,,practical ,,/air ,,build+ ,,& ,,h&rail+ ,,practical ,,/air ,,build+ ,,& ,,h&rail+ ,,by ,,! ,,squ>e ,,section ,,& ,,fall+ ,,l9e ,,sy/em ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,wood ,illu/ration ,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe ,,/r& ,new ,york3 ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #ab ,,cortl&t ,,/reet #ahid ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ book has be5 writt5 to assi/ ^? :o wi% to acquire a k ( ! mo/ practical & sy/ematic me?ods adopt$ 9 ! execution ( /air build+ & h&rail+4 ,9 compil+ ?is "w ! au?or has kept /eadily 9 view ! absolute necessity ( treat+ mo/ fully ! elem5t>y p>ts4 ,!re=e1 if to "s ! details %\ld appe> t$i\s1 he begs to say !y h be5 writt5 to assi/ ^? :o1 be+ unable to obta9 a correct k ( ! me?ods adopt$1 seldom advance beyond a c]ta9 & v unsatisfactory /age4 ,! plates on /airs w be f\nd to conta9 mu* useful & valuable in=mation1 all ( :i* ! au?or has practically te/$1 "s ( !m _m times ov]1 & c !re=e v\* = ! accuracy ( ! v>i\s me?ods %[n4 ,! ,plates #ab & #ac %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood be=e proce$+ ) ! h&rail+1 z ! diagrams %[+ problems 9 solid geometry h be5 c>efully select$1 be>+ directly on ! subject1 & x %\ld n be left until ! 8:y0 & 8:]e=e0 has be5 reason$ out4 ,! sy/em ( h&rail+ is some:at new1 b ! au?or has cont9ually put x to practical te/ = ! la/ five ye>s1 & he is conv9c$ t x is only requir$ to be kn[n to be appreciat$4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,wood4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,/air ,,build+4 ,,plate ,,page #a ,,elem5t>y ,,problems #c #b ,,close ,,newell$ ,,or ,,dog-,,legg$ ,,/airs1 ,,! ,,sett+ ,,out ,,( ,,rods1 ,c4 #e #c ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,/airs1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,= ,,sett+ ,,out ,,/r+s1 ,c4 #g #d ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation ,,( ,,op5 ,,newel ,,/aircase1 ,,) ,,sp&ril ,,"u ,,bottom ,,flight #aa #e ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction #ac #f ,,details ,,( ,a ,,newel ,,/airs1 ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,l&+ ,,) ,,w9d]s #ae #g ,,half-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,) ,a ,,/raight ,,flight ,,above ,,& ,,bel[1 ,,& ,a ,,cont9u$ ,,rail1 ,,/>t+ ,,) ,a ,,side ,,wrea? ,,f ,a ,,newel #ag #h ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction #ai #i ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction #bc #aj ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,%[+ ,,an ,,app>atus ,,= ,,m>k+ ,,! ,,l5g? ,,& ,,cuts ,,( ,,balu/]s ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,circul> ,,p>ts #be #aa ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction #bi ,,h&rail+4 #ab ,,on ,,oblique ,,planes ,,& ,,_! ,,traces #cg #ac ,,on ,,projection ,,( ,,oblique ,,planes1 ,c4 #da #ad ,,level ,,l&+ ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,half ,,twi/ #dc #ae ,,level ,,l&+ ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,half ,,twi/ #de #af ,,level ,,l&+ ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,half ,,twi/ #dg #ag ,,half-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,) ,,/raight ,,flight ,,above ,,& ,,bel[ #di #ah ,,f ,,! ,,level ,,to ,,! ,,rake #ec #ai ,,f ,,! ,,level ,,to ,,! ,,rake #ee #bj ,,half-,,space ,,l&+ ,,) ,,! ,,ris]s ,,9 ,,! ,,spr++ #eg #ba ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,half-,,space ,,& ,,level ,,l&+ ,,at ,,top #ei #bb ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,half-,,space1 ,,) ,a ,,/raight ,,flight ,,above ,,& ,,bel[1 ,,wrea? ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ #fa #bc ,,qu>t]-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,"o ,,piece #fe #bd ,,qu>t]-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,two ,,pieces #fg #be ,,qu>t]-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,"o ,,piece1 ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ ,,into ,,! ,,/raight ,,rail #fi #bf ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>t]-,,space1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,"o ,,piece1 ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ ,,into ,,/raight ,,rail #ga #bg ,,l&+ ,,9 ,,an ,,obtuse ,,angle1 ,,! ,,wrea? ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ ,,into ,,! ,,/raight ,,rail #gc #bh ,,half ,,twi/ ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,scroll1 ,,& ,a ,,side ,,wrea? ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel #ge #bi ,,w9d]s ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,curtail ,,/ep #gg #cj ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>t]-,,space1 ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel #gi #ca ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,rail ,,=m+ ,,"p ,,( ,,an ,,ellipse1 ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel ,,ov] ,,w9d]s #ha #cb ,,%[+ ,,! ,,m\ld+ ,,( ,,rails1 ,,& ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,proportionately ,,increas+ ,,or ,,decreas+ ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,!m #hc ,,practical ,,/air ,,build+ ,,& ,,h&rail+4 ,,/air ,,build+4 ,/airs are a succession ( /eps lead+ f "o l&+ to ano!r 9 a build+4 ,ea* /ep comprises tread & ris]1 ! tread be+ horizontal & ! ris] v]tical4 ,! side pieces support+ ! ends ( /eps are call$ /r+s3 t next to ! wall1 ! wall /r+2 ! o!r1 ! front1 outside1 well1 cut1 op51 or close /r+4 ,:5 ! /eps are n>r[] "o end ?an ! o!r !y are call$ w9d]s4 ,! l&+ is a plat=m betwe5 ! floors1 & x is sometimes arrang$ to give access to a door4 ,a succession ( /eps betwe5 ea* l&+ is call$ a flight4 ,x is n (t5 t ! /air build] is call$ ^u to say h[ & :]e ! /airs are to g1 t be+ ! "w ( ! ar*itect2 b ! =m] mu/ d 8 be/ to c>ry out ! wi%es ( ! latt]1 :o w leave to him ! plac+ ( ris]s1 & all details necess>ily belong+ to ! /air build]1 :o w make ! be/ possible job1 hav+ all eas+s & fall+ l9es z graceful z x is possible to make !m4 ,an eas+ t is too long is almo/ z objectionable z "o t is too %ort4 ,he w take ! dim5sions (f on to 8 rods1 & f !m set out ! :ole /airs1 %[+ all doorways1 l&+s1 headroom1 c41 to #a in* scale if possible4 ,all w9d]s mu/ be set out full size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,elem5t>y ,,problems4 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw a /raight l9e1 equal 9 l5g? to ! semicircle ,a ,b ,c4 ,) ,a & ,c z c5tres1 & = radius ,a ,c1 /rike ! two arcs to int]sect ea* o!r 9 ,s4 ,jo9 ,s ,a & ,s ,c ext5d$1 to cut ! l9e ?r\gh ,b 9 ,d & ,e4 ,!n1 ,d ,e is ! l5g? ( ! requir$ l9e1 & if ?is 0 b5t ar\nd ! semicircle x w\ld rea* f ,a to ,c4 ,?is l9e ?r\gh\t ?is "w is t]m$ ! /ret*-out ( ! semicircle4 ,fig4 #b4 ,giv5 ! l5g? ,d ,e1 f9d ! radius to /rike a semi-99circle equal 9 l5g? to x4 ,draw a l9e f ,e at #fj1 & f ,b at #de to ,d ,e1 to cross ea* o!r at ,c4 ,draw f ,b squ>e to ,d ,e1 & f ,c p>allel to ,d ,e to meet 9 ,o2 !n ,o ,b w be ! requir$ radius4 ,figs4 #c1 #d & #e %[ h[ to bisect any giv5 angle4 ,let ,a ,b ,c be ! giv5 angle4 ,) ,b z c5tre1 /rike ! arc ,d ,d to any radius4 ,) ,d ,d z c5tres1 & = radius m ?an half ! di/ance ,d ,d1 describe arcs int]sect+ 9 ,e4 ,!n1 a l9e f ,b to ,e w bisect ! angle4 ,figs4 #f1 #g & #h %[ h[ to ease any giv5 angle1 t is to =m a curve t w connect ! two /raight l9es1 f any two giv5 po9ts1 on ^? l9es4 ,let ,a ,b & ,b ,c be ! two l9es =m+ ! giv5 angle1 & x is requir$ to connect ^? l9es f ,a to ,c4 ,divide ,a ,b & ,b ,c into any numb] ( equal p>ts1 connect ^? p>ts1 & ! curve w be =m$ if ,a ,b & ,b ,c has be5 divid$ into a suffici5t numb] ( p>ts4 ,fig4 #i %[s a semi-ellipse1 ,a ,b be+ ! semi-major axis1 & ,b ,d ! semi-m9or axis4 ,let ,a ,b & ,d ,b1 ,fig4 #aj1 equal ,a ,b & ,d ,b1 ,fig4 #i4 ,to /rike ! curve1 move ?is rod ar\nd1 keep+ ,d on ! major axis1 & ,a on ! m9or axis1 & m>k (f po9ts at ! end ( ! rod all r\nd4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,giv5 a semi-ellipse1 draw a normal tang5t4 ,det]m9e ! foci ( ! ellipse ,f ,f4 ,) ,d z c5tre1 & = radius ,a ,b /rike arcs ( circles at ,f ,f4 ,at any po9t on ! curve1 say at ,s1 draw l9es to ,f ,f & bisect ! angle4 ,n[ draw ?r\gh ,s1 squ>e to ?is l9e t bisects ! angle = ! requir$ normal tang5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,close ,,newell$ ,,or ,,dog-,,legg$ ,,/airs1 ,,! ,,sett+ ,,out ,,( ,,rods1 ,,etc4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( a dog-legg$ /air4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to take (f ! sizes on a rod4 ,fir/ take ! rod1 m>k$ ,fig4 #c4 ,cut ?is rod 9 betwe5 ! brick walls1 tak+ c>e to try x betwe5 ! walls :]e ! two flights come toge!r at ris]s #ab & #ac4 ,set (f on ea* end ( ?is rod ! ?ickness ( pla/]2 n[ set (f ! face ( wall /r+s s t !y w be flu% ) ! face ( ! skirt+4 ,!n set back f face ( ! /r+ half an in*1 ! dep? ( ! h\s+1 ?is w be ! end ( ! treads & ris]s4 ,next set (f ! c5tre ( ! rod1 draw ! newel & /r+ on ! rod1 half _! ?icknesses on ea* side ( ! c5tre l9e4 ,!n set back t[>ds ! c5tre f ea* face ( ! c5tre /r+1 half an in*1 ! dep? ( ! h\s+4 ,?is gives ! l5g? ( ! treads & ris]s2 & if ord9>y c>e is tak5 9 sett+ out ?is rod1 & work+ to x1 no mi/ake c be made4 ,! height rod is se5 at ,fig4 #d4 ,set (f on ?is rod ! height f ! top ( ! bottom floor to ! top ( ! top floor4 ,n[ divide ?is height into z _m p>ts z !re are to be ris]s1 & ! di/ance f "o division to ano!r repres5ts ! height f ! top ( "o tread to ! top ( ! next4 ,! numb] ( ris]s & ! height ( !m mu/ be regulat$ by circum/ances4 ,a few h9ts only c be ?r[n out "h4 ,! rise %\ld n be less ?an #f in*es or m ?an #g in*es1 :ile ! go+ & ! rise add$ toge!r %\ld n be less ?an #af in*es or m ?an #ah in*es4 ,?us1 x w be se51 ! go+ %\ld be regulat$ by ! rise4 ,= in/ance1 say ! rise is #g in*es1 !n ! go+ %\ld n exce$ #aj in*es2 ?is w\ld make ! go+ & rise add$ toge!r #ah in*es4 ,n[1 ! /airs w\ld be easi] if ! go+ 0 only #i1 z ?is w\ld make ! two #ag in*es1 :i* is a bett] av]age ?an #ah in*es4 ,^! rem>ks are n laid d[n z a fix$ & unalt]$ rule1 b are int5d$ z a guide 9 ! sett+ out ( /airs ( any description4 ,m>k (f on ! height rod ! floors1 joi/ & ceil+ ( bo? l&+s1 z %[n at ,fig4 #d4 ,9 putt+ 9 ! l&+1 use ! height rod to get ! height ( ! joi/1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to take ! height f ! prop] floor level1 9 case ! floor is n d[n4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! go+ rod4 ,put "o end ( ?is rod aga9/ ! back wall1 & m>k on to x all doorways1 trimm] joi/s1 c4 ,! wid? ( l&+ & ! go+ mu/ be regulat$ by circum/ances1 b ! ris]s1 newels & all joi/s mu/ be m>k$ on to ! rod z %[n4 ,9 putt+ 9 ^! trimm]s x is always z well to squ>e !m1 t is1 put !m 9 squ>e to ! side walls1 !n %\ld ! back wall be out ( squ>e ! diff]5ce w be 9 ! l&+4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! pit* bo>d4 ,^! are be/ made ( z9c4 ,make ! rise equal ! height ( "o rise on ! height rod1 & ! go+ equal ! go+ ( "o /ep on ! go+ rod4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! con/ruction ( "o /ep4 ,a plan & elevation ( ! /airs %\ld always be made to a scale (1 say1 ( an in* to ! foot1 or1 if possible1 to #a in* to ! foot1 & all op5+s1 headroom1 c41 %\ld be %[n4 ,! l9e ,h ,h1 ,fig4 #b1 is drawn p>allel to ! l9e ( nos+s on ! bottom flight1 & at a height above !m ( #g feet4 ,!n ! bottom edge ( ! top l&+ mu/ be kept above ?is l9e to give suffici5t headroom4 ,! sett+ out ( ! /r+s & glue+ up ( ! /eps1 c41 w be se5 on ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,/airs1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,= ,,sett+ ,,out ,,/r+s1 ,,etc4 ,fig4 #a %[s a cradle = glue+ up ! /eps4 ,let ,a be a piece ( wood ab\t #ah in*es long by #f in*es wide by #b in*es ?ick1 & ,b %\ld be a piece ab\t #b feet #f in*es long by #c in*es wide by #b in*es ?ick4 ,put a -in* mortise ?r\gh ,b & t5on ,a into x4 ,well glue & w$ge1 & p9 z %[n4 ,two ( ^! %\ld be made4 ,x w be notic$ t ,e is cut out = ! projection ( ! front edge ( ! tread pa/ ,d1 :i* is ! face ( ! ris]1 & ! mortise 9 ,b is kept back to ,e4 ,f is cut out to fit ov] ! scotia4 ,! holes 9 ! edges ,c & ,d are = p9s to g 91 to w$ge aga9/ :5 glue+ up ! /eps4 ,! process ( glue+ up ! /eps is z foll[s3 fir/ cut (f treads1 ris]s1 & scotia ab\t #a in* or #a in* long] ?an _! prop] l5g?4 ,n[ plane up ! treads1 & %oot ! front edges /raight & squ>e2 !n pl\gh ! "u side = ! scotia to g 9 ab\t in* deep2 !n plane up ! scotia & gauge !m to a wid? & ?ickness s z to fit tight into ! groove4 ,^! scotias %\ld next be glu$ into ! grooves & all[$ to dry :ile ! ris]s are be+ plan$ up4 ,plane up ! face ( ! ris]s1 & %oot ! edge to g aga9/ ! tread /raight & squ>e4 ,n[ fix ! two cradles on ! b5*1 by screw+ !m ?r\gh ,b into ! top ( ! b5*4 ,9 fix+ ^!1 try !m ) "o ( ! treads s z to get !m squ>e2 keep !m ab\t #f in*es f ea* end4 ,fig4 #b %[s "o ( ^! cradles ) a "p ( a /ep glu$ up4 ,lay ! /ep on ! cradle & /ick a p9 9 "o ( ! holes 9 ,b1 & put 9 a w$ge betwe5 ! p9 & ! back edge ( ! /ep to keep ! /ep 9 its place4 ,n[ glue ! tread = ! edge ( ! ris]1 also ! back ( ! scotia2 well rub ! ris] to get ! glue rubb$ out1 & put 9 ! w$ge to keep ! ris] d[n1 z %[n4 ,!n put 9 two screws & ?ree blocks z %[n at ,fig4 #g1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,9 putt+ on ! blocks take c>e to well rub ! glue out4 ,fig4 #c %[s a "p ( ! out] /r+ h\s$ out = ! treads & ris]s4 ,! /eel squ>e is us$ to get ! l9es on ! /r+s = ! treads & ris]s1 z %[n4 ,get a piece ( /uff long en\gh1 m>k$ ,f1 & let x be ab\t #b in*es squ>e2 put a good ?ick saw cut 9 ea* end & slip ! squ>e 9 ! cuts z %[n4 ,hold ! hypo!nuse ( ! pit* bo>d aga9/ ! f5ce ,f & set ! blade to ! go+1 & ! tongue ( ! squ>e to ! rise ( ! pit* bo>d4 ,n[ to m>k ! /r+4 ,gauge ! hypo!nuse l9e ab\t #b in*es f ! top edge ( /r+1 & make ! di/ance betwe5 ,a ,a on ?is l9e equal ! hypo!nuse ( ! pit* bo>d4 ,slide ! squ>e along f ,a to ,a & m>k bo? treads & ris]s4 ,to m>k ! h\s+ on ! back side ( ! treads & ris]s1 get two pieces ( ?9 /uff & cut w$ge-%ap$1 all[+ !m ! w$ge wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( treads to m>k ! h\s+ = ! treads1 & ! w$ge wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! ris]s = ! h\s+ = ! ris]s4 ,fig4 #d %[s a section ( ! /eps ) bracket$ c>riages %[+4 ,^! c>riages are only us$ 9 ?is description ( /airs2 !y av]age f #b in*es to #c in*es ?ick2 !y are put on ) ! gra9 runn+ 9 ! same direction z ! /r+s1 !y are screw$ to ! "u side ( ! /eps & to ea* o!r1 z %[n1 & well block$ to treads & ris]s4 ,!y are plac$ accord+ to ! wid? ( ! /airs1 ?ree "u ea* flight4 ,fig4 #e %[s a "p ( ! wall /r+1 m\ld$ to mat* ! skirt+1 & h\s$ out = treads & ris]s4 ,9 putt+ /airs ( ?is sort toge!r1 lay ! wall /r+ on ! gr\nd1 z %[n1 tak+ c>e to get x /raight & solid4 ,!n place "o end ( ! /eps 9 ! grooves ( ! wall /r+1 aft] all ! /eps h be5 plac$ 9 position1 !n lay ! out] /r+ on ! ends ( /eps1 & aft] ! /eps h be5 got into ! grooves4 ,well /rut f ! ceil+ or any conv5i5t place on to ! out] /r+1 =c+ ! /eps into all ! grooves4 ,!n put 9 ! w$ges1 glue+ !m be=e !y are driv5 94 ,aft] !y h be5 screw$ up & block$ ! /ruts c be remov$4 ,! nos+ & scotia are work$ aft] ! /eps h be5 glu$ up2 ?is is ! be/ me?od ( work+ 9 ei!r a ma*9e or a h& %op4 ,fit ! nos+ & scotia into ! /r+s on ! b5* be=e putt+ toge!r1 also get ! rises to a wid? & numb] ea* /ep :]e x is to g4 ,fig4 #f %[s h[ ! /r+s are t5on$ into ! newel2 ! dott$ l9es %[ ! t5ons & ! haun*+1 ! t5on be+ #c in*es deep & ! haun*+ in* deep2 ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #g4 ,! h\s+ out ( ! newels is describ$ lat] on :]e !re are w9d]s4 ,! ?ickness ( treads1 c41 v>ies accord+ to ! class ( "w1 b ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a good example4 ,treads1 #a in* ?ick4 ,project ov] ris]s1 #a in*4 ,ris]s1 #a in* ?ick4 ,scotia1 #a in* by in*4 ,/r+s1 #a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation ,,( ,,op5 ,,newel ,,/aircase1 ,,) ,,sp&ril ,,"u ,,bottom ,,flight4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( an op5 newell$ /airs1 />t+ f a bull-nose /ep at bottom1 & hav+ a %ort piece ( rail along ! top to give suffici5t headroom4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! joi/4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation1 ) sp&ril & newels4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 ! wid?1 height & go+ or run on to ! rods1 set up an elevation to #a scale1 :5 ! size ( /r+s c be tak5 (f2 newels1 l5g? ( rails & sp&ril c all be set out4 ,draw ! l9e ,h ,h p>allel to ! l9e ( nos+ & #g feet above4 ,keep ! bottom ( facia cross+ ov] ! bottom flight above ?is l9e4 ,aft] hav+ set out ! /airs to ?is scale m>k (f ! rods full size4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! wid? rod1 ) ! two newels m>k$ on x4 ,fig4 #d is ! go+ rod1 ) newels1 face ( ris]s1 joi/1 c41 all m>k$ on x4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! height rod4 ,m>k on to ?is rod ! two l&+s4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! newels on ! half-space l&+4 ,! newel ,a be+ ! bottom "o1 runs "r d[n to ! floor1 ! bottom squ>e on x be+ to receive ! bottom h&rail1 :ile ! %ort level rail is above ?is4 ,! newel ,b1 ! top squ>e1 is to receive ! top h&rail1 & ! %ort rail is bel[ x4 ,?us x w be se5 ! tw9+ on ! top newel is %ort] ?an on ! bottom "o m>k$ ,a4 ,! details w be f\nd on ! foll[+ plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 #e4 ,,plate ,v4 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! top rail ( sp&ril1 ) ! t5on cut ready to g toge!r4 ,fig4 #b is ! middle rail t5on$ & haun*$ ready to g toge!r to fit into ! /ile4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! o!r end ( ! same rail ready to g into ! top rail4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! bottom rail t5on$ ready to g into ! /ile aga9/ ! newel4 ,fig4 #e is ! same rail t5on$ ready to g into ! top rail "u ! /r+4 ,fig4 #f %[s a "p ( "o panel ) ! m\ld+4 ,to cut ! m\ld+ 91 bisect ! two angles z ,a ,b & ,c ,d2 ?is 0 %[n on ,plate ,i4 ,make cuts 9 ! mitre1 cut to ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 & cut ! mitres to x4 ,9 putt+ ! sp&ril toge!r1 put all munt+s1 rails1 panels1 top rail1 bottom & middle rails fir/1 & ! /ile aga9/ ! newel la/4 ,fig4 #g %[s a "p section enl>g$ ( ! top rail ( sp&ril1 /r+ ( /airs & capp+4 ,fig4 #h %[s a r\nd-end$ /ep4 ,?is is got out 9 ?ree ?icknesses1 z %[n at ,fig4 #i4 ,?is block is prep>$ z %[n2 ! ris] is cut to ! ?ickness ( a v5e]1 x is glu$ & screw$ at ! back1 is well glu$1 br\ght ar\nd & well w$g$ & screw$ z %[n2 ! scotia is glu$ & screw$ to ! block1 & ! tread is well glu$ & screw$ f ! bottom4 ,! newel is mortis$ into ! /ep diagonally1 z %[n4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! elevation ( ! trimm] at ! top4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! plans ( ! trimm]1 ) w$ge & me?od ( jo9t+4 ,fig4 #ab %[s ! section ( newel & a "p ( door1 frame & sp&ril4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,details ,,( ,a ,,newel ,,/airs1 ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,l&+ ,,) ,,w9d]s4 ,9 plann+ /airs ( ?is description sev]al ?+s h to be consid]$4 ,fir/ take (f ! height & go+ on a rod4 ,!n decide h[ _m /eps !re are to be4 ,draw a plan & elevation1 z %[n at ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,set (f ! wid? ( ! /airs & draw ! two newels4 ,n[ draw ! l9e ( travel #ae in*es f ! c5tre ( rail4 ,take ! c5tre ( newels = c5tre1 & /rike ! qu>t] ( circle top & bottom 9 cont9uation ( ?is l9e1 :i* divide into z _m divisions z !re are to be /eps4 ,9 draw+ ! w9d]s keep ! n>r[ ends z wide z possible1 & = ?is purpose !y c be br\ght pa/ ! newels into ! /r+s2 z we c h no sympa?y ) ! sy/em t cr[ds all ! n>r[ ends ( w9d]s into ! newels1 by t means mak+ ! /airs unnecess>ily dang]\s4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! trimm]s & joi/2 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h suffici5t headroom4 ,x w be notic$ t ! wall /r+ is jo9t$ at bo? ends1 s z to get suffici5t wid?4 ,:5 ^! /r+s are set out l ?is to a scale1 x is se5 at once :at !re is to jo9t on4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! %ort /r+ at ! bottom1 & ,fig4 #d t at ! top4 ,^! %ort /r+s mu/ be made to ease into ! long wall /r+ at ! same height1 also to ease into ! skirt+4 ,to fix ^! /airs proce$ z foll[s3 set ! /eps #a1 #b & #c at ! bottom1 & #ab1 #ac & #ad at ! top1 out full size on a bo>d1 ) ! wall /r+s & newels4 ,tongue & groove ! /r+s toge!r 9 ! corn]s1 hav+ ! tongue on ! long /r+ at ! bottom4 ,m>k ! treads (f ! bo>d to cut & n try to fit on ! job4 ,if ! rods h be5 set out correct 9 ! fir/ place1 & z correct c be work$ to1 !y c be cut 9 ! %op = ! bottom w9d]s1 b = ! top ones ! l9es %\ld be tak5 (f ! bo>d out to !m1 & cut :5 fix$4 ,put ! flight toge!r1 includ+ /ep ,no4 #ab at ! top & #c at ! bottom1 !n fix on ! bottom newel1 aft] :i* /ep ,no4 #b c be fix$ 9 position4 ,!n put ! %ort /r+ 9 its place1 also /ep ,no4 #a4 ,n[ let ! /airs g d[n into _! place & d all necess>y block+ & screw+4 ,x w be und]/ood t ev]y?+ has be5 fitt$ be=e ?is1 also t ^! bottom w9d]s are glu$ up4 ,next put on ! long newel & glue & p9 x2 slip ! %ort /r+ at top into its place1 !n fix 9 ! ris]s #ac1 #ad & #ae1 & treads #ac & #ad & ! nos+ at top4 ,glue1 screw & block ^! aft] !y are 94 ,be=e cutt+ ! treads & ris]s at ! top1 try ) a rod to see if ! l9es on !m tak5 (f ! bo>d are correct1 & if !re is any diff]5ce all[ = x :5 cutt+ !m 94 ,fig4 #e %[s ! plan & ,fig4 #g ! elevation ( ! newel = ! bottom1 ) "p ( w9d]s to #a in* scale4 ,9 sett+ out ! newels m>k ! position ( ris]s on to !m1 ?us1 make #a1 #b1 ,fig4 #g1 equal to #a1 #b1 ,fig4 #e1 & set up ! height ( a rise1 & squ>e out a l9e & make #b1 #c equal #b1 #c1 ,fig4 #e2 ?is ris]1 x w be se51 comes on ! edge2 aga9 set up a rise1 z %[n by #c1 #c4 ,f #c squ>e out a l9e & make #c1 #d equal #c1 #d1 ,fig4 #e1 & set up ! height ( a rise4 ,! same process w\ld be repeat$ z long z !re 7 any ris]s /rik+ ! newel on plan4 ,( c\rse ! newel w\ld be set out full size on ! bo>d t ! w9d]s 7 set out on4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! plan ( newel1 & ,fig4 #h ! elevation ( a "p ( x4 ,repeat ! process describ$ at ,figs4 #e & #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,half-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,) ,a ,,/raight ,,flight ,,above ,,& ,,bel[1 ,,& ,a ,,cont9u$ ,,rail1 ,,/>t+ ,,) ,a ,,side ,,wrea? ,,f ,a ,,newel4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan1 & ,fig4 #b ! sectional elevation4 ,! previ\s plates h %[n /airs ) close /r+s--t is1 ! outside /r+s are h\s$ out = ! treads & ris]s1 9 ! same way z ! wall /r+1 & ! top ( ! /r+ is kept above ! nos+s1 & a capp+ is fix$ on ! top ( x1 & ! balu/]s are cut on1 or let into ?is capp+1 accord+ to ! class ( "w4 ,b 9 ?is case is %[n a cut or op5 /r+4 ,! treads & ris]s are h\s$ into ! wall /r+ z be=e1 b ! outside /r+s are cut s z to all[ ! treads & ris]s to pass "r ?r\gh1 & ! balu/]s are dovetail$ into ! ends ( treads1 details ( :i* are %[n on ,plate ,,viii4 ,! c>riages & ! l&+ joi/ are %[n by dott$ l9es on plan4 ,! c>riages fit close up "u ! bottom edge ( treads1 & r\gh brackets are nail$ to ! side ( !m1 & fit close up to ! "u side ( treads1 & glu$ & block$4 ,9 ?is description ( /airs x is usual to h f\r iron balu/]s1 plac$ z foll[s1 "o ea* on /eps #g1 #ac1 #ah & #bd4 ,!re %\ld be a joi/1 or good solid block let into !m1 imm$iately "u ! newel1 s t a bolt c be let up into ! c5tre ( newel1 & ?r\gh ?is block1 or joi/1 & screw$ tight f ! bottom4 ,! wall /r+ %\ld be well plugg$ & nail$ to ! wall4 ,if !re is no sp&ril "u ! bottom flight1 ! c>riages %\ld be /iff5$ by cutt+ pieces ( ! same /uff 9 betwe5 ea* c>riage & let into ! wall4 ,get a long bolt made to g ?r\gh all ! c>riages1 & ! pieces betwe5 !m & into ! wall1 ) a screw on ! outside end to screw !m all up tight toge!r4 ,to bore !m = ! bolts3 ,aft] ! c>riages h be5 fitt$ 9 _! place1 be=e !y are fix$1 lay !m toge!r & bore !m2 !n bore ! %ort pieces be=e putt+ !m into _! place4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! wid? rod4 ,c>e %\ld always be tak5 to try ?is rod at ! l&+1 :]e ! two flights are connect$1 & all[ = ! /airs to fit 9 betwe5 ! walls1 j slack en\gh to g 9 _! place )\t any tr\ble4 ,!y want1 9 fact1 to drop into _! place4 ,m>k on ea* end ( ! rod ! face ( ! skirt+ on ! l&+s1 & let ?is be ! face ( ! wall /r+4 ,m>k ! c5tre1 & set (f on ea* side ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 also ! /r+ & brackets4 ,! face brackets w be ! outside face ( balu/]s4 ,fig4 #d is ! go+ rod4 ,( c\rse1 ! go+ mu/ be regulat$ by circum/ances1 b ?is rod mu/ h ! face ( all ! ris]s m>k$ on x1 also ea* spr++1 z %[n by ,s ,s ,s1 & ! l&+s1 doorways1 c4 ,fig4 #e is ! height rod1 :i* mu/ h l&+s1 c41 m>k$ on x z %[n4 ,^! rods %\ld be us$ to put 9 ! l&+ by4 ,! pit* bo>d w be tak5 (f ! rods1 z 0 be=e expla9$4 ,rememb]1 a little c>e 9 sett+ out & work+ to ^! rods is true economy4 ,fig4 #f %[s h[ ! c>riages may be fa/5$ to ! floor4 ,let ,a be a fillet nail$ well ?r\gh ! floor into ! joi/4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! top & bottom c>riages bolt$ to ! trimm]s at ! l&+4 ,! %ort trimm] is suffici5tly long to take ! top c>riages4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ h[ ! bottom end ( ! top c>riages is let into ! %ort trimm]1 & bolt$ ?r\gh4 ,! bottom c>riages cut aga9/ ! long trimm]1 & bolt$ ?r\gh1 z %[n4 ,x sometimes happ5s ! %ort trimm] has to be block$ out f ! long "o1 s z to receive ! top c>riages4 ,9 t case x is pack$ out suffici5tly & bolt$ toge!r4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! c>riages bolt$ to ! trimm] on ! top l&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan1 & ,fig4 #b ! elevation ( a "p ( an op5 or cut /r+4 ,x w be se5 ! ris]s are cut l a b>e face t5on #e_/af in* ?ick1 ! same ?ickness z ! ornam5tal brackets1 & %\ld]$ to fit aga9/ ! inside ( ! /r+4 ,^! brackets are glu$ & bradd$ to ! outside face ( ! /r+1 & mitr$ to ! ends ( ! ris]s4 ,t "p ( ! /r+ :]e ! %\ld] ( ! ris]s fits aga9/1 %\ld be gaug$ to an exact ?ickness4 ,! brackets fit close up "u ! ends ( ! treads1 :i* project ! ?ickness ( ! brackets pa/ ! /r+s1 & mitr$ on ! front edge to receive ! return nos+ & scotia1 :i* is mitr$ & return$ into ! /r+1 z %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! be/ me?od to adopt is z foll[s3--,get ! ris]s %\ld]$ & mitr$1 !n pl\gh ! treads = ! scotia2 n[ cut (f ! ends ( ! treads z f> z ! mitre1 :i* m>k & cut 9 a little way1 f9i%+ ! cut aft] ! nos+ has be5 work$ & ! /airs are toge!r4 ,cut 9 ! dovetails = ! balu/]s1 b n *op !m out be=e ! /airs are fix$4 ,n[ glue 9 ! scotia1 &1 :5 dry1 put ! /eps toge!r1 ! same z 0 expla9$ 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,!n get ! l5g? ( /eps f ! wid? rod1 & cut !m (f4 ,gauge ! ris]s to a wid? ) a gauge z se5 at ,fig4 #d4 ,fit ! /eps 9 ! wall /r+1 & cut out = nos+ & scotia4 ,to put !m toge!r1 lay ! wall /r+ on ! floor1 hav+ x /raight & solid2 put ! /eps into x1 & lay ! out] /r+ on1 &1 ) /ruts f ! ceil+ or any conv5i5t place1 =ce ! cut /r+ on to ! %\ld]s ( ! ris]s1 & ! /eps into ! h\s+ ( ! wall /r+4 ,see t ! /airs are squ>e be=e do+ all necess>y w$g+1 block+1 screw+1 c4 ,!n remove ! /ruts & put on ! brackets & return nos+1 glue+ & bradd+ ! =m]1 :ile ! latt] %\ld only h two brads into ! /eps1 s t !y c be easily remov$ to fix ! balu/]s :5 ! h&rail is fix$1 aft] :i* !y c be p]man5tly nail$4 ,! iron balu/]s are screw$ to a block fix$ = ! purpose4 ,?is block is m>k$ ,a1 ,figs4 #a & #c4 ,! ris] is r$uc$ to all[ ! block to come =w>d1 s z to get ! screws well into x2 x is /ub-t5on$ into ! "u side ( ! tread1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ,fig4 #c2 x is also screw$ into ! back ( ! next tread bel[1 & well glu$ & block$4 ,!re w h to be a special balu/] turn$1 out ( p9e1 = a patt]n1 & turn$ a little long] to all[ = %r9kage 9 ! ca/+1 :i* is ab\t in* to ea* foot4 ,! squ>e p>ts mu/ be made to draw out ( ! s& :5 ca/--t is1 !y mu/ be a trifle ?ick] 9 ! middle on ! sides %[n at ,fig4 #c ?an !y are at ! edges1 z !y are ca/ 9 two halves4 ,!y w be drill$ & c\nt]sunk = ! screws aft] !y are ca/4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! side & ,fig4 #f ! front elevation ( a mitre %oot = %oot+ ! mitres ( ! ends ( ris]s4 ,! sides are two #i-;in* bo>ds1 set up at #de1 & screw$ to ! bottom1 m>k$ ,d1 & to ! back1 m>k$ ,h4 ,two l$ges are screw$ on ! bottom1 m>k$ ,n4 ,also a long] piece on ! top1 9 front1 m>k$ ,c1 = ! try+ plane to slide on :5 %oot+ ! mitres4 ,a false bottom is put 91 & set up at #de1 m>k$ ,b1 ?is is screw$ or nail$ ?r\gh ! sides1 & kept in* above ,c1 z %[n4 ,! triangul> piece is put 91 & ! bottom side ,s ,p is kept ! ?ickness ( a bracket above ,b1 & ,s ,p mu/ be ! exact size ( ! ?ickness ( ! /r+ :]e ! ris]s fit aga9/ x4 ,! ris]s are put 9 ) ! %\ld]s aga9/ ,s ,r & %ot (f4 ,! brackets c be mitr$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is box w d = any job by hav+ diff]5t triangul> pieces4 ,fig4 #g %[s h[ to get out ! cont9uation ( ! brackets along ! top l&+1 & f9i% aga9/ ! wall4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! brackets require to be r$uc$ 9 l5g? = und]s or dim9i%$ fly]s1 or increas$ = a l>ge well1 or :]e ! ris]s are f>!r ap>t ?an on ! /raight flights4 ,figs4 #h & #i %[ me?ods ( r$uc+ or increas+ ! l5g? ( ! brackets1 & ea* memb] proportionately4 ,x is only necess>y to describe "o1 z ! me?od = bo? is ! same4 ,let ,a be ! giv51 & ,b ! requir$ bracket4 ,hav+ drawn ! bracket ,a1 set (f ,c ,e at any angle1 ! requir$ l5g?4 ,jo9 ,d ,e1 draw any numb] ( l9es on ! bracket ,a1 squ>e to ,c ,d1 draw ^! l9es p>allel to ,d ,e1 & f :]e !y cut ,c ,e squ>e outl9e1 & make !m equal correspond+ l9es on ! bracket ,a1 z #c1 #d & #e on ,b w equal #c1 #d & #e on ,a4 ,^! brackets = ! circul> p>ts may be got out ( wood2 9 t case ! gra9 %\ld be v]tical1 z ! brackets are fix$4 ,b = pa9t$ "w ! be/ are two pieces ( l9oleum glu$ toge!r4 ,fig4 #aj %[s h[ ! cut /r+1 :i* is #ab in*es wide1 may be got out ( a #i-;in* bo>d4 ,%oot ! bottom edge1 !n gauge a l9e on its face to equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b4 ,!n ) ! compasses set (f on ?is l9e1 ! hypo!nuse ( ! pit* bo>d z _m times z is requir$1 z %[n by ,n ,r ,s ,h4 ,!n ) ! /eel squ>e m>k ea* go+ & rise1 :i* cut1 x w be f\nd ! bo>d is n wide en\gh1 b ! pieces cut out ( ! corn]s c be glu$ on to make x out z %[n by ,a & ,b4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e !re are no ornam5tal brackets1 ! ends ( treads are cut (f flu% ) ! outside face ( /r+1 except ! mitre = ! return nos+1 & ! ris]s are mitr$ to ! /r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,fig4 #a is ! plan ( ! well & ! /eps1 l&+ & />t+1 at ! half-space l&+4 ,! l9es m>k$ ,c ,s are ! direction ( ! cuts to be made ?r\gh ! circul> or well /r+ = ! ris]s to mitre to4 ,fig4 #b %[s a piece ( ?9 /uff cut to a semicircle to fit ! inside ( ! /r+4 ,?is piece is laid on ! plan1 & ! position & direction ( ! cuts = ris]s is m>k$ on x z se5 by ,c ,c4 ,fig4 #c %[s a section ( a /av$ well1 ! jo9ts be+ pl\gh$ out & cross tongues put 9 z %[n4 ,ea* jo9t mu/ be well glu$ & rubb$ & screw$ ?r\gh ! back4 ,x w be notic$ x is c>ri$ pa/ ! spr++ into ! /raight on bo? sides2 ?is makes a bett] job1 z a jo9t made 9 ! spr++ always has a crippl$ appe>ance1 no matt] h[ well ! job may be done4 ,fig4 #d %[s a fall+ m\ld = m>k+ ! treads & ris]s1 also ! bottom edge ( ! well 9 a cont9u\s l9e ) ! bottom edge ( ! two /raight /r+s4 ,take a ?9 la? & b5d x ar\nd ,fig4 #b1 & m>k on x ! spr++ & ris]s1 z %[n by ,s ,s & ,r ,r4 ,lay ?is la? on ! piece ( /uff ! fall+ m\ld is to be cut out (1 9 a horizontal position1 z %[n1 & m>k ! ris]s & spr++4 ,set up a /ep above & bel[ ! spr++s1 & set (f ,s ,s to equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,viii4 ,!n draw ! "u side ( /raight /r+s & cont9ue x across ! well1 tak+ c>e to h ! be/ possible fall+ l9e4 ,h ,h %[s ! l5g? ! pieces =m+ ! well w require to be4 ,?is fall+ m\ld may be made out ( good /iff br[n pap]1 or any o!r suitable /uff4 ,n[ b5d x ar\nd on ! inside ( ! well1 & m>k ! treads & ris]s & ! bottom edge4 ,keep ! spr++ l9es on ! m\ld to ! spr++ m>k$ on ! well4 ,to m>k ! spr++ on ! well take ,fig4 #b & hold 9 ! well1 & m>k ! spr++ top & bottom & f9i% x ) a /raight edge4 ,also m>k ! direction ( ! cuts z %[n by ! l9es m>k$ ,c4 ,fig4 #e %[s h[ ! well is fix$ to ! /raight /r+s4 ,?is mu/ be all fitt$ 9 ! %op ready to slide up 9 its place :5 ! /airs are fix$1 :5 x %\ld be well glu$1 w$g$ & screw$4 ,! circul> /r+ = ! />t+ & top l&+ ( ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,vii41 may be got out & fix$ 9 ! same way4 ,^! k9d ( wells answ] ! purpose = :i* !y are us$1 b !y are n s /rong z a v5e]$ well1 :i* is %[n on ,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! /ep />t+ f ! half-space l&+4 ,?is /ep is slightly curv$ at ! end to make x ! same wid? on ! end z ! re/4 ,! ris]s1 />t+ & l&+ are laid d[n to suit ! rail1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! return nos+ = ?is /ep4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! l&+ /ep4 ,?is is got out long en\gh to rea* f wall to wall4 ,?is /ep is glu$ up 9 ! %op ) ! re/2 ! nos+ is work$ on ! solid & return$ z f> z ,e1 ab\t #b or #c in*es on4 ,! scotia is fix$ ar\nd ! circul> "p aft] all is fix$4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! top l&+ /ep4 ,?is too goes f wall to wall1 & is treat$ 9 ! same way z ,fig4 #h1 only ! nos+ is work$ f end to end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,plate ,x4 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction1 ,,%[+ ,,an ,,app>atus ,,= ,,m>k+ ,,! ,,l5g? ,,& ,,cuts ,,( ,,balu/]s ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,circul> ,,p>ts4 ,fig4 #a %[s "p plan ( /airs = a side wrea? />t+ f a newel4 ,! f>!r out ! newel /&s1 )9 reason1 ! bett] w be ! appe>ance1 provid$ x does n ob/ruct ! passage 9 any way4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! con/ruction ( ! curv$ /eps4 ,let ! pieces m>k$ ,a be 9 two pieces1 z %[n1 glu$ & screw$ toge!r1 ) ! gra9 cross+ ea* o!r z mu* z possible4 ,! ris] is r$uc$1 z %[n1 z f> z ! "w goes1 to )9 ab\t #c in*es ( ! end1 z %[n by ,b4 ,! little piece ( /raight on ! face ( ris] at ,b c be clean$ (f 9 cont9uation ( ! curve aft] x is glu$ up4 ,screw ?r\gh ! blocks into ! end ( ris] at ,b1 !n b5d ! v5e] ar\nd1 put on h&-screws to hold ! ris] & block toge!r :ile w$g+1 & be=e remov+ ! h&-screws put 9 ! screws z %[n4 ,! scotia is screw$ to ! "u side ( ! tread1 & holes bor$ 9 ! bottom edge ( ris] s z to get a screw-99driv] 91 & screw ! ris] on f ! bottom1 ! screws go+ ?r\gh ! scotia into ! tread4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! block = a curtail /ep4 ,! /ep is /ruck f ! same c5tres z ! h&rail1 :i* is expla9$ on plate4 ,! block is got out 9 ?ree ?icknesses2 ! gra9 ( two pieces c run 9 ! same direction z ! ris]1 & ! middle pieces 9 ! direction ( ,s ,s4 ,! balu/]s w regulate ! size ( ! block1 z %[n4 ,?is /ep is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ,fig4 #b1 ! scotia be+ 9 ! solid4 ,! nos+ w be work$ on ! tread 9 ! solid & return$ at ,r ?r\gh ! /r+4 ,! piece m>k$ ,h is a piece ( -in* iron twi/$ s z to screw to ! "u side ( ! tread & to ! inside ( ! /r+4 ,! la/ balu/] on ! /ep %\ld be iron1 %\ld]$ to fit on ! top ( ! tread1 & a p9 on x to g ?r\gh ! /ep1 ) a ?read = a nut to screw x up tight f ! bottom4 ,!y are sometimes run 9 ) sulphur in/ead ( ! nut2 9 t case x c be fix$ aft] ! /ep is fix$1 b ! nut makes ! be/ job4 ,fig4 #d %[s an app>atus = cutt+ up ! balu/]s ar\nd ! wrea?s4 ,x is a v simple affair1 easily made & easily appli$2 x makes a p]fect fit1 & ! sav+ ( "t is v great4 ,! box is made ! size ( ! balu/] on ! inside1 ! back ,c is #a in* ?ick1 & ! sides in*4 ,! pieces m>k$ ,a are cut z %[n1 & slott$1 a c\ple ( screws are screw$ into ! sides ) wa%]s on1 = ,a to slide up & d[n4 ,b is a piece ( z9c screw$ on to ,a1 z %[n1 ) ! head c\nt]sunk flu%4 ,b mu/ be ab\t in* n>r[] ?an ! balu/]s1 s z to g into ! groove ( ! "u side ( h&rail4 ,! screws 9 ,b mu/ be s t !y c be turn$ ei!r way ) ! f+]s1 :ile ^? 9 ! sides mu/ be s t ,a w slide up & d[n easy4 ,! box w be ab\t #b feet long1 cut (f p]fectly squ>e at ! bottom end4 ,to m>k ! balu/]s1 /& ! box on ! tread s t ! inside ( x w be imm$iately ov] :]e ! balu/] has to g4 ,slide up ,a on ei!r side s t ,b w g into ! groove ( ! "u side ( ! h&rail1 !n turn ,b on bo? sides to fit ! rail4 ,take x away & lay x d[n1 & lay ! balu/] 9 x1 & m>k x top & bottom4 ,! dovetail has ( c\rse to be add$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two pieces ( z9c mu/ be ! same z ! balu/]s & inside ( ! box1 & ! c5tre ( ,b mu/ be 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! side ( inside ( box4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! plan1 & ,fig4 #f ! sectional elevation1 ( a "p ( /airs1 ) w9d]s 9 ! qu>t] space1 & a qu>t] space l&+ to give access to a doorway4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! c>riages & l&+4 ,! back edges ( ! treads are kept in* beyond ! back ( ris]s to =m a l$ge4 ,! cross piece ,g is fix$ to receive ! c>riages1 z %[n4 ,! pieces ,f are fix$1 z %[n1 let into ! wall "o end1 & fix$ to ! back ( ! well ! o!r4 ,^! pieces are fix$ "u ea* tread flu% ) ! back edge1 ! wid? dep5ds ^u ! well /r+2 !y are kept s t ! pla/] w f9i% flu% ) ! bottom ( ! well4 ,! %ort c>riages ,c are cut tight 9 betwe5 ,f & ,f1 & !y mu/ be wide en\gh to not* ov] ! projection ( ! back edge ( ! treads1 z %[n by ,e1 ,fig4 #f4 ,if ^! %ort c>riages are cut 9 tight x makes a good s\nd job1 & r\gh brackets c be nail$ on !m1 & block$ & glu$ z = ! /raight p>ts4 ,! la?s w g f ,f to ,f4 ,d is put 9 to take ! la?s1 z ! di/ance "h f ,f to ,f is too mu* )\t !m1 & ,e is to take ! ends ( la?s along ! wall4 ,! l&+ w be und]/ood4 ,! joi/s ,k are put 9 to receive ! floor & la?s4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! jo9t ( ! two diagonal joi/s4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! jo9ts at ! ext]nal angle ( ! l&+1 ! bolt go+ ?r\gh ! ?ree1 ,j ,a ,h1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,fig4 #a is an enl>g$ plan ( ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,x4 ,! face ( ris]s mu/ be set (f on ! c5tre l9e ( rail to suit ! fall+ l9e ( h&rail1 :i* %\ld be asc]ta9$ fir/4 ,! l9e ( travel is #ae in*es f ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 & ! w9d]s are divid$ on ?is l9e4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! developm5t4 ,cut a piece ( ?9 bo>d to fit ! face ( /r+ ar\nd ! z9c circle on plan1 z %[n by ,fig4 #c4 ,b5d a ?9 la? ar\nd x1 & m>k ! spr++ on to x & all ris]s betwe54 ,lay ?is la? on ,fig4 #b1 & m>k ! spr++ & position ( ris]s1 z %[n4 ,! position ( ris]s outside ( ! spr++ c ( c\rse be tak5 (f ! plan4 ,draw "o or two full size /eps top & bottom1 & a "p ( ! /raight /r+s z %[n4 ,cont9ue ! bottom edge ( /r+ to =m a nice easy fall+ l9e connect+ ! /raight p>ts1 z %[n by ! curv$ p>ts1 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #d %[s a cyl9d] made to fit ! inside face ( ! circul> /r+4 ,be=e ! v5e] is put on1 glue "s pap] all ov] ! outside ( ?is cyl9d] & let x dry4 ,!n1 %\ld any glue get betwe5 ! v5e] & cyl9d]1 x w pull ! pap] (f in/ead ( /ick+ to ! wood1 & p]haps break ! v5e]2 ! pap] c be wa%$ (f4 ,b5d ! la? ar\nd ! cyl9d] on top ( ! pap]1 & m>k ! spr++1 z %[n1 on bo? sides4 ,d ?is at bo? ends1 & m>k ! spr++ d[n ! sides ) a /raight-edge4 ,n[ get a piece ( v5e] a full #a_/af in* ?ick1 ! size %[n by ! /raight dott$ l9es1 ,fig4 #b4 ,cut ! bottom edge to ! curve ,s ,s4 ,m>k ! spr++ & ea* /ep on ! v5e]4 ,x is z well to m>k ^! on bo? sides4 ,9 putt+ ?is on ! cyl9d] take c>e to h x ! "r h&4 ,fix on "o side fir/ ) a h&-screw1 s t ! spr++ on ! v5e] is on ! spr++ on ! cyl9d]1 !n b5d x ar\nd & fa/5 ! o!r side tempor>ily4 ,!n get two pieces ( v5e]1 in* ?ick & ab\t #a in* wide1 cut to ! %ape ( ! curves ,s ,s & ,n ,n4 ,n[ b5d ! two pieces ar\nd on ! top ( ! fir/ piece1 keep+ ! edge ,s ,s flu% ) ! bottom edge ( ! l>ge v5e]4 ,x w be se5 t ! ?ree ?icknesses ( v5e] w =m ! s9k+ 9 ! /r+ #e_/af in* deep4 ,next get a piece ! exact ?ickness ( ! s9k+ #e_/af in*1 & cut x to ! %ape ( ! s9k+1 z se5 at ,fig4 #e4 ,put pl5ty ( saw k]fs 9 ! direction %[n1 t is1 p>allel to ! spr++4 ,let ! k]fs g pa/ ! spr++ a bit on bo? ends4 ,n[ b5d ?is ar\nd ! cyl9d] ) ! k]fs next to x1 & ! edge close up to ! v5e]s4 ,n[ get ! /aves ab\t #b in*es by #b in*es1 & bevel ! edges to fit ea* o!r ar\nd ! circle & holl[ ! "u side to fit 9 ! v5e]1 also cut ! ends out to fit ov] ! s9k+4 ,/>t "o side fir/ ) /raight pieces z f> z ! spr++ & screw x d[n1 !n "w f ?is piece & g "r ar\nd1 screw+ ea* piece z x is fitt$1 until !y are all on4 ,next />t 9 ! c5tre & take (f "o side1 numb]+ ea* piece z x is tak5 (f1 lift up ea* ( ! ?ree pieces ( v5e] & glue betwe5 !m1 screw ! /aves on aga9 except ! c5tre "o1 take !m (f on ! o!r side & glue 9 ! same way1 aft] :i* screw on all ! /aves aga94 ,to glue ! /aves1 aga9 />t 9 ! c5tre & take (f "o1 well glue ! bottom next to ! v5e] & screw x d[n tight4 ,take (f ! next "o to x & glue ! bottom & side go+ aga9/ ! "o already glu$4 ,repeat ?is process until all are fix$1 b nev] glue m ?an "o at a "t4 ,x may be f\nd necess>y to /eam ! v5e]4 ,?is is sometimes done 9 a box made = ! purpose1 :]e !re is /eam to be _h1 b fail+ t1 boil+ 9 ! glue-pot is us$4 ,b ?is is n a good ?