,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,footnotes are plac$ at ! end ( *apt]4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 & sup]scripts ?us 4 ,! p]iods ( ! satellites ( ,uranus h be5 add$ to ! table z specifi$ 9 a subsequ5t note4 ,! lay\t ( sev]al tables has be5 modifi$ to ma9ta9 cl>ity )9 wd? re/rictions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,london ,,/]eoscopic ,,co4 ,,photomezzotype4 ,,/anmore ,,obs]vatory4 ,,inside ,,view4 ,,telescopic ,,"w ,,= ,,/>light ,,ev5+s4 ,,by ,,william ,f4 ,,d5n+1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 7,,=m]ly ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,liv]pool ,,a/ronomical ,,society74 8,to ask or se>* ,i blame !e n1 = heav5 ,is z ! book ( ,god be=e !e set1 ,:]e9 to read 8 wondr\s works40 ,,milton4 ,,london3 ,,taylor ,,& ,,francis1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 #ahia4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,al]e ,,flammam4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,taylor ,,& ,,francis1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,,preface4 ,x hav+ be5 sugge/$ by "s k9d fri5ds t a s]ies ( articles on 8,telescopes & ,telescopic ,"w10 :i* ,i wrote = ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,liv]pool ,a/ronomical ,society' 9 #ahhg-h1 %\ld be repr9t$1 ,i h und]tak5 ! revision & re>rangem5t ( ! pap]s allud$ to4 ,c]ta9 o!r contributions on 8,l>ge & ,small ,telescopes10 8,planet>y ,obs]vations10 & k9dr$ subjects1 :i* ,i furni%$ to #8,! ,obs]vatory' & o!r sci5tific s]ials f "t to "t1 h also be5 includ$1 & ! mat]ial s mu* alt]$ & ext5d$ t x may be reg>d$ z virtually new matt]4 ,! "w has outgr[n my orig9al int5tion1 b x prov$ s engross+ t x 0 f\nd difficult to ensure great] brevity4 ,! comb9ation ( diff]5t pap]s has possibly _h ! effect ( r5d]+ ! book m popul> 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?is is n altoge!r un9t5tional1 = ! aim has be5 to make ! "w intelligible to g5]al read]s1 :ile also conta9+ facts & figures useful to amateur a/ronom]s4 ,x is m]ely int5d$ z a contribution to popul> a/ronomy1 & ass]ts no rivalry ) exi/+ works1 _m ( :i* are ess5tially diff]5t 9 plan4 ,if any excuse 71 h[ev]1 ne$$ = ! issue ( ?is volume x might be f\nd 9 ! rapid progress ( a/ronomy1 :i* requires t new or revis$ works %\ld be publi%$ at %ort int]vals 9 ord] to repres5t exi/+ k4 ,! me?ods expla9$ are approximate1 & te*nical po9ts h be5 avoid$ ) ! view to engage ! int]e/ ( beg9n]s :o may f9d x ! /epp+-/one to m advanc$ works & to m precise me?ods4 ,! object w be realiz$ if obs]v]s d]ive any enc\ragem5t f its descriptions or value f its ref]5ces1 & ! au?or s9c]ely hopes t n a few ( 8 read]s w exp]i5ce ! same degree ( pleasure 9 obs]vation z he has done dur+ _m ye>s4 ,no matt] h[ humble ! obs]v]1 or h[ paltry ! telescope1 a/ronomy is capable ( furni%+ an endless /ore ( delight to its adh]5ts4 ,its influ5ces are elevat+1 & _m ( its features possess ! *>ms ( novelty z well z my/]y4 ,:oev] contemplates ! heav5s ) ! "r _s reaps bo? pleasure & pr(it1 & _m amateurs f9d a welcome relaxation to ! c>es ( bus9ess 9 ! companion%ip ( _! telescopes on 8/>light ev5+s40 ,! title *os5 is n1 p]haps1 a compreh5sive "o1 b x cov]s mo/ ( ! gr\nd1 & no apology ne$ be (f]$ = deal+ ) "o or two important objects n /rictly )9 its scope4 ,= _m ( ! illu/rations ,i mu/ express my indebt$ness to ! ,editors ( ! #8,obs]vatory' to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,r4,a4,s41 to ! proprietors ( #8,nature1' to ,messrs4 ,br[n+1 ,calv]1 ,cooke ,sons1 ,elg]1 ,gore1 ,horne ,?orn?waite & ,wood1 ,kle91 & o!r fri5ds4 ,! m>k+s on ,v5us & ,jupit] z repres5t$ on pages #aej & #ahj h come out mu* d>k] ?an 0 int5d$1 b ^! illu/rations may h "s value z %[+ ! position & =m ( ! features del9eat$4 ,x is difficult to reproduce delicate planet>y m>k+s 9 precisely ! same *>act]s z !y are display$ 9 a good telescope4 ,! app>5t orbits ( ! satellites ( ! planets1 del9eat$ 9 figs4 #da1 #dd1 c41 are liable to *anges dep5d+ on _! v>iable position relatively to ! ,e>?1 & ! diagrams are m]ely int5d$ to give a good idea ( ^! satellite sy/ems4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d4 ,bi%op/on1 ,bri/ol1 #ahia4 ,plates ,i4 & ,,ii4 are views ( ! ,obs]vatory & ,in/rum5ts rec5tly erect$ by ,mr4 ,kle9 at ,/anmore1 ,middlesex1 lat4 #ea #cf #eg ,n41 long4 #j #ah #bb ,w4 ,! height above sea-level is #bfb feet4 ,! telescope is a #bj-;in* reflector by ,calv]1 ( #ib in*es focus2 ! tube is1 h[ev]1 #aeb in*es long s z to cut (f all extrane\s rays4 ,x is m\nt$ equatoreally1 & is provid$ ) a f9d] ( #f in*es ap]ture--"o ( ,tulley's fam\s in/rum5ts a c5tury ago4 ,! l>ge telescope is fix$ on a pill> ( masonry #cg feet high1 & weigh+ #aae tons4 ,mr4 ,kle9 proposes to devote ! res\rces ( 8 e/abli%m5t to a/ronomical photography1 & x has be5 provid$ ) all ! be/ appliances = ?is purpose4 ,! obs]vatory is connect$ by telephone ) ,mr4 ,kle9's private resid5ce1 & ! timepieces & record+ in/rum5ts are all electrically connect$ ) a c5tre ( obs]vation 9 8 /udy4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,page ,,! ,,telescope1 ,,its ,,int5tion ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,its ,,p[]s #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,relative ,,m]its ,,( ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,telescopes #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,notes ,,on ,,telescopes ,,& ,,_! ,,accessories #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,notes ,,on ,,telescopic ,,"w #ff ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,sun #hg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,moon #aac ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,m]cury #acg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,v5us #ade ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,m>s #aee ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,planetoids #afg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,jupit] #agj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,saturn #aie ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,uranus ,,& ,,neptune #bae ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,comets ,,& ,,comet-,,seek+ #bbg ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,meteors ,,& ,,meteoric ,,obs]vations #bfj ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,/>s #bhf ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,nebul ,,& ,,clu/]s ,,( ,,/>s #cbd ,,notes ,,& ,,additions #cdg ,,index #cec ,,illu/rations4 ,,plate ,i4 ,int]ior ( ,mr4 ,kle9's ,obs]vatory ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,view ( ,mr4 ,kle9's ,gr\nds & ,obs]vatory ,to face p4 #hb ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,! ,galilean ,telescope #g #b4 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 9 ,flam/e$'s "t #h #c4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton #aj #d4 ,gregorian ,telescope #aj #e4 ,cassegra9ian ,telescope #aa #f4 ,newtonian ,telescope #aa #g4 ,common ,refract+-,telescope #ab #h4 ,le ,mairean or ,h]s*elian ,telescope #ac #i4 #aj-;in* ,reflect+-,telescope on a ,g]man ,equatoreal1 by ,calv] #ag #aj4 ,"l ,rosse's #f-;foot ,reflect+-,telescope #bb #aa4 ,refract+-,telescope1 by ,br[n+ #cb #ab4 8,! ,popul> ,reflector10 by ,calv] #dj #ac4 #c-;in* ,refract+-,telescope1 by ,newton ,co4 #da #ad4 ,huyg5s's ,negative ,eyepiece #df #ae4 ,ramsd5's ,positive ,eyepiece #dg #af4 ,b]?on's ,dynamomet] #ej #ag4 ,cooke & ,sons' ,educational ,telescope #eb #ah4 ,refract+-,telescope on a ,g]man ,equatoreal #fg #ai4 ,! ,au?or's ,telescope3 a #aj-;in* ,)-,br[n+ ,reflector #gg #bj4 ,sun-spot ( ,june #ai1 #ahhi #ie #ba4 ,sol> ,eclipses visible 9 ,engl&1 #ahia to #aibb #ih #bb4 ,total ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhg #ih #bc4 ,belts ( ,sun-spots1 visible ,oct4 #bi1 #ahfh #ajd #bd4 ,%ad[s ca/ by ,facul #aji #be4 ,light-spots & /reaks on ,plato1 #ahgi-hb4 7,a4 ,/anley ,williams47 #abf #bf4 ,petavius & ,wrottesley at ,sunset4 7,t4 ,gwyn ,elg]47 #abi #bg4 ,birt1 ,birt ,a1 & ! ,/raight ,wall4 7,t4 ,gwyn ,elg]47 #acj #bh4 ,ari/>*us & ,h]odotus at ,sunrise4 7,t4 ,gwyn ,elg]47 #acb #bi4 ,m]cury z a ,morn+ ,/> #adc #cj4 ,v5us z an ,ev5+ ,/> #aej #ca4 ,m>s1 #ahhf1 ,april #ac1 #i;h #ejm #aeg #cb4 ,orbits ( ! ,satellites ( ,m>s #aei #cc4 ,jupit]1 z drawn by ,dawes & o!rs #agh #cd4 ,jupit]1 #ahhf1 ,april #i1 #aj;h #abm #ahj #ce4 ,occultation ( ,jupit]1 ,aug4 #g1 #ahhi #ahf #cf4 ,jupit] & ,satellites se5 9 a small glass #ahg #cg4 ,%ad[s ( ,jupit]'s ,satellites ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 #aib #ch4 ,saturn z obs]v$ by ,cass9i 9 ,augu/ #afgf #aih #ci4 ,saturn1 #ahhe1 ,dec4 #bc1 #g;h #edm #bja #dj4 ,saturn z obs]v$ by ,f4 ,t]by1 ,febru>y #ahhg #bjc #da4 ,app>5t orbits ( ! ,five ,inn] ,satellites ( ,saturn #bab #db4 ,transit ( ! ,%ad[ ( ,titan #bac #dc4 ,uranus & 8 belts #bah #dd4 ,app>5t orbits ( ! ,satellites ( ,uranus #bba #de4 ,app>5t orbit ( ! ,satellite ( ,neptune #bbd #df4 ,m>s1 ,saturn1 & ,regulus 9 same field1 ,sept4 #bj1 #ahhi #bbf #dg4 ,comet #ahfb ,,iii4 7,aug4 #ai1 #ahfb7 #bcg #dh4 ,saw]?al's ,comet1 #ahhh ,i4 7,m>* #be1 ,brooks7 #bcg #di4 ,brooks's ,d\ble ,comet1 ,sept4 #ag1 #ahhi #bci #ej4 ,pons's ,comet 7#ahab74 ,telescopic view1 #ahhd1 ,jan4 #f #bdb #ea4 ,ditto4 ,ditto1 #ahhd1 ,jan4 #ba #bdb #eb4 ,radiation ( ,meteors4 7,%[] ( e>ly ,p]seids1 #ahgh7 #bfc #ec4 ,d\ble ,meteor4 ,curv$ ,meteor4 ,fireball #bfe #ed4 ,meteorite f\nd 9 ,*ili 9 #ahff #bfe #ee4 ,meteorite :i* fell at ,orgueil 9 #ahfd #bfe #ef4 ,fireball ( ,nov4 #bc1 #ahgg1 #h;h #bdm 7,j4 ,plant47 #bfi #eg4 ,flight ( ,telescopic ,meteors se5 by ,w4 ,r4 ,brooks #bgb #eh4 ,meteor ( ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhh1 #f;h #agm #bgg #ei4 ,l>ge ,meteor & /reak se5 at ,jask #bgh #fj4 ,! ,con/ellation ,orion #bhi #fa4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,measurem5t ( ,angles ( ,position #bia #fb4 ,d\ble ,/>s #cja #fc4 ,trapezium 9 ,orion z se5 ) ! #cf-;in* refractor #cai #fd4 ,nebul & a ,/>-clu/] #ccf #fe4 ,nebula )9 a semicircle ( />s #cdb ,,telescopic ,,"w ,,= ,,/>light ,,ev5+s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,telescope1 ,,its ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,its ,,p[]s4 ,! in/rum5t :i* has s va/ly ext5d$ our k ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* has enabl$ u to acquire obs]vations ( rem>kable precision1 & suppli$ ! mat]ials = _m sublime speculations 9 ,a/ronomy1 0 inv5t$ e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ap>t f its special application z a means ( explor+ ! heav5s ) a capacity t is truly m>vell\s1 x is a con/ruction :i* has also be5 utiliz$ 9 c]ta9 o!r dep>tm5ts ) signal success4 ,x provid$ mank9d ) a m$ium ?r\gh :i* to p5etrate f> beyond ! rea* ( natural vision1 & to grasp objects & ph5om5a :i* _h ei!r elud$ detection altoge!r or _h only be5 se5 9 dim & unc]ta9 *>act]s4 ,x has also prov$ a v effici5t in/rum5t = v>i\s m9or purposes ( in/ruction & recreation4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telescope =m$ a new era 9 a/ronomy2 & ?\gh1 ) a few exceptions1 m5 7 sl[ at fir/ 9 avail+ !mselves ( its f>-see+ res\rces1 scepticism 0 soon swept aside & its value became widely ackn[l$g$4 ,b ?\gh ! telescope 0 de/9$ to effect "w ( ! utmo/ import1 & to rea* a v high degree ( excell5ce 9 aft] times1 ! result 0 a*iev$ gradually4 ,/ep by /ep its p[]s 7 enl>g$ & its qualities p]fect$1 & ?us ! /ream ( a/ronomical discov]y has be5 enabl$ to fl[ on1 /imulat$ by e increase 9 its capacity4 ,!re is "s "q z to :om may be ju/ly cr$it$ ) ! discov]y ( its pr9ciples ( con/ruction4 ,huyg5s1 9 8 #8,dioptrics1' rem>ks3--8,i %\ld h no hesitation 9 plac+ above all ! re/ ( mank9d ! individual :o1 solely by 8 own reflections1 )\t ! aid ( any =tuit\s circum/ances1 %\ld h a*iev$ ! inv5tion ( ! telescope40 ,!re is reason to conclude1 h[ev]1 t its discov]y result$ f accid5t r ?an f !ory4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ,galileo ,galilei is entitl$ to prec$5ce2 b !re is /rong evid5ce to %[ t he _h be5 anticipat$4 ,9 any case x mu/ be admitt$ t ,galilei#a _h priority 9 successfully utiliz+ its res\rces z a means ( obs]vational discov]y2 = he x 0 :o1 fir/ ( all m51 saw ,jupit]'s satellites1 ! cresc5t =m ( ,v5us1 ! m\nta9s & crat]s on ! ,moon1 & ann\nc$ !m to an incr$ible _w4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 & n )\t "s basis ( probability1 t a simil> in/rum5t to ! telescope _h be5 employ$ by ! anci5ts2 = c]ta9 /atem5ts conta9$ 9 old hi/orical records w\ld sugge/ t ! ,greek philosoph]s _h "s means ( ext5d+ _! k fur!r ?an t p]mitt$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,democritus rem>k$ t ! ,galaxy or 8,milky ,way0 0 no?+ b an assemblage ( m9ute />s2 & x has be5 ask$1 ,h[ c\ld he h d]iv$ ?is in=mation b by in/rum5tal aid8 ,x is v probable he ga9$ ! k by inf]5ces hav+ _! s\rce 9 close obs]vation2 = anyone :o att5tively /udies ! face ( ! sky mu/ be naturally l$ to conclude t ! appe>ance ( ! 8,milky ,way0 is induc$ by imm5se & irregul> clu/]+s ( small />s4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ( ! heav5s !re are cle> indications ( ?is3 ! eye is enabl$ to glimpse "s ( ! individual />-po9ts1 & to obs]ve h[ !y bl5d & associate ) ! d5s] aggregations :i* give rise to ! milky :it5ess ( ! ,galaxy4 ,refract+ l5ses1 or 8burn+-glasses10 7 kn[n at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,a l5s1 r\ghly figur$ into a convex %ape & obvi\sly int5d$ = magnify+ objects1 has be5 recov]$ f ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum1 buri$ 9 ! ejections f ,vesuvius 9 ! ye> #gi ,a4,d4 ,pl9y & o!rs ref] to l5ses t burnt by refraction1 & describe globules ( glass or cry/al :i*1 :5 expos$ 9 ! sun1 transmit suffici5t heat to ignite combu/ible mat]ial4 ,! anci5ts und\bt$ly us$ tubes 9 ! conduct ( _! obs]vations1 b no l5ses seem to h be5 employ$ ) !m1 & _! only utility consi/$ 9 ! fact ( _! %utt+ out ! extrane\s rays ( light4 ,b spectacles 7 c]ta9ly kn[n at an e>ly p]iod4 ,concave em]alds are said to h be5 employ$ by ,n]o 9 witness+ ! combats ( ! gladiators1 & !y appe> to h be5 ! same 9 effect z ! spectacles worn by %ort-sight$ p 9 our own times4 ,b ! anci5ts suppos$ t ! em]ald possess$ inh]5t qualities specially helpful to vision1 r ?an t its utility result$ simply f its concavity ( figure4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury spectacles 7 m g5]ally worn1 & ! !ory ( _! con/ruction und]/ood4 ,x is rem>kable t ! telescope did n come into use until s long aft]w>ds4 ,vague ref]5ces 7 made to su* an in/rum5t1 or r sugge/ions z to ! possibilities ( its con/ruction1 :i* %[ t1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple _h p]haps be5 conceiv$1 ! idea 0 n successfully put into practice4 ,rog] ,bacon1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 wrote 9 8 #8,opus ,majus'3--8,great] ?+s may be p]=m$ by refract$ light1 =1 f ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 foll[s easily t ! greate/ objects may be se5 v small1 ! remote v ne>1 & vice v]s4 ,= we c give transp>5t bodies su* =m & position ) respect to ! eye & ! object t ! rays are refract$ & b5t to :]e we l1 s t we1 "u any angle1 see ! objects ne> or f>1 & 9 t mann] we c1 at a great di/ance1 read ! smalle/ lett]s1 & we c c\nt atoms & s&-gra9s1 on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ! angle "u :i* !y are se540 ,fraca/or1 9 a "w publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aech1 /ates3--8,if we look ?r\gh two eye-l5ses1 plac$ ! "o ^u ! o!r1 ev]y?+ w appe> l>g] & ne>]40 ,he also says3--8,!re are made c]ta9 eye-l5ses ( su* a ?ickness t if ! moon or any o!r cele/ial body is view$ ?r\gh !m !y appe> to be s ne> t _! di/ance does n exce$ t ( ! /eeples ( public build+s40 ,9 o!r writ+s w also be f\nd intimations z to ! important action ( l5ses2 & x is h>dly acc\ntable t a matt] s valuable 9 its be>+s 0 all[$ to rema9 )\t practical issues4 ,! progressive t5d5cy & ! faculty ( inv5tion mu/ inde$ h be5 9 an incipi5t /age1 & contra/s /rongly ) ! s+ul> avidity ) :i* ideas are seiz$ ^u & realiz$ 9 our own day4 ,_m important discov]ies h result$ f pure accid5t2 & x has be5 /at$ t ! fir/ bon fide telescope _h its orig9 9 ! foll[+ incid5t3--,! *ildr5 ( a spectacle-mak]1 ,za*>iah ,jans51 ( ,middleb]g1 9 ,zeal&1 7 play+ ) "s l5ses1 & x *anc$ t !y arrang$ two ( !m 9 su* mann] t1 to _! a/oni%m5t1 ! wea!rcock ( an adjo9+ *ur* appe>$ mu* enl>g$ & m di/9ct4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! curi\s fact to _! fa!r1 he imm$iately turn$ x to acc\nt1 &1 by fix+ two l5ses on a bo>d1 produc$ ! fir/ telescope6 ,?is view ( ! case is1 h[ev]1 a v d\btful "o1 & ! inv5tion may ) f> great] probability be attribut$ to ,hans ,lipp]%eim 9 #afjh4 ,galilei has little claim to be consid]$ 9 ?is relation2 = he admitt$ t 9 #afji ! news rea*$ him t a ,dut*man _h devis$ an appliance capable ( %[+ di/ant objects ) rem>kable cle>ness4 ,he !reupon set to "w & exp]im5t$ ) s mu* aptitude on ! pr9ciples involv$ t he v soon produc$ a telescope = himself4 ,) ?is in/rum5t he detect$ ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit] 9 #afaj1 & o!r successes %ortly foll[$4 ,be+ naturally gratifi$ ) ! improvem5ts he _h effect$ 9 its con/ruction1 & ) ! wond]ful discov]ies he _h made by its use1 we c almo/ excuse ! en?usiasm :i* prompt$ him to attribute ! inv5tion to 8 own +5uity4 ,b :ile accord+ him ! hon\r due to 8 sagacity 9 devot+ ?is in/rum5t to su* excell5t "w1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t 8 claim to priority _c be ju/ifi$4 ,inde$1 t ,galilei _h usurp$ ! title ( inv5tor is m5tion$ 9 lett]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ! sci5tific m5 ( t "t4 ,fucc>i1 writ+ to ,kepl]1 says3--8,galileo wants to be consid]$ ! inv5tor ( ! telescope1 ?\gh he1 z well z ,i & o!rs1 fir/ saw ! telescope :i* a c]ta9 ,dut*man fir/ br\ght ) him to ,v5ice1 & al?\gh he has only improv$ x v little40 ,9 a critical article by ,dr4 ,dob]ck#b1 9 :i* ?is lett] is quot$ & ! :ole "q review$ ) consid]able c>e1 x is /at$ t ,hans ,lipp]%eim 7also kn[n z ,jan ,lapprey71 :o 0 born 9 ,wesel1 b aft]w>ds settl$ at ,middleb]g1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 z a spectacle-mak]1 0 really ! fir/ to make a telescope1 & ! foll[+ facts are quot$ 9 confirmation3--8,he solicit$ ! ,/ates1 z e>ly z ! #bnd ,octob]1 #afjh1 = a pat5t = ?irty ye>s1 or an annual p5sion = life1 = ! in/rum5t he _h inv5t$1 promis+ !n only to con/ruct su* in/rum5ts = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,aft] invit+ ! inv5tor to improve ! in/rum5t & alt] x s t !y c\ld look ?r\gh x ) bo? eyes at ! same "t1 ! ,/ates det]m9$1 on ! #d? ,octob]1 t f e prov9ce "o deputy %\ld be elect$ to try ! app>atus & make t]ms ) him conc]n+ ! price4 ,?is committee decl>$ on ! #f? ,octob] t x f\nd ! inv5tion useful = ! c\ntry1 & _h (f]$ ! inv5tor #ijj flor9s = ! in/rum5t4 ,he _h at fir/ ask$ #cjjj flor9s = ?ree in/rum5ts ( rock-cry/al4 ,he 0 !n ord]$ to deliv] ! in/rum5t )9 a c]ta9 "t1 & ! pat5t 0 promis$ him on condition t he kept ! inv5tion secret4 ,lapprey deliv]$ ! in/rum5t 9 due "t4 ,he _h arrang$ x = bo? eyes1 & x 0 f\nd satisfactory2 b !y =c$ him1 aga9/ ! agreem5t1 to deliv] two o!r telescopes = ! same money1 & refus$ ! pat5t because x 0 evid5t t already sev]al o!rs _h le>n$ ab\t ! inv5tion40 ,! mat]ial f :i* ! glasses 7 figur$ appe>s to h be5 qu>tz2 & ef=ts 7 made to keep ! inv5tion a pr(\nd secret1 z x 0 ?\ght x w\ld prove valuable = 8/rategetical purposes40 ,! co/ ( ^! primitive b9ocul>s 0 ab\t #ge ea*4 ,x is s+ul> t1 aft] be+ all[$ to re/ s long1 ! idea ( telescopic con/ruction %\ld h be5 c>ri$ into effect by sev]al p]sons almo/ simultane\sly1 & t d\bts & disputes arose z to prec$5ce4 ,! probable explanation is t to "o individual only priority 0 really due1 b t1 ow+ to ! delays1 ! secret c\ld n be altoge!r conceal$ f two or ?ree o!rs :o recogniz$ ! importance ( ! discov]y & at once ent]$ into competition ) ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,ea* ( ^! fa%ion$ 8 in/rum5t 9 a slightly diff]5t mann]1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple 0 simil> 9 all2 & hav+ 9 a great measure to rely ^u 8 individual faculties 9 complet+ ! task1 he consid]$ himself 9 ! light ( an inv5tor & put =? claims accord+ly4 ,n only 7 attempts made to assume ! position ( inv5tor1 b !re arose fraudul5t claimants to "s ( ! discov]ies :i* ! in/rum5t effect$ 9 ! h&s ( ,galilei4 ,simon ,m>ius1 himself "o ( ! v fir/ to con/ruct a telescope & apply x to ! exam9ation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ass]t$ t he _h se5 ! satellites ( ,jupit] on ,decemb] #bi1 #afji1 a few days be=e ,galilei1 :o fir/ glimps$ !m on ,janu>y #g1 #afaj4 ,humboldt1 9 8 #8,physical ,description ( ! ,heav5s1' def9itely ascribes ! discov]y ( ^! moons to ,m>ius2 b o!r au?orities uni=mly reject ! /atem5t1 & accord to ,galilei ! full cr$it4 ,x is /at$ t ,galilei's fir/ in/rum5t magnifi$ only ?ree times1 b he s f> manag$ to amplify its res\rces t he 0 ultimately enabl$ to apply a p[] ( #cj4 ,! l5ses consi/$ ( a d\ble-convex object-glass1 & a small d\ble-concave eye-glass plac$ 9 front ( ! focal image =m$ by ! object-glass4 ,! ord9>y op]a-glass is con/ruct$ on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,galilean ,telescope4 ,! discov]ies :i* ,galilei effect$ ) ?is crude & defective in/rum5t caus$ a great s5sation at ! "t4 ,he made !m kn[n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a publication :i* he issu$ "u ! title ( #8,nuncius ,sid]us1' or #8,! ,mess5g] ( ! ,/>s4' ,9 t sup]/iti\s age great ignorance prevail$1 bigotry 0 dom9ant1 & errone\s views ( ! sol> sy/em 7 upheld & taught by au?ority4 ,we c !re=e readily conceive t ,galilei's discov]ies1 & ! direct inf]5ces he put ^u !m1 be+ held antagoni/ic to ! rul+ doctr9es1 w\ld be receiv$ ) incr$ulity & opposition4 ,8 views 7 reg>d$ z h]etical4 ,9 consequ5ce ( uphold+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em he suff]$ p]secution1 & _h to resort to artifice 9 ! publication ( 8 works4 ,b ! m>vels reveal$ by 8 telescope1 ?\gh discr$it$ at fir/1 c\ld n fail to meet ) f9al acceptance1 = und5iable te/imony to _! reality 0 soon =?com+4 ,!y 7 n1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ until long aft]w>ds z affirm+ ! views enunciat$ by _! clev] au?or4 ,ultimately ! new a/ronomy1 bas$ on ! irrepressible evid5ce ( ! telescope1 & clad 9 all ! habilim5ts ( tru?1 took ! place ( ! old fallaci\s beliefs1 to =m an endur+ monum5t to ,cop]nicus & ,galilei1 :o sp5t _! lives 9 advanc+ its cause4 ,no special developm5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ! telescope appe> to h tak5 place until ne>ly half a c5tury subsequ5t to its inv5tion4 ,kepl] sugge/$ an in/rum5t =m$ ( two convex l5ses1 & ,s*e9] & ,huyg5s made telescopes on ?is pr9ciple 9 ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,huyg5s f\nd great advantage 9 ! employm5t ( a comp\nd eyepiece consi/+ ( two convex l5ses1 :i* correct$ ! sph]ical ab]ration1 &1 besides be+ a*romatic1 gave a mu* l>g] field ?an ! s+le l5s4 ,?is eyepiece1 kn[n z ! 8,huyg5ian10 /ill f9ds fav\r ) ! mak]s ( telescopes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 9 ,flam/e$'s "t#c4 ,huyg5s may be said to h inaugurat$ ! era ( long telescopes4 ,he erect$ in/rum5ts ( #ab & #bc feet1 hav+ an ap]ture ( #b-a_/c in*es & p[]s ( #dh1 #ej1 & #ib4 ,he aft]w>ds produc$ "o #abc feet 9 focal l5g? & #f in*es 9 ap]ture4 ,*ief among 8 discov]ies 7 ! l>ge/ satellite ( ,saturn 7,titan7 & ! true =m ( ,saturn's r+4 ,hevelius ( ,dantzic built an in/rum5t #aej feet long1 :i* he fix$ to a ma/ #ij feet 9 height1 & regulat$ by ropes & pulleys4 ,cass9i1 at ! ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 _h telescopes by ,campani ( #hf1 #ajj1 & #acf ,fr5* feet 9 l5g?2 b ! highe/ p[]s he us$ on ^! in/rum5ts d n appe> to h exce$$ #aej times4 ,he made su* good use ( !m z to discov] ?ree ( ! satellites ( ,saturn & ! black division 9 ! r+ ( t planet4 ,! l>ge/ object-glasses employ$ by ,hevelius & ,cass9i 7 ( #f1 #g1 & #h in*es diamet]4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 #agab ,bradley made obs]vations ( ,v5us1 & obta9$ measures ( ! planet's diamet]1 ) a telescope no less ?an #bab feet 9 focal l5g?4 ,! in/rum5ts allud$ to 7 manipulat$ ) extreme difficulty1 & obs]vations _h to be conduct$ 9 a mann] v try+ to ! obs]v]4 ,tubes 7 sometimes disp5s$ )1 ! object-glass be+ fix$ to a pole & its position controll$ by v>i\s contrivances--! obs]v] be+ s f> (f1 h[ev]1 t he requir$ ! s]vices ( a good lant]n 9 ord] to di/+ui% x6 ,! immod]ate l5g?s ( refract+-telescopes 7 necess>y1 z p>tially avoid+ ! effects ( *romatic ab]ration occasion$ by ! diff]5t refrangibility ( ! sev5 col\r$ rays :i* collectively make :ite light4 ,9 o!r words1 ! col\r$ rays hav+ v>i\s indices ( refraction _c be br\ght to a co9cid5t focus by transmission ?r\gh a s+le l5s4 ,?us ! r$ rays h a long] focus ?an ! violet rays1 & ! imm$iate effect ( ! diff]5t refractions becomes app>5t 9 ! telescopic images1 :i* are fr+$ ) col\r & n %>ply def9$4 ,high magnify+ p[]s s]ve to int5sify ! ob/acle allud$ to1 & ?us ! old obs]v]s f\nd x imp]ative to employ eye-glasses n beyond a c]ta9 degree ( convexity4 ,! great focal l5g?s ( _! object-l5ses enabl$ mod]ate p[] to be obta9$1 ?\gh ! eye-glass itself _h a focus ( sev]al in*es & magnifi$ v little4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton made _m exp]im5ts ^u col\rs1 & endeav\r$ to obviate ! difficulties ( *romatic ab]ration1 b errone\sly conclud$ t x 0 n feasible4 ,he c\ld devise no means to correct t disp]sion ( col\r :i*1 9 ! telescopes ( 8 day1 s greatly detract$ f _! effectiv5ess4 ,8 failure seems to h _h a prejudicial effect 9 delay+ ! solution ( ! difficulty1 :i* 0 n accompli%$ until _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton#d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,gregorian ,telescope4 ,! idea ( reflect+-telescopes receiv$ m5tion z e>ly z #afci2 b x 0 n until #affc t ,gregory describ$ ! in/rum5t1 =m$ ( concave mirrors1 :i* /ill be>s 8 "n4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 pr(ici5t 9 me*anics1 & aft] "s futile attempts to c>ry 8 !ory into effect ! ex]tion 0 rel9qui%$4 ,9 #afgc ,cassegra9 reviv$ ! subject1 & propos$ a modification ( ! =m previ\sly indicat$ by ,gregory4 ,in/ead ( ! small concave mirror1 he sub/itut$ a convex mirror plac$ ne>] ! speculum2 & ?is arrangem5t1 ?\gh x made ! telescope %ort]1 _h ! disadvantage ( display+ objects 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,b ! utility ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 n demon/rat$ 9 a practical =m until #afgd1 :5 ,hooke1 ! clev] me*anician1 gave 8 att5tion to ! subject & con/ruct$ ! fir/ "o t 0 made ( ! k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,cassegra9ian ,telescope4 ,9 ! meantime 7#afgb7 ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h complet$ ) 8 own h&s a reflect+-telescope ( ano!r patt]n4 ,9 ?is ! rays f ! l>ge concave speculum 7 receiv$ by a small plane mirror fix$ c5trally at ! o!r end ( ! tube1 & incl9$ at an angle ( #de2 s t ! image 0 direct$ at "r angles ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side1 & !re magnifi$ by ! eye-l5s4 ,b = a long p]iod little progress 0 effect$ 9 reg>d to reflect+-telescopes1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( procur+ metal well adapt$ = ! mak+ ( specula4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,newtonian ,telescope4 ,9 #agbi ,mr4 ,*e/] ,moor ,hall appli$ himself to ! /udy ( refract+-telescopes & discov]$ t1 by a comb9ation ( diff]5t glasses1 ! col\r+ ( ! images might be elim9at$4 ,x is /at$ t ,mr4 ,hall made sev]al a*romatic glasses 9 #agcc4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ?is ,john ,dollond indep5d5tly arriv$ at ! same result1 & took out a pat5t = a*romatic telescopes4 ,he f\nd1 by exp]im5ts ) prisms1 t cr[n & fl9t glass op]at$ unequally 9 reg>d to ! div]g5cy ( col\rs induc$ by refraction2 &1 apply+ ! pr9ciple fur!r1 he obta9$ a virtually col\rless telescope by assort+ a convex cr[n l5s ) a concave fl9t l5s z ! object-glass4 ,dollond also made _m in/rum5ts hav+ triple object-l5ses1 & 9 ^! x 0 suppos$ t previ\s defects 7 altoge!r oblit]at$4 ,two convex l5ses ( cr[n glass 7 comb9$ ) a concave l5s ( fl9t glass plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,:e!r we reg>d ,hall or ,dollond z entitl$ to ! mo/ praise 9 connection ) ?is important advance1 x is c]ta9 t x 0 "o ! value ( :i* c\ld h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,x may be said to h =m$ a new era 9 practical a/ronomy4 ,in/rum5ts only #d or #e feet long c\ld n[ be made equally if n m effective ?an ^? ( #abc & #aej feet previ\sly us$ by ,huyg5s & ,hevelius4 ,all ! tr\bles incid5tal to ^! long unmanageable ma*9es n[ disappe>$1 & a/ronom]s 7 at once provid$ ) a h&y little telescope capable ( ! f9e/ p]=mances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,common ,refract+-,telescope4 ,reflect+-telescopes also und]w5t m>k$ improvem5ts 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,%ort1 ! optician1 :o di$ 9 #agfh1 0 des]v$ly celebrat$ = ! excell5t in/rum5ts he made ( ! ,gregorian =m4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury ,william ,h]s*el1 by indomitable p]sev]ance1 figur$ a consid]able numb] ( specula4 ,"s ( ^! 7 m\nt$ z ,newtonians2 o!rs 7 employ$ 9 ! =m kn[n z ! 8,front view10 9 :i* a second mirror is disp5s$ ) altoge!r1 & ! rays f ! l>ge concave speculum are ?r[n to ! side ( ! tube & direct to ! eyepiece4 ,?is con/ruction is (t5 m5tion$ z ! 8,h]s*elian10 b ! idea _h long be=e be5 detail$ by ,le ,maire4 ,9 #agbh he pres5t$ a pap] to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 giv+ 8 plans = a new reflect+-telescope4 ,he propos$ to suppress ! small flat speculum 9 ,newtonians1 & 8by giv+ ! l>ge concave speculum a little incl9ation1 he ?rew ! image1 =m$ 9 its focus1 to "o side ( ! tube1 :]e1 an eye-glass magnify+ x1 ! obs]v] view$ x1 8 back at ! "t be+ turn$ t[>ds ! object 9 ! heav5s2 ?us ! light lo/ 9 ! ,newtonian telescope by ! second reflexion 0 sav$40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! ,le ,mairean or ,h]s*elian ,telescope4 ,aft] mak+ sev]al in/rum5ts ( f #ah to #bd in*es ap]ture1 ,h]s*el began "o ( l>g] calibre1 & x 0 f9i%$ on ,augu/ #bh1 #aghi4 ,! occasion 0 r5d]$ hi/orical by ! discov]y ( "o ( ! fa9te/ int]ior satellites ( ,saturn1 ,enceladus4 ,! l>ge telescope _h a speculum #dh in*es 9 diamet]2 ! tube 0 made ( roll$ or %eet iron1 & x 0 #ci ft4 #d 94 long & #d ft4 #aj 94 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 by f> ! l>ge/ in/rum5t ! _w _h se5 up to t "t2 b x _c be said to h realiz$ ! expectations =m$ ( its p[]s1 = its def9+ prop]ties 7 evid5tly n on a p> ) its space-p5etrat+ p[]4 ,_m ( ,h]s*el's be/ obs]vations 7 made ) mu* small] in/rum5ts4 ,! l>ge telescope1 :i* 0 m\nt$ 9 ,h]s*el's g>d5 at ,sl\gh1 soon fell into comp>ative disuse1 &1 reg>d+ x z incapable ( fur!r usefulness1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el seal$ x up on ,janu>y #a1 #ahdj4 ,dur+ ! next half-c5tury we he> ( no attempts be+ made to surpass ! l>ge in/rum5t :i* =m$ "o ( ! work+-tools ( ,h]s*el4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ,"l ,rosse ent]$ ! field1 & 9 ! #8,philosophical ,transactions' = #ahdj describ$ a reflector ( #c-;feet diamet] :i* he _h set up at 8 resid5ce at ,p>son/[n1 ,irel&4 ,9 #ahde ! same nobleman1 di/+ui%$ alike = 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts z = 8 g5]osity & urbanity ( disposition1 erect$ ano!r telescope1 ! l>ge speculum ( :i* 0 #f feet 9 diamet]1 #e in*es 9 ?ickness1 & its weight #c tons4 ,"l ,rosse subsequ5tly ca/ a duplicate speculum ( #f feet & weigh+ #d tons4 ,9 po9t ( dim5sions ?is in/rum5t f> exce$$ t ( ,h]s*el1 & x is /ill 9 use1 reta9+ its "* z ! l>ge/1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n ! be/1 telescope 9 exi/5ce4 ,its tube is made ( #a-;in* deal1 well b\nd toge!r ) iron hoops2 x is #ef feet long & #g feet 9 diamet]4 ,mr4 ,lassell soon aft]w>ds made l>ge specula4 ,he erect$ "o ( #b-;feet ap]ture & #bj-;feet focus at 8 resid5ce at ,/>field1 ne> ,liv]pool1 & 9 #ahfa m\nt$ "o ( #d-;feet diamet] & #cg-;feet focus4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 = "s "t usefully employ$ by him at ,malta4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,lassell's return to ,engl& 8 great telescope rema9$ 9 a dismantl$ /ate = sev]al ye>s1 & ultimately ! speculum 0 brok5 up & 8consign$ to ! crucible ( ! bell-f\nd]40 ,x is n a little rem>kable t ,h]s*el1 ,rosse1 & ,lassell p]sonally sup]9t5d$ & assi/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! mon/] in/rum5ts ) :i* _! names are s hon\rably associat$4 ,9 or ab\t ! ye> #ahfg a telescope ( ! ,cassegra9ian =m1 & hav+ a metallic speculum #d feet 9 diamet] & #bh-;feet focus1 0 complet$ by ,grubb ( ,dubl9 = ! obs]vatory at ,melb\rne4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* co/ some?+ l #ad1jjj1 0 f\nd defective at fir/1 ?\gh ! fault does n appe> to h re/$ ) ! optician4 ,up to ?is p]iod specula 7 =m$ ( a metal 9 :i* copp] & t9 7 l>gely repres5t$4 ,b ! days ( metal specula 7 numb]$4 ,leon ,f\cault1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 publi%$ a valuable memoir 9 :i* he describ$ ! v>i\s +5i\s me?ods he employ$ 9 figur+ surfaces ( glass to ! requir$ curve4 ,he furni%$ data = det]m9+ accuracy ( figure4 ,=m]ly opticians _h consid]able tr\ble 9 decid+ ! quality ( _! newly-gr\nd specula or object-glasses4 ,!y f\nd x exp$i5t to m\nt !m tempor>ily1 & !n1 by actual trial on difficult objects1 to judge ( _! effici5cy4 ,?is involv$ lab\r & occasion$ delay1 especially 9 ! case ( l>ge in/rum5ts4 ,f\cault %[$ t crucial te/s might be appli$ 9 ! work%op1 & t glasses c\ld be turn$ out ( h& )\t any misgiv+s z to _! p]fection ( figure4 ,f\cault's e>ly exp]im5ts 9 p>aboliz+ glass l$ him to important results4 ,by deposit+ a ?9 coat+ ( silv] on 8 specula he obta9$ a reflective p[] f> surpass+ t ( metal4 ,!reaft] metal 0 n ?\ght ( z a suitable mat]ial = reflect+-telescopes4 ,silv]-on-glass mirrors imm$iately came into great reque/4 ,! latt] und\bt$ly possess a great sup]iority ov] metal1 especially z reg>ds light-grasp+ p[]1 ! relative capacity accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el be+ z #hbd to #dcf4 ,glass mirrors h also ano!r advantage 9 be+ less heavy ?an ^? ( metal4 ,x is true ! silv] film is n v durable1 b x c be r5ew$ at any "t ) little tr\ble or exp5se4 ,) ( ,h]e=d1 & aft] him ,calv] ( ,*elms=d1 became not$ = ! excell5cy ( _! glass mirrors4 ,!y 7 f\nd ne>ly comp>able to refractors ( ! same ap]ture4 ,a t5d5cy ( ! times 0 evid5tly 9 ! direction ( l>ge in/rum5ts4 ,"o ( #dgb-;in*es ap]ture 7= :i* a sum ( #aij1jjj francs 0 paid7 0 complet$ by ,m>t9 9 #ahge = ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 b its employm5t s9ce t ye> has n furni%$ a v successful record4 ,! l>ge/ in/rum5t ( ! k9d yet made has a speculum #e feet 9 diamet] & #bg-;feet focal l5g?4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 position 9 ,septemb] #ahhh1 & 0 made by ! own]1 ,mr4 ,common1 ( ,eal+1 ^: previ\s in/rum5t 0 a #cg-;in* glass reflector by ,calv]4 ,! #e-;foot telescope is und\bt$ly ( mu* great] capacity ?an ! colossal reflector ( ,"l ,rosse1 ?\gh x is n s l>ge4 ,mr4 ,calv] has rec5tly figur$ a #ej-;in* mirror = ,sir ,h4 ,bessem]1 b ! m\nt+ is n complet$2 & he is expect+ to make o!r l>ge reflectors1 viz4 "o ov] #e feet 9 diamet] & ano!r ov] #c feet4 ,! late ,mr4 ,nasmy? also erect$ "s f9e in/rum5ts1 & adopt$ a comb9ation ( ! ,cassegra9ian & ,newtonian =ms to ensure great] conv5i5ce = ! obs]v]4 ,in/ead ( p]mitt+ ! rays f ! small convex mirror to return ?r\gh ! l>ge mirror1 he div]t$ !m ?r\gh ! side ( ! tube by means ( a flat mirror1 z 9 ,newtonians4 ,b ?is con/ruction is n to be comm5d$1 because mu* light is lo/ & defects increas$ by ! additional mirror4 ,small] telescopes ( ! k9d we h be5 ref]r+ to h become extremely popul>3 & des]v$ly s4 ,!y are likely to ma9ta9 _! "* 9 future ye>s2 = ! ,newtonian =m ( in/rum5t1 besides be+ ?or\ghly effective 9 critical "w1 is mod]ate 9 price & gives images absolutely a*romatic4 ,moreov]1 x is us$ ) a facility & ease :i* an exp]i5c$ obs]v] kn[s h[ to appreciate4 ,:atev] may be ! altitude ( ! objects "u scrut9y1 he is enabl$ to reta9 a p]fectly conv5i5t & natural po/ure1 & may pursue 8 "w dur+ long int]vals )\t any ( ! fatigue or discom=t incid5tal to ! use ( c]ta9 o!r =ms ( in/rum5t4 ,return+ n[ to refractors3 _m ye>s elaps$ aft] ,dollond pat5t$ 8 a*romatic object-glass be=e x 0 f\nd feasible to con/ruct ^! in/rum5ts ( a size suffici5t to grasp fa9t & delicate objects4 ,opticians 7 ?w>t$ 9 _! ef=ts to obta9 glass ( ! requisite purity = l5ses1 unless 9 small disks v few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is relat$ t ,dollond met ) a pot ( uncommonly pure fl9t glass 9 #agfj1 b ev5 ) ?is advantage ( mat]ial he admitt$ t1 aft] num]\s attempts1 he c\ld n provide really excell5t object-glasses ( m ?an #c-c_/d-;in*es diamet]4 ,x may !re=e be readily imag9$ t a refractor ( #d or #e-;in*es ap]ture 0 an in/rum5t ( great r>ity & exp5se4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury ,tulley's price 0 #bge = a #e-;in* equatoreally m\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 #aj-;in* ,reflect+-,telescope on a ,g]man ,equatoreal1 by ,calv]4 ,9 lat] ye>s m>k$ improvem5ts 7 effect$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,a sign ( ?is is app>5t 9 ! fact t1 9 #ahbi1 ,sir ,james ,s\? 0 enabl$ to pur*ase a #ab-;in* l5s4 ,f\r ye>s be=e ?is ! ,dorpat telescope1 hav+ an objective ( #i in*es1 _h creat$ q a s5sation4 ,z "t w5t on1 /ill l>g] glasses 7 made4 ,9 #ahfb ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons1 ( ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 f9i%$ an in/rum5t ( #ah-;in*es ap]ture1 at a co/ ( #cgjj2 & 9 #ahfi ,cooke ,sons m\nt$ a #bdf-;in* object-glass = ! late ,mr4 ,newall1 ( ,gate%ead4 ,! latt] in/rum5t 0 mu* l>g] ?an any o!r refractor hi!rto made1 b x 0 n long to ma9ta9 supremacy4 ,"o ( #beh in*es & #bi-;feet focus 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahgb by ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons = ! ,naval ,obs]vatory1 ,wa%+ton1 at a co/ ( #ijjj4 ,ano!r1 ( simil> size1 0 suppli$ by ! same firm to ,mr4 ,mc,cormick1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,sev]al important discov]ies1 includ+ ! satellites ( ,m>s1 7 effect$ ) ! great ,wa%+ton telescope4 ,a few ye>s lat] a #bg-;in* 0 complet$ by ,grubb = ! ,vi5na ,obs]vatory1 & q rec5tly ! f\r l>ge/ refractors ev] made h be5 plac$ 9 position & are actively employ$ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( "w4 ,^! include a #bi-;in* by ,m>t9 = ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 a #cj-;in* by ,h5ry ,bros4 = ,nice1 a #cj-;in* by ,a4 ,cl>k ,sons = ,pulk[a1 & a #cf-;in*1 also by ,a4 ,cl>k ,sons1 = ! ,lick ,obs]vatory on ,m\nt ,hamilton 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! latt] has no rival 9 po9t ( size1 ?\gh rum\rs are curr5t t /ill l>g] l5ses are 9 contemplation4 ,! tube ( ! #cf-;in* is #ef feet long & #c feet 9 diamet] at ! ends1 b ! diamet] is great] 9 ! middle4 ,x is plac$ )9 a great dome #ge feet 9 diamet]4 ,! exp5se ( ! entire app>atus is giv5 z foll[s3--,co/ ( ! dome1 #ef1hej2 ( ! visual objective1 #ec1jjj2 ( ! photographic objective1 #ac1jjj2 ( ! m\nt+1 #db1jjj4 ,total1 #afd1hej4 ,?is noble in/rum5t--due to ! munific5ce ( "o individual1 ! late ,mr4 ,james ,lick1 ( ,*icago1 :o bequea!d #gjj1jjj = ! purpose--may be reg>d$ z ! k+ ( refract+-telescopes4 ,plac$ on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,hamilton1 :]e ! atmosph]e is exceptionally fav\rable = cele/ial obs]vations1 & utiliz$ z its res\rces are by "s ( ! be/ obs]v]s 9 ,am]ica1 we may confid5tly expect x to l>gely augm5t our k ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! great developm5t 9 ! p[]s ( bo? refract+ & reflect+-telescopes1 z a means ( a/ronomical discov]y1 exemplifies 9 a rem>kable degree ! ev]-increas+ res\rces & ref9em5ts ( me*anical art4 ,9 #afaj ,galilei1 f 8 w9d[ at ,padua1 fir/ view$ ! moon & planets ) 8 crude in/rum5t hav+ a p[] ( #c1 & he a*iev$ mu* dur+ ! rema9+ ye>s he liv$1 by increas+ x t5fold1 s t at la/ he c\ld magnify an object #cj times4 ,huyg5s lab\r$ well 9 ! same field2 & o!rs :o succe$$ him =m$ l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( progress :i* has almo/ un9t]rupt$ly run ?r\gh all ! ye>s sep>at+ ,galilei's "t f our own4 ,! primitive ef=ts ( ! ,flor5t9e philosoph] appe> to h _h _! sequel 9 ! magnific5t telescope :i* has lately be5 erect$ "u ! pure sky ( ,m\nt ,hamilton4 ,! capacity ( ?is in/rum5t relatively to t ( e>li] ones may be judg$ f ! fact t a p[] ( ab\t #ccjj times has lately be5 employ$ ) success 9 ! measurem5t ( a close & difficult d\ble />4 ,c\ld ,galilei b /& = a few mom5ts at ! eyepiece ( ?is great refractor1 & contemplate ! same objects :i* he saw1 ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago1 ?r\gh 8 imp]fect little glasses at ,padua1 he w\ld be appall$ at ! spl5did a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,galileo ,galilei is v g5]ally call$ by 8 *ri/ian "n1 b ,i dep>t f ?is practice "h4 #b #8,obs]vatory1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cfd4 #c ,reproduc$1 by p]mission1 f ,cassell's #8,new ,popul> ,educator4' #d ,reproduc$1 by p]mission1 f ,cassell's #8,new ,popul> ,educator4' ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,relative ,,m]its ,,( ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,telescopes4 ,! numb] ( l>ge telescopes hav+ s greatly increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & !re be+ e prospect t ! dem& = su* in/rum5ts w cont9ue1 x may be well to consid] _! advantages z comp>$ ) ^? ( mu* inf]ior size4 ,object-glasses & specula w probably soon be made ( a diamet] n hi!rto atta9$2 = x is palpably "o ( ! ambitions ( ! age to surpass all previ\s ef=ts 9 ! way ( telescopic con/ruction4 ,!re are "s :o d\bt t su* enorm\s in/rum5ts are really necess>y1 & "q :e!r ! results obta9$ ) !m are suffici5t return = ! great exp5se involv$ 9 _! erection4 ,l>ge in/rum5ts require l>ge obs]vatories2 & ! latt] mu/ be at "s di/ance f a t[n1 & 9 a locality :]e ! atmosph]e is fav\rable4 ,no?+ c be done ) great ap]ture 9 ! pres5ce ( smoke & o!r vap\rs1 :i*1 z !y cross ! field1 become ru9\s to def9ition4 ,moreov]1 a big in/rum5t is n to be manipulat$ ) ! same facility z a small "o3 & :5 any?+ goes wrong ) x1 its rectification may be a s]i\s matt]1 ow+ to ! size4 ,su* telescopes ne$ con/ant att5tion if !y w\ld be kept 9 ?or\gh work+ ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 small in/rum5ts involve little outlay1 !y are v portable1 & require little space4 ,!y may be employ$ 9 or out ( doors1 accord+ to ! incl9ation & conv5i5ce ( ! obs]v]4 ,!y are controll$ ) ! greate/ ease1 & seldom get out ( adju/m5t4 ,!y are less susceptible to atmosph]ic influ5ces ?an l>g] in/rum5ts1 & h5ce may be us$ m frequ5tly ) success & at places by no means fav\rably situat$ 9 ?is respect4 ,f9ally1 _! def9+ p[]s are ( su* excell5t "* z to comp5sate 9 a measure = feeble illum9ation4 ,9 discuss+ ?is "q x w be advisable to glance at ! p]=mances ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts ( consid]able size4 ,! introduction ( really l>ge glasses dates f a c5tury ago1 :5 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el m\nt$ 8 reflector1 #d feet 9 ap]ture1 at ,sl\gh4 ,he discov]$ two ( ! inn] satellites ( ,saturn v soon aft] x 0 complet$2 b ap>t f ?is ! in/rum5t seems to h a*iev$ little4 ,h]s*el rem>k$ t on ,augu/ #bh1 #aghi1 :5 he br\ght ! great in/rum5t to ! p>allel ( ,saturn1 he saw ! spots ^u ! planet bett] ?an he _h ev] se5 !m be=e4 ,! night 0 probably an exceptionally good "o1 = we d n f9d ?is praise reit]at$4 ,inde$1 ,h]s*el appe>s to h practically disc>d$ 8 l>ge in/rum5t = o!rs ( less size4 ,he f\nd t ) 8 small specula ( #g-;ft4 focus & #fc-;94 ap]ture he _h 8light suffici5t to see ! belts ( ,saturn completely well1 & t "h ! maximum ( di/9ctness might be mu* easi] obta9$ ?an :]e l>ge ap]tures are conc]n$40 ,ev5 9 8 sweeps = nebul he employ$ a speculum ( #bj-;ft4 focus & #ah-;94 ap]ture 9 pref]5ce to 8 #d-;ft4 in/rum5t1 ?\gh on objects ( ?is nature light-grasp+ p[] is ess5tially necess>y4 ,! lab\r & loss ( "t involv$ 9 controll+ ! l>ge telescope probably l$ to its be+ laid aside = m ready means1 ?\gh ,h]s*el 0 n ! man to sp>e tr\ble :5 an object 0 to be ga9$4 ,8 life 0 sp5t 9 glean+ new facts f ! sky2 & _h ! #d-;foot s]v$ 8 purpose bett] ?an small] in/rum5ts1 no trifl+ ob/acle w\ld h det]r$ him f its con/ant employm5t4 ,b 8 aim 0 to accompli% z mu* z possible 9 e available h\r :5 ! />s 7 %9+1 & exp]i5ce d\btless taught him to rely *iefly ^u 8 small] appliances z be+ ! mo/ s]viceable4 ,! ,le ,mairean =m1 or 8,front view10 :i* ,h]s*el adopt$ = ! l>ge in/rum5t may q possibly h be5 9 "s degree responsible = its bad def9ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,"l ,rosse's #f-;foot ,reflect+-,telescope4 ,"l ,rosse's #f-;ft4 reflector has n[ be5 us$ = ne>ly half a c5tury1 & its results ought to furni% u ) good evid5ce z to ! value ( su* in/rum5ts4 ,x has done important "w on ! nebul1 especially 9 ! re-obs]vation ( ! objects 9 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's ,catalogues ( #ahcc & #ahfd4 ,to ?is in/rum5t is due ! discov]y ( spiral nebul2 & p]haps ?is a*ievem5t is its be/4 ,b :5 we reflect on ! l5g? ( its s]vice1 we are l$ to wond] t s little has be5 accompli%$4 ,= ?irty ye>s ! satellites ( ,m>s elud$ its grasp1 & !n fell a prize to "o ( ! l>ge ,am]ican telescopes4 ,! bright planets#e h be5 sometimes submitt$ to its p[]s1 & c>eful draw+s execut$ by good obs]v]s2 b !y %[ no ext5t ( detail beyond :at may be disc]n$ 9 a small telescope4 ,?is does n necess>ily impugn ! figure ( ! l>ge speculum1 ! p]=mance ( :i* is entirely dep5d5t ^u ! condition ( ! air4 ,! late ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ,armagh1 :o _h ! direction ( ! in/rum5t = sometime1 wrote 9 #ahga3--8;,a /ream ( heat$ air pass+ be=e ! telescope1 ! agitation & hygrometric /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & any diff]5ces ( temp]ature betwe5 ! speculum & ! air 9 ! tube are all capable ( injur+ or ev5 de/roy+ def9ition1 ?\gh ! speculum 7 absolutely p]fect4 ,! effect ( ^! di/urbances is1 9 reflectors1 z ! cube ( _! ap]tures2 & h5ce !re are few h\rs 9 ! ye> :5 ! #f-;foot c display its full p[]s40 ,ano!r ( ! regul> obs]v]s1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,/oney1 wrote 9 #ahgh3--8,! usual appe>ance ( ! d\ble /> #b ,&rom$ ) ! be/ mirrors 0 a s+le bright mass ( blue light "s seconds 9 diamet] & boil+ viol5tly40 ,on ! be/ nights1 h[ev]1 8! di/urbance ( ! air w\ld seem n[ & !n sudd5ly to cease = p]haps half a second1 & ! /> w\ld !n in/antly become two v m9ute r\nd specks ( :ite light1 ) an int]val betwe5 :i*1 f recollection1 ,i w\ld e/imate z equal to ! diamet] ( ei!r ( !m1 or p]haps slightly less4 ,! in/rum5t w\ld h furni%$ ?is appe>ance un9t]rupt$ly if ! /ate ( ! air _h p]mitt$40 ,! pres5t obs]v] 9 *>ge1 ,dr4 ,bo$dick]1 wrote ! au?or 9 #ahhi3--8,!re c be no d\bt t on fav\rable nights ! def9ition ( ! #f-;foot is equal to t ( any in/rum5t1 z is fully %[n by ,dr4 ,copel&'s draw+s ( ,jupit] publi%$ 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices' = ,m>* #ahgd4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ! advantage 9 go+ f ! #c-;foot to ! #f-;foot is n s great 9 ! case ( planets z 9 ! case ( nebul2 yet1 z to ! ,moon1 ! detail reveal$ by ! #f-;foot on a fir/-class night is simply a/\nd+4 ,! l>ge telescope is a ,newtonian m\nt$ on a univ]sal jo9t4 ,= ! outly+ portions ( ! great draw+ ( ! ,orion nebula x 0 us$ z a ,h]s*elian4 ,z to p[]s pr(itably to be us$1 ,i f9d no advantage 9 go+ beyond #fjj2 yet =m]ly on %ort occasions 7n long] ?an p]haps #a h\r a night7 v mu* high] p[]s 7ov] #ajjj7 h be5 successfully employ$ by my pr$ecessors40 ,mr4 ,lassell's #d-;foot reflector 0 tak5 to ,malta1 & :ile !re its own]1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,m>?1 discov]$ a l>ge numb] ( nebul ) x1 b x appe>s to h done no?+ else4 ,8 #b-;foot reflector1 :i* he _h employ$ 9 previ\s ye>s1 seems to h be5 8 mo/ effective in/rum5t2 = ) ?is he discov]$ ,ariel & ,umbriel1 ! two inn] satellites ( ,uranus1 ,hyp]ion1 ! fa9te/ satellite ( ,saturn1 & ! only kn[n satellite ( ,neptune4 ,he also 0 "o ( ! fir/ to di/+ui% ! crape r+ ( ,saturn4 ,mr4 ,lassell _h _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( l>ge reflectors2 & 9 #ahga he wrote3--8,!re are =midable &1 ,i fe>1 insurm\ntable difficulties att5d+ ! con/ruction ( telescopes ( l>ge size4444 ,^! are1 prim>ily1 ! errors & di/urbances ( ! atmosph]e & ! flexure ( ! object-glasses or specula4 ,! visible errors ( ! atmosph]e are1 ,i believe1 g5]ally 9 proportion to ! ap]ture ( ! telescope4444 ,up to ! size ref]r+ to an #h-;94 ,o4-,g4 9 "q1 seasons ( tranquil sky may be f\nd :5 its errors are sc>cely appreciable2 b :5 we g mu* beyond ?is limit 7say to #b feet & upw>ds71 bo? ^! difficulties become truly =midable4 ,x is true t ! defect ( flexure may be 9 "s degree elim9at$1 b t ( atmosph]ic di/urbance is q unassailable4 ,^! circum/ances w always make l>ge telescopes proportionately less p[]ful ?an small] ones2 b not)/&+ ^! disadvantages !y w1 on "s heav5ly objects1 reveal m ?an any small ones c40 ,mr4 ,lassell's la/ s5t5ce ref]s to 8del9eations ( ! =ms ( ! fa9t] nebul10 to 8see+ ! inn] satellites ( ,uranus1 ! satellite ( ,neptune1 & ! sev5? satellite ( ,saturn40 ,he m5tions t1 :5 at ,malta1 he 8saw1 9 ! #b-;foot equatoreal1 ) a p[] ( #ajbg1 ! two compon5ts ( #b ,&rom$ di/9ctly sep>at$ to ! di/ance ( a neat diamet] ( ! small] "o4 ,n[1 no telescope ( any?+ l #h-;in*es diamet] c\ld exhibit ! /> 9 ?is /yle40 ,! l>ge ,cooke refractor ( #bdh-;in*es ap]ture1 :i* has be5 m\nt$ = ab\t tw5ty ye>s at ,gate%ead1 has a s+ul>ly b>r5 record4 ,its atmosph]ic surr\nd+s appe> to h r5d]$ x impot5t4 ,! own] ( ?is f9e & co/ly in/rum5t wrote ! au?or 9 #ahhe3--8;,atmosph]e has an imm5se deal to d ) def9ition4 ,i h only _h "o f9e night s9ce #ahgj6 ,i !n saw :at ,i h nev] se5 s9ce40 ,! ,melb\rne reflector ( #d-;feet ap]ture p]=m$ v indiff]5tly = "s ye>s1 & little "w 0 accompli%$ ) x4 ,latt]ly its p]=mance has be5 m satisfactory2 excell5t photographs ( ! ,moon h be5 tak51 & x has be5 mu* employ$ 9 obs]vations ( nebul4 ,! speculum hav+ rec5tly become t>ni%$1 x has be5 dism\nt$ = ! purpose ( be+ repoli%$4 ,! silv]-on-glass reflector ( #dgb-;94 diamet]1 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 0 us$ = "s ye>s by ,m4 ,wolf1 :o has also _h ! control ( small] telescopes4 ,he 0 9 a fav\rable position to judge ( _! relative effectiv5ess4 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,s>donne on ,m>* #f1 #ahhf1 he said3--8,dur+ ! ye>s ,i h obs]v$ ) ! great ,p>isian telescope ,i h f\nd b "o solit>y night :5 ! mirror 0 p]fect40 ,fur!r on1 he adds3--8,i h obs]v$ a great deal ) ! two in/rum5ts bo? reflectors ( #aeg in*es & #dgb in*es4 ,i h r>ely f\nd any advantage 9 us+ ! l>g] "o :5 ! object 0 suffici5tly lum9\s40 ,m4 ,wolf also av]s t a refractor ( #ae in*es or reflector ( #aeg in*es w %[ ev]y?+ 9 ! heav5s t c be discov]$ by in/rum5ts ( v l>ge ap]ture4 ,he always f\nd a telescope ( #aeg-;in* ap]ture surpass "o ( #gi in*es1 b expresses himself confid5tly t beyond ab\t #ae in*es increas$ ap]ture is no ga94 ,! ,wa%+ton refractor ( #beh in*es effect$ a spl5did success 9 ,pr(4 ,hall's h&s 9 #ahgg1 :5 x reveal$ ! two satellites ( ,m>s4 ,b imm$iately aft]w>ds ^! m9ute bodies 7 %[n 9 mu* small] in/rum5ts2 :5ce x became obvi\s t _! orig9al discov]y 0 n entirely due to ! grasp ( ! #beh-;in* telescope1 b 9 a measure to ! a/ut5ess display$ by ,pr(4 ,hall 9 ! se>*4 ,a good obs]v] _h be5 associat$ ) a good telescope2 & an invit+ rese>* hav+ be5 und]tak51 x produc$ ! natural result--an important success4 ,! same in/rum5t1 9 ! same h&s1 enabl$ ! rotation-p]iod ( ,saturn to be accurately det]m9$ by means ( a :ite spot visible 9 ,decemb] #ahgf on ! disk ( ! planet1 & :i* 0 subsequ5tly se5 by o!r obs]v]s ) small] glasses4 ,good "w 9 o!r directions has also be5 accompli%$ at ,wa%+ton1 especially 9 obs]vations ( d\ble />s & fa9t satellites4 ,b not)/&+ ^! excell5t p]=mances1 ,pr(4 ,hall express$ himself 9 r disp>ag+ t]ms ( 8 appliances1 say+ 8! l>ge telescope does n %[ en\gh detail40 ,he gave a m fav\rable report 9 #ahhh2 = we f9d x /at$ t 8! objective reta9s its figure & poli% well4 ,by comp>ison ) sev]al o!r objectives :i* ,pr(4 ,hall has _h an opportunity ( see+ dur+ rec5t ye>s1 he f9ds t ! glass is an excell5t "o40 ,pr(4 ,"y1 :o has *>ge ( ! #bc-;in* refractor at ,pr9ceton1 has also comm5t$ on ! subject ( ! def9ition ( l>ge telescopes4 ,he says3--8,! great] susceptibility ( l>ge in/rum5ts to atmosph]ic di/urbances is mo/ sadly true2 & yet1 on ! :ole1 ,i f9d also true :at ,mr4 ,cl>k told me w\ld be ! case on fir/ m\nt+ our #bc-;in* in/rum5t1 t ,i c almo/ always see ) ! #bc-;in* ev]y?+ ,i see ) ! #i-;in* "u ! same atmosph]ic conditions1 & see x bett]1--if ! see+ is bad only a little bett]1 if good imm5sely bett]40 ,pr(4 ,"y also m5tion$ t a p[] ( #abjj on ! #bc-;in* 8work$ p]fectly on ,jupit] on two diff]5t ev5+s 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhe 9 br++ out f9e details relat+ to ! r$ spot & %[+ ! true =ms ( c]ta9 :ite dots on ! ,s4 pol> belt40 ,! #bf-;in* refractor at ! ,le&] ,mc,cormick ,obs]vatory1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 is successfully engag$ 9 obs]vations ( nebul1 & _m new objects ( ?is "* h be5 f\nd4 ,x does n appe> t ! telescope is mu* us$ = o!r purposes2 s t we c atta* no significance to ! fact t important discov]ies h n be5 made ) x 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! great ,vi5na refractor ( #bg-;in*es ap]ture 8does n seem to accompli% q :at 0 expect$ ( x10 accord+ to ,mr4 ,saw]?al1 :o rec5tly visit$ ! ,obs]vatory at ,whr+1 ,vi5na4 ,! ,director1 ,dr4 ,weiss1 /ates 9 8 la/ report t 8! #bg-;in* ,grubb refractor has only be5 occasionally us$1 :5 ! objects 7 too fa9t = ! h&i] in/rum5ts40 ,! /ill l>g] telescopes erect$ at ! ,obs]vatories at ,pulk[a & ,nice h s rec5tly come into employm5t t x w\ld be premature to judge ( _! p]=mance4 ,9 ! ,annual ,report f ,pulk[a 7#ahhg7 x is /at$ t ,dr4 ,h4 ,/ruve 0 us+ ! #cj-;in* refractor 89 measur+ ^? ( ,burnham's d\ble />s :i* are only seldom measurable ) ! #8old #ae-;in*1' toge!r ) o!r />s ( :i* measures are sc>ce4 ,he made #dfj measures 9 eight or n9e mon?s1 z well z #aff micro metric obs]vations ( ! fa9t] satellites ( ,saturn & #ae ( t ( ,neptune40 ,at ,nice ! #cj-;in* refractor 0 employ$ by ,m4 ,p]rot9 9 physical obs]vations ( ,m>s 9 ,may & ,june #ahhh4 ,! canal-%ap$ m>k+s ( ,s*iap>elli 7 confirm$1 & "s ( !m 7 trac$ 8f ! ocean ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e "r across bo? cont95ts & seas up to ! nor? pol> ice-cap40 ,! #cj-;in* also %[$ "s rem>kable *anges 9 ! m>k+s2 b ^! 7 n confirm$ at o!r obs]vatories4 ,! telescope evid5tly reveal$ a consid]able am\nt ( detail on ?is planet2 :5ce we may inf] t its def9+ p[] is highly satisfactory4 ,! great ,lick refractor1 :i* appe>s to h be5 8fir/ direct$ to ! heav5s f its p]man5t home on ,m\nt ,hamilton on ! ev5+ ( ,janu>y #c1 #ahhh10 has be5 f\nd ample "w by ! zeal\s a/ronom]s :o h x 9 *>ge4 ,pr(4 ,hold51 9 speak+ ( x1 says3--8,x ne$s peculi> conditions1 b :5 all ! conditions are fav\rable its p]=mance is sup]b40 ,mr4 ,keel]1 "o ( ! obs]v]s1 writes t1 on ,janu>y #g1 #ahhh1 :5 ,saturn 0 exam9$1 8he n only %one ) ! brilliancy due to ! great size ( ! objective1 b ! m9ute/ details ( 8 surface 7 visible ) wond]ful di/9ctness4 ,! outl9es ( ! r+s 7 v %>ply def9$ ) a p[] ( #ajjj40 ,mr4 ,keel] adds3--8,accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 !re is a direct ga9 9 p[] ) increase ( ap]ture4 ,! #ab-;in* equatoreal br+s to view objects entirely beyond ! rea* ( ! #f-;in* telescope1 & details almo/ beyond p]ception ) ! #ab-;in* are visible at a glance ) ! #cf-;in* equatoreal4 ,! great telescope is equal 9 def9+ p[] to ! small] ones40 ,?is is no small praise1 & x mu/ h be5 extremely gratify+1 n only to ^? :o 7 imm$iately associat$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! telescope1 b to a/ronom]s ev]y:]e :o 7 hop+ to he> a satisfactory report4 ,9 its practical results ?is in/rum5t has n yet1 x is true1 giv5 u a discov]y ( any magnitude4 ,x has disclos$ sev]al v small />s 9 ! trapezium ( ! ,orion nebula1 "s difficult d\ble />s h be5 f\nd & measur$1 & "s int]e/+ "w has be5 done on ! planets & nebul4 ,physical details h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! r+ nebula1 betwe5 & ,lyr1 :i* no o!r telescope has ev] rea*$ be=e4 ,mr4 ,common's #e-;foot reflector has be5 employ$ on sev]al objects4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahhi ,uranus 0 frequ5tly obs]v$ ) x1 & sev]al m9ute po9ts ( light1 suspect$ to be new satellites1 7 pick$ up4 ,evid5ce 0 obta9$ ( a new satellite betwe5 ,titania & ,umbriel2 b bad wea!r & haze1 comb9$ ) ! l[ altitude ( ,uranus1 int]f]$ ) ! complete success ( ! obs]vations4 8,) only mod]ate p[]s1 ,uranus does n %[ a p]fectly %>p disk4 ,no m>k+s are visible on x1 & no?