,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is indicat$ by und]scores1 boldface by equals signs4 ,small-caps text appe>s "h z all-caps4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,in/all ,electric ,bells1 ,annunciators1 & ,al>ms4 ,,includ+ ,batt]ies1 ,wires & ,wir+1 ,circuits1 ,pu%es1 ,bells1 ,burgl> ,al>ms1 ,high & ,l[ ,wat] ,al>ms1 ,fire ,al>ms1 ,!rmo/ats1 ,annunciators1 & ! ,location & ,rem$y+ ( ,tr\bles4 ,,by ,,norman ,h4 ,,s*neid]1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,/udy ( ,electricity = ,beg9n]s10 8,c>e & ,h&l+ ( ,electric ,plants10 etc41 etc4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,enl>g$ ,,new ,,york ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/reet ,,london ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,limit$1 #eg ,,haym>ket1 ,s4,w4 #aiac ,no4 #d ,copyright #aijd ,copyright #aiac ,by ,,spon ,,*amb]la9 ,! ,camelot ,press1 #af-ah ,oak ,/41 ,new ,york ,,preface ,among all ! applications ( electricity to dome/ic or comm]cial uses1 few are z widespread z ! electric bell4 ,practically e build+ us$ = a dwell+1 /orage or manufacture requires an electric bell1 annunciator or al>m sy/em4 ,?is book 0 writt5 to expla9 9 practical language h[ an electric bell sy/em op]ates & h[ x is in/all$2 its success %[n by its l>ge sale has result$ 9 ?is new edition :i* br+s ! subject up to date4 ,_m new diagrams ( annunciator & burgl> al>m sy/ems h be5 add$1 toge!r ) descriptions & illu/rations ( wir+ elevators = electric bells1 wir+ = door op5]s1 ! use ( trans=m]s = furni%+ suitable r++ curr5t f electric light circuits2 & high voltage bells int5d$ to be us$ on o!r ?an ! cu/om>y l[ voltage batt]y circuits4 ,! au?or expresses 8 ackn[l$gm5t to ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company = diagrams ( door op5] circuits 9 connection ) _! int]phone sy/ems1 to ,edw>ds & ,company ( ,new ,york = diagrams ( fire al>ms1 burgl> al>ms & annunciators1 & to ! ,we/+h\se ,company = illu/rations ( bell-r++ trans=m]s4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,page ,introduction4 ,! pr9ciple ( an electric bell4 ix ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,leclan*e cell--,pol>ization--,sett+ tip--,! dry cell--,! gravity cell--,connect+ up cells #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! s+le /roke bell--,! %unt bell--,! diff]5tial bell--,! cont9u\s r+ bell--,! wat]pro( bell--,=ms ( gongs--,! buzz]--,long di/ance bells--,! relay--,! pu%--,?ree po9t or d\ble contact pu%--,floor pu%--,door pull--,indicat+ pu% #i ,,*apt] ,,iii ,bell wires--,jo9ts--,runn+ wires--,h[ to put up a door bell--,comb9ations ( bells1 pu%es & batt]ies--,faults 9 bells1 faults 9 wir+--,h[ to locate & rem$y faults #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,fire al>ms--,!rmo/ats--,metallic !rmo/ats--,m]cury !rmo/at--,h[ to connect !rmo/ats--,wat] level indicators--,burgl> al>ms--,op5 & clos$ circuit al>ms--,w9d[1 door & %ade spr+s--,al>m matt+--,yale lock al>m--,door trip al>m #dj ,,*apt] ,v ,! annunciator drop--,! ne$le or arr[ drop--,! p5dulum drop--,wir+ up annunciators--,return or fire call sy/ems--,d\ble wire sy/em--,we/]n ,electric s+le wire sy/em #ee ,,*apt] ,,vi ,?ree-wire return call sy/em--,in/all+ elevator annunciators--,burgl> al>m annunciators--,clock al>m circuit--,bells = high voltages--,bell-r++ trans=m]s--,comb9ation bell1 door op5] & telephone circuits--,fire al>m circuit--,int]ior fire al>m sy/em--,fire al>m sy/em = consid]able areas #fd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a ,electric bell1 pu%1 & batt]y x #b ,leclan*e cell #a #c ,dry cell #d #d ,gravity cell #e #e ,vibrat+ bell #aj #f ,s+le /roke bell #aj #g ,%unt or %ort circuit bell #aj #h ,cont9u\s r+ bell #ac #i ,wat]pro( bell #ad #aj ,dome gong #ae #aa ,tea gong #ae #ab ,c[ gong #ae #ac ,sleigh bell gong #ae #ad ,spiral gong #ae #ae ,relay & circuit #af #af ,door pu% #ai #ag ,pe> pu% #ai #ah ,door pu% #ai #ai ,wall pu% #ai #bj ,floor pu% #bj #ba ,door pull atta*m5t #bb #bb ,wire jo9t fir/ op]ation #be #bc ,wire jo9t second op]ation #be #bd ,wire jo9t insulat+ #be #be ,section ( h\se %[+ wir+ #bi #bf ,bell ) gr\nd return #cj #bg ,pu%es 9 multiple #ca #bh ,bells 9 s]ies #ca #bi ,bells 9 multiple #ca #cj ,two bells & two pu%es #cb #ca ,two bells & two pu%es #cb #cb ,two bells1 two pu%es & "o batt]y #cc #cc ,d\ble contact pu% #cc #cd ,gr\nd$ bell #cd #ce ,tongue te/ ( wir+ #ch #cf ,knife te/ ( wir+ #ch #cg ,knife te/ ( wir+ #ci #ch ,metallic !rmo/at #dj #ci ,m]cury !rmo/at #da #dj ,m]cury !rmo/at circuit #db #da ,wat] level al>m #dd #db ,lev] wat] level al>m #de #dc ,high or l[ wat] level al>m #de #dd ,w9d[ spr+ = burgl> al>m #dg #de ,burgl> al>m--clos$ circuit #dg #df ,special bell connection = burgl> al>m #dh #dg ,special bell connection = burgl> al>m #di #dh ,burgl> al>m & relay #ej #di ,w9d[-%ade contact spr+ #ea #ej ,h\se wir$ = burgl> al>m #eb #ea ,door trip al>m #ec #eb ,annunciator drop #ee #ec ,ne$le drop #ef #ed ,ne$le drop indicat+ #ef #ee ,p5dulum drop #eg #ef ,annunciator drop circuit #eh #eg ,simple annunciator circuit #ei #eh ,annunciator & fire call circuit #fj #ei ,s+le-wire room & fire call #fa #fj ,?ree-wire return call circuit #fe #fa ,elevator bells & annunciator circuit #fg #fb ,burgl> al>m annunciator circuit #fi #fc ,clock al>m circuit #ga #fd ,bell-r++ trans=m] #gc #fe ,bell-r++ trans=m] ) ?ree second>y voltages #gc #ff ,we/]n ,electric int]phone sy/em #ge #fg ,we/]n ,electric int]phone sy/em = m ext5sive s]vice #gg #fh ,fire al>m circuit #gi #fi ,int]ior fire al>m circuit #ha #gj ,fire al>m circuit = consid]able areas #hb ,,introduction ,an electric bell dep5ds = its action on ! fact t a piece ( iron w\nd ) insulat$ wire becomes a magnet & w attract ano!r piece ( iron j s long z an electric curr5t is all[$ to travel ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! in/ant ! curr5t ceases1 ! magnetism also ceases1 & ! attract$ piece ( iron 7t]m$ ! armature7 is no long] held 9 contact4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( an electric bell is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,m ,m are coils ( insulat$ wire w\nd on s(t iron cores4 ,a is a s(t iron armature m\nt$ on a flat spr+ s t x is normally kept a slight di/ance away f ! s(t iron cores4 ,s is a brass screw ) a plat9um tip t\*+ a plat9um disc on a spr+ atta*$ to ! armature4 ,:5 ! pu% button ,p is press$ d[n1 its two brass spr+s t\* ea* o!r1 ! curr5t f ! batt]y cell ,b !n fl[s ?r\gh ! wire ,w1 ?r\gh ! pu% ,p1 ?r\gh ! coils ,m ,m1 along ,a to ! plat9um disc1 out at ,s1 :i* t\*es ?is disc1 & back to ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! in/ant ?is is done ! curr5t causes ! iron cores to become magnets1 !y attract ,a1 :i* !n breaks contact at ,s4 ,! spr+ m\nt+ ( ,a causes x to jump back to its fir/ position1 ,s !n t\*es ! plat9um disc aga91 ! curr5t fl[s z be=e1 & ! armature is aga9 attract$ only to break contact ) ,s & fly back4 ,?is cont9ual mak+ & break+ ( ! circuit keeps up z long z ! pu% is press$1 a ball m\nt$ on ,a by means ( a rod /rikes aga9/ ! gong ,g caus+ a cont9u\s r++ ( ! bell4 ,! wires lead+ betwe5 ! bell1 batt]y cell & pu% mu/ all be insulat$1 t is1 cov]$ ) cotton1 rubb]1 etc41 :i* prev5ts ! leakage ( curr5t %\ld two wires cross ea* o!r4 ,copp] wire is mo/ly us$ = circuits indoors1 ! details ( ! k9d & size ( wire w be giv5 lat] on4 ,! ma9 p>ts ( an electric bell circuit are !n--! batt]y to supply ! electric curr5t2 ! circuit1 or wires1 to c>ry ?is curr5t2 a pu%1 or circuit break]1 to control ! curr5t fl[2 & a bell to utilize ! curr5t4 ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,batt]y ,! ,batt]y ,cell4 ,! batt]y cell mo/ us$ 9 electric bell "w is ! ,leclan*e1 or "s modification ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,! ,leclan*e batt]y cell is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 :]e ,j is a glass j>1 ,z a rod ( z9c1 & ,p a j> ( por\s e>!nw>e conta9+ a c>bon rod surr\nd$ by p[d]$ c>bon & p]oxide ( manganese4 ,9 sett+ up ?is cell ab\t f\r ounces ( sal ammoniac 7*loride ( ammonia7 are put into ! j> & en\gh wat] add$ to come ab\t half way up ! j>4 ,! por\s j> ,p & ! z9c ,z are !n ins]t$1 & ! cell is ready = use 9 a few m9utes aft] ! liquid has soak$ ?r\gh ! e>!nw>e into ! c>bon-manganese mixture4 ,wat] is (t5 p\r$ into ! por\s j> ?r\gh holes 9 its top to ha/5 ?is wett+4 ,wires are clamp$ by nuts or set-screws to ! negative t]m9al on ! z9c or ! positive t]m9al on ! c>bon1 x g5]ally n be+ ( consequ5ce :i* t]m9al is atta*$ to ei!r wire ( ! circuit4 ,a batt]y cell c\ld be con/ruct$ )\t ! manganese1 us+ simply a plate ( c>bon & a rod ( z9c1 b hydrog5 gas w\ld be g5]at$ on ! c>bon plate :5 ! cell 0 work+ & w\ld /op ! curr5t fl[+4 ,?is is call$ pol>ization1 & p]oxide ( manganese is a de-pol>iz]1 because x comb9es ) ?is hydrog5 gas almo/ z fa/ z x is g5]at$1 & prev5ts1 to a great ext5t1 ! pol>ization4 ,b x does n /op x entirely1 z w be se5 if ! ,leclan*e cell is kept work+ above its capacity4 ,!n ! hydrog5 is g5]at$ too fa/ = ! manganese