+ to d if x c be avoid$1 z ! dry] x is put on ! bett] = ! job4 ,fig4 #f %[s an enl>g$ section ?r\gh ! jo9t ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #d4 ,f is a section ( ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! well 9 position4 ,if a -in* bead is us$ = ! bottom edge1 a piece ( -in* cane c be b5t ar\nd ! well 9 cont9uation ( ! bead4 ,?is "w mu/ be all fitt$ be=e x leaves ! b5*1 ready to g into its place :5 fix$4 ,,h&rail+4 ,! h&rail is t portion ( ! f5ce c>ri$ up on ! outside ( ! /airs & support$ by ! balu/]s1 :i* are let into ! ends ( ! treads4 ,:ile ^! balu/]s =m protection1 ! rail is to assi/ 9 ! asc5t & desc5t ( ! /airs4 ,x is v evid5t ! rail %\ld be a uni=m height ov] ! l9e ( nos+s4 ,?is height %\ld be #b feet #h in*es1 measur$ v]tically ov] ! face ( ris]s1 f ! top side ( tread to ! top side ( rail4 ,& x w be se5 t ! ris]s ar\nd ! circul> p>ts %\ld be plac$ s z to h ! be/ possible fall+ l9e ( rail1 :ile ! balu/]s %\ld be1 if any?+1 a trifle long] ?an on ! /raight p>ts4 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 ?is "w is z foll[s3--,! plan ( c5tre l9e ( rail is fir/ laid d[n1 & ! tang5ts & face ( ris]s drawn4 ,next ! c5tre l9e ( rail is unfold$1 or develop$1 on a bo>d1 ) position ( ris]s !reon4 ,!n ! c5tre fall+ l9e ( rail is drawn1 re/+ on ! corn]s ( ! full-size /eps & cont9u$ across ! well4 ,& "h x is :]e good ta/e & judgm5t is requir$1 s z to get a good fall+4 ,aft] ! fall+ l9e has be5 drawn x w be se5 at once if any improvem5t c be made 9 ! position ( ! ris]s4 ,! developm5t ( tang5ts is next drawn to suit ! fall+ l9e ( rail4 ,! face m\lds are next got out ( "s ?9 /uff4 ,! tang5ts on ! m\lds w equal ! tang5ts develop$ 9 ! elevation4 ,?is w be bett] und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! succe$+ draw+s4 ,two face m\lds are us$1 "o = ea* side ( ! plank4 ,! tang5ts & sections are ! same on ea* m\ld1 b z ! wid? is on ! inside ( "o m\ld & on ! outside ( ! o!r1 ?is gives ! wrea? ! necess>y twi/4 ,! wrea? hav+ be5 cut out squ>e ?r\gh ! plank & ! jo9ts made1 & ! tang5ts squ>$ across ! jo9ts1 ! face m\lds are !n tack$ on1 ) ! ends ( bo? m\lds flu% ) ! jo9ts1 & ! tang5ts on bo? face m\lds are put to ! tang5ts squ>$ across ! jo9ts ( wrea?1 !re be+ no pu%+ or slid+ ! m\ld 9 any %ape or =m4 ,! inside & outside is n[ sawn (f1 ! saw always be+ held 9 ! same direction z ! section l9es on ! face m\lds4 ,a bevel is obta9$ = ea* section & set (f on a bo>d4 ,! wid? ( rail is also drawn on ! same bo>d1 & :]e ! bevel cuts ! c5tre ( wid? ( rail1 is ! c5tre ( plank4 ,n[ z ! face m\ld gives ! height ( ! c5tre ( plank at ea* section1 ^! heights are transf]r$ to ! elevation1 :i* %[s at once if ! fall+ l9e is any1 & h[ mu*1 out ( ! c5tre ( plank4 ,!n ! sections ( rail are drawn on ! bo>d above1 or bel[1 :]e ! bevel cuts ! c5tre ( wid? ( rail1 accord+ to :at ! fall+ l9e is out ( ! c5tre ( plank at ea* section4 ,?is %[s :at sup]flu\s /uff !re is to come (f ! top side ( ! wrea? at ea* section1 :i* is m>k$ on to ! wrea? be=e ! face m\lds are remov$4 ,?is sup]flu\s /uff is !n sawn (f1 keep+ ! saw 9 ! direction ( ! section l9es1 aft] :i* ! wrea? is gaug$ to a ?ickness & ! sup]flu\s /uff sawn (f ! bottom4 ,i may say t ?is sy/em has be5 put to practical te/1 & "s ( ! v be/ examples ( h&rail+ h be5 done by x ) ! v be/ results4 ,b x 0 f\nd to be a great advantage to use a ma*9e gig-saw3 !y c be b\ght ! same z any o!r saw1 & if x is fix$ into a b[-saw frame1 or a frame made = x1 no difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 saw+ out any wrea? %[n 9 ?is book4 ,! advantages ( ?is sy/em are3-- #a4 ,! tang5ts are made to con=m to ! fall+ l9e ( rail1 in/ead ( ! fall+ l9e hav+ to con=m to ! tang5ts1 z is ! case 9 mo/ sy/ems4 #b4 ,! wrea? be+ sawn out to ! section l9es in/ead ( v]tical1 z is ! case ) cyl9drical wrea?s1 saves m ?an half ! "t 9 squ>+4 #c4 ,! wrea? be+ /raight across on ! inside & outside 9 ! direction ( ! section l9e1 in/ead ( concave on ! inside & convex on ! outside1 z is ! case ) a cyl9drical wrea?1 is mu* easi] to m\ld1 & has a mu* bett] appe>ance by f> :5 f9i%$4 #d4 ,x has all ! advantages ( fall+ m\lds )\t ! tr\ble ( gett+ !m out1 & x c always be asc]ta9$ :at any "p ( ! fall+ l9e is out ( ! c5tre ( ! plank4 #e4 ,x takes ! m9imum ?ickness ( /uff1 z x c always be se5 exactly :at ?ickness w be requir$4 #f4 ,! sy/em ( bevell$ jo9ts does away ) ! %ort ramps1 & !reby saves bo? lab\r & mat]ial2 besides !re is only "o jo9t in/ead ( ?ree4 ,x w be se5 t 9 no case 9 ?is book is extra ?ickness ( /uff requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,on ,,oblique ,,planes ,,& ,,_! ,,traces4 ,if ! surface ( a solid is nei!r horizontal or p]p5dicul> x is oblique4 ,?us1 if we place a box on ! table1 ! top ( ! table repres5ts ! horizontal plane & ! side ( ! box ! v]tical plane1 & ! int]section ( ! box & ! table is ! gr\nd l9e1 or ,x ,y4 ,draw a l9e out squ>e f ! box on ! table1 m>k$ ,n ,n1 ,fig4 #a4 ,hold ! end ( a book on ?is l9e1 ) its edge aga9/ ! side ( ! box 9 an incl9$ position2 m>k a l9e on ! side ( ! box3 ?is l9e is ! v]tical trace1 because ! oblique plane has cut ! v]tical plane on ?is l9e4 ,be=e mov+ ! book m>k a l9e on ! table3 ?is is ! horizontal trace1 = ! same reason t ! oblique plane has cut ! horizontal plane on ?is l9e4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! horizontal trace incl9$ #fj to ! v]tical plane4 ,draw ! dott$ l9e ,n ,n on ! table1 mak+ an angle ( #fj ) ! box4 ,place ! end ( a book on ?is l9e1 & :ile 9 an incl9$ position m>k ! v]tical & horizontal traces ! same z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,to f9d ! true incl9ation ( ! oblique plane take ,f = c5tre1 & = radius ,f ,r1 /rike ! arc to cut ,x ,y 9 ,p2 jo9 ,e ,p1 :i* is ! true l5g? & incl9ation ( a l9e on ! oblique plane1 to /& v]tically ov] ,f ,r4 ,all l9es on ! oblique plane p>allel to ! horizontal trace w be level1 & all l9es squ>e to x w be ! true incl9ation ( ! surface ( ! oblique plane4 ,fig4 #c4 ,x is requir$ to cut a block ( wood ! size ( ! squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,o1 its side ,a ,b to be #e in*es high1 & its top surface incl9$ #cj to ! horizontal plane4 ,on ! oblique surface project an ellipse t w /& v]tically ov] ! qu>t] ( circle on plan4 ,let ,a ,b ,c ,o be ! plan & ,b ,c ,r ,n ! elevation4 ,project #g1 #h1 #i on to ! oblique surface1 z %[n by #a1 #b1 #c4 ,fig4 #d %[s a cunei=m sket* ( ! block4 ,make ,b ,n & ,c ,r equal correspond+ lett]s1 ,fig4 #c2 jo9 ,r ,n2 squ>e out l9es f ,n ,r2 make ,n ,a1 ,r ,o equal ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,to complete ! figure1 make ,a ,a equal ,b ,n1 & ,o ,o equal ,c ,r4 ,to draw ! ellipse1 make ,n #a #b #c ,r equal ,n #a #b #c ,r1 ,fig4 #c4 ,make #a #g & #b #h & #c #i equal #d #g & #e #h & #f #i1 ,fig4 #c4 ,trace ! curve ?r\gh ,a #g #h #i ,r z %[n4 ,if ?is block is cut out 9 a v]tical direction to ! ellipse on its surface x w /& correctly ov] ! qu>t] ( circle1 its plan4 ,fig4 #e4 ,cut a block ( wood s t its edge w /& v]tically ov] ,a ,b ,c ,o4 ,! top ( ! block to be h>d d[n at ,a4 ,f ,a to ,b rise #c in*es1 & f ,b to ,c #d in*es m4 ,make ,b ,f equal #c in*es & ,c #e1 #g in*es4 ,jo9 #e1 ,f ext5d$ to cut ,x ,y 9 ,e4 ,jo9 ,e ,a1 :i* is ! horizontal trace1 & ,e ,f #e1 ! v]tical trace4 ,f #e w be ! incl9ation ( ! edge ( ! block ov] ,b ,c4 ,to get ! l5g? & incl9ation ( ! edge ov] ,a ,b1 take ,b = c5tre & ,b ,a = radius1 /rike an arc to cut ,x ,y 9 ,h4 ,jo9 ,f ,h = ! requir$ edge4 ,! process ( gett+ ! l9es on ! oblique surface ( ?is block1 z %[n at ,fig4 #f1 is ! same z mo/ ( ! face m\lds z laid d[n 9 ?is book1 & let x be und]/ood t if ! problems on ?is & ! foll[+ ,plate are prop]ly ma/]$1 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ?is sy/em dep5ds has be5 laid1 & all ! plates t foll[ are purely a matt] ( detail4 ,let ! in/ructions giv5 "h be c>ri$ out1 & cut ! blocks ( wood z describ$1 :5 ! mean+ & int5tion ( e l9e w be cle>ly illu/rat$1 & ! way cle>$ = fur!r progress4 ,make ,e ,f #e equal ,e ,f #e1 ,fig4 #e4 ,take ! di/ance ,f ,h1 ,fig4 #e1 9 ! compasses1 ) ,f1 ,fig4 #f1 z c5tre1 /rike an arc at ,a4 ,) ,e ,a1 ,fig4 #e1 z a radius1 & ,e1 ,fig4 #f1 z c5tre1 /rike an arc to int]sect ! fir/ "o at ,a4 ,jo9 ,e ,a = horizontal trace & ,f ,a = ! top edge ( ! block ov] ,a ,b4 ,draw f #e p>allel to ,f ,a1 & f ,a p>allel to ,f #e4 ,!n ,o w be ! c5tre ( ! ellipse1 z x w be v]tical ov] ! c5tre on plan4 ,a l9e drawn on an oblique plane squ>e to ! horizontal trace & pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre is ! major axis1 & a l9e drawn p>allel to ! ,h ,t & pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre is ! m9or axis4 ,make #b #c #j #e equal #b #c #j #e1 ,fig4 #e4 ,make #c #f & #j #g equal #h #f & #j #g1 ,fig4 #e1 & trace ! curve ?r\gh ,a #f #g #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,projection ,,( ,,oblique ,,planes1 ,,etc4 ,%\ld any "p ( a plan be a circle1 x w :5 project$ on to an oblique plane be an ellipse4 ,?us1 take any "o r\nd piece ( wood1 cut "o end (f squ>e to its side1 ?is end w be a true circle4 ,cut ! o!r end to any angle1 :i* w !n be an ellipse1 & :5 ! piece is /ood on end w be v]tical ov] ! circle1 its plan4 ,fig4 #a %[s ?is4 ,& x w be se51 no matt] :at angle ! oblique plane may be1 ! m9or axis nev] *anges1 x is always ! same l5g? z on plan1 z are all l9es p>allel to x2 b n s ) ! major axis1 :i* always l5g!ns z ! angle increases4 ,fig4 #b %[s a qu>t] ( a circle project$ on to an oblique plane1 incl9$ #de to ! horizontal plane4 ,fig4 #c %[s a plank incl9$ #de to ! horizontal plane1 ) a qu>t] ( an ellipse trac$ on its oblique surface4 ,at any po9t on ! curve draw a section l9e & a normal tang5t4 ,cut ! plank squ>e ?r\gh to ! section l9e4 ,draw a level l9e on ! squ>e cut1 & produce a bevel t w1 :5 ! /ock is held to ! section l9e on ! oblique surface1 produce ) its blade a l9e across ! cut t w be p]p5dicul> to ! level l9e on ! squ>e cut4 ,at any po9t on ! curve1 say at ,s1 draw a l9e squ>e to1 & to cut ! major axis 9 ,p2 draw ! level l9e on ! edge to cut ! v]tical l9e f ! c5tre ,o 9 ,n2 draw ,r ,n squ>e to ! major axis4 ,jo9 ,r ,s1 :i* is ! section l9e2 draw ! tang5t squ>e to x ?r\gh ,s4 ,cut ! plank ?r\gh to ! l9es ,s ,r & ,r ,n2 jo9 ,n ,s aft] ! cut is made4 ,to get ! bevel1 draw ,a ,a p>allel to1 & at a di/ance away f ,o ,n1 equal to m9or axis or radius ( circle on plan4 ,take ! compasses1 & = c5tre put "o foot at ,o1 & = radius /rike an arc j t\*+ ! tang5t ?r\gh ,s1 br+ x ar\nd to cut ,a ,a 9 ,h1 jo9 ,o ,h = ! requir$ bevel4 ,?is bevel1 :5 appli$ across ! cut1 w be squ>e to ! level l9e ,s ,n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,level ,,l&+ ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,half ,,twi/4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( ! rail1 ) ! top ris] plac$ 9 ! spr++ & ! level rail #d in*es above ! l&+1 s t :5 ! rail is rais$ to its prop] height1 #b feet #h in*es above ! treads1 measur$ v]tically ov] ! face ( ! ris]s to ! top ( rail1 x w be #c feet f ! l&+ to top ( level rail4 ,to get ! radius ( ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 make ,b ,h1 ,fig4 #c1 equal #d in*es2 !n ,a ,b w be ! requir$ radius4 ,at ,fig4 #b set up "o /ep & l&+4 ,draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e re/+ on ! corn]s1 also draw ! level rail #d in*es above ! l&+4 ,make ,n ,c equal ! /ret*-out ( ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! fall+ l9e f ,a to ,c1 z %[n4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! face m\ld4 ,draw ,a ,b ,c at "r angles4 ,make ,a ,s equal ,a ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,a ,b equal ,a ,h1 ,fig4 #c1 & ,b ,c equal ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 & ,c ,p equal ,c ,p1 ,fig4 #b4 ,f ,a draw ,a ,o p>allel to ,b ,c1 & f ,c draw ,c ,o p>allel to ,a ,b4 ,!n ,o w be ! c5tre1 ,a ,o ! semi-m9or axis1 & ,o ,c ! semi-major axis4 ,to get po9ts 9 ! curve & draw section l9es1 take ,o ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 = radius & ,c1 ,fig4 #d1 = c5tre2 /rike an arc on ! left2 draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & tang5t to ?is arc2 draw f ,c squ>e to ,v ,l4 ,say !re are to be two sections m>k$ #e & #f1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,c #b #a equal ,c #b #a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw f #a & #b p>allel to ,v ,l to cut ,o ,c 9 #c & #d4 ,f #c & #d draw p>allel to ,a ,o1 & make #d #e & #c #f equal #a #f & #b #e1 ,fig4 #a2 !n #e & #f w be po9ts 9 ! curve4 ,f #c & #d draw squ>e to & cut ,v ,l 9 #g & #h2 f #g & #h draw squ>e to & cut ,o ,c 9 #i & #aj2 jo9 #i #e & #f #aj = section l9es4 ,to get bevels1 wid? ( m\ld1 c3--,on a piece ( bo>d draw two p>allel l9es1 at a di/ance ap>t equal to radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 z %[n by ! l9es ,r ,r1 ,fig4 #e2 also draw ! wid? ( rail1 z %[n by ,w ,w4 ,= ! section at ,c1 make #a #b1 ,fig4 #e1 equal ,o ,c1 ,fig4 #d2 draw section ( rail2 draw ,e ,f p>allel to #a #b1 to cut ! top corn] ( section ( rail4 ,!n ,o ,c w be half ?ickness ( plank & ,e ,c ,f ! wid? ( m\ld4 ,= section #e1 ) ,o1 ,fig4 #d1 z c5tre1 /rike an arc to j t\* ! tang5t f #e2 make #c1 #d1 ,fig4 #e1 equal ?is di/ance4 ,make ,o #e equal half ?ickness ( plank & draw ,r ,n p>allel to #c #d1 !n ,r #e ,n w be wid? ( m\ld on ?is section4 ,! process ( gett+ bevel & wid? ( m\ld = section #f is ! same1 always squ>+ out ! l9e f ! c5tre ( section ( rail & sett+ (f half ?ickness ( plank1 & draw+ ! top or bottom side ( plank p>allel to ! bevel l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( section4 ,to complete ! face m\ld make ,c ,e & ,c ,f equal ,c ,e & ,c ,f1 ,fig4 #e4 ,= section #e make #e ,r & #e ,n equal #e ,r & #e ,n1 ,fig4 #e4 ,= section #f make #f ,s & #f ,p equal #f ,s & #f ,p1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! section on ! m9or axis