+ l a r+ has be5 se5 r\nd x40 ,mr4 ,common1 9 a lett] to ! writ]1 dat$ ,novemb] #i1 #ahhi1 says3--8,! #e-;foot has only be5 tri$ 9 an unf9i%$ /ate z yet1 ! mirror n be+ q f9i%$ :5 put into ! tube la/ ye>4 ,?is 0 9 ord] to ga9 exp]i5ce & save ! season4 ,x p]=m$ mu* bett] ?an ,i _h hop$1 & is greatly sup]ior to ! #c-;foot4 ,i took "s v f9e photographs ) x la/ ye>4 ,x has be5 refigur$1 or r complet$1 ?is summ]1 & has j be5 resilv]$40 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ,mr4 ,common's l>ge in/rum5t has n yet be5 fully te/$2 b x cle>ly gives promise ( successful results1 & enc\rages ! hope t x w ex]t an influ5ce on ! progress ( a/ronomy4 ,ow+ to ! highly reflective quality ( silv]$ glass1 ! #e-;foot speculum has a f> great] comm& ( light 7space-p5etrat+ p[]7 ?an ! great objective m\nt$ at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,mr4 ,common's mirror may !re=e be expect$ to grasp nebul1 />s1 satellites1 & comets :i* are ( ! la/ degree ( fa9tness & q invisible 9 ! ,lick refractor4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! latt] in/rum5t is c]ta9ly plac$ 9 a bett] atmosph]e1 & t its action is n !re=e arre/$ 9 ne>ly ! same degree by haze & undulations ( ! air4 ,) equal conditions1 ! great reflector at ,eal+ w\ld probably f> surpass ! l>ge refractor we h ref]r$ to1 ! latt] hav+ less ?an "o ?ird ( ! light-grasp+ p[] ( ! =m]4 ,?is rapid sket* ( ! p]=mances ( "s ( our f9e/ telescopes mu/ suffice = ! pres5t 9 assi/+ u to e/imate _! value z in/rum5ts ( discov]y4 ,& x mu/ be admitt$ t1 on ! :ole1 ^! appliances h be5 disappo9t+4 ,! record ( _! successes is by no means an ext5d$ "o1 & 9 "s individual cases absolute failure is unmi/akable4 ,we mu/ judge ( l>ge glasses by _! revelations2 _! capacity mu/ be e/imat$ by results4 ,we (t5 meet ) gl[+ descriptions ( colossal telescopes3 _! advantages are specifi$ & _! p]=mances extoll$ to su* a degree t expectation is rais$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,b x is n always t su* praise is ju/ifi$ by facts4 ,! fruit ( _! employm5t is r>ely prolific to ! ext5t anticipat$1 because ! obs]v]s h be5 defeat$ 9 _! ef=ts by imp$im5ts :i* insep>ably att5d ! use ( su* huge con/ructions4 ,our atmosph]e is always 9 a /ate ( unre/4 ,its condition is subject to _m v>iations4 ,heat1 radiat$ or evolv$ f t]re/rial objects1 rises 9 waves & floats along ) ! w9d4 ,^! vap\rs ex]cise a prop]ty ( refraction1 ) ! result t1 z !y pass 9 front ( cele/ial objects1 ! latt] at once become subject to a rapid s]ies ( contortions 9 detail4 ,_! outl9es appe> tremul\s1 & all ! features are involv$ 9 a rippl+ effect t s]i\sly compromises ! def9ition4 ,delicate m>k+s are q effac$ on a disk :i* is ?us 9 a /ate ( ebullition2 & on su* occasions obs]v]s are r>ely able to atta9 _! ends4 ,telescopic "w is1 9 fact1 be/ def]r$ until a "t :5 ! air has become m tranquil4 ,9 l>ge in/rum5ts ^! di/urbances are v tr\blesome1 z !y increase proportionately ) ap]ture4 ,!y are s pron\nc$ & s p]si/5t z to practically annul ! advantage ( consid]able light-grasp+ p[]2 = unless ! images are fairly well def9$1 m]e brightness c\nts = no?+4 ,reflectors are peculi>ly susceptible to ?is ob/acle2 moreov]1 ! op5 tube1 ! fact t rays f an object pass twice ?r\gh its l5g?1 & t a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat radiat$ f ! obs]v] mu/ travel across ! m\? ( ! tube all s]ve to impair ! def9ition4 ,a speculum1 to act well1 mu/ be ( co9cid5t temp]ature 9 e "p4 ,?is is n always ! case1 ow+ to ! v>iabl5ess ( ! wea!r or to unequal exposure ( ! speculum4 ,l>ge refractors1 ?\gh decid$ly less liable to atmosph]ic influ5ces1 are yet s mu* at ! m]cy ( !m t "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important ?+s discuss$ 9 reg>d to a new in/rum5t is t ( a desirable site = x4 ,! great weight ( l>ge objectives & specula t5ds to endang] ! p]fect consi/5cy & durabl5ess ( _! figure1 & imposes a sev]e /ra9 ^u _! cellul> m\nt+4 ,! glasses mu/ obvi\sly assume a v>iety ( be>+s dur+ active employm5t4 ,?is introduces a possible cause ( defective p]=mance2 = 9 "s in/ances def9ition has be5 f\nd unequal1 accord+ to ! position ( ! glass4 ,specula are v likely to be affect$ 9 ?is mann]1 z !y are loosely deposit$ 9 _! cells to all[ ( expansion1 & ! adju/m5t is easily d]ang$4 ,! slighte/ flaw 9 ! m\nt+ ( objectives imm$iately makes itself app>5t 9 faulty images4 ,special precautions are ( c\rse tak5 to prev5t flexure & o!r errors ( ! k9d allud$ to1 & mod]n adaptations may be said to h ne>ly elim9at$ !m2 b !re is always a little out/&+ dang]1 f ! ease ) :i* glasses may be di/ort$ or _! adju/m5t become unsettl$4 ,ano!r difficulty =m]ly urg$ aga9/ telescopes ( great size 0 ! tr\ble ( manag+ !m2 b ?is objection c sc>cely be appli$ to ! f9e in/rum5ts ( ! pres5t day1 :i* are s contriv$ z to be ne>ly z tractable z small ones4 ,a c5tury ago1 glass ( ! requisite purity = l>ge objectives c\ld n be obta9$2 b ?is difficulty appe>s also to h q disappe>$4 ,& ! process ( figur+ l5ses ( consid]able diamet] is n[ effect$ ) ! same confid5ce & success z t ( greatly inf]ior sizes4 ,let u n[ turn = a mom5t to ! consid]ation ( small in/rum5ts1 premis+ t 9 ?is category are includ$ all ^? up to ab\t #ab-;in*es ap]ture4 ,mod]n advances h q alt]$ our ideas z to :at may be reg>d$ z l>ge & small telescopes4 ,sixty-five ye>s ago ! ,dorpat refractor1 ) a #i-;in* objective by ,fraunh(]1 0 consid]$ a prodigy ( its class2 n[ x occupies a v m9or place relatively to ! #cj-;in* & #cf-;in* objectives at ,nice1 ,pulk[a1 & ,m\nt ,hamilton4 ,pr(4 ,hall rem>k$1 9 #ahhe3--8,!re is too mu* scepticism on ! "p ( ^? :o are obs]v+ ) l>ge in/rum5ts 9 reg>d to :at c be se5 ) small ones40 ,?is is und\bt$ly true2 b a m]e prejudice or op9ion ( ?is sort _c affect ! "q we are discuss+1 z x is "o ess5tially rely+ ^u facts4 ,small in/rum5ts h done a va/ am\nt ( useful "w 9 e field ( a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,ev5 9 ! realm ( nebul1 :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 requires great p5etrat+ p[]1 ,d',arre/ %[$ :at c\ld be effect$ ) small ap]ture4 ,burnham1 ) only a #f-;in* refractor1 has equally di/+ui%$ himself 9 ano!r bran*2 = he has discov]$ m d\ble />s ?an any previ\s obs]v]4 ,dawes 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful amateurs ( 8 day1 ?\gh 8 in/rum5tal means nev] exce$$ an #h-;in* glass4 ,b we ne$ n p>ticul>ize fur!r4 ,x w be be/ to get a g5]al result f ! collective evid5ce ( pa/ ye>s4 ,we f9d t ne>ly all ! comets1 planetoids1 d\ble />s1 c4 owe _! fir/ detection to comp>atively small in/rum5ts4 ,our k ( sun-spots1 lun> & planet>y features is also v l>gely d]iv$ f simil> s\rces4 ,!re is no dep>tm5t b :at is indebt$ m or less to ! s]vices ( small telescopes3 ! good "w !y h done is due to _! excell5t def9+ p[]s & to ! facility ) :i* !y may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,refract+-,telescope1 by ,br[n+4 ,we h already said t ! record ( discov]ies made ) really l>ge in/rum5ts is limit$2 b x %\ld also be rem>k$ t until q rec5tly ! numb] ( su* in/rum5ts has be5 v small4 ,& n always1 p]haps1 h ! be/ m5 _h ! control ( !m4 ,virtually ! obs]v] himself con/itutes ! mo/ important "p ( 8 telescope3 x is useless hav+ a glass ( great capacity at "o end ( a tube1 & a man ( small capacity at ! o!r4 ,two diff]5t obs]v]s ess5tially alt] ! "* ( an in/rum5t1 accord+ to _! individual skill 9 utiliz+ its p[]s4 ,l>ge telescopes are inv>iably con/ruct$ = ! special purpose ( discov]+ unkn[n orbs & glean+ new facts f ! firmam5t4 ,b 9 attempt+ to c>ry out ?is design1 ob/acles ( a grave nature confront ! obs]v]4 ,! comp>atively tranquil & %>ply def9ite images se5 9 small in/rum5ts disappe>1 & 9 _! places =ms are pres5t$ mu* m brilliant & expansive1 x is true1 b involv$ 9 gl>e & subject to con/ant agitation1 :i* s]ve to oblit]ate mo/ ( ! details4 ,! obs]v] becomes consci\s t :at he has ga9$ 9 light has be5 lo/ 9 def9ition4 ,at times--p]haps on "o occasion 9 fifty--?is exp]i5ce is diff]5t2 ! atmosph]e has app>5tly assum$ a /ate ( quiesc5ce1 & objects are se5 9 a great telescope ) ! same cle>ness ( detail z 9 small] ones4 ,x is !n ! obs]v] fully realizes t 8 in/rum5t1 ?\gh g5]ally ineffective1 is n itself 9 fault1 & t x w\ld d valuable "w 7 ! normal condition ( ! air suitable to ! ex]cise ( its capacity4 ,^? :o h effect$ discov]ies ) l>ge in/rum5ts h done s 9 spite ( ! imp$im5t allud$ to4 ,rely+ ma9ly ^u great illum9at+ p[]1 bad or indiff]5t def9ition has be5 tol]at$2 & !y h succe$$ 9 detect+ m9ute satellites1 fa9t nebul1 clu/]s1 & small companions to d\ble />s4 ,telescopes ( great ap]ture are at home 9 ?is k9d ( "w4 ,b :5 we come to consid] discov]ies on ! surfaces ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & planets1 ! case is entirely diff]5t2 ! dilig5t use ( small appliances appe>s to h left little = ! l>g] con/ructions to d4 ,!re are "s ?\s&s ( draw+s ( ! objects nam$1 made by obs]v]s employ+ telescopes f #c up to #gb in*es 9 diamet]2 & a c>eful inspection %[s t ! small] in/rum5ts h n be5 outdone 9 ?is int]e/+ field ( obs]vation4 ,9 po9t ( fact !y r appe> to h _h ! advantage1 & ! reason ( ?is is p]haps suffici5tly palpable4 ,! details on a bright planet>y object are apt to become oblit]at$ 9 ! gl>e ( a l>ge in/rum5t4 ,ev5 ) a small telescope objects l ,v5us & ,jupit] are be/ se5 at ab\t ! "t ( sunset1 & be=e _! excessive brilliancy on ! d>k sky is enabl$ to act prejudicially 9 effac+ ! delicate m>k+s4 ,probably ?is is "o ( ! causes :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! undulations ( ! atmosph]e1 h re/rict$ ! discov]ies ( l>ge in/rum5ts *iefly to fa9t satellites1 />s1 & nebul4 ,pr(4 ,"y ascribes _m ( ! successes ( small in/rum5ts to exceptional cut5ess ( vision on ! "p ( c]ta9 obs]v]s1 & to ! fact t su* in/rum5ts are s v num]\s & s dilig5tly us$ t x is fair to conclude !y mu/ reap ! ma9 h>ve/ ( discov]ies4 ,we mu/ rememb] t = e obs]v] work+ ) an ap]ture ( #ah in*es & m1 !re are m ?an a hundr$ employ+ objectives or specula ( f #e to #ab in*es2 h5ce we may expect "s notable in/ances ( ke5 sight among/ ! latt]4 ,! success ( m5 l ,dawes & o!rs1 :o out/rip _! contempor>ies1 & ) small glasses a*ieve ph5om5al results1 is to be ascrib$ p>tly to good vision & p>tly to t natural aptitude & p]t9acity uni=mly *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ obs]v]s4 ,^! circum/ances g f> to expla9 ! unproductiv5ess ( l>ge telescopes3 9 ! race = di/9ction !y are (t5 di/anc$ by _! m num]\s & agile competitors4 ,! objections :i* appli$ to ! l>ge reflect+ in/rum5ts ( ,h]s*el1 ,lassell1 & ,rosse sc>cely op]ate ) ! same =ce 9 reg>d to ! great refractors ( ! pres5t day1 & = ^! reasons3--,refractors are some:at less s5sitive to atmosph]ic di/urbances ?an reflectors4 ,! mod]n in/rum5ts are m\nt$ 9 mu* improv$ /yle1 & plac$ 9 localities select$ = _! reception4 ,9 fact1 all t ! optician's art c d to p]fect su* appliances has be5 done1 & ,nature h]self has be5 consult$ z to ess5tials2 = we f9d ! mo/ p[]ful refractor ( all erect$ on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,hamilton1 :]e ! skies are cle> & ,urania ev] smiles invit+ly4 ,"s obs]v]s :o h obta9$ exp]i5ce bo? ) l>ge & small telescopes av] t1 ev5 on a bright planet1 !y c see m1 & (t5 see x mu* bett]1 ) ! l>g] glasses4 ,b we r>ely1 if ev]1 f9d !m say+ !y c disc]n any?+ :i* is absolutely beyond ! rea* ( small in/rum5ts4 ,x w\ld be mu* m satisfactory evid5ce ( ! sup]-excell5ce ( ! =m] if def9ite features c\ld be detect$ :i* are q beyond ! rea* ( telescopes ( inf]ior size2 b we seldom meet ) exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d1 & ! inf]5ce is obvi\s4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a c]ta9 ap]ture :i* comb9es 9 itself suffici5t light-grasp+ p[] ) excell5t def9ition4 ,x takes a position midway betwe5 great illum9at+ p[] & bad def9ition on ! "o h&1 & feeble illum9at+ p[] & %>p def9ition on ! o!r4 ,su* an ap]ture mu/ =m ! be/ work+ in/rum5t 9 an av]age situation ^u ord9>y nights & ord9>y objects4 ,m4 ,wolf fixes ?is ap]ture at ab\t #ae in*es1 & he is probably ne> ! tru?4 ,! qua9t ,dr4 ,kit*5]1 :o1 e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 made a numb] ( trials ) fifty-"o telescopes1 ent]ta9$ a v poor op9ion ( big in/rum5ts4 ,9 8 book on #8,telescopes1' he says3--8,imm5se telescopes are only ab\t z useful z ! enorm\s spectacles susp5d$ ov] ! doors ( opticians40 444 8,a/ronomical amateurs %\ld r seek = p]fect in/rum5ts ?an l>ge ones4 ,:at good c a great deal ( bad light d80 ,we %all be 9 a bett] position a few ye>s h5ce to e/imate ! value ( great telescopes2 = ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts ( ?is class h only be5 complet$ a %ort "t4 ,judg+ f ! /atem5ts ( "s ( ! obs]v]s1 :o are m5 ( ! utmo/ probity & ability1 c]ta9 ( ! l>ge in/rum5ts are capable ( "w f> 9 advance ( any?+ hi!rto done4 ,def9ition1 !y say1 is excell5t1 not)/&+ ! great increase ( ap]ture4 ,! old /umbl+-block appe>s1 !re=e1 to h be5 remov$1 & a/ronomy is to be congratulat$ on ! acquirem5t ( su* va/ly improv$ implem5ts ( rese>*4 ,ev5 %\ld ! l>ge telescopes cont9ue to prove disappo9t+ 9 c]ta9 bran*es1 !y may c]ta9ly be expect$ to ma9ta9 _! advantage 9 o!rs4 ,!y w always be valuable z a corrective to small] & h&i] in/rum5ts4 ,= special l9es ( "w 9 :i* v small or v fa9t objects are conc]n$1 consid]able light-grasp+ p[] is absolutely requir$2 & x is *iefly 9 ^! dep>tm5ts t l>ge in/rum5ts may be fur!r expect$ to augm5t our k4 ,9 photographic & spectroscopic "w !y also h a special value1 :i* late rese>*es h br\ght prom95tly to ! =e4 ,! telescopes ( ! future w probably surpass 9 dim5sions ^? ( our own day4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,los ,angelos1 9 ,cali=nia1 propose to erect a #db-;in* refractor on ! summit ( ,wilson's ,peak ( ! ,si]ra ,madre m\nta9s1 :i* is #fjjj feet high & ab\t #be miles f ,los ,angelos4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is contemplat$ ext5sion ( size1 x may be opportune to m5tion t l>ge objectives d n transmit light proportionately ) _! increas$ diamet]1 ow+ to great] ?ickness ( ! l5ses1 :i* increases ! absorption4 ,! ,wa%+ton objective ( #beh-;in* ap]ture is #bhg in*es 9 ?ickness1 & m ?an half ! light :i* falls ^u x is lo/ by absorption4 ,on ! o!r h&1 specula1 ) e enl>gem5t ( ap]ture1 give proportionately m light-grasp+ p[]1 & _! diamet]s might be greatly increas$ b = ! me*anical ob/acles 9 ! way ( _! con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,rany>d expresses ! op9ion t 8) ! refractor we are fa/ approa*+ ! practical limit ( size40 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! ,wa%+ton object-glass z above1 he says3--8,if we d\ble ! ?ickness1 m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( ! light w\ld be absorb$ & less ?an "o qu>t] w\ld be transmitt$4 ,! greate/ loss ( light is only = ! c5tre ( ! object-glass2 b 9 all p>ts ! absorption is quadrupl$ = a l5s ( d\ble ap]ture40 ,if1 !re=e1 future ye>s see any great developm5t 9 ! sizes ( telescopes1 x w probably be 9 connection ) reflectors2 = ! loss ( light by absorption 9 ! ?ick l5ses ( l>ge refractors mu/ ultimately det]m9e _! limits4 ,mr4 ,calv] says3--8,! light ( reflectors exce$+ #ah in*es 9 diamet] is c]ta9ly great] ?an t ( refractors ( equal size1 & = any?+ l #c feet v mu* great]40 ,he ne>ly obta9$ ! ord] = a mon/] reflector = ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ! ,am]icans admitt+ t ! reflector mu/ be ! in/rum5t ( ! future = p[] & light because !re 7 practically no limits to its size4 ,b ! reflector has n be5 mu* us$ 9 ,am]ica1 & !re=e is little kn[n4 ,= ?is reason ! au?orities decid$ to erect a l>ge refractor1 & !y appe> to h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 _! selection1 = ! #cf-;in* objective has prov$ excell5t4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,su* objects %[ consid]able gl>e 9 a v l>ge in/rum5t4 ,! adv5t ( ,jupit] into ! field ( ! #f-;foot has be5 comp>$ to ! brightness ( a coa*-lamp4 ,! out] satellite ( ,m>s 0 se5 twice ) ?is in/rum5t 9 #ahgg1 8b ! gl>e ( ! planet 0 f\nd too /rong to all[ ( good measures be+ tak540 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,notes ,,on ,,telescopes ,,& ,,_! ,,accessories4 ,*oice ( ,telescopes4--,refractors & ,reflectors4--,obs]v]'s ,aims4--,te/+ ,telescopes4--,m\nt+4--,eyepieces4--,req uisite ,p[]s4--,ov]/at+ ,p[]s4--,me?od ( f9d+ ! ,p[]4--,field ( ,eyepiece4--,limit$ ,means no ob/acle4--,obs]v+-,seats4-,advantage ( ,equatoreals4--,te/-,objects4--,*eapness & increas+ numb] ( ,telescopes4--,utility ( ,/ops4--,clean+ ,l5ses4--,op]a-,glasses4--,dew+ ( ,mirrors4--,cele/ial ,globe4--,obs]vatories4 ,*oice ( ,telescopes4--,! subject ( ! *oice ( telescopes has ex]cis$ e a/ronom] m or less1 & ! "q z to ! be/ =m ( in/rum5t is "o :i* has occasion$ endless controv]sy4 ,! decision is an important "o to amateurs1 :o at ! outset ( _! obs]v+ c>e]s require ! mo/ effici5t in/rum5ts obta9able at reasonable co/4 ,x is useless apply+ to sci5tific fri5ds :o1 influ5c$ by diff]5t ta/es1 w give an am\nt ( contradictory advice t w be v p]plex+4 ,"s inv>iably recomm5d a small refractor & unju/ly disp>age reflectors1 z n only unfitt$ = v delicate "w1 b z con/antly ne$+ re-adju/m5t & resilv]+#f4 ,o!rs w advise a mod]ate-siz$ reflector z af=d+ wond]fully f9e views ( ! ,moon & planets4 ,! "q ( co/ is greatly 9 fav\r ( ! latt] con/ruction1 &1 all ?+s consid]$1 x may claim an unque/ionable advantage4 ,a man :o has decid$ to sp5d a small sum = ! purpose n m]ely ( gratify+ 8 curiosity b ( do+ really s]viceable "w1 mu/ adopt ! reflector1 because refractors (1 say1 #e in*es & upw>ds are f> too co/ly1 & become enorm\sly exp5sive z ! diamet] increases4 ,?is is n ! case ) reflectors2 !y come )9 ! rea* ( all1 & may inde$ be con/ruct$ by ! obs]v] himself ) a little pati5ce & +5uity4 ,refractors & ,reflectors4--,! relative m]its ( refractors & reflectors#g h be5 s frequ5tly comp>$ & discuss$ t we h no desire to re-op5 ! "q "h4 ,^! comp>isons h be5 r>ely free f bias1 or suffici5tly complete to af=d really conclusive evid5ce ei!r way4 ,!re is no d\bt t ea* =m ( in/rum5t possesses its special advantages3 ap]ture = ap]ture ! refractor is ackn[l$g$ to be sup]ior 9 light-grasp+ p[]1 b ! ratio giv5 by diff]5t obs]v]s is n q concordant4 ,a silv]-on-glass mirror ( #h-;in*es ap]ture is c]ta9ly equal to a #g-;in* objective 9 ?is respect1 :ile z reg>ds divid+ p[] & ! def9ition ( planet>y m>k+s1 ! reflector is equal to a refractor ( ! same ap]ture4 ,! mu* %ort] focal l5g? ( ! reflector is an advantage n to be ov]look$4 ,a c5tury ago ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el figur$ 8 specula to foci ( m ?an a foot to e in* ( ap]ture1 except 9 ! case ( 8 l>ge/ in/rum5ts4 ,?us he made specula ( #ah-;in*es & #bd-;in*es diamet]1 ! =m] ( :i* _h a focal l5g? ( #bj feet & ! latt] ( #be feet4 ,! glass mirrors ( ! pres5t "t are mu* %ort]1 & ! *ange has n prov$ incompatible ) excell5t p]=mance4 ,calv] has made two good mirrors ( #ag-a_/d-;in*es ap]ture1 & only #h ft4 #d 94 focus4 ,mr4 ,common's #e-;foot mirror is only #bg feet1 s t 9 ^! in/ances ! l5g? ( ! tube is less ?an six times ! diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 8,! ,popul> ,reflector0 by ,calv]4 ,x has long be5 prov$ t refractors & reflectors alike are1 9 good h&s1 capable ( produc+ equally good results2 & we may dep5d ^u x t1 9 spite ( all argum5t & exp]im5t1 bo? k9ds ( telescope w cont9ue to hold _! own until sup]s$$ by a new comb9ation1 :i* h>dly seems likely4 ,if ! obs]v] is free f prejudice1 he w h no cause to deplore ! "* ( 8 in/rum5t1 always suppos+ x to be by a good mak]4 ,be x object-glass or speculum1 he w r>ely f9d x lack+ 9 effectiv5ess4 ,x happ5s only too (t5 t ! telescope or ! atmosph]e is ha/ily blam$ :5 ! fault re/s ) ! obs]v] himself4 ,let him be p]si/5t 9 wait+ opportunities1 & let ! in/rum5t be nicely adju/$ & 9 good condition1 & 9 ! great majority ( cases x w p]=m all t c reasonably be expect$ ( x4 ,9 *oos+ appliances = obs]vational purposes1 ! obs]v] w ( c\rse be guid$ by 8 means & requirem5ts4 ,if 8 incl9ation lead him to ent] a p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( rese>*1 he w take c>e to provide himself ) su* in/rum5ts z are specially applicable to ! "w 9 h&4 ,mod]n opticians h effect$ s _m improvem5ts1 & br\ght out s _m special aids to smoo? ! way ( an obs]v]1 t x matt]s little 9 :i* direction he advances2 he w sc>cely f9d 8 progress imp$$ by want ( suitable app>atus4 ,9 size1 z also 9 "*1 ! obs]v] %\ld be c>eful to discrim9ate z to :at is really ess5tial4 ,l>ge in/rum5ts & high p[]s are n necess>y to %[ :at c be suffici5tly well se5 9 a small telescope ) mod]ate p[]4 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ l exp]i5ce 9 su* matt]s1 & practice soon r5d]s "o m or less pr(ici5t 9 apply+ ! be/ available means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 #c-;in* ,refract+-,telescope1 by ,newton ,co4 ,an amateur :o really wants a compet5t in/rum5t & has to consid] co/1 w d well to pur*ase a ,newtonian reflector4 ,a #d-;in* refractor w co/ ab\t z mu* z a #aj-;in* reflector1 b1 z a work+ tool1 ! latt] w possess a great advantage4 ,a small refractor1 if a good "o1 w d wond]s1 & is a v h&y appliance1 b x w n h suffici5t grasp ( light = x to be ?or\ghly s]viceable on fa9t objects4 ,anyone :o is hesitat+ 9 8 *oice %\ld look at ! clu/] ab\t ,p]sei ?r\gh in/rum5ts su* z allud$ to1 & he w be a/oni%$ at ! va/ diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! reflector4 ,= view+ sun-spots & c]ta9 lun> objects small refractors are v effective1 & />-images are usually bett] se5 ?an 9 reflectors1 b ! latt] are mu* pref]able = g5]al "w on acc\nt ( ?ree important advantages1 viz41 *eapness1 illum9at+ p[]1 & conv5i5ce ( obs]vation4 ,:5 high magnifi]s are employ$ on a refractor ( small ap]ture1 ! images ( planets become v fa9t & dusky1 s t details are lo/4 ,obs]v]'s ,aims4--,if ! int5d+ obs]v] m]ely requires a telescope to exhibit glimpses ( ! wond]s :i* he has se5 portray$ 9 books1 & has no int5tion ( pursu+ ! subject fur!r ?an z an occasional hobby1 he w d well to pur*ase a small refractor betwe5 #c & #d in*es 9 ap]ture4 ,su* in/rum5ts are extremely effective on ! ,sun & ,moon1 :i* are naturally ! *ief objects to attract att5tion1 &1 ap>t f ?is1 appliances ( ! size allud$ to may be conv5i5tly us$ f an op5 w9d[4 ,! latt] is an important consid]ation to _m p]sons2 moreov]1 a small telescope ( ?is k9d w reveal an a/oni%+ numb] ( int]e/+ objects 9 connection ) ! planets1 comets1 c41 & x may be employ$ by way ( div]sion ^u t]re/rial l&scape1 z su* in/rum5ts are almo/ inv>iably provid$ ) non-inv]t+ eyepieces4 ,out-(-door obs]v+ is inconv5i5t 9 _m respects1 & ^? :o procure a telescope m]ely to f9d a little recreation w soon ackn[l$ge a small refractor to be em95tly adapt$ to _! purposes & conv5i5ces4 ,^? :o m$itate go+ f>!r afield1 & tak+ up obs]vation habitually z a means ( acquir+ practical k1 & possibly ( do+ orig9al "w1 w ess5tially ne$ diff]5t means4 ,!y w require reflectors ( ab\t #h or #aj in*es ap]ture2 &1 if m\nt$ 9 ! op5 on solid gr\nd1 s mu* ! bett]1 z !re w be a m expansive view1 & a fre$om f heat$ curr5ts1 :i* r5d]s an ap>tm5t unsuit$ to obs]vations1 unless ) small ap]tures :]e ! effects are sc>cely appreciable4 ,a reflector ( ! diamet] m5tion$ w comm& suffici5t grasp to exhibit ! m delicate features ( planet>y m>k+s1 & w %[ _m o!r difficult objects 9 :i* ! sky ab\nds4 ,if ! obs]v] be specially int]e/$ 9 ! surface configuration ( ,m>s & ,jupit] he w f9d a reflector a rem>kably effici5t in/rum5t4 ,on ! ,moon & planets x is admitt$ t its p]=mance is1 if n sup]ior1 equal to t ( refractors4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! incl9ation ( ! obs]v] leads him 9 ! direction ( d\ble />s1 _! discov]y & measurem5t1 he w p]haps f9d a refractor m to be dep5d$ ^u1 ?\gh !re is no reason :y a well-m\nt$ reflector %\ld n be successfully employ$ 9 ?is bran*2 & ! co/ ( a refractor ( ! size to be really useful z an in/rum5t ( discov]y mu/ be some?+ v consid]able--p]haps t5 times z great z t ( a reflector ( equal capacity4 ,z f> z my own exp]i5ce goes ! refractor gives decid$ly ! be/ image ( a />4 ,9 ! reflector1 a bright /> "u mod]ately high p[] is se5 ) rays ext5d+ "r across ! field1 & ^! appe> to be caus$ by ! supports ( ! flat4 ,te/+ ,telescopes4--,no amateur %\ld buy an in/rum5t1 especially a second-h& "o1 )\t te/+ x1 & ?is is a delicate process involv+ _m po9ts to be duly weigh$4 ,exp]i5ce is ( great s]vice 9 su* matt]s1 & is1 9 fact1 absolutely necess>y4 ,ev5 old obs]v]s are sometimes misl$ z to ! real wor? ( a glass4 ,9 su* cases1 !re is no?+ l hav+ a reliable means ( comp>ison1 i4 e4 ano!r telescope ( ackn[l$g$ excell5ce ) :i* to te/ ! d\btful in/rum5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a /&>d judgm5t w be m difficult1 b ) c>e a satisfactory decision may be arriv$ at4 ,! ,moon is too easy an object = ! purpose ( su* trials2 ! obs]v] %\ld r select ,v5us or ,jupit]4 ,! =m] is1 h[ev]1 s brilliant on a d>k sky1 & s mu* affect$ ) gl>e1 t ! image w almo/ sure to be faulty ev5 if ! glass is a good "o4 ,let ! h\r be ei!r ne> sunrise or sunset1 & if ! planet has a tol]ably high altitude1 h] disk ought to be se5 beautifully %>p & :ite4 ,v>i\s p[]s %\ld be tri$1 increas+ !m ea* "t1 & x %\ld be notic$ p>ticul>ly :e!r ! great] expansion ( ! image ru9s ! def9ition or simply enfeebles ! light4 ,9 a ?or\ghly good glass fa9tness w come on )\t s]i\sly impair+ ! def9ite cont\r ( ! object view$1 & ! obs]v] w realize t ! indi/9ctness is m]ely occasion$ by ! p[] be+ relatively 9 excess ( ! light-grasp4 ,b 9 a defective telescope1 a press ( magnify+ p[] at once br+s out a mi/9ess & confuses ! details ( ! image 9 a v palpable mann]4 ,try h[ he w1 ! obs]v] w f9d x impossible to get rid ( ?is1 except1 p]haps1 by a 8/op0 :i* cuts (f s mu* light t ! in/rum5t is ineffective = ! "w requir$ ( x4 ,! blurr$ image is ?\ght1 at ! mom5t ( its fir/ p]ception1 to be caus$ by ! object be+ out ( focus1 & ! obs]v] va9ly endeav\rs to get a %>p] image until he f9ds ! s\rce ( error lies else:]e4 ,a well-figur$ glass ought to come v %>ply to a focus4 ,! slighte/ turn ( ! adju/+-screw %\ld make a s5sible diff]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an inf]ior l5s w p]mit a slight alt]ation ( focus+ )\t affect+ ! di/9ctness1 because ! rays f ! image are n accurately ?r[n to a po9t4 ,jupit] is also a good te/4 ,! limbs ( ! planet1 if %[n clean & h>d1 & ! belts1 if !y are pictur$ l ! f9ely cut details ( an engrav+1 w at once /amp a telescope z "o ( sup]ior quality4 ,saturn c also be exam9$ ?\gh n1 p]haps1 s sev]e a te/4 ,! belts1 crape r+1 ,cass9i's division1 ought to be reveal$ 9 any telescope ( mod]ate ap]ture4 ,if1 ) reg>d to any ( ^! objects1 ! details app>5tly run into ea* o!r & !re is a 8fuzzy0 or woolly aspect ab\t !m :i* _c be elim9at$ by c>eful focus+1 !n ei!r ! atmosph]e or ! telescope is 9 fault4 ,if ! =m]1 ano!r opportunity mu/ be await$4 ,an obs]v] ( exp]i5ce w see at a glance :e!r ! cause lies 9 ! air or ! in/rum5t4 ,! images w be agitat$ by obnoxi\s curr5ts1 if ! defects are due to ! atmosph]e1 b if ! glass itself is 9 error1 !n ! objects w be comp>atively tranquil b m]g$ 9 hazy outl9es1 & a g5]al lack ( di/9ctness w be app>5t4 ,p]haps ! be/ te/ ( all z to ! effici5cy ( a telescope is t ( a mod]ately bright />1 say ( ! #bnd or #crd magnitude4 ,) a high p[] ! image %\ld be v small1 circul>1 & surr\nd$ by two or ?ree r+s ( light ly+ p]fectly conc5tric ) ea* o!r4 ,no rays1 w+s1 or extrane\s appe>ance o!r ?an ! diffraction r+s %\ld appe>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 specially applies to refractors1 = 9 reflectors ! arms ( ! flat occasion rays f any bright />2 ,i h also se5 !m f ,m>s1 b ( c\rse ?is does n indicate an imp]fect mirror4 ,if !re is any di/ortion on "o side ( ! image1 !n ! l5ses are inaccurately c5tr$ ?\gh ! in/rum5t may be o!rwise good1 & a little att5tion may soon set matt]s "r4 ,:5 te/+ a glass ! obs]v] %\ld *oose objects at fairly high altitudes1 & n condemn a telescope f a s+le night's "w unless ! evid5ce is ( unusually conv9c+ "*4 ,if false col\r is se5 9 a silv]-on-glass reflector x is orig9at$ by ! eyepiece1 ?\gh n necess>ily s 9 a refractor4 ,! object-glass ( ! latt] w be sure to %[ "s uncorrect$ col\r fr++ a bright object4 ,a good l5s1 :5 exactly focus$1 exhibits a cl>et t9t1 b )9 ! focus purple is se5 & beyond ! focus gre5 comes out4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! second>y spectrum ( an object-glass is s inadequately correct$ t ! vivid col\r+ ( ! images is sometimes attribut$ by inexp]i5c$ obs]v]s to a real effect4 ,a fri5d :o us$ a #c-;in* refractor once call$ on me to h a glimpse ( ,jupit] ?r\gh my #aj-;in* ,)-reflector4 ,on look+ at ! planet he at once exclaim$ 8,b :]e are ! beautiful col\rs1 ,mr4 ,d5n+80 ,i repli$ to 8 "q by ask+ ano!r1 viz41 8,:at col\rs80 he answ]$1 8,:y1 ! bright col\rs ,i see r\nd ,jupit] 9 my refractor80 ,i said1 8,oh1 !y exi/ 9 y\r telescope only60 ,he look$ incr$ul\s1 & :5 he left me t night did n seem altoge!r pleas$ ) ! appe>ance ( ,jupit] %orn ( 8 false hues6 ,m\nt+4--,too mu* c>e _c be giv5 to ! m\nt+ ( telescopes1 = ! mo/ p]fectly figur$ glass w be r5d]$ useless by an ineffici5t /&2 a faulty l5s1 if ?or\ghly well m\nt$1 w d m ?an a really good "o on a %aky or unmanageable m\nt+4 ,:atev] =m is adopt$1 ! arrangem5t %\ld ensure ! utmo/ /ead9ess1 comb9$ ) e facility = readily foll[+ objects4 ,a man :o has e n[ & !n to und]go a great physical ex]tion 9 bodily %ift+ ! in/rum5t is r5d]$ unfit = delicate "w4 ,! telescope %\ld be provid$ ) e requisite = c>ry+ on prolong$ "w ) slight ex]tion on ! "p ( ! obs]v]4 ,unless ! /& is firm !re w be p]si/5t vibrations1 especially if ! in/rum5t is erect$ 9 ! op51 = !re are v few nights 9 ! ye> :5 ! air is q calm4 ,^! cont+5cies %\ld be provid$ aga9/ ) scrupul\s att5tion if ! obs]v] w\ld r5d] 8 telescope mo/ effective = ! display ( its p[]s1 & avoid ! con/ant annoyance t mu/ o!rwise foll[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,huyg5s's negative eyepiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,ramsd5's positive eyepiece4 ,eyepieces4--,good eyepieces are absolutely ess5tial4 ,_m object-glasses & specula h be5 deprecat$ = errors really orig9at$ by ! eyepiece4 ,aga91 telescopes h n unfrequ5tly be5 blam$ = failures ?r\gh want ( discrim9ation 9 apply+ suitable p[]s4 ,a consi/5t adaptation ( p[]s accord+ to ! ap]ture ( ! telescope1 ! "* ( ! object1 ! nature ( ! obs]vation1 & ! atmosph]ic conditions prevail+ at ! "t1 is necess>y to ensure ! be/ results4 ,if x is requir$ to exhibit a g5]al view ( ,jupit] & 8 satellites to a fri5d1 we mu/ utilize a l[ p[] ) a l>ge field2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we desire to %[ ! r$ spot & its configuration 9 detail1 we mu/ apply ! highe/ p[] t is satisfactorily available4 ,! negative or ,huyg5ian eyepiece is ! "o commonly us$1 & x =ms good col\rless images1 ?\gh ! field is r small4 ,! positive or ,ramsd5 eyepiece gives a flatt] & l>g] field1 b x is n (t5 a*romatic4 ,a ,kelln] eyepiece1 ! feature ( :i* is a v l>ge field1 is (t5 s]viceable 9 obs]vations ( nebul1 clu/]s1 & comets4 ,telescopes are sometimes /at$ to be> #ajj to ! in* on planets1 b ?is is f> beyond _! capacities ev5 9 ! v be/ condition ( air4 ,amateurs soon f9d f exp]i5ce t x is be/ to employ ^? p[]s :i* af=d ! cle>e/ & mo/ compreh5sive views ( ! p>ticul> objects "u scrut9y4 ,( c\rse :5 abnormally high p[]s are m5tion$ 9 connection ) an obs]vation1 !y h an impressive s\nd1 b ?is is all1 = !y are practically useless = ord9>y "w4 ,i f9d t #dj1 or at ! utmo/ #ej to ! in*1 is ample1 & g5]ally beyond ! capacities ( my #aj-;in* reflector4 ,a ,b>l[ l5s us$ 9 front ( ! eyepiece raises ! p[] ab\t "o ?ird1 & ?us a :ole set ( eyepieces may be increas$ by its ins]tion4 ,x is said to improve ! def9ition1 :ile ! loss ( light is v trifl+4 ,i =m]ly us$ a ,b>l[ l5s 9 all planet>y obs]vations1 b f9ally disp5s$ ) x1 z ,i conclud$ ! improv$ di/9ctness did n comp5sate = ! fa9t] image4 ,a great advantage1 bo? 9 light & def9ition1 results f ! employm5t ( a s+le l5s z eyepiece4 ,true1 ! field is v limit$1 &1 ow+ to ! sph]ical ab]ration1 ! object s greatly di/ort$ ne> ! edges t x mu/ be kept ne> ! c5tre1 b1 on ! :ole1 ! sup]iority is mo/ evid5t4 ,by _m c>eful trials ,i f9d x possible to glimpse f> m detail 9 planet>y m>k+s ?an ) ! ord9>y eyepiece4 ,dawes1 & o!r able obs]v]s1 also f\nd a great advantage 9 ! s+le l5s1 & ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 m ?an a c5tury ago1 express$ himself ?us3--8,i h tri$ bo? ! d\ble & s+le l5s eye-glass ( equal p[]s1 & always f\nd t ! s+le eye-glass _h mu* ! sup]iority 9 light & di/9ctness40 ,requisite ,p[]s4--,= g5]al purposes ,i believe ?ree eyepieces are all t is absolutely requisite1 viz41 a l[ p[] ) l>ge field = sweep+ up nebul & comets2 a mod]ate p[] = view+ ! ,moon & planets2 & a high p[] = d\ble />s & ! m delicate =ms on ! planets4 ,= a #c-;in* refractor1 eyepieces ( ab\t #ae1 #ge1 & #aej w\ld be be/1 & = a #aj-;in* reflector #dj1 #aej1 & #cjj4 ,= v difficult d\ble />s a /ill high] p[] w be occasionally useful1 say #bej = ! refractor1 & #ejj = ! reflector4 ,! def9ition usually suff]s s mu* "u high p[]s1 & ! tremors ( ! atmosph]e are br\ght out s conspicu\sly1 t ! great] expansion ( ! image ( a planet does n necess>ily enable x to pres5t m obs]vable detail4 ,! features appe> dilut$ & m]g$ 9 hazy outl9es1 & !re is a lack ( ! bright1 %>ply det]m9ate =ms s /eadily recogniz$ "u l[] magnifi]s4 ,9 special cases great p[] may become ess5tial1 &1 "u c]ta9 fav\rable circum/ances1 w prove really s]viceable1 b1 9 a g5]al way1 x is admitt$ t ! l[e/ p[] :i* %[s an object well is always ! be/4 ,i h occasionally obta9$ v fair views ( ,saturn ) a p[] ( #hfe1 b f9d t ,i c p]ceive m ( ! detail ) #beb4 ,"s daylight obs]vations ( ,v5us 7 also effect$ "u v high p[]1 &1 ?\gh ! def9ition rema9$ tol]ably good1 ,i f\nd z ! result ( c>eful comp>ison t less p[] answ]$ m satisfactorily4 ,b x w\ld be absurd to lay d[n inviolable rules 9 su* cases4 ,special in/rum5ts1 objects1 & circum/ances require special p[]s1 & obs]v]s may always det]m9e ) a little c>e & exp]i5ce ! mo/ eligible means to support _! endeav\rs4 ,"o ?+ %\ld be p>ticul>ly rememb]$1 t ! p[] us$ mu/ n be beyond ! illum9at+ capacity ( ! in/rum5t1 = planet>y features appe> s fa9t & %ady "u excessive magnifi]s t no?+ is ga9$4 ,to grasp details !re mu/ be a fair am\nt ( light4 ,i h se5 m ) #beb on my #aj-;in* reflector ?an ) #cej on a #e-a_/d-;in* refractor1 because ( ! advantage f ! bright] image 9 ! =m] case4 ,ov]/at+ ,p[]s4--,x seems to be a fa%ionable imposition on ! "p ( opticians to ov]/ate magnify+ p[]s4 ,eyepieces are usually adv]tis$ at d\ble _! true /r5g?4 ,my own #aj-;in* reflector 0 catalogu$ z hav+ f\r eyepieces1 #ajj to #fjj1 b on trial ,i f\nd ! highe/ 0 no m ?an #ccj4 ,?is cu/om ( exagg]at+ p[]s seems to h long be5 a privileg$ deception1 & p]sons buy+ telescopes ought to be gu>d$ aga9/ x4 ,dr4 ,kit*9] says x orig9at$ ) ! celebrat$ mak] ( reflectors1 ,james ,%ort1 & ju/ly condemns x z a practice :i* %\ld be discont9u$4 ,i suppose x is ?\ght t high p[]s adv]tis$ 9 connection ) a telescope h an exalt$ s\nd & are calculat$ to attract ! unw>y pur*as]2 b good in/rum5ts ne$ no insidi\s trade artifices to make !m saleable4 ,! practice does n affect obs]v]s ( exp]i5ce1 because x is well und]/ood1 & !y take good c>e to te/ _! eyepieces directly !y get !m4 ,b ! case is diff]5t ) "y & inexp]i5c$ amateurs1 :o naturally en\gh accept ! words ( respectable opticians1 only to f9d1 9 _m cases1 t !y h be5 mislead+ & a s\rce ( consid]able annoyance4 ,me?od ( f9d+ ! ,p[]4--,! magnify+ p[] ( a telescope may be det]m9$ by divid+ ! focal l5g? ( ! object-glass or mirror by ! focal l5g? ( ! eye-l5s4 ,?us1 if ! l>ge glass has a focus ( #gj in*es & ! eye-l5s a focus ( "o in*1 !n ! p[] is #gj4 ,if ! latt] is only #a_/d-;in* focus1 ! result+ p[] w be #bhj4 ,b ?is me?od is only applicable to s+le l5s eyepieces4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 resort to sev]al o!r means ( f9d+ ! p[]s ( ! comp\nd eyepieces ( ,huyg5s or ,ramsd54 ,let ! obs]v] fix a slip ( :ite c>dbo>d1 say #a in* wide1 to a door or po/ "s di/ance (f1 & !n 7) a refractor7 view x1 :ile keep+ ! dis5gag$ eye op51 & note ! exact space cov]$ by ! telescopic image ( ! c>d z project$ on ! door se5 by ! o!r eye4 ,! numb] ( in*es includ$ 9 ! space allud$ to w repres5t ! l9e> magnify+ p[]4 ,a brick wall or any surface ) di/9ct1 regul>ly m>k$ divisions w answ] ! same purpose1 ! numb] ( bricks or divisions cov]$ by ! telescopic image ( "o ( !m be+ equival5t to ! p[]4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t a telescope magnifies slightly less ^u a cele/ial object ?an ^u a ne> t]re/rial "o ow+ to ! %ort] focus1 & a trifl+ all[ance w h to be made = ?is4 ,ano!r plan may be m5tion$4 ,:5 ! telescope is direct$ to any fairly bright object or to ! sky1 & ! obs]v] removes 8 eye ab\t #aj in*es f ! eyepiece1 a %>ply def9$1 bright little disk w be p]ceiv$ 9 ! eye-l5s4 ,if ! diamet] ( ?is disk is asc]ta9$ & ! cle> ap]ture ( ! object-glass or mirror is divid$ by x1 ! quoti5t w be ! magnify+ p[]4 ,?us1 if ! small circle ( light is #b in* diamet] & ! effective ap]ture ( ! l>ge glass #e in*es1 !n ! p[] is #be4 ,if ! =m] is #jb in* diamet] & ! latt] #ge in*es1 ! p[] w be #cge4 ,! dynamomet] is a little in/rum5t specially design$ to facilitate ?is means ( fix+ ! magnify+ p[]4 ,x enables ! diamet] ( ! small lum9\s circle 9 ! eye-l5s to be v accurately measur$1 & ?is is a mo/ important factor 9 d]iv+ ! p[] by ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,b]?on',s ,,dynamomet]4 ,,horne ,,?orn?waite ,,london4 ,field ( ,eyepiece4--,obs]v]s (t5 require to "k ! diamet] ( ! fields ( _! eyepieces4 ,^? engag$ 9 sweep+ up comets1 nebul1 or o!r objects requir+ l>ge fields & l[ p[]s1 f9d x q important to h ?is in=mation4 ,!y may acquire x = !mselves by simple me?ods4 ,a planet1 or /> su* z ,orionis1 or ,virg9is1 or ,aquil1 close to ! equator1 %\ld be all[$ to run exactly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! field1 & ! int]val occupi$ 9 its complete transit f +ress to egress not$ sev]al times4 ,! mean result 9 m94 & sec4 ( "t mu/ !n be multipli$ by #ae1 & ?is w repres5t ! diamet] requir$ 9 m94 & sec4 ( arc on ! equator4 ,a planet or /> ne> ! m]idian is ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,if ! object occupies #a m94 #bg sec4 ( "t 9 pass+ f ! ,e4 to ! ,w4 limit ( ! field1 !n #hg sec4 #ae #acje1 or #ba #de4 ,a m accurate me?od ( d]iv+ ! angle subt5d$ by ! field is to let a />1 say ,regulus1 pass ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & fix ! "t :i* lapses 9 its entire passage by a sid]eal clock2 !n ! int]val s f\nd #ae cos9e ( ! decl9ation ( ,regulus w indicate ! diamet] ( ! field4 ,suppose = in/ance1 t ! /> nam$ occupies #b m94 #ad sec4 #acd sec4 9 its passage "r across ! :ole & c5tral "p ( ! field3 !n #acd log #babgaje #ae log #aagfjia ,dec4 ( ,regulus #ab #cj log cos #iihieha ---------------- #aifb log #cbibggg s t ! diamet] ( ! field ( ! eyepiece mu/ be #cb #db1 ne>ly correspond+ ) ! diamet] ( ! ,moon4 ,limit$ ,means no ,ob/acle4--,!re are _m obs]v]s :o1 hav+ limit$ means1 are apt to consid] !mselves practically unable to effect good "w4 ,?is is a great illusion4 ,!re are sev]al bran*es ( a/ronomy 9 :i* ! dilig5t use ( a small in/rum5t may be turn$ to excell5t acc\nt4 ,p]sev]ance w (t5 comp5sate = lack ( p[]ful appliances4 ,_m ( ! l>ge & exp5sive telescopes1 n[ becom+ s common1 are engag$ 9 "w :i* c\ld be z well p]=m$ ) small] ap]ture1 & :5 ! manifold advantages ( mod]ate in/rum5ts are consid]$1 amateurs may well cease to deplore ! app>5t insuffici5cy ( _! app>atus4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t refractors h n[ atta9$ dim5sions & a degree ( pr(ici5cy nev] contemplat$ 9 =m] times1 & t ! mod]n +5uity ( art has giv5 bir? to innum]able devices to facilitate ! "w ( ^? engag$ 9 obs]vation4 ,9 _m ( our be/ appo9t$ obs]vatories ! arrangem5ts are s v replete ) conv5i5ces1 & s s$atory 9 _! influ5ces1 t ! obs]v] has e inducem5t to fall asleep1 ?\gh we d n f9d in/ances ( 8nodd+0 record$ 9 _! annals4 ,fur!r progress 9 ! same direction leads u to joyfully anticipate ! "t :51 in/ead ( /&+ out 9 ! fro/1 we may com=tably make our obs]vations 9 b$4 ,?is w admirably suit all ^? :o1 l ,bri/ol p1 are report$ to sleep ) "o eye op56 ,b1 to be m s]i\s1 ! "w ( amateurs is mu* h9d]$ by lack ( means to con/ruct obs]vatories :]e9 !y may conduct rese>*es )\t suff]+ f all ! rig\rs ( an unfav\rable climate4 ,_m ( !m h1 l ,william ,h]s*el a c5tury ago1 to pursue _! lab\rs "u no canopy b ! heav5s above1 & are expos$ to all ! try+ sev]ity ( fro/ & ke5 w9ds1 :i* keep !m %iv]+ = h\rs toge!r1 & v mu* awake6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,cooke & ,son's ,educational ,telescope4 ,obs]v+-,seats4--,z to obs]v+-seats1 _m useful contrivances h be5 describ$ f "t to "t 9 ! #8,a/ronomical ,regi/]' & #8,engli% ,me*anic4' ,"s ( ^! answ] _! design admirably1 b ,i believe a good *air1 embody+ all ! _m little requirem5ts ( ! obs]v]1 yet awaits con/ruction4 ,^? ,i h se51 :ile supply+ c]ta9 ackn[l$g$ wants1 are yet defici5t 9 "s po9ts :i* ne$ provision4 ,) my reflector ,i f9d an ord9>y /ep-ladd] answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,x is at once light1 simple1 & durable1 & enables obs]vations to be secur$ at any altitude4 ,x may be readily plac$ s t ! obs]v] c "w 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 & ! upp] %elves1 :ile conv5i5t to lean ^u1 may be s arrang$ z to hold eyepieces1 & are to be fur!r utiliz$ :5 mak+ draw+s at ! telescope4 ,i f9d x possible to obta9 v /eady views ( cele/ial objects 9 ?is way4 ,ev]yone kn[s t dur+ a critical obs]vation x is z ess5tial = ! obs]v] to be p]fectly /ill z x is = ! in/rum5t to be free f vibration4 ,a p]son :o /&s look+ ?r\gh a telescope feels a desire to ensure a conv5i5t /ability by cat*+ hold ( x4 ,! impression is no d\bt correctly convey$ to 8 m9d t he may obta9 a bett] view 9 ?is way2 & s he w\ld1 7 x n = ! danc+ ( ! image :i* in/antly foll[s ! h&l+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= ?is reason x is absolutely necess>y t no "p ( ! obs]v] t\* ! telescope :ile 9 use4 ,he mu/ ensure ! desir$ /ead9ess1 :i* is really a mo/ important consid]ation1 by o!r means2 & an obs]v] :o provides = ?is cont+5cy w h tak5 a useful /ep 9 ! way ( a*iev+ delicate "w4 ,advantage ( ,equatoreals4--,^? :o employ equatoreal m\nt+ & clock-"w w manife/ly comm& an advantage 9 trac+ features on a planet or o!r object requir+ critical scrut9y4 ,common /&s1 ?\gh (t5 good make-%ifts1 require con/ant application on ! "p ( ! obs]v]1 :5 8 undivid$ att5tion %\ld be conc5trat$ on ! object4 ,) an alt-azimu? /& ne>ly "o half ! obs]v]'s "t is occupi$ 9 keep+ ! object ne> ! middle ( ! field4 ,?\gh good views are obta9able1 !y are v fugitive4 ,j z ! delicate features are be+ impress$ on ! ret9a !y are lo/ 9 ! ill-def9$ m>g9 ( ! field1 or f ! necessity ( sudd5ly %ift+ ! object back4 ,a succession ( hurri$ views ( ?is k9d1 dur+ :i* ! obs]v] is frantically endeav\r+ to grasp details :i* only require a /eady view to be well display$1 are (t5 tantaliz+ & seldom satisfactory 9 _! issues4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 a s+le l5s & high p[]s are us$1 & if ! night is w9dy ! difficulty is int5sifi$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t a clock-driv5 telescope possesses m>k$ advantages 9 delicate "w on fa9t objects1 because ! prolong$ view bett] enables ! eye to ga!r 9 ! details :i* are all b lo/ 9 ! elusive glimpses af=d$ by inf]ior means4 ,/ill we mu/ n =get t r\gh appliances d n pres5t an effectual b>ri] to success4 ,! v f9e/ def9ition comes only 9 mom5t>y glimpses4 ,! %>ply-cut outl9es ( planet>y configuration _c /eadily be held = long toge!r4 ,only n[ & !n ! image acquires ! di/9ctness ( an engrav+1 :5 ! air & ! focus ( eye & telescope sev]ally comb9e to produce a p]fect picture4 ,obs]v]s1 !re=e1 ^: in/rum5ts are simply1 ?\gh p]haps sub/antially m\nt$ 9 h&y fa%ion1 mu/ pr(it by ^! mom5ts ( f9e see+1 &1 :5 draw+1 w f9d x exp$i5t to fill 91 little by little1 ! delicate =ms :i* rea* ! eye4 ,?is w take mu* "t ow+ to ! drawbacks allud$ to1 b ! outcome w m ?an ju/ify its exp5diture1 & ! obs]v] w ga9 pati5ce & p]sev]ance :i* w prove a useful exp]i5ce 9 ! future4 ,l5ses out ( c5tre or misplac$ are1 l o!r defects1 calculat$ to give rise to errors z num]\s z !y are v>i\s4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! app>5tly belong to a p]iod :5 telescopes 7 f> less p]fect & popul> ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,inde$1 x is surpris+ t s v few false or imag9>y discov]ies are ann\nc$ :5 we consid] ! va/ array ( in/rum5ts t are n[ employ$4 ,x is true we occasionally he> t a comet has be5 discov]$ close to ,jupit]1 t sev]al companions h be5 se5 to ,pol>is1 or t "s o!r extraord9>y 8f9d0 has be5 effect$1 b ! age is dead :5 su* ann\ncem5ts 7 accept$ )\t suitable inve/igation4 ,! satellite ( ,v5us has long s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,! active volcanoes on ! ,moon h become ext9ct4 ,ev5 ,vulcan w h to be set aside1 &1 l _m ano!r s5sation :i* caus$ q a furre 9 its day1 mu/ soon be altoge!r expung$ f ! category ( 8suspects40 ,te/-objects4 ,opticians sometimes adv]tise li/s ( objects--g5]ally d\ble />s--:i* may be se5 ) _! in/rum5ts1 b x does n appe> to be suffici5tly und]/ood t ! "* ( a telescope is dep5d5t 9 a great degree ^u ! ability ( ! obs]v]1 :o c ei!r make or m> x1 accord+ to ! skill he displays 9 its managem5t4 ,"s m5 w und\bt$ly see m ) #e in*es ( ap]ture ?an o!rs w ) #aj4 ,c]ta9 obs]v]s appe> to excel 9 detect+ delicate planet>y m>k+s1 :ile o!rs possess special aptitude = glimps+ m9ute objects su* z fa9t satellites1 or comites to d\ble />s1 & ! explanation seems to be t p>tly by exp]i5ce & p>tly by diff]5ces 9 ! s5sitiv5ess ( vision1 exceptional p[]s are sometimes acquir$ 9 ea* ( ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,! v>i\s te/-objects :i* h be5 giv5 by reliable au?orities1 ?\gh repres5t+ av]age atta9m5ts1 are n applicable to ! abnormal p[]s ( vision possess$ by c]ta9 obs]v]s4 ,9 fact1 ! capacity ( a telescope _c be correctly assign$ & its p[]s circumscrib$ by arbitr>y rules1 because1 z already /at$1 ! "* ( ! obs]v] himself becomes a mo/ important factor 9 ?is relation4 ,climatic influ5ces h also consid]able weight1 ?\gh less s ?an ! p]sonal v>iations ref]r$ to1 = "o man w succe$1 :]e ano!r meets ) utt] failure4 ,?is is unque/ionably due to diff]5ces 9 eyesight1 me?od1 & exp]i5ce4 ,b :atev] ! prim>y causes may be1 ev]yone kn[s !y induce widely discordant results1 & occasion _m ( ! contradictions :i* become ! subjects ( controv]sy4 ,&1 z a rule1 amateurs %\ld avoid controv]sy1 because x v r>ely cle>s up a conte/$ po9t4 ,!re is argum5t & reit]ation1 b no mutual und]/&+ or settlem5t ( ! "q at issue4 ,x wa/es "t1 & (t5 de/roys t good feel+ :i* %\ld subsi/ among/ a/ronom]s ( e class & nationality4 ,9 cases :]e an important pr9ciple is involv$1 & discussion promises to ?r[ light ^u x1 ! circum/ances are q diff]5t4 ,b paltry quibbl+s1 fault-f9d+1 or ! con/ant expression ( negative views1 peculi> to sceptics1 %\ld be ab&on$1 z h9d]+ r ?an accel]at+ ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,let obs]v]s cont9ually ex]cise c>e & discretion & satisfy !mselves 9 e legitimate way z to ! accuracy ( _! results1 & !y may fe>lessly give !m expression & ov]come any objections made to _! acceptance4 ,!y %\ld accord "o ano!r an equal desire = ! promotion ( tru?4 ,competition & rivalry 9 good _s increase en?usiasm1 b !re is little occasion = ! bitt]ness & sple5 sometimes exhibit$ 9 sci5tific j\rnals4 ,!re are "s m5 ^: reputations d n re/ ^u good or orig9al "w p]=m$ by !mselves1 b r ^u ! alacrity ) :i* !y discov] grievances & ^u ! c>e !y w be/[ 9 expos+ trifl+ errors 9 ! writ+s ( _! n-infallible contempor>ies4 ,su* critics w\ld e>n a m hon\rable title to reg>d 7 !y to devote _! "t to "s bett] me?od ( s]v+ ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,*eapness & increas+ numb] ( ,telescopes4--,a m>k$ feature ( optical in/rum5ts is _! increas+ *eapness4 ,little m ?an half a c5tury ago ,tulley *>g$ #cae = a #aj-;in* ,newtonian reflector4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,calv] asks #ej = an in/rum5t ( ! same ap]ture1 & sometimes "o may be pick$ up1 second-h&1 = half ( t am\nt4 ,n only h telescopes become *eap]1 b !y h greatly improv$ 9 p]=mance s9ce silv]$ glass sup]s$$ ! metallic speculum4 ,h5ce we f9d mod]ately-p[]ful in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( a v l>ge numb] ( obs]v]s4 ,a/ronomical publications h proportionately increas$1 s t amateurs ( to-day c boa/ ( facilities1 bo? ( mak+ & record+ obs]vations1 :i* 7 sc>cely dreamt ( a c5tury ago4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! results h>dly d ju/ice to ! means available4 ,su* an enorm\s numb] ( telescopes are v>i\sly employ$ t "o _c avoid a feel+ ( surprise at ! comp>ative r>ity ( new discov]ies1 &1 inde$1 ( publi%$ obs]vations g5]ally4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! majority ( exi/+ telescopes are ei!r ly+ idle or appli$ 9 su* a desultory fa%ion z to virtually negative ! value ( ! results4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are indiscrim9ately employ$ ^u e div]sity ( object )\t special aim or me?od1 & ) a m]e desire to satisfy curiosity4 ,n[ x is to be greatly deplor$ t s mu* obs]v+ /r5g? is ei!r lat5t or misdirect$4 ,! circum/ances obvi\sly dem& t an e>ne/ ef=t %\ld be made to utilize & attract x into suitable *annels4 ,to d ?is effectually1 ! value ( collective ef=t %\ld be =cibly expla9$1 ! int]e/ & en?usiasm ( obs]v]s mu/ be ar\s$ 9 a p]man5t mann]1 & !y mu/ be b&$ toge!r accord+ to _! *oice ( subjects4 ,an ef=t 9 ?is direction has be5 made by ! ,liv]pool ,a/ronomical ,society1 & ! results h prov$ di/9ctly fav\rable2 a consid]able am\nt ( useful "w has be5 effect$ 9 sev]al bran*es & x =ms ! subject ( "s valuable reports :i* h be5 annually publi%$ 9 ! #8,j\rnal4' ,utility ( ,/ops4--,!re are a good _m details connect$ ) obs]vation :i*1 ?\gh advice may be t5d]$ 9 a g5]al way1 are be/ left to ! discrim9ation ( obs]v]s1 :o w v soon discov] _! influ5ces by practical trial & treat !m accord+ly4 ,! employm5t ( /ops or diaphragms to contract ! ap]ture ( telescopes is a "q on :i* a div]sity ( op9ion has be5 express$4 ,x is (t5 f\nd1 on nights ( indiff]5t see+1 t ! :ole ap]ture1 especially ( a faulty in/rum5t1 gives bad images1 & t1 by r$uc+ x1 def9ition becomes imm5sely improv$4 ,b ,mr4 ,burnham1 ! d\ble /> obs]v]1 records 8 op9ion t a good glass ne$s no contraction1 & t ! :ole ap]ture %[s m ?an a "p unless !re is defective figur+ at ! out] zone ( ! l5s1 :i* w be cut (f by ! /op & its p]=mance !reby greatly improv$4 ,he seems to ?9k t a glass requir+ contraction is ess5tially defective1 b ?is is totally oppos$ to ! conclusions ( o!r obs]v]s4 ,x is almo/ univ]sally admitt$ t1 on bad nights1 ! advantages ( a l>ge ap]ture are neutraliz$ by un/eady def9ition1 & t1 by r$uc+ ! diamet]1 ! "* ( ! images is enhanc$4 ,z reg>ds in/rum5ts ( mod]ate calibre ! necessity is less urg5t4 ,) my #aj-;in* reflector ,i r>ely1 if ev]1 employ /ops1 = by r$uc+ ! ap]ture to #h in*es ! ga9 9 def9ition does n suffici5tly repay = ! s]i\s loss ( light4 ,b 9 ! case ( l>ge telescopes ! cons]vation ( light is n s important1 & a #ad-;in* or #af-;in* /op may be frequ5tly employ$ on an #ah-;in* glass ) /rik+ advantage4 ,! !ory t only defective l5ses improve ) contraction is fallaci\s1 = 9 c]ta9 cases :]e /ops are regul>ly employ$ x is f\nd t1 "u circum/ances ( really good see+1 ! :ole ap]ture gives images :i* are z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 ,x is cle> f ?is t ! fault lies ) ! atmosph]e1 & t "u bad conditions x becomes imp]ative to limit its int]f]5ce consi/5tly ) ! ret5tion ( suffici5t light to di/+ui% ! object well4 ,9 l>ge reflectors1 p>ticul>ly1 ! undulations ( ! air are v active 9 de/roy+ def9ition1 & ! fact w be pat5t en\gh to anyone :o comp>es ! images giv5 9 widely diff]5t ap]tures4 ,! h>d1 cleanly cut disks %[n by a small speculum or object-glass (f] an attractive contra/ to ! fl>+1 indef9ite =ms (t5 se5 9 big telescopes4 ,clean+ ,l5ses4--,z to wip+ objectives or mirrors1 ?is %\ld be p]=m$ n m (t5 ?an absolute necessity requires2 & 9 any case ! t\*es %\ld be delicate & made ) mat]ials ( v s(t texture4 ,! own] ( a good objective %\ld nev] take ! h&k]*ief out ( 8 pocket &1 9 ord] to remove a little du/ or dew1 rub ! glass until ! (f5sive deposit is ?\ght to be remov$4 ,yet ?is is sometimes done1 ?\gh frequ5t repetition ( su* a process mu/ ultimately ru9 ! be/ telescope not)/&+ ! h>dness ( ! cr[n glass =m+ ! out] l5s ( ! objective4 ,x w n be> su* 8r\gh & ready0 usage & 9 "t mu/ %[ "s ugly scrat*es :i* w greatly affect its value ?\gh !y may n s]i\sly detract f its practical utility4 ,good tools des]ve bett] treatm5t4 ,:5 ! glass really wants clean+1 remove x f ! tube & sweep its :ole surface g5tly ) a dry camel's-hair bru%1 or :5 ?is is n at h& get a piece ( l95 & 8flick0 (f ! du/ p>ticles4 ,!n wipe ! l5s1 z soon z ^! h be5 dislodg$1 ) an old silk1 or s(t cambric h&k]*ief2 f9e *amois lea!r is also a good mat]ial1 & s(t tissue pap]1 aid$ by ! brea?1 has be5 recomm5d$4 ,b :atev] sub/ance may be adopt$ x mu/ be p]fectly clean & free f du/4 ,:5 n 9 use x %\ld be cork$ up 9 a wide-neck$ bottle :]e x w be safe f contact ) =eign p>ticles4 ,9 ! case ( mirrors !re is an obvi\s ne$ t1 :5 be+ repoli%$1 ! mat]ial us$ %\ld be p]fectly dry & t ! mirror also %\ld be 9 ! same /ate4 ,x is unnecess>y to say "h t 9 no case mu/ ! silv] film be t\*$ :5 x is cl\d$ ov] ) moi/ure4 ,?is mu/ fir/ be all[$ to evaporate 9 a free curr5t ( air or be=e a fire2 ! =m] is to be pref]r$4 ,a suitable poli%+-pad may be made ) a squ>e piece ( wa%lea!r or *amois 9 :i* cotton-wool is plac$ & !n ti$ into a bag4 ,?is may be dipp$ into a little ( ! f9e/ r\ge1 & its employm5t w (t5 re/ore a bright surface to ! mirror4 ,b ! latt] %\ld be left 8sev]ely alone0 unless !re is urg5t occasion to repoli% x1 z e application ( ! r\g$ pad we>s ! film & may take (f m9ute p>ts ( x1 especially :5 du/ has n be5 altoge!r exclud$4 ,! prec>i\s nature ( ! silv]$ surface und\bt$ly con/itutes ! greate/ disadvantage ( mod]n reflectors4 ,! poli% on ! old metallic mirrors 0 f> m durable4 ,"s ( ,%ort's1 figur$ #aej ye>s ago1 /ill exi/ & are app>5tly z bright z :5 !y 7 turn$ out ( ! work%op6 ,i h a #d-;in* ,gregorian by ,watson :i* mu/ be q a c5tury old1 & bo? l>ge & small specula seem to h reta9$ _! pri/9e condition4 ,) reg>d to ! duration ( ! silv]-on-glass films1 mu* ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! c>e & means tak5 to pres]ve !m4 ,calv] says t sometimes ! deposit does n la/ s long z expect$1 ?\gh he has kn[n ! same films 9 use = t5 ye>s4 ,a mirror t looks badly t>ni%$ & fit = no?