to de/roy x1 & ! cell ceases to "w4 ,9 ?is case a re/ w (t5 re/ore ! cell to its =m] p[]4 ,cells :i* h be5 almo/ unable to make a bell give ev5 a s+le tap h be5 f\nd good aga9 :5 all[$ to rema9 at re/ ov] night4 ,9 sett+ up a batt]y cell no liquid %\ld be spla%$ on ! brass t]m9als or corrosion w take place4 ,e metal surface :]e connection is made to all[ electric curr5t to pass mu/ be clean & bright1 & all screws1 or nuts1 hold+ wires mu/ be screw$ up tight s t ! wires are firmly clamp$4 ,loose or dirty connections are ! cause ( probably eight out ( e t5 tr\bles affect+ bells & batt]ies4 ,:5 ! fluid 9 a ,leclan*e cell becomes milky1 m sal ammoniac mu/ be add$4 ,or1 bett] /ill1 ?r[ out ! old solution1 wa% ! por\s j> ?or\ghly 9 clean wat]1 scrape ! z9c bright1 & half fill ! cell ) fre% solution4 ,! z9c we>+ away rapidly or becom+ cov]$ ) cry/als1 & a /rong smell ( ammonia1 %[ g5]ally t ! cell is be+ work$ too h>d1 or t ! curr5t is leak+ :]e x %\ld n4 ,a z9c rod 9 a cell work+ ! av]age door bell %\ld la/ = six mon?s1 ! por\s j> = a ye>4 ,! ,dry ,cell4 ,! ,leclan*e cell be+ a cell ) mu* free liquid is liable to dry up if n wat*$4 ,! dry cell 7,fig4 #c7 is a mod]n =m ( ! ,leclan*e :]e ! liquid is held by an absorb5t mat]ial1 su* z blott+ pap]1 or pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,a typical dry cell,a is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,an outside case ( z9c is l9$ ) blott+ pap] damp5$ ) *loride ( z9c & sal ammoniac4 ,a c>bon rod is !n ins]t$ 9 ! c5tre & pack$ ar\nd ) c>bon du/ & p]oxide ( manganese4 ,! latt] mixture is also some:at damp5$4 ,a ,= full description ( ?is class ( batt]y see ,no4 #c ,book on 8,dry ,batt]ies40 ,molt5 wax1 or a suitable composition1 is !n p\r$ on top ( ! cont5ts ( ! cell to seal x up & prev5t ! evaporation ( ! fluid4 ,a t]m9al on ! c>bon rod & ano!r on ! z9c case complete ! cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! voltage ( bo? ! ,leclan*e & ! dry cell is ab\t #a4de1 :5 x goes bel[ ?is x indicates t ! cell is work$ out4 ,! two cells describ$ are kn[n z op5-circuit cells & are only int5d$ = int]mitt5t work+4 ,:5 a curr5t is ne$$ = a long p]iod at a "t a clos$ circuit cell %\ld be us$1 su* z ! gravity ,daniell cell4 ,! ,gravity ,daniell ,cell4 ,! gravity cell1 ,fig4 #d1 has a z9c block ,z susp5d$ f ! side ( ! j> & a numb] ( copp] leaves ,c /&+ on edge at ! bottom4 ,a quantity ( blue/one 7sulphate ( copp]7 is p\r$ ov] ! copp] leaves & ! j> fill$ ) wat]4 ,dur+ ! work+ ( ?is cell1 copp] is deposit$ on ! copp] plate1 & sulphate ( z9c =m$ at ! z9c4 ,to ha/5 ! action a small quantity ( z9c sulphate c be add$ to ! solution :5 sett+ up ! cell4 ,! "n ( ?is cell comes f ! fact t ! copp] solution be+ heavi] rema9s at ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,if ! cell is n work$ en\gh1 all ! solution w become blue & ! z9c w black54 ,if v dirty f ?is cause1 remove ! z9c1 scrape & wa% x ?or\ghly4 ,?r[ out all ! solution1 add new sulphate & wat] & replac+ ! z9c1 !n put ! cell on %ort circuit by connect+ ! copp] & z9c toge!r = a few h\rs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! e4 m4 f4 ( a gravity cell is )9 a fraction ( "o volt1 its curr5t ne>ly "o-half amp]e4 ,w>m? makes x give a great] curr5t2 on no acc\nt let a gravity cell freeze4 ,resi/ance ( a ,cell4 ,! fluids 9 a cell d n conduct electricity z well z copp] does2 !y (f] m resi/ance & ?us r$uce ! curr5t output4 ,! int]nal resi/ance ( a cell may be l[]$ by us+ l>ge z9c plates curl$ ar\nd ! por\s pot4 ,! ,samson cell has a l>ge z9c plate b5t 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 ! c>bon-manganese comb9ation /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( x4 ,! dry cell also has a l>ge z9c1 ! int]nal resi/ance be+ ?us mu* l[]$1 ! curr5t output is increas$4 ,?is is by reason ( ,ohm's law1 :i* tea*es t to increase ! curr5t fl[1 ei!r ! voltage ( ! batt]y mu/ be increas$1 or ! resi/ance decreas$4 ,b increas$ curr5t means less5$ life2 !re is only j s mu* en]gy 9 a cell ma9ly dep5d5t on ! quantity ( *emicals4 ,gr\p+ ( ,cells4 ,cells may be gr\p$ 9 a batt]y to get increas$ voltage1 or increas$ amp]age4 ,:5 connect$ = ! =m]1 !y are 9 s]ies1 ! c>bon ( "o is connect$ to ! z9c ( ! next1 & s on4 ,if all ! c>bons are connect$ toge!r & all ! z9cs1 !y are 9 multiple1 & w give ! same voltage z ( "o cell b ! comb9$ amp]age ( all4 ,9 ord9>y bell "w ! s]ies is ! g5]al connection1 ! high] ! resi/ance ( ! circuit1 or ! long] ! wires1 ! m voltage is requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,bells & ,pu%es ,electric ,bells4 ,! two ma9 types ( h\se bells are ! iron box & ! skeleton4 ,! iron box has a ca/-iron frame1 or base1 & a ca/- or /amp$-iron cov] ov] ! me*anism4 ,! skeleton bell has an iron frame b no cov]1 & is g5]ally bett] f9i%$ & m exp5sive ?an ! iron box bells4 ,= fire al>m purposes1 me*anical bells or gongs are made1 9 :i* a clockwork me*anism causes ! hamm] to /rike ! gong ^u be+ releas$ by electromagnetism4 ,m>9e or wat]pro( bells h an iron cov] fitt+ tight ov] a rubb] gasket2 !y are = m>9e1 or m9+1 "w4 ,pol>iz$1 or magneto1 bells are us$ 9 telephone "w1 & are r>ely op]at$ by a batt]y1 b h a m9iature dynamo g5]ator op]at$ by h&1 or p[]1 to supply ! actuat+ curr5t4 ,mo/ bells are class$ = size by ! diamet] ( ! gong1 a f\r-in* bell be+ "o ) a gong f\r in*es 9 diamet]2 a six-in* bell "o ) a six-in* gong1 & s on4 ,accord+ to ! use = :i* !y are int5d$1 bells may be vibrat+1 z be=e describ$1 s+le-/roke1 %unt or %ort-circuit+1 diff]5tial1 cont9u\s-r++1 or adapt$ = circuits ( high voltage4 ,! ,s+le-/roke ,bell4 ,! bell be=e describ$1 & aga9 %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 is a vibrat+1 or trembl+1 bell4 ,x is (t5 desir$ to h ! hamm] give only "o /roke = ea* pressure ( ! pu%1 z 9 signal+ ) a code ( taps2 9 ?is case a s+le-/roke bell is us$4 ,! circuit f ! b9d+ po/s is !n directly ?r\gh ! magnet coils )\t any break at ! contact screw1 z 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,,fig4 #f ,,fig4 #g ,9 adju/+ su* a bell to give a cle> s\nd1 press ! armature up aga9/ ! iron magnet cores & !n b5d back ! hamm] until x j cle>s ! gong4 ,! spr+ ( ! hamm] wire w c>ry ! hamm] suffici5tly =w>d to hit ! gong4 ,! tone w be cle>] ?an if ! hamm] damp]$ ! gong by press+ aga9/ x :5 ! armature 0 ne>e/ ! core4 ,by br++ out a ?ird connection1 a vibrat+ bell may be made bo? s+le /roke & vibrat+4 ,! ,%unt ,bell4 ,!re is a =m ( bell1 ,fig4 #g1 kn[n z ! %unt1 or %ort circuit bell1 :i* is (t5 us$ :5 two or m are to be connect$ 9 s]ies1 z w be se5 9 ! description ( circuits4 ,9 ?is bell ! circuit ?r\gh ! magnets is n brok5 at ! contact screw1 b ! =w>d movem5t ( ! armature %ort circuits ! coils4 ,z ! %ort1 or %unt1 circuit is v mu* l[] 9 resi/ance ?an ! wire on ! magnet coils1 ! ma9 curr5t fl[s ar\nd ! latt] & !y d n become en]giz$4 ,! sp>k+ at ! %unt+ contact screw is mu* less ?an x w\ld be at ! ord9>y break+ contact screw1 & ! plat9um po9ts la/ long]4 ,! ,diff]5tial ,bell4 ,sp>k+ at ! break+ contacts ( an electric bell is detrim5tal to ! plat9um po9ts1 & _m rem$ies h be5 devis$ to ov]come x4 ,sp>k+ is due to ! self-induction ( "o turn ( ! wire coil act+ on its neighbor1 & ?is prop]ty is utiliz$ 9 ! gas eng9e1 or gas-light+ sp>k coil1 :]e a fat sp>k is ne$$ to ignite gas4 ,! diff]5tial bell has two w9d+s 9 opposite directions4 ,! action ( "o w\ld be to produce an ,n-pole at "o end & an ,s-pole at ! o!r4 ,b ! second coil produces poles j ! opposite1 z ! pol>ity ( a magnet dep5ds on ! direction 9 :i* ! curr5t fl[s ar\nd x4 ,:]e ! curr5t fl[s ar\nd ! fir/ w9d+ ! armature is attract$ & its spr+ contact meets ! contact screw & all[s ! curr5t to divide1 "p fl[+ ?r\gh ! fir/ coil1 ! o!r fl[+ 9 ! rev]se direction 9 ! opposite way4 ,"o coil w\ld t5d to produce an ,n-pole :]e ! o!r coil produc$ an ,s-pole1 & ^! opposite poles w\ld s neutralize ea* o!r t !re w\ld be no magnetism4 ,! armature w\ld !re=e be pull$ back by its spr+ :5 bo? coils 7 ?r[n into circuit4 ,9 s do+ x w\ld cut out "o coil & ! same s]ies ( op]ations w\ld recomm5ce4 ,z a sp>k is normally produc$ :]e magnetism is lo/ by a break ( circuit1,b no sp>k appe>s1 z magnetism is produc$ by a break ( circuit 9 ?is case4 ,b ,= a full explanation ( self-induction see ,no4 #a ( ?is s]ies4 ,cont9u\s-r+ ,bell4 ,9 "s classes ( bell "w1 su* z burgl> al>ms1 x is desir$ t ! bell :5 once />t$ %all cont9ue to r+ until /opp$ by ! p]son call$4 ,9 ?is case a cont9u\s-r++ bell is ne$$1 su* z 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,:5 ! pu% ,p is press$1 ! curr5t fl[s 9 ! usual way ?r\gh contact screw ,l1 armature spr+ ,a1 magnet coils ,m ,m1 batt]y ,b1 back to ,p1 & ! bell r+s4 ,b on ! fir/ =w>d movem5t ( ! armature x releases ! spr+ contact ,s1 :i* flies =w>d & makes contact at ,u4 ,! circuit is n[ f ,b1 ?r\gh ,m ,m1 to ,a1 !nce ?r\gh ,l & ,s1 to ,u & back to ,b4 ,! bell w cont9ue to r+ until ! spr+ contact ,s is mov$ back & caught by ! projection on ! armature ,a4 ,a cont9u\s-r+ atta*m5t is also made & sold 9 mo/ electrical supply /ores1 :i* is