato eng9es 7 us$ on milit>y aircraft su* z ! ,b-#dg & ,f-#hd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile 9 ,brita9 ! ,,jato ,sup] ,sprite became ! fir/ rocket eng9e to receive (ficial type approval = quantity production4 ,! fir/ ,u4,s4 ,,jato unit & ! #be;,,ald#ajjj are gifts ( ! ,a]ojet ,g5]al ,division ( ! ,g5]al ,tire & ,rubb] ,company4 ,! ,m#ag;,g & ,m#ai;,g ,j,a,t,os are f ! ,?iokol ,*emical ,corporation1 & ,rolls ,royce1 ,ltd41 provid$ ! ,sup] ,sprite4 ,,lr-#hg ,eng9e ,illu/ration3 #ed4 ,,lr-#hg eng9e 9 ,titan on laun* /&4 ,! ,,lr-#hg 0 a tw9-*amb] liquid-propellant rocket eng9e develop$ to p[] ! ,titan ,i int]cont95tal balli/ic missile4 ,! eng9e develop$ a total ?ru/ ( #acf1jgh kilograms 7#cjj1jjj p\nds7 at sea level4 ,x burn$ liquid oxyg5 & a grade ( aviation k]os5e4 ,! combu/ion *amb]s 7 gimbal m\nt$ to all[ !m to swivel1 controll+ ! missile trajectory dur+ ! p[]$ phase ( flight4 ,! eng9e 0 develop$ by ,a]ojet ,g5]al ,corporation4 ,illu/ration3 #ee4 ,,lr-#hg eng9e j aft] susp5sion 9 ! museum4 ,! ,,lr-#hg on exhibit is f ! ,u4,s4 ,air ,=ce4 ,t[>d #bjgf3 ,! ,future ( ,rocket ,propulsion ,illu/ration3 #ef4 ,a #ba/-c5tury space colony 9 orbit betwe5 ,e>? & ! ,moon1 z sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,g]>d ,o',neill ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,?is colony c\ld accommodate #bjj1jjj p]sons1 us+ sol> en]gy = p[] & lun> or a/]oid mat]ials = con/ruction4 ,! teacup-%ap$ conta9]s r++ ! cyl9d] are agricultural /ations1 & ! mirrors w\ld direct sunlight into ! int]ior1 regulate ! seasons1 & control ! day-night cycle4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! space age1 all laun* vehicles 7 propell$ by solid or liquid *emical rockets2 h[ev]1 nucle> & electric rocket motors are ne$$ to provide ! high] ?ru/s & velocities requir$ = possible future mann$ j\rneys to o!r planets4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d1 ! ,am]ican rocket pione]1 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! possibility ( electric rocket motors1 b x 0 n until #aifd t electric rockets 7 actually te/$ 9 space4 ,two types ( ion eng9es repres5t ! mo/ fully develop$ electric propulsion sy/ems4 ,9 contact ion eng9es1 a propellant gas 7m]cury or cesium1 = example7 is ioniz$1 or giv5 an electrical *>ge1 by passage ?r\gh a hot por\s metal4 ,! result+ ions are accel]at$ out ( ! eng9e by an electrical field4 ,! *>g$ ions are neutraliz$ z !y approa* ! nozzle to =m an exhau/ beam t imp>ts ! ?ru/4 ,bomb>dm5t ion eng9es rely on ! bomb>dm5t ( ! propellant gas by electrons f a ca?ode1 or negative electrode1 to create ions4 ,! ions are accel]at$ f ! eng9e 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! contact ion eng9e4 ,a ,cesium ,ion ,rocket ,eng9e ,?is small contact ion eng9e produces 4#jjji kilogram 74#jjb p\nd7 ( ?ru/ by pass+ vaporiz$ cesium ?r\gh hot tung/54 ,on ,e>? ?is am\nt ( p[] is sc>cely en\gh to lift a "o-c>at jewel an in* (f a table1 b 9 ! frictionless vacuum ( space1 x is suffici5t to provide attitude control = satellites4 ,x c also accel]ate a spacecraft to high int]planet>y velocities by op]at+ cont9u\sly = ?\s&s ( h\rs4 ,an ion eng9e ( ?is type 0 fir/ te/$ 9 space 9 #aifd4 ,on t occasion1 x provid$ 4#jjji kilogram 74#jjb p\nd7 ( ?ru/ = #b h\rs1 #aj m9utes4 ,x 0 able to control ! attitude ( ! atta*$ in/rum5t package4 ,?is ion eng9e is a gift f ,electro-,optical ,sy/ems1 ,inc41 ! company t develop$ x4 ,project ,orion ,illu/ration3 #eg4 ,! ,project ,orion te/ vehicle 0 us$ to explore ! feasibility ( a unique type ( propulsion :i* utiliz$ successive nucle> explosions beh9d ! re> pu%] plate4 ,project ,orion 0 an attempt to solve ! problems ( propulsion = long-t]m mann$ j\rneys to o!r planets by creat+ an eng9e t w\ld use successive nucle> explosions to propel v l>ge space vehicles4 ,! ,orion spacecraft 0 design$ to c>ry _m small nucle> explosive sy/ems :i* w\ld be eject$ sequ5tially f ! re> ( ! vehicle4 ,^! units w\ld explode "s di/ance beh9d ! spacecraft4 ,! exp&+ debris1 9 ! =m ( high-velocity1 high-d5sity plasma1 w\ld /rike a pu%] plate at ! re> ( ! ,orion vehicle4 ,"w on ,project ,orion 0 halt$ 9 #aifc :5 ! ,limit$ ,nucle> ,te/ ,ban ,treaty1 :i* prohibit$ atmosph]ic te/s ( ! propulsion sy/em1 0 sign$4 ,! ,project ,orion ,te/ ,vehicle--on display--demon/rat$ ! basic pr9ciple ( int]mitt5t ?ru/ f explosive *>ges4 ,te/ data provid$ by ?is model w\ld h assi/$ eng9e]s 9 develop+ ! full-scale spacecraft4 ,! te/ vehicle c>ri$ five high-explosive pla/ic *>ges :i* 7 eject$ f ! re> ( ! craft4 ,compress$ nitrog5 p[]$ ! ejection sy/em4 ,ea* *>ge 0 atta*$ to ! vehicle by a 4#i-met] 7#c-;foot7 cord4 ,a microswit* explod$ ! individual packages4 ,! ,project ,orion ,te/ ,vehicle 0 fir/ fl[n successfully 9 ,octob] #aiei4 ,f ! ,gulf ,en]gy & ,environm5tal ,sy/ems1 ,inc4 ,! ,plug-,nozzle ,rocket ,eng9e ,al?\gh ?is eng9e is a liquid-propellant rocket1 x sub/itutes a s]ies ( small combu/ion *amb]s & nozzles = ! traditional s+le l>ge *amb] & nozzle to a*ieve additional ?ru/4 ,?is innovative combu/ion sy/em features *amb]s & nozzles m\nt$ on an annul> r+ at ! base ( ! eng9e4 ,?ru/ is d]iv$ f ! expansion ( ! exhau/ gases aga9/ a l>ge segm5t$ plug 9 ! c5t] ( ! eng9e4 ,flight control is a*iev$ by v>y+ ! am\nt ( propellant introduc$ into ! individual *amb] sections4 ,! eng9e on exhibit burn$ liquid oxyg5 & k]os5e to provide a ?ru/ ( #bb1fhj kilograms 7#ej1jjj p\nds74 ,! plug-nose rocket eng9e 0 develop$ at ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company's ,malta ,te/ ,/ation 9 #aifa4 ,! eng9e on exhibit is f ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,atomic & ,space ,au?ority4 ,space ,suits ,illu/ration3 #eh4 ,a/ronaut ,john ,gl5n is assi/$ ) 8 suit+-up4 ,mod]n space suits are direct desc5dants ( ! simple 8pressure suits0 design$ z e>ly z #aijg = deep-sea div]s4 ,9 #aiaa an ,engli% respiratory physiologi/1 ,j4 ,s4 ,haldane1 propos$ ! use ( an oxyg5 pressuriz$ suit = asc5t to high altitudes4 ,! fir/ ,u4,s4 pat5t 0 grant$ = a pressure suit 9 #aiah4 ,?r\gh ! e>ly #aifjs1 all su* suits 7 pressure conta9]s4 ,project ,m]cury a/ronauts wore suits adapt$ f ! ,u4,s4 ,navy ,,mk-,,iv pressure suit4 ,x consi/$ ( an inn] lay] ( neopr5e-coat$ fabric & a re/ra9t lay] ( alum9iz$ nylon fabric4 ,! g>m5t design provid$ a fair degree ( mobility1 al?