+ w (t5 p]=m wond]fully well4 ,) my #aj-;in* 9 a sadly det]iorat$ /ate ,i h obta9$ views ( ! ,moon1 ,v5us1 & ,jupit] t c\ld h>dly be surpass$4 ,! mod]ate reflection f a t>ni%$ mirror evid5tly improves ! image ( a bright object by elim9at+ ! gl>e & all[+ ! fa9t] details to be readily se54 ,:5 n 9 use a tight-fitt+ cap %\ld always be plac$ ov] ! mirror1 & if a pad ( cotton wadd+ ( ! same diamet] is made to inlay ?is cap x t5ds to pres]ve ! film by absorb+ mu* ( ! moi/ure t o!rwise cond5ses on its surface4 ,! #8,h9ts on ,reflect+-,telescopes1' by ,w4 ,h4 ,?orn?waite & by ,g4 ,calv]1 & ! #8,plea = ,reflectors1' by ,j4 ,br[n+1 may be in/ructively consult$ by all ^? :o use ?is =m ( in/rum5t4 ,! latt] "w is n[1 h[ev]1 out ( pr9t1 & ,mr4 ,br[n+ tells me t he has q rel9qui%$ ! manufacture ( reflect+-telescopes4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,) ( ,h]e=d1 :o =m]ly suppli$ ! mirrors = 8 in/rum5ts1 has rec5tly dispos$ ( 8 res]ve /ock & ent]$ an entirely diff]5t sph]e ( lab\r4 ,9 ! publications above allud$ to amateurs w f9d a l>ge am\nt ( practical in=mation on ! value & treatm5t ( glass mirrors4 ,op]a-,glass4--,a v useful adjunct1 & (t5 a really valuable "o to ! a/ronomical amateur1 is ! ,op]a-,glass1 or r ! l>g] =m ( ?is in/rum5t g5]ally kn[n z ! ,field-,glass4 ,( c]ta9 objects x gives views :i* _c be surpass$1 & x is especially useful 9 obs]vations ( v>iable />s & l>ge comets4 ,:5ev] ! horizon is be+ scann$ = a glimpse ( ! fugitive ,m]cury1 or :5 x is desir$ to h a v e>ly peep at ! n>r[ cresc5t ( ! "y ,moon1 or to pick up ,v5us at midday1 or ,jupit] be=e sunset1 all "o has to d is to sweep ov] ! region :]e ! object is situat$1 :5 x is pretty sure to be caught1 & ! unaid$ eye w probably rea* x soon aft]w>ds4 ,! op]a-glass has ! dignity ( be+ ! fir/ telescope inv5t$1 = ev5 its b9ocul> =m is n new2 x is virtually ! same patt]n ( in/rum5t t 0 introduc$ at ,middleburg 9 #afji1 ?\gh its comp\nd object-glasses are ( m mod]n date4 ,anyone :o ent]ta9s any d\bts z to ! efficacy ( ! op]a-glass or has _h little exp]i5ce 9 its use w d well to look at ! ,pleiades & comp>e ! spl5did aspect ( t clu/]1 z x is !re pres5t$1 ) ! view obta9$ by ! nak$ eye1 & he w ackn[l$ge at once t x con/itutes a tool )\t :i* ! obs]v]'s equipm5t is by no means p]fect4 ,! object-glasses %\ld h diamet]s ( #b or #b in*es1 & ! magnify+ p[] lie betwe5 #d & #f4 ,!re is a l>ge field ( view & ! images are v bright4 ,! obs]v] is enabl$ to enjoy ! luxury ( us+ bo? 8 eyes1 & :5 he directs ! in/rum5t ^u a t]re/rial l&scape he w be gratifi$ t x does n turn ! _w upside d[n6 ,x is n surpris+ t an appliance1 ) recomm5dations s significant1 is com+ m into fav\r e day1 & = ^? bran*es suitable to its means x is do+ mu* useful "w4 ,a volume has be5 rec5tly publi%$ deal+ expressly ) ! use ( ! op]a-glass 9 ,a/ronomy2 & 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,l4,a4,s4' vol4 vii4 p4 #abj1 !re is an excell5t pap] by ,major ,m>kwick on ! same subject4 ,?is in/rum5t w nev]1 ( c\rse1 by ! nature ( its con/ruction1 be comp>able to a mod]n telescope 9 reg>d to p[]1 = ,galilei1 :5 he augm5t$ 8 magnifi]s to #cj1 appe>s to h practically exhau/$ ! res\rces ( ?is appliance4 ,b 9 all ^? dep>tm5ts requir+ an expansive field & little p[] ) a brilliant & di/9ct image1 ! l>g] =m ( op]a-glass is a great desid]atum1 & its portability is n "o ( ! lea/ ( its advantages4 ,dew+ ( ,mirrors4--,! disposition ( mirrors to become cl\d$ ov] ^u rises ( temp]ature is a po9t m]it+ comm5t4 ,:5 p]man5tly left 9 a telescope1 fully expos$ out ( doors1 ! speculum und]goes daily transitions4 ,! heat g5]at$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! tube by ! sun's action causes a ?ick film ( moi/ure to =m ^u ! silv]$ surface ( ! mirror1 :i* rema9s 9 ?is /ate = a consid]able "t1 ?\gh ! moi/ure evaporates be=e ! ev5+4 ,! flat is simil>ly affect$1 & ! result ( ^! frequ5t *anges is t ! coat+ ( silv] becomes impair$ & pres5ts a crackly appe>ance all ov] ! surface4 ,sometimes :5 a m>k$ increase ( temp]ature occurs t[>ds ev5+ ! speculum is r5d]$ totally uns]viceable until x has be5 submitt$ to :at ,dr4 ,kit*9] t]ms a process ( 8roa/+40 ,! vap\r w soon disappe> :5 ! mirror is br\ght indoors & plac$ be=e a fire2 b x is n till "s "t aft] x has be5 rem\nt$ 9 ! tube t x w p]=m satisfactorily4 ,^? :o keep _! mirrors 9 m equable temp]atures w n exp]i5ce ^! inconv5i5ces1 :i* may also 9 "s measure be obviat$ by regul>ly plac+ a tight-fitt+ cap1 inlaid ) cotton-wool1 ov] ! speculum at ! conclusion ( "w4 ,?is also protects ! silv] f ! yell[ sulphur\s deposit :i* soon collects ^u x if us$ 9 a t[n4 ,all sudd5 v>iations ( temp]ature act prejudicially on ! p]=mance ( specula1 & _! be/ "w is only accompli%$ :5 free f su* di/urb+ elem5ts4 ,i h r>ely f\nd ! flat to become dew$ 9 a natural way dur+ ! progress ( obs]vation4 ,if on a cold night ! obs]v] puts 8 h& ^u its supports 9 ord] to alt] its adju/m5t x in/antly becomes dew$1 or if he /&s look+ d[n ! tube x is almo/ sure to be simil>ly affect$2 b 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( "w ! flat is little liable to become dew$ 9 s5sible degree4 ,) refractors dew-caps are v necess>y1 ?\gh !y d n always prev5t ! deposition ( moi/ure on ! object-glass1 & ?is occasions frequ5t wip+ or dry+1 :i* 9 ei!r case is v objectionable4 ,cele/ial ,globe4--,?is =ms ano!r extremely useful add5dum to ! appliances ( ! amateur4 ,x enables a great _m problems to be solv$ 9 a v simple mann]1 & helps ! "y /ud5t to a lucid compreh5sion ( ! app>5t motions & positions ( ! fix$ />s4 ,) #8,kei? on ! ,globes' z a ref]5ce-book he may soon acquire ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! times ( ris+1 s\?+1 & sett+ ( any cele/ial object ! place ( :i* is kn[n4 ,he c also readily f9d ! height 7altitude7 & be>+ 7azimu?7 at any "t4 ,! di/ance 9 degrees betwe5 any two />s or betwe5 a /> & ! ,moon1 a planet1 or a comet may be f\nd at a glance by lay+ ! quadrant ( altitude on ! pair ( objects & read+ (f ! numb] ( degrees sep>at+ !m4 ,if a new comet has be5 discov]$1 its position %\ld be m>k$ 9 p5cil ^u ! globe2 & ! obs]v]1 aft] hav+ not$ its exact place relatively to neighb\r+ />s1 may proce$ to id5tify ! object ) 8 telescope4 ,if a l>ge meteor is se51 its app>5t pa? among/ ! con/ellations %\ld be project$ on ! globe & ! po9ts1 9 ,r4,a4 & ,dec41 ( beg9n+ & end+ ( ! flight read (f & ent]$ 9 a book4 ,9 _m o!r practical bran*es ( a/ronomy ?is in/rum5t w prove highly s]viceable1 & is f> pref]able to a />-atlas4 ,b ! latt] is ! mo/ useful to ! beg9n] :o is j le>n+ ! names ( ! />s & ! configuration ( ! *ief gr\ps1 because on ! globe ! positions are all rev]s$ ea/ & we/4 ,! surface ( ! globe repres5ts ! entire />-sph]e r$uc$ to a common di/ance f ! e>?1 & z se5 f outside t sph]e4 ,! obs]v]1 !re=e1 mu/ imag9e 8 eye to be situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! globe1 if he w\ld see ! />s 9 ! same relative places z he sees !m 9 ! heav5s4 ,! rev]sion ( ! />-positions to :i* we h be5 allud+ is v confus+ at fir/1 & no d\bt x provokes mi/akes1 b a little exp]i5ce w practically remove ?is objection4 ,! "o great recomm5dation to a />-atlas is t x displays ! />s 9 ! natural positions 9 :i* !y are disc]n$ by ! eye1 ?us enabl+ ! /ud5t to become readily acqua9t$ ) !m1 :]eas ! cele/ial globe af=ds no su* facility4 ,b 9 o!r respects ! latt] possesses "s valuable functions1 & ! amateur :o devotes "s ( 8 leisure to ma/]+ ! really useful problems w atta9 a k t w be ( great b5efit to him 9 aft] ye>s4 ,a globe ( #ab-;in*es diamet] w be l>ge en\gh = _m purposes1 b "o ( #ah-;in*es w be ! mo/ effective size4 ,x %\ld be m\nt$ on a tall /& ) s+le body & tripod base4 ,! /&s1 fitt$ ) ?ree p>allel legs1 9 :i* ! globe is support$ 9 ! middle by weak connections f !m1 are n ne>ly s durable4 ,i h us$ sev]al #ah-;in* globes m\nt$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! supports h q giv5 way "u ! pressure ( con/ant use2 b ?is is impossible ) ! /rong s+le body1 :i* is capable ( )/&+ any /ra94 ,globes are frequ5tly to be obta9$ second-h&1 & at trifl+ co/2 b ! obs]v] mu/ all[ = precession if he uses an old article4 ,_m ( ! />s w be #a or #b ea/ ( ! positions 9 :i* !y are m>k$ on ! globe2 & x w be necess>y to rememb] ?is if ! appliance is to be employ$ = exact results4 ,obs]vatories4--,massive & l(ty build+s h long gone out ( fa%ion1 & light]1 dri] /ructures h prop]ly supplant$ !m4 ,in/rum5ts ( size are g5]ally plac$ on or ne> ! gr\nd & solidly support$ to ensure /ability1 :ile ! o!r erections are made consi/5t ) ! necessity = pretty equable temp]ature & fre$om f damp4 ,amateurs w ord9>ily f9d t a simple wood5 enclosure = ! telescope1 ) suitable arrangem5ts = op5+ ! top 9 any direction1 is suffici5t = _! purpose & v inexp5sive4 ,"s obs]v]s h1 inde$1 secur$ ! desir$ %elt] = !mselves & _! telescopes by means ( a canvas t5t provid$ ) ready means = obta9+ sky-room4 ,b]?on has giv5 a good description ( an amateur's obs]v+-hut 9 #8,! ,engli% ,me*anic' = ,octob] #ac? & #bj?1 #ahga2 & ,*amb]s supplies "s in=mation ab\t amateur obs]vatories 9 #8,nature' = ,novemb] #ai?1 #ahheh4 ,mr4 ,?orn?waite's4 #8,h9ts on ,telescopes' may be usefully consult$ = details ( ! ,romsey ,obs]vatory1 :i*1 l ! ,b]?on model1 seems peculi>ly adapt$ to ! necessities ( ! amateur4 ,! great requirem5ts 9 su* /ructures are t !y %\ld be dry & n ob/ruct any region ( ! firmam5t4 ,!y %\ld also be l>ge en\gh to all[ ! obs]v] p]fect fre$om 9 8 movem5ts & dur+ ! progress ( 8 obs]vations4 ,!y are !n decid$ advantages1 & w mat]ially add to t com=t & conv5i5ce )\t :i* x is r>ely possible to accompli% really good "w4 ,:5 an obs]vatory is to be disp5s$ ) x becomes necess>y to erect a small wood5 h\se ne> ! in/rum5t1 especially if plac$ at ! f> end ( a g>d51 9 :i* ! obs]v] may keep c]ta9 appliances1 su* z a lant]n1 cele/ial globe1 /ep-ladd] or obs]v+-seat1 oil1 c4 ,"h also he may record 8 see+s1 complete 8 sket*es1 & consult 8 work+-li/1 />-*>ts1 & ephem]ides4 ,a %elt] ( ?is sort1 ap>t f its practical helpfulness1 avoids any necessity = ! obs]v] to g 9 & out ( doors1 up & d[n /airs1 c41 to ! annoyance ( ! re/ ( 8 family1 :o1 on a fro/y night1 are decid$ly n ( an a/ronomic turn1 & va/ly pref] h\se-w>m+ to />gaz+6 ,,footnotes3 #f ,my #aj-;in* reflector by ,)-,br[n+ 0 p]si/5tly us$ = f\r ye>s )\t be+ resilv]$ or once gett+ out ( adju/m5t4 #g ,9 ?is & future ref]5ces to reflectors ! ,newtonian =m is allud$ to4 ,! direct-vision reflectors ( ,gregory & ,cassegra9 h gone out ( use1 & ! pres5t popul>ity ( ,newtonians may be reg>d$ z a case ( ! 8survival ( ! fitte/40 #h ,*amb]s's #8,descriptive ,a/ronomy1' #d? ed4 vol4 ii41 also conta9s "s useful ref]5ces & diagrams4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,notes ,,on ,,telescopic ,,"w4 ,prep>ation4--,work+-,li/s4--,w9d4--,vis ion4--,records4--,draw+4--,fri5dly ,indulg5ces4--,op5-,air ,obs]v+4--,me?od4--,p]sev]ance4--,def9it ion 9 ,t[ns4--,photography4--,publications4--, pa/ & ,future4--,attractions ( ,telescopic ,"w4 ,prep>ation4--,an obs]v] 9 comm5c+ "w 9 any dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy w f9d x a v great assi/ance to 8 progress if he c>efully reads & dige/s all t has be5 previ\sly effect$ 9 ! same l9e4 ,he w see _m ( ! *ief difficulties & _! rem$ies expla9$4 ,he w fur!r le>n ! be/ me?ods & be 9 ! position ( a man :o has already ga9$ consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,if he ent] ^u a rese>* ( :i* he has acquir$ no =ekn[l$ge he w be m]ely grop+ 9 ! d>k1 & mu/ enc\nt] _m ob/acles :i*1 ?\gh !y may n effectually turn him f 8 purpose1 w at lea/ involve a consid]able exp5diture ( "t & lab\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a p]son :o relies ^u guidance f prior exp]im5tali/s w probably make rapid headway4 ,he w be =tifi$ to meet cont+5cies & to avoid complications z !y arise4 ,he w be bett] enabl$ to discrim9ate z to ! mo/ eligible means & w confid5tly endeav\r to pu% !m to ! fur!/ ext5t4 ,by adopt+ exi/+ in/ructions = 8 direction & famili>iz+ himself ) ! late/ in=mation f ! be/ au?orities he w 9 a great measure ensure 8 own success or at lea/ br+ x )9 measurable di/ance4 ,! want ( ?is =ekn[l$ge has (t5 be5 ! ma9 cause ( failure1 & x has sometimes l$ to misconceptions & imag9>y discov]ies2 = aft] mu* ?\ght & lab\r a man w ov]come an imp$im5t or a*ieve an end 9 a way = :i* he claims cr$it1 only to f9d t he has be5 anticipat$ ye>s be=e & t _h he consult$ pa/ records1 8 difficulties w\ld h be5 avoid$ & he might h press$ mu* ne>] ! goal4 ,too mu* importance _c be atta*$ to ! acquisition ( =ekn[l$ge ( ! "* ref]r$ to1 ?\gh we d n mean t =m] me?ods or results are to be implicitly tru/$4 ,let e obs]v] judge = himself to a c]ta9 ext5t & let him foll[ orig9al plans :5ev] he reg>ds !m z feasible2 let him te/ prec$+ results :5ev] he d\bts _! accuracy4 ,we recomm5d pa/ exp]i5ces z a guide1 n z an infallible precept4 ,x w\ld be z mu* a mi/ake to foll[ ! old groove ) a sort ( cr$ul\s infatuation z x w\ld be to ent] ^u x 9 utt] ignorance ( !oretical k4 ,an obs]v] %\ld take ! direction ( 8 lab\rs f previ\s work]s1 b be prep>$ to div]ge f ackn[l$g$ rules %\ld he feel ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s f 8 new exp]i5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,refract+-,telescope on a ,g]man ,equatoreal4 ,work+-,li/s4--,full advantage %\ld be tak5 ( good obs]v+ wea!r4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el mo/ aptly said t no "t occupi$ 9 ! prep>ation ( work+-li/s is ill-sp5t4 ,9 our climate ! value ( ?is maxim _c be ov]rat$4 ,if ! #ajj h\rs ( exceptionally good see+1 available 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 are to be pr(itably employ$1 we mu/ be cont9ually prep>$ ) a s*eme ( sy/ematic "w4 ,! obs]v] %\ld compile li/s ( objects x is int5d$ to exam9e1 & _! places mu/ be m>k$ ^u ! globe or *>t s z to avoid all tr\blesome ref]5ces dur+ ! actual progress ( obs]vation4 ,if he has to consult ephem]ides & o!rwise )draw att5tion f ! telescope he loses valuable "t3 moreov] ! positions hurri$ly assign$ 9 su* cases are frequ5tly wrong & entail duplicate ref]5ces1 involv+ additional wa/e ( "t2 all ?is may be avoid$ by c>eful prep>ation be=eh&4 ,if he has a s]ies ( d\ble or v>iable />s to obs]ve he mu/ tabulate _! places 9 conv5i5t ord] s z to facilitate ! "w4 ,if he int5d hunt+ up nebul or telescopic comets he mu/ c>efully m>k _! positions relatively to adjo9+ />s4 ,9 ! case ( sel5ographical objects or planet>y m>k+s he may equally prep>e himself by previ\s /udy4 ,adopt+ ^! precautions1 objects may be readily id5tifi$ & ! "w exp$it$4 ,:5 no su* prep>ation is made mu* confusion & loss ( "t result4 ,on a cl\dy1 wet day obs]v]s (t5 consid] x unnecess>y to make su* provision & !y are tak5 at a great disadvantage :5 ! sky sudd5ly cle>s4 ,a good obs]v]1 l a good g5]al1 ought to provide1 by ! prop] disposition ( 8 means1 aga9/ any em]g5cy4 ,9 /ormy wea!r valuable obs]vations are (t5 p]missible if ! obs]v] is prompt1 = ! def9ition is occasionally suitable "u su* circum/ances4 ,! mo/ tantaliz+ wea!r ( all is t exp]i5c$ dur+ an anti-cyclone 9 w9t]4 ,= a week or two ! b>omet] is v /eady at a high read+1 ! air is calm1 & ! sky is obscur$ ) an imp5etrable mass ( cl\ds4 ,w9d4--,! influ5ce ( w9d on def9ition has be5 mu* discuss$ 9 its v>i\s aspects1 b x is sc>cely feasible to lay d[n def9ite rules on ! subject4 ,! ea/ w9d is r>ely fav\rable to good see+1 b ! law is f> f absolute4 ,we mu/ rememb] t sev]al di/9ct curr5ts sometimes prevail1 & ! air /rata at v>i\s elevations are ( diff]5t degrees ( humidity & !re=e ex]cise diff]5t effects ^u telescopic def9ition4 ,a m]e surface breeze f ! ea/ may und]lie an ext5sive & moi/ curr5t f ! s\?-we/1 & telescopic def9ition may prove v fair "u ! comb9ation4 ,calm nights :5 !re is a little haze & fog1 mak+ ! />s look some:at dim1 frequ5tly af=d wond]fully good see+4 ,z a rule1 :5 ! />s are sp>kl+ & brilliant1 ! def9ition is bad2 planet>y disks are un/eady & ! details oblit]at$ 9 gl>e4 ,b ?is is n always s4 ,i h sometimes f\nd 9 w9dy wea!r aft] /orms f ! we/ qu>t]1 :5 ! air has become v transp>5t1 t exceptionally %>p views may be obta9$2 b un=tunately !y are n )\t drawbacks1 = ! telescope vibrates viol5tly ) e gu/ ( w9d & ! images _c be held long en\gh = any?+ satisfactory to be se54 ,! t5u\s pat*es ( :ite cirr\s cl\d :i* float at high altitudes w (t5 improve def9ition 9 a surpris+ mann]1 especially on ! ,moon & planets4 ,( c\rse ?is does n apply to nebul or comets1 :i* are objects ( totally diff]5t "* & ess5tially require a d>k night r ?an good def9ition be=e !y may be se5 "u ! be/ conditions4 ,z a rule1 a /eady1 humid atmosph]e is highly conducive to good see+1 & x is r improv$ ?an impair$ by a little fog or ?91 :ite cl\d4 ,"s unique effects ( peculi> def9ition1 su* z oval or triangul> /> disks1 h be5 occasionally record$1 b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) a b>e ref]5ce to ^! ph5om5a4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al "q x may1 h[ev]1 be add$ t ! "* ( ! see+ (t5 v>ies at v %ort int]vals 9 ?is climate4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a night's "w ! def9ition w sometimes fluctuate 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,an obs]v] :o comes to ! telescope & f9ds x impossible to obta9 satisfactory images %\ld n entirely rel9qui% "w at ! fir/ trial4 ,aft] an int]val he %\ld aga9 te/ its p]=mance1 = x frequ5tly happ5s t a night u%]$ 9 by turbul5t vap\rs1 improves greatly at a lat] p]iod1 & 9 ! morn+ "p becomes s f9e t x is wor?y to be includ$ 9 ! select #ajj h\rs assign$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el z ! annual limit4 ,^? :o reside 9 t[ns w usually get ! be/ def9ition aft] midnight1 because !re is less int]f]5ce !n f smoke & heat$ vap\rs4 ,x w\ld greatly conduce to our k ( atmosph]ic vag>ies z affect+ def9ition1 if obs]v]s1 especially ^? employ+ l>ge ap]ture1 pres]v$ records z to ! quality ( ! see+1 also direction ( w9d & read+s ( ! b>omet] & !rmomet]4 ,vision4--,!re are p]haps diff]5ces q z consid]able 9 p[]s ( vision z 9 quality ( def9ition4 ,x is n meant by ?is t ! same p]son is subject to great individual v>iations1 ?\gh "s p are c]ta9ly liable to fluctuations1 accord+ to /ate ( heal? & o!r conditions4 ,"s eyes1 z already /at$1 are less effective 9 def9+ planet>y m>k+s ?an 9 detect+ m9ute />s or fa9t satellites ( di/ant planets4 ,( c\rse ! natural capacity is greatly enhanc$ by con/ant practice1 = ! human eye has prov$ itself compet5t to atta9 a surpris+ degree ( excell5ce by habitual tra9+4 ,frequ5t ef=ts1 if n ov]press$ s z to unduly /ra9 ! optic n]ves1 are f\nd to int5sify r ?an weak5 ! p[]s ( sight4 ,?us a di/+ui%+ trait among a/ronom]s has be5 _! ke5ness ( vision1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 !y h reta9$ to an advanc$ age4 ,x is true ,dr4 ,kit*9] said 8 8eye at ! age ( =ty-sev5 became z mu* impair$ by ! extreme ex]tion x _h be5 put to 9 ! prosecution ( telescope trials1 z an eye :i* has be5 employ$ only 9 ord9>y occupations usually is at sixty ye>s ( age6--to cultivate a little acqua9tance ) ! p>ticul> & comp>ative p[]s ( telescopes requires _m extremely eye-teas+ exp]im5ts40 ,b ! ,doctor's op9ion is n g5]ally confirm$ by o!r te/imony1 ! fact be+ t ! eye is usually /r5g!n$ by special s]vice ( ?is "*4 ,to unduly tax or press its p[]s mu/ result 9 injury2 b x is well kn[n t ! capacities ( our sight & o!r s5ses are enhanc$ by _! heal?y ex]cise1 & t comp>ative disuse is a great s\rce ( decl9+ effici5cy4 ,be=e ! obs]v] may hope to excel z a telescopi/ x is cle> t a c]ta9 degree ( tra9+ is requisite4 ,_m m5 exhibit v ke5 sight "u ord9>y circum/ances1 b :5 !y come to ! telescope are hopelessly beat5 by a man :o has a practis$ eye4 ,on sev]al occasions ! writ] 0 mu* impress$ ) evid5ces ( extraord9>y sight 9 c]ta9 individuals1 b ^u be+ te/$ at ! telescope !y 7 f\nd v defici5t1 bo? z reg>ds planet>y detail & fa9t satellites4 ,objects :i* 7 q conspicu\s to an exp]i5c$ eye 7 totally invisible to !m4 ,i believe x is a good plan = habitual obs]v]s to employ me?od 9 ex]cis+ _! sight4 ,9 my own case ,i inv>iably use ! "r eye on ! m>k+s ( planets & ! left on m9ute />s & satellites4 ,practice has giv5 ea* eye a sup]iority ov] ! o!r 9 ! special "w to :i* x has be5 devot$1 & ,i fancy ! practice might be m g5]ally foll[$ ) success4 ,x is an advantage to keep bo? eyes op5 :5 9 ! act ( obs]v+1 especially :5 surr\nd+ objects are p]fectly d>k & !re is no di/ract+ light f neighb\r+ w9d[s or lamps4 ,! slight ef=t requir$ to keep ! dis5gag$ eye clos$ int]f]es ) ! action ( ! o!r1 & ?\gh ?is is b trivial1 critical "w is n effici5tly p]=m$ "u su* conditions4 ,:5ev] light int]f]es ! obs]v] may exclude x by a %ade s arrang$ z to af=d complete protection to ! unoccupi$ eye4 ,if fa9t objects are to be exam9$ ! obs]v] %\ld rema9 9 a d>k situation = "s little "t previ\sly1 s t ! pupil ( ! eye may be dilat$ to ! utmo/ ext5t & 9 a /ate mo/ suitable = su* "w4 ,aft] com+ f a brilliantly lit ap>tm5t1 or aft] view+ ! ,moon or a conspicu\s planet1 ! eye is totally unfit to receive impressions f a difficult object1 su* z a m9ute /> or fa9t nebula or comet2 "s "t mu/ be all[$ to elapse s t ! eye may recov] its s5sitiv5ess4 ,z a rule amateurs w f9d x be/ to conf9e _! att5tion to "o class ( objects only on ! same ev5+1 = if ! ,moon is fir/ exam9$ & !n imm$iately aft]w>ds ! telescope is direct$ ^u d\ble />s & nebul1 ! latt] objects are little likely to be se5 ) good effect4 ,if fa9t objects g5]ally are p]si/5tly /udi$ night aft] night & ! obs]v] refra9s f sol> & lun> "w1 8 eye w acquire great] s5sitiv5ess & he w readily pick up m9ute =ms :i* are utt]ly beyond ! rea* ( a man :o indiscrim9ately employs 8 eye & telescope ^u bright & fa9t objects4 ,records4--,) reg>d to records1 e obs]v] %\ld make a note ( :at he sees1 & at ! e>lie/ possible in/ant aft] ! obs]vation has be5 effect$4 ,if ! duty is relegat$ to a subsequ5t occasion x is ei!r n done at all or done v imp]fectly4 ,! mo/ sali5t features ( :atev] is obs]v$ %\ld be jott$ d[n 9 sy/ematic =m1 s z to p]mit ( ready ref]5ce aft]w>ds4 ,x is useful to pres]ve ^! records 9 a pag$ book1 ) an index1 s t ! matt] c be regul>ly po/$ up4 ,! neglig5ce ( c]ta9 obs]v]s 9 ?is respect has result$ 9 ! total loss ( valuable obs]vations4 ,ev5 if ! details appe> to possess no significance1 !y %\ld be fai?fully regi/]$ 9 a conv5i5t1 legible =m1 because _m facts deem$ ( no mom5t at ! "t may become ( consid]able importance4 ,! obs]v] %\ld nev] refra9 f su* descriptions because he attributes little value to !m4 ,"s m5 keep volum9\s di>ies 9 :i* !re is sc>cely any?+ wor? record2 b ?is is go+ to ! o!r extreme4 ,all t is want$ is a concise & brief /atem5t ( facts4 ,"s p]sons h omitt$ ref]5ces to features or objects obs]v$ because !y c\ld n und]/& !m1 & r di/ru/$ ! evid5ce ( _! eyes2 b ^! are ! v exp]i5ces :i* require c>eful record & re9ve/igation4 ,draw+4--,few obs]v]s are good draughtsm52 b x is a/oni%+ h[ seldom we meet ) real endeav\rs to excel 9 ?is respect4 ,e amateur %\ld practise draw+1 h[ev] indiff]5t 8 ef=ts may be4 ,del9eations1 ev5 if r\ghly execut$1 are (t5 m effective ?an :ole pages ( description4 ,pictorial repres5tations =m ! lead+ attraction ( a/ronomical lit]ature1 & are capable ( r5d]+ x m int]e/+ to ! popul> m9d ?an any o!r influ5ce4 ,!y induce a m apt conception ( :at cele/ial objects are really l ?an any am\nt ( v]bal matt] c possibly d4 ,= ?is reason x becomes ! obvi\s duty ( e obs]v] to cultivate sket*+ & draw+1 at lea/ 9 a rudim5t>y way4 ,he w frequ5tly f9d x ess5tial to illu/rate 8 descriptions1 s z to ensure _! ready compreh5sion4 ,9 fact1 a ?or\ghly effici5t obs]v] mu/ ( necessity become a draughtsman4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be 8 inv>iable aim to depict j :at he sees & 9 precisely ! =m 9 :i* x impresses 8 eye4 ,m]e pictorial embelli%m5ts mu/ be disreg>d$1 & he %\ld be c>eful n to include d\btful features1 possibly exi/+ 9 ! imag9ation alone1 unless he int5ds !m simply = 8 own guidance 9 future inve/igations4 ,if he sees b little1 & x is fai?fully del9eat$1 x w be ( m real value ?an a mo/ elaborate draw+ 9 :i* ! eye & imag9ation h ea* play$ a "p4 ,x is an und\bt$ fact t "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations 9 a/ronomical h&books are disfigur$ by features ei!r wrongly depict$ or hav+ no exi/5ce :atev]4 ,!re is v great ne$ = caution 9 repres5t+ su* m>k+s only z are di/9ctly & unmi/akably visible4 ,9 all cases :]e ! object is new or d\btful ! obs]v] %\ld await duplicate obs]vations be=e ann\nc+ x4 ,x is bett] t new features %\ld evade discov]y ?an t delusive repres5tations %\ld be h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,z reg>ds sel5ographical draw+s ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to :at ,mr4 ,eig] advises on p4 #ba & #bb ( volume v4 ( ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,liv]pool ,a/ronomical ,society4' ,my own plan 9 sket*+ at ! telescope is to fir/ r\ghly del9eate ! features bit by bit z ,i successively glimpse !m1 assur+ myself1 z ,i proce$1 z to g5]al correctness 9 outl9e & position2 !n1 on completion1 ,i g indoors to a bett] light & make copies :ile ! details are /ill fre%ly impress$ on ! m9d4 ,to s(t5 details a small piece ( blott+-pap] mu/ be wrapp$ r\nd ! po9t$ end ( ! p5cil1 & ! p>ts requir+ to be smoo!d g5tly t\*$ or rubb$ until ! desir$ effect is atta9$4 ,?is simple me?od1 prop]ly appli$1 w enable delicate m>k+s to be fai?fully reproduc$1 & x c]ta9ly adds 9 no small degree to ! m]it ( a draw+4 ,fri5dly ,indulg5ces4--,e man ^: a/ronomical pr$ilections are kn[n1 & :o has a telescope ( any size1 is pe/]$ ) applications f fri5ds & o!rs :o wi% to view "s ( ! wond]s ( ! heav5s4 ,( c\rse x is ! duty ( all ( u to enc\rage a laudable int]e/ 9 ! sci5ce1 especially :5 ev9c$ by neighb\rs or acqua9tances2 b ! utility ( an obs]v] con/itut+ himself a %[man1 & sacrific+ _m valuable h\rs :i* might be sp5t 9 useful obs]vations1 may be s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,! wea!r is s bad 9 ?is c\ntry t we c ill sp>e an h\r f our scanty /ore4 ,is x !re=e desirable to satisfy ! idle curiosity ( p :o h no deep-seat$ reg>d = a/ronomy1 & w c]ta9ly nev] exhibit _! pr(ess$ int]e/ 9 a sub/antial mann]8 ,assur$ly n4 ,! "t ( our obs]v]s is altoge!r too valuable to be employ$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,yet x is an undisput$ fact t "s self-d5y+ amateurs are unwe>y+ 9 _! ef=ts to accommodate _! fri5ds 9 ! respect allud$ to4 ,my own impression is t1 except 9 special cases1 ! obs]v] w be/ consult ! int]e/s ( a/ronomy1 z well z 8 own conv5i5ce & pleasure1 by decl9+ ! "* ( %[man2 = dep5d ^u x a p]son :o appreciates ! sci5ce 9 ! "r fa%ion w f9d ways & means to procure a telescope & gratify 8 ta/es to ! fulle/ capacity4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i took consid]able tr\ble on sev]al ev5+s 9 %[+ a v>iety ( objects to a cl]ical fri5d1 :o express$ an int5tion to buy a telescope & devote 8 leisure to ! sci5ce4 ,i sp5t _m h\rs 9 explanations c42 b "s weeks lat] my pupil in=m$ me 8 exp5ses 7 s heavy t he really c\ld n af=d to pur*ase in/rum5ts4 ,yet ,i f\nd soon aft] t he af=d$ #cj 9 a useless embelli%m5t ( ! front ( 8 resid5ce1 & x s disgu/$ me t ,i resolv$ to wa/e no m preci\s "t 9 a simil> way4 ,op5-,air ,obs]v+4--,night air is g5]ally ?\ght to be p]nici\s to heal?2 b ! longevity ( a/ronom]s is c]ta9ly oppos$ to ?is idea4 ,^? obs]v]s :o are unusually susceptible to affections ( ! respiratory organs mu/ ( c\rse ex]cise extreme c>e1 & w h>dly be wise 9 pursu+ a/ronomical "w out ( doors on ke51 w9try nights4 ,b o!rs1 less liable to climatic influ5ces1 may conduct op]ations ) impunity & safety dur+ ! mo/ sev]e wea!r4 ,precautions %\ld always be tak5 to ma9ta9 a conv5i5t degree ( w>m?2 &1 = ! re/1 ! obs]v]'s en?usiasm mu/ su/a9 him4 ,a 8wadd$ dress+-g[n0 has be5 m5tion$ z an effective protection f cold4 ,i h f\nd t a long1 ?ick ov]coat1 sub/antially l9$ ) flannel1 & "u ?is a /\t c>digan jacket1 w resi/ ! inroads ( cold = a long "t4 ,on v try+ nights a rug may also be ?r[n ov] ! %\ld]s & /rapp$ r\nd ! body4 ,dur+ int5se fro/s1 h[ev]1 ! cold w p5etrate 7z ,i h f\nd :ile engag$ 9 prolong$ wat*es = %oot+-/>s7 ?r\gh almo/ any cov]+4 ,z soon z ! obs]v] becomes uncom=tably *illy he %\ld g indoors & ?or\ghly w>m 8 ?+s be=e a fire4 ,he may !n return =tifi$ to 8 "w & pursue x = ano!r p]iod be=e ! fro/ aga9 makes its pres5ce disagreeably felt4 ,on w9dy nights a knitt$ wooll5 helmet to cov] ! head1 & rea*+ to ! %\ld]s1 is an excell5t protection2 b an obs]v] _h bett] n we> x m (t5 ?an is imp]ative1 or x becomes a necessity on ord9>y nights4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t 8a glass ( some?+ hot0 be=e go+ into ! night air is a good prev5tive to cat*+ cold4 ,x acts r 9 ! contr>y way4 ,! reaction aft] ! sy/em has be5 unduly heat$ only r5d]s ! obs]v] m s5sitive1 & ! inhalation ( cold air is !n v liable to induce affections ( ! ?roat4 ,a telescope p]man5tly erect$ 9 ! op51 & expos$ to all wea!rs1 mu/ soon lose its sm>t & bright appe>ance1 b x ne$ lose none ( its effici5cy1 :i* is ( f> m importance2 = x is int5d$ = s]vice1 n = %[4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be kept well pa9t$ & oil$4 ,i f9d vasel9e an excell5t application = ! screws & p>ts controll+ ! motions1 z x is n congelative l common oils4 ,! obs]v]1 be=e a night's "w & be=e d>kness sets 91 w d well to exam9e 8 in/rum5t & see t x is 9 ! be/ condition to facilitate "w4 ,:ole tribes ( insects take up _! habitation 9 ! base or framework1 & ev5 9 ! telescope itself if !y c effect a lodgm5t2 & ,i h sometimes _h to sweep away a p]fect labyr9? ( spid]s' webs f ! int]ior ( ! ma9 tube4 ,on "o occasion ,i c\ld n see any?+ ?r\gh ! f9d]1 try h[ ,i w\ld4 ,i aft]w>ds discov]$ t a mason-wasp 7,odyn]us mur>ius7 _h adopt$ ! vacuity 9 front ( ! eye-l5s z a suitable site = h] ne/2 & "h %e _h =m$ h] cells1 deposit$ h] eggs1 & enclos$ ! cat]pill>s necess>y = ! support ( ! "y :5 hat*$4 ,on ano!r night ,i came hurri$ly to ! telescope to obs]ve ,jupit] ) my s+le-l5s eyepiece1 p[] #beb1 b c\ld make no?+ out ( x b a confus$ gl>e1 subject to sudd5 ext9ctions & o!r extraord9>y vag>ies4 ,i suppos$ t ! bran*es ( a tree1 wav+ 9 ! w9d1 mu/ be int]pos$ 9 ! l9e ( sight1 b soon saw ?is c\ld n possibly be ! explanation4 ,look+ aga9 into ! eyepiece1 ,i caught a mom5t>y glimpse ( :at ,i int]pret$ = ! legs ( an insect magnifi$ into gigantic proportions & v di/9ct on ! bright backgr\nd =m$ by ,jupit] mu* out ( focus4 ,on deta*+ ! eyepiece & c>ry+ x indoors to a light1 an innoc5t-look+ sample ( ! common e>wig crawl$ out ( x4 ,! gyrations ( ! insect 9 its endeav\rs to f9d a place ( egress f its conf9em5t _h cle>ly caus$ ! effects allud$ to4 ,telescopic obs]v]s are ?us liable to become microscopic obs]v]s be=e !y are consci\s ( ! fact1 & p]haps also 9 opposition to _! int5tion4 ,o!r exp]i5ces might be n>rat$1 especially z reg>ds nocturnal obs]v+ 9 c\ntry or suburban di/ricts1 :]e ! 8s]i\s /ud5t ( ! skies0 may1 l myself1 f9d div]sion to 8 protract$ vigils by ! occasional capture ( a too-inquisitive h$gehog or "s o!r m>aud+ quadrup$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,au?or's ,telescope3 a #aj-;in* ,)-,br[n+ ,reflector4 ,me?od4--,ne>ly all ! mo/ successful obs]v]s h be5 m5 ( me?od4 ,! "w !y took 9 h& has be5 foll[$ p]si/5tly & ) c]ta9 def9ite ends 9 view4 ,!y recogniz$ t !re %\ld be a purpose 9 e obs]vation4 ,"s amateurs take an incr$ible am\nt ( pa9s to look up an object = ! simple satisfaction ( see+ x4 ,b see+ an object is n obs]v+ x4 ,! m]e view c\nts = no?+ f a sci5tific /&po9t1 ?\gh x may d\btless af=d "s satisfaction to ! p]son obta9+ x4 ,a practical a/ronom]1 ) 8 own cr$it at /ake & ! int]e/s ( ! sci5ce at he>t1 w require some?+ m4 ,9 obs]v+ a comet he w ei!r fix its position by c>eful measurem5t ) ref]5ce to />s ne>1 or critically exam9e its physical peculi>ities1 or p]haps bo?4 ,9 secur+ ^! data he w h accompli%$ useful "w1 :i* may q possibly h an endur+ value4 ,9 o!r bran*es ( obs]vation 8 aim w be simil>1 namely to acquire new mat]ials ) reg>d to place or to physical ph5om5a1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! rese>* ^u :i* he happ5s to be engag$4 ,su* results z he ga!rs are neatly tabulat$ 9 a =m conv5i5t = aft] comp>isons4 ,!re h be5 in/ances1 we "k1 :]e %e] c>elessness has result$ 9 ! loss ( important discov]ies4 ,lal&e mu/ h f\nd ,neptune 7& ma!matical a/ronomy w\ld h be5 robb$ ( its greate/ triumph7 half a c5tury be=e x 0 id5tifi$ 9 ,galle's telescope1 b 8 want ( c>e enabl$ x to elude him j :5 he 0 hov]+ on ! v v]ge ( its discov]y4 ,num]\s o!r in/ances might be m5tion$4 ,failure may ei!r arise f imp]fect or inaccurate records1 f a want ( discrim9ation1 f neglect 9 trac+ an app>5t discordance to its true s\rce1 or f hesitation4 ,i may be p>don$ = m5tion+ a case )9 my own exp]i5ce4 ,on ,july #aa1 #ahha1 j be=e daylight1 ,i /ood contemplat+ ,auriga1 & ! idea occurr$ to me to sweep ! region ) my comet eyepiece1 b ,i hesitat$1 ?9k+ ! prospect n suffici5tly invit+4 ,?ree nights lat] ,s*b]le at ,ann ,arbor1 ,u4,s4,a41 discov]$ a bright telescopic comet 9 ,auriga6 ,be=e sunrise on ,octob] #d ( ! same ye> ,i _h be5 obs]v+ ,jupit]1 & aga9 hesitat$ z to ! utility ( comet-seek+1 b1 rememb]+ ! little episode 9 my pa/ exp]i5ce1 ,i in/antly set to "w1 & at almo/ ! fir/ sweep alight$ ^u a suspici\s object :i* aft]w>ds prov$ itself a comet ( %ort p]iod4 ,^! facts tea* "o to value 8 opportunities4 ,!y _c be lightly neglect$1 com+ z !y d all too r>ely4 ,! obs]v] %\ld nev] hesitate4 ,he mu/ endeav\r to at lea/ effect a little :5ev] an occasion (f]s2 = x is j t little :i* may yield a m>k$ success--great]1 p]haps1 ?an mon?s ( ardu\s lab\r may a*ieve at ano!r "t4 ,p]sev]ance4--,p]si/5cy 9 obs]vation1 ap>t f ! value d]iv$ f cumulative results1 increases ! p[]s ( an obs]v] to a consid]able degree4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! same objects are subject$ to repeat$ scrut9y4 ,a fir/ view1 ?\gh x may seem p]fectly satisfactory 9 its conditions & results1 does n repres5t :at ! obs]v] is capable ( do+ ) r5ew$ ef=t4 ,let u suppose t a lun> object ) complicat$ detail is to be ?or\ghly survey$4 ,! obs]v] del9eates at ! fir/ view ev]y?+ t appe>s to be visible4 ,b a subsequ5t ef=t reveals o!r features :i* elud$ him be=e1 & _m additional details are gradually rea*$ dur+ lat] obs]vations4 ,ultimately ! obs]v] f9ds t 8 fir/ draw+ is sc>cely m ?an a m]e outl9e ( ! =mation z he sees x at 8 late/ ef=ts4 ,details :i* he reg>d$ z difficult at fir/ h become comp>atively conspicu\s1 & a numb] ( delicate /ructures h be5 exhibit$ :i* 7 q beyond 8 rea* at ! outset4 ,! eye has become famili>iz$ ) ! object1 & its p[]s fairly br\ght out by tra9+ & exp]i5ce4 ,?is tra9+ is v s]viceable1 b is seldom appreciat$ 9 ! degree ( its influ5ce4 ,_m a tyro has ab&on$ a project$ s]ies ( obs]vations on f9d+ t 8 initiatory view falls w(ully %ort ( publi%$ draw+s or descriptions4 ,he consid]s himself hopelessly di/anc$1 & reg>ds x z impossible to atta9--mu* less excel--! results a*iev$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he does n realize t _! "w is ! issue ( ye>s ( close application1 & t x repres5ts ! collective outcome ( _m successive nights4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t x is a great mi/ake to anticipate failure 9 ?is way4 ,no telescopic "w has be5 done 9 ! pa/ t w n be done bett] 9 ! future4 ,no obs]v] c rate 8 capacity until he has rigor\sly te/$ x by exp]i5ce4 ,! eye mu/ become accu/om$ to an object be=e x is able to d itself ju/ice4 ,^? :o h be5 s$ul\sly engag$ 9 a c]ta9 rese>* w1 z a rule1 see f> m ?an o!rs :o are b j ent]+ ^u x--n f a natural sup]iority ( vision1 b because ( ! aptitude & p[] acquir$ by practice4 ,no matt] h[ meagre an obs]v]'s prim>y attempts may be1 he %\ld by no means relax 8 ef=ts1 b r feel t 8 want ( success mu/ be rem$i$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is a common fault ) obs]v]s t !y leave too mu* to _! in/rum5ts1 & rely ^u !m = ! results :i* really dep5d entirely ^u _! p]sonal endeav\rs4 ,a skill$ workman w d good "w ) indiff]5t tools2 = aft] all x is ! "* ( ! man t is evid5t 9 8 results1 & n s mu* ! res\rces :i* art places 9 8 h&s4 ,mu* also dep5ds ^u ! feel+s by :i* ! amateur is actuat$ :5 he comm5ces "w4 ,a few ent] into x ) a degree ( en]gy & det]m9ation t kn[s no we>y+ & w accept no defeat4 ,o!rs display a half-he>t$ en?usiasm1 & are con/antly d\bt+ ei!r _! p]sonal ability or _! in/rum5tal means4 ,_m o!rs1 aga91 :5 ! circum/ances appe> a little aga9/ !m reg>d failure z inevitable4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said1 h[ev]1 t e difficulty may be surm\nt$ by p]sev]ance1 & t a man's en?usiasm is (t5 ! measure ( 8 success1 & success is r>ely d5i$ to him ^: he>t is 9 8 "w4 ,def9ition 9 ,t[ns4--,! a/ronomical j\rnals conta9 "s int]e/+ ref]5ces to ! def9ition ( telescopes 9 l>ge t[ns4 ,( c\rse ! pur] ! air ! bett] = obs]vational purposes4 ,b obs]v]s :o reside 9 popul\s di/ricts ne$ n despair ( do+ really useful "w4 ,! vap\rs hang+ ov] a l>ge city are by no means s objectional z is commonly suppos$4 ,:5 !y are circulat+ rapidly across ! obs]v]'s field ( view !y w prove v tr\blesome at times2 b 9 a comp>atively tranquil /ate ( ! air def9ition is excell5t4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd planet>y m>k+s v %>p & /eady ?r\gh ! smoke & fog ( ,bri/ol4 ,! int]pos+ vap\rs h ! effect ( mod]at+ ! bright images & improv+ _! quality4 ,:5 !re is a driv+ w9d1 & ^! heat$ vap\rs f ! city are roll+ rapidly pa/1 objects at once appe> 9 a /ate ( ebullition1 & ! "w ( obs]vation may z well be po/pon$4 ,smoke f neighb\r+ *imneys is utt]ly ru9\s to def9ition3 a bright /> is trans=m$ into a see?+1 comet>y mass1 & ! planets und]go contortions ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ "*4 ,l>ge in/rum5ts be+ m susceptible to su* influ5ces--&1 inde$1 to atmosph]ical vag>ies ( all k9ds--are *iefly affect$ by ! drawbacks we h allud$ to2 b !re are _m opportunities :5 _! p[]s may be fully utiliz$4 ,9 sweep+ = fa9t comets1 or 9 o!r "w 7su* z ! obs]vation ( nebul7 :]e a d>k sky is ! fir/ ess5tial1 a t[n /ation has a manife/ disadvantage because ( ! artificial illum9ation ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b = g5]al telescopic "w ! conditions d n (f] a s]i\s imp$im5t1 especially if ! obs]v] is c>eful to seize ! _m suitable occasions t mu/ occur4 ,! direction ( ! w9d relatively to 8 position & ! c5tral "p ( ! city1 w occasion consid]able diff]5ces to an obs]v] :o uses a telescope 9 a suburban locality4 ,photography4--,^u ?is bran* ( practical a/ronomy n mu* w be said 9 ?is volume1 z x is r beyond its scope1 & possibly also beyond ! res\rces ( ord9>y amateurs1 s f> z really valuable "w is conc]n$4 ,a ref]5ce mu/1 h[ev]1 be made to an innovation :i* has des]v$ly assum$ a v prom95t place1 & is cle>ly de/9$ to ex]t an accel]at+ influ5ce on ! progress ( exact a/ronomy4 ,at pres5t x is impossible to =etell h[ f> x may be employ$ & ext5d$1 b judg+ f rec5t developm5ts its applications w be z manifold z !y w be valuable4 ,photographic records possess a great advantage ov] o!rs1 because !y are m accurate & !re=e m reliable4 ,!y are pictures f ,nature tak5 by means free f ! bias & error insep>able f m]e eye-e/imations or h&-draw+s4 ,! latt] are full ( discordances :5 comp>$ "o ) ano!r1 & c seldom be implicitly tru/$2 b 9 ! photograph a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s prevails4 ,"h we h a fai?ful portrayal or reproduction ( ! object impress$ by itself ^u ! plate4 ,h5ce x c be dep5d$ ^u1 because !re has be5 no int]m$iate m$dl+ ei!r ) its position or features by :at may be t]m$ arti/ic misrepres5tation4 ,true1 !re may be imp]fections 9 ! process2 trifl+ flaws & ob/ructions w inv>iably creep 9 :]ev] comp>atively new & novel "w is attempt$1 b ^! w b little detract f ! value ( its results4 ,photography is obvi\sly a means ( discov]y z well z a means ( accurate record2 = nebul & fa9t />s q invisible to ! eye h be5 di/+ui%$ = ! fir/ "t ^u ! negatives4 ,^? ( our amateurs :o int5d work+ 9 ?is bran* w f9d x a productive "o1 & n decay+ 9 int]e/2 b ! necess>y outfit w be exp5sive if ?or\ghly capable in/rum5ts are to be employ$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,london ,,/]eoscopic ,,co4 ,,photomezzotype ,,/anmore ,,obs]vatory4 ,,outside ,,view ,publications4--,! obs]v] ( to-day may e/eem himself p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 reg>d to ! numb] & quality ( ! a/ronomical j\rnals )9 8 rea*4 ,discov]ies & curr5t ev5ts receive prompt notice 9 ^!1 & read]s are fully in=m$ ^u ! lead+ topics4 ,among ! be/ ( ! p]iodicals allud$ to are #8,! ,obs]vatory' 7,taylor ,francis1 ,london71 #8,! ,sid]eal ,mess5g]' 7,nor?field1 ,m9n41 ,u4,s4,a471 & ,l',a/ronomie 7,gauti]-,vill>s1 ,p>is74 ,! ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t5 7,kiel1 ,g]many7 is a v old & valu$ s]ial1 & #8,! ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal' 7,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a47 may also be fav\rably m5tion$4 ,! #8,mon?ly ,notices' ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society & ! #8,j\rnals' ( ! ,liv]pool & ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,societies conta9 _m int]e/+ mat]ials4 #8,nature1' #8,! ,engli% ,me*anic1' & #8,k' are among ! ,engli% j\rnals :i* devote "p ( _! space to ! sci5ce2 & ! beautiful illu/rations 9 ! latt] entitle x to special recognition4 ,x is evid5t1 f ?is %ort summ>y1 ! amateur w f9d t 8 lit]>y appetite may be amply satisfi$1 & %\ld he desire a *annel = record+ 8 own "w or ideas ! publications ref]r$ to (f] him e facility & enc\ragem5t4 ,z to almanacks1 ! #8,nautical' :i* has be5 t]m$ 8,! ,a/ronom]'s ,bible10 includes a mass ( tabul> matt]1 "s portion ( :i* is ( utility to ! amateur1 b x does n give data :i* are to be f\nd 9 "s o!r publications4 ,i ref] p>ticul>ly to ephem]ides ( ! satellites ( ,m>s1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 to ! dates ( max4 & m94 ( v>iable />s1 to ! times ( ris+ & sett+ ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & planets1 to ! epo*s & positions ( meteor-%[]s1 c4 ,! annual #8,companion to ! ,obs]vatory' furni%es mo/ ( ^! details1 & #8,:itak]'s ,almanack' & ,br[n ,sons' #8,nautical ,almanack' ea* conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( s]viceable in=mation4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is *iefly devot$ to topics connect$ ) ,navigation1 :ile #8,:itak]'s ,almanack' is an ext5sive rep]tory ( g5]al facts4 ,) respect to h&books mu* dep5ds ^u ! direction ( ! obs]v]'s lab\rs1 = he w obvi\sly require works deal+ expressly ) 8 special subject4 ,z a reliable companion to ! telescope1 ,webb's #8,cele/ial ,objects = ,common ,telescopes' 7#d? edit41 #ahha7 is indisp5sable2 z a "w ( ref]5ce1 & "o =m+ an exhau/ive conspectus ( a/ronomical facts1 ,*amb]s's #8,descriptive ,a/ronomy' 7#d? edit41 9 #c vols41 #ahhi7 may be recomm5d$4 ,l$g]'s #8,! ,sun1 its planets & _! satellites' is ano!r good descriptive "w4 ,! beg9n] w f9d ,noble's #8,h\rs ) a #c-;in* ,telescope' full ( v in/ructive & agreeable mat]ial2 :ile ! m exp]i5c$ a/ronom]1 requir+ a ma/]ly exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 mu/ procure ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's #8,outl9es' 7#aa? edit41 #ahga74 ,9 dep>tm5tal "w books ( m exclusive "* w be necess>y4 ,?us1 /ud5ts ( sol> physics w want ,"y's volume on #8,! ,sun2' obs]v]s ( our satellite w ne$ ,neison's #8,moon4' ,^? :o f9d d\ble />s int]e/+ %\ld get ,crossley1 ,gl$hill1 ,wilson's #8,h&book' & ,*amb]s's revis$ edition ( ,admiral ,smy?'s #8,cycle2' o!rs work+ on v>iable />s w ne$ ! ,catalogues ( ,*&l] & ,gore4 ,jovian ph5om5a are well repres5t$ 9 ,/anley ,williams's #8,z5ographic ,fragm5ts4' ,comets h be5 fully treat$ ( 9 works by ,coop]1 ,h9d1 & ,guillem92 :ile to ! obs]v] ( eclipses ,johnson's #8,eclipses ,pa/ & ,future' is a valuable guide4 ,ev]yone int]e/$ 9 nebul w ( c\rse require ,h]s*el-,drey]'s #8,g5]al ,catalogue1' conta9+ #ghdj objects & publi%$ by ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 9 #ahhh4 ,z to planet>y obs]vations1 ! sev]al works ( ,webb1 ,*amb]s 7vol4 i471 & ,l$g]1 fir/ cit$1 supply a l>ge am\nt ( detail1 almo/ obviat+ ! necessity = fur!r books4 ,pa/ & ,future4--,obs]v]s & telescopes g on increas+ day by day1 & ! future ( a/ronomy has a mo/ brilliant outlook4 ,photography has latt]ly effect$ a p>tial revolution 9 obs]vation1 ?\gh x c nev] entirely sup]s$e old me?ods4 ,spectrum analysis1 too1 has =m$ a valuable acquisition dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,) ! new & ref9$ processes1 & ) ! gigantic in/rum5ts :i* h be5 erect$1 we may confid5tly anticipate _m additions to our k1 especially 9 reg>d to v small & fa9t bodies :i* ! inf]ior appliances ( previ\s ye>s h fail$ to grasp4 ,& x is c]ta9 t "s ( ! presum$ discov]ies ( pa/ times mu/ be expung$1 because n v]ifi$ by ! m p]fect & p[]ful rese>*es ( a lat] date4 ,let u place 9 p>allel columns 7#a7 a few ( ! suspect$ objects ?us to be eras$1 & 7#b7 "s ( ^? :i* ! future w probably add to our /ore3- 7#a47 7#b47 ,satellite ( ,v5us4 ,satellites ( ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,vulcan4 ,ultra-,neptunian ,planet4 ,active ,volcanoes on ! ,moon4 ,*anges on ! ,moon4 ,deta*$ cusps ( ,v5us & ,m]cury ,rotation ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 indicat+ high m\nta9s4 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,r+s ( ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,m9or ,planets4 ,multiple companions to ,pol>is ,p]iodical ,comets4 & ,vega4 ,nebul & ,d\ble ,/>s4 ,:atev] may be ! direction ( future enquiries or ! dep>tures f old & tri$ me?ods1 ord9>y amateurs ) small in/rum5ts1 ?\gh h&icapp$ m heavily z reg>ds ! prospect ( effect+ discov]ies1 may yet always be expect$ to accompli% useful "w4 ,ev5 to him :o simply makes ! sci5ce a hobby & a s\rce ( recreation 9 a leisure h\r aft] ! c>es ( bus9ess1 ! sky nev] ceases to af=d a means ( agreeable ent]ta9m5t4 ,he may nei!r a*ieve di/9ction nor seek x2 b ?is he w assur$ly d--ga9 an in/ructive insight into ! m>vell\s works ( 8 ,creator1 & acquire a k :i* c only ex]cise an elevat+ tone to 8 life4 ,! obs]v] :o quietly1 f 8 cottage w9d[1 surveys ! ev5+ /> or ! new ,moon ?r\gh 8 little telescope (t5 f9ds a deep] pleasure ?an ! pr(ici5t a/ronom] :o1 f 8 elevat$ & ri*ly appo9t$ obs]vatory1 discov]s new orbs ) "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts ev] made4 ,attractions ( ,telescopic ,"w4--,9 conclud+ our comm5ts we may briefly ref] to ! importance & pleasure atta*$ to telescopic "w1 & ! gr[+ popul>ity ( obs]vation 9 ! attractive & div]se field ( a/ronomy4 ,a telescope may ei!r be employ$ z an in/rum5t ( sci5tific discov]y & critical "w1 or x may be made a s\rce ( recreation & in/ruction4 ,by its means ! p[]s ( ! eye are s f> assi/$ & exp&$ t we are enabl$ to =m a cle>] conception ( ! wond]ful works ( ! ,creator ?an c\ld be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,objects :i* appe> to natural vision 9 dim & unc]ta9 *>act]s are resolv$1 ev5 9 telescopes ( ! smalle/ pret5tions1 into pictures ( well-def9$ outl9es conta9+ details ( configuration f> exce$+ :at are expect$4 ,& x is entirely ow+ to ! exact measurem5ts obta9$ "u telescopic p[] t _m ( ! mo/ important problems ( a/ronomy h be5 satisfactorily solv$4 ,to ?is in/rum5t we are indebt$1 n only 9 a great measure = our k ( ! physical features ( _m cele/ial bodies1 b also = ! accurate in=mation we h ga9$ z to _! motions1 di/ances1 & magnitudes4 ,ap>t f ?is x is capable ( af=d+ ample ent]ta9m5t to all ^? :o are desir\s ( view+ = !mselves "s ( ! absorb+ wond]s ( a/ronomy z describ$ 9 our h&books4 ,& a demon/ration ( ?is practical k9d is m effective ?an any am\nt ( description 9 br++ home to ! compreh5sion ( ! un9itiat$ ! unique & picturesque side ( a/ronomy4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,sun4 ,sol> ,obs]vations4--,e>ly notices ( ,spots4--,difficulties ( ! old obs]v]s4--,small in/rum5ts useful4--,t9t$ glass4--,sol> ,diagonal4--,/ructure ( a ,spot4--,me?ods ( ,draw+4--,asc]ta9+ ,dim5sions4--,obs]v]'s aims4--,eclipses ( ! ,sun4--,p]iodicity ( ,spots4--,crat]i=m /ructure4--8,will[-,leaves40--,rotation ( ! ,sun4--,planet>y bodies 9 transit4--,prop] motion ( ,sun-spots4--,rise & decay ( ,spots4--,black ,nuclei 9 ! umbr4--,bright objects ne> ! ,sun4--,cyclonic action4--,sudd5 outbur/s ( ,facul4--,%ad[s ca/ by ,facul4--,veil$ ,spots4--,recurr5t di/urbances4--,recurr5t =ms4--,exceptional position ( ,spots4--,! ,sol> prom95ces4 8,along ! skies ! ,sun obliquely rolls1 ,=sakes1 by turns1 & visits bo? ! poles2 ,diff'r5t 8 track1 b con/ant 8 c>e]1 ,divides ! times1 & measures out ! ye>40 ,! ,sun is n an object compreh5d$ 9 ! title ( ?is volume4 ,b to h omitt$ ref]5ce to a body ( su* va/ importance1 & "o display+ s _m int]e/+ features to ! telescopic obs]v]1 w\ld h be5 inexcusable4 ,we may reg>d ! ,sun z ! dom9ant p[]1 ! controll+ orb1 & ! great c5tral lum9>y ( our sy/em4 ,! ph5om5a visibly display$ on 8 surface assume a p>ticul> significance1 z affect+ a body occupy+ s high a place 9 ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,! mean app>5t diamet] ( ! ,sun is #cb #cf1 & 8 real diamet] #hff1jjj miles4 ,! app>5t diamet] v>ies f a m9imum ( #ca #cb at ! end ( ,june to a maximum ( #cbcf2 at ! end ( ,decemb]2 & ! mean value is rea*$ bo? at ! end ( ,m>* & ,septemb]4 ,! ,sun's mean di/ance f ! ,e>? is ab\t #ib1ijj1jjj miles1 comput$ f a sol> p>allax ( #hh1 :i* appe>s to agree ) ! be/ ( rec5t det]m9ations4 ,at ?is di/ance ! l9e> value ( #a ( arc is #ddg miles4 ,! ,sun's app>5t diamet] is z foll[s on ! fir/ day ( ea* mon?3-- ,jan4 #a #cb #cfj ,feb4 #a #cb #cah ,m>4 #a #cb #bjd ,april #a #cb #ch ,may #a #ca #dhj ,june #a #ca #cfd ,july #a #ca #cbj ,aug4 #a #ca #ceh ,sept4 #a #ca #dgj ,oct4 #a #cb #bf ,nov4 #a #cb #aib ,dec4 #a #cb #caf ,sol> obs]vations may be pursu$ ) a facility great] ?an t att5d+ "w 9 "s o!r dep>tm5ts ( practical a/ronomy4 ,! ,moon1 planets1 & />s h to be obs]v$ at night1 :5 cold air1 d>kness1 & o!r circum/ances are ! cause ( inconv5i5ce2 b ! /ud5t ( ! ,sun lab\rs only 9 ! light & w>m? ( g5ial days1 :5 all ! incid5tals to obs]vation may be agreeably p]=m$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s drawbacks ev5 9 ?is pleasant sph]e ( "w4 ,! light ( ! ,sun is s great t mu* p]si/5t obs]vation is apt to h an injuri\s effect on ! eye1 & w c]ta9ly dead5 its s5sitiv5ess on fa9t objects4 ,9 ! summ] mon?s ! obs]v] exp]i5ces discom=t dur+ a l5g?y obs]vation f rema9+ s long 9 ! p[]ful rays ( ! ,sun1 "s ( :i* mu/ fall ^u 8 face unless measures are adopt$ to %ield x4 ,dur+ ! progress ( sol> "w ! /ud5t %\ld always provide = himself z mu* %elt] z possible f ! gl>e1 :i* mu/ o!rwise di/urb t equanimity ( feel+ 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* no delicate rese>* is likely to be successfully conduct$4 8,spots on ! ,sun0 7 rem>k$ long be=e ! telescope came into s]vice4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*9ese annals _m ref]5ces are made to ^! objects2 ?us1 9 ,a4,d4 #ahh1 ,febru>y #ad1 x is record$--8,! col\r ( ! ,sun r$di%-yell[2 a fleckle 9 ! ,sun 7bird-%ap$740 ,o!r anci5t notices comp>e ! spots to a fly+ bird1 an apple1 or an egg4 ,_m spots 7 se5 9 lat] ye>s1 especially 9 #cba1 #hjg1 #hdj1 #ajif1 c4 ,9 #hjg a l>ge black spot ^u ! ,sun 0 wat*$ dur+ a p]iod ( eight days4 ,x reflects mu* cr$it ^u obs]v]s ( a pa/ age t !y p]=m$ s _m useful feats ( obs]vation1 ?\gh rely+ simply ^u ! p[]s ) :i* ,nature alone _h end[$ !m4 ,!y anticipat$ ! telescope 9 "s important discov]ies4 ,l>ge sun-spots are n1 x is true1 difficult features to p]ceive ) ! nak$ eye "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 = :5ev] !re is a fog or haze suffici5tly d5se to veil ! lu/re ( ! ,sun 9 suitable degree1 !y c be readily se51 presum+1 ( c\rse1 t su* spots are 9 exi/5ce at ! "t4 ,!y are sometimes obs]v$1 9 a purely casual way1 by p :o may happ5 to glance at ! ,sun :5 he is involv$ 9 fog & looks l a dull1 r$ ball susp5d$ 9 ! firmam5t4 ,on "o occasion1 ne> sunset1 9 ! autumn ( #ahgj1 ,i saw f\r l>ge spots on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,sun1 & ^! ph5om5a 7 v num]\s at ab\t ?is "t4 ,:5 spots atta9 a diamet] ( #ej or m !y may be detect$ by p]sons ( good sight2 b if ! ,sun is high & cle>1 col\r$ glass mu/ be us$ to def5d ! eye4 ,d\bt hangs ov] ! "q z to ! fir/ telescopic obs]v] ( ! spots4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,fabricius1 ,galilei1 ,h>riot1 & ,s*e9] all rem>k$ !m 9 ab\t ! ye> #afaa2 & ( ^! ,fabricius p]haps des]ves ! *ief praise1 z ! fir/ :o publi%$ a memoir on ! subject4 ,galilei appe>s und\bt$ly to h _h priority 9 recogniz+ ! bright spots1 or facul4 ,s*e9] discov]$ t ! black spots1 or macul1 are compos$ ( a d>k umbra & a fa9t] outly+ %ade1 call$ ! p5umbra4 ,arago quotes him z hav+ also describ$ ! ,sun z 8cov]$ ov] its :ole surface ) v small1 bright1 & obscure po9ts1 or ) lively & sombre /reaks ( v sl5d] dim5sions1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 all directions40 ,he ann\nc$1 too1 t ! spots 7 conf9$ to a n>r[ zone on ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! equator1 & ?is he t]m$ ! 8,royal ,zone40 ,"s grave difficulties appe> to h m>k$ ! attempts ( ! e>li] obs]v]s2 = !y did n all use col\r$ glasses1 & ! dazzl+ light ( ! ,sun1 int5sifi$ by _! l5ses1 (t5 ov]p[]$ ! sight1 & s we f9d !m await+ opportunities :5 fog p>tly obscur$ ! ,sun ne> 8 ris+ or sett+4 ,?us ,h>riot1 :o seems to h notic$ & figur$ ?ree sun-spots z e>ly z #afaj1 ,dec4 #h1 says3--8,! altitude ( ! ,sonne be+ #g or #h degrees1 & x be+ a fro/ & a mi/1 ,i saw ! ,sonne 9 ?is mann]40 ,8 draw+ foll[$4 ,on ano!r occasion he says3--8,a notable mi/3 ,i obs]v$ ! ,sonne at sundry times1 :5 x 0 fit40 ,fabricius advis$ o!r obs]v]s to comm5ce _! obs]vations by admitt+ only a small portion ( ! ,sun into ! field1 s t ! eye might be prep>$ to receive ! light ( ! entire disk4 ,galilei 0 equally unaw>e ( ! advantage ( t9t$ glass1 & adopt$ ! exp$i5t ( scann+ ! ,sun :5 plac$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! horizon4 ,he rem>ks t 8! spot ( #afab1 ,april #e appe>$ at sunset20 & 8 writ+s conta9 o!r ref]5ces ( simil> import4 ,s*e9]1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 m alive to ! requirem5ts ( ! "w1 & employ$ a pla9 gre5 glass plac$ 9 front ( ! object-l5s ( 8 telescope4 ,"u ! v>i\s circum/ances we h be5 allud+ to1 ! views obta9$ ( ! sol> surface mu/ necess>ily h be5 ( a v defective "*1 & ! old obs]v]s at lea/ des]ve our sympa?y 9 _! ex]tions4 ,no su* ob/acles confront ! obs]v] n[4 ,he has ev]y?+ provid$ = him4 ,in/rum5tal devices rob ! ,sun ( 8 noonday brilliancy1 & ! eye s]5ely scans ! details ( 8 expansive image )\t ! slighte/ pa9 or ef=t4 ,small telescopes are peculi>ly well adapt$ = sol> obs]vations4 ,a good #c-;in* refractor or #d-;in* reflector w reveal an a/oni%+ div]sity ( /ructure 9 ! spots1 & %[ some?+ ( ! complicat$ m9uti ( ! g5]al surface4 ,if ! ap]ture ( ei!r in/rum5t is #b in*es m ?an t /at$1 s mu* ! bett]2 b fur!r ?an ?is x is r>ely advisable to g4 ,:5 ! objective or mirror exce$s a diamet] ( #e or #f in*es a /op (t5 improves ! images1 & ev5 small] in/rum5ts w p]=m bett] :5 a little contract$4 ,def9ition is "h ! po9t to be desir$2 ( light we h a sup]abundance4 ,b if ! obs]v] m$itates a critical analysis ( ! detail1 ei!r ( a s+le spot1 ( a gr\p ( spots1 or ( a small area ( ! lum9\s surface1 !n a fair am\nt ( ap]ture %\ld be us$1 because great] ap]ture means great] sep>at+ p[]1 & ! latt] w be useful 9 resolv+ ! network ( fibr\s mat]ials ( :i* app>5tly ! :ole surface is compos$4 ,b = ! common requirem5ts ( ! obs]v] an in/rum5t ( #c or #d in*es w be f\nd v effective1 & x c ei!r be us$ on a %ort tripod /&1 plac$ on a /eady table ne> a w9d[ hav+ a s\? aspect1 or x may be m\nt$ on a tall g>d5 /& &1 accord+ to ! own]'s pleasure1 ei!r fix$ at 8 w9d[ or 9 8 g>d54 ,two p[]s w be really necess>y--"o ( ab\t #fj & a field ( q #cc to conta9 ! entire disk & give a good g5]al view1 & ano!r ( #aej to :i* ! obs]v] w h rec\rse :5 exam9+ details4 ,additional eyepieces w be sometimes useful1 especially "o ( ab\t #ajj2 b ! p[] ( #fj previ\sly recomm5d$ w1 if a ,huyg5ian1 answ] ! same purpose1 = if ! field-l5s is remov$ x w be increas$ to ab\t #ij4 ,& %\ld ! obs]v] ?9k t any?