complete 9 itself & c be appli$ to any bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,wat]pro( ,bells4 ,9 ,fig4 #i is an example ( a wat]pro( bell :]e ! me*anism is almo/ all entirely encas$ 9 a wat]pro( brass case4 ,! circuit is made & brok5 inside ! case1 b ! magnet cores project ?r\gh x & act on a second armature plac$ outside4 ,?is second armature c>ries ! hamm] :i* /rikes ! gong & is gov]n$ 9 spe$ by ! contact-break+ armature inside4 ,=ms ( ,bell ,gongs4 ,9 ord] to provide a v>iety ( s\nds1 bells are provid$ ) gongs ( v>i\s %apes4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! ord9>y =m ( gong4 ,fig4 #aa1 a tea gong2 ,fig4 #ab1 a c[ gong2 & ,fig4 #ac1 a sleigh bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,,fig4 #aa ,,fig4 #ab ,,fig4 #ac ,a coil ( /eel wire is also us$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ad1 :i* on be+ /ruck by ! hamm] gives a pleasant b n l\d tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,! ,buzz]4 ,! buzz] is ! me*anism ( a vibrat+ bell less ! hamm] & gong4 ,z ! armature vibrates x makes a buzz+ noise :i* does n c>ry z f> z ! s\nd f a /ruck gong4 ,x is us$ *iefly = a desk call & 9 telephone ex*ange "w1 or any place :]e g5]al att5tion is n desir$ to ! signal4 ,op]at+ ,bells at a ,di/ance4 ,:5 x is desir$ to r+ a bell situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! pu%1 ! resi/ance ( ! l9e becomes objectionable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,on l9es ( #ejj feet1 ,no4 #ah copp] wire & upw>ds1 ! batt]y necess>y w\ld be v l>ge1 two small batt]ies & a relay w\ld prove m satisfactory4 ,9 ,fig4 #ae ! circuit ( a simple =m ( relay is giv54 ,an adju/able contact screw ,c is plac$ :]e an ext5sion ,s ( ! armature ,a c /rike x4 ,?is ext5sion is provid$ ) a plat9um contact4 ,! connections are z 9 ! figure4 ,:5 ! pu% ,p is depress$1 ! curr5t f ! ma9 batt]y ,m en]gizes ! electromagnet ,e1 & ! armature ,a be+ attract$1 contacts ,s & ,c meet4 ,^! contacts close ! second circuit conta9+ ! bell ,b & ! local batt]y ,l4 ,! relay resembles a second pu% ne> ! bell1 b controll$ by curr5t f a di/ance in/ead ( be+ depress$ by h&4 ,its advantage consi/s 9 x ne$+ b a v weak curr5t to move ! armature ,a1 :i* is held back by a light spr+1 or by gravity4 ,! relay may !n be set ne> ! bell & ! wires f ! pu% may be ( a v great l5g?4 ,batt]y ,l1 :i* actually r+s ! bell1 w ?us only h to "w ?r\gh a few feet ( wire4 ,r$uc+ ,resi/ance ( a ,bell4 ,sometimes x is desir$ to r$uce ! resi/ance ! bell coils (f] to ! curr5t1 ! bell !n work+ ov] a v %ort l9e ) few cells ( batt]y4 ,or ! bell coils may h be5 w\nd ) f9e wire = l>ge batt]y voltage & a long l9e4 ,! bell coils may be put 9 multiple1 ! curr5t !n divid+ & "o-half go+ ?r\gh ea* spool4 ,untwi/ ! jo9t betwe5 ! spools ne> ! yoke or iron b> to :i* ! spools are atta*$4 ,jo9 "o ( ^! ends to ! wire at ! armature end ( ! o!r spool & ! second untwi/$ end to ! armature end wire ( its neighbor+ spool4 ,use %ort pieces ( insulat$ wire = ^! extra connections4 ,! curr5t n[ in/ead ( hav+ to g ?r\gh "o spool & !n ! o!r1 c bran* ?r\gh bo? at once4 ,! resi/ance to ! curr5t ( "o spool is half ! resi/ance ( two1 ! curr5t ?r\gh "o spool w !re=e be twice t ?r\gh ! two spools z at fir/ connect$4 ,& z !re are two pa?s = x1 ea* "o-half ! fir/ resi/ance1 ! total w be only "o-f\r? ! resi/ance ( ! ord9>y s]ies arrangem5t4 ,! same size batt]y w !re=e s5d f\r times ! curr5t ?r\gh ! spools 9 multiple ?an :5 !y are 9 s]ies4 ,x is to be not$ t ! wire on "o spool is w\nd 9 ! rev]se direction to t on ! o!r4 ,! reason w be app>5t if ! two spools & yoke are consid]$ z m]ely "o spool b5t 9 a ,u or horse%oe =m4 ,if bo? spools 7 w\nd 9 ! same direction !y w\ld be 9 opposite directions :5 ! ,u 7 /raight5$ out1 & w\ld cause l poles at ! same ends4 ,^! poles w\ld neutralize "o ano!r1 s t !re w\ld be no magnetic attraction4 ,?is c be readily prov$ by jo9+ toge!r ! two yoke ends & ! two armature ends ( ! spool wires4 ,!n pass ! curr5t ?r\gh ^! two jo9$ connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,,fig4 #ag ,,fig4 #ah ,,fig4 #ai ,! ,pu% ,button4 ,pu% buttons1 or pu%es1 are made 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 ) metal1 wood1 h>d rubb]1 or porcela9 bases4 ,fig4 #af has a metal base1 & is suitable = a front door4 ,fig4 #ag is a wood5 pe> pu%1 & is atta*$ at ! end ( a cord :i* has ! two conductors braid$ 9 x1 ea*1 h[ev]1 hav+ its own insulation4 ,fig4 #ah is a plate pu% = an outside door4 ,fig4 #ai is ei!r ( metal1 wood1 or porcela91 & is ! %ape mo/ commonly us$4 ,a ?ree-po9t pu% has ?ree contact spr+s4 ,"o is movable by means ( ! button1 "o is bel[ ! movable spr+1 & ! ?ird is above x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,:5 ! pu% button is n be+ depress$1 ! movable spr+ makes contact ) ! upp] spr+4 ,b :5 ! button is depress$1 ^! two spr+s "p1 & ! movable spr+ makes contact ) ! l[] "o4 ,?is /yle ( pu% is us$ = special bell & annunciator "w1 z w be describ$ lat]4 ,! =m ( comb9ation floor & table pu% 9 ,fig4 #bj is ! mo/ solidly con/ruct$ device ( its k9d4 ,! l[] "p is set 9 a hole bor$ 9 ! floor+1 ! metal flange keep+ x 9 place & prev5t+ its slipp+ ?r\gh4 ,! floor pu% atta*m5t works z foll[s3 ,! c5tral metal rod is divid$ into two p>ts ,b ,d1 by an insulat+ piece ( h>d rubb]4 ,:5 depress$ aga9/ ! action ( ! spiral spr+ by ! foot1 ! upp] "p ,b connects toge!r ! contact spr+s ,a ,c1 clos+ ! circuit ( bell & batt]y4 ,^! contact spr+s are insulat$ f ea* o!r by a h>d rubb] block ,r4 ,f ! table pu% a cord conta9+ two insulat$ wires leads to ! two p>ts ( ! rod at ,b & ,d4 ,:5 ! pu% c5tre is press$ d[n1 ! pu% spr+s come toge!r & practically %ort circuit ,b & ,d1 :i* completes ! circuit ( bell & batt]y4 ,at any "t ! c5tre rod may be remov$1 leav+ a surface almo/ flu% ) ! c>pet1 or floor1 ov] :i* furniture may be mov$ )\t injury to ! me*anism ( ! pu%4 ,= a floor pu% alone a %ort] =m ( ! c5tre rod is also sometimes furni%$ :i* is n divid$ by insulation4 ,! spiral spr+ keeps x cle> ( ! l[] contact ,a b enables x to always make connection ) ! upp] contact ,b4 ,press+ ?is rod d[n w also %ort circuit ! bell & batt]y s t ! signal is giv54 ,a door pull atta*m5t1 l ,fig4 #ba1 is made s t ! ord9>y =m ( lev] pull bell may be *ang$ into an electric bell4 ,be+ screw$ up ne> ! door pull1 a wire is run f ! latt] & fa/5$ to lev] ,l4 ,:5 ! pull is drawn out ! lev] ,l turns on a pivot & a projection presses ! insulat$ spr+ ,s aga9/ ! metal base ,b4 ,! circuit ( ! bell & batt]y be+ ?us clos$1 ! bell r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,indicat+ ,pu% ,button4 ,a pu% button is made :i* conta9s 9 ! base a small electromagnet 9 s]ies ) ! l9e4 ,an armature on a spr+ is fix$ ne> ! magnet poles4 ,:5 ! pu% is depress$1 ! curr5t travels ?r\gh ?is electromagnet1 & z ! circuit is made & brok5 at ! di/ant bell1 x is also int]rupt$ 9 ! electromagnet4 ,! armature vibrates 9 unison ) ! bell & ?us gives an audible indication t ! bell is r++4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,wir+1 ,circuits & ,tr\bles ,! ,wire4 ,! size ( ! copp] wire us$ 9 bell "w is ,no4 #af1 or ,no4 #ah1 ,b & ,s gauge1 & sometimes small]1 su* z ,no4 #bj to #bb4 ,b small] wire ?an ,no4 #ah has too mu* resi/ance1 & w\ld necessitate a l>g] batt]y p[]1 ev5 if its me*anical /r5g? 7 n too l[4 ,! insulat+ cov]+s are cotton saturat$ ) p>aff9 wax or comp\nds4 ,! cov]$ wires are v>i\sly kn[n z annunciator1 (fice1 or wea!rpro( wire1 ^! t]ms be+ mo/ly = di/9ction ( ! cov]+s & n = ! use to :i* ! wire w\ld be put4 ,annunciator wire has two lay]s ( cotton m]ely wrapp$ ar\nd ! copp] & !n saturat$ ) p>aff94 ,(fice wire has ! two cotton lay]s braid$1 ! inside "o be+ fill$ ) a moi/ure-repell+ comp\nd4 ,bo? (fice & annunciator wires h _! outside cov]+s fill$ ) p>aff9 & highly poli%$4 ,f ! ease ) :i* annunciator wire is /ripp$ ( its cotton cov]+1 ! braid$ (fice wire is to be pref]r$4 ,^! cov]+s are made 9 a v>iety ( colors4 ,wea!rpro( cov]$ wire is mo/ly us$ = electric light "w1 b ! sizes giv5 above are good = bell "w1 al?