,transcriber's ,notes ,text printed in italics in the original work has been transcribed between underscores4 ,bold face text has been transcribed between equal signs1 small capitals have been replaced by ,,all ,,capitals4 text indicates superscript text1 #j represents a zero with a bar above it4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,,the ,,nile ,,in #aijd ,,by ,sir ,,william ,,willcocks1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,london ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon ,,limited1 #eg ,,haymarket4 ,,new ,,york ,,spon ,,chamberlain1 #abc ,,liberty ,,street4 ,price #is_/- net4 ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,national ,,printing ,,department ,,of ,,egypt1 ,,cairo #aijd4 ,dedicated to my old ,chief and ,master in ,irrigation1 ,sir ,colin ,scott-,moncrieff1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 under whom ,i had the privilege of working for #bj years in ,india and ,egypt4 ,,preface ,the publication of ,sir ,william ,garstin's monumental work on the 8,basin of the ,upper ,nile0 is an event of such importance in the history of the ,nile that the occasion should not be lost of bringing ,lombardini's work on the ,nile to date4 ,the information utilised by me in this book as far as the ,upper ,nile is concerned is obtained from ,sir ,william's ,report2 for the ,blue ,nile and ,atbara ,i am indebted to ,m4 ,dupuis' interesting appendix at the end of ,sir ,william's ,report2 and for the river north of ,khartum to my own studies and surveys4 ,as ,sir ,william employed ,capt4 ,h4,g4 ,lyons1 ,r4,e4 to collaborate with him1 the references to the works of previous writers and geographical details may be accepted without any misgivings4 ,to ,m4 ,chlu ,bey1 ,director of the ,government ,press1 ,i am indebted for his ever ready aid2 to ,mr4 ,hansard of the ,survey ,department for the plates accompanying this work2 and to ,mr ,h4,g4,f4 ,beadnell1 ,f4,g4,s1 ,f4,r4,g4,s1 for having kindly written the description of the ,egyptian oases and the geology of ,egypt which form the fifth chapter of this book4 ,w4 ,,willcocks4 ,cairo1 #ab-aj1 #aijd4 ,,the ,,nile ,,in #aijd4 ,,subject ,,matter4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the ,nile--7,page #aa74 #a4 ,introduction4 #b4 ,nomenclature4 #c4 ,description of the course of the ,nile4 #d4 ,slopes and velocities of the ,nile in its different reaches4 #e4 ,catchment basins of the ,nile and its tributaries4 #f4 ,the climate of the ,nile valley4 #g4 ,the geology of the ,nile valley4 #h4 ,the discharges of the ,nile and its tributaries4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the tributaries of the ,nile--7,page #bf74 #i4 ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza4 #aj4 ,the ,victoria ,nile4 #aa4 ,the ,semliki river4 #ab4 ,lake ,albert ,nyanza4 #ac4 ,the ,albert ,nile4 #ad4 ,the ,gazelle river4 #ae4 ,the ,zeraf river4 #af4 ,the ,sobat river4 #ag4 ,the ,sudd region4 #ah4 ,the ,white ,nile4 #ai4 ,the ,blue ,nile4 #bj4 ,the ,atbara4 #ba4 ,the ,nile from ,khartoum to ,assun4 #bb4 ,the ,nile from ,assun to the ,barrage4 #bc4 ,the ,rosetta and ,damietta ,branches4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the utilisation of the ,nile--7,page #ef74 #bd4 ,the ,nile in flood4 #be4 ,the ,nile in low supply4 #bf4 ,nile water4 #bg4 ,the soil of the ,nile ,valley4 #bh4 ,basin irrigation4 #bi4 ,perennial irrigation4 #cj4 ,flood protection4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,projects--7,page #gc74 #ca4 ,projects4 #cb4 ,the raising of the ,assun dam4 #cc4 ,the ,wady ,rayan reservoir and escape4 #cd4 ,the ,albert ,lake and ,nile project4 #ce4 ,flood protection for ,egypt4 #cf4 ,complete project for water storage and flood control4 #cg4 ,sir ,william ,garstin's projects4 #ch4 ,the conversion of basin to perennial irrigation4 #ci4 ,development of the ,sudan4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,the oases and the geology of ,egypt by ,h4,j4,l4 ,beadnell1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4--7,page #ajg74 #dj4 ,the oases4 #da4 ,dakhla oasis4 #db4 ,kharga oasis4 #dc4 ,baharia oasis4 #dd4 ,farafra oasis4 #de4 ,the geology of ,egypt4 #df4 ,igneous rocks4 #dg4 ,sedimentary rocks4 #dh4 ,upper cretaceous4 #di4 ,eocene4 #ej4 ,oligocene and ,miocene4 #ea4 ,pliocene1 ,pleistocene and ,recent4 #eb4 ,economic products4 ,table of ,appendices 7,page #aag74 ,index 7,page #bba74 ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,plan of the ,nile ,valley #ab ,,ii4 ,longitudinal ,section of the ,nile ,valley #ad ,,iii4 ,outlet of ,lake ,victoria #bf ,,iv4 ,cross sections of the ,nile and its tributaries 7#a7 #bh ,v4 ,gauge diagrams of ,lakes ,victoria and ,albert #cj ,,vi4 ,the ,sudd region #cd ,,vii4 ,outlet of ,tsana ,lake #dd ,,viii4 ,gauge diagrams of the ,white and ,blue ,niles at ,khartoum #df ,,ix4 ,cross sections of the ,nile and its tributaries 7#b7 #db ,x4 ,longitudinal section of the ,nile3 ,wady ,halfa to ,assun #dh ,,xi4 ,cross sections of the ,nile and its tributaries 7#c7 #eb ,,xii4 ,longitudinal section of the ,nile3 ,assun to ,cairo #ej ,,xiii4 ,typical cross sections of the ,nile ,valley #ej ,,xiv4 ,plan of typical basin irrigation in ,egypt #ff ,,xv4 ,plan of the ,fayoum and the ,wady ,rayan #gf ,,xvi4 ,longitudinal section of the ,fayoum and the ,wady ,rayan #hj ,,xvii4 ,rosetta ,branch #ed ,,xviii4 ,damietta ,branch #ed ,,xix4 ,plan of typical perennial irrigation in ,egypt #fh ,,xx4 ,possible tunnel at ,lake ,tsana #ajc ,,xxi4 ,the ,egyptian oases #ajh ,,the ,,nile ,,in #aijd4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the ,nile4 #a4 ,introduction4--,in the introduction to his brilliant essay on the ,hydrology of the ,nile#a1 an essay1 which1 though written in #ahfe1 foreshadowed much of what we know to day1 ,lombardini remarked1 with much truth that1 no river in the world lends itself to hydrological studies on so majestic a scale as the ,nile4 ,the most interesting river of the ancient world1 it is still the most interesting river of our time2 and1 in spite of all that ancient and modern discoveries have unfolded1 its discharges are to-day more difficult to unravel and weave together than those of any other stream in either hemisphere4 ,these discharges are still a mystery1 and it will need years and years of patient observation and study1 at the hands of the ,sudan ,irrigation ,department1 to enable us to state with exactitude why its floods rise and fall with such regular and stately precision1 why they are never sudden and abrupt1 and why its summer supplies can never be completely cut off even in their traverse of over #cjjj kilometres through the burning and parched ,sahara4 ,though the mystery of the ,nile is far from being solved to-day1 still an enormous step in advance has been made by the publication of ,sir ,william ,garstin's ,report on the ,basin of the ,upper ,nile#b4 ,this ,report not only contains the results of three years' observations of the ,egyptian ,survey ,department in the ,sudan1 of ,sir ,william ,garstin's own observations and studies1 but also a mass of information of the ,nile and its tributaries collected by ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,lyons4 ,r4 ,e41 through four years of uninterrupted study4 ,those who know the intelligence and method with which ,capt4 ,lyons works1 will rate this information at its proper value4 #a ,saggio idrolico sul ,nilo1 by ,,elia ,,lombardini1 ,milan #ahfe4 #b ,report on the ,basin of the ,upper ,nile by ,,sir ,,william ,,garstin4 ,blue ,book ,egypt 7#b7 #aijd4 ,lombardini gathered together all the information available at the time that ,sir ,samuel ,baker announced the existence of the ,albert ,nyanza shortly after ,speke and ,grant had proclaimed to the world that the ,victoria ,nyanza was the true source of the ,nile4 ,from the information then available he deduced the laws and operations of the great river4 ,about twenty years later1 just before the rebellion in the ,sudan closed the ,nile to the civilized world1 a ,german savant1 ,joseph ,chavanne#c1 in his book on the rivers of ,africa1 collected and tabulated on clear and methodical lines much of the information available in #ahhc4 ,though many of his facts are erroneous1 his method is clear and his ideas just4 ,sir ,william ,garstin1 in his ,report1 has developed the information at his disposal on such practical lines as are needed to study the question of insuring an abundant supply of water to the ,nile in ,egypt during the times of low supply4 #c 8,afrikas ,strme und ,flsse0 by ,,joseph ,,chavanne4 ,wien #ahhc4 ,having myself studied the ,nile for fifteen years in order to solve the problems of water storage and flood control on the ,nile1 and having devoted the whole of my life to this very science of ,hydraulics1 ,i have been encouraged to attempt the continuation of ,lombardini's work2 and1 to the utmost of my ability1 to bring it to the level of the knowledge of our day4 #b4 ,nomenclature4--,the nomenclature of the tributaries of the ,nile is difficult to follow4 ,in this book ,i shall call the river the ,victoria ,nile from ,lake ,victoria to ,lake ,albert2 the ,albert ,nile from ,lake ,albert to the ,sobat mouth 7this reach is known generally as the ,bahr el ,gebel72 the ,white ,nile from the ,sobat mouth to ,khartoum2 and the ,nile from ,khartoum to the sea4 ,the ,blue ,nile stretches from ,lake ,tsana in ,abyssinia to ,khartoum4 #c4 ,description of the course of the ,nile4--,chapters ,,ii and ,,iii contain detailed descriptions of the ,nile and its main tributaries1 and this paragraph is a short epitome of what is written there about the course of the ,nile4 ,the ,nile drains nearly the whole of north-eastern ,africa1 an area comprising #c million square kilometres4 ,its main tributary1 the ,white ,nile1 has its furthest sources in south latitude #d1 near ,lake ,tanganyika4 ,known as the ,kagera1 it is one of the feeders of ,lake ,victoria1 and has a course of #fjj kilometres before it reaches the lake4 ,lake ,victoria1 covering #fj1jjj square kilometres1 is the first reservoir of the ,nile4 ,the ,victoria ,nile leaves ,lake ,victoria by the ,ripon ,falls and after a course of #djj kilometres enters ,lake ,albert at its northern corner4 ,at its southern end ,lake ,albert is fed by the ,semliki river which has its sources in ,lake ,edward4 ,its own area is #d1ejj square kilometres4 ,the ,albert ,nile leaves ,lake ,albert at its northern end and has a course of #abhj kilometres to the mouth of the ,sobat river4 ,of this length1 the first #bjj kilometres up to ,dufile have scarcely any slope1 the next #aej kilometres are down a series of severe cataracts4 ,from the foot of these cataracts to its tail the ,albert ,nile has a gentle slope and traverses the ,sudd region where the bed of the stream is often barred by blocks of living vegetation4 ,in this latter region the stream divides into two1 of which the right hand one is known as the ,bahr ,zeraf4 ,after a course of #bgj kilometres the ,bahr ,zeraf joins the ,albert ,nile again4 ,in the interval the ,albert ,nile receives as a left-hand feeder the ,bahr ,gazelle4 ,the ,sobat river has its sources in ,gallaland and joins the ,albert ,nile at the termination of the ,sudd region4 ,from the junction of the ,albert ,nile and the ,sobat1 the river is known as the ,white ,nile1 which1 after a course of #hdj kilometres1 with an exceedingly gentle slope1 joins the ,blue ,nile at ,khartoum4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,the ,,nile ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,the ,blue ,nile is the true parent of the land of ,egypt4 ,the deposits of its muddy waters have made ,egypt4 ,the ,atbara has added its quota1 but the ,blue ,nile is incomparably the chief contributor2 fed by the timely and plentiful rains of southern and south-eastern ,abyssinia1 it contributes #fe per cent of the waters which pass ,assun4 ,the furthest sources are those of the ,abai1 which1 after a course of #aaj kilometres falls into ,lake ,tsana4 ,this lake has an area of #c1jjj square kilometres and lies about #a1gfj metres above sea level4 ,the ,blue ,nile leaves it at its south-eastern corner and hurries down to the ,sudan1 fed by numerous ,abyssinian rivers4 ,at ,rosaires1 after a course of #gej kilometres1 it has fallen #a1bfj metres2 and below the ,rosaires cataract enters the plain country south of ,khartoum4 ,for its remaining #fae kilometres on to ,khartoum1 where it meets the ,white ,nile1 it is navigable for the greater part of the year4 ,north of ,sennaar it is fed by the ,dinder and ,rahad rivers4 ,between ,khartoum and ,el ,damer1 on a length of #cbj kilometres1 the ,nile has its even passage broken by the #fth cataract at ,shabluka4 ,at ,el ,damer the ,nile receives the ,atbara as a right hand tributary4 ,the ,atbara is a very muddy torrent fed by the rains of north-eastern ,abyssinia4 ,it runs for #d months per annum and is dry for #h months4 ,rising within a few kilometres of ,lake ,tsana1 it falls #aejj metres in its first #cjj kilometres1 and is then joined by the ,salaama1 and1 #ajj kilometres lower down1 by the ,settit river4 ,after the junction with the ,settit1 the ,atbara flows for #dhj kilometres and joins the ,nile at ,el ,damer1 contributing a fair quantity of water and a very considerable quantity of ,nile mud to the river4 ,from the ,atbara junction to the sea1 the ,nile has a course of #b1gjj kilometres4 ,in its first length of #adhj kilometres to ,assun it traverses the #eth and #dth cataracts between ,berber and ,dongola1 the #crd and #bnd cataracts between ,dongola and ,wady ,halfa1 and the #ast cataract at ,assun4 ,all these cataracts are navigable in flood1 but not so in summer4 ,from ,assun to the ,barrage at the head of the ,delta north of ,cairo1 the ,nile has a length of #igj kilometres and traverses ,egypt without a cataract or interruption of any kind4 ,at the ,barrage1 the ,nile divides into the ,rosetta and ,damietta branches1 and after a further course of about #bdj kilometres in either branch1 flows into the ,mediterranean sea4 ,its greatest length from the sources of the ,kagera river to the sea is #fcej kilometres1 constituting it one of the longest rivers in the world4 #d4 ,the ,slopes and velocities of the ,nile in its different reaches4--,table #b of ,appendix ,b and ,plate ,,ii comprise all the information available under this head which ,i have been able to collect4 ,for the slopes ,i have adopted the following data3 ,r4 ,l4 of ,lake ,victoria #aabi metres above mean sea ,fowera #ajfj ,lake ,albert #fhj ,khartoum 7flood7 #chi ,from ,khartoum to ,wady ,halfa ,i have adopted the generally accepted levels of the original ,soudan railway survey4 ,from ,wady ,halfa to the sea ,i have levelled myself4 ,upstream and downstream from the adopted levels ,i have carried the levels by the aid of slopes calculated from velocity and hydraulic mean depth data4 ,it seems to me absurd to adopt a level for ,lake ,choga #ej metres above that for ,fowera1 and then to add1 that in the #adj kilometres between the two places the ,victoria ,nile has a gentle slope1 wide bed and gentle velocity4 ,by a strange fatality1 this very error has crept into the figures under ,lake ,choga on ,plate ,,ii4 ,the error is noted in the corrigenda attached to the ,plate4 ,the ,section is drawn correctly but these wrong figures have been interpolated by an oversight4 ,the ,victoria ,nile ,falls #dej metres in #djj kilometres1 but has four reaches2 the first 1 the second 1 the third past the ,murchison ,falls1 and the fourth 4 ,the ,albert ,nile falls #bgg metres in #abij kilometres4 ,the first reach past ,wadelai has a slope of 1 the second over the ,fola and following cataracts has a slope of 1 the third 1 the fourth 1 the fifth 1 and the last below lake ,no of in flood4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,erratum4 ,erase the two figures under ,lake ,choga in the 8,height0 column4 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,nile1 ,,the ,,blue ,,nile1 ,,the ,,white ,,nile1 ,,the ,,albert ,,nile1 ,,the ,,victoria ,,nile ,,the ,,semliki ,,river ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,the ,white ,nile falls #ad metres in #hdj kilometres and has two slopes in flood2 in its upper reach1 and then 4 ,the ,blue ,nile falls #acgj metres in #acgj kilometres1 which may roughly be divided into three reaches4 ,the first from ,lake ,tsana to ,rosaires on a length of #gej kilometres 1 the second ,rosaires to ,sennaar 1 and the third 4 ,these are very approximate indeed4 ,the ,atbara falls #afdj metres in #hhj kilometres4 ,in the first #cjj kilometres the slope is 2 in the next #cjj kilometres the slope is 1 and in the last reach of #bhj kilometres it is 4 ,these are approximate4 ,the ,main ,nile from ,khartoum to ,assuan falls #bie metres in #ahaj kilometres2 the so-called six cataracts occupy #efe kilometres with a slope of 2 and the ordinary channel occupies #abde kilometres and has a slope of 4 ,from ,assun to the ,barrage1 on a length of #igj kilometres1 the ,nile falls #gf metres with a mean slope of 4 ,the ,rosetta and ,damietta branches are each about #bdj kilometres long and have a slope in flood of 1 and of in extraordinarily high floods4 ,from the sources of the ,kagera river to the sea1 on a length of #fcej kilometres1 the ,nile falls #bjjj metres1 or has a slope of 4 ,from ,lake ,victoria to the sea the length is #eece kilometres and the fall #aabi metres1 or the slope is 4 ,table ,,iii of ,appendix ,c4 gives the velocities of the river in flood and low supply1 in metres per second and kilometres per day1 and also the time occupied in traversing the different reaches4 ,there are two breaks4 ,the first is at ,lake ,choga and the second is at ,lake ,albert4 ,as the ,victoria ,nile traverses the eastern arm of the many-armed and peculiar ,lake ,choga with a perceptible current1 and as1 moreover1 the lake is very shallow1 we may give some figure to the velocity and make it half that of the ,bahr ,gazelle which is #bj metres per second and is considered perceptible4 ,with a velocity of #aj metres per second or #h kilometres per day1 the #hj kilometres of the lake would be traversed in #aj days4 ,the time of traverse from ,lake ,victoria to ,lake ,albert would be #ae days4 ,with ,lake ,albert it is very different4 ,a reference to ,plate ,v will show that it takes the ,victoria ,nile #e months to fill up ,lake ,albert before the ,albert ,nile can carry off the waters of the ,victoria ,nile1 gauge for gauge4 ,under these conditions it will be wise to stop at ,lake ,albert and begin a new calculation from this lake4 ,the ,albert ,nile takes #bb days in flood and #be days in low supply to traverse the distance from ,lake ,albert to the ,sobat mouth4 ,the ,white ,nile takes #ba days in flood and #bh days in low supply to reach ,khartoum4 ,consequently from ,lake ,albert to ,khartoum we have #dc days in flood and #ec days in low supply4 ,from ,khartoum to ,assun the ,nile takes #aa days in flood and #bb days in low supply1 and consequently from ,lake ,albert to ,assun we have #ed days in flood and #ge days in low supply4 ,from ,assun to ,cairo we have #f days in flood and #ab days in low supply4 ,table ,,iii is very interesting and well worth study4 ,through the ,sudd region we have a velocity of #f metres per second1 but only of #ce metres per second in the ,white ,nile4 ,in ,egypt the ,nile in flood has a velocity of #age metres per second1 and in low supply of #he metres per second4 #e4 ,catchment basins of the ,nile and its tributaries4--,table ,i1 of ,appendix ,a gives the areas of the catchment basins of the ,nile4 ,the total area according to the table is #c1jjg1jjj square kilometres4 ,the limits of the basin are depicted on ,plate ,i1 and1 with rare exceptions1 they are now fairly well known everywhere4 ,north of the #bjth parallel of latitude the watershed on the west of the ,nile is not far removed from the edge of the plateau skirting the ,nile valley4 ,the plateau falls away to the west1 and occasional ravines find their way to the ,nile down the reverse slope4 ,on the east of the ,nile the crest of the hills skirting the ,red sea is the watershed4 ,south of the #bjth parallel of latitude the eastern watershed follows the crest of the hills on the west of the ,red sea as far as ,suakin4 ,south of ,suakin the watershed leaves the ,red sea1 to allow the ,khor ,barraka to flow into this sea4 ,from the south east of ,kassala1 round by ,addis ,ababa1 the watershed follows the crest of the high hills forming the eastern backbone of ,abyssinia1 and dividing the waters of the ,nile from those flowing into the ,indian ,ocean4 ,south west of ,abyssinia the watershed travels in a south-westerly direction to the east of ,gondokoro1 and divides the ,sobat from the rivers draining into ,lake ,rudolf4 ,the watershed then moves due south to the western escarpment east of ,lake ,victoria4 ,mounts ,kenia and ,kilmanjaro are not within the basin of the ,nile4 ,sweeping in a rough curve round ,lake ,victoria and nearly touching ,lake ,tangangyika in #d south latitude1 the watershed keeps close to the western shores of ,lakes ,edward and ,albert to nearly opposite ,wadelai4 ,all the slopes of the ,ruenzori mountains drain into the ,nile4 ,from near ,wadelai the watershed moves in a north-westerly direction along the hills dividing the waters of the tributaries of the ,gazelle river from the ,welle4 ,due west of the ,sudd region the watershed has reached its most westerly position and from there turns northwards along the ,marrah hills in ,darfur1 dividing the scanty waters of the ,bahr-el-,arab and its tributaries from the rivers draining into ,lake ,chad4 ,from the ,marrah hills the watershed travels in a north-easterly direction to a point close to the ,nile on the #bjth parallel of latitude near ,hannek4 ,of the lands enclosed within this watershed1 all that are drained directly into the ,main ,nile are desert4 ,there are occasional showers1 and some of the valleys and ravines carry water for a few hours every year1 others every second1 third or fourth year1 but they contribute practically nothing to the volume of the ,nile4 ,the rains generally come in the winter when the ,nile is falling every day1 and the steady fall of the ,nile is never arrested by the waters of any or all of these watercourses4 ,the country west of the ,white ,nile past ,kordofan and ,darfur to the ,marrah hills is steppe land producing scanty grasses and forests of low accacias in the south1 and rising to a general height of about #fjj metres at the ,marrah hills4 ,the lands drained by the ,gazelle river and the ,albert ,nile north of ,gondokoro are flat plains or swamps in the north and east1 and wooded and broken ground in the west and south-west1 where the tributaries of the ,gazelle river rise in the ,blue mountains at a general height of #aejj metres4 ,the upper waters of the ,sobat and its tributaries drain the well wooded and cultivated mountain masses of ,gallaland and then traverse the marshes and flat lands which lie east of the ,sudd region4 ,the ,blue ,nile and its upper tributaries drain the choicest portions of the high ,abyssinian mountain plateau lying over #bjjj metres above sea level1 and rising in places to #bejj metres and upwards4 ,the lower courses of the ,blue ,nile1 the ,rahad and the ,dinder are through the black cotton soil plains of the eastern ,sudan1 which are either wooded or covered with dense grass in the south4 ,the ,atbara and its tributaries in their upper courses drain the northern slopes of the ,abyssinian plateau1 and traverse the level plains of the eastern ,sudan in a direction parallel to the ,blue ,nile4 ,the ,albert ,nile and its tributaries between ,gondokoro and ,lake ,albert traverse the broken and hilly country which is cut through by the ,albert ,nile at the ,fola and succeeding rapids4 ,the catchment basins of ,lakes ,victoria and ,albert are the undulating hills1 the flat marshy valleys1 the great lakes and1 in parts1 high hills which constitute the highlands of ,central ,africa4 ,the general level of the area may be taken as #adjj metres above sea level4 ,the area draining into ,lake ,victoria is #bdj1jjj square kilometres4 ,at the outlet of ,lake ,albert this has increased to #chj1jjj1 and at ,gondokoro to #dgj1jjj4 ,the ,gazelle river drains #dgj1jjj square kilometres1 and the ,sobat #afj1jjj4 ,the ,white ,nile drains altogether #a1fij1jjj square kilometres1 or more than half the total area of the catchment basin of the ,nile4 ,the ,blue ,nile drains #cjj1jjj square kilometres and the ,atbara #bdj1jjj4 ,the ,nile below the ,atbara junction is draining #b1bij1jjj square kilometres4 ,between the ,atbara mouth and the sea1 the ,nile drains whatever falls on a desert area of #gbj1jjj square kilometres4 ,if we take #c1jjj cubic metres per second as the average annual flow past ,assun we may say that the ,white ,nile supplies #bd off more than half the area of the whole basin1 the ,blue ,nile #fe off the area1 and the ,atbara #aa off the area4 ,the ,gazelle river drains about the total area and adds practically nothing to the discharge4 ,table #bd should be very carefully studied by any man who wants to understand the ,nile4 ,it does not pretend to exactitude1 but embodies the best information ,i have been able to obtain4 #f4 ,the climate of the ,nile valley4--,this paragraph would have been much more complete if ,capt4 ,lyons' monograph on the ,meteorology of the ,nile valley had been published4 ,in considering the climate ,i shall follow the subdivisions of the catchment basin of the ,nile contained in ,table ,i4 ,in the catchment basins of ,lakes ,victoria and ,albert1 the mean annual rainfall may be taken as #a4be metres1 with great fluctuations between good and bad years4 ,neglecting here and through this paragraph1 the light occasional falls of rain which are trying to travellers but which have no effect on the rivers1 it may be said that in these basins there are two rainy seasons1 the greater in ,march1 ,april and ,may1 and the lesser in ,october1 ,november and ,december4 ,the former are followed by dry southern winds1 while north winds blow in the winter4 ,along the whole of the ,albert ,nile1 the mean annual rainfall may be taken as #a metre1 with severe famines in occasional years and heavy rainfall in others4 ,the principal rains are between ,may and ,november1 with the maximum between ,august #ae and ,september #ae4 ,in years of deficient rainfall1 the ,june1 ,july and ,august rains seem to fail4 ,the catchment basin of the ,gazelle river may be credited with a mean annual rainfall of #ge centimetres between ,may and ,october1 while the mean annual rainfall on the ,arab river cannot be more than #cj centimetres between ,june and ,september4 ,the ,sobat river in its upper reaches enjoys an annual rainfall of about #a4be metres and of #ge metres in its lower reaches4 ,the time of rain is between ,march and ,september4 ,the lands draining into the ,white ,nile north of ,tewfikieh have an annual rainfall of about #bj centimetres between ,june and ,september4 ,the ,abyssinian part of the catchment basin of the ,blue ,nile enjoys a good rainfall throughout nine months of the year from ,february to ,october1 with generally heavy rain between ,may and ,september1 and very occasionally in ,october4 ,the rainfall here may be taken as #a4be metres per annum4 ,in the plains of the eastern ,sudan traversed by the lower reaches of the ,blue ,nile and the ,atbara the rainfall is very much lighter and may be considered as #cj centimetres between ,july and ,september2 fairly constant and heavier in the south1 and very inconstant and lighter in the north4 ,the ,atbara and its tributaries in their upper reaches on the northern slopes of ,abyssinia1 have rain from ,may to the end of ,august and occasionally into ,september4 ,there are great fluctuations in the rainfall4 ,the mean annual rainfall may be taken as #ge centimetres4 ,the desert area between ,khartoum and ,cairo has occasional winter rains especially in the parts near the ,red sea1 but as these rains are nearly all soaked up by the desert1 and very little1 here and there1 reaches the ,nile1 we may neglect them altogether4 ,railways have to be provided with culverts and bridges where they cross the terminal reaches of the khors and wadis which run considerable bodies of water for a few hours after rain2 but the effect on the ,nile is practically nothing4 ,along the sea-board of the ,mediterranean there are a few inches of rain every winter1 sufficient as a rule to raise poor crops of barley4 ,in the catchment basins of ,lakes ,victoria and ,albert the direction of the winds may be taken as north-east in winter and south-east in summer4 ,the maximum monthly temperature may be taken as #ce and the minimum as #ab1 with a mean for the year of #ba4 ,along the ,albert ,nile the north wind blows through the winter1 and southerly winds prevail from about the #aeth of ,april to ,october4 ,the temperature may be taken as ranging from a monthly maximum of #ch to a monthly minimum of #af1 with a mean of #bg4 ,tables #ge to #ha give the principal meteorological data for many places in the ,nile valley and compare the ,bombay rainfall with the ,assun gauges4 ,the latter show how closely the ,assun gauge in flood follows the rainfall at ,bombay4 ,at ,addis ,ababa in the highlands of ,abyssinia1 the mean monthly temperature ranges between #ai and #ae1 with a mean of #ag4 ,the winds are south-east and east through the year4 ,in #aijb the rainfall was #ihj millimetres1 and in #aijc it was #acdj millimetres4 7,table #ge74 ,at ,wad ,medani in the ,grezireh south of ,khartoum1 the mean monthly temperature ranges between #ce and #bd1 with a mean of #cj4 ,the winds from ,october to ,april are from the north and from ,may to ,september from the south4 ,in #aijb there were #cej millimetres of rain and in #aijc there were #caj4 7,table #gf74 ,at ,khartoum the mean monthly temperature ranges between #cd and #ai1 with a mean of #bh4 ,the winds from ,october to ,april are from the north and from ,may to ,september from the south4 ,in #aijb there were #abj millimetres of rain and in #aijc there were #gj4 7,table #gg74 ,for ,alexandria1 ,cairo and ,assun1 representing the ,nile valley in ,egypt1 ,i have prepared the following table3-- ,,alexandria ,,cairo ,,assuan ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,month ,,thermometer ,rain- ,,thermometer ,rain- ,,thermometer ,rain- ,centigrade4 fall4 ,centigrade4 fall4 ,centigrade4 fall4 ------------ ------------ ------------ ,max4,min4,mean ,max4,min4,mean ,max4,min4,mean ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,mill4 ,,mill4 ,,mill4 ,january #bej #edbda #ed #bff-jgabd #f #cbe #djadh 44 ,february #big #fbadh #bb #cec #abadb #c #cgj #ejbbj 44 ,march #cgj #eeafa #ag #dab #cbafi #e #dbj #hjbdc 44 ,april #chiaajahe #b #dbf #egbji #b #dffaajbgc 44 ,may #chiaccbac #ac #ddb #ijbdd #b #dfjagjbif 44 ,june #cidachbdj 44 #debacgbgc 44 #dgjbjjcdb 44 ,july #cgjbjebfa 44 #ddcagdbhe 44 #dfjbcjccf 44 ,august #cejbjcbff 44 #dafafebgg 44 #dfjbajcea 44 ,september#djjahgbef 44 #djfadjbec 44 #dgjagjcaj 44 ,october #cghaejbcg #i #dbaababcb #a #dbjahjbhg 44 ,november #cbbajhbjj #ch #ccf #ceaha #f #djjaajbca 44 ,december #bhi #fhafj #hj #bid #acadd #f #cdj #fjaij 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,year #djj #eebjf #bce #deb-jgbaa #ca #dgj #djbfi #j ,from the above table we may conclude that at ,alexandria1 ,cairo and ,assun the absolute maximum thermometers may be taken as #dj1 #de and #dg ,centigrade2 or #ajd1 #aac1 #aaf1 ,farenheit4 ,the minimum thermometers as #ee1 -#jg1 #dj ,centigrade2 or #db1 #ca1 #ci ,farenheit4 ,the rainfall at ,alexandria1 ,cairo and ,assun respectively may be taken as #bce1 #ca1 and #j millimetres2 or #i1 #a1 and #j inches4 ,the heaviest rainfall in any individual year at ,alexandria and ,cairo respectively has been #cjh and #ee millimetres2 or #ab and #b inches4 ,the lightest rainfall at ,alexandria and ,cairo respectively in any individual year has been #ajh and #g millimetres2 or #d and inches4 ,assun is practically rainless4 ,it does rain sometimes at ,assun1 but there has been no rain during the last three years while meteorological observations have been taken4 #g4 ,the ,geology of the ,nile ,valley4--,south of ,gondokoro along the ,victoria and ,albert ,niles1 and at the lakes1 the rocks are generally granites1 crystalline schists and quartzites4 ,the hills of ,uganda are covered with red clay and marl on the higher lands1 while the valleys consist of a rich black loam4 ,all the cataracts are granites and granitic rocks or diorites4 ,the ,ruenzori range consists of lofty volcanoes4 ,the surface of the ground is covered with a fine ,kankar 7nodulated limestone7 in many places4 ,north of ,gondokoro the plains are formed of sandy deposits mixed with coarse peat in places4 ,the hills of the ,bahr-el-,gazelle and ,arab river are all crystalline4 ,abyssinia is a volcanic plateau4 ,it is the detritus of this rich volcanic soil swept down by the ,blue ,nile and ,atbara which constitutes the richness of the soil of ,egypt and of the water of the ,nile4 ,those parts of the eastern ,sudan south of ,khartoum and ,el-,damer and at ,kassala1 which are the deltas of the ,blue ,nile1 the ,dinder1 the ,rahad1 the ,atbara1 and the ,gash1 are possessed of a soil in every sense similar to that of ,egypt itself4 ,at ,khartoum and in the bed of the ,blue ,nile at ,kamlin are extensive deposits of nodular limestone corresponding to the ,kankars of ,india4 ,the main ,nile from ,khartoum to ,assun flows between low hills and tables of ,nubian sandstone overlying crystalline rocks of gneiss1 mica schists1 hornblendic granite and red granite4 ,where the crystalline rocks come to the surface we have cataracts2 where the ,nubian sandstone is at the surface we have reaches of unbroken water4 ,from ,assun#d to near ,edfu the ,nile flows between hills of ,nubian sandstone1 the best known of which is ,gebel ,silsila4 ,from ,edfu to near ,luxor1 the ,nubian sandstone which overlies the crystalline rocks dips under the ,nile and its place along the ,nile ,valley is taken by green and grey clays containing nitrate and phosphate deposits4 ,the former are inexhaustible and have constituted the manure of this part of the valley for thousands of years4 ,with these deposits are thick banks of soft white limestone4 #d ,condensed from a description of the geology of the ,nile ,valley in ,egypt written by ,capt4 ,lyons for the second edition of 8,egyptian ,irrigation04 ,from ,luxor northwards the clays dip under the ,nile and the ,nile ,valley is bounded by the superposed white eocene limestone up to ,cairo4 ,the ,nubian sandstone is always soft and porous4 ,the limestone is generally soft1 though hard siliceous beds are sometimes met with4 ,north of ,cairo there is no building stone of any value except the siliceous sandstone of ,gebel ,ahmar near ,cairo and the basalt of ,abu ,zabel1 a recent outcrop furnishing a black rock of great durability4 ,the area covered by this rock is small4 ,thick deposits of sand and gravel underlie the ,nile mud deposits of the ,nile ,valley4 ,all along the ,nile1 but especially south of ,luxor1 river deposits of dark sandy mud exist on either side of the ,nile ,valley considerably above the level of the deposit of to-day4 ,the best known of these is the plain of ,kom ,ombos4 ,the thickness of the layer of ,nile mud in the valley is as much as #ah metres in places1 but the average depth is1 ,i should say1 #aj metres4 #h4 ,the discharges of the ,nile and its tributaries4--,reference should be made to tables #bd and #be which embody the results of an exhaustive examination of the observed discharges1 the cross sections1 the gauges of the ,nile ,valley1 and the calculated discharge tables made for these gauges4 ,many of these tables are founded on only two or three discharges and some on only one1 but they have been prepared with the greatest care and referred to all the existing gauge observations1 and are good working tables1 which can be modified and improved as time places more information at our disposal4 ,until then they may be used as about the best approximations available to-day4 ,in #aijb the ,albert ,nile discharged #fjj cubic metres per second as against #ebj discharged by the ,victoria ,nile4 ,in #aijc the ,victoria ,nile discharged #gcj cubic metres per second and the ,albert ,nile #hjj4 ,leaving a poor year like #aijb which was much below the average1 and taking #aijc which was all round a good average year and only slightly below the mean1 we have the following results3-- ,the ,victoria ,nile was at its highest in ,july with #hdj cubic metres per second1 while the ,albert ,nile at its head was at its highest in ,december with #a1jfj cubic metres per second4 ,lake ,albert took #e months to fill up4 ,at ,gondokoro the ,albert ,nile was at its lowest in ,april when it discharged #gjj cubic metres per second as against #eej cubic metres in the previous year4 ,swollen by timely and good rains south of ,gondokoro the discharge at ,gondokoro rose to #b1ajj cubic metres per second in ,september after the river had scoured out its bed over a metre in depth4 ,the mean discharge for the year at ,gondokoro was #a1bjj cubic metres per second4 ,the ,gazelle river gave no discharge in the first half of the year and about #cj cubic metres per second in the latter half4 ,its mean discharge was #aj cubic metres per second for the year4 ,the ,albert ,nile at its tail above the ,sobat junction gave as a minimum #cej cubic metres per second in ,march1 which discharge rose to #dcj cubic metres per second in ,september1 but could not rise higher as the ,saubat river was then in flood and the ,white ,nile could not carry off much more than the discharge of the ,sobat without putting the northern part of the ,sudd region under #b metres of water4 ,this held back water helped later to maintain the discharge of the ,white ,nile in ,january and ,february4 ,the ,sobat river gave as a minimum a discharge of #dj cubic metres per second in ,april1 and then rose to a maximum in ,november of #a1jhj cubic metres per second4 ,at its tail1 the ,albert ,nile gave a mean discharge for the year of #cij cubic metres per second and the ,sobat of #eej4 ,the ,white ,nile at its head was at its lowest in ,april with #djj cubic metres per second and at its highest in ,december with #a1dfj cubic metres per second1 with a mean discharge of #idj cubic metres per second4 ,at its tail near ,khartoum the ,white ,nile was at its lowest in ,may with #dbj cubic metres per second and at its highest in ,october with about #a1gjj cubic metres per second4 ,as this latter figure was about #djj cubic metres per second more than it was receiving at its head1 the additional water represented ,blue ,nile water which had run up the valley of the ,white ,nile1 been stored there while the ,blue ,nile was high and then been discharged into the ,main ,nile when the ,blue ,nile had fallen4 ,the mean discharge at the tail of the ,white ,nile was #hcj cubic metres per second4 ,this figure was much below that at the head and was due to the fact that in ,july1 ,august and ,september the ,blue ,nile water was flowing up the ,white ,nile4 ,the ,blue ,nile was at its lowest in ,april when it was discharging #abj cubic metres per second4 ,during its maximum in ,august and ,september it was discharging #h1bjj cubic metres per second4 ,of the discharge of the ,blue ,nile in ,july1 ,august and ,september1 a considerable part flowed up the ,white ,nile which here has a slope of and a bed from #c1jjj to #a1ejj metres wide4 ,it is for these reasons that the ,blue ,nile water does not hurry on to ,assun in its full strength4 ,the mean discharge of the ,blue ,nile for the year was #b1cej cubic metres per second4 ,gauges and discharge tables at ,kamlin on the ,blue ,nile1 and north of ,omdurman on the ,main ,nile1 would be very much better than the ,khartoum or ,duem gauges of to-day which are both in back waters4 ,the ,atbara river was dry from ,january to ,may1 in ,june the discharge was #bjj cubic metres per second1 rising to #b1cjj cubic metres per second in ,august4 ,in ,october1 ,november and ,december it was dry4 ,the mean discharge for the year was #chj cubic metres per second4 ,when the ,atbara river rises in flood it cannot flow down the ,nile to ,egypt in its strength until it has filled up the trough of the ,nile as far as the #fth ,cataract4 ,gauges up and down stream of the #fth ,cataract and at ,shendy would be interesting when compared with ,berber4 ,the minimum combined discharges of the ,white ,nile1 ,blue ,nile and ,atbara river were #edj cubic metres per second in ,april4 ,the maximum combined discharges of #aj1ijj cubic metres per second were in ,august4 ,the mean combined discharges for the year were #c1efj cubic metres per second4 ,the minimum discharge of the main ,nile above ,assun was #ddj cubic metres per second in ,may and the maximum of #h1fjj cubic metres per second was in ,september4 ,the mean discharge for the year was #b1fej cubic metres per second4 ,table #be gives the actual daily minimum and maximum discharges during #aijb and #aijc for each stream1 with their dates4 ,for the ,blue ,nile in #aijc they were #ajj and #i1fjj cubic metres per second2 for the ,white ,nile #chj and #a1dgj2 for the ,atbara #j and #c1ajj2 and for the ,nile above ,assun #dbj and #i1jjj cubic metres per second4 ,table #bf compares the discharges for a maximum year like #ahgh1 a minimum year like #ahgg1 and a mean year1 at ,khartoum1 ,assun and ,cairo4 ,the maximum discharges in #ahgg were #e1cjj1 #e1ijj and #d1djj cubic metres per second1 at ,khartoum1 ,assun and ,cairo4 ,in #ahgh they were #ab1ejj1 #ab1ajj and #aj1cjj cubic metres per second respectively1 while for a mean year they are #h1ejj1 #i1bjj and #g1bjj cubic metres per second4 ,the modulus of the river at ,assun is #c1jdj cubic metres per second1 and at ,cairo #b1fdj4 ,after the very high flood of #ahgh1 the lowest discharge in ,may #ahgi at ,assun was #a1ejj cubic metres per second4 ,the behaviour of the ,nile after passing ,assun and entering ,egypt may be described as follows3--of the mean discharge of #c1jdj cubic metres per second which passes ,assun #djj cubic metres per second are utilised in ,upper ,egypt in the irrigation of #b1cbj1jjj acres and #b1fdj cubic metres per second pass ,cairo4 ,of these again #edj cubic metres per second are utilised in the irrigation of #c1dcj1jjj acres in ,lower ,egypt1 and only #b1ajj cubic metres per second reach the ,mediterranean sea4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the tributaries of the ,nile4 #i4 ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza4--,lake ,victoria1 the true source of the ,nile1 lies on the ,equator1 and fed by abundant rains and numerous streams1 discharges its surplus waters over the ,ripon ,falls1 and gives birth to the ,victoria ,nile4 ,its most important feeder1 the ,kagera1 whose southernmost tributary rises in the ,kangosi hills #bjjj metres above sea level in south latitude #d1 has a length of some #fjj kilometres4 ,the direct line across the lake from the mouth of the ,kagera to the ,ripon ,falls is #bbj kilometres1 so that in academical language the length of the ,nile at the ,ripon ,falls is already #hbj kilometres4 ,lake ,victoria lies #aabi metres above sea level1 and has an area of #fj1jjj square kilometres2 though until the parallels of longitudes are definitely settled1 the lake may be credited with an area of between #fj1jjj and #fe1jjj square kilometres1 constituting it the largest fresh water lake in the old world4 ,its waters are beautifully clear and perfectly sweet4 ,the depth of the lake is not great and it is covered with many islands4 ,the greatest depth found by ,commander ,whitehouse in the northern half of the lake has been #gc metres1 while the bays are shallow4 ,the northern1 southern and eastern shores of the lake1 as described by ,sir ,william ,garstin1 are generally clear1 while the western shore1 especially at the mouth of the ,kagera1 is flat1 marshy and covered with papyrus4 ,the country surrounding the lake is undulating or hilly and rises to a height of #gjj metres above the lake at the south-east corner4 ,the rocks are generally granites1 chrystalline schists and quartzites1 etc4 ,the hills are covered with red clay and marl on the higher lands1 while the valleys consist of a rich black loam4 ,the catchment basin of the lake is #bdd1jjj square kilometres of which #fj1jjj are water4 ,most of the important streams feeding the lake traverse extensive marshes and swamps and must lose a great part of their waters by evaporation4 ,according to ,capt ,lyons 7,appendix ,,iii of ,sir ,william ,garstin's report71 the climate of the lake basin is typically that which is known as equatorial2 two rainy seasons and two dry seasons make up the year1 the rains coinciding more or less with the equinoxes and the dry seasons with the solstices1 except that the second minor rains are delayed about #a to #b months after the autumn equinox4 ,as ,capt4 ,lyons hopes soon to publish a monograph on the meteorology of the ,nile valley1 ,i shall say little about the details of rainfall of the different catchment basins1 contenting myself with broad principles and main features4 ,march1 ,april and ,may form the greater rainy season1 and ,october1 ,november and ,december the lesser4 ,the rainfall of the former season may be considered twice as heavy as that of the latter1 but it is the latter which practically decides the height of the lake in the following year4 ,this1 according to ,capt4 ,lyons1 is due to the fact that in the summer months1 when the rainbelt lies to the north of the lake1 the dry south winds must blow across the lake basin even though the diurnal reversal of winds on the lake is not mastered by them4 ,these dry winds greatly increase the evaporation1 and there is a marked diminution of the water between ,july and ,november1 which must be primarily due to the increased evaporation4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,ripon ,,falls ,,plan ,,and ,,section ,scale #a 3 #f4jjj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,victoria ,nile upstream of ,ripon ,falls ,the rainfall in the catchment basin may be taken as #abej millimetres per annum on the average4 ,as the evaporation off the lake is probably the same1 the area of the lake may be left out of the catchment altogether4 ,the balance of the catchment basin amounts to #ahd1jjj square kilometres1 on which there is a mean annual rainfall of #bcj cubic kilometres4 ,the mean discharge of the ,victoria ,nile over the ,ripon ,falls appears to the approximately #ehj cubic metres per second or #ah cubic kilometres per annum4 ,this represents about the mean rainfall4 ,the greatest discharge of the lake seems to be about #hej cubic metres per second and the lowest #dej4 ,as the lake has risen in a single year #hj centimetres1 which represents an increase of water of #dh cubic kilometres1 and has fallen #fj centimetres which represents a decrease of water of #cf cubic kilometres1 it will be seen that the discharges from the lake are factors of less importance in determining the level of the lake than the heavier rainfall and diminished evaporation in a year of good rain1 and the lighter rainfall and increased evaporation in a year of poor rain4 ,the great function of ,lake ,victoria in the economy of the ,nile supply is the insuring of a nearly constant discharge of water into the ,victoria ,nile1 and providing much of the evaporation which comes down in the catchment basin itself in the shape of rain4 ,the principal feeders of ,lake ,victoria are the following streams3-- on the north 7#a7 ,lukos or ,yala1 7#b7 the ,nzoia #bej kilometres long1 7#c7 the ,sio4 on the east 7#a7 the ,nyando1 7#b7 the ,inyayo1 7#c7 the ,gori1 7#d7 the ,mara ,dabash1 7#e7 the ,rawana4 on the south 7#a7 the ,symiya1 7#b7 the ,moame4 on the west 7#a7 the ,lohungati1 7#b7 the ,kagera1 with its branches the ,nyavarongo1 the ,akanyaru and the ,ruvuvu1 with a maximum length of #fjj kilometres and a discharge varying between #adj and some #fjj cubic metres per second4 7#c7 the ,ruizi with a length of #bhj kilometres traversing much marshy ground in its course4 and 7#d7 the ,katonga #bej kilometres long4 ,the northern and western feeders are generally perennial streams1 while many of the southern and eastern are torrents4 #aj4 ,the ,victoria ,nile4--,from the ,ripon ,falls to ,lake ,albert1 the ,victoria ,nile has a length of #djj kilometres4 ,the first #fd kilometres are down a steep slope1 in a stream varying from #cjj to #ejj metres in width4 ,any project for a regulator at the ,ripon ,falls should contemplate development of electricity for working a railway along these #fd kilometres4 ,the next #bcg kilometres are through a flat marshy land1 partly lake1 partly swamps1 but with the water never more than #d to #f metres deep4 ,in this reach the ,nile is navigable4 ,this many-armed swamp is known as ,lake ,choga1 whose western end is traversed for some #hj kilometres by the ,nile with a perceptible current4 ,these large sheets of papyrus and water1 which cover an area of over #bjjj square kilometres1 must cause as much loss by evaporation as they receive by direct rainfall4 ,the ,victoria ,nile leaves the lake in a broad stream some #ijj metres wide1 past ,mruli station1 on to ,fowera4 ,in the longitudinal section on ,plate ,,ii1 ,i have considered ,fowera as #ajfj metres above sea level1 and the slope upstream of it as 4 ,from ,fowera to the foot of the ,murchison ,falls1 the ,nile falls #cgg metres on a length of #fh kilometres1 and then in the next #cj kilometres reaches ,lake ,albert4 ,considerable quantities of floating pistea weeds pass down the ,victoria ,nile from ,lake ,choga4 ,they are well churned up between ,fowera and the ,murchison ,falls1 but finally enter ,lake ,albert4 ,it would be easy to develop electricity to work a railway along these #fh kilometres4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,cross ,,sections of the ,,nile its ,,tributaries ,horizontal ,scale #a 3 #b4jjj ,vertical ,scale #a 3 #fjj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,no4 #a4 ,victoria ,nile upstream of ,ripon falls ,no4 #b4 ,kagera ,river within #aj km4 of mouth ,no4 #c4 ,semliki ,river about #ej km4 upstream of ,albert ,lake ,no4 #d4 ,albert ,nile at ,wadelai4 ,no4 #e4 ,asua ,river about #b km4 above junction with ,nile4 ,no4 #f4 ,albert ,nile at ,gondokoro4 ,no4 #g4 ,albert ,nile at ,mongalla ,no4 #h4 ,albert ,nile above ,lake ,n ,no4 #i4 ,bahr el ,ghazal #ea km4 from mouth ,no4 #aj4 ,bahr el ,zeraf #bj km4 from mouth ,no4 #aa4 ,albert ,nile #d km4 above junction with ,sobat ,no4 #ab4 ,sobat ,river at ,doleib ,hills ,no4 #ac4 ,white ,nile #ad km4 below ,taufikia ,the principal tributaries of the ,victoria ,nile are the following3-- ,on the right bank1 the ,gogonia1 the marshy ,kwania and ,lenga1 and the ,duki4 ,and on the left bank2 the lake-like ,sensiwa2 the ,kafu with its numerous feeders1 large catchment basin but generally insignificant discharge2 and the ,titi4 ,the ,uganda rivers are more like sponges than rivers1 and in all probability the tail of the ,victoria ,nile has a discharge only slightly in excess of that at the head4 #aa4 ,the ,semliki ,river4--,the ,semliki river has its sources in ,lake ,edward just south of the ,equator and flows into the southern end of ,lake ,albert1 just as the ,victoria ,nile flows into the northern end4 ,lake ,edward with the addition of ,lake ,dueru has an area of some #bejj square kilometres and lies about #ife metres above sea level4 ,its waters as described by ,sir ,william ,garstin1 are green in colour and brackish4 ,the ,semliki river discharges the surplus waters of the lake1 and may be considered as having a discharge of #ajj cubic metres per second as a minimum and #djj cubic metres per second as a maximum4 ,in some #abj kilometres of its length this river traverses the eastern end of the ,congo forest1 and the day may not be far distant when this timber will be floated down the ,semliki1 towed across ,lake ,albert and sent down the ,albert ,nile to ,gondokoro and ,khartoum4 ,the fall of the ,semliki1 according to accepted levels is #bhe metres in #bfj kilometres4 ,the feeders of ,lake ,edward are the following3-- ,on the west1 none4 ,on the south1 the ,rutshuru and ,ruendu4 ,on the east1 the ,msalala1 the ,wampuna1 the ,chambura1 and the ,mpanga which has its sources on the slopes of ,ruenzori4 ,on the north1 numerous glacier-fed torrents from the slopes of ,ruenzori1 the ,nyamgasha and the ,dibirra4 ,the dry season discharges of all these rivers are small4 ,the largest is under #aj cubic metres per second4 ,the flood discharges are considerable4 #ab4 ,lake ,albert ,nyanza4--,lake ,albert has an area of #dejj square kilometres and lies about #fhj metres above sea level4 ,we have left the high lands of ,uganda and are in the stifling heat of tropical ,africa4 ,there are considerable deposits of salt along the east shore of ,lake ,albert1 as there are also around ,lake ,edward4 ,according to ,sir ,william ,garstin1 the waters of ,lake ,albert are brackish near the shores1 but perfectly sweet and clear in the middle of the lake4 ,it is due to the waters of ,lake ,victoria that those of ,lake ,albert are sweet4 ,the catchment basin of the ,albert ,nile at its head where it leaves ,lake ,albert is about #cgi1jjj square kilometres of which #bdd1jjj square kilometres discharge into ,lake ,victoria4 ,the rainfall over the additional #ace1jjj square kilometres may be considered as #abej millimetres per annum1 with seasons similar to those on ,lake ,victoria4 ,the evaporation from ,lake ,albert must be greater than that from ,lake ,victoria1 but if we exclude the joint areas of ,lakes ,victoria1 ,albert1 ,edward and ,choga1 and taking them as #gj1jjj square kilometres1 consider that their rainfall is equalized by their evaporation1 there remains from the #cgi1jjj square kilometres of catchment basin about #cji1jjj square kilometres4 ,an annual rainfall of #abej millimetres means for #cji1jjj square kilometres a total rainfall of #chj cubic kilometres4 ,the discharges of ,lake ,albert may be taken as varying from #ejj cubic metres per second to #aajj1 with a mean of #hjj cubic metres per second4 ,this latter figure represents in one year #bf cubic kilometres or th the annual rainfall4 ,we may compare with this the mean discharge of ,lake ,victoria of about #ehj cubic metres per second and th of the annual rainfall of its catchment basin excluding the lake area4 ,a reference to ,plate ,v will show how great is the regulating effect of ,lake ,albert on the ,nile4 ,owing to the fact that an increase in the discharge of the ,victoria ,nile cannot pass down the ,albert ,nile before the whole area of ,lake ,albert has risen1 the floods of the ,victoria ,nile are delayed nearly #e months in their passage down the ,albert ,nile2 a rise of #a metre on ,lake ,albert meaning an increased cube of #d1ejj1jjj1jjj cubic metres4 ,if this takes place in one year1 it represents an increased discharge of #aej cubic metres per second irrespective of what passes down the channel of ,lake ,albert4 ,if it were considered necessary to insure #abjj cubic metres per second as the discharge of the ,albert ,nile from the #aeth ,january to the #aeth ,may1 it would mean adding #djj cubic metres per second to the mean discharge for #d months1 and deducting #bjj cubic metres per second from the mean discharge for the remaining #h months4 ,by storing the surplus waters of good years by means of a weir capable of holding up #c or #d metres of water at the outlet of the lake1 it would be possible to insure this discharge every year during the four months which decide the summer contingent of the ,white ,nile to the ,nile in ,egypt during the months of ,april1 ,may1 ,june and ,july4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,gauge ,,discharge ,,diagram of ,,lakes ,,victoria ,,albert ,luba 7subsequently ,jinja7 gauge1 near the ,ripon ,falls1 represents ,lake ,victoria4 ,wadelai gauge 7#fj km4 below ,lake ,albert7 represents ,lake ,albert4 ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,the shores of ,lake ,albert are generally steep and barren1 though in places they are shelving and covered with papyrus1 notably at the inlets of the ,semliki river and the ,victoria ,nile4 ,the ,lake is fairly deep and admirably suited for a reservoir4 ,at the outlet of the lake enormous quantities of pistea weeds1 especially in high floods1 enter the ,albert ,nile4 ,the passage of these weeds through the future regulator of ,lake ,albert will be an exceedingly interesting engineering problem4 ,the principal feeders of the lake are3-- ,on the north1 the ,victoria ,nile4 ,on the east1 the ,waiga1 the ,wakki1 the ,hoima1 the ,wahamba1 the ,horo1 the ,ngusi and ,msisi1 discharging between them under #bj cubic metres per second in the dry season1 though good streams in flood4 ,on the south1 the ,semliki2 and no streams worth mentioning on the west4 #ac4 ,the ,albert ,nile4--,the ,albert ,nile1 or the ,bahr-el-,gebel1 has a length of #abhj kilometres from ,lake ,albert to the mouth of the ,sobat river4 ,for #bah kilometres1 past ,wadelai to ,dufile1 it has a broad stream with a sluggish current as a rule1 and covered with islands and papyrus marshes4 ,this reach of the ,nile is navigable4 ,the fall here must be very little1 and it may be considered as #h metres4 ,in high floods enormous quantities of pistea weeds float down this reach of the ,nile4 ,papyrus and ambatch are very common along the shores and on the islands4 ,at ,dufile begin the ,fola rapids followed by numerous cataracts up to ,fort ,berkeley4 ,in this reach of #aee kilometres the river falls #bbc metres4 ,sir ,william ,garstin states that some of the falls have a width of only #ab metres4 ,the depth must be extraordinary1 while the velocity is terrific4 ,the green water of the upper reaches is purified in its passage