+ is to be ga9$ by a high] magnifi] ?an #aej1 let him use ! eye-l5s only ( t p[]4 ,i h obta9$ _m exquisite views ( sun-spots ) a s+le l5s1 &1 in/ead ( pur*as+ new eyepieces1 a real advantage w be d]iv$ 9 adopt+ ! plan sugge/$4 ,!re w be a small] field & m col\r ab\t ! image1 b ! improvem5t 9 def9ition is consid]able1 & m ?an balances ^! disadvantages4 ,t9t$ glass mu/ always be employ$1 unless a d5se fog prevails1 9 :i* case ! example ( ! old obs]v]s may be emulat$4 ,sev]al col\r$ glasses1 ( v>i\s dep?s1 are ne$$ = use accord+ z ! occasion requires4 ,) a high ,sun on a bright ,june day a d>k] t9t w be necess>y ?an 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! ,sun's rays are b feebly transmitt$ ?r\gh ! horizontal vap\rs4 ,r$ glass is unsatisfactory1 z !re is mu* heat & gl>e ) x2 b :5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) gre5 ! effect is excell5t4 ,gre5 alone is (t5 us$1 & answ]s well2 b x is n always ?ick & d5se en\gh = ! purpose4 ,! plan ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 to int]pose a glass tr\gh ( dilut$ ink1 has nev] become popul>1 ?\gh he f\nd x to succe$ admirably4 ,smok$ glass is also adapt$ = sol> "w1 & recomm5ds itself z be+ always obta9able at a m9ute's notice4 ,"s obs]v]s use a ,b>l[ l5s1 ) a ?9 film ( silv] deposit$ on ! surfaces4 ,x is !n suffici5tly transp>5t to give a neutral t9t :5 held be=e a light1 & %>p def9ition is said to be obta9$ )\t additional protection4 ,mr4 ,?orn?waite has also employ$ a col\r$ ,b>l[ l5s ) effect4 ,a sol> diagonal is a v necess>y appliance if ! obs]v] w\ld ensure p]fect safety2 = any refractor exce$+ #b-;in*es ap]ture may1 :5 turn$ on ! ,sun1 focus en\gh heat to fracture ! t9t$ sun-glass4 ,! diagonal1 by pres]v+ a "p only ( ! sol> rays :i* are transmitt$ by ! object-glass1 enables obs]vations to be made 9 security4 ,?is little in/rum5t is comp>atively *eap1 & no telescope is complete )\t "o4 ,dawes's sol> eyepiece s]ves ! same purpose 9 a diff]5t mann]1 b x is an exp5sive luxury4 ,9 ! latt] con/ruction !re is a p]=at$ diaphragm fix$ ne> ! eyepiece & s arrang$ t ! quantity ( admitt$ light may be modifi$ consi/5tly ) ! obs]v]'s wi%es4 ,9 reflect+-telescopes ) glass mirrors1 effective views ( ! ,sun are obta9able by employ+ unsilv]$ mirrors2 = suffici5t light is reflect$ by ! glass surfaces to =m good images ( sol> detail4 ,:at1 p]haps1 int]f]es m ?an any o!r circum/ance ) successful obs]vation ( ! ,sun1 is ! fact t ! rays1 fall+ ^u ! telescope & objects ne>1 induce a good deal ( radiation1 ! direct t5d5cy ( :i* is to impair ! def9ition & give a rippl+ effect to ! disk4 ,?is is sometimes pres5t 9 su* =ce t ! spots are subject to an incessant commotion1 :i* s]ves to oblit]ate _! m delicate features4 ,a %ady place is be/1 !re=e1 = su* "w2 & if ! obs]v] leaves 8 telescope = a %ort "t1 int5d+ to resume obs]vations1 x %\ld nev] be plac$ broadside to ! ,sun1 or ! tube wall get hot1 & heat$ curr5ts mu/ be g5]at$ 9 ! int]ior1 to ! ru9 ( subsequ5t views4 ,a l>ge sun-spot consi/s ( an app>5tly black nucleus1 a br[n umbra1 divid$ possibly by ve9s ( bright matt] or by encroa*m5ts ( ! p5umbra :i* surr\nds x4 ,! latt] is ( mu* light] tone ?an ! umbra1 ?\gh (t5 simil> 9 its g5]al =m4 ,! out] edges ( ! umbra are s]rat$ or scallop$ by rice-gra9 protub]ances4 ,! inn] region ( ! p5umbra is mu* bright] ?an ! out]1 & ! latt] (t5 exhibits q a dusky fr+e1 induc$ by l9es ( d>k mat]ial int]v5+ ) ! bright] p>ticles4 ,! filam5ts =m+ ! p5umbra--(t5 gr\p$ 9 a radial mann] ) ref]5ce to ! c5tre ( a spot--w\ld appe> to be m widely sep>at$ ne> ! out] bord] ( ! p5umbra1 & suffici5tly s to all[ sections ( ! umbral lay] ( ! ,sun to be obs]v$ ?r\gh ! int]/ices4 ,! light] t9t ( ! int]ior "p ( ! p5umbra is /at$ to be due to contra/2 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,! diff]5ce is too def9ite & di/9ct to p]mit su* an explanation4 ,mr4 ,maund] says 8t usually 7n inv>iably7 ! p5umbra d>k5s t[>ds ! umbra1 & t ! ph5om5on z ord9>ily describ$ is m]ely an effect ( contra/40 ,my own obs]vations1 h[ev]1 appe> to %[ t !re is an actual diff]5ce ( detail 9 ! out] & inn] portions ( ! p5umbra1 :i* gives a d>k] tone to ! =m]4 ,9 draw+ ! =ms ( sun-spots ! obs]v] mu/ be exp$iti\s1 because ( ! v>iations :i* are quickly & con/antly affect+ !m4 ,9 conclud+ a sket* ,i f9d x ess5tial to make sev]al alt]ations 9 x1 ow+ to ! *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 ! spots dur+ ! int]val ( a qu>t] ( an h\r or s s9ce x 0 comm5c$4 ,! details mu/ be fill$ 9 consecutively1 ea* "o be+ ! result ( a c>eful scrut9y4 ,:5 f9i%$1 ! :ole sket* %\ld be comp>$ ) ! object itself & am5d$ if f\nd necess>y4 ,! obs]v] %\ld also m>k ^u ! %eet ! measur$ or e/imat$ latitude & longitude ( ! spot1 & make a f9i%$ draw+ f ! basis ( 8 sket* z soon z possible aft]w>ds4 ,at ,/onyhur/ ,obs]vatory excell5t del9eations ( sol> ph5om5a are made2 & ! late ,fa!r ,p]ry1 :o lo/ 8 life 9 ! cause ( sci5ce1 ?us describ$ ! me?od3--8,on e f9e day ! image ( ! ,sun is project$ on a ?9 bo>d atta*$ to ! telescope1 & a draw+ ( ! ,sun is made1 #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 %[+ ! position & outl9e ( ! spots visible4 ,x is ! fir/ duty ( ! assi/ant :o makes ! draw+s to note ! position ( ! spots1 & sket* _! outl9es4 ,he !n proce$s to %ade 9 ! p5umbra & to draw ! f9] details1 comp>+ ! draw+ f "t to "t by plac+ x alongside ! project$ image ( ! spots4 ,! position ( ! facul is !n fill$ 9 ) a r$ p5cil1 s t ! eye c at once recognize _! gr\p+ ) respect to sun-spots1 & ! o!r details drawn ) a black p5cil40 ,! same a/ronom] also /at$ t1 8z a g5]al rule1 c>eful draw+s ( ! project$ image ( ! ,sun give mu* m satisfactory pictures ( ! sol> surface ?an ! photographs tak5 ev5 at our be/ obs]vatories4 ,x is q true t occasionally an exquisite photograph on an enl>g$ scale may be obta9$1 :i* exhibits features su* z no p5cil c\ld portray z accurately1 b r>ely inde$ w ! photograph furni% all ! details t a practis$ eye & h&1 kept pati5tly at ! sket*-bo>d1 w detect & fai?fully describe4 ,& ! reason is n f> to seek2 = any exp]i5c$ obs]v] kn[s t1 ev5 on ! f9e/ day1 ! def9ition is cont9ually *ang+ ) ! sky1 & t x is only at comp>atively r>e mom5ts we c expect ^? p]fect conditions t enable ! f9e/ details to /& out %>ply1 z ,s*iap>elli expresses x1 l ! fa9te/ l9es ( a /eel engrav+4 ,a photograph may be accid5tally tak5 dur+ "o ( ^! exceptionally fav\r$ mom5ts2 b a pati5t draughtsman is almo/ sure to secure sev]al ( ^! be/ opportunities at ea* prolong$ visit to 8 sket*-bo>d4 ,:at w\ld1 !re=e1 be a great acquisition at pres5t is a s]ies ( c>eful sol> draw+s1 tak5 at %ort int]vals ( "t1 on days :5 *>act]i/ic spots are visible ^u ! ,sun2 & ?is w\ld be ! sure/ way ( add+ mu* valuable in=mation to t already possess$ conc]n+ ! *anges t take place 9 ! sol> photosph]e40 ,) reg>d to asc]ta9+ ! dim5sions ( sun-spots1 v precise results require accurate means ( measurem5t & "s ma!matical k4 ,= ! g5]al purposes ( ! amateur1 :o w only want r\nd numb]s1 simple me?ods may be adopt$ ) success4 ,i h us$1 on a #d-;in* refractor1 a graduat$ piece ( plane glass1 m\nt$ suitably = ins]tion 9 ! focus ( ! eyepiece1 & m>k$ ) divisions #a_/bjj ( an in* ap>t4 ,) p[] #fe ,i f9d ! ,sun's disk at max4 di/ance cov]s #hc divisions ( ! graduat$ l5s2 s t "o division #bbh1 ! ,sun's m94 diamet] be+ #ahib4 ,ea* division1 !re=e1 is equal to #aj1dcd miles1 ! ,sun's real diamet] be+ #hff1jjj miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,sun-spot ( ,june #ai1 #ahhi1 #b;h ,p4,m4 ,i view$ a l>ge spot on ,june #ai1 #ahhi1 & f\nd its major axis cov]$ #bf divisions1 #eici2 s t its app>5t l5g? 0 ab\t #bg1jjj miles4 ,= #ahib 3 #hff1jjj miles 33 #eic 3 #bg1adc miles4 ,! same me?od may be adopt$ if ! image is ?r[n ^u a scre54 ,approximate values are to be obta9$ by means ( f9e cross wires fix$ 9 ! eyepiece4 ,note ! exact int]val occupi$ by ! ,sun 9 cross+ ! v]tical wire1 & also ! int]val occupi$ by ! l>ge spot or gr\p4 ,if ! ,sun is #acc seconds 9 pass+ ! wire1 & ! gr\p #fe seconds1 !n #acc seconds 3 #hff1jjj miles 33 #fe seconds 3 #db1cbc miles4 ,?is plan is likely to be mo/ successful :5 ! ,sun is ne> its m]idian passage2 b x may be appli$ at any h\r1 if c>e is tak5 to adju/ ! eyepiece s t ! ,sun's motion is precisely at "r angles to ! v]tical wire4 ,"o o!r plan may be m5tion$4 ,draw on c>dbo>d1 ) compasses1 a circle ab\t #aj or #ab in*es diamet]1 & divide ?is ) #ca p>allel l9es4 ,subdivide ea* ( ! spaces into #e1 less prom95tly m>k$4 ,!n1 dur+ obs]vation1 keep bo? eyes op51 & hold or fix ! circul> disk at a di/ance enabl+ x to co9cide ) ! telescopic image ( ! ,sun4 ,by c>efully not+ h[ _m divisions ! gr\p cov]s on ! c>dbo>d1 its dim5sions may be readily f\nd1 because "o division w be equal to ab\t #edaj miles4 ,( c\rse ^! me?ods#aj are simply approximate1 & only /rictly applicable to objects n f> remov$ f ! c5tral regions ( ! ,sun1 because ! spots are portions ( a sph]e1 & n angles subt5d$ by a flat surface4 ,:5 close to ! ,e4 or ,w4 limbs1 =e%ort5+ is consid]able1 ?\gh ! pol> diamet] ( a spot is n affect$ by x !n4 ,presum+ an obs]v] to h 8 #c-or #d-;in* telescope duly fitt$ ) a sol> diagonal & t9t$ glass1 he may naturally ask1 aft] 8 curiosity has be5 satisfi$ by ! contemplation ( 8 fir/ sun-spot1 :at he c d fur!r3 ,:at special features is he to look =8 ,:at *anges ought to be record$8 ,:at are ! d\btful po9ts t require to be cle>$ up z reg>ds ! ,sun's physical appe>ance8 ,9 :at way are new & novel facts likely to be glimps$8 ,9 a ^w1 he desires to "k 9 :at mann] he may employ 8 eyes & in/rum5t usefully = sci5ce1 :ile also ga9+ pleasure = himself4 ,in=mation l ?is is (t5 ne$$ by ! "y /ud5t1 & sometimes inde$ by m5 :o h already ga9$ a little exp]i5ce1 & :o possess mu* l>g] in/rum5ts ?an we h intimat$ above4 ,9 endeav\r+ to (f] sugge/ions 9 response to su* inquiries1 ,i w\ld rem>k t ! nature & direction ( a rese>* ess5tially dep5d ^u sev]al conditions1 viz4 ! obs]v]'s incl9ation1 8 in/rum5tal equipm5t1 8 place ( obs]vation1 & ! am\nt ( "t he c devote to ! pursuit ( 8 object4 ,!re are v few m5 :o1 l ,s*wabe ( ,dessau1 w confront ! ,sun on ne>ly e day = m ?an =ty ye>s 9 ord] to le>n some?+ ( its secrets4 ,su* extraord9>y p]t9acity is =tunately n requir$1 except 9 special cases4 ,amateurs may effect mu* valuable "w 9 ! %ort int]vals :i* _m ( !m /eal ei!r f bus9ess or dome/ic ties & (f] at ! %r9e ( a/ronomy4 ,!re are q a consid]able numb] ( attractive ph5om5a & features on :i* ! sol> obs]v] w f9d ample employm5t1 & to ! pr9cipal ( ^! x may be z well to make individual ref]5ces4 ,eclipses ( ! ,sun4--,^! ph5om5a des]v$ly rank among/ ! mo/ important & impressive ev5ts display$ by ! heav5ly bodies1 & !y are specially int]e/+ to ! possessors ( small telescopes4 ,sol> eclipses h be5 s (t5 made ! subject ( obs]vation & discussion1 t our k ( ! appe>ances pres5t$ may be consid]$ to be ne>ly complete4 ,! v>i\s aspects ( ,nature on su* occasions h be5 s att5tively /udi$ 9 _! manifold be>+s1 t virtually no?+ rema9s = ! ord9>y obs]v] b to reexam9e & corroborate facts already well asc]ta9$4 ,he c expect to glean few mat]ials 9 a field :]e a pl5tiful h>ve/ has j be5 reap$4 ,b ! eclips$ ,sun1 if x has reveal$ mo/ ( its secrets to previ\s inve/igators1 has c]ta9ly n decl9$ 9 attractiv5ess2 & ! amateur w f9d ! spectacle /ill capable ( exhibit+ features :i*1 ?\gh n full ( ! *>ms ( novelty1 w be suffici5tly /rik+ & div]sifi$ to be rememb]$ long aft] ! ev5t has pass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 #ahia1 ,june #f4 #ahii1 ,june #h4 #aijj1 ,may #bh4 #aije1 ,aug4 #cj4 #aijh1 ,june #bh4 #aiab1 ,april #ag4 #aiad1 ,aug4 #ba4 #aiaf1 ,feb4 #c4 ,at sunset4 #aiai1 ,nov4 #bb4 #aibj1 ,nov4 #aj4 #aiba1 ,april #h4 #aibb1 ,m>* #bh4 ,at sunset4 ,at sunset4 ,sol> ,eclipses visible 9 ,engl&1 #ahia to #aibb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,total ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhg4 ,eclipses recur 9 cycles ( #ah ye>s & #aj days 7 #fehe days74 ,?is p]iod 0 det]m9$ by ! anci5ts1 & call$ ! s>os4 ,by its means ! times & magnitudes ( eclipses 7 r\ghly comput$ long be=e a/ronomy became an exact sci5ce4 ,a sol> eclipse is really an occultation ( ! ,sun by ! ,moon2 = ! ^w eclipse1 9 its usual ref]5ce1 d5otes ! obscuration ( "o body by its imm]sion 9 ! %ad[ ( ano!r4 ,dur+ any s+le ye> !re are nev] less ?an two eclipses1 nor m ?an sev54 ,:5ev] !re are two only1 bo? are sol>4 ,s9ce ! f9e sol> eclipse ( ,decemb] #bb1 #ahgj1 no l>ge eclipse ( ! ,sun has be5 visible 9 ,engl&4 ,x is rem>kable t dur+ ! ?irty ye>s f #ahgj to #aijj ^! ph5om5a are all ( an unimportant1 m9or "*4 ,)9 ! ?irty ye>s foll[+ #ahia !re w be twelve sol> eclipses1 = :i* ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,johnson has giv5 projections 7z %[n on p4 #ih7 = ! p]iod ( greate/ obscuration4 ,total eclipses are extremely r>e z reg>ds _! visibility at a giv5 /ation4 ,?us betwe5 #hgh & #agae n "o 0 obs]v$ at ,london1 & dur+ ! next #ejj ye>s !re w be a simil> abs5ce ( su* a ph5om5on4 ,! obs]v] ( total eclipses mu/ p]=ce j\rney to ^? p>ticul> tracts ( ! e>?'s surface ov] :i* ! b& ( totality passes4 ,on su* occasions photography plays an important "p2 & ! corona1 ! r$ flames1 ! %ad[-b&s1 & num]\s o!r features become ! subjects ( necess>ily hurri$ obs]vation & record1 = totality endures = v few m9utes#aa4 ,z reg>ds ord9>y p>tial eclipses1 amateurs usually f9d ample ent]ta9m5t 9 not+ ! s]rat$ aspect ( ! ,moon's cont\r project$ on ! bright ,sun4 ,x is also int]e/+ to wat* ! disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( ! sol> spots visible at ! "t4 ,r a l[ magnify+ p[]1 ) suffici5tly expansive field to include ! entire disk1 is commonly be/ = ! purpose ( ^! obs]vations4 ,p]iodicity ( ,spots4--,?is detail may be said to h be5 fully inve/igat$4 ,s*wabe & ,wolf h accompli%$ mu* 9 ?is direction4 ,a "w ( ?is k9d mu/1 by ! nature ( x1 ext5d ov] _m ye>s & entail _m ?\s&s ( obs]vations4 ,x is !re=e m suit$ to ! pr(essional a/ronom] ?an to ! amateur1 ^: att5tion is m or less irregul> ow+ to o!r calls4 ,! sun-spot cycle is "o ( ab\t #aa ye>s1 dur+ :i* !re are alt]nately few & _m spots on ! ,sun4 ,!re appe> to be "s curi\s fluctuations1 di/urb+ ! regul> increase & decrease 9 ! numb] ( spots2 & ^! v>iations are wor?y ( m att5tion4 ,! foll[+ are ! ye>s ( obs]v$ maxima & m9ima ( sun-spot frequ5cy3-- ,maxima4 ,m9ima4 #ahbh4 #ahcc4 #ahcg4 #ahdc4 #ahdh4 #ahed4 #ahfj4 #ahfg4 #ahgj4 #ahgh4 #ahhc-d4 #ahij 7874 ,^! ph5om5a h be5 r>e dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! next maximum may be expect$ 9 ab\t #ahid1 :5 sol> obs]v]s w probably h an abundance ( new mat]ials to /udy4 ,crat]i=m ,/ructure4--,9 #agfi ,pr(4 ,wilson1 ( ,glasg[1 :ile wat*+ a sun-spot ) a ,gregorian reflect+-telescope1 rem>k$ t1 z x approa*$ ne> ! limb1 ! p5umbra became mu* =e%ort5$ on ! int]ior side4 ,he inf]r$ f ?is t ! spots 7 cavities1 & ! idea has be5 g5]ally accept$2 s t ^! objects are sometimes t]m$ sol> crat]s1 & commonly reg>d$ z op5+s 9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e ( ! ,sun4 ,b ! conclusion appe>s to be bas$ on data n uni=mly support+ x4 ,9 #ahhf ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,h[lett publi%$ "s obs]vations :i* 8entirely militate aga9/ ! commonly receiv$ op9ion t ! spots are to any ext5t sunk 9 ! sol> surface z to produce always ^? effects ( p]spective =e%ort5+ ( ! inn] side ( ! p5umbra 7:5 ne> ! limb7 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 v>i\s works on a/ronomy40 ,9 a numb] ( in/ances ! p5umbra is wid] on ! side ne>e/ ! ,sun's c5tre1 :]eas ! conv]se ought to be ! case on ! cavity !ory4 ,! f9e sun-spot ( ,july #ahhi (f]$ an example ( ?is2 = :5 x 0 ne> ! ,w4 limb ! ,w4 side ( ! p5umbra 0 obvi\sly mu* n>r[] ?an ! ,e4 side1 s t ! appe>ance w\ld indicate ! object z an elevation r ?an a depression4 ,! obs]v] %\ld keep a regi/] ( ! aspect ( all pretty l>ge spots ne> ! limb1 & note ! relative wid?s ( ! ,e4 & ,w4 sides ( ! p5umbra4 ,an ext5sive table ( su* results w\ld be int]e/+1 & c]ta9 to ?r[ "s light on ! !ory ( spot-/ructure4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t occasionally ! inn] side ( ! p5umbra is broad] ?an ! out]1 & ?us appe>s wid] ev5 on ! limb1 ?\gh really =m+ ! side ( a %all[ depression4 8,will[-,leaves40--,9 #ahfa ! late ,mr4 ,nasmy? ann\nc$ t ! entire sol> surface 0 compos$ ( m9ute lum9\s filam5ts 9 ! %ape ( 8will[-leaves10 :i* int]lac$ "o ano!r 9 e possible v>iety ( direction4 ,?is alleg$ discov]y only met ) d\btful corroboration4 ,! objects 7 /at$ by "s au?orities to be simply id5tical ) ! 8corrugations0 & 8bright nodules0 ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el4 ,mr4 ,/one call$ !m 8rice-gra9s40 ,! eagle-ey$ ,dawes ?\ght 8granulations0 a m appropriate t]m1 z x impli$ no consi/5cy ( =m & size4 ,sec*i ref]r$ to !m z oblong filam5ts1 & 8r l bits ( cotton-wool ( elongat$ =m40 ,! ,rev4 ,f4 ,h[lett describ$ ! ,sun z pres5t+ a granulat$1 mottl$ appe>ance 9 a #c-;in* ,dollond refractor1 & m5tion$ t on ! morn+ ( ,june #i1 #ahfe1 ! aspect ( its surface 0 l t ( new-fall5 sn[1 ! objects 8be+ n r\nd$ b %>ply angul>40 ,! op9ions ( obs]v]s 7 ?us s+ul>ly div]se1 & ! result ( sev]al animat$ discussions at ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 0 t little unanimity 0 arriv$ at1 except z to ! fact t ! ,sun's surface 0 cr[d$ ) small lum9\s filam5ts ( elongat$ =m1 & ei!r r\nd$ or angul> at ! ends4 ,!re 0 no accord z to _! precise =ms or di/9ctive mann] ( gr\p+4 ,"s ( ! obs]v]s av]r$ t ! 8will[-leaves0 or 8rice-gra9s0 _h no title :atev] to be reg>d$ z a new discov]y1 ! same appe>ances hav+ be5 recogniz$ long be=e4 ,gradually ! cont5tion ceas$1 & ?\gh m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ! discussion arose !re has be5 little new light ?r[n on ! subject4 ,amateurs w !re=e d well to probe deep] into ?is promis+ bran* ( sol> obs]vation4 ,z ,mr4 ,nasmy? himself /at$1 consid]able telescopic p[] is requir$1 comb9$ ) a good atmosph]e4 ,b comp>atively small in/rum5ts w also be useful1 because ( _! excell5t def9ition & efficacy 9 display+ details on a brilliant orb l ! ,sun4 ,a p[] ( #aej %\ld be employ$ 9 exam9+ small regions ( ! g5]al surface1 & also ! edges ( ! umbra & p5umbra ( sun-spots4 ,:5 def9ition is unusually %>p1 & ! details v di/9ct1 ! magnify+ p[] %\ld be increas$ if x c be done ) advantage2 & ! obs]v] %\ld utilize an occasion l ?is to ! utmo/ ext5t4 ,on a really excell5t day m may be sometimes detect$ ?an dur+ sev]al weeks :5 ! atmosph]e is only mod]ately fav\rable4 ,! obs]vations1 be+ ( a critical nature1 %\ld n be attempt$ 9 w9t]1 :5 ! ,sun is l[4 ,i h frequ5tly secur$ f9e views ( ! delicate /ructure ( ! sol> surface betwe5 ab\t #h & #i ,a4,m4 9 ! summ] mon?s2 & ?is is (t5 a conv5i5t "t = amateurs to snat* a glimpse1 be=e go+ to bus9ess4 ,) ref]5ce to ! g5]al "q z to ! exi/5ce ( ! 8will[-leaves10 my conception ( ! matt] is t ! features describ$ by ,mr4 ,nasmy? are n new4 ,8 draw+ ( a spot 9 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's #8,outl9es' & ,*amb]s's #8,descriptive ,a/ronomy' exhibits objects extremely uni=m 9 %ape & size1 & ?is uni=mity ,i h nev] obs]v$ 9 ! p5umbra ( spots4 ,z to ! engrav+ 9 ! #8,outl9es1' %[+ ! aspect ( ! int]lac$ 8will[-leaves0 on ! g5]al surface1 ?is is also n realiz$ 9 obs]vation4 ,! 8corrugations0 & 8bright nodules0 ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el aptly repres5t :at is se51 & !y are possibly id5tical ) ! 8v small bright & obscure po9ts0 & 8lively & sombre /reaks0 ( ,s*e9]1 ?\gh se5 mu* bett] & 9 m pr(usion ( detail ?r\gh ! improv$ mod]n telescopes4 ,! s-call$ 8will[-leaves0 are r\nd$ at ! ends1 & are consi/5t nei!r 9 size nor %ape4 ,!y encroa* ^u ! umbra ( ! spots1 & give a ?at*$ appe>ance to ! edges4 ,! p5umbra also %[s ?is 9 its out] limits1 :]e x is also fr+$ ) l5ticul> p>ticles4 ,draw+s by ,capocci & ,pa/orff sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 & publi%$ 9 ,arago's #8,popul> ,a/ronomy1' %[ ! ?at*+ at ! edges ( ! umbra q z palpably z x is repres5t$ 9 rec5t draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,belts ( ,sun-spots1 visible ,octob] #bi1 #ahfh4 ,rotation ( ! ,sun4--,by not+ :5 ! same individual spots return to ! same relative places on ! disk1 ! approximate "t ( rotation is easily d$uc$4 ,?is v>ies accord+ to ! latitude ( ! spots#ab2 :5ce x is evid5t ! sol> atmosph]e is affect$ by curr5ts ( diff]5t velocities1 caus+ ! spots to v>y 9 _! longitudes ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,! ,e>?'s motion r\nd ! ,sun causes ! spots to travel app>5tly m sl[ly ?an !y really d2 = obs]vations prove t a spot completes a rotation 9 #bg days #e h\rs1 :]eas ! actual "t1 aft] mak+ all[ance = ! e>?'s orbital motion1 is ab\t #be days #g-c_/d h\rs4 ,! p]iod ( rotation may be r\ghly f\nd z foll[s1 suppos+ a spot to return to precisely ! same "p ( ! disk 9 #bg days #e h\rs3-- #cfe;d #e;h #dim #bg;d #e;h #cib #aj;h #dim4 ,!n #cib;d #aj;h #dim 7 #efe1abim7 3 #cfe;d #e;h #dim 7 #ebe1idim7 33 #bg;d #e;h 7 #ci1ahjm7 3 #be;d #g;h #ddm 7 #cf1dfdm74 ,= exact results sev]al circum/ances h to be consid]$1 su* z ! direction ( ! spot-motions across ! disk1 z ! *ords v>y accord+ to ! season2 ?us 9 ,june & ,decemb] ! spots trav]se /raight l9es1 :ile 9 ,m>* & ,septemb] _! pa?s are curv$1 l a belt on ,saturn :5 ! planet is incl9$4 ,"s ( ! spots display consid]able prop] motion2 s t x is be/ to obs]ve a numb] ( ^! objects1 & r$uce ! times to a mean result4 ,!y are n v durable1 r>ely la/+ long] ?an a few weeks2 b "s ( ! m ext5sive di/urbances are su/a9$ = sev]al mon?s1 dur+ :i* _m s+ul> *anges are effect$4 ,! p]iod ( rotation1 z det]m9$ by sev]al obs]v]s1 is z foll[s3-- d h m #afgh4 ,cass9i #be #ac #ee #agah4 ,bian*9i #be #g #dh #agge4 ,delambre #be #j #ag #ahda4 ,laugi] #be #h #aj #ahdf4 ,kysu #be #b #aj #aheb4 ,bhm #be #ab #bi #ahfc4 ,c>r+ton #be #i #g #ahfe4 ,s*wabe #be #e #j #ahfh4 ,spr] #be #e #ca #ahhh4 ,wils+ #be #e #dg ,! motion ( rotation is simil> 9 direction to t 9 :i* ! planets move f\nd ! ,sun1 namely f we/ to ea/4 ,h5ce ! spots come into view on ! ea/ limb ( ! ,sun1 & disappe> at ! we/4 ,planet>y ,bodies 9 transit4--,dur+ obs]vation ! obs]v] %\ld p>ticul>ly wat* any v d>k1 small spots t may be visible1 su* z are isolat$ & pretty circul> & def9ite 9 outl9e4 ,if an object ( ?is "* is se5 x %\ld be exam9$ ) a high p[]1 & its aspect critically not$4 ,%\ld ! obs]v] ent]ta9 any suspicion ( its be+ ( a planet>y nature1 he %\ld c>efully det]m9e its position on ! disk1 &1 aft] a %ort int]val1 re-obs]ve x = traces ( motion4 ,if x rema9s /ation>y1 its true sol> orig9 w be prov$4 ,if motion is %[n1 !n ! successive positions ( ! object dur+ its transit1 & its place ( egress1 ) ! "t ( ea* obs]vation1 %\ld be record$4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be a good plan to project ! ,sun's image1 & m>k ! place ( ! suspici\s object & *ief sun-spots at %ort int]vals4 ,?is w\ld be m accurate ?an m]e eye-e/imation4 ,! obs]v] :o scans ! sol> surface = intra-,m]curial planets mu/ rememb] t1 if any su* bodies exi/1 !y w probably be v dim9utive4 ,v5us1 :5 on ! ,sun 9 ,decemb] #ahhb1 0 a spot #fc 9 diamet]1 & easily p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye4 ,m]cury1 at ! transits ( #ahfa1 #ahfh1 & #ahha1 0 a little less ?an #aj1 b 9 #ahgh 0 #ab4 ,if 8,vulcan10 ! suspect$ int]ior planet1 has any exi/5ce x may possibly be mu* small] ?an ,m]cury1 & w ?us escape obs]vation1 unless ! obs]v] ex]cises great c>e 9 ! se>*4 ,! mobile1 planet>y spots ass]t$ to h be5 se5 on ! ,sun 9 pa/ ye>s prove no?+ def9ite1 & appe> to h be5 illusory4 ,prop] ,motion ( ,sun-spots4--,?is feature is "o des]v+ m inve/igation4 ,! di/ances sep>at+ individual spots %\ld ei!r be measur$ ) a micromet] or det]m9$ by transits across a wire1 & ! displacem5t record$ f h\r to h\r or f day to day4 ,spots 9 diff]5t latitudes w almo/ c]ta9ly exhibit "s *ange ( relative place2 & objects 9 ! same latitude mu/ be wat*$1 = simil> v>iations probably affect !m4 ,! physical peculi>ities ( su* spots %\ld be rem>k$1 & also ! alt]ations ( appe>ance !y und]go dur+ ! "t !y approa* or rec$e f ea* o!r4 ,rise & ,decay ( ,spots4--,occasionally l>ge spots are =m$ 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t1 & ! disappe>ance ( o!rs has be5 equally sudd54 ,s*wabe f\nd1 f _m obs]vations1 t ! we/]n spots ( a gr\p are oblit]at$ fir/2 b au?orities diff]4 ,i h usually obs]v$ t ! small]1 outly+ memb]s ( a gr\p vani% be=e ! l>g] spot1 :i* !n contracts & is invad$ by tongues ( facul2 s t its effacem5t soon foll[s1 & no?+ rema9s to indicate ! di/urbance b bright ridges ( facul1 :i* are v conspicu\s ne> ! limb4 ,black ,nuclei 9 ! ,umbr4--,dawes 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce t ! umbra sometimes includ$ a mu* d>k] area or nucleus4 ,?is is pres5t 9 ne>ly all l>ge spots4 ,a "p ( ! umbra seems cov]$ or veil$ by a slightly lum9\s m$ium1 & ! portion unaffect$ looks black by contra/4 ,on ,octob] #a1 #ahha1 ) a #b-;in* refractor1 ,i saw a l>ge sun-spot1 ! umbra ( :i* 0 brok5 up into #g fragm5ts1 & ! ,s4 prec$+ "p appe>$ v black :ile ! o!rs %[$ a mu* light] t9t4 ,9 ! f9e spot ( ,june #ahhi a nucleus 0 also di/9ctly app>5t2 & ?is feature is sometimes s obvi\s 9 l>ge spots t x may be obs]v$ ) an in/rum5t ( only #b-;in*es ap]ture4 ,i h usually rem>k$ ! nucleus on "o side ( ! umbra1 & abutt+ ! p5umbra4 ,x may be =m$ by light pat*es ( transp>5t mat]ial float+ ov] ! umbra1 & leav+ a "p free :]e ! ,sun's d>k body is fully expos$4 ,?is light mat]ial is possibly susp5d$ f> above ! umbra & incon/ant 9 its position2 s t ! place & =m ( ! nucleus %\ld always be not$ = traces ( *ange4 ,x is necess>y t su* details %\ld be closely wat*$ dur+ an entire day1 or sev]al days2 = ! v>iations c\ld !n be foll[$1 & p]haps r$uc$ to "s law4 ,?is p]si/5ce is v necess>y1 9 ord] to solve _m ( ! peculi>ities ( sun-spots1 :i*1 ?\gh pretty well kn[n 9 appe>ance1 h n be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ 9 _! v>i\s developm5ts4 ,bright ,objects ne> ! ,sun4--,small1 rapidly mov+ bodies h be5 occasionally report$ z se5 pass+ ov] ! ,sun4 ,9 sev]al cases ^! h be5 prematurely assign$ a meteoric orig94 ,!y h be5 describ$ z lum9\s bodies ( irregul> %ape1 z mov+ 9 a common direction1 & z be+ v di/9ct :5 project$ on ! d>k sky j outly+ ! bright limb ( ! ,sun4 ,!re is little d\bt !y are ei!r ! pappus ( diff]5t k9ds ( se$1 or convolutions ( gossam]1 :i* h be5 lift$ to great heights 9 ! air1 & are r5d]$ bright by reflection f ! bord]+ ,sun4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may m5tion "s obs]vations ( my own ) a #d-;in* refractor3-- 8#ahhi1 ,,may #bj1 #j;h #cjm ,p4,m4--,bright po9ts & little mi/y =ms kept pass+ f ! ,sun's limb1 at ! av]age rate ( #ac 9 a m9ute4 ,!y mov$ 9 ! same direction z ! cl\ds & w9d4 ,"s ( !m 7 foll[$ by tails1 :i* 7 f> f /raight4 ,i saw !m be/ :5 ,i focus$ ! telescope = an object mu* ne>] ?an ! ,sun4 ,"o ( ^! =ms w\ld occasionally halt & pursue an irregul> flight4 ,x 0 evid5t !y 7 t]re/rial objects1 ) motions controll$ by ! w9d4 8#c;h ,p4,m4--,_m bright objects /ill pass+ f ! ,sun's limb40 8#ahhi1 ,,may #bb1 #i;h ,a4,m4--,obs]v$ va/ numb]s ( lum9\s p>ticles float+ ab\t contigu\s to ! ,sun's m>g94 ,!y 7 cle>ly c>ri$ along by ! w9d2 b ?is be+ v slight1 _! motions 7 extremely sl[1 & n[ & !n _m ( !m became ne>ly /ation>y4 ,_! directions 7 f> f uni=m1 ?\gh ! g5]al t5d5cy 0 obvi\sly 9 a common l9e ( flight4 ,i wat*$ !m = "s "t pass+ 9 a pl5tiful %[]40 ,^! objects are always notic$ 9 summ]-"t1 & ,i believe !y w\ld mu* m frequ5tly attract rem>k b = ! fact t !y require a long] focus ?an ! ,sun & _c be recogniz$ :5 on ! disk1 to :i* ! obs]v] is usually giv+ ! :ole ( 8 att5tion4 ,^? :o are (t5 employ$ 9 sol> "w w f9d x an int]e/+ div]sion to look = ^! bodies4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be focus$ z = a di/ant t]re/rial object1 & only a "p ( ! ,sun's limb %\ld be reta9$ 9 ! field ( view ( an eyepiece ( mod]ately l[ p[]4 ,!n1 look+ int5tly at ! d>k sky ne> ! limb1 ! bright objects w be sometimes se5 sail+ pa/ 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,cyclonic ,action4--,! appe>ance 9 detail ( c]ta9 spots1 c\pl$ ) evid5ces ( rotatory motion r\nd _! own c5tres1 has induc$ ! belief t !y are liable to action 9 "s degree simil> to ! cyclonic /orms#ac :i* di/urb & r5d ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,su* indications %\ld be look$ = 9 fairly conspicu\s spots1 & any peculi>ities ( ! nature allud$ to made ! subject ( close inve/igation4 ,a spot %[+ features hav+ a spiral t5d5cy may n1 h[ev]1 h a gyratory movem5t ab\t its c5tre4 ,?is c only be det]m9$ by critically not+ ! details1 & frequ5tly reobs]v+ !m = traces ( motion4 ,! p5umbra always %[s radiations conv]g+ on ! umbra z a c5tre2 b ?is is m]ely a =m ( /ructure1 & proves no?+ 9 evid5ce ( a revolv+ /orm4 ,sudd5 ,outbur/s ( ,facul4--,9 ,septemb] #ahei ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson indep5d5tly obs]v$ a /rik+ outbur/ ( facul 9 front ( a l>ge gr\p ( spots :i* !y 7 exam9+4 ,x rema9$ visible ab\t five m9utes1 dur+ :i* int]val sev]al pat*es ( light travell$ ov] a region ne>ly #cd1jjj miles 9 ext5t4 ,an extraord9>y magnetic di/urbance 0 simultane\sly record$ at ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 & sixte5 h\rs aft]w>ds !re foll[$ a magnetic /orm ( unusual sev]ity4 ,on ano!r occasion ,dr4 ,pet]s obs]v$ fla%es ( light cross & recross ! umbra ( a prom95t spot ) electric velocity4 ,"s o!r />tl+ obs]vations ( sol> ph5om5a h be5 effect$1 & !re is no "q z to _! hav+ be5 matt]s ( fact4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( effects s sudd51 s obvi\s1 & s unexpect$1 no wond] ! obs]v]s at fir/ d\bt$ ! evid5ce ( _! eyes & suspect$ ! cause to lie 9 a fractur$ glass or a fault ( adju/m5t4 ,b ! corroboration af=d$ ! cle>e/ pro( z to ! actuality ( ! ev5ts describ$4 ,!y w d\btless occur aga92 b ^! ph5om5a _c be def9itely pr$ict$ z to "t1 s t /ud5ts ( ! sol> surface %\ld be prep>$ = a repetition ( !m :5ev] !y may occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,%ad[s ca/ by ,facul4--,m4 ,tr\velot1 :ile exam9+ a l>ge sun-spot on ,may #bf1 #ahgh1 notic$ t x 0 8completely surr\nd$ by v brilliant & massive facul40 8,on "o "p ( ! p5umbra an extraord9>y appe>ance 0 p]ceiv$1 :i* resembl$ s closely a %ad[1 z x w\ld h be5 ca/ by ! ov]hang+ facul\s mass1 t x seem$ useless to seek1 & x 0 impossible to admit1 any o!r explanation4 ,?is %ad[1 ! outl9e ( :i* 0 a little diffus$1 _h ! same %ape z1 & reproduc$ ) great exactness1 ! outl9e ( ! facul\s mass situat$ above x4 ,x 0 n s black z ! op5+ 9 spots call$ ! umbra1 b ( a v d>k t9t40 ,a simil> feature 0 se5 by ,kirk & ,maclean on ,may #b1 #ahhd1 & ! #8,obs]vatory1' vol4 vii4 pp4 #adf1 #agj1 & #aig1 conta9s "s int]e/+ p>ticul>s on ?is subject4 ,fig4 #bd is a draw+ by ,kirk1 9 :i* ! %ad[ is repres5t$ by ,a1 ,b2 at ,c 8x accurately foll[$ ! outl9e ( ! int5sely :ite m>g9 ( ! spot40 ,veil$ ,spots4--,! late ,fa!r ,p]ry describ$ ^! objects at ! ,r4,a4,s4 meet+ on ,may #i1 #ahhd1 & said !y are to be se5 all ov] ! face ( ! ,sun4 ,!y only exi/ = two or ?ree m9utes1 & !n disappe>4 ,9 "o in/ance he obs]v$ a tra9 ( ^! veil$ spots /ret*+ ov] 8a t5? "p ( ! ,sun's diamet]1 :i* 0 ne>ly z obvi\s to ! eye z ! p5umbra ( an ord9>y spot2 x split into two ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 & disappe>$ 9 a m9ute4 ,! veil$ spots seem to be ( two classes3 ! "o appe> l small greyi% cl\ds1 :i* disappe> aft] a few m9utes1 z if !y 7 =m$ & rapidly evaporat$ by ! ,sun's heat1 & ! o!rs seem to be connect$ ) ! umbra ( ord9>y spots2 !y appe> ab\t !m1 & are m p]man5t ?an ! ord9>y veil$ spots1 la/+ sometimes two or ?ree days1 b nev] long]40 ,^! m>k+s appe> to h be5 fir/ detect$ by ,tr\velot 9 #ahge1 & he gives "s in=mation z to ?is class ( ph5om5a 9 ! #8,obs]vatory1' vol4 viii4 pp4 #bbh et seq4 ,recurr5t ,di/urbances#ad4--;,x is suppos$1 & ) good evid5ce affirm+ ! idea1 t c]ta9 regions ( ! ,sun's surface are subject to frequ5t outbur/s ( spots1 :i* are possibly due to =ces act+ f bel[ ! ,sun's bright atmosph]e4 ,aft] ! disappe>ance ( l>ge gr\ps or isolat$ spots x is !re=e advisable to wat* ! same region = "s "t aft]w>ds1 to f9d :e!r x rema9s p]fectly quiesc5t1 or :e!r x soon aga9 becomes a seat ( activity & *ange4 ,recurr5t ,=ms4--,c]ta9 spots obs]v$ at diff]5t times h exhibit$ appe>ances s ne>ly resembl+ ea* o!r t x has be5 consid]$ ! lik5ess may be due to some?+ m ?an m]e accid5t4 ,:5ev] su* sugge/ive co9cid5ces are recogniz$ ! obs]v] %\ld note !m p>ticul>ly1 & secure draw+s4 ,x %\ld be 8 aim to det]m9e ! exact int]vals elaps+ betwe5 ! pres5tation ( spots or gr\ps ( ?is "*1 & also :e!r !y occupy ! same latitude & longitude on ! ,sun's disk4 ,exceptional ,position ( ,spots4--,! ord9>y spots are r>ely se5 m ?an #ce di/ant f ! sol> equator or )9 #h ( x4 ,!y usually appe> 9 ! zones f #h to #bj ,n4 & ,s4 ( ! equator4 ,a few exceptions may be m5tion$#ae4 ,me*a9 saw a spot 9 ,july #aghj hav+ a latitude ( #dj-a_/c2 9 ,april #ahbf ,capocci record$ "o hav+ #di ( ,s4 latitude2 ,s*wabe & ,pet]s obs]v$ spots #ej f ! equator4 ,lahire1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 describ$ a spot z visible 9 a latitude ( #gj2 b ! accuracy ( ?is obs]vation has be5 que/ion$4 ,:5ev] a spot is se5 ne> ! equator1 or v f> remov$ f x1 measures %\ld be tak5 ( its exact place2 = x is desirable to le>n some?+ m ( ^? di/urbances :i* occasionally affect ! m b>r5 regions ( ! sol> envelope4 ,! ,sol> ,prom95ces4--,^? amateurs :o h includ$ a spectroscope 9 _! in/rum5tal outfit w f9d ! /udy ( ! *romosph]e & prom95ces a mo/ productive "o4 ,hugg9s & ,zlln] 7 ! fir/ to apply ! 8op5-slit0 me?od2 & ! /udy ( ! %ape ( ! hydrog5 prom95ces comm5c$ 9 #ahfi4 ,tupman details 7#8,mon?ly ,notices ,r4,a4,s41' vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #ajf7 a s]ies ( obs]vations :i* he secur$ 9 #ahgb ) a refractor ( #c-;in*es ap]ture & a direct-vision spectroscope ( five prisms4 ,he m5tions ! co/ ( ! entire app>atus z only #ah1 & says he ent]ta9s 8no d\bt t an equally effective in/rum5t c\ld be made = mu* less40 ,! prom95ces appe> to be ( diff]5t k9ds1 & are kn[n z 8cl\d0- & 8flame0-prom95ces4 ,bo? are liable to rapid *anges4 ,tr\velot1 9 ,june #ahgd1 notic$ 8a gigantic comma-%ap$ prom95ce1 #hb1jjj miles high1 :i* vani%$ f be=e 8 eyes by a )drawal ( light z sudd5 z ! passage ( a fla% ( lightn+40 ,s9ce ! /udy ( ^! rem>kable =ms 0 r5d]$ feasible by us+ a great] disp]sion to op5 ! slit ( ! spectroscope wide en\gh to see !m1 !y h be5 made ! subject ( daily /udy & record4 ,! results1 s f> z !y h be5 inve/igat$1 %[ t ! region ( ! ,sun's limb 9 :i* ! prom95ces are mo/ frequ5t rea*es to "s #dj on ei!r side ( ! equator1 :i* is some:at great] ?an ! area ( sun-spot frequ5cy4 ,! *romosph]e itself is probably ( mu* ! same "* z ! erupt$ prom95ces1 & =m$ ( little flames arrang$ ?ickly toge!r l 8blades ( grass40 ,9 obs]v+ ! ,sun ) a telescope ! amateur w soon notice t ! surface is f> m brilliant 9 ! c5tral p>ts ?an r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,vgel has e/imat$ t imm$iately inside ! edges ! brightness does n am\nt to "o sev5? t ( ! c5tre4 ,! diff]5ce is entirely due to ! sol> atmosph]e1 :i* is probably v %all[ relatively to ! great diamet] ( ! ,sun4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,! ,rev4 ,f4 ,h[lett measur$ ?is spot on ! foll[+ day1 ,june #bj1 & f\nd x #fc 9 its l>ge/ diamet]4 ,he us$ a small refractor1 & project$ ! ,sun's image on to a scre5 suffici5tly di/ant = x to h a diamet] ( #c feet4 #aj ,on ,may #ac1 #ahij1 at #c;h1 ,i te/$ ! ?ree me?ods allud$ to on a scatt]$ tra9 ( small spots1 & d]iv$ ! foll[+ measurem5ts ( l5g?3-- ,by glass micromet] #gf1egj miles4 cross wires #gf1faj c>dbo>d disk #ge1ggj ,9 ?is comp>ison ,i us$ an excell5t #d-;in* ,cooke refractor1 belong+ to a fri5d4 #aa ,! maximum duration ( totality1 "u e fav\r+ circum/ance1 appe>s to be ab\t #h m9utes4 ,! great eclipse :i* occurr$ on ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfh1 ma9ta9$ ! total phase = ne>ly #f m9utes #ej seconds 9 ! ,gulf ( ,siam4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is eclipse1 ,dr4 ,weiss says3--8,9 ! records ( anci5t eclipses !re are to be f\nd only two :i* may be comp>$ 9 size ) t ( ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfh1 b none 9 :i* ! totality la/$ s long4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! eclipse ( ,?ales 7#bh ,may1 #ehe ,b4,c471 :i* is said to h be5 ! fir/ pr$ict$1 & to h t]m9at$ a bloody w> betwe5 ! ,lydians & ! ,m$es4 ,! second 0 visible on ,june #ag1 #adcc1 9 ,scotl&1 & ! "t ( its occurr5ce 0 long rememb]$ by ! p ( t c\ntry z #8! black h\r4'0 #ab ,c>r+ton f\nd t spots ne> ! equator gave a %ort] rotation-p]iod ?an ^? f> remov$ f x4 ,?is (f]s an analogy to ! spots on ,jupit]1 :i* move ) great] cel]ity ne> ! equator1 ?\gh ! rule is n absolute4 #ac ,9 #aheb ,dawes obs]v$ & measur$ a rotatory motion affect+ a spot at ! rate ( ab\t #ag p] day4 #ad ,lal&e1 9 #aggh1 ass]t$ t 8!re are spots ( v consid]able magnitude1 :i*1 reappe> 9 ! same physical po9ts ( ! sol> disk40 #ae ,a spot 0 visible on ,june #cj1 #ahhi1 9 #dj ,s\? latitude4 ,its record$ duration 0 #b days4 ,?is object 0 obs]v$ at ! ,/onyhur/ ,obs]vatory & at a /ation 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,moon4 ,attractive aspect ( ! ,moon4--,abs5ce ( air & wat]4--,only "o ,hemisph]e visible4--,e>?%9e4--,telescopic obs]vations ( ! lun> surface4--,eclipses4--,lun> *anges4--,=mations4--,plato & o!r objects describ$4--,table ( ,moon's age & =mations ne> t]m9ator4--,occultations ( />s4--,visibility ( ! new ,moon4 8,! we/]n ,sun )draws3 mean:ile ! ,moon1 ,full orb'd1 & break+ ?r\gh ! scatt]'d cl\ds1 ,%[s h] broad visage 9 ! crimson'd ea/40 ,e>ly 9 autumn1 :5 ! ev5+s are frequ5tly cle>1 _m p]sons are l$ ) m =ce ?an usual to ev9ce an int]e/ 9 our satellite1 & to desire in=mation :i* may n be conv5i5tly obta9$ at ! "t4 ,! aspect ( ! ,moon at h] ris+1 ne> ! "t ( ! full1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 & ,octob]1 is m conspicu\sly noticeable ?an at any o!r season ( ! ye>1 on acc\nt ( ! position %e !n assumes on successive nights1 enabl+ h] to rise at closely id5tical times = sev]al ev5+s toge!r4 ,! appe>ance ( h] l>ge1 ruddy globe at ne> ! same h\r1 & h] increas+ brilliancy z h] horizontal rays give way "u a m v]tical position1 orig9at$ ! title ( 8,h>ve/ ,moon10 to commemorate ! facility af=d$ by h] light = ! +a!r+ ( ! corn prec$+ ! "t ( ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,x w be univ]sally admitt$ t ! ,moon possesses special attractions = u1 z be+ situat$ ne>] ?an any o!r cele/ial body1 & =m+ ! insep>able companion or tribut>y _w to ! ,e>?4 ,! _m important influ5ces %e ex]cises h l$ to h] becom+ ! object ( close inve/igation2 s t h] motions & physical appe>ances h be5 asc]ta9$ ) a rem>kable degree ( exactness & amplitude4 ,h] movem5ts regulate ! tides2 h] positions are ( ! utmo/ mom5t to ! m>9]2 h] light is ! welcome beacon ( ! wayf>]1 & its picturesque s]5ity has ev] =m$ ! !me ( poets4 ,to ! practical a/ronom] %e con/itutes an orb p]fectly unique z reg>ds ext5t & v>iety ( detail2 & que/ions relat+ to ! physical condition ( h] surface1 n[ & 9 pa/ ages1 supply a fund ( endless speculation to ! !ori/4 ,! mean app>5t diamet] ( ! ,moon is #ca #e1 & x v>ies f #bi #ba at p]igee to #cc #ca at apogee4 ,h] real diamet] is #bafj miles1 & h] mean di/ance slightly exce$s #bcg1jjj miles4 ,h] revolution r\nd ! ,e>? 7 sid]eal p]iod7 is p]=m$ 9 #bg;d #g;h #dcm #aas#df1 b ! "t f "o new moon to ano!r 7 synodical p]iod7 is #bi;d #ab;h #ddm #cs4 ,! ,moon's motion ?r\gh ! firmam5t is at ! rate ( #ac #aj #ce p] day & #cb #ef p] h\r4 ,?us %e travels ov] a space slightly exce$+ h] own diamet] 9 "o h\r4 ,! l9e> value ( #a at ! di/ance ( our satellite is #aaf mile1 & ( #a #fi miles4 ,:5 we critically survey ! face ( ! ,moon ) a good telescope1 we see at once t h] surface is brok5 up into a s]ies ( crat]s ( v>i\s sizes1 & t "s v irregul> =mations are scatt]$ "h & !re1 :i* pres5t a simil> appe>ance to elevat$ m\nta9-ranges4 ,! crat]i=m aspect ( ! ,moon is p]haps ! m /rik+ feature1 f its great] ext5t2 & we recognize 9 ! individual =ms a simile to ! circul> cavities =m$ 9 slag or "s o!r h>d sub/ances "u ! action ( int5se heat4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ( ! ,moon1 especially ^? ne> ! s\? pole1 ! disk is "o mass ( abutt+ crat]s1 & 7 x n = ! obvi\s want ( symmetry 9 =m & uni=mity ( size1 ! appe>ance w\ld be analog\s to t ( a gigantic honeycomb4 ,^! crat]s are commonly surr\nd$ by high walls or ramp>ts1 & (t5 include conical hills ris+ f _! c5tres to great heights4 ,:ile ! eye exam9es ^! s+ul> /ructures1 & l+]s among/ ! mass ( intricate detail 9 :i* ! :ole surface ab\nds1 we _c b feel impress$ at ! m>vell\s %>pness ( def9ition ) :i* ! diff]5t features are pres5t$ to our view4 ,x matt]s n to :at di/rict we direct our gaze1 !re is ! same p]fect s]5ity & cle>ness ( outl9e4 ,n ! slighte/ indication c be disc]n$ any:]e ( mi/ or o!r obscur+ vap\rs hang+ ov] ! lun> l&scape4 ,abs5ce ( ,air & ,wat]4--,n[ x is palpable f ?is t ! ,moon has no atmosph]e ( suffici5t d5sity to r5d] itself appreciable2 = su* an app5dage1 if x exi/$ 9 any visible =m1 w\ld at once obtrude ^u ! att5tion1 & we %\ld probably recognize "s ( ! *>act]i/ics common to ! behavi\r ( our t]re/rial cl\ds4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d is app>5t on ! ,moon3 !re is an unbrok5 transp>5cy spread ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,moon's sc5]y2 :5ce we conclude t if any air exi/s on ! surface x is ( extremely att5uat$ nature1 & possibly conf9$ to ! bottom ( ! crat]s & l[-ly+ =mations1 :i* are arrang$ 9 su* prolific mann] on our satellite4 ,nor is !re any p]ceptible intimation ( wat] ^u ! ,moon4 ,x is true t sev]al d>k grey pat*es h be5 giv5 names1 lead+ "o directly to ! inf]5ce t lakes & seas comprise "p ( ! surface ph5om5a4 ,?us !re is ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis 78! sea ( s]5ity07 & _m o!r designations ( simil> import1 :i* we _c b insi/ are wrongly appli$ & calculat$ to lead to misappreh5sion4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope furni%$ u ) ! means ( accurately det]m9+ ! "* ( ! lun> features1 su* apellations may h be5 consid]$ eligible2 b n[ t ! non-exi/5ce ( wat] 9 any ext5sive =m is admitt$1 ! titles are r5d]$ obsolete4 ,/ill _! ret5tion is 9 "s respects advisable1 = any sweep+ *ange 9 a recogniz$ sy/em ( nom5clature mu/ cause confusion1 & ! names allud$ to s]ve a useful end 9 facilitat+ ref]5ce2 s t1 "u ! circum/ances1 x w\ld p]haps be unwise to attempt re=m1 or to introduce an innovation :i* mu/ occasion _m difficulties4 ,only "o ,hemisph]e visible4--,9 discuss+ ! nature & appe>ances ( ! lun> =mations1 x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t our rem>ks apply to ^? visible on ! side inv>iably turn$ t[>ds ! ,e>?4 ,=1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re is a consid]able expanse ( ! lun> disk nev] p]ceptible f ! ,e>? at all4 ,?is is occasion$ by ! circum/ance t ! ,moon rotates ^u h] axis 9 precisely ! same "t z %e revolves ar\nd ! ,e>?1 & is !re=e enabl$ to pres5t ! same side t[>ds u on all occasions4 ,a slight tilt+ 7call$ libration7 takes place1 s t we are all[$ a glimpse ( fragm5ts ( ! side normally invisible1 & its analog\s aspect leads u to suppose t !re is no great di/9ction betwe5 ! features ( ! ,moon's visible & invisible hemisph]es4 ,f exact computations x appe>s t we are enabl$ to see a proportion ( #ei_/ajj ( ! surface1 & t ! rema9+ #da_/ajj are p]man5tly beyond our rea*4 ,e>?%9e4--,a few morn+s be=e new moon1 & on a few ev5+s aft] x1 ! :ole outl9e ( ! d>k portion ( ! lun> globe may be di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,a feeble illum9ation l twilight p]vades ! opaque "p1 & ?is is really e>?light ?r[n ^u our satellite1 = ne> ! times ( new moon ! ,e>? appe>s at h] brighte/ 7h] disk be+ fully illum9at$7 z se5 f ! ,moon4 ,! ,fr5* t]m = ?is light is la lumire c5dre1 or 8! a%y light40 ,! appe>ance is (t5 popul>ly ref]r$ to 9 our own c\ntry z 8! old ,moon 9 ! new ,moon's arms40 ,"s ( ! old obs]v]s rem>k$ t ! wan+ ,moon %[$ ?is e>?light m /rongly ?an ! new ,moon4 ,telescopic ,obs]vations ( ! ,lun> ,surface4--,our telescopes give by f> ! mo/ pleas+ view ( ! ,moon :5 %e is 9 a cresc5t %ape4 ,at su* a p]iod ! crat]s & m\nta9s1 ) _! d>k %ad[s1 are spl5didly display$4 ,a good view is also obta9able ) ! ,moon at fir/ or la/ qu>t]1 or :5 ! disk is gibb\s4 ,b ! full ,moon is decid$ly less attractive2 = ! %ad[s h all disappe>$1 & ! v>i\s =mations h q lo/ _! di/9ctive "*4 ,! disk is envelop$ 9 a flood ( light1 caus+ gl>e1 & ?\gh !re is a l>ge am\nt ( detail1 includ+ sy/ems ( bright rays1 _m diff]5ces ( t9t1 & bright spots1 yet ! effect is altoge!r less satisfactory ?an at ! "t ( a cresc5t phase4 ,! nature ( ! "w und]tak5 by ! amateur mu/ l>gely dep5d ^u 8 opportunities & ! capacity ( 8 appliances4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! inve/igation ( lun> details x is ess5tial to be v p>ticul> 9 record+ obs]vations2 = unless ! conditions ( illum9ation are ne>ly ! same1 lun> objects w pres5t little resemblance4 ,he %\ld !re=e exam9e ! =mations at int]vals ( #ei;d #a;h #bhm1 :5 ! t]m9ator is re/+ on ne>ly id5tical p>ts ( ! surface4 ,9 p]iods ( #ddb;d #bc;h 7 #ae lunations7 !re is ano!r repetition ( simil> phase2 also 9 p]iods ( #ejb;d #j;h #bhm 7 #ag lunations74 ,! obs]v]1 9 ent]+ results into 8 note-book1 %\ld /ate ! ,moon's age to ! ne>e/ m9ute1 & give ap]ture & p[] ( telescope & /ate ( sky4 ,^? objects :i* he has record$ at "o lunation %\ld be re-obs]v$ aft] an int]v5+ lunation1 or at int]vals ( #ei;d #a;h #bhm4 ,he w !n f9d 8 notes & draw+s are comp>able4 ,by ! p]si/5t scrut9y ( special /ructures he w disc]n m & m ( _! details2 9 o!r words1 he w f9d 8 eye soon acquires p[] ) exp]i5ce & famili>ity ) ! object4 ,comp>isons ( 8 own "w ) ! *>ts & records ( previ\s obs]v]s w be sure to int]e/ him greatly1 & ! diff]5ces :i* he w almo/ c]ta9ly detect may ex]t a useful influ5ce 9 incit+ him to asc]ta9 ! s\rce ( !m4 ,he mu/ n be premature 9 attribut+ su* discordances to actual *anges on ! ,moon2 = he mu/ rememb] t p]fect h>mony is r>ely to be f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ces ( diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,b :5ev] 8 own results are inconsi/5t ) ^? ( o!rs1 ! fact %\ld be c>efully not$ & ! obs]vations repeat$ & r$iscuss$ ) a view to reconcile !m4 ,! *>ts & descriptions ( =m] sel5ograph]s are excell5t 9 _! way1 & ! outcome ( mu* zeal\s lab\r2 b !y conta9 omissions & inaccuracies :i* x has be5 impracticable to avoid4 ,! amateur :o discov]s a m\nta91 crat]let1 or rill n depict$ on 8 lun> maps mu/ !re=e nei!r reg>d x z a new =mation or z a new discov]y2 = x may h be5 ov]look$ by "s ( ! previ\s obs]v]s1 & is possibly drawn or describ$ 9 a "w :i* he does n happ5 to h consult$4 ,su* diff]5ces %\ld1 h[ev]1 always be ann\nc$1 z !y cle> ! way = o!rs work+ 9 ! same field4 ,a small in/rum5t1 ) an object-glass ( ab\t #b in*es1 w reveal a l>ge am\nt ( intricate detail on ! surface ( our satellite1 & w af=d ! "y /ud5t _m ev5+s ( int]e/+ recreation4 ,b = a m advanc$ survey ( ! =mations1 ) ! view to discov] unkn[n objects or traces ( physical *ange 9 kn[n features1 a telescope ( at lea/ #h or #aj in*es ap]ture is probably necess>y1 & p[]s ( #cjj1 #cej1 & m4 ,eclipses ( ! ,moon4--,^! ph5om5a comprise a v>iety ( int]e/+ aspects4 ,!y are less num]\s1 9 actual occurr5ce1 ?an sol> eclipses 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #b to #c2 b !y are m frequ5tly visible1 because !y may be witness$ f any "p ( an entire hemisph]e1 :]eas eclipses ( ! ,sun are only obs]vable f a tract ( ! ,e>?'s surface n exce$+ #ahj miles 9 bread?4 ,! ,moon may rema9 totally eclips$ = a p]iod ( #b h\rs #d m9utes1 & ! :ole duration1 includ+ ! p5umbral obscuration f its fir/ to its la/ projection1 is ab\t #f h\rs4 ,sometimes ! ,moon suff]s total eclipse twice 9 ! same ye>1 & bo? may be visible1 z 9 #ahdd1 #ahgg1 #aifd1 c4 ,x is possible = ?ree su* eclipses to occur )9 a s+le ye>1 z 9 #aedd4 ,9 #aiag !re w be ?ree total lun> eclipses1 b n all visible 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! latt] ye> !re w be no less ?an sev5 eclipses1 z 9 #aice4 ,on ! la/ two occasions--,oct4 #d1 #ahhd1 & ,jan4 #bh1 #ahhh--:5 ! ,moon 0 totally imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[1 ! atmosph]e 0 v cle>2 & x is hop$ equally fav\rable conditions w att5d ! simil> ph5om5a ( ,nov4 #ae1 #ahia1 ,sept4 #d1 #ahie1 & ,dec4 #bg1 #ahih4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features dur+ ^! tempor>y obscurations ( our satellite is ! occultation ( small />s4 ,pr(4 ,/ruve compil$ a li/ ( no less ?an #aaf ( ^! objects t w\ld pass beh9d ! ,moon's %ad[$ limb dur+ ! eclipse ( ,oct4 #d1 #ahhd4 ,ano!r important effect is ! v>iable col\r+ on ! ,moon4 ,?is diff]s consid]ably 9 relative int5sity z se5 dur+ successive eclipses1 & ! cause is n p]haps fully acc\nt$ =4 ,kepl] ?\ght x due to diff]5ces 9 humidity ( ^? p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! sol> rays pass & are refract$ to ! eclips$ ,moon4 ,! int5se r$ hue :i* envelopes ! lun> surface on su* occasions is due to ! absorption ( ! blue rays ( light by our atmosph]e4 ,! sky at sunset is (t5 obs]v$ to be simil>ly col\r$1 & f ! op]ation ( simil> causes4 ,sometimes ! ,moon entirely disappe>s :5 eclips$1 b on o!r occasions rema9s di/9ctly obvi\s1 l a bright r$ ball susp5d$ 9 ! firmam5t4 ,on ,may #e1 #aaaj1 ,dec4 #i1 #afbj1 ,may #ah1 #agfa1 & ,june #aj1 #ahaf1 our satellite is said to h become absolutely imp]ceptible dur+ eclipse4 ,w>g5t91 :o describ$ ! appe>ance 9 #agfa1 rem>ks3--8,! ,moon's body disappe>$ s completely t n ! slighte/ trace ( any portion ( ! lun> disk c\ld be disc]n$1 ei!r ) ! nak$ eye or ) ! telescope40 ,on ,oct4 #d1 #ahhd1 ,i notic$ t ! opacity 0 mu* great] ?an usual2 at ! middle p]iod ( ! eclipse ! ,moon's diamet] 0 app>5tly s mu* r$uc$ t %e look$ l a dull1 fa9t1 nebul\s mass1 )\t %>ply det]m9ate outl9es4 ,! effect 0 simil> to t ( a /> or planet /ruggl+ ?r\gh d5se haze4 ,yet1 on ,m>* #ai1 #ahdh1 ! ,moon 8pres5t$ a lum9osity q unusual4 ,! light & d>k places on ! face ( our satellite c\ld be almo/ z well made out z on an ord9>y dull moonlight night40 ,on ,july #ab1 #ahgj1 ,feb4 #bg & ,aug4 #bc1 #ahgg1 & ,jan4 #bh1 #ahhh1 ! ,moon1 z obs]v$ at ,bri/ol1 0 also fairly bright :5 totally imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,9 explanation ( ^! s+ul> diff]5ces1 ,dr4 ,burd] has sugge/$ t ,kepl]'s views seem inadequate1 & t ! sol> corona is probably implicat$ 9 produc+ light & d>k eclipses4 ,he concludes t1 z ! corona sometimes ext5ds to consid]able di/ances f ! ,sun1 & is v v>iable 9 brightness1 x may h suffici5t influ5ce to occasion ! effects allud$ to4 ,lun> ,*anges4--,! "q z to :e!r physical *anges are occurr+ 9 ! surface-=mations ( our satellite is "o :i* (f]s attractive inducem5ts to telescopic obs]v]s4 ,?\gh ! ,moon appe>s to h pass$ ! active /ate1 x is v possible t trivial alt]ations cont9ue to affect "s ( h] features4 ,9 ,april #aghg ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el wrote3--8,i p]ceive ?ree volcanoes 9 diff]5t places ( ! d>k "p ( ! new ,moon4 ,two ( !m are already ne>ly ext9ct1 or o!rwise 9 a /ate ( go+ to break out2 ! ?ird %[s an eruption ( fire or lum9\s matt]40 ,s*rt]1 h[ev]1 0 correctly ( op9ion t ^! appe>ances 7 due to reflect$ light f ! ,e>? fall+ ^u elevat$ spots ( ! ,moon hav+ unusual capacity to return x4 ,s*rt] himself ?\ght he detect$ sudd5 *anges 9 #agia4 ,he says t1 on ! #cj? ( ,decemb]1 at #e;h ,p4,m41 ) a #g-;foot reflector magnify+ #afa times1 he p]ceiv$ ! comm5cem5t ( a small crat] on ! ,s4,w4 declivity ( ! volcanic m\nta9 9 ! ,m>e ,crisium1 hav+ a %ad[ ( at lea/ #b #e4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 #agib1 at #e;h #bjm ,p4,m41 on look+ at ! place aga9 he c\ld see nei!r ! new crat] nor its %ad[4 ,9 ?is case ! disappe>ance 0 d\btless an app>5t "o1 m]ely due to ! rev]s$ illum9ation "u :i* ! object 0 exam9$ 9 ! int]val ( #ab days4 ,_m o!r obs]v]s besides ,h]s*el h be5 /ruck ) ! brightness ( c]ta9 spots situat$ 9 ! opaque region ( ! lun> disk2 b !re is no d\bt ! cause has be5 uni=mly "o & ! same1 viz4 ! highly reflective prop]ties ( "s ( ! m\nta9s 7notably ( "o nam$ ,ari/>*us71 :i* are di/9ctly visible z lum9\s spots amid ! relatively d>k regions surr\nd+ !m4 ,!y af=d no c]ta9 evid5ce ( exi/+ volcanic en]gy1 & 9 ! light ( mod]n rese>*es su* an idea _c be ent]ta9$4 ,on ,june #aj1 #ahff1 ,temple notic$ a rem>kable light appe>ance1 agree+ ) ! position ( ,ari/>*us1 ^u ! d>k side ( ! ,moon1 fa9tly illum9at$ by e>?%9e4 ,! object did n exhibit a fa9t :ite light analog\s to t ( o!r crat]s 9 ! d>k side1 b x 0 />-l1 diffus$1 9 col\r r$di% yell[1 & evid5tly dissimil> to o!r bright spots4 ,he wrote1 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt]3--8,( c\rse ,i am f> f surmis+ a /ill active *emical outbreak1 z su* an outbreak supposes wat] & an atmosph]e1 bo? ( :i* are univ]sally all[$ n to exi/ on ! ,moon1 s t ! crat]-=m+ process c only be ?\ght ( z a dry1 *emical1 al?\gh w>m "o40 ,on ,novemb] #ag1 #ahff1 ,s*midt ann\nc$ t ! lun> crat] ,l9n1 ab\t #e miles 9 diamet]1 & situat$ 9 ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 _h disappe>$6 ,he av]r$ t he _h be5 famili> ) ! object z a deep crat] s9ce #ahda1 b 9 ,octob] #ahff he f\nd its place occupi$ by a :iti% cl\d4 ,?is cl\d 0 always visible1 b ! crat] itself appe>$ to h become fill$ up1 & 0 c]ta9ly invisible "u its =m] aspect4 ,su* a def9ite /atem5t1 emanat+ z x did f a dilig5t & exp]i5c$ /ud5t ( sel5ography1 naturally ar\s$ ke5 int]e/1 & ,l9n at once became ! object ( wide-spread obs]vation4 ,b a ref]5ce to ,s*rt]'s results1 obta9$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 ?rew "s d\bt ^u ! alleg$ *ange4 ,?is obs]v] _h figur$ ,l9n on ,novemb] #e1 #aghh1 z a r\nd :ite spot1 & !re is no?+ 9 8 draw+ indicat+ a crat]i=m aspect4 ,8 description ( ,l9n 03--8,a flat1 some:at d\btful crat]1 :i* appe>s z a r\nd :ite spot40 ,mr4 ,hugg9s reg>d$ ,s*rt]'s obs]vations z correctly express+ ! appe>ance ( ?is object 9 #ahfg "u ! same conditions ( illum9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lohrmann 7#ahbc7 & ,mdl] 7#ahca7 ref]r$ to ,l9n z a deep crat]1 & 9 t]ms inconsi/5t bo? ) ,s*rt]'s draw+ & ) ! pres5t aspect ( ! object4 ,! outcome ( ! _m fre% obs]vations t 7 collect$ 0 t ,l9n appe>$ z a :ite cl\d1 ) a small black crat] )9 a l>ge %all[-r+$ depression4 ,b z usual 9 su* cases1 ! obs]v]s 7 f> f be+ unanim\s z to ! details ( ! =mation2 & c]ta9ly 9 reg>d to a lun> object ?is ne$ occasion no surprise1 = slight diff]5ces 9 ! angle ( illum9ation produce m>k$ *anges 9 ! aspect ( lun> features4 ,! fact ( actual *ange c\ld n be demon/rat$1 & ! negative view appe>s to h subsequ5tly ga9$ weight4 ,ano!r in/ance ( alleg$ activity on ! ,moon 0 notifi$ by ,dr4 ,kle9 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgg4 ,he saw a deep black crat] ab\t #ah miles to ! ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,hyg9us1 & 9 a p>ticul> place :]e he _h previ\sly recogniz$ no su* object1 ?\gh he _h frequ5tly exam9$ ! region & 0 p]fectly famili> ) x4 ,=?) e telescope 0 direct$ to ?is "p ( ! ,moon4 ,! maps ( e>li] obs]v]s 7 eag]ly consult$1 & lun> photographs scann$ = traces ( ! new object4 ,_m draw+s 7 made ( ! di/rict ne> ,hyg9us & ( ! rem>kable rill or cleft connect$ ) x2 b among/ bo? old & new records "s puzzl+ discordances 7 detect$4 ,_m ( ! obs]v]s1 in/ead ( f9d+ ,dr4 ,kle9's new =mation a %>ply-cut1 deep crat]1 saw x r 9 ! "* ( a sauc]-l depression2 & ,i drew x "u ?is aspect on sev]al occasions ) a #aj-;in* reflector4 ,! fact1 !re=e1 ( its be+ a new feature admitt$ ( no valid & conv9c+ pro(s1 & ?us ! same unc]ta9ty rema9s atta*$ to ?is object z to ,l9n1 no?