\gh _! l>g] outside diamet] makes !m h>d] to conceal4 ,! approximate numb] ( feet to ! p\nd ( (fice & annunciator wire is giv5 9 ! table4 ,(fice ,wire4 ,annunciator ,wire4 ------------------------------------ ,no4 ,feet p] lb4 ,no4 ,feet p] lb4 ------------------------------------ #ab #ce #ah #ahj #ad #ee #bj #bbe #af #ie #ah #ace ,jo9ts4 ,^u ! c>e ) :i* a jo9t is made mu* dep5ds1 a loose or poorly made jo9t w (f] mu* resi/ance to ! curr5t4 ,! correct way to />t a jo9t 9 annunciator1 or (fice1 wire is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,ab\t ?ree in*es ( ea* wire to be jo9$ is b>$ ( its insulation & scrap$ bright4 ,! ends are !n b5t at "r angles to ea* o!r1 hook$ toge!r & "o end firmly twi/$ ar\nd ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,any project+ pieces are cut (f1 & ! jo9ts %\ld !n be sold]$ to prev5t corrosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,,fig4 #bc ,,fig4 #bd ,adhesive tape 78friction tape07 is wrapp$ ar\nd ! jo9t1 ,fig4 #bd1 & press$ firmly toge!r s t !re is no *ance ( its unravell+4 ,! tape wrapp+ %\ld ext5d across ! jo9t & on to ab\t a half in* ( ! insulation ar\nd ea* wire4 ,runn+ ! ,wires4 ,to detail all ! op]ations ( in/all+ a complex sy/em ( bell1 al>m & annunciator wires w\ld be impossible f ! reasons t conditions v>y & space is limit$4 ,g5]al directions w !n only be giv5 to enable ! inexp]i5c$ to run su* wires z may be ne$$ 9 ord9>y dome/ic "w & to gu>d aga9/ ! mo/ common causes ( failure4 ,wires may be run 9 t9 tubes to prev5t ! depr$ations ( rats & mice1 or !y may be run ) simply _! own cov]+ = protection2 x is presum$ ! latt] is und]tak54 ,9 a case :]e ! build+ is ( frame & 9 c\rse ( erection ! task is mu* simplifi$4 ,hav+ fir/ decid$ ^u ! plan1 numb] ( bells1 pu%es1 etc4 & _! location1 proce$ to run ! wires fir/ 9 ord] t ! pu%es1 bells1 etc4 may n be injur$4 ,b :]e ! h\se is already occupi$1 z 9 ! majority ( cases likely to be met ) by ! read]1 ! bell & batt]y may be set fir/4 ,take ! case ( an ord9>y door bell ) ! pu% at ! front door1 ! bell 9 ! kit*5 & ! batt]y 9 ! cell>4 ,if possible get ! wire on two spools2 x w simplify matt]s if bo? wires are ( diff]5t colors4 ,/>t+ at ! pu%1 h a foot ( ea* wire = connection & slack1 & fa/5 ea* wire lightly to ! woodwork ) /aples1 or d\ble-po9t$ tacks1 nev] putt+ two wires "u "o /aple nor driv+ 9 a /aple s x cuts ! insulation4 ,"s cases w require a /aple ab\t e foot1 on /raight runs sometimes e ?ree feet4 ,9 _m cases ! wires c be p>tly conceal$ 9 ! angle betwe5 a m\ld+ & ! wall1 or ev5 9 a groove ( ! m\ld+ itself4 ,:5 runn+ along a skirt+1 ! wires may (t5 be pu%$ out ( sight betwe5 x & ! floor4 ,d n attempt to draw ! wires too tight or ! *anges ( ! wea!r may break ! wires :5 ! woodwork %r9ks or swells4 ,! wires w be1 "o f ! pu% to ! bell1 "o f ! pu% to ! batt]y1 & "o f ! bell to ! batt]y4 ,s x is probable t ! second wire c be run "r ?r\gh a small hole bor$ 9 ! floor+ "u ! pu%1 b inside ! front door4 ,9 ?is case x w be p]haps easi] if ! spool be left 9 ! cell> & ! end ( ! wire be pu%$ up f bel[ & /apl$ to ! woodwork ne> ! pu%1 leav+ ! cell> "w to ! la/4 ,only "o wire w be run !n direct to ! bell up/airs & x c be bett] conceal$ ?an two4 ,if necess>y x may be drawn "u a c>pet & n /apl$1 or x c (t5 be =c$ into ! crack betwe5 two bo>ds4 ,b if n1 run x along ! skirt+1 foll[+ ! walls until x rea*es bel[ ! bell4 ,x is (t5 bett] to g entirely ar\nd a room ?an to cross bel[ a door4 ,if a door mu/ be cross$ ! wire may ei!r run up "o side ( ! frame & d[n ! o!r or laid b5ea? ! c>pet on ! sill4 ,! =m] is pref]able1 b takes m wire4 ,9 _m h\ses ! bell wire z well z ! batt]y wire may be run across ! cell> beams 7,fig4 #be71 9 :i* case bore a second hole = x ne> ! pu%2 d n draw x ?r\gh ! same hole z ! pu% to batt]y wire4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 "h "w upw>ds ) ! spool 9 ! cell>4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! bell location1 run ! ?ird wire d[n into ! cell> to ! batt]y4 ,n[ connect up ! pu%1 b>+ an in* or s ( ea* wire1 pu% !m ?r\gh ! holes provid$ 9 ! pu% base1 screw d[n ! pu% base & clamp ! wires "u ! wa%]s ?r\gh :i* ! connection screws run4 ,d ?is neatly1 be sure ! ends ( ! wires d n /ick out1 cut (f :at is left free ( ! b>$ ends4 ,!n connect ! batt]y to ! wire f ! pu% & ! wire f ! bell4 ,! la/ ?+ is to scrape & fa/5 ! bell wires to ! bell b9d+ po/s4 ,d ?is s t !y _c come loose & t !y make good contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,! bell %\ld n[ r+ prop]ly :5 ! pu% is press$4 ,to sum up1 "o wire leads f "o spr+ ( ! pu% to ! bell1 "o wire f ! o!r spr+ ( ! pu% to ! batt]y1 & ano!r wire f ! rema9+ b9d+ po/ on ! bell to ! rema9+ b9d+ po/ on ! batt]y4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! z9c t]m9al or ! c>bon t]m9al g to ! bell or pu%4 ,comb9ations ( ,bells & ,pu%es4 ,"o ( ! wires 9 a bell circuit may be replac$ by ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #bf74 ,connection may be made to a gas or wat] pipe or to a metal plate buri$ deep 9 damp e>?4 ,any wire fa/5$ to su* a plate mu/ be ?or\ghly sold]$ to x or a voltaic action w be set up1 :i* w eat x away at ! po9t ( contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,:5 "o bell is to be rung f two or m po9ts ! pu%es are to be connect$ 9 multiple 7,fig4 #bg7 z if !y 7 9 s]ies2 all w\ld h to be clos$ to complete ! circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,if two bells are to be op]at$ f "o pu% !y may be 9 s]ies 7,fig4 #bh71 b 9 ?is case "o ( !m mu/ be arrang$ = s+le /roke4 ,if bo? 7 vibrat+ bells ! armature ( "o w\ld n vibrate 9 unison ) ! o!r armature & ! result w\ld be irregul> contact break+ & int]mitt5t r++4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,a pref]able connection = two or m bells & "o pu% is ,fig4 #bi1 :]e ! bells are 9 multiple4 ,?is requires m curr5t ?an ! s]ies me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,to r+ two bells f ei!r "o ( two po9ts1 ! arrangem5t 9 ,fig4 #cj w answ]4 ,x requires only two wires or "o wire & gr\nd return1 b two batt]ies4 ,z bo? bells are 9 multiple bo? w r+1 ! "o ne>e/ ! pu% be+ depress$ r++ ! l\de/4 ,?is is a disadvantage4 ,if ! s]ies arrangem5t 9 ,fig4 #ca be select$1 "o bell mu/ be arrang$ = s+le /roke4 ,bo? bells w r+ ) equal p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,9 ,fig4 #cb only ! di/ant bell r+s1 ! circuit hav+ only "o batt]y b ?ree wires1 or two wires & gr\nd return4 ,a plan :]e two batt]ies are ne$$ b only two wires1 or "o wire & gr\nd is 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,d\ble contact or ?ree-po9t pu%es are necess>y "h1 mak+ "o contact :5 depress$ & a second "o :5 n be+ t\*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,9 ?is figure only ! di/ant bell r+s4 ,faults 9 ,bells4 ,on exam9+ _m electric bells x w be not$ t only "o b9d+ po/ is insulat$ f ! frame :5 ! latt] is ( iron 7,fig4 #cd74 ,z ! armature spr+ ,s is 9 electrical connection ) ! frame ,f by reason ( its metal screws & support1 ! circuit may run f ! insulat$ po/ ,u to ! magnet coils1 !nce ?r\gh ! insulat$ contact screw ,c ?r\gh ! armature spr+ 7:5 x is mak+ contact7 & ?r\gh ! frame to ! un9sulat$ po/ ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,?is saves labor1 wire & complication1 b if ! insulation ( ! po/ ,u1 ! wires ,w ,v1 or ! contact screw ,c be injur$1 ! curr5t may take a %ort pa? back to ! frame4 ,if ,c 7 ?us gr\nd$1 ! bell w\ld act z a s+le-/roke bell4 ,if ,u 7 gr\nd$1 ! bell w\ld n r+ at all1 z t w\ld be a %ort circuit on ! batt]y betwe5 ,i & ,u & ! latt] w\ld also result if ! b>e wire 7 t\*+ ! frame at ,v4 ,if ! b>e wire t\*$ ! frame beyond ,m ,m1 t is1 along ,w1 x w\ld be a s+le-/roke bell1 z if ,c 7 gr\nd$4 ,z any "o ( ^! faults is likely to occur1 !y %\ld be look$ = :5 ! bell acts imp]fectly1 or n at all4 ,a v common fault 9 a bell is :5 its armature /icks to ! cores & ?us does n make contact ) ! contact screw4 ,?is may be f a weak spr+ or because ( ! loss ( ! pieces ( brass ins]t$ 9 ! ends ( ! cores to keep ! armature away f actual contact4 ,a piece ( a po/age /amp /uck ov] ! core end w (t5 help out 9 ! latt] case4 ,a high scree*+ noise f ! armature vibrat+ too rapidly b ) too little play1 may be f excessive batt]y p[] or ! contact screw be+ too f> =w>d4 ,! =m] w g5]ally be detect$ by ! viol5t sp>k+ z well z ! rapid vibration4 ,9 v *eap bells ! plat9um contacts may be replac$ by ,g]man silv] or "s o!r metal4 ,plat9um is necess>y because ! sp>k+ w\ld soon corrode o!r metals1 b x is v exp5sive4 ,to te/ = plat9um put a t9y drop ( nitric acid on ! suspect$ metal4 ,if bubbles or smoke appe> x is n plat9um4 ,aft] apply+ ?is te/ 9 any case h[ev]1 c>efully wa% (f & remove all traces ( ! acid1 z x w corrode ! metal into :i* ! plat9um is rivet$4 ,dirty contacts w decrease ! curr5t 9 ! bell coils & x w n "w well1 if at all4 ,loose contact screws & wires also give tr\ble4 ,! adju/+ ( ! contact screw is ( ! utmo/ importance1 & %\ld nev] be attempt$ unless x is cle>ly necess>y4 ,faults 9 ,l9e4 ,9 look+ = a fault 9 a bell circuit make sure ! batt]y is work+2 if only "o or two cells1 put ! ends ( two wires atta*$ to ! t]m9als on ! tongue3 a metallic ta/e w indicate curr5t4 ,!n see t ! circuit wires are firmly clamp$ 9 ! t]m9als & no dirt or corrosion on ! connections4 ,next exam9e ! pu% button & see t ! wire connections at ! spr+s are p]fect4 ,if !re is no movem5t ( ! bell at all :5 ! pu% is press$ 91 take a pocket knife or screw driv]1 & t\* ! blade across ! pu% spr+s4 ,if !re is curr5t fl[+ sp>ks w be se5 :5 ! blade breaks contact betwe5 ! spr+s4 ,if !re are no sp>ks1 deta* ! wires f ! bell & twi/ ! b>e ends toge!r4 ,!n try aga9 = sp>ks--!y may n[ be v m9ute4 ,! tongue te/ is good "h4 ,if curr5t is detect$1 exam9e ! bell = ! defects fir/ m5tion$4 ,b if no curr5t is f\nd at ! pu% n[ ! wires are brok5 some:]e4 ,fir/ %ort circuit ! pu% spr+s by ins]t+ a knife blade or piece ( wire s z to t\* bo? ( !m4 ,!n t\* ! two wires at ! bell1 "o to ea* side wire com+ f ! magnet coils4 ,if curr5t is up to ! bell & ! coils