requires no bevel1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ,plates ,,xii4 & ,,xiii4 ,?is l9e nev] exce$s its plan1 !re=e on ?is l9e ! face m\ld nev] exce$s ! wid? ( rail4 ,complete ! face m\ld z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,level ,,l&+ ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,half ,,twi/--cont9u$4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plank f :i* ! wrea? is to be cut out4 ,lay ! face m\ld on1 & transf] ! tang5ts on ! face ( ! /uff4 ,m>k (f ea* side ( ! tang5t at ,p1 ,o ,h to equal ,c ,h1 ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xiv41 & cut ! wrea? out squ>e ?r\gh ! plank1 z %[n by dott$ l9es1 tak+ c>e to h ! wrea? cut full on ! m9or axis at ,a1 & along ! %ank to ,s1 z ?is "p does n exce$ ! wid? ( ! rail4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! wrea? aft] be+ cut out squ>e ?r\gh ! plank4 ,plane "o side p]fectly true1 !n get x to its requir$ ?ickness4 ,x is v important t ! /uff %\ld be got to ! same ?ickness z drawn at ! sections1 t is1 twice ! ?ickness ( ,o ,c1 ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,n[ make ! jo9ts squ>e to ! face ( /uff & squ>e to ! tang5ts1 apply+ ! squ>e z %[n4 ,s mu* dep5ds ^u ! tru5ess ( ! jo9ts t too mu* c>e _c be tak5 ) !m4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld = ! o!r side ( ! /uff4 ,lay ! face m\ld1 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xiv41 on a ?9 piece ( /uff1 & m>k (f on to x ! tang5ts ,s ,a ,b ,c ,p & ! section l9es1 /ick a bradawl ?r\gh #e & #f1 & m>k (f on ! section l9es1 on ea* side ( ,c #e & #f1 ! wid? z %[n opposite to ! fir/ face m\ld4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! application ( m\lds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,level ,,l&+ ,,wrea?1 ,,or ,,half ,,twi/--cont9u$4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! same wrea? aft] ! inside & outside has be5 cut (f1 s t a /raight$ge w t\* bo? face m\lds all r\nd :5 held 9 ! direction ( ! section l9es1 z %[n m>k$ across ! inside4 ,to cut ! wrea? out get a ma*9e gig-saw & ei!r make a frame = x or fit x into a b[-saw frame3 ?is saw w be f\nd to be mu* bett] ?an ! ord9>y b[-saw1 z x is mu* /iff] & w n b5d 9 ! cut1 & be+ ?ick on ! tee? & ?9 on its back edge1 works free4 ,e wrea? %[n 9 ?is book c be squ>$ ) ?is saw1 & if c>e is tak5 9 cutt+ ! sup]flu\s /uff (f1 v little clean+ up is requir$4 ,! saw mu/ always be held 9 ! same direction z ! section l9es4 ,aft] ! inside & outside has be5 cut (f & clean$ up1 be=e tak+ ! face m\lds (f m>k d[n f ! top on ea* section1 inside & out1 ! di/ances z %[n by ! %ad$ p>ts on ea* section at ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xiv41 & m>k$ ,f ,y1 ,r ,j1 ,s ,k1 c4 ,! %ad$ "p at ,fig4 #a %[s ?is2 ! m\lds c n[ be remov$ & ! sup]flu\s /uff cut (f to ! l9es trac$ ?r\gh ,e ,j ,k on ! inside & ,y ,a ,b on ! outside4 ,! bottom c be gaug$ f ! top ) an ord9>y gauge1 b %\ld be sawn full & jo9t$ to ! /raight rails be=e be+ clean$ up4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! same wrea?1 only ! rail is cut out ( ! top ( ! plank all r\nd1 in/ead ( ! c5tre1 z at ,fig4 #a4 ,& ?is wrea? has a mu* bett] appe>ance on ! inside :5 f9i%$4 ,! face m\lds & _! application are ! same1 b z ! rail is to come out ( ! top ( ! plank1 x w ?r[ ! level rail too high on ! l&+4 ,to obviate ?is ! ris+ l&+ mu/ be br\ght out f ! spr++4 ,make ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #c1 equal ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #d1 draw section ( rail at ,h z %[n1 draw ,s ,s p>allel to ,a ,h1 make ,p ,p equal half ?ickness ( rail1 make ,b ,a ,n1 ,fig4 #d1 equal ,b ,a ,n1 ,fig4 #c1 & draw ris] z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,half-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,) ,,/raight ,,flight ,,above ,,& ,,bel[4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( rail ) ! ris]s l&+ & />t+1 plac$ half a tread f ,c on ea* side along ! c5tre l9e ( rail4 ,by ?is arrangem5t we get two balu/]s on ! l&+ ! same di/ance ap>t z on ! /eps1 & ! c5tre fall+ l9e /raight4 ,draw plan ( rail & enclose ! c5tre l9e ) tang5ts ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e4 ,m>k (f f ,c along c5tre l9e ( rail on ea* side half a tread1 & draw face ( ris]s l&+ & />t+4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation4 ,make ,a ,n equal /ret*-out ( c5tre l9e ( rail4 ,set up two /eps & l&+1 tak+ c>e to draw ! face ( ris]s z !y occur on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! fall+ l9e re/+ on ! corn]s z %[n4 ,= developm5t ( tang5ts make ,f ,d ,s equal ,e ,d ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,f ,d1 squ>e up a l9e to cut ! fall+ l9e 9 ,r1 !n ,e ,r w be ! pit* ( ! tang5t ov] ,e ,d1 ,fig4 #a2 jo9 ,r ,s = pit* ( tang5t ov] ,d ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,e ,d ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 equal ,f ,d ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 jo9 ,f ,c1 :i* is ! horizontal trace4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld4 ,make ,e ,d ,s equal ,e ,r ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 ) ,d = c5tre1 & ,r ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 z radius2 /rike an arc at ,c ) ,s z a c5tre1 & ,f ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius2 /rike an arc to int]sect ! fir/ "o at ,c1 jo9 ,d ,c4 ,f ,c draw p>allel to ,d ,e1 & f ,e draw p>allel to ,d ,c2 ^! l9es w meet at ! c5tre ,o4 ,jo9 ,s ,c1 :i* is ! horizontal trace4 ,draw ! semi-major axis squ>e to x ?r\gh ! c5tre & ! semi-m9or axis p>allel4 ,) ,f z c5tre1 & ,o ,n1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius1 /rike an arc at ,h2 draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ! c5tre & tang5t to ! arc4 ,say we h "o section betwe5 ! m9or axis & ,c m>k$ #a4 ,make ,h ,n equal ,o ,n1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,n ,j p>allel to ,v ,l4 ,make ,j ,i equal ,n ,i1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,j ,p squ>e to ,v ,l & ,p ,r squ>e to ,f ,o2 jo9 ,r ,i = section l9e4 ,= bevels1 wid? ( m\lds1 c41 take ,o = c5tre & = radius op5 ! compasses to t\* ea* tang5t2 transf] ^! di/ances to ,fig4 #d1 always mak+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es ,n ,r1 ,fig4 #d1 equal ! radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail on plan4 ,draw ! section ( rail on ea* bevel & set (f half ?ickness ( plank1 & complete ! sections z %[n4 ,= wid? ( m\ld make ,c ,i ,p & #a #c #d & ,e #f #e on section l9es ,fig4 #c equal ,c ,i ,p & #a #c #d & ,e #f #e at sections ,fig4 #d4 ,x w be notic$ t1 :ile at sections ,c & ,i ! face m\ld has less /uff on ! inside1 at section ,e1 on ! o!r side ( ! m9or axis1 x has m4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! face m\ld = ! o!r side ( ! plank4 ,to cut ! wrea? out1 lay ei!r m\ld on & transf] ! tang5ts on to ! /uff1 & m>k (f on ea* side ( face m\ld on ! m9or axis4 ,! /uff %\ld be cut full on ?is l9e4 ,m>k (f on ea* side ( ! tang5ts at ! jo9t ,c ! di/ance ,c ,p z se5 at ! section1 & on ea* side ( ,e1 ,e ,y z se5 at ,fig4 #d4 ,draw ar\nd r\ghly f ,p to ! m9or axis to ,y4 ,! /uff is cut squ>e ?r\gh ! plank to ?is l9e inside & out4 ,plane ! /uff true & gauge x to its prop] ?ickness & make ! jo9ts squ>e to face ( /uff & to ! tang5ts4 ,! application ( ! face m\lds is se5 at ,fig4 #f2 ! tang5ts on bo? face m\lds mu/ lie on ! tang5ts m>k$ across bo? jo9ts ( ! wrea?4 ,n[ saw ! inside & outside (f z %[n by ! %ad$ p>ts at ,fig4 #f1 keep+ ! saw 9 ! direction ( ! section l9es4 ,clean up ! wrea? bo? inside & out1 always keep+ ! /raight edge 9 ! direction ( ! section l9es4 ,be=e remov+ ! m\lds m>k f ! top side #bb1 #cc1 #dd1 #ee1 #ff & #gg1 z %[n by ! %ad$ p>ts ( sections at ,fig4 #d4 ,cut ! sup]flu\s /uff (f ! top to ^! l9es1 aft] :i*1 gauge to a ?ickness1 set ! gauge full s z to all[ ! wrea?s be+ clean$ up aft] ! pair are bolt$ toge!r4 ,be=e !y are bolt$ & d[ell$ toge!r at ! c5tre jo9t !m to ! /raight rails1 & clean (f any sup]flu\s /uff !re may be on ! %anks 9 a l9e ) ! /raight rails1 & m>k ! section ( rail on ! ends ( %anks be=e remov+ ! /raight rail2 n[ jo9t ! two toge!r4 ,b be=e clean+ ! pair (f x w\ld be well to te/ ! correctness ( ! c5tre jo9t4 ,make ,n ,y1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,s ,y1 ,fig4 #a1 & jo9 ,e ,y2 n[ if ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! ?ickness ( "o wrea? to ! c5tre ( ! ?ickness ( ! o!r on ! inside at ! sections1 at ! spr++1 equals ,e ,y1 ,fig4 #b1 ! jo9t w be correct4 ,hav+ prov$ ! jo9t 9 ?is way1 clean !m (f :ile toge!r1 !n take !m ap>t be=e glue+ up4 ,m>k ! patt]n ( rail on ! jo9t & m\ld !m2 use a h&rail screw to bolt ! jo9ts toge!r ) & keep !m z ne> z possible ! c5tre ( section ( rail4 ,!re %\ld be two d[els 9 ea* jo9t to keep !m f twi/+1 plac$ accord+ to patt]n ( rail4 ,9 tak+ ! l5g? ( /raight rails1 take ! l5g? ( /r+s f spr++ to spr++ & all[ = l5g? ( %anks ( wrea?s1 z measur$ f ! jo9t to spr++1 9 a l9e ) /raight rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,f ,,! ,,level ,,to ,,! ,,rake4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to consid] 9 plann+ /airs ( ?is k9d is to place ! ris] />t+1 s z to get a good fall+ l9e4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ) ! c5tre l9e enclos$ ) tang5ts ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation ) ! c5tre fall+ l9e & developm5t ( tang5ts4 ,make ,r ,n ,s equal /ret*-out ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! l&+ & ! level "p ( fall+ l9e #d in*es above x to cut ! c5tre l9e at ,h4 ,draw ,h ,e to pit* ( pit*-bo>d & complete ! fall+ l9e f ,e to ,j2 set up ! height ( a ris] above ! l&+ on ! "r1 & draw ! top ( /ep to cut ! l9e ,h ,e = position ( ris]4 ,make ,e ,p1 ,fig4 #a1 equal ,s ,p & draw face ( ris] />t+ on plan4 ,?is ris] mu/ be slightly curv$1 s z to get x ! same wid? on ! end z ! o!rs4 ,= developm5t ( tang5ts1 make #a #b #c #d ,e equal ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,f #d squ>e d[n a l9e to cut ,h ,e 9 ,d2 f :]e ! fall+ l9e cuts ! c5tre l9e1 squ>e out a level l9e to cut #c 9 ,c2 jo9 ,d ,c ext5d$ to cut ! l9e #b 9 ,b2 draw ,a ,b level4 ,!n ,a ,b & ,b ,c w be ! tang5ts = ! bottom m\ld1 & ,c ,d & ,d ,e = ! top m\ld2 make ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 equal ,w ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,f ,c = ,h trace4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld = ! upp] wrea?4 ,make ,e ,d ,f equal ,e ,d ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,c equal ,f ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 & ,d ,c equal ,d ,c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,draw ! major axis ?r\gh ! c5tre squ>e to ,f ,c4 ,) ,s z c5tre & ,o ,n1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius1 /rike an arc at ,n2 draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ! c5tre & tang5t to ! arc4 ,= section m>k$ #c1 make ,n ,h equal ,o ,h1 ,fig4 #a1 draw ,h ,j p>allel to ,v ,l1 make ,j #c equal ,h #c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,j ,p p>allel to ,s ,n1 & ,p ,l squ>e to major axis1 jo9 ,l #c = section l9e4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! sections1 wid? ( m\ld1 c4 ,! process ( gett+ ! bevels be+ ! same 9 e case1 x w\ld be useless repetition to describe x e "t4 ,! %ad$ p>ts ( sections %[ ! sup]flu\s /uff to come (f ! top side ( wrea? at ea* section4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! face m\ld = ! o!r side ( ! wrea?4 ,9 apply+ ^! m\lds c>e mu/ be tak5 to get ! twi/ ! "r way4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! face m\ld = ! l[] wrea?4 ,z ?is "o has only "o pit*1 draw ,a ,b ,c at "r angles & make ,a ,b & ,b ,c equal ,a ,b & ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,) ,a z c5tre & ,a ,o1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius1 /rike an arc1 draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ! c5tre & tang5t to ! arc2 make ,h ,s equal ,o ,s1 ,fig4 #a2 draw ,s #d p>allel to ,v ,l1 make #d #b equal ,s #b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw #d #e p>allel to ,a ,h1 & #e #f squ>e to major axis ,a ,o2 jo9 #f #b = section l9e4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! sections = ?is wrea?4 ,! section at ! jo9t ,c w be 9 ! c5tre ( plank1 b t at ,a & #b w be bel[ ! c5tre4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,o ,h1 ,fig4 #f1 & ,y ,j1 ,fig4 #b1 is :at ! section on %ank w be bel[ ! c5tre2 & t betwe5 ,o #e1 ,fig4 #f1 & #e #f1 ,fig4 #b1 = section #b4 ,draw ! sections bel[ ! c5tre z %[n at ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #h %[s a sket* ( ! bottom wrea? ) ! inside & outside work$4 ,! %ad$ p>ts %[ ! sup]flu\s /uff to come (f top & bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,f ,,! ,,level ,,to ,,! ,,rake--cont9u$4 ,! plan1 elevation & fall+ l9e1 & position ( ris]s 9 ?is case are ! same z 9 ,plate ,,xvii41 b %[ a diff]5t way ( gett+ out ! wrea?s4 ,?is may n be su* a correct me?od z ! =m] "o1 z ! c5tre jo9t w be v]tical in/ead ( squ>e to ! tang5t across ! well z 0 ! case !re1 b no?