\gh ! suit c\ld n b5d ) ! full h+e motion ( ! human elb[ or knee because x fold$ 9 at ! jo9ts1 r$uc+ ov]all volume & increas+ int]nal pressure4 ,! ,m]cury suit w\ld h be5 pressuriz$ only if spacecraft cab9 pressure _h be5 lo/4 ,space suits require a great deal ( sophi/ication4 ,!y mu/ meet _m vital crit]ia1 includ+ l[ leakage1 !rmal control1 com=t1 /[age1 & protection f micrometeoroid /rikes4 ,gem9i #d 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican mission to explore ! problems ( man function+ outside 8 spacecraft1 ) only 8 space suit = protection4 ,?is extravehicul> activity requir$ ! space suit to be a prime sy/em r ?an a precaution>y measure4 ,illu/ration3 #ei4 ,apollo space suit4 ,design$ & creat$ prim>ily = moon-walk+1 ! #bh4f-kilogram 7#fc-p\nd7 ,apollo space suits1 ) backpack environm5tal & communication sy/ems1 enabl$ ! lun> a/ronauts to disp5se ) ! te!r us$ on ! ,gem9i 8spacewalks40 ,! suit's #ba lay]s are mat]ials su* z teflon fabric1 nonwov5 dacron1 & alum9iz$ myl>4 ,^! alt]nat+ lay]s ( specializ$ mat]ials protect$ ! a/ronauts f ! extreme temp]atures ( space & possibility ( micromet]oids /rik+4 ,boots & gloves conta9 a /a9less /eel clo? to protect aga9/ abrasion4 ,suits _h to fit ! we>]s s precisely t #fg an?ropometric measurem5ts 7 requir$ ( ea* a/ronaut4 ,illu/ration3 #fj4 ,a/ronaut ,:ite takes ! fir/ 8spacewalk0 ) only 8 suit = protection f ! space environm5t4 ,:5 ! a/ronauts v5tur$ outside ! spacecraft & explor$ ! lun> surface1 ! foll[+ equipm5t 0 worn "u ! suit3 a fecal conta9m5t sy/em = em]g5cy conta9m5t ( solid-wa/e mat]ial2 a liquid-cool+ g>m5t2 a bio-belt assembly1 ur9e collection & transf] sy/em4 ,toge!r ) a portable life-support sy/em1 ?is con/itut$ ! complete ,environm5tal ,mobility ,unit 7,,emu74 ,! liquid-cool+ g>m5t consi/s ( an out] lay] ( nylon sp&ex mat]ial1 a network ( polyv9yl-*loride tub+1 & a nylon-*iffon com=t l9]4 ,ev5 spac+ ( ! pla/ic tub+ p]mitt$ ! effici5t transf] ( body heat to ! cool+ liquid 7wat]7 z x circulat$ ?r\gh ! suit4 ,! bio-belt assembly1 worn ov] ! liquid-cool+ g>m5t1 conta9s preamplifi]s = s5sors plac$ next to ! sk94 ,! s5sors acquir$ electrical signals :i* det]m9$ respiration rate & electroc>diograms ( ! a/ronauts4 ,! preamplifi]s relay$ ! signals to ! spacecraft telemetry sy/em = transmission to ,e>?4 ,! ur9e collection & transf] assembly provid$ = em]g5cy conta9m5t ( liquid wa/e :5 spacecraft facilities 7 n available4 ,liquid wa/e 0 subsequ5tly transf]r$ f ! collection assembly to ! spacecraft wa/e-managem5t sy/em4 ,! portable life-support sy/em 7,,plss7 creat$ & ma9ta9$ a livable atmosph]e inside an a/ronaut's space suit dur+ activity on ! lun> surface4 ,worn z a backpack1 ! ,,plss c\ld be us$ = z long z f\r h\rs at a "t4 ,! ,,plss suppli$ oxyg5 = brea?+ purposes1 suit pressurization1 & v5tilation4 ,x also remov$ contam9ants f oxyg5 circulat+ ?r\gh ! suit & suppli$ wat] & oxyg5 = body cool+4 ,conv]sion ( exhal$ c>bon dioxide into oxyg5 0 accompli%$ ?r\gh a li?ium-hydroxide c>tridge also conta9$ 9 ! ,,plss4 ,an em]g5cy supply ( oxyg5 0 conta9$ 9 ! oxyg5 purge sy/em m\nt$ on top ( ! ,,plss4 ,:5 fully *>g$1 ! pack weighs #ch kilograms 7#hd p\nds7 on ,e>? or #f4c kilograms 7#ad p\nds7 on ! ,moon4 ,! space suit on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,v-#b 7,a-#d7 ,illu/ration3 #fa4 ,briti%-sup]vis$ po/w> laun* ( ,v-#b 9 ,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 #fb4 ,v-#b4 ,! ,g]man ,v-#b1 orig9ally designat$ ,a-#d1 repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( mod]n rocketry4 ,! ,v-#b 0 ! fir/ pro( t l>ge rockets ( ! sort describ$ by ! space-flight pione]s ( ! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury c\ld be successfully built & fl[n4 ,x 0 also ! =]unn] ( ! int]cont95tal balli/ic missile sy/em4 ,develop$ by a team ( eng9e]s work+ "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,w]nh] von ,braun at ,pe5emunde1 ,g]many1 ! ,v-#b "w laid ! f\ndation = ! ,r$/one missile ?r\gh ! ,saturn s]ies ( space laun* vehicles4 ,f\r-?\s& ,v-#bs 7 fir$ aga9/ ,alli$ t>gets 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t 9 #aidd & #aide4 ,aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 captur$ ,v-#b rockets 7 us$ to tra9 ,am]ican te*nicians 9 missile laun* proc$ures & to c>ry ! fir/ payloads ( sci5tific in/rum5ts into ! upp] atmosph]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! op]ational ,v-#b rocket /ructure consi/$ ( ?ree sections4 ,! nose h\s$ ! w>head & control me*anisms4 ,! fuel tanks c>ri$ liquid oxyg5 & alcohol propellants4 ,! rocket eng9e1 turbopumps1 & control surfaces 7 conta9$ 9 ! tail section4 ,jet deflector vanes position$ 9 ! /ream ( exhau/ gases & ext]nal vanes ma9ta9$ attitude & directional control dur+ ! p[]$ portion ( flight4 ,l5g? #ad m4 7#df ft41 #a 947 ,diamet] #a4f m4 7#e ft41 #e 947 ,propellants ,alcohol & liquid oxyg5 ,?ru/ #be1djj kg4 7#ef1jjj lb47 ,velocity #efcc km4_/hr4 7#cejj mi4_/hr47 ,altitude ,peak ( op]ational trajectory1 #hi km4 7#ee mi47 ,v-#a ,illu/ration3 #fc4 ,illu/ration f ,_w ,w> ,,ii intellig5ce report4 ,,g]man ,,pilotless ,,aircraft ,w>head3 approx4 #ajjj kg4 ,fuel fill] cap ,lift+ lug ,fuel tank4 7,capacity #acj galls4 petrol7 ,wireb\nd sph]ical compress$ air bottles ,grill incorporation %utt]s petrol injection jets ,impulse duct eng9e ,light alloy nose fair+ probably conta9+ compass ,laun*+ rail ,/eel tubul> ma9 sp> pass+ ?r\gh fuel tank ,press$ /eel w+ ribs ,%eet /eel w+ cov]+ ,automatic pilot3 #c airdriv5 gyros3 height range sett+ controls ,pneumatic s]vo me*anism op]at+ rudd] elevators ,! ,g]man-develop$ ,v-#a 0 an automatically controll$ pilotless aircraft = use aga9/ ,alli$ cities dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,! missile 0 laun*$ f gr\nd ramps4 ,once 9 ! air1 automatic controls on bo>d ! craft took ov]4 ,! ,v-#a climb$ to a pr$et]m9$ altitude1 foll[$ a compass c\rse1 & dove to ! gr\nd aft] a preset di/ance _h be5 cov]$4 ,?is mid-w+ monoplane 0 p[]$ by a unique pulsejet eng9e above ! re> portion ( ! fuselage4 ,! relatively l[ spe$ ( ! missile made x easy prey = antiaircraft guns or fight]s4 ,! ,v-#a on exhibit is f ! ,u4,s4 ,air ,=ce1 ,p>k ,ridge ,depot4 ,g]man ,antiaircraft ,missiles ,illu/ration3 #fd4 ,rhe9to*t] ,r-,i 7,rh9e ,maid574 ,rhe9to*t] ,i ,! ,rhe9to*t] ,i 7,rh9e ,maid57 0 int5d$ = use aga9/ ,alli$ bomb] =mations late 9 ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,! ,g]man gr\nd-to-air rocket 0 f9-/abiliz$1 & controll$ by radio4 ,! flight ( ! two-/age vehicle 0 controll$ by ! f\r movable vanes on ! nose ( ! craft4 ,! fir/ /age c>ri$ ! missile away f ! laun*+ rail1 :ile ! second /age br\ght ! missile up to full spe$ & propell$ x to ! t>get4 ,bo? ! boo/] & su/a9] eng9es us$ solid fuel4 ,aft] a six-t5?s ( a second burn1 ! boo/] dropp$ (f & ! su/a9] motor ignit$4 ,! missile w>head 0 h\s$ at ! re> ( ! su/a9] /age4 ,exhau/ gases 7 expell$ ?r\gh six nozzles locat$ betwe5 ! ma9 f9s4 ,! program 0 ab&on$ 9 ,decemb] #aidd1 aft] #hb ,rhe9to*t] ,i rockets _h be5 te/ fir$4 ,by !n x _h become app>5t t ! missile c\ld n rea* ! op]ational altitude ( mod]n bomb] aircraft4 ,hs-#bih ,illu/ration3 #fe4 ,hs-#bih4 ,! ,hs-#bih 0 design$ to combat ! ,alli$ bomb] ?reat to w>time ,g]many4 ,?is air-to-air missile c\ld be laun*$ f ei!r fight] or bomb] aircraft & 0 9 quantity production e>ly 9 #aide4 ,x c>ri$ #de4d kilograms 7#ajj p\nds7 ( high explosives t 7 detonat$ by proximity fuse :5 ! missile 0 )9 #i4a met]s 7#cj feet7 ( an enemy airplane4 ,x-#d ,illu/ration3 #ff4 ,x-#d4 ,! f9-/abiliz$ ,x-#d air-to-air missile 0 guid$ to its t>get by means ( electrical impulses :i* pass$ ?r\gh two wires connect+ ! rocket to ! laun* aircraft until detonation4 ,once ! missile 0 on its way to ! t>get bomb]1 ! fight] pilot direct$ its c\rse ) a sep>ate small control /ick 9 8 cockpit4 ,because ! control wires /ream$ out ahead ( ! laun*+ aircraft1 ! pilot 0 prev5t$ f evasive maneuv]+4 ,laun*$ f ,g]man fight] aircraft1 usually a ,,fw-#aij1 ! ,x-#d 0 p[]$ by ei!r a solid-propellant eng9e or a bi-propellant liquid-rocket eng9e4 ,x c>ri$ a #bj-kilogram 7#dd-p\nd7 w>head4 ,jupit]-,c ,illu/ration3 #fg4 ,jupit]-,c laun*es ! fir/ ,am]ican satellite1 ,janu>y #ca1 #aieh4 ,jupit]-,c c>ri$ ! fir/ successful ,am]ican artificial e>? satellite1 ,explor] #a1 into orbit on ,janu>y #ca1 #aieh4 ,jupit]-,c laun*$ additional ,explor] satellites on ,m>* #bf & ,july #bf1 #aieh4 ,jupit]-,c1 or ,juno #a1 is a modifi$ v]sion ( ! ,r$/one ,balli/ic ,missile & a direct desc5dant ( ! ,v-#b 7,a-#d7 rocket develop$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! second ,_w ,w>4 ,! vehicle's ma9 /age is p[]$ by a rocket eng9e burn+ liquid oxyg5 & a hydraz9e mixture4 ,! second & ?ird /ages are conta9$ 9 ! 8tub0 on ! nose ( ! rocket4 ,bo? use scal$-d[n ,s]geant solid-propellant rockets3 elev5 9 ! second /age & ?ree 9 ! ?ird4 ,a f9al ,s]geant motor is atta*$ to ! base ( ! satellite to provide ! velocity necess>y to place ! vehicle 9 orbit4 ,an electric motor spun ! entire 8tub0 prior to laun* & dur+ ! climb into space 9 ord] to /abilize ! satellite4 ,! ,jupit]-,c 0 built by ! ,u4,s4 ,army ,balli/ic ,missile ,ag5cy4 ,vangu>d ,illu/ration3 #fh4 ,?ree-/age ,vangu>d laun* vehicle boo/s ! second ,am]ican satellite into ,e>?-orbit1 ,m>* #ag1 #aieh4 ,/&+ #ba4f met]s 7#gj4h feet7 high & weigh+ m ?an #aj1jjj kilograms 7#bj1jjj p\nds71 ! ,vangu>d laun* vehicle successfully orbit$ ?ree satellites4 ,! fir/ 0 ,vangu>d #a1 laun*$ on ,m>* #ag1 #aieh4 ,! rocket has ?ree /ages4 ,! fir/-/age motor1 burn+ k]os5e & liquid oxyg51 op]at$ = #b m9utes & #bj seconds4 ,! second /age c>ri$ ! vehicle to an altitude ( #baj kilomet]s 7#acj miles71 propell$ by :ite-fum+ nitric acid & unsymmetrical dime?ylhydraz9e 7,,udmh74 ,) propellants exhau/$1 ! upp] /ages !n coa/$ to #dhj kilomet]s 7#cjj miles7 above ! surface ( ! ,e>? :]e ! solid-propellant ?ird-/age motor fir$ to place ! satellite into orbit4 ,! ,vangu>d 0 design$ & built by ! ,m>t9 ,company = ! ,u4,s4 ,naval ,rese>* ,laboratory4 ,sc\t ,illu/ration3 #fi4 ,f\r-/age ,sc\t vehicle laun*es satellite f ! ,we/]n ,te/ ,range1 ,cali=nia4 ,illu/ration3 #gj4 ,sc\t 9 v]tical position prior to ! laun* ( an ,explor] sci5ce satellite1 ,april #bi1 #aife4 ,on ,febru>y #af1 #aifa1 ,sc\t became ! fir/ solid-propellant vehicle to orbit a satellite 7,explor] #i74 ,x is a f\r-/age laun* vehicle t c p]=m a v>iety ( space & re5try rese>* tasks4 ,its relatively l[ co/ has made x a popul> *oice = _m satellite programs1 includ+ ,transit navigation satellites1 ! ,small ,a/ronomy & ,small ,sci5tific ,satellites1 ! ,beacon ,explor]1 ,hawkeye1 ,micrometeoroid1 ,meteoroid ,te*nology1 & ,solrad satellites4 ,! rocket has also be5 us$ ext5sively to laun* =eign satellites4 ,,ans-,a 7,ne!rl&s71 ,,grp-,a 7,g]many71 ,,uk-#e 7,engl&71 ,eole 7,france71 ,san ,m>co #e 7,italy71 & ! ,,esro satellites = ! ,european ,space ,rese>* ,organization 7n[ ,european ,space ,ag5cy7 h all gone al(t abo>d ,sc\t laun* vehicles4 ,! satellite 9 ! nose ( ! ,sc\t on exhibit is an ,,injun_/,air ,d5sity ,explor] id5tical to t laun*$ f ,wallops ,isl&1 ,virg9ia1 on ,augu/ #h1 #aifh4 ,sc\t 0 built by ! ,,ltv ,a]ospace ,corporation = ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se4 ,! ,sc\t is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration & ,,ltv ,a]ospace ,corporation4 ,m9uteman ,,iii ,illu/ration3 #ga4 ,m9uteman ,,iii laun* f ,v&5b]g ,,afb1 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,m9uteman ,,iii is ! /&>d ,u4,s4 l&-bas$ int]cont95tal balli/ic missile4 ,?is ?ree-/age solid-propellant missile is laun*$ f und]gr\nd silos t are #bd4d met]s 7#hj feet7 deep & #c4g met]s 7#ab feet7 9 diamet]4 ,^! missiles c be laun*$ ei!r f und]gr\nd control c5t]s or by an airborne laun* control c5t] in/all$ 9 ,,kc-#ace aircraft4 ,m9uteman ,,iii 0 fir/ te/-fir$ on ,augu/ #af1 #aifh1 & has s9ce replac$ e>li] ,m9uteman s]ies ,i,c,b,ms 9 ! op]ational sy/em4 ,?is missile 0 design$ by ,boe+ = ! ,air ,=ce ,/rategic ,air ,comm&4 ,?is missile is f ! ,,u4 ,air ,=ce & ,boe+ ,a]ospace ,corporation4 ,poseidon ,c-#c ,illu/ration3 #gb4 ,laun* ( ,poseidon f nucle>-p[]$ subm>9e4 ,?is two-/age solid-propellant ,fleet ,balli/ic ,missile is laun*$ und]wat] f nucle>-p[]$ subm>9es4 ,! ,poseidon is laun*$ by compress$ air1 ) fir/-/age ignition j aft] ! missile is cle> ( ! hull4 ,poseidon c>ri$ ! ,mk-#c ,multiple ,indep5d5tly t>get$ ,re5try ,vehicles 7,,mirv7--!rmonucle> weapons :i* enable a s+le missile to cov] a numb] ( t>gets4 ,! fir/ successful te/ flight ( ,poseidon 0 f ,cape ,canav]al on ,augu/ #af1 #aifh1 & ! fir/ subm>9e laun* 0 f ! ,u4,s4,s4 ,james ,madison on ,augu/ #c1 #aigj4 ,! ,poseidon ,c-#c is f ! ,u4,s4 ,navy & ,lockhe$ ,aircraft ,corporation4 ,skylab ,illu/ration3 #gc4 ,closeup view ( ,skylab space-/ation clu/] photograph$ aga9/ a black-sky backgr\nd f ! ,skylab #c ,comm& ,module dur+ ! 8fly ar\nd0 inspection prior to dock+4 ,laun*$ into e>? orbit on ,may #ad1 #aigc1 ,skylab 0 a rese>* c5t] t h\s$ ?ree-man crews on ?ree diff]5t visits to ! space /ation4 ,! longe/ mission la/$ ne>ly ?ree mon?s4 ,equipm5t & exp]im5ts on bo>d ! orbit+ /ation 7 design$ to accommodate f\r areas ( rese>*3 e>? obs]vation to fur!r k ( natural res\rces & ! e>?'s environm5t2 sol> obs]vation to increase und]/&+ ( sol> processes & influ5ces on e>?'s environm5t2 /udy ( ! effects ( long duration weightlessness on man1 basic biological processes & adaptability to space flight conditions2 & exp]im5ts 9 process+ ( mat]ials "u ! unique conditions ( weightlessness & vacuum environm5t ( space4 ,all missions 7 highly successful 9 obta9+ data & photographs4 ,skylab consi/$ ( f\r major compon5ts3 ! ,orbital ,"w ,%op 7,,ows71 ,airlock ,module 7,,am74 ,multiple ,dock+ ,adapt] 7,,mda71 & ! ,apollo ,telescope ,m\nt 7,,atm74 ,! cyl9drical ,orbital ,"w ,%op is #ae met]s 7#dh feet7 9 l5g? & #f4e met]s 7#bb feet7 9 diamet]4 ,! work%op is divid$ into two major areas by an op5-grid p>tition4 ,by we>+ special %oes1 ! a/ronauts c use ?is grid to an*or !mselves 9 ! weightlessness ( space4 ,! l[] portion conta9s ! crew qu>t]s1 food prep>ation & d9+ areas1 wa%room1 & wa/e process+ & disposal facilities4 ,illu/ration3 #gd4 ,orbital ,work%op crew-qu>t]s in/allations4 ,i ,m#aca *air control ,sleep comp>tm5t #gj sq ft ,,ii ,head #cj sq ft ,w>droom #ig sq ft ,,iii ,m#ejg gravity sub/itute "w b5* ,exp]im5t comp>tm5t #aha sq ft ,m#aga gas analyz] ,m#aga helmet /[age ,,ess ,,iv ,m#jib ,,lbnpd ,electric p[] control console ,m#aca rotat+ *air ,! upp] portion conta9s a l>ge "w-activity area1 wat]-/orage tanks1 food freez]s1 film vaults1 & exp]im5t equipm5t4 ,! ,airlock ,module enabl$ spacesuit$ crew memb]s to make excursions outside ! ,skylab to replace or adju/ equipm5t1 *ange film1 or c>ry out o!r extra-vehicul> activities4 ,?is capability 0 vital to em]g5cy repairs by ! a/ronauts on ! fir/ mission4 ,! ,airlock ,module 0 atta*$ to ! ,,ows & passage to ! module 0 accompli%$ ?r\gh a hat* :i* connect$ ! module to ! int]ior ( ! work%op4 ,:5 an a/ronaut ent]$ ! module1 he w\ld v5t ! atmosph]e ( ! module into space4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 ! airlock rea*$ z]o1 ! crew memb] c\ld op5 ! out] hat* & float out into space4 ,illu/ration3 #ge4 ,airlock ,module4 ,! ,multiple ,dock+ ,adapt] 7,,mda7 0 us$ by crews arriv+ or dep>t+ f ! ,skylab work%op4 ,! ,apollo comm&_/s]vice modules deliv]$ crews to ! ,,mda f :i* ! a/ronauts c\ld ent] ,skylab ?r\gh ! hat* 9 ! dock+ port4 ,9 an em]g5cy1 two comm&_/s]vice modules c\ld dock at ! ,,mda4 ,! ,,mda also held equipm5t = e>? res\rces multispectral photography1 mat]ials process+1 & a/ronomy4 ,! ,apollo ,telescope ,m\nt 7,,atm7 0 on top ( & controll$ by ! ,,mda4 ,x conta9$ six a/ronomical in/rum5ts to obta9 in=mation ab\t ! ,sun4 ,illu/ration3 #gf4 ,multiple ,dock+ ,adapt]4 ,sol> en]gy is ! prime s\rce ( electric p[] on ,skylab4 ,two sy/ems ( sol> electric-cell arrays--"o w+ on ! ,,ows & f\r panels on ! ,,atm--deploy$ aft] ! ,skylab rea*$ orbit4 ,pr9cipal contractors3 ,,ows--,mc,donnell ,d\glas ,a/ronautics ,company2 ,,am--,mc,donnell ,d\glas ,a/ronautics ,company2 ,,mda--,m>t9 ,m>ietta ,a]ospace4 ,! ,skylab compon5ts on display 7 pres5t$ to ! museum by ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,apollo-,soyuz ,te/ ,project ,illu/ration3 #gg4 ,arti/ conception ( ! ,apollo-,soyuz ,te/ ,project r5dezv\s4 ,on ,may #bd1 #aigb1 ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,nixon & ,aleksey ,kosyg91 ,*airman ( ! ,,ussr ,c\ncil ( ,m9i/]s1 sign$ an agreem5t 8conc]n+ coop]ation 9 ! exploration & use ( out] space = peaceful purposes40 ,! sign+ repres5t$ a =mal endorsem5t ( negotiations t _h be5 held betwe5 ! two nations ov] sev]al ye>s4 ,! agreem5t e/abli%$ ! ,apollo-,soyuz ,te/ ,project 7,,a/p7 to develop & fly a /&>diz$ dock+ sy/em 8to enhance ! safety ( mann$ flight 9 space & to provide ! opportunity = conduct+ jo9t sci5tific missions 9 ! future40 ,on ,july #ae1 #aige1 ! aft]noon c\ntd[n = ! ,soviet laun* 0 complet$ & ,soyuz lift$ (f f ! ,baykonur complex ne> ,tyuratum 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 "s #cbjj kilomet]s 7#bjjj miles7 s\!a/ ( ,mosc[4 ,soyuz c>ri$ cosmonauts ,alexey ,leonov & ,val]iy ,kubasov4 ,tak+ advantage ( ,apollo's l>g] fuel supply = maneuv]+1 ,apollo foll[$ ,soyuz into orbit #g h\rs lat]4 ,apollo 0 laun*$ atop a ,saturn #a;,b f ,k5n$y ,space ,c5t]1 ,florida4 ,aft] c>eful maneuv]+1 ! two craft l9k$ up ar\nd noon on ,july #ah4 ,"s #bbe kilomet]s 7#adj miles7 above ,e>?1 ! a/ronauts & cosmonauts visit$ ea* o!r's craft1 p]=m$ jo9t exp]im5ts1 & made fur!r te/s ( ! new dock+ sy/em4 ,foll[+ ! undock+ ,saturday1 ,apollo fir$ its eng9es briefly & mov$ away f ,soyuz4 ,soyuz desc5d$ f orbit & l&$ 9 ! s\?-c5tral ,,ussr e>ly ,monday morn+1 ,july #ba4 ,a/ronauts ,/af=d1 ,slayton1 & ,br& rema9$ 9 orbit conduct+ rese>* & mak+ sci5ce demon/rations4 ,spla%d[n into ! ,pacific ,ocean occurr$ 9 late aft]noon on ,?ursday1 ,july #bd4 ,! hi/oric ,,a/p mission 0 accompli%$ by us+ exi/+ sy/ems & a new dock+ module4 ,! ,apollo spacecraft 0 made available :5 ! lun>-l&+ program 0 curtail$4 ,s9ce ! comm& module 0 built ) a dock+ sy/em design$ to "w only ) ,u4,s4 spacecraft1 a me?od ( incorporat+ ! new dock+ sy/em _h to be devis$4 ,a second important problem 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! spacecraft atmosph]es4 ,! ,apollo us$ a pure oxyg5 atmosph]e at ab\t "o-?ird ( ! atmosph]ic pressure on e>?'s surface2 ,soyuz us$ a nitrog5-oxyg5 mixture at normal atmosph]ic pressure4 ,to p]mit crews to pass f ,soyuz to ,apollo )\t suff]+ f ! 8b5ds0 7a pa9ful condition exp]i5c$ :5 nitrog5 gas bubbles =m 9 ! body fluids71 eng9e]s _h to design an airlock to equalize ! pressure4 ,illu/ration3 #gh4 ,! ,soviet ,soyuz atop a ?ree-/age laun* vehicle lifts (f ,july #ae1 #aige1 to beg9 ! jo9t ,,u-,,ussr space mission4 ,illu/ration3 #gi4 ,ov]head view ( ,soyuz 9 orbit1 photograph$ f ! ,apollo spacecraft dur+ ! jo9t mission4 ,! ?ree major compon5ts ( ! ,soyuz are ! sph]ical ,orbital ,module1 ! bell-%ap$ ,desc5t ,vehicle1 & ! cyl9drical ,in/rum5t-,assembly ,module f :i* two sol> panels protrude4 ,illu/ration3 #hj4 ,view ( ,apollo spacecraft z se5 9 ,e>?-orbit f ,soyuz4 ,! ,comm&_/,s]vice ,module & ,dock+ ,module are contra/$ aga9/ a black-sky backgr\nd & ! horizon ( ! ,e>? is bel[4 ,! dock+ module1 #c met]s long & #a4e met]s 9 diamet] 7#aj feet long & #e feet 9 diamet]71 also solv$ ! problem ( incompatible dock+ me*anisms by c>ry+ ! new dock+ sy/em on "o end & a sy/em compatible ) ,apollo on ! o!r4 ,prime contractor = ,apollo ,comm& ,module1 ,s]vice ,module1 & ,dock+ ,module 0 ,rockwell ,int]national4 ,! ,apollo h>dw>e is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 & ! ,soyuz spacecraft is on loan f ! ,,ussr ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,apollo ,comm& module ,base diamet] #c4ij m4 7#ab4h ft47 ,l5g? #c4ff m4 7#ab ft47 ,weight #ehif kg4 7#ac1jjj lb47 ,s]vice module ,diamet] #c4i m4 7#ab4h ft47 ,l5g? #f4ga m4 7#bb ft47 ,weight at laun* #bd1idg kg4 7#ee1jjj lb47 ,dock+ module ,diamet] #a4eb m4 7#e ft47 ,l5g? #c4je m4 7#aj ft47 ,weight #ahhb kg4 7#daee lb47 ,soyuz ,orbital module ,diamet] #b4bi m4 7#g4e ft47 ,l5g? #b4fe m4 7#h4g ft47 ,weight #abbd kg4 7#bgjj lb47 ,desc5t module ,diamet] #b4bi m4 7#g4e ft47 ,l5g? #b4bj m4 7#g4b ft47 ,weight #bhjb kg4 7#fbjj lb47 ,in/rum5t module ,diamet] #b4gg m4 7#i4ge ft47 ,l5g? #b4bi m4 7#g4e ft47 ,weight #bfed kg4 7#ehej lb47 ,m#b-;,f#c ,lift+ ,body ,illu/ration3 #ha4 ,?ree *ase planes salute ! ,m#b-;,f#c w+less lift+ body foll[+ "o ( its rocket-p[]$ flights4 ,! blunt-nos$ ,m#b-;,f#c a*ieves its a]odynamic lift f ! %ape ( its body4 ,?is w+less craft is call$ a lift+ body1 because x d]ives its lift f ! fuselage r ?an f w+s4 ,remov+ ! w+s r$uces ! weight ( ! craft1 b adds significant control problems4 ,! lift+ body concept 0 develop$ e>ly 9 ! la/ decade to explore ! problems ( a]odynamic heat+ & vehicle control dur+ re5try f e>? orbit4 ,^! are ! problems t w be especially critical 9 ! space %uttle ( ! #aihjs4 ,! ,m#b-;,f#c te/$ flight behavior ( w+less craft ov] a wide range ( spe$s4 ,! ,m#b-;,f#c's =]unn]1 ! ,m#b-;,f#b1 made #af flights--all unp[]$--betwe5 ,july #aiff & ,may #aifg4 ,on ,may #aj1 x cra%$ on l&+1 p>tly due to control in/ability4 ,! craft 0 rebuilt1 & ! c5t] f9 0 add$4 ,?is modification effectively solv$ ! control problem1 & ! new craft1 designat$ ,m#b-;,f#c1 logg$ #bg m flights by ,decemb] #aigb4 ,"s ( ! ,m#b-;,f#c's flights 7 p[]$ by a #cfcj-kilogram 7#hjjj-p\nd7 ?ru/ rocket :i* boo/$ ! craft to a high] altitude4 ,! ,m#b-;,f#c 0 laun*$ f a ,b-#eb bomb] at a height ( ab\t #ac1cjj met]s 7#de1jjj feet7 & a usual spe$ ( #gcj kilomet]s 7#dej miles7 p] h\r4 ,! maximum altitude a*iev$ 0 #ba1hjj met]s 7#ga1ejj feet74 ,! ,m#b-;,f#c's record spe$ 0 #agah kilomet]s 7#ajff miles7 p] h\r4 ,! ,m#b-;,f#c 0 built by ,nor?rop4 ,! craft on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,l5g? #f4h m4 7#bb ft41 #b 947 ,span #b4i m4 7#i ft41 #g 947 ,height #b4e m4 7#h ft41 #aj 947 ,weight #bgbj kg4 7#fjjj lb47 empty2 #dedj kg4 7#aj1jjj lb47 fuel$ ,spe$ #agah km4 p] hr4 7#ajff m4 p] hr47 max4 a*iev$ ,altitude #ba1hjj m4 