+ be+ absolutely prov$#af4 ,! problem z to :e!r ! ,moon is /ill ! seat ( physical activity has yet to be solv$4 ,_m circum/ances are antagoni/ic to ! discov]y ( *anges on ! ,moon4 ,z ! ,sun's altitude is con/antly v>y+ ) ref]5ce to lun> objects1 !y assume diff]5t aspects f h\r to h\r4 ,9 a %ort int]val ! same =mations become v dissimil>4 ,:5 ! ,sun is ris+ above ! m m9ute crat]s !y are (t5 di/+ui%$ 9 _! true *>act]s2 b ne> ! p]iod ( full ,moon !y are visible z bright spots1 & x is impossible to tell :e!r !y repres5t crat]s or conical hills4 ,) a v]tical ,sun1 z at ! full1 all ! %ad[s h disappe>$--9 fact1 ! entire configuration has be5 trans=m$1 & _m ( ! int]e/+ l9eam5ts display$ at ! cresc5t phase are no long] se54 ,! ,moon's libration also introduces slight diff]5ces 9 ! appe>ance ( objects4 ,& ^! are n ! only drawbacks2 = obs]vations1 9 !mselves1 are seldom accordant1 & x is f\nd t draw+s & descriptions are n always to be reconcil$1 ?\gh ref]r+ to id5tical & inv>iable features4 ,! lun> l&scape mu/ be /udi$ "u ! same conditions ( illum9ation & libration1 ) ! same in/rum5t & p[]1 & 9 a simil> /ate ( atmosph]e1 if results are to be /rictly comp>able4 ,b x is v r>ely t obs]vations c be effect$ "u precisely equal conditions2 h5ce discordances are f\nd among/ ! records4 ,! :ole ( ! ,moon's visible sph]e exhibits /rik+ impr9ts ( convulsions & volcanic action 9 pa/ times1 ?\gh no su* =ces appe> to op]ate n[4 ,! surface seems to h become quiesc5t1 & to h assum$ a rigidity inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( pres5t en]gy4 ,b we _c be absolutely c]ta9 t m9ute *anges are n tak+ place1 &1 be+ m9ute1 ! prospect ( _! detection is some:at remote4 ,/ud5ts ( lun> sc5]y w probably h to wat* details ) scrupul\s c>e & = long p]iods be=e an in/ance ( real activity c be demon/rat$4 ,lun> ,=mations4--,! ,moon ab\nds 9 objects ( v div]sifi$ "*1 & !y h be5 classifi$ accord+ to peculi>ities ( /ructure4 ,! names ( em95t a/ronom]s h be5 appli$ to _m ( ! m def9ite features--a plan ( nom5clature :i* orig9at$ ) ,riccioli1 :o publi%$ a lun> map at ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! foll[+ brief summ>y comprises _m ( ! pr9cipal =mations3-- ,m>e4 ,a "n appli$ by ,hevelius to d5ote ! l>ge & relatively level pla9s on ! ,moon1 :i* pres5t "s simil>ity to t]re/rial seas4 ,!y are visible to ! nak$ eye z dusky spots1 & 9 a telescope %[ _m crat]s1 hills1 & m\nds1 & "s ext5sive undulations ( surface4 ,palus 7,m>%7 & ,lacus 7,lake7 7 titles giv5 by ,riccioli to m9or areas ( a d>k col\r1 & exhibit+ great] v>iety ( detail & t9t ?an ! ,m>ia4 ,s9us 7,bay7 has be5 appli$ to objects l deep bays on ! bord]s ( ! ,m>ia4 ,wall$ ,pla9s ext5d f #dj to #aej miles 9 diamet]1 & are commonly surr\nd$ by a t]rac$ wall or m\nta9-ranges4 ,! int]iors are tol]ably level1 ?\gh (t5 m>k$ ) crat]-pits1 m\nds1 & ridges4 ,m\nta9-,r+s4 ,^! repres5t r+s ( m\nta9s & hills1 enclos+ irregul>ities1 possibly furni%$ by ! debris ( ! crumbl+ ext]ior walls1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 appe> to h fall5 inw>ds4 ,r+-,pla9s are m circul> & regul> 9 type ?an ! wall$ pla9s1 & consi/ ( a mod]ately flat surface surr\nd$ by a s+le wall4 ,crat]-,pla9s are some:at simil>1 & seldom exce$ #bj miles 9 diamet]4 ,!y 8rise /eeply f ! mass ( debris ar\nd ! foot ( _! walls to a consid]able height1 & !n fall precipit\sly to ! int]ior 9 a r\gh curv$ slope1 :il/ on _! walls1 especially on ! ext]ior1 crat]lets & crat]-cones (t5 exi/ 9 consid]able numb]s40 ,crat]s1 ,crat]lets1 & ,crat]-,pits4 ,usually circul> 9 =m1 & sev]ally (f]+ di/9ctions z to dim5sions & %ape4 ,! crat]s are surr\nd$ by walls1 ris+ abruptly to tol]able heights1 & pretty regul> 9 _! cont\r4 ,:5 ! ,sun is ris+ ! %ad[ ( ! walls falls ^u ! int]ior ( ! crat]s1 & _m ( ^! d>k conspicu\s objects are to be se5 ne> ! ,moon's t]m9ator4 ,) a high ,sun "s ( ! crat]s are extremely bright4 ,9 pro( ( ! l>ge numb] ( ^! objects1 x may be not$ "h t 9 ,mdl]'s lun> map 7#ahcg7 #ggce crat]s are figur$1 :ile 9 ,s*midt's 7#ahgh7 !re are no less ?an #cb1hef6 ,crat]-,cones4 ,conical hills or m\nta9s1 visible z small lum9\s spots ab\t ! p]iod ( full ,moon4 ,!y are f #a_/b to #c miles 9 diamet]1 & %[ deep c5tral depressions4 ,x is some:at difficult to di/+ui% !m f ! ord9>y m\nta9-peaks & :ite spots1 & !y are n unlike ! cones ( t]re/rial volcanoes4 ,rills or ,clefts4 ,^! are v curi\s objects4 ,!y 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,s*rt] 9 #aghg1 & "s ( !m are to be trac$ ov] a consid]able ext5t ( ! lun> surface1 _! entire l5g? be+ #bjj or #cjj miles4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( cutt+s or canals1 & are sometimes /raight1 sometimes b5t1 & n unfrequ5tly develop bran*es :i* int]sect ea* o!r4 ,!y app>5tly run )\t int]ruption ?r\gh _m v>ieties ( lun> objects4 ,! bottoms ( ^! rills are ne>ly flat1 & look n unlike dri$ riv]b$s4 ,"s obs]v]s h reg>d$ !m z fractures or cracks 9 ! ,moon's surface2 b _! appe>ance & circum/ances ( arrangem5t are oppos$ to su* a view4 ,our pres5t k includes m ?an #ajjj ( ^! rills4 ,m\nta9-,ranges are *a9s ( l(ty peaks & highl&s1 sometimes divid$ by rills & num]\s rav9es & cross valleys4 ,"s ( ^! ranges are ( va/ magnitude1 & ! summits ( ! m\nta9s rea* altitudes betwe5 #ae1jjj & #bj1jjj feet1 & sometimes ev5 m4 ,m\nta9-,ridges are to be f\nd scatt]$ 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 ! mo/ di/urb$ localities ( ! lun> surface4 ,!y sometimes connect sev]al =mations1 or surm\nt rav9es or depressions ( l>ge ext5t4 ,peaks atta9+ altitudes ( m ?an #ejjj feet rise f !m1 & !y range 9 sev]al cases ov] #ajj miles4 ,ray-,c5tres4 ,sy/ems ( radiat+ light-/reaks1 hav+ a m\nta9-r+ z ! c5tre ( div]g5ce1 & /ret*+ to di/ances ( "s hundr$s ( miles r\nd4 ,ty*o1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,anaxagoras1 ,ari/>*us1 & ,olb]s are pron\nc$ examples ( ?is class4 ,9 ,be] & ,mdl]'s *>t ( ! ,moon ! names are atta*$ to ! v>i\s =mations1 z !y are also 9 ,neison's maps & 9 "s o!r works4 ,"o ( ^! w be absolutely necess>y to ! /ud5t 9 prosecut+ 8 /udies4 ,he w !n h a ready means ( acqua9t+ himself ) ! v>i\s =mations1 & mak+ comp>isons betwe5 8 new results & ! draw+s ( e>li] sel5ograph]s4 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,neison's & ,webb's books = _m ref]5ces 9 detail to lun> features1 & mu/ be cont5t "h ) a brief description ( a few lead+ objects3-- ,plato is an ext5sive wall$ pla91 #fj miles 9 diamet]1 & situat$ on ! ,n4,e4 b\nd>y ( ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,nasmy? & ,c>p5t] describe ! wall z 8s]rat$ ) noble peaks1 :i* ca/ _! black %ad[s across ! plateau 9 a mo/ picturesque mann]1 l ! t[]s & spires ( a great ca!dral40 ,x has receiv$ a l>ge am\nt ( att5tion1 ) a view to trace :e!r *anges are occurr+ 9 ! num]\s :ite spots & /reaks ly+ 9 its int]ior4 ,9 #ahfi-ga ,mr4 ,birt collect$ _m obs]vations1 & on discuss+ !m 0 l$ to believe t 8!re is /rong probability t activity1 ( a "* suffici5t to r5d] its effects visible1 _h be5 manife/$40 ,! inquiry 0 r5ew$ by ,/anley ,williams 9 #ahhb-hd1 & he conclud$ t ! results 7 /rongly confirmatory ( actual *ange hav+ occurr$ s9ce #ahfi-ga4 ,! relative visibility ( sev]al ( ! bright spots _h alt]$ 9 ! int]im1 & ! curi\s int]m+l+ bright /reaks also exhibit$ traces ( v>iation4 ,at sunrise ! int]ior ( ,plato is pure grey2 b ) ! sun at a consid]able height above x1 ! pla9 becomes a d>k /eel-grey4 ,! *ange is an abnormal "o1 & difficult to expla94 ,s\? ( ,plato !re is a f9e example ( an isolat$ peak1 nam$ ,pico1 :i* is ab\t #hjjj feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,light-spots & /reaks on ,plato1 #ahgi-hb4 7,a4 ,/anley ,williams47 ,great ,alp9e ,valley4 ,?is object1 suppos$ to h be5 discov]$ by ,bian*9i 9 #agbg1 & hav+ a l5g?1 accord+ to ,mdl]1 ( #hc miles & a bread? v>y+ f #c to #f miles1 is a v conspicu\s depression situat$ ne> ,plato1 & runn+ f ! ,m>e ,frigoris to ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,x exhibits at its s\!rn extremity an oval =mation1 & a n>r[ gorge issues f x to ! nor?w>d1 op5+ out fur!r on1 & imp>t+ to ! :ole appe>ance a %ape :i* ,webb lik5$ to a ,flor5ce oil-flask4 ,elg] has fully describ$ ?is s+ul> /ructure4 8,x is only :5 f> remov$ f ! t]m9ator t its ,v-%ap$ outlet to ! ,m>e ,imbrium flank$ on ei!r side by ! l(ty ,alps c be trac$ to advantage1 or ! flask-l expansion ) ! con/rict$ gorge lead+ up to x f ! ,n4,w4 satisfactorily obs]v$4 ,at o!r times ^! features are always m or less conceal$ by ! %ad[s ( neighb\r+ heights4 ,! details ( ! upp] or m att5uat$ end ( ! valley are1 h[ev]1 be/ se5 "u a sett+ sun1 :5 _m /rik+ objects come to light1 ( :i* few traces appe> at o!r times40 ,ar*im$es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ def9ite & regul> ( ! wall$ pla9s4 ,x is #fj miles 9 diamet]1 ) a wall ris+ ab\t #dbjj feet above ! surface4 ,"s small crat]s & v>i\s /reaks div]sify its c5tre4 ,ty*o4 ,a gr& r+-pla91 #ed miles 9 diamet] & ab\t #ag1jjj feet 7 ne>ly #c miles7 deep1 & =m+ ! c5tre ( ! *ief ray-sy/em ( ! ,moon4 ,! light-radiations /ret* ov] "o f\r? ( ! visible hemisph]e at ! full1 b !y are imp]ceptible ) ! ,sun's altitude bel[ #bj4 ,^! rem>kable radiations f ,ty*o =m a /rik+ aspect ( lun> sc5]y1 & any small telescope reveals !m4 ,webb has t]m$ ,ty*o 8! metropolitan =mation ( ! ,moon20 & ! idea embodi$ 9 ! expression mu/ /rike obs]v]s z v apposite4 ,?is object is visible to ! nak$ eye at ! "t ( full4 ,a f9e hill rises f its c5tre to a height ( #eejj feet4 ,cop]nicus4 ,a magnific5t r+-pla91 #ef miles 9 diamet]1 & surr\nd$ by a wall 79 :i* !re are t]races & l(ty peaks1 sep>at$ by rav9es7 atta9+ an elevation ( #aa1jjj feet4 ,!re is a c5tral hill ( ne>ly #bejj feet4 ,f ,cop]nicus light-/reaks are pl5tifully ext5d$ on all sides1 & app>5tly connect ?is object ) ! _m o!rs ( simil> "* :i* are situat$ 9 ?is region4 ,neison says t ne> ,cop]nicus ! light-/reaks unite & =m a k9d ( nimbus or light-cl\d ab\t x4 ,! /reaks are mo/ conspicu\s t[>ds ! ,n41 :]e !y are f #e to #ad miles 9 wid?4 ,to ! ,n4,w4 ( ,cop]nicus1 ab\t halfway 9 ! direction ( ! neighb\r+ r+-pla9 ,erato/h5es 7& ,n4 ( ,/adius71 !re is a consid]able numb] ( crat]-pits4 ,mdl] figur$ sixty-"o ( ^!1 & reg>d$ t numb] z c]ta9ly less ?an half ! total numb] visible4 ,!y appe> to be rang$ 9 r[s or /reams1 & are s close toge!r 9 places z to ne>ly =m crat]-rills4 ,s*midt saw ! gr\nd h]eab\t pi]c$ l a honeycomb1 & manag$ to c\nt ab\t #cjj little crat]s2 b !y are s ?ickly /rewn 9 ?is di/rict t exact numb]s or places _c be assign$4 ,!y are be/ obs]vable :5 ! ,sun is ris+ on ! ,e4 wall ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! int]ior ( ?is f9e object %[s six or sev5 peaks1 :i* are (t5 capp$ ) sun%9e1 & v brilliant amid ! black %ad[ ?r[n f ! surr\nd+ wall4 ,!ophilus4 ,ano!r r+-pla91 & "o ( ! deepe/ visible4 ,its t]rac$ l(ty wall1 #fd miles 9 diamet]1 rises 9 a s]ies ( peaks to heights v>y+ betwe5 #ad1jjj & #ah1jjj feet4 ,!re is a c5tral m\nta91 brok5 by rav9es2 b f "o ( ! masses a peak asc5ds to a height ( ab\t #fjjj feet4 ,petavius4 ,a l>ge wall$ pla91 surr\nd$ by a d\ble wall or ramp>t1 :i* rises to #aa1jjj feet on its ,e4 side4 ,!re are hills & ridges 9 ! int]ior1 & a c5tral peak1 ,a1 rea*+ to #eejj feet above ! ,e4 "p ( ! floor1 :i* is convex 9 =m4 ,a small] peak1 ( ne>ly #djjj feet1 lies ,w4 ( ,a4 ,sev]al small crat]lets h be5 se5 9 ! int]ior4 ,newton4 ,! deepe/ wall$ pla9 kn[n ^u ! ,moon's surface4 ,9 =m x is elliptical2 its l5g? is #adc miles1 :ile its bread? is only #fi miles4 ,! walls %[ ! t]rac+ s common 9 ^! objects1 & "o l(ty peak rea*es ! unusual height ( #bd1jjj feet above ! floor4 ,! int]ior includes "s small crat]s1 m\nta9 protub]ances1 & o!r irregul>ities4 ,neison says t1 ow+ to 8! imm5se height ( ! wall1 a great "p ( ! floor is entirely lo/ 9 %ad[1 nei!r ,e>? nor ,sun be+ ev] visible f x40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,petavius & ,wrottesley at sunset4 #ahhe1 ,dec4 #bc1 #i;h to #aj;h #cjm4 7,t4 ,gwyn ,elg]47 ,grimaldi4 ,an imm5se wall$ pla91 ext5d+ ov] #adh miles f ,n4 to ,s4 & ab\t #acj miles f ,e4 to ,w4 ,its int]ior is v d>k4 ,clavius is ano!r gr& example ( ?is class ( object1 & is r l>g] ?an ,grimaldi1 b unfav\rably plac$ ne> ! ,s4 pole4 ,s*ick>d may also be m5tion$ z a l>ge =mation ( simil> type1 & situat$ ne> ! ,s4,e4 limb ( ! ,moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,birt1 ,birt ,a1 & ! ,/raight ,wall4 #ahhc1 ,feb4 #ae1 #f;h to #h;h #djm4 7,t4 ,gwyn ,elg]47 ,rill or ,cleft ( ,hyg9us4 ,a conspicu\s example ( ! lun> rills1 & "o :i* yields to v mod]ate in/rum5ts4 ,neison notes t x is readily visible 9 a #b-;in* telescope2 :ile ,webb rem>ks t a p[] ( only #dj1 9 a good in/rum5t1 is en\gh to %[ x "u any illum9ation4 ,! rill is ab\t #aej miles long4 ,x cuts ?r\gh a numb] ( crat]-pits1 & ,mdl] f\nd s _m wid5+s 9 x t x appe>$ l a conflu5t tra9 ( crat]s4 ,! rill trav]ses ! l>ge crat]-pit ,hyg9us1 :i* is #c-c_/d miles 9 diamet] & mod]ately deep4 ,o!r f9e examples ( rill-sy/ems w be f\nd betwe5 ,rheita & ,metius & ne> ,triesneck] & ,ramsd54 ,/raight ,wall4 ,a s+ul> /ructure on ! ,e4 side ( ! r+-pla9 ,!bit4 ,x is a ridge or wall1 :i* looks regul> en\gh = a "w ( art1 accord+ to ,webb4 ,its av]age height is #dej feet 7,s*rt]71 #ajjd feet 7,mdl]71 or #hhj feet 7,s*midt74 ,^! sev]al det]m9ations are giv5 to %[ ! discordances sometimes f\nd 9 ! measures ( good obs]v]s4 ,?is object is ab\t #fj miles long2 at "o extremity lies a small crat]1 at ! o!r !re is a bran*+ m\nta9 ne>ly #bjjj feet high4 ,elg] has drawn ?is object1 "u bo? a ris+ & a sett+ sun1 9 ! ,liv]pool ,a/ronomical ,society's #8,j\rnal1' vol4 v4 p4 #aef1 & rem>ks t x may be well obs]v$ at f #bj to #cj h\rs aft] ! ,moon's fir/ qu>t]4 ,valley ne> ,rheita4 ,s\? ( ! r+-pla9 ,rheita1 on ! ,s4,w4 limb1 !re is an enorm\s valley1 :i* ext5ds 9 its entire l5g? ov] #ahg miles1 ) a wid? rang+ f #aj to #be miles4 ,!re are sev]al f9e valleys 9 ?is p>ticul> region4 ,leibnitz ,m\nta9s4 ,^! are really situat$ on ! fur!r hemisph]e ( ! ,moon1 b libration br+s !m into view1 & !y are sometimes gr&ly se5 9 pr(ile on ! ,s4 m>g94 ,f\r ( ! peaks asc5d to elevations ( #bf1jjj or #bg1jjj feet1 & "o mass1 t[]+ f> above ! o!rs1 is fully #cj1jjj feet 9 height1 & is unque/ionably ! mo/ l(ty m\nta9 on ! ,moon4 ,drfel ,m\nta9s4 ,visible on ! ,moon's ,s4,s4,e4 limb4 ,!y exhibit ?ree peaks1 :i*1 on ! au?ority ( ,s*rt]1 rise to m ?an #bf1jjj feet above ! av]age level ( ! limb4 ,! l(tie/ m\nta9s on ! ,e>? are 9 ! ,himalayas--a range ( imm5se ext5t to ! ,n4 ( ,india4 ,! ?ree highe/ peaks are ,m\nt ,ev]e/ 7#bi1jjb feet71 ,kun*9j+a 7#bh1aef feet71 & ,dhawalagiri 7#bh1jjj feet74 ,! only lun> m\nta9 m elevat$ ?an ^! is t ( ! ,leibnitz range1 :i*1 z we h already /at$1 asc5ds to fully #cj1jjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,ari/>*us & ,h]odotus at sunrise4 #ahhd1 ,jan4 #i1 #h;h #cjm to #aj;h #cjm4 7,t4 ,gwyn ,elg]47 ,ap5n9es4 ,a va/ *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ext5d+ ov] m ?an #dej miles ( ! lun> surface4 ,huyg5s is ! mo/ elevat$ peak1 ris+ to m ?an #ah1jjj feet1 & on its summit x %[s a small crat]4 ,!re are sev]al o!r v l(ty peaks 9 ?is range4 ,! ,sun rises ^u ! we/]ly region ( ^! m\nta9s at ! "t ( fir/ qu>t]1 & ! peaks & ridges1 ) _! contra/+ %ad[s1 create a gorge\s effect j )91 & project+ into ! d>kness beyond1 ! t]m9ator4 ,!re is an imm5se am\nt ( detail to be /udi$ "h1 & mu* ( x is )9 ! rea* ( small in/rum5ts4 ,z ! lun> m\nta9s & crat]s are be/ se5 ne> ! t]m9ator1 x may be useful to give a table ( objects ?us fav\rably plac$ betwe5 ! times ( new & full ,moon4 ,! summ>y may assi/ ! /ud5t1 ?\gh x does n aim at exactness1 only ev5 days be+ giv54 ,objects ne> ! ,t]m9ator4 ,moon's age 9 days4 #b ,m>e ,crisium1 ,messala1 ,sunrise on ! ,m>e ,humboldtianum1 ,langr5us1 ,v5del9us1 ,condorcet1 ,hans51 ,gauss771 ,hahn1 ,b]osus4 #c77 ,crat]s 9 ,m>e ,crisium1 ,t>untius1 ,pic>d1 ,fraunh(]1 ,vega1 ,pontc\lant1 ,cleom$es771 ,furn]ius1 ,petavius1 ,endymion1 ,messi]771 ,vlacq4 #d ,m>e ,nect>is1 ,macrobius771 ,proclus1 ,sunrise on ,fraca/orius1 ,rheita & ,metius ) ! int]v5+ valley1 ,guttemb]g1 ,colombo1 ,santbe*1 ,m\nta9\s region ,w4 ( ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 ,h]cules1 ,atlas4 #e ,palus ,somnii1 ,plana1 ,capella1 ,isidorus1 ,polybius1 ,piccolom9i1 ,vitruvius1 ,littr[1 ,fabricius1 ,posidonius1 ,le,monnier1 ,!ophilus1 ,cyrillus1 ,ca?>9a1 ,hommel4 #f ,tacitus1 ,maurolycus1 ,b>ocius1 ,dionysius771 ,sosig5es1 ,abulf$a1 ,desc>tes1 ,almamon1 ,gemma ,frisius1 ,pl9ius1 ,ross1 ,arago1 ,delambre1 ,ari/oteles1 ,eudoxus1 ,julius ,cs>1 ,l9n1 ,m5elaus4 ,! objects = obs]vation :5 ! ,moon's age is f #b to #d days may be suitably re-exam9$ a few days aft] ! full4 ,an ext5sive wall$ pla91 #aaj miles 9 l5g?4 ,a l>ge wall$ pla9 conta9+ a small crat]1 ,cleom$es ,a4 ,a curi\s d\ble crat]1 ) comet-l rays cross+ ! ,m>e ,fcunditatis4 ,a circul> r+-pla91 #db miles 9 diamet]4 ,! int]ior ( ?is crat] exhibits "s int]e/+ features z ! ,sun rises high] above x4 #g ,ptolemu1 ,albategnius1 ,manilius#ag1 ,hyg9us & its rill-sy/em1 ,hipp>*us1 ,autolycus1 ,ari/illus1 ,cass9i1 ,alp9e ,valley1 ,w4 ,c4 ,bond1 ,walt]1 ,mill]1 ,la,caille1 ,ap5n9es1 ,triesneck] & ! rills ,w4 ( x4 #h ,m>e ,frigoris1 ,arza*el1 ,alphonsus1 ,alpetragius1 ,bode1 ,pallas1 ,ar*im$es1 ,plato1 ,mag9us#ah1 ,m/+#ai1 ,!bit1 ,saussure1 ,moretus1 ,/raight ,wall1 ,lal&e1 ,kir*4 #i ,ty*o1 ,clavius1 ,erato/h5es#bj1 ,/adius & ! crat]s runn+ to ,n4,e41 ,timo*>is1 ,pitatus1 ,gruemb]g]1 ,t5]iffe ,m\nta9s1 ,/raight ,range#ba1 ,=mation ,w4 ( ,font5elle#bb1 ,gamb>t4 #aj ,s9us ,iridum1 ,cop]nicus1 ,hesiodus & ! rill to ,e41 ,wilhelm ,i41 ,longomontanus#bc1 ,he9sius1 ,py!as1 ,lamb]t1 ,helicon1 ,wurzelbau]4 #aa ,bullialdus1 ,campanus1 ,m]cator1 ,re9hold1 ,riphan ,m\nta9s1 ,hippalus1 ,capuanus1 ,blancanus1 ,tobias ,may]4 #ab ,m>e ,imbrium1 ,gass5di#bd1 ,ari/>*us & s9u\s valley to ! ,n4,e41 ,h]odotus1 ,m>ius1 ,flam/e$1 ,letronne1 ,s*ill]1 ,m]s5ius1 ,doppelmay]4 #ac ,s*ickh>d1 ,w>g5t91 ,grimaldi1 ,byrgius1 ,phocylides1 ,hevelius1 ,seleucus1 ,crg]1 ,briggs1 ,segn]1 ,sirsalis4 #ad ,m>e ,smy?ii1 ,bailly1 ,+hirami1 ,b\v>d1 ,riccioli1 ,olb]s1 ,h]cynian ,m\nta9s1 ,c>danus1 ,krafft1 ,cordill]as#be1 ,py?agoras#bf4 ,occultations ( ,/>s4--,among ! v>i\s ph5om5a to :i* ! lun> motions give rise none are m pleas+ to ! possessors ( small telescopes ?an occultations ( />s4 ,sev]al ( ^! occurr5ces are visible e mon?4 ,if ! amateur has ! means ( obta9+ accurate "t1 he w engage himself usefully 9 not+ ! mom5ts ( disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( ! />s occult$4 ,?is "w is effici5tly done1 x is true1 at "s ( our obs]vatories1 & !re=e little real necessity exi/s = amateurs to emb>k 9 r\t9e "w :i* c be conv5i5tly und]tak5 at e/abli%m5ts :]e !y h bett] appliances & tra9$ obs]v]s to use !m4 ,! m]e wat*+ ( an occultation1 ap>t f ! regi/ry ( exact results1 is int]e/+2 & !re are features connect$ ) x :i* h prov$ exce$+ly difficult to acc\nt =4 ,! />s d n always disappe> in/antane\sly4 ,on com+ up to ! edge ( ! ,moon !y h n be5 sudd5ly blott$ out1 b h appe>$ to hang on ! ,moon's limb = sev]al seconds4 ,?is mu/ arise f an optical illusion1 f ! action ( a lun> atmosph]e1 or ! />s mu/ be obs]v$ ?r\gh fissures on ! ,moon's edge4 ,! =m] explanation is probably correct2 = x has happ5$ t two obs]v]s at ! same place h receiv$ diff]5t impressions ( ! ph5om5on4 ,"o has se5 ! /> app>5tly project$ on ! ,moon's limb = ab\t #e seconds1 :ile ! o!r has witness$ its sudd5 ext9ction1 9 ! usual mann]1 z x met ! ,moon's edge4 ,new obs]vations1 made ) good in/rum5ts & reliable eyes1 & fully describ$1 w d\btless ?r[ m light on ! peculi> effects sometimes record$4 ,visibility ( ! new & old ,moon4--,x is an int]e/+ feature ( obs]vation to note h[ soon aft] conjunction ! ,moon's ?9 cresc5t is obs]vable ) ! nak$ eye4 ,a case has be5 m5tion$ 9 :i* ! old ,moon 0 se5 "o morn+ be=e sunrise & ! new ,moon j aft] sunset on ! next day4 ,at ,bri/ol1 on ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #cj1 #ahha1 ,i saw ! new ,moon at #g;h #ajm1 ! horizon be+ v cle> 9 ! we/4 ,%e 0 !n only #bj;h #chm old4 ,on ,june #d1 #ahge1 ,i obs]v$ ! ,moon's cresc5t at #i;h #ajm1 or #bb;h #dim aft] new ,moon4 ,dr4 ,degr\pet1 ( ,belgium1 saw ! old ,moon on ! morn+ ( ,nov4 #bb1 #ahhi1 betwe5 #f;h #dgm & #g;h #bbm ,g4,m4,t41 or )9 #ah;h #bbm ( ! "t ( new ,moon4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,9 ,septemb] #ahhi ,pr(4 ,?ury1 ( ,g5eva1 report$ a *ange 9 ! c5tre ( ! crat] ,pl9ius4 ,) a #f-;in* refractor he saw1 in/ead ( ! usual two hills 9 ! int]ior1 a circul> *alk-l disk 8) a d>k spot 9 its c5tre l ! orifice ( a mud-volcano40 #ag ,a f9e r+-pla91 #be miles 9 diamet]4 #ah ,mdl] says 8! full ,moon kn[s no ,mag9us10 mean+ t ?is object is invisible "u a v]tical ,sun4 #ai ,m/+1 ,lal&e1 & ,h]s*el =m a f9e triangle :5 ! ,sun has atta9$ a great altitude4 ,m/+ is a ray-c5tre4 #bj ,a r+-pla9 #cg miles 9 diamet]1 ) v irregul> t]rac$ walls4 #ba ,a range ( m\nta9s1 ) int]v5+ valleys4 #bb ,mdl] describes ?is z a squ>e enclosure ) ramp>t-l b\nd>ies1 :i* 8?r[ ! obs]v] into ! highe/ a/oni%m5t40 #bc ,a great wall$ pla91 #ia miles 9 diamet]4 #bd ,a wall$ pla91 #ee miles 9 diamet]1 9 :i* ,s*rt] suspect$ *anges4 #be ,an ext5sive m\nta9-range on ! ,e4 by ,s4 limb4 #bf ,a wall$ pla91 #ie miles 9 diamet]1 & probably ! deepe/ 9 ! ,n4,e4 quadrant1 = ! ,s4,e4 side ( its wall rises to ne>ly #ag1jjj feet4 ,aft] ! full ! same objects %\ld be re-exam9$ "u ! rev]s$ illum9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,m]cury4 ,suppos$ planet1 8,vulcan40--,visibility ( ,m]cury4--,p]iod c4--,elongations4--,amateur's fir/ view4--,phases4--,atmosph]e ( ,m]cury4--,telescopic obs]vations4--,s*iap>elli's results4--,obs]vations ( ,s*rt] & ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el4--,transits ( ,m]cury4--,occultations ( ,m]cury4 8,come1 let u view ! gl[+ we/1 ,n f> f ! fall5 ,sun2 ,= ,m]cury is sp>kl+ !re1 ,& 8 race w soon be run4 ,) aspect pale1 & wav'r+ beam1 ,he is quick to /eal away1 ,& veils 8 face 9 curl+ mi/s1-- ,let u wat* him :ile we may40 ,suppos$ planet 8,vulcan40--,m]cury is ! ne>e/ kn[n planet to ! ,sun4 ,x is true t a body1 provisionally nam$ ,vulcan#bg1 has be5 presum$ to exi/ 9 ! space int]ior to ! orbit ( ,m]cury2 b absolute pro( is lack+1 & e ye> ! idea is los+ /r5g? 9 ! abs5ce ( any confirmation ( a reliable k9d4 ,c]ta9 planet>y spots1 obs]v$ 9 motion on ! sol> disk1 7 report$ to h be5 transits ( ?is intra-,m]curial orb4 ,"s em95t a/ronom]s 7 ?us drawn to take an affirmative view ( ! "q1 & w5t s f> z to compute ! orbital elem5ts & pr$ict a few ensu+ transits ( ! suspect$ planet4 ,b no?+ 0 se5 at ! important times1 & "s ( ! e>li] obs]vations h be5 %[n to possess no significance :atev]1 :ile grave d\bts are atta*$ to _m ( ! o!rs4 ,n "o ( ! regul> & be/ obs]v]s ( ! ,sun has rec5tly detect$ any su* body dur+ its transits 7:i* w\ld be likely to occur pretty frequ5tly71 & !re is o!r evid5ce ( a negative "*2 s t ! gho/ ( ,vulcan may be said to h be5 laid1 & we may reg>d x z prov5 t no major planet revolves 9 ! int]val ( #cf1jjj1jjj miles sep>at+ ,m]cury f ! ,sun4 ,visibility ( ,m]cury4--,cop]nicus1 amid ! fogs ( ! ,vi/ula1 look$ = ,m]cury 9 va91 & compla9$ 9 8 la/ h\rs t he _h nev] se5 x4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,hue51 appe>s to h be5 f> m successful4 ,! planet is extremely fugitive 9 8 appe>ances1 b is n ne>ly s difficult to f9d z _m suppose4 ,:5ev] ! horizon is v cle>1 & ! planet well plac$1 a small sp>kl+ object1 look+ m l a sc9tillat+ /> ?an a planet>y body1 w be detect$ at a l[ altitude & may be foll[$ to ! horizon4 ,p]iod c4--,m]cury revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 #hg;d #bc;h #aem #dds 9 an ecc5tric orbit1 s t 8 di/ance f t lum9>y v>ies f #dc1cej1jjj to #bh1egj1jjj miles4 ,:5 9 sup]ior conjunction ! app>5t diamet] ( ! planet is #de2 at inf]ior1 conjunction x is #abi1 & at elongation #g4 ,8 real diamet] is #cjjj miles4 ,elongations4--,be+ situat$ s ne> to ! ,sun1 x is obvi\s t to an obs]v] on ! ,e>? he mu/ always rema9 9 ! same g5]al region ( ! firmam5t z t body4 ,8 orbital motion enables him to successively assume positions to ! ,e4 & ,w4 ( ! ,sun1 & ^! are kn[n z 8 elongations1 :i* v>y 9 di/ance f #ah to #bh4 ,he becomes visible at ^! p]iods ei!r 9 ! morn+ or ev5+ twilight1 & "u ! be/ circum/ances may rema9 above ! horizon two h\rs 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,sun4 ,! be/ times to obs]ve ! planet are at 8 ,e4 elongations dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye>1 or at 8 ,w4 elongations 9 ! la/ half2 = 8 position at su* times be+ ,n4 ( ! ,sun's place1 he rema9s a long :ile 9 view4 ,x is un=tunate t :5 ! elongation approa*es its extreme limits ( #bh ! planet is situat$ ,s4 ( ! ,sun1 & !re=e n ne>ly s fav\rably visible z at an elongation ( only #ah or #bj1 :5 8 position is ,n4 ( ! ,sun4 ,i h se5 ,m]cury on ab\t sixty-five occasions ) ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ,may #ahgf ,i notic$ ! planet on ?irte5 diff]5t ev5+s1 & betwe5 ,april #bb & ,may #aa1 #ahij1 ,i succe$$ on t5 ev5+s4 ,i believe t anyone :o made x a practice to obta9 nak$-eye views ( ?is object w\ld succe$ f ab\t twelve to fifte5 times 9 a ye>4 ,9 a f9] climate1 ( c\rse1 ,m]cury may be di/+ui%$ m frequ5tly4 ,occasionally he pres5ts q a conspicu\s aspect on ! horizon1 z 9 ,febru>y #ahfh1 :5 ,i ?\ght 8 lu/re vi$ ) t ( ,jupit]1 & 9 ,novemb] #ahhb1 :5 he %one bright] ?an ,sirius4 ,! planet is g5]ally mo/ conspicu\s a few morn+s aft] 8 ,w4 elongations & a few ev5+s be=e 8 ,e4 elongations4 ,amateur's ,fir/ ,view4--,! fir/ view ( ,m]cury =ms q an ev5t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( _m amateurs4 ,! evasive planet is s\ght = ) ! same ke5 en?usiasm z ?\gh an important discov]y 7 involv$4 ,= a few ev5+s ef=ts are va91 until at l5g? a cle>] sky & a clos] wat* enables ! glitt]+ little /rang] to be caught amid ! vap\rs ( ! horizon4 ,! obs]v] is delight$1 &1 pr\d ( 8 success1 he =?) calls out ! memb]s ( 8 family t !y1 too1 may h a glimpse ( ! fugitive orb nev] se5 by ! eye ( ,cop]nicus4 ,phases4--,9 ! c\rse ( 8 orbital r\nd ,m]cury exhibits all ! phases ( ! ,moon4 ,ne> 8 elongations ! disk is ab\t half illum9at$1 & simil> 9 =m to t ( our satellite :5 9 ! fir/ or ?ird qu>t]4 ,b ! phase is n to be di/9ctly made out unless circum/ances are propiti\s4 ,galilei's telescope fail$ to reveal x1 & ,hevelius1 _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 f\nd x difficult4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! small diamet] ( ! planet & ! r>ity ) :i* 8 disk appe>s %>ply def9$4 ,! phase is sometimes not$ to be less ?an !ory indicates2 = ! planet has be5 se5 cresc5t$ :5 he %\ld h pres5t$ ! =m ( a semicircle4 ,sev]al obs]v]s h also rem>k$ t 8 surface displays a rosy t9t1 & t ! t]m9ator is m deeply %ad$ & indef9ite ?an t ( ,v5us4 ,atmosph]e4--,! atmosph]e ( ,m]cury is probably f> less d5se ?an t ( ,v5us4 ,! latt] be+ f>!/ f ! ,sun might be expect$ to %9e relatively m fa9tly ?an ! =m]1 b ! rev]se is ! case4 ,m]cury has a d+y aspect 9 comp>ison ) ! bright :ite lu/re ( ,v5us4 ,on ,may #ab1 #ahij1 :5 ! two planets 7 visible z ev5+ />s1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a di/ance ( only #b1 ,i exam9$ !m 9 a #aj-;in* reflector1 p[] #ade4 ,! disk ( ,v5us look$ l newly-poli%$ silv]1 :ile t ( ,m]cury appe>$ ( a dull lead5 hue4 ,a simil> obs]vation 0 made by ,mr4 ,nasmy? on ,septemb] #bh1 #ahgh4 ,! explanation appe>s to be t ! atmosph]e ( ,m]cury is ( great r>ity1 & incapable ( reflection 9 ! same high degree z ! d5se atmosph]e ( ,v5us4 ,telescopic ,obs]vations4--,z ?is planet is comp>atively seldom to be obs]v$ "u satisfactory conditions1 x is sc>cely surpris+ t our k ( 8 appe>ance is v meagre1 or t amateurs consid] ! planet an object practically inaccessible z reg>ds ! obs]vation ( physical peculi>ities1 & "o ^u :i* x is utt]ly useless to apply ! telescope 9 ! hope ( effect+ new discov]ies4 ,=m] attempts h prov$ ! extreme difficulty ( obta9+ good images ( ?is planet4 ,! smallness ( ! disk1 & ! fact t x is usually s mu* affect$ by ! waves ( vap\r pass+ along ! horizon z to be con/antly fl>+ & m\ld+ 9 a mann] :i* sc>cely enables ! phase to be made out1 are great drawbacks1 :i* r5d] x impossible to di/+ui% any delicate features t may be pres5t$ on ! surface4 ,^! circum/ances are well calculat$ to lead obs]v]s to ab&on ?is object z "o too unpromis+ = fur!r /udy2 b ,i ?9k ! view is p>tly induc$ by a misconception4 ,! planet's dim9utive size is a h9drance :i* _c be ov]come2 b ! bad def9ition1 result+ f l[ altitude1 may be obviat$ by ^? :o w select m suitable times = _! obs]vations & n be dismay$ if _! initiatory ef=ts prove futile4 ,z a nak$-eye object1 ,m]cury mu/ necess>ily be look$ = :5 ne> ! horizon2 b !re is no su* ne$ 9 reg>d to telescopic obs]vation1 :i* ought to be only attempt$ :5 ! planet surm\nts ! d5se l[] vap\rs & is plac$ at a suffici5t elevation to give ! in/rum5t a fair *ance ( produc+ a /eady image4 ,! pres5ce ( sun%9e ne$ n s]i\sly impair ! def9ition or make ! disk too fa9t = detail4 ,i h occasionally se5 ,m]cury1 ab\t two or ?ree h\rs aft] 8 ris+1 ) outl9es ( extreme %>pness & q comp>able ) ! excell5t views obta9$ ( ,v5us at ! "t ( sunrise or sunset4 ,^? :o possess equatoreals %\ld pick up ! planet 9 ! aft]noon & foll[ him until aft] sunset1 :5 ! horizontal vap\rs w int]f]e4 ,o!rs :o "w ) ord9>y alt-azimu? /&s w f9d x be/ to exam9e ! planet at 8 we/]n elongations dur+ ! la/ half ( ! ye>1 :5 he may be f\nd soon aft] ris+ by ! nak$ eye or ) an op]a-glass1 & reta9$ 9 ! telescope = sev]al h\rs aft] sunrise if necess>y4 ,he may sometimes also be br\ght into ! field be=e sunset 7at ! ea/]n elongations 9 ! spr+ mon?s71 by c>eful sweep+ ) a comet-eyepiece1 especially :5 ei!r ! ,moon1 ,v5us1 or ,jupit] happ5s to be ne>1 & ! obs]v] has f\nd ! relative place ( ! planet f an ephem]is4 ,s*iap>elli's ,results4--,m]cury 0 display$ "u sev]al advantages 9 ! morn+ twilight ( ,novemb] #ahhb1 & ,i made a s]ies ( obs]vations ) a #aj-;in* reflector1 p[] #bab4 ,sev]al d>k m>k+s 7 p]ceiv$1 & a conspicu\s :ite spot4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! disk 0 simil> to t ( ,m>s1 & ,i =w>d$ a summ>y ( my results to ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli1 ( ,milan1 :o fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ int]e/+ reply3-- 8,i h myself be5 occupi$ ) ?is planet dur+ ! pa/ ye> 7#ahhb74 ,y are "r 9 say+ t ,m]cury is mu* easi] to obs]ve ?an ,v5us1 & t 8 aspect resembles ,m>s m ?an any o!r ( ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x has "s spots :i* become p>tially obscur$ & sometimes completely s2 x has also "s brilliant :ite spots 9 a v>iable position4 ,z ,i obs]ve ! planet entirely by day & ne> ! m]idian ,i h be5 able to see its spots _m times1 b n always ) ! necess>y di/9ctness to make draw+s suffici5tly reliable to s]ve z a base = a rigor\s inve/igation4 ,x is rem>kable t ! views tak5 ne> sup]ior conjunction h be5 m in/ructive = me ?an ^? tak5 :5 ! disk is ne> di*otomy1 ! defect 9 diamet] be+ comp5sat$ by ! possibility ( see+ ne>ly all ! disk1 :i*1 "u ^? conditions1 is m /rongly illum9at$4 ,i believe t by in/rum5tal means1 su* z our #h-;in* refractor at ,milan gives1 x is possible to prove ! rotation-p]iod ( ,m]cury & to ga9 a k ( ! pr9cipal spots z reg>ds ! g5]ality ( _! =ms4 ,b ^! spots are really v complicat$1 =1 besides ! difficulties att5d+ _! obs]vation1 !y are extremely v>iable40 ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli us$ an #h-;in* refractor 9 ?is "w1 & 0 able1 "u "s fav\rable conditions1 to apply a p[] ( #djj4 ,! outcome ( 8 rese>*es1 enc\rag$ s9ce #ahhb by ! addition ( an #ah-;in* refractor to ! appliances ( 8 ,obs]vatory1 has be5 rec5tly ann\nc$ 9 ! curi\s fact t ! rotation ( ,m]cury is p]=m$ 9 ! same "t t ! planet revolves r\nd ! ,sun6 ,if ?is conclusion is j1 ,m]cury con/antly pres5ts "o & ! same hemisph]e to ! ,sun1 & ! behavi\r ( ! ,moon relatively to ! ,e>? has f\nd an analogy4 ,b ^! d$uctions ( ! em95t ,italian a/ronom] require corroboration1 & ?is is n likely to be soon =?com+ ow+ to ! ob/acles :i* /& 9 ! way4 ,obs]vations ( ,s*rt] & ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el4--,s*rt] obs]v$ ,m]cury ) *>act]i/ic dilig5ce betwe5 #aghj & #ahae4 ,9 #ahjj he sev]al times rem>k$ t ! s\!rn horn ( ! cresc5t 0 blunt$1 & fix$ ! planet's rotation-p]iod at #bd;h #dm4 ,he also inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( a m\nta9 #ab miles 9 height4 ,b elem5ts ( d\bt are atta*$ to "s ( ,s*rt]'s obs]vations2 & ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ^: telescopic surveys ( bo? ,m]cury & ,v5us 7 s+ul>ly b>r5 ( int]e/+ results1 po9t$ out _! improbability4 ,b ! great obs]v] ( ,sl\gh 0 n v amicably dispos$ t[>ds 8 rival 9 ,g]many4 ,8 /rictures appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 n )\t ju/ice if we consid] !m 9 ! light ( mod]n obs]vations4 ,surface-m>k+s4--,spots or m>k+s ( any k9d h r>ely be5 di/+ui%$ on ,m]cury4 ,on ,june #aa1 #ahfg1 ,pr9ce record$ a bright spot1 ) fa9t l9es div]g+ f x ,n4,e4 & ,s4 ,! spot 0 a little ,s4 ( ! c5tre4 ,birm+ham1 on ,m>* #ac1 #ahgj1 glimps$ a l>ge :ite spot ne> ! planet's ,e4 limb1 & ,vgel1 at ,bo?kamp1 obs]v$ spots on ,april #ad & #bb1 #ahga4 ,^! in/ances are quot$ by ,webb1 & !y1 9 comb9ation ) ! m>k+s se5 by ,s*iap>elli at ,milan & by ! au?or at ,bri/ol 9 #ahhb1 suffici5tly atte/ t ?is object des]ves m att5tive /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 #ahhb ,nov4 #e1 #ah;h #dim4 #ahhb1 ,nov4 #f1 #ah;h #eem4 ,m]cury z a morn+ />4 7#aj-;in* ,reflector2 p[] #bab47 ,amateurs ) mod]ately l>ge in/rum5ts w\ld be usefully employ$ 9 foll[+ ?is planet at ! mo/ opportune p]iods & mak+ c>eful draw+s "u ! highe/ p[]s t c be successfully appli$4 ,m]cury has be5 p]si/5tly neglect$ by _m 9 pa/ ye>s1 & no d\bt ?is 8swift-w+$ mess5g] ( ! ,gods0 has elud$ "s ( 8 w\ld-be pursu]s2 b !re is e prospect t a pati5t obs]v]1 c>eful to utilize all available opportunities1 w\ld soon ga!r "s pr(itable data relat+ to 8 appe>ance4 ,transits ( ,m]cury4--,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a1 albeit a some:at r>e ev5t1 9 connection ) ,m]cury1 is t ( a transit across ! ,sun4 ,! planet !n appe>s z a black circul> spot4 ,obs]v]s h notic$ "o or two v small lum9\s po9ts on ! black disk1 & an annulus has be5 visible r\nd x4 ,^! features are probably optical effects1 & x w be wor? :ile to rememb] !m on ! occasion ( future transits1 ( :i* ! subjo9$ is a li/3-- #ahia1 ,may #i4 #ahid1 ,nov4 #aj4 #aijg1 ,nov4 #ab4 #aiad1 ,nov4 #f4 #aibd1 ,may #g4 #aibg1 ,nov4 #h4 #aicg1 ,may #aj4 #aidj1 ,nov4 #ab4 #aiec1 ,nov4 #ac4 #aifj1 ,nov4 #f4 #aigj1 ,may #i4 #aigc1 ,nov4 #i4 ,! fir/ obs]v] ( a transit ( ,m]cury appe>s to h be5 ,gass5di1 at ,p>is1 on ,nov4 #g1 #afca4 ,occultations ( ,m]cury4--,!re 0 an occultation ( ,m]cury by ! ,moon on ,april #be1 #ahch4 ,x occurr$ on ! day ( ! planet's greate/ elongation ,e41 & at a "t 9 ! ev5+ :5 x might h be5 mo/ suitably witness$1 b cl\dy skies appe> to h fru/rat$ ! hopes ( int5d+ obs]v]s4 ,!re 0 a repetition ( ! ev5t on ! morn+ ( ,may #b1 #ahfg1 & x occurr$1 curi\sly en\gh1 less ?an #bd h\rs aft] an occultation ( ,v5us4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,*amb]s1 9 8 #8,descriptive ,a/ronomy1' #d? edition1 #ahhi1 devotes a *apt] to ! discussion ( facts hav+ ref]5ce to ,vulcan2 & ! read] desir+ full in=mation w f9d x "h4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,v5us4 ,beauty ( ,v5us4--,brilliancy4--,p]iod c4--,v5us z a telescopic object4--,surface-m>k+s on ! planet4--,rotation-p]iod4--,fa9tness ( ! m>k+s4--,twilight on ,v5us4--,alleg$ ,satellite4--,fur!r obs]vations requir$4--,transits ( ,v5us4--,occultations ( ,v5us4 8,fri5d to mank9d1 %e glitt]s f af>1-- ,n[ ! bright ev5+1 n[ ! morn+ />40 ,beauty ( ,v5us4--,?is planet has an expressive "n1 & x naturally leads u to expect t ! object to :i* x is appli$ is a beautiful "o4 ,! obs]v] w n be disappo9t$ 9 ?is anticipation3 he w f9d ,v5us ! mo/ attractive planet ( our sy/em4 ,no su* difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 f9d+ ,v5us z 9 detect+ ,m]cury2 = ! =m] rec$es to a di/ance ( #dg f ! ,sun1 & sometimes rema9s visible #d h\rs aft] sunset1 z 9 ,febru>y #ahhi4 ,b ,v5us owes h] beauty n s mu* to fav\rable position z to surpass+ lu/re4 ,none ( ! o!r planets c comp>e ) h] 9 respect to brilliancy4 ,! giant planet ,jupit] is pale beside h]1 & (f]s no p>allel4 ,ruddy ,m>s looks fa9t 9 h] pres5ce1 & does n assume to rivalry4 ,?is planet alt]nately adorns ! morn+ & ev5+ sky1 z %e rea*es h] ,w4 & ,e4 elongations f ! ,sun4 ,! anci5ts /yl$ h] ,lucif] 78! h>b+] ( day07 :5 a morn+ /> & ,hesp]us :5 an ev5+ />4 ,brilliancy4--,h] brightness is su* z to lead h] to occasionally become a conspicu\s object to ! nak$ eye 9 daytime1 & at night %e ca/s a p]ceptible %ad[4 ,?is is specially ! case ne> ! epo* ( h] maximum brilliancy1 :i* is atta9$ :5 ! planet is 9 a cresc5t =m1 ) an app>5t diamet] ( ab\t #dj1 & situat$ "s #e weeks f inf]ior conjunction4 ,?\gh only a f\r? "p ( ! disk is !n illum9at$1 x emits m lu/re ?an a great] phase1 because ! latt] occurs at a wid] di/ance f ! ,e>? & :5 ! diamet] is mu* less4 ,h] appe>ance is sometimes s /rik+ t x is n to be wond]$ at t p1 n well in=m$ z to cele/ial ev5ts1 h attribut$ x to causes ( unusual nature4 ,:5 ! planet 0 visible z a morn+ /> 9 ! autumn ( #ahhg1 an idea became preval5t 9 ! popul> m9d t ! 8,/> ( ,be?lehem0 _h return$1 & !re 7 _m p]sons :o submitt$ to ! inconv5i5ce ( ris+ be=e daylight to gaze ^u a spectacle ( su* ph5om5al import4 ,& !y 7 n disappo9t$ 9 ! expectancy ( behold+ a /> ( extreme beauty1 ?\gh altoge!r wrong 9 surr\nd+ x ) a halo ( my/]y & wond]4 ,at int]vals ( eight ye>s ! elongations ( ,v5us are repeat$ on ne>ly ! same dates z be=e1 & ! planet is pres5t$ "u v simil> conditions4 ,?is is because five synodical p]iods 7ne>ly #ac sid]eal p]iods7 ( ,v5us are equal to eight t]re/rial ye>s4 ,?us v fav\rable ,e4 elongations occurr$ on ,may #i1 #ahfj1 ,may #g1 #ahfh1 ,may #e1 #ahgf1 & ,may #b1 #ahhd2 & on ,april #cj1 #ahib1 !re w be a simil> elongation4 ,p]iod c4--,v5us moves r\nd ! ,sun 9 an orbit ( slight ecc5tricity1 & completes a revolution 9 #bbd;d #af;h #dim #hs4 ,h] mean di/ance f t lum9>y is #fg1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! app>5t diamet] ( ! planet v>ies f #ie at sup]ior to #fe at inf]ior conjunction1 & x av]ages #be at elongations4 ,h] real diamet] is #gejj miles4 ,! pol> compression is v slight--9 fact1 n suffici5tly decid$ = measurem5t2 ?is is also true ( ,m]cury4 ,v5us z a ,telescopic ,object4--,:5 ! telescope is direct$ to ,v5us x mu/ be admitt$ t ! result h>dly ju/ifies ! anticipation4 ,obs]v]s are l$ to believe1 f ! beauty ( h] aspect z view$ ) ! unaid$ eye1 t in/rum5tal p[] w greatly enhance ! picture & reveal m /rik+ appe>ances ?an are display$ on less conspicu\s planets4 ,b ! hope is illusive4 ,! lu/re ( ,v5us is s /rong at night t h] disk is r>ely def9$ ) satisfactory cle>ness2 !re is g5]ally a l>ge am\nt ( gl>e surr\nd+ x1 & our in/rum5ts und]go a sev]e ordeal :5 _! capacities are te/$ ^u ?is planet4 ,obs]vations %\ld be und]tak5 9 ! daytime1 or ne> ! times ( sunrise or sunset1 :5 ! refulg5ce ( ?is object does n ex]t itself 9 extreme degree4 ,b putt+ aside ! "q ( def9ition = ! mom5t1 !re are o!r circum/ances :i* conspire to r5d] ! view a some:at unattractive "o4 ,!re are no d>k spots1 ( bold outl9e1 su* z we may pla9ly disc]n on ,m>s1 visible on h] surface4 ,!re is no wond]ful arrangem5t ( lum9\s r+s1 su* z encircle ,saturn4 ,!re are no signs ( d>k v>iegat$ belts1 simil> to ^? :i* gird bo? ,jupit] & ,saturn2 nor is !re any sy/em ( att5dant satellites1 su* z accompany ea* ( ! sup]ior planets4 ,b ?\gh ,v5us is want+ 9 ^! respects1 %e may yet boa/ an attraction :i* ! out] planets c nev] display to u1 namely1 ! beautiful cresc5t$ phase1 :i*1 tradition says1 0 pr$ict$ by ,cop]nicus1 &1 :5 aft]w>ds obs]v$ 9 ,galilei's telescope1 ju/ly consid]$ a conv9c+ fact 9 support ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,! phases are be/ se5 9 /rong twilight1 :5ev] ,v5us is fav\rably situat$4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! cresc5t ( ?is planet has be5 di/+ui%$ ) ! nak$ eye2 b ! /atem5t is und\bt$ly errone\s4 ,any small glass w %[ x1 h[ev]1 z x is sometimes well visible :5 subt5d+ an angle ( #ej or #ee4 ,surface-m>k+s4--,9 #afff & ! foll[+ ye> ,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i obs]v$ sev]al bright spots on ,v5us & also two obscure m>k+s2 b ! latt] 7 extremely fa9t & ( irregul> ext5t1 s t little c\ld be glean$ f !m4 ,he wat*$ ^! =ms closely & rem>k$ c]ta9 *anges 9 _! positions1 :i* f9ally enabl$ him to det]m9e ! p]iod ( ! planet's rotation4 ,9 #agbf & #agbg ,bian*9i1 at ,rome1 repeat$ly obs]v$ d>k spots1 & _! outl9es seem to h be5 s consi/5t t he depict$ !m on a *>t & gave !m names4 ,b ,j4 ,cass9i1 at ,p>is1 fail$ to confirm ^! results1 ?\gh he us$ telescopes ( #hb-;& #aad-;feet focus2 & x 0 suppos$ ! climate ( ,p>is 0 n suitable = su* delicate obs]vations4 ,s*rt] review$ ?is planet 9 #aghh & lat] ye>s1 & succe$$ 9 detect+ v>i\s m>k+s & irregul>ities 9 ! t]m9ator & cusps4 ,he ann\nc$ t he _h se5 ! ,s4 horn ( ! cresc5t truncat$1 s t a bright po9t 0 app>5tly isolat$ at its extremity4 ,f ?is he conclud$ !re mu/ be m\nta9s ( great altitude on ! planet1 & ! p]p5dicul> height ( "o ( ^! he comput$ at #bb miles1 :i* is f\r times ! height ( ! mo/ l(ty m\nta9 on ! ,e>?4 ,if ! surface ( ,v5us 7 uni=mly level1 !n h] cusps w\ld tap] gradually away to po9ts1 & no su* de=mation z t describ$ by ,s*rt] c\ld possibly be produc$4 ,& !re is /rong negative evid5ce among mod]n obs]vations z to ! exi/5ce ( abnormal features2 s t ! pres5ce ( v elevat$ m\nta9s mu/ be reg>d$ z extremely d\btful1 if1 inde$1 ! !ory has n to be entirely ab&on$4 ,! deta*$ po9t at ! ,s4 horn %[n 9 ,s*rt]'s telescope 0 probably a false appe>ance due to atmosph]ic di/urbances or in/rum5tal defects4 ,:5ev] ! see+ is indiff]5t1 ?is planet assumes "s trea*]\s features :i* are v apt to deceive ! obs]v]1 especially if 8 telescope is faulty4 ,spuri\s details are se51 :i* q disappe> f ! %>p images obta9$ 9 /eadi] air ) a good glass4 ,i h nev] obs]v$ truncation 9 ei!r ( ! horns ( ,v5us2 b on c]ta9 occasions1 :5 ! planet has be5 ill-def9$ 9 pass+ vap\rs1 x 0 mo/ easy to believe t a fragm5t became deta*$ f ! extremity ( ! cusp1 j 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,s*rt]4 ,b close att5tion has %[$ ! effect to be false1 & reveal$ its cause4 ,x 0 ! rippl+ ( ! image t gave rise to ! app>5tly dissev]$ cusp1 9 ! same way t pass+ air-waves & result+ quiv]s 9 ! image ( ,saturn's r+ w sometimes produce displacem5ts1 s t ! obs]v] mom5t>ily sees sev]al black divisions1 & ! edges are multipli$ & sup]impos$ "o on ano!r4 ,refraction1 ex]cis$ by heat$ vap\rs 9 cross+ objects1 is obvi\sly ! s\rce ( all ?is4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el frequ5tly exam9$ ?is planet betwe5 #aggg & #agic1 b c\ld n disc]n spots suffici5tly def9ite & durable to enable him to fix ! "t ( rotation4 ,he diss5t$ f ,s*rt] z to ! alleg$ m\nta9s1 & said1 8,no eye :i* is n consid]ably bett] ?an m9e1 or assi/$ by mu* bett] telescopes1 w ev] get a sight ( !m40 ,mdl] effect$ "s obs]vations ( ?is planet 9 #ahcc & "s subsequ5t ye>s4 ,he detect$ spots on two occasions only1 b notic$ irregul>ities 9 ! t]m9ator & cusps4 ,di ,vico & o!rs at ,rome1 9 #ahdj-a1 devot$ mu* att5tion to ?is object1 & secur$ a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations4 ,!y appe> to h recov]$ ! spots *>t$ by ,bian*9i1 & describ$ !m z ( ! la/ degree ( fa9tness4 ,! obs]v]s :o saw ! spots mo/ readily 7 ^? :o _h ! mo/ difficulty 9 detect+ ! fa9t companion ( a close d\ble />4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahda ,di ,vico saw a m>k+ on ! nor!rn cusp involv$ 9 an oval lum9osity1 & he lik5$ x to a crat] on ! ,moon view$ obliquely4 ,?is spot _h a diamet] ( at lea/ #d1 & x 0 se5 to advance ev5 into ! obscure "p ( ! disk4 ,rotation-,p]iod4--,! foll[+ are ! p]iods ( rotation z giv5 by ! diff]5t au?orities ^: obs]vations we h m5tion$3-- #afff-g4 ,cass9i #bc hrs4 #ba m94 #agbf-h4 ,bian*9i #bd days #h hrs4#bh #ahaa4 ,s*rt] #bc hrs4 #ba m94 #h sec4#bi #ahdj-a4 ,di ,vico #bc hrs4 #ba m94 #bb sec4 ,s*iap>elli has rec5tly discuss$ a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations ( ?is planet1 & concludes t1 l ,m]cury1 %e rotates on h] axis 9 ! same "t t %e completes a sid]eal revolution r\nd ! ,sun1 viz4 9 #bbdg days6 ,i m]ely m5tion ?is rem>kable d$uction1 )\t quot+ any facts 9 opposition to x4 ,f obs]vations by ,p]rot9 at ,nice 9 #ahij1 includ+ #gd obs]vations1 ! rotation ( ?is planet is v sl[1 & is made 9 su* a way t ! relative positions ( ! spots & t]m9ator d n exp]i5ce any notable *ange dur+ _m days4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 #ahha1 ,m>4 #bb1 #f;h4 #ahha1 ,m>4 #bf1 #g;h4 #ahha1 ,m>4 #bh1 #f;h4 ,v5us z an ev5+ />4 7#aj-;in* ,reflector2 p[] #bab47 ,fa9tness ( ! ,m>k+s4--,sev]al obs]v]s h notic$ a slight blunt+ ( ! ,s4 horn ( ,v5us1 & 9 rec5t ye>s dusky spots h n unfrequ5tly be5 se51 notably by ,buffham1 ,langdon1 & o!rs4 ,! only m>k+s di/+ui%able ) my #aj-;in* reflector are fa9t grey areas1 )\t def9ite b\nd>ies4 ,^! are sometimes s delicate t x is difficult to assign exact =m & position to !m1 & occasionally ,i h reg>d$ _! v exi/5ce z ( d\btful "*4 ,!y appe> to be m]e inequalities 9 brightness ( ! surface1 & may be due to diff]5t reflective p[] 9 p>ts ( ! d5se atmosph]e ( ?is planet4 ,c]ta9ly ! spots are no?+ l ^? se5 on ! disks ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 _m ( :i* are extremely di/9ct & %[ %>ply t]m9at$ outl9es4 ,dawes1 an obs]v] end[$ ) v ke5 sight1 c\ld nev] succe$ 9 f9d+ any m>k+s on ,v5us1 & _m o!rs h fail$4 ,b ! evid5ce affirm+ _! reality is too weighty & too num]\sly atte/$ to all[ !m to be set aside4 ,occasionally ! disk appe>s speckl$ ) m9ute %ad+s1 & "s obs]v]s h notic$ crat]i=m objects ne> ! t]m9ator2 b ^! are unc]ta94 ,brilliant spots h also be5 record$ q rec5tly at ! cusps4 ,p]haps x may be advisable "h to add a ^w ( caution to obs]v]s n to be ha/ily drawn to believe ! spots are visible 9 v small glasses4 ,acc\nts are sometimes publi%$ ( v d>k & def9ite m>k+s se5 ) only #b or #c in*es ap]ture4 ,su* ass]tions are usually unreliable4 ,c\ld ! au?ors ( su* /atem5ts survey ! planet ?r\gh a good #aj-or #ab-;in* telescope1 !y w\ld see at once !y _h be5 deceiv$4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i made a numb] ( obs]vations ( ,v5us ) #b-1 #c-1 & #d-a_/d-;in* refractors & #d-;& #aj-;in* reflectors1 & c\ld readily detect ) ! small in/rum5ts :at c]ta9ly appe>$ to be spots ( a pron\nc$ nature1 b on appeal+ to ! #aj-;in* reflector1 9 :i* ! view became imm5sely improv$1 ! spots q disappe>$1 & !re rema9$ sc>cely m ?an a suspicion ( ! fa9t cond5sations :i* usually con/itute ! only visible m>k+s on ! surface4 ,i believe1 also1 ! s]rat$ t]m9ator is n a real feature ( ! object1 b r an effect ei!r ( ! rippl+ cont\r ( ! image or ( an imp]fect or inadequate telescope4 ,an atmosph]e ( consid]able d5sity probably surr\nds ?is planet1 = at ! limb ! brightness ( ! disk is mu* int5sifi$4 ,a m$ium l ?is1 t reflects & refracts light 9 extreme degree1 is bright] "u oblique vision1 z at ! limb ( ,v5us4 ,twilight on ,v5us4--,:5 ,v5us is a sl5d] cresc5t1 ne> inf]ior conjunction1 a feeble lum9osity p]vades ! d>k "p ( ! disk simil> to ! 8a%y light0 or e>?%9e obs]v$ on ! cresc5t$ ,moon4 ,on su* occasions ! unillum9at$ surface appe>s to be involv$ 9 a phosphoresc5ce4 ,sev]al obs]v]s h1 h[ev]1 describ$ ! unillum9at$ limb ( ,v5us z d>k] ?an ! backgr\nd ( sky4 ,z5g]1 at ,prague1 has notic$ a br[ni%-r$ r+ surr\nd+ ! planet1 & he attributes ! appe>ance to mu* ! same cause z t :i* occasions ! copp]y col\r ( ! ,moon 9 a total eclipse4 ,alleg$ ,satellite4--,cass9i1 ,%ort1 ,montaigne1 & o!rs1 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 obs]v$ small cresc5ts ne> ,v5us & inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( a satellite2 b no su* object has pres5t$ itself 9 m rec5t times4 ,x is extremely probable t ! obs]v]s 7 mi/ak54 ,9 "s cases ! duplicate image may h be5 =m$ by reflection 9 ! eyepiece2 9 o!rs a small /> or planet situat$ ne> ,v5us gave rise to ! deception4 ,m4 ,/roobant has fully inve/igat$ ?is a/ronomical my?1 & dispos$ ( _m ( ! obs]vations1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! apocryphal satellite nam$ 8,nei?0 by ,m4 ,nie/51 :o has discuss$ ! "q f an affirmative po9t ( view4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,f ! =ego+ summ>y amateurs w notice t sev]al difficult & m or less evanesc5t features on ?is brilliant memb] ( our sy/em /& 9 ne$ ( confirmation4 ,c]ta9 disput$ =ms require also to be look$ =4 ,! fa9t dusky pat*es1 ! bright spots at ! horns1 & ! inequalities 9 ! curve ( ! t]m9ator w sure to be re-obs]v$ 9 future ye>s2 & x is necess>y t su* details %\ld be precisely not$ 9 reg>d to _! positions & outl9es z (t5 z possible4 ,a s]ies ( reliable obs]vations ( ?is "* might enable a fre% value ( ! rotation-p]iod to be d$uc$ f !m2 & ?is is desirable1 = ?\gh ,cass9i1 ,s*rt]1 & ,di ,vico give p]iods :i* are 9 close h>mony1 !re are elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty atta*$ to _! results4 ,a new det]m9ation ( ! p]iod w\ld be valuable1 & especially s if bas$ on really tru/wor?y data obta9$ by "o ( ! be/ mod]n telescopes4 ,) ! planet situat$ ne> inf]ior conjunction1 ! cresc5t 7r$uc$ at su* a "t to a m]e ?read ( light7 %\ld be br\ght into ! field1 & ! obs]v] %\ld look = ! ext5sion ( a fa9t gl[ ov] ! int]ior p>ts ( ! surface1 & make comp>isons betwe5 ! relative brightness ( ! planet's d>k limb & ( ! sky on :i* x is project$4 ,! telescopic images ( ,v5us are (t5 excell5t 9 daylight1 & ^? :o possess means ( readily f9d+ ! planet at su* times w be v likely to ga9 "s useful mat]ials4 ,z to ! presum$ satellite1 t may be relegat$ to ! c>e ( obs]v]s :o h ! leisure & incl9ation to pursue an ignis fatuus2 b %\ld any d\btful object appe> 9 ! field ) ,v5us at any "t1 x ought to be fully record$ & id5tifi$1 if possible4 ,transits ( ,v5us4--,^? :o 7 prev5t$ by circum/ances ( wea!r or o!rwise f witness+ ei!r ( ! transits ( ,v5us :i* occurr$ 9 #ahgd & #ahhb lo/ a spectacle ( great r>ity1 & "o :i* !y c nev] h ano!r *ance to behold4 ,! next transit occurs 9 ! ye> #bjjd1 & its ph5om5a w d\btless be wat*$ ) avidity by ! a/ronom]s ( a future g5]ation4 ,! transit ( #ahhb 0 se5 by _m obs]v]s 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! ,sun 0 obscur$ by cl\ds4 ,! planet 0 di/9ctly visible to ! nak$ eye z a black circul> spot 9 gradual motion across ! sol> disk4 ,! mo/ important result ( ! telescopic obs]vations 0 ( c\rse ! re-det]m9ation ( ! ,sun's di/ance2 b among/ ! physical features not$1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 0 ! appe>ance ( a silv] arc ( light on t portion ( ! planet's edge :i* 0 outside ! ,sun4 ,?is is assum$ to h be5 caus$ by ! refraction ( an atmosph]e on ,v5us4 ,! ph5om5on 0 se5 by sev]al obs]v]s1 includ+ ,pr(4 ,langley 9 ,am]ica & ,messrs4 ,pr9ce & ,brodie 9 ,engl&4 ,occultations ( ,v5us4--,an occupation ( ?is planet by ! ,moon appe>s to h be5 record$ by ! ,*9ese on ,m>* #ai1 #cfa ,a4,d4 ,ty*o ,brahe witness$ a simil> ph5om5on on ,may #bc1 #aehg4 ,m/l9 obs]v$ ,v5us occult ,regulus on ,sept4 #af1 #aegd2 & on ,oct4 #b1 #aeij1 ?is planet appe>s to h pass$ ov] ,m>s4 ,visible occultations ( ,v5us are some:at r>e2 !y usually occur 9 daylight4 ,a ph5om5on ( ?is k9d 0 witness$ on ,dec4 #h1 #ahgg1 ov] all ! ,w4 "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ,pr(4 ,prit*ett1 ( ,miss\ri1 says3--8,! int]e/ tak5 9 x 0 %>$ alike by ! educat$ & ! illit]ate1 & ev5 by *ildr540 ,! ev5+ 0 cl\dless1 & _m p]sons not$ ! "t ( disappe>ance ( ,v5us z se5 by ! unassi/$ eye4 ,) a #ab-;in* refractor1 p[] #bge1 ,pr(4 ,prit*ett not$ t 8:5 ! bright limb ( ,v5us 0 )9 #h or #aj ( ! ,moon's d>k limb1 a bord] ( wav]+ light1 sev]al seconds 9 wid?1 seem$ to prec$e ! planet4 ,its g5]al effect 0 su* z to place 9 d\bt ! mom5t ( ext]nal contact40 ,a full description ( ?is ev5t1 & ( ! p>tial occultation ( ,v5us on ,oct4 #ab1 #ahgi1 is giv5 9 ,no4 #a ( ! #8,publications' ( ! ,morrison ,obs]vatory1 ,miss\ri1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,v5us is said1 by ! ,arabian a/ronom] ,ibn-,j\nis1 to h occult$ ,regulus on ,sept4 #i1 #hhe ,a4,d42 & ,h9d has exam9$ ! obs]vations1 by means ( ,le ,v]ri]'s tables ( ! ,sun & planets4 ,he f9ds t on ,sept4 #i 9 ! ye> m5tion$1 at #af;h #dcm mean "t1 ,v5us approa*$ ! /> )9 #ag2 s t to ! nak$ eye ! latt] w\ld appe> to be occult$1 be+ ov]p[]$ 9 ! gl>e ( ! planet4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,?is p]iod 0 probably d]iv$ errone\sly by ,bian*9i4 ,x includes #be p]iods ( #bc;h #bbm1 :i* corresponds ) ! times ( rotation by ,cass9i & o!rs giv5 9 ! table4 #bi ,s*rt]'s f9al result4 ,9 #aghh he _h d]iv$ a p]iod ( #bc;h #bhm f obs]vations ( fa9t d>k spots1 & 9 #aghi-ia irregul>ities 9 ! ,s4 horn ( ,v5us gave him a p]iod ( #bc;h #bjm #eis4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,m>s4 ,appe>ance ( ! planet4--,p]iod c4--,phase4--,surface ,configuration4--,*>ts & ,nom5clature ( ,m>s4--,discov]y ( two ,satellites & ( ,canal-%ap$ m>k+s4--,summ>y ( ,obs]vations4--,rotation ( ,m>s4--,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,*anges on ,m>s4--,! two ,satellites4--,occultations ( ,m>s4 ,appe>ance ( ! ,planet4--,m>s is ! f\r? planet 9 ! ord] ( di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,he revolves 9 an orbit outside t ( ! ,e>?1 & is ! smalle/ ( ! sup]ior planets4 ,8 brilliancy is sometimes consid]able :5 he occupies a position ne> to ! ,e>?1 & he emits an int5se r$ light#cj1 :i* r5d]s 8 appe>ance all ! m /rik+4 ,ord9>ily 8 lu/re does n equal t ( ,jupit]1 ?\gh :5 fav\rably plac$ he becomes a wor?y rival ( t orb4 ,9 #agai he %one s brightly & ) su* a fi]y aspect z to cause a panic4 ,! sup]/iti\s notions & belief 9 a/rological influ5ces prevail+ at t "t no d\bt gave rise to ! popul> appreh5sion t ! ruddy /> 0 an om5 ( disa/]1 & ?us x 0 reg>d$ ) feel+s ( t]ror4 ,=tunately ! light ( sci5ce has long s9ce remov$ su* ideas f among/ u1 & cele/ial objects1 9 all _! v>i\s =ms1 are contemplat$ )\t misgiv+4 ,!y are r welcom$ z af=d+ ! means ( advanc+ our k ( ,god's wond]ful works z display$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,p]iod c4--,m>s revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 #fhf;d #bc;h #cjm #das1 & 8 mean di/ance f t lum9>y is #ada1ejj1jjj miles4 ,! orbit is "o ( consid]able ecc5tricity1 ! di/ance v>y+ betwe5 #aed1gjj1jjj & #abh1cfj1jjj miles4 ,! app>5t diamet] ( ! planet :5 9 conjunction ) ! ,sun is only #d2 b ?is may augm5t to #cjd at an opposition1 :5 ! ,e>? & ,m>s occupy ! lea/ di/ant p>ts ( _! orbits4 ,! real diamet] ( ,m>s is ne>ly #ejjj miles4 ,phase4--,at opposition ! disk ( ,m>s is r\nd1 b :5 9 quadrature he appe>s di/9ctly gibb\s & resembles ! ,moon ?ree days f full4 ,! phase is s palpable t ,galilei glimps$ x at ! end ( #afaj4 ,9 del9eations ( ,m>s ! disk is g5]ally drawn circul>1 ! compression be+ v slight & ! phase too trivial to be reg>d$4 ,surface ,configuration4--,?is planet be+ s+ul>ly v>iable 9 8 position relatively to ! ,e>?1 pres5ts at times a diamet] s small t ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts are ineffective to deal ) him4 ,b at c]ta9 epo*s he becomes an excell5t object1 ) a mu* exp&$ disk1 on :i* are display$ a numb] ( bright & d>k m>k+s4 ,?is happ5s1 h[ev]1 ) comp>ative r>ity2 = only dur+ two mon?s or s ne> e opposition1 occurr+ at int]vals ( #ghj days1 c ! planet be well se54 ,g5]ally ! app>5t size ( ,m>s is v inconsid]able1 & ! disk n %>ply def9$1 especially :5 ! altitude is l[4 ,reliable obs]vations are seldom made at a "t f> remov$ f ! date ( opposition4 ,:5 ! planet 0 badly plac$1 9 ,july #ahhb1 an obs]v] secur$ "s obs]vations ( position11 & publi%$ !m1 ?9k+ he _h se5 ,wells's ,comet1 :i* happ5$ to be 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! sky6 ,m>s1 9 ne>] degree ?an any o!r memb] ( our sy/em1 %[s a configuration :i* may be lik5$ to t ( ! ,e>? z reg>ds its p]man5cy2 & 9 "s ( its outl9es a g5]al resemblance also exi/s1 ?