through these cataracts4 ,the rock is granite4 ,if the regulator for ,lake ,albert were constructed near ,dufile1 it should contemplate development of electricity for working a railway along these #aee kilometres4 ,south of ,dufile the principal tributaries of the ,albert ,nile are on the right bank viz3 the ,achua and ,umi4 ,in the dry season they are dry1 but after rains they may add some #ej cubic metres per second to the river4 ,between ,dufile and ,fort ,berkeley many rivers flow into the ,albert ,nile4 ,the ,asua1 the ,atappi1 the ,umi1 the ,karpetu1 the ,kweh and many others from the right bank bring down water in flood well laden with sand4 ,in the dry season all but the ,asua are dry4 ,the left bank tributaries are numerous but insignificant4 ,the volume discharged by these streams in the rainy season is very considerable1 as will be seen if the discharges at ,gondokoro north of ,fort ,berkeley are compared with those at ,wadelai4 ,they are between them capable of increasing the discharge of the ,albert ,nile for short intervals of time by #aejj cubic metres per second4 ,all these streams are torrential4 ,they rise and fall quickly4 ,from ,fort ,berkeley to ,khartoum1 the ,albert and ,white ,niles are navigable4 ,from ,fort ,berkeley to ,bor past ,gondokoro on a length of #bjf kilometres the ,albert ,nile falls some #ah metres and has a good velocity and slope1 and though the river is divided into two and more channels1 it is within its banks and may be considered an ordinary river4 ,the maximum discharge is about #bfjj cubic metres per second and the minimum #eej4 ,in high floods the river scours out its bed and sides very considerably4 ,the real flat lands begin at ,gondokoro a little to the north of ,fort ,berkeley4 ,the soil is light and sandy and capable of offering little resistance to the stream4 ,between ,gondokoro and ,bor the ,albert ,nile can lose some #cj per cent of its discharge when the river is high and capable of overflowing most of the islands and a great part of the valley4 ,the main channel has a width of about #bcj metres and depth of #c or #d metres when the discharge is below #fjj cubic metres per second and well within banks4 ,the main tributaries of the ,albert ,nile in this reach are on the east bank1 the ,kit1 second only to the ,asua1 and the ,lokadero2 and on the west bank a number of unimportant torrents which however help to swell the river in flood4 ,from ,bor to ,ghaba ,shambe on a length of #aif kilometres1 the main stream of the ,albert ,nile flows between banks lower than those further south and more heavily inundated in flood1 with a width of some #fj metres and depth of water of #e metres4 ,according to ,sir ,william ,garstin1 the grass swamps end half way down this reach and the papyrus swamps begin4 ,about #aj kilometres to the east of the main stream is another branch known as the ,atem river fed by artificially maintained and natural spills from the main stream itself4 ,these spills are kept open by the ,dinkas living along the ,atem river4 ,they were noted by ,werne in #ahdb4 ,the ,atem river at its tail apparently divides into two branches1 of which one feeds the ,zeraf river and the other returns to the ,nile at ,ghaba ,shambe4 ,capt4 ,lyons has pointed out to me that all this course of the river is extraordinarily like the course of the ,mississippi south of ,vicksburg1 with its severe curves and oxrings which correspond to the mayahs of the ,albert ,nile4 ,such mayahs or lagoons can be seen in the last #bj kilometres of the ,rosetta branch of the ,nile4 ,placed as they are between ,bor and ,ghaba ,shambe1 they mean that while south of ,bor1 the ,albert ,nile has more or less formed its delta2 north of ,bor1 the delta is in a more embryonic stage1 with probably the ,atem river the more ancient of the two streams4 ,north of ,ghaba ,shambe1 the ,zeraf river leaves the ,albert ,nile1 and fed by the ,atem ,nile1 takes off its water eastwards through marsh and swamp to again tail into the ,albert ,nile below ,lake ,no4 ,about #cj kilometres further north is the cut made by ,sir ,samuel ,baker to enable him to enter the ,albert ,nile from the ,zeraf river4 ,the real ,sudd region lies between ,ghaba ,shambe and ,lake ,no1 on a length of #chj kilometres4 ,between ,fort ,berkeley and ,gondokoro1 the flood as well as the summer supplies are within banks4 ,between ,gondokoro and ,bor1 the summer supply is well within banks1 but the floods overflow the valley4 ,between ,bor and ,ghaba ,shambe the summer supply is just within banks1 but the floods overflow freely4 ,between ,ghaba ,shambe and ,lake ,no the summer supply overflows the banks1 and hence there result the periodical barrings or sudds of the ,nile by the floating vegetation so common in this region4 ,while the summer supply is within banks it can insure a clear waterway2 but when not only the floods but the summer supplies ordinarily overflow the banks1 the stream must be aided artificially if it is to keep its waterway clear4 ,the ordinary width of the river south of ,hillet-el-,nuer is between #ej and #fj metres1 but in the reach of the old sudd blocks numbers #af to #ai it diminishes in places to #be metres1 and in the reach blocked by sudd block number #ae increases to #bjj4 ,north of ,hillet-el-,nuer1 the width varies from #fj to #aej metres1 but the mean width may be taken as from #ge to #hj metres4 ,the velocity is about #ge centimetres per second1 which is a good velocity for clear water2 and ,sir ,william ,garstin remarks at one place that since the sudds were cleared the channel of the ,albert ,nile seems to be deepening and widening itself1 and he states in another place that the extent of overflow over the mayahs or side depressions is decreasing4 ,with proper training works and dredging it should be possible to reduce the length of the main channel of the ,albert ,nile between ,gondokoro and ,bor from #age kilometres to #afj2 between ,bor and ,ghaba ,shambe from #bjf kilometres to #ade2 and between ,ghaba ,shambe and ,lake ,no from #chj kilometres to #cje4 ,or the length of channel from ,gondokoro to ,lake ,no might be reduced from #gfa kilometres to #faj4 ,some of the curves are nearly complete circles1 needing but little work to cut off extensive lengths4 ,between ,ghaba ,shambe and ,lake ,no there were #ai sudd blocks of which all but one were removed by ,major ,peake1 ,r4 ,a41 and ,lieut4 ,drury1 ,r4 ,n41 in #aijj and #aija4 ,their positions are indicated on ,plate ,,vi4 ,south of ,hillet-el-,nuer is sudd block ,no4 #ae1 the only one remaining to be removed4 ,owing to this block1 the ,albert ,nile leaves its true channel1 which is from #e to #f metres deep1 and1 on a length of #dc kilometres1 follows a series of mayahs1 pools and marshes with a depth of from #a to #b metres4 ,the original channel was closed by a boat laden with ivory sinking in the true channel during the ,dervish domination4 ,the boat has been found1 the ivory recovered and the work of sudd clearing commenced1 but the work has not yet been completed4 ,the maximum discharge of the ,albert ,nile at ,hillet-el-,nuer may be taken as #dej cubic metres per second1 and into ,lake ,no as #cbj cubic metres per second4 ,the water of the river is dark-coloured and contains no sediment4 ,very little ambatch is met with north of ,ghaba ,shambe4 ,between ,ghaba ,shambe and ,lake ,no on the left bank1 in the first #abj kilometres1 three channels carrying very appreciable quantities of water flow into the ,albert ,nile4 ,these are considered to be the tails of the river ,yei4 ,at ,hillet-el-,nuer1 about #agj kilometres north of ,ghaba ,shambe1 a branch takes off from the west side of the ,albert ,nile1 known as ,gage's channel1 with #ce metres of clear waterway1 #a metre depth and #jfj metre per second velocity1 discharging #bj cubic metres per second4 ,this stream flows westwards and is lost in the swamps4 ,on the right bank1 downstream of ,ghaba ,shambe1 are the two heads of the ,bahr ,zeraf1 one natural and the other artificial made by ,sir ,samuel ,baker4 ,about #ij kilometres north of ,ghaba ,shambe a few spills take water towards the ,zeraf river4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,the ,,albert ,,nile4 ,,from ,,gondokoro ,,to ,,the ,,sobat ,,junction ,scale #a 3 #b1jjj1jjj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,part of ,albert ,nile ,south of ,sudd ,no4 #ae ,from ,lake ,no to the ,sobat mouth1 on a length of #acd kilometres is the tail reach of the ,albert ,nile4 ,the ,albert ,nile flows into ,lake ,no in its south-eastern corner and leaves it on its east side4 ,on the west side the ,gazelle river flows into the lake4 ,lake ,no has an area of some #bj square kilometres in times of low supply and #ajj square kilometres in flood4 ,in low supply the depth is between #aej and #bej metres4 ,in the reach between ,lake ,no and the ,sobat mouth1 the river is very fairly straight2 the summer channel is about #agj metres wide and as a rule about #e metres deep upstream of the mouth of the ,lolle1 though in one place about #h kilometres from ,lake ,no it becomes only #ej metres wide for a short distance4 ,between the tail of the ,lolle river and the mouth of the ,sobat river1 the summer width widens out to about #djj metres with #c metres depth of water4 ,however extensive the marshes may be1 the high land forming the limit of the inundation is everywhere in this reach visible from the main stream4 ,the ,gazelle river1 which flows into ,lake ,no1 has a discharge varying from #j to #dj cubic metres per second4 ,the ,lolle river which flows in on the left bank upstream of the ,sobat mouth is probably an arm of the ,albert ,nile or an overflow of the ,gazelle and has a discharge varying from #j to #dj cubic metres per second4 ,on the right bank1 the ,zeraf river flows into the ,albert ,nile1 with a discharge varying from #cj to #afj cubic metres per second4 ,the ,megahid river flows in #cj kilometres below the tail of the ,zeraf river and adds an undetermined quota of water4 ,at its junction with the ,sobat river1 the ,albert ,nile discharges from #cjj to #dej cubic metres in summer2 it does not discharge much more in flood as the waters of the ,sobat river in flood hold up the ,albert ,river and make it overflow the low lands up to ,lake ,no and beyond for a depth of #c metres in high floods4 ,this reach of the ,nile is a flood reservoir1 which empties itself ordinarily by the end of winter4 #ad4 ,the ,gazelle ,river4--,the ,gazelle river1 which flows into ,lake ,no1 has a catchment basin of #bdj1jjj square kilometres1 with an annual rainfall of #ge millimetres2 and an additional catchment basin of #bcj square kilometres with an annual rainfall of #cj millimetres2 and yet the river discharges nothing in summer and about #dj cubic metres per second in flood4 ,it is the most extraordinary river in the world1 often blocked by sudd and invisible4 ,it has practically no banks in flood or in times of low supply1 while the waterway varies in width from #f metres to #ij and in depth from #b metres to #f metres4 ,it makes its way between interminable marshes of papyrus and water grasses4 ,the ,gazelle river is a deltaic river in a still more embryonic stage than the ,albert ,nile north of ,ghaba ,shambe4 ,it1 however1 performs one good function4 ,it keeps the swamps of the ,sudd region full of water1 year in and year out2 and without it1 the water of the ,albert ,nile would doubtless be lost by percolation in the ,sudd region and the ,white ,nile be left high and dry for #c months every year4 ,schweinfurth was the first to ascend and describe this river and its tributaries4 ,beginning from the east1 its principal tributaries are3--the ,rohl1 the ,dyow1 the ,tondy1 the ,kit1 the ,dyr1 the ,dembo1 the ,humr and the ,bahr el ,arab4 ,with courses of between #dej and #gej kilometres in length1 the tributaries fall from #ejj to #gjj metres in their upper courses of from #cjj to #ejj kilometres1 and in their remaining courses they traverse swamps4 ,certain of the tributaries may be discharging #aj cubic metres per second in summer and #bej cubic metres per second in flood1 but the main stream of the ,gazelle seems never to add more than #dj cubic metres per second to the ,albert ,nile4 ,the whole of the water is evaporated from the weeds1 papyrus1 watergrasses and open sheets of water which cover a desolate area of #gj1jjj square kilometres4 ,evaporation and rainfall balance each other4 ,if the ,singhara or ,indian water nut could be induced to grow in this waste of waters1 some profit might be got out of them4 #ae4 ,the ,bahr ,zeraf4--,the ,bahr ,zeraf is the right hand branch of the ,albert ,nile which leaves the latter river north of ,ghaba ,shambe and joins it again midway between ,lake ,no and the ,sobat river4 ,it is fed largely by the escape water of the ,atem river brought down in a traceable channel and in flood by torrents from the hilly region east of ,gondokoro4 ,beginning with a series of marshes and swamps1 it gradually establishes its right to be called a river and finally after a tortuous and meandering course of about #bgj kilometres tails into the ,albert ,nile4 ,in its lower reaches it is about #ej metres wide and from #b to #d metres deep in summer and #f to #h metres deep in flood4 ,its discharges vary from #cj cubic metres per second in summer to #afj cubic metres per second in flood4 ,in its lower reaches the banks consist of solid earth1 proving that at one time it carried water other than that brought down by the ,albert ,nile4 #af4 ,the ,sobat ,river4--,this river drains #aef1jjj square kilometres lying between the catchment basins of ,lake ,rudolf and the ,blue ,nile4 ,the rainfall in the mountainous region of ,gallaland is plentiful and especially heavy in autumn1 and were it not for the extensive lakes and marshes in its middle course1 it would be a torrent in flood4 ,regulated and restrained by the lakes and marshes1 this river has an extraordinarily even rise and fall1 as a reference to ,table #bd will certify4 ,it is unfortunate that the ,nasser gauge has been read so interruptedly4 ,the ,doleb ,hilla gauge is in the back water of the ,albert ,nile and not very reliable4 ,the discharges of the last four years have varied from #dj cubic metres per second in low supply to #ajjj cubic metres in flood1 though there have been years when the discharges have fallen to zero in summer and when the flood must have exceeded #aejj cubic metres per second4 ,april is the month of low supply and ,november of maximum flood4 ,in its last #ej kilometres1 the river has a deep1 well defined channel between high banks1 which are never topped in the highest floods4 ,the width of waterway is about #aaj metres and the depth #g metres in summer and about #aj to #aa metres in flood4 ,the principal tributaries of the ,sobat are the ,baro from the north-east and east1 and the ,akobo and ,pibor from the south-east and south4 ,all the tributaries meet and form extensive swamps from which the ,sobat has its origin4 ,the village of ,nasser is situated on the ,sobat near its origin4 ,a gauge has been erected here4 #ag4 ,the ,sudd region4--,the ,sudd region of the ,albert ,nile lies north of ,ghaba ,shambe and corresponds to that part of the river where not only do the floods overflow the banks1 but the summer supplies can do so in many places4 ,it is the delta of the river in a very embryonic stage4 ,there are two main branches to the river1 the ,albert ,nile proper and the ,zeraf1 which have both been already described4 ,both these rivers are liable to be blocked by sudd or blocks of living vegetation4 ,these blocks are sometimes as much as #e metres thick and capable of turning nearly the whole supply of the river out of its course4 ,they are formed of papyrus1 weeds and watergrasses1 which grow on the half sandy half peaty banks of the lagoons and marshes traversed by the river1 and which1 under the double action of a rising flood and strong winds1 are torn up and driven into the channels wherever they are confined in width1 and there jammed into solid masses of floating weeds1 filling the whole width of the river1 very nearly the whole depth1 and sometimes over a kilometre in length4 ,in addition to the local weeds and grasses1 there are always at hand in high floods dense masses of pistea weeds which have come from the upper waters of the ,albert ,nile south of ,dufile4 ,while the sudd floats it is not so bad as when it sinks1 as it has done at block ,no4 #ae north of ,gaba ,shambe1 where the ,nile has left its course for #cg kilometres owing to sunken sudd4 ,when the sudd sinks1 its becomes putrid and especially loathsome4 ,the ,sudd region is unmistakably1 as ,lombardini pointed out years ago1 an old lake which has silted up and become full of peat and sand deposits4 ,at one time the lake must have had an extreme length of #djj kilometres and width of #djj kilometres and been a larger sheet of water than lake ,victoria4 ,the ,sobat river flowed into it1 and the ,blue ,nile may have flowed backwards up the bed of the present ,white ,nile for tens of thousands of years4 ,the north-east corner has been better filled with deposit than any other part4 ,the dense masses of papyrus and water-grasses which shut out the horizon in every direction intimidated the expedition sent up the ,nile by ,nero1 and it returned northwards without having accomplished anything4 ,from ,nero's time to that of ,mehemet ,ali little was known of these regions4 ,mehemet ,ali made a determined effort to discover what lay beyond these inhospitable regions1 and sent up a well-equipped expedition under ,d',arnaud4 ,one of the earliest descriptions of the ,nile between the fifth and tenth parallels of latitude is by ,werne1 who accompanied ,d',arnaud's expedition sent by ,mehemet ,ali in #ahdj-ahda4 ,the expedition found the channel of the ,white ,nile and ,albert ,nile easily navigable between ,december and ,march4 ,the ,albert ,nile between #g and #i ,n4 lat4 had apparently a mean width of #abj metres1 depth of #e metres1 and velocity of about #fj centimetres per second1 giving a discharge of some #djj cubic metres per second4 ,in this first description of the river the fact that strikes one most forcibly is the omission of the ,bahr ,zeraf4 ,neither the inlet nor the outlet are mentioned1 though the ,sobat1 the ,gazelle1 and numerous insignificant streams are minutely recorded4 ,practically the whole of the water was confined to one stream1 and that a good one4 ,the water level in winter was found to be some #ej centimetres below the general level of the berm1 and about #fj centimetres above this level in flood4 ,the swamps contained offensive and fetid water1 which mixed with the waters of the rising flood and helped to pollute the stream on the first rise of the river4 ,between the river and the swamps in its southern reaches were numerous cuts and openings1 some natural and some artificial1 made by the aborigines for fishing purposes4 ,while traversing the swamps1 the waters of the river in flood lost their silt and became quite clear4 ,on page #ajj of ,vol4 ,,ii of ,werne's work there is this significant sentence3 8,the report that the natives below 7i4e4 in latitude #e to #g7 had blocked the river to cut off our retreat1 turned out to be unfounded40 ,from the above it will be noticed that the aborigines in #ahdj-ahda spoke of their ability to block the course of the river1 while the training works in the side channels and spills for fishing purposes were described as solid works regulated by rows of strong stakes driven into the ground4 ,between #ahda and #ahfc the expeditions up the ,nile considerably increased1 while the aborigines were being brutally treated by the slave traders4 ,what could be more natural than that1 as a measure of protection1 the aborigines should have widened and deepened the side channels and spills which took off from the river between latitudes #e and #g1 so that they might escape from the traders4 ,subsequently1 when the main river was patrolled by ,government boats1 the slave-traders themselves used these side channels for prosecuting their traffic4 ,all the channels and spills tailed into the ,bahr ,zeraf1 which now began to form an appreciable stream1 and which was navigated over the lower part of its course by ,petherick between #ahec and #ahfb4 ,the ,bahr ,zeraf was however always described as sudded1 while the ,albert ,nile was open to navigation4 ,this action of dissipating the waters of the river went on increasing till #ahfc1 when there occurred a very high flood indeed2 the floating weeds brought down from the south were excessive1 the waters escaped everywhere from the main stream1 while the floating masses of creepers were confined by the grasses and papyrus to the main channel1 and sudded it downstream of ,lake ,no4 ,on ascending the ,white ,nile and ,albert ,nile in ,january #ahfc1 ,sir ,samuel ,baker found the passage clear to the south4 ,on returning in ,april #ahfe1 he found the sudd of the flood of #ahfc still in the ,albert ,nile downstream of ,lake ,no4 ,the sudd was #ajjj metres long and had a passage #c metres wide cut through the middle of it1 down which the river ran like a mill race4 ,in ,february #ahfi1 ,dr4 ,schweinfurth and his party1 on their way to the ,gazelle1 took six days to get through this sudd1 though the main obstruction was now only #bjj metres long4 ,in ,july #ahgb1 ,dr4 ,schweinfurth on his way back found the sudd to the downstream of ,lake ,no as before1 and described the opening through it as 8a narrow stream of water which rushed along as a wild brook4 ,the depth of the fairway varied from #b to #c metres1 and the boat nowhere touched the bottom40 ,in ,february #ahgj ,sir ,samuel ,baker found the sudd in the ,albert ,nile impossible for his expedition of heavily laden boats and steamers4 ,he found the ,zeraf sudded in its southern #ajj kilometres1 and tried to cut his way through but failed4 ,and yet the slave traders had means of getting slave boats down the ,bahr ,zeraf 78,ismailia0 pages #fa1 #fb and #bi74 ,baker returned in ,january #ahga to the ,zeriba ,kutchuk ,ali on the ,bahr ,zeraf and had before him the #ajj kilometres of sudded channel4 ,with the aid of #abjj men he completed the work by ,march #ac4 ,the final operation was a canal through stiff clay #fjj metres long 7known to-day as ,baker's cut74 ,the fall from the ,albert ,nile into the ,bahr ,zeraf was so great that1 in order to get the boats and steamers across the final distance1 ,baker made a dam #abj metres long across the ,zeraf by means of a double row of piles1 sand bags and fascines of the tall grasses4 ,he thus secured the necessary depth of water1 and the flotilla sailed into the ,albert ,nile4 ,on his way back in ,june #ahgc1 he thus describes the appearance of the head of the ,ziraf river where he had made the cut in ,march #ahga3-- 8,on arrival at the ,bahr ,zeraf cut1 we found that the canals which we had formerly cut were much improved by the force of the stream4 ,although these passages were narrow1 they had become deep and we progressed with comparatively little trouble40 ,the rest of the journey down the ,bahr ,zeraf was easily performed4 ,in ,january #ahgd1 when the river was low1 the sudd in the ,albert ,nile was removed by ,ismail ,pacha ,ayoub1 ,governor ,general of the ,soudan4 ,from #ahgd to #ahgh1 while ,gordon was ,governor ,general1 the ,albert ,nile was clear of sudd1 but the wide stream of #ahdj had dwindled down to a clear waterway free of weeds on a width of #f metres over long reaches4 ,the escape of water down numerous spills had deprived the ,albert ,nile of the power of keeping its channel clear and when the heavy flood of #ahgh came down1 the river was sudded4 ,in #ahhj ,gessi was blocked in the ,bahr ,gazelle4 ,the sudd in this ,bahr was cut by ,marno1 who also cut the sudd in the ,albert ,nile in ,april #ahhj4 ,emin ,pasha mentions the fact that the ,albert ,nile was free of sudd and navigated from #ahhj to #ahhc4 ,in #ahhd he states that no steamers reached ,lado1 but he attributed that to the ,mahdi's rebellion4 ,during the early years of the ,mahdi's and ,khalifa's rule there was no sudd4 ,in the ,khalifa's time a boat laden with ivory sank in the stream where sudd block ,no4 #ae is1 south of ,hillet-el-,nuer1 and caused the block to form4 ,in #ahih ,lord ,kitchener found the ,albert ,nile sudded south of ,lake ,no1 and in ,march #ahii ,sparkes bey1 of the ,egyptian ,army1 steamed up the ,bahr ,zeraf to within #cj kilometres of its head4 ,at the same time ,sir ,william ,garstin thought the ,bahr ,zeraf a stronger stream than the ,albert ,nile4 ,descending the ,albert ,nile from ,uganda1 ,colonel ,martyr found the ,albert ,nile sudded #cj kilometres north of ,ghaba ,shambe4 ,in #aijj and #aija ,major ,peake1 ,c4 ,m4 ,g41 ,r4 ,a41 and ,lieut4 ,drury1 ,r4 ,n41 removed sudd blocks ,nos4 #a to #ad1 and #af to #ai1 between ,lake ,no and ,ghaba ,shambe4 ,there now remains only block ,no4 #ae south of ,hillet-el-,nuer4 ,the condition of the channel to-day has been described under the heading of the ,albert ,nile4 ,it is a very fair channel except at the diversion round block ,no4 #ae1 which ,sir ,william ,garstin is very eager to see removed4 #ah4 ,the ,white ,nile4--,the ,white ,nile stretches from the ,sobat mouth to ,khartoum and has a length of #hch kilometres and very little fall4 ,it everywhere bears traces of having been the channel of the ,blue ,nile when in ancient times the ,gebel-,royan hill had not been cut through by the ,nile1 and the ,blue ,nile itself flowed south into the great lake which is to-day the sudd region of the ,albert ,nile4 ,if the ,blue ,nile discharged1 as it does to-day1 about #bejj cubic metres per second throughout the year1 the ,sobat #fjj cubic metres1 the ,albert ,nile #ajjj1 the ,gazelle tributaries #gjj1 and the rainfall on the lake itself was #a metre per annum1 while the evaporation was #b metres1 7all reasonable figures71 the water entering the lake was #cjj cubic kilometres per annum and the evaporation was the same1 provided the lake had an area of #abj1jjj square kilometres1 which is1 moreover1 reasonable when we examine the plan4 ,during the whole of this period1 the valley of the ,nile in ,egypt received its water from the ,atbara alone4 ,the waters of the ,sobat river in flood give its name to the ,white ,nile4 ,at ,tewfikieh1 near the head of the ,white ,nile1 is a gauge4 ,for the first #ejj kilometres the river is described by ,sir ,william ,garstin as having a waterway of from #cjj to #ejj metres in width with numerous islands4 ,the depth of water in summer is #e metres and #g metres in flood4 ,on either side of the waterway is a low ridge swamped in flood1 and beyond that on either side is a deep depression1 deep in the centre and rising to the ridge on one side and to the high land and forest on the other4 ,each depression may be #c kilometres in width where it is wide and a few hundred metres where it is narrow1 so that the flooded valley may have a width of #f kilometres in places4 ,the ridges are about #c metres wide1 and broken by openings through which the water passes in and out of the side marshy depressions4 ,the depressions are covered by a dense growth of reeds and papyrus4 ,when the reeds are burnt one can traverse the marshes on foot4 ,south of ,kaka 7#bjj kilometres north of the ,sobat mouth7 the depressions are lower than they are further north1 which1 to me1 goes to prove that the channel of to-day is formed within the channel of old days when the ,blue ,nile was flowing south into the ,sudd region4 ,at ,gebelain 7#bej kilometres north of ,kaka7 the side depressions contract and the forests come nearer the river4 ,at the ,abu ,zeid ford1 #ej kilometres further to the north1 is a serious obstacle to navigation when the river is low1 in the shape of a very broad sheet of shingle studded thick with fresh-water oysters4 ,this bar is #f kilometres long1 as hard as stone1 and has in very low summer supplies a depth of water over it of only #ej centimetres4 ,it is a wonder that a channel has not been blasted through it4 ,the swamping now visibly decreases and the width of the river varies from #gjj to #ijj metres4 ,some #be kilometres north of ,abu ,zeid the papyrus and sudd grasses disappear1 and though there is flooding there are no swamps4 ,we have now some well cultivated islands in the river for the negroes have come to an end and the ,arabs inhabit the country4 ,the summer channel may be now considered as #gjj metres wide and the flood channel as #acjj metres4 ,the summer depth of water is #d metres4 ,at ,duem1 #bbj kilometres south of ,khartoum1 the width of the channel widens from #ijj to #ajjj and further north to #aejj metres1 and finally to #cjjj metres4 ,we are in a lake rather than in a river1 and in flood when the waters of the ,blue ,nile travel #cjj kilometres up the ,white ,nile1 and wait for a fall in the ,blue ,nile to discharge themselves into the ,nile1 we are indeed in a pulsating lake and not in a river4 ,it must have been in ,september1 when the discharge of the ,blue ,nile had fallen from some #aa1jjj to #f1jjj cubic metres per second1 and the stored-up waters in the valley of the ,white ,nile were forcing themselves down to take the place of those cut off from the ,blue ,nile1 that ,linant ,pasha took his discharges of the ,blue and ,white ,niles and found them some #fjjj and #ejjj cubic metres per second respectively4 ,the same remark may be made about ,m4 ,chlu's discharge of the ,white ,nile at ,khartoum of #djjj cubic metres per second in ,september #ahgf and mentioned in his book 8,le ,nil1 le ,soudan1 l'gypte10 page #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,cross ,,sections ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,its ,,tributaries ,horizontal ,scale #a 3 #b4jjj ,vertical ,scale #a 3 #ejj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,no4 #ad4 ,white ,nile at ,duem4 ,no4 #ae4 ,blue ,nile at ,lake ,tsana ,no4 #af4 ,blue ,nile at the ,bridge #cj km4 from ,lake ,tsana ,no4 #ag4 ,blue ,nile at ,wad ,medani ,no4 #ah4 ,blue ,nile at ,khartoum ,in #aijc the minimum discharge of the ,white ,nile at its head was #chj cubic metres per second in ,april and the maximum discharge was #adgj cubic metres per second in ,december4 ,table #bd gives the behaviour of the river4 ,the minimum discharge of the ,white ,nile at ,khartoum may be taken as #cjj cubic metres per second4 ,the preceding paragraph will explain how difficult it will be to know its maximum discharge until a gauge and discharge table are established for the ,blue ,nile #ajj kilometres above ,khartoum well above back water1 and a gauge and discharge table in the ,main ,nile north of ,omdurman4 ,the difference between these two discharges will be the true discharge of the ,white ,nile which1 with its slope of in flood1 is not a river but a flood reservoir4 ,the discharges taken at ,duem on the ,white ,nile and at ,khartoum on the ,blue ,nile in #aijb and #aijc are interesting1 but of little value for anything except the very date on which they were taken4 ,they were all in backwaters4 #ai4 ,the ,blue ,nile4--,compared to any river we have yet described1 the ,blue ,nile is a true mountain stream4 ,draining the southern and more rainy half of ,abyssinia1 it is the principal source of the ,nile in flood4 ,whatever waters it receives1 it carries to the ,nile and it is the true parent of the land of ,egypt1 for the deposit from its muddy waters is that ,nile mud which has made ,egypt4 ,the ,atbara carries waters which are probably more muddy than those of the ,blue ,nile1 but compared to the ,blue ,nile the ,atbara is a small river1 and its quota is insignificant by the side of that of the larger stream4 ,the principal tributary of the ,blue ,nile1 the ,abai1 rises at a height of about #b1gjj metres above sea level and after a course of #aaj kilometres falls into ,lake ,tsana4 ,lake ,tsana lies at a level of about #a1gfj metres above sea level1 and has an area of about #c1jjj square kilometres and catchment basin of about #ad1jjj square kilometres irrespective of the lake area4 ,on the #cast of ,january #aijc1 after a very poor rainfall1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,dupuis found the discharge #db cubic metres per second4 ,calculating from his cross section1 it seems that the maximum discharge may be #bjj cubic metres per second4 ,as at ,lake ,victoria1 possibly not more than th the rainfall finds its way into the lake2 and1 once there1 the greater part is evaporated4 ,little seems to leave the lake1 which would consequently make a very poor reservoir4 ,the land rises from the lake in gently undulating downs as a rule4 ,wherever observed by ,mr4 ,dupuis1 the lake was shallow4 ,there are many islands and some of them considerable ones4 ,the rivers feeding the lake are the following3--the ,abai discharging #i cubic metres per second in ,january #aijc1 the ,reb #b cubic metres1 the ,gumara #b1 the ,magetch #jc1 the ,arno ,garno #jc1 the ,gelda #je1 the ,unfraz #ab1 and many smaller streams say #ag1 or #ag cubic metres per second in all4 ,this of course was in the dry season4 ,mr4 ,dupuis considers the evaporation as #d millimetres per day4 ,between ,lake ,tsana and ,rosaires1 on a length of about #gej kilometres the ,blue ,nile falls some #abfj metres2 between ,rosaires and ,sennar1 on a length of #bgj kilometres1 it falls about #fj metres1 and between ,sennar and ,khartoum on a length of #cde kilometres it falls about #ej metres4 ,the cross sections of the river at ,wad ,medani1 #bjj kilometres above ,khartoum1 and at ,khartoum are given on ,plate ,,ix4 ,in flood and early winter the river is navigable up to the ,rosaires cataract4 ,the width of channel may be considered as varying between #cej and #gjj metres with an average width of #ejj metres4 ,the river rises from #i to #ab metres in flood and has a velocity in high floods of #c metres per second4 ,rivers with such velocities scour out their beds very severely in high floods and deposit silt in low floods1 and for the discharges below #e metres1 cross sections should be annually established and discharge tables made depending on the sections4 ,the summer discharge varies from #ajj to #cjj cubic metres per second and the flood from #g1ejj to #ab1ejj cubic metres per second4 ,the behaviour of the river is shown in ,tables #bd and #be4 ,the beginning of ,may is generally low water and the beginning of ,september high water4 ,the winter discharge may be taken as #ejj cubic metres per second4 ,the tributaries south of ,rosaires are the following3--on the right bank1 the ,folassa1 the ,durra1 the ,fatsam1 the ,bir and the ,temsha1 veritable torrents2 and on the left bank1 numerous streams from north and north-west of ,addis ,ababa1 the ,anjur1 and the ,didessa1 the latter from #ajj to #aej metres wide4 ,north of the last is the ,tumat4 ,the ,didessa is about #cej kilometres long and the ,tumat #bjj4 ,it is not at all improbable that in the valley of the ,didessa far better reservoir sites could be found than at ,lake ,tsana4 ,capt4 ,lyons tells me that there are important reaches here with very little slope4 ,north of ,rosaires there are two important tributaries on the right bank1 the ,dinder1 north of ,sennar1 and the ,rahad1 just north of ,wad ,medani4 ,both these streams run only in flood and are dry in winter and summer4 ,the ,dinder has a bed width of about #abj metres1 depth #d metres in good flood and a velocity of #b metres per second1 which gives a discharge of about #ajjj cubic metres per second in a high flood4 ,the ,rahad has a bed width of #fj metres1 depth of #c metres in a good flood and a velocity of #b metres per second1 which gives a discharge of #djj cubic metres per second in a good flood4 ,the deltas of the ,blue ,nile1 the ,dinder and the ,rahad are formed of the richest ,nile mud4 ,such soil is rich in lime1 potash and phosphates1 but is poor in nitrates4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,lith4 ,sup4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,,the ,,outlet ,,of ,,lake ,,tsana ,from a rough ,survey ,scale #a 3 #cj4jjj ,the velocity of the ,blue ,nile may be taken as #ge centimetres per second in low supply and #c metres per second in high flood4 #bj4 ,the ,atbara4--,the ,atbara river flows into the ,nile at ,el-,damer1 south of ,berber4 ,it is essentially a torrent fed by the rains of north-eastern ,abyssinia4 ,the rains here begin early and end early1 so that the ,atbara is in high flood in ,august and falls quickly through ,september4 ,its floods last from ,june to ,october and the river is dry for the remaining months of the year4 ,by dry it is meant that there is no running water1 for the bed of the river contains numerous pools of water1 which are nearly always deep and often very extensive4 ,mr4 ,dupuis has given a rough longitudinal section of the ,atbara river4 ,rising within #af kilometres of ,lake ,tsana1 at a height of about #bjjj metres above sea level1 in its first #cjj kilometres it falls #aejj metres to #ecj metres above sea level1 where it is met by the ,salaam river4 ,in the next hundred kilometres it falls #dj metres and is joined by the ,settit river1 a larger and more permanent stream than the ,atbara itself4 ,sixty kilometres lower down is the ,khasm-el-,girba gauge1 just upstream of ,fasher and about #dbj kilometres from the ,nile4 ,two hundred kilometres below the ,settit junction and about #bhj kilometres from the ,nile is ,gosrejeb1 and #aej kilometres lower down ,adarma4 ,finally1 after a total length of about #hhj kilometres1 the ,atbara flows into the ,nile4 ,the ,settit junction is about #dij metres above sea level1 ,fasher #dgj metres1 ,gosrejeb #daj1 ,adarma #chj1 and ,el-,damer about #cfe metres above sea level4 ,in the last #bhj kilometres there is therefore a fall of #de metres or about 4 ,in this reach the river has a width of about #ccj metres and depth in flood of #f metres4 ,tables #bd and #be give the behaviour of the river4 ,in #aijb and #aijd1 two very low years1 the maximum discharge was about #bjjj cubic metres per second1 and in #aijc about #cjjj cubic metres4 ,in high floods the ,atbara can discharge #ejjj cubic metres per second4 ,the principal tributaries of the ,atbara are the ,salaam and ,settit already mentioned4 ,on its right bank between ,gosrejeb and ,adarma it is joined by the ,gaash river1 which flows past ,kassala and loses itself in the deserts4 ,in years of extraordinary rainfall the ,gaash reaches the ,atbara4 ,the ,gaash at ,kassala has a width of #aej metres1 depth of #a metre and approximate discharge of #cjj cubic metres per second in an ordinary flood4 ,it has a course of about #afj kilometres before it disappears in the desert4 #ba4 ,the ,nile from ,khartoum to ,assun4--,the ,nile begins its course without any gauge to record its varying height4 ,a gauge north of ,omdurman1 another upstream of the #fth cataract and a third downstream of the cataract are badly needed4 ,until these three gauges are erected and recorded1 and another erected and recorded on the ,blue ,nile at ,kamlin1 about #ajj kilometres above ,khartoum1 the behaviour of the ,nile and its tributaries at their junction will never be exactly understood4 ,making use of the information which is obtainable1 we may say that the ,blue ,nile is generally at its lowest between the #aeth ,april and #aeth ,may with a mean low-water discharge of about #bjj cubic metres per second1 falling to nearly zero in certain years2 it is at its highest between the #aeth ,august and #aeth ,september with a mean maximum discharge of some #aj1jjj cubic metres per second1 rising to #ac1jjj and falling to #f1ejj in maximum and minimum years4 ,if the larger figure is correct1 the ,blue ,nile bank at ,khartoum is over a metre too low1 and the town is liable to be flooded out4 ,if reference is made to ,plate ,,viii it will be seen that the flood of the ,blue ,nile in ,july1 ,august and ,september travels up the ,white ,nile1 holds back its waters and converts the valley of the ,white ,nile into a flood reservoir4 ,when the ,blue ,nile falls rapidly in ,october and ,november1 the discharge of the ,nile is maintained by the stored-up waters in the ,white ,nile and by the ,white ,nile flood which has slowly travelled down its almost level bed4 ,table #bd shows this more clearly than any description could4 ,i do not think that the maximum discharge of the ,main ,nile on any given day is ever equal to the maximum discharge of the ,blue ,nile4 ,the ,nile between ,khartoum and ,berber has a channel wider and deeper than that between ,wady ,halfa and ,assun and a gentler current4 ,i have not taken1 or seen any discharges which have been taken in this reach1 but judging from what ,i saw ,i should say the channel was #hjj metres wide on the average4 ,at a distance of #hf kilometres from ,khartoum is the ,shabluka or #fth cataract4 ,here the ,nile descends #f metres on a length of #ah kilometres4 ,two hundred and twenty kilometres below the cataract the ,atbara flows into the ,nile and repeats on a very small scale what the ,blue ,nile does at ,khartoum4 ,the ,atbara is a flood torrent and is dry from ,october to ,may4 ,in flood it discharges from a low maximum of #a1gjj to a high maximum of #e1jjj cubic metres per second1 with a mean maximum of #c1ejj cubic metres4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,blue ,,white ,,nile ,,gauges ,,flood ,,of #aijc4 ,,blue ,,white ,,nile ,,gauges ,,flood ,,of #aijd4 ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,in this reach the ,nile has a maximum range of #h metres and an ordinary range of #g metres4 ,twenty-four kilometres downstream of the ,atbara junction is ,berber1 and #de kilometres downstream of ,berber is the beginning of the #eth cataract1 which has a length of #afj kilometres and a drop of #ee metres with three principal rapids1 the ,solimania1 ,baggra and ,mograt4 ,the village of ,abu ,hamed is situated at the foot of this ,cataract4 ,between ,abu ,hamed and ,dongola is the #dth ,cataract1 which begins at a point #ig kilometres downstream of ,abu ,hamed1 and has a length of #aaj kilometres with a drop of #di metres4 ,in this series of rapids are the ,um ,dras and ,guerendid4 ,between the #dth and #crd ,cataracts is a reach of #cac kilometres on a slope 4 ,on this reach is the town of ,dongola4 ,the #crd ,cataract has a length of #gb kilometres and a drop of #aa metres with the ,hannek and ,kaibr rapids1 surveyed and levelled by ,de ,gottberg in #aheg4 ,upstream of the ,hannek rapid1 on the left bank of the ,nile1 is the termination of the long depression in the deserts which goes by the name of the ,wady-el-,kab and is considered by many as lower than the ,nile valley4 ,between the #crd and #bnd ,cataracts is an ordinary reach of #aah kilometres4 ,west of this part of the ,nile are the ,selima ,wells and according to some travellers an old abandoned course of the ,nile slightly above the present high level of the river4 ,this waterless river is said to terminate in the ,oasis of ,berys which is separated from the ,khargeh ,oasis by a limestone ridge4 ,the #bnd ,cataract1 known as the 8,batn-el-,haggar0 or 8,belly of ,stone10 has a length of #bjj kilometres and a drop of #ff metres with the rapids of ,amra1 ,dal1 ,semna and ,abka4 ,at ,semna are the rocks where ,lepsius discovered the ,nile gauges cut by one of the ,pharaohs some #d1jjj years ago4 ,the ,nile flood recorded there is #h metres higher than any flood of to-day4 ,as the ,nile at ,semna could be very easily barred by a dam1 it struck me when ,i was there in #ahib that probably ,king ,amenemhat 7of ,lake ,mris fame7 had tried to bar the river with a dam in the hope of creating a reservoir4 ,at ,wady ,halfa1 near the foot of the #bnd ,cataract1 a masonry gauge divided into metres has been erected and read since #ahgg4 ,its accidental zero is ,r4 ,l4 #aaf4fi and the mean low-water level1 or true zero1 is ,r4 ,l4 #aag4hi4 ,between the #ast and #bnd ,cataracts1 the ,nile has a length of #cde kilometres and a slope of 4 ,the mean width of the river is #ejj metres1 and the mean depths in flood and summer are #i and #b metres4 ,the velocity in summer falls to #ej centimetres per second and rises to #b metres per second in flood4 ,the river in this reach is generally within sandstone1 and the greater part is provided with gigantic spurs on both banks4 ,these spurs perform the double work of collecting soil on the sides in flood and training the river in summer4 ,they were probably put up by the great ,rameses #c1jjj years ago1 as some of the most massive of them have evidently been constructed to turn the river on a curve out of its natural channel on to the opposite side in order to secure deep water in front of ,rameses' temple of ,jerf ,husain 78,jerf0 means steep1 scoured bank74 ,the spurs have been constructed with care1 and as the courses of roughly-dressed stone can be examined at fairly low water 7,i have never seen them at absolutely low water7 it is evident that there has been no great degradation of the bed during the last #b1jjj or #c1jjj years4 ,the first1 or ,assun ,cataract1 has a drop of #e metres on a length of #e kilometres4 ,from ,khartoum to ,assun1 on a total length of #ahji kilometres1 there are #efe kilometres of so-called cataracts with a total drop of #aib metres1 and #a1bdd kilometres of ordinary channel with a total drop of #ajc metres4 ,at the head of the #ast ,cataract is the ,assun dam1 regulated on for the first time in ,october #aijb4 ,it has #adj openings of #b metres #g metres and #dj openings of #b metres #c metres4 ,at the foot of the #ast ,cataract1 opposite the town of ,assun1 on the ,island of ,elephantine1 has stood a ,nile gauge from very ancient times4 ,an officer belonging to the ,roman garrison in the time of the ,emperor ,severus marked an extraordinarily high flood on the gauge4 ,the maximum flood-mark at the time of the visit of ,napoleon's ,french savants was however #b4aa metres higher than the above4 ,as the middle of ,severus' reign was ,a4,d4 #bjj1 and the visit of ,french savants ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj1 they concluded that the bed and banks of the ,nile had risen #b4aa metres in #afjj years or #j4acb metres per #ajj years4 ,the new gauge divided into cubits and twenty-fourths was erected in #ahfi and has been recorded daily since then 7a cubit #ed centimetres74 ,the accidental zero of the gauge is ,r4 ,l4 #hd4af4 ,the mean low-water level or true zero is ,r4 ,l4 #he4jj4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,from ,,wady ,,halfa ,,to ,,gebel ,,silsilah ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,,cross ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,valley ,,near ,,ibr,m ,,cross ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,valley ,,near ,,assu,n ,,typical ,,cross ,,section ,,upstream ,,of ,,assu,n ,,dam #bb4 ,the ,nile from ,assun to the ,barrage4--,from ,assun to the ,barrage1 the length of the river is #igc kilometres in summer and #ibc in flood4 ,the slope in summer is and in flood ,the mean fall of the valley is 4 ,the slopes vary in the different mean reaches1 the least being in the ,kena ,mudiria and the greatest in ,beni ,suef4 ,in a high flood with a rise of #i metres at ,assun1 the rise in ,kena will be #i4e metres and only #h4b in ,beni ,suef4 ,table #db gives the mean areas of cross sections of the ,nile1 while table #dd gives the mean widths4 ,neglecting spill channels1 we may state that in a high flood the mean area of the section of the ,nile is #g1ejj square metres and the mean width #ijj metres4 ,in the ,kena ,mudiria1 the area is #g1jjj square metres and the width #hjj metres1 while in ,beni ,suef the mean area is #h1jjj square metres and the mean width #a1jjj metres4 ,speaking generally it may be stated that where the ,nile valley is narrow the slope of the river is small1 its depth great and width contracted2 while where the valley is broad the slope is great1 the depth small and the width enlarged4 ,the mean velocity in flood ranges between #b4j metres and #a4j metre per second1 while the velocity in summer varies from #j4e to #j4i metre per second4 ,we may say that the ,nile in soil has a natural section whose width in flood is #aaj times its depth1 while its mean velocity is #a4ej metres per second4 ,the natural canals1 which take off the river and which never silt1 have a mean velocity of some #fe centimetres per second1 while the proportion of width to depth is about #ab to #a4 ,artificial canals of this section do not silt if their velocities are #hj centimetres per second1 while silting takes place as readily when the velocity is greater as when it is less than the above4 ,in muddy streams1 like the ,nile in flood1 certain velocities demand certain proportions of width to depth1 and if these are not given to it1 they will make it for themselves by eating away the sides if they can1 or1 if they cannot eat away the sides1 by silting up and raising the bed4 ,to the north of ,assiout is situated the ,assiout weir or barrage across the ,nile with #aaa openings of #e metres and #aj metres depth of water in high flood4 ,it was regulated on for the first time in ,august #aijb4 ,on ,roda island1 opposite ,cairo1 has stood a gauge from the earliest times4 ,it has been frequently reconstructed4 ,the present gauge is reputed to have been erected in ,a4,d4 #hfa with its zero at the same level as a more ancient one whose readings have been preserved since ,a4,d4 #fda4 ,when the gauge was constructed1 a reading of #af cubits meant the lowest level at which flood irrigation could be insured everywhere4 ,the level to-day is #bj cubits on the gauge and the difference between them is #a4bb metres4 ,as #a1jbf years have elapsed since the construction of the gauge it means a rise of #ab centimetres per #ajj years4 ,this is slightly under the rise calculated at ,assun by the ,french savants4 ,the following table gives the means of the maximum flood and low water levels per century3-- #gth century #ag4e ,r4 ,l4 flood #aa4j ,r4 ,l4 low water #f4e ,difference4 #hth #ag4d #aa4a #f4c #ith #ag4e #aa4b #f4c #ajth #ag4e #aa4c #f4b #aath #ag4e #aa4d #f4a #abth #ag4g #aa4e #f4b #acth #ag4g #aa4f #f4a #adth #ag4i #aa4g #f4b #aeth #ah4b #aa4h #f4d #afth #ah4d #aa4i #f4e #agth #ah4h #ab4j #f4h #ahth #ai4a #ab4a #g4a #aith #ai4e #ab4b #g4c ,it is evident from the above that the head of the ,delta1 or the bifurcation of the ,nile1 was much nearer to ,cairo in early days than just now1 and the last three centuries have seen great changes4 ,the fall of watersurface is very considerable at every bifurcation1 and the difference between mean high and low supply at the ,barrage to-day is #f4j metres against #g4b metres at ,cairo4 ,judging from the above figures1 ,i should say that from the #gth to the #acth century the bifurcation was gradually approaching ,cairo1 while since the #acth it has been receding4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,from ,,assuan ,,to ,,cairo ,,along ,,centre ,,line ,,of ,,flood ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,,cross ,,sections ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,valley ,,in ,,egypt ,the following table gives the highest and lowest floods at ,cairo in intervals of #be years from ,a4,d4 #fci to ,a4,d4 #aijd4 ,the gauges are in pics and kirats and are referred to mean low water or ,r4 ,l4 #abbe metres above mean sea4 ,years ,,highest ,,maximum ,,lowest ,,maximum ,a4 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pics4,kirats4,metres ,metres ,pics4,kirats4,metres ,metres ,r4 ,l4 referred ,r4 ,l4 referred to zero to zero at ,r4 ,l4 at ,r4 ,l4 #abbe #abbe ------------------------ ------------------------------------ #fci- #fej #ai 44 #ahaf #eia #ad #ba #afgd #ddi #fea- #fge #ai #bc #ahdb #fag #ae #ab #agjg #dhb #fgf- #gjj #ah #ag #ahjh #ehc #ac #f #aehg #cfb #gja- #gbe #ah #bb #ahad #ehi #ac #ah #afac #chh #gbf- #gej #ah #ac #ahjd #egi #ad #afbh #djc #gea- #gge #ah #aj #ahjj #ege #ad #ai #afgj #dde #ggf- #hjj #ah #d #agic #efh #ad #a #afbi #djd #hja- #hbe #ag #ah #aghb #eeg #ad #b #afca #djf #hbf- #hej #ag #ab #aggf #eea #ac #e #aehe #cfj #hea- #hge #ah #h #agih #egc #ae #ae #agae #dij #hgf- #ijj #ag #bb #aghf #efa #ad #bb #afgf #dea #ija- #ibe #ah #a #agij #efe #ac #d #aehc #ceh #ibf- #iej #ai 44 #ahaf #eia #ad #ag #affe #ddj #iea- #ige #ah #e #agid #efi #ad #ai #affj #dde #igf-ajjj #bf #bc #bafe #idj #ae #b #afhe #dfj -------------------------- #ajja-ajbe #ai #h #ahbe #fjj #ad #i #afdg #dbb #ajbf-ajej #ah #f #agie #egj #ae #i #agja #dgf #ajea-ajge #ag #ah #agga #edf #ab #c #aecj #cje -------------------------- #ajgf-aajj #ah #af #ahjg #ehb #ac #ag #afaa #chf #aaja-aabe #ai #a #ahag #eib #af #ab #agdh #ebc #aabf-aaej #ah #ah #ahji #ehd #af #i #agde #ebj #aaea-aage #ah #ah #ahji #ehd #ae #a #afhc #deh #aagf-abjj #ah #ad #ahje #ehj #ab #ba #aefh #cdc -------------------------- #abja-abbe #ah #h #agih #egc #ae #g #afif #dga #abbf-abej #ah #h #agih #egc #ad 44 #afbg #djb #abea-abge #ah #ag #ahjh #ehc #af #ab #agdh #ebh #abgf-acjj #ai #g #ahbd #eii #ae #ah #agbb #dig #acja-acbe #ah #ai #ahaj #ehe #af #b #agcg #eab #acbf-acej #ah #ba #ahac #ehh #af #e #agdj #eae #acea-acge #bd 44 #bjje #ghj #af #ah #agee #ecj -------------------------- #acgf-adjj #bj #c #ahdf #fba #af #ac #agej #ebe #adja-adbe #bj #ab #ahef #fca #af #ac #agej #ebe #adbf-adej #bj #ba #ahfg #fdb #ae #g #afif #dga #adea-adge #ah #h #agih #egc 44 44 44 44 #adgf-aejj #bj #ba #ahfg #fdb #ai #ag #ahee #fcj #aeja-aebe #bj #af #ahfa #fcf #af #agce #eaj #aebf-aeej 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aeea-aege 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aegf-afjj #bf 44 #baac #hhh #ah #h #agih #egc -------------------------- #afja-afbe #bd #e #bjaf #gia #ag #bc #aghh #efc -------------------------- #afbf-afej #ai 44 #ahaf #eia #ae 44 #afha #def #afea-afge #bb 44 #ahig #fgb 44 44 44 44 -------------------------- #afgf-agjj #bd 44 #bjje #ghj #bb 44 #ahig #fgb -------------------------- #agja-agbe #bc #d #aifj #gce #af 44 #agce #eaj #agbf-agej #bd #ab #bjcb #hjg #bj #ad #aheh #fcc -------------------------- #agea-agge #bd #ab #bjcb #hjg #ah #ag #ahjh #ehc -------------------------- #aggf-ahjj #bd 44 #bjje #ghj #ab #ab #aedi #cbd -------------------------- #ahja-ahbe #bb 44 #ahig #fgb #eh 44 #acad #jhi -------------------------- #ahbf-ahej #bd #i #bjbf #hja #ah #bc #ahae #eij -------------------------- #ahea-ahge #bf #ab #badj #iae #ai #ac #ahcj #fje -------------------------- #ahgf-aijj #bf #f #babg #ijb #ag #c #agfe #edj -------------------------- #aija-aijd 44 44 #aiah #fic 44 44 #ahjb #eig ,years ,no of,remarks4 ,a4 ,d4 years re- corded4 ------------------------------- #fci- #fejaa years #fea- #fgebe #fgf- #gjjbe #gja- #gbebe #gbf- #gejbe #gea- #ggebe #ggf- #hjjbe #hja- #hbebe #hbf- #hejbe #hea- #hgebe #hgf- #ijjbe #ija- #ibebe #ibf- #iejbe #iea- #igebd #igf-ajjjbe ,max4 year #aii #ajja-ajbebe #ajbf-ajejbe #ajea-ajgebe ,min4 year #ajgj #ajgf-aajjbd #aaja-aabebe #aabf-aaejbd #aaea-aagebe #aagf-abjjbe ,min4 year #aaii #abja-abbebe #abbf-abejbe #abea-abgebc #abgf-acjjbe #acja-acbebe #acbf-acejbe #acea-acgebd ,max4 year #acei #acgf-adjjbe #adja-adbebd #adbf-adejbc #adea-adge #a #adgf-aejj #b #aeja-aebeai #aebf-aeej 44 #aeea-aege 44 44 #aegf-afjjaa years,max4 year #aehg #afja-afbeai #afjb #afbf-afej #c #afea-afge #a ,max4 year #affi #afgf-agjj #c #afig #agja-agbeah #agbf-agejbd ,max4 year #agch #agea-aggebe #agef #aggf-ahjjbe #aggi #ahja-ahbe #c ,min4 year #ahji #ahbf-ahejbe ,max4 year #ahej #ahea-ahgebe #ahgd #ahgf-aijjbe #ahgh #aija-aijd #d ,min4 year #ahgg #e ,there is an error here in the records4 ,at ,assun the ,nile has a mean range of #g4ij metres between high and low supply1 with a maximum of #i4hj metres and a minimum of #f4dj metres4 ,the high supply varies between #ac1bjj and #f1ejj cubic metres per second1 with a mean of #aj1jjj cubic metres per second1 while the low supply varies between #cej and #adjj cubic metres per second with a mean of #eij cubic metres per second4 ,september is generally the highest month and ,may the lowest4 ,the mean low water level is ,r4 ,l4 #he4jj4 ,at ,cairo the ,nile has a mean range of #g4jj metres with a maximum of #i4f metres and a minimum of #e4c metres4 ,the high supply varies between #ab1jjj and #d1hjj cubic metres per second with a mean of #g1fjj cubic metres per second1 while the low supply varies between #a1cjj and #bej cubic metres per second1 with a mean of #ejj cubic metres per second4 ,october is the highest month and ,june the lowest4 ,the mean low water level is at ,r4 ,l4 #ab4be4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,cross ,,sections ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,its ,,tributaries ,horizontal ,scale #a 3 #b4jjj ,vertical ,scale #a 3 #ejj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,no4 #ai4 ,river ,rahad at ,khor ,abou ,seghire #bj km4 above the ,nile junction ,no4 #bj4 ,atbara ,river at ,khashim al ,girba #daj km4 from ,nile ,no4 #ba4 ,atbara ,river at ,khor ,abadar #be km4 from ,nile ,no4 #bb4 ,nile at ,manfalout ,no4 #bc4 ,rosetta ,branch at ,khatatba ,no4 #bd4 ,damietta ,branch at ,benha ,tables #da to #eb refer to the ,nile between ,assun and the ,barrage at the head of the ,delta proper4 ,table #df gives the ,reduced ,level of the mean low water level of the ,nile at various points between ,assun and ,cairo4 ,if1 for example1 it is known that the water surface at any time of the year at ,assiout is ,r4 ,l4 #ej4hj1 we know the mean low water by the ,irrigation ,department levels is #de4je4 ,the gauge is therefore #e4ge1 and by turning to ,table #cg we know the discharge4 ,table #cg gives the discharges of the river for gauges referred to the mean low water level4 ,between ,esna and ,kena the table is in excess of the truth1 and between ,assiout and ,beni-,suef it is slightly under4 ,taken all round the table is reliable1 calculated from the means of hundreds of discharges and carefully prepared4 ,table #de gives the slope of the water surface of the ,nile in flood and in summer between ,assun and ,cairo4 ,owing to the more winding track of the low supply than of the flood waters1 the former is #idh kilometres and the flood #ijj4 ,the slope in summer is and in high flood 4 ,the other tables need no explanation4 #bc4 ,the ,rosetta and ,damietta ,branches4--,plates ,,xvii and ,,xviii give longitudinal sections of the two branches of the ,nile and their cross sections are given on ,plate ,,xi4 ,during winter1 summer1 and low floods1 regulation at the ,barrage interferes with the natural discharges of the two branches4 ,the ,damietta branch is gradually silting up and decreasing in size1 while the ,rosetta branch scours in high floods4 ,the mean width of the ,rosetta branch is #ejj metres1 and the mean area of the section in flood is #djjj square metres4 ,the mean width of the ,damietta branch is #bgj metres and the mean section #bgjj square metres4 ,the mean velocity of the floods range from #a4jj metre to #a4fj metres per second4 ,in summer the branches are hermetically closed at their heads and receive only the water which filters into them from the subsoil4 ,this in the ,rosetta branch amounts to #bj cubic metres per second1 and less in the ,damietta branch4 ,it may be noted here that at ,cairo the girder bridge at ,kasr-el-,nil is #djc metres between the abutments and the smaller bridge is #agh metres1 making a total width of #eha metres4 ,the width of the ,kafr ,zayat bridge on the ,rosetta branch is #ecj metres1 while the old ,benha bridge on the ,damietta branch is #bhe metres4 ,the average depth of water in flood in the two branches may be taken as #g metres4 ,the barrage at the head of the ,rosetta branch has #fa openings of #e metres each and one lock #ae metres wide and the other #ab metres4 ,they are all open in high flood4 ,the ,damietta barrage has #fa openings of #e metres and one lock of #ab metres4 ,the depth of water in a high flood is #i metres4 ,the ,rosetta barrage has #aj openings too few1 and the ,damietta barrage #ae openings too many4 ,before the construction of the ,barrage in the middle of the #aith century1 the maximum discharges of the two branches at the head of the ,delta were nearly the same4 ,a little lower down1 however1 the ,rosetta branch had considerably more water than the ,damietta4 ,about #b kilometres below the ,barrage there was a branch called the ,shalakan branch which flowed from the ,damietta into the ,rosetta branch4 ,about #bj kilometres below the ,barrage1 the ,bahr ,ferounieh took about the total discharge of the ,damietta branch and led it into the ,rosetta branch4 ,both these were closed by ,mehemet ,ali1 while at the same time the ,bahrs ,sirsawiah1 ,baguria1 ,shebin1 ,khadrawiah1 ,moes1 ,um-,salama1 ,bohia and ,sogair were also completely closed or provided with regulating heads1 which very considerably diminished their discharge4 ,during the time that they had been open the ,damietta branch had lost water at every kilometre as it approached the sea1 and though #djj metres wide at the head it had a channel only #bjj metres wide in its lower reaches4 ,the ,rosetta branch on the other hand received the tail waters of many ,bahrs and had only one escape1 the ,bahr ,saidi near its tail4 ,the closing of so many escapes on the ,damietta branch has caused this branch in its upper reaches to carry so much water that its tail reaches can not carry it without having the surface of the water raised inordinately and dangerously above the level of the country4 ,an examination of the longitudinal sections will show that while the ,rosetta branch in its middle reaches is from #a4ej to #b4jj metres above the level of the country in a high flood1 the ,damietta branch is from #b4ej to #c4jj metres4 ,they will also show how the slope in the early reaches of the ,damietta branch is considerably less than that in the early reaches of the ,rosetta branch1 which results in the gradual silting up of the former as already noted4 ,the ,karanain regulator at the head of the old ,bahr ,shebin1 taking from the ,damietta branch below the ,bahr ,ferouniah1 was built in #ahdb by ,linant ,pasha1 with its wing wall #fj centimetres higher than any previous flood4 ,by #ahgj the ,damietta branch had risen #gj centimetres above the wing wall as measured by ,linant ,pasha4 ,in #ahgh1 though the ,damietta branch was relieved by the ,gizeh breach in the left bank of the ,main ,nile which drained into the ,rosetta branch1 the flood water surface of the ,damietta branch at ,karanain was #a4ej metres above the wing wall4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,rosetta ,,branch ,longitudinal ,scale #a 3 #ajj1jjj ,vertical ,scale #a 3 #a1jjj ,measurement along the right bank ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,damietta ,,branch ,longitudinal ,scale #a 3 #ajj1jjj ,vertical ,scale #a 3 #a1jjj ,measurement along the left bank ,the maximum1 minimum and mean floods in the ,rosetta branch are #f1ejj1 #b1fjj and #d1jjj cubic metres per second4 ,in the ,damietta branch they are #d1fjj1 #a1cjj and #b1cjj cubic metres per second respectively4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the utilisation of the ,nile4 #bd4 ,the ,nile in flood4--,we are now in a position to apply our knowledge of the ,nile and its tributaries to an examination of the behaviour of the rivers in flood and in time of low supply4 ,lake ,victoria1 the ,victoria ,nile1 and ,lake ,albert may all be considered as the great equatorial regulators of the ,nile4 ,the river1 as a river1 begins at the outlet of ,lake ,albert1 i4e41 at the head of the ,albert ,nile4 ,generally at its lowest in ,april1 it rises gradually and reaches its maximum in ,november4 ,the mean minimum of #fjj cubic metres per second is gradually increased to its mean maximum of #ijj cubic metres4 ,the regulating effect of the lakes is very evident4 ,between ,lake ,albert and ,gondokoro the heavier rains begin late in ,april and with a break in ,june and ,july continue to ,november4 ,the mean minimum discharge of #fjj cubic metres per second in ,april is increased by alternating rises and falls to the mean maximum of #afjj cubic metres per second in ,september1 which has disappeared by the end of ,november1 when the water of ,lake ,albert alone remains in the river4 ,the ,gazelle river in no way affects the flood or the low supply4 ,its great function is to maintain the levels of the great swamps between latitudes #g and #i1 saturate the soil1 and prevent the complete disappearance of the waters of the ,albert ,nile between ,january and ,may4 ,the functions this river performs are humble ones1 but deprived of its aid1 the ,nile north of ,khartoum would frequently be dry in ,april and ,may4 ,the ,albert ,nile at its tail just upstream of the mouth of the ,sobat is at its lowest in ,april and ,may with a mean low discharge of #cge cubic metres per second1 when it is joined by the ,sobat river with an approximate mean low discharge of #abe cubic metres per second2 making a joint discharge for the head of the ,white ,nile of #ejj cubic metres per second as a mean minimum4 ,now begins one of the most interesting operations of any in the whole valley of the ,nile1 exceeded only in interest by what happens at ,khartoum lower down4 ,the ,albert ,nile and the ,sobat river both rise together1 the ,albert ,nile on a very gentle slope freely overflowing its banks in the ,sudd region1 and the ,sobat river confined within its channel during its highest floods4 ,the ,white ,nile has a very gentle slope1 little carrying capacity and is quite incapable of taking on both floods4 ,the water rises at the junction and the ,sudd region becomes a reservoir flooded to a depth of #c metres4 ,as the ,sobat river increases its discharge gradually from #ge cubic metres per second in ,april to #ajjj cubic metres per second in ,october and ,november 7for it is confined to its channel71 the ,albert ,nile decreases the actual discharge it sends down the ,white ,nile and increases what it spreads over the ,sudd region4 ,the ,albert ,nile1 having increased its quota for the ,white ,nile from #cge in ,april to #dej cubic metres per second in ,september1 gives less in ,october and ,november and gradually passes on its waters in ,december1 ,january and ,february when the ,sobat has fallen4 ,the ,white ,nile at its head near ,tewfikieh has its mean minimum of #ejj cubic metres per second in ,april1 and increases slowly to its mean maximum of #aejj cubic metres per second in ,december4 ,during this interval its water surface is raised by #cej metres4 ,this water travels very slowly on to ,khartoum1 where the mean minimum is #dej cubic metres per second in ,may1 the slope is very insignificant1 and the trough of the river is #aejj metres wide4 ,at ,khartoum the ,white ,nile meets the ,blue ,nile4 ,no greater contrast exists in the world4 ,if maximum discharges are alone considered1 the little finger of the ,blue ,nile is thicker than the loins of the ,white ,nile4 ,the ,blue ,nile is at its lowest on the #ast ,may with a mean minimum supply of #bjj cubic metres per second rising to a mean maximum flood of #aj1jjj cubic metres per second on the #ast ,september4 ,the flood has fallen to #bjjj cubic metres per second by the middle of ,november4 ,up to the middle of ,july the ,blue and ,white ,niles keep increasing their discharges steadily at ,khartoum1 but after that date the ,blue ,nile gauge and discharge rise rapidly together1 and the ,blue ,nile not only feeds the ,main ,nile1 but flows up the ,white ,nile and arrests its discharge1 so that at ,duem1 #bjj kilometres above ,khartoum1 the ,white ,nile discharge decreases in ,july and ,august while the ,blue ,nile is steadily flowing up the ,white ,nile valley and converting it into a reservoir for the ,nile in winter4 ,it is only after the #aeth ,september1 when the ,blue ,nile has begun to fall steadily and continuously that the ,white ,nile discharge really commences and reaches its mean maximum of some #bjjj cubic metres per second in ,october4 ,the mean minimum discharge of the ,nile of #fej cubic metres per second at ,khartoum is obtained on the #ast ,may and the mean maximum of #ijjj cubic metres per second on the #ast ,september4 ,fed by the ,white ,nile reservoir the river falls comparatively slowly4 ,whether this peculiar relation of the two rivers to each other could not be taken advantage of to increase the supply in ,december1 ,january and ,february1 and decrease it in ,october and ,november by means of a regulating dam built across the ,white ,nile at ,khartoum is worthy of study4 ,i greatly prefer the idea of storing the flood waters of the ,white ,nile at ,khartoum to any storage of the ,albert ,nile water above the junction of the ,sobat river4 ,a regulator above the ,sobat junction would store up a very considerable quantity of water1 but the quality would be very doubtful and possibly dangerous to health4 ,at ,el ,damer1 south of ,berber1 the ,atbara flows into the ,nile4 ,dry from ,january to ,may1 the flood begins in ,june and is at its maximum as a rule in the last week of ,august2 with a mean high flood discharge of #cejj cubic metres per second4 ,this water cannot come on to ,assun without filling up the #bjj kilometres downstream of the #fth cataract where the slope of the ,nile is gentle and the river lends itself to being used as a reservoir4 ,it is owing to the fact that none of the main feeders of the ,nile flow in immediately below cataracts that the rise and fall of the ,nile in ,egypt1 is so regular and constant4 ,if the ,sobat1 ,blue ,nile and ,atbara all flowed into the ,white or ,main ,niles below cataracts we should have floods in ,egypt whose sudden changes of level and fluctuations would be an unending source of danger to the country4 ,it is owing to the earliness of the ,atbara high flood and the comparative lateness of the ,nile high flood1 that the ordinary maximum discharge of the ,nile at ,assun is only #aj1jjj cubic metres per second4 ,this is generally on the #eth ,september4 ,when the monsoon is early the maximum at ,assun is reached before or on the #eth ,september2 when the monsoon is late the maximum is reached about the #bjth ,september4 ,an early maximum at ,assun is generally followed by a low summer1 while a late maximum is generally followed by a high summer supply4 ,only once has this rule been broken and that was in #ahia when there were two maxima1 one on the #dth ,september and another on the #bgth4 ,in this year there must have been an extraordinary fall of rain in ,abyssinia in ,september1 for the flood of the #bgth ,september was very muddy1 while as a rule the river at ,assun is very muddy in ,august1 less so in ,september1 still less so in ,october and much less in ,november when the ,white ,nile is the ruling factor in the supply of the river4 ,if the ,september rains in ,abyssinia are very heavy1 an ordinary flood passes ,assun at the end of ,september and is disastrous for ,egypt4 ,this happened in #ahgh4 ,table #bf contains details of this flood1 of the minimum flood year #ahgg and the mean of the #bj years from #ahgc to #ahib4 ,at ,assun the ,nile enters ,egypt1 and it now remains to consider it in its last #a1bjj kilometres4 ,the mean minimum discharge at ,assun is #eij cubic metres per second and is reached about the end of ,may4 ,the river rises slowly till about the #bjth ,july and then rapidly through ,august1 reaching its maximum about the #eth ,september1 and then falling very slowly through ,october and ,november4 ,the deep perennial irrigation canals take water all the year round1 but the flood irrigation canals are closed with earthen banks till the #aeth ,august1 and are then all opened4 ,these flood canals1 of which there are some #de1 are capable of discharging #b1jjj cubic metres per second at the beginning of an ordinary year1 #c1fjj cubic metres per second in a maximum year1 and have an immediate effect on the discharge of the ,nile4 ,the channel of the ,nile itself and its numerous branches and arms consume a considerable quantity of water 7the cubic contents of the trough of the ,nile between ,assun and ,cairo are #g1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic metres71 the direct irrigation from the ,nile between ,assun and ,cairo takes #ej cubic metres per second1 #acj cubic metres per second are lost by evaporation off the ,nile1 and #djj cubic metres per second by absorption4 ,owing to all these different causes1 there is the net result that1 from ,august #aeth to ,october #ast1 the ,nile is discharging #b1djj cubic metres per second less at ,cairo than ,assun4 ,during ,october and ,november the flood canals are closed1 and the basins which have been filled in ,august and ,september discharge back into the ,nile1 and in ,october the ,nile at ,cairo is discharging #ijj cubic metres per second in excess of the discharge at ,assun and #ejj cubic metres per second in excess in ,november4 ,the mean minimum discharge at ,cairo is #ejj cubic metres per second and is attained on the #aeth of ,june2 the river rises slowly through ,july and fairly quickly in ,august1 and reaches its ordinary maximum on the #ast ,october when the basins are full and the discharge from the basins is just beginning4 ,the ordinary maximum discharge at ,cairo is about #g1fjj cubic metres per second4 ,through ,october the ,nile at ,cairo is practically stationary1 and falls rapidly in ,november4 ,north of ,cairo are the heads of the perennial canals which irrigate the ,delta proper4 ,the canals1 with their feeders lower down1 discharge #a1bjj cubic metres per second1 and the ordinary maximum flood at ,cairo of #g1fjj cubic metres per second is reduced by this amount between ,cairo and the sea4 ,of the #f1djj cubic metres per second which remain1 #d1ajj cubic metres per second find their way to the sea down the ,rosetta branch1 and #b1cjj cubic metres per second down the ,damietta branch4 ,during extraordinary floods the ,damietta branch has discharged #d1cjj cubic metres per second and the ,rosetta branch #g1jjj cubic metres per second4 #be4 ,the ,nile in low supply4--,we have so far considered the ,nile in flood1 it now remains to quickly dispose of the low supply4 ,after reaching its maximum1 the ,atbara1 which is a torrential river1 falls more rapidly than others1 and by the end of ,september has practically disappeared2 after the middle of ,september the ,blue ,nile falls quickly1 while the ,white ,nile with its large basin1 gentle flow and numerous reservoirs1 falls very deliberately4 ,the mean minimum discharge of the ,white ,nile at ,gondokoro in an ordinary year1 at the time of low supply1 is #fjj cubic metres per second4 ,of the ,sobat river it is #ajj cubic metres per second4 ,by the time the water reaches ,khartoum it is reduced to #dej cubic metres per second4 ,the mean low supply of the ,blue ,nile is #bjj cubic metres per second1 giving a mean low supply to the ,nile at ,khartoum of #fej cubic metres per second4 ,the ,atbara supplies nothing4 ,between ,khartoum and ,assun there is a further loss of #fj cubic metres per second1 and the mean low supply delivered at ,assun is #eij cubic metres per second4 ,in very bad years the discharge at ,assun has fallen to #djj cubic metres per second4 ,lombardini was no untrue prophet when he wrote that he was convinced that the more carefully the discharges were taken and the results known1 the more would engineers be astonished at the extraordinary amount of the subsoil water which filtered into the ,nile from the head of the ,white ,nile to the sea1 and which gave back to the ,nile in the months of deflux of the river1 the water which had percolated into the soil during the afflux4 ,he predicted that heavy as the evaporation was in ,april1 ,may and ,june in the ,nile valley1 the influx of subsoil water would be found to counterbalance it4 ,when we calculate the extent of the water used in irrigation along the course of the ,nile1 and compare the discharges at ,tewfikieh1 ,khartoum1 ,assun1 ,cairo and at the tails of the ,rosetta and ,damietta branches during the time of low supply we can only admire the perspicacity of the greatest hydraulic engineer of the last century4 #bf4 ,nile water4--,for the following information ,i am principally indebted to ,m4 ,j4 ,barois' 8,les irrigations en ,egypte0 just published1 and to an article by ,mr ,g4 ,p4 ,foaden in the ,journal of the ,khedivial ,agricultural ,society for ,january #aijc4 ,the colour of ,nile water is generally a pale yellow1 but in ,june1 when the first indications of the coming flood are given by a continuous gentle rise of the river from its minimum gauge1 the water changes to green and remains so for two or three weeks4 ,this green water has a very disagreeable taste and odour1 and is especially objectionable when the ,nile has been very low and the rise is a slow one4 ,in ,june #aijj it was extraordinarily bad1 and the river water was so poor in oxygen that standing on ,kasr-el-,nil bridge at ,cairo one could see the surface of the water covered with fish which apparently could only live near the surface4 ,in the deep reaches near ,kalabsha in ,nubia1 the fish died in myriads4 ,this green water is attributed by some to the immense amount of vegetable matter brought down by the ,white ,nile from the ,sudd region4 ,some say that it comes principally with the first rise of the ,sobat river4 ,but the generally accepted theory to-day is that the green water is the result of vegetable growths from germs is the water itself1 and that wherever or whenever the current becomes exceedingly slack they multiply greatly4 ,upstream of the ,assun dam in ,june #aijc the water was extraordinarily green and exceedingly objectionable4 ,as it was shot out of the upper sluices of the dam and broken up into spray on the downstream side of the dam it became so purified that ,i found it difficult to understand that the water flowing past ,elephantine ,island was what ,i had seen at ,shellal4 ,the green water is followed by the red water of the ,nile flood1 which has always thoroughly established itself at ,cairo by the #ast of ,august4 ,this red water comes from the scourings of the volcanic plateau of ,abyssinia by the ,blue ,nile and the ,atbara4 ,rich in mud and rich in manures1 this red water is the creator of ,egypt4 ,egypt is nothing more than the deposit left by the ,nile in flood4 ,the water is most heavily charged with detritus in ,august1 less in ,september1 and still less in ,october4 ,many analyses have been made of ,nile water4 ,following ,m4 ,barois1 ,i place side by side the analysis of ,dr4 ,letheby of #ahgdge and ,dr4 ,mackenzie of #ahif_/ig_/ih4 ,the year #ahgd was an extraordinarily high flood4 ,month4 ,,parts ,,in #ajj1jjj ,,of ,,water ---------------------------- ,dr4 ,dr4 ,the ,mean ,mackenzie4,letheby4of the two ------------------------------------- ,january #caj #afg #bgd ,february #bec #abf #bba ,march #abg #ec #aji ,april #aeh #ff #ace ,may #adg #dh #abb ,june #ada #fi #abc ,july #aci #agh #adh ,august #aeij #adib #aeff ,september #aefa #ecc #acjd ,october #aajj #cgh #ibh ,november #gjh #cdd #fag ,december #dgj #bhi #dbd ------------------------------------- ,mean #efj #cac #dih ,from this last column ,m4 ,barois concludes that in high floods #ajj1jjj1jjj tons of solid matter pass ,assun1 and #hh1jjj1jjj in mean floods4 ,it is unfortunate that we have no analyses of low floods like #ahgg1 #hh1 #ii1 #aijb and #aijd which were extraordinarily muddy4 ,the water had little sand but much mud4 ,the sand is scoured out of the bed of the river itself in high floods4 ,after ,dr4 ,letheby the composition of ,nile deposit is as follows3-- ,in flood4,in low supply4 ----------------------- ,organic matter #aejb #ajcg ,phosphoric acid #agh #eg ,lime #bjf #cah ,magnesia #aab #ii ,potash #ahb #ajf ,soda #ia #fb ,alumina and oxide of iron #bjib #bcee ,silica #eeji #ehbb ,carbonic acid and loss #abh #add ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total #ajjjj #ajjjj ,comparative analyses of subsoil water in ,egypt and ,nile water in time of low supply are given below4 ,,parts ,,in #ajj1jjj ,dissolved matter4 ----------------------- ,well water4,summer water in ,nile4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,lime #afef #dbd ,magnesia #dec #ajj ,soda #hbj #fbj ,potash #cg #add ,chlorine #acfj #fg ,sulphuric acid #eic #baf ,nitric acid #ag --,traces ,silica1 alumina and oxide of iron #ahj #ig ,organic ,matters #fj #age ,carbonic oxide and loss #abbf #djc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fdjb #bbdf ,it must be remembered that ,nile water in the time of low supply consists in a very appreciable part of subsoil water which has filtered into the ,nile4 ,mr4 ,foaden states that1 speaking in round numbers1 we may say that ,nile deposit in flood contains ,nitrogen #a per cent ,phosphoric acid #b ,potash #f ,he values the manure deposited by the ,nile annually in a well irrigated basin at #ge4 ,he concludes that ,nile water in flood is rich in potash1 fairly rich in phosphoric acid and poor in nitrogen4 #bg4 ,the soil of the ,nile valley4--,according to numerous analyses made of ,egyptian soil in #ahgb by ,,mm4 ,payen1 ,champion and ,gastinel1 the soil of ,egypt consists of ,silica #de per cent ,argile #ec ,magnesia #b to #af ,lime #ac to #di ,nitrogen #jc to #aj ,phosphoric acid #jc to #cb ,some stiff soils contain #hd per cent argile and some light soils contain #fh per cent sand4 ,as one approaches the ,mediterranean the quantity of chloride of soda increases and runs from a fraction to #d1 #e1 and even #aj per cent4 ,from the means of ten samples of soil from ,kena ,mudirieh analysed for me in ,may by ,mr4 ,frank ,hughes of the ,agricultural ,society we gather that the constituents of the soil are as follows3-- ,ingredients4 ,max 4,min 4,mean 4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,silica etc41 insoluble in strong acid#ff #ec #fj ,total ,lime #chj #bej #ccd ,total ,potash #aai #df #gd ,total ,potash available #jgb #jbj #jdb ,total ,phosphoric ,acid #di #bj #ce ,total ,phosphoric available #jij #jbi #jff ,carbonic ,acid ,chalk #ceb #agi #bfi ,nitrogen #ajf #jef #jhd ,we have here a general sufficiency of phosphoric acid1 plenty of potash and lime1 and a low proportion of nitrogen4 ,the salts of the soil1 when in excess1 are chlorides and sulphates of soda3 the carbonates are present in very small quantities indeed4 ,the following selection from a paper by ,mr4 ,lang ,anderson in the ,december #aijc number of the ,journal of the ,khedivial ,agricultural ,society is interesting4 8,voelcker's analyses of the two samples of soil taken from the drained bed of what was ,lake ,edku near ,alexandria give the following results3-- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,oxide of iron #aafi #aajd ,iron pyrites #jjh #jaa ,aluminium #fcf #ajhh ,lime #bjh #ggc ,magnesia #agi #jic ,soda #jgi 44 ,sodium chloride #haa #hef ,potash #jfe #abc ,sulphuric acid #bbc #bef ,carbonic acid #jai #dge ,phosphoric acid #jaf #jai ,insoluble silicates and sand #fbbc #deha ,organic matter #cfd #fba ,total #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,containing nitrogene #jjce #jjgj ammonia #jjdb #jjgi0 #bh4 ,basin irrigation4--,considering the times of flood and low supply1 the climate of ,egypt1 the turbidity of the ,nile flood1 and the deltaic formation of the ,nile valley1 no better system than basin irrigation as practiced in ,egypt could possibly have been devised4 ,if the flood had come in ,april and ,may and been followed by a burning summer1 or if the actual autumn floods had been followed by the frozen winters of ,europe or the warm winters of the ,sudan1 basin irrigation would have been a failure or a very moderate success2 but1 given the ,egyptian climate1 basin irrigation has stood without a rival for #gjjj years4 ,basin irrigation1 as it has been practised in ,egypt for thousands of years1 is the most efficacious method of utilising existing means of irrigation which the world has witnessed4 ,it can be started by the sparsest of populations4 ,it will support in wealth a multitude of people4 ,king ,menes made his first dyke when the ,egyptian nation was in its infancy4 ,egypt1 in ,roman times1 supported a population twice as dense as that of to-day4 ,the direct labour of cultivation is reduced to an absolute minimum4 ,shakespeare's genius has crystallised the system for all time3-- 8,they take the flow o' the ,nile ,by certain scales in the ,pyramid2 they know1 ,by the height1 the lowness1 or the mean1 if dearth ,or foizon follow3 the higher ,nilus swells1 ,the more it promises3 as it ebbs1 the seedsman ,upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain1 ,and shortly comes to harvest40 ,if we cast back our view to the dawn of ,egyptian history1 we can picture the ,nile ,valley as consisting of arid plains1 sand dunes1 and marshy jungles1 with reclaimed enclosures on all the highest lands4 ,every eight or ten years the valley was swept by a mighty inundation4 ,the seeds of future success lay in the resolve of ,king ,menes' engineers to confine their attention to one bank of the river alone4 ,it was the left bank of the river which history tells us was first reclaimed4 ,a longitudinal dyke was run parallel to the stream1 and cross dykes tied it to the ,lybian hills4 ,into these basins or compartments the turbid waters of the flood were led by natural water-courses and artificial canals and allowed to deposit their rich mud and thoroughly saturate the soil2 and meantime the whole of the right bank and the trough of the river itself were allowed to be swept by the floods4 ,it must have been on this wild eastern bank that were conducted all the hippopotamus hunts which are crowded on the wall pictures of buildings of the early dynasties4 ,in all probability1 the first six dynasties contented themselves with developing the left bank of the ,nile4 ,as1 however1 the population increased1 and with it the demand for new lands1 it became necessary to reclaim the right bank of the river as well4 ,the task now was doubly difficult1 as the river had to be confined to its own trough4 ,this masterful feat was performed by the great ,pharaohs of the ,x,i,ith ,dynasty1 the ,amenemhats and the ,usartsens1 who1 under the name of ,sesostris1 usurped the place of ,menes in the imagination of the ancient world4 ,they were too well advised to content themselves with repeating on the right bank what ,menes had done on the left4 ,by suddenly confining the river they would have exposed the low-lying lands of ,memphis and ,lower ,egypt to disastrous inundations4 ,to obviate this1 they widened and deepened the natural channel which led to the ,fayoum depression in the ,lybian hills1 and converted it into a powerful escape to carry off the excess waters of high floods2 and so successful were they in their undertakings that the conversion of the ,fayoum depression into ,lake ,mris was long considered by the ancient world as one of its greatest wonders4 ,they led the flood into the depression when it was dangerously high1 and provided for its return to the river when the inundation had come to an end4 ,by this means1 they insured the lake against being at a high level during a period of flood4 ,the gigantic dykes of entry and exit were only cut in times of emergency1 and were reconstructed again at an expense of labour which even an ,egyptian ,pharaoh considered excessive4 ,to understand how capable ,lake ,mris was to control the floods1 and turn a dangerous into a beneficial inundation1 ,i should recommend a study of ,sir ,hanbury ,brown's 8,fayoum and ,lake ,mris40 ,as years rolled on the ,nile widened and deepened its own trough1 to which it was now confined2 and1 eventually1 the time came when ,lake ,mris could be dispensed with without danger4 ,it was gradually reclaimed and converted into the ,fayoum with its #cej1jjj acres of cultivated land4 ,basin irrigation holds the flood waters for some #de days per annum over the whole of the valley4 ,the water is in places #c metres deep1 and in others only #cj centimetres deep1 while the average depth is about #a metre4 ,now the retention of this water over the land for a period of six weeks permits of the thorough saturation of the subsoil in places where the subsoil is of proper consistency2 and this water can be drawn on1 in winter and summer1 for maturing certain crops and growing others4 ,it was where the subsoil gave a plentiful supply of water1 and permitted of intense cultivation throughout the year1 that we find all the ancient capitals of ,egypt4 ,abydos has the finest subsoil water in the ,nile ,valley2 ,memphis has an excellent supply2 while ,thebes has the only good subsoil water on the whole of the right bank4 ,good subsoil water was to the ancient ,egyptian world what the presence of a rich gold mine is to one of our new colonies4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,xiv ,,the ,,north ,,sohag ,,system ,,of ,,basins ,scale #a 3 #bjj1jjj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,subsoil water supplies the link between basin and perennial irrigation4 ,it explains the reason why modern ,egypt is not satisfied with the irrigation which has come down from the remotest antiquity1 but is desirous of conferring on the length and breadth of the ,nile ,valley those advantages which gave ,abydos1 ,memphis1 and ,thebes their pre-eminence in the past4 ,any country which possesses rivers and streams whose waters are in flood for six weeks per annum at a suitable season of the year can betake itself to basin irrigation with more or less profit4 ,the science of dams1 weirs1 and regulators has received such development during recent years that there can be no problem so difficult that it cannot be solved by experience and originality4 ,basin irrigation allows of the thorough development of countries whose streams have short and turbid floods which precede a fairly cool season2 whether such irrigation be the stately irrigation of the ,nile ,valley1 perfected by the science and experience of #g1jjj years2 or the less perfect1 but still highly developed and river-fed tank systems of ,madras2 or the primitive1 but effective basins of ,bundelkund1 where the impounded water irrigates the crops on the down-stream sides of the basins for one season1 and then allows of the basins themselves being dried and cultivated in the next4 ,the ,nile in high flood rises #aj metres above its bed1 in a mean flood #i metres and in a poor flood #g metres4 ,the beds of the main basin canals are about #d metres1 and the cultivated land at the river's edge about #i metres above the river-bed4 ,the basins have an average area of #g1jjj acres4 ,where the valley is narrow1 they average #b1jjj acres each1 and where it is wide #bj1jjj acres2 while some of the tail basins are #dj1jjj acres in extent4 ,each canal has about seven or eight basins depending on it1 of which the last is always the largest4 ,there are masonry regulators at the canal heads1 at each crossing of the cross banks1 and at the tail escapes into the river4 ,in the more perfect basins the canals and escapes syphon under one another and overlap and supply each other's deficiencies1 so as to meet the requirements of every kind of flood which ,egypt can experience4 ,colonel ,ross's work on the basin irrigation of ,egypt is a monument of patient observation and a storehouse of information4 ,some of the canals like the ,sohagia on ,plate ,,xiv are veritable rivers1 discharging #dej cubic metres per second2 but a good average canal discharges #cj cubic metres per second4 ,the largest canal has a width of #ge metres1 while the average width is #i metres4 ,good basin canals discharge in an average year one cubic metre per second per #gjj acres4 ,forty-five days suffice for a perfect irrigation4 ,the cost of providing basin irrigation in ,egypt for basins of #aj1jjj acres may be taken at #c per acre thus made up3--,banks1 #aej42 canals1 #ge42 masonry works1 #ej42 and bank protection1 #be4 ,if the basins are under #e1jjj acres1 the cost will be nearly double this4 ,the annual cost of maintenance is #aj per acre2 while the lands themselves are rented at #c per acre4 ,in well irrigated basins no manures are needed1 and alternate crops of cereals and legumins have been reaped for centuries without the land having been exhausted in any way whatever4 ,where the subsoil water is good and double cropping resorted to1 then manures have to be applied4 #bi4 ,perennial ,irrigation4--,the foundation-stone of the conversion of the whole of ,egypt from basin to perennial irrigation was laid by ,mehemet ,ali in #ahcc1 when he began the construction of the ,barrages across the ,nile branches north of ,cairo4 ,these weirs were intended to raise the summer level of the ,nile by #c metres4 ,as the ordinary summer level of the ,nile was #a4ej metres above its bed1 the weirs were expected to raise it #d4ej metres above the ,nile bed4 ,the old basin canals had to be considerably deepened to take in the summer supplies2 while in other parts new perennial canals were dug4 ,perennial irrigation requires canals capable of discharging #a cubic metre per second per #cejj acres1 as against #gjj acres for basin irrigation4 ,some of the perennial canals are very capacious4 ,the two largest discharge #gjj and #dej cubic metres per second respectively4 ,there are no artificial canals in the world like them4 ,all the canals are liberally provided with regulators and locks4 ,the energies of the ,irrigation ,department during the last ten years have been chiefly directed to the provision of sufficient drains to meet that over-saturation of the soil1 which all but the best regulated perennial irrigation invariably entails4 ,after many years' experience in ,india and ,egypt1 we are convinced that the construction of drains and escapes should precede1 and not follow the canals4 ,it seems fatuous for engineers to be always over-saturating and half-ruining tens of thousands of acres of low-lying lands1 during the improvement of hundreds of thousands of acres of high-lying lands1 when it would be perfectly easy1 with a little foresight1 to secure all the advantages without piling up disadvantages4 ,the drains have generally one-third the capacity of the canals4 ,dry crops require #a cubic metre per second per #cejj acres2 and rice requires the same per #bjjj acres4 ,the drains in dry-cropped lands provide for #a cubic metre per second per #aj1jjj acres1 and in rice lands #a cubic metre per second per #fjjj acres4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,perennial ,,canal ,,system ,,of ,,lower ,,egypt ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,while basin irrigation is followed by the winter crops of wheat1 beans1 clover1 barley1 flax1 lentils1 vetches and onions1 perennial irrigation allows of all the above winter crops and in addition the summer crops of cotton1 sugar-cane1 oilseeds1 gardens and orchards4 ,it will readily be understood that all this double cropping necessitates a very free use of manures4 ,it would be a healthy innovation indeed1 if the provision of suitable manures were to be considered as an essential part of a project for providing perennial irrigation4 ,the day is not far distant1 ,i believe1 when governments which provide irrigation works will also provide manures1 and sell the water and the manures together1 one being as essential as the other2 ,i know well1 from observation1 that a well-manured field needs only half the water that a poorly manured field does2 and in years of drought and scarcity manures almost take the place of irrigation4 ,why should there not be a manure-rate as well as a water-rate8 ,here in ,egypt1 the numerous ruins of old-world cities have hitherto provided manure for a great part of the perennially irrigated lands2 but these are being fast worked out1 and other sources must be sought for4 ,farm-yard manure will never suffice for the intense cultivation in this country4 ,in connection with this subject1 ,i can recommend the study of a remarkably able paper on 8,nile ,cultivation and ,nitrates10 read by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,fuller1 ,c4,i4,e41 before the ,agricultural ,society of ,england1 and embodied in the #crd ,series1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 ,part #d1 #ahif4 ,egypt possesses1 in the vicinity of ,luxor1 natural beds of nitrates of unlimited extent1 which come down to the river's edge4 ,these nitrate beds have been used from time immemorial1 but were brought to the notice of the general public by ,mr4 ,floyer4 ,they contain only about #f per cent4 of pure nitrates1 but as they are on the edge of the ,nile1 in a perfectly cloudless and very dry country1 it might be possible1 with the aid of the plentiful supply of water always at hand to profitably extract pure nitrates4 ,the demand for nitrates is without limit in the ,nile ,valley1 as ,nile water1 though rich in everything else1 is exceedingly poor in nitrates4 ,the perennial canals and collateral works have cost #d4ej per acre1 and the maintenance charges are #aj per acre4 ,the perennially irrigated lands are let at #e to #h per acre per annum as against #c to #e for the basins lands4 #cj4 ,flood protection in ,egypt4--,the ,nile during high floods is considerably above the level of the country1 which is protected by embankments stretching from ,assoun to the sea4 ,in ,upper ,egypt1 a very high flood is one metre above the country2 in ,middle ,egypt it is #b metres1 and the same on the ,rosetta branch of the ,nile4 ,on the ,damietta branch it is #cej metres in places4 ,in parts of ,upper ,egypt1 but nearly everywhere in ,lower ,egypt1 the ,nile on curves is protected by stone spurs4 ,these spurs contain each from #d1jjj to #bej cubic metres4 ,they are very effective where the ,nile bank has been well thrown back below them to a distance of some #ej metres on a length of at least #ajj metres4 ,this allows the waters of the flood to swirl harmlessly in whirlpools below the spurs while the banks are far removed from their action4 ,when we first came to ,egypt1 we found that the policy was to spread the flood into as many channels as possible and protect the whole of them with tens of thousands of corve1 in addition to the corve on the ,nile banks4 ,we changed that and concentrated our energies on the ,rosetta and ,damietta branches4 ,in #ahfa1 #ahfc1 #ahff1 #ahfi1 #ahgd1 and #ahgh the ,damietta branch was badly breached1 ,there has been only one serious breach on the ,rosetta branch1 and that was in #ahfc4 ,the great breach of #ahgh on the ,damietta branch was attended with serious loss of life2 but far more serious was the breach of #ahfc on the ,rosetta branch not far from its head4 ,the whole western half of the ,delta proper was swept by the river1 and as the canals there have not got good high banks1 the people had no place of shelter to flee to and were drowned in very great numbers4 ,the same thing would happen again if a breach were to occur now1 only the damage would be far more serious4 ,the country is covered with villas and rich plantations and the low lands to the very edges of ,lake ,borrilos are being reclaimed and inhabited4 ,the loss of life which would occur nowadays would be truly appalling4 ,a breach anywhere within #ajj kilometres of the ,barrage on the east bank of the ,rosetta branch or the west bank of the ,damietta branch during a very high flood would be a national disaster4 ,the terror reigning over the whole country during a very high flood is very striking4 ,the ,nile banks are covered with booths at intervals of #ej metres4 ,each booth has two watchmen1 and lamps are kept burning all night4 ,every dangerous spot has a gang of #ej or #ajj special men4 ,the ,nile is covered with steamers and boats carrying sacks1 stakes1 and stone2 while the banks along nearly their entire length are protected by stakes supporting cotton and ,indian corn stalks1 keeping the waves off the loose earth of the banks4 ,in a settlement of a culvert in the ,nile bank north of ,mansourah in #ahhg ,i witnessed a scene which must have once been more common than it is to-day4 ,the news that the bank had breached spread fast through the village4 ,the villagers rushed out on to the banks with their children1 their cattle1 and everything they possessed4 ,the confusion was indescribable4 ,a narrow bank covered with buffaloes1 children1 poultry1 and household furniture4 ,the women assembled round the local saint's tomb1 beating their breasts1 kissing the tomb1 and uttering loud cries1 and every five minutes a gang of men running into the crowd and carrying off the first thing they could lay hands on wherewith to close the breach4 ,the fellaheen meanwhile1 in a steady1 business-like manner1 plunged into the breach1 stood shoulder to shoulder across the escaping water1 and with the aid of torn-off doors and windows and ,indian corn stalks1 closed the breach4 ,they were only just in time4 ,this is the way the fellaheen faced a breach4 ,and this is how the old ,governors of ,egypt faced them4 ,during the flood of #ahhg ,i complimented an official on the ,nile bank1 whose activity was quite disproportionate to his apparent age4 ,he told me that he was a comparatively young man1 but he had had charge of the ,nile bank at ,mit ,badr when the great breach occurred in #ahgh1 and that ,ismail ,pasha had telegraphed orders to throw him and the engineer into the breach4 ,he was given #ab hours' grace by the local chief1 and during that interval his hair had become white2 subsequently he was pardoned4 ,these were the senseless orders which used to petrify officials into stupidity4 ,the following estimate was made by me of the cost of protecting the ,delta proper between the two branches of the ,nile during the high flood of #ahhg3-- ,cost of protection for #dcb kilometres of bank or #a1bjj1jjj acres of cultivation3-- ,sand bags #fj1jjj #jc #a1hjj ,materials ,stone #e1jjj #ej #b1ejj paid for ,stakes #ee1jjj #jf #c1cjj -------- #g1fjj ,camel loads of stalk for #db kilometres1 ,materials #ad1jjj #ae #b1ajj not paid for -------- ,total materials #i1gjj #ae engineers #hj #a1bjj ,unpaid corvee1 #a1cgd1jgi men #jc #da1bbb ,total labour #db1dbb ,total materials and labour #eb1abb ,this works out to #abj per kilometre of bank1 or #jde per acre of land protected4 ,it is a very cheap insurance4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,projects4 #ca4 ,projects4--,no account of the ,nile in #aijd would be complete without an enumeration and slight examination of the projects before the public for the provision of sufficient water to the ,nile in times of low supply to insure the perennial irrigation of the whole of ,egypt2 to utilise these perennial waters by converting basin tracts into perennially irrigated ones2 to protect the country from the dangers accompanying high floods2 and to permit of the reclamation of the low salted lands of ,lower ,egypt which border the ,mediterranean sea4 ,egypt has a total irrigable area of #f millions acres4 ,of this area1 of a million acres1 which are to-day inundated in flood and lie along the edge of the deserts1 must continue to be inundated in flood for all time1 to prevent the sands of the desert from spreading over the ,nile ,valley4 ,their value is #e1jjj1jjj4 ,four million acres are perennially irrigated4 ,they have a mean value of #ee per acre1 and have a total value of #bbj1jjj1jjj4 ,of the remaining two million acres1 two-thirds are irrigated only in flood and one-third is not irrigated at all4 ,these #b million acres have a mean value of #be per acre1 and are worth #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,the land of ,egypt may be considered as worth #bge1jjj1jjj to-day4 ,if it were possible to perennially irrigate the #b million acres which are without such irrigation1 their value would be increased by #cj per acre1 or by #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,the problem before us is how to provide perennial irrigation to these #b million acres and so add #fj1jjj1jjj to the wealth of the country4 ,it has been calculated that each milliard of cubic metres of water stored in reservoirs situated in ,egypt itself is sufficient to insure the conversion of half a million acres from flood to perennial irrigation4 ,egypt therefore requires reservoirs capable of storing #d milliards of cubic metres of water4 ,in ,mehemet ,ali's time1 the great preoccupation of the ,government was the pressing on of the cultivation of cotton1 and as this crop needed perennial irrigation1 the securing of an abundant supply of water all the year round was the problem of the day4 ,the fame of the ancient ,lake ,mris had made a profound impression on the mind of ,mehemet ,ali1 and he urged on his chief engineer the necessity of undertaking similar works4 ,linant ,pasha first set himself to discover the site of the ancient lake1 and then estimated roughly the cost of reconstructing it1 but considered the cost prohibitive4 ,he recommended ,silsila as a suitable site for a weir and a canal head4 ,the failure of the ,barrage discouraged the ,government from undertaking new works and the question dropped4 ,in #ahhj ,count de la ,motte proposed a dam at ,silsila and a reservoir to the south of it4 ,he also proposed putting a capacious depression to the east of ,kalabsha in communication with the ,nile by the aid of a dam at ,kalabsha4 ,about two years later ,mr4 ,cope ,whitehouse suggested utilising the ,wadi ,rayan depression as a reservoir4 ,this depression had been already mentioned by ,linant ,pasha in his book and located by him on his hydrological map4 ,financial difficulties prevented ,sir ,colin ,scott-,moncrieff from immediately considering the question of reservoirs4 ,the success of the ,barrage repairs in #ahhg however gave new life to the question of reservoirs and ,sir ,colin ,scott-,moncrieff deputed ,col4 ,western to give scope to the suggestion made by ,mr4 ,cope ,whitehouse1 to make plans of the ,wady ,rayan and the deserts between it and the ,nile1 to find out the capacity of the reservoir1 and see if it could be utilised4 ,col4 ,western's report1 plans and estimates were printed by the ,egyptian ,government in #ahhh4 ,at the same time ,i was deputed to examine the other projects of ,count de la ,motte4 ,in #ahhi and #ahia ,i reported unfavourably on them1 because ,i could find no depression near ,kalabsha to put in communication with the ,nile1 and could find no rock at ,silsila on which to build a dam4 ,the ,bergat ,takham pan was the only depression near ,kalabsha which could have been used as a reservoir and it was over #ajj metres above the level of the ,nile flood2 while both in the ,silsila pass and the ,silsila gate ,i bored for rock and was everywhere still in sand #aj metres below the level at which the existence of rock was assumed by the ,count's engineers4 ,on my report reaching ,cairo1 ,m4 ,prompt proposed using the trough of the ,nile itself at ,kalabsha as a reservoir in place of the depression which did not exist4 ,col4 ,western left the country in #ahij and ,i became ,director ,general of ,reservoir ,studies4 ,m4 ,prompt had supposed that rock could be met with at ,kalabsha at a depth of #d metres below low-water level4 ,i could not find it at a depth of #bf metres4 ,after sounding and boring at every possible site on the ,nile and surveying1 boring1 and levelling in the desert between ,wadi ,halfa and the ,fayoum1 ,i submitted my report in #ahid1 proposing an open dam at ,assouan of a type which ,i trusted would meet the requirements of a ,nile reservoir dam4 ,sir ,william ,garstin approved of the site and the design1 and the dam was built between #ahih and #aijb with ,mr4 ,maurice ,fitzmaurice ,c4,m4,g1 as resident engineer4 ,the ,assouan ,reservoir at its present level contains one milliard of cubic metres of water which will suffice for the conversion of half a million acres to perennial irrigation1 adding #ae1jjj1jjj to the wealth of the country4 ,but though the dam was only completed at the end of #aijb1 already the whole of the water has been devoted to special tracts1 and the ,government is reluctantly compelled to refuse all applications for water4 #cb4 ,the raising of the ,assun dam4--,egypt already possesses the germ of all the storage works she needs4 ,six years ago a few far-seeing men saw clearly what all of us understand to-day2 but among the few1 no man had greater faith in the future of the country than ,sir ,ernest ,cassel4 ,the ,assoun ,reservoir project had been lying buried for four years in official pigeon holes1 when in #ahih ,sir ,ernest came forward with the funds1 and with ,sir ,john ,aird ,co41 as contractors1 and ,sir ,benjamin ,baker as ,consulting ,engineer1 undertook to complete the ,assoun dam and the ,assiout weir by ,december #aijc4 ,the ,egyptian ,government1 advised by ,sir ,william ,garstin1 accepted his offer1 and received the completed works by ,december #aijb4 ,the ,assoun dam is a granite structure #b1jjj metres long which crosses the head of the ,assoun cataract of the ,nile in one continuous straight line4 ,the dam is pierced by #adj under sluices of #g metres by #b metres for passing floods1 and by #dj upper sluices of #c metres by #b metres for passing the high level water of the reservoir4 ,the sluices are regulated by 8,stoney0 gates worked by winches at the roadway level4 ,while the red1 muddy waters of the ,nile flood are pouring down the river1 the whole of the sluices are open and the river discharges itself through them without parting with its silt4 ,this is the real object of the sluices1 for if the dam were solid and the river forced to flow over the top1 the reservoir would soon be filled with deposit and obliterated1 while ,egypt1 deprived of this rich mud1 would be considerably the poorer4 ,this is the great feature of the dam4 ,while the dam holds together1 the reservoir will be free of silt4 ,when the turbid flood has passed and the comparatively clear winter supply of the river has begun to arrive1 the sluices are gradually closed and the reservoir filled4 ,beginning about the #ast ,december1 the reservoir is filled in #ajj days4 ,it will ordinarily be full on the #ast ,march4 ,no additional water is needed for irrigation between ,march #ast and ,may #ast as the river naturally has enough for the requirements of the area at present under crop at this season4 ,as the area under perennial irrigation will be gradually increased1 the demand for water for the new lands will begin about the #ast of ,april4 ,the demand increases through ,may and ,june1 and the reservoir will then be aiding the river with its supplement4 ,if the flood is very late1 water may be required from the reservoir till the #ajth ,july2 if the flood is early no water will be needed after the #bjth of ,june1 as in #aijc1 the first year of the reservoir4 ,the earlier the flood the more effective the reservoir4 ,by the time the flood has begun to get turbid1 the under and upper sluices will all be open and the muddy waters of the ,nile will sweep through the dam without impediment4 ,the dam has worked for two years and given satisfaction4 ,when the ,nile was at its lowest in ,may #aijc1 the natural discharge of the river1 supplemented by all the subsoil infiltration water which enters the river between ,assoun and the sea1 was #djj cubic metres per second4 ,the reservoir was adding #bjj cubic metres per second to the supply1 raising the total supply available for irrigation to #fjj cubic metres per second4 ,the reservoir was supplying one-third of the water which was being utilized in ,egypt4 ,this water will suffice for an increase to the perennially irrigated area of million acres4 ,at the time of designing the dam it was intended that it should be of such a section that it could be raised #f metres in height and hold up another milliard of cubic metres of water4 ,such an operation1 if performed to-day1 would mean3 the whole length of dam being raised #f metres1 the winches working the sluice gates being raised #f metres and provided with new wire ropes2 and new copings being given to the parapets4 ,it would necessitate two more locks and three more lock gates1 and nothing else4 ,the expenditure incurred would be about #ejj1jjj4 #cc4 ,the ,wady ,rayan ,reservoir ,project4--,when the ,assoun dam will have been raised1 we shall be standing on the threshold of what it will be able to do4 ,the projected ,wady ,rayan reservoir1 or the modern ,lake ,mris1 will be well able to supply the two remaining milliards of cubic metres of water when working in conjunction with the ,assun ,reservoir4 ,the great weakness of this projected lake has lain in the fact that by itself it could give a plentiful discharge in ,april and ,may1 less in ,june1 and very little in ,july1 and it was for this reason that in my report of #ahid to the ,egyptian ,government ,i had reluctantly to recommend that it be not carried out4 ,but when the ,assoun reservoir is capable of supplying two milliards of cubic metres of water it will be possible to utilise the ,mris ,lake to its utmost capacity4 ,the ,assouan ,reservoir1 being high above the level of the ,nile can give its supply at the beginning or end of the summer2 it can give it slowly or with a rush2 while the projected ,lake ,mris1 being directly in communication with the ,nile1 and only slightly above low ,nile level1 its discharge would depend entirely on the difference of level between it and the ,nile1 and consequently as the summer advanced its level would gradually fall and the lake would not be able to give at the end of the summer a quarter of the discharge it could give at the beginning4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,,proposed ,,wadi ,,rayan ,,reservoir ,,showing ,,the ,,fayoum ,all ,r4 ,l4s in metres1 above or below mean sea4 - ,desert4 ,scale #a 3 #ejj1jjj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,but let us imagine that the reservoir and the lake are both completed and full of water1 and that it is the first of ,april4 ,lake ,mris will be opened on to the ,nile and give all the water needed in that month1 while the ,assouan ,reservoir will be maintained at its full level4 ,in ,may1 ,lake ,mris will give nearly the whole supply and the reservoir will give a little4 ,in ,june the lake will give little and the reservoir much2 while in ,july the lake will give practically nothing and the reservoir the whole supply4 ,working together in this harmonious manner1 the reservoir and the lake1 which are the true complements of each other1 will easily provide the whole of the water needed for ,egypt4 ,the ,wady ,rayan is a depression in the deserts to the south of the ,fayoum and separated from the ,fayoum by a limestone ridge4 ,in #ahhh ,col4 ,western recommended it very strongly as a reservoir4 ,in this he was supported by ,col4 ,ross1 the first ,inspector ,general of irrigation4 ,on ,col4 ,western's leaving ,egypt1 the study was entrusted to me1 and ,messrs4 ,hewat and ,clifton deputed to make a final project4 ,the ,wady ,rayan project1 with its plans and estimates1 was published by the ,egyptian ,government in #ahid4 ,as ,i said before1 ,i was reluctantly compelled to reject its adoption owing to the one radical defect already described4 ,that defect will have been completely removed by the completion of the ,assoun ,reservoir1 when it will be possible to undertake the construction of the modern lake ,mris4 ,the question of ,lake ,mris has interested the world for centuries4 ,for the ancients it was one of the world's seven wonders4 ,sir ,hanbury ,brown1 in his book on the 8,fayoum and ,lake ,mris10 has collected all the information available about the lake1 and after a thorough examination of the question has declared in favour of the ,wady ,rayan being converted into a modern ,lake ,mris4 ,herodotus1 writing about ,b4,c4 #dej1 was the first to describe the lake3 8,now the ,labyrinth being such as ,i have described1 the lake named that of ,mris1 causes still greater astonishment1 on the bank of which the ,labyrinth was built4 8,the water in the lake is not derived from local sources1 for the earth in that part is excessively dry and waterless1 