7#ga1ejj ft47 max4 a*iev$ ,ma* numb] #a4e max4 a*iev$ ,fre$om #g ,illu/ration3 #hb4 ,m>9e helicopt] hov]s ov] ,fre$om #g aft] ! spacecraft c>ri$ ! fir/ ,am]ican into space4 ,a/ronaut ,%ep>d dangles 9 body h>ness z he is hoi/$ to helicopt]4 ,on ,may #e1 #aifa1 ,alan ,b4 ,%ep>d1 ,jr41 became ! fir/ ,am]ican 9 space4 ,he flew ?is ,m]cury spacecraft1 ,fre$om #g1 ?r\gh a #ae-m9ute1 #bb-second sub-orbital1 or balli/ic1 space flight4 ,a ,r$/one boo/]1 burn+ liquid oxyg5 & hydraz9e-base fuel1 lift$ ,fre$om #g f ! laun* pad at ,cape ,canav]al4 ,! vehicle's s+le eng9e develop$ #ce1chj kilograms 7#gh1jjj p\nds7 ( ?ru/4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,m]cury is titanium1 cov]$ ) /eel & b]yllium %+les4 ,! heat %ield at ! base ( ! spacecraft is ( b]yllium4 ,! heat %ield s]v$ z a 8heat s9k0 by /or+ ! heat creat$ by ! spacecraft's re5try into ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! spacecraft rea*$ ! ocean be=e ! heat c\ld p5etrate ! int]ior ( ! craft4 7,lat] flights us$ ablative heat %ields1 :i* protect$ ! spacecraft by vaporiz+ & burn+ away dur+ re5try47 ,fre$om #g travel$ at a maximum spe$ ( #hcce kilomet]s 7#eahj miles7 p] h\r1 go+ #dhe kilomet]s 7#cjb miles7 d[nrange4 ,! maximum altitude 0 #ahg kilomet]s 7#aaf miles74 ,prime contractor = ,m]cury 0 ! ,mc,donnell ,aircraft ,company4 ,! ,fre$om #g is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,diamet] #b m4 7#f ft41 #f 947 max4 ,l5g? #b4h m4 7#i ft41 #b 947 at laun* ,weight #affj kg4 7#cfej lb47 at laun*2 #aajj kg4 7#bdbb lb47 z exhibit$ ,gem9i #g ,illu/ration3 #hc4 ,?is photo ( ,gem9i #g 0 tak5 ?r\gh ! hat* w9d[ ( ! ,gem9i #f spacecraft dur+ r5dezv\s maneuv]s #bfj kilomet]s 7#afj miles7 above ,e>?4 ,gem9i #g 0 laun*$ on ,decemb] #d1 #aife1 c>ry+ a/ronauts ,frank ,borman & ,james ,lovell1 ,jr41 into a two-week flight4 ,gem9i #f & #g accompli%$ ! fir/ mann$ r5dezv\s 9 space4 ,x 0 an hi/oric flight = ! ,unit$ ,/ates' mann$ space program & an important /ep 9 ! prep>ation = ! ,apollo lun> flights4 ,! /ory ( ! ,gem9i #g_/f mission _h begun two mon?s e>li]4 ,! ,octob] laun* ( ,gem9i #f _h to be delay$ :5 ,gem9i #f's ,ag5a t>get vehicle fail$ to rea* orbit4 ,x 0 !n decid$ t ,gem9i #f w\ld attempt to r5dezv\s ) ,gem9i #g4 ,eight days aft] ! laun* ( ,gem9i #g1 ,gem9i #f 0 ready4 ,b once aga91 ! laun* _h to be delay$--?is "t an electrical plug became deta*$ f ! ,titan boo/] prematurely1 %utt+ d[n ! eng9es4 ,f9ally1 on ,decemb] #ae1 ,gem9i #f's ,titan ,,ii laun* vehicle lift$ (f4 ,gem9i #f began a #f-;h\r *ase to cat* ,gem9i #g1 :i* 0 9 a ne>-circul> orbit #cjj kilomet]s 7#ahf miles7 high4 ,gem9i #f's laun* put x #aage kilomet]s 7#gcj miles7 beh9d ,gem9i #g 9 an orbit :i* v>i$ f #afa to #bgb kilomet]s 7#ajj to #afi miles7 9 height4 ,by fly+ 9 a l[] altitude orbit1 ,gem9i #f a/ronauts ,wally ,s*irra & ,?omas ,/af=d circl$ ! ,e>? at a high] velocity1 sl[+ d[n z !y mov$ to mat* spe$ ) ,gem9i #g at ! high] orbit4 ,f9ally1 ,s*irra jockey$ ! ,gem9i #f spacecraft to )9 #cj c5timet]s 7#a foot7 f ,gem9i #g4 ,!y /ay$ 9 =mation = f\r revolutions :ile all f\r pilots practic$ maneuv]+4 ,!n ,gem9i #f broke (f & re5t]$1 spla%+ d[n on ,decemb] #af1 #aife4 ,gem9i #g w5t on to complete its #ad-;day mission :i* set a record = ! longe/ ,u4,s4-mann$ space flight :i* /ood until ! fir/ ,skylab mission4 ,gem9i #g spla%$ d[n on ,decemb] #ah4 ,prime contractor = ,gem9i 0 ! ,mc,donnell ,aircraft ,company4 ,gem9i #g is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 #hd4 ,! ,gem9i spacecraft4 ,r5dezv\s & ,recov]y ,section ,ejection ,seat ,adapt] ,equipm5t ,section ,reaction ,control ,sy/em ,section ,cab9 ,retrograde ,section ,f-#a ,eng9e ,illu/ration3 #he4 ,?ru/ *amb]s ( ! ,f-#a rocket eng9e on ! manufactur+ l9e4 ,five ,f-#a eng9es p[]$ ! fir/ /age ( ! ,saturn #e laun* vehicle t laun*$ ! mann$ ,apollo spacecraft to ! ,moon4 ,^! eng9es develop$ a total ?ru/ ( #c4e million kilograms 7#g4f million p\nds74 ,!y burn liquid oxyg5 & a =m ( k]os5e at a rate ( #ac1dge lit]s 7#cefj gallons7 p] second4 ,! propellants are suppli$ to ! ?ru/ *amb]s by turbopumps driv5 by gas g5]ators t use a fuel-ri* mixture ratio ( ! same propellants us$ 9 ! eng9e4 ,! ,f-l 0 develop$ & produc$ by ,rocketdyne1 a division ( ,rockwell ,int]national1 "u ! te*nical direction ( ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ,m>%all ,space ,flight ,c5t]1 ,huntsville4 ,alabama4 ,! eng9e on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,function ,clu/] ( five provid+ #c4d million kg4 7#g4e million lb47 ( ?ru/ = ,saturn #e fir/ /age ,?ru/ #fij1jjj kg4 7#a1ebb1jjj lb47 ,propellants ,k]os5e 7fuel7 & liquid oxyg5 7oxidiz]7 ,l5g? #e4h m4 7#ai ft47 ) nozzle ext5sion ,diamet] #c4h m4 7#ab ft41 #d4 947 ) nozzle ext5sion ,illu/ration3 #hf4 ,! fir/ ,apollo_/,saturn #e space vehicle on its way to ! laun* pad4 ,lun> ,rov+ ,vehicle ,illu/ration3 #hg4 ,! ,apollo #ae ,lun> ,rov+ ,vehicle 0 ! fir/ motor vehicle on ! ,moon4 ,! ,lun> ,rov+ ,vehicle 7,,lrv7 is a spacecraft design$ to c>ry two a/ronauts1 _! life-support sy/ems1 sci5tific equipm5t1 & lun> samples on ! airless1 l[-gravity surface ( ! ,moon4 ,lun> ,rov+ ,vehicles 7 us$ on ,apollo missions #ae1 #af1 & #ag & 7 driv5 a total ( #ij kilomet]s 7#ef miles7 on ! ,moon4 ,! crew ( ,apollo #ae1 ! fir/ to use an ,,lrv1 drove _! vehicle #bg4i kilomet]s 7#ag4c miles7 at spe$s up to #ai-ba kilomet]s 7#ab-ac miles7 p] h\r4 ,9 comp>ison ! ,apollo #ad a/ronauts travel$ only #d4b kilomet]s 7#b4f miles7 on foot4 ,l,r,vs enabl$ ! a/ronauts to c>ry heavy1 bulky equipm5t & to place sci5tific in/rum5ts at consid]able di/ances f ! lun> module4 ,an ,,lrv c\ld c>ry two a/ronauts z f> z #ia4e kilomet]s 7#eg miles7 across ! lun> surface or