\gh 9 detail !re is evid5tly mu* t is dissimil>4 ,x is =tunate t ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s is s r>efi$ t obs]v]s c look ^u 8 real surface-l9eam5ts ) satisfactory p]spicuity4 ,= m ?an #bej ye>s n[1 ! telescope has be5 engag$ 9 p]fect+ our k ( ,m>tian features1 & ^! h exhibit$ no mobility ( =m or place 7ap>t f t due to rotation or v>y+ incl9ation ( ! planet7 s f> z may be judg$ f a comp>ison ( draw+s4 ,pl5ty ( diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! latt]1 x is true1 ?\gh simil> objects are repres5t$2 b ! explanation obvi\sly lies 9 ! inaccuracies ( amateur arti/s1 & has little if any?+ to d ) physical *anges on ! planet4 ,:5 ! spots 7 discov]$ 9 #afcf by ,fontana !y 71 ( c\rse1 v dimly glimps$ 9 ! incompet5t appliances available at t "t4 ,huyg5s1 9 #afei1 saw !m bett] by means ( 8 long telescopes1 b /ill v imp]fectly4 ,cass9i1 9 #afff1 effect$ a fur!r advance 9 ! same field1 & ga!r$ data f :i* he 0 able to ann\nce ! p]iod ( rotation4 ,8 value has prov$ rem>kably correct1 consid]+ ! means he employ$ to obta9 x & ! v %ort int]val ov] :i* 8 inquiries 7 conduct$4 ,huyg5s _h previ\sly1 9 #afei1 witness$ ! returns ( a c]ta9 spot to ! same approximate place on ! planet1 & 0 l$ to inf] rotation 9 ei!r #ab;h or #bd;h4 ,b ?is 0 little bett] ?an a guess1 & n ne>ly ( ! same precision z t :i* m>k$ ,cass9i's subsequ5t det]m9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,m>s1 #ahcf1 ,april #ac1 #i;h #ejm2 long4 #ccb4 7#aj-;in* reflector2 p[] #beb47 ,ne> ! poles ( ,m>s are int5sely bright pat*es1 :i* h be5 consid]$ to be va/ areas ( sn[-cr[n$ surface or fields ( ice4 ,^! 8pol> sn[s0 are n situat$ exactly at ! poles1 nor are !y opposite to ea* o!r4 ,*anges affect _! aspect4 ,occasionally ^! or o!r bright m>k+s1 :5 on ! limb1 appe> to protrude beyond ! disk1 & ?is curi\s effect ( irradiation di/orts ! limb 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,*>ts & ,nom5clature ( ,m>s4--,x is n desirable to trace ) any detail ! successive lab\rs ( ^? :o h *iefly contribut$ to our k ( areographic features4 ,m>aldi1 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,s*rt]1 ,mdl]1 ,s*midt1 & ,dawes 7 =emo/ among/ ! obs]v]s ( ! pa/2 :ile ,s*iap>elli & ,gre5 are ! mo/ successful obs]v]s ( to-day4 ,z telescopes improv$ 9 effectiv5ess ! true =ms & *>act]i/ics ( ! m>k+s 7 disc]n$1 & at ! pres5t "t "s ?\s&s ( del9eations ( ?is planet mu/ be 9 exi/5ce4 ,*>ts ( ! lead+ & be/-assur$ features h be5 =m$1 & ! regions ( light & %ade 7suppos$ to repres5t l& & sea7 h receiv$ prop] names to di/+ui% !m4 ,?us !re is 8,fontana ,l&10 8,m>aldi ,sea10 8,h]s*el ,cont95t10 & o!rs ( simil> import4 ,s*iap>elli has fram$ a *>t 9 :i* ! spots are furni%$ ) ,lat9 names tak5 f classical geography4 ,mdl]'s plan 0 to designate ! m>k+s by capital lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & to divide ^! by small lett]s 9 necess>y cases4 ,b ! *>ts ( ,proctor1 ,gre51 & o!rs1 9 :i* ! names ( pa/ & pres5t a/ronom]s are appli$1 seem to f9d mo/ fav\r1 ?\gh x is admitt$ t ?is me?od ( nom5clature is n free f objections4 ,9 "s in/ances ! names h n be5 wisely select$4 ,a few ye>s ago1 :5 *ri/5+ cele/ial =mations 0 m 9 fa%ion ?an x is n[1 a man simply _h to use a telescope = an ev5+ or two on ,m>s or ! ,moon1 & spice ! relation ( 8 see+s ) some?+ 9 ! way ( novelty1 :5 8 "n w\ld be pretty c]ta9ly atta*$ to an object & hung 9 ! heav5s = all "t6 ,a writ] 9 ! #8,a/ronomical ,regi/]' = ,janu>y #ahgi humor\sly sugge/$ t 8! matt] %\ld be put into ! h&s ( an adv]tiz+ ag5t0 & 8made ! means ( rais+ a rev5ue = a/ronomical purposes40 ,"s m5 w\ld n object to pay h&somely = ! di/9ction ( hav+ _! names appli$ to ! seas & cont95ts ( ,m>s or to ! crat]s on ! ,moon4 ,b x is all v well to disp>age a sy/em3 c a bett] "o be f\nd8 ,probably n2 b ! lavi% use ( undes]v+ names is calculat$ to br+ any sy/em into contempt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,orbits ( ! ,satellites ( ,m>s4 ,discov]y ( ,satellites & ( ,canal-%ap$ m>k+s4--,! int]e/ 9 ?is planet has be5 acc5tuat$ 9 rec5t ye>s by sev]al circum/ances4 ,! discov]y ( two satellites 9 #ahgg by ,pr(4 ,hall1 ) ! #beh-;in* ,wa%+ton refractor1 caus$ ! directors ( l>ge in/rum5ts to te/ _! capacity ^u ^! m9ute objects4 ,s*iap>elli's obs]vations ( ! canal-%ap$ m>k+s h af=d$ ano!r attractive feature 9 connection ) ?is planet4 ,he detect$ a network ( d>k /raight l9es /ret*+ g5]ally f ,n4 to ,s4 across ! planet2 & 9 ! w9t] ( #ahha f\nd ^! objects duplicat$1 i4e4 ! l9es ran 9 pairs s close toge!r t !y 7 sep>at$ ) difficulty4 ,! /udy ( ! topography ( ,m>s _h nev] previ\sly reveal$ /ructures l ^!2 yet ! ,italian a/ronom] appe>s to h obs]v$ !m ) 8comp>ative ease :5ev] ! air 0 /ill40 ,o!r obs]v]s h n :olly confirm$ ! appe>ances allud$ to1 b no fav\rable opposition has occurr$ s9ce #ahgg1 & no surprise ne$ be felt t ! delicate features visible 9 ! pellucid sky ( ,italy %\ld elude detection 9 less g5ial climes4 ,9 #ahhf ,m4 ,p]rot91 at ,nice1 us+ a #ae-;in* equatoreal1 saw a numb] ( ! 8canals10 & "s ( !m 7 d\ble4 ,9 #ahhh ! obs]v]s hav+ *>ge ( ! #cf-;in* refractor at ,m\nt ,hamilton re-obs]v$ ! 8canals0 z broad b&s1 b none ( !m appe>$ to be duplicat$4 ,! conditions 7 unfav\rable1 ! planet be+ m ?an ?ree mon?s pa/ opposition4 ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli re-obs]v$ ! duple 8canals0 9 ,june #ahij ) a refractor by ,m]z ( #ah in*es ap]ture1 p[]s #cej & #ejj4 ,8 obs]vations are support$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,williams1 ( ,brighton1 :o in=ms me t he detect$ =ty-?ree ( ! 8canals10 & sev5 ( !m 7 8cle>ly & c]ta9ly se5 to be d\ble40 ,mr4 ,williams's in/rum5t is a #f-;in* reflector by ,calv]1 & p[]s ( #cbj & #dcj 7 successfully employ$ on x2 magnifi]s "u #cjj 7 f\nd ( little use4 ,summ>y ( ,obs]vations4--,f obs]vations at ,bri/ol ,i h drawn up ! foll[+ summ>y z to ! configuration ( ,m>s3-- #a4 ,t ! 8,h\r-glass0 or 8,kais] ,sea10 & "s o!r m>k+s ( analog\s "*1 pres5t v bold1 d>k1 & cle>ly def9$ outl9es1 enabl+ !m to be visible 9 v small telescopes4 ,9 #ahgc ,i saw c]ta9 spots ) a refractor ( only #a-c_/d-;in* ap]ture4 ,mr4 ,grov]1 9 #ahfg1 8made a set ( p5cil-draw+s1 ) a #b-;in* telescope1 :i* gave ! g5]al m>k+s ( ! planet v well40 ,9 #8,recreative ,sci5ce' x is m5tion$ t on ,june #g1 #ahfj1 a semi-circul> d>k spot on ! ,n4,w4 "p ( ! disk ( ,m>s 0 di/9ctly se5 ) a #a-;in* telescope1 p[] #abj4 #b4 ,!re is an intricate mass ( surface-m>k+s on ! planet1 :i*1 9 its ma9 features1 is capable ( be+ satisfactorily del9eat$1 & :i* 9 its g5]al aspect is simil> to ! canals depict$ by ,s*iap>elli1 ?\gh n ne>ly s pron\nc$1 /raight1 & uni=m z he has %[n 9 8 *>ts4 #c4 ,! detail is visible 9 ! =m ( irregul> /reaks1 cond5sations1 & ve9s ( %ad+1 v fa9t & delicate 9 "s p>ts4 ,! ve9s app>5tly connect _m ( ! l>g] spots1 & "h & !re %[ cond5sations1 :i* h sometimes be5 drawn z isolat$ spots4 ,a night ( good def9ition1 h[ev]1 reveals ! feeble ligam5ts ( %ade connect+ !m4 #d4 ,t !re exi/s on ! imm$iate bord]s ( _m ( ! d>k] pat*es & ve9s a rem>kable brightness or %imm]+1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! bright spots m]g+ out ( ! d>k belts on ,jupit]4 ,j contigu\s to ! 8,kais] ,sea10 & on its ea/]n limits1 ?is brightness 0 s /rik+ 9 ,m>* #ahhf z to comp>e ) t exhibit$ by ! ,n4 pol> cap4 ,9 draw+s by _m obs]v]s ^! regions ( special lum9osity h no place1 b !re is little d\bt !y occupy a lead+ position 9 ! physical configuration ( ,m>s4 #e4 ,t !re is no trace ( a d5se atmosph]e on ,m>s1 z "s ( ! text-books inf]4 ,! pron\nc$ aspect ( ! *ief m>k+s1 _! durabl5ess & cont9uity ( =m1 ! ease ) :i* !y may be trac$ up to ! limb1 ! abs5ce ( ph5om5a indicat+ d5se cl\d-be>+ air-/rata1 & o!r obs]v$ facts v]ify ! conclusion t ! planet's surface is comp>atively free ( vap\rs1 & 9 a totally diff]5t condition to t ( ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,rotation ( ,m>s4--,! diurnal p]iod ( ?is planet is kn[n ) f> great] c]ta9ty & precision ?an t ( any o!r planet1 ! ,e>? except$4 ,x w be useful to quote ! values d]iv$ s9ce ,cass9i's "t3-- h m s #afff4 ,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i #bd #dj #agjd4 ,j4 ,p4 ,m>aldi #bd #ci #agha4 ,w4 ,h]s*el #bd #ci #bagca #aghd4 ,w4 ,h]s*el #bd #cg #bg #ahch4 ,j4,h4 ,mdl] #bd #cg #bch #ahde4 ,o4 ,m4 ,mit*ell #bd #cg #bjf #ahei4 ,a4 ,sec*i #bd #cg #ce #ahfd4 ,f4 ,kais] #bd #cg #bbfb #ahff4 ,r4 ,wolf #bd #cg #bbi #ahfi4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor #bd #cg #bbgce #ahgc4 ,f4 ,kais] #bd #cg #bbeia #ahgc4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,s*midt #bd #cg #bbeg #ahhc4 ,a4 ,m>? #bd #cg #bbfbf #ahhd4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+ #bd #cg #bbcdcb #ahhe4 ,h4 ,g4 v4 de ,s4 ,bakhuyz5 #bd #cg #bbff ,! la/ ( ^!1 by ,pr(4 ,bakhuyz5 ( ,leyd51 is probably ! be/4 ,x 0 bas$ on a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations ext5d+ ov] #bbj ye>s1 viz4 f ^? ( ,huyg5s 9 #afei to ^? ( ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgi4 ,9 a t]re/rial day ,m>s rotates ?r\gh #cejhibb1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m>?'s p]iod4 ,9 "o h\r ! axial motion is #adf1 :]eas on ,jupit] ! hor>y rate ( rotation is #cfg4 ,at int]vals ( #dj days 7dur+ :i* ,m>s completes #ci rotations7 ! v>i\s features on ! disk are pres5t$ at v ne>ly ! same times z be=e4 ,mr4 ,m>?'s ephem]ides ( ?is planet are extremely useful to ^? :o /udy ! m>k+s2 & ^!1 9 comb9ation ) ! *>ts & memoirs ( ,s*iap>elli1 ,gre51 ,t]by1 & o!rs1 greatly facilitate & enc\rage ! r5ew$ /udy ( ?is object4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,fav\rable oppositions ( ,m>s occur e #ae ye>s1 z 9 #ahgg & #ahib4 ,x is at su* p]iods t ?is planet %\ld be s$ul\sly int]rogat$ = new features1 or = corroboration ( ^? already kn[n4 ,r a high p[] mu/ be employ$--c]ta9ly m ?an #bjj2 & if ! telescope has an ap]ture ( at lea/ #h in*es1 ! obs]v] w be sure to disc]n a consid]able ext5t ( detail4 ,he %\ld comp>e 8 views ) ! v>i\s *>ts previ\sly allud$ to1 & note any inconsi/5cies4 ,fre% draw+s %\ld also be made2 & if ! =ms are n well assur$ on "o night1 he may confirm !m by com+ #cg m9utes lat] to 8 in/rum5t on ! foll[+ night4 ,or ! collective issue ( sev]al nights' "w may be includ$ 9 ! same draw+4 ,! bright spots on ! planet %\ld be z att5tively /udi$ z ! d>k] regions1 & giv5 a place 9 e draw+2 = x is probably 9 connection ) ^! lum9\s objects t active *anges may be recogniz$4 ,! 8canals0 & _! duplication =m ! pr9cipal m>k+s to be look$ =2 ?\gh ! successful elucidation ( ^! appe>ances c only be expect$ 9 a case :]e a p[]ful telescope1 a ke5 eye1 & a good atmosph]e op]ate toge!r4 ,some?+ ( !m may be se5 "u ord9>y conditions1 & !y ought to be v g5]ally s\ght = by amateurs2 = x is n always t success is f\nd :]e ! be/ conditions prevail4 ,! great telescopes at ,m\nt ,hamilton1 ,nice1 & o!r obs]vatories may be expect$ to comm& "s advantages ( light1 p[]1 & position2 b ?is ne$ n prev5t competition1 or induce ! idea t common appliances are practically ( no avail4 ,ev]yone %\ld /rive to a*ieve z mu* z is consi/5t ) 8 means & opportunities2 inde$ !re is all ! m ne$ = ef=t & en]gy 9 ! obs]v] :5 8 tools are seem+ly inadequate to a rese>*1 & he %\ld endeav\r to f9d1 9 8 own eye & und]/&+1 t p[] :i* %all comp5sate 9 a great measure = lack ( in/rum5tal capacity4 ,mr4 ,proctor1 9 8 #8,old & ,new ,a/ronomy1' has ju/ly rem>k$3--8,! directors ( ,gov]nm5t obs]vatories h usually be5 mu* less successful 9 /udy+ planet>y details ?an ^? zeal\s amateurs :o take delight 9 ! /udy ( ! heav5ly orbs & are ready to wait & wat* = fav\rable opportunities40 ,*anges on ,m>s4--,*anges h be5 confid5tly report$ 9 "s ( ! ,m>tian spots4 ,in/ances h be5 quot$ 9 :i* p>ticul> m>k+s1 ?\gh v pla9 at c]ta9 times1 h sc>cely be5 p]ceptible at o!rs4 ,v>iations 9 outl9e z well z 9 visibility appe> to h be5 witness$1 & ! subject is "o :i* m]its m ext5d$ notice4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! orig9 ( su* v>iations probably lies 9 ! a]ial envelope ( ,m>s4 ,9 ,april & ,may #ahhh ,m4 ,p]rot91 ) ! great refractor at ,nice1 fail$ to re-obs]ve ! feature kn[n z ! cont95t 8,libya0 on ,s*iap>elli's *>t1 & /at$ t ?\gh ?is =mation 0 pla9ly visible 9 #ahhf1 x _h ceas$ to exi/ 9 #ahhh4 ,he sugge/$ t ! obscuration 0 really produc$ by cl\ds or mi/s circulat+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s4 ,b ,pr(4 ,hold5 report$1 f ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 t ! object allud$ to 0 di/9ctly visible ) ! #cf-;in* refractor !re at ! end ( ,july1 & 9 ! same =m 9 :i* x 0 drawn by ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgg-h4 ,x is to be assum$1 !re=e1 t if any *ange occurr$ x 0 "o ( transi5t nature4 ,!re are o!r que/ions relat+ to ! physical aspect ( ?is planet :i* future obs]v]s %\ld be able to answ]4 ,d ! m>k+s reta9 _! di/9ctness "r up to ! limb8 ,is ! opaque cresc5t ( ! disk 7:5 ,m>s is 9 quadrature7 involv$ 9 any phosphoresc5ce or gl[ indicat+ an atmosph]e8 ,are ! bright spots & lum9\s bord]s to ! cont95ts equally z /able z ! d>k spots1 & d !y ma9ta9 an equable brilliancy8 ,! ,n4 hemisph]e ( ,m>s ne$s mu* fur!r /udy1 z x is n s famili>ly kn[n z ! ,s4 hemisph]e4 ,?is is due to ! circum/ance t1 at fav\rable oppositions1 ! region ( ! ,s4 pole is suitably pres5t$ = obs]vation4 ,x is only :5 ! planet is comp>atively di/ant1 & small 9 diamet]1 t 8 ,n4 hemisph]e comes into view4 ,! diff]5ce ( incl9ation "u :i* ! features are se5 at successive oppositions gives rise to _m app>5t *anges ( figure4 ,:5 ! ,s4 hemisph]e is expos$ to ! ,e>? num]\s objects are se5 :i* are q invisible :5 ! opposite hemisph]e is display$ to u4 ,^! alt]+ conditions h to be consid]$ 9 _! influ5ces by e /ud5t ( areography4 ,satellites ( ,m>s4--,aft] evad+ ! ke5 & se>*+ eyes ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 & ! p[] ( 8 #dj-;foot telescope--aft] elud+ ! grasp ( ,"l ,rosse's #f-;foot speculum1 & ! frequ5t scrut9y ( ,lassell ) 8 #b-;& #d-;foot mirrors1 ! two satellites ( ,m>s 7 ultimately reveal$ to ,pr(4 ,hall 9 ! #beh-;in* refractor at ,wa%+ton4 ,^! t9y orbs _h be5 enabl$ to avoid previ\s discov]y by _! m9ut5ess & by _! close proximity to ,m>s4 ,yet z soon z !y 7 kn[n to exi/ _m obs]v]s saw !m1 & 9 c]ta9 cases success 0 und\bt$ly atta9$ ) comp>atively small in/rum5ts4 ,! late ,dr4 ,erck pick$ up ! out]mo/ satellite ) a #g-a_/c-;in* objective1 & ,mr4 ,pratt saw x ) an #h-a_/g-;in* mirror by ,)4 ,b ! effect ( ?is eye-/ra9+ may j possibly1 9 "o or two in/ances1 h drawn ! imag9ation out ( its normal repose4 ,mr4 ,pratt's in/rum5t %[s />s 9 ! gr\p ,lyr :i* are invisible 9 ! great ,wa%+ton telescope & 9 ! #cf-;in* mirror =m]ly us$ by ,mr4 ,common2 s t x may well h produc$ a spectral satellite ( ,m>s4 ,b ! satellites are c]ta9ly )9 ! occasional rea* ( mod]ate means2 = !y 7 repeat$ly se5 ) a #i-;in* refractor at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,pr9ceton1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ,octob] & ,novemb] #ahgi4 ,!y 87 decid$ly m easy to see ?an ,mimas10 ! inn]mo/ satellite ( ,saturn4 ,phobos1 ! inn] satellite1 revolves r\nd ! planet 9 #g;h #cim1 9 an orbit #fjjj miles f ! c5tre ( ,m>s4 ,at max4 elongation ! satellite is ab\t #ab di/ant f its prim>y1 & its opposition magnitude is #aa4 ,deimos1 ! out] satellite1 revolves 9 #cj;h #ahm1 & its orbit is #ae1jjj miles di/ant f ,m>s4 ,its elongations ext5d to #cb1 & its opposition mag4 is #ac4 ,^! dim9utive objects are probably n m ?an #aj miles 9 diamet]4 ,!y are obvi\sly too fa9t = common in/rum5ts1 nor are !y objects on :i* ord9>y amateurs may occupy !mselves ) advantage4 ,( c\rse x =ms a highly int]e/+ spectacle to glimpse1 j = once1 x may be1 ! small bodies :i* resi/$ telescopic p[] = m ?an two & a half c5turies2 b = really useful obs]vations1 l>ge ap]ture & means ( accurate measurem5t are requir$4 ,occultations ( ,m>s4--,! mo/ anci5t acc\nt ( a planet>y occultation is probably t giv5 by ,ari/otle1 :o ref]s to a lun> obscuration ( ,m>s t occurr$ on ,april #d1 #ceg ,b4,c41 accord+ to ! calculations ( ,kepl]4 ,ano!r occultation ( ,m>s appe>s to h be5 record$ by ! ,*9ese on ,feb4 #ad1 #fi ,b4,c4 ,ty*o ,brahe obs]v$ a repetition ( ! ev5t on ,dec4 #cj1 #aeie4 ,mr4 ,baily describes a ph5om5on ( ?is k9d :i* occurr$ on ,feb4 #ah1 #ahcg1 :5 8! planet appe>$ ( a f9e yell[ col\r bo? at its +ress & egress4 ,no projection 0 obs]v$40 ,mr4 ,sn[1 ( ,a%hur/1 saw ! occultation ( ,m>* #ab1 #ahed1 & he /ates ! planet 80 ( almo/ precisely ! same col\r z ! ,moon1 & he c\ld n help comp>+ x to a spangle on ! face ( ! sky4 ,:il/ x 0 sl[ly & solemnly vani%+1 x gave = sev]al seconds ! notion ( its be+ ! summit ( a lun> m\nta91 b melt$ gradually away40 ,z ,m>s em]s$1 8no?+ :atev] 0 to be se5 ( ! two bodies1 cl++ toge!r1 z x 71 by ?reads ( light2 no?+ ( ! pe>-%ap$ appe>ance (t5 record$ z put on by planets "u simil> circum/ances40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,tebbutt1 ( ,w9dsor1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w41 wat*$ an occultation ( ,m>s 9 full daylight on ,aug4 #ab1 #ahge1 :5 8! rapid disappe>ance ( ! planet's disk 0 an exce$+ly int]e/+ ph5om5on1 its ext9ction tak+ place at a consid]able di/ance f ! ,moon's illum9at$ disk4 ,! l9e m>k$ by ! ,moon's d>k limb across ! disk 0 well def9$40 ,at ! reappe>ance cl\ds 7 preval5t1 & 8! planet 0 obs]v$ z a small projection on ! bright limb20 b he f\nd x difficult to fix ! exact "t ( la/ contact1 ow+ to ! ill-def9$ "* ( ! planet's gibb\s limb4 ,an occultation ( ,m>s 0 also se5 by ,pr(4 ,grant at ,glasg[ on ,june #c1 #ahgh4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,?is 0 believ$ by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el to be due to 8an o*rey t+e 9 ! g5]al soil1 l :at ! ,r$-,s&/one di/ricts on ! ,e>? may possibly (f] to ! inhabitants ( ,m>s1 only m decid$40 #ca ,h]s*el's e>li] obs]vations 7 made 9 #aggg-gi1 & 8 p]iod1 l t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 is ab\t #b m94 9 excess ( ! correct value2 b ,mdl] po9t$ out t1 by giv+ ,m>s an additional rotation on 8 axis1 ,h]s*el's value w agree )9 #b sec4 ( 8 own4 ,h]s*el appe>s to h adopt$ #gfh rotations in/ead ( #gfi1 & may h be5 l$ to ?is by ! excessive p]iods ( ,cass9i & ,m>aldi & by ! want ( int]m$iate data betwe5 8 own obs]vations 9 ,april #aggg & ,may-,june #aggi4 ,8 second det]m9ation1 made 9 #aghd1 is m correct4 #cb ,d$uc$ f obs]vations ext5d+ ov] #ae ye>s only1 at ,bri/ol4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,planetoids4 ,numb]4--,hi/ory ( _! ,discov]y4--,dim5sions & ,brightness4--,occultation ( ,ve/a4 ,numb]4--,^! bodies1 also call$ m9or planets1 &1 =m]ly1 a/]oids1 comprise a v num]\s class1 & !y are extremely small1 be+ q invisible to ! nak$ eye except 9 "o or two special cases4 ,!y all revolve 9 orbits situat$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,! total numb] discov]$ is ab\t #cjj1 ( :i* ,pr(4 ,j4 ,palisa ( ,vi5na has f\nd m ?an #gj1 & ! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,f4 ,pet]s ( ,cl9ton1 ,n4,y41 #di4 ,i h n giv5 exact numb]s 9 ! two =m] cases1 because ^! discov]ies are /ill rapidly progress+4 ,hi/ory ( _! ,discov]y4--,! fir/ kn[n planetoid 7,c]es7 0 sight$ by ,piazzi on ,jan4 #a1 #ahja4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 on ,m>* #bh1 ,olb]s f\nd ano!r 7,pallas74 ,9 #ahjd1 on ,sept4 #a1 ,h>d+ discov]$ a ?ird 7,juno72 & 9 #ahjg1 ,m>* #bi1 ,olb]s 0 a second "t successful 7,ve/a74 ,!n = ?irty-eight ye>s no additions 7 made to ! numb]4 ,! ho/ ( planetoids circulat+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] pres]v$ _! incognito )\t di/urbance f ! pry+ & wakeful eyes ( a/ronom]s4 ,b 9 #ahde ,h5cke1 ( ,driess51 aft] ye>s ( wat*+1 at l5g? broke ! spell ( tranquillity by f9d+ ano!r small planet2 & 8 example 0 emulat$ by _m o!r obs]v]s 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,h9d1 ,de ,gasp>is1 & ,golds*midt 7 among/ ! e>lie/ & mo/ successful ( ^? :o ga!r$ new planets f among/ ! />s ( ! zodiacal con/ellations4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,lu!r1 ,watson1 & ,borrelly fur!r ext5d$ ! li/2 b ,palisa & ,pet]s h di/anc$ all competitors1 & %[n a zeal 9 ! "w :i* has yield$ an a/oni%+ aggregate ( discov]ies4 ,*>lois1 at ,nice1 has latt]ly e>n$ di/9ction 9 ! same field4 ,s9ce #ahde new planetoids h be5 f\nd at ! rate ( m ?an six p] annum1 & a ri* h>ve/ yet rema9s to be ga!r$ by ! planet-seek]s ( ! future4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ^? already detect$ are betwe5 ! t5? & twelf? magnitudes1 & are !re=e only to be disc]n$ 9 good in/rum5ts4 ,!y pres5t no di/9ction f small />-l po9ts1 & are to be id5tifi$ by _! motions alone4 ,! my?ological diction>y has furni%$ names = !m1 & !y are numb]$ 9 ! ord] ( _! discov]y z well4 ,dim5sions & ,brightness4--,ve/a is ! l>ge/ & brighte/ ( ! gr\p1 :ile ,c]es & ,pallas rank z second & ?ird 9 ! same respect4 ,ve/a is ab\t #bad miles 9 diamet]2 b ! m insignificant memb]s ( ?is family are probably n m ?an ab\t #ae or #bj miles 9 diamet]4 ,pallas has ! mo/ incl9$ orbit ( all1 ! incl9ation am\nt+ to #cj #dd2 s t its position is by no means conf9$ to ! planet-zone ( ! ecliptic4 ,ve/a is sometimes bright] ?an a #f? mag4 />2 :ile ,c]es1 ,pallas1 & ,juno v>y betwe5 ab\t ! #g? & #h? magnitudes1 accord+ to _! di/ances f ! ,e>?4 ,a real v>iation ( light has be5 assum$ to occur1 b ?is is n fully prov$4 ,9 ,m>* #ahhg ,mr4 ,backh\se1 ( ,sund]l&1 saw an app>5tly new1 yell[i%-:ite /> ne> #ajc ,piscium1 & x 0 j visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,?is prov$ to be ,ve/a1 ?\gh ! id5tity ( ! object 0 n kn[n at fir/1 & x =m$ ! subject ( two ,dun ,e*t circul>s4 ,=m]ly1 hazy indef9ite outl9es 7 attribut$ to "s ( ! planetoids2 b ! appe>ance probably arose f in/rum5tal defects4 ,! se>* = ^! bodies is n a "w likely to engage amateurs4 ,pr(essional obs]v]s are be/ able to grapple ) ! difficulties att5d+ ?is k9d ( obs]vation1 :]e l>ge telescopes1 means ( exact measurem5t1 & ample data1 su* z />-*>ts & ephem]ides ( ! planetoids previ\sly discov]$1 are requisite4 ,! #8,nautical ,almanack' annually conta9s ephem]ides ( ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 & ,ve/a2 & obs]v]s wi%+ to pick up any "o ( !m may readily asc]ta9 positions by ref]5ce to ?is "w4 ,occultation ( ,ve/a4--,an occultation ( ,ve/a occurr$ on ,dec4 #cj1 #ahga1 & x 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,talmage at ,leyton ) a #aj-;in* refractor1 p[] #hj4 ,he says ! planet 0 exce$+ly bright "r up to ! ,moon's limb4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,jupit]4 ,an int]e/+ ,object4--,brightness & ,position4--,p]iod c4--,belts & ,spots on ! ,planet4--,obs]vations ( ,hooke1 ,cass9i1 & o!rs4--,! 8,ellipse0 ( #ahfi-gj4--,! ,r$ ,spot1 its appe>ance1 dim5sions1 & rotation-p]iod4--,bright equatoreal ,spots4--,d>k ,spots 9 ,n4 hemisph]e4--,rotation-p]iod4--,nature ( ! ,r$ ,spot & ( ! bright & d>k equatoreal ,spots4--,new ,belts4--,*anges on ,jupit]4--,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,occultations ( ,jupit]4--,! f\r ,satellites1 & _! ph5om5a4--,occultation ( a /> by ,jupit]4 8,beyond ! sph]e ( ,m>s1 9 di/ant skies1 ,revolves ! mighty magnitude ( ,jove1 ,) k+ly /ate1 ! rival ( ! ,sun40 ,( all ! planets1 ,jupit] is ! mo/ int]e/+ = /udy by ! amateur4 ,x is true t ,saturn =ms an exquisite object1 & t 8 wond]ful r+-sy/em is well calculat$ to incite admiration z a feature unique 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,b :5 ! two planets come to be repeat$ly obs]v$1 & ! *>m ( fir/ impressions has worn away1 ! obs]v] mu/ admit t ,jupit]1 ) 8 broad disk & con/antly *ang+ m>k+s1 af=ds ! mat]ials = prolong$ /udy & su/a9$ int]e/4 ,) ,saturn ! case is diff]5t4 ,8 features are app>5tly quiesc5t2 usually !re are no def9ite spots ^u ! belts or r+s4 ,!re is a sam5ess 9 ! telescopic views2 & ?is ultimately leads to a feel+ ( monotony1 :i* causes ! object to be neglect$ 9 fav\r ( ano!r :]e active *anges are 9 visible progress4 ,brightness & ,position4--,jupit] is a brilliant object 9 ! heav5s1 8 lu/re exce$+ t ( ,m>s or ,saturn1 ?\gh n equal to t ( ,v5us4 ,i h occasionally se5 ! planet ) ! nak$ eye 9 ! daytime1 ab\t half an h\r aft] sunrise2 & x has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ by ,bond1 9 ,am]ica1 ) ! ,sun at a consid]able altitude4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 at ,cumana1 #aj ,n4 lat41 saw ,jupit] di/9ctly ) ! nak$ eye1 #ah m9utes aft] ! ,sun _h appe>$ 9 ! horizon1 on ,sept4 #bf1 #ahcj4 ,! planet is fav\rably visible = a consid]able "t e ye>1 & is only beyond rea* ne> ! times ( 8 conjunctions ) ! ,sun1 :5 he usually evades obs]vation = ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,z reg>ds 8 altitude1 ,jupit] becomes exceptionally well plac$ at int]vals ( #ab ye>s2 ?us 9 #ahei1 #ahgj-a1 & #ahhb 8 decl9ation 0 #bb or #bc ,n41 & 8 height !re=e v great :5 pass+ ! m]idian4 ,9 #ahid he w occupy a simil>ly auspici\s region to obs]v]s 9 ! ,n4 hemisph]e4 ,9 #ahfe1 #ahgg1 & #ahhi 8 decl9ation 0 #bc ,s41 & he 0 fav\rably pres5t$ to s\!rn a/ronom]s4 ,! image ( ,jupit] z se5 9 a telescope is involv$ 9 a slight yell[ t+e1 & ) ! nak$ eye ! same col\r is (t5 app>5t4 ,b :5 obs]v$ ?r\gh a v pure transp>5t atmosph]e1 8 light ne>ly approa*es ! silv]y lu/re ( ,v5us or ! ,moon4 ,! planet %9es ) unusual spl5d\r1 consid]+ 8 great di/ance f ! ,sun1 & 8 atmosph]e mu/ be highly reflective & possibly int5sifi$ by inh]5t light f ! planet himself4 ,! c5tral p>ts ( ,jupit]'s disk are usually ! brighte/1 z !re is a fa9t %ad+-(f & indef9it5ess at ! limbs4 ,^! & o!r facts support ! view t ,jupit] is /ill incalesc5t & suffici5tly self-lum9\s to emit a small am\nt ( light4 ,p]iod c4--,?is planet revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 #dccb;d #ad;h #bm1 :i* is equal to m ?an #aa-c_/d ye>s4 ,8 orbit is some:at ecc5tric1 s t 8 di/ance f ! ,sun v>ies f #ejf1ejj1jjj to #dfj1jjj1jjj miles1 & ! mean is #dhc1cjj1jjj miles4 ,8 app>5t diamet] ranges f a max4 ( #ej at a good opposition to #cjd 9 conjunction4 ,! planet's diamet] measur$ along ! equator is #hh1jjj miles1 & ! pol> compression is v m>k$1 am\nt+ to #a_/af1 or1 m exactly1 to #a_/aehb1 accord+ to ,engelmann1 f a mean d]iv$ f elev5 obs]v]s4 ,:5 ,jupit] is 9 quadrature !re is a slight phase evid5t 9 ! %ad+-(f ( ! limb fur!/ f ! ,sun4 ,belts & ,spots on ! ,planet4--,f ! "t t ! telescope became available z a means ( a/ronomical rese>*1 x may be readily surmis$ t an object com+ s well )9 ! rea* ( ord9>y appliances1 & "o display+ s _m prom95t & v>iable features1 %\ld absorb a l>ge %>e ( att5tion1 & t _m facts ( int]e/ %\ld h be5 glean$ z to 8 physical peculi>ities4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t1 ?\gh some?+ has be5 le>n$ z to ! visible behavi\r ( ! m>k+s1 !re is mu* t is p]plex+ 9 _! curi\s vag>ies4 ,no d\bt ! va/ *anges affect+ ! ,jovian envelope1 ! div]sity ( ! m>k+s1 & _! prop] motions result f ! op]ations ( a peculi>ly v>iable atmosph]e1 affect$ probably by a heat$ & active globe b5ea? x1 & by ! v rapid movem5t ( rotation to :i* x is subject4 ,! telescope1 on be+ turn$ t[>ds ,jupit]1 reveals at once an array ( d>k & light /ripes or belts /ret*+ across ! disk 9 a direction p>allel to "o ano!r & to ! equator ( ! planet4 ,^! belts are suppos$ to h be5 fir/ detect$ by ,zuc*i 9 #afcj4 ,usually !re are two broad & prom95t d>k belts1 "o on ei!r side ( ! equator2 :ile t[>ds ! poles o!r belts appe>1 "s ( !m v n>r[1 p>tly by ! effects ( =e%ort5+4 ,! equatoreal zone ( ! planet is ( a light] t9t1 & v>iegat$ ) :ite & d>k spots & /reaks1 liable to rapid *anges1 & indicat+ t ?is region is 9 a highly di/urb$ condition4 ,obs]vations ( ,hooke1 ,cass9i1 & o!rs4--,hooke & ,cass9i 7 among/ ! fir/ to f9d def9ite spots on ! surface ( ,jupit]4 ,f #affd to #affg a p>ticul>ly l>ge & di/9ct spot 0 frequ5tly se5 9 ! planet's ,s4 hemisph]e4 ,?is object disappe>$ 9 ! latt] ye>1 b return$ 9 #afgb1 & 0 se5 until ! close ( #afgd1 :5 x aga9 tempor>ily vani%$1 to reappe> at subsequ5t epo*s4 ,cass9i 0 enabl$ to det]m9e ! rotation-p]iod f ?is spot4 ,he f\nd t ! m>k+s 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! equator mov$ ) great] cel]ity ?an ^? 9 high] latitudes1 ! diff]5ce 9 _! rotation-p]iods be+ ne>ly #f m9utes4 ,a c5tury lat] ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el confirm$ ^! results3 he saw a bright spot :i* complet$ a rotation 9 ne>ly #e m9utes less "t ?an sev]al d>k spots4 ,s*rt] also made _m obs]vations1 & not$ frequ5t *anges 9 ! spots & diff]5ces 9 _! rotation-p]iods4 ,he wat*$ a bright object ne> ! equator :i* _h a p]iod m ?an #e m9utes less ?an "s d>k spots4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,mdl] & o!rs foll[$ up ! inve/igation ( ^! m>k+s1 & ) ne>ly simil> results4 ,! v>i\s spots 7 und\bt$ly affect$ by prop] motions1 enabl+ !m to yield discordant rotation-p]iods4 ,bright =ms ne> ! equator mov$ ) great rapidity & effect$ a rotation 9 ab\t #i;h #ejm1 :ile d>k spots on ei!r side ( x occupi$ betwe5 #i;h #eem & #i;h #efm4 ,! m>k+s 7 evid5tly controll$ by curr5ts ( diff]5t velocities 9 ! planet's atmosph]e4 ,dawes1 9 #ahdi & foll[+ ye>s1 not$ lum9\s spots1 l satellites 9 transit1 on a belt 9 ! planet's ,s4 hemisph]e4 ,9 ,octob] #aheg he obs]v$ a gr\p ( elev5 ( ^! objects2 & 9 #aheh ,lassell saw _m simil> appe>ances 9 a bright belt ne> ! equator4 ,! ,ellipse ( #ahfi-gj4--;,9 #ahfi & #ahgj ,gl$hill1 ( ,halifax1 & ,pr(4 ,may]1 ( ! ,lehigh ,univ]sity1 saw a rem>kable =mation j s\? ( ! great belt ly+ on ! ,s4 side ( ! equator4 ,x 0 9 ! =m ( a p]fect ellipse1 ruddy 9 col\r1 & v di/9ct 9 outl9e4 ,its major axis 0 p>allel ) ! belts4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ on ,nov4 #ad1 #ahfi1 & _h disappe>$ 9 ,july #ahgj1 ?\gh on ,dec4 #a1 #ahga1 a simil> elliptic r+ 0 se5 re/+ on ! ,s4 equatoreal d>k b&4 ,! ,r$ ,spot4--,9 ,july #ahgh a l>ge spot1 ( oval =m & int5se r$ col\r1 appe>$ 9 ab\t ! same latitude z ! ellipse se5 by ,gl$hill & ,may] 9 #ahfi-gj4 ,x 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,d5nett ( ,s\?ampton1 ?\gh x appe>s to h be5 se5 a few weeks e>li] by ,pr(4 ,prit*ett1 ( ,miss\ri1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! object allud$ to soon attract$ g5]al notice2 & z x cont9u$ visible dur+ ! oppositions ( #ahgi1 #ahhj1 & #ahha "u ! same /rik+ aspect1 x creat$ a consid]able /ir among telescopi/s1 & ! 8great r$ spot on ,jupit]0 became famili>ly kn[n bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 title4 ,no planet>y m>k+ 9 mod]n times has enli/$ half ! am\nt ( att5tion t has be5 devot$ to ?is object4 ,x has endur$ amid all ! turmoils ( ! ,jovian atmosph]e = twelve ye>s1 & has pres]v$ an integrity ( =m & size :i* prove x to h be5 s+ul>ly capable ( )/&+ disruption4 ,b its t9t has v>i$ greatly2 s t at times ! oval outl9e ( ! spot c\ld h>dly be disc]n$ among/ ! contigu\s belts4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahha ! int]ior ( ! ellipse began to lose tone1 & 9 #ahhb x fad$ rapidly1 s t ! c5tral region ( ! spot assum$ ne>ly ! same light t9t z ! outly+ bright belts4 ,app>5tly ! spot _h ei!r be5 fill$ up ) lum9\s cl\dy mat]ial or _h be5 p>tially obscur$ by ! int]position ( matt] situat$ high] 9 ! ,jovian atmosph]e4 ,! elliptical cont\r ( ! object 0 /ill intact1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x _h q lo/ its bold & prom95t "*4 ,only ! skeleton ( its =m] self rema9$1 & its entire disappe>ance seem$ imm95t4 ,b fur!r decad5ce 0 =tunately av]t$ by influ5ces unkn[n to u1 & ! spot has cont9u$ visible to ?is day1 ?\gh %orn ( ! attributes :i* r\s$ s mu* en?usiasm among/ obs]v]s m ?an t5 ye>s ago4 ,f measures at ,*icago1 9 ! ye>s f #ahgi to #ahhd1 ,pr(4 ,h\gh f\nd ! mean dim5sions ( ! spot to be3--,l5g? #aage1 bread? #cga4 ,^! figures repres5t a real l5g? ( #be1ijj miles & a diamet] ( #hbjj miles4 ,! latitude ( ! spot 0 #fig ,s4 ,?is object has s]v$ an important end 9 attract+ wide-spread obs]vation1 n only to itself1 b to ! g5]al ph5om5a occurr+ on ! surface ( ,jupit]4 ,obs]v]s1 9 /udy+ ! r$ spot1 7 also l$ to /udy ! bright equatoreal spots & o!r features s pl5tifully di/ribut$ ov] ! disk4 ,x 0 mo/ important ?is %\ld be done2 = s9ce ! "t ( ,h]s*el & ,s*rt] n mu* progress _h be5 made 9 elucidat+ ! prop] motions ( ! spots & f9d+ an accurate rotation-p]iod = ! planet4 ,dawes1 ,lassell1 & _m o!rs _h1 x is true1 secur$ "s int]e/+ obs]vations & draw+s1 b n ( ! special k9d requir$1 & ?us no fre% light _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! vag>ies 9 ! behavi\r ( ! spots1 z describ$ by ! old obs]v]s4 ,b a mass ( new facts 7 n[ to be realiz$4 ,s*midt at ,a!ns1 ,pr(4 ,h\gh at ,*icago1 ,a4 ,/anley ,williams at ,brighton1 & _m o!rs1 includ+ myself at ,bri/ol1 began sy/ematic obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 ) a view to le>n some?+ m ( ! p]iods1 *anges1 & g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! spots & o!r features4 ,! results 7 ( an int]e/+ nature1 ?\gh too ext5sive = m ?an b>e m5tion "h4 ,9 #ahgi ! r$ spot gave a rotation-p]iod ( #i;h #eem #cds#b1 b ?is increas$ to #i;h #eem #ces#f 9 #ahhj-a & to #i;h #eem #chs#b 9 #ahha-b4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ ?ree ye>s ! p]iod 0 almo/ /ation>y at #i;h #eem #cis#a1 b 9 #ahhe-f x fur!r augm5t$ to #i;h #eem #das#a1 s9ce :i* ye> x has rang$ betwe5 #i;h #eem #djs & #das4 ,f t5 ye>s' obs]vations1 ! mean p]iod ( ! r$ spot is z ne>ly z possible #i;h #eem #cis4 ,bright ,equatoreal ,spots4--,! bright spots ne> ! equator rotat$ 9 #i;h #ejm #fs 9 #ahhj2 b 9 subsequ5t ye>s ! "t slightly increas$1 = 9 #ahhb ,i f\nd x #i;h #ejm #hs#h1 & 9 #ahhc #i;h #ejm #aas#d4 ,! bright spots !re=e p]=m a rotation 9 #e m9utes less "t ?an ! r$ spot4 ,! =m] move s mu* m swiftly ?an ! latt] t !y pass x at ! rate ( #bfj miles p] h\r1 & 9 #dd days h effect$ a complete circuit ( ,jupit] relatively to x4 ,?us a brilliant :ite spot1 if notic$ 9 ! same longitude z ! r$ spot on "o night1 w1 on subsequ5t nights1 be obs]v$ to ! ,w4 ( x1 &1 aft] an int]val ( ab\t #dd days1 ! same objects w aga9 occupy co9cid5t longitude4 ,d>k ,spots 9 ,n4 hemisph]e4--,9 ! autumn ( #ahhj !re 0 a conflu5t outbreak ( d>k spots f a belt 9 ab\t #be ,n4 latitude1 & ^! exhibit$ a rotation-p]iod ( only #i;h #dhm1 s t !y travell$ m rapidly ?an ! :ite spots on ! equator4 ,"s %ort dusky belts 7 also rem>k$ slightly ,s4 ( ! latitude ( ! r$ spot1 & ^! indicat$ a p]iod ( #i;h #eem #ahs4 ,x is cle> f ^! v>i\s results t ! motion ( ! ,jovian m>k+s does n decrease accord+ to _! di/ance f ! equator4 ,rotation-,p]iod4--,bel[ are giv5 ! times ( rotation asc]ta9$ by "s previ\s obs]v]s3-- h m s #affe4 ,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i #i #ee #eh #afgb4 0 #i #ee #ej #afib4 0 7,a7#i #ej #agjh4 ,j4 ,p4 ,m>aldi #i #ef #dh #agac4 0 #i #ef #aggc4 ,sylvabelle #i #ef #aggi4 7,b7,w4 ,h]s*el #i #ed #ec to #i #ee #dj #aggi4 0 7,a7#i #ej #dh to #i #ea #def #aghf4 7,c7,j4 ,h4 ,s*rt] #i #ee #ccf 0 0 #i #ee #agf 0 0 7,a7#i #ej #bg #ahce4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mdl] #i #ee #bfe 0 ,g4 ,b4 ,airy #i #ee #bac #ahcf4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mdl] #i #ee #bce #ahfb4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,s*midt #i #ee #beg #ahff4 0 #i #ee #dfc #ahgc4 ,o4 ,lohse #i #ee #aif #ahhj4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,s*midt #i #ee #cdd 0 0 7,a7#i #ej #ahha4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+ #i #dh 0 0 #i #ee #agi #ahhc4 0 7,a7#i #ej #hg #ahhe4 ,g4 ,w4 ,h\gh #i #ee #cgd 0 0 7,a7#i #ej #i #ahhf4 ,a4 ,m>? #i #ee #djf #ahhg4 ,a4 ,s4 ,williams3-- ,spots 9 #ab ,n4 lat4 #i #ee #cfe 0 #d ,n4 lat4 7,a7#i #ej #dja 0 #h ,s4 lat4 7,a7#i #ej #bbd 0 #cj ,s4 lat4 #i #ee #aga #ahij4 7,d7,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+ #i #ee #ci ,a3 ,bright spots ne> ! equator ( ,jupit]4 ,b3 ,h]s*el's obs]vations embrac$ few rotations1 & ! p]iods he d]iv$ diff]$ consid]ably4 ,c3 ,s*rt] also alleges he saw spots return to ! same "p ( ! disk 9 #g;h #gm1 #g;h #cfm1 & #h;h #am6 ,d3 ,f t5 ye>s' obs]vations ( ! r$ spot4 ,! =ego+ li/ is by no means complete1 =1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( rec5t det]m9ations1 ,i h ?\ght x advisable to omit "s ( !m4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h t ! above times ( rotation are d]iv$ f atmosph]ic features m or less volatile 9 nature1 & t !re=e ! actual sph]e ( ,jupit] rotates 9 a p]iod :i* we h n precisely discov]$4 ,no d\bt ! motion ( ! real surface is n v diff]5t f t ( ! atmosph]ic m>k+s above x4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t1 :atev] ! "* ( ! planet's cru/ may be1 we h nev] yet obta9$ a glimpse ( x4 ,a d5se veil ( imp5etrable vap\rs appe>s to surr\nd ! globe on all sides1 & ?is is subject to viol5t d]angem5t f ! evolution ( heat$ mat]ial or gase\s fluids f ! surface bel[4 ,^! di/urbances seem to be v durable 9 "s in/ances z to _! obs]v$ effects4 ,! atmosph]e w\ld1 9 fact1 appe> to possess a s+ul> capacity = reta9+ ! impressions ( its *anges4 ,! p]man5cy ( c]ta9 spots c h>dly be due to cont9u$ action f ^? p>ts ( ! disk imm$iately und]ly+ !m2 = _! v>iable motions soon transport !m f> f ! places at :i* !y 7 fir/ se51 & prove _! exi/5ce to be q indep5d5t ( _! longitude4 ,nature ( ! ,r$ ,spot4--,!re is mu* 9 connection ) ! r$ spot t rema9s 9 my/]y4 ,its dim5sions1 =m1 & motion h sev]ally be5 asc]ta9$ )9 small limits ( error1 & ! alt]ations 9 its t9t & degree ( visibility h be5 record$ ) e c>e4 ,b we c only conjecture z to ! orig91 "*1 & end ( ?is rem>kable =mation4 ,:at ag5cy produc$ x1 & m\ld$ ! def9ite elliptical outl9e x has always pres]v$--:at =ces control its oscillations ( spe$1 & keep x susp5d$ s long 9 ! a]ial envelope ( ,jupit]--are matt]s ( pure !ory4 ,:51 9 ,july #ahgh1 x fir/ came "u notice x 0 a well-develop$ object1 & ?\gh ,russell 9 #ahgf1 ,"l ,rosse & o!rs 9 #ahgc1 & ,gl$hill & ,may] 9 #ahfi-gj _h del9eat$ =ms suspici\sly l ! r$ spot & situat$ 9 ! same latitude1 yet ! sev]al features may n h be5 absolutely id5tical1 = no?+ 0 se5 ( ! spot 9 #ahgg or 9 "s o!r ye>s4 ,b !re is a /rong probability t ! r$ ellipse ( #ahfi-gj mu/ h be5 ! r$ spot 9 an incipi5t /age ( its =mation4 ,! object may h und]gone tempor>y obscuration1 simil>ly to ,cass9i's spot two c5turies ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,i4 #aheg1 ,nov4 #bg4 7,dawes47 ,,ii4 #ahei1 ,dec4 #bi4 7,hugg9s47 ,,iii4 #aheh1 ,m>4 #b4 7,hugg9s47 ,,iv4 #ahgj1 ,jan4 #bc4 7,gl$hill47 ,v4 #ahgb1 ,feb4 #b4 7,gl$hill47 ,,vi4 #ahhe1 ,feb4 #be4 7,d5n+47 ,my own op9ion ( ! spot is t x repres5ts an op5+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit]1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 #ahgh-hb1 we saw ! d5se r$ vap\rs ( 8 l[] /rata1 if n 8 actual surface itself4 ,its light] t9t 9 rec5t ye>s is probably due to ! fill+-9 ( ! cavity by ! encroa*m5t ( durable cl\ds 9 ! vic9ity4 ,p>ts ( "s ( ! m prom95t belts display an int5se r$ hue l t =m]ly %[n by ! r$ spot1 & !y may be due to ! same causes4 ,ext5sive fissures are probably =m$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 & quickly di/5d$ 9 longitude by ! natural effect ( ! planet's trem5d\s velocity ( rotation4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t ^! r5ts1 aft] a c]ta9 di/5tion1 assume a durable outl9e until !y lose _! col\r+ & are tempor>ily if n f9ally oblit]at$4 ,:5 ! r$ spot 0 visible "u its be/ conditions ,i frequ5tly exam9$ x1 hop+ to detect "s m>k well 9 its int]ior :i* might s]ve z a clue to ! true rotation-p]iod ( ! sph]e ( ,jupit]4 ,= if ! spot consi/$ ( a cle> pat* 9 ! planet's atmosph]e1 ,i ?\ght x possible "s real object on ! surface might be disc]n$ ?r\gh x1 9 :i* case ! diff]5ce 9 its motion & t ( ! r$ spot w\ld enable ! rate ( motion ( ! globe to be f\nd4 ,if ! spot moves m sl[ly ?an ! planet1 !n a surface-m>k+ mu/ appe> to pass f ! ,e4 to ! ,w4 side ( ! spot2 b no su* evid5ce c\ld be obta9$1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( suitable m>k+s4 ,! r$ t9t ( ! great spot seem$ v g5]al ov] ! entire area ( ! ellipse until its c5tral regions pal$ 9 #ahhb4 ,!re 7 two d>k specks1 "o at ! ,e4 & ano!r at ! ,w4 extremity ( ! spot2 b ^! 7 un*angeable z reg>ds position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,jupit]1 #ahhf1 ,april #i;d #aj;h #abm4 7#aj-;in* reflector2 p[] #beb47 ,! spot1 ?\gh plac$ v ne> ! bord] ( ! great ,s4 belt1 has nev] be5 connect$ ) x1 ?\gh 9 ,jan4-,feb4 #ahhd1 ,may #ahhe1 & ,m>*-,april #ahhf ! spot became tempor>ily atta*$ to a belt on its ,s4 side4 ,!re 0 "s controv]sy z to ?is feature1 ,pr(4 ,h\gh1 f obs]vations ) ! #ah-;in* refractor at ,*icago1 alleg+ t at no "t _h ! spot coalesc$ ) or be5 jo9$ to any belt 9 its vic9ity4 ,b 9 #ahhf _m obs]v]s succe$$ 9 detect+ ! junction ( ! m>k+s allud$ to1 & ,pr(4 ,"y gave a draw+ ( ! appe>ance z se5 ) p[] #gij on ! #bc-;in* objective at ,pr9ceton 7see #8,sid]eal ,mess5g]1' vol4 v4 p4 #bib74 ,! spot & belt 7 probably at diff]5t heights 9 ! ,jovian atmosph]e1 s t !re 0 no comm+l+ ( mat]ial1 "o object be+ simply project$ on ! o!r1 = ! elliptical =m ( ! r$ spot rema9$ visible all ! "t4 ,! latt] moves m sl[ly ?an ! connect+ belts1 &1 :5 cle> ( !m1 is (t5 se5 ) a :ite aureola fr++ its environs4 ,bright ,equatoreal ,spots4--,^! are affect$ by rapid *anges ( =m1 brightness1 & motion4 ,sometimes !y are exce$+ly bright2 at o!r p]iods !y are q invisible4 ,?is int]mitt5cy is n occasion$ 7z ,i assur$ myself by _m obs]vations7 by ! total ext9ction ( spots & appe>ance ( new ones1 b is due to ! tempor>y obscuration ( ! same objects4 ,! v>iations are irregul>1 & probably dep5d ^u ph5om5a also irregul>4 ,! motion ( ^! objects (t5 %[s great deviations f _! av]age rate2 !y are sometimes mu* 9 advance ( or beh9d _! comput$ positions4 ,"o f9e spot ( ?is class 0 closely wat*$ 9 #ahhj & foll[+ ye>s4 ,x 0 usually 9 ! %ape ( a brilliant oval1 well def9$1 & occasionally q z l>ge z ! ?ird satellite ( ,jupit]2 b x 0 sometimes se5 z a diffus$ :ite pat*1 app>5tly em]g+ f ! ,n4 edge ( ! belt4 ,:5ev] ! spot 0 v bright1 !re 0 a trail ( light or lum9\s matt] runn+ ea/w>ds f x1 z ?\gh !re 7 an eruption ( %9+ mat]ial f ! spot1 :i* ! rapid rotation ( ! planet f ,w4 to ,e4 caus$ to drift 9 an opposite direction4 ,d>k ,equatoreal ,spots4--,closely contigu\s to ! :ite spots !re are almo/ inv>iably se5 v d>k spots1 mu* deep] 9 tone ?an ! d>k belt ^u :i* !y appe> to be project$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! d>k spots are %ad[s f ! :ite spots1 :i* may be elevat$ =mations protrud+ ?r\gh ! envelope ( ,jupit]4 ,?is idea seems to me unt5able2 = ! d>k spots h be5 di/+ui%$ "u a v]tical ,sun1 & sometimes !y are f\nd "o on ea* side ( a :ite spot4 ,aga91 an int5sely brilliant spot is occasionally se5 )\t any outly+ cond5sation ( d>k matt]4 ,b ?\gh !y are n %ad[s1 ! d>k equatoreal spots c]ta9ly h an intimate relation ) ! bright] m>k+s ne> !m & move ) ! same velocity4 ,x is prov$ f _m obs]vations t ! long] an object is obs]v$ ! sl[] becomes its rate ( rotation4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el f\nd ! conv]se4 ,9 discuss+ 8 results ( #aggh & #aggi1 he said3--8,by a comp>ison ( ! diff]5t p]iods x appe>s t a spot gradually p]=ms its revolutions 9 less "t ?an at fir/0 7,phil4 ,trans4 #agha1 p4 #abf74 ,b 8 p]iods 7 ea* bas$ on less ?an fifty rotations1 s t no c]ta9 conclusions c\ld be d]iv$ f !m4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! rapidly mov+ bright spots h usually appe>$ 9 ! equatoreal side ( ! great ,s4 d>k belt4 ,! pol> side ( ! great ,n4 belt also exhibits bright spots1 b ^! rotate 9 a p]iod only a few seconds less ?an t ( ! r$ spot4 ,bright spots are also obs]v$ to ! ,s4 ( ! latt] object & on o!r portions ( ! disk4 ,z to ! belts1 !y are usually /raight2 b cases are record$ ( slant-belts1 9 :i* ! direction has be5 v oblique4 ,"o ( ^! 0 notic$ 9 ! planet's ,n4 hemisph]e 9 ,m>4-,april #ahfj1 & ano!r 0 se5 9 ! ,s4 hemisph]e 9 ,jan4 #ahgb4 ,i obs]v$ "o ne> ! ,n4 pol> %ad+ 9 ,dec4 #ahha4 ,new ,belts4--,! =mation ( ! d>k belts seems to be br\ght ab\t gradually1 & !y appe> to be su/a9$ 9 c]ta9 cases by eruptions ( d>k matt]1 :i* gradually spread out into /reams4 ,on ,oct4 #ag1 #ahhj1 two d>k spots1 sep>at$ by #bj ( longitude1 broke out on a belt "s #be ,n4 ( ! equator4 ,o!r spots quickly =m$ on ea* side ( ! pair allud$ to1 & di/5d$ !mselves along ! belt s t by ,dec4 #cj !y cov]$ ?ree f\r?s ( its entire circumf]5ce4 ,at ! middle ( ,janu>y ! spots =m$ a complete girdle r\nd ! planet2 b !y became mu* fa9t]1 & 7 soon eradicat$ by comb9ation ) ! belt on :i* !y _h appe>$4 ,*anges on ,jupit]4--,pr(4 ,h\gh1 ( ,*icago1 is adv]se to ! op9ion t rapid *anges occur on ,jupit]1 & m5tions ! /ability ( ! r$ spot & o!r m>k+s 9 support ( 8 views4 ,he believes t ! errone\s /atem5ts ab\t sudd5 *anges made by bo? anci5t & mod]n a/ronom]s are l>gely due to diff]5ces 9 ! telescopic images due to atmosph]ic v>iations4 ,no d\bt su* an explanation w suffice to meet "s in/ances1 & ! swift rotation ( ! planet may also h be5 ! unsuspect$ cause ( "s ( ! extraord9>y *anges describ$2 b !re are real v>iations z well4 ,^! are v frequ5t 9 ! planet's equatoreal zone4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,draw+s ( ,jupit] obta9$ "u ! highe/ p[]s t may be employ$ ) advantage1 & ) a cauti\s reg>d to fai?ful del9eation1 w probably ?r[ mu* light on ! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ?is planet's atmosph]e4 ,& x is mo/ desirable to pursue ! v>i\s m>k+s ye> aft] ye> ) unflagg+ p]sev]ance2 = x is only by su* means t we c hope to unravel ! extraord9>y problem :i* _! visible behavi\r (f]s = solution4 ,too mu* /ress _c possibly be laid on ! necessity ( obs]v]s be+ z precise z possible 9 _! records4 ,! times :5 an object comes to ! c5tral m]idian %\ld be inv>iably not$2 = ?is af=ds a clue to its longitude1 & a means ( det]m9+ its velocity4 ,its position1 ,n4 or ,s4 ( ! equator1 %\ld be ei!r measur$ or e/imat$2 & alt]ations 9 tone1 figure1 or t9t describ$1 ) a view to asc]ta9 its real "*4 ,! climate ( ,engl& is v ill-adapt$ to an inve/igation ( ?is sort1 :]e ! mo/ ne$ful po9t consi/s 9 frequ5cy ( obs]vation4 ,if ! m>k+s on ,jupit] c\ld be re-exam9$ e night1 & trac$ ?r\gh _! *anges1 an explanation ( c]ta9 ph5om5a exhibit$ by !m w\ld soon be =?com+4 ,! int]rupt$ "* ( previ\s obs]vations de/roys mu* ( _! value4 ,closely consecutive results are necess>y to remove d\bts z to ! id5tity ( ! objects obs]v$2 s t1 9 su* a rese>*1 natural advantages ( position are m desirable ?an in/rum5tal advantages1 = ! latt] are impot5t 9 a cl\dy atmosph]e4 ,! r$ spot mu/ be wat*$ z long z any ve/iges ( x rema94 ,its v>iations ( spe$ may ultimately yield indications ( p]iodicity#cc2 s may its alt]ations ( t9t4 ,! belts 9 ! vic9ity ( ! spot dem& an equal %>e ( att5tion2 = x may be possible to div9e f _! *anges :e!r !re are any l9ks ( association betwe5 !m & ! r$ spot4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! latt] has app>5tly repuls$ ! belts on its ,n4 side1 ?\gh suff]+ encroa*m5ts f ^? on its ,s4 side4 ,! equatoreal spots also des]ve cont9u$ vigilance on ! "p ( obs]v]s4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! bright spots v>y rapidly2 _! motions are n uni=m 9 rate1 & :at is n[ want$ is a l>ge numb] ( new obs]vations4 ,does accel]at$ velocity occur ) increas$ brilliancy ( ^! objects8 ,are _! alt]nat+ disappe>ances & revivals uni=m 9 p]iod8 & are !y really due to transitory obscurations ( ! same durable =ms8 ,are ! d>k spots :i* frequ5tly bord] ! :ite spots implicat$ 9 effac+ ! latt]8 ,_m o!r que/ions l ^! are sugge/$ by ! curi\s behavi\r ( ! m>k+s1 & ! discrim9at+ obs]v] w "k h[ to ga!r ! mat]ials likely to aid 9 answ]+ !m4 ,! rotation-p]iod has be5 already f\nd 9 reg>d to _m features2 b ?is elem5t may be re-inve/igat$ ) pr(it1 = ! velocity ( ! spots (f]s a v complex problem = solution4 ,d ! m>k+s g5]ally exhibit a ret>dation ( spe$ z long z !y subsi/8 ,abnormal spots1 su* z ^? :i* made _! app>ition 9 ! autumn ( #ahhj1 %\ld be trac$ ?r\gh any vag>ies !y may pres5t2 & peculi> %ape or direction 9 ! belts w also m]it /udy1 z possibly supply+ facts ( consequ5ce4 ,x w be important to le>n :e!r objects 9 a c]ta9 latitude h a common rotation-p]iod1 or :e!r diff]5t =ms give diff]5t times4 ,! rate ( motion %[n by c]ta9 features may dep5d ^u _! "*1 & n s mu* ^u _! position 9 latitude4 ,! altitudes ( ! v>i\s m>k+s af=ds ano!r promis+ l9e ( rese>*4 ,! appe>ances & *anges ( closely contigu\s features may be expect$ to furni% useful data 9 ?is connection4 ,ow+ to _! prop] motions !y app>5tly ov]lap ea* o!r at times1 & 9 _! alt]ations ( aspect ! obs]v] may discov] ! clue to _! relative heights4 ,! subject is discuss$ 9 a practical & int]e/+ way by ,mr4 ,gre5 7,memoirs ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 vol4 xlix4 p4 #bfd7 & by ,mr4 ,/anley ,williams 7#8,z5ographic ,fragm5ts1' i4 p4 #aab71 & ^! works %\ld be consult$ by ev]yone engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ,jovian ph5om5a4 ,x is un=tunate t ! obs]v]1 9 del9eat+ ?is object1 mu/ p]=ce adopt an extremely hurri$ me?od ( repres5t+ :at he sees at ! telescope4 ,! planet turns s quickly ^u 8 axis t =ms ne> ! c5tral m]idian become s5sibly displac$ 9 a few m9utes2 inde$1 x has be5 /at$ t an int]val ( two m9utes only is suffici5t to introduce a *ange obvi\s to simple eye-e/imation4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to complete a sket*1 ! utmo/ dispat* is requisite2 = ?is object _c be depict$ f ! comb9$ outcome ( sev]al ev5+s ( obs]vation4 ,! prop] motions ( ! diff]5t features prev5t ?is4 ,) ,m>s1 or any orb exhibit+ m>k+s relatively con/ant1 collective results are extremely valuable1 & m tru/wor?y ?an pictures dep5d+ ^u an isolat$ obs]vation4 ,amateurs1 9 ent]+ ^u ^! obs]vations1 %\ld be prep>$ = rapid *anges 9 ! app>5t aspect ( ,jupit] caus$ by 8 rotation1 & n ha/ily inf] !m to be real4 ,!y %\ld also hesitate be=e plac+ confid5ce 9 any anomal\s results obta9$ "u indiff]5t see+2 = bad images h be5 directly responsible = _m mislead+ ann\ncem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,occultation ( ,jupit]1 ,aug4 #g1 #ahhi4 ,occultations ( ,jupit] by ! ,moon4--,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d are always await$ ) ke5 int]e/ by ! possessors ( telescopes2 b x is r>ely t all ! circum/ances are fav\rable4 ,! fir/ record$ in/ance appe>s to h be5 9 ,a4,d4 #hdg4 ,9 #agib1 on ,april #g1 ,s*rt] obs]v$ an occultation ( ?is planet1 ) a desire to v]ify 8 suspicion ( a lun> atmosph]e4 ,he saw t 8"s ( ! satellites became indi/9ct at ! limb ( ! ,moon1 :ile o!rs did n suff] any *ange ( col\r4 ,! belts & spots ( ,jupit] appe>$ p]fectly di/9ct :5 close to ! limb ( ! ,moon40 ,on ,jan4 #b1 #aheg1 an occultation took place "u conditions :i* r5d]$ x visible to _m obs]v]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ fact elicit$ 0 t at em]sion a d>k bord] 0 se5 atta*$ to ! arc ( ! ,moon project$ on ! planet4 ,mr4 ,lassell describ$ ?is d>k bord] z 8a %ad[y l9e1 9 "*1 magnitude1 & int5sity extremely l ,saturn's obscure r+ project$ on ! ball40 ,dur+ ! ?irty ye>s foll[+ #ahei only two occultations visible 9 ,engl& occurr$1 & ! la/ ( ^!1 on ,augu/ #g1 #ahhi1 0 widely obs]v$4 ,on ?is occasion ,capt4 ,noble & o!rs r$etect$ ! %ad[$ edge ( ! ,moon se5 by ,lassell 9 #aheg4 8,x 0 a /rongly m>k$ %ad+1 foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! ,moon's limb40 ,at ,bri/ol ,i record$ t1 at ! disappe>ance1 ! out] m>g9 ( our satellite 0 fr+$ ) light :]e x cross$ ! planet2 b at ! reappe>ance ?is effect _h vani%$1 & ! appe>ance 0 p]fectly normal4 ,! disk ( ,jupit]1 :]e x met ! edge ( ! lun> disk1 look$ dusky by ! effects ( contra/2 b ,i saw no m>k$ %ad+ ) a %>ply t]m9at+ b\nd>y1 su* z appe>s to h be5 rem>k$ else:]e4 ,z ! planet em]g$ def9ition 0 sup]b1 ! belts 7 lividly di/9ct1 & ! spectacle 0 "o ( ! prettie/ t c\ld be imag9$4 ,! r$ spot 0 go+ (f ! ,w4 limb1 & ! disk 0 cov]$ ) belts2 _m ( !m ne> ! poles 7 extremely n>r[1 l f9e l9es drawn ) a %>p lead p5cil4 ,i us$ a #d-;in* refractor1 p[]s #fe & #ade1 ) ?is in/rum5t ! =ego+ sket* 0 made4 ,! exceptional di/9ctness ( ! ,jovian m>k+s on ?is occasion %[s t ! proximity ( ! ,moon has c]ta9ly no t5d5cy to efface planet>y details1 b r to int5sify !m#cd4 ,on ,sept4 #c1 #ahhi1 an occultation ( ,jupit] 0 visible 9 ,am]ica1 & obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,brooks at ,g5eva1 ,n4,y41 ) a #aj-a_/h-;in* equatoreal4 ,8 draw+1 made f a photograph & eye-obs]vations1 %[s no?+ ( a d>k fr+e bord]+ ! ,moon's limb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,jupit] & satellites se5 9 a small glass4 ,! f\r ,satellites4--,:5 ,galilei direct$ 8 telescope to ,jupit] on ! ev5+ ( ,jan4 #g1 #afaj1 he saw ?ree small />-l po9ts ne> ! planet2 s3-- ,illu/ration ,on ,jan4 #ac he discov]$ a f\r?2 ?us3-- ,illu/ration & asc]ta9+ t ^! bodies foll[$ ,jupit] 9 8 c\rse1 conclud$ !m to be moons 9 att5dance ^u him4 ,at fir/ ! discov]y 0 discr$it$ by o!rs2 b x soon _h to be accept$ z an inconte/able fact ( obs]vation4 ,^! satellites are usually among ! v fir/ objects :i* ! amateur views 9 8 telescope1 & !y =m1 9 comb9ation ) _! prim>y1 an exquisite picture1 ! impression ( :i* is n soon =gott54 ,! p]iods1 di/ances1 c4 ( ! satellites are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,mean ,di/ance4 ,no4 & ,"n4------------------------------------ ---,sid]eal,mean ,real ,diamet]s ,miles4 ,p]iod4 ,app>5t ,diamet]1 ( ,jupit]4 ,diamet]49 miles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- h m s ,i4 ,io #cjc #bfg1jjj #a #ah #bi #ajb #bcij ,,ii4 ,europa #dgb #dbe1jjj #c #ac #ah #jia #babj ,,iii4 ,ganym$e #gga #fgh1jjj #g #d #j #adi #cdhj ,,iv4 ,calli/o #acee #a1aic1jjjaf #ah #e #abg #bigj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,! ?ird satellite is mu* ! l>ge/1 & its brightness is ab\t equal to t ( a /> ( ! #f? mag4 ,! o!r ?ree may be rat$ z g5]ally #g? mag41 ?\gh _! brightness is v>iable1 especially t ( ! f\r? satellite1 :i* has be5 se5 exce$+ly fa9t4 ,x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% ^! objects1 n by _! names1 z 9 ! case ( ! moons ( ,m>s1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus1 b by ! ,roman numb]s affix$ to !m progressively accord+ to _! di/ances f ,jupit]4 ,! satellites are j visible to ! nak$ eye :5 ! conditions fav\r _! detection2 b !y are s mu* involv$ 9 ! rays ( ! planet1 & (t5 s ne> to him1 t x may be reg>d$ z an exceptional feat to disc]n !m )\t telescopic aid4 ,:5 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 are ne> _! max4 elongation & on ! same side ( ! planet1 !y h be5 occasionally obs]v$ sep>ately4 ,i4 & ,,ii41 ?