but it is brought in from the ,nile by a canal4 ,it takes six months filling and six months flowing back4 ,during the six months of the return flow1 it yields a talent of silver every day to the treasury1 and during the flow twenty min for the fish40 ,strabo1 writing in ,b4 ,c4 #bj1 remarks3 8,it has also a remarkable lake called the ,lake of ,mris1 large enough to be called a sea1 and resembling the open sea in colour4 8,thus the ,lake of ,mris is1 from its size and depth1 capable of receiving the overflow of the ,nile at its rising1 and preventing the flooding of houses and gardens2 when the river falls1 the lake again discharges the water by a canal at both mouths1 and it is available for irrigation4 ,there are regulators at both ends for controlling the inflow and outflow40 ,diodorus ,siculus1 writing at the same time1 says3--8,king ,mris dug a lake which is amazingly useful and incredibly large4 ,for as the rising of the ,nile is irregular1 and the fertility of the country depends on its uniformity1 he dug the lake for the reception of the superfluous water1 and he constructed a canal from the river to the lake #hj furlongs in length and #cjj feet in breadth4 ,through this he admitted or let out the water as required40 ,at one time there was much discussion as to what was ,lake ,mris1 but since the publication of ,sir ,hanbury's book there can be but one opinion4 ,the lake covered the whole of the modern ,fayoum below the level of the contour which is #bb metres above mean sea level4 ,the common ,nile shells are to be met in myriads at any point on this contour round the ,fayoum that one cares to look for them4 ,the ordinary high flood level of ,kushesha basin to-day is #bf metres above mean sea4 ,in ,amenemhat's time1 which was #d1jjj years ago1 the level was #d metres lower1 or at #bb metres above mean sea4 ,this was the highest possible level the lake could have attained in his day4 ,in the course of time the level of the ,nile valley rose by about #aj centimetres per century1 but the frequent occasions on which the canal was kept closed during poor and low floods gradually silted up the channel and made it less capacious4 ,as there are no ,nile shells above the contour of #bb metres above mean sea 7except a few on the south side of the lake which have evidently been blown up by the north west winds in sand drifts7 it is evident that the gradual silting up of the channel more than kept pace with the rising level of the ,nile4 ,eventually the silting up exceeded the rise1 and that at an accelerated rate1 the canal became weaker and weaker1 and the ,fayoum ,province gradually occupied the site of the lake4 ,lake ,mris had lasted over #b1jjj years4 ,the connection between the ,nile and the germ of the future ,lake ,mris was in existence in ,king ,menes's time1 as ,i have been informed by professor ,sayce1 but it was ,king ,amenemhat1 of the ,x,i,ith dynasty1 who widened and deepened the canal1 cleared away the rocky barriers1 and converted the trifling lake of ,king ,menes's time into the mighty inland sea which controlled the highest floods of the ,nile4 ,those ancient ,pharaohs were giants in hydraulic engineering4 ,they were1 moreover1 as wise as they were courageous4 ,sir ,hanbury ,brown has well described the action of the lake4 ,it had a surface of #b1ejj square kilometres1 and being drained back into the ,nile and kept at a low level it was able to take from a very high flood #bj milliards of cubic metres of water4 ,it was quite capable of reducing a very high flood to moderate dimensions2 and if injudiciously or maliciously opened in a low flood1 it was capable of depriving ,lower ,egypt of any flood irrigation at all2 and in those days they had practically no irrigation except flood irrigation4 ,the ,wady ,rayan1 as already stated1 is a depression in the ,lybian hills immediately south of the ,fayoum4 ,it has1 at a level of about #bi metres above the sea1 a surface of #gjj square kilometres1 or about one quarter the area of the ancient lake4 ,like the ancient lake1 the lowest point of the ,wady is #da metres below sea level4 ,when filled with water the greatest depth will be #gj metres4 ,the uppermost four or five metres only will be utilised annually1 or some #c milliards of cubic metres of water out of a total volume of #bj milliards4 ,just as the great size of the ancient lake was of inestimable value to a work whose principal use lay in moderating high floods1 so the smaller area of the modern lake will render it far more useful as a work for feeding the low ,nile4 ,this lake1 will render no mean aid in time of dangerous floods1 but1 in its early years1 its main use will be the provision of water in summer4 ,it will supply the two milliards which are needed to convert the whole of ,egypt from basin to perennial irrigation4 ,in my book on 8,the ,assun ,reservoir and ,lake ,mris0 ,i have worked out the cost of the project and estimated it at #b1fjj1jjj4 ,the rates ,i have allowed for the excavation work are considered too low by some critics4 ,if the earthwork in the ,nile ,valley had to be excavated within #cj-;day rotations as on the running canals1 ,i should be the first to agree2 but the work will last three years and the contractors will be able to concentrate all the spare labour of the country on the works when demand for labour is slack1 and in this way the rate of ,p4,t4 #c per cubic metre which ,i have allowed will be found to be ample4 ,in the hill of salted marl it will be possible to employ the ,american system of excavating by the aid of water issuing from nozzles under pressure4 ,by this method it will be possible to do much work at ,p4,t4 #b and ,p4,t4 #c per cubic metre as it is done in ,america4 ,i have allowed ,p4,t4 #e per cubic metre4 ,to this hydraulic pressure work the salted marls will be specially suited1 and indeed the recollection of the ease with which ,amenemhat dug his canal though this very material lasted long in the memory of ,egyptians4 ,some #a1fjj years after the canal was excavated1 ,herodotus was informed that the excavated material was thrown into the canal and transported by the running water4 ,a #ab-;inch pump on the ,yusufi canal lifting water on to the top of the hill1 a number of spade men helping the water as it coursed down the hill and leading the liquid mud along wooden troughs into side ravines and depressions1 and a steep slope on the western half of the hill where the rock had been blasted away would soon remove all the material required at a very low cost4 ,i have allowed ,p4,t4 #aj per cubic metre for the soft limestone4 ,here it will be easy to work on a vertical face of some #g metres1 blast out the rock1 carry it away on four lines of railway running down hill1 deposit the rubble on the desert2 and as each #g metres depth is completed1 to begin the next #g metres in depth in the same way4 ,in my #ahid ,report ,i had anticipated difficulties with the canal running through the salted marl4 ,since then ,i have thoroughly inspected the ravines in the ,fayoum and seen the ,el-,bats ravine where it cuts through many kilometres of this very salted marl4 ,the sides are absolutely vertical and deposits of mud and self-sown tamarisk bushes protect the vertical sides at places where the running water is nearly touching the marl4 ,such natural protection will be far superior to the masonry lining ,i proposed and far more effective4 ,it will moreover cost nothing4 ,illustration3 ,,pl4 ,,xvi4 ,,wadi ,,rayan ,,reservoir ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,proposed ,,canal ,horizontal ,scale #a 3 #aej4jjj ,vertical ,scale #a 3 #fjj ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,fayoum ,to those critics who suggest that the waters of the lake might become salted or leak into the ,fayoum ,i have to reply as follows3 ,when the old ,lake ,mris1 or the present ,fayoum1 was full of water and #fc metres higher than the bottom of the ,wady ,rayan1 and remained so for thousands of years1 there was no question of the waters having become salted or having escaped into the ,wady4 ,the ,wady was as dry as it is to-day and the great inland sea was always fresh4 ,if there had been any serious infiltration from the ancient ,lake ,mris into the ,wady ,rayan1 there would have resulted a lake which could not have escaped the notice of the numerous travellers who visited the lake4 ,no mention was ever made of such a lake4 ,this body of water moreover would have been inhabited by fresh-water animals whose remains would have strewn its shores4 ,no such remains are to be seen to-day4 ,if therefore the ancient ,lake ,mris with a head of #fc metres on to the ,wady ,rayan could not leak into the ,wady1 it is not likely that the ,wady ,rayan reservoir with a head of from #bg to #bi metres on the ,garak side of the ,fayoum will leak into that part of the area covered by the ancient lake4 ,any leakage into the ,lake ,kurun side is never contemplated by anybody1 since many kilometres of compact limestone lie between the ,wady ,rayan and it1 while about one or two kilometres of the same limestone lie between the ,wady ,rayan and the ,garak depression4 #cd4 ,lake ,albert reservoir project and project for training the ,albert ,nile and the ,zeraf ,river4--,if we wish not only to irrigate the whole of ,egypt1 but to include the ,sudan in the sphere of operations we must regulate the supply issuing from ,lake ,albert ,nyanza and ensure its passage through the great swamp regions4 ,to my mind no work in the ,sudd regions will be of any substantial value unless the ,albert reservoir dam is first built4 ,tabulating the information collected in the gauges and discharge tables we may state that the discharge of the ,albert ,nile in cubic metres per second between the #aeth ,january and #aeth ,may was as follows in3-- #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd ,discharge at ,gondokoro #fjj #fjj #gjj #ajjj ,discharge above ,sobat mouth #cjj #cjj #cej #dce ,in #ahfa the discharge at ,gondokoro was as low as #ejj cubic metres per second4 ,it will be seen that1 in spite of the great waste1 there is an increase at the northern end of the ,sudd region even under present conditions when the discharge at the south end is increased in the interval between the #aeth ,january and #aeth ,may4 ,the water which enters the ,white ,nile during these months represents the summer contingent of the ,white ,nile to the ,nile in ,egypt4 ,now though an increase in ,april at the south end of the ,sudd region is felt at the north end1 no such increase is felt in ,september and ,october1 and the reason has been given in ,chapters ,,ii and ,,iii4 ,in ,april the ,sobat river is discharging practically nothing1 and the whole supply available in the ,albert ,nile can pass down the ,white ,nile past the ,sobat mouth4 ,in ,september the ,sobat river may be discharging #gej to #a1jjj cubic metres per second1 and as the ,white ,nile cannot discharge the combined waters of the two rivers1 the water of the ,albert ,nile is headed up and accumulated in the lowlands between ,lake ,no and the ,sobat mouth4 ,this is greatly to the advantage of ,egypt1 for it is the discharge at the head of the ,white ,nile between ,january #ae and ,may #ae which decides the ,white ,nile contingent to the summer supply of the ,nile in ,egypt1 and the greater the quantity of water above the head of the ,white ,nile1 in the absence of a regulator or barrage at ,wadelai or ,dufil1 the better the summer supply of ,egypt4 ,after the abnormally high flood of #ahgh1 when ,gordon was up the ,nile1 so great was the accumulation that the discharge at ,assun never fell below #aejj cubic metres per second in the summer of #ahgi4 ,the ,barrage was not regulated upon and yet all the ,lower ,egypt canals were full of water1 and the cotton crop of ,egypt for that year was quite abnormal for the seventies of the last century4 ,now an expenditure of between #djj1jjj and #a1jjj1jjj1 say #hjj1jjj1 could secure a regulator for ,lake ,albert at any point between the outlet and ,dufil4 ,such a regulator would insure #abjj cubic metres per second every year to the ,albert ,nile at ,gondokoro between the #aeth ,january and the #aeth ,may4 ,with this supply insured1 the training works in the ,sudd region would soon begin to affect the discharge at the north end of this region where the ,white ,nile begins4 ,the way in which this work of training should be carried out has been admirably laid down in page #agd of ,sir ,william ,garstin's ,report4 8,alter the flood conditions of the ,albert ,nile 7,bahr-el-,gebel7 as little as possible1 let the excess flood water escape on both sides1 but keep the summer supply in its channel40 ,this is1 to my view1 the soundest statement from an engineering point of view in the whole report4 ,hitherto we have always assumed a vast expenditure for keeping the flood supply in one channel2 but with our attention devoted to the summer channel1 we should have before us all the advantages of summer training works without any fear of inundations4 ,the very wildness of the regions would be in our favour4 ,to be able to train a river in summer without any nervousness about floods1 is given to few engineers4 ,i had never thought that any good thing could come out of the sudd region1 but looked at from this point of view1 we can1 even in this inhospitable waste of waters1 confirm ,shakespeare's saying that 8there is some soul of goodness in things evil40 ,the ,lake ,albert reservoir could easily insure #abjj cubic metres per second every year between the #aeth ,january and the #aeth ,may4 ,to pass through the ,sudd regions as much as possible of the #abjj cubic metres per second received at ,gondokoro1 the following works would be necessary3-- ,the first work to be done would be the removal of sudd block ,no4 #ae which for #cg kilometres south of ,hillet-el-,nuer has turned the ,albert ,nile out of its course4 ,the importance of this is strongly insisted on by ,sir ,william ,garstin on page #ee of ,appendix ,,vi of his ,report1 which is the very last thing he wrote4 ,with this block removed1 the ,albert ,nile would be given a good opportunity of working out its own salvation4 ,the next point is one to which ,i attach the greatest importance4 ,indeed1 ,i look upon it as the key of the whole region4 ,the ,albert ,nile enters the south-east corner of ,lake ,no and almost immediately afterwards leaves its east corner4 ,now ,lake ,no is the final evaporating basin of the ,bahr-el-,gazelle1 probably the most unsatisfactory river in the whole world2 and it is open to doubt whether in a year of deficient rainfall on its own catchment basin and a year of good supply down the ,albert ,nile1 it does not evaporate a considerable quantity of the water of the ,albert ,nile4 ,if the discharge of the ,albert ,nile north of ,hillet ,nuer was brought to #dej cubic metres per second in ,april1 this lake might waste much of it4 ,such being the case1 a cut of a maximum length of some #e kilometres should be dredged south of the south-east corner of the lake1 and the waters of the ,albert ,nile separated from those of the ,gazelle4 ,a cheap wooden lock and regulator would allow boats to pass1 and take in any water from the ,gazelle river when it had it to give4 ,the maximum water we have to deal with is zero in summer and #dj cubic metres per second in flood4 ,if the ,albert ,nile were separated from the ,gazelle1 it might be found that the waters of the ,gazelle river found their way into the ,albert ,nile through that mysterious and unsatisfactory river the ,lolle4 ,some use might even be found for it4 ,i have1 since ,i wrote this1 been informed by ,capt4 ,lyons that ,marno in #ahha proposed this cut round the south-east corner of ,lake ,no4 7,pet4 ,mitheil1 #ahha1 page #dbe and plate #bj74 ,the ,albert ,nile to-day at ,hillet-el-,nuer is capable of carrying #dej cubic metres per second4 ,north of ,hillet-el-,nuer1 the ,albert ,nile has a mean width of #ge metres1 but owing to want of training and papyrus swamps1 the discharge dwindles down to #cbj cubic metres per second4 ,the ,albert ,nile has in this reach a very good section indeed and by beginning with the west bank and dredging round corners and closing spills by dredged earth1 an improvement of section and slope1 backed up by a permanent discharge of #dej cubic metres per second at ,hillet-el-,nuer1 might speedily result in this very discharge of #dej cubic metres per second being obtained south of ,lake ,no4 ,we are here in such swamped land that percolation would be practically zero4 ,there are only #bjj kilometres of channel with all its curves1 or #afj kilometres of trained channel to work at1 in which #ge per cent of the work is to hand2 and we have to confine our attention to the low supply without worrying over the flood supplies4 ,now the ,bahr-el-,zeraf could be made capable of carrying #aej cubic metres per second by an improvement of the inlet at ,baker's channel and by dredging north of ,ghaba ,shambe1 as will be seen by examining the measured discharges of the ,bahr4 ,with the ,bahr-el-,zeraf carrying #aej cubic metres per second and the ,albert ,nile carrying #dej cubic metres per second1 we should have ensured #fjj cubic metres per second4 ,as time went on1 improvements in the channels would make themselves felt1 as they are even doing to-day1 and we might even have #gjj and #hjj cubic metres per second at the head of the ,white ,nile below the ,sobat mouth4 ,we must always remember that it is assumed that the lake ,albert reservoir dam has been constructed and a supply of #a1bjj cubic metres per second assured at ,gondokoro from ,january to ,may4 ,if the ,sobat river were capable of regulation downstream of the ,pibor marshes1 we might get an increase from that direction as well4 ,the possibility of a good site for a reservoir upstream of ,nasser is very great4 ,the ,nasser gauge rises and falls so slowly that there must be very great natural accumulations of water upstream of it1 which might be improved4 ,the question of quality needs study4 ,the discharge of #dce cubic metres per second1 which the rivers in their present state1 aided by the ,lake ,albert reservoir1 could deliver into the ,white ,nile1 would thus see itself gradually increased to #ejj1 #eej1 and #fjj cubic metres per second and even more1 and would enter the ,white ,nile past the ,sobat mouth in ,february1 ,march1 ,april and ,may4 ,during these months the whole of the supply would pass down the ,white ,nile without throwing backwater on the rivers4 ,later on1 when the ,sobat river came down in flood and filled up the channel of the ,white ,nile1 the ,albert ,nile would have its waters reduced at the ,albert regulator1 and the waters of ,lake ,albert would again be stored for the day when the ,sobat floods had fallen and the ,white ,nile channel was free and ready to take in the waters of the ,albert ,nile4 ,while ,i had contemplated the training of the flood waters of the ,albert ,nile through the ,sudd regions ,i had estimated the cost at #ajj1jjj per annum1 for #be years1 or at #b1ejj1jjj4 ,now1 however1 that ,sir ,william ,garstin has shown how we need only attend to the summer supplies1 the sum may be reduced to half the former figure or to #a1bjj1jjj1 and be more than ample4 ,with #b1jjj1jjj devoted to the ,lake ,albert reservoir and the training works in the ,sudd region1 the summer supply of ,egypt and the northern ,sudan would be put on a firm base4 ,dr4 ,schweinfurth1 the eminent ,african traveller and savant1 was the first to call the attention of the ,egyptian ,government to the necessity of closing the spills from the ,white ,nile to the north of ,gondokoro1 and so beginning the training of the river4 ,he very rightly said3--8,many years would elapse before the desired result would be obtained by the strengthening of the banks1 but the works would be increasingly felt every year in ,egypt as the works progressed40 #ce4 ,flood protection for ,egypt4--,in paragraph #cj it was stated that the floods in the ,delta or in ,lower ,egypt can rise to a height of from #b to #c metres above the level of the country4 ,such floods are really dangerous and means should be found for moderating them4 ,the ,wady ,rayan reservoir1 when converted into the modern ,lake ,mris and acting as a reservoir1 will have one great advantage1 it will be able to lower a high flood #cj centimetres for #ej days4 ,this will give relief to the ,nile1 a relief which will be much appreciated by the whole country from ,beni ,suef to the sea1 and especially by ,cairo4 ,i have already stated that the ,damietta branch is especially dangerous and unfit to act as an escape under existing conditions4 ,that branch could be regulated on at its head and treated like a canal4 ,thanks to ,sir ,hanbury ,brown's initiative the ,barrages can be regulated on in flood as well as in summer1 and by lowering the supply in the ,damietta branch and turning the surplus down the ,rosetta branch1 the latter would become the flood escape of the ,nile4 ,it might be trained as ,mr4 ,eads suggested that rivers should be treated4 ,mr4 ,eads' argument is very clear4 ,he insists that rivers eat away their banks in places1 not owing to the direct action of the water but by the alterations in the velocity of the current4 ,when the river water is charged with sediment to its full carrying capacity it cannot take up more unless the rate of current be increased4 ,if the channel be nearly uniform the river water cannot eat away any of its banks4 ,if1 however1 the channel is varying1 the silt deposits in the wide sections1 and the water1 free of some of its sediment1 is ready to eat more4 ,it is this alternate dropping silt and eating away of earth which does the harm4 ,to treat the ,rosetta branch according to ,mr4 ,eads it would be necessary to fix the top width to be worked to1 at say #eej metres4 ,the river could be brought to this uniform top width by building light inexpensive permeable spurs on the sandy shoals4 ,the land between the spurs would become cultivated and such river training would pay the ,government1 which taxes all cultivated land2 it would even pay handsomely for any company to undertake the work once the rule about foreshores was understood4 ,the ,government would1 however1 always succeed2 when it could not sell1 it could always tax4 ,such training would permanently lower the flood4 ,in addition to the above it would be necessary to complete the system of spurs begun in #ahhd1 and to throw back the banks as already recommended4 ,it has been estimated that the completion of this work would cost #ijj1jjj for spurs and banks1 while the training works would pay for themselves in addition to greatly improving the channel and lowering the level of the flood4 ,it may be humiliating to make the confession1 but from ,b4,c4 #b1bjj to the ,arab invasion of ,egypt in ,a4,d4 #fdj1 while ,lake ,mris performed its allotted task and the ,nile possessed training works such as those we can see to-day in ,nubia1 ,egypt was better protected from inundation1 and the ,nile better trained1 than it is to-day4 ,and yet we have many advantages which no ,pharaoh possessed4 ,by the aid of telegraphy we have knowledge of a coming flood a full fifteen days before it arrives in the ,delta2 the ,khartoum gauge allows us to anticipate its very height4 ,meteorology is aiding us still further4 ,in a paper ,i read at the ,chicago ,international ,exhibition ,i stated that years of heavy rainfall in ,india are years of high flood in ,egypt1 while years of poor rainfall in ,india are years of low flood in ,egypt4 ,sir ,john ,eliot1 the ,director ,general of the ,meteorological ,department of ,india1 corrected this statement4 ,he said that though this was not true of the ,bengal monsoon1 it was true of the ,bombay monsoon4 ,years of heavy rainfall in ,gujerat and ,bombay are years of high flood on the ,nile1 and vice vers4 ,as the rain falls in ,bombay a month earlier than the ,nile flood reaches ,cairo1 we have information of a high flood a month before it arrives1 if we receive telegraphic information from ,bombay4 #cf4 ,complete project for water storage and flood protection for ,egypt4--,the complete project for water storage and flood protection for ,egypt as proposed by me1 contemplates the following works3-- ,raising the ,assun reservoir 7#b years7 #ejj1jjj ,wady ,rayan reservoir 7#d years7 #b1fjj1jjj ,training the ,rosetta branch #ijj1jjj ----------- ,total #d1jjj1jjj ,to these have to be added the approximate estimates of the proposed works on the ,upper ,nile3-- ,regulator for ,lake ,albert 7#d years7 #hjj1jjj ,dredging and training works in the ,albert ,nile and the ,zeraf river 7#ab years7 #a1bjj1jjj ----------- ,total #b1jjj1jjj ,grand total of works on the ,upper and ,lower ,nile #f1jjj1jjj ,the total expenditure amounts to #f1jjj1jjj spread over #ab years4 ,the great advantage of undertaking all those works together may be thus summarized4 ,the increased supply from the ,assun reservoir will be felt in ,egypt after a period of two years4 ,five years later the waters of the ,wady ,rayan will be added to those of the ,assun reservoir1 and it will be possible to increase the cotton crop of ,egypt from #f million to #aj million cwt4 ,it will be possible to allow the ,sudan to thoroughly develop its agricultural resources1 and with the aid of the #be1jjj horse power as a minimum which the #fth cataract near ,khartoum can supply1 to utilise for its own consumption the waters which can be stored at that cataract2 and1 in addition to those1 the available supplies from ,lake ,tsana provided that that lake is furnished with an outlet tunnel4 ,while all this life and activity will be developing themselves in ,egypt and the ,sudan1 the effects of the regulator of ,lake ,albert and the training of the ,albert ,nile in the ,sudd regions will be gradually asserting themselves2 and1 if the works are being steadily and perseveringly carried out1 it is well within the range of possibility that before #aj or #ab years will have passed1 the additional supplies from the upper waters of the ,white ,nile will have become so ample1 that it will be possible to dispense with the ,wady ,rayan as a reservoir4 ,when this will have happened1 the ,wady ,rayan with its canal will become the true flood escape of ,egypt1 like the ancient ,lake ,mris1 and will1 with the ,rosetta branch1 afford complete protection to ,egypt against the dangers of a high flood4 ,egypt1 in the fullest meaning of the term1 will be enjoying perennial irrigation and flood protection4 ,in my book on the 8,assun ,reservoir and ,lake ,mris0 ,i had recommended a more extended programme1 but the reading of ,sir ,william ,garstin's ,report has convinced me that useful as the ,lake ,victoria reservoir dam may be1 its postponement as recommended by ,sir ,william is sound1 until all the other works have been executed4 ,the really essential work is the ,lake ,albert reservoir dam1 of which the study might indeed be commenced immediately4 ,sir ,william's proposal to train the summer supply of the ,albert ,nile and allow the overflow of the floods to find its way through the ,sudd region is so sound and convincing that the necessary training works in the ,sudd region are greatly reduced4 ,with these reductions the estimated cost of the project for water storage and flood protection for ,egypt is reduced from #h1bjj1jjj to #f1jjj1jjj4 ,i have left the ,wady ,rayan estimate as it was in my original programme4 ,mr4 ,webb's criticism of the project was based on facts which are outside the project4 ,he supposed that the ,wady ,rayan was to remain a reservoir for all time and that it was not to be aided by the works on the ,upper ,nile4 ,now the project ,i proposed and which ,i propose now1 presupposes that the ,wady ,rayan will be a temporary reservoir and final flood escape for the ,nile1 and that it will be aided in years of very deficient flood by the gradual improvement of the ,upper ,nile owing to the works undertaken there4 #cg4 ,sir ,william ,garstin's programme for water storage and flood control4--,in the first appendix to his ,report on the ,upper ,nile1 ,sir ,william ,garstin1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,adviser to the ,ministry of ,public ,works1 has drawn up a programme of works for water storage and flood control in the ,nile valley4 ,he approves of the raising of the ,assun dam for #ejj1jjj1 and the conversion of the ,rosetta branch of the ,nile into a flood escape for #ijj1jjj4 ,he then conditionally approves of a proposal suggested by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,beresford1 ,c4,i4,e41 for making a straight cut from ,bor on the ,albert ,nile to the mouth of the ,sobat river at the tail of the ,albert ,nile4 ,the line would be #cdj kilometres in length and is estimated to cost #e1ejj1jjj1 and carry #fjj cubic metres per second in summer4 ,in case of the line being found impracticable when it was surveyed and levelled1 ,sir ,william proposed abandoning the ,albert ,nile and thoroughly widening and deepening the ,zeraf river for #c1djj1jjj4 ,as a criticism of the ,bor cut project ,i cannot write anything more convincing from my point of view than a letter written by me and published by 8,the ,engineer0 in ,october of this year4 8,in your issue of the #afth ,september ,sir ,hanbury ,brown has reviewed the scheme suggested by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,beresford1 ,c4,i4,e41 and conditionally approved by ,sir ,william ,garstin1 for diverting the waters of the ,albert ,nile 7known as the ,bahr-el-,gebel7 from ,bor to the mouth of the ,sobat river1 on a length #cdj kilometres1 and sending them down a canal capable of carrying #fjj cubic metres per second1 at an estimated cost of #e1ejj1jjj4 ,in his review ,sir ,hanbury puts his finger on the weak point in the project1 viz41 the difficulty and loss of water entailed at the crossing of the ,albert ,nile just upstream of the ,sobat mouth4 ,the difficulty will be got over1 as ,sir ,hanbury himself suggests1 by an earthen embankment provided with a regulator4 ,the loss of water cannot be got over4 8,i have taken the following figures from ,sir ,william's report and from the gauge records of the ,public ,works ,ministry3-- ,,discharge ,,in ,,cubic ,,metres ,,per ,,second ,,during ,,february1 ,,march1 ,,and ,,april ,,of ,,the ,,albert ,,nile4 #aija4 #aijb4 #aijc4 #aijd4 ,at ,gondokoro above ,bor #fjj #fjj #gjj #a1jjj ,upstream of the mouth of the ,sobat river #cjj #cjj #cej #dce 8,now1 in a year like #aija or #aijb1 with #fjj cubic metres per second passing ,gondokoro1 the diversion canal might be allowed to take in #ejj cubic metres per second1 leaving #ajj cubic metres per second for the ,albert ,nile1 ,atem river1 and all the ,nuer1 ,dinka1 and ,shillook country between ,gondokoro and the ,sobat mouth4 ,an allowance of #ajj cubic metres per second would not be liberal1 and would probably result in the water becoming stagnant and very impure2 but we shall leave that alone4 ,starting with #ejj cubic metres per second of clear water the high level diversion canal would never lose less than #ej cubic metres per second through percolation and evaporation before it reached the ,sobat mouth4 ,many authorities would put the loss at #dj per cent41 but we shall say #aj per cent4 8,we should then have #dej cubic metres per second entering the ,white ,nile at its head1 just at the end of the ,albert ,nile and at the mouth of the ,sobat river4 ,at this point1 however1 under normal conditions the ,albert ,nile would have been discharging #cjj cubic metres per second4 ,this supply1 after the opening of the diversion canal1 would have failed utterly1 as the waters of the ,albert ,nile would have been diverted down the diversion canal4 ,whatever water there was in the ,albert ,nile would1 moreover1 have been at so low a level that it could not have flowed down the ,white ,nile together with the high level water of the diversion canal4 ,we should therefore have had in a year like #aija and #aijb a net gain of #dej less #cjj cubic metres per second1 or #aej cubic metres per second at the head of the ,white ,nile4 ,by the time this extra water reached ,assun it would have become #ajj cubic metres per second4 8,if this project1 or any other project of any kind1 is ever to be carried out on the upper waters of the ,white ,nile1 the very first thing to be done will be to construct a weir or barrage at the outlet of the ,albert ,lake1 at ,wadelai1 or lower down at ,dufile4 ,i should say1 judging from the map and the cross section1 that ,wadelai itself would be an excellent site for a weir4 ,i have advocated this project in season and out of season these ten years1 and now that actual discharges and figures are before me ,i am more than ever convinced that ,i was no untrue prophet when ,i wrote in my book on 8,the ,assun ,reservoir ,dam and ,after0 that 8the point where ,lake ,albert ends and the ,albert ,nile begins to have a rapid and contracted stream will be the site of the future great regulator or barrage of the upper waters of the ,nile4 ,this work will be here or at ,dufile40 ,such a work would cost anything between #djj1jjj and #a1jjj1jjj4 8,if such a work were carried out it would be possible to insure every year a discharge of between #a1jjj and #a1ejj cubic metres per second at ,gondokoro from the #aeth of ,january to the #aeth of ,may1 i4e41 during the months which determine the summer water supply of the ,white ,nile for ,egypt4 ,such a quantity of water would insure #dce cubic metres per second at the head of the ,white ,nile1 as it has done this year1 even under existing conditions2 while with training and dredger work in the ,albert ,nile and ,bahr ,zeraf between ,gondokoro and ,lake ,no1 it might be increased to #fjj cubic metres per second1 and even more4 ,the way in which this work of training should be carried out has been admirably laid down on page #agd of ,sir ,william's ,report04 ,there are moreover other reasons ,i think for condemning the excavation of a straight cut #cdj kilometres in length across the eastern corner of the ,sudd regions4 ,the reasons are to be found in ,sir ,william ,garstin's ,report itself4 ,one of the most interesting features of this report is the number of actually measured discharges at different sites4 ,of all these sites ,gondokoro1 the southern key of the ,sudd region1 is the most interesting4 ,it is very evident from an examination of ,sections ,nos4 #ah1 #ai1 #bf and #bg1 ,plate ,,viii of ,sir ,william's ,report1 that the ,albert ,nile at ,gondokoro scours out its bed very severely after a high flood like that of #aijc4 ,the width of the section is about #bcj metres with vertical sides1 and yet while a gauge of #ej metres on the #ast ,april #aijc 7after the low year of #aijb7 gave a section of #fae square metres2 on the #ith ,september #aijc 7after a good year71 the section was #a1cdg square metres for a gauge of #b4cc metres4 ,in other words1 a rise of #a4hc metres gave an increased section of #gcb square metres2 while1 if the bed had not scoured1 it would have been #dba square metres4 ,we have here an increase of #caa square metres1 or more than #a metre of scour4 ,all this happened in #e months1 and proves that the clear water of the lakes1 when in volume1 has a fine cutting edge4 ,in footnote 7#b7 of page #aaf of his ,report1 ,sir ,william ,garstin says that in the parts of the river where the sudd has been cleared there are indications that a scour of the bed has set in4 ,again1 on page #ee of the appendix1 he says that the removal of the sudds has caused the levels of the shallow lakes to fall4 ,all this proves that if the spills and escapes from the ,albert ,nile were closed with ambatch1 as proposed by ,sir ,william ,garstin on page #age1 and a few dredgers put into the ,albert ,nile and the ,zeraf river the expenditure of a sum of money very moderate indeed compared with #e1ejj1jjj would in all probability result in the two rivers being so widened and deepened that they could carry the full summer supply of the lakes1 and so there would be a resulting economy of over #d1ejj1jjj in the new channel from ,bor which1 when it began working1 might introduce on an aggravated scale all the difficulties of to-day in the ,albert ,nile4 ,a good description of certain spills is given on page #aab of the ,report1 a good idea of scour in ,plate ,,xxix41 opposite page #aaj1 while on page #aha ,sir ,william ,garstin makes the remark that the experience of ,american engineers has taught us that though in theory it may be possible to shorten or straighten a great river1 in actual practice it is accompanied with almost insurmountable difficulties4 ,if the new channel were dug and set working1 in a few years it might be as crooked as the ,albert ,nile itself1 unless it were protected with stone along its entire length4 ,in my project for deepening and widening both the ,albert ,nile and the ,zeraf river to enable them to carry #fjj cubic metres per second1 ,i think ,i have given very solid reasons against abandoning the ,albert ,nile and sending the whole supply down the ,zeraf river at a cost of #c1djj1jjj4 ,i cannot but think that ,sir ,william ,garstin's recent objections to the ,albert ,nile are founded on an oversight4 ,he has1 apparently1 not kept the flood discharges of the ,albert ,nile at ,gondokoro and above the ,sobat mouth sufficiently apart from those of low supply4 ,it is the ,sobat flood1 combined with the poor carrying capacity of the ,white ,nile1 which is the disturbing factor1 and not any inherent viciousness in the ,albert ,nile itself4 ,the ,albert ,nile has a good section1 and1 if it were trained in conjunction with the ,zeraf river1 would1 ,i feel confident1 discharge all the water required with a very moderate expenditure of money4 ,this1 ,i always understood1 was ,sir ,william's own opinion4 ,in such projects it is wise to remember ,horace's saying1 8,naturam furc expellas tamenusque recurrit40 #ch4 ,project for converting the basin irrigated lands of ,upper ,egypt into perennially irrigated lands4--,no consideration of this question would be complete without first examining into the changes which would be made in the regimen of the ,nile flood by the contemplated conversion of basin irrigation into perennial irrigation4 ,this question was examined very thoroughly by me in #ahib and #ahic and ,i give here my arguments for not anticipating any serious difficulties4 ,we have to consider the effect of the introduction of perennial irrigation on the regime of the ,nile4 ,the perfection of the perennial irrigation of the ,delta north of ,cairo will in no way affect the ,nile in flood4 ,the canals will continue to run as they do at present1 and the question of conversion in ,lower ,egypt is therefore quite independent of the subject of flood protection4 ,in ,upper ,egypt1 however1 we have #a1dfj1jjj acres of basin irrigation2 and as each acre receives in a low flood #hj cubic metres of water per day1 in an ordinary flood #acj cubic metres per day1 and in an extraordinary flood #agj cubic metres per day1 while the demands of perennial irrigation are only #be cubic metres per acre per day1 it will readily be understood that we are dealing with a quantity of water which demands the greatest attention4 ,to foretell with exactitude the anticipated changes in the regime of the ,nile1 it is necessary to know first the daily gauges of the ,nile at ,assun and ,cairo for a period of at least twenty years1 and the discharges corresponding to these gauges4 ,the difference between these discharges represents the consumption of water4 ,we have next to determine the amount of water which passes into the canals1 the amount utilised in filling up the trough of the ,nile and covering the berms1 and the amounts evaporated and absorbed4 ,we know that the last three items are constant while the canal discharges are variable and depend on the system of irrigation and1 if our data are correct1 we can tell with moderate certainty what changes in the level of the ,nile will follow certain changes in the system of irrigation4 ,tables #fe and #fg of ,appendix ,l contain the ,assun and ,cairo gauges for typical years in a period of twenty years from #ahgc to #ahib1 and the mean gauges of these twenty years4 ,finding it impossible to understand the ,nile without first referring every gauge to some uniform standard1 ,i have had to choose the line of reference4 ,the mean high water level and the mean low water level are both available4 ,in ,egypt the mean high water level varies very considerably whether we take it in ,august and the early part of ,september when the basin canals are running full supply1 or in the latter half of ,september when the canals are running only half supply1 or in ,october when the basins are discharging back into the ,nile4 ,early and quick rising floods have a different series of levels from slow and late floods2 while again the recent works carried out in ,upper ,egypt by ,col4 ,ross have so increased the discharging capacity of the canals that the flood gauges have been appreciably affected4 ,all this points to the conclusion that the mean high flood is no satisfactory standard4 ,the mean low flood on the other hand is much less liable to change and is very fairly constant from year to year4 ,high floods are certainly followed by scouring out of the bed1 and low floods by a silting up of the channel1 but the changes are very moderate compared to those in high flood4 ,i have chosen the mean low water level as the line of reference1 and referred all gauges to it4 ,from the mean of twenty years' observations1 this level at ,assun is ,r4 ,l4 #he metres4 ,by observations along the ,nile generally1 and by calculations at ,cairo1 ,i have fixed it at all important places north of ,assun4 ,table #df of ,appendix ,k gives the ,reduced ,levels at different places1 while it is also drawn on the longitudinal section of the ,nile in ,plate ,,xii4 ,it was on this system that the ancient ,egyptian engineers worked the ,nile4 ,they however chose the mean high water level during the early part of the flood as their standard of reference and consequently made the so called cubits in the flood reaches of the ,cairo gauge half cubits4 ,this means a discharge of #afjj cubic metres per second and fairly represents the discharges of the basin canals in flood4 ,when it is considered that the level of the ,nile valley is raised by about #aj centimetres per #ajj years it will be seen that the old ,cairo gauge1 which was a living record #aejj years ago1 is to-day a meaningless anachronism4 ,it has also to be compared with the ,assun gauge which was erected in ,ismail ,pasha's time with an arbitrary zero some #ij centimetres below mean low water level1 and which may be reading #ag cubits while ,cairo may be recording #be cubits4 ,the ,cairo gauges in winter and summer are no records of discharge as the afflux from the ,barrage affects them4 ,to find the discharge at ,cairo during these months1 ,i have added those of the ,rosetta and ,damietta branches and the ,delta canals upstream of the ,barrage4 ,when the ,nile falls below mean low water level1 the gauges are recorded as minus quantities4 ,discharge sites having been chosen for the ,assun1 ,assiout and ,cairo gauges on the ,nile1 a continuous series of surface velocity observations1 cross sections and slope measurements were made during #ahib and #ahic and the resulting discharges recorded4 ,curves of discharge have been drawn and referred to the gauges of twenty years and modified until finally a curve has been found which will suit any year whether it is a maximum or a minimum4 ,in connection with this subject1 it must be remembered that the ,nile bed is raised by silt during low floods and scoured out during high floods and that consequently ,august and ,september discharges vary considerably at times from ,october and ,november discharges for the same gauge4 ,in addition to this1 it must also be borne in mind that the slope of water surface and that consequently the discharge of a flood during the rise is far greater than during the fall for the same gauge reading4 ,indeed the ,nile often discharges more when it is #cj centimetres below its maximum and rising fast than when it has reached its maximum and begun to fall4 ,it is owing to this fact that we often see the discrepancy of the ,assun gauge reaching its maximum a day before ,halfa which is #cej kilometres higher up the river4 ,the discharge depends on gauge and slope1 and the gauge only records one element4 ,keeping these facts in my mind1 ,i saw that it was of no use recording the gauges to two places of decimals and covering paper with useless figures1 and consequently ,i have chosen the higher unit for a rising gauge and the lower for a falling gauge when ,i have been dealing with discharges4 ,flood discharges have been taken of all the canals in ,upper ,egypt through #ahib and #ahic and have been recorded in ,tables #dh and #di of ,appendix ,k4 ,from these tables1 ,table #dg has been compiled which gives rough approximate discharges of the canals corresponding to the ,assun gauges in the first half of the flood4 ,to obtain information about the trough of the ,nile1 the area exposed to evaporation and the area of absorption1 a longitudinal section of the ,nile from ,assun to ,cairo has been levelled1 and cross sections taken at every #c kilometres4 ,the kilometrage on ,plate ,,xii counts from the ,assun gauge and is measured down the centre of discharge of the flood1 since it is with flood discharges that we are principally dealing4 ,as the ,nile winds about considerably and is often broken into numerous channels1 the areas of the cross sections vary very appreciably according as they are taken at right angles to the centre line of discharge or of the deep channel of the river4 ,the former gives the more reliable results4 ,i have taken #h millimetres per day as the evaporation during flood in ,upper ,egypt4 ,the absorption has been calculated from the water consumption during the floods of #ahib and #ahic1 and found to be about #cjj cubic metres per second between ,assun and ,assiout1 where there is practically no perennial irrigation4 ,between ,assiout and ,cairo1 where there is a considerable length of perennial irrigation on one bank and limestone rock on the other1 the absorption is about #ajj cubic metres per second4 ,when perennial irrigation has once established itself in ,upper ,egypt1 we may assume that the absorption during flood will be halved in quantity for the reasons given above1 and become #aej cubic metres per second between ,assun and ,assiout1 and #ej cubic metres per second between ,assiout and ,cairo4 ,the amount of water expended in irrigation will be about #gjj cubic metres per second4 ,the evaporation during flood will be approximately #abj cubic metres per second4 ,the quantity of water needed to fill the trough of the ,nile will depend on the gauges and may be calculated from table #dc of ,appendix ,k4 ,the last item will be the only variable one and the others may be approximately tabulated as follows3-- ,expenditure of water in flood in cubic metres per second3 ,,between ,,assu,n ,,between ,,assiout ,,total ,,and ,,assiout4 ,,and ,,cairo4 ,perennial irrigation #cej #cej #gjj ,evaporation #fe #ee #abj ,absorption #aej #ej #bjj --- --- ---- ,total of above #efe #dee #ajbj ,taking these quantities and calculating directly for the filling of the trough from the gauges themselves1 ,i have collected in ,tables #ej to #eb1 the ,cairo gauges corresponding to the ,assun gauges for the high years #ahgd and #ahgh and the minimum year #ahgg4 ,as far as the more important results are concerned1 ,i tabulate them here3-- ,gauges at ,assun and ,cairo4 ,date4 #ahgd #ahgh ---------------------------------------- -- ,assuan4 ,cairo ,cairo ,assuan4 ,cairo ,cairo with with with with basin peren- basin peren- irri- nial irri- nial gation4 irri- gation4 irri- gation4 gation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,august #e #fi 44 44 #ef 44 44 #aj #gd #fe #eh #ec #di #dd #ae #he #fi #fd #gb #ed #eb #bj #hf #gc #gh #ge #fj #fc #be #hg #ge #gi #ha #fc #fe #ca #hg #gf #ha #gf #ff #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,september #e #ij #gg #hb #ha #fe #ge #aj #hh #hj #hc #he #fh #ge #ae #hg #hb #hd #hi #gb #hj #bj #hd #hc #he #hi #gf #he #be #hd #hd #hb #ij #gi #he #cj #hb #hd #hb #ia #hb #he ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,october #e #gi #hg #gi #hi #hd #hf #aj #gf #he #gf #he #hg #hf #ae #gb #hc #gd #gi #hd #hd #bj #ff #hj #gj #gf #ha #hj #be #fb #gg #fc #gd #gi #gd #ca #ef #gj #ei #fh #gg #gb ,date4 #ahib #ahgg ---------------------------------------- -- ,assuan4 ,cairo ,cairo ,assuan4 ,cairo ,cairo with with with with basin peren- basin peren- irri- nial irri- nial gation4 irri- gation4 irri- gation4 gation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,august #e #fc 44 44 #di 44 44 #aj #fh #ec #ea #ed #dj #ci #ae #fg #eh #eh #eh #dg #df #bj #gd #ed #fb #fd #df #ej #be #hc #eh #fe #fa #ec #ee #ca #hc #ff #gg #fb #ec #ef ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,september #e #hf #fi #gg #fc #eb #eb #aj #hh #ga #hj #fa #ec #ec #ae #hh #ge #hc #fj #eb #ee #bj #hi #gi #hc #fj #eb #ed #be #hf #ha #hd #fc #ea #ed #cj #hd #hc #hd #fa #ec #ef ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,october #e #hb #hd #hc #ef #eb #ed #aj #gh #hc #ha #eb #ej #ej #ae #gd #ha #gg #di #di #df #bj #gb #gi #gb #df #df #dd #be #fh #gi #gj #de #dd #dj #ca #fc #gh #ff #dj #db #ci ,to enable one to compare these figures which are in metres and referred to mean low water level1 with the gauges as recorded at present1 ,i add the following table3-- ,,assuan ,,cairo ---------------------------------------- -------- ,real ,gauge ,real ,gauge gauge as recorded gauge as recorded in metres4 in cubits in metres4 in cubits and #bdths4 and #bdths4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cubits4 #bdths4 ,cubits4 #bdths4 #j4j #a #ac #j4j #f #i 4#e #b #ab 4#e #g #g #a4j #c #aj #a4j #h #e 4#e #d #h 4#e #i #d #b4j #e #f #b4j #aj #b 4#e #f #d 4#e #aa #j #c4j #g #c #c4j #ab #j 4#e #h #a 4#e #ac #j #d4j #h #bc #d4j #ac #bc 4#e #i #ba 4#e #ad #ba #e4j #aj #bj #e4j #ae #ai 4#e #aa #ah 4#e #ag #ab #f4j #ab #af #f4j #ai #h 4#e #ac #ad 4#e #ba #d #g4j #ad #ab #g4j #bb #ab 4#e #ae #aa 4#e #bc #aj #h4j #af #i #h4j #bd #i 4#e #ag #g 4#e #e #g #i4j #ah #e #i4j #bf #e ---------------------------------------- ----- #af cubits at ,assun corresponds to #g4h metres4 #ag #h4c #ah #h4i ,a cubit is known in ,egypt as a pic4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #af cubits at ,cairo corresponds to #e4a metres4 #bb #f4g #bc #g4c #bd #g4h #be #h4c #be #h4f ,the flood of #ahgd was an early one and the basins were discharged on a falling ,nile1 still they raised the ,cairo gauge to #hg metres on the #eth ,october while it would have risen to #he on the #aeth ,september with perennial irrigation4 ,the flood of #ahgh was an exceedingly late one and the basins had to be discharged while the river was still very high4 ,by the #ajth ,october1 the river had risen to #hg metres at ,cairo when the banks were breached and all future rise stopped4 ,with perennial irrigation1 the maximum gauge of #hf metres would have been reached on the #ajth ,october4 ,the flood of #ahib was at ,assun #aj centimetres below that of #ahgd and #bj centimetres below that of #ahgh1 and midway between them in point of time4 ,it was also under complete control owing to the new regulating works on the basins4 ,it rose to #hd metres at ,cairo on the #eth ,october and fell exceedingly slowly4 ,with perennial irrigation1 it would have risen to #hd at ,cairo on the #cjth ,september and then fallen rapidly4 ,speaking generally1 we may say that with perennial irrigation the very high floods at ,cairo will be #ae days in advance of what they are at present1 that they will not rise higher1 and that they will fall #ae days earlier than what they do now4 ,with low floods there will be no appreciable difference as to date1 but the floods will be slightly higher at ,cairo4 ,in ordinary floods1 there will be an advance of from #bj to #be days in the date of the maximum flood1 and a maximum gauge at ,cairo #ej or #fj centimetres under the maximum gauge at ,assun4 ,we have so far considered ,cairo only1 as the ,delta proper depends on the ,cairo gauge4 ,we now turn to the ,nile in ,upper ,egypt itself3 south of ,sohag1 there will be no serious change in levels1 but the ,sohagia and ,ibrahimia canals between them carry at present #gej cubic metres per second in excess of what they would carry if there were perennial irrigation in ,egypt1 and the greater part of this water is not returned to the ,nile until the ,kushesha escape is reached4 ,the reach of the ,nile from ,sohag to ,kushesha is the one which will experience the greatest changes1 and ,i calculate that there will be a rise of #dj centimetres as compared with the maximum gauges under basin irrigation4 ,it will be noted that at the beginning of this paragraph ,i stated that 8the perfection of the perennial irrigation of the ,delta north of ,cairo will in no way affect the ,nile in flood40 ,this had reference only to the quantity of water taken from the ,nile in high floods4 ,there is however one very serious aspect of this question4 ,the regulation on the ,barrage in low floods1 which has gone on steadily since #ahii when ,sir ,hanbury ,brown used the ,barrages in flood for the first time1 has enormously increased the value of the works1 but it has certainly caused the ,main ,nile to silt1 and probably also the branches1 owing to a reduced discharge and velocity of the silt-bearing water1 whose capacity to carry on that quantity of silt depends on its velocity4 ,it seems to me that unless steps are taken to insure the scouring out of this silt by the clear water of ,november1 ,december and ,january the consequences will be very serious4 ,high floods scour out their beds1 but if a very high flood were to come early before the silt had been scoured out1 it might overflow the banks near ,cairo or in the middle reaches of the ,nile branches in the ,delta4 ,sir ,william ,garstin has estimated the cost of converting the existing basins of ,upper ,egypt into perennially irrigated land at #g1jjj1jjj1 thus made up3-- ,conversion of ,upper ,egypt basins #e1jjj1jjj ,two barrages between ,assyut and ,kena #b1jjj1jjj ----------- ,total #g1jjj1jjj ,the resulting land tax from the improved irrigation in ,upper or ,lower ,egypt he has estimated as follows3-- ,upper ,egypt4 ,basin land converted #gej1jjj acres #ej #cge1jjj ,land irrigated by pumps #ajj1jjj #cj #cj1jjj ,lower ,egypt4 ,reclaimed land #hjj1jjj #a4jj #hjj1jjj --------- ,total #a1bje1jjj #ci4 ,development of the ,sudan4--,lord ,cromer's wise decision to construct the ,suakin-,khartoum railway immediately and the ,abu ,hamed-,dongola railway as soon as possible1 is the charter of the development of the ,sudan4 ,with these railways and especially the former in working order1 we can arrange for irrigation works for the production of cotton and wheat for export1 knowing that they can be exported at a cost of transport which will not be absolutely prohibitive4 ,the soil of the ,sudan along the ,blue ,nile1 the ,atbara1 the ,main ,nile and a great part of the ,white ,nile is the same as that of ,egypt itself4 ,it has all come from ,abyssinia4 ,when at ,khartoum last ,february1 ,i collected specimens of typical ,gezireh soil from points #aj miles south of ,khartoum and from near ,khartoum itself4 ,they were analysed by ,mr4 ,frank ,hughes and reported on by ,mr4 ,foaden4 ,the specimens were numbered as follows3-- 7#a7 ,typical ,gezireh soil from a point #aj miles south of ,khartoum near the ,blue ,nile4 7#b7 ,typical ,gezireh soil from a point #b miles south of ,khartoum near the ,white ,nile4 7#c7 ,white ,nile side under cultivation in #aijd4 7#d7 ,white ,nile side below flood level4 7#e7 ,blue ,nile side1 not so common as 7#a74 7#f7 ,the sandy soil generally within #e miles of ,khartoum4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #e1 and #f are above high flood level of both ,niles4 8,the nitrogen and salt were determined in the samples1 as received1 without drying4 ,nos4 #a #b #c #d #e #f ,nitrogen #jjgh #jjei #jjfb #jjeg #jjef #jjeb ,common salt #jjej #jjbj #jjaj #jjij #jagj #jjbj 8,all contain abundance of carbonate of lime2 ,nos4 #a and #b might almost be called calcareous4 ,all gave a strong reaction for phosphoric acid1 and there is therefore every reason to believe that they are rich in this ingredient4 ,so far as the texture of the soils is concerned1 little can be said except that they differ from those previously examined for ,kena ,mudirieh1 in containing a large amount of coarse sand #a-c m4m41 which is entirely absent in most ,egyptian soils2 ,no4 #f would probably be too light for agricultural purposes in its present condition4 8,the nitrogen is as high as one would expect but is lower than is necessary for fertile soils4 ,it would be necessary therefore to encourage the growth of leguminous crops to increase the quantity of nitrogen in the soil and to employ nitrogenous manures4 ,it must be borne in mind that in soils of this class the nitrogen is usually in a highly insoluble and un-nitrifiable form4 8,the salt is in no case high2 #j4be is usually considered to be the limit for satisfactory growth2 all the samples are well below this limit40 ,i had complete analyses made of numbers 7#a7 and 7#b74 ,the results were as follows3 ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,silica etc4 insol in mineral acid #gd4gf #gc4he ,lime 7,ca4,o47 #f4jg #d4ef ,carbonic ,acid 7,c4,o47 #c4fd #b4dj ,equal to ,chalk 7,ca4,c4,o47 #h4bg #e4df ,potash #j4bc #j4cd ,phosphoric ,acid #j4ad #j4ab ,organic ,matter #b4hh #d4jg ,nitrogen #j4jge #j4jfb ,calculated on soil dried at #ajj4 ,though none of these specimens contained salt in excess1 ,nile deposit in certain localities has very large proportions of common salt and sulphate of soda4 ,the dark soil near the ,atbara mouth at ,el-,damer is largely exploited for common salt1 while similar soil south of ,khartoum is free from it4 ,the extent of this ,nile deposit soil is very great indeed and if irrigation could be assured1 there would be a great future before the ,sudan4 ,in ,mr4 ,dupuis's ,report which is the last appendix to ,sir ,william ,garstin's ,report1 he speaks of this soil as being met with on the ,blue ,nile1 on the ,rahad1 on the ,atbara and on the ,gaash4 ,from ,khartoum northwards the main ,nile flows between berms of this soil4 ,the extent and quality of this soil may therefore be considered as an undisputed asset of the ,sudan4 ,we have next to consider the seasons4 ,a reference to tables #gf1 #gg1 and #hj will show how much warmer the ,sudan is than ,egypt1 and any attempt to introduce ,egyptian methods into the ,sudan without modifications will not at once turn the ,sudan into ,egypt4 ,i allow that extensive plains of irrigated land greatly moderate the heat as they have already done in ,middle ,egypt2 but we have to begin from the beginning in the ,sudan1 and there are no extensive plains of irrigated land4 ,basin irrigation will be a failure in the ,sudan unless it is supplemented by two or three waterings in the winter1 for all crops except the cheapest and coarsest leguminous crops4 ,wheat must be irrigated in winter whether sown in a basin or on the ,nile berm1 except in a few choice1 low and damp localities4 ,cotton1 on the other hand1 which has to be sown in spring in ,egypt and reaped in autumn will need such an extraordinary quantity of water to pull it through the summer that it will be found preferable to grow it in ,june with the rising flood and reap it at the end of the winter4 ,irrigation therefore from ,june to ,october for ,indian corn1 from ,june to ,february for cotton1 and from ,november to ,february for wheat will be essentials of a good harvest in the ,sudan4 ,we now come to the question of the water supply4 ,unless permits are given for pumps to work from the #aeth ,june to the #ae ,february1 the cultivation of cotton and wheat on any scale in the northern part of the ,gezireh1 along the main ,nile between ,khartoum and ,dongola1 and on the lower reaches of the ,atbara will be out of the question4 ,maize and millets and some of the coarser leguminous plants might be developed by pumps with permits to work from #aeth ,june to #aeth ,october1 but it would pay no one to put up pumps on these terms4 ,fortunately for the joint interests of ,egypt and the ,sudan1 though ,egypt cannot spare water between the #aeth ,march and #cjth ,june1 which would correspond to #ast ,march and #aeth ,june in the ,sudan2 she has enough to spare for pumps at other times1 though she has not always enough to spare for large free flow schemes in the ,sudan4 ,free flow schemes in the ,sudan1 except during high and good floods1 have however yet to be found4 ,speaking generally we may say that the agricultural success of the ,sudan will depend on permits for pumping engines to work between the #ast ,june and the end of ,february4 ,there should be no difficulty in the way of such permits being given4 ,we have spoken so far of schemes within the power of individuals and companies4 ,of schemes which the ,government alone could carry out by itself or in conjunction with powerful companies1 the most promising seem to be those which are connected with the #fth cataract4 ,this cataract seems well suited for the construction of a solid dam to create power and develop electricity to work pumps between it and ,khartoum1 and some #cj kilometres up the ,blue ,nile2 and if possible to allow of a canal down the left bank of the ,nile as far as ,berber4 ,this project might be studied with advantage and a greater amount of water storage for summer use be also obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,,sketch ,,plan ,,of ,,country ,,about ,,delgi ,n4,w4 ,,of ,l4 ,,tsana ,scale #a 3 #ej4jjj ,lith4 ,sur4 ,dep4 ,cairo4 ,another scheme is the construction of a double barrage and weir near ,wad ,medani on the ,blue ,nile1 with canals irrigating the ,gezireh and the right bank of the ,blue ,nile and the ,nile to ,shabluka4 ,unfortunately no cross sections have been taken of the ,blue ,nile showing how high the ,gezireh is above the bed and water surface of the ,blue ,nile at ,wad ,medani4 ,a weir further south would1 as ,mr4 ,dupuis states1 entail very expensive canals to irrigate the lands south of ,khartoum4 ,mr4 ,dupuis's report on the ,atbara is not very hopeful4 ,without reservoirs this torrential river could insure no crop except millets and ,indian corn4 ,the same may be said for the ,gaash4 ,basins without winter irrigation would1 ,i think1 be most unsatisfactory4 ,examining ,mr4 ,dupuis's figures and sections for the outlet of lake ,tsana1 ,i calculate that this reservoir would not supply a fraction of the water estimated by ,mr4 ,dupuis4 ,if ,i were wrong1 and ,i should be pleased indeed to be wrong here1 a tunnel along the alignment roughly surveyed by ,mr4 ,dupuis1 ,plate ,,xx1 leading the waters of ,lake ,tsana into the ,rahad river1 and from there under the ,blue ,nile by a syphon1 and branch canals irrigating both banks of the ,rahad and both banks of the ,blue ,nile to ,khartoum1 would be one of the boldest projects in the world4 ,it will be noted that no mention has been made of the tracts between the foothills of ,abyssinia and ,wad-el-,medani which can produce good crops of ,indian corn1 millets and even cotton in nine years out of ten with the aid of rain without irrigation4 ,if the land could lend itself to basins similar to those of ,bundelkund or to river fed pans as in ,madras1 a development of this country would be possible4 ,ordinary ,egyptian basin irrigation would be1 ,i think1 of no use4 ,the following quotations from a letter written by ,messrs4 ,choremi1 ,benachi and ,co41 of ,alexandria1 to ,mr4 ,foaden on the #hth ,february #aijd1 will give an idea of the estimation in which ,sudan grown cotton is held in ,alexandria3-- 8,the cotton generally is good and superior to any ,sudan cotton ,i have yet seen4 ,last year the best ,i saw was sent by the ,sudan ,government and grown in ,miralai ,stanton ,bey's garden1 with artificial irrigation and quality was 7first picking7 class 8good01 equal to ,beni-,suef or ,minieh cotton1 but more woolly4 ,in any case it is saleable cotton for coarse ,nos4 of ,yarn1 not what we call ,bolton ,spinners' cotton4 8,i now give you the following classification and values compared to ,standard of ,full ,good ,fair ,lower ,egypt which is the basis of 8,futures0 in our ,market and ,liverpool4 8,on ,upper ,egypt the outturn in ginning on basis #cae lbs4 per cwt4 in seed runs from #ajj to #ajd1 and ,lower ,egypt #aje-aaj according to province grown and quality of seed4 ,no4 #a ,outturn #if ,class 8good01 value ,p4,t4 #e over ,delta fully good fair--colour rather light--good staple1 better than ,beni-,suef ,ashmouni or even ,afifi4 ,no4 #b #ih ,long staple and finish does not look grown from afifi seed but from superior quality1 value about ,p4,t4 #ae over ,f4,g4,f4 ,no4 #c #ii ,class 8good01 the seed of this is from ,delta because mixed--there is also some ,abassi in and does not look as from afifi seed because finer than any afifi grown in ,minieh and ,beni-,suef1 value #e to #aj over ,f4,g4,f4 ,no4 #d #ajb 8,good0 in class1 from mixed seed--some looks afifi1 other better1 probably ,yannovich seed4 ,there are traces of abassi--and is irregular in strength1 value ,p4,t4 #ae to #bj over ,f4,g4,f4 ,no4 #e #ajj ,also from mixed seed--,i can trace afifi quality and ,yannovich1 also some abassi4 ,value over ,f4,g4,f4 about #g to #aj ,p4,t4 ,no4 #f #ajc ,about same as ,no4 #e and with same mixture4 8,from the above report you will see that quality generally is good--but ,i regret the seed got mixed--probably through mistakes in transport or if in single bags some broke and seed became mixed4 8,the outturn in ginning ,i consider good and the seed ,i notice deteriorates but very little as you can see--though with that of ,stanton ,bey's ,i examined with you last year1 the deterioration was1 if ,i remember right1 something like #aj in one year4 ,the seed from the non irrigated ,sudan 7,i suppose near ,khartoum7 though from good ,afifi seed1 almost becomes unfit for sowing and the quality of this cotton had a very poor outturn of about #gc4 8,rain crops cannot be depended on1 because if no rain for some time the quality will be totally spoilt4 8,i fail to find any trace of sand in the samples--though the common ,sudan non-irrigated cotton was very dirty and sandy40 ,the following extracts from a letter written to me by ,ibrahim ,effendi ,fahmy1 originally a student of the ,cairo ,agricultural ,college and at the time of writing ,government agriculturist at ,khartoum and on leave in ,cairo1 will be found interesting4 8,there are three seasons in the ,sudan1 which are different from those in ,egypt4 ,the seasons are3--#ast the winter which extends from the #ast ,november to the end of ,february1 in this season wheat1 beans1 barley1 onions1 ,indian corn and millets are planted3 #bnd1 the summer which extends from #ast ,march to the #aeth ,june1 in this season1 practically speaking1 nothing is planted except a small quantity of millets1 and in the middle of the season from the #ast ,may to the #aeth ,june all agricultural work is stopped owing to the great heat and deficiency of water3 and #crd1 the flood season or 8,demera0 from the #ae ,june to the end of ,october2 in this season the rains fall1 the ,nile rises and the heat is decreased1 two crops of millets can be taken and cotton1 sesame and earthnuts are sown4 8,manures are the same as in ,egypt4 8,cotton sown in ,march1 ,april and ,may needs so much water through the summer that its cost is prohibitive4 ,in the really hot weather it must be irrigated every three days4 ,high winds and rain hurt the first open pods1 and the pickings are on the #bjth ,august1 #bjth ,september and #aeth ,october4 ,after #bb waterings a good field will give #d cwt4 per acre4 8,cotton sown in ,june and ,july has an even1 regular growth4 ,the rains and moisture in the air encourage the growth of the plant4 ,the height of the flood permits of easy irrigation even when it is lift4 ,the plants grow to a great size but have many bolls4 ,the following table will show the growth of the plants4 ,date of planting4,no of waterings,first picking4,last picking4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #be ,june #af #ast ,january ,march #ae #c ,july #af #aeth ,january ,march #ca #cj ,july #ae #aeth ,february ,april #ae 8,the yield of a good field is #e cwt4 per acre4 ,the fibre is better than that of the cotton sown in ,march and ,april4 8,i consider that ,june and ,july are the best months for sowing1 and that cotton sown from well-selected seed and well cultivated will prove itself a cotton of superior quality1 ranking with ,egyptian cottons4 8,the following table gives the kinds of crops1 other than cotton which can be profitably grown in the ,sudan3-- ,crop ,time of ,time of ,no of ,produce sowing4 ripening4 waterings ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,egyptian wheat ,nov4 ,dec4 ,april #c #e ardebs ,indian wheat ,december #c #e ,egyptian barley ,march #ca #b #aa ,australian barley #b #e ,beans #c #e ,lentils #c #c ,earthnuts ,july ,january #i #i ,indian corn ,september #d #f ,american maize ,october #g #d ,potatoes ,november ,march #c #aej kantars ,lucerne ,march ,march year #ab #ahjj in #ab cuttings of #aej kantars each4 8,fodder crops such as birseem and vetches 7gilban7 when well watered are satisfactory4 8,if the land is not well tilled1 manured and looked after1 wheat will require #f waterings and barley #d waterings4 8,if water can be obtained in the ,sudan1 the agricultural problem is very easy40 ,i cannot do better than close this chapter with this thoroughly ,egyptian remark of ,ibrahim ,effendi ,fehmy4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,the ,oases and the ,geology of the ,nile valley1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,beadnell1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 #dj4 ,the ,oases4--,the chief oases#f of the ,libyan desert--,dakhla1 ,kharga1 ,baharia and ,farafra1--occupy extensive depressions cut down through the horizontal ,eocene strata#g to the underlying saddle of ,cretaceous rocks2 some of the more porous beds of the latter are water-bearing and from them1 either through natural passages or through artificial borings1 the water rises to the surface1 often under considerable pressure4 ,the floor level varies considerably but the cultivated lands in general lie between #gj and #aae metres above sea level4 #f ,see ,geological ,survey reports1 ,p4,w4,m41 ,cairo4 #g ,with the exception that ,dakhla is almost entirely cut out in ,cretaceous strata4 #da4 ,dakhla oasis4--,this1 by far the most important and prosperous of the ,egyptian oases1 lies three days' march west of ,kharga1 or about #cjj kilometres due west of ,armant in the ,nile valley4 ,the site is a depression lying at the foot of the great east and west ,cretaceous escarpment1 bounded to the south by the undulating desert of ,nubian sandstone1 which stretches unchanged almost to the heart of the continent4 ,the inhabitants of ,dakhla1 numbering over #ag1jjj1 are distributed among #ab villages and form a practically self-supporting community4 ,the cultivable land within the oasis 7#djj square kilometres7 amounts to nearly #ej1jjj acres1 of which one half is under cultivation2 in addition several extensive areas of alluvium covered ground exist outside the oasis proper1 notably on the ,gabbari road between ,dakhla and ,kharga4 ,owing to the difficulty of drainage1 salines1 saltyland1 marshes and pools occupy some #g1jjj acres4 ,there are nearly #acj1jjj adult palm trees in ,dakhla1 a large export trade in dates being carried on with the ,nile valley2 the finest crops of wheat and barley are raised1 while the fruits of the oasis1 oranges1 apricots1 mulberries1 etc41 are abundant and of excellent quality4 ,taxes are levied as follows3--7#a7 ,mature date-palms are taxed #a piastres each per annum2 7#b7 ,modern wells 7i4e4 biyr1 made with the existing boring plant7 pay #ej piastres per annum per qirat of water2 7#c7 ,ancient wells 7aiyn7 pay the same1 except that in some cases those used for irrigating palmgroves are exempt4 ,there are #g trees and #a acres per inhabitant1 and the total tax paid by the community is about ,e4 #b1ejj4 ,the water-supply of the oasis is derived from an underground bed of sandstone1 #ee metres thick1 underlying a dense impervious red clay #de metres in thickness2 the upper part of the latter is conspicuous throughout the oasis1 underlying the alluvium and forming the base of the surrounding escarpments in many localities4 ,below the water-bearing sandstone lies a black clay1 never yet penetrated by the boring rods2 it is probable that other water-tables exist below and such would be invaluable for the irrigation of those parts of the oasis where the present supply is unsatisfactory4 ,there seem to be no natural springs extant at the present day1 the whole of the water-supply being through boreholes1 both ancient and modern4 ,the old wells1 known as ain1 aiyn1 appear to be mostly of early ,egyptian and ,roman construction1 and number over #djj2 exactly similar wells have been sunk by boring plant during the last few decades and are called br1 biyr2 there are over #afj of these2 all are true artesian wells4 ,at the present day the method in vogue is as follows3--a two metre square timbered shaft is sunk by hand to the base of the red clay and within this is built up a watertight wooden pipe1 #ce cm4 in diameter1 made of #8sunt' 7a species of thorny acacia71 the surrounding space being packed with clay4 ,sinking is continued in the sandstone with the boring machine until a satisfactory flow of water is obtained4 ,many of the older wells in the oasis have become choked up1 and although some have been successfully cleaned out by the inhabitants1 but the process is costly and laborious and frequently fails4 ,the work is done by divers1 a small but hardy class only found in ,dakhla and ,farafra4 ,the output of wells is determined in a somewhat rough and ready manner by measuring the depth of water passing over a weir fixed in the stream4 ,it is reckoned in qirats1 one qirat being a water-section of #fd square centimetres2 from some test observations in ,kharga ,dr4 ,ball deduced the average value of a qirat1 as measured in that oasis1 as #bcj litres a minute4 ,the total water-output in ,dakhla 7#ajif qirats7 may thus be taken as approximately representing a discharge of #acb million cubic metres per annum1 and taking the cultivated lands as #be1ejj acres the duty is #f1acj acres per cubic metre per second4 ,that the water-supply could be largely increased1 and the limits of cultivation greatly extended1 admit of no doubt1 but with the free hand accorded the natives during the last few decades a considerable amount of damage has been done throughout the oasis by the injudicious sinking of wells4 ,promiscuous boring is fatal1 and strict and efficient control of all boring operations imperative4 ,considering the number of wells abandoned owing to a slight fall in the water-level having caused them to cease running at the surface1 the importance of lifting appliances1 in the shape of shadfs1 saqias1 or windmills1 is evident1 but until a few years ago the oasis was destitute of such appliances2 a number of saqias have recently been fixed in the village of ,musha and have met with success1 but it is not an easy matter to persuade the inhabitants to have recourse to lifting appliances of any description4 ,some of the ,dakhla wells are of considerable depth2 ,bir-el-,dinaria1 the most northerly in the oasis1 is #add metres deep and its water emerges with a temperature of #cie ,c4 ,the best wells yield #i or #aj qirats1 though before the modern boring operations the output of some was as much as #af4 ,the terms #8artesian' and #8thermal' may fairly be applied to the ,dakhla wells1 and it is noteworthy that the temperatures as a whole increase from south to north4 ,the thermal character of the springs may be considered to be due to the great depths from which the water is derived1 the actual temperature at the point of exit being dependent on local conditions1 such as the depth of the well and the rate at which the water finds its way to the surface4 ,it is probable that the water-bearing table has its outcrop in the rainy regions of ,darfur1 although some of its water may be derived by direct infiltration from the ,nile in its upper reaches4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,egyptian ,,oases ,scale #a 3 #f4jjj4jjj #db4 ,kharga oasis4--,kharga1 the easternmost of the two southern oases1 is a north and south lying depression1 mostly bounded by steep and lofty escarpments but open to the south and south-west4 ,a great part of its floor1 which is composed of the ,nubian sandstone1 is buried under sand accumulations4 ,there are seven principal villages1 besides numerous hamlets and smaller settlements1 with a total population of under #h1jjj4 ,taxes are levied as in ,dakhla and amount to slightly over ,e4 #ajjj4 ,the adult palm trees in the oasis number about #fj1jjj and the cultivated lands have an area of some #d1ejj acres1 or half an acre and eight palm trees per inhabitant4 ,the crops raised do not appear to be sufficient to support the population1 as a certain amount of grain is imported from ,dakhla4 ,dates are exported to the ,nile valley1 though in less quantities than from ,dakhla and ,baharia4 ,the general level of the floor of the oasis lies between #ej and #acj metres above sea level1 though near ,qasr ,zaiyan a limited area appears to lie below sea level4 ,water is met with in most localities on digging to a moderate depth1 but the best supplies are from deep wells2 as in ,dakhla the majority of the wells are of considerable antiquity1 though some have been recently made with modern boring plant4 ,with an increased water-supply cultivation could be very much extended1 as there are large areas of unoccupied alluvium covered land within the oasis4 ,the same difficulties exist in ,kharga as in the other oases1 though here perhaps aggravated by the encroachments and movements of blown sand1 namely1 the lack of control of the wells and water-supply and the apathy of the inhabitants generally4 #dc4 ,baharia oasis1 lying #ahj kilometres west of ,minia1 is a large natural excavation #aej metres deep and entirely surrounded by escarpments4 ,the cultivated lands bear a very small proportion to the total oasis-area2 their general level is #aaj-aae metres above sea level1 rising to #aee metres at ,ain-el-,haiss in the southern part of the depression4 ,there are four chief villages with a population1 inclusive of outlying settlements1 of just over #f1jjj4 ,the standard of public health in this oasis is low1 mainly owing to febrile disorders4 ,the total area of cultivated land is about #b1ejj acres 7barely an acre per inhabitant71 largely made up of palmgroves2 rice1 wheat and barley are grown1 but the area sown with cereals has of late years being decreasing in extent owing to a diminished output from the springs4 ,baharia is par excellence the date-producing oasis of ,egypt and very large quantities are annually exported to the ,nile valley2 besides date-palms the gardens contain numbers of olive1 apricot and other fruit trees4 ,taxation is on palm trees and land4 ,the water-supply is derived from the ,cretaceous sandstones forming the floor of the depression1 the water rising naturally to the surface of the lowest areas4 ,in numerous cases long adits have been driven into the rock to obtain an increased supply2 these tunnels communicate with the surface of the ground by a series of air shafts2 they mostly date from early times4 ,no deep wells appear to exist in the oasis and certainly no borings have been made in modern times4 ,the fall of the water-level is probably due to the gradual choking of the passages2 an unsatisfactory and laborious method of cleaning out wells is in vogue but little trouble is taken to prevent the deterioration of the water-supply generally4 ,practically all the available land in this oasis is under cultivation1 although with the reduced output of the springs the supply is barely sufficient for efficient irrigation4 #dd4 ,farafra oasis occupies a large semicircular depression #cjj kilometres west of ,assiut4 ,the floor is formed of the white chalk at the top of the ,cretaceous1 but at ,ain-el-,wadi1 a spring in the north part of the depression at #bf metres above sea level1 the underlying beds are locally exposed4 ,the solitary village of ,qasr ,farafra is situated on the western side at #gf metres above sea level1 and contained #edb inhabitants at the last census4 ,in the entire area there are some #bj springs1 mostly grouped round the village1 each irrigating a small patch of cultivated ground2 the total area of the latter1 including the few palmgroves1 probably does not amount to #ejj acres4 ,wheat1 barley1 durra1 rice1 onions and some fruit are grown1 and small quantities of dates and olives are exported2 formerly the olives of ,farafra were celebrated for their quality1 but of late years the trees have deteriorated4 ,the water rises as springs from the white chalk and does not necessitate the use of lifting appliances1 though the output appears to be decreasing through natural causes4 ,there are a few examples of horizontal conducting channels of ancient date and two or three of the springs appear to have deep vertical shafts as in the ancient wells of ,dakhla4 ,sweet and brackish water-holes occur in several outlying localities within the depression1 as well as in the neighbouring little known oasis of ,iddaila to the west4 ,owing to the absence of waste pools and marshy land the climate of ,farafra is more healthy than that of the other oases4 #de4 ,the ,geology of ,egypt#h4 ,the north-east corner of ,africa1 lying between the ,red ,sea on the east and the sand merged portion of the ,libyan ,desert on the west1 and stretching from the ,mediterranean to the #bbnd parallel of north latitude1 both in its topographical and geological characters is distinctly tripartite1 as follows3-- 7#a7 ,a rugged broken undulating sandstone desert1 forming the southern part of the country2 7#b7 ,elevated plateaux1 for the most part of limestone1 stretching from lat4 #be ,n4 7approximately7 to the ,mediterranean2 7#c7 ,the mountainous igneous range of the ,red ,sea ,hills1 with peaks over #ahjj metres 7#fjjj feet7 in height4 #h ,in writing this note at the request of ,sir ,william ,willcocks ,i have made free use of all sources1 of information1 but am chiefly indebted to the publications of ,schweinfurth and the late ,professor ,zittel1 ,capt4 ,lyons1 and my past and present colleagues on the ,geological ,survey of ,egypt4 ,as a whole one of the most waterless and desolate areas in the world1 the country is traversed from south to north by a narrow highly cultivated and thickly populated strip of alluvial land1 formed and watered by the ,nile4 ,in the southern sandstone country the river occupies only a shallow valley1 but to the north flows over the floor of a deep gorge cut down from the surrounding limestone plateaux4 ,on either side of the river are alluvial plains of varying extent1 composed of the finest loam1 a fertile soil for the most part formed by the disintegration of the volcanic rocks of the ,abyssinian highlands1 annually denuded by rains and brought down by the ,atbara and ,blue ,nile floods and deposited in the lower courses of the river4 ,unlike most countries therefore1 the soil of ,egypt has no connection with the underlying rocks1 being entirely of extraneous origin and owing its existence absolutely to the peculiar conditions of rainfall in ,abyssinia and the direction of drainage from the watersheds of that country4 #df4 ,igneous rocks4 ,the most ancient rocks in ,egypt are found in the central igneous ranges of the ,red ,sea ,hills and in the crystalline floor underlying the sandstones in the southern part of the country4 ,in ,nubia the crystalline rocks consist largely of granite and gneiss1 with associated diorites and schists1 traversed by basaltic and felsitic dykes4 ,cataracts have been formed at those points where the river crosses the hard igneous belts1 which may be regarded as the summits of the higher ridges of an old eroded continental land surface4 ,in the ,red ,sea ,hills the most ancient rocks are the gneisses1 schists1 and slates1 constituting the metamorphic series of ,jebel ,meeteq4 ,next in succession is a volcanic group1 consisting of dolerite and sheared diabases in the south and of dolerites1 andesites1 tuffs and agglomerates in the north4 ,these volcanic rocks are underlaid and intruded by still younger quartz-diorites and grey granites1 and like them are pierced by masses of red granite and dykes of quartz felsite and dolerite4 ,the red granite is itself traversed by dykes of diabase1 which are thus the youngest of all1 except for the still more recent andesitic intrusions into the ,eocene limestones 7occasional occurrences of which are met with on the plateaux on both sides of the ,nile valley71 and the basaltic sheets which commonly mark the base of the ,oligocene sandstones in the north of the country4 ,the whole of the ,red ,sea ,hills igneous complex has been planed down by marine erosion1 the oldest sedimentary deposits being laid on to the smoothed denuded surfaces4 #dg4 ,sedimentary rocks4 ,geologically the sedimentary deposits of ,egypt are not of great age4 ,broadly they consist of a great development of ,upper ,cretaceous and ,eocene strata1 followed by more restricted deposits of ,oligocene and ,miocene age1 the still younger formations being represented only by comparatively local though important1 accumulations4 ,as a general rule the different members of the ,cretaceous and ,tertiary succeed each other in regular order from south to north1 the strata being undisturbed and dipping northwards at a very low angle4 #dh4 ,upper ,cretaceous4 ,the ,cretaceous system in ,egypt is divisible into three main groups1 7#a7 a great thickness of freshwater arenaceous sediments known as the ,nubian ,sandstone1 of ,senonian age in the south 7,dakhla1 ,nile valley1 and southern part of ,eastern ,desert71 and ,cenomanian age in the north 7,baharia1 ,abu ,roash7871 and ,wadi ,araba72 7#b7 #cjj metres of argillaceous deposits with bone-beds near the base1 of ,senonian age2 7#c7 a deep water foraminiferal white chalk 7,danian7 #fj to #ajj metres thick1 especially developed in the region of the oases to the west of the ,nile4 ,the ,nubian ,sandstone1 the oldest sedimentary deposit in ,egypt1 occupies a very large area1 especially in the south2 wherever its base is exposed and has been critically examined1 the sandstone is found to be laid on to the denuded surface of the underlying crystalline rocks4 ,thinner argillaceous bands are almost everywhere associated with the sandstones and the latter vary much in colour1 texture1 and hardness4 ,in its widest sense the term 8,nubian ,sandstone0 includes deposits of much greater age than ,upper ,cretaceous1 undoubted ,carboniferous fossils having been detected in some localities4 ,the formation must be regarded as representing the slow accumulation of sediment in immense inland lakes during a great lapse of time4 ,although temporary marine invasions left their mark at intervals1 it was not until the ,cenomanian that continued depression caused a steady recession of the shore line from north to south1 so that in ,senonian times practically the whole of the country was occupied by the ,cretaceous sea4 ,north of ,silsila in the ,nile valley the sandstones gradually give way to a series of flaggy ripple-marked sandstones alternating with sandy shales and clays1 at the top of which are beds rich in bones and coprolites of fish1 associated with hard oyster-limestones1 overlain in ,wadi ,hammama1 ,e4-,n4-,e4 of ,qena1 by a limestone containing abundant remains of cephalopoda2 these beds are of ,upper ,senonian 7,campanian7 age4 ,east of ,sabaia1 in the ,nile valley1 they are followed by a #bjj metre series of finely laminated clays1 separated by bands of marly limestone1 the greater part of which is of ,cretaceous age and homotaxial with the ,exogyra clays and white chalk 7of ,campanian--,danian age7 which in the southern oases follow on the rich bonebeds overlying the ,nubian ,sandstone4 ,anterior to and during the deposition of these clayey beds in the south1 thick accumulations of limestone were being formed in the more open sea to the north and are visible to-day in the ,cretaceous area of ,abu ,roash near the pyramids of ,giza1 7and to a lesser extent in ,jebel ,shebrewet on the ,gulf of ,suez71 where a great complex of limestones of ,turonian and ,senonian ages occurs4 ,finally a deep sea deposit of white chalk forms the summit of the ,cretaceous throughout the ,western ,desert4 #di4 ,eocene4 ,our knowledge of the junction of the ,cretaceous and ,eocene in several parts of the country leaves much to be desired4 ,where the ,eocene is most fully developed its basal member consists of a group of green argillaceous deposits1 known as the ,esna shales1 well seen at the base of the cliffs throughout the ,esna-,qena reach of the valley4 ,these beds everywhere pass conformably upwards into the ,lower ,eocene 7,libyan7 limestones above1 but in the ,nile ,valley and the ,eastern ,desert the exact line of demarcation between them and the lithologically similar ,cretaceous clays below is still somewhat obscure4 ,in ,kharga and ,farafra they form a well-marked band between the ,white ,chalk 7and associated clays7 at the top of the ,cretaceous and the ,libyan limestone of the ,lower ,eocene4 ,the ,esna shales may in fact be regarded as passage beds1 and where they exist appear to bridge over the lapse of time which is represented by a decided unconformity between the ,cretaceous and ,eocene in the north of the country1 as in ,baharia ,oasis and at ,abu ,roash4 ,the thick mass of limestone which forms the plateaux and cliffs on both sides of the valley from lat4 #be ,n4 to ,cairo is of ,lower ,eocene 7,libyan stage7 and ,middle ,eocene 7,mokattam stage7 age4 ,these limestones1 frequently nummulitic and typically marine calcareous accumulations1 exceed #ejj metres in thickness1 and over a wide area are unrelieved by a single band of clay or sandstone4 ,towards the summit of the ,middle ,eocene1 however1 terrigenous deposits were laid down1 the ,upper ,mokattam consisting of an alternating series of impure limestones1 clays1 and sandstones4 ,in the ,faym the ,middle ,eocene is followed by a great thickness of fluvio-marine deposits of ,upper ,eocene age1 in which the remains of the animals that inhabited the land to the south and the adjoining seas at the time are abundantly preserved4 #ej4 ,oligocene and ,miocene4 ,throughout ,oligocene and ,miocene times conditions similar to those which led to the deposition of the ,upper ,eocene formation in the ,faym prevailed1 accompanied by a continual retreat of the sea to the north4 ,in the littoral area marine beds were intermingled with the sediments brought down by rivers from the land to the south2 and throughout these deposits the remains of land animals and great quantities of large silicified trees are common4 ,a considerable part of the deserts east and west of the valley north of lat4 #bi #cj is covered with deposits of this age1 and shallow water ,miocene beds1 unconformably overlying the ,eocene1 form marked flanking plateaux to some of the igneous ranges of the ,red ,sea ,hills4 #ea4 ,pliocene1 ,pleistocene and ,recent4 ,in ,pliocene times the relative areas of land and sea approximated to those of to-day and powerful earth-movements initiated the formation of the lower part of the ,nile ,valley4 ,the determining faults and the huge blocks of displaced rock are visible along the cliff walls in many parts of the valley1 and at ,gebelain isolated ridges of highly tilted limestone protrude above the floor of the trough1 though as a rule1 except near the cliffs1 the faulted rocks are invisible1 being buried under great thicknesses of lacustrine and fluviatile deposits4 ,a few kilometres south of ,jebel ,silsila1 however1 ,eocene and ,cretaceous limestones are met with at river level in the centre of the valley and point to the ,kom ,ombo plain being let down by a fault of over #djj metres throw4 ,the ,nile ,valley trough or 8grab0 became a marine fiord in later ,pliocene times1 sea-beaches being formed up to #gj metres above present sea level4 ,extensive terraces of gravel1 perched up on the surrounding slopes of the ,faym1 prove that the sea1 or a great inland lake1 stood at #ahj metres in latest ,pliocene or early ,pleistocene times4 ,from this time also dates the ,red ,sea 7in its modern aspect71 the highest ,older ,pleistocene coral reefs being now found at some #bjj metres above sea-level2 younger reefs associated with later ,pleistocene gravels occur at a lower level4 ,in later ,pleistocene and early pre-human times1 under the very moist climate which preceded the present desert conditions1 the ,nile ,valley north of latitude #bd was occupied by a series of deep freshwater lakes1 perhaps co-existent with that in which the ,faym gravel terraces were accumulated4 ,the denudation of the surrounding country was rapid1 and tributary streams from the plateaux on either side brought down fine limestone detritus1 which was deposited along the margins of the lakes in the form of compact beds of re-made limestone1 interbedded with frequent layers of conglomerate and gravel1 washed down by the larger streams and by torrential floods4 ,in the quieter parts of these lakes clays and calcareous tufas were laid down and are visible to-day from ,kom ,ombo to ,heluan4 ,subsequently1 owing to the breaking down of the dividing barriers1 or as the result of a general slight elevation1 drainage became more pronounced and the river cut its way down through these lacustrine deposits4 ,it was probably at this time that1 following the partial removal of the gravel ridge between the ,faym and the valley1 part of the drainage obtained access to the ,faym depression and a lake1 the precursor of the historical ,mris1 was formed4 ,subsequently1 under climatic conditions similar to those of to-day1 the accumulation of ,nile alluvium commenced within the wide trough cut out in the older lake beds4 ,flood plains were formed on either side of the river1 and by successive deposits1 at the rate of about twelve centimetres a century1 were built up to their present level4 #eb4 ,economic products4 ,limestones for building and other purposes are abundant in the ,lower and ,middle ,eocene formations1 though as a rule of only medium quality4 ,the chief quarries are those of ,jebel ,mokattam1 ,tura1 ,heluan1 ,abu ,foda1 ,hardi1 and el-,tarif4 ,at ,isawia1 near ,tahta1 a fine tough freshwater tufaceous limestone of ,pleistocene age occurs1 and was largely used in the construction of the ,assiut barrage4 ,clays of good quality are not widely extended1 though certain bands of the ,esna shales are very largely used near ,qena in the manufacture of pottery4 ,for bricks the ,nile alluvium is used throughout the country4 ,sandstone is quarried for local purposes at ,j4 ,ahmar near ,cairo and in several localities in the south part of the country2 it was formerly extensively quarried at ,j4 ,ahmar for the temples of the ,delta1 at ,j4 ,silsila for those of ,upper ,egypt1 and at ,girtassa1 south of ,assun1 for the ,nubian monuments4 ,although a fairly hard and good weather-resisting stone when carefully selected1 the frequent presence of soft uncemented and clayey laminae gives it an unreliable character1 and a good deal of the decay of many of the ancient ,egyptian monuments is attributable to this cause4 ,numerous rocks in the ,red ,sea ,hills and the ,nile ,valley were worked in ,egyptian and ,roman times for ornamental purposes2 among them may be specially mentioned the purple imperial porphyry of ,j4 ,dokhan1 the green breccia of ,wadis ,hammamat and ,dib1 the dolerite of ,wadi ,esh1 and the hornblende granite of the first cataract4 ,in modern times local granite was used throughout the ,assun dam and an ,oligocene basalt is quarried at ,abu ,zabel and used for road-metal in the capital and other towns4 ,old workings and mining camps are of common occurrence in many parts of the ,eastern ,desert and there is no doubt that considerable quantities of gold were extracted by convict labour4 ,the quartz lodes traverse not only the metamorphic rocks but also some of the granites4 ,iron 7hematite1 limonite71 copper 7chrysocolla1 copper pyrites7 and lead 7galena7 bearing veins also occur1 and turquoise1 jasper and chrysolite are found in certain localities4 ,petroleum and sulphur occur sparsely near ,j4 ,zeit1 and gypsum in large quantities in many parts of the country4 ,phosphate deposits in the form of accumulations of bones1 teeth and coprolites of fish in compact beds1 have a wide distribution in the ,eastern ,desert1 the ,nile ,valley and the southern oases1 though these beds have not yet received the attention their importance deserves4 ,better known are the nitrate bearing clays which are so highly valued and largely used by the fellahin throughout the country4 ,the chief horizons are the ,esna shales and the underlying cretaceous clays1 but disintegrated clays of every age are worked throughout the country1 though their nitrate content may be very low and their salt content high2 more prized still is the material from the middens marking the sites of ancient towns4 ,natron 7carbonate of soda7 and salt are associated in considerable quantities in ,wadi ,natrun1 and the latter is widely distributed in limited quantities throughout the country1 the main supply being however obtained by evaporation from the shore lagoons along the coast of the delta4 ,rock salt of fine quality occurs in many localities1 notably in the ,eocene limestones three to four days east of ,assiut4 ,,appendices ,,tables ,,pages ,a4 ,i4 ,areas of the catchment basins of the ,nile #aai ,b4 ,,ii4 ,slopes of the ,nile in its different reaches #abj ,c4 ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,velocities of the ,nile in its different reaches #aba ,d4 ,v to ,x4 ,distances of places on the ,nile from each other #abc ,e4 ,,xi and ,,xii4 ,details of observed discharges #abi ,f4 ,,xiii to ,,xxiii4 ,observed discharges referred to gauges #aca ,g4 ,,xxiv4 ,mean discharges of the ,nile tributaries in #aijb1 #aijc and #aijd #aci ,h4 ,,xxv4 ,maximum and minimum discharges in #aijb and #aijc #ada ,i4 ,,xxvi4 ,monthly discharges at ,khartoum1 ,assun and ,cairo #adb ,j4 ,,xxvii to ,,xl4 ,discharge tables for the different gauges on the ,nile #adc ,k4 ,,xli to ,,lii4 ,detailed information about the ,nile1 ,assun to ,cairo #aec ,l4 ,,liii to ,,lxix4 ,gauges of the ,nile and its tributaries #afg ,m4 ,,lxx and ,,lxxi4 ,assun and ,cairo gauges1 metres corresponding to pics #bji ,n4 ,,lxxii and ,,lxxiii4 ,table converting cubic metres per day to cubic metres per second and vice versa #baa ,p4 ,,lxxiv4 ,bombay rainfall referred to the ,assun gauge #bac ,q4 ,,lxxv to ,,lxxxi4 ,meteorological data in the ,nile ,valley #bad ,n4,b4--,in ,appendix ,l1 the gauges are recorded in two different methods4 ,if the fall or rise of water surface is gradual throughout the year1 the gauges are recorded in five daily intervals4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the rise and fall is gradual for the first four and last three months of the year1 but the changes are abrupt in the remaining five months1 the gauges are recorded in five daily intervals for seven months and daily for five months4 ,appendix ,a4 ,,table ,i4--,areas of ,catchment ,basins of the ,nile4 ,river4 ,,area ,,in ,,square ,,kilometres ------------------------- ,area4 ,total4 ,grand ,total4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,victoria ,nile at ,ripon ,falls #bdd1jjj #bdd1jjj 444 ,additional area drained into ,lake ,albert #ace1jjj 444 444 ,albert ,nile at outlet of ,lake ,albert 444 #cgi1jjj 444 ,albert ,nile from ,albert ,lake to ,gondokoro #id1jjj 444 444 ,albert ,nile at ,gondokoro 444 #dgc1jjj 444 ,albert ,nile1 ,gondokoro to above ,sobat mouth #bjb1jjj 444 444 ,gazelle ,river #bdj1jjj 444 444 ,arab ,river #bca1jjj 444 444 ------- #fgc1jjj ,albert ,nile above ,sobat ,river mouth 444 #a1acf1jjj 444 ,saubat ,river #aef1jjj 444 444 ,white ,nile below ,sobat ,river mouth 444 #a1bib1jjj 444 ,white ,nile1 ,sobat ,river to ,khartoum #cic1jjj 444 444 ,white ,nile at ,khartoum 444 #a1fhe1jjja1fhe1jjj ,blue ,nile in ,abyssinian ,hills and foot hills #bdg1jjj 444 444 ,blue ,nile foot hills to ,khartoum #ec1jjj 444 444 ,total ,blue ,nile 444 #cjj1jjj 444 ,nile at ,khartoum 444 444 #a1ihe1jjj ,nile between ,khartoum and ,atbara junction #ed1jjj 444 444 ,nile above ,atbara junction 444 444 #b1jdi1jjj ,atbara ,river in ,abyssinian hills and foot hills #aca1jjj 444 444 ,atbara ,river foothills to mouth #ajf1jjj 444 444 ,total ,atbara ,river 444 #bcg1jjj 444 ,nile below ,atbara junction 444 444 #b1bhf1jjj ,lybian ,desert from ,atbara junction to ,sea #cce1jjj 444 444 ,arabian ,desert from ,atbara junction to ,sea #chf1jjj 444 444 ,total ,desert ,area 444 #gba1jjj 444 ,nile from its sources to its mouths 444 444 #c1jjg1jjj --------- #c1jjg1jjj ,appendix ,b4 ,,table ,,ii4--,slope of the ,nile in flood from the ,ripon ,falls to the ,sea4 ,river4 ,from ,to ,distance ,fall ,slope4 in in kilo- metres4 mtres4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,victoria ,nile ,ripon ,falls ,kakoji #fd #eg ,kakoji ,fowera #bcg #ab ,fowera ,murchison ,falls #fh #cgg ,murchison ,falls ,lake ,albert #cj #c ,albert ,nile,lake ,albert ,dufile #bah #h ,dufile ,fort ,berkeley #aee #bbc ,fort ,berkeley ,br #bjf #ah ,br ,gaba ,shamba #aif #aj ,gaba ,shamba ,lake ,n #chj #af ,lake ,n ,sobat #acd #b ,white ,nile ,sobat #cjj kilom4 ,south of ,khartum #ech #aa #cjj kilom4 ,south of ,khartum ,khartum #cjj #c ,the ,nile4 ,khartum ,shabluka #hf #e #fth ,cataract #ah #f #fth ,cataract #eth ,cataract #bhe #ag #afj #ee #eth ,cataract #dth ,cataract #ig #i #aaj #di #dth ,cataract #crd ,cataract #cac #bf #hj #aa #crd ,cataract #bnd ,cataract #aaj #ag #bjj #ff ,wadi ,haifa #ast ,cataract #cde #bh #e #f ,assun ,barrage #ifd #ged ,barrage ,mediterranean ,sea #bcf #ahf ----------------------- #eece #aabi ,appendix ,c4 ,,table ,,iii4--,velocity of the ,nile in its different reaches4 ,name ,from ,to ,distance ,,velocity of in ,,in ,,metres ,river4 kilo- ,,per ,,sec4 metres4------------- in in low flood4supply4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,victoria ,nile4 ,ripon ,falls ,kakoji #fd #ab #ab ,kakoji ,lake ,choga #dg #g #f ,lake ,choga #hj 44 44 ,lake ,choga ,fowera #aaj #g #f ,fowera ,murchison ,falls #fh #ab #ab ,murchison ,falls,lake ,albert #cj #i #g ,lake ,albert #aj 44 44 ,albert ,nile4,lake ,albert ,dufile #bah #g #f ,dufile ,fort ,berkeley #aee #i #g ,fort ,berkeley ,br #bjf #ab #i ,br ,gaba ,shamba #aif #i #g ,gaba ,shamba ,lake ,n #chj #f #f ,lake ,n ,sobat #acd #ce #ce ,white ,nile4,sobat #cjj kil4 ,south of ,khartum4 #ech #f #ce #cjj kil4 ,south of ,khartum4 ,khartum #cjj #ce #ce ,the ,nile4 ,khartum ,shabluka #hf #af #h #fth ,cataract #ah #bc #h #fth ,cataract--#eth ,cataract #bhe #af #h #eth ,cataract #afj #bc #ab #eth ,cataract--#dth ,cataract #ig #age #he #dth ,cataract #aaj #bc #ab #dth ,cataract--#crd ,cataract #cac #age #he #crd ,cataract #hj #ba #aj #crd ,cataract--#bnd ,cataract #aaj #ba #aj #bnd ,cataract #bjj #bc #ab ,wady ,haifa--#ast ,cataract #cde #age #he #ast ,cataract #e #bc #ab ,assun--,barrage #ifd #age #he ,rosetta ,branch4 ,barrage--,mediterranean ,sea #bcf #age #he ,name ,from ,to ,distance ,,velocity of in ,,in ,,kilometres ,river4 kilo- ,,per ,,day4 metres4------------- in in low flood4supply4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,victoria ,nile4 ,ripon ,falls ,kakoji #fd #ajj #ajj ,kakoji ,lake ,choga #dg #fj #ej ,lake ,choga #hj 44 44 ,lake ,choga ,fowera #aaj #fj #ej ,fowera ,murchison ,falls #fh #ajj #ajj ,murchison ,falls,lake ,albert #cj #hj #fj ,lake ,albert #aj 44 44 ,albert ,nile4,lake ,albert ,dufile #bah #fj #ej ,dufile ,fort ,berkeley #aee #hj #fj ,fort ,berkeley ,br #bjf #ajj #ge ,br ,gaba ,shamba #aif #hj #fj ,gaba ,shamba ,lake ,n #chj #ej #ej ,lake ,n ,sobat #acd #cj #cj ,white ,nile4,sobat #cjj kil4 ,south of ,khartum4 #ech #ej #cj #cjj kil4 ,south of ,khartum4 ,khartum #cjj #cj #cj ,the ,nile4 ,khartum ,shabluka #hf #adj #gj #fth ,cataract #ah #bjj #ajj #fth ,cataract--#eth ,cataract #bhe #adj #gj #eth ,cataract #afj #bjj #ajj #eth ,cataract--#dth ,cataract #ig #aej #ge #dth ,cataract #aaj #bjj #ajj #dth ,cataract--#crd ,cataract #cac #aej #ge #crd ,cataract #hj #ahj #ij #crd ,cataract--#bnd ,cataract #aaj #ahj #ij #bnd ,cataract #bjj #bjj #ajj ,wady ,haifa--#ast ,cataract #cde #aej #ge #ast ,cataract #e #bjj #ajj ,assun--,barrage #ifd #aej #ge ,rosetta ,branch4 ,barrage--,mediterranean ,sea #bcf #aej #ge ,name ,from ,to ,distance ,,time ,,in ,,which of in ,,the ,,water ,river4 kilo- ,,travels ,,in ,,days4 metres4--------------- in in low flood4 supply4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,victoria ,nile4 ,ripon ,falls ,kakoji #fd #g #g ,kakoji ,lake ,choga #dg #h #i ,lake ,choga #hj 44 44 ,lake ,choga ,fowera #aaj #ah #bb ,fowera ,murchison ,falls #fh #g #g ,murchison ,falls,lake ,albert #cj #d #e ,lake ,albert #aj 44 44 ,albert ,nile4,lake ,albert ,dufile #bah #cf #dd ,dufile ,fort ,berkeley #aee #ai #bf ,fort ,berkeley ,br #bjf #ba #bg ,br ,gaba ,shamba #aif #bd #cb ,gaba ,shamba ,lake ,n #chj #gf #gf ,lake ,n ,sobat #acd #de #de ,white ,nile4,sobat #cjj kil4 ,south of ,khartum4 #ech #ajg #agi #cjj kil4 ,south of ,khartum4 ,khartum #cjj #ajj #ajj ,the ,nile4 ,khartum ,shabluka #hf #f #ab #fth ,cataract #ah #a #b #fth ,cataract--#eth ,cataract #bhe #bj #da #eth ,cataract #afj #h #af #eth ,cataract--#dth ,cataract #ig #f #ac #dth ,cataract #aaj #f #aa #dth ,cataract--#crd ,cataract #cac #ba #db #crd ,cataract #hj #d #i #crd ,cataract--#bnd ,cataract #aaj #f #ab #bnd ,cataract #bjj #aj #bj ,wady ,haifa--#ast ,cataract #cde #bc #df #ast ,cataract #e #jjb #jje ,assun--,barrage #ifd #fd #acj ,rosetta ,branch4 ,barrage--,mediterranean ,sea #bcf #af #bb ,,table ,,iv4--,time water travels along the ,nile4 ,from ,to ,,days ,distance ----------------- in in in kilometres4 flood4low supply4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,lake ,victoria,lake ,choga #b #b #aaa ,lake ,choga 44 44 #hj ,lake ,choga ,lake ,albert #c #c #bji ,lake ,albert 44 44 #i ,lake ,albert ,gondokoro #f #g #djc ,gondokoro ,sobat #af #ah #hhe ,sobat ,khartum #ba #bh #hch ,khartum ,assuan #aa #bb #a1hjd ,assuan ,cairo #f #ab #ide ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,lake ,albert ,cairo #fj #hg #d1hge ,appendix ,d4 ,,distance ,,from ,,the ,,sea ,,to ,,cairo1 ,,cairo ,,to ,,assuan1 ,,assuan ,,to ,,khartum1 ,,khartum ,,to ,,gondokoro ,,and ,,gondokoro ,,to ,,the ,,ripon ,,falls1 ,,and ,,back4 ,,tables ,v ,,and ,,vi4--,distances in kilometres from the ,barrage to the sea down the ,damietta and ,rosetta branches1 and vice-versa1 measured on the steamer track or ,deep ,channel in kilometres4 ,name of ,place4 ,distance,distance from from ,barrage4 ,sea4 ---------------------------------------- ,damietta ,branch4 ,birshams #bc #bac ,benha #ea #ahe ,mitbera #fb #agd ,zifta #hh #adh ,samand #abd #aab ,mansurah #adb #id ,sherbin #afh #fh ,ras el ,khalig 7,station7 #ahb #ed ,mit ,abu ,ghaleb #aid #db ,faraskur #bjc #cc ,damietta #bba #ae ,sea #bcf #j ,name of ,place4 ,distance,distance from from ,barrage4 ,sea4 ---------------------------------------- ,rosetta ,branch4 ,ashmun #bc #bac ,geres #ca #bje ,khatatbeh #de #aia ,giza #fc #agc ,tenoub #ie #ada ,kafr ,zayat #aai #aag ,kuddabah #adj #if ,shibrakhit #aed #hb ,dessouk #afh #fh ,fuah #aha #ee ,atf #ahd #eb ,rosetta #bba #ae ,sea #bcf #j ,,table ,,vii4--,distances in kilometres from ,barrage to ,assuan and back in kilometres measured on the steamer track or ,deep ,channel4--,upper-,egypt4 ,name of ,place4 ,distance,distance from from ,barrage4 ,assuan4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,barrage #j #ifh ,kasr ,el ,nil 7,bridge7--,cairo #bc #ide ,rodah gauge #bg #ida ,badreshen #df #ibb ,aiyat #gc #hie ,wastah #ajh #hfj ,beni ,suef #adc #hbe ,maghagha #aii #gfi ,minieh #bfh #gjj ,rodah #cjh #ffj ,dert ,escape #cdj #fbh ,manfalut #cgg #eia ,asyut #dbj #edh ,sohag #ebj #ddh ,girga #efa #djg ,baliyana #egi #chi ,dishna #ffe #cjc ,kena #fhe #bhc ,luxor #gdi #bai ,armant #gfh #bjj ,esna #hjg #afa ,edfou #hei #aji ,gebel ,silsila #hih #gj ,kom ,ombo #ibe #dc ,assuan #ifh #j ,,table ,,viii4--,distances in kilometres from ,assun to ,khartoum and back4 ,name of ,place4 ,distance,distance from from ,assuan4,khartoum4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,assuan 7,shellal7 #j #ahjd ,kalabsha #eg #agdg ,dekka #aji #afie ,korosko #ahg #afag ,der #bji #aeie ,ibrim #bbi #aege ,toski #bea #aeec ,abu ,simbel #bhc #aeba ,wadi ,haifa #cde #adei ,kaibar #ffc #aada ,hannek #gce #ajfi ,dongola #gie #ajji ,abu ,hamed #abee #edi ,berber #adfj #cdd ,atbara #adhd #cbj ,shendy #afba #ahc ,shabluka #agjj #ajd ,khartoum #ahjd #j ,,table ,,ix4--,distances in kilometres from ,khartoum to ,gondokoro and back4 ,name of ,place4,distance ,distance from from ,khartoum4,gondokoro4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,khartoum #j #agbc ,duem #bja #aebb ,abou ,zeid #ccf #achg ,gebelain #chd #acci ,kaka #fci #ajhd ,kodok #gdg #igf ,tewfikieh #hcj #hic ,sobat #hch #hhe ,mouth of ,zeraf #hhf #hcg ,lake ,no #igb #gea ,hillet ,nuer #aagg #edf ,sudd ,block #ae #abah #eje ,gaba ,shambe #aceb #cga ,bor #aedh #age ,lado #agaa #ab ,gondokoro #agbc #j ,,table ,x4--,distances in kilometres from ,gondokoro to ,ripon ,falls and back4 ,distance ,distance ,name of ,place4 from from ,gondokoro4,ripon ,falls4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,gondokoro #j #hjc ,fort ,berkeley #ca #ggb ,dufile #ahf #fag ,wadelai #cca #dgb ,lake ,albert #djc #djj ,murchison ,falls #dcd #cfi ,fowera #eja #cjb ,mruli #faa #aib ,lake ,choga #fia #aab ,kakogi #gci #fd ,ripon ,falls #hjc #j ,,table ,,xi4--,distances from ,khartoum to ,rosaires and back along the ,blue ,nile4 ,distance ,distance ,name of ,place4 from from ,khartoum4,rosaires4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,khartoum #j #fae ,kamlin #ih #eag ,rufaa #aea #dfd ,abu-,haraz #ahh #dbg ,rahad mouth #aij #dbe ,wad-,medani #aih #dag ,dinder mouth #bfe #cej ,sennaar #cdc #bgb ,karkoj #dfb #aec ,rosaires #fae #j ,appendix ,e ,,table ,,xii4--,details of observed discharges from ,sir ,w4 ,garstin's report on the ,basin of the ,upper ,nile4 ,river4 ,locality4 ,gauge4 ,date4 ,area ,velocity,discharge of metres m ,sec- per per tion4 second4 second4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,victoria ,nile,above ,ripon ,falls #ea #bbajcbcabj #jbcg #edhj ,murchison ,falls 44 #bjcjc #hidd #jfe #eggj ,uganda ,streams3 ,ruizi 44 44 #fbjc #ij #abb #aaj ,nyam ,gasha 44 44 #afbjc #hi #jee #di ,lukoku 44 44 #bdbjc #ed #jec #bh ,mbuku 44 44 #bebjc #fa #aaf #ga ,hima 44 44 #bebjc #aa #jgj #jg ,ruimi 44 44 #bfbjc #eh #jgd #dc ,mpangu 44 44 #bfbjc #cj #jhh #bf ,msisi 44 44 #icjc #fg #jdj #bg ,ngusi 44 44 #abcjc #abe #jej #fb ,kagera 44 44 #bfbjc #dabj #jce #adcj ,semliki ,outlet of ,lake ,edward 44 #ahbjc #acjj #jgj #ijj ,inlet of ,lake ,albert 44 #dcjc #abaj #jif #aafj ,albert ,nile tributaries3 ,umi 44 44 #bbcjc #aea #abj #abc ,asua 44 44 #bhcjc #ahg #jeh #ajh ,kit 44 44 44 44 44 #j ,albert ,nile ,wadeiai #eb #bbcjc #ggji #jhd #fdfj ,gondokoro #ah #bhcja #ggij #jgc #effj #hd #iijbajccj #jic #ifjj #ej #adjc #faej #ajg #fdaj #bcc #iijcacdgj #acg #ahdgj #hd #adejd 44 44 #aachj ,mongalla 7north of ,gondokoro7 44 #adijcadhgj #add #bjdfj ,br 44 #afijc #ggjj #aad #hhhj #bjc #abejd 44 44 #hacj ,north of ,gaba- 44 #dijb #dihj #jhj #cihj ,shamba 44 #ahijc #ffij #jhj #ecbj ,hillet ,nr 44 #aijc #dghj #jgh #cgej 44 #acdjc #cibj #jhh #cdfj ,north of ,hillet-,nr 44 #adja #dhej #jed #bfbj 44 #bijb #eaaj #jfe #cccj ,south of ,lake ,n 44 #addjj #bfbj #jhd #baij 44 #addjc #dbdj #jga #bhej 44 #cahjc #ddaj #jgb #cahj 44 #bbejd 44 44 #cjbj ,bahr ,el ,gazal#bh kil4 from mouth 44 #cjhjc #ebj #jbc #abj #cb 44 #baijc #ajdj #jai #bjj #cc 44 #bdja #adij #jah #bgj #cc 44 #cahjb #hfj #jag #aej #ej 44 #aedjc #bjjj #jbj #bcj #ea 44 #adjj #afaj #jba #cdj ,bahr ,el ,zeraf#h 44 #bbijb #bdjj #jdj #igj #ad 44 #bihjc #ahjj #jfa #aajj #ai 44 #cdja #achj #jbd #ccj #bj 44 #afdjc #agij #jcj #ejj #bj 44 #bbijc #bcbj #jff #aehj #if 44 #becjj #iaj #jce #cbj ,albert ,nile ,above ,sobat junction 44 #cjhjb #hacj #jda #ccfj 44 #bbijbajedj #jdj #daij 44 #bbijcajcdj #jdd #dejj 44 #afdjc #gajj #jdi #cdij ,sobat ,river #be kil4 from mouth #caf #bfijcajcjj #jhg #hiej #be #bgj #bfhjc 44 44 #gfij #dj #aj #agdjc #dadj #jab #dej #de 44 #fdja #djaj #jbb #hgj ,white ,nile ,tewfikia 44 #fdjaajhaj #jbh #chaj #bd #agdjcajfhj #jce #cfhj #bfe #bfhjcbagdj #jed #ajdfj #cch #bfijcbccbj #jef #acjdj 44 #beijbaihcj #jff #abgbj ,blue ,nile ,outlet of ,lake ,tsana 44 #caajc #fej #jfd #dah ,appendix ,f4 ,,table ,,xiii4--,observed discharges of the ,victoria ,nile referred to the ,jinja gauge on ,lake ,victoria4 #aijc ,date of ,locality ,,gauge ,,at ,,jinja ,discharge ,discharge4 where taken4 ------------------------------in metres ,day #aj days #ae days per second4 of before before discharge4discharge4discharge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #bb ,january,ripon ,falls #ea 44 44 #edh #bj ,march ,below the ,murchison ,falls 44 #ff #gj #egg ,,table ,,xiv4--,observed discharges of the ,albert ,nile at ,wadelai referred to the ,wadelai gauge4 #aijc ,date of ,gauge4 ,discharge ,remarks4 ,discharge4 in metres per second4 ----------------------------------- #bb ,march #eb #fdf ,,table ,,xv4--,observed discharges of the ,albert ,nile referred to the ,mongalla gauge4 #aijc ,loca- ,kilo- ,date4 ,,mongalla ,,gauge 7#cb kilom4 north of ,dis- lity4 metres ,gondokoro7 charge from ------------------------------------ m per ,gondo- #e #d #c #b #a day #a second4 koro4 days days days days day of day be- be- be- be- be- dis- af- fore4fore4fore4fore4fore4charge4ter4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gondo- #j #a ,april 44 44 44 44 44 #jhc #jhc #fic koro #i #i ,sep- #bgc #bhe #bij #cjb #caf #cad #cjh #aihe tember #aj ,mon- #cb #ad ,sep- #cad #cjh #bij #bhd #bhb #bhb #bhb #bjdf galla tember ,der- #aef #af ,sep- #bij #bhd #bhb #bhb #bhb #bhd #bib #hhh wish tember ,dem ,north #dae #ah ,sep- #bhb #bhb #bhb #bhd #bib #cjf #cab #ecb of tember ,gaba- ,shamba ,hillet #ech #a ,sep- #beb #beb 8 8 8 #beb #bde #cge ,nur tember ,hillet #edb #ac ,april #jhg #jhi #jij #jij #jhg #jhh #jhh #cca ,nur ,south #gda #ad ,april #jhi #jij #jij #jhg #jhh #jhh #jhi #bhe of ,lake ,no ,south #gdb #ca ,au- #bdi #beb #beb 8 8 8 #beb #cah of gust ,lake ,no #aijd ,gondo- #ad ,may #ahi #ahi #aif #bjc #baj #bjc #bjg #aach koro ,br #afe #ab ,may #ahi #ahi #ahi #ahi #aif #bjc #baj #hac ,south #gdb #bb ,may #bjc #bjc #bjc #bjg #bjg #bag #bag #cjb of ,lake ,no #i #fda #eb for side channel4 #aj #ahdg #ach for side channel4 ,,table ,,xvi4--,observed discharges of the ,bahr ,el ,gazelle referred to the ,tewfikia gauge on the ,white ,nile4 ,date ,,gauge ,dis- ,remarks4 of ------------------------charges discharge4 ,day4 #a #b #c m day days days per after4after4after4second4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ba ,september #cca #ccc #cce #ccf #bj #cj ,august #bgd #bge #bgf #bgg #ab ,,table ,,xvii4--,observed discharges of the ,bahr ,el ,zeraf referred to the ,tewfikia gauge on the ,white ,nile4 #aijc ,date ,,gauge ,discharge ,remarks4 of discharge4 ---------------------------- m #a ,day4 #a per second4 day before4 day after4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #af ,april #jbd #jbd #jbd #ej #bb ,september #cca #ccc #cce #aeh #h ,may #jbe #jbf #jbf #fa #bi ,august #bfh #bgj #bgb #aaj ,app4 gauge #aijd #bc ,may #ace #ach #adj #abd ,,table ,,xviii4--,observed discharges of the ,albert ,nile above the ,sobat junction referred to the ,tewfikia gauge4 #aijc ,date ,,gauge ,discharge of discharge4------------------------------ - m #a day4 #a per second4 day before4 day after4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #af ,april #bd #bd #bd #cdi #bb ,september #cca #ccc #cce #dej ,,table ,,xix4--,observed discharges of the ,sobat ,river referred to the ,dulaib ,hilla gauge4 #aijc #ag ,april 44 #aj 44 #de #bf ,august #bgj #bga #bgd #gfi #bf ,september #caf #cag #cai #hie ,,table ,,xx4--,observed discharges of the ,white ,nile just below the ,sobat junction referred to the ,tewfikia gauge4 #aijc #ag ,april #bd #bd #bd #cha #bf ,august #bfd #bfe #bff #ajdf #bf ,september #ccg #cch #cdj #acjd ,,table ,,xxi4--,observed discharges of the ,white ,nile at ,duem referred to the ,duem and ,khartoum gauges4 ,date4 ,duem ,,khartoum ,,gauges ,discharge ,gauge cubic - ------------------------------- metres ,gauge4#c days #b days day day of per before4before4before4discharge4 second4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aijb ,may #ac #ea -#jf -#jg -#jd -#jd #cdg ,june #aa #ie #gf #ge #gg #hd #fej ,july #h #adb #agj #agj #ahe #bjc #ghh ,august #e #bbj #ceb #cfb #cga #cgi #hfg ,september #b #cdh #ecj #ecj #ebj #ebj #ccj ,october #a #cej #ejc #ejf #eaf #ead #hgj ,october #bh #bej #cce #ccj #cbc #caf #hjb ,december #a #bjj #baa #baj #bjh #bjf #icj ,december #bi #bjd #aed #aej #adh #ade #aeah #aijc ,january #bg #aab #jij #jhg #jhd #jhc #ffc ,february #bd #jhf #jcf #jcb #jbi #jbh #dfb ,march #bd #jdf #jjb #jja #jja #jjb #eei ,april #ba #jch -#jad -#jab -#jab -#jaf #dae ,may #ai #jch -#jbf -#jbc -#jba -#jai #ddg ,june #af #aji #ada #aef #afe #age #feh ,july #a #aca #afa #aed #aed #aed #hhd #ad #aga #bee #beh #bge #bhj #hce ,august #d #bdf #cej #chj #dje #ddj #gfh #aa #cbh #die #ejf #ejf #eaj #egi #ah #cgj #eee #egj #ehj #egj #ecd #bc #djh #ehj #eij #eie #fjj #fed #bh #dah #fjc #fjh #fjj #fje #gaj ,september #b #dcc #fae #fbh #fbd #fcj #ega #g #ddc #fbj #fbj #fae #fab #gcg #ab #ddf #fbd #fad #fae #fje #fec #ah #ddj #ehf #eie #ehh #ehh #hdj #bd #dbh #eie #fjj #faj #faj #gfc ,october #g #cic #eeg #edj #ecb #eaj #aehh ,november #c #caa #cij #che #cge #cfe #aefc #bd #bdd #bfe #bfc #bfc #bfj #affe ,december #h #bjf #bcj #bbh #bbj #bae #adfb #bb #ahj #aij #aij #ahh #ahh #adjc #aijd ,january #f #aff #agh #agh #agh #age #aejh #bj #aed #adh #adh #adh #aee #adff ,,table ,,xxii4--,observed discharges of the ,blue ,nile at ,khartoum referred to the ,wad-,medani and ,khartoum gauges4 #aijb ,date ,,wad ,,medani ,,gauges ,dis- of ------------------------charge ,discharge4 #b #a ,date m per ,khartoum ,remarks4 days day of second4 gauges4 before4before4discharge4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i ,may #ci #ci #cg #ahd -#jje #bc #ga #fa #fe #aid #jaf #f ,june #bjg #bjc #aig #fjd #jgf #bj #big #cbg #cci #fie #ajf #bg #cjd #chi #dbi #hcg #acj #d ,july #chj #cgj #chj #ajcb #age #aa #def #dch #ddh #adec #bjg #ah #dhj #eaj #ebj #afab #bcc #be #egj #eff #egf #ahhe #bfd #a ,august #gjf #gbh #gef #cdbj #ccd #h #hef #hgf #hhf #dhhj #dbj #ae #iad #ijb #hif #dgbj #dej #bb #ajjh #ajjj #iff #eedj #dic #bi #ajdf #ajeb #ajcb #gahj #ecd #e ,september #ajdb #ajcb #ajcj #fehj #ebg #ab #ajdj #ajbh #ajfj #ehjj #ece #ai #ajcb #ajjj #ajcj #egfj #ecj #bf #ajjj #ajaj #iij #dhjj #eaj #c ,october #iid #ihh #igj #dhhj #ejc #aj #hdj #hbj #hjj #cbej #cde #ag #gch #gdh #gdj #bdfj #cgc #bd #fid #fhh #fgh #bjcj #cdj #ca #fah #fad #fjd #abdd #cjj #g ,november #eff #efj #eej #abgb #bgg #ad #eaj #ejf #ejj #ajce #bdh #ba #dgd #dgd #dgj #hjb #bbc #bh #def #ded #ddf #ghg #baa #e ,december #djh #djd #djj #fed #aid #ab #cgc #cgd #cff #dhf #ahj #bc #cdc #ccb #cbf #dgf #aeh #aijc #b ,january #bij #bhh #bhd #cdh #aci #i #bfd #bfj #beh #bgj #abb #af #bdh #bdf #bdd #bdh #aji #bc #bcd #bcb #bcj #bej #jid #f ,february #bjf #bjd #bjd #bbf #jfj #bj #ahf #ahd #ahd #aeb #jci #f ,march #afj #afj #aeh #bjb #jah #bj #acf #acd #acd #bja #jjd #c ,april #abd #abj #abj #acb #jab #ag #ajh #ajd #ajd #aed #jaf #a ,may #jih #jih #jif #aba #jaf #h #jhh #jhh #jij ,nil #jbc #ae #jhh #jib #jih #jbf #bb #adj #aff #agj #jji #bh #bgd #aea #cdc #cgd #jec #f ,june #dje #cfa #cfe #igj #adj #ai #dgj #dfb #deb #aejj #aij #bf #dbe #dea #dca #ajhi #aeh #c ,july #dga #ebg #efa #acad #agh #aj #fde #fee #ffg #aieb #bdh #ag #fgd #feg #fia #bbfg #bge #bd #gig #gha #ghg #cahc #cdj #ca #ggg #gfg #ggj #bhgj #cde #e ,august #iha #ajaa #ajaa #gehd #dfj #aj #ajae #iii #ihi #gajj #ejf #ad #ajei #ajga #ajeg #icdj #efe #ba #ajdi #ajgc #ajga #ieai #eij #bh #ajdg #ajda #ajfa #iedd 8 #d ,september #ajfh #ajdd #ajdj #hdgd #fbj #aa #ajgd #ajeb #ajdf #hche #fae #ah #iid #iib #iif #gjgj #ehh #be #ajeb #ajdf #ajcb #hife #fjh #b ,october #ibb #idh #icf #feha #eec #i #iad #ijd #hfd #egdi #eae #af #gig #gid #hjg #chab #dde #bc #hij #hfd #hed #daih #def #cj #gec #gcc #gbi #bhic #djj #f ,november #fhf #ffh #fcb #bbge #cej #ac #fjj #eij #egj #agij #caj #bj #ega #efe #eee #adef #bfe #d ,december #dij #dhh #dhd #aajb #bce #ah #dcf #dcj #dbh #ghi #aij #be #cij #chh #chd #gbb #ahh #aijd #a ,january #cfj #cff #cfd #fjd #ahj #ae #cdj #cch #ccf #dhh #aei ,,table ,,xxiii4--,observed discharges of the ,atbara referred to the ,khasm ,el ,girba gauge4 #aijc ,date of ,,gauges ,dis- ,,remarks ,discharge4 --------------------------------charge #e #d #c #b #a ,date m days days days days day of per be- be- be- be- be- dis- second4 fore4fore4fore4fore4fore4charge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #af ,july #bfe #bca #baj #baj #bfe #bbh #cha #bc #bcg #bee #bgd #bhc #bgj #bgj #ech #bg #bgj #bgj #cjj #bfb #bec #bfj #ghj #b ,august #bgf #bhj #cbi #ced #dba #djj #geh #e #ced #dba #djj #cef #cbe #cce #addh #ad #cbi #cgb #dfa #dcg #dec #dfj #bcah #ae #cgb #dfa #dcg #dec #dfj #dhe #bica #bg #eab #dhb #ded #dce #dbj #dhj #bfcb #cj #dce #dbj #dhj #dee #dee #dge #cjhh #e ,september #dde #deb #deb #dfj #dgj #dee #bhbb #ab #deh #dej #dae #dcj #chi #cie #bjia #ah #chj #chd #cga #chh #dcf #dbj #afgb #be #dab #chj #dde #ccj #cbe #caj #abfg #bh #ccj #cbe #caj #bhi #cdb #caj #ijb #b ,october #cdb #caj #cac #cje #bhh #bgh #ibe #d #cac #cje #bhh #bgh #bgh #bij #ged #e #cje #bhh #bgh #bgh #bij #bge #gjc ,appendix ,g4 ,,tables ,,giving ,,mean ,,monthly ,,discharges ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,and ,,its ,,tributaries ,,during #aijb1 #aijc ,,and #aijd4 ,,table ,,xxiv4--,mean discharges of the ,nile tributaries in cubic metres per second at the various gauge stations in #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijd4 #aijb ,month4 ,victo- ,,albert ,,nile ,ga- ,sobat ,white ,white ria ------------------zelleriver4 ,nile ,nile ,nile at,wade-,gondo- ,above river at at ,ripon lai4 koro4 ,sobat app4 ,tew- ,khar- ,falls4 junc- fi- toum4 tion4 kia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,january #eaj #fbj #ffj 44 44 44 44 #iej ,february #eaj #ehj #fdj 44 44 44 44 #eej ,march #ejj #egj #ffj 44 44 44 44 #dbj ,april #ecj #edj #eej 44 44 44 44 #cgj ,may #efj #efj #fcj 44 44 44 44 #cej ,june #eej #eej #eej 44 44 44 44 #fjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,july #ecj #efj #fjj 44 44 44 44 #ijj ,august #ebj #ehj #ajjj #cdj 44 #egj #iaj #fjjaa ,september #eaj #faj #hbj #dbj 44 #haj #abcj #fjjaa ,october #dij #fdj #ghj 44 44 44 44 #ijj ,november #ejj #gaj #ijj 44 44 44 44 #hej ,december #dij #gdj #hfj 44 44 44 44#abjb ---------------------------------------- --------- ,year #ebj #fjj #gbj 44 44 44 44 #fij ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijc ,january #ecj #gaj #gfj #djj #j #fjj #ajjjajjj ,february #faj #fhj #gdj #cgj #j #bcj #fjj #fjj ,march #fcj #ffj #gjj #cej #j #acj #dhj #ejj ,april #fej #fdj #gjj #cfj #j #dj #djj #dbj ,may #gdj #fgj #ijj #cij #j #ajj #dij #dbj ,june #hjj #gaj #ajbj #djj #j #cbj #gbj #fjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,july #hdj #gfj #aajj #daj #aj #daj #hbj #gjjaa ,august #gij #hbj #afjj #dbj #aj #fhj #aajj #djjaa ,september #gcj #hgj #bajj #dcj #bj #hgj #acjj #fjjaa ,october #ggj #igj #aijj #cfj #cj #ajdj #adjjagjj ,november #haj #ajdj #agjj #cej #cj #ajhj #adcjafjj ,december #haj #ajfj #abjj #chj #cj #ajhj #adfjadej ---------------------------------------- --------- ,year #gcj #hjj #abjj #cij #aj #eej #idj #hcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd ,january 44 #ajfj #aajj #dfj #cj #ggj #abcjabjj ,february 44 #ajcj #ajfj #dcj #bj #bcj #ffj #hjj ,march 44 #ajjj #ajbj #dcj #bj #acj #efj #ebj ,april 44 #ajjj #ajfj #dcj #aj #ajj #ecj #ejj ,may 44 44 #abjj #dcj #j #afj #eij #ejj ,june 44 44 #abjj #djjaa #j #bij #fij #eej ---------------------------------------- --------- ,july 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,august 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,year 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aijb ,month4 ,blue,atbara ,total ,nile at3 ,rosetta,damietta ,nileriver4 for3 ,halfa branch4 branch4 at ,white1#ast ,jan4- ,khar- ,blue #ast ,july4 toum4 and ,assun ,atbara#ast ,july- rivers4#ast ,jan4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,january #bhj #j #abcj #aajj #ajjj #bj ,february #bdj #j #gij #gbj #bij #dj ,march #aij #j #faj #fjj #dj #dj ,april #aij #j #efj #ecj #j #j ,may #ahj #j #ecj #eaj #j #j ,june #fjj #ej #abej #eej #j #j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,july #aejj #ejj #bijj #aajj #j #j ,august #ejjj #abjj #fcjj #cfjj #hjj #djj ,september #fbjj #abjj #hjjj #ffjj #bfjj #djj ,october #bhjj #hj #cghj #diej #bejj #acjj ,november #ajjj #j #ahej #bdjj #adjj #gjj ,december #ejj #j #agjj #agjj #afjj #adj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,year #aefj #bej #bejj #bjcj #hej #cdj ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aijc ,january #cjj #j #acjj #acjj #acjj #bj ,february #bdj #j #hdj #hhj #ejj #bj ,march #ahj #j #fhj #fbj #ajj #cj ,april #abj #j #edj #dhj #j #j ,may #bhj #j #gjj #ddj #j #j ,june #abjj #bjj #bjjj #fcj #j #j ---------------------------------------- ----- ,july #bejj #fjj #chjj #adjj #j #aej ,august #hbjj #bcjj #ajijj #egjj #aejj #cjj ,september #hbjj #aejj #ajcjj #hfjj #ccjj #bjjj ,october #dejj #j #fbjj #fcjj #cejj #bbjj ,november #agjj #j #cbjj #cdjj #bejj #afjj ,december #hjj #j #bbec #bjjj #aajj #hjj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,year #bcej #chj #cefj #bfej #aaej #eij ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aijd ,january #ejj #j #agjj #adjj #ajjj #ehj ,february #cjj #j #aajj #acjj #hej #aaj ,march #baj #j #gcj #hej #aaj #bej ,april #bjj #j #gjj #fej #j #hj ,may #cjj #j #hjj #fjj #j #aj ,june #ejj #ej #ajej #iej #j #cj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,july #bfjj #hjj 44 #aajj #cj #hj ,august #eejj #aajj 44 #eijj #bjjj #ajjj ,september 44 #gjj 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,year 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aa ,blue ,nile water flowing up the ,white ,nile and decreasing the normal discharge4 ,appendix ,h ,,table ,,xxv4--,minimum and ,maximum ,discharges of the ,nile and its tributaries in #aijb and #aijc4 #aijb ,name of ,locality4 ,,minimum ,,summer ,,maximum ,,flood ,river4 ,,discharge ,m ,,discharge ,m ,,per ,,second ,,per ,,second ------------------------------------ ,date4 ,dis- ,date4 ,dis- charge4 charge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,victoria ,nile,ripon ,falls,december #dhj,may #ehj ,albert ,nile ,wadela ,april #eth #ecj;,dec4 #ajth #gfj ,gondokoro ,april #aeth #edj;,aug4 #bdth #acfj ,above ,sobat ,sobat ,mouth ,white ,nile ,tewfikieh ,april app3 #cdj ,duem ,may1 #aath #cdj;,dec4 #bith #aejj ,blue ,nile ,khartoum ,april #aeth #ahj;,aug4 #bith #gbjj ,atbara ,mouth ,sept4 #hth #bjbj ,nile ,wadi ,haifa ,june #bnd #dij ,assun ,sept4 #agth #gjjj #aijc ,victoria ,nile,ripon ,falls,january #dij;,july #hcj ,albert ,nile ,wadela ,april #eth #fcj;,december #ajgj ,gondokoro ,april #ajth #fhj,sept4 #bcrd #bfjj ,above ,sobat,april #dcj #dcj ,sobat ,mouth ,april #aeth #dj,sept4 #aeth #ajdj ,white ,nile ,tewfikieh ,april #chj;,dec4 #aeth #adgj ,duem ,may #ith #djj,nov4 #aeth #afgj ,blue ,nile ,khartoum ,may #eth #ajj;,aug4 #bhth #ifjj ,atbara ,mouth ,aug4 #cjth #cajj ,nile ,wadi ,haifa ,may #bast #dbj ,assun ,sept4 #abth #ijjj ,appendix ,i4 ,,table ,,xxvi4--,table of mean monthly ,discharges at ,khartoum1 ,assun and ,cairo1 for the maximum1 minimum and mean years4 ,month #ahgg-gh #ahgh-gi ,,mean ,,of ,,minimum ,,year ,,maximum ,,year #bj ,,years ---------------------------------------- -------- ,blue ,as- ,cairo4 ,blue ,as- ,cairo4 ,blue ,as- ,cairo4 ,nilesun4 ,nilesun4 ,nilesun4 at at at ,khar- ,khar- ,khar- toum4 toum4 toum4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,june #ajjj #hjj #fjj #ajjj #ejj #bej #ajjj #gej #ejj ,july #bhjj #bdjj #aajj #cejj #bjjj #ijj #bhjj #bbjj #aajj ,august #ecjj #efjj #cijj #hbjj #gijj #ebjj #gjjj #gijj #ecjj ,september #dgjj #eijj #ddjj #abejjabajj #hfjj #hejj #ibjj #gbjj ,october #bejj #djjj #cijj #hjjj #icjjajcjj #dejj #fjjj #fijj ,november 44 #bdjj #beej 44 #dgjj #fejj 44 #ccjj #cgjj ,december 44 #aejj #afjj 44 #cbjj #cfjj 44 #bbjj #bcjj ,january 44 #abjj #acjj 44 #bdjj #bfjj 44 #afjj #afjj ,february 44 #hjj #hjj 44 #bajj #bajj 44 #abjj #abjj ,march 44 #fjj #eej 44 #aijj #aijj 44 #hej #hjj ,april 44 #ejj #djj 44 #afjj #afjj 44 #gjj #fbj ,may 44 #djj #cjj 44 #aejj #aejj 44 #fjj #ebj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,mean 44 #bage #aghc 44 #dajj #cged 44 #cjda #bfde ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,note4--,the very high discharges at ,assun and ,cairo in ,april and ,may #ahgi2 the minimum discharge of that year was about #aejj cubic metres per second4 ,there has never been any discharge like that since4 ,appendix ,j4 ,,discharge ,,tables ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,gauges ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,and ,,its ,,tributairies4 ,,table ,,xxvii4--,discharges table of the ,victoria ,nile at the ,ripon ,falls4 ,gauge4,discharge ,remarks4 m per second4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #jj #chj ,this discharge table is the mean of two alternative #a #daj tables2 one assuming that the width of the sill of #b #dej the ,ripon ,falls was #abg metres as stated by ,sir #c #dhj ,william ,garstin1 the other assuming that only half #d #ebj this width was the working sill1 the rest being more #e #eej or less shallow water4 ,the constant has been taken as ---------------#eg4 ,sir ,william ,garstin makes the width of the sill #f #ehj #gj #dj #ac #abg metres1 while ,chavanne gives it as #g #fbj #hb #ad #ee #bb #agc metres4 #h #ffj #i #gjj ,the wider the sill1 the quicker is the rise of #aj #gdj discharge from the measured discharge at the gauge of ---------------#ea4 #a #ghj #b #hbj #c #hfj #d #ijj #e #iej --------------- #f #iij #g #ajdj #h #ajij #i #aadj #bj #aaij ,,table ,,xxviii4--,discharge table of the ,albert ,nile at ,wadela4 ,discharge ,gauge4cubic metres per second4 ------------------ #jj #ebj #a #edd #b #efh #c #eib #d #faf #e #fdj #f #ffh #g #fif #h #gbd #i #geb ------------------ #aj #ghj #a #haj #b #hdj #c #hgj #d #ijj #e #icj #f #ifb #g #iid #h #ajbf #i #ajeh ------------------ #bj #ajij #a #aajd #b #aaah #c #aacb #d #aadf #e #aafj ,,table ,,xxix4--,discharge ,table of the ,albert ,nile at the ,gondokoro gauge4 ,gauge4 ,discharge ,remarks4 cubic metres per second4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #jj #eej ,there is a scour of a metre and upwards at this #b #fjj gauge site during a high flood4 ,the pit is #d #ffj apparently filled with sand during a low flood4 #f #gdj #h #hbj #aj #ijj ------------------ #b #ajfj #d #abbj #f #achj #h #aedj #bj #agjj ------------------ #b #aijj #d #bajj #f #bcjj #h #bejj #cj #bgjj ,,table ,,xxx4--,discharge table of the ,albert ,nile at the ,mongalla gauge1 #cb kilometres north of ,gondokoro4 ,gauge4 ,discharge ,remarks4 cubic metres per second4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #jj #ejj ,this is a better site than ,gondokoro4 #b #edj #d #ehj #f #fbj #h #ffj ------------------ #aj #gjj #b #ghj #d #hfj #f #idj #h #ajbj ------------------ #bj #aajj #b #acjj #d #aejj #f #agjj #h #aijj ------------------ #cj #bajj #b #bcjj #d #bejj #f #bgjj ,,table ,,xxxi4--,discharge table of the ,sobat river at ,dulaib ,hilla4 ,gauge4 ,discharge in m per second4 ----------------- #jj #cj #b #eh #d #hf #f #aab #h #adb #aj #agj #b #bah #d #bff #f #cad #h #cfb #bj #daj #b #ejj #d #eij #f #fhj #h #gij #cj #hfj #b #iej #d #ajdj #f #aacj #h #abbj #dj #acaj ,this gauge is in backwater when the north end of the ,sudd region is flooded4 ,,table ,,xxxii4--,discharge ,table of the ,white ,nile at ,tewfikieh downstream of ,sobat junction referred to ,tewfikia ,gauge4 ,gauge4 ,discharge in m per second4 ------------------ -#aj #aej #jj #ccj #b #cgf #d #dbb #f #dfh #h #ead ------------------ #aj #efj #b #faf #d #fgb #f #gbh #h #ghd ------------------ #bj #hdj #b #ijf #d #igb #f #ajch #h #aajd ------------------ #cj #aagj #b #abgj #d #acgj #f #adgj #h #aegj ------------------ #dj #afgj #b #aggj #d #ahgj #f #aigj #h #bjgj ------------------ #ej #bagj ,,table ,,xxxiii4--,discharge ,table of the ,white ,nile at ,duem in ,winter and ,summer when the ,blue ,nile is low4 ,gauge4 ,discharge ,remarks4 in m per second4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #jj #ccj ,this gauge is in backwater when the ,blue ,nile is #a #ced high4 #b #cgj #c #djb #d #dbf #e #dej ----------------- #f #dhj #g #eae #h #eee #i #fjj #aj #fej ,this table is only very approximative4 ,,table ,,xxxiv4--,discharge table of the ,blue ,nile at ,wad ,medani4 ,gauge4 ,,discharge ,,in ,m ,,per ,,second ------------------ ,river ,river rising4 ,falling and ,stationary4 ------------------------ #jj #ej #ej #b #hj #fd #d #aaj #gh #f #adj #ib #h #agj #ajf #aj #bjj #abj #b #bdj #adf #d #bhj #agb #f #cbj #aih #h #cfj #bbd #bj #djj #bej #b #dej #bhd #d #ejj #cah #f #eej #ceb #h #fjj #chj #cj #fej #dbj #b #gbj #djf #d #gij #eab #f #hfj #eeh #h #icj #fjd #dj #ajjj #fej #b #aajj #gbj #d #abjj #gij #f #acjj #hfj #h #adjj #icj #ej #aejj #ajjj #b #afcj #aajj #d #agfj #abjj #f #ahij #acjj #h #bjbj #adjj #fj #baej #aejj #b #bcbj #afbj #d #bdij #agdj #f #bfjj #ahjj #h #bhcj #aihj #gj #cjjj #bajj #b #cbjj #bcdj #d #cdjj #behj #f #cfjj #bhbj #h #chjj #cjfj #hj #djjj #ccjj #b #dcjj #cedj #d #dfjj #cghj #f #dijj #djbj #h #ebjj #dbjj #ij #eejj #dejj #b #eijj #dhdj #d #fcjj #eahj #f #fgjj #eebj #h #gajj #ehfj #ajj #gejj #fbjj #b #hjjj #fehj #d #hejj #fifj #f #ijjj #gcdj #h #iejj #ggbj #aaj #ajjjj #hajj #b #ajfjj #hedj #d #aabjj #hihj #f #aahjj #idbj #h #abdjj #ihjj #abj #acjjj #ajcjj ------------------------ 7#a7 ,these discharges include the ,rahad river4 ,they represent the discharges below the ,rahad river junction referred to the ,wad ,medani gauge4 7#b7 ,during a high flood the river scours1 and it silts during a low flood2 consequently for exact discharges below #e metres1 the section of the river should be taken annually in ,december4 ,,table ,,xxxv4--,discharge ,table of the ,blue ,nile at the ,khartoum ,gauge4 ,gauge4 ,,river ,,rising ,,river ,,falling ,,and ,,stationary ------------------------------- ,discharge in m,discharge in m per second4 per second4 ------------------------------------- - #b #ajj #ajj #jj #age #abj #b #bfj #ade #d #cfj #agj #f #dgj #aie #h #ehj #bbj ------------------------------------- #aj #gjj #bej #b #hfj #cdj #d #ajbj #dcj #f #aahj #ebj #h #acdj #faj ------------------------------------- #bj #aejj #gjj #b #agbj #hhj #d #aidj #ajfj #f #bafj #abdj #h #bchj #adbj ------------------------------------- #cj #bfjj #afjj #b #bihj #ahdj #d #ccfj #bjhj #f #cgdj #bcbj #h #dabj #befj ------------------------------------- #dj #dejj #bhjj #b #dihj #cahj #d #edfj #cefj #f #eidj #cidj #h #fdbj #dcbj ------------------------------------- #ej #fijj #dgjj #b #gefj #ebbj #d #hbbj #egdj #f #hhhj #fbfj #h #iedj #fghj ------------------------------------- #fj #ajbjj #gcjj #b #aajjj #gidj #d #aahjj #hehj #f #abfjj #ibbj #h #acdjj #ihfj ------------------------------------- #gj #adbjj #ajejj #b 444 #aaadj #d 444 #aaghj #f 444 #abdbj ,this gauge is in backwater when the ,white ,nile is discharging more than the ,blue ,nile4 ,,table ,,xxxvi4--,discharge ,table of the ,atbara river referred to the ,khasm el ,girba ,gauge4 ,gauge4,discharge4 ---------------- #jj #jj #b #bj #d #dj #f #fj #h #hj ---------------- #aj #ajj #b #aej #d #bjj #f #bej #h #cjj ---------------- #bj #cej #b #ddd #d #ech #f #fcb #h #gbf ---------------- #cj #hbj #b #ajab #d #abjd #f #acif #h #aehh ---------------- #dj #aghj #b #bjgh #d #bcgf #f #bfgd #h #bigb ---------------- #ej #cbgj #b #ceif #d #cibb #f #dbdh #h #degd ---------------- #fj #dijj ,,table ,,xxxvii4--,discharge table for the ,assun1 ,assiut and ,cairo ,gauges4 ,the gauges are in metres and are referred to mean low-water level as zero4 ,the zero is3 at ,assun ,r4 ,l4 #hejj at ,assiut #deee at ,cairo #abbe ,n4,b4--,at ,assiut ,r4 ,l4 #deee1 according to the reservoir levels1 is ,r4 ,l4 #deje according to the #dth ,circle levels4 7,the discharges are in cubic metres per second47 ,this discharge table may be used approximately for any gauge on the ,nile north of ,assun with its zero at mean low-water level2 adding #e to the gauge in ,kena ,province1 and deducting #e from the gauge in ,minieh and ,beni-,suef4 ,if the river is rising1 take the discharge corresponding to the higher gauge2 if falling or stationary to the lower one4 ,gauge4,discharge4 ---------------- -#aj #cfj - #h #djf - #f #deb - #d #dih - #b #edd ---------------- #jj #eij #b #ffh #d #gdf #f #hbd #h #ijb ---------------- #aj #ihj #b #ajhf #d #aaib #f #abih #h #adjd ---------------- #bj #aeaj #b #afeb #d #agid #f #aicf #h #bjgh ---------------- #cj #bbbj #b #bdjh #d #beif #f #bghd #h #bigb ---------------- #dj #cafj #b #cdjd #d #cfdh #f #chib #h #dacf ---------------- #ej #dchj #b #dfgd #d #difh #f #ebfb #h #eeef ---------------- #fj #ehej #b #faej #d #fdej #f #fhjj #h #gbjj ---------------- #gj #gfjj #b #hjjj #d #hdjj #f #hhjj #h #icjj ---------------- #hj #ihjj #b #ajcjj #d #ajijj #f #aaejj #h #abajj ---------------- #ij #abhjj #b #acfjj ,,table ,,xxxviii4 ,discharge ,table of the ,wady ,halfa ,gauge1 for use at ,assun when the ,assun ,dam is being regulated on1 and consequently the ,assun ,gauge no longer represents the normal discharge of the ,nile4 ,at this stage of the river it may be assumed that the water travels normally between ,wady ,halfa and ,assun in #c or #d days4 ,discharge ,gauge4cubic metres per second4 ------------------ #jh #cgj #aj #ddj #b #eaf #d #eib #f #fhh #h #hjd ------------------ #bj #ibj #b #ajdh #d #aagf #f #acad #h #adfb #cj #afaj ------------------ #cb #ahjj #d #aiij #f #bahj #h #bcgj ------------------ #dj #befj #b #bhjb #d #cjdd #f #cbhf #h #cebh #ej #cggj ,,table ,,xxxix4--,discharge of the ,rosetta ,branch of the ,nile referred to the ,delta ,barrage north of ,cairo4 #ahij ,gauge4 ,discharge m per second4 -------------------- #jjj #j #be #ej #ej #ajj #ge #aej -------------------- #ajj #bjj #be #bhg #ej #cge #ge #dfc -------------------- #bjj #eej #be #gjj #ej #hej #ge #ajjj -------------------- #cjj #aaej #be #acab #ej #adge #ge #afch -------------------- #djj #ahjj #be #aige #ej #baej #ge #bcbe -------------------- #ejj #bejj #be #bgjj #ej #bijj #ge #cajj -------------------- #fjj #ccjj #be #cebe #ej #cgej #ge #cige -------------------- #gjj #dbjj #be #ddej #ej #dgjj #ge #diej -------------------- #hjj #ebjj #be #edge #ej #egej #ge #fjbe -------------------- #ijj #fcjj ,zero of the gauge ,r4 ,l4 #ajjj metres above mean sea4 ,,table ,,xl4--,discharge of the ,damietta ,branch of the ,nile referred to the ,delta ,barrage north of ,cairo4 #ahij ,gauge4,discharge m per second4 --------------- #jjj #j #be #bj #ej #dj #ge #fj ----------------- #ajj #hj #be #aaj #ej #adj #ge #agj ----------------- #bjj #bjj #be #bfb #ej #cbe #ge #chh ----------------- #cjj #dej #be #ecg #ej #fbe #ge #gab ----------------- #djj #hjj #be #ibe #ej #ajej #ge #aage ----------------- #ejj #acjj #be #adej #ej #afjj #ge #agej ----------------- #fjj #aijj #be #bjge #ej #bbej #ge #bdbe ----------------- #gjj #bfjj #be #bhjj #ej #cjjj #ge #cbjj ----------------- #hjj #cdjj #be #cfbe #ej #chej #ge #djge ----------------- #ijj #dcjj ----------------- ,,note4--,zero of the gauge ,r4 ,l4 #ajjj metres above mean sea4 ,appendix ,k4 ,,tables ,,giving ,,detailed ,,information ,,about ,,the ,,nile ,,between ,,assu,n ,,and ,,cairo4 ,,table ,,xli4--,date of ,heights of ,minimum gauges in summer and ,maximum gauges in flood at ,assuan4 ,year4 ,,minimum ,,summer ,,maximum ,,flood ------------------------------------ ,date4 ,gauge4 ,date4 ,gauge4 ---------------------------------------- - #ahgc #e ,june -#jcg #a ,september #gff #ahgdcj ,may -#jfd #f ,september #hig #ahgebc ,may -#jagaa ,september #hcf #ahgfae ,june #jac #g ,september #hfh #ahggbg ,may #jajbj ,august #fdj #ahghbc ,june -#jga #a ,october #iae #ahgibc ,may #ahhac ,september #hei #ahhj #i ,june #jhb #d ,september #ghb #ahhaad ,may #jjj #d ,september #had #ahhbbc ,june -#jeebh ,august #hjj #ahhcbb ,june #jjdag ,september #hah #ahhdbg ,may #jcg #a ,september #ggc #ahheba ,june -#jddbh ,august #hje #ahhf #c ,june -#jjfbb ,september #hjd #ahhg #h ,may -#jjc #a ,september #hha #ahhh #h ,june -#jjhbd ,august #gjh #ahhibd ,june -#jfj #b ,september #hcf #ahij #h ,june -#jfj #b ,september #hgb #ahiaai ,may -#jbabg ,september #ghd #ahibah ,june -#jfdbj ,september #hhh #ahicah ,june #jcead ,september #gge #ahidaf ,june #jjfah ,september #hfa #ahiebc ,june #jghaj ,september #hfh #ahifac ,june #jdi #c ,september #hfc #ahigca ,may #jfb #a ,september #ghj #ahihbc ,june -#jbebi ,august #hfc #ahii #a ,june #jae #d ,september #ffg #aijjae ,may -#jicai ,august #gia #aijaaj ,may -#jdf #f ,september #ghb #aijbab ,may -#jdhag ,september #fgb #aijcaf ,april -#jfhbg ,august #gic #aijd #e ,june -#jbjac ,august #fig ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres or mean low water level4 ,,table ,,xlii4--,table giving areas of cross sections of the ,nile1 from ,assun to ,cairo4 ,locality4 ,length ,,mean ,,area ,,in ,,square ,,metres in ---------------------------------------- kilo- ,below ,below ,below ,below ,below ,below metres4zero4 #f #g #h #h4e #i metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,assun to ,ramdi #ha #ajbd #dicj #ehjh #fged #gccg #giic ,ramdi to ,esna #gf #fgd #deed #edfa #fcih #fiff #gfie ,esna to ,kena #aae #heb #ddgf #eccf #fbba #fgbf #gcfc ,kena to ,sohg #aeh #igc #dgah #efjj #fece #gaba #ghgc ,sohg to ,assiout #ih #ajcg #ebbj #fcje #ggje #hfhc #igdi ,assiout to ,minia #ach #hii #eadi #fbje #gghc #hhde #iicg ,minia to ,beni- ,suf #aag #iae #ejce #fjjg #gcae #haif #iadj ,beni-,suf to ,koshesha #cd #ffe #ejdj #fjhj #gecb #hcgi #ibdg ,koshesha to ,cairo #ha #ajca #ecfd #fchh #ghac #hfdh #idie ,cairo to the ,barrage #bd #adjb #edad #ffbh #hcdf #ibeh #ajahd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,assun to ,assiout #ebh #ibj #dgfj #efhj #ffij #gcaj #hjhj ,assiout to ,koshesha #bhi #hgj #ejhj #fajj #geej #heaj #iebj ,koshesha to ,cairo #ha #ajcj #ecfj #fchj #ghaj #hfdj #idij ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,assun to ,cairo #hih #iaj #dicj #ehij #gjhj #ghcj #hfij ,,table ,,xliii4--,table of the cubic contents of the trough of the ,nile from ,assun to ,cairo in millions of cubic metres4 ,locality4 ,length ,,contents ,,in ,,millions in kilo- ,,of ,,cubic ,,metres metres4 ------------------------- ,below,from #f4j #g4j #h4j #h4e zero4zero to to to to to #g4j #h4j #h4e #i4j #f4j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,assun to ,ramadi #ha #hc #caf #gaa #gg #dg #ec ,ramadi to ,esna #gf #ea #bie #fi #ga #dc #ef ,esna to ,kena #aae #ih #dag #ii #ajb #eh #gc ,kena to ,sohag #abh #aed #eib #aci #adh #hc #aai ,sohag to ,assiout #ih #ajb #daj #ajf #acg #if #ajd ,assiout to ,minieh #ach #abd #ehf #adf #bah #adg #aea ,minieh to ,beni ,suf #aag #ajg #dhb #aad #aec #ajc #aaj ,beni ,suf to ,kushesha #cd #bc #adi #ce #di #bi #bi ,kushesha to ,cairo #ha #hd #cea #hc #aae #fh #fi ,cairo to the ,barrage #bh #cd #if #bi #da #bb #bb --------------------------------- ,assun to ,assiout #ebh #dhgbjcj #dhd #ecd #cbg #dje ,assiout to ,kushesha #bhi #bedabag #bie #dbj #bgh #bia ,kushesha to ,cairo #ha #hd #cea #hc #aae #fh #fi --------------------------------- ,assun to ,cairo #hih #hbeceih #hfbajfi #fgc #gfe ,locality4 ,length ,,contents ,,in ,,millions in kilo- ,,of ,,cubic ,,metres metres4 ------------------------- ,below,below,below,below,below #f4j #g4j #h4j #h4e #i4j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,assun to ,ramadi #ha #cii #dgj #edg #eid #fdg ,ramadi to ,esna #gf #cdf #dae #dhf #ebi #ehe ,esna to ,kena #aae #ead #fad #gae #ggc #hdg ,kena to ,sohag #abh #gde #hhe #ajcb #aabe #abdd ,sohag to ,assiout #ih #eab #fah #gee #hea #iee ,assiout to ,minieh #ach #gaj #hef #ajgd #abbj #acga ,minieh to ,beni ,suf #aag #ehi #gjc #hef #hei #ajfi ,beni ,suf to ,kushesha #cd #aga #bjg #bef #bhe #cad ,kushesha to ,cairo #ha #dcd #eag #fcc #gjj #gfi ,cairo to the ,barrage #bh #acj #aei #bjj #bbb #bdd --------------------------------- ,assun to ,assiout #ebh #beag #cjja #cece #chfb #dbfg ,assiout to ,kushesha #bhi #adga #agff #bahf #bdfd #bgee ,kushesha to ,cairo #ha #dce #eah #fcc #gja #ggj --------------------------------- ,assun to ,cairo #hih #ddbc #ebhe #fced #gjbg #ggib ,,table ,,xliv4--,widths of water surface from ,assun to ,cairo4 ,from4 ,to4 ,,mean ,,width ,,of ,,water ,,surface ----------------------- #j #fj #gj #hj #he #ij ---------------------------------------- - ,assun ,ramadi #djj #hdj #hhjajcjabgjadjj ,ramadi ,esna #cdj #hej #hijajcjabfjafbj ,esna ,kena #cej #hbj #hej #idjaabjadjj ,kena ,sohag #chj #hgj #hijajjjacjjaefj ,sohag ,assiout #djjajjjaagjagbjbjhjbagj ,assiout ,minieh #cij #igjaahjahijbjfjbjhj ,minieh ,beni ,suf#dij #ifjacjjaeejahjjahdj ,beni ,suf,kushesha #ejjajjjacijafijagbjagcj ,kushesha ,cairo #dej #ifjaajjaegjagjjagjj ,cairo ,barrage #ddj #idjadfjahdjahfjahij ---------------------------------------- -- ,assun ,assiout #cgj #hhj #idjaadjadajafcj ,assiout ,kushesha #dfj #ihjabijagajahfjahhj ,kushesha ,cairo #dej #ifjaajjaegjagjjagjj ---------------------------------------- - ,assun ,cairo #dcj #idjaaajadgjaffjagdj ---------------------------------------- - ,area of water surface in millions of square metres4 ,assun ,assiout #bjj #dgj #ejj #fjj #gdj #hfj ,assiout ,cairo #acj #bhj #cgj #dij #edj #edj ,assun ,cairo #djj #hdjajjjacbjadijaefj ,,table ,,xlv4--,slope of water surface in the ,nile4 ,assun to ,cairo4 ,from4 ,to4 ,distance,distance ,slope ,slope in kilo-in kilo- in in metres metres flood4summer4 down thedown the centre summer line of channel4 the flood4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,assun ,silsila #gj #gb ,silsila ,kasr-es-,saad #bej #beh ,kasr-es-,saad,khazindaria #aej #aei ,khazindaria ,assiout #fj #fc ,assiout ,beni ,mazr #ahj #aif ,beni ,mazr ,ashmant #ij #id ,ashmant ,cairo #ajj #ajf ,cairo ,barrage #bc #be ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,assun ,cairo #ijj #idh ,,table ,,xlvi4--,mean low water level of the ,nile--,assun to ,cairo4 ,distance ,name of ,r4 ,l4 ,r4 ,l4 ,distance from ,locality4 ,according,according from ,assun to to ,assun along reservoirinspectors along centre levels4 of summer of irriga- ,channel4 flood4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #j ,assun #hej #hej #j #gj ,gebel ,silsila #gic #gid #gb #ajf ,edfu #gfg #ggj 44 #aeg ,esna #gca #gbf 44 #aid ,armant #gja #fif 44 #bac ,luxor #fij #fhe 44 #bgb ,kena #fec #fdh 44 #cbj ,kasr-es-,saad #fag #fab #ccj #cbh ,heu #fab #fjg 44 #ccc ,naga ,hamadi #faj #fje 44 #cfe ,abu ,shusha #ehf #eha 44 #cgc ,balyana #ehc #egh 44 #cij ,girga #efi #efe 44 #dbi ,sohg #ech #ecb 44 #dgj ,khazindaria #dii #did #dhi #eje ,aboutig ,escape #dgg #dga 44 #ecj ,assiout#ab #deee #deje #eeb #eih ,derut ,escape #cia #che 44 #fbg ,roda #cfc #ceg 44 #fff ,minia #cbf #cbj 44 #gaj ,beni ,mazr #bhi 44 #gdh ,beni ,suf#ac #bba #bah 44 #hjj ,ashmant #bje #bjb #hdb ,kushesha ,escape #ahi #ahf 44 ,el-,ayt #aeh #aee 44 #hih ,cairo gauge #abaj #abbe 44 #ijj ,cairo #abjj #aba #idh #ab ,downstream of the ,assiout weir4 #ac ,the ,beni ,suf gauge is unreliable in summer as it is on a branch of the river which is dammed by the villagers4 ,,table ,,xlvii4--,discharge table of the ,upper ,egypt canals4 ,a low ,nile flood is #fd metres ,a mean ,nile flood is #ge at ,assun4 ,a high ,nile flood is #hc ,the discharges of the ,upper ,egypt canals corresponding to the ,assun gauges are approximately as follows3-- ,assun #fj #acjj #a #acgj #b #addj #c #aeaj #d #aehj--,low ,nile flood4 #e #afej #f #afbj #g #agij #h #ahfj #i #aicj #gj #bjjj ----------- #a #bjgj #b #badj #c #bbaj #d #bbhj #e #bcej--,mean ,nile flood4 #f #bdbj #g #bdij #h #befj #i #bfcj #hj #bgjj ----------- #a #bggj #b #bhdj #c #biaj--;,high ,nile flood4 #d #bihj #e #cjej #f #cabj #g #caij #h #cbfj #i #cccj #ij #cdjj ,r4 ,l4 of zero in ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 ,,table ,,xlviii4--,canal discharges between ,assuan and ,assiut4 ,,discharges ,,of ,,the ,,canals ,,in ,,upper ,,egypt ,,in #ahib4 ,name of ,canal4 ,,august ,,september ---------------------------------------- #ae #bj #be #ca #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ramadi #ee #ff #hj #gf #hb #he #hi #ia 44 44 ,um-,ads #h #i #ab #ac #af #ah #bj 44 44 44 ,afsn #be #bi #cg #ci #db #dc #de 44 44 44 ,fadilia #ab #bf #dd #di #eb #ee #ej 44 44 44 ,toukh #aj #ai #cg #db #dd #eh #fj 44 44 44 ,rannan #bh #cf #ec #ei #fb #fg #gj 44 44 44 ,dumrania #bf #ce #ef #fb #fe #gj #gd 44 44 44 ,rashwania #ce #da #eh #fa #fd #gj #gc 44 44 44 ,kasra #di #fb #ajd #acc #ach #aej #aej 44 44 44 ,zarzria #bd #cj #fd #gf #gg #ij #ij 44 44 44 ,girgawia #ed #ei #hd #ie #if #abj #abj 44 44 44 ,sohagia #chj #chf #dgj #dhe #dib #ebj #ejj 44 44 44 ,tahta #dd #de #ff #ge #gg #hb #he 44 44 44 ,shatura #be #bd #ci #dg #di #de #dj 44 44 44 ,ibrahimia #dfj #ddj #edj #fjj #fdj #gjj #gdj 44 44 44 ,waladia #f #f #ad #bj #bd #bd #bd 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals #aj #ae #bj #cj #cj #cj #bj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total left bank #abejacbjagijaihjbjfjbbejbbgj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,kilibia #f #aa #ag #bj #bd #bh #cb 44 44 44 ,maala #e #e #ah #bb #bf #cj #cb 44 44 44 ,bayadi #cj #cf #fb #fi #gg #he #ij 44 44 44 ,shanhuria #df #ee #ih #ajh #aaf #abj #abe 44 44 44 ,shekhia #e #f #aj #aa #ab #ab #ab 44 44 44 ,gilasi #ai #cj #eh #fd #fh #gj #gb 44 44 44 ,samatha #ab #ai #da #dh #eb #fj #fj 44 44 44 ,tarif #aj #ae #bj #be #be #be #be 44 44 44 ,hawis #ae #bb #ch #da #dd #ea #ef 44 44 44 ,ahaiwia #aj #ae #bj #be #be #be #be 44 44 44 ,isaiwia #ce #ce #ee #fj #fc #gj #gj 44 44 44 ,khizindaria #fc #fb #hf #if #ih #aaj #ie 44 44 44 ,maanah #ce #da #eh #fg #ga #hj #he 44 44 44 ,sant #f #g #h #aj #aj #ab #ab 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals #d #h #ab #ae #ae #ae #ae 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total right bank #cjj #cgj #fjj #fhj #gcj #hjj #haj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total both banks #aeejafijbcijbffjbgijcjejcjhj 44 44 44 ,,table ,,xlviii 7continued74--,canal discharges between ,assiout and ,cairo4 ,,discharges ,,of ,,the ,,canals ,,in ,,upper ,,egypt ,,in #ahib4 ,name of ,canal4 ,,august ,,september ---------------------------------------- #ae #bj #be #ca #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,beni-,husain #ac #af #bj #cj #ce #dj 44 44 44 44 ,abu-,bakra #ec #ch #fj #hj #he #ic 44 44 44 44 ,sultani #ah #aj #bj #cg #ch #dj 44 44 44 44 ,nina #i #e #aj #bj #bj #bj 44 44 44 44 ,bahabshin #ab #h #ad #bg #bh #cc 44 44 44 44 ,magnuna #ae #ae #bb #dj #de #de 44 44 44 44 ,kusheha #gj #gj #gj #gj #gj #gj 44 44 44 44 ,zawia #aa #g #af #bg #bh #cc 44 44 44 44 ,girza #dj #ch #gj #ie #ajj #ajj 44 44 44 44 ,zumr #ac #ab #ad #ai #bj #ai 44 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals #b #b #d #d #d #d 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total left bank #bfj #bbj #cbj #dej #dhj #ejj 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,aly ,bey #ad #ac #bh #cc #bj #ah 44 44 44 44 ,khassb #ai #ad #be #ce #dj #df 44 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals #g #f #ab #ab #ad #ad 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total right bank #dj #cj #gj #hj #hj #hj 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total both banks #cjj #bej #cij #ecj #efj #ehj 44 44 44 44 ,canal discharges between ,assun and ,cairo4 ,left bank #aeajaedjbaajbdcjbedjbgej 44 44 44 44 ,right bank #cdj #djj #fgj #gfj #haj #hhj 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total #ahejaidjbghjcaijccijcfcj 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,assun gauge #fg #gd #hc #hchf #hh #hg 44 44 44 ,assiout gauge #fa #ei #fh #gbgd #gg #ha 44 44 44 ,cairo gauge #eh #ee #eh #fggj #gb #gg 44 44 44 ,,table ,,xlix4--,canal discharges between ,assuan and ,assiut4 ,,discharges ,,of ,,the ,,canals ,,in ,,upper ,,egypt ,,in #ahic4 ,name of ,canal4 ,,august ,,september ---------------------------------------- #ae #bj #be #ca #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ramadi #ej #ef #eh #ef #ee #fj #fd #fa #fd #fa ,um-,ads #aj #ab #ab #ab #ac #ad #ae #ae #ae #ae ,asfun #bh #cc #cd #cc #ca #cc #ce #cc #cd #cc ,fadilia #ag #bd #bf #bf #bb #bd #bi #bd #bb #bj ,toukh #ai #bd #bf #bg #ba #bd #bd #bb #bg #bf ,rannan #bj #bf #bi #bh #be #be #cj #bg #cj #bh ,dumrania #cc #ci #dd #dc #ci #da #df #dc #df #dd ,rashwania #de #eb #fj #ee #ej #ec #fh #fj #fe #fj ,kasra #gj #gb #hb #gi #gb #gf #hg #hb #hg #hb ,zarzuria #ch #dd #dg #df #de #dg #eb #df #eb #df ,gergawia #ee #ee #ei #eh #ef #ef #fb #eg #fb #eg ,sohagia #cij #chj #djj #cij #cej #cfj #dbj #cij #dcj #daj ,tahta #de #df #dg #df #dd #de #ea #dd #eb #dg ,shatura #bj #bc #bf #be #bb #ag #bh #be #bi #bh ,ibrahimia #ebj #ebj #efj #efj #edj #edj #fjj #ehj #fjj #fjj ,waladia #aj #aa #ab #ab #aa #aa #aa #ab #ab #ab ,minor ,canals #aj #ae #bj #bj #bj #bj #bj #bj #bj #bj ---------------------------------------- -- ,total left bank #achjadcjaeejaeajadbjaddjafdjaedjafejaei j ---------------------------------------- ,kilibia #aa #ac #ae #ad #ad #ae #ag #af #af #af ,maala #aa #ab #ac #ab #ac #ad #af #af #af #af ,bayadia #cf #dd #dh #df #dj #de #eb #dd #db #cj ,shanhuria #ef #fd #fi #fc #fb #fd #gj #ej #dj #cj ,shekhia #f #g #i #h #f #f #d #e #f #f ,gilasi #bd #cb #cd #cb #bi #cj #ce #ca #cd #cc ,samatha #ag #bd #bg #be #bb #bd #bh #be #bg #bf ,tarif #ab #ad #af #ae #ad #ae #ag #af #ag #af ,hawis #bd #bg #bi #bi #bg #bg #bi #bg #be #af ,ahaiwia #ae #af #af #af #ab #ab #aj #g #d #d ,isawia #cj #cg #dj #cg #cg #ci #dj #dj #dc #dj ,khazindaria #fj #fb #fg #ff #fj #fj #ff #fe #ee #ej ,maanah #bj #cj #cb #cb #bi #cb #cc #cd #bd #bd ,sant #f #f #i #h #g #g #g #g #g #g ,minor ,canals #d #g #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj #aj ---------------------------------------- ,total right bank #cdj #djj #dcj #daj #cij #djj #dcj #cij #cgj #cbj ---------------------------------------- ,total both banks #agbjahcjaihjaibjahajahdjbjgjaicjbjbjaia j ,name of ,canal4 ,,october -------------------- #e #aj #ae #bj #be ---------------------------------- ,ramadi 44 44 44 44 44 ,um-,ads 44 44 44 44 44 ,asfun 44 44 44 44 44 ,fadilia 44 44 44 44 44 ,toukh 44 44 44 44 44 ,rannan 44 44 44 44 44 ,dumrania 44 44 44 44 44 ,rashwania 44 44 44 44 44 ,kasra 44 44 44 44 44 ,zarzuria 44 44 44 44 44 ,gergawia 44 44 44 44 44 ,sohagia 44 44 44 44 44 ,tahta 44 44 44 44 44 ,shatura 44 44 44 44 44 ,ibrahimia 44 44 44 44 44 ,waladia 44 44 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total left bank 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,kilibia 44 44 44 44 44 ,maala 44 44 44 44 44 ,bayadia 44 44 44 44 44 ,shanhuria 44 44 44 44 44 ,shekhia 44 44 44 44 44 ,gilasi 44 44 44 44 44 ,samatha 44 44 44 44 44 ,tarif 44 44 44 44 44 ,hawis 44 44 44 44 44 ,ahaiwia 44 44 44 44 44 ,isawia 44 44 44 44 44 ,khazindaria 44 44 44 44 44 ,maanah 44 44 44 44 44 ,sant 44 44 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total right bank 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total both banks 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,xlix 7continued74--,canal discharges between ,assiout and ,cairo4 ,,discharges ,,of ,,the ,,canals ,,in ,,upper ,,egypt ,,in #ahic4 ,name of ,canal4 ,,august ,,september ---------------------------------------- #ae #bj #be #ca #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,beni ,husain #ag #ah #ai #bj #ad #ab #af #ag #ag #ag ,abu-,bakra #fc #ej #fc #fd #fj #eh #fh #fe #fd #fd ,sultani #ag #af #ag #ag #af #ae #ag #ag #ag #ag ,nina #i #h #i #aj #aj #i #i #i #i #i ,bahabshin #aa #i #aa #ab #ab #aj #ab #aa #ac #ad ,magnuna #ba #bj #bj #bj #bd #bc #bh #bi #cj #cj ,kushska #gj #gj #ej #cj #j #j #j #j #j #j ,zawia #aa #h #ac #ab #ac #ab #ac #ae #af #ag ,girza #ej #de #ej #ee #fj #fj #ej #ej #dj #cj ,zumr #aj #aj #aj #aj #f #f #g #ab #ad #ae ,minor ,canals #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ---------------------------------------- ,total left bank #bhj #bfj #bfj #bej #bbj #baj #bbj #bbj #bbj #bbj ---------------------------------------- ,ali bey #af #bj #bg #bh #ae #ab #ae #ag #bj #bj ,khassab #bj #bj #bj #bb #ai #ae #ai #ae #ae #ah ,minor ,canals #f #f #f #f #g #g #g #g #g #g ---------------------------------------- ,total right bank #dj #ej #ej #fj #dj #cj #dj #dj #dj #ej ---------------------------------------- ,total both banks #cbj #caj #caj #caj #bfj #bdj #bfj #bfj #bfj #bgj ,name of ,canal4 ,,october -------------------- #e #aj #ae #bj #be ---------------------------------- ,beni ,husain 44 44 44 44 44 ,abu-,bakra 44 44 44 44 44 ,sultani 44 44 44 44 44 ,nina 44 44 44 44 44 ,bahabshin 44 44 44 44 44 ,magnuna 44 44 44 44 44 ,kushska 44 44 44 44 44 ,zawia 44 44 44 44 44 ,girza 44 44 44 44 44 ,zumr 44 44 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total left bank 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,ali bey 44 44 44 44 44 ,khassab 44 44 44 44 44 ,minor ,canals 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total right bank 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total both banks 44 44 44 44 44 ,canal discharges between ,assuan and ,cairo4 ,left bank #affjafijahajagfjafdjafejaifjagfjahgjaha j ,right bank #chj #dej #dhj #dgj #dcj #dcj #dgj #dcj #daj #cgj ---------------------------------------- ,total #bjdjbadjbbijbbcjbjgjbjhjbccjbaijbbhjbah j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,assun gauge #gj #gc #gd #gc #gb #ge #gf #gd #ga #gc ,assiout gauge #fb #fb #fd #fc #fb #fc #fe #fe #ff #ff ,cairo gauge #eh #ef #ei #fj #fj #eh #fj #fj #fa #fc ,left bank 44 44 44 44 44 ,right bank 44 44 44 44 44 -------------------- ,total 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------- ,assun gauge #ga #gc #fi #fc #fj ,assiout gauge #fd #fe #fg #fg 44 ,cairo gauge #fb #fa #fd #fe #bg ,,table ,l4--,calculated ,cairo gauges corresponding to ,assun gauges if basin irrigation were to be changed into perennial irrigation4 #ahgd4 ,date at ,gauges ,dis- ,water ,trough ,dis- ,gauges ,date at ,assun4 at charges con- of charge at ,cairo4 ,as- at sump- ,nile at ,cairo4 sun4 ,assun4 tion ,assun,cairo4 ,assun to to ,cairo4 ,cairo4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,august #e #fi #gfjj -#ajbj -#ajjj #eehj #eh #ajth ,august4 #aj #gd #hfjj do do #fehj #fd #aeth #ae #he #aaejj do do #idhj #gh #bjth #bj #hf #aahjj do do #ighj #gi #beth #be #hg #abajj do do #ajjhj #ha #cast --------------------------- #ca #hg #abajj do do #ajjhj #hb #eth ,september4 -------------------------------------- ,september #e #ij #abhjj do do #ajghj #hc #ajth #aj #hh #aahjj do #j #ajghj #hd #aeth #ae #hg #aaejj do #ejj #ajihj #he #bjth #bj #hd #ajfjj do do #ajjhj #hb #beth #be #hd #ajfjj do do #ajjhj #hb #cjth --------------------------- #cj #hb #ajjej do do #idcj #gi #eth ,october4 -------------------------------------- ,october #e #gi #icjj do do #hghj #gf #ajth #aj #gf #hfjj do #gjj #hbhj #gd #aeth #ae #gb #ghjj do do #gdhj #gj #bjth #bj #ff #ffjj do do #fbhj #fc #beth #be #fb #fjjj do do #efhj #ei #cast --------------------------- #ca #ef #eajj do do #dghj #ec #eth ,november4 -------------------------------------- ,november #e #eb #dejj do do #dghj #dc #ajth ,,table ,,li4--,calculated ,cairo gauges corresponding to ,assun gauges if basin irrigation were to be changed into perennial irrigation4 #ahgg4 ,date at ,gauges ,dis- ,water ,trough ,dis- ,gauges ,date at ,assun4 at charges con- of charge at ,cairo4 ,as- at sump- ,nile at ,cairo4 sun4 ,assun4 tion ,assun,cairo4 ,assun to to ,cairo4 ,cairo4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,august #e #dh #dbjj -#hjj -#cjj #cajj #ci #ajth ,august4 #aj #ed #eajj -#ajbj do #cghj #df #aeth #ae #eh #egjj do do #dchj #ej #bjth #bj #fd #fejj do do #eahj #ee #beth #be #fa #ehjj do do #ddhj #ea #cast --------------------------- #ca #fb #fjjj do do #dfhj #eb #eth ,september4 -------------------------------------- ,september #e #fc #fbjj do do #dhhj #ec #ajth #aj #fa #ehjj do #bjj #dihj #ee #aeth #ae #fa #egjj do do #dhhj #ed #bjth #bj #fj #egjj do do #dhhj #ed #beth #be #fc #fbjj do do #echj #ef #cjth --------------------------- #cj #fa #ehjj do do #dihj #ed #eth ,october4 -------------------------------------- ,october #e #ef #eajj do do #dbhj #ej #ajth #aj #eb #dejj do do #cfhj #df #aeth #ae #di #dbjj -#iej do #cdej #dd #bjth #bj #df #chjj -#ijj do #cajj #dj #beth #be #de #cfjj -#hej do #biej #ci #cast --------------------------- #ca #dj #cajj -#hjj do #bejj #ce #eth ,november4 -------------------------------------- ,november #e #cg #bhjj -#gjj do #bcjj #cc #ajth ,,table ,,lii4--,calculated ,cairo gauges corresponding to ,assun gauges if basin irrigation were to be changed into perennial irrigation4 #ahgh ,date at ,gauges ,dis- ,water ,trough ,dis- ,gauges ,date at ,assun4 at charges con- of charge at ,cairo4 ,as- at sump- ,nile at ,cairo4 sun4 ,assun4 tion ,assun,cairo4 ,assun to to ,cairo4 ,cairo4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,august #e #ef #edjj -#ajbj -#hjj #cehj #dd #ajth ,august4 #aj #ec #fejj do do #dfhj #eb #aeth #ae #gb #hbjj do do #fchj #fc #bjth #bj #ge #hfjj do do #fghj #fe #beth #be #ha #ajjjj do do #hahj #gc #cast --------------------------- #ca #gf #hhjj do #hjj #hehj #ge #eth ,september4 -------------------------------------- ,september #e #ha #ajcjj do -#fjj #hehj #ge #ajth #aj #he #aaejj do do #ihhj #hj #aeth #ae #hi #abhjj do do #aaahj #he #bjth #bj #hi #abejj do do #ajhhj #hd #beth #be #ij #abhjj do do #aaahj #he #cjth --------------------------- #cj #ia #acbjj do do #aaehj #hf #eth ,october4 -------------------------------------- ,october #e #hi #abajj do #djj #aadhj #hf #ajth #aj #he #ajijj do #hjj #ajfhj #hd #aeth #ae #gi #icjj do do #ijhj #hj #bjth #bj #gf #hfjj do do #cchj #gd #beth #be #gd #hbjj do do #gihj #gb #cast --------------------------- #ca #fh #gjjj do do #fghj #ff #eth ,november4 -------------------------------------- ,november #e #fc #fbjj do do #eihj #fa #ajth ,appendix ,l ,,gauges ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,and ,,its ,,tributaries ,,table ,,liii4--,lake ,victoria gauges at ,jinja near the ,ripon ,falls4 ,months4 #ahih #ahii #aijj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,maxi-,mini-,mean4,maxi-,mini-,mean4,max i-,mini-,mean4 mum4 mum4 mum4 mum4 mum4 mum4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,january 44 44 44 #jie #jhi #jij #jdd #jcd #jci ,february 44 44 44 #jia #jhd #jhg #jdc #jcc #jci ,march 44 44 44 #jhi #jhc #jhe #jdc #jcc #jch ,april 44 44 44 #jid #jhc #jhd #jdh #jch #jdb ,may 44 44 #aje #aje #jhe #jid #jdh #jdb #jde ,june 44 44 #jif #ajb #jhf #jic #jdg #jda #jde ,july 44 44 #jii #jia #jgi #jhf #jdf #jdd #jde ,august 44 44 #jif #jhe #jef #jfd #jdf #jdc #jde ,september #jii #jic #jie #jef #jdc #jdh #jdc #jcj #jch ,october #jih #jia #jie #jdc #jcc #jch #jcj #jag #jbd ,november #jii #jia #jie #jcf #jcc #jce #jai #jaa #jaf ,december #jii #jih #jie #jch #jcc #jce #jch #jae #jbf ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,mean4 44 44 44 44 44 #jgj 44 44 #jcg ,months4 #aija #aijb #aijc ---------------------------------------- ----- ,maxi-,mini-,mean4,maxi-,mini-,mean4,max i-,mini-,mean4 mum4 mum4 mum4 mum4 mum4 mum4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,january #jda #jbh #jce #jdj #jcd #jch #jeg #jcc #jdb ,february #jch #jcj #jcf #jdc #jcf #jci #jga #jfb #jfh ,march #jeh #jdb #jdh #jda #jcd #jcg #jgg #jff #jga ,april #jhi #jdf #jff #jdd #jci #jdc #jic #jgb #jgh ,may #jie #jha #jhi #jfj #jdd #jed #aaj #jhd #ajj ,june #jic #jgd #jhc #jee #jde #jej #abb #ajg #aae ,july #jgf #jfa #jfh #jdf #jda #jdd #acg #aag #abd ,august #jfd #jdf #jeg #jde #jch #jdb #abb #ajj #aad ,september #jea #jbg #jci #jda #jcg #jci #ajc #jie #jih ,october #jea #jcc #jde #jdj #jcb #jce #aag #jii #ajg ,november #jcf #jbi #jcc #jda #jcc #jcg #abg #aje #aaf ,december #jdc #jcd #jdj #jdc #jbh #jcf #abd #aab #aaf ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,mean4 44 44 #jec 44 44 #jda 44 44 #jif ,months4 #aijd --------------- ,maxi-,mini-,mean4 mum4 mum4 ------------------------ ,january 44 44 44 ,february 44 44 44 ,march 44 44 44 ,april 44 44 44 ,may 44 44 44 ,june 44 44 44 ,july 44 44 44 ,august 44 44 44 ,september 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 ------------------------ ,mean4 44 44 44 ,,table ,,liv4--,wadelai gauges4 ,year4,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,ju n4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aija #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jgd #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jff #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jfijff #ae 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jfijfd ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jfgjfb #be 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jgejeh #cj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jgdjeh ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#jgbjfc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijb #a #jehjcjjbejacjajjaejajjbjjbijccjgajhf #e #jeejcbjbhjjijacjaejaajaijdcjdajgajhi #aj #jecjbgjbejjijad 44#jjhjbejeajchjfajia #ae #jdcjbbjahjjhjafjajjahjahjccjebjhajhf ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #jchjbejbjjajjbejjhjbgjbjjccjffjhfjhe #be #jcfjbhjbjjaajbcjacjbjjccjcjjeajgejhb #cj #jcb 44#jacjajjahjajjaijbhjccjfejhfjgf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean #jddjbfjbjjjijagjabjaejbdjcgjdijgfjhe ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijc #a #jgfjfijehjecjecjefajbajgajgafjagjaic #e #jgfjfijfajeajefjfajhdaabajgafjagjaic #aj #jgfjfgjegjecjefjgfjhiajgaabafjahcaic #ae #jgdjfajefjdfjehjgijhdaagacgafjahcaic ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #jgdjfcjeejeajffjgijhiaadadeaegahhaic #be #jgdjfajecjdhjfajhaaabaabaebafeaijaij #cj #jgf 44#jecjecjfaajjajgajgafjafhaicaij ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean #jgejfdjefjejjeijggjieaabacbafcahdaib ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd #a #aijaijagjagj 44#agd 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e #aijaijagcagj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj #aijahgafiagj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae #aijaghafhaga 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #aijagcafhaga 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be #aijagdafhagd 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #aij 44#agaagd 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean #aijahjafiaga 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lv4--,gondokoro gauges4 #aija ,date4,month4,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sep-,date4,month4 gust4 tem- ber4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,jan4 ,oct4 #a #bb #a #jcd #jdd #jcc #jcd #jfc #a #jda #e #bj #b #jcd #jdb #jcc #jcd #jfc #e #jci #aj #ah #c #jch #jdc #jcb #jce #jfd #aj #jea #ae #ag #d #jdj #jdc #jcc #jcd #jfc #ae #jfj #bj #ab #e #jga #jde #jcc #jdc #jfc #bj #jga ------------------------------ #be #ab #f #jef #jdc #jfj #jed #jfi #be #jfg #cj #ab #g #jeb #jda #jdg #jdd #jfc #cj #jfi ------ ------ ,mean #ae #h #jdf #jda #jcg #jdg #jfg,mean #jfj ----------- ----------- ,feb4 #i #jdb #jda #jei #jfd #jfg ,nov4 #a #ab #aj #jdb #jda #jci #jfc #jfg #a #jfd ------------------------------ #e #ab #aa #jdb #jda #jce #jfb #jfe #e #jfg #aj #ab #ab #jef #jda #jcd #jdf #jff #aj #jfd #ae #aa #ac #jch #jdj #jcd #jda #jfc #ae #jdi #bj #aj #ad #jch #jdj #jef #jdh #jfc #bj #jeg #be #aj #ae #jdj #jdj #jeb #jdf #jef #be #jei ------------------------------ #bh #ji #af #jcf #jdj #jef #jdh #jdg #cj #jfj ------ ------ ,mean #aa #ag #jcd #jdj #jfa #aji #jdc,mean #jfa ----------- ----------- ,march #ah #jcf #jdj #jdc #aji #jda ,dec4 #a #aa #ai #jcd #jdj #jce #jfb #jci #a #jfa #e #aj #bj #jcd #jdj #jce #jdf #jcf #e #jei ------------------------------ #aj #aj #ba #jcf #jdj #jcf #jdd #jdc #aj #jeg #ae #ab #bb #jdf #jdj #jcd #jgb #jde #ae #jec #bj #bf #bc #jdj #jdj #jcd #jeb #jdi #bj #jdi #be #bb #bd #jdj #jdj #jce #jed #jde #be #jdg #cj #bg #be #jdb #jcf #jcd #jdc #jde #cj #jde ------------------------------------ ------- ,mean #ah #bf #jeb #jdb #jcf #abd #jdc,mean #jeb ----------- ------------ ,april #bg #jdb #jed #jce #jfg #jda #a #jjh #bh #jdf #jdj #jce #jff #jci #e #jjh #bi #jdf #jcd #jce #jfb #jda #aj #jad #cj #jdf #jcd #jce #jda ------------------------------ #ae #jcb #ca #jdf 44 #jce 44 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jdd ,mean #jdc #jdj #jdj #jeg #jec ------------------------------ #be #jdb #cj #jcj ------ ,mean #jbe #aijb ,date4,month4,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sep-,date4 ,month4 gust4 tem- ber4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,jan4 ,oct4 #a #jde #a #jai #jjf-jja #jdd #jed #a #jdh #e #jdc #b #jbj #jjh #jjb #jcf #jeb #e #jbf #aj #jdc #c #jbb #jad #jjb #jdd #jgd #aj #jed #ae #jdg #d #jbf #jaa #jjd #jed #ajd #ae #jgi #bj #jde #e #jbd #jji #jga #jdi #jid #bj #jhj ------------------------------ #be #jda #f #jai #jji #jcd #jdb #jij #be #jgf #cj #jda #g #jai-jjc #jjh #jdh #abd #cj #jii ------ ------- ,mean #jdc #h #jad #jjd #jjd #aed #jif,mean #jga ----------- ------------ ,feb4 #i #jaf #jji #jjd #aji #jhd ,nov4 #a #jci #aj #jah #jjf-jja #aeb #ajd #a #ajg ------------------------------ #e #jcf #aa #jcd #jjc-jja #adi #jii #e #jgg #aj #jce #ab #jfj #jjg #jjd #add #jgg #aj #jhd #ae #jcc #ac #jdh #jjb #jjd #adb #jgd #ae -- #bj #jcc #ad #jdd-jja #jbd #adf #jhd #bj #abc #be #jcf #ae #jea-jjf #jjd #adb #jif #be #jii ------------------------------ #bh #jdj #af #jde-jjc #jjb #adb #abh #cj #jif ------ ------- ,mean #jce #ag #jci-jja-jja #add #jid,mean #ajj ----------- ------------ ,march #ah #jec-jjh-jja #ach #jid ,dec4 #a #jcd #ai #jeg-jjf #jji #acb #jhd #a #jid #e #jcf #bj #jfd-jjc #jab #ach #jhi #e #jid #aj #jch #ba #jdf-jjf #jdj #adf #jhb #aj #jib #ae #jdf #bb #jci-jji #jhg #aeb #jgf #ae #jhi #bj #jej #bc #jcj-jad #jdh #afb #jfb #bj #jhe #be #jcd #bd #jbgjjd #jcj #agd #jfd #be #jha #cj #jbf #be #jbd #jja #jbf #aeb #jia #cj #jgd ------------------------------------ ------- ,mean #jdj #bf #jai #jjb #jbd #jed #jff,mean #jhg ----------- ------------ ,april #bg #jaf-jjf #jbb #jid #jfb #a #jad #bh #jad-jjd #jbb #jgd #jed #e #jac #bi #jaa-jja #jdf #jgj #jed #aj #jjd #cj #jjg-jjb #jed 44 #jeg ------------------------------ #ae -#jja #ca #jjd 44 #jeh #jfj 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jai ,mean #jcj #jja #jai #aji #jhb ------------------------------ #be #jje #cj #jac ------ ,mean #jjg #aijc ,date4,month4,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sep-,date4 ,month4 gust4 tem- ber4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,jan4 ,oct4 #a #jgd #a #jgb #aae #acg #aee #ahf #a #bah #e #jga #b #agj #ajf #ach #aeg #ahb #e #baa #aj #jff #c #jfh #ajf #adf #afe #aij #aj #bab #ae #jfc #d #jfh #ajf #adc #afe #bed #ae #bde #bj #jfc #e #jgj #ajj #aci #agb #bbd #bj #bjf ------------------------------ #be #jfa #f #jih #aaj #add #afa #bbc #be #bbj #cj #jfc #g #jib #afa #adf #agc #bga #cj #bbj ------ ------- ,mean #jfe #h #jhe #acf #aea #baf #bej,mean #baf ----------- ------------ ,feb4 #i #jhi #ace #adi #bjh #bcc ,nov4 #a #jfb #aj #ajf #aaj #adf #bjc #bbi #a #bbj ------------------------------ #e #jfa #aa #jhj #ajg #ada #bej #bbd #e #bac #aj #jfc #ab #adb #ajf #ade #bjc #baf #aj #bje #ae #jeh #ac #adh #aji #aef #bjg #bji #ae #aib #bj #jei #ad #jhe #ajh #adi #ahf #bjg #bj #aia #be #jef #ae #jhe #ajf #ace #bab #bbj #be #aij ------------------------------ #bh #jec #af #jhi #aee #adj #aii #bbc #cj #agg ------ ------- ,mean #jei #ag #jhf #adg #ace #aij #bcg,mean #aif ----------- ------------ ,march #ah #jhe #add #adj #aic #bdh ,dec4 #a #jea #ai #jhe #adj #adj #ahf #beg #a #agg #e #jea #bj #jhf #add #adj #ahe #bgj #e #jhi ------------------------------ #aj #jea #ba #jhf #adj #ada #aij #bgf #aj #jhf #ae #jea #bb #ace #aeb #aeb #aie #bgf #ae #jha #bj #jeb #bc #aeb #adj #afa #ahf #bif #bj #jgi #be #jea #bd #ajb #adj #aeb #ahb #bif #be #jgi #cj #jej #be #ajj #acg #aee #ahc #beh #cj #jgf ------------------------------------ ------- ,mean #jea #bf #jig #abg #aef #bbj #bde,mean #jhh ----------- ------------ ,april4 #bg #ajc #acj #afg #baf #bcc #a #jej #bh #ajj #acb #afa #bjg #bbc #e #jdh #bi #jij #adc #afe #ahb #bbj #aj #jdh #cj #jhi #ace #afc #ahh #bah ------------------------------ #ae #jee #ca #jia 44 #aeb #aij 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jeg ,mean #jie #abg #adh #aia #bcf ------------------------------ #be #jeg #cj #jfd ------ ,mean #jec #aijd ,date4,month4,date4 ,may4,june4 -------------------------- #a #jgi #a #jfh #jij #e #jgh #b #jfh #jij #aj #jgh #c #jgj #jij #ae #jgf #d #jgj #jij #bj #jhd #e #jgj #jij --------------- #be #jhd #f #jgj #jhh #cj #jhb #g #jfh #jhd ------ ,mean4 #jhj #h #jfh #jhj ----------- ,feb4 #i #jfh #jgf #a #jhb #aj #jfh #jgf --------------- #e #jhj #aa #jgh #jgd #aj #jgd #ab #jgh #jgb #ae #jgb #ac #jhd #jgd #bj #jgj #ad #jhd #jgb #be #jfh #ae #jhj #jgb --------------- #bh #jgd #af #jhj #jgj ------ ,mean4 #jgc #ag #jgf #jgj ----------- ,march #ah #jgh #jgj #a #jfh #ai #jhj #jgd #e #jgj #bj #jhj #jhb --------------- #aj #jff #ba #jhd #jgj #ae #jff #bb #jhh #jgj #bj #jff #bc #jhh #jgd #be #jhd #bd #jhh #jgh #cj #jij #be #ajj #jgd --------------------- ,mean4 #jga #bf #jhh #jhh ----------- ,april4 #bg #jhd #jgh #a #jgd #bh #jhd #jhd #e #jgb #bi #jhd #jhb #aj #jgb #cj #jij #jhh --------------- #ae #jhj #ca 44 44 --------------- #bj #jhd ,mean4 #jgi #jgi #be #jgd --------------- #cj 44 ------ ,mean4 #jgg ,,table ,,lvi4--,mongalla gauges4 #aijc ,date4,month4,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sep-,date4 ,month4 gust4 tem- ber4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,janu- ,october4 #a ary4 #a #afe #aic #bai #beb #a #bhc #e #b #adg #ahi #bej #bde #e #bhc #aj #c #adg #agi #bcd #beh #aj #bha #ae #d #aea #ahf #bcj #bgc #ae #bia #bj #e #age #aia #bbh #bhe #bj #bhj ------------------------- #be #f #aif #ahf #bba #bij #be #bhj #cj #g #age #ahb #bad #cjb #cj #bhg ------ -------- ,mean4 #h #aia #age #bab #caf,mean4 #bhc ----------- ------------- ,febru- #i #ahi #ahd #bei #cad,nov4 #a ary4 #aj #ahi #ahd #bfc #cjh #a #bhd ------------------------------ #e #aa #aeh #ahb #bgc #bij #e #bha #aj #ab #aeh #age #bgc #bhd #aj #bha #ae #ac #afa #age #bfh #bhb #ae #bgi #bj #ad #afa #aic #bff #bhb #bj #bff #be #ae #aih #ahf #bfc #bhb #be #bce ------------------------------ #bh #af #aih #ahf #beb #bhd #cj #bbg ------ -------- ,mean4 #ag #baj #ahi #bef #bib,mean4 #bfd ----------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #baj #ahb #bef #cjf;,dec4 #a #ai #baj #aif #bfc #cab #a #bbf #e #bj #ahb #aic #bfc #cah #e #bba ------------------------------ #aj #ba #aie #bjj #bei #ccj #aj #bag #ae #bb #ahi #bjj #bfe #cdj #ae #bad #bj #bc #ahf #bje #bff #ceb #bj #baj #be #bd #ahb #bje #bfc #ced #be #bjc #cj #be #age #bjg #bfa #cdb #cj #bjb ------------------------------------ -------- ,mean4 #bf #agb #bjg #bdi #ccb,mean4 #bac ----------- ------------- ,april4 #a #jhc #bg #age #bab #beb #cah #e #jhg #bh #afh #bac #beb #cje #aj #jij #bi #ahi #baf 44 #cjj #ae #jhi #cj #aic #bba 44 #bib ------------------------------ #bj #jif #ca 44 #bba ------------------------------ #be #aad ,mean4 #ahb #aif #bdi #big ------------------------------ #cj #jii ------ ,mean4 #jib #aijd ,date4,month4,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sep-,date4 ,month4 gust4 tem- ber4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,janu- ,octo- ary4 ber4 #a #bjc #a #aia #bag #e #bjj #b #ahi #bbd #aj #aih #c #ahi #bag #ae #aig #d #ahi #bba #bj #aif #e #ahi #bag ------------------------------ #be #aib #f #aif #bag #cj #aia #g #ahi #bad ------ ,mean4 #aig #h #ahi #baj ----------- ,febru- ary4 #i #ahi #bjg #a #aia #aj #ahi #bjc ------------------------------ #e #ahi #aa #aif #bjj #aj #ahf #ab #bjc #bjj #ae #ahb #ac #baj #bjj #bj #ahb #ad #bjc #bjj #be #ahb #ae #bjg #bjj ------------------------------ #bh #ahb #af #bjc #aif ------ ,mean4 #ahe #ag #bjc #aif ----------- ,march4 #ah #bjc #aif #a #ahb #ai #bjc #baj #e #aha #bj #bjg #bjc ------------------------------ #aj #agi #ba #bjg #bjj #ae #ahb #bb #bag #aih #bj #agg #bc #bag #aih #be #agi #bd #bag #bjj #cj #aif #be #bba #bjg ------------------------------------ ,mean4 #ahb #bf #bba #bjg ----------- ,april4 #a #aic #bg #bag #baj #e #ahb #bh #bad #baj #aj #ahb #bi #bab #bjg #ae #aic #cj #baj #bjc #bj #bjg ------------------------------ #be #aif #ca #bba #cj #ahi ,mean4 #bjc #bjg ------ ------------------------- ,mean4 #aia ,,table ,,lvii4--,sobat ,river gauges at ,nasser4 ,year4,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,ju n4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijc #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fcj 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fcj 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fbh 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fbd 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fah 44 #be 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fdffad 44 #cj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fbi 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fbc 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd #a #eaabjbabfbjjaifdei 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e #diiaibacdbjjbbfdfh 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj #ddiahbadjahbbhhdhb 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae #chhafjahfaijcdbejb 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #bibaejbadbchdaj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be #bbdacfahhbch 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #baj 44 #bjjbjj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean#cdcafdagabjg 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lviii4--,sobat ,river gauges at ,dulaib ,hilla4 ,year4,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,ju n4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijc #a 44 44 44 44 #jjjaaaagabcjbhjcbfcdhceb #e 44 44 44 44 #jjiabbahjbcibhfcbgcdhceb #aj 44 44 44 44 #jbhacfahgbdebicccfcdicec #ae 44 44 44 44 #jdjaecaiebebcjecdbcdiced ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj 44 44 44 44 #jfbaefbjhbegcaacddcejcec #be 44 44 44 44 #jhaafebahbgjcafcdecejcea #cj 44 44 44 44 #ajjagjbbhbgdcbfcdgceacde ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 #jdgadfaiibedcjccdjcdicea ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd #a #cdbaibjicjhhjhaaefbjj 44 44 44 44 44 #e #ccfafejhgjhhjgcafe 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj #caiadbjhhjhfjhfafg 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae #cjdabdjiajghjiiagb 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #bgdaabjigjhaabaahc 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be #bcfajjajjjijaciaij 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #bja 44 #jiajhdadiaih 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean#bggacjjibjheajhagf 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lix4-- ,white ,nile gauges at ,tewfikieh4 ,year4,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,ju n4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijc #a 44 44 44 44 #jbdaaiagabaabgfcdgceccef #e 44 44 44 44 #jbdacjaghbaebhfceecedceh #aj 44 44 44 44 #jcdadbahh 44 #cjgccicedceh #ae 44 44 44 44 #jecaeaahi 44 #cbjcdaceecei ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj 44 44 44 #jbbjgdaehbja 44 #cbfcdfcefcei #be 44 44 44 #jbd 44 #afabji 44 #ccgcejceeceh #cj 44 44 44 #jbd 44 #afibaf 44 #cdfcebcefceg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 #adhaid 44 #caecddceeceh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd #a #cegbjgjigjiajhdaef 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e #cedagfjiajiajgdafg 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj #cdhadhjibjhijhfafi 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae #ccfabejidjhaajbagd 44 #bgi 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #cajajiajjjhdabeahg 44 #bhg 44 44 44 44 #be #bfiajgajcjicadcaid 44 #bib 44 44 44 44 #cj #bbc 44 #jigjhdaecbjb 44 #bih 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean#cafacgjifjhhaaaagi 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lx4--,duem gauges4 ,year4,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,ju n4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aija #a 44 #jiajffjdcjfajeiadcbhhdajcdjbdjbab #e 44 #jijjffjdjjfdjffaddcahdbhccfbcebaj #aj 44 #jhhjfjjdfjfbjggaedcchdafbijbccbjj #ae 44 #jhejeajbgjeajiaaghchjdbbbgjbbhahf ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj 44 #jhjjdgjcfjebajhaifdabdjhbhebcjahj #be 44 #jgejdejdfjebabbaihdabcgjbchbcjafd #cj 44 #jfhjdejehjeaacbbdhdjdcdfbdbbadadf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean 44 #jhbjedjdbjefjidahjcfedjjbhdbcjahe ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijb #a #achjghjfjjeijefjggabhbabcebcejbcf 44 #e #abdjgdjehjfbjebjhaadjbbjcdicdhbbf 44 #aj #aafjgcjeajehjdijieadhbeecfbccfbbj 44 #ae #ajgjffjedjehjedajdafjbhbcgbcjjbadbjb ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #jiejfjjfjjeejeiajhagbbiacgbbfhbaaaii #be #jijjfjjffjfajffaadahicagcehbegbjjbja #cj #jhjjfjjfbjegjgdabdbajcebceabdebjjaih ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean #ajgjfgjeijehjehajjafdbgecfjcjjbae 44 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aijc #a #aijajdjgbjdajchjgdacaabgdccdahcacbcd #e #aijajbjgajdjjcdjhbacdbfbdcjdjacjbbaf #aj #agejiijfdjdbjccjihaedcahddhchbbhbaif #ae #adejhijeejdajcfajgagdcgjdchcfbbffaib ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #acijhhjdhjchjdaabjahjchddahccfbefahd #be #abjjhjjdgjcgjebabhbjcdabdbhcdjbdbagf #cj #ajfjggjdbjcgjfaaccbbddbbdbbcdabcfagj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean #aebjijjegjdjjdbajfagjcdbdcjcgjbgjaie ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aijd #a #agjachjhhjbfjaijbdjejbjjbfd 44 44 44 #e #affacbjffjcjjahjcjjeabijbhj 44 44 44 #aj #afbabhjejjbhjafjdjjgjcdjcjj 44 44 44 #ae #afjabjjcejbejaejdajiecae 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #aedaadjcjjbbjadjdhacjbgj 44 44 44 44 #be #adfajjjbhjbajbbjdiaeebde 44 44 44 44 #cj #adjjidjbfjaijbdjejaijbfd 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean #aegaahjdfjbdjahjdjajfbge 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxi4--,wad ,medani gauges4 #aija ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj 44 -------- 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,mean4 ------------- ,february 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,novemb4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #ddi 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e #dai 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj #che 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae #cec 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bj #cbe 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be #cjg 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #cja -------- 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,mean4 #ceh ------------- ,march 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,decemb4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #bhi 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e #bfg 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj #bdg 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae #bcc 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bj #bai 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be #bje 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #aia -------- 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,mean4 #bcc ------------- ,april 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aijb ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #ahi #a #jci #aei #chj #gef #ifb #a #iid #e #aha #b #jcc #baa #chj #ghfajab #e #icj #aj #afi #c #jcc #baa #cgj #gidajdb #aj #hjj #ae #afa #d #jcg #bjg #chj #hcbajcb #ae #gch #bj #aee #e #jci #bjc #daf #hdbajcj #bj #gjh ------------------------------ #be #adi #f #jda #aig #ddf #hefajaj #be #ffh #cj #aci #g #jci #aia #dfh #hgfajdj #cj #fad --------- -------- ,mean4 #afb #h #jci #aig #dfd #hhfajej,mean4 #gfe -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #jcg #bbe #def #ijjajdj ,nov4 #a #acg #aj #jce #bae #dch #iajajdj #a #eij ------------------------------ #e #aca #aa #jda #bjj #ddh #iadajbh #e #eff #aj #aba #ab #jdh #agg #dbh #iafajfj #aj #ebd #ae #aac #ac #jea #afg #def #iadajgj #ae #did #bj #ajg #ad #jfa #afa #dgj #ijbajdh #bj #dgd #be #ajc #ae #jgg #afe #dhf #hifajbh #be #dfj ------------------------------ #bh #jii #af #jhi #aii #dhj #hffajcb #cj #dbh --------- -------- ,mean4 #aae #ag #jhg #beg #eaj #hffajcb,mean4 #ejb -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #aja #big #ebj #hifajjj ,dec4 #a #jih #ai #jie #cbg #edj #idhajcj #a -- #e #jia #bj #jic #cci #edhajjhajbf #e #djj ------------------------------ #aj #jgi #ba #jga #cci #edbajjjajjj #aj #cgc #ae #jhg #bb #jfa #cai #eff #iff #ihj #ae #ced #bj #aja #bc #jfe #cjd #egj #idf #ihj #bj #cdj #be #jhd #bd #jfa #bid #eff #iebajjj #be #cah #cj #jfg #be #jeg #cjd #egf #iibajaj #cj #bid --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jhg #bf #jfa #chi #egdajbf #iij,mean4 #cea -------------- ------------- ,april4 #a #jfc #bg #jfe #dbi #egbajdf #iie #e #jee #bh #jga #dbd #fcfajebajjj #aj #jdc #bi #jia #dbd #fgiajcbajbf #ae #jdc #cj #jaa #dbh #gjfajjbajbf ------------------------------ #bj #jea #ca #jba #gbh #igb ------------------------------ #be #jeg ,mean4 #jef #bfe #eji #ibaajbj ------------------------------ #cj #jda --------- ,mean4 #jej #aijc ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bhh #a #jif #cae #dga #ggeaajb #a #idh #e #bgj #b #jif #cbe #ebg #iaaajfh #e #hhd #aj #bef #c #jid #che #efa #ihaajdd #aj #hdb #ae #bdf #d #jib #dje #ehaajaaajdj #ae #gid #bj #bcf #e #jij #cfa #eheajaaajej #bj #hhd ------------------------------ #be #bbf #f #jhh #cfe #fajajjgajfd #be #hbe #cj #baf #g #jhh #cdi #fbcajbaajef #cj #gcc --------- -------- ,mean4 #bdb #h #jij #cda #fdeajaeajej,mean4 #hda -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #jhf #cfc #fee #iiiajgd ,nov4 #a #bab #aj #jhb #cgi #feg #ihiajeb #a #gai ------------------------------ #e #bjd #aa #jhd #cij #fhaajaiajdf #e #ffh #aj #bjj #ab #jhf #dbj #gjcajeiajdj #aj #fab #ae #aij #ac #jhh #dcj #gacajgaajjf #ae #egj #bj #ahd #ad #jib #ddb #fggajeg #iif #bj #eee #be #agb #ae #jih #dfd #fgdajcb #iib #be #ead ------------------------------ #bh #agj #af #ajb #dhb #fegajdi #iid #cj #dif --------- -------- ,mean4 #aia #ag #ajf #dgj #fiaajda #iib,mean4 #ehc -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #aad #dfb #gjeajdi #iif ,dec4 #a #afh #ai #abf #deb #gjeajdiajab #a #dib #e #afj #bj #adj #dcb #gciajgcajcb #e #dhj ------------------------------ #aj #aeb #ba #aff #dcj #hjaajgaajdb #aj #ded #ae #add #bb #agf #dbh #gigajgaajef #ae #ddj #bj #acd #bc #aib #dbh #ghaajdgajeb #bj #daj #be #acb #bd #bjf #dbe #ghgajciajdf #be #chd #cj #acj #be #bbj #dea #ggeajciajcb #cj #cfj --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #add #bf #bgd #dca #gggajdgajah,mean4 #dbh -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #aea #dba #ghjajda #igb #a #abd #bh #cdc #dag #ggcajfa #idb #e #aaj #bi #cci #dac #gggajfg #ibd #aj #aaj #cj #ccd #dda #gfgajhj #ibb ------------------------------ #ae #ajh #ca #cbe #ggjajib ------------------------------ #bj #ajd ,mean4 #aej #daj #fibajbhajbc ------------------------------ #be #jih #cj #jih --------- ,mean4 #ajf #aijd ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 #a #cfd #a #aej #bcf #dbd #ifj #iej #e #cef #b #adh #bej #dehajcj #ieh #aj #cdh #c #aff #bhh #dhbajaj #iej #ae #ccf #d #aff #ccb #ebb #iij #iej #bj #cae #e #afd #cdj #eeb #igj #idj ------------------------------ #be #cjh #f #afd #cbh #eeb #ifj #icj #cj #bhj #g #afb #cbd #ebb #idj #icj --------- ,mean4 #cbh #h #afd #cjh #dib #iej #ibj -------------- ,february4 #i #aef #bih #dhb #iej #ibj #a #bgf #aj #afb #cjj #dif #idj #ibi ------------------------------ #e #beh #aa #aff #bhf #ehj #icj #icj #aj #bdf #ab #agf #bgh #fah #ibj #icj #ae #bbb #ac #ahj #bgh #faj #ibj #idj #bj #bjf #ad #bjj #bdf #fdh #ibj #idd #be #ahf #ae #bjj #bcd #gab #ijj ------------------------------ #bh #agh #af #ahh #bcb #fib #hhj --------- ,mean4 #bbc #ag #ahh #bcj #fij #hhj -------------- ,march4 #ah #ahb #bcd #fhj #hij #a #agb #ai #afd #bcd #fgj #hif #e #agj #bj #agj #bcd #fhj #iaj ------------------------------ #aj #afd #ba #agb #bej #gaj #ijj #ae #aej #bb #agb #bdb #gcj #iaj #bj #add #bc #afh #bdh #gbj #ibj #be #agj #bd #agf #beb #gdj #iaj #cj #ahj #be #aih #bed #gej #icj --------------------------------------- ,mean4 #afd #bf #bdf #bfh #hjd #igb -------------- ,april4 #bg #bej #bhj #hbb #iej #a #ahj #bh #beb #bid #hjj #icj #e #agf #bi #bdh -- #hjd #ibj #aj #afd #cj #bdf #cih #hgj #icj ------------------------------ #ae #aeh #ca #bcf #ibj #icj ------------------------------ #bj #aej ,mean4 #ahf #bgf #feb #icd ------------------------------ #be #aej #cj #aej --------- ,mean4 #afj ,,table ,,lxii4--,khartoum gauges4 ,date4 #ahgd #ahgg ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,may,june,july,aug4,sep4,oct4 ,may,june,july,aug4,sep4,oct4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a 44 #ajabejefjgahfff 44 #igbhaebjdigdcj #b 44 #ajfbejefegahfff 44 #igbggdgidigdcj #c 44 #abbbejeghgbbfee 44 #igbfhdgidhddbe #d 44 #addbeiehegbgfej 44 #igbeddeddhhdba #e 44 #aeebfhfjagbgfda 44 #igbedddcdhhdba ---------------------------------------- ------------- #f 44 #afjbfhfadgbjfcj 44 #ibbfhddcdhhdba #g 44 #afjbgefbcgacfbf 44 #jabhfdffdigdab #h #jgahjbhffcbgahfai 44 #hhbiedhddigdab #i #adaihbiifdfgahfjh 44 #hccjddhddigcih #aj #ejaihcjdfeegaceib #jb #hccbbdhddigcih ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aa #ejagfcbbffhgjiegh #jb #hhccedigdigcih #ab #hfagfccafgggacefe #jbabdcceejfejjcih #ac #igagfcbbfhdgbbefe #jbacgcbbejfejfcih #ad #igagfcdifhdgahefj #jbacgcbbejfejfchg #ae #iiahjchjfiagjieea #jbafjcehdigeaachg ---------------------------------------- ------------- #af #ajdahedjcgjdgjdedd #jbagccfbdigeaa 44 #ag #aaeaiadabgacgjdech #jbbjecfgdigejf 44 #ah #abhaiadbegjdgjdeca #jbaifcfgdigdig 44 #ai #aceaiadebgjjficeaa #jbahgchidigdig 44 #bj #aehaiadfagjdfhidig #jbahgdjcdigdig 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ba #aggaifdhdfiafhidhd #aaahgdabdicdig 44 #bb #afjaifdhhgjjfhbdgj #cdaifdbadicdhd 44 #bc #adfbjjdigficfhbdfa #chbjedcjejbdhd 44 #bd #accbjeeaafiafhfddc #fhbbgdabejbdgi 44 #be #abfbjieaafihfhbdcj #ijbbgdabejbdge 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bf #aaibahecagjjfhbdbaajabaddabeaedgj 44 #bg #aaibcfedbgjjfgcdajaaibaddbaeaedff 44 #bh #aaibdaeeagjjfffdajaccbadddceaedeg 44 #bi #ajhbdaeeagacfffdajabhbdadfaebddeg 44 #cj #ajabdaeeagjifffdajaaibgbdgjebddci 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ca #aja 44 #eefgac 44 #dajajf 44 #dggejf 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean 44 #ahecihffggjaecd 44 #aedcfjdiedhi 44 ,date4 #ahgh ----------------------------- ,may,june,july,aug4,sep4 ,oct4 ----------------------------- #a 44 #jbbfcdcjfdfgbj #b 44 #jhbedddafeigaa #c 44 #fabejdgjffdgah #d 44 #gibdeeaafgegjj #e 44 #aacbdeecafhbfhb ----------------------------- #f 44 #adbbfhechfhifgc #g 44 #adibggeeafihffh #h 44 #aeebieeeafieffd #i 44 #ahibigeeagjdfei #aj #jeafbbigeeagjifee ----------------------------- #aa #jeafbcjdehegafffd #ab #jeafbcbieidgbefce #ac #jeafdcddfjcgbefcj #ad #jeagcceafjegcaebf #ae #jeahjceafabgcafai ----------------------------- #af #jeahjceafbagcffab #ag #jeaghceafbagdjfjh #ah #jeagcceafadgdgfjc #ai #jeaficgffjhgdgeif #bj #jeagadjcfjagefeib ----------------------------- #ba #jeahjdjgfjagehegh #bb -#jbagfdjeeghgehegb #bc #jj #ahbdajefggebefe #bd #jj #bjedcjegfgdceef #be #adbbadcjeibgdcedf ----------------------------- #bf #aabbedbaeibgdcech #bg #jebbgdbaeidgchedi #bh -#jbbdadbafadgchebd #bi #jebejdbcfadgchebj #cj #jbbfadcjfcbgbg 44 ----------------------------- #ca #jb 44 #dcjfdd 44 44 ----------------------------- ,mean 44 #afbcdiegdfhgfaf ,,table ,,lxii4--,khartoum gauges4 #aija ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #aea #a #jde #jdg #bce #dij #faj #a #dcf #e #add #b #jdh #jej #beh #dif #faj #e #djd #aj #acj #c #jdf #jfj #bge #ejj #fje #aj #cfj #ae #aag #d #jdb #jfd #bgj #eje #ejh #ae #cdd #bj #aje #e #jdb #jha #beg #eje #fjh #bj #cbh ------------------------------ #be #jic #f #jdb #jhb #bfj #eab #eid #be #cab #cj #jhd #g #jdj #jhe #bfj #ebh #ehh #cj #bia --------- -------- ,mean4 #aae #h #jci #jhd #bgj #edj #eia,mean4 #cdh -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #jcg #jhj #bhb #edg #eie ,novem4 #a #jhd #aj #jcd #jgg #bij #eee #eih #a #bhc ------------------------------ #e #jha #aa #jcd #jih #bib #ede #eib #e #bfg #aj #jgc #ab #jcb #abh #big #edj #eih #aj #bdc #ae #jfg #ac #jcg #aci #cjj #eef #eih #ae #bbh #bj #jfj #ad #jbe #aea #cjh #egj #fjj #bj #baf #be #jde #ae #jbe #agj #cag #ehe #eif #be #bjj ------------------------------ #bh #jdd #af #jbe #afj #ccj #ehi #eic #cj #ahg --------- ------------- ,mean4 #jff #ag #jai #adi #ccj #eif #ehb,mean4 #bbi -------------- ------------- ,march #ah #jjh #adg #cch #eif #egd ,decem4 #a #jdc #ai #jjh #aej #cdc #eif #eef #a #ahg #e #jci #bj #jad #aee #cej #faj #edj #e #ahc ------------------------------ #aj #jbh #ba #jai #afc #cej #fje #eah #aj #age #ae #jbj #bb #jbb #ahj #ceg #eih #eah #ae #aeh #bj #jae #bc #jab #bje #ced #fja #eaj #bj #aej #be #jji #bd #jae #bbf #ced #fje #ejj #be #ace #cj #jjh #be #jbj #bbj #ceh #eig #dhi #cj #aaf --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jbb #bf #jah #bjj #cgd #ehj #dhd,mean4 #aef -------------- ------------- ,april #bg #jbe #aie #daj #efh #dgh #a #jjf #bh #jbg #aih #dbh #efh #dgj #e #jje #bi #jcd #aih #dfe #ehe #deh #aj -#jje #cj #jde #baj #dhc #ehi #ddi ------------------------------ #ae -#jjg #ca #jde 44 #dhe #fjc 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jaa ,mean4 #jcj #ach #ccb #efc #eeg ------------------------------ #be #jbg #cj 44 --------- ,mean4 #jji #aijb ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #aac #a #jje #jaj #ahj #ccd #ebj #a #ead #e #ajc #b #jje #jbc #ahg #ceb #ebj #e #dhh #aj #jhd #c #jjd #jda #agi #cfb #ebc #aj #dde #ae #jgc #d #jja #jee #age #cga #ebg #ae #chf #bj #jfc #e #jjb #jgd #agj #cgi #ebg #bj #cfc ------------------------------ #be #jed #f -#jaj #jgf #agf #cid #ebg #be #cce #cj #jej #g -#jjh #jgh #ahe #djj #ebh #cj #cje --------- -------- ,mean4 #jge #h -#jje #jgf #bjc #dbj #ecc,mean4 #cig -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i -#jje #jge #bac #dcj #edj ,novemb4 #a #jdh #aj -#jjf #jgg #baf #dch #edj #a #cjj ------------------------------ #e #jde #aa -#jjg #jhd #bjg #ddj #ecf #e #bhd #aj #jch #ab -#jjd #ajj #bji #dej #ece #aj #bfj #ae #jcc #ac -#jjd #jhd #bje #ddh #ech #ae #bdd #bj #jbe #ad -#jja #jgh #bad #dej #eej #bj #bbd #be #jai #ae #jja #jge #bag #dej #edb #be #bah ------------------------------ #bh #jae #af #jjd #jgb #bbd #ddh #edj #cj #bjh --------- -------- ,mean4 #jcb #ag #jjc #jfi #bbi #dde #edj,mean4 #bdf -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #jjh #jgd #bcc #dci #edj ,decemb4 #a #jad #ai #jah #jhd #bcd #dej #ecj #a #bjf #e #jaj #bj #jad #ajf #bcf #dfa #eci #e #aid ------------------------------ #aj #jji #ba #jad #abd #beb #dhg #ecj #aj #ahc #ae #jjg #bb #jaf #acf #bed #dic #ebd #ae #aga #bj #jae #bc #jaf #abg #bef #dic #eab #bj #afb #be #jai #bd #jji #abi #bfb #dij #eaj #be #aee #cj #jjg #be #jaj #aba #bfd #dij #eaj #cj #adc --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jaa #bf #jaa #aae #bfi #ejj #eaj,mean4 #aga -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #jaf #acj #bfi #eag #eje #a #jjg #bh #jad #aei #bgi #ecj #ejc #e -#jjb #bi #jji #age #bid #ecd #ejf #aj #jja #cj #jaj #agc #bif #ecj #eaf ------------------------------ #ae -#jjg #ca #jaa 44 #cbd #ecj 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jja ,mean4 #jje #jij #bcj #dej #ebf ------------------------------ #be -#jjd #cj #jja -------------- ,mean4 -#jja #aijc ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #adj #a -#jaf #aje #aed #cej #fbd #a #eej #e #acj #b -#jbj #aje #afj #chj #fcj #e #edj #aj #aba #c -#jbc #jih #agh #dje #fae #aj #eae #ae #aaj #d -#jbf #jih #aie #ddj #fbj #ae #dej #bj #ajb #e -#jbf #aaf #bac #dfj #fbj #bj #ddh ------------------------------ #be #jhg #f -#jbc #adj #baj #dge #fae #be #ddj #cj #jgc #g -#jbc #adj #baj #dhg #fab #cj #djj --------- ------- ,mean4 #ajg #h -#jbc #acf #bbj #die #fae,mean4 #dgd -------------- ------------ ,february4 #i -#jbb #acj #bce #ejf #fbd ,novem4 #a #jfe #aj -#jbd #abe #bdh #ejf #fad #a #che ------------------------------ #e #jfa #aa -#jbh #abe #bee #eaj #fae #e #cfj #aj #jdg #ab -#jbd #acj #beh #ece #fje #aj #cbe #ae #jdb #ac -#jbf #ada #bge #eee #eif #ae #cjj #bj #jci #ad -#jbe #aef #bhj #efe #eij #bj #bfe #be #jbe #ae -#jbf #afe #bhj #eee #ehf #be #bfj ------------------------------ #bh #jbb #af -#jbf #age #bge #egj #eie #cj #bde --------- ------- ,mean4 #jdc #ag -#jbc #ahe #bge #ehj #ehh,mean4 #cja -------------- ------------ ,march4 #ah -#jba #bjj #bge #egj #ehh ,decem4 #a #jbb #ai -#jai #aij #bhe #ehj #ehe #a #bdj #e #jai #bj -#jah #ahe #bie #ehj #eij #e #bcj ------------------------------ #aj #jac #ba -#jad #agj #cje #eij #eie #aj #bji #ae #jjh #bb -#jji #afj #cbe #eie #fjj #ae #aic #bj #jjd #bc -#jjb #aee #cdj #fjj #faj #bj #aij #be -#jje #bd #jab #aee #cdj #fjj #faj #be #ahh #cj -#jaa #be #jbf #aef #cdj #fjc #fjh #cj #ahj --------------------------------------- ------- ,mean4 #jjf #bf #jcc #aeh #cdb #fjh #fjb,mean4 #bja -------------- ------------ ,april4 #bg #jdj #afj #cdb #fjj #ehe #a -#jaa #bh #jec #afa #cdb 44 #ehj #e -#jac #bi #jij #aed #cde 44 #efj #aj -#jaj #cj #jih #aed #cde #fae #eee ------------------------------ #ae -#jad #ca #aja 44 #cde #fbh 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jab ,mean4-#jja #adg #bgc #ecf #fja ------------------------------ #be -#jaf #cj -#jah --------- ,mean4 -#jac #aijd ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 #a #ahj #a #jae #jfa #ace #ejj #edh 44 44 #e #agh #b #jae #jfj #aee #ecj #eeh 44 44 #aj #agj #c #jae #jfj #agi #eej #eeh 44 44 #ae #aei #d #jaj #jfc #bae #eej #eed 44 44 #bj #aee #e #jaj #jgj #bdj #eee #eed 44 44 ---------------------------------------- --- #be #aej #f #jab #jib #bfh #efj #eej 44 44 #cj #aej #g #jbi #aag #bgf #eeh #eej 44 44 --------- ,mean4 #aei #h #jaj #abc #bgf #eeh #edf 44 44 -------------- ,february4 #i #jjj #abb #bgd #eeh #ecf 44 44 #a #adh #aj -#jja #abj #bgf #eeh #ecd 44 44 ---------------------------------------- --- #e #adg #aa #jje #aag #bgj #efd #ecd 44 44 #aj #ace #ab #jjh #aaf #bhd #eee #ecd 44 44 #ae #aae #ac #jjh #aae #cje #edh #ecd 44 44 #bj #aac #ad #jjh #aae #cjg #edh #edj 44 44 #be #ajh #ae #jaj #aaf #cae #edd #edj 44 44 ---------------------------------------- --- #bh #ajg #af #jaj #aaf #cdj #ecj 44 44 44 --------- ,mean4 #abc #ag #jbd #aaf #cfb #ebj 44 44 44 -------------- ,march #ah #jbi #ajb #cfc #ecj 44 44 44 #a #aje #ai #jca #jif #cfc #ecj 44 44 44 #e #jhj #bj #jba #ajj #cfc #ebb 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- --- #aj #jec #ba #jai #ajj #cfe #ebe 44 44 44 #ae #jcg #bb #jba #ajc #cge #ebe 44 44 44 #bj #jca #bc #jbd #ajb #cie #ecj 44 44 44 #be #jbe #bd #jbe #ajf #djj #ecj 44 44 44 #cj #jca #be #jcj #ajg #djb #ecj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,mean4 #jdh #bf #jcb #ajg #dae #ede 44 44 44 -------------- ----------------- ,april #bg #jdj #ajf #dch #ede 44 #a #jaj #bh #jdh #ajh #dde #efb 44 #e #jbi #bi #jeg #aaf #dde #edh 44 #aj #jbe #cj #jfa #abj #dde #edc 44 ------------------------------ #ae #jah #ca #jfj 44 #dge #ede 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jbj ,mean4 #jbb #ajb 44 #eda 44 ------------------------------ #be #jah #cj #jae -------------- ,mean4 #jba ,,table ,,lxii4 7continued74--,khartoum gauges4 #aijd ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 #a #ahj #a #jae #jfa #ace #ejj #edh 44 44 #e #agh #b #jae #jfj #aee #ecj #eeh 44 44 #aj #agj #c #jae #jfj #agi #eej #eeh 44 44 #ae #aei #d #jaj #jfc #bae #eej #eed 44 44 #bj #aee #e #jaj #jgj #bdj #eee #eed 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -- #be #aej #f #jab #jib #bfh #efj #eej 44 44 #cj #aej #g #jbi #aag #bgf #eeh #eej 44 44 --------- ,mean4 #aei #h #jaj #abc #bgf #eeh #edf 44 44 -------------- ,february4 #i #jjj #abb #bgd #eeh #ecf 44 44 #a #adh #aj -#jja #abj #bgf #eeh #ecd 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -- #e #adg #aa #jje #aag #bgj #efd #ecd 44 44 #aj #ace #ab #jjh #aaf #bhd #eee #ecd 44 44 #ae #aae #ac #jjh #aae #cje #edh #ecd 44 44 #bj #aac #ad #jjh #aae #cjg #edh #edj 44 44 #be #ajh #ae #jaj #aaf #cae #edd #edj 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -- #bh #ajg #af #jaj #aaf #cdj #ecj 44 44 44 --------- ,mean4 #abc #ag #jbd #aaf #cfb #ebj 44 44 44 -------------- ,march #ah #jbi #ajb #cfc #ecj 44 44 44 #a #aje #ai #jca #jif #cfc #ecj 44 44 44 #e #jhj #bj #jba #ajj #cfc #ebb 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -- #aj #jec #ba #jai #ajj #cfe #ebe 44 44 44 #ae #jcg #bb #jba #ajc #cge #ebe 44 44 44 #bj #jca #bc #jbd #ajb #cie #ecj 44 44 44 #be #jbe #bd #jbe #ajf #djj #ecj 44 44 44 #cj #jca #be #jcj #ajg #djb #ecj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,mean4 #jdh #bf #jcb #ajg #dae #ede 44 44 44 -------------- ----------------- ,april #bg #jdj #ajf #dch #ede 44 #a #jaj #bh #jdh #ajh #dde #efb 44 #e #jbi #bi #jeg #aaf #dde #edh 44 #aj #jbe #cj #jfa #abj #dde #edc 44 ------------------------------ #ae #jah #ca #jfj 44 #dge #ede 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jbj ,mean4 #jbb #ajb #cbh #eda 44 ------------------------------ #be #jah #cj #jae -------------- ,mean4 #jba ,,table ,,lxiii4--,river ,atbara gauges at ,khasm el ,girba4 #aijc ,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,jun4,jul 4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a 44 44 44 44 44 #ajjbbjdbadebbhh 44 44 #b 44 44 44 44 44 #jicbahdjjdebbgh 44 44 #c 44 44 44 44 44 #jhebaecefdfjbgh 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 44 #jhebgdcbedgjbij 44 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 #jhibfjccedeebge 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #f 44 44 44 44 44 #jhibcjcbgdffbfg 44 44 #g 44 44 44 44 44 #jhfbajccjdehbej 44 44 #h 44 44 44 44 44 #jigbajcjgdejbej 44 44 #i 44 44 44 44 44 #ajebeacbidaebch 44 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 #aaabcecgbdcjbcj 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aa 44 44 44 44 44 #ajjbfedfachibbb 44 44 #ab 44 44 44 44 44 #jigbcadcgciebag 44 44 #ac 44 44 44 44 44 #jijbajdecchjbag 44 44 #ad 44 44 44 44 44 #jijbajdfjchdbjh 44 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 44 #jicbfedhecgabje 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #af 44 44 44 44 44 #jihbbhdhjchhbaj 44 44 #ag 44 44 44 44 44 #abjbdjdijdcfbaj 44 44 #ah 44 44 44 44 44 #aejbcgeejdbj 44 44 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 44 #agjbeeeejdjjbje 44 44 #bj 44 44 44 44 44 #aihbgdegedab 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ba 44 44 44 44 44 #ahhbhcedgchj 44 44 44 #bb 44 44 44 44 44 #agjbgjeabcde 44 44 44 #bc 44 44 44 44 44 #aijbgjdhbccj 44 44 44 #bd 44 44 44 44 44 #ahdcjjdedcbe 44 44 44 #be 44 44 44 44 44 #bbjbfbdcecaj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bf 44 44 44 44 44 #aicbecdbjbhi 44 44 44 #bg 44 44 44 44 44 #bbdbfjdhjcdb 44 44 44 #bh 44 44 44 44 44 #bbjbgfdeecaj 44 44 44 #bi 44 44 44 44 44 #bdcbhjdeecac 44 44 44 #cj 44 44 44 44 44 #bbjcbidgecje 44 44 44 #ca 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ceddde 44 44 44 44 #aijd ,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4 ,jun4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a 44 44 44 44 44 -#ajjaegcgibgj 44 44 44 #b 44 44 44 44 44 -#ajjahichebfe 44 44 44 #c 44 44 44 44 44 -#jhjahjcicbee 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 44 -#jefaiccijbij 44 44 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 -#jajbjddjdcej 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #f 44 44 44 44 44 #jaibjhdjhcdj 44 44 44 #g 44 44 44 44 44 #jcabdedjjccj 44 44 44 #h 44 44 44 44 44 #jejbgbdjjbib 44 44 44 #i 44 44 44 44 44 #jdjbhcchjbhf 44 44 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 #jchbigcbjbih 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aa 44 44 44 44 44 #jcebhhcicbfj 44 44 44 #ab 44 44 44 44 44 #jcjbhjbijbeb 44 44 44 #ac 44 44 44 44 44 #jcjbhjbgabhe 44 44 44 #ad 44 44 44 44 44 #jcjcajbfcbgi 44 44 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 44 #jbicjcbgjbji 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #af 44 44 44 44 44 #jbhbgdcci 44 44 44 44 #ag 44 44 44 44 44 #jcbbiacci 44 44 44 44 #ah 44 44 44 44 44 #jeeccfcci 44 44 44 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 44 #jdjccjcbh 44 44 44 44 #bj 44 44 44 44 44 #jhjbajcbj 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ba 44 44 44 44 44 #jhjcabcbj 44 44 44 44 #bb 44 44 44 44 44 #jgjcbjcah 44 44 44 44 #bc 44 44 44 44 44 #jhecejbhj 44 44 44 44 #bd 44 44 44 44 44 #jifcgbbhc 44 44 44 44 #be 44 44 44 44 44 #jiecacbij 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #bf 44 44 44 44 44 #aaecjebia 44 44 44 44 #bg 44 44 44 44 44 #acjccfbif 44 44 44 44 #bh 44 44 44 44 44 #adecgfccj 44 44 44 44 #bi 44 44 44 44 44 #aeacficej 44 44 44 44 #cj 44 44 44 44 44 #aejdaecaj 44 44 44 44 #ca 44 44 44 44 44 44 #chjcjh 44 44 44 44 ,zero #ajjj metres on the gauge4 ,,table ,,lxiv4--,berber gauges4 #aija ,date4,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bdc #a #jif #jig #bib #fbe #ghj #a #eic #e #bce #b #jih #ajj #bhi #fcj #ggi #e #ede #aj #bbc #c #ajj #ajc #cjj #fdj #ghb #aj #ejh #ae #bjg #d #ajb #aje #cbj #fdh #gge #ae #dgc #bj #aic #e #ajd #ajg #cdj #fef #ggj #bj #ddd ------------------------------ #be #ahb #f #ajf #aaj #cee #fgi #ggj #be #dbj #cj #agj #g #aje #aah #cfj #ffg #gfb #cj #djj --------- -------- ,mean4 #bjf #h #aje #abg #cfe #fgi #gfd,mean4 #dgd -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #ajg #acf #cgj #fhh #gde ,novem4 #a #afc #aj #aaj #adc #cge #gji #gej #a #cij ------------------------------ #e #afb #aa #aji #ade #cge #gde #gfc #e #cge #aj #aed #ab #ajg #adh #cgh #gec #gfg #aj #cec #ae #adg #ac #ajf #adg #djj #geh #geg #ae #cch #bj #ach #ad #aje #adg #dad #ggj #gee #bj #cab #be #acd #ae #ajd #aec #dbj #ggf #gej #be #big ------------------------------ #bh #abd #af #aje #agj #dce #gfe #gda #cj #bhc --------- -------- ,mean4 #adg #ag #ajd #ahg #dcj #gfh #gce,mean4 #ccc -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #ajc #bjj #dbg #ggd #gbe ,decem4 #a #abd #ai #ajc #bae #dce #gfe #gbj #a #bhf #e #abd #bj #ajj #bah #dee #ged #gje #e #bge ------------------------------ #aj #ajh #ba #ajj #baf #dei #gdf #fij #aj #bgj #ae #jih #bb #jid #bad #dei #gdf #fhj #ae #beb #bj #jid #bc #jhf #bad #dfb #gdc #fgj #bj #bea #be #jhd #bd #jhg #bag #dfb #gda #ffb #be #bcj #cj #jhf #be #jhh #bbg #dfe #gch #fea #cj #bac --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #aja #bf #jia #bej #die #gej #fda,mean4 #beb -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #jhg #bgj #eje #gdd #fbg #a #jhc #bh #jhe #bhb #eaf #gdd #fah #e #jhf #bi #jhg #bhf #eeh #ggd #fac #aj #jhb #cj #jic #bhh #egd #gha #fjh ------------------------------ #ae #jfc #ca #jie 44 #fae #ghg 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jgb ,mean4 #jii #agh #dbb #gbg #gah ------------------------------ #be #jgc #cj #jic --------- ,mean4 #jgd #aijb ,date4,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bjd #a #jfg #jhf #bjg #dcb #fgg #a #fbc #e #aij #b #jfg #jhf #bbg #dee #fge #e #fad #aj #agd #c #jga #jhf #bdf #dgh #fgj #aj #egc #ae #aea #d #jga #jhe #beb #dij #fgb #ae #ead #bj #adg #e #jgb #jhe #beh #ejf #fgj #bj #dfb ------------------------------ #be #adj #f #jhb #jia #bfd #eag #fgb #be #dbh #cj #acj #g #jgh #ajd #bfb #eag #fgg #cj #djf --------- ------- ,mean4 #aei #h #jge #aah #bfd #ebg #fie,mean4 #eaa -------------- ------------ ,february4 #i #jgj #acc #bfe #ecg #fia ,novemb4 #a #abh #aj #jfg #ada #bgb #ede #fif #a #cif ------------------------------ #e #aba #aa #jfc #add #bhd #edi #gje #e #cfe #aj #aab #ab #jfc #add #bie #eee #fig #aj #cee #ae #ajg #ac #jfe #adh #cjd #efg #fic #ae #ccj #bj #ajf #ad #jfe #aeb #caj #ehe #fia #bj #caa #be #jif #ae #jfe #aeg #cae #ehe #fid #be #cjg ------------------------------ #bh #jid #af #jff #afe #cae #ehe #fhi #cj #bie --------- ------- ,mean4 #aji #ag #jfg #afd #cbb #ehe #fhd,mean4 #ccd -------------- ------------ ,march4 #ah #jfh #aeh #cba #ehg #fgg ,decemb4 #a #jhh #ai #jfi #aej #ccf #ehb #fge #a #bid #e #jhb #bj #jgc #adi #cda #ehi #ffi #e #bhh ------------------------------ #aj #jhd #ba #jgf #adg #cdh #fba #ffg #aj #bge #ae #jhc #bb #jgg #adg #ced #fcg #ffc #ae #bfh #bj #jgf #bc #jhb #aec #ced #fdb #fee #bj #bee #be #jgf #bd #jhe #agj #cei #fee #fdg #be #bec #cj #jhf #be #jhf #aij #cgb #fdh #fcg #cj #bcg --------------------------------------- ------- ,mean4 #jha #bf #jhf #bjb #chb #fej #fce,mean4 #bff -------------- ------------ ,april4 #bg #jhg #bjf #cid #fdh #fch #a #jhc #bh #jhg #bjf 44 #fde #fcc #e #jgh #bi #jhe #baj #chh #ffc #fbi #aj #jfd #cj #jhf #bjj #djj #fhj #fbe ------------------------------ #ae #jfh #ca #jhf 44 #dba #fhj 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jfd ,mean4 #jgd #adf #cad #ehj #fgj ------------------------------ #be #jfg #cj #jfa --------- ,mean4 #jfh #aijc ,date4,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bcf #a #jhc #abg #bhj #dhc #ggc #a #gjj #e #bdc #b #jhd #adc #bhb #dhi #ggc #e #fhd #aj #bbd #c #jhc #afc #bhb #die #ggb #aj #feh #ae #bae #d #jhb #agd #bhi #efe #ggj #ae #fae #bj #bji #e #jgi #ahj #bic #ehe #ggb #bj #egc ------------------------------ #be #aie #f #jgf #ahd #bih #eih #ggg #be #ehf #cj #ahj #g #jge #ahe #caj #fah #ghb #cj #ecc --------- ------- ,mean4 #bac #h #jgc #ahf #cbe #fbg #ggd,mean4 #faf -------------- ------------ ,february4 #i #jgb #aif #cdj #fcg #ggb ,novemb4 #a #agj #aj #jgf #baj #cdg #fdc #ggb #a #eag ------------------------------ #e #aei #aa #jgi #baf #cdc #fdg #ggb #e #dif #aj #aea #ab #jhj #bah #cdf #fej #gec #aj #dec #ae #adb #ac #jhj #baf #cef #fhg #gfd #ae #dab #bj #ach #ad #jgi #bac #cgd #gac #geb #bj #chh #be #abc #ae #jgg #bae #chb #gbj #gde #be #cge ------------------------------ #bh #abj #af #jgf #bba #cie #gdj #gdj #cj 44 --------- ------- ,mean4 #add #ag #jgf #bbg #djj #gec #gdj,mean4 #dbh -------------- ------------ ,march4 #ah #jgf #bcg #djb #gec #gcg ,decemb4 #a #abj #ai #jgg #bej #djj #gfg #gce #a #ceb #e #abf #bj #jgh #bfj #daj #gge #gde #e #cch ------------------------------ #aj #aaf #ba #jhj #bgb #daj #hje #gde #aj #cbh #ae #aaj #bb #jhj #bgf #dac #haj #gde #ae #cai #bj #ajg #bc #jha #bgf #dbc #ghj #gdg #bj #caj #be #aja #bd #jhb #bgj #dcg #geg #gdg #be #cje #cj #jib #be #jhc #bfe #dej #gfj #gdc #cj #bib --------------------------------------- ------- ,mean4 #aaj #bf #jhf #bfh #dfg #geb #gdc,mean4 #cbb -------------- ------------ ,april4 #bg #jia #bgj #dgc #gfb #gdj #a #jib #bh #jif #bgj #dhc #gfg #gcj #e #jie #bi #ajc #bgj #dhe #gef #gad #aj #jij #cj #aji #bgd #dhj #ggb #gjd ------------------------------ #ae #jhe #ca #aag 44 #dgi #ggd 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jhb ,mean4 #jhb #bbd #chb #fia #geb ------------------------------ #be #jhj #cj #jha --------- ,mean4 #jhf #aijd ,date4,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 #a #bij #a #aaa #acc #aie #fbb #fge #e #bhf #b #aji #adb #aih #fbh #ffg #aj #bge #c #ajg #adg #bad #fcd #ffg #ae #bfh #d #ajg #adg #bcb #fei #ffh #bj #bei #e #ajg #ade #bdc #fij #ffi ------------------------------ #be #beb #f #ajf #ade #bei #fic #fic #cj #bdf #g #ajg #ade #bhj #fig #fih --------- ,mean4 #bff #h #ajg #adf #cjg #fhg #fhe -------------- ,february4 #i #aji #aeb #cdj #fhg #fhi #a #bej #aj #aaa #age #cgj #fgg #fhc ------------------------------ #e #bce #aa #aae #ahh #cha #fgj #fgc #aj #bcd #ab #aaj #aig #djj #ffh #ffh #ae #bad #ac #ajj #bjj #cif #ffe #ffh #bj #bjj #ad #ajj #bjj #cid #ffd #ffh #be #aid #ae #jid #aig #cid #fff #ffg ------------------------------ #bi #agd #af #jif #aig #dae #ffj --------- ,mean4 #bad #ag #jif #aih #dce #fed -------------- ,march4 #ah #jih #bjj #dfj #feb #a #afg #ai #jih #bjj #dgh #ffj #e #afe #bj #ajb #bjj #dhd #fdg ------------------------- #aj #aeb #ba #aji #bjj #ejc #fdf #ae #acg #bb #aae #aij #eab #fej #bj #abi #bc #aag #ahe #ejj #fde #be #abb #bd #aae #ahh #ejj #fej #cj #aag #be #aji #ahi #ejh #feg ---------------------------------- ,mean4 #aci #bf #ajh #aij #eda #fdh -------------- ,april4 #bg #ajh #aia #efe #fdh #a #abe #bh #aaj #aib #efj #fde #e #aae #bi #aac #aic #eeg #ffi #aj #aag #cj #aai #aic #egh #fhc ------------------------- #ae #aaa #ca #abh 44 #fjj #fgi ------------------------- #bj #aje ,mean4 #ajh #agi #dac #ffa ------------------------- #be #aab #cj #aaj --------- ,mean4 #aad ,,table ,,lxv4--,mean gauges of #cj years at ,assun4 #ahgc-aijb ,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,jun4,jul 4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a #bfdaieacajfhjbdjajajddhgghjgaiejjcdb #b #bfaaicabijfejbdjaaajhejaghbgajdijcci #c #beiaiaabgjfdjbbjabaafeaeghagjedhdccg #d #begahiabejfcjbajababaebeghbfifdgiccb #e #beeahgabcjfajbjjajabgeeaghdfiadgbccj #f #becahdabajehjahjabacdegaghbfhedffcbf #g #beaahbaahjefjagjacadaeidghbfggdedcbd #h #bdgahaaagjefjafjaeadifaeghafgaddgcbj #i #bdfaghaaejedjadjagaegfchghafffdcgcai #aj #bddagfaacjebjacjaiafefebghjfeidcecaf #aa #bdaagcaaajeajacjaiagdffbghjfecdbhcac #ab #bciagaajhjdijacjbbahafgjghcfdgdbbcaj #ac #bcgafiajgjdgjacjbdaijfghgggfdjdagcjg #ad #bcdaffajejdfjacjbgaigfibggffccdajcjc #ae #bcbafcajbjdejacjbibajfifggffbedjecja #af #bcjafaajjjddjabjcbbbcgjdggdfagdjjbii #ag #bbhaeijihjdbjabjcdbcfgaaggafjgcifbie #ah #bbeaefjifjdajabjcgbebgaggfhfjbciabid #ai #bbbaedjicjdjjaajcibfegbggfieihchfbia #bj #bbaaebjibjcijaajdabgigcagfgeijchbbhh #ba #bahaejjijjchjajjdcbiegcbgfgehdchabhe #bb #bafadgjhhjcfjajjdgcaagcegfceghcgebhb #bc #bacadejhfjcejjhjejcbigdhgfjefhcgjbgi #bd #bacadejhcjcdjjhjefcdfgeegefefacfcbgg #be #bajadbjhbjccjjhjfgcehgehgebeeccfdbgf #bf #bjhacijgijcajjhjgacgcgfjgecedecfabgc #bg #bjeachjggjbijjhjgicidgffgdcecgcegbfh #bh #bjdacejgejbgjjhjhcdafgffgcgecjcedbfe #bi #bjb #jgcjbfjjhjihdcfgfigcaebbcdibfb #cj #aii #jgajbdjjhjigdehggdgbeeaecdbbfj #ca #aif #jfi #jji #dgcggh #ejg #beh ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 ,,table ,,lxv4 7continued74--,assun ,gauges4 #ahgd ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,january4 ,october4 #a #bjf #a -#jda-jcb #aej #fdi #hgj #a #haa #e #aie #b -#jcg-jaj #aeg #ffe #hgb #e #ghi #aj #age #c -#jcg #jaj #afa #fgd #hhc #aj #gfd #ae #aeg #d -#jcg #jbf #afh #fha #hij #ae #gba #bj #ada #e -#jci #jca #agb #fhh #hie #bj #ffa ------------------------------ #be #abc #f -#jdd #jdf #aha #fig #hig #be #faf #cj #ajj #g -#jdh #jeh #aic #fig #hie #cj #efh --------- -------- ,mean4 #aec #h -#jej #jga #aii #fig #hib,mean4 #gjd -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i -#jej #jhb #bjh #gjf #hhh ,nov4 #a #jid #aj -#jec #jhg #bae #gce #hhc #a #edh ------------------------------ #e #jhj #aa -#jec #jhg #bbd #gge #hha #e #eai #aj #jfg #ab -#jec #jhd #bch #haf #hgg #aj #dhg #ae #jeh #ac -#jec #jhb #bdi #hcf #hgd #ae #deh #bj #jdd #ad -#jee #jgh #beb #hde #hgd #bj #dca #be #jce #ae -#jee #jga #bga #hdg #hgd #be #dag ------------------------------ #bh #jca #af -#jeg #jfg #bhc #hdc #hgj #cj #djj --------- -------- ,mean4 #jeh #ag -#jeg #jfg #bih #hcf #hfc,mean4 #dfe -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah -#jeg #jfd #caf #hdc #hef ,dec4 #a #jbh #ai -#jei #jfd #cbe #hej #hdg #a #cie #e #jbf #bj -#jei #jfd #ccg #hcf #hdc #e #cgc ------------------------------ #aj #jai #ba -#jfa #jfg #cdc #hfa #hda #aj #ceg #ae #jac #bb -#jfd #jgc #cff #hfh #hde #ae #cda #bj #jjd #bc -#jfd #jhb #djb #hfc #hde #bj #cbh #be -#jja #bd -#jfd #jid #ddg #hfe #hdc #be #caf #cj -#jjh #be -#jfd #aab #dhg #hfh #hch #cj #cjc --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jaa #bf -#jff #acj #eba #hgd #hcd,mean4 #cde -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg -#jff #ada #edf #hgg #hcb #a -#jab #bh -#jff #ade #egg #hgd #hbg #e -#jbf #bi -#jff #adg #fjg #hgd #hbj #aj -#jcj #cj -#jfa #adg #fbj #hgj #haf ------------------------------ #ae -#jcb #ca -#jej 44 #fca #hfh 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jci ,mean4-#jed #jgd #cbg #hjj #hfb ------------------------------ #be -#jdf #cj -#jdf -------------- ,mean4 -#jcd ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 #ahgg ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bfb #a #jce #jai #acj #dgb #fah #a #fjd #e #bed #b #jcg #jbb #adh #dgd #fbj #e #efd #aj #bdb #c #jcg #jbd #afc #dgd #fbe #aj #eba #ae #bbf #d #jce #jbf #age #dgd #fbg #ae #dib #bj #bac #e #jce #jbh #aha #dhh #fbg #bj #dfc ------------------------------ #be #aii #f #jcc #jca #ahf #dhe #fbg #be #dec #cj #aha #g #jcc #jca #aij #ejc #fbb #cj #dji --------- -------- ,mean4 #bbe #h #jce #jcc #aig #ebf #fah,mean4 #eja -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #jdj #jcg #bjd #eci #faa ,novemb4 #a #agg #aj #jdb #jdf #bac #ece #fji #a #chh ------------------------------ #e #agj #aa #jdb #jee #bbf #ecg #fac #e #cgc #aj #aeg #ab #jdj #jfi #bdd #ecg #faf #aj #cfa #ae #aci #ac #jcg #jhj #bga #eda #fac #ae #cda #bj #abe #ad #jcc #jhg #cja #eee #fjg #bj #cbc #be #aag #ae #jbh #jia #cbc #ege #fjb #be #bid ------------------------------ #bh #aag #af #jbf #jif #ccb #fjg #fjj #cj #bfg --------- -------- ,mean4 #adc #ag #jbd #ajc #ccb #fah #fjb,mean4 #cce -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #jbb #ajg #cbh #fbb #fjd ,decemb4 #a #aad #ai #jag #aji #cba #fcd #fjj #a #bfj #e #aji #bj #jag #aji #cbc #fdj #eie #e #bea ------------------------------ #aj #jif #ba #jae #aji #ccb #fbi #fjb #aj #bdj #ae #jgh #bb #jae #ajg #cdf #fah #faa #ae #bbb #bj #jfi #bc #jae #ajg #ceg #fac #fbe #bj #bac #be #jeh #bd #jae #ajg #cfd #fac #fbg #be #aie #cj #jdi #be #jac #ajg #cgj #fac #fbg #cj #aig --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jhb #bf #jaj #aje #cgb #faa #fbj,mean4 #bbe -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #jaj #aje #cii #fac #faa #a #jdf #bh #jac #ajg #dba #fah #faa #e #jdj #bi #jae #aji #ded #fah #fac #aj #jcc #cj #jag #aaf #dfe #fah #fji ------------------------------ #ae #jca #ca #jai 44 #dfg #faf 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jdb ,mean4 #jbf #jgd #bid #efh #fac ------------------------------ #be #jea #cj #jce --------- ,mean4 #jdj ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 #ahgh ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,january4 ,october4 #a #aig #a -#jda-jff #jfg #eci #gfj #a #iae #e #ahh #b -#jdd-jff #jga #edf #ggc #e #hib #aj #age #c -#jdf-jff #jgh #edh #ghi #aj #hdg #ae #afa #d -#jdh-jff #jhg #eee #hjb #ae #gia #bj #adh #e -#jdh-jfh #jia #efb #had #bj #gfj ------------------------------ #be #aci #f -#jdf-jfh #jif #efb #hbc #be #gdb #cj #abc #g -#jdf-jga #ajj #eec #hcb #cj #fhc --------- -------- ,mean4 #afb #h -#jdh-jga #ajc #eda #hch,mean4 #hje -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i -#jej-jga #ajc #efh #hdg ,novem4 #a #aba #aj -#jej-jfh #aje #fbe #heb #a #fgb ------------------------------ #e #ajg #aa -#jej-jff #ajg #fca #hef #e #fcd #aj #jia #ab -#jej-jff #aab #fgb #hgj #aj #ehf #ae #jhj #ac -#jdh-jff #aah #fhh #hha #ae #eej #bj #jfg #ad -#jdh-jff #abg #gjf #hhf #bj #eag #be #jea #ae -#jej-jff #add #gag #hij #be #dib ------------------------------ #bh #jdf #af -#jej-jfd #agj #gag #hhf #cj #dfi --------- -------- ,mean4 #jhj #ag -#jej-jfa #aig #gaj #hhc,mean4 #efj -------------- ------------- ,march #ah -#jec-jei #bag #gab #hhc ,decem4 #a #jdd #ai -#jee-jei #bcc #gbf #hha #a #dfg #e #jcc #bj -#jeg-jei #bdg #gdh #hhf #e #deg ------------------------------- #aj #jbd #ba -#jeg-jfa #bgf #ggc #hhf #aj #dch #ae #jag #bb -#jeg-jfa #bih #ghi #hha #ae #dbj #bj #jjh #bc -#jei-jei #ccc #gif #hhf #bj #dji #be -#jjc #bd -#jfa-jej #cdh #hjb #hib #be #cic #cj -#jje #be -#jfd-jcb #chb #hjg #hii #cj #cgg --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jag #bf -#jfd-jje #dbb #hji #hig,mean4 #dbc -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg -#jfd #jai #dde #gia #hib #a -#jaj #bh -#jff #jdj #dfc #gfi #ija #e -#jab #bi -#jfh #jeh #dgh #geg #ijh #aj -#jai #cj -#jfh #jfd #dif #gec #iac ------------------------------ #ae -#jbf #ca -#jfh 44 #eba #gee 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jbf ,mean4-#jef-jdg #bbg #fhe #hfc ------------------------------ #be -#jcg #cj -#jda --------- ,mean4 -#jbe ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 #aija ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #aig #a -#jcg-jjh #jcg #chi #gdb #a #fef #e #aic #b -#jci-jjh #jdi #cie #gch #e #fji #aj #agi #c -#jda-jaj #jfg #djb #gdd #aj #eei #ae #aff #d -#jdd-jaj #jhb #dac #gfb #ae #ejf #bj #aeg #e -#jdd-jaj #jif #dcb #ggf #bj #dfg ------------------------------ #be #adh #f -#jdf-jab #aje #dfg #ghb #be #dca #cj #abe #g -#jdf-jab #aji #ebh #ghb #cj #dae --------- -------- ,mean4 #aff #h -#jdf-jad #aae #ehb #ggf,mean4 #ebj -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i -#jdf-jai #abc #fji #ggc ,nov4 #a #aba #aj -#jdf-jba #aci #fbc #gga #a #cie ------------------------------ #e #ajg #aa -#jdd-jba #aeg #fcf #gfi #e #cge #aj #jif #ab -#jdd-jbc #agj #feb #gfi #aj #cee #ae #jhg #ac -#jda-jbf #aha #ffa #gfg #ae #ccb #bj #jga #ad -#jci-jbf #aij #ffh #gfd #bj #cjg #be #jfg #ae -#jce-jbf #aie #fgg #gee #be #bhi ------------------------------ #bh #jeh #af -#jcj-jbf #bje #fig #gdh #cj #bfg --------- -------- ,mean4 #jhg #ag -#jbf-jbc #bbd #gca #gee,mean4 #cca -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah -#jbc-jba #bef #geh #gfj ,dec4 #a #jee #ai -#jba-jai #bfg #gfi #gfb #a #bfe #e #jdi #bj -#jai-jag #bgh #ghj #gee #e #bea ------------------------------ #aj #jdj #ba -#jad-jad #bhc #ghj #gea #aj #bce #ae #jbg #bb -#jab-jaj #bhi #ggh #gdf #ae #bbf #bj #jag #bc -#jab-jje #cja #gge #gcg #bj #bag #be #jjh #bd -#jaj-jjc #cjg #ggc #gbe #be #bjh #cj -#jjc #be -#jjh-jja #cbf #gfb #gbb #cj #aij --------------------------------------- --------- ,mean4 #jbg #bf -#jjh #jjf #cdh #gec #gaj,mean4 #bbg -------------- -------------- ,april4 #bg -#jje #jaj #cfa #gdi #fii #a -#jjg #bh -#jjc #jbb #cff #gdd #ffc #e -#jaj #bi -#jja #jca #cfh #gci #fgj #aj -#jag #cj -#jjc #jce #cgc #gce #ffa ------------------------------ #ae -#jbd #ca -#jjh 44 #chj #gdb 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jbf ,mean4-#jbg-jji #bah #fea #gdd ------------------------------ #be -#jbh #cj -#jcb --------- ,mean4 -#jbj ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 #aijb ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #ahf #a -#jci-jdf #jdb #bef #faf #a #fbj #e #agi #b -#jci-jdh #jdi #bfe #fac #e #fjj #aj #afa #c -#jci-jej #jdi #bfi #fji #aj #ehi #ae #ada #d -#jcg-jec #jdi #bgf #fji #ae #efd #bj #aba #e -#jci-jee #jdi #bhc #fbj #bj #ecj ------------------------------ #be #jih #f -#jda-jeg #jdf #bib #fch #be #dfg #cj #jhe #g -#jda-jeb #jdf #cjc #fde #cj #dji --------- -------- ,mean4 #ach #h -#jdc-jeb #jdi #caj #fde,mean4 #edj -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i -#jdf-jej #jef #caf #fdj ,nov4 #a #jgh #aj -#jdf-jdf #jfe #cbe #fcf #a #cig ------------------------------ #e #jfg #aa -#jdf-jcg #jhc #cda #fca #e #cgg #aj #jfb #ab -#jdh-jce #jhg #cff #fcf #aj #ccg #ae #jdi #ac -#jdh-jcj #jid #djj #fcg #ae #caj #bj #jdb #ad -#jdh-jcj #jif #dbi #fdg #bj #bhe #be #jcc #ae -#jdf-jbf #aja #ddb #feh #be #bfj ------------------------------ #bh #jbf #af -#jdc-jcj #ajg #def #ffe #cj #bcj --------- -------- ,mean4 #jea #ag -#jda-jbc #abc #dfg #fgb,mean4 #cae -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah -#jci-jba #aci #dgh #fgb ,dec4 #a #jbb #ai -#jci-jbh #aed #dhg #ffe #a #bcc #e #jae #bj -#jci-jcj #afa #did #feh #e #bca ------------------------------ #aj #jaj #ba -#jda-jcb #aff #ejh #feh #aj #bae #ae #jja #bb -#jci-jcb #agj #ebh #ffa #ae #bjd #bj -#jjh #bc -#jcg-jcj #agg #eci #feh #bj #aha #be -#jag #bd -#jci-jbc #ahg #edb #feb #be #agi #cj -#jba #be -#jci-,o#af #aig #ecg #fdg #cj #aee --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jjj #bf -#jci-jje #bjh #ecb #fdc,mean4 #bjj -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg -#jda #jaa #bbj #ecb #fcf #a -#jba #bh -#jdc #jbj #bbi #edd #fca #e -#jbc #bi -#jdc #jbd #bch #ega #fbg #aj -#jcj #cj -,o#df #jcc #bde #eif #fbc ------------------------------ #ae -#jbf #ca -#jdf 44 #bed #faa 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jbc ,mean-#jdb-jbh #abg #dbi #fda ------------------------------ #be -#jcj #cj -#jci --------- ,mean4 -#jbg ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 #aijc ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #aeb #a -#jfb-jai #ajg #cad #gcg #a #gcj #e #aff #b -#jfd-jai #aaf #cba #gci #e #gjf #aj #acd #c -#jfb-jai #abg #ccb #gce #aj #feh #ae #acf #d -#jeij-ja #aci #ceb #gci #ae #fdj #bj #acb #e -#jeb-jje #adh #cgg #gec #bj #fjg ------------------------------ #be #ajg #f -#jeb-jjc #aeb #cie #geh #be #eee #cj #ajg #g -#jejjja #aeb #daa #gef #cj #ecj --------- -------- ,mean4 #acc #h -#jeg #jja #aeb #dac #gfb,mean4 #fcb -------------- ------------- ,february #i -#jeg-jjc #aeb #daa #gjb ,novemb4 #a #jhe #aj -#jeg-jja #aee #dji #gfb #a #edf ------------------------------ #e #eae #e #jhb #aa -#jei #jja #aeg #dac #gfh #aj #jgc #ab -#jei #jja #aei #dcd #gge #aj #dfg #ae #jea #ac -#jei #jjf #aei #dij #gge #ae #dbe #bj #jdj #ad -#jfd #jjh #aff #edd #ggc #bj #djf #be #jbh #ae -#jee #jac #afh #egc #gff #be #ceb ------------------------------ #bh #jjf #af -#jee #jbj #agb #eia #gfd #cj #cba --------- -------- ,mean4 #jeb #ag -#jee #jbj #age #fjd #gfb,mean4 #dcc -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah -#jeg #jgd #ahb #fac #geh ,decemb4 #a #jjf #ai -#jeg #jid #aia #fcd #gee #a #caf #e #jaj #bj -#jee #aaj #bjb #ffe #gdh #e #cjc ------------------------------ #aj #jaj #ba -#jdh #aab #bah #gja #gdb #aj #bga #ae -#jjc #bb -#jbh #abc #bcc #gba #gce #ae #bea #bj -#jje #bc -#jbh #acd #bdd #gci #gce #bj #bcc #be -#jbf #bd -#jba #aad #bdg #gdi #gbh #be #bca #cj -#jbh #be -#jce #aab #bef #gff #gcc #cj #bae --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 -#jje #bf -#jce #abg #bfi #ghb #gce,mean4 #bfj -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg -#jcg #acj #bhe #gic #gce #a -#jbh #bh -#jcg #jib #bif #ghd #gcc #e -#jbc #bi -#jcd #jib #cjc #gff #gce #aj -#jci #cj -#jbh #jih #cjg #gec #gcc ------------------------------ #ae -#jdh #ca -#jad 44 #cab #gdf 44 ------------------------------ #bj -#jci ,mean-#jdh #jdg #aig #efh #gej ------------------------------ #be -#jei #cj -#jfb --------- ,mean4 -#jdc ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 #aijd ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #baa #a -#jjh #jbf #jid #dde #fcd #a 44 #e #bac #b -#jab #jbh #jhi #ddi #fcd #e 44 #aj #aie #c -#jad #jbh #jhg #dfj #fbg #aj 44 #ae #ahf #d -#jba #jbh #jhg #dhg #fbg #ae 44 #bj #agi #e -#jba #jbh #jhe #eaj #fdg #bj 44 ------------------------------ #be #afh #f -#jai #jcc #jhc #ebh #ffa #be 44 #cj #aeg #g -#jai #jfj #jhc #eej #ffc #cj 44 --------- -------- ,mean4 #ahg #h -#jag #jfe #jhc #ehd #feh,mean4 44 -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i -#jad #jfg #jhj #faa #feb ,novem4 #a #aeg #aj -#jad #jfi #jgh #fch #fdg #a 44 ------------------------------ #e #aeb #aa -#jje #jga #jgh #ffc #feb #e 44 #aj #adc #ab #jad #jhe #jgh #fhe #feh #aj 44 #ae #acf #ac #jjd #jhi #jgh #fig #fgd #ae 44 #bj #abi #ad #jja #jid #jhj #fib #fhh #bj 44 #be #abg #ae -#jje #jib #jhc #fhe #fhc #be 44 ------------------------------ #bh #aag #af -#jje #jif #jhg #fgd 44 #cj 44 --------- -------- ,mean4 #acg #ag -#jje #aje #jid #ffe 44 ,mean4 44 -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah -#jje #aad #ajc #ffa 44 ,decem4 #a #ajc #ai -#jje #aah #abh #fef 44 #a 44 #e #jgd #bj -#jje #abc #afa #fed 44 #e 44 ------------------------------ #aj #jga #ba #jae #aba #bae #fed 44 #aj 44 #ae #jfi #bb #jaj #aba #bfb #f4di 44 #ae 44 #bj #jdf #bc #jac #aah #bib #fdg 44 #bj 44 #be #jdb #bd #jac #aba #cjh #fdc 44 #be 44 #cj #jbj #be #jae #aaf #caf #fdj 44 #cj 44 --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #jfj #bf #jac #aad #cbc #fdc 44 ,mean4 44 -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #jaj #aaf #cdc #fcf 44 #a #jac #bh #jaj #aba #cgj #fcd 44 #e -#jaj #bi #jjf #aab #djb #fbg 44 #aj -#jab #cj #jjf #ajg #dbg #fbe 44 ------------------------------ #ae #jjd #ca #jjd 44 #ddb #fbi 44 ------------------------------ #bj #jjf ,mean4-#jjb #jhf #agh #fad 44 ------------------------------ #be #jjd #cj -#jjc --------- ,mean4 #jjj ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 ,,table ,,lxvi4--,assun ,reservoir gauges4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,of ,,zero #hejj ,,metres4 ,year4,date4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,mar4 ,apr4 ,may ,jun4 ---------------------------------------- #aijb #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- #aijc #a #bjcjbajjbajebjfgaigfagfc #e #bjchbaacbajibjeeaifcafhe #aj #bjdabajfbajjbjcdaiciaefi #ae #bjfabajcbjibbjaiaiahadda ---------------------------------------- #bj #bjfgbajfbjgiaiiiahihabdb #be #bjhfbajjbjgeaihiahdh #idc #cj #bjifbajcbjfhaigbagig #gjg ---------------------------------------- ,mean #bjfjbajdbjijbjaiaijeacdg ---------------------------------------- #aijd #a #afbiaiahbjddbjiabjidaiff #e #afhjaidbbjgbbajjbjiiaijf #aj #agcgaigjbajabaaebajiagig #ae #aghabjjjbjifbabebjiaafbb ---------------------------------------- #bj #ahbfbjbhbajabaafbjgcachd #be #ahffbjcgbjidbajfbjccajbf #cj #aiacbjdabjijbjifaihc #fef ---------------------------------------- ,mean #aggfaiiabjhebajgbjfiadhj ,year4,date4 ,jul4 ,aug4 ,sep4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- #aijb #a 44 44 44 44 #abhjaggg #e 44 44 44 44 #acgbahaf #aj 44 44 44 44 #adiaahei #ae 44 44 44 44 #aegcaijb ---------------------------------------- #bj 44 44 44 #iijafehaici #be 44 44 44 #ajihagahaigg #cj 44 44 44 #abejagfgbjbe ---------------------------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 #aeeaaijj ---------------------------------------- #aijc #a 44 44 44 44 44 #ajef #e 44 44 44 44 44 #ajec #aj 44 44 44 44 #ajfcabaj #ae 44 44 44 44 #ajecaccc ---------------------------------------- #bj 44 44 44 44 #fijaddi #be 44 44 44 44 #ajeiaeah #cj 44 44 44 44 #ajegafad ---------------------------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 #acai ---------------------------------------- #aijd #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #be 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 ,,table ,,lxvii4--,cairo gauges4 7,roda island74 ,mean of #bj years #ahgc-ahib4 ,year4,date4,jan4,feb4,mar4,apr4,may4,ju n4,jul4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #e #bh #bb #ah #ae #aa #ji #aa #da #fe #fi #ef #cf #aj #bg #bb #ah #ad #aa #ji #ac #di #fg #fi #ea #cd #ae #bf #ba #ag #ac #aa #ji #ae #eg #fh #fh #dg #cc #bj #be #bj #af #ac #aa #ji #ah #ei #fi #fh #dc #cb #be #bd #ai #af #ab #aj #aj #bb #fb #gj #fg #dj #cj ,end4 #bc #ai #ae #ab #aj #aa #bi #fd #ga #fb #ch #bi ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahgg #e #bg #bb #ae #ac #aa #jg #ab #cf #eb #eb #ci #bi #aj #bg #ba #ad #ac #aj #jg #ab #dj #ec #ej #cf #bg #ae #bf #ai #ad #ab #aj #jg #ad #dg #eb #di #cg #bf ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #bf #ah #ac #aa #aj #jh #af #df #eb #df #cg #be #be #be #ag #ad #aa #aj #aj #bd #ec #ea #dd #ce #bd ,end4 #bc #ag #ad #aj #ai #ac #bh #ec #ec #db #ca #bc ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean4 #bf #ai #ad #ab #aj #ji #ah #df #eb #dg #cf #bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahgh #e #bb #af #aj #jf #jc #jj-jb #da #fe #hd #ge #di #aj #ba #ae #ji #jf #jb #jj #jd #di #fh #hg #gd #dg #ae #ba #ac #ji #je #jb #jj #jh #ed #gb #hd #fi #de ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #ai #ab #aj #je #jb-jb #aj #fj #gf #ha #fb #dd #be #ah #aa #jh #jd #ja-jb #ad #fc #gi #gi #ee #db ,end4 #ag #aa #jh #jc #jj-jb #bf #ff #hb #gg #ee #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean4 #ai #ac #ji #je #jb-ja #aj #ee #gd #hb #fe #dd ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahgi #e #cg #cb #bg #be #bb #bj #ba #ea #ga #gi #ei #dd #aj #cf #cj #bg #be #bb #ba #ba #ei #gj #ge #ed #dj #ae #ce #bi #bf #be #bb #bc #bf #fe #gb #gf #ej #ch ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj #cd #bi #bf #bd #ba #bb #ce #fi #gg #gd #dg #cg #be #cc #bh #be #bc #ba #bb #ci #gj #hj #gc #de #ce ,end4 #cb #bh #be #bc #bj #ba #di #ga #ha #ff #dc #ce ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mean4 #ce #bi #bf #bd #ba #ba #cb #fd #ge #gd #ej #ch ,referred to zero as ,r4 ,l4 #abbe4 ,,table ,,lxvii4 7continued74--,cairo gauges 7,roda island74 #aijb ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bgh #a #bjh #agc #agi #cff #dhg #a #efh #e #bgd #b #bjg #age #agh #cfa #dib #e #efj #aj #bfh #c #bjb #age #agf #cfd #eja #aj #eea #ae #bdi #d #bjj #agh #age #cfd #ead #ae #eeg #bj #bbe #e #bjj #ahj #age #cff #ebc #bj #eff ------------------------------ #be #baf #f #bjj #ahj #agf #cff #ebh #be #eej #cj #bbg #g #bjj #ahj #agi #cfh #ecj #cj #ebb --------- -------- ,mean4 #bde #h #aih #ahb #ahh #cgb #ecj,mean4 #eec -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #aii #ahc #aih #cgg #ece ,nov4 #a #bbg #aj #aii #ahb #bjg #chj #eda #a #eaa ------------------------------ #e #bbe #aa #aih #ahj #baf #cha #edi #e #dif #aj #bbj #ab #aih #ahj #bbe #chd #eed #aj #dfe #ae #bbj #ac #aif #aha #bcb #chf #eee #ae #ddd #bj #bbg #ad #aif #ahj #bch #chh #eec #bj #dch #be #bbb #ae #aid #ahj #bda #cij #eeb #be #cie ------------------------------ #bh #bcg #af #aid #agi #bdg #cic #eec #cj #cia --------- -------- ,mean4 #bbe #ag #aia #agh #bej #cie #eee,mean4 #ddi -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #ahf #agf #beb #cig #eef ,dec4 #a #bcg #ai #ahf #aga #bef #djb #eeh #a #cic #e #bcb #bj #ahf #afh #beh #dac #efd #e #cgj ------------------------------ #aj #bcj #ba #ahf #aff #bfd #dbf #efg #aj #cbi #ae #bcd #bb #ahd #afd #bgj #dcc #egd #ae #cje #bj #bcj #bc #ahb #aff #bhb #ddj #egg #bj #cje #be #bbi #bd #ahb #afi #bid #ddg #egg #be #bie #cj #bbi #be #ahj #aga #cje #dea #egg #cj #bgh --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #bcb #bf #ahj #agf #cac #deh #ega,mean4 #cbe -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #agh #agh #cbc #dfe #egj #a #bbi #bh #agh #ahj #cce #dgb #efi #e #bbg #bi #agg #ahj #cej #dgi #efi #aj #bji #cj #age #ahj #ced #dhc #efh ------------------------------ #ae #bab #ca #agd 44 #ceg #dhe 44 ------------------------------ #bj #bab ,mean4 #aib #agf #bde #djg #edd ------------------------------ #be #bjg #cj #bjh --------- ,mean4 #bae ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #abbe metres4 #aijc ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4 ,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bgh #a #bjc #ahg #cbe #cgc #fah #a #fai #e #bfi #b #bjb #aic #cdh #cgf #faa #e #fcd #aj #bfd #c #bjj #aif #cee #cgf #faa #aj #ffc #ae #bfg #d #bjj #aih #ced #cgh #fji #ae #ffa #bj #bea #e #aif #aih #cei #chj #fjf #bj #fgb ------------------------------ #be #bdc #f #aic #aih #ceg #chd #fjd #be #fij #cj #bcf #g #ahi #aih #ced #chi #fjb #cj #eia --------- -------- ,mean4 #bef #h #ahd #aii #ceg #chi #fje,mean4 #fdg -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #aha #bjj #ced #cia #fjg ,nov4 #a 44 #aj #agi #bjc #cee #cib #fad #a #fah ------------------------------ #e #bdg #aa #agg #bjf #ceg #cid #fah #e #fae #aj #bdc #ab #agi #bjf #ceg #djb #fba #aj #eij #ae #bch #ac #agi #bjg #ceg #djf #fbe #ae #ebc #bj #bch #ad #agg #bjh #cei #dai #ebg #bj #dfg #be #bcc #ae #age #baj #cfj #dbd #fbi #be #dej ------------------------------ #bh #bcj #af #agi #baf #cfb #dcc #fcc #cj #dbf --------- -------- ,mean4 #bch #ag #agi #bbj #cfd #ddj #fcf,mean4 #ebg -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah 44 #bbj #cff #ddi #fci ,dec4 #a #bbi #ai 44 #bbe #cfd #dfi #fda #a #dbb #e #bbd #bj #age #bcb #cfh #dhi #fda #e #djh ------------------------------ #aj #bcf #ba #age #bcf #cfd #ejc #fci #aj #cii #ae #bcb #bb #agf #bci #cff #eae #fcf #ae #cej #bj #bcc #bc #agg #cff #fcc #bj #ccc #be #bda #bd #age #bde #cff #edj #fbh #be #cja #cj #bdb #be #agh #bdh #cfi #eee #fbe #cj #bhf --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #bcd #bf 44 #bej #cfh #egb #fbj,mean4 #ceg -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #ahj #bed #cfi #ehd #fae #a #bdj #bh #ahc #bfa #cfi #eic #faa #e #bch #bi #ahe #bhb #cff #fje #faj #aj #bbe #cj #ahc #cja #cgj #fae #fae ------------------------------ #ae #bbb #ca #ahc 44 #cgb #fah 44 ------------------------------ #bj #bdj ,mean4 #ahd #bbe #ceh #dfa #fbb ------------------------------ #be #bbj #cj #bjd --------- ,mean4 #bbg ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #abbe metres4 #aijd ,date4 ,month4 ,date4 ,may4,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4,date4,month4 gust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,january4 ,october4 #a #bhb #a #beh #bfj #cei #chh #efh #a 44 #e #bfi #b #beh #bfe #cei #cic #eff #e 44 #aj #bab #c #bef #cje #ceg #djd #efd #aj 44 #ae #bed #d #bef #bij #cef #dae #efb #ae 44 #bj #bdg #e #beg #bge #cei #dbf #efe #bj 44 ------------------------------ #be #bda #f #beg #bhj #cei #dch #efe #be 44 #cj #bdd #g #bed #bhd #cei #ddg #eff #cj 44 --------- -------- ,mean4 #bej #h #bef #bhf #ceg #def #efg,mean4 44 -------------- ------------- ,february4 #i #bed #bhh #ceg #dfe #efi ,novem4 #a #bej #aj #bed #bib #ced #dgf #ege #a 44 ------------------------------ #e #bfb #aa #beb #big #ced #dhd #egi #e 44 #aj #bgd #ab #beb #cja #ced #ead #ehc #aj 44 #ae #bgj #ac #bed -- #cee #edj #ehd #ae 44 #bj #bff #ad #bef #cjh #ced #efb #ehb #bj 44 #be #bhc #ae #bed #cji #ceg #ehj #ehj #be 44 ------------------------------ #bh #bhc #af #beb #cjg #ced #eid #ehc #cj 44 --------- -------- ,mean4 #bgj #ag #bej #caj #ced #eie #ehe,mean4 44 -------------- ------------- ,march4 #ah #bed #cae #ced #eig #ehi ,decem4 #a #bgc #ai #bed #cbc #ced #eig #eic #a 44 #e #bgi #bj #beb #cce #ceb #eic #eib #e 44 ------------------------------ #aj #bge #ba #beb #cej #ceb #eia #eib #aj 44 #ae #bgj #bb #beb #ceg #ced #ehf #ehi #ae 44 #bj #bgj #bc #beb #cei #ced #ehb #ehf #bj 44 #be #bff #bd #bea #cfj #ced #egg #ehj #be 44 #cj #bfj #be #beb #cee #ceg #ege 44 #cj 44 --------------------------------------- -------- ,mean4 #bgj #bf #bef #cee #ceg #egd 44 ,mean4 44 -------------- ------------- ,april4 #bg #beg #ceg #ceg #egc 44 #a #bfa #bh #beh #ceg #ceg #egj 44 #e #bfa #bi #bef #ceh #cei #efi 44 #aj #bef #cj #bed #ceh #cgc #efh 44 ------------------------------ #ae #bfj #ca #bef 44 #chh #efh 44 ------------------------------ #bj #bch ,mean4 #bee #cab #cad #eae 44 ------------------------------ #be #baa #cj #beb -------------- ,mean4 #bdh ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #abbe metres4 ,,table ,,lxviii4--,gauges downstream of the ,rosetta ,weir4 ,year4,date4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,mar4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,jun4 ---------------------------------------- #aijb #a #ceg #bab #ajj #jjj-jej-jej #e #cec #aie #jhg-jdh-jej-jej #aj #cdj #agg #jfg-jde-jej-jab #ae #cab #aed #jca-jdh-jej #jjj ----------------------------------- #bj #bge #acg #jfj-jdg-jej-jjb #be #beh #aae #jcc-jej-jej #jjj #cj #bbd #jic-jbi-jej-jej #jjj ,mean #cjc #aee #jcf-jda-jej-jaf ---------------------------------------- #aijc #a #ceb #bef #add-jce-jdj-jdf #e #cdh #bbb #abe-jch-jdb-jdf #aj #cci #aid #jfg-jch-jdd-jdf #ae #cdd #ahh #jej-jdj-jde-jdf ----------------------------------- #bj #cbd #agi #jch-jdj-jdf-jdf #be #cjc #afb #jja-jdj-jdf-jdf #cj #bhj #aej-jcb-jdj-jdf-jdf ----------------------------------- ,mean #cbg #aic #jef-jci-jdd-jdf ---------------------------------------- #aijd #a #bih #bef #bbh #jjj-jcc-jce #e #bhj #cjf #abe-jbj-jcb-jce #aj #bga #bij #jej-jdj-jcb-jca #ae #bff #bge #jjj-jbe-jcb-jcb ----------------------------------- #bj #beg #beg #jjj-jdj-jcb-jcb #be #bed #bch #jjj-jcb-jcb-jaj #cj #bdd #bbh #jjj-jcd-jce-jbd ---------------------------------------- ,mean #bfg #bej #jeh-jbg-jcc-jbh ,year4,date4 ,jul4 ,aug4 ,sep4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- #aijb #a #jjj #aaj #dcj #ecf #ded #daj #e #jjj #aid #dhc #ebd #dbg #cfc #aj #jje #bjj #ejd #ejh #che #cij #ae #jjc #bbf #eaf #eab #cej #cie ----------------------------------- #bj #jjh #bhg #ebh #ecb #cch #cii #be #jaf #cgg #edj #ejh #caj #chd #cj #jid #dbb #ecf #dga #cih #ceh ,mean #jah #bfj #eje #eaa #chj #chi ---------------------------------------- #aijc #a -#jdc #aib #fab #fjj #fjg #cbj #e -#jcj #bge #eih #faa #fjj #bij #aj -#jbj #cde #fjj #fcc #ehf #cah #ae -#jab #dje #fab #fcc #ebd #caa ----------------------------------- #bj -#jgf #dbf #fbb #fdc #ddh #cjj #be -#jgj #ebd #fjg #fei #cie #cji #cj -#aej #fjc #eie #fbf #cdb #cjj ----------------------------------- ,mean-#jbg #cif #fjg #fbi #ejj #cjg ---------------------------------------- #aijd #a -#jbd #aej #eai 44 44 44 #e -#jbd #bhj #eaa 44 44 44 #aj -#jbd #cif #ebc 44 44 44 #ae -#jbd #ede #eca 44 44 44 ----------------------------------- #bj -#jbd #efc #ede 44 44 44 #be -#jbd #ecj 44 44 44 44 #cj #jbj #eai 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,mean #jbc #dbf 44 44 44 44 ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #ajjj metres4 ,,table ,,lxix4--,gauges downstream of the ,damietta ,weir4 ,year4,date4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,mar4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,jun4 ---------------------------------------- #aijb #a #jdd #jej #jge #jad-jja #jbg #e #jdd #jee #jge #jjf-jja #jbg #aj #jda #jfe #jge #jjj-jja-jja #ae #jcf #jge #jge #jjj-jja-jjc ----------------------------------- #bj #jcd #jej #jbg-jja #jjg-jjd #be #jcb #jge #jag-jja #jaj-jjd #cj #jej #jge #jad-jja #jba-jjd ----------------------------------- ,mean4 #jdj #jfd #jea #jjb #jje #jje ---------------------------------------- #aijc #a #jdb #jcj #jbi #jeb-jab-jae #e #jce #jcj #jgg #jad-jab-jae #aj #jcc #jcj #jie #jjj-jad-jae #ae #jcc #jcj #jfh-jjb-jad-jae ----------------------------------- #bj #jcc #jcj #jfc-jjh-jae-jae #be #jcc #jcj #jfj-jaj-jae-jae #cj #jcj #jcj #jfg-jab-jae-jae ----------------------------------- ,mean4 #jcd #jcj #jff #jje-jad-jae ---------------------------------------- #aijd #a #cfj #bid #jgb #aee #jaa-jje #e #cea #ahh #bec #acg #jda-jjh #aj #cdf #jgg #cjf #ajj #jdf-jji #ae #cda #jge #bfe #jde #jbd-jji ----------------------------------- #bj #cce #jfh #bch #aeb #jjb-jji #be #ccb #jff #aif #aaf #jce #ajf #cj #cbd #jgb #ahb #jae-jjb #aig ----------------------------------- ,mean4 #cda #abj #baf #ajc #jbb #jch ,year4,date4 ,jul4 ,aug4 ,sep4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- #aijb #a -#jjd #aah #dcd #ebf #ded #bfb #e -#jjd #abj #dhj #ead #dbi #bjb #aj -#jjd #bbc #ejj #ejb #dja #abe #ae #jba #bgc #eab #ejf #chj #jhe ----------------------------------- #bj #jce #cdj #ebj #ebf #cge #jfj #be #jch #cih #ecj #ejb #ceb #jde #cj #abj #dbf #ebf #dff #bgg #jdb ----------------------------------- ,mean4 #jbi #bga #ejj #ejf #cha #aag ---------------------------------------- #aijc #a -#jac #ajj #fjf #fji #fae #dgg #e #jfg #jhj #fjh #fbb #fji #dgf #aj #jcc #jej #faj #fdh #eie #djj #ae #abj #bcj #fai #fdf #edf #ced ----------------------------------- #bj #ajj #dcb #fcj #feg #die #cdd #be #abj #ebi #fad #fge #dhg #cfh #cj #aaj #eih #fjf #fce #dhe #cfb ----------------------------------- ,mean4 #jgg #bhh #fac #fda #edf #cig ---------------------------------------- #aijd #a #bjb #cjh #ebj 44 44 44 #e #age #cfd #eaa 44 44 44 #aj #aaf #dbb #ebc 44 44 44 #ae #jej #eed #eca 44 44 44 ----------------------------------- #bj -#jjc #efi #edg 44 44 44 #be -#jje #ecb 44 44 44 44 #cj #bjj #ebj 44 44 44 44 ----------------------------------- ,mean4 #aje #dfg 44 44 44 44 ,zero is ,r4 ,l4 #ajjj metres4 ,appendix ,m4 ,,table ,,lxx4--,assun gauge4 ,pics referred to metres with ,zero at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj metres4 ,kirats4,,pics ,,and ,,kirats ,,converted ,,into ,,metres1 ,,referred ,,to ,,zero ,,at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj ,,metres1 ,,or #a ,,pic #ad ---------------------------------------- --------- ,pic #j4 ,pic #a4 ,pic #b4 ,pic #c4 ,pic #d4 ,pic #e4 ,pic #f4 ---------------------------------------- --------- metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4metre s4metres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #j -#hd -#cj #bd #gh #acb #ahf #bdj #a -#hb -#bh #bf #hj #acd #ahh #bdb #b -#hj -#be #bh #hb #acg #aia #bde #c -#gh -#bc #ca #he #aci #aic #bdg #d -#ge -#ba #cc #hg #ada #aie #bej #e -#gc -#ai #ce #hi #adc #aig #beb #f -#ga -#ag #cg #ib #ade #bjj #bed #g -#fh -#ad #dj #id #adg #bjb #bef #h -#ff -#ab #db #if #aej #bjd #beh #i -#fd -#aj #dd #ih #aeb #bjf #bfj #aj -#fa -#jh #df #ajj #aee #bjh #bfc #aa -#ei -#jf #dh #ajb #aeg #baa #bfe #ab -#eg -#jd #jej #aje #aei #bac #bfg #ac -#ee -#jb #ec #ajg #afa #bae #bfi #ad -#eb #jjj #ee #aji #afc #bag #bga #ae -#ej #jc #eh #aab #aff #bbj #bgd #af -#dh #jf #fj #aad #afh #bbb #bgf #ag -#df #jh #fb #aaf #agj #bbd #bgh #ah -#dd #aj #fe #aah #agc #bbf #bha #ai -#da #ab #fg #aba #age #bbi #bhc #bj -#ci #ae #fi #abc #agg #bca #bhe #ba -#cg #ag #ga #abe #agi #bcc #bhg #bb -#ce #bj #gd #abg #ahb #bce #bij #bc -#cb #bb #gf #acj #acd #bch #bib ,kirats4,,pics ,,and ,,kirats ,,converted ,,into ,,metres1 ,,referred ,,to ,,zero ,,at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj ,,metres1 ,,or #a ,,pic #ad ---------------------------------------- -- ,pic #g4 ,pic #h4 ,pic #i4,pic #aj4,pic #aa4,pic #ab4 ---------------------------------------- -- metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4metre s4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #j #bid #cdh #djj #def #eaj #efd #a #big #cej #djc #deh #eab #eff #b #cjj #ceb #djf #dfj #ead #efh #c #cjb #cee #djh #dfc #eag #ega #d #cjd #ceg #daa #dfe #eai #egc #e #cjf #cei #dac #dfg #eba #ege #f #cjh #cfa #daf #dgj #ebd #egg #g #caj #cfd #dah #dgb #ebf #ehj #h #cab #cff #dbj #dgd #ebh #ehb #i #cad #cfh #dbb #dgf #ecj #ehd #aj #caf #cgj #dbd #dgh #ecb #ehf #aa #cai #cgc #dbg #dha #ece #ehi #ab #cba #cge #dbi #dhc #ecg #eia #ac #cbc #cgg #dca #dhe #eci #eic #ad #cbe #cgi #dcc #dhh #edb #eif #ae #cbh #chb #dcf #dij #edd #eih #af #ccj #chd #dch #dib #edf #fjj #ag #ccb #chf #ddj #did #edh #fjb #ah #cce #chh #ddb #dif #eej #fjd #ai #ccg #cij #ddd #dih #eec #fjg #bj #cci #cib #ddf #ejj #eee #fji #ba #cda #cid #ddh #ejc #eeg #faa #bb #cdc #cif #dej #eje #efj #fad #bc #cdf #cih #dec #ejh #efb #faf ,kirats4,,pics ,,and ,,kirats ,,converted ,,into ,,metres1 ,,referred ,,to ,,zero ,,at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj ,,metres1 ,,or #a ,,pic #ad ---------------------------------------- -- ,pic #ac4,pic #ad4,pic #ae4,pic #af4,pic #ag4,pic #ah4 ---------------------------------------- -- metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4metre s4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #j #fah #fgb #gbf #ghj #hcd #hhh #a #fbj #fgd #gbh #ghb #hcf #hij #b #fbb #fgf #gcj #ghd #hch #hib #c #fbe #fgi #gcc #ghg #hda #hid #d #fbg #fha #gce #gh #hdc #hif #e #fbi #fhc #gcg #gia #hde #hih #f #fca #fhe #gci #gic #hdh #ijj #g #fcd #fhh #gdb #gif #hej #ijc #h #fcf #fij #gdd #gih #heb #ijf #i #fch #fib #gdf #hjj #hed #ijh #aj #fda #fie #gdh #hjb #heg #iaj #aa #fdc #fig #gej #hje #hei #iac #ab #fde #gjj #gec #hjg #hfa #iae #ac #fdg #gjb #gee #hji #hfc #iag #ad #fej #gjd #geh #daa #hfe #iai #ae #feb #gjf #gfj #had #hfh #ibb #af #fed #gjh #gfb #haf #hgj #ibd #ag #fef #gaj #gfd #hah #hgb #ibf #ah #feh #gac #gff #hbj #hgd #ibi #ai #ffj #gae #gfi #hbc #hgg #ica #bj #ffc #gag #gga #hbe #hgi #icc #ba #ffe #gai #ggc #hbg #hha #ice #bb #ffh #gba #gge #hbi #hhc #icg #bc #fgj #gbd #ggh #hcb #hhf #idj ,,table ,,lxxi4--,cairo gauge4 ,pics referred to metres with ,zero at ,r4 ,l4 #abbe metres4 ,kirats4,,pics ,,and ,,kirats ,,converted ,,into ,,metres1 ,,referred ,,to ,,zero ,,at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj ,,metres1 ,,or #a ,,pic #ad ---------------------------------------- --------- ,pic #h4 ,pic #i4,pic #aj4,pic #aa4,pic #ab4,pic #ac4,pic #ad4 ---------------------------------------- --------- metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4metre s4metres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #j #hi #adh #bjc #bfb #caf #cfi #dah #a #ia #aej #bje #bfe #cah #cga #dbj #b #ic #aeb #bjh #bfg #cbj #cgc #dbb #c #ie #aed #baj #bgj #cbb #cge #dbd #d #ig #aef #bac #bgb #cbd #cgg #dbf #e #ajj #aei #bae #bgd #cbg #cgi #dbh #f #ajb #afa #bah #bgf #cbi #chb #dcj #g #aje #afc #bba #bgh #cca #chd #dcb #h #ajg #afe #bbd #bhj #ccd #chf #dcd #i #aji #afg #bbf #bhb #ccg #chh #dcf #aj #aaa #afi #bbi #bhd #cci #cij #dch #aa #aac #agb #bca #bhf #cda #cib #ddj #ab #aae #agd #bcc #bhh #cdc #cid #ddb #ac #aag #agf #bce #bij #cdf #cif #ddd #ad #abj #agh #bcg #bic #cdh #cih #ddf #ae #abb #aha #bci #bie #cej #djj #ddh #af #abe #ahc #bdb #big #ceb #djb #dej #ag #abh #ahf #bde #cjj #ced #djd #deb #ah #aca #ahh #bdh #cjb #cef #djf #ded #ai #acd #aia #bej #cjd #ceh #djh #def #bj #acg #aid #beb #cjf #cfj #daj #deh #ba #adj #aif #bee #cji #cfb #dab #dfj #bb #adb #aih #beg #caa #cfd #dad #dfb #bc #ade #bjj #bfj #cac #cff #daf #dfd ,kirats4,,pics ,,and ,,kirats ,,converted ,,into ,,metres1 ,,referred ,,to ,,zero ,,at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj ,,metres1 ,,or #a ,,pic #ad ---------------------------------------- -- ,pic #ae4,pic #af4,pic #ag4,pic #ah4,pic #ai4,pic #bj4 ---------------------------------------- -- metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4metre s4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #j #dff #eae #eci #efd #eia #fah #a #dfh #eaf #edj #efe #eib #fai #b #dgj #eag #eda #eff #eic #fbj #c #dgb #eah #edb #efg #eid #fba #d #dgd #eai #edc #efh #eif #fbc #e #dgf #ebj #edd #efi #eig #fbd #f #dgh #eba #ede #egj #eih #fbe #g #dhj #ebb #edf #ega #eii #fbf #h #dhb #ebc #edg #egb #fjj #fbg #i #dhd #ebd #edh #egd #fja #fbh #aj #dhf #ebe #edi #ege #fjb #fbi #aa #dhh #ebf #eej #egf #fjc #fca #ab #dij #ebg #eea #egg #fjd #fcb #ac #dib #ebh #eeb #egh #fje #fcc #ad #did #ebi #eec #egi #fjg #fcd #ae #dif #ecj #eed #ehj #fjh #fce #af #dih #eca #eee #eha #fji #fcf #ag #ejj #ecb #eeg #ehc #faj #fcg #ah #ejb #ecc #eeh #ehd #fab #fci #ai #ejd #ecd #eei #ehe #fac #fdj #bj #ejf #ece #efj #ehg #fad #fda #ba #eji #ecf #efa #ehh #fae #fdb #bb #eaa #ecg #efb #ehi #faf #fdc #bc #eac #ech #efc #eij #fag #fdd ,kirats4,,pics ,,and ,,kirats ,,converted ,,into ,,metres1 ,,referred ,,to ,,zero ,,at ,r4 ,l4 #hejj ,,metres1 ,,or #a ,,pic #ad ---------------------------------------- -- ,pic #ba4,pic #bb4,pic #bc4,pic #bd4,pic #be4,pic #bf4 ---------------------------------------- -- metres4metres4metres4metres4metres4metre s4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #j #fdf #fgd #gbf #ghc #hce #hhh #a #fdg #fgf #gbh #ghe #hcg #hia #b #fdh #fgh #gca #ghg #hci #hic #c #fdi #fhj #gce #ghi #hda #hie #d #fej #fhc #gcg #gia #hdc #hig #e #fea #fhe #gci #gic #hdf #ijj #f #feb #fhg #gda #gif #hdh #ijb #g #fec #fhi #gdc #gih #hej #ijd #h #fed #fia #gdf #hjj #heb #ijf #i #fef #fic #gdh #hjb #hed #iji #aj #feg #fif #gej #hjd #hef #iaa #aa #feh #fih #geb #hjf #hei #iac #ab #fei #gjj #ged #hji #hfa #iae #ac #ffa #gjb #gef #haa #hfc #iah #ad #ffb #gjd #gei #hac #hfe #ibj #ae #ffc #gjf #gfa #hae #hfh #ibb #af #ffd #gji #gfc #hag #hgj #ibd #ag #ffe #gaa #gff #hbj #hgb #ibf #ah #fff #gac #gfh #hbb #hgd #ibi #ai #ffh #gaf #gga #hbd #hgf #ica #bj #ffi #gah #ggc #hbf #hgi #icc #ba #fgj #gbj #gge #hbi #hha #ice #bb #fga #gbb #ggh #hca #hhc #icg #bc #fgc #gbd #ghj #hcc #hhe #idj ,appendix ,n4 ,,table ,,lxxii4--,table for ,converting ,cubic ,metres per ,day into ,cubic ,metres per ,second4 ,cubic metres,cubic metres per day4 per second4 ------------------------ #aj1jjj #jaaeg #bj1jjj #jbcae #cj1jjj #jcdgb #dj1jjj #jdfcj #ej1jjj #jeghg #fj1jjj #jfidd #gj1jjj #jhajb #hj1jjj #jibei #ij1jjj #ajdag #ajj1jjj #aaegd #aej1jjj #agcfa #bjj1jjj #bcadh #bej1jjj #bhice #cjj1jjj #cdgbb #cej1jjj #djeji #djj1jjj #dfbif #dej1jjj #ebjhc #ejj1jjj #eghgj #eej1jjj #fcfeg #fjj1jjj #fiddd #fej1jjj #gebca #gjj1jjj #hajah #gej1jjj #hfhje #hjj1jjj #ibeic #hej1jjj #ihchj #ijj1jjj #ajdafg #iej1jjj #ajiied #a1jjj1jjj #aaegda #a1bej1jjj #addfgf #a1ejj1jjj #agcfaa #a1gej1jjj #bjbedf #b1jjj1jjj #bcadha #b1bej1jjj #bfjdag #b1ejj1jjj #bhiceb #b1gej1jjj #cahbhg #c1jjj1jjj #cdgbbb #c1bej1jjj #cgfaeg #c1ejj1jjj #djejib #c1gej1jjj #dcdjbh #d1jjj1jjj #dfbifc #d1bej1jjj #diahih #d1ejj1jjj #ebjhcc #d1gej1jjj #edigfh #e1jjj1jjj #eghgjd #e1bej1jjj #fjgfci #e1ejj1jjj #fcfegd #e1gej1ajj #ffeeji #f1jjj1jjj #fidddd #f1bej1jjj #gbcchj #f1ejj1jjj #gebcae #f1gej1jjj #ghabej #g1jjj1jjj #hajahe #g1bej1jjj #hciabj #g1ejj1jjj #hfhjee #g1gej1jjj #hifiia #h1jjj1jjj #ibeibf #h1bej1jjj #iedhfa #h1ejj1jjj #ihcgif #h1gej1jjj #ajabgca #i1jjj1jjj #ajdaffg #i1bej1jjj #ajgjfjb #i1ejj1jjj #ajiiecg #i1gej1jjj #aabhdgb #aj1jjj1jjj #aaegdjg ,rough ,working ,approximations4 ,cubic metres,cubic metres per day4 per second4 ------------------------ #abe1jjj #ae #bej1jjj #c #ejj1jjj #f #gej1jjj #i #a1jjj1jjj #ab #b1jjj1jjj #bd #c1jjj1jjj #cf #d1jjj1jjj #dh #e1jjj1jjj #fj #f1jjj1jjj #gb #g1jjj1jjj #hd #h1jjj1jjj #if #i1jjj1jjj #ajh #aj1jjj1jjj #abj ,,table ,,lxxiii4--,table for converting ,cubic ,metres per ,second into ,cubic ,metres per ,day4 ,cubic metres ,cubic metres per per day4 second4 ------------------- #a #hf1djj #b #agb1hjj #c #bei1bjj #d #cde1fjj #e #dcb1jjj #f #eah1djj #g #fjd1hjj #h #fia1bjj #i #ggg1fjj #aj #hfd1jjj #aa #iej1djj #ab #a1jcf1hjj #ac #a1abc1bjj #ad #a1bji1fjj #ae #a1bif1jjj #af #a1chb1djj #ag #a1dfh1hjj #ah #a1eee1bjj #ai #a1fda1fjj #bj #a1gbh1jjj #ba #a1had1djj #bb #a1ijj1hjj #bc #a1ihg1bjj #bd #b1jgc1ejj #be #b1afj1jjj #bf #b1bdf1djj #bg #b1ccb1hjj #bh #b1dai1bjj #bi #b1eje1fjj #cj #b1eib1jjj #ca #b1fgh1djj #cb #b1gfd1hjj #cc #b1hea1bjj #cd #b1icg1fjj #ce #c1jbd1jjj #cf #c1aaj1djj #cg #c1aif1hjj #ch #c1bhc1bjj #ci #c1cfi1fjj #dj #c1def1jjj #da #c1edb1djj #db #c1fbh1hjj #dc #c1gae1bjj #dd #c1hja1fjj #de #c1hhh1jjj #df #c1igd1djj #dg #d1jfj1hjj #dh #d1adg1bjj #di #d1bcc1fjj #ej #d1cbj1jjj #ea #d1djf1djj #eb #d1dib1hjj #ec #d1egi1bjj #ed #d1ffe1fjj #ee #d1geb1jjj #ef #d1hch1djj #eg #d1ibd1hjj #eh #e1jaa1bjj #ei #e1jig1fjj #fj #e1ahd1jjj #fa #e1bgj1djj #fb #e1cef1hjj #fc #e1ddc1bjj #fd #e1ebi1fjj #fe #e1faf1jjj #ff #e1gjb1djj #fg #e1ghh1hjj #fh #e1hge1bjj #fi #e1ifa1fjj #gj #f1jdh1jjj #ga #f1acd1djj #gb #f1bbj1hjj #gc #f1cjg1bjj #gd #f1cic1fjj #ge #f1dhj1jjj #gf #f1eff1djj #gg #f1feb1hjj #gh #f1gci1bjj #gi #f1hbe1fjj #hj #f1iab1jjj #ha #f1iih1djj #hb #g1jhd1hjj #hc #g1aga1bjj #hd #g1beg1fjj #he #g1cdd1jjj #hf #g1dcj1djj #hg #g1eaf1hjj #hh #g1fjc1bjj #hi #g1fhi1fjj #ij #g1ggf1jjj #ia #g1hfb1djj #ib #g1idh1hjj #ic #h1jce1bjj #id #h1aba1fjj #ie #h1bjh1jjj #if #h1bid1djj #ig #h1chj1hjj #ih #h1dfg1bjj #ii #h1eec1fjj #ajj #h1fdj1jjj ,appendix ,p4 ,,table ,,lxxiv4--,bombay rainfall compared with the ,assun gauges4 ,year4 ,,bombay ,,rainfall ,,assu,n ,,gauge ,,in ,,millimetres ,,in ,,metres ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,june4,july4 ,au- ,sept4 ,total ,varia- ,au- ,sept4 ,variation gust4 #d tion gust4 from normal4 ,months4 from ------------ normal4 ,aug4,sept4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgd #dgd #ajdf #bhb #bgi #bjha #bfg #gif #heiabj #jia ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahge #fah #chi #caj #hjf #babc #cji #gcb #hjfjef #jch #ahgf #cbh #fjb #bbj #aai #abfi -#ede #gai #hchjdc #jgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgg #ijd #bha #baf #bbf #afbg -#ahg #efg #faa-aji -#aeg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgh #eje #abbg #eah #dag #bffg #hec #fhd #hfbjjh #jid ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgi #dbj #bhe #efg #adb #adad -#djj #gci #hacjfc #jde #ahhj #edd #dfe #ajd #egi #afib -#abb #fif #gdcjbj -#jbe #ahha #chg #gdg #dhc #aaf #agcc -#ha #eif #hjg-jhj #jci #ahhb #fii #fhc #he #bee #agbb -#ib #fjj #gcc-jgf -#jce #ahhc #cdf #ajaa #cah #cab #aihg #agc #gbj #giajdd #jbc #ahhd #cce #fee #chf #dcb #ahjh -#f #fjf #gjd-jgj -#jfd #ahhe #acj #eed #fde #cje #afcd -#ahj #gci #gfajfc -#jjg #ahhf #aajc #ijg #bgb #aff #bddh #fcd #fch #gfe-jch -#jjc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahhg #faj #ghe #dde #dfc #bcjc #dhi #gie #hfbaai #jid ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahhh #dja #egc #bhi #abd #achg -#dbg #eii #ffa-jgg -#ajg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahhi #eje #gge #bfj #fc #afjc -#baa #fhh #giajab #jbc #ahij #fjg #eed #bge #afh #afjd -#baj #gdg #hadjga #jdf #ahia #cdh #hcj #agj #ege #aibc #aji #fgi #ghcjjc #jae ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahib #cch #fjj #hch #efi #bcde #eca #gad #hfgjch #jii ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahic #edd #cii #cdc #aig #adhc -#cca #fig #gdcjba -#jbe #ahid #dbf #ffb #bah #cje #afaa -#bjc #gbg #hcgjea #jfi #ahie #deb #dee #djb #cjg #afaf -#aih #hjg #hajaca #jdb #ahif #gjc #ibc #ecf #da #bbjc #chi #fgc #hba-jjc #jec #ahig #cea #ghj #cea #ebj #bjjb #ahh #fbc #gec-jec -#jae #ahih #fdh #efd #acd #eac #ahei #de #gjg #haajca #jdc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahii #ebg #aba #acc #hh #hfi -#ide #dbh #faf-bdh -#aeb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijj #ddb #ejh #fjc #bjc #agef -#eh #fij #gacjad -#jee #aija #fbg #hdd #cfd #dg #ahhb #fh #fdh #gde-jbh -#jbc #aijb #bdh #cfi #dfh #gja #aghf -#bh #dbe #fdj-bea -#abh #aijc #dgb #fae #dgf #bbi #agib -#bb #efh #gcj-ajh -#jch #aijd 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,appendix ,q4 ,,table ,,lxxv4--,station ,addis ,ababa4 7,meteorological data74 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january 44 44 #bdc #ff #aed 44 ,s 44 #j 44 ,february 44 44 #bbj #ic #aef 44,s #bb ,e 44 #fe 44 ,march 44 44 #bddajb #agc 44,s #bd ,e 44 #cg 44 ,april 44 44 #bbcaaa #afg 44,s #de ,e 44 #aaa 44 ,may 44 44 #bbgajc #afe 44,s #de ,e 44 #fa 44 ,june 44 44 #beb #ii #age 44,s #de ,e 44 #adb 44 ,july 44 44 #bejajb #agf 44,s #de ,e 44 #bje 44 ,august 44 44 #bdhajj #agd 44,s #de ,e 44 #afg 44 ,september 44 44 #bdh #ih #agc 44,s #de ,e 44 #abi 44 ,october 44 44 #bei #fi #afd 44,s #hh ,e 44 #af 44 ,november 44 44 #bfd #ee #aei 44,s #hf ,e 44 #i 44 ,december 44 44 #bef #de #aej 44 ,e 44 #ci 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 #bdd #hg #afe 44,s #dg ,e 44 #iha 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january 44 44 #bfj #hg #agd 44,s #ea ,e 44 #cb 44 ,february 44 44 #bhb #hc #ahb 44,s #db ,e 44 #be 44 ,march 44 44 #bfgaje #ahf 44,s #de ,e 44 #id 44 ,april 44 44 #bghajj #ahi 44,s #de ,e 44 #hh 44 ,may 44 44 #begabb #ahi 44,s #de ,e 44 #aag 44 ,june 44 44 #bddajj #agb 44,s #de ,e 44 #aia 44 ,july 44 44 #bbdajj #afb 44,s #de ,e 44 #bgf 44 ,august 44 44 #bafaje #afj 44,s #bi ,e 44 #bdh 44 ,september 44 44 #bbe #ig #afa 44 ,s 44 #bbb 44 ,october 44 44 #bde #gc #aei 44,s #hj ,e 44 #bh 44 ,november 44 44 #bdd #ej #adg 44 ,e 44 #j 44 ,december 44 44 #bcf #fe #aej 44,n #hh ,e 44 #ah 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 #bdh #ia #agd 44,s #ec ,e 44 #acci 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january 44 44 #bed #df 44 44 44 #j 44 ,february 44 44 #bei #hd 44 44 ,e 44 #bj 44 ,march 44 44 #bfb #ib 44 44,s #ei ,e 44 #abf 44 ,april 44 44 #bff #ii 44 44,s #ej ,e 44 #ca 44 ,may 44 44 #bgdaja 44 44,n #hj ,e 44 #da 44 ,june 44 44 44 44 44 44,n #hd ,e 44 44 44 ,july 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,august 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxxvi4--,station ,wad ,medani 7,meteorological data74 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,february 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,march #gefb 44 #djbbji #cjf #ah,n #aj ,w 44 #j 44 ,april #geff 44 #daibhe #ceb #ac ,n 44 #j 44 ,may #gegb 44 #ddabfb #ceb #cj,s #gb ,w 44 #f 44 ,june #gege 44 #dcabdd #cch #da,s #cf ,w 44 #ec 44 ,july #gehi 44 #chgbch #cab #ei,s #cd ,w 44 #ace 44 ,august #geha 44 #cigbab #cjd #fd,s #e ,w 44 #gh 44 ,september#gehd 44 #djdbcd #cai #fj,s #i ,e 44 #gf 44 ,october #gehb 44 #dcbbfj #cdf #ch,n #ec ,e 44 #b 44 ,november #gehc 44 #djhbbi #cah #bg,n #e ,w 44 #j 44 ,december #geii 44 #cfgaia #bgi #cc,n #cd ,w 44 #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cej 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfjc 44 #ccdafh #bea #cj,n #cc ,w 44 #j 44 ,february #gfjh 44 #ccface #bcf #bh,n #f ,w 44 #j 44 ,march #gehd 44 #ciaafh #bhj #ac,n #h ,w 44 #j 44 ,april #geeb 44 #decbcd #cdd #ag,n #bd ,e 44 #j 44 ,may #geff 44 #ddibed #ceb #dj,s #f ,w 44 #a 44 ,june #gegc 44 #dcbbdf #cci #df,s #d ,w 44 #dd 44 ,july #gegh 44 #djebcf #cbj #eb,s #i ,w 44 #abd 44 ,august #gegf 44 #chhbfd #cjf #fg,s #ac ,w 44 #ib 44 ,september#gehb 44 #cicbei #cbf #ff,s #ba ,w 44 #eb 44 ,october #gegd 44 #dadbah #caf #ej,s #fc ,e 44 #j 44 ,november #gehj 44 #djdbjh #cjf #ci,n #aj ,e 44 #j 44 ,december #gehb 44 #cheafe #bge #dh,n #ba ,e 44 #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gehj 44 #cidbac #cjd #da,n #d ,e 44 #cac 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gehb 44 #cgdagi #bgf #gc,n #ah ,e 44 #j #j ,february #gehb 44 #cfcaeh #bfa #dj,n #a ,w 44 #j #j ,march #gefc -#aj #djdagg #bdf #bb,n #aj ,e 44 #j #j ,april #gefh #ji #daibjf #bhd #ab,n #c ,w 44 #j #j ,may #geff -#jc #dbebdc #cag #bg ,s 44 #dj #cf ,june #gegi #je #dbaabc #bgb #da ,s 44 #j -#di ,july #gegg -#jd #cieadc #bfi #dc ,s 44 #gj -#dj ,august #gehb #jb #djibbd #caf #fa ,s 44 #fg -#ab ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxxvii4--,station ,khartoum 7,meteorological data74 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #geid #j #bhgadb #bjj #bf,n #d ,e #bh #j 44 ,february #gehc -#jb #cdgaia #bfa #ah,n #ag ,e #ba #j 44 ,march #gefa -#ad #chjbac #bhj #ad,n #ab ,e 8 #j 44 ,april #gefj #ab #ciibcf #caj #ac,n #ah ,e 8 #j 44 ,may #gedh #jc #dcjbgb #cda #ai,n #fc ,w #ba #j 44 ,june #gefj #ji #daebfe #cca #bg,s #ab ,w #bd #j 44 ,july #gega #jh #cijbcd #cja #dg,s #d ,w #bg #aaf 44 ,august #gefb -#ja #ciabdg #cab #df,s #ab ,w #bj #e 44 ,september#gefh #ab #ciebdh #cjj #da,s #bc ,w #bc #b 44 ,october #gegd #je #chabbg #big #cj,n #ac ,e #bb #j 44 ,november #geha #jb #biaahg #beh #bf,n #cj ,e #ba #j 44 ,december #geif #ji #bicacg #baj #bh,n #bd ,e #bb #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gega #jd #cfgbag #bhc #bh,n #cc ,e #bc #abc 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfjj #ab #bfiaaf #ahf #ca,n #h ,e #bc #j 44 ,february #gfae #cj #bhbabf #aie #cb,n #h ,w #bc #j 44 ,march #gfje #cj #cbfaea #bce #ah,n #ae ,w #bj #j 44 ,april #gegj #bb #ciibjh #cjb #ah,n #cg ,e #ai #j 44 ,may #gegg #cb #djibdg #cbc #bh,s #dc ,e #aj #bd 44 ,june #gegd #bc #dadbeh #ccj #bh,s #g ,w #ba #j 44 ,july #geha #ah #chgbea #caf #cf,s #a ,w #ae #ah 44 ,august #geha #ah #cgebdc #caj #dd,s #cj ,w #ah #ab 44 ,september#gehi #cc #chjbji #cja #dj,s #ab ,w #ae #ad 44 ,october #gehf #ag #chgbbh #cjc #cb,n #b ,w #ae #j 44 ,november #geii #bj #cfibji #bhj #cb,n #ae ,e #ac #j 44 ,december #gfjj #ac #cdiahj #beb #cd,n #bb ,e #ac #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #geij #bd #cfbbjb #bgh #ca,n #ah ,e #ah #fh 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfjb #jh #cagafc #bbh #cc,n #ae ,e #ac #j 44 ,february #gfjd #ai #caiaff #bcd #bf,n #f ,e #ad #j #j ,march #gehj #je #cfjahd #bff #ah,n #ae ,e #ag #j #j ,april #gehj #cb #chhbjb #bid #af,n #a ,e #ai #j #j ,may #gegh #cc #dafbcb #cbf #bj,n #i ,w #ag #j -- ,june #gehe #cd #dbfbef #ccc #be,s #b ,w #ae #j - #e ,july #gegf #ac #cicbdi #cba #eb,s #dd ,w 44 #ce -#bj ,august #gehc #af #ciibeh #cbh #ej,s #bh ,w 44 #gf #de ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxxviii4--,station ,berber4 7,meteorological data74 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,february 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,march #gefc 44 #cijbjj #bie #bf,n #e ,e 44 #j 44 ,april #geei 44 #cidbje #cjj #ad,n #e ,e 44 #j 44 ,may #geef 44 #deebei #ceg #ac,n #ad ,e 44 #j 44 ,june #geef 44 #ddhbfg #ceh #af,n #bj ,e 44 #j 44 ,july #gega 44 #dbbbec #cch #cb,s #hb ,w 44 #j 44 ,august 44 44 #dcbbib #cfb #bh,n #dc ,w 44 #j 44 ,september 44 44 #dhcbfi #cgf #ca,s #bc ,w 44 #j 44 ,october 44 44 #cicbcd #cad #dj,n #ci ,e 44 #j 44 ,november 44 44 #cecaij #bgb #cd,n #e ,w 44 #j 44 ,december 44 44 #ccjadg #bch #dj,n #ae ,w 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january -- 44 #bhdabc #bjd #dj,n #bj ,w 44 #j 44 ,february #gfaf 44 #bidacj #bab #cd,n #bc ,w 44 #j 44 ,march #geib 44 #cdcaaj #bbf #bb,n #af ,w 44 #j 44 ,april #gefb 44 #ddgaeg #bhg #bg,n #e ,w 44 #j 44 ,may #gefd 44 #dcabjd #cah #ce,n #fc ,e 44 #j 44 ,june #geef 44 #debbaj #cca #eh,n #bj ,w 44 #j 44 ,july #gefj 44 #dbibaj #cbj #eg,n #ef ,w 44 #j 44 ,august #geef 44 #dcgaij #cad #eh,n #gf ,w 44 #j 44 ,september#gega 44 #dbcaij #cjf #eh,n #aj ,w 44 #j 44 ,october #gegf 44 #djgagj #bhh #di,n #ae ,e 44 #j 44 ,november #gehi 44 #cfeada #beb #fd,n #g ,e 44 #j 44 ,december #gehi 44 #ccgajf #bbb #ed,n #b ,e 44 #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #geef 44 #cheafb #bgc #df,n #aj ,w 44 #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #geia 44 44 44 #bji #ee ,n 44 -- -- ,february #geha -- #cdgacc #bdb #dh ,n 44 -- -- ,march #geeg -#ba #cejafd #beg #ce,n #b ,w 44 -- -- ,april #gefd #jd #chcaig #bij #ai,n #c ,e 44 -- -- ,may #gefc #jc #dahbdi #ccd #be,n #i ,e 44 -- -- ,june #gefb #jf #dcbbfj #cdf #ah,n #bj ,w 44 -- -- ,july #geeh -#jf #dbabgj #cdf #cc,s #af ,w 44 -- -- ,august #gefd -#jc #dbabfa #cda #bf,s #gg ,w 44 -- -- ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxxix4--,station ,assun 7,meteorological data74 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfef 44 #bbf #he #adh #ej ,n #ag #j 44 ,february #gfdd 44 #cjfaad #bja #bc ,n #ag #j 44 ,march #gfac 44 #cagacd #bbj #be,n #h ,w #ah #j 44 ,april #gfjb 44 #ceeahb #bff #bc,n #ae ,w #ag #j 44 ,may #geig 44 #dafbci #cbf #af,n #e ,w #ba #j 44 ,june #gegg 44 #dagbcc #cbd #bj,n #f ,w #ai #j 44 ,july #gegf 44 #dacbdj #cbe #bj,n #ej ,w #ag #j 44 ,august #gegb 44 #dadbci #cbe #bj,n #ae ,w #ah #j 44 ,september#gehi 44 #dabbci #caf #cb,n #ah ,w #ah #j 44 ,october #gfai 44 #cgibaa #bhe #da,n #a ,w #ah #j 44 ,november #gfdj 44 #bijadb #bjh #dc ,n #bj #j 44 ,december #gfff 44 #bch #ib #adc #eb,n #b ,w #ai #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gfac 44 #cdhagi #beg #cj,n #aj ,w #ah #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfgg 44 #bbj #he #acf #ef ,n #ag #j 44 ,february #gfhc 44 #bcg #ia #aea #dd ,n #ai #j 44 ,march #gfdf 44 #bhaabg #aij #ch ,n #ba #j 44 ,april #gfja 44 #cgcahh #bfc #cb ,n #bb #j 44 ,may #gfhi 44 #djibbi #bhf #ce,n #d ,e #ag #j 44 ,june #gege 44 #dacbdb #caf #bc,n #a ,e #bb #j 44 ,july #gefh 44 #daebdc #cai #bb,n #a ,w #ai #j 44 ,august #gefb 44 #dcebed #cag #be ,n #ba #j 44 ,september#gege 44 #dadbbc #bhh #cj ,n #ai #j 44 ,october #gehf 44 #cieaie #bfd #cd ,n #ai #j 44 ,november #gfaa 44 #cdfadi #bab #ch ,n #ag #j 44 ,december #gfae 44 #cjjaaf #agh #df ,n #ag #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gfaf 44 #cecagh #bdc #ce ,n #ai #j 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfbc 44 #bdg #ha #adg #dh ,n #ah #j 44 ,february #gfbe 44 #bgaaja #afh #dc ,n #ag #j 44 ,march #geii 44 #caaaca #bjd #ca ,n #bb #j 44 ,april #gehh 44 #cdaaga #bdc #bh,n #e ,w #ai #j 44 ,may #gehf 44 #cfeaii #bgc #bf,n #e ,e #bc #j 44 ,june #gegh 44 #djbbcj #cab #bc,n #bb ,w #ai #j 44 ,july #geei 44 #djdbdd #cbd #bg ,n 44 #j 44 ,august #geeh 44 #cfabcg #bii #cd ,n 44 #j 44 ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxxx4--,station ,cairo 7,meteorological data74 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfee #jh #agb #gb #aac #gg,n #jf ,w #fe #e -#b ,february #gfdi #aj #bbh #hh #adg #fi,n #bh ,w #fa #f #c ,march #gfah -#je #bdbaja #afj #fb,n #dh ,w #hf #a -#d ,april #gfjd -#jd #bhhacd #bjj #ef,n #aj ,w#aji #j -#b ,may #gfaf #ab #ccdafc #bci #dg,n #h ,w#adi #j -#b ,june #geif -#jb #ceaahf #beh #ej,n #bj ,w#aad #j #j ,july #gehj #jf #cfabja #bgj #ee,n #ah ,w #dc #j #j ,august #gehb #jc #cefbjd #bfh #fb,n #ab ,e #ej #j #j ,september#gfjc -#jd #ccjaib #bdi #gj,n #bg ,e #cg #j #j ,october #gfbi #je #cajagj #bbh #ga,n #ae ,e #ef #j -#a ,november #gfcj -#ac #bdjacf #agi #fg,s #ei ,w #ca #j -#f ,december #gfee #jh #ahf #he #abf #fi,s #ce ,w #cg #a -#e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gfah #jb #bhcadd #bjc #fc,n #bd ,w #gj #ac -#ai ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfgb #be #agg #fj #ajg #hj,n #cf ,w #ea #b -#e ,february #gfgf #cg #ahg #fb #aac #gb,s #fh ,w #ef #b -#a ,march #gfdb #ai #bbc #ic #adg #fi,n #bj ,w #gg #h #c ,april #gfjd -#jd #bifacf #bjc #eg,n #c ,e #ic #a -#a ,may #gfag #ac #cdjaed #bbf #dg,n #bb ,e#abj #j -#b ,june #geid -#jd #cdhahe #bfa #di,n #ba ,e#abj #j #j ,july #gehd #aj #cdfaig #bfa #fj,n #g ,w#ajj #j #j ,august #gegh -#ja #cdgbjg #bff #fb,n #ad ,w #fj #j #j ,september#gfad #jg #cjgaha #bcd #gb,n #d ,w #fj #j #j ,october #gfcg #ac #bhjaea #bje #gd,n #aj ,e #fd #j -#a ,november #gfdi #jf #bcaajg #afj #fh,n #ab ,e #fa #j -#f ,december #gfdc -#jd #bja #gh #abh #gf,n #gb ,e #dd #aj #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gfbf #aj #bgdacd #aic #fe,n #b ,w #ge #bc -#i ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfch -#ji #aic #fi #aac #gc,n #ci ,e#ahe #i #b ,february #gfcg -#jb #bcb #gf #acg #gd,s #bf ,w#aff #ai #af ,march #gfjg -#af #bch #if #aeb #gc,n #ea ,w#aff #j -#e ,april #gfjd -#jd #bgfabj #ahe #gb,n #cd ,e#aga #af #ad ,may #gfjd #j #cagaed #bbb #fe,n #bi ,w#adh #a #j ,june #geib -#jf #cdbagi #bej #ei,n #cj ,w#abd #j #j ,july #geff -#jf #cdiaie #bgb #fh,n #h ,w 44 #j 44 ,august #gehb -#jf #cdfaie #bgj #gg,n #ad ,w 44 #j 44 ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,,lxxxi4--,station ,alexandria4 #aijb ,month4 ,,barometer ,,thermometer ,hu- ,,wind ,,rainfall mi- ,,in ,,milli- di- ,,metres ------------------------ty4------------- ----------- ,mean4,varia-,mean,mean,mean4 ,direc- ,ve-,fall4 ,varia- tion max4min4 tion4loc- tion from ity4 from nor- nor- mal4 mal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfde #jh #ahcajc #acc #gj,n #eb ,w #bb #ajd #ej ,february #gfdd #ad #bbcabf #aei #fi,n #de ,e #ah #h -#ad ,march #gfac -#je #bjfacj #aeh #fh,n #ae ,w #ai #d -#ac ,april #gfjd -#aa #bbhadi #agh #ga,n #h ,e #ah #e #c ,may #gfbj #ae #bfhahb #bji #fd,n #bj ,e #af #j -#ac ,june #geii -#jf #bgaahf #bba #gb,n #e ,w #ag #j #j ,july #geha #ja #cjdbag #bdb #gc,n #bh ,w #ah #j #j ,august #gehe -#ja #cahbcc #bea #gc,n #g ,w #ah #j #j ,september#gfjd -#je #cbdbbe #bdf #gj,n #f ,e #ah #j -#a ,october #gfcj #jd #bgibjg #bcj #gd,n #dj ,e #af #e -#d ,november #gfbb -#ah #bcdaeb #ahj #gb,n #fj ,w #ag #cf -#c ,december #gfdc #jd #ahaajh #ace #gd,s #ga ,w #bc #ib #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gfaf #j #bebafi #aie #ga,n #aa ,w #ai #bed #bg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfff #bi #afg #ih #abg #gh,n #f ,e #ah #ij #cf ,february #gfgj #dj #aghajc #acb #gb,n #eb ,w #ah #cd #ab ,march #gfch #bj #aieaah #adh #gb,n #d ,e #ba #ad -#c ,april #gfje -#aj #bdbacg #aga #gb,n #cj ,e #ba #a -#b ,may #gfbb #ag #beiafh #bjf #gj,n #be ,e #ah #j -#ac ,june #geih -#jg #bghahe #bbj #gd ,n #bb #j #j ,july #gehe #je #biabja #bcg #gd,n #bb ,w #bf #j #j ,august #gegg -#ji #cjhbjf #bdd #gh,n #ag ,w #ba #j #j ,september#gfad #je #cjjahi #bcc #fh,n #b ,w #bb #j -#a ,october #gfcf #aj #bgbaga #baj #gj,n #ag ,e #ba #j -#i ,november #gfde #je #bcfaca #aga #gb,n #b ,e #be #aj -#bh ,december #gfcg -#jb #bacaad #aeb #gf,n #fb ,w #ah #bd -#eg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean #gfbd #jh #bdeafj #ahf #gc,n #e ,w #ba #agc -#fe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january #gfci #jb #ahe #ia #abd #gf,n #c ,e #bc #fc #i ,february #gfci #ji #bajajb #ach #gi,n #ac ,w #ba #ac -#aj ,march #gfjh -#aj #babaad #ade #gg,n #h ,e #bi #a -#af ,april #gfaf -#ja #bcaacd #afb #hb,n #ab ,w #bh #b #j ,may #gfae #aj #bfbafc #ahh #he,n #c ,w #bd -- -#ac ,june #gfjd -#ja #bheaib #bai #hc,n #ab ,w #bh #j - #j ,july #gefe #jd #cjbbaj #bef #gc,n #dj ,w #be #j -#j ,august #gehb #je #cjgbad #bfj #gb,n #ab ,w #be #a #a ,september 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,october 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,november 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,december 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mean 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,,index ,a ,abai river1 #ac ,abu ,zeid ford1 #db ,abydos spring level1 #fg ,abyssinia1 #ac1 #ai1 #dc ,adarma1 #de ,addis ,ababa1 #af1 #bj1 #dd1 #bad ,aird1 ,sir ,john1 #ge ,akobo1 #cg ,albert ,lake1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca ---- ---- reservoir1 #ha1 #hb1 #hg1 #ij ---- ---- tributaries1 #ca ,albert ,nile in #ahda1 #ch ---- ---- catchment basin1 #ag1 #aai ---- ---- description1 #ca-ce ---- ---- observed discharges1 #abi-acd ---- ---- discharges1 #bb1 #ef1 #ha1 #hb1 #ic ---- ---- discharge table1 #add1 #ade ---- ---- gauges1 #afh-agd ---- ---- projects1 #eh1 #ha1 #hi-ib ---- ---- slopes1 #ad1 #abj ---- ---- tributaries1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd ---- ---- velocities1 #ae1 #aba ,alexandria1 #bj1 #bbj ,ambatch1 #ca1 #ib ,amenemhat1 #dg1 #ff1 #gi ,analysis of water and soil1 #fb1 #ajj-aja ,anderson1 ,mr4 ,lang1 #fd ,appendices1 #aag ,arab1 ,bahr el1 #cf ,assiout ,weir1 #di1 #aej ,asua ,river1 #cb ,assun gauge compared to ,bombay rainfall1 #bac ---- dam1 #dh1 #fa1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #hg1 #hi ---- distances from and to1 #abd1 #abe ---- discharges1 #be1 #eh-fj1 #aci-adb ---- discharge table1 #aej ---- gauges1 #dh1 #eb1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afd-aff1 #aid-bjb1 #bji ---- meteorological data1 #bj1 #bah ,atem river1 #cb1 #cc1 #ij ,atbara river1 catchment basin1 #ag1 #ai1 #aai ---- ---- description1 #ac1 #de1 #fi ---- ---- discharges1 #bd1 #dg1 #eh1 #fj1 #ach-adj ---- ---- discharge table1 #adi ---- ---- gauges at ,khashm el ,girba1 #ahh1 #ahi ---- ---- tributaries1 #de ,b ,baharia ,oasis1 #aji ,baker1 ,sir ,benjamin1 #ge ,baker1 ,sir ,samuel1 #aa1 #cd1 #ci1 #dj ,barometric readings1 #bae-bbj ,barois1 ,m4 ,j41 #fa1 #fb ,barrages1 ,the1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #gd1 #hb1 #ii1 #abc1 #abd1 #aea1 #aeb1 #bjg1 #bjh ,basalt1 #bb1 #aad ,basin irrigation1 #ei1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gi1 #ic1 #id1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aei-aff ---- ---- in the ,sudan1 #ajb ,beadnell1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,f41 #ajg ,beresford1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s41 #hi ,berkeley1 ,fort1 #ca ,berber1 #df1 #bag ---- gauges1 #aij-aic ,blue ,nile1 catchment basin1 #ag1 #aai ---- ---- description1 #ab1 #ac1 #ah1 #ba1 #da1 #dc1 #fa ---- ---- observed discharges1 #abi1 #acf1 #acg ---- ---- discharges1 #bd1 #df1 #eg1 #fj1 #aci-ada ---- ---- discharge table1 #adg1 #adh ---- ---- distances along1 #abh ---- ---- gauges1 #agi-ahb1 #ahc-ahg ---- ---- projects1 #dc1 #dd1 #ajc ---- ---- slope1 #ae ---- ---- tributaries1 #dd ---- ---- velocities1 #dd ,bombay1 #bj1 #bac ,bor1 #cb1 #hi1 #ii ,brown1 ,sir ,hanbury1 #ff1 #gg1 #gi1 #hi1 #ii ,c ,cairo1 #af1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ei1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #adb1 #aej1 #aeh1 #afd-aff1 #bai ---- gauges1 #bjc-bjf1 #baj ,cassel1 ,sir ,ernest1 #ge ,cataracts1 #ad1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #hh1 #ajb1 #ajc ,catchment basins1 #af1 #ah1 #aai ,chapters1 #aa1 #bf1 #ef1 #gc1 #ajg ,chavanne1 ,joseph1 #ab ,chlu ,bey1 #e ,choga1 ,lake1 #ae1 #bh1 #cj1 #aba1 #abb ,clifton1 ,mr4 ,c41 #gg ,climate of the ,nile ,valley1 #ah1 #bg1 #ajb1 #bad-bbj ,congo forest1 #bi ,conversion tables for pics and metres1 #baa1 #bab ,corve1 #gj ,cotton1 #hb1 #hh1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd ,course of the ,nile1 #ab ,cretaceous1 #aaa ,cromer1 ,lord1 #ajj ,cultivated area of ,egypt1 #gc ,d ,dakhla ,oasis1 #ajg ,damer1 ,el1 #ac1 #de ,damietta branch1 #ad1 #ae1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj1 #fa1 #gj1 #he1 #abc1 #aci1 #adj ---- ---- discharge table1 #aeb ---- ---- gauges1 #bjh ,darfur1 #ag ,d',arnaud1 #ch ,de ,gottberg1 #dg ,de la ,motte1 #gd ,didessa1 #dd ,dinder river1 #ag1 #ba1 #dd1 #aja ,diodorus ,siculus1 #gh ,discharges observed1 #abi-ach ,discharge table for ,assun1 ,assiout ,cairo1 #aej ---- ---- ---- ,damietta branch1 #aeb ---- ---- ---- ,duem1 #adf ---- ---- ---- ,gondokoro1 #add ---- ---- ---- ,khashm el ,girba1 #adi ---- ---- ---- ,khartoum1 #adh ---- ---- ---- ,mongalla1 #ade ---- ---- ---- ,ripon ,falls1 #adc ---- ---- ---- ,rosetta branch1 #aea ---- ---- ---- ,sobat river1 #ade ---- ---- ---- ,tewfikia1 #adf ---- ---- ---- ,wadelai1 #add ---- ---- ---- ,wady ,haifa1 #aea ,distances of places along the ,damietta and ,rosetta branches1 #abc ,distance ,barrage to ,assun1 #abd ---- ,assun to ,khartoum1 #abe ---- ,khartoum to ,gondokoro1 #abf ---- ,gondokoro to the ,ripon ,falls1 #abg -- ,khartoum to ,rosaires1 #abh ,discharges1 #ah1 #bb1 #ef-fj1 #ha-hd1 #ij1 #ie1 #aci-adb1 #aei-afc ---- ,victoria ,nile1 #bg ---- ,semliki river1 #bi ---- ,lake ,albert1 #bi ---- ,albert ,nile1 #cb-cd ---- ,gazelle river1 #ce ---- ,zeraf river1 #cf ---- ,sobat river1 #cg ---- ,white ,nile1 #da ---- ,blue ,nile1 #dc-dd ---- ,atbara1 #de ,discharges ,nile at ,khartoum1 #df ---- ---- ---- ,assun1 #di ---- ---- ---- ,cairo1 #eb ---- ---- ---- ,rosetta and ,damietta branches1 #ee ,dongola1 #dg ,drainage1 #fi ,drury1 ,lt41 ,r4,n41 #da ,duem1 #db1 #dc1 #df1 #eg1 #ace1 #ada1 #adf1 #agh ,dueru1 ,lake1 #bi ,dufile1 #ac1 #ca1 #ij ,dulaib ,hilla4 #cg1 #acd1 #ade1 #agf ,dupuis1 ,mr4 ,c41 #e1 #dc1 #dd1 #aja1 #ajc ,e ,eads1 ,mr41 #hf ,edku1 ,lake1 #fd ,edward1 ,lake ,albert1 #ab1 #bi ---- ---- ---- tributaries1 #bi ,egypt1 #be1 #gc1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ic1 #ii1 #ajj ,emin ,pasha1 #dj ,electrical development possible1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #ajc ,elephantine ,island1 #dh ,eocene1 #aab ,esna shales1 #aab1 ,evaporation1 #bg1 #cj1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #if ,f ,farafra1 #aaj ,fayoum1 ,the1 #ff1 #gi1 #ha ,fitzmaurice1 ,mr4 ,maurice1 #ge ,floods1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ih ,foaden1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p41 #fa1 #fc1 #ajc ,fola ,rapids1 #ad1 #ca ,fowera1 #ad1 #bh ,fuller1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b41 #fi ,g ,gaash river1 #ba1 #de1 #df1 #aja1 #ajc ,gage's channel1 #cd ,garak depression1 #ha ,garstin1 ,sir ,w4 ,e41 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #bf1 #bi1 #cb1 #da1 #ge1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hh1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #ii1 #aja ,gauges1 #dh1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #aag1 #aec ---- ,assun1 #aid-bja1 #bji ---- ,assun ,reservoir1 #bjb ---- ,berber1 #aij-aic ---- ,cairo1 #bjc-bjf ---- ,damietta branch1 #bjh ---- ,duem1 #agh ---- ,dulaib ,hilla1 #agf ---- ,gondokoro1 #afi-agb ---- ,jinja1 #aff ---- ,khartoum1 #ahc-ahg ---- ,khasm el ,girba1 #ahh-ahi ---- ,mongalla #agc-agd ---- ,nasser1 #age ---- ,rosetta branch1 #bjg ---- ,tewfikia1 #agg ---- ,wad ,medani1 #agi-ahb ---- ,wadelai1 #afh ,gazelle river1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc1 #ce1 #dj1 #ef1 #hc1 #abi1 #acc ---- ---- discharges1 #aci1 #adj ---- ---- tributaries1 #cf ,gebel1 ,bahr-el-1 #ab ,gebelain1 #db ,geology1 #ba1 #aaj ,gessi ,pasha1 #dj ,gezireh1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc ,ghaba ,shambe1 #cb1 #cg1 #da ,gold1 #aad ,gondokoro1 #bc1 #cb1 #ef1 #ij1 #ia1 #aai1 #abb1 #abf1 #abg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada ---- gauges1 #afi-agb ---- discharge table1 #add ,gordon1 #dj ,gosrejeb1 #de ,green water1 #fa ,granites1 #ba1 #aaa ,h ,hansard1 ,mr41 #e ,herodotus1 #gh1 #hj ,hewat1 ,mr4 ,marshal1 #gg ,hillet ,nuer1 #cc1 #cd1 #dj1 #hc1 #hd ,hughes1 ,mr4 ,frank1 #fd1 #ajj ,i ,ibrahim ,effendi ,fehmy1 #aje ,igneous rocks1 #aaa ,infiltration1 #ec1 #ei1 #fj1 #ha1 #hd1 #ij ,introduction1 #aa ,irrigation1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #ic1 #if1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aei-afc4 ,ismail ,pasha ,ayub1 #dj ,j ,jinja gauge1 #afg ,k ,kafr ,zayat1 #ed ,kagera river1 #ab1 #bf1 #bh ,kalabsha1 #gd ,kamlin1 #ba1 #bd1 #df ,kankar1 #ba ,karanain1 #ed ,kassala1 #df ,kharga oasis1 #aji ,khartoum #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #eg1 #fj1 #ajj1 #ace-adb1 #baf ---- distances to and from1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh ---- discharge table1 #adh ---- gauges1 #ahc-ahg ,khasm el ,girba1 #de1 #ach ---- discharge table1 #adi ----- gauges #ahh1 #ahi ,kit river1 #cb ,kom ,ombos1 #bb1 #aac ,kordofan1 #ag ,kushesha1 #gh ,l ,lado1 #dj ,lepsius1 #dg ,letheby1 #fa1 #fb ,linant ,pasha1 #db1 #ee ,limestone1 #bb1 #aad ---- ,nodular1 #ba ,lolle1 #ce1 #hd ,lombardini1 ,elia1 #e1 #aa1 #ab1 #ch1 #fj ,luxor1 #bb ,lyons1 ,capt4 ,h4,g41 #e1 #aa1 #ah1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg1 #cc1 #dd1 #hd ,m ,mackenzie1 ,dr41 #fb ,manures1 #fc1 #fi ,marno1 ,signor1 #dj1 #hd ,martyr1 ,col41 #da ,mean low water levels1 #id1 #aeh ,megahid channel1 #ce ,mehemet ,ali1 ,viceroy1 #ch1 #ed1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd ,menes1 #gi ,meteorological data1 #bad-bbj ,miocene1 #aac ,mississippi river1 #cc ,mris ,lake1 #ff1 #gd1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha ,mongalla1 #acb ---- discharge table1 #ade ---- gauges1 #agc1agd ,n ,napoleon1 #dh ,nasser1 #cg -- gauge1 #age ,navigation1 #ad1 #bh1 #cb1 #dd ,nero1 #ch ,nile1 ,the1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #ef1 #eh-fa1 #fg1 #ic1 #ii1 #afd-aff ---- discharge tables1 #aej1aeh ---- distances along1 #abd1 #abe ---- gauges1 #aij-bjf ---- slopes1 #abj ---- velocities1 #aba-abb ,nitrates1 #bb1 #fi1 #aae ,no1 ,lake1 #ad1 #cd1 #ce1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd ,nomenclature1 #ab ,o ,oases1 #ajg ,omdurman1 #dc ,p ,papyrus1 #ca1 #cb1 #db ,payen1 ,champion and ,gastinel1 #fc ,peake1 ,major1 ,r4 ,a41 #da ,peat1 #ba ,percolation1 see ,infiltration4 ,perennial irrigation1 #ei1 #fh1 #fi1 #hh1 #ic ,phosphates1 #bb1 #aae ,pibor river1 #cg ,pics converted to metres1 #ih1 #bji1 #baj ,plates1 ,list of1 #i ,pliocene1 #aac ,porphyry1 #aad ,projects1 #dd1 #eh1 #gc1 #hd ---- ,raising ,assun dam1 #ge ---- ,wady ,rayan ,reservoir1 #gf ---- ,lake ,albert ,reservoir and river training1 #ha ---- ,flood protection for ,egypt1 #he ---- ,complete for the ,nile1 #hg ---- ,sir ,william ,garstin's projects1 #hi ---- ,conversion of basin to perennial irrigation1 #ic ---- ,development of the ,sudan1 #ajj ,prompt1 ,m41 #gd ,r ,rahad river1 #ag1 #ba1 #dd1 #aja ,rainfall1 #ag-ba1 #bg1 #cj1 #da1 #dc1 #de1 #ef1 #ei1 #ajc1 #bac ---- tables1 #bad-bbj ,rameses1 #dh1 #hf ,red water1 #fa1 #ge ,reservoirs1 #cj1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg ,ripon ,falls1 #ab1 #bg1 #bh1 #abg1 #aci-ada1 #adc1 #aff ,roda gauge1 #ej ---- gauges1 #bjc-bjf ,rohl river1 #cf ,rosaires1 #ac1 #ad1 #dd1 #abh ,rosetta branch1 #ad1 #ae1 #cc1 #ec1 #fj1 #fa1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #aci1 #adj ---- ---- discharge table1 #aea ---- ---- distances1 #abc ---- ---- gauges1 #bjg ---- ---- velocities1 #aba ,ross1 ,col4 ,justin1 #gg ,rudolf1 ,lake1 #af ,ruenzori1 ,mountain1 #af1 #ba1 #bi ,s ,salaama river1 #ac1 #de ,sandstone1 ,nubian1 #bd1 #aab1 #aad ,sayce1 ,rev41 ,professor1 #gi ,schweinfurth1 ,dr41 #cf1 #ci1 #he ,scott-,moncrieff1 ,sir ,colin1 #c1 #gd ,scour and deposit of silt1 #dd1 #ib1 #ie1 #ii ,semliki river1 #ab1 #bi ,sennaar1 #ad1 #dd ,semna ,cataract1 #dg ,sesostris1 #ff ,settit river1 #ac1 #de ,silsila1 #ba1 #gd1 #aab ,slopes1 #ad1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #abj1 #aeg ,sobat ,river1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #bc1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ef1 #fa1 #hb1 #hd1 #aai1 #abi1 #acd1 #aci-ada ---- ---- discharge table1 #ade ---- ---- gauges1 #age1 #agf ---- ---- slopes1 #abj ---- ---- velocities1 #aba ---- ---- tributaries1 #cg ,soil analysis1 #de1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1 #ajj1 #aja ,sparkes1 ,col41 #dj ,speke and ,grant1 #aa ,strabo1 #gh ,storage1 see ,projects ,suakin-,khartoum railway1 #ajj ,subject matter1 #g1 #h ,subsoil water1 #fc1 #fg ,sudan1 #hh1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf ,sudd region1 #ac1 #af1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #hb1 #hc ,t ,temperatures1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bad-bbj ,tewfikieh1 #da1 #acd1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada ---- discharge table1 #adf ---- gauge1 #agg ,thebes1 #fg ,tributaries of ,lake ,albert1 #ca ---- ---- the ,albert ,nile1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd ---- ---- ---- ,atbara1 #de ---- ---- ---- ,blue ,nile1 #dd ---- ---- ---- ,lake ,edward1 #bi ---- ---- ---- ,gazelle river1 #cf ---- ---- ---- ,sobat river1 #cf ---- ---- ---- ,lake ,victoria1 #bh ---- ---- ---- ,victoria ,nile1 #bi ,trough of the ,nile1 cubic contents1 #aee ,tsana ,lake1 #ac1 #ae1 #dc1 #de1 #hh1 #ajc1 #abi ,tumat river1 #dd ,u ,uganda1 #bi1 #acj ,v ,velocities1 #ad1 #cc1 #de1 #di1 #aba ,victoria1 ,lake1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah1 #bf ---- ---- discharge table1 #adc ---- ---- gauges1 #afg ---- ---- tributaries1 #bh ,victoria ,nile1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bb1 #bh1 #acj1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada ---- ---- discharge table1 #adc ---- ---- gauges1 #afg ---- ---- distances1 #abg ---- ---- slopes1 #abj ---- ---- tributaries1 #bi ---- ---- velocities1 #aba ,vlcker1 ,dr41 #fd ,w ,wadelai1 #af1 #ca1 #ij1 #aci-ada ---- discharge table1 #add ---- gauges1 #afh ,wad ,medani1 #bj1 #dd1 #acf1 #acg1 #bae ---- ---- discharge table1 #adg ---- ---- gauges1 #agi-ahb ,wady ,halfa1 #ad1 #ae1 #dh1 #aci-ada ,wadi ,halfa discharge table1 #aea ,wady ,natrn1 #aae ,wady ,rayan1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 #ha1 #he1 #hg1 #hh ,water1 ,analysis of1 #fb1 #fc1 #fg ,watersheds1 #af ,webb1 ,mr4 ,a41 #hi ,weeds1 #bi ,wells1 #ajh ,werne1 ,m41 #ch ,western1 ,lt4-,col4 ,j4 ,h41 #gd1 #gg ,white ,nile1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc1 #cb1 #cf1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #df1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #hd1 #aai1 #abi1 #acd1 #ace1 #aci-ada ---- ---- distances on #abf ---- ---- discharge tables1 #adf ---- ---- gauges1 #agg1 #agh ---- ---- slope1 #abj ---- ---- velocities1 #aba ,whitehouse1 ,commander1 #bf ,whitehouse1 ,mr4 ,cope1 #gd ,winds1 #ai1 #bj1 #bg1 #bad-bbj ,y ,yei river1 #cd ,z ,zeraf river1 #ac1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf-dj1 #hd1 #ib1 #id1 #abi1 #acc ---- discharges1 #cf1 #acc ,transcriber's ,notes ,inconsistent1 archaic and unusual transcriptions1 spelling1 hyphenation1 punctuation1 use of accents1 etc4 7including in names7 and repeated information have been retained 7even when occurring on the same page or in the same sentence71 except as mentioned below4 ,the use of periods1 mid-level decimal points and commas in numbers has not been standardised4 ,plate ,,ii3 the data as mentioned in the errata have not been corrected in the ,plate4 ,page #ea-eb1 table1 last column3 #aii and #ahgg are not in the range of years under consideration4 ,page #ig1 table header3 the years are out of order1 possibly erroneously4 ,page #bjc3 the table header does not appear to agree with the contents2 presumably1 the first group of rows refers to #ahgf4 ,page #bji1 column ,pic #af1 row #ad3 #daa does not fit with the other data and may be an error for #haa ,in the source document1 the ,plates are not always printed in numerical order 7see also the ,list of ,plates71 this has not been changed4 ,unless mentioned below under 8,changes ,made01 all 7tabulated or text7 data and calculations are presented as printed in the source document1 even when there are obvious errors or inconsistencies in these data or calculations4 ,changes made ,some footnotes1 tables and illustrations moved2 some tables re- arranged4 ,some minor obvious typos have been corrected silently4 ,r4,l4 and ,r4 ,l4 have been standardised as ,r4 ,l41 spaces between numbers and percent signs have been removed where present4 ,appendices3 the numbering of some of the tables has been corrected1 some minor lay-out inconsistencies have been resolved4 page #ab3 ,afrika's ,strme and ,flsse changed to ,afrikas ,strme und ,flsse page #cb3 ,fort ,barkeley changed to ,fort ,berkeley as elsewhere page #cf3 #ae4 ,the ,sobat ,river changed to #af4 ,the ,sobat ,river page #gj1 ,section #cj3 italics changed to bold as with other headings page #gb1 calculations3 ,total materials taken out of category ,materials not paid for page #gd3 ,mehemet ,aly changed to ,mehemet ,ali as elsewhere page #aai3 ,absynian ,hills changed to ,abyssinian ,hills page #abh1 table header3 column #b1 ,gondokoro changed to ,khartoum2 column #c1 ,khartoum changed to ,rosaires page #abi-acj3 these pages were reversed in the printed book page #ade3 ,dulab ,hilla changed to ,dulaib ,hilla as elsewhere page #afj3 ,sobagia changed to ,sohagia2 ,shekha changed to ,shekhia pages #afh1 #age-agh1 #ahh-ahi1 #aid1 #bjb-bjc1 #bjg-bjh table headings3 names of months have been abbreviated ,index 7to conform to text73 ,kashm changed to ,khasm as in text 7several times72 ,emim ,pasha changed to ,emin ,pasha4