op]ate = up to #gh h\rs4 ,ea* ,,lrv 0 transport$ to ! ,moon 9 a comp>tm5t ( ! desc5t /age ( a lun> module4 ,f\r ,l,r,vs 7 built by ! ,boe+ ,company4 ,?ree 7 us$ on ! ,moon2 ! ,,lrv on display 0 us$ 9 te/s4 ,! ,,lrv on exhibit is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,weight ,on ,e>? #baj kg4 7#dfb lb47 ,on ,moon #cd kg4 7#gf lb47 ,payload ,on ,e>? #dij kg4 7#ajhj lb47 ,on ,moon #hj kg4 7#agh lb47 ,l5g? #c4a m4 7#aj ft41 #b 947 ,wid? #a4h m4 7#f ft47 ,:eel base #b4c m4 7#g ft41 #f 947 ,turn+ radius #c m4 7#aj ft47 ,drive ,"o h4p4 motor 9 ea* :eel2 total #a h4p4 ,p[] s\rce ,two #cf-v4 silv]-z9c batt]ies ,apollo ,lun> ,tools & ,equipm5t ,illu/ration3 #hh4 ,! ,apollo ,lun> ,h& ,tool ,c>ri] holds #cb kilograms 7#gj p\nds7 ( equipm5t1 includ+ a tr5*+ tool1 two geology scoops1 f\r rock bags1 a portable magnetomet]1 & five cam]as4 ,p5etromet] ,tongs ,ext5sion h&le ,core tube caps assy4 ,color *>t trav]se map ,core tubes #afmm cam]a ,cam]a /aff #ce-;bag disp5s] ,core tubes ,scoop ,hamm] ,l5s_/bru% ,gnomon ,mo/ tools & o!r pieces ( equipm5t us$ by ,apollo a/ronauts on ! ,moon 7 left beh9d z ! a/ronauts dep>t$ to return to ! ,e>?4 ,?is 0 done to cons]ve weight 9 ! lun> module asc5t /age s t ! maximum quantity ( samples ( lun> soil & rocks c\ld be br\ght back to ! ,e>?4 ,"s tools & pieces ( equipm5t1 h[ev]1 7 return$ to ! ,e>?4 ,^! include su* items z a lun> hamm]1 a #af-mm cam]a1 film cassettes1 lun> sample return conta9]s1 p>ts ( a lun> rov+ vehicle f5d]1 & p>ts ( ! unmann$ spacecraft ,surveyor #c visit$ by ,apollo #ab a/ronauts4 ,9 addition1 a/ronauts c>ri$ small mem5tos ) !m :5 !y l&$ on ! ,moon4 ,o!r lun> tools & in/rum5ts on exhibit 7 backup1 prototype1 or us$ by ! a/ronauts 9 pre-flight tra9+4 ,! lun> hamm] is on loan f ,alan ,l4 ,bean2 o!r tools & in/rum5ts are f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 #hi4 ,an ,apollo lun> sample return conta9]4 ,9 ?is view1 ! rock box conta9s sample mat]ial & core tubes4 ,apollo ,comm& ,module3 ,skylab #d ,illu/ration3 #ij4 ,skylab #d ,comm& ,module is hoi/$ abo>d ! ,u4,s4,s4 ,new ,orleans aft] complet+ #abad orbits4 ,! ,skylab #d comm& module f]ri$ ! crew ( ! la/ ,skylab mission--a/ronauts ,g]ald ,p4 ,c>r1 ,edw>d ,g4 ,gibson1 & ,william ,r4 ,pogue4 ,! ,skylab #d crew liv$ 9 ! ,skylab = #hd days1 f ,novemb] #af1 #aigc1 to ,febru>y #h1 #aigd4 ,9 flight1 ! ,apollo comm& module op]at$ ) a s]vice module--an equipm5t section1 #g4d met]s 7#bd feet7 long & #d met]s 7#ac feet7 9 diamet]--atta*$ to ! comm& module4 ,! s]vice module provid$ electrical p[]1 oxyg51 & wat] = ! comm& module = mo/ ( a typical flight4 ,9 addition1 ! s]vice module conta9$ ! #icjj-kilogram 7#bj1ejj-p\nd7 ?ru/ ,s]vice ,propulsion ,sy/em1 an eng9e capable ( be+ ?rottl$ & re/>t$4 ,dur+ ,apollo lun> flights1 ! eng9e provid$ ?ru/ = mid-c\rse trajectory *anges & boo/$ ! comm&_/s]vice module comb9ation out ( lun> orbit & back to ,e>?4 ,! s]vice module 0 jettison$ j be=e re5try into ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,dur+ re5try1 ! comm& module's ext]ior 0 subject$ to temp]atures ( ar\nd #bhjj;,c 7#ejjj;,f74 ,! comm& module is cov]$ ) an ablative heat %ield compos$ ( a ph5olic epoxy res9 9 a fib]glass honeycomb /ructure4 ,z friction ) ! e>?'s atmosph]e caus$ ! heat %ield to *> & vaporize1 ! heat 0 c>ri$ away f ! spacecraft4 ,! heat %ield v>ies 9 ?ickness f #g c5timet]s 7#b4ge in*es7 at ! base to 4#f c5timet] 74#be in*7 at ! =w>d section4 ,total weight ( ! heat %ield is ab\t #adjj kilograms 7#cjjj p\nds74 ,! prime contractor = ! ,apollo ,comm& ,module 0 ,nor? ,am]ican ,rockwell ,corporation4 ,! comm& module is f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,diamet] #c4i m4 7#ab ft41 #aj 947 max4 ,l5g? #c4b m4 7#aj ft41 #g 947 ,moon ,rocks ,illu/ration3 #ia4 ,a sample ( vesicul> basalt1 produc$ by lun> volcanism #c4g billion ye>s ago1 9 ! ,lun> ,receiv+ ,laboratory4 ,devices record size & ori5tation ( ! rock4 ,! cavities 9 ?is sample 7 =m$ by gases escap+ f ! /ill-molt5 rock4 ,?is sample is #ac4e c5timet]s 7#e4e in*es7 long4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is lun> rock is on display 9 ! 8,apollo to ! ,moon0 gall]y4 ,dur+ ! six ,apollo program moon l&+s1 a/ronauts collect$ & return$ to ,e>? samples ( ! lun> surface4 ,! samples 7 collect$ bo? f ! flat m>ia regions--great bas9s creat$ by anci5t meteoric impacts & lat] fill$ ) lava f ! moon's int]ior--& f ! highl& regions4 ,subsequ5t analysis ( ! samples has indicat$ t ! moon's surface is l>gely compos$ ( ?ree k9ds ( rock4 ,basalt1 ! rock ( ! m>ia regions1 0 =m$ z lavas f ! int]ior ( ! ,moon well$ to ! surface1 fill$ ! great meteoric impact bas9s1 & !n cool$4 ,anor?osite1 ! highl& rock1 is believ$ by _m sci5ti/s to h =m$ :5 ! orig9al cru/ ( ! ,moon cool$ & solidifi$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 a light m9]al1 plagioclase1 float$ to ! surface ( ! ,moon & =m$ ! anor?osite4 ,breccia1 ! %ock$ rock1 is compos$ ( l>ge & small fragm5ts ( rocks :i* 7 %att]$ & r$i/ribut$ on ! lun> surface by meteoric impacts4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! fragm5ts 7 recomb9$ into new rocks by heat & pressure4 ,lun> soils are l>gely compos$ ( fragm5ts ( ! ?ree types ( rocks & _! m9]als1 & glass produc$ by meteoric impacts & volcanic eruptions4 ,lun> rock samples are on loan f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 #ib4 ,a/ronaut ,s*mitt collects samples ) ! lun> rake1 a h& tool us$ to collect rocks & rock *ips rang+ 9 size f #a4c c5timet] 7 in*7 to #b4e c5timet]s 7#a in*74 ,sugge/$ ,read+ ,hi/orical & ,g5]al ,backgr\nd ,cl>ke1 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,! ,promise ( ,space4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,r[1 #aifh4 ,dornb]g]1 ,walt]4 ,v-#b4 ,new ,york3 ,vik+ ,press1 #aied4 ,durant ,,iii1 ,fr$]ick ,c42 & ,george ,s4 ,james1 eds4 ,fir/ ,/eps ,t[>ds ,space 7,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight1 ,no4 #aj74 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,press1 #aigd4 ,available ?r\gh ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb 7/ock no4 #dgje-jjjaa74 ,emme1 ,eug5e1 ed4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rocket ,te*nology4 ,detroit3 ,wayne ,/ate ,press1 #aifd4 ,ley1 ,willy4 ,rockets1 ,missiles1 & ,m5 9 ,space4 ,new ,york3 ,vik+ ,press1 #aifh4 ,/oiko1 ,mi*ael4 ,soviet ,rocketry3 ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future4 ,new ,york3 ,holt1 ,re9h>t ,w9/on1 #aigj4 ,von ,braun1 ,w42 & ,f4 ,i4 ,ordway4 ,hi/ory ( ,rocket & ,space ,travel4 ,new ,york3 ,t4 ,y4 ,cr[ell1 #aige4 ,biographical ,lehman1 ,milton4 ,?is ,high ,man4 ,new ,york3 ,f>r>1 ,/raus ,gir\x1 #aifc4 ,?omas1 ,%irley1 ed4 ,m5 ( ,space4 #h vols4 ,philadelphia3 ,*ilton ,book ,co41 #aifc4 ,popul> ,cortright1 ,edg> ,m4 ,explor+ ,space ) a ,cam]a4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aifh4 ,davis1 ,m]ton2 & ,bruce ,c4 ,murray4 ,view ,f ,space3 ,photographic ,exploration ( ! ,planets4 ,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiga4 ,gatl&1 ,k5ne?4 ,spacecraft & ,boo/]s4 ,fallbrook1 ,cali=nia3 ,a]o ,publications1 #aifd4 ----4 ,! ,robot ,explor]s4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aigb4 ,moore1 ,patrick4 ,space4 ,london3 ,burke ,publi%+ ,co41 #aifh4 ,%>pe1 ,mit*ell ,r4 ,liv+ 9 ,space4 ,new ,york3 ,d\bl$ay1 #aifi4 ,te*nical ,corliss1 ,william ,r4 ,space ,probes & ,planet>y ,exploration4 ,pr9ceton1 ,n4,j43 ,van ,no/r&1 #aife4 ,glas/one1 ,samuel4 ,s\rcebook on ! ,space ,sci5ces4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 ,inc41 #aife4 ,purs]1 ,paul ,e42 ,maxime ,a4 ,faget2 & ,norman ,f4 ,smi?1 eds4 ,mann$ ,spacecraft4 ,new ,york3 ,fair*ild ,publications1 ,inc41 #aifd4 ,ruppe1 ,h>ry ,o4 ,introduction to ,a/ronautics4 #b vols4 ,campbell1 ,cali=nia3 ,academy ,press1 #aiff-aifg4 ,apollo ,moon ,l&+s ,coll9s1 ,mi*ael4 ,c>ry+ ! ,fire4 ,new ,york3 ,f>r>1 ,/raus ,gir\x1 #aigd4 ,cortright1 ,edg> ,m41 ed4 ,apollo ,exp$itions to ! ,moon4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aige 7/ock no4 #jcc-jjj-jjfcj-f74 ,lewis1 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,appo9tm5t on ! ,moon4 ,new ,york3 ,vik+ ,press1 #aifi4 ----4 ,voyages ( ,apollo4 ,*icago3 ,quadrangle ,books1 #aigd4 ,wil=d1 ,john ,n4 ,we ,rea* ! ,moon4 ,rev4 ed4 ,*icago3 ,w4 ,w4 ,norton ,co41 #aiga4 ,speculative ,sagan1 ,c>l4 ,! ,cosmic ,connection4 ,new ,york3 ,d\bl$ay1 #aigc4 ,%kolvskii1 ,i4 ,s42 & ,c>l ,sagan4 ,intellig5t ,life 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,new ,york3 ,hold5-,day1 #aiff4 ,/rong4 ,j4 ,g4 ,flight to ! ,/>s3 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,feasibility ( ,int]/ell> ,flight4 ,new ,york3 ,h>t ,publi%+ ,co41 #aife4 ,sullivan1 ,walt]4 ,we ,are ,n ,alone3 ,! ,se>* = ,intellig5t ,life on ,o!r ,worlds4 ,new ,york3 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aifd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,floor ,,plan #ajc ,v]tical ,flight #ajb ,air ,transportation #aja ,museum ,%op #ajj ,mile/ones ( ,flight #aae ,!at] ,entrance #aad ,space ,hall #aac ,rocketry ,space ,flight #aje ,g5]al ,aviation #ajf ,exhibition ,flight #ajg ,life 9 ! ,univ]se #ajh ,s\? ,lobby #aji ,flight ,te/+ #aaj ,satellites #aaa ,b5efits ,f ,flight ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,floor ,,plan #bjc ,sea-,air ,op]ations #bja ,space>ium #bae ,!at] #bac ,flight ,te*nology #bje ,_w ,w> ,,ii ,aviation #bjf ,balloons & ,air%ips #bjg ,air ,traffic ,control #bjh ,special ,exhibits #bji ,_w ,w> ,i ,aviation #baj ,apollo to ! ,moon #baa ,flight & ! ,arts ,front ,cov]3 ,illu/ration3 ,lift-(f ( an ,atlas ,c5taur c>ry+ ,,intelsat payload1 ,augu/ #bc1 #aigc4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>? f space photograph$ by ! ,apollo #af crew4 ,illu/ration3 ,a/ronaut ,:ite p]=ms fir/ spacewalk f ,gem9i #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,apollo #ab a/ronaut ) ,unit$ ,/ates flag on lun> surface4 ,back ,cov]3 ,illu/ration3 ,ma9 p>a*utes l[] ! ,skylab #c comm& module to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,solid rocket motors be+ jettison$ dur+ laun* ( ,geo/ation>y ,op]ational ,environm5tal ,satellite-#a4 ,illu/ration3 ,view f "r-h& seat ( ,gem9i #h spacecraft :5 dock$ ) ,ag5a t>get vehicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,arti/'s conception ( ,vik+ ,m>s l&] z x heads = t\* d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,ag5a t>get vehicle se5 f ,gem9i #aa aft] te!r drop4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,skylab ,orbital ,work%op photograph$ by ,skylab #b crew4 ,illu/ration3 ,vik+ #b--;b\nd = ,m>s--is laun*$ abo>d ,titan ,c5taur on ,septemb] #i1 #aige4 ,illu/ration3 ,paul ,calle's int]pretation ( ,saturn #e laun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,new ,york to ,norfolk composite photo f ! ,e>? ,res\rces ,te*nology ,satellite-#a4 ,illu/ration3 ,photomicrograph ( ?9 section ( lun> rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,color enhancem5t ( f> ultraviolet photo ( ! ,e>? tak5 f space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nasa's ,wallops ,isl& ,te/ ,/ation 9 ,virg9ia4 7,all photographs f ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration47 ,illu/ration3 ,back ,cov] ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,mov$ captions ne>] ! relevant images2 tweak$ image ref]5ces )9 captions accord+ly4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4