\gh mu* clos] to ,jupit] & m )9 ! influ5ce ( 8 gl>e & rays1 h be5 simil>ly se54 ,:5 attempt+ su* obs]vations x is be/ to hide ! b>e disk ( ! planet beh9d "s t]re/rial object1 z ?is w cut (f ! obnoxi\s rays & prev5t ! brilliant light f dazzl+ ! eye4 ,an op]a-glass1 or any small portable telescope1 reveals ! :ole ret9ue ( satellites1 & enables !m to be trac$ ?r\gh _! revolutions4 ,! #8,nautical ,almanack' gives diagrams ( _! diurnal positions1 & ) ?is "w z a ref]5ce obs]v]s w f9d no difficulty 9 id5tify+ !m ap>t4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 9 ! ye>s #agid to #agif1 f\nd t ! satellites revolve on _! axes 9 ! same "t t !y revolve ab\t ! planet4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is conclusion by a /udy ( ! v>iations 9 ! light emitt$ by ! satellites 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! orbits1 & describ$ ,i4 z 8( a v int5se bright1 :ite1 & %9+ light1--bright] ?an ,,ii4 or ,,iv4 7n l>g]74 ,,iv4 incl9es to r$1 & ne>ly z bright z ,,ii4 ,! latt] is ( a dull a%-col\r4 ,,iii4 is v :ite40 ,mod]n obs]v]s h select$ ,,ii4 z relatively ! mo/ highly reflective1 :ile ,,iv4 is ! lea/4 ,spots exi/ on ! surfaces ( ^! objects1 & probably occasion _m ( ! diff]5ces obs]v$4 ,! eclipses1 occultations1 & transits ( ! satellites af=d a v f]tile & attractive s]ies ( ph5om5a = telescopic review4 ,! exact times ( occurr5ce are tabulat$ 9 ! #8,nautical ,almanack' & a/]isks are affix$ to su* z are visible 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,prior to ! date ( opposition ( ,jupit] ! eclipses occur ( c\rse on ! ,w4 side ( ! disk1 :ile aft] opposition !y take place on ! ,e4 side4 ,! durations are z foll[ = ! sev]al satellites3--,i4 #b;h #bjm1 ,,ii4 #b;h #efm1 ,,iii4 #c;h #dcm1 ,,iv4 #d;h #efm4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ! entire ph5om5on may be g5]ally obs]v$2 b ?is is n s 9 reg>d to ,,ii41 z ! em]sions are frequ5tly effect$ beh9d ! planet4 ,only ! imm]sions ( ,i4 are visible be=e opposition1 f ! same cause2 = ! satellite ent]s ! cone ( %ad[ close to ! planet's limb1 & only comes out ( x :5 ! globe ( ! planet is int]pos$ 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,9 su* cases ! satellite em]ges soon aft] f ! limb ( ,jupit]2 s t its obscuration has be5 comp\nd$ ( two sep>ate ph5om5a1 viz4 an eclipse & an occultation4 ,aft] opposition ?is satellite is fir/ occult$ & !n eclips$4 ,,iv4 sometimes escapes eclipse altoge!r1 by pass+ above or bel[ ! %ad[4 ,! motion ( light 0 discov]$1 & its velocity det]m9$1 by means ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,^! ph5om5a are also useful 9 asc]ta9+ longitudes4 ,a spectator on ,jupit] himself w\ld see a va/ numb] ( sol> & lun> eclipses--ab\t #dejj ( ea*--dur+ ! ,jovian ye> ( #dccbf days1 because ! ?ree inn] satellites exhibit ^! ph5om5a at e revolution1 _! orbits be+ v slightly incl9$ to ,jupit]'s equator1 & ! latt] be+ b little incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,! occultations ( ! satellites are comp>atively frequ5t1 & may be well obs]v$ 9 a good telescope4 ,a tol]ably high magnifi] is requir$ to witness ^! occurr5ces ) ! be/ effect1 ! disks ( ! satellites be+ small & n cle>ly traceable ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( _! disappe>ances unless mu* amplifi$4 ,) consid]able telescopic p[] ! disks are well se51 & x !n becomes feasible to wat* ! satellites1 fir/ z !y come into contact ) ! limb1 !n z ! globe ( ! planet ov]laps m & m ( _! dim9utive =ms1 & f9ally z !y rea* la/ contact & )draw _! n>r[ unobscur$ segm5ts beh9d ! expansive sph]e ( _! prim>y4 ,bo? ! beg9n+ & end phase ( ^! occultations is g5]ally obs]vable 9 reg>d to ,sat4 ,,iv41 & frequ5tly also 9 ! case ( ,,iii4 ,b ) ref]5ce to ,,ii4 & ,i4 x (t5 happ5s t only ! disappe>ance or reappe>ance c be witness$4 ,^! occultations h furni%$ "s s+ul> & unexpla9$ facts ( obs]vation4 ,on meet+ ! limb ( ,jupit] ,sats4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 h n always disappe>$ 9 a normal way4 ,on ,april #bf1 #ahfc1 ,wray1 ) an #h-;in* objective1 saw ,,ii4 di/9ctly project$ )9 ! limb = ne>ly #bjs4 ,o!r simil> cases are record$4 ,! satellites h be5 se5 app>5tly 8?r\gh ! edge ( ! disk40 ,"o obs]v] m5tions t ,,ii4 appe>$ & disappe>$ sev]al times be=e occultation4 ,! explanation appe>s to be t !re is s mu* irradiation r\nd ! disk ( ,jupit] t x produces a false limb1 & x is ?r\gh ?is ! satellites h be5 se54 ,a v tremul\s image1 9 bad air1 may also be responsible = "s ( ! anomalies record$4 ,! transits ( ! ,jovian moons (f] ! mo/ attractive ph5om5a ( all1 & !y come well )9 ! rea* ( small telescopes4 ,on ent]+ ^u ! planet !y are visible z bright r\nd spots project$ on ! dusky limb1 & subsequ5tly pres5t "s ecc5tric features4 ,,ii4 is invisible1 except on ! limbs2 ,i4 is (t5 se5 z a grey spot ?read+ along ! belts2 ,,iii4 appe>s z a l>ge d>k spot#ce1 ne>ly z black z its %ad[2 ,,iv4 seems to be black1 & sc>cely to be recogniz$ f its %ad[4 ,! appe>ances are c]ta9ly to "s ext5t v>iable4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,williams has se5 ,,iii4 z a brilliant disk at mid-transit4 ,i4 sometimes crosses ! :ole disk z a :ite spot2 at c]ta9 o!r times x is invisible2 at o!rs1 aga91 x is se5 z a fa9t grey spot4 ,,iv4 is n always black1 its aspect dep5d+ ^u ! *ord x trav]ses4 ,?us1 on ! ev5+ ( ,sept4 #ab1 #ahhi1 ,mr4 ,williams1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,t4 ,davis ( ,read+1 & myself 7 obs]v+ ,jupit] :5 ,,iv4 0 9 transit on a belt 9 ! ,n4 hemisph]e1 b n a ve/ige ( ! satellite 0 se5 by any ( u4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,may #bc1 #ahij1 at #c;h #cjm ,a4,m41 h[ev]1 :ile obs]v+ ! r$ spot on ,jupit]1 ,i notic$ a black circul> spot on ! great ,n4 equatoreal belt2 & ?is prov$ to be ,,iv4 9 transit4 ,^! peculi>ities h be5 acc\nt$ = z p>tly due to contra/ & p>tly to dusky spots on ! surfaces ( ! satellites4 ,dr4 ,spitta has made a numb] ( exp]im5ts to elucidate ?is subject1 & concludes t 8! p]petual :it5ess ( ! second satellite1 & ! d>k5$ t9ts ( ! o!rs dur+ transit1 are due to diff]5ces 9 _! relative alb$o reflective p[] z comp>$ ) t ( ,jupit]1 & are n dep5d5t ^u ! relative quantity ( light reflect$ by "o or ! o!r1 or ^u any physical peculi>ities ( ! ,jovian sy/em40 ,! %ad[s ( ! satellites transit ! disk z d>k spots l>g] ?an ! satellites !mselves1 ow+ to ! p5umbral fr+es4 ,be=e opposition ^! %ad[s prec$e ! satellites2 aft] opposition ! latt] come fir/4 ,! %ad[ ( ,,ii4 appe>s to be mu* light] ?an ! o!rs1 & is usually ( a pale *ocolate-col\r2 & ,i saw x ?us at ! op5+ ( ! ye> #ahhe3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,%ad[s ( ,jupit]'s ,satellites ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ne> an equatoreal :ite spot 7,jan4 #a1 #ahhe1 #g;h #bjm ,a4,m474 ,sat4 ,,ii4 is probably involv$ 9 an atmosph]e suffici5tly d5se to enable x to pres5t undue lum9osity relatively to ! o!rs2 & if s1 ! feeble %ad[ x transmits on ,jupit] may be p>tly expla9$ by ! effects ( refraction4 ,on ! day ( opposition bo? satellites & %ad[s are project$ on ! same "p ( ! disk1 & ! latt] are occult$ by ! =m]4 ,on ,jan4 #ad1 #ahgb1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,newton saw ,i4 c5trally plac$ on its %ad[2 s t ! satellite 0 app>5tly surr\nd$ ) a r+ ( %ade4 ,on ,may #ac1 #ahgf1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,hir/ saw ,sat4 ,i4 p>tly occult+ its own %ad[2 a black cresc5t 0 se5 9 ! bright zone ,n4 ( ! equator4 ,on ,feb4 #ah1 #ahhe1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,copel&1 at ,dun ,e*t1 saw ! %ad[ ( ,i4 8almo/ totally occult$ by ! satellite itself2 z ! satellite approa*$ ,jupit]'s limb x came out q bright & l>ge1 ) a m]e cresc5t ( ! %ad[ %[+ on its s\!rn edge40 ,?is ph5om5on 0 also obs]v$ at ,bri/ol4 ,occasionally all ! satellites become invisible at ! same "t1 be+ ei!r eclips$1 occult$1 or 9 transit4 ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 record$ by ,molyneux on ,nov4 #b1 #afha 7,o4,s474 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el obs]v$ a simil> occurr5ce on ,may #bc1 #ahjb2 also ,wallis on ,april #ae1 #ahbf1 & ,dawes & o!rs on ,sept4 #bg1 #ahdc1 & ,aug4 #ba1 #ahfg4 ,a visible repetition ( ! ev5t 0 n>r[ly avoid$ on ! morn+ ( ,oct4 #ae1 #ahhc4 ,on ?is occasion ! planet %\ld1 accord+ to ! #8,nautical ,almanack1' h be5 d5ud$ ( 8 satellites = a p]iod ( #ai m9utes2 b ?is disappe>ance did n occur1 = at no "t 7 all ! satellites includ$ )9 ! m>g9 or %ad[ ( ,jupit]4 ,i obs]v$ t ,sat4 ,,iii4 ent]$ ^u ! disk j z ,,iv4 releas$ itself1 & ! two =m$ a curi\s configuration at #d;h ,a4,m41 hang+ close ^u ! planet's limbs4 ,spots h be5 se5 on ! satellites bo? 9 transit & :ile %9+ on ! d>k sky4 ,?is p>ticul>ly ref]s to ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,,ii4 has nev] giv5 indications ( su* m>k+s on its bright uni=mly cle> surface4 ,dawes1 ,lassell1 & ,sec*i frequ5tly obs]v$ & drew ! spots4 ,sec*i describ$ ,,iii4 z simil> 9 aspect to ! mottl$ disk ( ,m>s z se5 9 a small telescope2 8 draw+s exhibit no analogy1 h[ev]1 to ^? by ,dawes ( ! same object4 ,,iii4 has be5 rem>k$ ( a curi\s %ape1 z if d>k spots oblit]at$ "p ( ! limbs4 ,sat4 ,i4 0 obs]v$ 9 transit on ,sept4 #h1 #ahij by ,b>n>d & ,burnham1 & x appe>$ to be d\ble1 be+ divid$ by a bright int]val or belt4 ,!y us$ a #ab-;in* refractor1 p[]s #ejj & #gjj1 & ! see+ 0 v f9e4 ,_m o!r curi\s po9ts h be5 notic$ 9 ! v>i\s aspects & ph5om5a ( ! ,jovian satellites4 ,fur!r obs]vations w d\btless ?r[ new light on "s ( ! puzzl+ records ( ! pa/4 ,occultation ( a ,/>4--,an occultation ( ! #g? mag4 /> #d ,gem9orum by ,jupit] took place on ,nov4 #g1 #ahhb1 & x 0 obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,prit*ett1 ( ,glasg[1 ,miss\ri1 ) a #ab-a_/d-;in* equatoreal1 p[] #bjj4 8,! images ( bo? planet & /> 7 v /eady4 ,! m>g9 ( ,jupit]'s disk 0 v %>ply def9$4 ,! imm]sion 0 v ne> ! ,n4 bord] ( ! broad ,s4 equatoreal belt4 ,at #aa;h #bhm #ajs#fe local mean "t ! /> 0 app>5tly )9 ! d>k outl9e ( ! disk1 app>5t geometric contact hav+ occurr$ at #aa;h #bjm #bds#di4 ,= a mom5t ! /> seem$ to disappe>1 b a mom5t lat] 0 pla9ly se51 z if ?r\gh a well-def9$ not* 9 ! o!rwise cont9u\sly ev5 m>g94 ,?is not* la/$ #dfs#bf1 & at #aa;h #bhm #efs#ia x vani%$1 & ! light ( ! /> 0 entirely ext+ui%$40 ,! em]sion ( ! /> c\ld n be obs]v$1 z cl\ds sup]v5$4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,! "q ( p]iodicity is an extremely int]e/+ "o z affect+ ! disposition1 =m1 & col\rs ( ! m>k+s on ,jupit]4 ,c]ta9 features visible 9 #ahfi-gj 7 unmi/akably reproduc$ 9 #ahhj1 & x has be5 suspect$ t ! cycle ( ^! *anges accords ) ! l5g? ( ! ,jovian ye>4 ,future obs]vations mu/ be comp>$ ) old draw+s & records = ! id5tification ( simil> features if !y are recurr5t4 #cd ,on ! morn+ ( ,dec4 #e1 #ahhg1 ,i made a draw+ ( ,saturn1 ! image ( ! planet be+ rem>kably well def9$1 ?\gh ! ,moon 0 only #a di/ant4 #ce ,among/ ! fir/ obs]v]s ( ^! d>k transits 7 ,cass9i 7,sept4 #b1 #affe71 ,rom] 7#afgg71 & ,m>aldi 7#agjg74 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,saturn4 ,app>5t lu/re4--,gr& spectacle af=d$ by ! ,r+s4--,p]iod c4--8,squ>e-%\ld]$0 aspect4--,e>ly ,obs]vations4--,belts & ,spots on ! ,planet4--,rotation-,p]iod4--,! ,r+s4--,divisions 9 ! out] ,r+4--,! transp>5t or ,crape-r+4--,discordant ,obs]vations4--,ecc5tric position ( ! ,r+s4--,aspect4--,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,occultations ( ,saturn4--,! ,satellites4--,occultations ( ,/>s by ,saturn4 8,muse1 raise ?y voice1 my/]i\s tru? to s+1 ,h[ o'er ! copi\s orb a lucid r+1 ,opaque & broad1 is se5 its ar* to spread ,r\nd ! big globe1 at /at$ p]iods l$40 ,?is planet %9es bright] ?an an ord9>y fir/-magnitude />1 & is a pretty conspicu\s object1 ?\gh less lum9\s ?an ei!r ,v5us1 ,jupit]1 or ,m>s4 ,he emits a dull yell[i% light1 /eadi] ?an ! sp>kl+ lu/re ( ,m]cury or ,v5us4 ,! globe ( ,saturn is surr\nd$ by a sy/em ( highly reflective r+s1 giv+ to ! planet a "* ( =m :i* f9ds no p>allel among ! o!r orbs ( our sy/em4 ,8 peculi> con/ruction is well calculat$ to be attractive 9 ! highe/ degree to all ^? :o take delight 9 view+ ! wond]s ( ! heav5s4 ,saturn is ju/ly consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ pictures :i* ! telescope unfolds4 ,a p]son :o = ! fir/ "t beholds ! planet1 encircl$ 9 8 r+s & surr\nd$ by 8 moons1 c h>dly subdue an exclamation ( surprise & wond] at a spectacle z unique z x is magnific5t4 ,ev5 old obs]v]s1 :o aga9 & aga9 return to ! contemplation ( ?is rem>kable orb1 confess !y d s unwe>y+ly1 because !y f9d no p>allel else:]e2 ! beautifully curv+ outl9e ( ! symmetrical image always reta9s its int]e/1 & refre%es !m ) ?\ghts ( ! ,div9e ,ar*itect :o fram$ x6 ,! lum9\s sy/em ( r+s att5d+ ?is planet n only gratifies ! eye b gives rise to ent]ta9+ speculations z to its orig91 "*1 & purposes ) reg>d to ! globe ( ,saturn4 ,:y1 x has be5 ask$1 0 ?is planet alone end[$ ) s novel an app5dage8 & :at p>ticul> design does x fulfil 9 ! economy ( ,saturn8 ,x _c be reg>d$ z simply an ornam5t 9 ! firmam5t1 b mu/ subs]ve important ends1 ?\gh ^! may n yet h be5 reveal$ to ! eye ( our und]/&+4 ,p]iod c4--,saturn revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 #aj1gei days #e hrs4 #af m941 :i* is equal to ne>ly #bi ye>s4 ,8 mean di/ance f ! ,sun is #hhf1jjj1jjj miles1 b ?is int]val v>ies f #hda to #ica millions1 ow+ to ! ecc5tricity ( 8 orbit4 ,:5 9 opposition 8 app>5t diamet] rea*es #bjg1 & decl9es to #ae at ! "t ( conjunction4 ,! planet's actual diamet] is #ge1jjj miles1 & 8 pol> compression v consid]able1 viz4 ab\t #a_/aj1 :i* exce$s t ( any o!r planet4 ,8 synodic p]iod is equal to #cgh days2 s t he comes into opposition ) ! ,sun ?irte5 days lat] e ye>4 ,! oblate figure ( 8 disk is v noticeable :5 ! r+s are turn$ edgeways to ! ,e>? & practically invisible2 b :5 !y are incl9$ ! complete cont\r ( ! globe is lo/1 & ! pol> flatt5+ becomes sc>cely obvi\s4 8,squ>e-%\ld]$0 ,aspect4--,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 f obs]vations 9 ,april #ahje1 said3--8,!re is a s+ul>ity :i* di/+ui%es ! figure ( ,saturn f t ( all ! o!r planets40 ,on ,april #ai ( ! ye> nam$ he describ$ ! planet z 8l a p>allelogram ) ! f\r corn]s r\nd$ (f deeply1 b n s mu* z to br+ x to a sph]oid40 ,?is gave ! globe a 8squ>e-%\ld]$0 aspect4 ,b ?is curi\s figure appe>s to h be5 v r>ely obs]v$ 9 subsequ5t ye>s2 & accurate measures ) ! micromet] 7 adduc$ 9 #ahcc-dh 9 pro( t no su* anomaly _h a real exi/5ce4 ,dr4 ,kit*9]1 comm5t+ on ,h]s*el's rem>ks1 said3--8,i h occasionally obs]v$ ?is planet dur+ ?irty ye>s1 & ,i d n rememb] to h se5 ! body ( x ( ?is s+ul> =m except = a few mon?s ab\t ,septemb] #ahah40 ,b !re is no d\bt t occasionally ! planet does assume an app>5t =m simil> to t attribut$ to x by ,h]s*el4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahhj ,i /udi$ ! visible appe>ance ( ,saturn by means ( a #aj-;in* reflector1 & record$ z foll[s3--8,! ,s4 pole1 ov] :i* ! d>k belts lay1 seem$ compress$ 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]2 b :]e a bright belt int]v5$1 9 ab\t lat4 #de1 ! contr>y effect 0 produc$4 ,"h ! limbs 7 app>5tly rais$ 7by irradiation7 above ! sph]ical cont\r2 s t ! di/ort$ image gave ! planet t di/9ctly #8squ>e-%\ld]$' aspect sometimes m5tion$ 9 text-books40 ,! explanation appe>s to me v simple4 ,! s+ul> figure is due to ! contra/+ effects ( ! belts4 ,:ile ! bright belt 9 lat4 #de causes a v evid5t %\ld]+-out ( ! limbs at its extremities1 ! d>k belts ne>] ! pole & ! equator act ) opposite effect1 = !y app>5tly compress ! disk :]e !y meet ! limbs1 & ?us ! eye disc]ns a figure to all appe>ance di/ort$ into ! 8squ>e-%\ld]$0 =m4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,mc,cance confirm$ ^! rem>ks by indep5d5t obs]vations at ! same p]iod ) a #aj-;in* reflector by ,calv] 7#8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xli4 pp4 #hd1 #bhb74 ,e>ly ,obs]vations4--,! appe>ance ( ,saturn (f]$ a consid]able difficulty to obs]v]s soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,galilei became greatly p]plex$4 ,he saw ! planet1 n z a circul> globe l ,jupit]1 b di/9ctly elongat$ 9 %ape1 & conceiv$ ! appe>ance to be due to a c5tral globe ) small] sph]es hang+ on ! sides6 ,he cont9u$ 8 obs]vations1 )\t1 h[ev]1 arriv+ at ! solution ( ! my/]y1 until ! mal=mation began to disappe>2 & 9 #afab he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d ! disk sph]ical4 ,9 8 surprise1 he ask$--8,7 ! appe>ances inde$ illusion & fraud1 ) :i* ! glasses h s long deceiv$ me1 z well z _m o!rs to :om ,i h %[n !m8444 ,! %ortness ( ! "t1 ! unexpect$ nature ( ! ev5t1 ! weakness ( my und]/&+1 & ! fe> ( be+ mi/ak51 h greatly conf\nd$ me40 ,gass5di1 9 #afcc1 also ann\nc$ t ,saturn appe>$ to him to be closely att5d$ by two globes ( ! same col\r z ! planet4 ,riccioli alleg$ t ! planet 0 surr\nd$ by a ?91 pla91 elliptic r+1 connect$ ) ! sph]e by two arms4 ,none ( ,galilei's contempor>ies possess$ ! in/rum5tal means to extricate him f 8 d\bts2 & x rema9$ = ,huyg5s1 9 #afed 7twelve ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,galilei71 to discov] t ,saturn 8is surr\nd$ by a sl5d] flat r+1 :i* 9 no "p coh]es ) ! body ( ! planet1 & is incl9$ to ! ecliptic0#cf4 ,! same obs]v] %[$ t ! disappe>ance :i* _h s puzzl$ ,galilei arose f ! v>y+ incl9ation 9 ! r+3 at times x w\ld become invisible1 :5 pres5t+ its n>r[ edge to ! ,e>?1 & ?is actually occurr$ aga9 9 #afga1 z ,huyg5s _h pr$ict$4 ,9 #afgf ,cass9i detect$ a belt ^u ! planet1 & also a d>k division 9 ! r+4 ,dr4 ,smi?'s #8,optics' 7#agch7 ?us alludes to ^! discov]ies3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,saturn1 z obs]v$ by ,cass9i 9 ,augu/ #afgf4 8,9 ! ye> #afgf1 aft] ,saturn _h em]g$ f ! ,sun's rays1 ,sig4 ,cass9i saw him 9 ! morn+ twilight ) a d>ki% belt ^u 8 globe1 p>allel to ! long axis ( 8 r+ z usual4 ,b :at 0 mo/ rem>kable1 ! broad side ( ! r+ 0 bisect$ "r r\nd by a d>k elliptical l9e1 divid+ x1 z x 71 into two r+s1 ( :i* ! inn] r+ appe>$ bright] ?an ! out] "o1 ) ne>ly ! l diff]5ce 9 brightness z betwe5 t ( silv] poli%$ & unpoli%$--:i*1 ?\gh nev] obs]v$ be=e1 0 se5 _m times aft] ) tubes ( #cd & #bj feet1 & m evid5tly 9 ! twilight or moonlight ?an 9 a d>k] sky40 ,f ! "t :5 ,galilei's inadequate glass reveal$ ! 8?reefold0 aspect ( ,saturn1 & l$ up to ,huyg5s's solution ( ! my/]y 9 #afed1 ?is planet has be5 successively int]rogat$ ) ! improv$ telescopes :i* e g5]ation has produc$4 ,cass9i1 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,encke1 ,bond1 ,lassell1 ,dawes1 & ,hall are names famili> to u z hav+ mat]ially advanc$ our k ( ?is unique orb1 bo? z to 8 surface-configuration & z to 8 num]\s ret9ue ( satellites4 ,belts & ,spots on ! ,planet4--,p>allel belts are se5 on ! surface ( ,saturn1 b !y are mu* fa9t] ?an ^? on ,jupit]1 & !y seldom display ! spots & o!r irregul>ities int]sp]s$ ) ! belts ( ! latt] planet4 ,well-b\nd$ spots h r>ely be5 di/+ui%$ on ! disk ( ,saturn2 ! belts normally appe> equal 9 tone1 )\t breaks1 cond5sations1 abrupt curves1 or bran*es1 s t ! rotation-p]iod has only be5 accurately det]m9$ by ,h]s*el & ,hall4 ,& 9 ^! cases ! m>k+s 7 c]ta9ly atmosph]ic1 & probably affect$ by prop] motions simil> to ^? op]at+ on ,jupit]4 ,cass9i & ,fatio rem>k$ two bright /reaks on ! planet z e>ly z #afhc4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]%el1 9 #agij1 obs]v$ a v d>k spot ne> ! m>g9 ( ! limb1 & a few mod]n obs]v]s h be5 successful 9 di/+ui%+ ei!r bright or d>k spots or pat*es1 ?\gh no cont9u\s & useful obs]vations appe> to h be5 secur$4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #agic ,h]s*el notic$ a v di/9ct qu9tuple belt1 :i* consi/$ ( ?ree dusky & two int]v5+ light zones4 ,! d>k belts pres5t$ a dusky yell[ hue1 :ile ! spaces sep>at+ !m 7 :ite4 ,he recogniz$ ! evid5ces ( rotation 9 ! qu9tuple belt2 = on ! same nights1 aft] a few h\rs' int]val1 x exhibit$ consid]able v>iation4 ,?\gh se5 ) great precision at fir/1 x became indi/9ct at a lat] h\r1 & ! individual belts 7 plac$ at unequal di/ances4 ,rotation-,p]iod4--,pr(4 ,a4 ,hall1 at ,wa%+ton1 discov]$ on ,dec4 #g1 #ahgf1 a well-def9$ :ite spot1 #b or #c 9 diamet]1 & situat$ j bel[ ! r+ ( ,saturn4 ,he wat*$ ?is object till ,jan4 #b foll[+1 :5 x _h become fa9t & indi/9ct1 & ! planet be+ l[ & ! wea!r unfav\rable no fur!r obs]vations 7 made4 ,! spot _h =tunately be5 se5 at f\r o!r obs]vatories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,pr(4 ,hall hav+ notifi$ its exi/5ce to !m2 & on discuss+ ! results1 a rotation-p]iod 0 f\nd n diff]+ l>gely f ,h]s*el's value d]iv$ f ! qu9tuple belt 9 #agic4 ,^! are1 9 fact1 ! only two det]m9ations on :i* we may place confid5ce4 ,!y are z bel[3-- h m s ,probable error4 #agic4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el #aj #af #jd #b m94 #ahgg4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,hall #aj #ad #bch #bc sec4 ,s*rt]1 f diff]5t spots1 comput$ p]iods ( #aa;h #djm #cjs1 #aa;h #eam1 & m ?an #ab;h2 b ^! are probably excessive4 ,! diff]5ce ( #am #cgs betwe5 ! values ( ,h]s*el & ,hall is relatively a trivial "o1 z ! m>k+s obs]v$ 7 d\btless atmosph]ic & subject to irregul>ities ( motion4 ,z to ! rotation ( ! r+1 ,h]s*el1 9 #aghi1 detect$ "s bright m>ks on x1 & d$uc$ ! p]iod z #aj;h #cbm #aes#dcg4 ,_m a/ronomical works give ! rotation-p]iod ( ,saturn z #aj;h #bim #afs#h2 & ?is is adopt$ 9 ,*amb]s's #8,descriptive ,a/ronomy1' #d? edit4 vol4 i4 p4 #fec4 ,! mi/ake has its orig9 9 ,laplace's ,sy/me du ,monde1 :]e x is /at$ t ,saturn rotates 9 #jdbh ( a day1 & ! r+ 9 #jdcg1 :i*1 r$uc$ to h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds1 give #aj;h #afm #ags#b & #aj;h #bim #afs#h4 ,! equator ( ,saturn is usually ! brighte/ "p ( ! disk4 ,on its ,s4 side1 9 rec5t ye>s1 x has be5 b\nd$ by a v d>k n>r[ belt4 ,fur!r ,s4 ! :ole disk seems involv$ 9 a fa9t %ad+1 ( a decid$ly yell[i% hue4 ,sometimes a consid]able numb] ( belts are visible2 b !y are evid5tly liable to *anges1 s t ! same numb] & arrangem5t are n pres]v$ f ye> to ye>4 ,! ,r+s4--,z to ! lum9\s r+s1 ! extreme diamet] ( ! out] "o is ab\t #dj1 or m ?an #agj1jjj miles2 & ! black division1 sep>at+ x f ! inn] "o1 is #jd1 or #agjj miles4 ,! out] r+ has a bread? ( #bd1 or #aj1jjj miles2 :ile ! inn] "o measures #ci1 or #ag1jjj miles4 ,! out] r+ is less lum9\s ?an ! inn]2 ! latt]1 r\nd its out] edges1 is extremely brilliant1 & has sometimes be5 describ$ z ! brighte/ "p ( ! ,saturnian sy/em4 ,! inn] "p ( ?is r+ is mu* %ad$-(f1 & (f]s a /rong contra/ to ! silv]y :it5ess ( ! o!r portion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,saturn1 #ahhe1 ,dec4 #bc1 #g;h #edm4 7#aj-;in* reflector1 p[] #beb47 ,divisions 9 ! ,out] ,r+4--,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,%ort1 ! optician1 us+ "o ( 8 excell5t reflectors1 ?\ght he saw ! out] r+ divid$ by sev]al d>k l9es2 b no o!r obs]v] confirm$ 8 suspicion4 ,9 ! ?ird decade ( ! pres5t c5tury ,quetelet & ,capt4 ,kat] appe> to h obs]v$ ,%ort's divisions1 b ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el & ,/ruve look$ = !m 9 va94 ,9 #ahcg ,encke fully satisfi$ himself1 by sev]al obs]vations & measurem5ts1 z to ! objective exi/5ce ( ! divid$ out] r+4 ,! division 0 n c5tral1 cutt+ ! r+ into equal p>ts1 b situat$ 9 ! inn] "p ( ! r+1 s t ! wid] "p 0 out]mo/4 ,9 subsequ5t ye>s ?is division has be5 sometimes se5 & plac$ ne>e/ ! out] edge ( ! r+4 ,c]ta9 obs]v]s1 provid$ ) ample means1 h se5 no?+ ( x2 o!rs reg>d ! division z v>iable4 ,x is sometimes describ$ z a n>r[ black l9e2 :ile o!rs ref] to x z a fa9t p5cill %ad+1 & n a real division at all4 ,"o obs]v] occasionally sees x ) consid]able di/9ctness at ! v same "t t ano!r obs]v]1 ) a m p[]ful telescope1 _c glimpse x ?\gh look+ specially = su* an appe>ance6 ,x is difficult to reconcile su* discordant exp]i5ces1 & unsafe to accept results ( su* a contradictory nature4 ,! 8,crape0-,r+4--,a f> m c]ta9 feature 0 discov]$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahejch1 & "o 9 ref]5ce to :i* !re is unanimity ( te/imony4 ,on ,nov4 #aa ,g4 ,p4 ,bond1 9 ,am]ica1 & ,dawes1 9 ,engl&1 on ,nov4 #be1 saw a nebulosity or fa9t lum9\s appe>ance l twilight1 fr++ ! int]ior m>g9 ( ! inn] r+4 ,lat] obs]vations %[$ ?is to be occasion$ by a transp>5t r+ situat$ imm$iately )9 ! inn] lum9\s r+4 ,dawes consid]$ ! new r+ to be divid$ into two p>ts2 b ,lassell1 ) 8 l>ge reflector1 subsequ5tly negativ$ ?is supposition4 ,bo? limbs ( ,saturn may be readily p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! transp>5t r+ :]e x crosses ! globe ( ! planet4 ,"s irregul>ities h be5 suspect$ 9 x at diff]5t times by v>i\s obs]v]s4 ,9 #ahhg d>k cond5sations 7 report$ to di/urb its normal aspect2 b ^! 7 n se5 at _m obs]vatories :]e su* features1 if real1 c\ld h>dly h escap$ detection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,saturn1 z obs]v$ by ,f4 ,t]by1 ,febru>y #ahhg4 ,x is /range to reflect t ?is transp>5t r+ avoid$ discov]y = s long a p]iod4 ,x =ms a feature di/9ctly to be recogniz$ 9 relatively small telescopes--9 fact1 ,grov] has se5 x1 :]e x crosses ! globe ( ,saturn1 ) only #b in*es ( ap]ture4 ,yet1 ?\gh ev] on ! al]t to detect new =mations1 & ex]cis+ con/ant vigilance 9 _! pursuit1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ,s*rt]1 & _m o!rs all[$ ?is r+ to escape !m6 ,!re is no reason to suppose t x is v>iable1 & t x 0 n s pla9 a c5tury ago z n[4 ,x af=ds ano!r in/ance ( h[ easily an unkn[n object may elude recognition1 ?\gh ev]yone sees x readily en\gh :5 att5tion is call$ to x4 ,9 ,m>* #ahhi a :ite spot 0 detect$ on ! r+s by ,dr4 ,t]by1 at ,l\va91 & x 0 se5 by o!r obs]v]s ) comp>atively small in/rum5ts4 ,! spot 0 /ation>y1 & plac$ ne> ! app>5t junction ( ! globe & r+s1 9 ! ,e4 ansa4 ,b ) l>ge telescopes no?+ ( ?is object c\ld be detect$3 x 0 %[n to be an optical effect4 ,discordant ,obs]vations4--,x is curi\s t ! details ( ,saturn h occasion$ m diss5sion among/ obs]v]s ?an ^? ( any o!r planet4 ,?is may h p>tly aris5 f ! great di/ance ( ,saturn1 ! comp>ative feebl5ess ( 8 light1 & complexity ( 8 /ructure4 ,! planet is usually bett] def9$ ?an ei!r ,m>s or ,jupit]2 b ) tol]ably high p[]s on small in/rum5ts ! image is fa9t1 & ! features s dilut$ t ! impressions receiv$ _c always be dep5d$ ^u1 especially :5 ! air is un/eady4 ,a flutt]+ condition ( ! object is suffici5t 9 itself to cause deception4 ,pr(4 ,hall1 9 speak+ ( ! "w done by ! #beh-;in* refractor at ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhc1 says3--8,saturn's r+ has be5 obs]v$1 b _m ( ! /range ph5om5a not$ by o!r obs]v]s h n be5 se5 ev5 on ! be/ nights40 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by ?is l>ge in/rum5t may n always be conclusive1 b 9 ?is case !re c be no d\bt x prop]ly fail$ to %[ 8ph5om5a0 :i* _h no exi/5ce4 ,ecc5tric ,position ( ! ,r+s4--,! r+s are slightly ecc5tric ) reg>d to ! ball2 9 o!r words1 ! ball is n situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+s4 ,diff]5ces h be5 obs]v$ d5ot+ ?is1 ?\gh ! obs]vations are n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,x has be5 %[n !oretically t ! ecc5tricity ref]r$ to is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! /able equilibrium ( ! sy/em2 = 7 ! r+s p]fectly conc5tric ) ! planet1 !y mu/ coalesce ) ! ball4 ,! pres]vation ( s complicat$ a /ructure mu/ evid5tly require judici\s & nicely balanc$ conditions4 ,) ! great #bc-;in* refractor at ,pr9ceton1 ,u4,s4,a41 ! ball ( ,saturn 0 se5 ?r\gh ! division 9 ! r+ 9 ,novemb] #ahhc--;an obs]vation :i* _h previ\sly be5 made by ,lassell 9 #aheb4 ,aspect ( ! ,r+s4--,9 diff]5t ye>s ! r+s pres5t a v>y+ outl9e1 ow+ to ! fact ( _! incl9ation 7#bh #aj7 & to *anges 9 ! relative positions ( ! ,e>? & ,saturn4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s ! r+s are widely op51 z !y 7 9 #ahee1 #ahfi1 & #ahhe1 & w be 9 #ahii4 ,at simil> int]vals !y are r5d]$ invisible1 be+ turn$ edgeways to ! ,e>?1 z 9 #ahdh1 #ahfb1 #ahgg1 & #ahia4 ,s9ce #ahgg ! ,s4 side ( ! r+s has be5 pres5t$ to t]re/rial obs]v]s2 b 9 #ahic ! ,n4 side w come "u inspection1 & rema9 9 view until #aijg4 ,! ,s4 side ( ! r+s is obvi\sly m fav\rably visible to obs]v]s 9 ,engl& & o!r ,n4 latitudes1 because ! planet is always above ! equator & atta9s a fair altitude :5 x is pres5t$4 ,! ,n4 side ( ! r+s is expos$ :5 ,saturn is 9 ,s4 decl9ation1 & !re=e m liable to our atmosph]ic di/urbances ow+ to 8 comp>atively l[ altitude4 ,! extreme n>r[ness ( ! r+s is app>5t at ! p]iods :5 ! planet crosses ! node & !y are situat$ 9 ! plane ( ! l9e ( sight4 ,9 small telescopes !y become invisible1 & ! f9e/ in/rum5ts only exhibit !m z ?read-l ext5sions f ! equator ( ! planet4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el says t on ,april #bi1 #ahcc1 ! disappe>ance ( ! r+ 0 complete :5 obs]v$ ) a reflector ( #ah in*es ap]ture & #bj feet focal l5g?4 ,x rema9$ visible 9 #ahfb z a brok5 l9e ( light4 ,at su* times ! satellites are se5 z bright beads1 ?read+ _! way along ! n>r[ wav]+ l9e ( ! belts4 ,inequalities h be5 obs]v$ at su* times2 = ! l9e ( light into :i* ! r+s are !n resolv$ is n uni=m 9 bread?1 b appe>s brok5 & undulatory1 z ?\gh indicat+ a v rugg$ "* ( surface4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el e/imat$ ! ?ickness ( ! r+s z #bej miles1 b ,bond ?\ght x f> less--ab\t #dj miles4 ,!re are great ob/acles 9 ! way ( asc]ta9+ ! exact proportions ( a /ructure s di/ant & (f]+ su* an extremely sl5d] =m to our view4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,! globe & r+s ( ,saturn (f] an enc\rag+ prospect = additional discov]ies4 ,?\gh ! m prom95t details h already be5 descri$1 !re rema9 o!r features1 probably ( m delicate outl9e & int]mitt5t visibility1 :i* w be glimps$ 9 future ye>s4 ,small in/rum5ts w sc>cely be compet5t to deal effici5tly ) ?is object3 obs]v]s :o c comm& at lea/ a mod]ate grasp ( light may1 h[ev]1 ent] ^u ! "w ) e assurance ( int]e/+ results4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r sections ( obs]vational a/ronomy1 ! /ud5t w realize t 9 (t-repeat$ obs]vation & comp>ison ( records & draw+s he acquires a famili>ity ) ! appe>ance ( ! object :i* w enable him to disc]n m & m ( its configuration1 until ultimately he feels confid5t he has progress$ z f> z ! utmo/ capacity ( 8 in/rum5t w p]mit4 ,x is 9 ! s$ul\s application ( 8 p[]s t ! obs]v] w f9d ! key to success4 ,p>tial devotion to a subject (f]s a prospect f> less enc\rag+2 = obs]vations ( a disconnect$ "* are seldom valuable4 ,*anges are unque/ionably occurr+ bo? 9 connection ) ! ball & r+s ( ,saturn#ci4 ,"s ( ! discrepancies betwe5 ! obs]vations publi%$ f "t to "t are only to be expla9$ on ?is assumption4 ,x %\ld !re=e be ! aim ( obs]v]s to obta9 fur!r evid5ce ( su* v>iations1 & ?is may be be/ accompli%$ by assidu\sly wat*+ ! l9eam5ts ( ! planet dur+ ! mo/ fav\rable p]iods ( ea* opposition4 ,! collection ( a numb] ( reliable mat]ials ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s w\ld und\bt$ly possess weight 9 remov+ "s ( ! anomalies ( pa/ obs]vation1 & af=d u a m ?or\gh k ( ! delicate m>k+s4 ,! rotation-p]iod ( ,saturn is probably n mu* diff]5t f t giv5 by ! atmosph]ic m>k+s se5 by ,h]s*el & ,hall4 ,b additional det]m9ations are v desirable = _m reasons4 ,! spots :i* are s pl5tiful on ,m>s & ,jupit] h furni%$ obs]v]s ) a valid & concise means ( asc]ta9+ ! rate ( axial motion ( ^? planets4 ,saturn1 h[ev]1 has f> m sp>+ly provid$ ! data = su* an inve/igation2 = if we disreg>d ,s*rt]'s unc]ta9 figures1 we h b two values = ! rotation-p]iod4 ,^! 7 =tunately effect$ by obs]v]s ( exceptional ability1 & ! p]iods may be accept$ )\t res]vation2 b o!r indep5d5t det]m9ations are mu* requir$4 ,by multiply+ results ( ?is nature1 we h a prolific s\rce ( comp>ison2 & comp>isons1 ap>t f be+ int]e/+1 are ( importance 9 d5ot+ erratic results & indicat+ ^? entitl$ to cr$5ce4 ,moreov]1 a reliable mean value may be sometimes d$uc$ f multiple records2 h5ce x becomes advisable to secure z _m z possible4 ,! planet %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$ dur+ e opposition ) ! highe/ p[]s t are consi/5t ) a p]fectly di/9ct image2 & ! obs]v] %\ld closely scan ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! disk1 ) an endeav\r to trace spots1 breaks1 or o!r irregul>ities 9 ! belts4 ,c]ta9 inequalities ( tone h be5 occasionally app>5t 9 pa/ ye>s1 & !y w d\btless reappe>4 ,! recov]y ( ^! features w =m a welcome addition to our k1 &1 if adequately obs]v$1 w enable ! rotation-p]iod ( ! planet to be r$iscuss$4 ,9 an enquiry ( ?is k9d _m obs]vations are ne$ful1 & ! long] ! int]val ov] :i* !y ext5d ! m accurate ! results d]iv$ f !m are likely to be4 ,if a brok5 belt %\ld appe> on ,saturn1 ! "t ( its pass+ ! planet's c5tral m]idian %\ld be record$1 ei!r by measurem5t or c>eful e/imation1 & an ephem]is comput$ bas$ on a rotation-p]iod ( #aj-a_/d;h1 :i* is equal to a daily rate ( ne>ly #hdc4 ,!n x %\ld be c>efully look$ = on subsequ5t ev5+s at ! times giv5 9 ! ephem]is1 & on e occasion :5 re-obs]v$ its "t ( transit %\ld be not$ z at fir/4 ,z long z ! break cont9ues visible1 s long ought x to be kept 9 view & ! times ( its c5tral passages tabulat$4 ,x w\ld be advisable 9 su* a case to secure coop]ation f o!r obs]v]s1 z m num]\s obs]vations w\ld be sure to accrue1 s t1 on ! appe>ance ( a m>k+ su* z t allud$ to1 ! discov]] w d well to ann\nce x imm$iately to o!r amateurs :o are engag$ ^u planet>y "w & mo/ likely to assi/ him4 ,a :ite or d>k spot1 or any cond5sation on ! belts1 w\ld ( c\rse s]ve ! same purpose z a brok5 belt4 ,! nature ( ! object is n necess>ily to be consid]$1 ! ma9 requirem5t be+ t x is "o ( :i* ! longitude admits ( det]m9ation4 ,m>k+s on ! belts1 if !y are ev] disc]nible1 mu/ be wat*$ ) correspond+ assiduity = traces ( motion2 & if su* motion %\ld betray itself1 ! object ( ! obs]v] w be to asc]ta9 its rate4 ,) ref]5ce to ! n>r[ division 9 ! out] r+1 usually t]m$ 8,encke's division10 a/ronom]s w\ld reg>d x z a gratify+ advance c\ld ! d\bts ov]hang+ ?is feature be remov$4 ,is x a real division 9 ! r+1 or simply a p5cil-l9e ( %ad+ on ! flat surface8 ,is x con/ant 9 place & appe>ance1 or does x frequ5tly exhibit *anges bo? z to int5sity & position8 ,judg+ f prior exp]i5ces1 ?is p>ticul> object w\ld appe> to be extremely fugitive1 & incapable ( be+ assign$ ei!r a def9ite place or aspect4 ,yet ! m pron\nc$ & well-atte/$ details ( ,saturn %[ no su* vag>ies3 ,cass9i's division seems inv>iable4 ,are we !re=e to surmise t ! curi\s behavi\r ( ,encke's division is to be ref]r$ to errors ( obs]vation aris+ f ! effects ( un/eady air ^u a v delicate object8 ,x is = future obs]v]s to answ] ^! que/ions1 & ?is w entail no ord9>y ef=t1 = ! same imp$im5ts w be enc\nt]$ 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/4 ,b =tunately our sci5ce is rapidly progressive1 & !re is no d\bt ! my/]y ( ,encke's division w f9d-its solution be=e long4 ,a p[]ful telescope1 & a ke5 & cont9u\s /udy ( ! out] r+1 w enable "s discrim9at+ obs]v] to tell u ! true /ory ( its ph5om5a4 ,_m o!r po9ts 9 ! ,saturnian sy/em require r5ew$ att5tion1 b "s ( !m appe> to be s d\btful z to sc>cely des]ve m5tion4 ,possibly ! /ud5t _h bett] comm5ce 8 review ( ! planet )\t any ( ! bias or prejudice :i* =m] obs]vations might occasion4 ,b x is z well to "k ! true /ate ( ! case2 = ! judgm5t ( a c>eful obs]v] is n likely to be w>p$ by preconception1 & ( c\rse "s ( ! d\btful obs]vations may be amply v]ifi$ at a future "t4 ,sev]al ( ^! h already be5 briefly ref]r$ to1 & a few o!rs may "h be not$4 ,! =m ( ! %ad[ ?r[n on ! r+s f ! ball has be5 obs]v$ ( a curi\s %ape1 & ,m4 ,tr\velot supposes x to be v>iable & occasion$ by *anges on ! level surface ( ! r+s4 ,! same obs]v] has notic$ transv]se not*es 9 ! edges ( ! inn] bright r+4 ,evid5ce ( v>iation is n entirely want+ 9 reg>d to ! *ief division1 & obs]v]s %\ld notice :e!r x appe>s uni=mly black1 z x has be5 sugge/$ t a gauze r+ fills ! int]val4 ,ext]ior to ! out] r+ a fa9t lum9osity has also be5 suspect$1 z ?\gh ! ph5om5on ( ! inn] r+ _h its c\nt]p>t "h4 ,! col\r ( ! belts on ! ball %\ld be ascrib$ by c>eful e/imates1 z _m su* obs]vations may give an insight into ! v>iations occurr+4 ,"s obs]v]s h alleg$ t ! transp>5t r+ ( ,bond & ,dawes is subject to v p]ceptible alt]ations4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! visible aspect ( ?is exce$+ly delicate /ructure is mu* affect$ by ! condition ( ! atmosph]e1 & t ! incl9ation ( ! ,saturnian sy/em mu/ obvi\sly introduce *anges4 ,:5 ! incl9ation is consid]able1 ! globe ( ! planet may be disc]n$ ?r\gh ?is r+ ) great] effect ?an at o!r times1 because we h to look ?r\gh a ?9n] /ratum ( its mat]ial4 ,! obs]v]1 9 seek+ to elucidate "s ( ! anomalies ( =m] rese>*es1 w possibly himself ga9 a k ( features n hi!rto recogniz$4 ,( ! real exi/5ce ( ^! he %\ld assure himself by _m critical obs]vations be=e v5tur+ to ann\nce !m4 ,we h h9t$ t fur!r discov]ies ^u ,saturn may be consid]$ z practically beyond ! rea* ( small telescopes2 b ! gratify+ fact rema9s t "s ( ! m notewor?y ( ! kn[n features are visible 9 glasses ( little pret5tion z reg>ds size4 ,) a #b-;in* refractor1 p[] ab\t #ij1 n only are ! r+s spl5didly visible1 b ,cass9i's division is readily glimps$1 z well z ! n>r[ d>k belt on ! body ( ! planet4 ,?is suffici5tly proves t a v small & portable in/rum5t is capable ( af=d+ "s excell5t views ( "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,grov] has se51 ) an ap]ture simil> to t nam$1 n only ! belts & ! %ad[ ( ! ball on ! r+s1 b two ( ! satellites z well2 & o!rs may be equally successful4 ,occultations ( ,saturn by ! ,moon4--,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d 7 well obs]v$ 9 ,engl& on ,may #h1 #ahei1 ,april #bj & ,sept4 #cj1 #ahgj4 ,^? ( #ahei & ,sept4 #cj1 #ahgj1 7 obs]v$ by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,johnson1 :o not$ t 8! dull hue ( ! planet contra/$ /rik+ly ) ! brilliant yell[ ( ! ,moon40 ,dawes witness$ ! occultation 9 #ahei1 & saw ! opaque edge ( our satellite %>ply def9$ on ! ball & r+s ( ,saturn1 )\t ! slighte/ di/ortion ( =m4 ,no d>k %ad+ 0 rem>k$ by him contigu\s to ! ,moon's bright edge at ! reappe>ance1 su* z he & o!rs _h obs]v$ on ,jupit] on ! occasion ( 8 occultation1 ,jan4 #b1 #aheg4 ,saturn 0 describ$ z ( a pale gre5i% hue1 & (f]$ a /rong contra/ to ! brilliant yell[ lu/re ( ! ,moon4 ,on ! e>ly morn+ ( ,april #bj1 #ahgj1 sev]al obs]v]s 7 on ! qui vive = ?is int]e/+ occurr5ce2 & _! exp]i5ces are report$ 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices ,r4 ,a4 ,s4' vol4 xxx4 p4 #age et seq41 f :i* ! foll[+ are brief extracts3-- ,mr4 ,ellis3--8,! light ( ! planet1 by contra/ ) ! ,moon1 0 v fa9t40 ,mr4 ,c>p5t]3--8,!re 0 n ! lea/ alt]ation 9 ! planet's =m40 ,capt4 ,noble3--8,saturn appe>$ ( a ri*ly-gre5i% yell[ :5 comp>$ ) ! brilliant :ite light ( ! ,moon40 ,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,talmage3--8,! diff]5ce 9 col\r betwe5 ,saturn & ! ,moon 0 mo/ m>k$1 ! planet appe>+ ( a yell[ t9t40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c>p5t]3--8,at disappe>ance ! planet 0 a v dull object :5 9 contact ) ! ,moon2 its light probably a tw5tie? z bright4 ,at reappe>ance ! planet 0 r tremul\s2 no di/ortion 0 notic$40 ,on ,june #ac1 #ahgj1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,spe>1 ( ,b5gal1 wat*$ ! ,moon pass 8/eadily ov] ! planet )\t caus+ any *ange ( =m or giv+ any indication ( ! planet's light pass+ ?r\gh an atmosph]ic m$ium4 ,:5 ne> ! ,moon's limb ,saturn assum$ a sickly gre5 hue40 ,i obs]v$ ! occultation ( ,sept4 #cj1 #ahgj1 at ,bri/ol1 ) a #d-a_/d-;in* refractor2 b ! ev5t (f]$ no novel traits1 ! mo/ prom95t feature be+ ! diff]5ce ( brightness 9 ! ,moon & ,saturn4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,pr9ce obs]v$ ?is ev5t ) a ,tulley refractor ( #fh in*es ap]ture1 p[] #bej4 ,he says !re 0 n ! slighte/ di/ortion ( ei!r body1 b he notic$ t 8! edge ( ! r+ l+]$ some:at ^u ! ,moon's limb ab\t ! "t ( disappe>ance40 ,ano!r occultation occurr$ soon aft] new ,moon on ,april #i1 #ahhc1 & "o ( ! obs]v]s1 ,mr4 ,loomis1 describ$ ! disappe>ance ( ! r+s z a spectacle ( great int]e/1 & said ! impression 0 =cibly convey$ to 8 m9d t ! ,moon 0 v mu* ne>] to ! eye ?an ,saturn4 ,! ,satellites4--,! discov]y ( ! eight moons ( ?is planet rang$ ov] ! long p]iod ( #aic ye>s4 ,five diff]5t obs]v]s %>e ! hon\rs betwe5 !m4 ,our k ( ! ,saturnian satellites may almo/ be said to furni% u ) a hi/ory ( improvem5ts 9 ! telescope2 = !y 7 sev]ally detect$ at epo*s correspond+ to in/rum5tal advances4 ,! foll[+ are ! p]iods1 di/ances1 c4 ( ! satellites3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,mean ,di/ance4 ---------------------------------------- ,sid]eal ,real ,no4 & ,"n4 ,diamet]s ,p]iod4 ,diam4 ( ,saturn4 ,miles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- d h mmiles4 #g?4 ,mimas #aec #aae1jjj #j #bb #cg #ajjj #f?4 ,enceladus #aig #adh1jjj #a #h #ec 444 #e?4 ,te?ys #bdd #ahc1jjj #a #ba #ah #ejj #d?4 ,dione #cab #bcd1jjj #b #ag #da #ejj #crd4 ,rhea #dcf #cbg1jjj #d #ab #be #abjj #a/4 ,titan #ajab #gei1jjjae #bb #da #ccjj #h?4 ,hyp]ion #abbc #iag1jjjba #g #g 444 #bnd4 ,iapetus #bifa #b1bba1jjjgi #g #ec #ahjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,date ( ,no4 & ,"n4 ,discov]y4 ,discov]]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #g?4 ,mimas #aghi1 ,sept4 #ag4,w4 ,h]s*el4 #f?4 ,enceladus#aghi1 ,aug4 #bh4,w4 ,h]s*el#dj4 #e?4 ,te?ys #afhd1 ,m>4 #ba4;,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i4 #d?4 ,dione #afhd1 ,m>4 #ba4;,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i4 #crd4 ,rhea #afgb1 ,dec4 #bc4;,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i4 #a/4 ,titan #afee1 ,m>4 #be4;,c4 ,huyg5s4 #h?4 ,hyp]ion #ahdh1 ,sept4 #ai4;,bond ,lassell4 #bnd4 ,iapetus #afga1 ,oct4 #be4;,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! numb]s 9 ! fir/ column ref] to ! ord] ( discov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,app>5t ,orbits ( ! ,five ,inn] ,satellites ( ,saturn1 z se5 9 an ,inv]t+ ,telescope4 7,! arr[s 9 ! diagram %[ ! direction ( ! motion ( ! satellites4 ,! figures indicate ! int]val1 9 h\rs1 f ! "t ( la/ ,ea/ elongation47 ,titan is by f> ! l>ge/ satellite1 be+ equal to a /> ( ! #h? mag4 & visible 9 any small telescope4 ,iapetus ranks next1 ord9>ily ab\t #i? mag41 b !re are v>iations at diff]5t p>ts ( ! orbit simil> to ! v>iations :i* affect ! satellites ( ,jupit]2 a v>iegat$ surface1 & ! effects ( rotation1 orig9ate ! *anges obs]v$ & give /rong support to ! inf]5ce t ?is satellite rotates 9 ! same p]iod t x revolves r\nd its prim>y4 ,te?ys1 ,dione1 & ,rhea are fa9t]1 & ! difficulty ( see+ !m is int5sifi$ by _! proximity to ! planet2 b a good #d-;in* refractor w reveal !m on a cle> d>k night4 ,! o!rs are objects = p[]ful in/rum5ts & pellucid skies2 b ,enceladus is sometimes se5 ) mod]ate ap]ture4 ,! planet be+ usually mu* incl9$1 8 satellites are disp]s$ r\nd ab\t ! r+s1 & are n easy ( id5tification4 ,m9ute />s ly+ ne> ! pa? ( ,saturn are v liable to be mi/ak5 = !m4 ,b ! ephem]ides drawn up by ,mr4 ,m>?1 & publi%$ annually by ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 are ( ! utmo/ s]vice to amateurs engag$ 9 ^! obs]vations4 ,by simple ref]5ce !y may readily id5tify ! individual satellites on any night2 & ^! ephem]ides are additionally useful z giv+ ! times ( conjunctions ( "s ( ! satellites ) ! ends ( ! r+ & ,n4 & ,s4 po9ts ( ! ball4 ,:5 ! ?9 side ( ! r+s is pres5t$ to ! ,e>?1 transits & o!r ph5om5a may be obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! ,saturnian moons2 b !y appe> to h be5 r>ely record$4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el describes a 8beautiful obs]vation ( ! transit ( ! %ad[ ( ,titan ov] ! disk 9 #aghi1 ,novemb] #b40 ,x 0 also se5 9 #ahcc & #ahfb4 ,! late ,mr4 ,capron re-obs]v$ x on ,dec4 #aj1 #ahgg1 ) a #h-a_/d-;in* reflector1 p[] #add1 & made ! foll[+ sket*3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,^! %ad[-transits admit ( easy obs]vation ) appliances ( v mod]ate capacity4 ,mr4 ,banks witness$ a ph5om5on ( ! k9d ) a refractor ( only #b-g_/h in*es1 & says x 0 wat*$ ) ! same facility & ease z ! %ad[ ( ,sat4 ,i4 on ,jupit]4 ,9 look+ = ,iapetus x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is commonly situat$ at a great di/ance f ! planet4 ,titan is relatively mu* ne>]1 & w always be recogniz$ )\t tr\ble4 ,enceladus1 ,te?ys1 ,dione1 & ,rhea hov] ne> ! outskirts ( ! r+2 :ile ,mimas is extremely close to x4 ,pr(4 ,hall1 ) ! great ,wa%+ton refractor1 has effect$ _m valuable measures ( ?is sy/em 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,he f9ds ! orbits ( ! five inn] satellites are s5sibly circul>1 & t !y are situat$ 9 ! plane ( ! r+s4 ,hyp]ion revolves 9 a v ecc5tric orbit1 & ?is satellite may approa* v ne> to ,titan4 ,he obta9$ an obs]vation on ,m>* #be1 #ahhe1 :i* seems p]t95t to ! "q ( v>iation 9 ! light ( ! satellites4 ,he says3--8,mimas 0 rem>kably bright1 & c\ld n be miss$ ev5 :5 ! full light ( ! planet 0 admitt$ to ! eye4 ,g5]ally ?is satellite is a difficult object1 & f ! ease ) :i* x is occasionally se5 "o might ?9k x v>iable2 b ,i ?9k ! diff]5ce is due to ! quality ( ! image40 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is is ! ma9 cause ( _m assum$ *anges 9 cele/ial objects1 & especially 9 reg>d to ^? ( a m9ute & delicate "*4 ,occultations ( ,/>s4--,/>s are r>ely obs]v$ to be occult$ by ,saturn4 ,webb m5tions t1 9 #agjg or #agjh1 ,dr4 ,cl>k notic$ a /> 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ball & r+s2 & ,dawes once rem>k$ a /> ( #he mag4 disappe> beh9d ! out] edge ( ! ext]ior r+4 ,x w\ld be extremely int]e/+ to wat* a tol]ably conspicu\s /> pass c5trally beh9d ! ,saturnian sy/em1 & to trace x ?r\gh ,cass9i's division & ! transp>5t r+1 not+ any *anges 9 magnitude or appe>ance z !y occurr$4 ,,footnotes3 #cf ,huyg5s appe>s to h us$ a refractor ( #b-a_/c-;in* ap]ture & #bc-;feet focal l5g?1 ) a p[] ( #ajj1 9 effect+ ?is discov]y4 #cg ,s*rt]1 ,h>d+1 ,s*wabe1 & o!rs h obs]v$ lum9\s po9ts on ! r+s1 b !y h rema9$ /ation>y1 s t ! p]iod ( rotation ann\nc$ by ,h]s*el has nev] be5 confirm$1 b r disprov$ by c\nt]-evid5ce4 ,h]s*el wrote1 9 ,novemb] #aghi3--8;,i =m]ly suppos$ ! surface ( ! r+ to be r\gh1 ow+ to lum9\s po9ts l m\nta9s se5 on ! r+1 till "o ( ^! suppos$ lum9\s po9ts 0 k9d en\gh to v5ture (f ! edge ( ! r+ & appe> z a satellite4 ,i h always f\nd ^! appe>ances to be due to satellites40 #ch ,galle1 at ,b]l91 _h1 twelve ye>s previ\sly1 made an obs]vation :i*1 if x _h be5 int]pret$ correctly1 w\ld h giv5 him priority4 ,9 ,june #ahch he rem>k$1 on sev]al nights1 t ! inn] b\nd>y ( ! inn] r+ 0 v indi/9ct & 8gradually lo/ itself t[>ds ! body ( ! planet40 ,! space betwe5 ! r+ & ,saturn 0 half fill$ ) a dim veil1 ext5d+ inw>ds f ! r+4 ,^! obs]vations fail$ to attract ! notice _! importance des]v$1 & ,galle himself did n appreciate _! full significance until ! ann\ncem5ts ( ,bond & ,dawes 9 #ahej4 #ci ,/ruve wrote1 9 #ahhc3--8,t *anges d take place 9 ! r+-sy/em is suffici5tly prov$40 ,tr\velot1 ,s*iap>elli1 & o!rs h also rem>k$ v>iations ( a suffici5tly decid$ "* to be plac$ on record4 #dj ,h]s*el rem>ks t he saw ?is satellite 9 8 #bj-;foot speculum two ye>s be=e1 viz4 on ,aug4 #ai1 #aghg1 b he 0 !n mu* engag$ 9 obs]vations ( ! satellites ( ,uranus4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,uranus ,,& ,,neptune4 ,discov]y ( ,uranus4--,mi/ak5 = a ,comet4--,true "* reveal$4--,p]iod c4--,obs]vations4--,belts on ,uranus4--,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,! ,satellites4--,discov]y ( ,neptune4--,! planet obs]v$ 9 #agie4--,p]iod c4--,obs]vations4--,suppos$ ,r+4--,satellite4--,a trans-,neptunian ,planet4--,planet>y ,conjunctions4 ,discov]y4--,:ile ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 a musician at ,ba? he =m$ ! design ( mak+ a telescopic survey ( ! heav5s4 ,:5 engag$ 9 ?is he accid5tally effect$ a discov]y ( great importance1 = on ! night ( ,m>* #ac1 #agha1 an object ent]$ ! field ( 8 #fc-;in* reflector :i* ultimately prov$ to be a new major planet ( our sy/em4 ,! acute eye ( ,h]s*el1 directly x alight$ ^u ! /range body1 recogniz$ x z "o ( unusual "*1 = x _h a p]ceptible disk1 & c\ld be nei!r fix$ /> nor nebula4 ,he aft]w>ds f\nd ! object to be 9 motion1 & its appe>ance be+ 8hazy & ill-def9$0 ) v high p[]s he 0 l$ to reg>d x z a comet1 & communicat$ 8 discov]y to ! ,royal ,society at its meet+ on ,april #bf1 #agha4 ,8 pap] beg9s z foll[s3-- 8,on ,tuesday1 ,m>* #ac1 #agha1 betwe5 #aj & #aa 9 ! ev5+1 :ile ,i 0 exam9+ ! small />s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,h ,gem9orum1 ,i p]ceiv$ "o t appe>$ visibly l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,be+ /ruck ) its uncommon magnitude1 ,i comp>$ x to ,h ,gem9orum & ! small /> 9 ! qu>tile betwe5 ,auriga & ,gem9i1 & f9d+ x s mu* l>g] ?an ei!r ( !m suspect$ x to be a comet4444 ,! p[] ,i _h on :5 ,i fir/ saw ! comet 0 #bbg40 ,! suppos$ 8comet0 soon came "u ! obs]vation ( o!rs1 includ+ ,maskelyne ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 & ,messi]1 ! 8,comet ,f]ret0 ( ,p>is4 ,! latt]1 9 a lett] to ,h]s*el1 said3--8,no?+ 0 m difficult ?an to cat* x1 & ,i _c conceive h[ y c\ld h hit ?is /> or comet sev]al times1 = x 0 absolutely necess>y = me to obs]ve x = sev]al days 9 succession be=e ,i c\ld p]ceive t x 0 9 motion40 ,true "* reveal$4--,z obs]vations began to accumulate x 0 se5 t a p>abolic orbit fail$ to accommodate !m4 ,ultimately ! secret 0 reveal$4 ,! only orbit to repres5t ! motion ( ! new body 0 f\nd to be an approximately circul> "o situat$ f> outside ! pa? ( ,saturn1 & ! inf]5ce became irresi/ible t ! suppos$ 8comet0 mu/ 9 reality be a new prim>y planet revolv+ on ! outskirts ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is conclusion 0 ju/ifi$ by facts ( a conv9c+ nature1 & its ann\ncem5t creat$ no small excitem5t 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,e telescope 0 direct$ to t "p ( ! firmam5t :i* conta9$ ! new orb1 & its pale blue disk1 wrapp$ 9 t9y proportions1 0 view$ aga9 & aga9 ) all ! delight t s great a novelty c\ld inspire4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( anci5t hi/ory1 no discov]y ( ! same k9d _h be5 effect$4 ,! ,*aldans 7 acqua9t$ ) five major planets1 9 addition to ! ,e>?1 & ! numb] _h rema9$ con/ant until ! vigilant eye ( ,h]s*el enl>g$ our k1 & ,saturn 0 reliev$ z ! s5t9el planet go+ 8 r\nds on ! di/ant fronti]s ( our sy/em4 ,:5 ! elem5ts ( ! new body _h be5 comput$ a se>* 0 in/itut$ among/ ! records ( previ\s obs]v]s1 & x 0 f\nd t ,h]s*el's planet _h be5 se5 on _m occasions1 b x _h inv>iably be5 mi/ak5 = a fix$ />4 ,flam/e$ obs]v$ x on six occasions betwe5 #afij & #agae1 :ile ,le ,monni] saw x on #ab nights 9 ! ye>s f #agej to #agga1 & x seems to h be5 pure c>elessness on ! "p ( ! latt] :i* prev5t$ him f anticipat+ ,h]s*el 9 "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies ( mod]n times4 ,! "n ,uranus 0 appli$ to ! new planet1 ?\gh ! discov]] himself call$ x ! ,georgium ,sidus1 & !re 7 o!rs :o t]m$ x 8,h]s*el10 9 hon\r ( ! man ?r\gh ^: sagacity x _h be5 reveal$4 ,p]iod c4--,uranus revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 #cj1fhg days1 :i* v slightly exce$s #hd t]re/rial ye>s4 ,8 mean di/ance f ! ,sun is #a1ghb1jjj1jjj miles1 b ! int]val v>ies betwe5 #a1fii & #a1hfe millions ( miles4 ,! app>5t diamet] ( ! planet und]goes little v>iation2 ! mean is #cf1 b obs]v]s diff]4 ,8 real diamet] is approximately #ca1jjj miles1 & ! pol> compression ab\t #a_/ac1 ?\gh ?is value is n t f\nd by all au?orities4 ,obs]vations4--,! planet ne> opposition %9es l a /> ( ! #f? magnitude1 & is obs]vable ) ! nak$ eye4 ,he emits a blui% light4 ,:ile engag$ 9 meteoric obs]vations1 ,i h sometimes foll[$ ! planet ) ! nak$ eye dur+ sev]al mon?s1 & not$ ! *anges 9 8 position relatively to ! />s ne>4 ,x is cle> f ?is t ,uranus admitt$ ( detection be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,a lum9\s r+1 simil> to t ( ,saturn1 0 at fir/ suppos$ to surr\nd ,uranus1 & ,h]s*el suspect$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a feature on sev]al occasions2 b x sc>cely surviv$ 8 lat] rese>*es1 & mod]n obs]vations h f9ally dispos$ ( x4 ,lassell1 :5 work+ ) 8 #b-;foot speculum at ,malta1 ?\ght he saw a spot ne> ! c5tre ( ! planet's disk1 b he consid]$ ?is might possibly be due to an optical illusion4 ,9 #ahfb1 ,jan4 #bi1 he said3--8,i receiv$ an impression :i* ,i am unable to r5d] c]ta9 ( an equatoreal d>k belt40 ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,buffham1 us+ a #i-;in* 8,)0 mirror1 p[]s #bab & #cbj1 saw bright spots & zones on ! planet1 & inf]r$ a rotation-p]iod ( ab\t #ab h\rs4 ,on ,jan4 #af1 #ahgc1 :5 def9ition 0 v good1 no traces ( any m>k+s 7 visible 9 ,"l ,rosse's #f-;foot reflector4 ,9 ,may & ,june #ahhc ,pr(4 ,"y1 hav+ ! advantage ( ! f9e #bc-;in* refractor at ! ,pr9ceton ,obs]vatory1 obs]v$ two fa9t belts1 "o on ea* side ( ! equator1 & mu* l ! belts ( ,saturn4 ,on ,m>* #ah1 #ahhd1 ,messrs4 ,?ollon & ,p]rot91 ) ! #ad-;in* equatoreal at ,nice1 rem>k$ d>k spots simil> to ^? on ,m>s1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! disk1 & a :ite spot 0 se5 on ! limb4 ,two diff]5t t9ts 7 p]ceiv$1 ! col\r ( ! ,n4,w4 hemisph]e be+ d>k1 & t ( ! ,s4,e4 a blui%-:ite col\r4 ,9 ,april obs]vations 7 cont9u$1 & ! :ite spot 0 se5 8r z a lum9\s b& ?an a simple spot10 b x 0 mo/ conspicu\s ne> ! limb4 ,! obs]v]s ?\ght ! appe>ances indicat$ a rotation-p]iod ( ab\t #aj h\rs4 ,! bro!rs ,h5ry at ,p>is1 9 #ahhd1 inv>iably notic$ two belts ly+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 & includ+ betwe5 !m ! bright] equatoreal zone ( ! planet4 ,_! results app>5tly %[ t ! angle betwe5 ! plane ( ! ,uranian equator & t ( ! satellite-orbits is ab\t #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,uranus & 8 ,belts4 #ahhd4 ,m4 ,p]rot91 ) ! great #cj-;in* equatoreal at ,nice1 re-obs]v$ ! belts 9 ,may & ,june #ahhi4 ,he wrote t d>k p>allel b&s 7 notic$ sev]al times1 & !y 7 v simil> to ! belts ( ,jupit]4 ,on ,may #ca & ,june #a & #g ! direction ( ! ,uranian belts 0 measur$1 & ! mean result %[$ t ! plane ( ! equator ( ,uranus diff]s little 7ab\t #aj7 f ! common plane ( ! orbits ( ! satellites4 ,?is d$uction is n1 x w be obs]v$1 consi/5t ) t ( ! ,bro!rs ,h5ry at ,p>is1 :o f\nd a diff]5ce ( #da4 ,m4 ,p]rot9 notes t ! b&s ( ,uranus d n always pres5t ! same aspect4 ,!y v>y 9 size & numb] 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! circumf]5ce4 ,?is unequal di/ribution raises ! hope t by an att5tive /udy ( ^! b&s x w be possible to det]m9e ! duration ( ! planet's rotation4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,9 ! case ( an object s fa9t & dim9utive z ,uranus1 a p[]ful telescope is absolutely requir$ to deal ) x effectively4 ,a small in/rum5t w readily %[ ! disk1 & pres5t ! picture t caught ! eye ( ,h]s*el m ?an a c5tury ago1 b consid]able light & p[] mu/ be at comm& if ! obs]v] w\ld ent] ^u a /udy ( ! planet's surface-m>k+s4 ,) my #aj-;in* reflector ,i h suspect$ ! exi/5ce ( ! belts1 b "u high p[]s ! image is too feeble to exhibit delicate =ms ( ?is "*4 ,x is to be hop$ t ) ! l>ge telescopes n[ available at v>i\s obs]vatories1 "s att5tion w be giv5 to ?is planet1 m especially ) reg>d to ! /udy ( ! belts & det]m9ation ( ! rotation-p]iod4 ,amateurs w h little tr\ble 9 pick+ up ,uranus2 8 position c be le>nt f an ephem]is & m>k$ ^u a />-map4 ,a little c>eful sweep+ ) a l[ p[] 9 ! region indicat$ w soon reveal ! object s\ght =1 & a high] p[] may !n be appli$ to exp& ! disk & r5d] id5tification c]ta94 ,x may be m5tion$ z an int]e/+ po9t t "s fifty ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ,uranus by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el ! planet 0 accid5tally r$iscov]$ by 8 son ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o m5tion$ ! fact z foll[s 9 a lett] to ,admiral ,smy?1 writt5 on ,aug4 #h1 #ahcj3--8;,i h j complet$ two #bj-;foot reflectors1 & h got "s int]e/+ obs]vations ( ! satellites ( ,uranus4 ,! fir/ sweep ,i made ) my new mirror ,i r$iscov]$ ?is planet by its disk1 hav+ blund]$ ^u x by ! m]e/ accid5t = #ai ,capricorni40 ,_h ! fa!r fail$ to detect ?is planet 9 #agha1 ! discov]y might !re=e h be5 made by ! son half a c5tury lat]4 ,"s spectroscopic obs]vations ( ,uranus made 9 #ahhi ) ,mr4 ,common's #e-;foot reflector1 appe> to %[ t ! planet 8is to a l>ge ext5t self-lum9\s40 ,b ,mr4 ,hugg9s on ,june #c seems to h obta9$ a diff]5t result 7see #8,mon?ly ,notices1' xlix4 p4 #djd et seq474 ,! ,satellites4--,= _m ye>s x 0 suppos$ t ,uranus possess$ six satellites1 all ( :i* 7 discov]$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 b lat] obs]vations prov$ t f\r ( ^! _h no exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 small />s ne> ! planet4 ,b two ( ,h]s*el's satellites 7 fully corroborat$1 & two new ones 7 discov]$ by ,lassell & ,/ruve4 ,! numb] ( kn[n satellites att5d+ ,uranus is f\r1 & x is probable t _m o!rs exi/1 ?