+ c\ld be m simple ?an ! me?od "h describ$4 ,hav+ ! plan & elevation drawn1 squ>e out a bevel l9e f ,c1 to cut ! spr++ 9 ,r4 ,make ,r ,f equal ,e ,d1 ,fig4 #a2 say ! jo9t is to be at ,s on ! "r1 jo9 ,s ,f1 draw ! jo9t ,s ,p squ>e to ! /raight rail1 & draw ,s ,n squ>e to ! tang5t ,f ,e ,s4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld4 ,draw ,s ,e ,d ,c at "r angles1 make ,s ,e ,d equal ,s ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,c ,d equal ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #a4 ,to complete ! m\ld1 make ,o ,n & ,c ,n equal ,e ,r & ,f ,r1 ,fig4 #b4 ,draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ,o ,n2 make ,c ,r & ,p ,h equal ,c ,r & ,r ,h1 ,fig4 #a4 ,z w be se51 ! /raight rail is n 9 a l9e ) ! tang5t1 & z ! jo9t mu/ be squ>e to ! /raight rail x _c be squ>e to ! face ( ! plank4 ,!re=e1 ! face m\ld = ! top side w require to be a trifle long]1 :ile ! m\ld = ! bottom side mu/ be ! same di/ance %ort]4 ,to f9d out h[ mu* ! jo9t w require to be bevell$1 m>k (f along ,s ,n1 ,fig4 #b1 ,s ,j to equal half ?ickness ( plank2 !n ! di/ance betwe5 ! two l9es ,s ,p & ,s ,n at ,j is :at ! jo9t w be out ( squ>e to face ( plank ?r\gh half its ?ickness4 ,! %ank ( top face m\ld mu/ be increas$1 & t ( ! bottom r$uc$ to ?is am\nt z %[n by ! %ad$ p>ts4 ,! face m\ld %[n at ,fig4 #c1 be+ = ! "u side1 is r$uc$4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! application ( ! face m\lds2 z !re is no bevel on ! %ank ,e ,s ! jo9t w only be out ( squ>e to face ( plank & n to ! tang5t4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! bottom half2 ?is hav+ no twi/ c be /ruck ) ! compasses1 ! same z ! plan4 ,x mu/ be ! di/ance ,c ,h1 ,fig4 #b1 ?ick] ?an ! rail4 ,! %ad$ "p %[s h[ ! sup]flu\s /uff mu/ be tak5 (f top & bottom4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! pair 9 position aft] be+ squ>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,half-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,) ,,! ,,ris]s ,,9 ,,! ,,spr++4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( a half-space l&+ ) ! c5tre l9e ( rail /ruck ) a #i-;in* radius1 & ! ris]s />t+ & l&+ plac$ 9 ! spr++4 ,z ! /eps are only #aj in*es x is v evid5t t if ! tang5ts ,a ,b & ,d ,e 7 ! same pit* z ! /raight rail ! tang5t across ! well w\ld pit* ! wrong way1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld n d4 ,to obviate ?is ! tang5t ,a ,b mu/ only rise half a ris] ov] ,b1 & ! tang5t ,d ,e only fall half a ris] ov] ,d1 & ! tang5t across ! well level & ! jo9t on ! end ( %anks mu/ be bevell$ s z to jo9t squ>e to ! /raight rail4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ) ! ris]s 9 ! spr++4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation4 ,make ,s ,n equal /ret*-out ( c5tre l9e ( rail4 ,set up "o /ep above & bel[ & draw l&+2 also draw ! c5tre fall+ z %[n1 ?is l9e mu/ pass ?r\gh ! c5tre at ! height ( half a ris] above ! l&+1 & make a good eas+ into ! /raight rail above & bel[ ! spr++4 ,= developm5t ( tang5ts make ,f ,b equal ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #a1 & draw f ,b to ! jo9t bel[ ! spr++2 draw ,r ,p squ>e to ! /raight rail1 :i* w be ! jo9t1 & ,r ,n squ>e to ! tang5t ,a ,b4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\lds4 ,z ! tang5t ,b ,c is level draw ,a ,b ,c at "r angles2 make ,r ,a ,b equal ,r ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,b ,c equal ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! m\ld z usual4 ,x w be se5 t ! sections w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! plank at bo? jo9ts4 ,= section ,p1 make ,f ,h1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,a ,p1 ,fig4 #a1 & ,h ,j1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,h ,j1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,j & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section is out ( ! c5tre ( plank z %[n at ,fig4 #d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! tang5t ,a ,b & ! fall+ l9e at ! spr++ %[s t ! section ,a is out ( ! c5tre4 ,! /uff mu/ be ?ick en\gh to get ?is section out z requir$4 ,make ,r ,y1 ,fig4 #b1 equal half ?ickness ( plank4 ,add ,y ,c to ! end ( %ank ( "o face m\ld & r$uce ! o!r to ! same am\nt1 z %[n by ! %ad$ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,half-,,space ,,& ,,level ,,l&+ ,,at ,,top4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ) ! c5tre l9e enclos$ ) tang5ts4 ,hav+ laid d[n ! ris]s on plan1 keep+ ! n>r[ ends ( w9d]s z ne> z possible half a /ep1 !n ) "o balu/] on ea* !y w be ! same di/ance ap>t z on ! squ>e /eps :i* h two4 ,?is is n int5d$ z a fix$ rule b m]ely z a guide4 ,! ris]s mu/ be plac$ s z to get a good fall+ l9e1 & ?is c only be asc]ta9$ by develop+ or unfold+ ! c5tre l9e & tang5ts on a bo>d4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! developm5t ( c5tre l9e & tang5ts4 ,set up all ! treads & ris]s z !y occur on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! spr++ ?r\gh ,a & ,e4 ,draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e re/+ on ! corn]s ( squ>e /ep at bottom & #d in*es above ! l&+ at top4 ,x is bett] = ! fall+ l9e to be a little high] ov] ! w9d]s1 especially ne> ! top4 ,to develop ! tang5ts make ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es #a #b #c ,d ,e equal ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,d ,e level4 ,f ! c5tre jo9t on ! fall+ l9e squ>e out a l9e to cut ! l9e #c at ,c1 jo9 ,d ,c ext5d$ to cut ! l9e #b 9 ,b4 ,f :]e ! fall+ l9e cut ! l[] spr++1 squ>e out a l9e to cut ! l9e #a 9 ,a2 jo9 ,a ,b2 !n ,a ,b ,c w be ! tang5ts = ! l[] wrea? & ,c ,d ,e = ! top4 ,decide :]e ! jo9t is to be bel[ ! spr++1 & draw a l9e p>allel to ! tang5t ,a ,b1 & tang5t to ! curve ( ! fall+ l9e :]e ! jo9t is to be4 ,! jo9t mu/ be squ>e to ?is l9e4 ,x w be necess>y to h a ramp "h to ease into ! /raight rail1 ?is is %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,9 ! next plate is %[n a me?od ( eas+ ! wrea? into ! /raight rail )\t ! aid ( a ramp4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! bottom face m\ld4 ,make ,c ,b ,f & ,b ,a equal ,c ,b ,a & ,b ,a1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,a equal ,f ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! m\ld z usual4 ,to f9d :at ea* section is out ( ! c5tre ( ! plank1 make ,w #d #e1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,c #d #e on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a2 make #d #d & #e #e1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,n ,o & ,n ,h1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fall+ l9e & #d is :at ! section #d on ! m9or axis is above ! c5tre2 & t betwe5 #e & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section #e is out ( ! c5tre4 ,! section at bo? jo9ts is 9 ! c5tre1 b at ! spr++ ,a ! fall+ l9e is a little above ! c5tre1 z x cut ! spr++ above ! level l9e ,a ,w1 :i* is ! height ( ! c5tre ( ! plank !re4 ,get out ! m\ld = ! opposite side ( ! plank 9 ! usual way1 by lay+ ,fig4 #c on a ?9 piece ( /uff1 & transf] ! tang5ts & section l9es on to x4 ,/ick a bradawl ?r\gh ,a #e #d ,c & m>k (f out to x ,a #g #e #h & #e #i1 & ,c #aj & ,c #aa1 only on ! opposite side4 ,"w ! inside & outside (f fir/ ) a gig-saw1 z be=e describ$4 ,! %ad$ p>ts ( sections at ,fig4 #d %[ ! sup]flu\s /uff !re is to come (f ! top side4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! face m\ld = ! top half4 ,draw ,c ,d ,e at "r angles1 & to equal ,c ,d ,e1 ,fig4 #b4 ,to see :at ! sections are out ( ! c5tre1 make ,e #c #b1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,e #c #b on c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make #b #b & #c #c1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,s ,r & ,s ,l4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #b & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section #b is bel[ ! c5tre ( plank1 & t betwe5 #c & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section #c is bel[ ! c5tre4 ,& t betwe5 ,e & ! fall+ l9e is :at x is bel[ !re4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! sections1 & ! %ad$ "p %[s ! sup]flu\s /uff !re is to come (f ! top at ea* section1 aft] ! inside & outside h be5 cut (f4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! wrea? aft] ! inside & outside h be5 cut (f2 ! dott$ l9es %[ ! wrea? cut squ>e ?r\gh ! plank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,half-,,space1 ,,) ,a ,,/raight ,,flight ,,above ,,& ,,bel[1 ,,wrea? ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ) face ( ris]s laid d[n4 ,x w be notic$ t ! w9d]s comm5ce at ! spr++ at ! top1 :ile !y are br\ght pa/ ! spr++ at ! bottom2 ?is causes ! rail to be high at ,e &1 !re=e1 saf] = any "o com+ d[n ! /airs ) _! h& on ! rail2 & by br++ ! w9d]s bel[ ! spr++ x makes a bett] eas+ into ! /raight rail4 ,?is w be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #b1 :]e ! c5tre l9e & tang5ts are develop$4 ,set up ! treads & ris]s z !y occur on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a2 also draw ! spr++ & ! c5tre l9e ,w4 ,draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e re/+ on ! corn]s ( squ>e /eps top & bottom1 & cont9ue x up ov] ! w9d]s z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,to develop ! tang5ts make ! di/ance betwe5 #a #b #c #d #e equal ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,f :]e ! fall+ l9e cuts ! c5tre l9e squ>e out a level l9e to cut ! l9e #c at ,c4 ,cont9ue ! top tang5t d[n 9 a l9e ) ! /raight rail to cut ! l9e #d 9 ,d4 ,jo9 ,d ,c ext5d$ to cut ! l9e #b 9 ,b4 ,n[ make ! jo9t bel[ ! spr++1 z ne> to x z possible1 s t x w be cle> ( ! eas+4 ,!re be+ no ramp on ! /raight rail1 ! jo9t %\ld be well cle> ( ! eas+ & into ! /raight s z to avoid any signs ( a cripple :5 ! wrea? is jo9t$ to ! /raight rail1 :i* !re w\ld be if ! jo9t 0 made 9 ! eas+4 ,squ>e out a level l9e f ! jo9t ,p1 & make ,p ,r equal ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9e #a & ! spr++4 ,jo9 ,r ,b1 ?is has cut ! l9e #a at ,a4 ,f ,a draw ,a ,w level4 ,f ,r draw ! jo9t squ>e to ! /raight rail1 & ,r ,p squ>e to ! tang5t ,a ,b ,r4 ,make ,d ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 equal #d ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,f ,e = ! horizontal trace ( ! top wrea?4 ,make ,b ,s1 ,fig4 #a1 equal #f ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,s ,a = ! horizontal trace ( ! bottom wrea?4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld = ! top wrea?4 ,make ,c ,d ,f equal ,c ,d ,f & ,d ,e equal ,d ,e1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,e equal ,f ,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw f ,e p>allel to ,d ,c & f ,c p>allel to ,d ,e to meet at ! c5tre ,o4 ,draw ! major axis squ>e to ! horizontal trace ,f ,e4 ,) ,m z c5tre & ,o ,m1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius /rike an arc at ,n2 draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ! c5tre & tang5t to ! arc1 & complete ! m\ld z usual2 ,m ,s w equal ,m ,s1 & ,t ,j w equal ,s ,j1 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! sections4 ,s ,s w equal ! radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 & = bevels place "o foot ( ! compasses on ! c5tre ,o1 ,fig4 #c1 & op5 out to t\* ea* tang5t1 !n transf] ^! di/ances to ea* section1 ,fig4 #d4 ,to f9d :at ea* section is out ( ! c5tre ( ! plank1 make ,e ,j ,k1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,e ,j ,k on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,j ,j & ,k ,k1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,n ,h & ,n ,o1 ,fig4 #c4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,e & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section is bel[ ! c5tre at ! spr++1 & t betwe5 ,j & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section is bel[ ! c5tre1 & t betwe5 ,k & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section on ! m9or axis ,k is above ! c5tre2 ! sections at bo? jo9ts are 9 ! c5tre ( ! plank4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! bottom face m\ld4 ,r ,a ,b w equal ,r ,a ,b1 & ,s ,b ,c w equal ,s ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,a ,s w equal ,a ,s1 ,fig4 #a4 ,proce$ z usual to get bevels1 sections & wid? ( m\ld4 ,n[1 z ! tang5t ,a ,b is n 9 a l9e ) ! /raight rail1 & ! jo9t be+ squ>e to ! latt]1 ! end ( %ank mu/ be bevell$ s z to jo9t correctly to ! /raight rail4 ,draw ,p ,p1 ,fig4 #g1 to ! same bevel z t = ! %ank m>k$ ,o ,o1 ,fig4 #f4 ,draw ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #g1 squ>e to ,p ,p1 make ,c ,n equal #b #b at section ,a1 ,fig4 #f1 draw ! level l9e ?r\gh ,n to cut ,p ,p 9 ,e & ,c ,d 9 ,d4 ,n[1 at ,fig4 #b m>k (f along ,r ,p1 ,r ,s to equal #b #b or #a #a1 ,fig4 #f4 ,make ,c ,s & ,c ,s1 ,fig4 #g1 equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,s ,e & ,s ,d = bevels ,t & ,s4 ,apply ! bevel ,t z %[n & ,s z %[n at ,fig4 #h4 ,! face m\ld = ! "u side w be ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 long]1 & t = ! top side ! same am\nt %ort]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,qu>t]-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,"o ,,piece4 ,fig4 #a %[s plan ( c5tre l9e ( rail enclos$ ) tang5t ,a ,b ,c4 ,draw ris]s1 l&+1 & />t+ half a tread f ,b4 ,?is w cause ! tang5ts on face m\lds to be ! same pit* z ! /raight rail4 ,?is arrangem5t answ]s v well if ! rail is small1 b if ! rail is a wide "o1 say #d in*es or m1 ! inside has a crippl$ & awkw>d appe>ance4 ,fig4 #b4 ,make ,r ,s equal /ret*-out ( ! quadrant1 ,fig4 #a4 ,set up "o tread & ris] above & bel[1 z !y occur on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,= developm5t ( tang5ts make ,c #b #a equal ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,squ>e out a level l9e f ! spr++ at ,s to cut ! l9e #a at ,a4 ,jo9 ,a ,c = tang5ts1 :i* w be ! same pit* z ! /raight rail4 ,fig4 #c %[s face m\ld4 ,make ,c ,b ,s equal ,c ,b ,a & ,b ,c equal ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,s ,c equal ! diagonal ( ! squ>e on plan4 ,draw ,c ,o & ,b ,o p>allel to ,a ,b & ,b ,c4 ,draw s9e major axis & s9e m9or ?r\gh ,o4 ,notice ! major axis is p>allel to ! diagonal f ,a to ,c1 & ! m9or axis is ! o!r diagonal4 ,bo? pit*es be+ ! same ?r[s ! horizontal trace p>allel to ! diagonal f ! c5tre to ,b4 ,"o bevel w d = bo? %anks1 z ! pit*es are ! same4 ,! fall+ l9e w be 9 ! c5tre ( plank at bo? ends & at ! m9or axis4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! section1 :i* is ! same = bo? ends1 only ( c\rse ! rev]se h&4 ,,side ,,wrea? ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! plan ( c5tre l9e ( rail ( a side wrea? />t+ f a newel4 ,lay d[n ! tang5ts ,a ,b & ,b ,c equal 9 l5g? & to ! requir$ angle1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! size ( ! hall1 c4 ,! f>!r x /&s out into ! hall ! bett] x w look1 b x mu/ n ob/ruct ! passage or be out ( proportion to ! size ( ! /airs4 ,b %\ld be 9 front ( ! second ris]1 or x w make ! rail too high at ! newel4 ,a w be ! face ( ! newel4 ,draw f ,a squ>e to ,a ,b1 & f ,c squ>e to ,c ,b to meet 9 ,o4 ,!n ,o ,a w be ! radius ( ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 :i* draw4 ,!n ,a ,b be+ level w be ! horizontal trace4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! elevation4 ,set up a tread & ris]s & draw ! spr++ ,c z x occurs on ! plan4 ,make ,c #c equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #f1 & draw ,b ,c ,s re/+ on ! corn]s4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! face m\ld4 ,draw ! l9e ,a ,p1 & make ,a ,d ,p equal ,a ,d ,o1 ,fig4 #f4 ,draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ,p at "r angles to ,a ,p4 ,draw ,d #h p>allel to ,v ,l1 make ,d #h equal ,b #c1 ,fig4 #g2 jo9 ,a #h ext5d$ to cut ,v ,l 9 ,o2 !n ,o w be ! c5tre4 ,make ,a ,b & #h ,c equal ,a ,b & ,d ,c1 ,fig4 #f4 ,! completion ( ! m\ld w be und]/ood4 ,! tang5t ,c ,b w equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #g1 if ! draw+ is correct4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! sections :i* w be 9 ! c5tre ( plank all r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,qu>t]-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,two ,,pieces4 ,x 0 said 9 a previ\s case t ) a wide rail & ! tang5ts on ! same pit* z ! /raight rail1 ! inside ( rail has a crippl$ appe>ance4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by hav+ ! wrea? 9 two pieces4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan laid d[n s z to make ! inside fall+ l9e ( rail a /raight l9e2 & ! ris]s l&+ & />t+ plac$ 9 ! spr++4 ,to f9d ! radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,s ,n1 ,fig4 #g1 equal "o /ep4 ,f ,n draw ,n ,r at #de ) ,s ,n1 & f ,s draw a l9e at #fj ) ,s ,n to meet ! l9e f ,n 9 ,r1 f ,r draw squ>e to & cut ,s ,n 9 ,p2 !n ,r ,p w be ! radius = ! inside ( ! rail on plan4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! developm5t4 ,make ,h ,r equal /ret*-out ( c5tre l9e ( rail on plan4 ,set up "o tread & ris]s above & bel[1 ) ! ris]s 9 ! spr++4 ,draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e1 re/+ on ! corn]s & pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 at ! height ( half a ris] above ! l&+4 ,to develop tang5ts1 make ,c ,s ,r ,fig4 #b1 equal ,c ,b ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete tang5ts z %[n4 ,to draw ! horizontal trace at ,fig4 #a1 make ,a ,b ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 equal ,r ,s ,f1 ,fig4 #b4 ,jo9 ,f ,c = ! requir$ trace4 ,draw ,n ,o squ>e to x4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld4 ,make ,a ,b ,f equal ,a ,b ,f & ,b ,c equal ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,c equal ,f ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,c ,p equal ,c ,n1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! major axis f ,n squ>e to ,n ,c ,f4 ,draw f ,a p>allel to ,f ,c ,p to cut major axis 9 #g4 ,n[ if ! draw+ is correct ,a #g w equal ,a ,r1 ,fig4 #a4 ,) ,p z c5tre & ,n ,r1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius1 /rike an arc at ,s2 aga91 ) #g z c5tre & ,a ,r1 ,fig4 #b1 z radius1 /rike an arc to int]sect ! fir/ "o 9 ,s4 ,jo9 #g ,s & ,p ,s ext5d$1 & ,p ,n equal ,o ,n1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw f ,n p>allel to #g ,s to cut ! major axis 9 ,o1 !n ,o w be ! c5tre4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! sections & bevels4 ,make ,n ,n equal radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 ) ,o z c5tre1 & = radius j t\*+ ea* tang5t1 :i* di/ances transf] to ,fig4 #d4 ,all ! sections 9 ?is case w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! plank4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! face m\ld = ! o!r side ( ! plank4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! application ( ! face m\lds to ! /uff4 ,bo? jo9ts are squ>e to tang5ts & face ( plank 9 ?is case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,qu>t]-,,space ,,l&+1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,"o ,,piece1 ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ ,,into ,,! ,,/raight ,,rail4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan laid d[n exactly ! same z 9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation4 ,make ,y ,y equal ! /ret*-out ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 & set up "o /ep above & bel[ z %[n4 ,draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e re/+ on ! corn]s & pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre at ! height ( half a ris] above ! l&+4 ,= developm5t ( tang5ts1 make #a1 #b1 #c equal ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,squ>e out a level l9e f ! l[] jo9t ,h1 & make ,h ,r equal ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9e #a & ! spr++2 jo9 ,r ,n2 !n ,a ,b ,c w be ! tang5ts ( face m\ld4 ,f ,r draw ! jo9t l9e squ>e to ! /raight rail1 & ,r ,p squ>e to ! tang5ts4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld4 ,make ,r ,a ,b ,s equal ,r ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,s ,c equal ! diagonal on plan1 & ,b ,c equal ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,draw ,c ,o & ,a ,o p>allel to ,a ,b & ,b ,c1 make ,c ,n equal ,c ,n1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! bevel ,a & ,c w be ! same1 z bo? pit*es are ! same4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! sections at ! two jo9ts1 & ! section on ! m9or axis w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! plank4 ,b section ,a w be above1 & t at ,c bel[ ! c5tre4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,c & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section at ,c w be bel[1 & ,a above ! c5tre4 ,x w be se5 "o corn] ( ! rail is cut (f at ^! sections2 ?is makes no diff]5ce s long z ! m\ld+ ( ! rail w "w x out4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! bevels = ! jo9ts to be work$ (f to1 s z to make !m jo9t to ! /raight rail4 ,draw ,p ,p to ! same pit* z ,o ,o1 ,fig4 #d2 draw ,c ,h squ>e to ,p ,p2 make ,c ,n equal #d #d1 ,fig4 #d4 ,at ,fig4 #b m>k along ,r ,p1 ,r ,s to equal #d #d1 ,fig4 #d2 make ,c ,s & ,c ,s equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 & draw ,s ,e = ! bevel ,t to be appli$ across ! end ( %ank & along ! tang5t4 ,jo9 ,s ,d = ! bevel ,s1 to be appli$ ?r\gh ! end ( %ank & along ! surface ( ! /uff2 ?is bevel mu/ be held p>allel to ! tang5t across ! jo9t1 t is1 squ>e ?r\gh ! plank4 ,notice t 9 all ^! bevel jo9ts if ! tang5t is /eep] ?an ! /raight rail1 ! bevel ,t is appli$ s t ! ends ( %ank dim9i% t[>ds ! inside1 :ile if ! tang5t is flatt]1 ! end ( %ank w dim9i% t[>ds ! outside4 ,?is w be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #c 9 ?is plate1 & ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! face m\ld = ! "u side2 ! %ad$ "p ,n ,s %[s ! extra l5g? requir$2 ?is w equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 ! o!r end ,r ,s w be ! same am\nt %ort]4 ,?is m\ld is rev]se to ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! wrea? cut out squ>e ?r\gh ! plank1 be=e ! m\lds are put on4 ,! application ( ! bevels is se5 "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf4 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>t]-,,space1 ,,wrea? ,,9 ,,"o ,,piece1 ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ ,,into ,,/raight ,,rail4 ,fig4 #a %[s plan ) face ( ris]s laid1 & c5tre l9e ( rail enclos$ ) tang5ts ,a ,b ,c4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! developm5t4 ,make ,y ,y equal /ret*-out ( c5tre ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,set up treads & ris]s1 plac+ ! ris]s z !y occur on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a2 draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e z %[n4 ,to developm5t tang5ts make #a #b ,c equal ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,cont9ue ! tang5t ,c ,b 9 a l9e ) /raight rail2 make ,h ,r equal ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9e #a & spr++2 jo9 ,r ,b ext5d$ to cut ! level l9e 9 ,f4 ,draw ! jo9t l9e squ>e to ! /raight rail1 & ,r ,p squ>e to ! tang5t2 m>k (f along ,r ,p1 ,r ,s to equal half ?ickness ( plank4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld = ! top side ( ! plank4 ,make ,r ,a ,b ,f & ,b ,c equal correspond+ lett]s1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,c equal ,f ,c1 ,fig4 #a2 draw ,c ,o & ,a ,o p>allel to ,a ,b & ,b ,c2 draw ! major axis ,o ,m squ>e to ,f ,c ?r\gh ! c5tre1 ) ,m z c5tre & ,m ,o1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius /rike an arc at ,p2 draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ! c5tre & tang5t to ! arc4 ,make ,m ,h equal ,m ,h1 ,fig4 #a2 draw ,y ,j p>allel to ,v ,l2 make ,y ,e equal ,h ,e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,y ,j p>allel to ,m ,p1 & ,j ,k squ>e to major axis2 jo9 ,k ,e = section l9e2 draw ! %ort tang5t f ,e squ>e to ,k ,e4 ,fig4 #d %[s bevels1 wid? ( m\ld1 ?ickness ( plank4 ,get ! levels by tak+ ,o1 ,fig4 #c1 z c5tre1 & = radius op5 out to t\* ea* tang5t2 transf] ^! di/ances to ,fig4 #d = ea* bevel z %[n1 & complete ! sections z usual2 ! section at ea* jo9t w be 9 ! c5tre1 b ea* ( ! o!rs w be bel[4 ,make ,c ,e ,d1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,c ,e ,d1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,e ,e & ,d ,d equal ,p ,j & ,p ,o1 ,fig4 #c4 ,!n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,k ,d ,e & ,c & ! fall+ l9e1 is :at ea* section w be out ( ! c5tre ( plank4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! bevels = ! bevell$ jo9t at ,r4 ,draw ,p ,p to ! same bevel z ! bevel = ! %ank1 m>k$ ,o ,o1 ,fig4 #d2 draw ,c ,h squ>e to ,p ,p4 ,make ,c ,n equal #a #a1 ,fig4 #d1 make ,c ,s & ,c ,s equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,s ,e & ,s ,p = bevels ,t & ,s4 ,cut ! wrea? out squ>e ?r\gh ! plank z usual1 except at ?is jo9t1 :i* is work$ across ! top & bottom to ! bevel ,t1 ! bevel ,s be+ = ! sides4 ,if ! jo9t is work$ true to ^! bevels1 x w jo9t correctly to ! /raight rail4 ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 is :at ! face m\ld w require to be long] = ! "u side2 ?is is %[n by ! %ad$ "p on end ( %ank1 ,fig4 #f1 :ile ,r ,s on ! %ank ( ! top face m\ld1 ,fig4 #c1 %[s ! same am\nt %ort]4 ,x is presum$ t ! me?od ( squ>+ ! wrea? is fully und]/ood1 & ne$s no fur!r expla9+ "h1 z x c only be a repetition ( :at 0 describ$ 9 ! fir/ few plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg4 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,l&+ ,,9 ,,an ,,obtuse ,,angle1 ,,! ,,wrea? ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,own ,,eas+ ,,into ,,! ,,/raight ,,rail4 ,fig4 #a is ! plan ) ! ris]s plac$ 9 ! spr++1 & ! rail drawn ) a radius s z to make ! inside fall+ l9e ne>ly a /raight l9e4 ,draw ! c5tre l9e ( rail to ! angle1 & bisect x f ,b4 ,set (f on ea* side half a tread m>k$ #b #b & #c #c4 ,n[ draw ! inside ( rail to cut ^! two l9es 9 #d & #e2 draw ?r\gh #d & #e squ>e to ! c5tre l9e ( rail to meet 9 ,o1 !n ,o w be ! c5tre & ,a ,o ! radius4 ,complete ! plan z %[n4 ,! elevation is %[n at ,fig4 #b4 ,make ,s ,s equal ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 f ,a to ,c4 ,set up "o /ep above & bel[ & draw ! fall+ l9e4 ,to develop tang5ts1 make #a #b ,c equal ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ! jo9ts at ,n & ,h4 ,make ,h ,r equal ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9e #a & ! spr++4 ,jo9 ,r ,n = developm5t ( tang5ts4 ,draw ! jo9t l9e squ>e to ! /raight rail1 & ,r ,p squ>e to ! tang5ts4 ,m>k (f along ,r ,p1 ,r ,s to equal #a #a or #d #d1 ,fig4 #d4 ,make ,b ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 equal #b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,f ,c4 ,fig4 #c is ! face m\ld4 ,make ,r ,a ,b ,f equal ,r ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,b ,c equal ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,c equal ,f ,c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! m9or axis f ,b p>allel to ,f ,c1 & make ,b ,o equal ,b ,o1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! major axis squ>e to x4 ,! sections are se5 at ,fig4 #d4 ,make ,r ,r equal radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail on plan2 make ,o ,o equal ,o ,o1 ,fig4 #c1 & complete sections z usual4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,c & ! fall+ l9e at ,fig4 #b is :at ! section at ,c w be bel[ ! c5tre1 & t at ,a above2 ! sections at ! jo9ts & at ! m9or axis w be 9 ! c5tre ( plank4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! face m\ld = ! "u side ( ! plank4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! wrea? work$ inside & out ready = squ>+4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! bevels = ! bevell$ jo9ts on bo? ends ( wrea?4 ,!y w be appli$ ! same z 9 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh4 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,half ,,twi/ ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,scroll1 ,,& ,a ,,side ,,wrea? ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( a /air />t+ ) a scroll4 ,make ,d ,e equal ab\t #d times ! wid? ( rail1 :i* divide into #i equal p>ts2 make ,d ,i equal #e ( ^! p>ts2 ?is w be ! radius = ! l>ge/ quadrant ( ! rail4 ,to f9d ! radius = ea* ( ! rema9+ quadrants1 make ,d #a1 ,fig4 #e1 equal ,d #a1 ,fig4 #a2 make #a #b equal "o ( ! #i p>ts1 ) ,d z c5tre & ,d #a z radius2 /rike an arc f #b2 squ>e up a l9e to cut ! arc 9 ,a2 jo9 ,a ,d ) ,d z c5tre & ,d #b z radius2 /rike an arc to cut ,a ,d 9 ,b2 f ,b draw ,b #c squ>e to ,d #a4 ,cont9ue ! process z f> z requir$ to complete ! scroll1 ,d #b w /rike ! second quadrant & ,d #c ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,! face m\ld is se5 at ,fig4 #c4 ,draw ,c ,b ,a at "r angles & make ,c ,b equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,a ,b equal ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,a ,r equal radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail ,c #a1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! m\ld z usual4 ,! scroll itself w only require to be ! ?ickness ( ! rail1 z x is level4 ,all ! sections 9 ! wrea? w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! plank4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! plan1 & ,fig4 #g ! elevation ( a side wrea? />t+ f a newel4 ,make ,a ,p1 ,fig4 #h1 equal ! radius ( c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #f1 & draw ,v ,l ?r\gh ,p squ>e to ,a ,p4 ,make ,a ,e equal ,a ,e1 ,fig4 #f1 draw ,e #h squ>e to ,a ,e1 & make ,e #h equal ,b ,d1 ,fig4 #g4 ,jo9 ,a #h ext5d$ to cut ,v ,l 9 ,o2 !n ,o w be ! c5tre & ,a ,o ! major axis4 ,make ,a ,b & #h ,c equal ,a ,b & ,e ,c1 ,fig4 #f4 ,jo9 ,c ,b1 :i* is ! tang5t1 & if ! draw+ is correct1 ?is w equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! tang5t ,a ,b be+ level is ( c\rse ! same l5g? z on plan4 ,all ! sections w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! plank2 ^! are se5 at ,fig4 #i4 ,! %ort %ank ,a ,n is to let into ! newel2 ,a be+ ! face ( newel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi4 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,,w9d]s ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,curtail ,,/ep4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( a scroll1 & wrea? to /& ov] ! curtail /ep & w9d]s4 ,divide ,n ,n into #i equal p>ts4 ,make ,n #a equal #e ( ^! p>ts & draw ! l>ge/ quadrant4 ,to draw ! rema9d] make ,n #a1 ,fig4 #g1 equal ,n #a1 ,fig4 #a2 ) ,n z c5tre & ,n #a z radius1 /rike ! arc4 ,make #a #b equal #a ( ! #i p>ts2 f #b erect a p]p5dicul> to cut ! arc 9 #g4 ,jo9 #g ,n4 ,n[ ) ,n z c5tre & ,n #b z radius1 /rike ! second arc to cut ,n #g 9 #h2 draw #h #c p>allel to #g #b4 ,aga91 ) ,n z c5tre & ,n #c z radius1 /rike ! arc to cut ,n #g 9 #i2 draw #i #d p>allel to #h #c4 ,?is process c be cont9u$ z f> z requir$4 ,n #a w /rike ! l>ge/ quadrant1 ,n #b ! next1 & ,n #c ! next1 & s on until ! scroll is complet$4 ,! c5tre & inside l9es ( rail w be /ruck f ! same c5tres4 ,make ! jo9t at ,a1 & draw ! radius l9e f #b1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ?is "p ( ! scroll2 draw ! tang5t ,a ,b squ>e to x4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation4 ,set up ! treads & ris]s z !y occur on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 & draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e s t x w f9i% level1 ab\t on ! l9e ,n ,n1 & at a height ( ab\t #a or #b in*es above ! top ( ! fir/ /ep4 ,make #c #g equal ! /ret*-out ( ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a f ,a to ,c4 ,draw ! level l9e ?r\gh ! fall+ l9e at #g1 & make #c #h & #h ,a equal ,c ,b & ,b ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! developm5t ( tang5ts z %[n4 ,draw ! jo9t at #g squ>e to ! tang5t ,a ,b4 ,! scroll mu/ be ! di/ance ,s ,s ?ick] ?an ! ?ickness ( rail1 & ! jo9t work$ to ! bevel z %[n4 ,fig4 #c is ! face m\ld = ! top side ( ! plank4 ,make ,b ,f1 ,fig4 #a1 equal #h ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 & at ,fig4 #c make ,c ,b ,f equal ,c ,b ,f & ,b ,a equal ,b ,a1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,f ,a equal ,f ,a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,c #aa & ,a #e p>allel to ! horizontal trace ,f ,a1 & make ,a #e & ,c #aa equal ,a #e & ,c #g1 ,fig4 #a1 & draw ! major axis ?r\gh #e & #aa4 ,) #e z c5tre & #e #g1 ,fig4 #a1 z radius1 /rike an arc at #g2 draw a l9e ?r\gh #aa & tang5t to ! arc4 ,n[1 if ! draw+ is correct1 #g #aa w equal ! height #c ,c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,make #e #d #c #a #f #g equal correspond+ figures1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! m\ld z usual4 ,notice ,o w be ! c5tre = sections ,d ,e ,r & ,c1 & ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #d1 w equal ! radius #a ,d1 ,fig4 #a4 ,b = ! section at ! jo9t ,a1 #b w be ! c5tre & ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #e1 w equal ! radius #b ,a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! bevels1 c41 are got z usual4 ,make #c #d #e #f #g1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,c ,r ,e ,d ,a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make #d #d & #e #e & #f #f1 ,fig4 #b1 equal #a ,s & #a ,o & #a ,w1 ,fig4 #c4 ,n[1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #d #e & #f & ! fall+ l9e is :at ea* section is out ( ! c5tre ( plank4 ,fig4 #f is ! face m\ld = ! "u side ( ! plank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj4 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,,w9d]s ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>t]-,,space1 ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan4 ,!re w be "o balu/] on ! bottom /ep1 & ! rema9d] plac$ z %[n4 ,9 plann+ /airs ( ?is k9d c>e mu/ be tak5 n to let ! newel ob/ruct ! passage4 ,no fix$ rule c be laid d[n = ! position ( ! newel2 circum/ances alone mu/ regulate t2 b ! fur!r ! newel is br\ght r\nd ! m graceful w be ! fall+ l9e ( rail4 ,fig4 #b is ! elevation4 ,make ,c ,a equal ! /ret*-out ( c5tre l9e ( rail f ,c to ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 & ,c ,d equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,let ,b be #ab in*es above ! floor l9e2 n[ draw ! c5tre fall+ l9e f ! jo9t at ,r at ! top1 & to /rike ! face ( ! newel level at ! height ( ,b1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,jo9 ,r ,b = pit* ( tang5t ,b ,c4 ,! tang5t ,a ,b w be level1 !re=e ! same l5g? z on plan4 ,draw ! jo9t at ,r squ>e to ! /raight rail1 & ,r ,p squ>e to ! tang5t4 ,m>k (f along ,r ,p1 ,r ,s to equal #e #e1 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #c is ! face m\ld = ! top side ( ! plank4 ,draw ! l9es ,a ,e & ,n ,e at "r angles1 & make ,a ,e equal ,a ,e1 ,fig4 #a1 & ,n ,e equal ,b ,d1 ,fig4 #b2 jo9 ,a ,n1 :i* is ! major axis2 make ,c ,r equal ,c ,r above ! spr++ at ,fig4 #b2 add ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 on to ! end ( %ank1 z %[n by %ad$ "p4 ,! completion ( ! face m\ld w be und]/ood4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! sections4 ,x w be notic$ t ! sections ,s & ,r are above ! c5tre ( plank4 ,make ,f ,s ,r1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,a ,s ,r on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a1 & make ,s ,s & ,r ,r bel[ ! fall+ at ,fig4 #b equal ,r ,f & ,r ,o1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,s & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section at ,s is above ! c5tre ( plank1 :ile t betwe5 ,r & ! fall+ l9e is :at ! section at ,r on ! m9or axis is above ! c5tre ( plank4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! bevels = ! bevell$ jo9t at ,r4 ,draw ,h ,h to ! same pit* z ! bevel = ! section ,c & draw ,c ,e squ>e to ,h ,h & ,c ,n v]tical2 draw ,e ,d level ?r\gh ,n2 make ,c ,s & ,c ,s equal ,s ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 & jo9 ,s ,d & ,s ,e = bevels ,t & ,s4 ,to cut out ! wrea?1 lay ! face m\ld on ! /uff1 transf] ! tang5ts on to x1 m>k (f on ea* side ( ! tang5t at ,a ,a #a1 & on ea* side ( ! tang5t at ,c ,c ,n1 & on ea* side ( ,r on ! m9or axis1 ( an in* m ?an half wid? ( rail1 m>k$ ,p ,p1 ,fig4 #d4 ,trace ar\nd ?r\gh ,i ,p ,n inside & outside4 ,cut ! wrea? out squ>e ?r\gh ! plank4 ,be=e bevell+ ! wrea?1 "w ! jo9t to ! bevels ,t & ,s4 ,! bevel ,t to be appli$ across ! top & bottom1 :ile ! bevel ,s w be appli$ on ! sides4 ,s ,s is ! extra l5g? ( /uff requir$ on end ( %ank1 z %[n by %ad$ "p on end ( face m\ld4 ,to get out ! face m\ld = ! "u side1 lay ,fig4 #c on a ?9 piece ( /uff & transf] ! tang5ts & section l9es on to x1 & /ick a bradawl ?r\gh ,a ,s ,r ,c & m>k (f on ea* section ! wid? ( m\ld on ! opposite side to ,fig4 #c4 ,! %ank w be ! same am\nt %ort] t ,fig4 #c is long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca4 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,rail ,,=m+ ,,"p ,,( ,,an ,,ellipse1 ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,newel ,,ov] ,,w9d]s4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! plan ( rail ) ! ris]s 9 position4 ,! l9e ,o ,c is ! m9or axis1 & ,o ,d ! major axis ( ! ellipse on plan2 & z ! tang5t ,a ,b is level1 x is ( c\rse ! ,h ,t4 ,f ! foci ,p ,p draw to ,a1 & bisect ! angle1 z %[n by ,a ,y2 ?is w be ! face ( ! newel on plan4 ,draw ! tang5t ,a ,b squ>e to x4 ,draw ,f ,s ?r\gh ! c5tre ,o ,v squ>e to ,a ,b4 ,draw ,o ,e p>allel to ,a ,b2 ?is l9e w be ! m9or axis on ! face m\ld4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! elevation4 ,a ,s w equal ! /ret*-out ( ! c5tre l9e ( rail f ,a to ,c1 ,fig4 #a2 & ,s ,b w equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ! fall+ l9e z %[n s z to /rike ! face ( newel level1 at a height ( #ab in*es above ! floor4 ,squ>e out ,a ,b f ,a & jo9 ,b ,r = pit* ( tang5t4 ,draw ! jo9t l9e squ>e to ! /raight rail & ,r ,p squ>e to ! tang5t4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! face m\ld = ! "u side4 ,draw ,f ,s & ,s ,p at "r angles1 & make ,f ,s equal ,f ,s1 ,fig4 #a2 & ,s ,p equal ! height ,s ,c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,jo9 ,f ,p = ! major axis ( face m\ld4 ,make ,f ,r equal ,f ,o1 ,fig4 #a4 ,draw ,r ,o p>allel to ,s ,p4 ,draw ,o ,e squ>e to ! major axis ,f ,p2 !n ,o ,e is ! m9or axis1 & ,o ,r is ! same l9e z is m>k$ ,v ,l 9 previ\s plates4 ,make ,o #e ,e #f equal ,o #e ,e #f1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,f ,n equal ,f ,n1 ,fig4 #a1 & draw ,n ,y p>allel to ,r ,o1 & ,y ,d squ>e to major axis4 ,make ,y ,d equal ,n ,d1 ,fig4 #a1 & complete ! section z usual4 ,also make ,p ,c equal ,s ,c1 & ,f ,a ,b equal ,f ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #a4 ,jo9 ,c ,b ext5d$1 & make ,c ,r equal ,c ,r1 ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ if ! draw+ is correct ,c ,b w equal ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! bevel & section ,a4 ,make ,a ,b equal ,o ,f1 ,fig4 #a2 & ,b ,c equal ,o ,f1 ,fig4 #c4 ,draw ! section ( rail1 & draw ,a #b to cut ! top corn] p>allel to ,b ,c4 ,!n ,a ,o w be half ?ickness ( plank & ,a #b wid? ( m\ld "h4 ,fig4 #e %[s bevel & section ,d4 ,make ,a ,b equal ,o ,d1 ,fig4 #a4 ,) ,o z c5tre = radius1 op5 out ! compasses to t\* ! tang5t f ,d2 transf] ?is di/ance to ,fig4 #e1 z %[n by ,b ,c4 ,n[ make ,a ,d ,e ,s1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,a ,d ,e ,s on ! c5tre l9e ( rail1 ,fig4 #a4 ,make ,d ,n & ,e ,h1 ,fig4 #b1 equal ,n ,y & ,r ,o1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,n & ! fall+ l9e %[s t ! latt] is ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( plank at ! section ,d4 ,make ,d #c & ,d #d1 ,fig4 #c1 equal ,d #c & ,d #d at ! section4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! section on ! m9or axis1 :i* ( c\rse requires no bevel4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #d & ! fall+ l9e at ,fig4 #b %[s :at ?is section is out ( ! c5tre ( ! plank4 ,fig4 #g %[s bevel & section ,c4 ,make ,a ,b equal ,o ,c1 ,fig4 #a1 & ) ,o z c5tre1 & = radius a di/ance to j t\* ! tang5t1 ,c ,b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,transf] ?is to ,fig4 #g z %[n by ,b ,d1 & complete ! section z usual4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! bevels = ! bevell$ jo9t at ,r4 ,! me?od ( gett+ !m & _! application w be und]/ood4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! face m\ld = ! top side4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is m\ld & ,fig4 #c is t ,a #b & ,d #d & ,c #g is on ! inside ( ,a ,d & ,c1 in/ead ( ! outside1 z at ,fig4 #c4 ,9 saw+ ar\nd on ! inside1 leave ! /uff full on ! section ,d1 & gauge to a wid? aft] ! m\lds h be5 remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,m\ld+ ,,( ,,rails1 ,,& ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,proportionately ,,increas+ ,,or ,,decreas+ ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,!m4 ,figs4 #a & #b %[ patt]n ( rails full size1 bo? ( :i* look well :5 f9i%$1 & nice to h&le4 ,! %ad$ p>ts at ,fig4 #a %[ h[ ! rail %\ld be work$ out be=e x is m\ld$4 ,x w be se5 t ,fig4 #a has ?ree d[els1 :ile ,fig4 #b has two4 ,at ,fig4 #b is se5 a me?od by :i* a rail may be proportionately increas$ or decreas$ to any size4 ,let ,s be ! giv5 rail & ,r ! requir$ "o4 ,make ,a ,b equal ! wid? ( ,s1 & ,a ,e ! ?ickness ( ,r2 f ,e draw squ>e to ,a ,b1 & make ,e ,f equal ! ?ickness ( ,s2 jo9 ,a ,b4 ,f ,a squ>e out a l9e & make ,a ,d equal ! wid? ( ! requir$ rail ,r4 ,f ,b & ,d squ>e out l9es to meet 9 ,c2 jo9 ,a ,c4 ,f ea* memb] 9 ,s draw ord9ates to cut ,a ,c & ,a ,f1 & :]e ^! meet aga9 9 ,r w be ! same memb] 9 ! requir$ rail4 ,fig4 #c %[s a h&rail screw1 ,a be+ a r\nd nut1 a section ( :i* is se5 at ,fig4 #d1 & ,b a squ>e "o2 ,w is a r\nd wa%]4 ,^! screws are let into ab\t ! c5tre ( ! section ( rail at ! jo9ts4 ,a hole is cut 9 ! "u side ( ea* piece = ! nuts to g 91 & a small b5t *isel1 made = ! purpose1 is us$ to turn ! nut ,a4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,ea* 8,figure0 ref]5ce is to a portion ( ! ,plate illu/ration imm$iately prec$+ ! text4 ,! captions ( all illu/rations includ$ ?is cr$it l9e3 ,?os4 ,kell ,son1 ,li?4 :i* h be5 omitt$ 9 ?is e,book4 ,! "r-side edges ( sev]al illu/rations 7 miss+ or illegible4 ,page #dc3 ,two occurr5ces ( 8sime0 7 *ang$ to 8semi-0 to con=m ) ! re/ ( ! book4