are all "r1 a s+le /roke %\ld result4 ,replace ! wires 9 ! b9d+ po/s1 clean ! plat9um on bo? contact screw & armature spr+ & try ! adju/m5t4 ,tr\bles 9 ! bell w be mo/ly simil> to ^? be=e m5tion$4 ,if no curr5t has be5 obta9$ at ei!r bell or pu%1 & ! batt]y is 9 good work+ ord]1 ! l9e mu/ be te/$ = a cross or break4 ,if ! wires are t\*+ ea* o!r 7,fig4 #ce7 at "s b>e spot ,s betwe5 ! bell & ! batt]y1 x w be %[n by ! metallic ta/e ^u deta*+ "o wire f ! batt]y & lay+ x on ! tongue ,t1 toge!r ) ano!r wire ,w f ! disconnect$ t]m9al ( ! batt]y4 ,! curr5t w travel f ! batt]y to ! cross at ,s1 !n back along ! second circuit wire to ! tongue & ?r\gh ! %ort wire to ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,if no curr5t is obta9$ 9 ?is way x is probable t ! wire is brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,! easie/ way to f9d ?is is to take a bell to ! batt]y & connect x betwe5 ! circuit wires & ! batt]y 7,fig4 #cf74 ,!n ) a %>p knife c>efully cut away a little piece ( ! insulation f ea* wire beyond ! bell & batt]y & %ort circuit ! b>$ spots ) ! knife blade ,k4 ,keep work+ t[>ds ! pu%4 ,! bell w r+ ea* "t at ,k ,k until ! break ,d is pass$1 at ,c x w n4 ,x becomes an easy matt] !n to locate x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,if ! bell & pu% are f> ap>t1 z 9 ,fig4 #cg1 a break betwe5 ! pu% & ! bell may be f\nd z %[n4 ,) ! knife blade ,k at diff]5t po9ts ! bell w r+1 b aft] pass+ ! break ,d x w n r+4 ,su* simple te/s z are "h giv5 c be c>ri$ out by any "o1 b f> bett] results w be obta9$ if ! reason = ea* is fir/ le>n$4 ,?is c be readily done by a c>eful /udy ( ! diagrams & text4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,al>ms ,fire ,al>ms4 ,!rmo/ats1 heat al>ms & fire al>ms are all practically ! same1 ! t]m !rmo/at be+ appli$ pr9cipally to ! app>atus :i* closes ! electrical circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,!rmo/ats act on ! pr9ciple t heat causes expansion :e!r ( sub/ances1 liquids1 or gases4 ,! degree 9 :i* diff]5t sub/ances exp& v>ies = ! same increase 9 temp]ature4 ,?is fact is us$ 9 a common =m ( !rmo/at %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,a /rip ( wood or h>d rubb] ,r has a /rip ( ?9 %eet metal ,s rivet$ to x4 ,?is comp\nd /rip is held at "o end by a lug ,l screw$ fa/ to a basebo>d4 ,^u an increase ( temp]ature ! h>d rubb] exp&s m ?an ! metal /rip & ! comp\nd /rip b5ds t[>ds ! adju/able contact screw ,a4 ,^u t\*+ ! latt]1 ! circuit ?r\gh ! bell ,b1 batt]y ,c & ! metal /rip ,s is complet$1 & ! bell r+s4 ,a contact screw c be arrang$ at ! o!r side ( ,s ,r1 :i* w give w>n+ ( a decrease 9 temp]ature1 z ! rubb] contracts m ?an ! metal /rip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,9 "s !rmo/ats ( ?is "* two metals hav+ diff]5t coeffici5ts ( expansion1 su* z /eel & brass1 are us$ in/ead ( metal & h>d rubb]4 ,!rmo/ats ( ?is nature are mu* us$ 9 incubators1 & !y c readily be comb9$ ) electric app>atus to op5 or close hot-air valves1 damp]s1 etc41 & ?us regulate ! supply ( hot air1 hot wat]1 or gas4 ,a !rmo/at mu* us$ 9 fire al>m "w has a ?9 metal *amb] :i* is air tight4 ,an increase ( temp]ature causes ! air to exp&1 :i* swells out ! walls ( ! *amb] & closes an electric circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,! m]curial !rmo/at %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci has a glass tube ,t & bulb conta9+ m]cury4 ,into ea* end is seal$ a plat9um wire ,p ,p4 ,^u ! temp]ature ris+ to a pr$et]m9$ degree1 ! exp&$ m]cury completes ! circuit betwe5 ,p ,p & ! batt]y ,c & bell ,b are put 9 op]ation4 ,fig4 #dj is ! op5 circuit sy/em mo/ us$ by ! fire al>m companies1 only "o circuit ( six !rmo/ats be+ illu/rat$4 ,x w be se5 t if any !rmo/at closes ! circuit betwe5 ! out] & inn] wires ( ! r+ ,a ,b1 curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! correspond+ drop ( ! annunciator & w attract ! armature ,a ( ! relay4 ,?is w cause ! bell to r+4 ,z ! relay is connect$ to ! annunciator z be=e %[n = ! annunciator bell1 x (f]s a common pa? = any drop to ! batt]y4 ,?us ! bell w r+ = any circuit1 b ! individual drop only w fall4 ,9 a simpl] circuit ! relay may be disp5s$ ) & a vibrat+ bell only us$4 ,!rmo/ats may be op]at$ on op5 or clos$ circuits1 t is1 !y may give ! al>m by clos+ a circuit & r++ a bell1 or by op5+ "o & releas+ a contact spr+ z 9 ! burgl> al>m sy/em to be describ$ lat]4 ,wat] ,level ,al>ms4 ,:]e x is desir$ to signal ! ris+ or fall+ ( wat] 9 a tank above or bel[ a giv5 po9t1 a wat] level indicator z 9 ,fig4 #da may be us$4 ,a holl[ ball ,h is m\nt$ on ! end ( a rod :i* slides v]tically 9 guides1 n %[n4 ,adju/able /ops ,s ,s press aga9/ a spr+ arm ,r1 press+ x up or d[n1 accord+ z ! wat] level is ris+ or fall+4 ,if ris+1 ,r makes contact ) ! adju/able screw ,a1 if fall+1 ) ,d1 9 bo? cases complet+ ! electrical circuit ( ! batt]y ,c & bell ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,ano!r & simpl] =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 :]e ! ball ,h is m\nt$ on ! end ( a lev] ,l pivot$ at ,p1 its rise or fall complet+ ! circuit ( ,b & ,c z be=e4 ,:]e x is desir$ to give a diff]5t signal = ! rise & ! fall ( level1 two bells ,b & ,e 7,fig4 #dc7 may be us$ connect$ z %[n4 ,! ris+ ( ! ball w r+ bell ,b1 & its fall1 bell ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,,fig4 #dc ,9 bo? =ms ( indicator1 a means mu/ be provid$ t an undue rise may n b5d ! lev]4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by us+ contact spr+s in/ead ( contact screws2 x is1 h[ev]1 !n h>d] to adju/ ! indicator to f9e diff]5ces ( level4 ,9 all cases ! contacts mu/ be fac$ ) plat9um to prev5t corrosion4 ,burgl> ,al>ms4 ,a burgl> al>m is a device = indicat+ ! op5+ ( a door or w9d[1 by ! r++ ( a bell or op]ation ( an annunciator4 ,! contact app>atus at ! po9ts to be protect$ may ei!r op5 an electrical circuit or close "o1 9 ! latt] case be+ m]e modifications ( pu% buttons4 ,! simple/ =m is ! latt] or op5-circuit me?od4 ,! spr+ contact to be ins]t$ 9 ! door jamb or w9d[ frame is s con/ruct$ t :ile "u pressure ! contacts are kept ap>t & ! circuit is op54 ,b :5 ! door or w9d[ is op5$1 ! pressure is releas$ & a spr+ =ces ! contacts toge!r4 ,fig4 #dd is an op5-circuit w9d[ spr+ fitt$ 9 ! w9d[ frame s t :5 ! w9d[ is clos$ ! spr+ lug ,s is press$ inw>ds1 break+ contact ) ! base ,b4 ,if ! w9d[ is rais$1 ! lug flies to ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & mak+ contact ) ,b1 completes ! circuit ?r\gh bell & batt]y4 ,^! spr+s are fitt$ 9 ! side ( ! w9d[ frame 9 a v]tical position & are entirely conceal$ :5 ! w9d[ is %ut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd ,9 ! clos$-circuit sy/em ! rev]se happ5s4 ,! pressure ( ! clos$ door or w9d[ keeps ! contacts toge!r & its op5+ enables !m to spr+ ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,9 ,fig4 #de is a diagram ( a clos$-circuit burgl> al>m1 ,c a cell ( gravity batt]y1 ,r a relay1 ,f ! fix$ contact & ,m ! movable contact ( ! spr+1 ,s a /ud project+ ?r\gh ! base ( ! spr+ & pu%$ 9 by ! clos$ door4 ,:5 ! door is clos$1 ,s be+ pu%$ 91 ! circuit ( ,c1 ,r1 ,f & ,m is clos$4 ,! magnets ( ! relay hold ! armature arm ,a =w>d aga9/ a h>d rubb] contact4 ,b :5 ,s is releas$1 ! relay circuit is op5$1 ,r loses its p[] & ,a flies back1 mak+ contact1 & ?r[+ 9 circuit bell ,b & batt]y ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,a =m ( bell & relay comb9$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,"h ! armature ,a is held aga9/ ! magnets :ile ! circuit ?r\gh ! spr+ ,f & batt]y ,g is clos$4 ,b on op5+ ?is circuit ! armature flies back & makes contact ) an adju/able contact screw ,s putt+ 9 circuit a local batt]y ,c4 ,! bell is n[ practically a vibrat+ bell2 on a clos$ circuit x r+s until ! circuit is aga9 clos$ or ! batt]y runs d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,a diff]5t connection ( ! same s*eme is ,fig4 #dg1 :]e only "o batt]y is us$4 ,?is mu/ be a gravity batt]y or "s o!r clos$-circuit batt]y4 ,! circuit c be easily trac$ 9 ! figure & ne$s no special description4 ,bo? ( ! latt] s*emes are inf]ior to "o us+ a sep>ate relay4 ,if ! circuit at ! spr+ 7 quickly clos$ aga9 ! bell w\ld ei!r /op r++1 or be s hamp]$ z to r+ v weakly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,a relay made z 9 ,fig4 #dh has no spr+ support to ! armature ,a1 :i* falls d[n by gravity4 ,! adju/able contact ,c is screw$ f> back1 s t ! armature mu/ fall a consid]able di/ance away f ! electromagnets be=e x makes contact4 ,?is ensures t ! armature w n be attract$ & ! bell /opp$ f r++ by a re-clos+ ( ! circuit at ! door or w9d[ spr+4 ,a %ade spr+ 7,fig4 #di71 is made = ei!r op5 or clos$ circuits4 ,9 op]ation1 ! %ade is pull$ d[n & its /r+ or r+ hook$ on to ,h4 ,?is draws ,h up a trifle aga9/ a spiral spr+ & its l[] end makes contact ) an insulat$ spr+ ,s clos+ ! circuit4 ,if ! %ade is di/urb$1 ! spiral spr+ on ! l[] "p ( ,h is releas$ & x causes a break ( contact ) ,s 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,:5 made = op5 circuit1 ,s is b5t s t :ile "u t5sion no contact is made1 b release ( t5sion causes ! contact4 ,fig4 #ej gives ! wir+ ( two w9d[s & a door on ! clos$-circuit sy/em4 ,x w be se5 t ! contact spr+s are all 9 s]ies1 op5+ a w9d[ or ! door w ?us break ! circuit4 ,:5 sett+ ! al>m at night by connect+ up ! batt]ies1 relay & bell1 %\ld any "o ( ^! spr+s be op5 ! relay armature w n hold1 & ! bell r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,9 ?is figure ! relay is replac$ by an electromagnet hold+ up a drop %utt] by magnetic attraction4 ,^u ! circuit op5+1 ?is %utt] falls1 expos+ a numb] pa9t$ on x4 ,at ! same "t x hits a spr+ contact plac$ bel[ x & closes ! bell & local batt]y circuit4 ,door ,trip ,al>m4 ,a sw++ contact door trip c be atta*$ ov] a door to r+ a bell :5 ! door is op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea ,9 ,fig4 #ea ! door trip is screw$ ov] ! door s t ! l[e/ arm ,a is /ruck by ! door4 ,:5 ! door is op5$1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ! arm ,a is ?ru/ =w>ds1 & 9 its turn moves ! contact arm ,c1 complet+ ! bell & batt]y circuit4 ,b :5 ! door is be+ clos$1 ,a sw++ 9 ! rev]se direction does n move ,c & no al>m is giv54 ,miscellane\s ,al>ms4 ,! ,applegate electrical matt+ is compos$ ( wood5 slats ) spr+s s arrang$ t ! weight ( any p]son /epp+ on x w close a circuit & r+ a bell4 ,x is int5d$ to be put "u ! ord9>y door mat or "u /air & room c>pet+4 ,! ,yale lock swit* is a ,yale lock & swit* comb9$4 ,^u any key b ! "r "o be+ ins]t$1 a circuit is clos$ & an al>m bell is rung4 ,,*apt] ,v ,annunciators ,! ,annunciator4 ,! me*anism ( an annunciator consi/s ( electromagnets :i* all[ %utt]s to drop or ne$les to move on ! circuits be+ clos$4 ,a bell is also rung 9 mo/ cases to call att5tion to ! annunciator4 ,! numb] ( ! circuit is m>k$ on ! %utt]1 or ne> ! ne$le1 ei!r %utt] or ne$le be+ replac$ by a reset device1 :i* may be me*anical or electrical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb ,annunciator drops are made 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,fig4 #eb illu/rates ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ne>ly all ( !m4 ,:5 curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! magnet coils ,m1 ! armature ,a is attract$1 & be+ pivot$ at ,p1 ! lev] hook ,h rises & all[s ! weight$ %utt] ,s to fall & display a numb] pa9t$ on its inside surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,,fig4 #ed ,! ne$le drop 9 ,fig4 #ec is "o t has met ) great favor & works z foll[s3 ! s(t iron core ( ! magnet ,c has a hole drill$ ?r\gh x1 9 :i* turns ! %aft ,s4 ,an arr[ or ne$le is atta*$ at ! front end ov] ! face ( ! annunciator4 ,a not*$ arm ,b is fix$ on ! re> end ( ! %aft & is held 9 a horizontal position by ! end ( armature ,a4 ,:5 ! curr5t fl[s ar\nd ,c1 armature ,a turns on its pivot t[>ds ! core ( ,c1 z 9 ,fig4 #ed1 unlock+ ,b1 :i* falls & !reby p>tly rotates %aft ,s & ! arr[4 ,:5 x is desir$ to reset ! arr[ & arm1 a button is press$ upw>ds1 :i* raises a rod c>ry+ an arm ,r4 ,?is latt] arm 9 turn raises ,b to its =m] position1 ! heavy end ( ,a falls1 & its po9t$ end locks ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,p5dulum1 or sw++1 signals are us$ 9 annunciator "w1 :]e !re is a liability t ! ord9>y drop %utt] w\ld n be reset4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 only give a visible signal = a few seconds1 & are !re=e liable to be ov]look$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ee a pivot$ arm c>ry+ a s(t iron armature ,a & a ?9 plate ,b hav+ a numb] on x is free to sw+ 9 front ( an electromagnet ,m4 ,:5 ! curr5t fl[s 9 ! electromagnet ! armature is attract$1 & ^u ! circuit be+ brok5 at ! pu%1 ! armature is releas$ & ! arm sw+s to & fro4 ,! drops ( an annunciator are wir$ up z 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,"o end ( ea* coil is atta*$ to a common return wire ,c1 ! o!r end go+ to ! pu% ,p4 ,:5 ,p is depress$1 ! circuit ( any drop is ?r\gh ,m along ,c ?r\gh bell1 batt]y & up common batt]y wire ,w back to o!r contact ( pu% ,p4 ,depress+ any pu% does n !re=e affect any o!r drop b ! "o controll$ by x4 ,wir+ up an ,annunciator4 ,a diagram ( ! connections = an annunciator ) a sep>ate bell is giv5 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,:]e ! bell is conta9$ 9 ! case a t]m9al w be g5]ally f\nd = connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,! figure %[s a wire runn+ f ! batt]y to "o side ( ea* pu% button4 ,?is is ! common return1 or batt]y wire1 & saves in/all+ two wires f ea* pu%4 ,x %\ld be l>g]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! re/ ( ! wires1 g5]ally ab\t ,no4 #af ,b4 ,s4 ,all ! wires = an annunciator %\ld be run be=e connect+ up4 ,!re are diff]5t me?ods ( sort+ out ! wires at ! annunciator4 ,"o way is to connect ! wires 7except ( c\rse common or batt]y return wires7 to ! drops 9 any ord]4 ,!n an assi/ant travels f pu% to pu% & presses ea* button1 not+ ! room numb]s & ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 visit$4 ,z ea* drop falls1 its numb] & ord] is not$4 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! li/ made by ! assi/ant w %[ ! correct *anges to make4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,= in/ance1 suppose pu%es #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f 7 press$ 9 t ord]1 & drops #c1 #d1 #e1 #a1 #b & #f fell 9 t ord]4 ,!n ! wires at ! annunciator w\ld be *ang$ z foll[s3 ,f #c to #a1 #d to #b1 #e to #c1 #a to #d1 & #b to #e2 #f w\ld already be 9 its "r place4 ,ano!r way is to comm5ce by twi/+ toge!r say ! wires at ,no4 #a pu%4 ,!n g to ! annunciator & t\* ea* ( ! pu% wires to ,no4 #a drop until x falls4 ,!n connect x1 untwi/ ! wires at ,no4 #a1 pu% & connect x up4 ,proce$ to ,no4 #b & s on until all ! pu%es h be5 connect$ 9 turn4 ,9 "s cases x is desir$ to answ] back to ! p]son call+1 or to be able to call any p]son f ! annunciator4 ,a circuit l ,fig4 #eh answ]s ! purpose ( bo? annunciator call & return1 or fire1 call4 ,?is requires two wires f ea* room to ! annunciator & a common return wire4 ,by trac+ out ! circuit x w be se5 t :5 a room pu% is press$1 ! annunciator ne$le & bell indicate4 ,& :5 "o ( ! pu%es ne> ! annunciator is press$1 ! correspond+ room bell r+s4 ,! =m] circuit is f ! pu%1 along ! common return wire1 ?r\gh bell & annunciator back to ! pu%4 ,! fire call is f pu% up l9e to bell ?r\gh bell along common return & ?r\gh batt]y to ! pu%4 ,! ,we/]n ,electric s+le-wire sy/em 7,fig4 #ei7 uses ?ree-po9t pu%es1 two batt]ies & two return wires4 ,batt]y ,a is = ! annunciator circuit & batt]y ,f = ! fire1 or return1 call4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,9 ea* room ! top contact & pu% spr+ contact are normally toge!r4 ,if "o ( ! pu%es bel[ ! annunciator is press$1 batt]y ,f is ?r[n 9 s]ies ) ! bell 9 ! room4 ,b :5 ! room pu% is press$ its bell is cut out & ! circuit becomes l an ord9>y annunciator circuit4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,annunciators & ,al>ms ,?ree ,wire ,return ,call ,sy/em4 ,a ?ree wire return call annunciator sy/em is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,!re are two batt]y wires in/all$1 f :i* taps are tak5 (f & l$ to ea* room or pu% button4 ,?ree way or return call pu% buttons are us$ z %[n at po9ts m>k$ ,b4 ,9 ! diagram1 ! bells are m>k$ ,a1 ! drops 9 ! annunciator ,d1 ! annunciator bell ,c & ! return call buttons 9 ! annunciator ,e4 ,! batt]ies are z %[n at ,f4 ,! heavy black outl9e encloses ! annunciator me*anism & connections :i* are drawn diagrammatically = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,?ree /ations only are %[n on ! sket*1 b ! annunciators :i* are manufactur$ by ,edw>ds & ,co41 ,inc41 ( ,new ,york1 are made 9 all /&>d sizes4 ,in/all+ ,elevator ,annunciators4 ,! in/all+ ( electric bells & annunciators 9 elevators does n pres5t any special problems1 al?\gh ! app>atus us$ mu/ be select$ ) a view to its be+ suitable to )/& ! %ocks incid5t to elevator s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj ,9 g5]al ! wires lead+ f ! pu% buttons on ! diff]5t floors to ! bell or annunciator 9 ! elevator1 are flexible & made up into a cable4 ,"o end ( ?is cable is atta*$ to ! und]side ( ! elevator c>1 ! o!r end be+ fix$ usually to ! elevator wall1 at a po9t midway betwe5 ! top & bottom ( ! %aft4 ,9 ,fig4 #fa is %[n a diagram ( ! g5]al circuit us$1 details ( c\rse diff]+ 9 ea* in/allation4 ,"o po9t to be tak5 c>e ( 9 elevator "w is ! atta*m5t ( ! cables4 ,! cont9ual movem5t t5ds to break ! wires at ! two ends if good flexible cable is n us$ & ! in/allation done 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,elevator cable is a /&>d article & may be procur$ ?r\gh any electrical supply /ore4 ,t mo/ commonly us$ consi/s ( ! requisite numb] ( copp] conductors ea* compos$ ( #af /r&s ,no4 #cj ,b4 & ,s4 gauge s(t & unt9n$ copp] wire4 ,^! flexible conductors are insulat$ ) two rev]se wrapp+s ( cotton & "o braid ( cotton4 ,! insulat$ conductors are cabl$ toge!r ) a /eel support+ /r& :]e extra t5sile /r5g? is requir$1 z 9 ! case ( extra long cables4 ,! numb] ( conductors g5]ally ranges f #c to #bj inclusive4 ,! wires lead+ f ! pu% buttons to ! cable %\ld be pref]ably rubb] cov]$ & braid$4 ,only :]e economy at ! outset is desir$ may ord9>y annunciator or (fice wires be employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa ,a connection block c>ry+ b9d+ po/s is us$ at ea* po9t :]e ! cable connects to ! pu% button wires or to ! annunciator4 ,?is may be home-made or pur*as$ ready made1 z desir$4 ,burgl> ,al>m ,annunciators4 ,al?\gh almo/ any annunciator may be us$ = op5 circuit burgl> al>m "w1 !y usually d n conta9 c]ta9 devices :i* are desirable 9 burgl> al>m "w4 ,9 ,fig4 #fb is %[n a diagram ( a burgl> al>m annunciator1 ! view be+ s*ematic ( ! back bo>d4 ,! ref]5ces are z foll[s3 ,a is ! ma9 al>m bell situat$ :]ev] desir$ & connect$ to ! b9d+ po/s ,,bb4 ,! batt]y connection lead+ directly to ! batt]y ,k is m>k$ ,c & t lead+ to ! contact spr+ is m>k$ ,d4 ,! cut-(f swit* ,e cuts (f ! batt]y :ile ,f is ! con/ant r+ swit*4 ,g is ! upp] b> & ,h ! l[] b>1 :ile ! lett]s ,,jj d5ote ! indicat+ drops4 ,! door & w9d[ spr+s are lett]$ ,s4 ,at ,l is a swit* :i* may be us$ to disconnect ! entire burgl> al>m sy/em4 ,:]e x is desir$ to disconnect only a section at a "t1 ! swit* correspond+ to ! section is turn$ (f ! upp] b> ,g & on to ! l[] b> ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb ,clock ,al>m ,circuit4 ,a diagram ( ! wir+ & connections on ! back bo>d ( all clock al>ms is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,?is diagram embodies ! pr9ciples ( ! la/ describ$ circuit1 b includes ! circuit ( a clock-op]at$ al>m4 ,bells = ,high ,voltages4 ,! use ( electric bells on light+ circuits is becom+ q g5]al1 z x obviates ! necessity ( us+ batt]ies1 & !reby simplifies bo? in/allation & ma9t5ance4 ,!re is no fundam5tal objection to op]at+ make & break bells on electric light circuits4 ,provid+ ! voltage & amp]age are ! same1 !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! curr5t f a direct-curr5t dynamo & t f a batt]y4 ,b ow+ to ! high] voltages ( ! light+ circuit ov] t g5]ally employ$ f batt]ies1 ! bell coils mu/ be w\nd to high resi/ances to keep d[n ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,!re are also o!r slight *anges to assi/ 9 suppress+ sp>k+1 z h be5 already treat$ on4 ,:]e ! circuit is n ov] #bbj volts1 ! bells are w\nd ) f9e wire & h also self-conta9$ resi/ance coils4 ,= #ejj volts & ov]1 a resi/ance lamp is connect$ 9 ) ! bell :i* 9 ?is case is w\nd = a #aej-volt circuit4 ,^! bells up to #f-;in* & inclusive w op]ate on circuits ( ei!r direct or alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,above ?is size x is necess>y to use specially con/ruct$ bells on alt]nat+ curr5t circuits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,mo/ l>ge hotels & (fice build+s hav+ direct curr5t light+ s]vice are us+ x = r++ bells & simil> "w to ! total exclusion ( batt]ies4 ,:]e ! numb] ( units to be op]at$ ju/ifies x1 motor g5]ators are op]at$ 9 connection ) ! light+ ma9s to produce a l[ voltage mo/ suitable = ! bells4 ,! connections 9 ?is case are no diff]5t to ^? :5 batt]ies are employ$4 ,bell-r++ ,trans=m]s4 ,! be/ sy/em = op]at+ bells & annunciators f alt]nat+ curr5t circuits is und\bt$ly t employ+ small specially con/ruct$ trans=m]s to r$uce ! voltage4 ,^! trans=m]s are be+ us$ univ]sally = hotel & (fice "w :]e alt]nat+ curr5t is available4 ,!y are simple1 be+ m]ely "o or m coils ( well insulat$ wire w\nd on s(t iron cores & hav+ connections = bo? ! light+ circuit & ! bell circuit4 ,z a g5]al rule ! coils are divid$ z to _! numb] ( turns or accord+ to ! ratio ( trans=mation desir$4 ,= example1 if ! circuit 7 #aaj volts & #aj volts 0 requir$ = ! bell circuit1 ! total numb] ( turns 9 ! trans=m] w\ld be connect$1 #aj_/aa to ! light+ circuit & #a_/aa to ! bell circuit4 ,! bell-r++ trans=m]s on ! m>ket are made 9 sev]al /yles4 ,"o small /yle1 ,fig4 #fd1 = s+le resid5ces1 is = use on #aaj volts & produces a bell voltage or second>y voltage z x is t]m$1 ( #f volts4 ,ano!r size1 ,fig4 #fe1 ( ?is trans=m] has ?ree second>y voltages #f1 #ab & #ah1 ea* ( :i* c be us$ by connect+ to ! "r b9d+ po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,,fig4 #fe ,,bell-,,r++ ,,trans=m]s4 ,x is to be not$ t :]e ! light+ s]vice voltage or prim>y voltage v>ies f ! above1 ! second>y voltage deliv]$ to ! bell circuit w v>y 9 l proportion4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t a c>eless rev]s+ ( ! connections1 t is connect+ ! second>y leads to ! light+ circuits1 in/ead ( ! prim>y leads w\ld cause a l high voltage at ! o!r t]m9als ( ! trans=m]1 rais+ x 9 due proportion in/ead ( l[]+ x4 ,?us su* c>elessness w\ld produce a voltage ( #b1djj volts in/ead ( #f if a trans=m] int5d$ to deliv] #f volts f a #abj-volt circuit 0 wrongly connect$4 ,! results might v well !n be dang]\s4 ,all trans=m]s are prop]ly m>k$1 h[ev]1 & su* an error only occurs ?r\gh ignorance or c>elessness4 ,! in/allation ( ^! bell-r++ trans=m]s is simplicity itself2 !y require no c>e aft] in/allation & h met ) ! approval ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s4 ,comb9ation ,circuits4 ,circuits int5d$ prim>ily = electric bells or annunciators 9 h\ses & ap>tm5ts may (t5 be also made to s]ve = o!r electrical devices su* z door op5]s1 h\se telephones1 etc4 ,?is subsidi>y app>atus may be in/all$ ) a little additional wir+ or p]haps w n ne$ any o!r wires1 z :5 bo? ! devices are n us$ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,electrical door op5]s are great conv5i5ces & are practically indisp5sable :]e ! outside door is on ano!r level to ! location ( ! dwell] or :]e two or m families occupy ! same h\se4 ,! device is simple1 consi/+ ( an electrically releas$ spr+-plate aga9/ :i* ! lock bolt is normally held & a door op5+ spr+4 ,:5 ! door op5] button is press$1 ! spr+ plate is releas$1 releas+ ! lock bolt by ! same action4 ,! door spr+ !n =ces ! door op5 en\gh to cle> ! op5] plate1 :i* flies back into position :5 ! button is releas$4 ,^! door op5]s are made 9 sev]al =ms = door frames1 su* z ^? on ?9 doors1 iron gates1 = surface or rim locks1 = ?ick doors1 slid+ doors & any o!r regul> type ( door4 ,! pu% button is ! same z us$ = electric bells & may be locat$ :]ev] desir$4 ,! pu%es are wir$ 9 multiple z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ff & #fg1 :i* are two circuits ( a type ( ! ,we/]n ,electric int]phone1 a sy/em ( h\se telephones suppli$ = h\ses & build+s ( e size4 ,fig4 #ff %[s a circuit :i* provides telephone s]vice betwe5 ! ve/ibule & ! ap>tm5ts1 ! door op5] wir+ be+ cle>ly indicat$4 ,9 ,fig4 #fg ! circuit provides a m ext5sive s]vice1 enabl+ ! janitor1 ! ap>tm5ts & ! tradesm5 to int]communicate 9 ! mo/ desirable sy/em4 ,! door op5] wir+ is also cle>ly %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,! conv5i5ce ( hav+ telephone connection 9 ! h\se or hotel & its advantages ov] speak+ tubes are too well kn[n to ne$ ext5d$ comm5t4 ,:]e electric bells h already be5 in/all$ x is q feasible n[ to use ! same wires = telephones also4 ,telephone sets especially design$ = ?is s]vice are manufactur$ by ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company 9 _! int]phone s]ies4 ,!y are simple & compact1 & may be in/all$ by anyone :o c put up an electric bell4 ,fire ,al>m ,circuits4 ,a fire al>m circuit suitable = factories1 private plants or gr\ps ( build+s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,x is a s]ies sy/em1 ) clos$ circuit1 ! gongs s\nd+ :5ev] ! circuit is op5$ :e!r by ! contact break] 9 ! boxes or by ! accid5tal break+ ( a wire4 ,?is insures t x rema9s 9 good work+ ord]1 z :5 any "p ( ! circuit is op5$1 a w>n+ tap is s\nd$ on e bell or gong4 ,! boxes h contact break]s :i* s5d a sep>ate numb] ( impulses = ea* box1 ?us ann\nc+ ! box numb] on ea* gong4 ,! boxes & gongs may be locat$ any:]e1 z ! sy/em is p]fectly flexible4 ,! ref]5ce lett]s 9 ! diagram are z foll[s3 ,c indicates ! gongs :i* are pref]ably ( ! electro-me*anical type1 a coil$ spr+ provid+ =ce = ! bl[1 electricity be+ m]ely us$ to release & reta9 ! hamm] or /rik]4 ,! al>m boxes are m>k$ ,,bb & ! batt]y :i* is ( ! clos$ circuit type is m>k$ ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,int]ior ,fire ,al>m ,sy/em4 ,ano!r sy/em suitable m p>ticul>ly = indoor op]ation is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,"h ! al>m is giv5 by break+ ! glass front ( an al>m box & releas+ or press+ an electrical contact4 ,! box s\nd$ indicates by caus+ a drop to fall on an annunciator & at ! same "t r+s an al>m bell4 ,! latt] are g5]ally provid$ ) con/ant r+ atta*m5ts1 :i* keep ! bell s\nd+ until %ut (f4 ,! annunciator %[n 9 ! diagram has swit*es = controll+ ea* individual bell circuit1 & also = control ( ! entire sy/em4 ,!re is no practical limit to ! numb] ( /ations 9 ?is sy/em1 x be+ det]m9$ by ! size ( ! annunciator us$ or by o!r obvi\s factors4 ,! ref]5ce lett]s on ! diagram are z foll[s3 ,a1 al>m bells :i* may be locat$ :]ev] desir$4 ,b1 break-glass al>m boxes also locat$ at conv5i5t po9ts4 ,c1 annunciator drops1 ,d1 swit*es on annunciator :i* control ea* individual bell circuit1 enabl+ any circuit to be cut out1 cut 9 or te/$ )\t di/urb+ any o!r circuit4 ,e is a g5]al al>m swit*1 caus+ all bells to r+ at once :5 x is op]at$4 ,! batt]y ,f v>ies ) ! numb] ( bells & boxes & ! l5g? ( l9e1 f ?ree cells upw>ds4 ,a cut-out swit* ,h is add$ to cut out ! entire sy/em by op5+ ! batt]y wire4 ,! annunciator bell is at ,i1 an auxili>y bell be+ add$ 9 multiple ) x :5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,fire ,al>m ,sy/em = ,consid]able ,areas4 ,:]e ! area is m ext5sive & ! numb] ( /ations consid]able1 ! sy/em illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj is v suitable4 ,x consi/s ( ! requisite numb] ( break-glass boxes1 bells & a m elaborate annunciator sy/em4 ,9 g5]al details x resembles ! la/ sy/em1 b uses a relay to s5d out ! curr5t = r++ ! al>m bells4 ,:5 a box op]ates1 ! curr5t impulses s5t on ! l9e act on ! relay in/ead ( directly on ! bells4 ,ea* /roke ( ! relay closes a local circuit :i* includes ! bells & ! batt]y4 ,?is sy/em does away ) l>ge batt]ies & is v economical ( wire4 ,! curr5t ne$$ = ! relay is v small1 :]eas 9 a direct sy/em ( any size1 ! curr5t & voltage to r+ a numb] ( bells locat$ at wide int]vals w\ld be prohibitive4 ,! ref]5ce lett]s are z foll[s3 ,,aa are ! al>m bells1 ,,bb ! break-glass al>m boxes1 ,c is ! annunciator bell1 ,d is ! relay :i* rema9s clos$ :5 an al>m comes 9 keep+ ! bells con/antly r++ until %ut (f4 ,e is a resi/ance coil & ,f is ! batt]y4 ,a sy/em cut-out swit* ,g & ,,jj swit*es on ! annunciator = controll+ individual circuits are also provid$4 ,,hh are ! annunciator drops & ,k is a con/ant-r+ swit* :i* c also be us$ = a g5]al al>m to r+ all ! bells at once4 ,,le>n ,,to ,,d ,,?+s ,model ,libr>y ,s]ies ,,( ,,copyright$ ,,books #a4 ,! ,/udy ( ,electricity = ,beg9n]s4 #b4 ,dry ,batt]ies1 ,h[ to ,make !m4 99 #c4 ,electrical ,circuits & ,diagrams1 ,"p #a4 #d4 ,electric ,bells1 ,annunciators & ,al>ms4 #e4 ,mod]n ,prim>y ,batt]ies4 #f4 ,exp]im5t+ ) ,induction ,coils4 99 #g4 ,electric ,gas ,ignit+ ,app>atus4 99 #h4 ,small ,accumulators1 ,h[ to ,make & ,use4 #i4 ,model ,/eam ,eng9e ,design4 99 #aj4 ,practical ,electrics4 #aa4 ,inv5tions1 ,h[ to ,protect & ,sell !m4 #ab4 ,woodwork ,jo9ts1 ,h[ to ,make & ,use4 99 #ac4 ,! ,fireman's ,guide to ! ,c>e ( ,boil]s4 99 #ad4 ,! ,slide ,valve ,simply ,expla9$4 99 #ae4 ,! ,magneto ,telephone4 99 #af4 ,! ,corliss ,eng9e & ,its ,managem5t4 99 #ag4 ,mak+ ,wireless ,outfits4 #ah4 ,wireless ,telephone ,con/ruction4 99 #ai4 ,! ,wim%ur/ ,ma*9e1 ,h[ to ,make ,x4 #bj4 ,simple ,exp]im5ts 9 ,/atic ,electricity4 #ba4 ,small ,electrical ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts4 #bb4 ,electrical ,circuits & ,diagrams1 ,"p #b4 99 #bc4 ,induction ,coils1 ,h[ to ,make ,!m4 #bd4 ,model ,vaudeville ,!atres4 99 #be4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts1 ,simply ,expla9$4 99 #bf4 ,h[ to ,build a #bj foot ,bi-plane ,glid]4 99 #bg4 ,a ,b ,c ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 99 #bh4 ,simple ,sold]+1 ,h>d & ,s(t4 99 #bi4 ,telegraphy = ,beg9n]s4 #cj4 ,l[ ,voltage ,light+ ) ,/orage ,batt]ies4 #cc4 ,h\se ,wir+ = ,electric ,light4 #cd4 ,magnets & ,magnetism4 99 #cf4 ,small ,w9dmills & ,h[ to ,make ,!m4 ,injectors1 ,_! ,con/ruction & ,use4 ,keppy4 ,refrig]ation & ,ice ,mak+4 ,wakeman4 #cg4 ,coll9's ,wireless ,plans1 ,"p #a4 #ch4 ,coll9's ,wireless ,plans1 ,"p #b4 ,9 pap] cov]s ,price #be;c ea* po/paid4 99,^! books c also be _h 9 clo? b9d+ at #ee;c ea* po/paid4 ,dubelle's ,fam\s ,=mulas4 ,,kn[n ,,z ,non ,plus ,ultra ,soda ,f\nta9 ,requisites ( ,mod]n ,times ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,dubelle4 ,a practical ,receipt ,book = ,druggi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,confection]s & ,v5d]s ( ,soda ,wat]4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4--,notes on natural fruit juices & improv$ me?ods = _! prep>ation4 ,select+ ! fruit4 ,wa%+ & press+ ! fruit4 ,treat+ ! juice4 ,natural fruit syrups & mode ( prep>ation4 ,simple or /ock syrups4 ,,=mulas4 ,,fruit ,,syrups4--,blackb]ry1 black curr5t1 black raspb]ry1 catawba1 *]ry1 concord grape1 cranb]ry1 lime1 pea*1 p9eapple1 plum1 qu9ce1 raspb]ry1 r$ curr5t1 r$ orange1 scupp]nong grape1 /rawb]ry1 wild grape4 ,,new ,,improv$ ,,artificial ,,fruit ,,syrups--,apple1 apricot1 banana1 bitt] orange1 blackb]ry1 black curr5t1 *]ry1 citron1 curacoa1 grape1 groseille1 lemon1 lime1 m&>91 mulb]ry1 nect>9e1 pea*1 pe>1 p9eapple1 plum1 qu9ce1 raspb]ry1 r$ curr5t1 /rawb]ry1 sweet orange1 tang]9e1 vanilla4 ,,fancy ,,soda ,,f\nta9 ,,syrups4--,ambrosia1 capillaire1 coca-k9a1 coca vanilla1 coca-v9o1 excelsior1 imp]ial1 kola coca1 kola-k9a1 kola-vanilla1 kola-v9o1 nect>1 noyean1 orgeat1 %]bet1 syrup ( roses1 syrup ( violets4 ,,artificial ,,fruit ,,ess5ces4--,apple1 apricot1 banana1 b]gamot1 blackb]ry1 black *]ry1 black currant1 blueb]ry1 citron1 cranb]ry1 gooseb]ry1 grape1 lemon1 lime fruit1 melon1 nect>9e1 orange1 pea*1 pe>1 p9eapple1 plum1 qu9ce1 raspb]ry1 r$ currant1 /rawb]ry4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,fruit ,,phosphates4 ,acid solution ( phosphate1 /rawb]ry1 tang]9e1 wild *]ry4--#bi diff]5t =mulas4 ,,new ,,malt ,,phosphates--#cf4 ,,=eign ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,w9e ,,phosphates--#i4 ,,cream-,,fruit ,,lact>ts--#bh4 ,,soluble ,,flavor+ ,,extracts ,,& ,,ess5ces--#ad4 ,,new ,,mod]n ,,pun*es--#ah4 ,,milk ,,pun*es--#ag4 ,,fruit ,,pun*es--#cb4 ,,fruit ,,meads--#ah4 ,,new ,,fruit ,,*ampagnes--#ag4 ,,new ,,egg ,,phosphates--#ad4 ,,fruit ,,juice ,,%akes--#bd4 ,,egg ,,phosphate ,,%akes4 ,,hot ,,egg ,,phosphate ,,%akes4 ,,w9e ,,bitt] ,,%akes--#ab4 ,,soluble ,,w9e ,,bitt]s ,,extracts--#ab4 ,,new ,,italian ,,lemonades--#ah4 ,,ice ,,cream ,,sodas--#ci4 ,,non-,,poison\s ,,colors4 ,,foam ,,prep>ations4 ,,miscellane\s ,,=mulas--#bf4 ,,late/ ,,novelties ,,9 ,,soda ,,f\nta9 ,,mixtures--#g4 ,,tonics4--,beef1 iron & c9*ona2 hypophosphite2 beef & coca2 beef1 w9e & iron2 beef1 w9e1 iron & c9*ona2 coca & calisaya4 ,,lact>ts4--,imp]ial tea2 mo*a c(fee2 nect>2 ,p]sian %]b]t4 ,,pun*es4 ,,extracts4--,columbia root be]2 g+] tonic2 soluble hop ale4 ,,lemonades4--,fr5*2 ,vi5na4 ,egg nogg4 ,hop ale4 ,hot tom4 ,malt w9e4 ,%]ry cobbl]4 ,s>atoga milk %ake4 ,pancret9 & w9e4 ,kola-coco cordial4 ,iron malt phosphate4 ,peps91 w9e & iron1 etc4 #aeg ,pages1 ,ne>ly #ejj ,=mulas4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 #a4jj ,a ,,new ,,am]ican ,,book ,,on ,,indu/rial ,,alcohol4 ,a ,,practical ,,h&book ,,on ,,! ,di/illation ( ,alcohol ,,f ,,f>m ,,products ,,& ,,de-,,natur+ ,,alcohol4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,wright4 ,includ+ ! ,free ,alcohol ,law & its ,am5dm5t1 ! ,gov]nm5t regulations !re=e & a numb] ( ,u4 ,s4 gov]nm5t au?oriz$ de-natur+ =mulas4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is1 ! second edition1 ! au?or has foll[$ 8 orig9al plan ( writ+ a pla9 practical h&book on ! manufacture ( alcohol & de-natur+ = indu/rial purposes4 ,?is indu/ry is b\nd to gr[ to enorm\s proportions z x has 9 ,g]many :]e ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj gallons 7 manufactur$ la/ ye> pr9cipally 9 small f>m di/ill]ies4 ,?is "w is n int5d$ z a sci5tific treatise b z a help to f>m]s & o!rs wi%+ to g into ?is indu/ry on a mod]ate scale4 ,! orig9al matt] has be5 c>efully revis$4 ,"s ( ! *apt]s rewritt5 & a v consid]able am\nt ( new in=mation add$4 ,! total numb] ( illu/rations br\ght up to #fj includ+ a numb] ( plates giv+ ! lay\t ( di/ill]ies4 ,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4 #a1 ,alcohol1 its v>i\s =ms & s\rces4 #b1 ,! prep>ation ( ma%es & ,f]m5tation4 #c1 ,simple ,di/ill+ ,app>atus4 #d1 ,mod]n ,di/ill+ ,app>atus4 #e1 ,rectification4 #f1 ,malt+4 #g1 ,alcohol f ,potatoes4 #h1 ,alcohol f ,gra91 ,corn1 ,:eat1 ,rice & o!r ,c]eals4 #i1 ,alcohol f ,beets4 #aj1 ,alcohol f ,molasses & ,sug> ,cane4 #aa1 ,alcoholometry4 #ab1 ,di/ill+ ,plants4 ,_! g5]al arrangem5t & equipm5t4 #ac1 ,de-natur$ ,alcohol & ,u4 ,s4 ,au?oriz$ ,de-natur+ ,=mulae4 #ad1 ,de-natur+ ,regulations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,index4 #bha pages1 #fj illu/rations & plates1 #abmo41 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,illu/ration ,s5d = ?is to-day ,f\r? ,edition1 ,enl>g$ ,,revis$ ,,& ,,rewritt5 ,,electrical ,,te/+ ,,by ,,norman ,h4 ,,s*neid] ,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4 #a4 & #b4 ,galvanomet]s4 #c4 ,rheo/ats1 keys & %unts4 #d4 ,voltmet]s & ammet]s4 #e4 ,! ,:eat/one bridge4 #f4 ,portable te/+ sets4 #g4 ,te/+ ) ! galvanomet]4 #h4 ,! ,pot5tiomet]4 #i4 ,cond5s]s4 #aj4 ,cable te/+4 #aa4 ,te/+ ) ! voltmet]4 #ab4 ,te/+ telephone l9es4 #ac4 ,te/+ telegraph wires & cables4 #ad4 ,locat+ faults 9 telegraph & telephone cables4 ,tables2 ,index2 ) num]\s practical illu/rations work$ out4 #cad pages1 #aej illu/rations1 clo? #a4ae po/paid4 ,spon ,*amb]la91 #abc-e ,,lib]ty ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4