\gh !y are too m9ute to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts hi!rto con/ruct$4 ,! foll[+ are ! p]iods1 di/ances1 c41 ( ! kn[n satellites3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,mean di/ance4 ,numb] & ------------------------------------- ,max4 ,date ( "n4 ,diamet]s ,miles4 ,elonga- ,discov]y4 ( ,uranus4 tion4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #crd4 ,ariel #djc #abe1jjj #ab #ahdg1 ,sept4 #ad4 #d?4 ,umbriel #efa #agd1jjj #ae #ahdg1 ,oct4 #h4 #a/4 ,titania #iai #bhe1jjj #cc #aghg1 ,jan4 #aa4 #bnd4 ,ob]on #abcb #chb1jjj #dd #aghg1 ,jan4 #aa4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,discov]]4 d h m ---------------------------------------- ----- ,w4 ,lassell4 #b #ab #bi ,o4 ,/ruve4 #d #c #bg ,w4 ,h]s*el4 #h #af #eg ,w4 ,h]s*el4 #ac #aa #g ---------------------------------------- ----- ,titania & ,ob]on are ! two brighte/ satellites1 b none ( !m c be se5 except 9 l>ge in/rum5ts4 ,! two out] ones are said to h be5 glimps$ 9 a #dc-;in* refractor1 b ?is feat is ph5om5al1 & c]ta9ly no crit]ion ( ord9>y capacity4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el f\nd !m tol]ably conspicu\s 9 a reflector ( #ah or #bj in*es ap]ture1 & m5tion$ a te/-object by :i* obs]v]s might det]m9e :e!r _! telescopes 7 adequate to reveal !m4 ,?is te/ is a m9ute d\ble /> ly+ betwe5 ! />s & #b ,capricorni4 ,! magnitudes are #ae & #af1 & di/ance #c4 ,relatively to ! satellites ( ,uranus ?is fa9t d\ble is a 8spl5did object40 ,f obs]vations ) l>ge mod]n in/rum5ts x appe>s highly probable t ! f\r kn[n satellites1 mu/ be consid]ably l>g] ?an any o!rs :i* may be revolv+ r\nd ! planet4 ,a curi\s fact 9 connection ) ^! satellites is t _! motions are retrograde4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,app>5t ,orbits ( ! ,satellites ( ,uranus1 z se5 9 an ,inv]t+ ,telescope4 7,! small circle 9 ! above diagram repres5ts ! planet & is on ! same scale z ! orbits4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! motion ( ! satellites1 & ! figures indicate ! numb] ( days f ! "t ( ! la/ ,nor? elongation47 ,discov]y ( ,neptune4--,! lead+ incid5ts 9 ! n>rative ( ! discov]y ( ,uranus & ,neptune pres5t a great dissimil>ity--,uranus 0 discov]$ by accid5t1 ,neptune by design4 ,telescopic p[] reveal$ ! =m]1 :ile !ory disclos$ ! latt]4 ,9 "o case optical appliances af=d$ ! direct means ( success1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! un]r+ precision ( ma!matical analysis atta9$ x4 ,! telescope play$ b a second>y "p 9 ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 = ?is in/rum5t 0 employ$ simply to realize or confirm :at !ory _h prov54 ,c]ta9 irregul>ities 9 ! motion ( ,uranus c\ld n be expla9$ b on ! assumption ( an undetect$ planet situat$ outside ! kn[n b\nd>ies ( ! sy/em4 ,two able geomet]s appli$ !mselves to /udy ! problem ( ^! irregul>ities1 & to d$uce f !m ! place ( ! di/urb+ body4 ,?is 0 effect$ indep5d5tly by ,messrs4 ,le ,v]ri] & ,adams2 & ,dr4 ,galle1 ( ,b]l91 hav+ receiv$ f ,le ,v]ri] ! lead+ results ( 8 computations1 & ! intimation t ! longitude ( ! suspect$ planet 0 !n #cbf1 f\nd x ) 8 telescope on ! night ( ,sept4 #bc1 #ahdf1 9 longitude #cbf #eb4 ,! calculat$ place by ,pr(4 ,adams 0 #cbi #ai = ! same date & less accurate ?an ! pr$iction ( ,le ,v]ri]4 ,! =m] _h priority bo? 9 attack+ ! problem & resolv+ x1 ?\gh un=tunately 8 ef=ts 7 n back$ up 9 a practical way4 ,b = ! sup95ess ( c]ta9 (ficials1 !re is little d\bt t ! planet w\ld h be5 telescopically discov]$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahde1 :5 x 0 )9 #a #di ( ! place attribut$ to x by ,pr(4 ,adams4 ,delays occurr$ ow+ to ! d\bts prevail+1 & 9 ! meantime ! planet 0 f\nd else:]e4 ,?is circum/ance does n rob ,pr(4 ,adams ( 8 h>d-e>n$ laurels1 ?\gh x %[s h[ s]i\sly (ficial neglig5ce c m> ! "* ( a discov]y4 ,obs]vations 9 #agie4--,! "n giv5 to ! new planet 0 ,neptune4 ,:5 ! elem5ts 7 comput$ x 0 f\nd t !y pres5t$ r l>ge diff]5ces ) ^? !oretically comput$ by ,messrs4 ,le ,v]ri] & ,adams4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! planet _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ by ,lal&e on ,may #h & #aj1 #agie1 b its true "* escap$ detection4 ,?is a/ronom] _h obs]v$ a /> ( ! #h? mag4 on ,may #h2 b on ,may #aj1 n f9d+ ! same /> 9 ! exact place not$ on ! =m] ev5+1 he reject$ ! fir/ obs]vation z inaccurate & adopt$ ! second1 m>k+ x d\btful4 ,_h ,lal&e ex]cis$ a little discretion1 & confid$ 9 8 "w1 he w\ld h>dly h all[$ ! matt] to re/ "h4 ,a subsequ5t obs]vation w\ld at once h exhibit$ ! cause ( ! discrepancy1 & ! ma!matical triumph ( ,le ,v]ri] & ,adams1 half a c5tury lat]1 w\ld h be5 =e/all$4 ,lal&e1 l ,le ,monni]1 ! unsuspect+ obs]v] ( ,uranus1 let a valuable discov]y slip ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,p]iod c4--,neptune revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 #fj1abf days1 :i* is equal to r m ?an #afd ( our ye>s4 ,8 mean di/ance f ! ,sun is #b1gib1jjj1jjj miles1 & 8 usual diamet] #bg4 ,he exce$s ,uranus 9 dim5sions1 8 real diamet] be+ #cg1jjj miles4 ,obs]vations4--,our k ( ?is di/ant orb is extremely limit$1 ow+ to 8 app>5tly dim9utive size & feebl5ess4 ,no m>k+s h ev] be5 sight$ on 8 m9iature disk1 & we c expect to le>n no?+ until "o ( ! l>ge telescopes is employ$ 9 ! "w4 ,no d\bt ?is planet exhibits ! same belt$ appe>ance z t ( ,uranus1 & !re is e probability t he possesses a num]\s ret9ue ( satellites4 ,9 deal+ ) an object l ?is small in/rum5ts are useless2 !y w display ! disk1 & enable u to id5tify ! object & det]m9e its position if necess>y1 b beyond ?is _! p[]s are re/rict$ by want ( light4 ,suppos$ ,r+4--,directly ! new planet 0 discov]$1 ,mr4 ,lassell turn$ 8 l>ge reflector ^u x & s\ght to le>n some?+ ( its appe>ance1 & possibly detect "o or m ( its satellites4 ,on ,octob] #c & #aj1 #ahdf1 he 0 /ruck ) ! appe>ance ( ! disk1 :i* 0 obvi\sly n p]fectly sph]ical4 ,he subsequ5tly confirm$ ?is impression1 & conclud$ t a r+1 incl9$ ab\t #gj1 surr\nd$ ! planet4 ,pr(4 ,*allis support$ ?is view1 b lat] obs]vations 9 a pur] sky l$ ,mr4 ,lassell to ab&on ! idea4 ,?us ! r+ ( ,neptune1 l ! r+ ( ,uranus1 ?\gh app>5tly obvi\s at fir/1 vani%$ 9 ! light ( m mod]n rese>*es4 ,! ,satellite4--,b if ,mr4 ,lassell q fail$ to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a r+1 he nev]!less succe$$ 9 discov]+ a satellite belong+ to ! planet4 ,?is 0 on ,oct4 #aj1 #ahdf4 ,! new satellite 0 f\nd to h a p]iod ( #e;d #ba;h #cm1 & to be situat$ ab\t #bbj1jjj miles di/ant f ! planet4 ,its app>5t /> mag4 is #ad1 & at max4 elongation x ext5ds its excursions to #ah on ei!r side ( its prim>y4 ,comp>$ ) ! o!r satellites ( our sy/em ! "o att5d+ ,neptune mu/ be excessive 9 reg>d to size1 or x c\ld n be disc]n$ at ! va/ di/ance sep>at+ x f ! ,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,app>5t ,orbit ( ! ,satellite ( ,neptune1 z se5 9 an ,inv]t+ ,telescope4 7,! small circle 9 ! above diagram repres5ts ! planet1 ! arr[s %[ ! direction ( motion1 & ! figures indicate ! int]val f ! "t ( la/ ,nor?-ea/ elongation47 ,a trans-,neptunian ,planet4--,is !re a planet beyond ,neptune8 ,pr(4 ,=bes wrote a memoir 9 #ahhj t5d+ to prove t two su* planets exi/4 ,f ! influ5ces ex]t$ by ^! bodies on c]ta9 comets ( long p]iod1 he approximately d$uc$ ! positions ( ! =m]1 & !y 7 se>*$ = ) ! great ,wa%+ton refractor1 b )\t success4 ,flamm>ion & ,todd h also arriv$ at conclusions affirm+ ! exi/5ce ( a planet outside ,neptune2 b ! idea has n yet be5 realiz$ by its telescopic discov]y4 ,planet>y ,conjunctions4--,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 an allusion %\ld be made to a notewor?y class ( ev5ts1 viz41 planet>y conjunctions4 ,^! include "s ( ! mo/ attractive aspects display$ by ! heav5ly bodies1 & !y are sometimes witness$ by ord9>y p]sons ) ! same am\nt ( gratification z by ! a/ronomical amateur4 ,9 almanacks ! times ( su* conjunctions are giv51 s t int5d+ obs]v]s may always be prep>$ = ^! ev5ts4 ,9 a /rict s5se a conjunction occurs at ! in/ant :5 two or m bodies h ! same "r asc5sion1 b ! t]m is "h int5d$ to h a m g5]al ref]5ce1 i4 e41 to d5ote ! assembl+ toge!r ( two or m planets 9 ! same region ( ! firmam5t4 ,hi/orical records furni% u ) a consid]able numb] ( planet>y conjunctions1 & "s ( !m 7 att5tively obs]v$ long be=e ! telescope came into use4 ,?us 9 #bjab ,b4,c41 ,feb4 #bf1 ! ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn 7 9 ! same con/ellation1 & )9 #ad ( "o ano!r4 ,9 #aahf ,a4,d41 ,sep4 #ad1 ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & all ! kn[n planets are said to h be5 situat$ 9 ,libra4 ,9 #aebd ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn 7 ne> toge!r4 ,_m simil> in/ances might be quot$1 b ?is is unnecess>y4 ,occasionally ! conjunctions 7 s close t "o planet appe>$ to occult ano!r4 ,kepl] ref]s to an occultation ( ,jupit] by ,m>s :i* he saw on ,janu>y #i1 #aeia2 b ?is w\ld really be a transit ( ,m>s across ! disk ( ,jupit]1 if contact actually occurr$1 = ! app>5t diamet] ( ,jupit] always exce$s t ( ,m>s4 ,m/l9 seems to h witness$ an occultation ( ,m>s by ,v5us on ,oct4 #c1 #aeij4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! 7 ne> approa*es only4 ,a g5u9e occultation ( ,m]cury by ,v5us 0 telescopically obs]v$ on ,may #ag1 #agcg4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #c1 #ahha1 ! new ,moon1 ,v5us1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn =m$ a brilliant qu>tet 9 ,pisces4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,july #ba1 #ahha1 ,i saw ! ,moon1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,aldeb>an 9 ! same region above ! ea/]n horizon4 ,!re 0 a v close conjunction ( ,m>s & ,saturn on ! morn+ ( ,sept4 #bj1 #ahhi4 ,mr4 ,m>? comput$ t ! ne>e/ approa* w\ld occur at #h;h #gm ,a4,m41 :5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres w\ld be #edh & less ?an t 7#gd7 obs]v$ at ! "t ( ! close conjunction ( ! same planets on ,june #cj1 #ahgi4 ,! int]e/ c5tr$ 9 ! conjunction ( ,sept4 #bj1 #ahhi1 0 enhanc$ by ! fact t ,regulus 0 only #dg di/ant1 :ile ,v5us 0 also 9 ! same region4 ,i obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on 9 my #aj-;in* reflector1 & ) ! help ( a comet-eyepiece made ! above sket* ( ! positions ( ! objects z !y 7 pres5t$ 9 ! field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,m>s1 ,saturn1 & ,regulus 9 same field1 ,sept4 #bj #ahhi1 #d;h #dem ,a4,m4 ,p]haps !re is n mu* sci5tific importance atta*$ to ! obs]vation ( ^! conjunctions1 ?\gh comp>isons ( col\r & surface-brilliancy are feasible at su* epo*s1 & are n :olly )\t value4 ,z spectacles m]ely1 !y possess a high degree ( int]e/ to ev]yone :o 8consid]s ! heav5s40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,comets ,,& ,,comet-,,seek+4 ,ideas conc]n+ ,comets4--,appe>ance4--,l>ge numb] visible4--,nature ( ,app>ition4--,t5uity ( ,comets4--,diff]5ces ( ,orbit4--,discov]ies ( ,comets4--,l>ge ,comets4--,p]iodical ,comets4--,! ,comets ( ,halley1 ,encke1 ,biela1 ,brors51 ,faye1 ,d',arre/1 ,pons-,w9necke1 & ,tuttle4--,gr\p+4--,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,nom5clature ( ,comets4--,curiosities ( ,comets4--,nak$-eye ,comets4--,comet-seek+4--,engli% wea!r4--,ap]ture & ,p[] requir$4--,annual rate ( ,discov]y4--,telescopic ,comets & ,nebul4--,asc]ta9+ ,positions4--,dr4 ,dob]ck's h9ts4--,prizes4 ,sup]/iti\s ideas ) reg>d to comets z ! h>b+]s ( disa/] h long s9ce be5 disc>d$ = m rational op9ions4 ,!y are no long] look$ ^u z ill-om5$ presages ( evil1 or z 8,f ,saturnius s5t1 ,to fright ! nations ) a dire port5t40 ,_m ref]5ces are to be f\nd among old writ+s to ! suppos$ evil influ5ce ( ^! bodies1 & to ! dread :i* _! appe>ance =m]ly incit$ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,%akespe>e makes an allusion to ! common belief3-- 8,hung be ! heav5s ) black1 yield day to night6 ,comets1 import+ *ange ( "t & /ates1 ,br&i% y\r cry/al tresses 9 ! sky20 & 9 relation to ! habit ( connect+ hi/orical ev5ts ) _! app>ition1 he fur!r says3-- 8,:5 begg>s die1 !re are no comets se52 ,! heav5s !mselves blaze =? ! dea? ( pr9ces40 ,b1 happily1 ! notions preval5t 9 =m] times h be5 sup]s$$ by ! m enlight5$ views naturally result+ f ! acquirem5t & diffusion ( k2 s t comets1 ?\gh /ill surr\nd$ by a good deal ( my/]y1 are n[ reg>d$ ) consid]able int]e/1 & welcom$1 n only z objects devoid ( malevol5t "*1 b z furni%+ _m useful mat]ials = /udy4 ,m]e sup]/ition has be5 put aside z an imp$im5t to real progress1 & a m intellig5t age has recogniz$ ! necessity ( deal+ only ) facts & expla9+ !m accord+ to ! laws ( nature2 = x is on facts1 & _! j int]pretation1 t all true se>*]s aft] k mu/ rely4 ,comets are prop]ly reg>d$ z bodies :i*1 ?\gh f> f be+ ?or\ghly und]/ood 9 all ! details ( _! physical /ructure & behavi\r1 h yet a wond]ful hi/ory1 & "o :i*1 c\ld x be cle>ly elucidat$1 w\ld unfold "s new & m>vell\s facts4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we ne$ ev9ce no surprise t ^! visitors are inv>iably hail$ ) en?usiasm1 n only by sci5tific m51 :o make !m ! special subjects ( close obs]vation1 b by ev]yone :o reg>ds cele/ial 8sights & signs0 ) occasional att5tion4 ,appe>ance4--,f :atev] po9t ( view a l>ge comet is consid]$1 x des]ves all ! int]e/ manife/$ 9 x & all ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 its inve/igation4 ,:il/ its gr& appe>ance 9 ! firmam5t arre/s ! notice ( all classes alike1 & is ! subject ( mu* curi\s speculation among/ ! un9=m$1 x m]its1 ap>t f o!r consid]ations1 ! mo/ assidu\s obs]vation on acc\nt ( ! s+ul> features x displays & ! /rik+ v>iations !y und]go4 ,inde$1 ! visible deportm5t ( a comet dur+ its rapid c>e] ne> p]ihelion is s extraord9>y z to =m a problem1 ! solution ( :i* cont9ues to defy ! mo/ +5i\s !ories4 ,! rem>kable *anges 9 progress1 ! quickness & app>5t irregul>ity ( _! developm5t1 are ! imm$iate result ( a comb9ation ( =ces1 ! op]ations ( :i* c nei!r be def9$ nor =ese54 ,jets ( flame & wrea?s ( vap\r />t f ! brilliant nucleus2 :ile1 /ream+ away f ! latt]1 9 a direction opposite to ! ,sun1 is ! fan-%ap$ tail1 (t5 traceable ov] a l>ge span ( ! heav5s & comm+l+ its extreme fa9t] limits ) ! />-du/ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,l>ge numb] visible4--,! orbits ( #djj comets h n[ be5 comput$1 & m ?an #ejj o!rs h be5 obs]v$2 s t ^! bodies are extremely pl5tiful4 ,kepl] describ$ !m to be z num]\s z ! fi%es 9 ! sea1 & no d\bt ! allegory is ju/ly appli$4 ,_! vag>ies ( =m1 size1 & place are equally notewor?y2 & ^? :o ent] ^u ! discussion ( facts relat+ to ^! objects w f9d an endless /ore ( int]e/+ mat]ials1 op5+ up a wide field = conjecture4 ,nature ( ,app>ition4--,! app>ition ( a comet may be ei!r gradual or sudd54 ,usually ! telescope gives u ! e>lie/ intimation t "o ( ^! bodies is approa*+ u#da4 ,x is fir/ se5 z a small r\nd nebulosity1 ) probably a c5tral cond5sation or /ell> nucleus ( ! #aj? or #aa? mag4 ,! :ole object bright5s & exp&s z its di/ance gr[s less1 & x assumes an elongat$ =m prep>atory to ! =mation ( a tail4 ,! latt] v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t in/ances3 x may ei!r be a n>r[ ray1 z %[n 9 ! s\!rn comet ( ,janu>y #ahhg1 or a fan-%ap$ ext5sion l t ( ! great comet ( #agdd4 ,b>n>d's ,comet ( ,decemb] #ahhf exhibit$ a duple tail4 ,occasionally a f9e comet bur/s ^u u sudd5ly1 l t ( #ahdc or #ahfa4 ,! =m] 0 suffici5tly bright to be discov]$ :5 only #d f ! ,sun1 & ! latt] pres5t$ itself q unexpect$ly z a magnific5t object ev5 9 ! /rong twilight ( a ,june sky4 ,t5uity ( ,comets4--,comets are notewor?y = ! extreme ?9ness ( _! mat]ial4 ,! smalle/ />s may be disc]n$ ?r\gh ! d5s] portions ( ! head1 )\t suff]+ any app>5t dim9ution ( light4 ,yet su* />s w\ld be q obscur$ by ! int]position ( a m9ute speck ( cl\d or by a little fog or any vap\r ( trifl+ d5sity4 ,comets are visible 9 ! =m ( transp>5t nebulosities2 & _! mass mu/ be inconceivably small relatively to ! enorm\s space ov] :i* !y frequ5tly ext5d4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el has describ$ ! 8all b spiritual texture0 ( comets2 & o!r au?orities h ref]r$ to !m z feeble wrea?s ( vap\r1 :i*1 ?\gh obey+ ! laws ( gravitation & suff]+ mu* p]turbation1 are yet !mselves incapable ( ex]cis+ any di/urb+ influ5ce ^u ! o!r bodies ne> :i* !y pass4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t comets w\ld %[ phases 7 !y r5d]$ lum9\s by reflect$ sunlight1 & t1 su* features be+ abs5t1 ^! bodies mu/ possess a phosphoresc5ce ( _! own suffici5t to cause ! gl[ obs]v$4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 is h>dly consi/5t ) our pres5t k4 ,comets are n compact & coh]5t masses ( matt]2 !y m likely repres5t va/ gr\ps ( planet>y atoms1 m or less loosely disp]s$ & sometimes =m+ /reams4 ,! effect ( sun%9e ^u su* assemblages w be t ! :ole mass becomes illum9$ accord+ to d5sity1 & t no phase w be app>5t1 inasmu* z ! light is enabl$ to p5etrate ?r\gh its entirety4 ,diff]5ces ( ,orbit4--,:5 ?ree tru/wor?y obs]vations ( a comet's place h be5 made1 its orbit may be comput$4 ,?is may be ei!r an ellipse1 a p>abola1 or hyp]bola4 ,if an ellipse ! comet is p]iodical1 & ! p]iod dep5ds ^u ! degree ( ecc5tricity4 ,if a p>abola ! comet w n be se5 aga91 because ?is =m ( orbit does n reunite2 x consi/s ( bran*es equally div]g5t & unit+ at p]ihelion1 b ext5d+ outw>ds indef9itely 9 ne>ly p>allel l9es & )\t conv]g5ce4 ,if a hyp]bola1 ! comet is also n returnable2 ! bran*es ( ! orbit are widely div]g5t1 & %[ no t5d5cy to p>allelism4 ,^! sev]al =ms ( orbit are some:at diff]5t z appli$ to v>i\s comets1 b !y are ! same 9 effect4 ,?us ,tempel's ,comet ( #ahfg revolves 9 an ellipse hav+ an ecc5tricity ( ab\t #jdfcj1 :ile t ( ,halley's ,comet is #jifgd4 ,no d\bt "s ( ! p>abolic orbits appli$ to comets really repres5t v ecc5tric ellipses2 b ! p>abola is a conv5i5t =m ( orbit = computation1 & unless ellipticity is v decid$ x indicates ! pa? ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,discov]ies ( ,comets4--,9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury ,messi]1 ,me*a91 & ,miss ,h]s*el %>$ ne>ly all ! comet>y discov]ies betwe5 !m4 ,!n ,pons ent]$ ! field1 & he may be said to h monopoliz$ ?is bran* dur+ ! p]iod f #ahjb to #ahbg1 = he 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce ?irty comets4 ,pons di$ 9 #ahca1 b ! se>* 0 actively cont9u$ by o!rs4 ,9 ab\t #ahdc a great rise became app>5t 9 ! rate ( ^! discov]ies2 & we f9d ,di ,vico1 ,mauvais1 & ,brors5 v successful at ?is p]iod4 ,lat] on1 ! "w 0 su/a9$ ) ! same prolific results by ,kl9k]fues1 ,bruhns1 & ,donati1 & subsequ5tly by ,w9necke1 ,tempel1 & ,coggia4 ,swift & ,borrelly also assi/$ mat]ially to swell our k2 :ile dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ,b>n>d & ,brooks h exhibit$ a surpris+ am\nt ( zeal 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,s9ce #ahha no less ?an tw5ty-six comets are to be enum]at$ z ! fruits ( _! endeav\rs1 & !y are /ill engag$ 9 nightly explorations ( ! sky ) simil> ends 9 view4 ,_! dilig5t pursuit ( ^! fugitive bodies w d\btless result 9 _m fur!r additions dur+ ensu+ ye>s4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 dur+ all 8 />-gaug+s & sweeps = nebul1 nev] discov]$ a comet4 ,he f\nd a nebula on ,dec4 #ah1 #aghc1 ne> ,ceti1 :i* he describ$ z 8small & cometic40 ,9 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's #8,g5]al ,catalogue ( ,nebul1' #ahfd1 p4 #ag1 ?is object is presum$ to h be5 a comet1 z x c\ld n be id5tifi$2 b at p4 #de ! d\bts are cle>$ up1 & ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's nebula1 ! position ( :i* 0 only r\ghly giv51 is %[n to be ! same z ano!r v ne>2 x is ,no4 #ajee ( ! new #8,g5]al ,catalogue' publi%$ by ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 9 ,janu>y #ahhh4 ,q possibly ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's li/s ( nebul conta9 sev]al comets1 z "s ( 8 objects are miss+2 b errors ( obs]vation 9 ascrib+ positions may expla9 ?is4 ,h]s*el himself1 9 speak+ ( a comet visible 9 ! w9t] ( #ahjg-h1 says3--8,if ,i _h met ! comet 9 "o ( my sweeps1 z x appe>$ betwe5 ,dec4 #f & ,feb4 #ba1 ,i %\ld h put x d[n z a nebula4 ,p]haps my li/s ( nebul1 !n1 conta9 "s comets40 ,l>ge ,comets4--,! mo/ widely obs]v$ & attractive class ( comets includes ^? ( l>ge proportions1 z !y are n only visible to ! nak$ eye1 b exhibit features hav+ ! lu/re necess>y to p]mit ( _! exam9ation ) high magnify+ p[]s4 ,a brief summ>y ( "s ( ! f9e/ comets ( mod]n times is subjo9$2 b1 to save space1 a few only ( ! m sali5t facts conc]n+ !m are giv53-- #aegg1 ,nov4 & ,dec4--,obs]v$ by ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb] x _h a d\ble tail2 ! longe/ ( ! two bran*es 0 ab\t #bj4 ,?is comet 0 visible 9 ! daytime4 #afah ,,ii41 ,nov4--8,! l5g? ( its tail equall$ 9 ext5t "o six? "p ( ! zodiac40 ,on ,nov4 #ah x 0 e/imat$ z #dj4 ,longomontanus1 h[ev]1 describ$ x z #ajd long1 & ,cysatus e/imat$ x z #ge4 ,kepl] ref]r$ to x z ! l>ge/ comet t _h appe>$ = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 #afhj1 ,dec4--,a f9e comet1 :i* on ,dec4 #ab _h a n>r[ tail ab\t #hj long4 ,! nucleus 0 equal to a #a/ mag4 />4 ,hooke rem>k$ jets ( flame issu+ f ! nucleus4 ,at p]ihelion ! comet approa*$ v ne> ! ,sun's surface1 simil>ly to ! f9e comets ( #ahdc1 #ahhj1 & #ahhb4 #agdd1 ,jan4-,feb4--,probably ! l>ge/ comet ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,at "o "t x display$ six tails1 ea* ( :i* 0 #d 9 bread?4 ,! head 0 s bright t x 0 p]ceiv$ ) ! nak$ eye 9 full sun%9e4 ,at ! middle ( ,febru>y ! tail 0 #bd long1 & x 0 divid$ into two bran*es4 #agfi1 ,sept4--,discov]$ on ,aug4 #h by ,messi]4 ,on ,aug4 #cj ! comet _h a trifid tail2 !re 0 a c5tral ray ( #bd & two outly+ ones ( #d ea*4 ,on ,sept4 #ai ! tail _h increas$ to #ge1 & a few nights lat] ,p+re e/imat$ x z #ij & #ig4 #ahaa ,i41 ,sept4-,oct4--,a v f9e comet4 ,! tail 0 bran*$2 x did n1 h[ev]1 exce$ #be 9 l5g? & ab\t #f 9 bread?4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el f\nd ! nucleus to be #dbh miles 9 diamet]4 ,?is rem>kable comet rema9$ visible dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ ov] sev5te5 mon?s4 ,its p]iod is approximately #cjjj ye>s4 #ahdc1 ,m>4--,visible 9 ! daytime4 ,on ,m>4 #d its tail 0 #fi 9 l5g?2 x 0 v n>r[1 be+ only #a-a_/d 9 bread? ?r\gh\t4 ,at p]ihelion ?is object pass$ v ne> to ! ,sun1 l ! great comet ( #afhj4 x revolves 9 an elliptical orbit2 p]iod ab\t #cgf ye>s4 ,?is comet swept pa/ p]ihelion ) a velocity ( #cff miles p] second6 ,! real l5g? ( its tail 0 #bjj millions ( miles6 #aheh ,,vi41 ,sept4-,oct4--,donati's ,comet3 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant comets ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,e>ly 9 ,octob] x display$ a tail ab\t #dj long1 & on ! #e? x pass$ ov] ! /> ,arcturus4 ,its p]iod ( revolution appe>s to be ab\t #bjjj ye>s4 #ahfa ,,ii41 ,june-,july4--,became sudd5ly visible at ! end ( ,june4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ?is comet surpass$ 9 gr&eur ! comets ( #ahaa & #aheh4 ,on ,june #cj ! nucleus 0 equal to ! brightness ( ,v5us1 & ! tail 0 #hj long2 b e>ly 9 ,july x increas$ to #ij4 ,"o obs]v] e/imat$ its l5g? z #ajj on ,july #b4 ,?is comet rema9$ visible dur+ twelve mon?s4 ,x appe>s to h an elliptical orbit1 ) a p]iod ( #dji ye>s4 #ahgd1 ,july4--,coggia's ,comet3 a f9e object 9 ! nor!rn sky4 ,on ,july #ad ! tail 0 #ce long1 & x rema9$ visible sev]al days aft] ! nucleus _h disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon4 ,! nucleus 0 ab\t equal to a /> ( ! #a/ mag4 ,orbit probably elliptical1 ) a p]iod ( ab\t #egaa ye>s4 #ahhj ,i41 ,jan4-,feb4--,a s\!rn comet1 ) a long n>r[ tail1 v>i\sly e/imat$ f #cj to #dj 9 l5g?4 ,x pass$ v ne> to ! ,sun1 & pres5ts an orbital resemblance to ! f9e comets ( #afhj & #ahdc4 #ahha ,,iii41 ,june-,july4--,?is l>ge comet appe>$ 9 ! nor!rn heav5s on ,june #bb1 & became g5]ally visible to obs]v]s 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! #bg? x _h a tail #ae long4 ,its p]iod ( visibility ext5d$ ov] n9e mon?s4 #ahha ,,iv41 ,aug4--,?is comet is sc>cely entitl$ to rank z "o ( exceptional "*2 b x 0 a conspicu\s object = sev]al weeks 9 ,augu/1 & _h a tail #f long on ! #ai?4 #ahhb ,,iii41 ,oct4--,well visible 9 ! morn+ sky1 ) a tail #bb long4 ,! nucleus und]w5t rem>kable *anges1 & on ,oct4 #bc x %[$ f\r or five bright po9ts or nuclei1 look+ l 8a /r+ ( beads40 ,! comet ?rew (f sev]al small cond5sations1 :i* 7 obs]v$ z sep>ate comets ne> ! p>5t mass4 ,at p]ihelion ?is comet pass$ v close to ! ,sun1 l ! comets ( #afhj1 #ahdc1 & #ahhj2 & ^! bodies 7 suspect$ to h an intimate relation1 if n an absolute id5tity4 ,b subsequ5t inquiries disprov$ ?is />tl+ supposition2 = ! comet ( #ahhb 0 %[n to h a p]iod ( ab\t #gah ye>s4 #ahhg ,i41 ,jan4--,a f9e s\!rn comet1 pres5t+ _m po9ts ( resemblance to t ( #ahhj ,i4 ,on ,jan4 #bb1 z obs]v$ at ,adelaide1 ! comet _h a long n>r[ tail ( ab\t #cj1 b no well-def9$ nucleus4 ,on ! same date1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! tail appe>$ z a n>r[ ribbon ( light1 q /raight1 & ( ne>ly uni=m brightness ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,x 0 visible 9 ! same region ( ! sky z ! comet #ahhj ,i41 & came into view ) equal sudd5ness4 ,p]iodical ,comets4--,on page #bce is a li/ ( ! p]iodical comets z at pres5t kn[n4 ,"s ( ^!1 m>k$ ) an a/]isk1 h only be5 obs]v$ at "o return1 & !re=e await complete confirmation4 ,_m o!r comets h %[n indications ( pursu+ elliptical orbits4 ,among/ ^? ( %ort p]iod may be m5tion$ #agdc ,i41 #agff ,,ii41 #aghc ,i41 #ahai ,,iv41 #ahdd ,i41 & #ahgc ,,vii4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( long] p]iods3-- ,comet4 ,p]iod4 #ahfb ,,iii4 #aba ye>s4 #aheg ,,iv4 #bcd 0 #ahfa ,i4 #dae 0 #ahfj ,,iii4 #ajhi 0 #ahhi ,,iv4 #eajj 0 #ahgg ,,ii4 #hcic 0 #ahdg ,,iii4 #aciah 0 #ahgg ,,iii4 #bh1jjj 0 #ahej ,i4 #bi1jjj 0 #aghj ,i4 #ge1cad 0 #ahdd ,,ii4 #ajb1jej 0 #agdd #abb1fhc 0 #ahdi ,i4 #chb1hja 0 #ahhb ,i4 #djj1jjj 0 ,^! figures are to be reg>d$ z approximations only4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p]iod1 ,p]ihelion ,long4 ( ,long4 ( ,"n4 9 ,passage4 ,p]ihelion4,asc5d+ ye>s4 ,node4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,encke #cbi #ahhh1 ,june #bh #aeh #cf #ccd #ci ,tempel 7#ahgc7 #ebj #ahgh1 ,sept4 #g #cjf #h #aba #a 99,b>n>d #edj #ahhd1 ,aug4 #af #cja #b #e #i ,brors5 #edf #ahgi1 ,m>4 #cj #aaf #ae #aja #ai ,pons-,w9necke #egc #ahhf1 ,sept4 #af #bgf #d #aja #ef ,tempel7#ahfg7 #eih #ahgi1 ,may #g #bch #aa #gh #df ,tempel-,swift #eii #ahhj1 ,nov4 #h #dc #j #bif #db 99,brooks 7#ahhf7 #fcj #ahhf1 ,june #g #bbi #df #ec #c 99,spital] #fdj #ahij1 ,oct4 #bf #eh #bd #de #h ,biela #ffb #aheb1 ,sept4 #bc #aji #h #bde #eb ,d',arre/ #ffd #ahij1 ,septemb] #cai #i #adf #i 99,f9lay #ffg #ahhf1 ,nov4 #bb #g #cd #eb #cj 99,wolf #fgh #ahhd1 ,sept4 #bg #ceb #ca #bjf #ah 99,swift #fia #ahhi1 ,nov4 #bi #fi #bi #cca #bg 99,brooks 7#ahhi7 #gjg #ahhi1 ,sept4 #cj #a #bf #ag #ei ,faye #geg #ahhh1 ,aug4 #ai #ej #ef #bji #db 99,d5n+ #hfi #ahha1 ,sept4 #ac #cab #ca #fe #eg 99,pet]s #abhj #ahdf1 ,june #a #bdj #g #bfj #bh ,tuttle #acff #ahhe1 ,sept4 #aa #aaf #bh #bfi #db 99,tempel 7#ahff7 #ccah #ahff1 ,jan4 #aa #fj #bh #bca #bf 99,/ephan #ccfb #ahfg1 ,jan4 #bj #ge #eb #gh #cf 99,we/phal #fggg #aheb1 ,oct4 #ac #dc #ab #cdf #ac ,pons #gadh #ahhd1 ,jan4 #be #ic #ba #bed #f ,olb]s #gbde #ahhg1 ,oct4 #h #adi #de #hd #cj 99,di ,vico #gcbe #ahdf1 ,m>4 #f #ij #ce #gg #cf 99,brors5 #gdig #ahdg1 ,sept4 #aj #gi #ac #cji #di ,halley #gfcg #ahce1 ,nov4 #ae #cjd #cb #ee #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,incli- ,mo- ,next ,"n4 nation4tion4,return4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,encke #ab #ec ,d #ahia ,tempel 7#ahgc7 #ab #df ,d #ahid 99,b>n>d #e #bh ,d #ahie ,brors5 #bi #bc ,d #ahie ,pons-,w9necke #ad #bg ,d #ahib ,tempel7#ahfg7 #i #dg ,d #ahia ,tempel-,swift #e #ca ,d #ahib 99,brooks 7#ahhf7 #ab #ef ,d #ahib 99,spital] #ab #eb ,d #ahig ,biela #ab #cc ,d 8 ,d',arre/ #ae #dc ,d #ahig 99,f9lay #c #b ,d #ahic 99,wolf #be #af ,d #ahia 99,swift #aj #c ,d #ahif 99,brooks 7#ahhi7 #f #d ,d #ahif ,faye #aa #bj ,d #ahif 99,d5n+ #f #ea ,d #ahii 99,pet]s #cj #bd ,r 8 ,tuttle #ed #ai ,d #ahii 99,tempel 7#ahff7 #ag #ah ,r #ahii 99,/ephan #ah #ac ,d #aijj 99,we/phal #dj #ei ,d #aibj ,pons #gd #c ,d #aiee ,olb]s #dd #ce ,d #aifj 99,di ,vico #hd #eg ,d #aiai 99,brors5 #ai #h ,d #aibb ,halley #ag #de ,r #aiab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,halley's ,comet4--,a f9e comet ) a tail ab\t #ae long appe>$ 9 ! summ] ( #afhb1 & ,halley comput$ ! orbit accord+ to ! me?od expla9$ by ,newton4 ,he !n consult$ obs]vations ( previ\s comets1 & discov]$ a great simil>ity 9 ! pa?s ( l>ge comets se5 9 #aeca & #afjg to t ( ! "o he himself _h obs]v$ 9 #afhb4 ,he !reupon suspect$ ! ?ree bodies to be "o & ! same1 & advis$ po/]ity to ma9ta9 a /rict wat* = ! comet's return 9 ab\t #ageh or #agei4 ,on pursu+ 8 inve/igations /ill fur!r1 he alight$ ^u records ( comets 9 #acje1 #achj1 & #adef1 :i* greatly /r5g!n$ 8 op9ion t ! comet ( #afhb mov$ 9 an elliptical pa? ) a p]iod ( ab\t #ge ye>s4 ,he t]m$ ?is body 8! ,m]cury#db ( comets1 revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun 9 ! smalle/ orbit10 & said t1 %\ld x reappe> accord+ to 8 pr$iction 9 ab\t ! ye> #ageh1 8imp>tial po/]ity mu/ ne$s all[ ?is to be ! discov]y ( an ,engli%man40 ,z ! "t drew ne> = ! return ( ! comet1 int]e/ became int5sifi$1 & computations 7 made by ,clairaut ) a view to det]m9e ! precise epo* :5 x w\ld arrive at p]ihelion4 ,he f\nd t ! comet w\ld be ret>d$ by ! action ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 b t p]ihelion w\ld be rea*$ at ! middle ( ,april #agei1 subject to an unc]ta9ty ( #cj days4 ,! comet 0 r$iscov]$ on ,dec4 #be1 #ageh1 by ,palitz*1 an amateur a/ronom] at ,politz1 ne> ,dresd51 :o employ$ a telescope ( #h feet focal l5g?1 & appe>s to h anticipat$ ,messi] & o!rs :o 7 on ! al]t = x4 ,x arriv$ at p]ihelion on ,m>* #ab1 #agei1 & )9 a mon? ( ! date ann\nc$ by ,clairaut4 ,e>ly 9 ,may x _h a tail ne>ly #ej long1 & pres5t$ a f9e aspect 9 ! heav5s4 ,?us ! sagacity ( ,halley _h reveal$ a p]iodical comet--! fir/ kn[n4 ,x duly return$ aga9 9 #ahce1 & receiv$ all ! att5tion :i* a body s replete ) hi/orical associations des]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,comet #ahfb ,,iii4 7,aug4 #ai1 #ahfb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,saw]?al's ,comet1 #ahhh ,i4 7,m>* #be1 ,brooks74 ,encke's ,comet4--,until ! ye> #ahai ,halley's ,comet 0 ! only "o c]ta9ly kn[n to be p]iodical4 ,!n ! able d$uctions ( ,encke pres5t$ u ) a v]itable 8,m]cury#dc ( comets40 ,he %[$ t a small comet1 discov]$ by ! unwe>y+ ,pons ( ,m>seilles on ,nov4 #bf1 #ahah1 0 really id5tical ) ?ree previ\s comets--viz4 #aghf ,i4 7,me*a971 #agie 7,c4 ,h]s*el71 & #ahje 7,?ulis71--& t its p]iod 0 a v %ort "o ( ab\t #c-a_/c ye>s4 ,its return to p]ihelion 0 pr$ict$ to occur on ,may #bd1 #ahbb1 & ?is 0 obs]v$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x return$ aga9 on ,sept4 #af1 #ahbe1 & on ?is occasion ! circum/ances 7 m fav\rable4 ,s9ce #ahbe ?is object has effect$ n9ete5 returns to p]ihelion1 & "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> facts notic$ 9 connection ) x is t its p]iod is gradually %ort5+4 ,9 #agie x 0 #abab days1 :ile 9 #aheh x 0 #abaj4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is contraction ( orbit1 x has be5 necess>y to assume ! exi/5ce ( a ?9 m$ium 9 space capable ( af=d+ a slight resi/ance to ! t5u\s mat]ials ( a comet1 ?\gh n d5se en\gh to appreciably affect ! motions ( planets4 ,if ?is clos+-up ( ! orbit & %ort5+ ( p]iod cont9ue to op]ate ?r\gh a va/ int]val ( "t1 ,encke's ,comet mu/ be ultimately precipitat$ ^u ! ,sun6#dd ,biela's ,comet4--,?is comet 0 discov]$ on ,feb4 #bg1 #ahbf1 by ,wilhelm von ,biela1 an ,au/rian (fic]1 at ,joseph/adt 9 ,bohemia1 & t5 days lat] by ,gamb>t at ,m>seilles4 ,x 0 f\nd to be revolv+ 9 an orbit ( %ort p]iod1 & its elem5ts pres5t$ an agreem5t ) ^? ( ! comet ( #aggb 7,montaigne7 & #ahjf ,i4 7,pons74 ,id5tity 0 inf]r$1 & ! next return 0 fix$ = ,nov4 #bg1 #ahcb1 :5 ! object reappe>$ ) great punctuality4 ,at ! end ( #ahde ?is comet display$ "s />tl+ ph5om5a2 = x divid$ into two portions1 app>5tly q disconnect$1 & :i* travell$ side by side1 sep>at$ by an int]val ( m ?an #aej1jjj miles6 ,! d\ble comet 0 obs]v$ aga9 9 #aheb1 :5 ! int]val sep>at+ !m _h1 h[ev]1 increas$ eightfold1 = ! d>k space betwe5 measur$ #a1bej1jjj miles4 ,?is in/ance ( a divid$ comet is by no means unique4 ,! great comet ( #ahhb und]w5t a process ( disruption1 by ?r[+ (f small masses ( nebulosity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 surviv$ ! sep>ation only a few days4 ,brooks's ,comet 7#ahhi ,v47 0 f\nd by ,b>n>d1 on ,aug4 #a1 #ahhi1 to be divid$ into f\r p>ts6 ,two ( ^! _h a brief exi/5ce2 b "o ( ! m9or fragm5ts reta9$ a v di/9ct appe>ance ne> ! p>5t mass dur+ ! ensu+ mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! ph5om5a ( ,biela's ,comet f\nd an excell5t c\nt]p>t "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,brooks's d\ble ,comet1 ,sept4 #ag1 #ahhi4 7#aj-;in* reflector1 p[] #fj4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+47 ,s9ce #aheb ,biela's ,comet has be5 lo/4 ,! mo/ assidu\s obs]vations h fail$ to recov] x1 & ! conclusion seems irresi/ible t fur!r dis9tegrations h occurr$ & t its mat]ial has be5 disp]s$ beyond recognition4 ,! great meteoric /orms ( ,nov4 #bg1 #ahgb & #ahhe1 7 d]iv$ f ?is comet1 & !re is little reason to hope t z a comet x w ev] be se5 aga94 ,brors5's ,comet4--,a small comet 0 discov]$ 9 ,pisces by ,!odor ,brors51 at ,kiel1 on ! ev5+ ( ,feb4 #bf1 #ahdf1 ,its obs]v$ pa? soon gave traces ( an elliptical orbit2 & ! p]iod 0 f\nd to be ab\t #eeh ye>s4 ,! comet 0 re-obs]v$ at its return to p]ihelion 9 #aheg1 #ahfh1 #ahgc1 & #ahgi2 b 9 #ahhd x 0 look$ = 9 va94 ,?is comet 0 expect$ 9 ,febru>y #ahij1 & sev]al obs]v]s swept = x dilig5tly1 b to no purpose4 ,are we1 !re=e1 to reg>d ?is z ano!r lo/ memb] ( our sy/em8 ,has ! comet ( ,brors51 l t ( ,biela1 suff]$ disp]sion 9 su* degree z to be no long] )9 ! rea* ( our p[]ful telescopes8 ,%\ld negative results aga9 att5d obs]v]s 9 #ahie1 :5 ! comet ought to return1 !re w be no reason to d\bt its actual disappe>ance4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ow+ to planet>y p]turbations1 ! p]iod ( ?is body has rapidly become %ort] s9ce #ahdf4 ,x 0 !n #bjcd days1 b 9 #ahgi 0 r$uc$ to #aiie days4 ,faye's ,comet4--,fir/ se5 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory on ! night ( ,nov4 #bb1 #ahdc1 :5 x 0 ne> ! /> ,bellatrix 9 ,orion4 ,! obs]vations cle>ly prov$ ! comet to be mov+ 9 an elliptical pa?1 & ,dr4 ,golds*midt ( ,gtt+5 det]m9$ its p]iod z #g ye>s4 ,x 0 re-obs]v$ 9 #ahea1 & also dur+ ea* ( its five subsequ5t returns1 ! la/ ( :i* occurr$ 9 ,augu/ #ahhh4 ,! orbit ( ?is body approa*es ne>] to ! circul> =m ?an t ( any o!r kn[n comet1 except ,tempel's ( #ahfg4 ,its p]ihelion di/ance is consid]able1 = x nev] comes )9 ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,pr(4 ,mll]1 ( ,lund1 has inve/igat$ ! pa? ) all ! critical acum5 ( a pr(\nd ma!matician1 &1 *iefly ow+ to 8 lab\rs1 x is n[ reg>d$ z "o ( ! be/ kn[n memb]s ( our sy/em4 ,d',arre/'s ,comet4--,discov]$ at ! ,leipsic ,obs]vatory on ,june #bg1 #ahea4 ,m4 ,vill>ceau discuss$ ! orbit1 & ann\nc$ x z an elliptic "o ) a p]iodic "t ( ab\t #f ye>s4 ,! comet 0 r$etect$ at its return 9 #aheg-h1 #ahgj1 #ahgg1 & #ahij4 ,x is a v fa9t object4 ,pons-,w9necke's ,comet4--,discov]$ at ,bonn on ,m>* #h1 #aheh1 & on ! elem5ts be+ comput$ !y 7 f\nd ne>ly co9cid5t ) ^? ( ,pons's ,comet1 #ahai ,,iii4 ,encke _h assign$ a p]iod ( #efb ye>s = ! latt]1 b x manag$ to escape obs]vation dur+ ! six returns t occurr$ 9 ! #ci ye>s betwe5 #ahai & #aheh4 ,its id5tity 0 fully e/abli%$ 9 #ahfi1 :5 x 0 aga9 obs]v$4 ,tuttle's ,comet4--,a fa9t1 diffus$ comet 0 discov]$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,h]cules by ,h4 ,p4 ,tuttle1 ( ,cambridge1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,jan4 #d1 #aheh4 ,its elem5ts on be+ calculat$ 7 f\nd by ,pape to be simil> to ^? ( a comet discov]$ by ,me*a9 on ,jan4 #i1 #agij1 & an elliptic orbit ) a p]iod ( #acff ye>s 0 d]iv$ f ! new obs]vations4 ,on ! assumption t ! two bodies 7 "o & ! same !re mu/ h occurr$ f\r unobs]v$ returns to p]ihelion betwe5 #agij & #aheh4 ,! ye> #ahga 0 await$ 9 settlem5t ( ! "q4 ,:5 x came ! comet return$1 & ! pr$ictions receiv$ exact v]ification4 ,?us ! comets ( ,me*a9 & ,tuttle 7 plac$ 9 ! insev]able bonds ( id5tity4 ,( ! o!r p]iodical comets x w be unnecess>y to give details4 ,"s ( !m are /ill )\t full corroboration1 only "o return to p]ihelion hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,! reappe>ance ( ,pons's ,comet 7#ahab7 9 #ahhc-d1 & ( ,olb]s's ,comet 7#ahae7 9 #ahhg furni%$ two excell5t examples ( well-det]m9$ comets belong+ to ! same class z t ( ,halley4 ,tempel's discov]ies 9 #ahfg1 #ahfi1 & #ahgc af=d$ "s int]e/+ additions to ! family ( %ort-p]iod comets1 & ! li/ ( ^! is cont9ually ext5d+ ow+ to ! assiduity ( obs]v]s1 ?\gh ! lo/ comets ( ,biela & ,brors5 w h to be remov$ f x4 ,pet]s's ,comet ( #ahdf is also d\btful1 z x escap$ r$iscov]y 9 ab\t #ahei1 #ahgb1 & #ahhd2 b ?is object may yet be captur$ at "o ( its succe$+ app>itions4 ,^! bodies (t5 evade r$etection :5 _! p]iods & pa?s are n accurately kn[n4 ,?is has be5 fully exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ! comets ( ,pons-,w9necke & ,tuttle1 :i* 7 unse5 at sev]al consecutive returns4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 & n )\t reason1 t ! p]iodical comets are 9 process ( we>+ away4 ,!y app>5tly gr[ fa9t] at ea* return4 ,halley's ,comet 9 #ahce 0 only mod]ately bright1 :]eas 9 anci5t times its appe>ance 0 magnific5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,pons's ,comet 7#ahab74 ,telescopic view4 #ahhd1 ,janu>y #f1 #e;h #ejm4 7#aj-;in* reflector1 p[] #fj4 ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,pons's ,comet 7#ahab74 ,telescopic view4 #ahhd1 ,janu>y #ba1 #ac;h #ahm4 7#e-;in* refractor2 comet-eyepiece1 field #a-a_/d4 ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d47 ,gr\p+ ( ,p]iodical ,comets4--,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ^! bodies are assort$ into gr\ps hav+ _! aphelia ne> ! orbits ( major planets4 ,! %ort-p]iod comets compris$ )9 ! orbits ( ,encke's 7#cbi ye>s7 & ,d5n+'s 7#hfi ye>s7 h aphelia 9 ! region ( ! pa? ( ,jupit]1 h5ce !y are occasionally ref]r$ to z ,jovian comets4 ,! next gr\p is repres5t$ by ! comets ( ,pet]s & ,tuttle1 ) aphelia ne> ,saturn4 ,! ?ird gr\p includes ! comets ( ,tempel & ,/ephan1 ) aphelia j outside ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,! f\r? gr\p is %[n by ! comets ( ,halley1 ,pons1 & ,olb]s1 ) ?ree o!rs less c]ta9ly asc]ta9$1 ) aphelia ext]ior to ,neptune4 ,!re are unmi/akable indications ( o!r gr\ps f> outside ! kn[n b\nd>ies ( ! sol> sy/em1 b ^! are n s well def9$4 ,?is clu/]+ ( comet>y orbits has be5 ascrib$ to ! attractive influ5ces ( ! l>ge sup]ior planets1 :i* are s capable ( di/urb+ ! pa?s ( comets pass+ ne> t ! orbits become trans=m$1 & ! aphelia h5ce=? lie ne> ! po9ts ( extreme p]turbation4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! 8capture !ory20 & !re is also an 8ejection !ory10 :i* supposes ! p]iodical comets to h _h _! bir? 9 planet>y ejections4 ,m4 ,hoek ( ,utre*t has f\nd cases 9 :i* ! orbits ( two or m comets exhibit a common po9t ( int]section 9 di/ant space1 & inf]s _! d]ivation f ! same orig94 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,"o ( ! *ief & ess5tial features 9 comet>y "w is ! accurate det]m9ation ( positions4 ,b ?is entails ! possession ( exp5sive in/rum5ts1 & a k :i* amateurs h n always acquir$4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( lab\r c well be left to ! tra9$ h&s at l>ge obs]vatories1 :]e1 =tunately1 x meets ) e att5tion4 ,ord9>y obs]v]s w m]ely require to "k ! approximate place1 & ?is is to be f\nd by e/imat+ ! diff]5ce 9 ,r4,a4 & ,dec4 betwe5 a comet & a kn[n />4 ,! position ( ! latt] may be f\nd 9 a good catalogue & correct$ = precession2 !n1 all[+ = ! obs]v$ diff]5ces1 ! comet's place may be assign$ to )9 v small limits ( error4 ,a l[ p[]1 embrac+ a field ( #a or m1 is be/ adapt$ = ^! obs]vations1 z x is m likely to include a catalogu$ />1 & w exhibit ! comet1 especially if a l>ge "o1 to ! be/ effect4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( a new comet is always read ) avidity by amateurs1 & _! fir/ desire is to see x = !mselves4 ,?is !y may readily d by m>k+ its place on a />-map or globe1 & not+ its relative place among/ ! />s ne>4 ,! telescope %\ld !n be direct$ t[>ds ! po9t indicat$1 & if ! comet is n pres5t$ 9 ! field1 ! in/rum5t %\ld be mov$ a little s t ! surr\nd+ region may be exam9$4 ,if failure /ill att5ds ! ef=t1 ! obs]v] %\ld po9t ! telescope a few degrees ,e4 or ,w4 ( ! suspect$ po9t1 & !n c>efully sweep ov] ! place ( ! comet4 ,x w !n be pick$ up1 unless x is too fa9t = 8 ap]ture4 ,! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( a comet g5]ally gives ! position at discov]y1 & ! daily rate & direction ( motion4 ,! latt] mu/ ( c\rse be all[$ = :5 ! se>* is in/itut$4 ,! physical aspects ( comets are z div]sifi$ z !y are v>iable4 ,no two comets are exactly alike1 nor does ! same comet exhibit a p]man5cy ( detail4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ^! objects are enorm\sly di/ant1 & b>ely visible1 _m ( !m appe> to pres5t simil> *>act]i/ics2 b "u ! clos] & m exp&$ views obta9able ne> p]ihelion ! resemblance vani%es1 & e comet is se5 to possess features peculi> to itself4 ,to trace ^! features1 & to record !m by del9eation & description1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ bran*es 9 :i* amateurs may engage4 ,mu* has be5 le>nt ( previ\s comets by successively not+ _! transitions ( =m & brightness1 & ! same scrupul\s att5tion %\ld be giv5 to future comets4 ,! tails ( comets are n always turn$ away f ! ,sun4 ,inde$1 ! contr>y effect is sometimes produc$4 ,occasionally !re is a duple tail1 ! l>ge/ bran* ( :i* foll[s ! normal direction1 :ile ! o!r is turn$ t[>ds ! ,sun4 ,=ms ( ?is "* require close wat*+ f night to night4 ,is ! sunw>d tail develop$ sudd5ly8 & has x a fairly durable exi/5ce8 ,in/ances ( s+ul> curvature %\ld also be not$4 ,! tails are seldom p]fectly /raight1 especially ^? atta*$ to nak$-eye comets1 & decid$ *anges affect _! visible outl9es at v %ort int]vals4 ,9 l>ge comets ! space ov] :i* ! tail ext5ds %\ld be sket*$ ^u a />-map on successive ev5+s2 its *anges ( position & curve w !n be manife/$ by comp>isons1 & its increas+ or decreas+ l5g? w also be app>5t4 ,d>k rifts1 l %ad[s1 (t5 run l5g?wise ?r\gh ! tail1 & occasion a fan-l appe>ance analog\s to t :i* di/+ui%$ ! great comet ( #agdd & gave x a sextuple tail4 ,! light ( comets sometimes fluctuates 9 a v extraord9>y mann]1 & too rapidly & irregul>ly to be consi/5t ) !ory4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,pons's ,comet1 at its la/ return 9 #ahhc-d pres5t$ an ecc5tric behavi\r4 ,big\rdan f\nd t dur+ ! n9ete5 days f ,sept4 #e to #bd1 #ahhc1 ! increase 9 ! comet's brilliancy exce$$ by ?irty or =ty times t result+ f reflect$ light alone6 ,?is increase appe>s to h be5 due to a sudd5 outbur/ on ,sept4 #bb1 :i* occurr$ "s "t )9 ! f\r h\rs prec$+ midnight4 ,dr4 ,mll]1 ( ,potsdam1 witness$ a fur!r outbur/ on ,jan4 #a1 #ahhd1 )9 #a-c_/d h\r2 & ! ext5t ( ?is 0 accurately det]m9$ by means ( a photomet]4 ,he f\nd an augm5tation ( sev5 t5?s ( a magnitude 9 ! brightness ( ! comet1 & an equally sudd5 fall to its previ\s lu/re4 ,:ile ^! fluctuations 7 9 progress1 he notic$ v>iations 9 ! %ape ( ! nucleus n less rem>kable ?an its v>iations 9 light4 ,^? :o obs]ve future comets w d well1 !re=e1 to be on ! al]t = simil> ph5om5a4 ,! app>5t brightness ( ! nuclei & alt]ations ( %ape or size %\ld be record$ on e night :5 obs]vations are feasible4 ,z a comet approa*es ! ,sun its mat]ial app>5tly contracts1 :ile ) increas+ di/ance f t lum9>y x exp&s4 ,usually ! nucleus is extremely small & bright1 & x (t5 looks l a /> %9+ ?r\gh nebulosity4 ,high p[]s mu/ !re=e be appli$ 9 its exam9ation4 ,jets1 aigrettes1 lum9\s sectors1 & o!r app5dages are (t5 involv$ ) ! nucleus & outly+ coma1 & !y =m a complicat$ /ructure well des]v+ fur!r /udy4 ,a good deal ( my/]y /ill surr\nds ^! appe>ances2 _! curi\s =ms & vag>ies h yet to be expla9$4 ,/>s are frequ5tly obs]v$ ?r\gh ! head ( a comet1 :i* app>5tly1 h[ev]1 ex]cises no influ5ce 9 dimm+ _! lu/re4 ,b ! />s are commonly se5 beh9d ! envelopes or com1 & v r>ely ?r\gh ! nucleus4 ,no?+ is bett] calculat$ to exhibit ! transp>5t & t5u\s "* ( comets ?an obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 & obs]v]s %\ld seek = fur!r opportunities ( mak+ !m4 ,if ! motion ( a comet is obvi\sly c>ry+ x 9 ! direction ( "o ( ! />s 9 ! field1 ! obs]v] may det]m9e = himself ! approximate "t ( conjunction by not+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! /> & comet & all[+ = ! motion ( ! latt]4 ,he w !n "k :5 to come to 8 telescope & witness ! ph5om5on4 ,%\ld x appe> probable t ! comet's nucleus w pass ov] ! />1 he %\ld comm5ce 8 wat* "s "t be=e x occurs2 he may !n make comp>isons be=e ! /> is involv$ 9 ! outly+ nebulosity1 & trace ! :ole ev5t f beg9n+ to end4 ,any *anges 9 ! light or aspect ( ei!r /> or comet w\ld !n be manife/$4 ,! comet ( #ahdg is said to h pass$ c5trally ov] a #e? mag4 />1 b ! latt] 0 unaffect$4 ,encke's ,comet on "o occasion int]pos$ itself directly ov] "o ( a pair ( #aj? mag4 />s1 b _! relatively equal brilliancy suff]$ no *ange4 ,encke's ,comet1 h[ev]1 has no /ell> nucleus4 ,! latt] feature is s bright & compact z display$ 9 _m o!r comets1 t its transit ov] a small /> mu/ h "s effect ei!r 9 oblit]at+ x altoge!r1 or 9 detract+ f its lu/re4 ,visible evid5ces ( rotation seem to h be5 suspect$ 9 c]ta9 comets1 b ?is has nev] be5 sub/antiat$ on suffici5t gr\nds4 ,! circum/ance is "o1 h[ev]1 :i* %\ld be rememb]$4 ,dur+ a s]ies ( obs]vations ! obs]v] :o notes ! details ( /ructure ) p>ticul> reg>d to position may discov] simil> traces1 & possibly le>n some?+ ( ! cause4 ,! nucleus ( a bright comet %\ld always be exam9$ ) a mod]ately high p[]1 s t any v>iations or peculi>ities ( =m may be detect$4 ,nom5clature ( ,comets4--,x mu/ be confess$ t no p]fectly satisfactory me?od has yet be5 devis$ z reg>ds ! nam+ ( comets4 ,! plan ( affix+ ,roman numb]s progressively = ea* ye>1 accord+ to date ( p]ihelion passage1 answ]s pretty well1 ?\gh a little confusion is sometimes caus$ by prematurely affix+ ! numb]1 especially :5 two comets are discov]$ successively1 ! fir/ ( :i* is a long "t be=e p]ihelion1 & ! second consid]ably aft] x4 ,until a comet c be safely assign$ its catalogue place1 x is pref]able to ref] to x by ! "n ( ! discov]] & date ( discov]y4 ,?is is m di/9ctive ?an ! common me?od ( lett]+ comets accord+ to ! epo*s ( _! detection4 ,z to p]iodical comets1 x is n difficult to f9d "s inconsi/5cies 9 _! names4 ,9 ! case ( ,halley's ,comet 7#afhb1 discov]$ by ,flam/e$7 & ,encke's ,comet 7#ahai ,i41 discov]$ by ,pons71 x 0 mo/ fitt+ t !y %\ld be kn[n to po/]ity by ! names ( ! two able comput]s ^: inve/igations fir/ reveal$ to u comets ( long & %ort p]iod respectively4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ! "n ( ! discov]] is appli$ to a comet z a means ( conv5i5t ref]5ce1 & p]haps z a suitable recognition ( ! pati5t lab\rs ( ! man :o fir/ ann\nc$ x to ! _w4 ,! plan seems to h be5 to "n comets aft] ^? =tunate p]sons :o sight$ !m at ! p>ticul> app>ition dur+ :i* p]iodicity 0 det]m9$4 ,?us ,tuttle's ,comet 7#aheh ,i47 _h be5 se5 z long be=e z #agij by ,me*a91 & ,biela's 7#ahbf ,i47 0 previ\sly obs]v$ 9 #aggb by ,montaigne1 & 9 #ahje by ,pons4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /range t a comet f\nd by ,pons 9 #ahai 7,,iii4 ( t ye>71 & :i* ,encke %[$ to be revolv+ 9 an ellipse ) a p]iodic "t ( #e ye>s1 %\ld be call$ aft] ,w9necke1 :o r$iscov]$ x 9 #aheh4 ,to ,pons ! real priority belongs1 ?\gh ,w9necke des]ves mu* praise = r$etect+ & id5tify+ ?is body aft] x _h effect$ six unobs]v$ returns to p]ihelion4 ,x is also curi\s to f9d t ! comet ( %ort p]iod discov]$ by ,swift 9 #ahhj is call$ 8,tempel's #crd ,comet0 9 ,galle's catalogue 7#ahhe71 f ! fact t ,tempel f\nd x at a previ\s return 7#ahfi71 :51 h[ev]1 its p]iod 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! title ju/ly belongs to ,swift4 ,tempel himself call$ x 8,swift's ,comet40 ,"o plan %\ld 9 fairness to obs]v]s be consi/5tly adh]$ to4 ,if comets are to be call$ aft] _! orig9al discov]]s1 !n ,biela's ,comet %\ld be kn[n z 8,montaigne's10 ,tuttle's z 8,me*a9's10 c4 ,curiosities ( ,comets4--,! comet ( #agbi1 :i* 0 h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye1 has f> ! greate/ p]ihelion di/ance 7#djdce7 ( any comet kn[n4 ,b>n>d's ,comet 7#ahhe ,,ii47 comes next ) a p]ihelion di/ance ( #bejfh4 ,pons's ,comet at its return 9 #ahhc-d rema9$ visible = n9e mon?s4 ,:5 la/ se51 on ,june #b1 #ahhd1 x 0 #dgj millions ( miles f ! ,e>?1 & m remote 9 ! dep?s ( space ?an any o!r obs]v$ comet s9ce t ( #agbi4 ,b>n>d's ,comet 7#ahhi ,i471 ?\gh nev] visible to ! nak$ eye1 0 foll[$ f ,sept4 #b1 #ahhh1 to ,aug4 #ah1 #ahij4 ,its di/ance f ! ,sun 0 !n #fbe 7,e>?'s di/ance #a71 or ab\t #ehj millions ( miles1 :i* is great] ?an t ( _m ( ! %ort-p]iod comets at aphelia4 ,! mo/ prolong$ visibility ( any previ\s comet 0 t ( #ahaa ,i4 7#eaj days74 ,b ?is comet ( ,b>n>d has be5 reta9$ 9 view #gae days4 ,! great comet ( #ahhb 0 wat*$ "r up to ! ,sun's limb by ,messrs4 ,f9lay & ,elk9 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope on ,sept4 #af1 #ahhb4 ,! comet 0 actually se5 to disappe> at ! m>g91 & n a ve/ige ( x c\ld be trac$ dur+ its transit across ! sol> disk4 ,! nucleus ( ! comet 0 #d0 9 diamet]1 & be=e transit x look$ z bright z a "p ( ! ,sun's surface2 b x 0 q invisible :5 project$ on ! disk4 ,! alleg$ obs]vations by ,pa/orff & ,/>k1 :i* 7 con/ru$ into visible transits ( comets1 are !re=e ?or\ghly disprov$1 & w require ano!r int]pretation4 ,at ! "t ( ! total sol> eclipse ( ,may #ag1 #ahhb1 a bright comet 0 obs]v$ ne> ! ,sun4 ,x 0 a /rik+ object visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ! photographs :i* 7 tak5 ( ! eclipse ! comet is well %[n1 b ?is body escap$ subsequ5t obs]vation1 s t its orbit c\ld n be det]m9$4 ,nak$-eye ,comets4--,arago m5tions t twelve comets 7 visible to ! nak$ eye dur+ ! p]iod f #ahjj to #ahec1 b !re appe> to h be5 c]ta9ly ?irty comets fulfill+ ?is condition1 & ,i believe a c>eful se>* among/ comet>y records w\ld fur!r augm5t ! numb]4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s f #ahhj to #ahhi inclusive !re 7 no less ?an sixte5 comets p]ceptible to unaid$ vision1 & a consid]able proportion ( ^! 7 f9e comets4 ,x is v r>ely t two nak$-eye comets are to be se5 at ! same epo*1 z 9 ,augu/ #ahha & at ! end ( ,april #ahhf4 ,comet-seek+4--,= a long "t aft] ! inv5tion ( ! telescope comet-seek+ does n appe> to h be5 und]tak5 9 a me?odical way1 & to h =m$ ! habitual "w ( c]ta9 obs]v]s4 ,b ! expect$ return ( ,halley's ,comet 9 #agei r\s$ obs]v]s to take ! initiative 9 a bran* ( practical rese>* :i* 9 aft] ye>s 0 de/9$ to prove rem>kably productive4 ,messi]1 ,palitz*1 & o!rs began a sy/em ( sweep+ ! heav5s = ! pr$ict$ comet2 & x _h a successful issue1 = ,palitz*1 :o did n relax 8 lab\rs ev5 on ,*ri/mas day1 alight$ ^u ! covet$ prize on ,dec4 #be1 #ageh4 ,s9ce t "t a regul> se>* aft] comets has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,messi] pursu$ x ) indomitable en]gy ?r\gh a long p]iod ( ye>s1 & a*iev$ _m successes4 ,x is said ( him t on "o occasion he 0 anticipat$ 9 a discov]y by ,montaigne1 & he appe>s to h deplor$ ! loss ( ! comet m ?an ! loss ( 8 wife1 :o 0 ly+ dead at ! "t4 ,a fri5d visit$ him1 & spoke a few words ( sympa?y 9 ref]5ce to 8 b]eavem5t1 b ,messi]1 9 despair ab\t ! comet1 exclaim$3 8,i _h discov]$ twelve--alas6 t ,i %\ld be robb$ ( ! ?irte5? by ,montaigne60 & 8 eyes fill$ ) te>s4 ,recollect+ himself1 & appreciat+ ! loss he _h su/a9$ 9 8 wife1 he add$1 8,ah1 ?is poor woman60 ,messi] enc\nt]$ "s s]i\s ob/acles to 8 fav\rite pursuit4 ,bre51 9 8 #8,planet>y ,worlds1' m5tions t ,messi]1 :ile walk+ 9 ,presid5t ,s>on's g>d51 fell into an ice-h\se1 & 0 disabl$ = a "t4 ,lat] on 8! revolution depriv$ him ( 8 little income & e ev5+ he 0 wont to repair to ! h\se ( ,lal&e to repl5i% ! supply ( oil = 8 midnight lamp4 ,! political /orm necessitat$ 8 removal to ano!r neighb\rhood1 :]e he no long] he>d ! clocks ( =ty-two *ur*es s\nd+ ! h\rs dur+ 8 night-wat*+s40 ,messi] discov]$ all 8 comets ) a small #b-;foot telescope ( #b in*es ap]ture magnify+ #e times & ) a field ( #d4 ,dr4 ,olb]s1 ( ,brem51 0 ano!r dilig5t /ud5t 9 ?is field4 ,he did n effect _m discov]ies1 b1 f an upp] ap>tm5t ( 8 h\se1 he obs]v$ ne>ly all ! comets :i* appe>$ dur+ half a c5tury4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,pons discov]$ ! majority ( ! comets t 7 se54 ,he 0 a door-keep] at ! ,obs]vatory at ,m>seilles1 & ow+ to ! tea*+ & enc\ragem5t he receiv$ f ,?ulis1 ! director1 he a*iev$ ph5om5al success z a comet-hunt]4 ,discov]ies ( comets h r>ely be5 effect$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is *iefly to be assign$ to two circum/ances4 ,fir/1 because ! lab\r involv$ 9 seek+ = ^! bodies has nev] p]haps be5 pursu$ to an equal degree & ) ! same t5acity z x =m]ly 0 9 ,france1 & z x has rec5tly be5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & second1 because ! cl\d-lad5 skies ( ,engl& oppose ! successful prosecution ( a rese>* 9 :i* a cle> atmosph]e is em95tly desirable4 ,?\gh comet-seek+ does n always produce new discov]ies1 x is c]ta9ly ent]ta9+ to ^? engag$ 9 x2 = "o ( ! mo/ agreeable div]sions ( telescopic "w is to scan ! firmam5t ) a l>ge-field comet-eyepiece1 :i* exhibits ! mo/ pleas+ views ( />-gr\ps1 col\r$ />s1 nebul1 & telescopic meteors4 ,! op]ation ( sweep+ = comets is attractive f o!r aspects1 ?\gh x und\bt$ly ne$s close application1 pati5ce1 & mu* caution4 ,! possibility ( see+ a comet 9 ! field at any "t proves a con/ant s\rce ( allurem5t to ! obs]v]1 & su/a9s 8 en?usiasm4 ,! glimps+ ( a nebul\s object1 & ! expectation 7be=e x has be5 id5tifi$7 t x may prove a comet1 induces a little excitem5t :i* pleasantly relieves ! monotony t might o!rwise be atta*$ to a s$ul\s rese>* ( ?is nature2 & x is "o 9 :i* amateurs may suitably engage ) a fair prospect ( success4 ,in/rum5ts ( great p[]1 ref9em5t1 & exp5se are n requir$4 ,x is r a "w call+ = ! ex]cise ( pati5ce & acute p]ception1 & = t tireless s]vitude :i* ^? only :o h an inborn love = x c ma9ta94 ,engli% ,wea!r & ,comet-seek+4--,only two new comets hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s "s p reg>d our climate z 9 a great measure responsible = ?is4 ,b ! op9ion seems to be errone\s4 ,! lack ( discov]ies has aris5 f want ( ef=t z mu* z f want ( opportunity4 ,! be/ wea!r = comet-seek+ is :5 ! atmosph]e is v transp>5t1 & ! />s are lucid & sp>kl+4 ,haze1 fog1 or cl\d ( any k9d (f]s a s]i\s h9drance4 ,a ?or\ghly good night = planet>y "w is n usually good = comet>y obs]vation1 because %>p def9ition is n s requisite z a v cle> sky4 ,a little fog or ?9 cl\d1 :i* w (t5 improve planet>y images1 utt]ly oblit]ates a small telescopic comet4 ,! air is sometimes v pure & d>k aft] /orms1 & ! />s rem>kably bright2 x is !n t ! be/ opportunities are af=d$ = comet-hunt+4 ,any sy/ematic & regul> "w l ?is may be pursu$ 9 ?is c\ntry ) e prospect ( success by an obs]v] :o w p]sev]e 9 x4 ,f "s /ati/ics pr9t$ 9 ! #8,sci5ce ,obs]v]1' ,bo/on1 x appe>s t dur+ ! sev5 mon?s f ,may to ,novemb]1 #ahhb1 ,lewis ,swift 0 comet-seek+ dur+ #cjj h\rs4 ,i h no ,engli% results ( ! same k9d1 b my meteoric obs]vations w supply a means ( comp>ison4 ,f ,june to ,novemb]1 #ahhg 7six mon?s71 ,i 0 obs]v+ dur+ #bag h\rs1 & = a ne>ly simil> p]iod dur+ ! la/ half ( #ahgg1 ?\gh 9 ea* ye> "w 0 only attempt$ ) ! ,moon abs5t4 ,my result = #ahhg av]ages #cf h\rs p] mon?1 :i* is little less ?an ! av]age d]iv$ f ! comet-seek+ records above quot$4 ,x is !re=e fair to suppose t z mu* may be done "h z 9 "s regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,brooks wrote me 9 #ahhi1 say+3 8,we h mu* cl\dy wea!r 9 ?is "p ( ,am]ica4 ,:ile 9 o!r portions ( ! c\ntry cle> wea!r ab\nds1 x is n s 9 ?is section1 :]e mu* ( my "w has be5 done4 ,?is is a mo/ f]tile section--! beautiful lake region ( ,n4,y41--b x is = ?is reason a cl\dy belt4 ,x is f> diff]5t 9 ,colorado & ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! latt] place1 at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ,i he> !y h #cjj cle> nights 9 ! ye>--a p>adise = ! a/ronomical obs]v]6 ,my =m] site1 ! ,r$ ,h\se ,obs]vatory1 ,phelps1 ,n4,y41 is only six miles f ,g5eva1 & h5ce 9 ! same cl\dy region40 ,pr(4 ,swift also ref]r$ to ! subject ( wea!r 9 a lett] to me dat$ ,july #cj1 #ahhi1 :]e he says3 8,i arriv$ home1 aft] a five weeks' visit to ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 on ,m>* #a1 & h n _h half a doz5 fir/-class nights s9ce--n 9 ?irty ye>s h ,i se5 su* prolong$ ra9y & cl\dy wea!r40 ,n[ ,mr4 ,brooks has discov]$ #ac comets 9 #g ye>s1 ,pr(4 ,swift has f\nd #h comets 7#ahfb-ahij71 & 9 addition to ^! has detect$ m ?an #gjj new nebul1 all ( ! latt] s9ce #ahhc4 ,f ?is x appe>s conclusively t if su* ext5sive & valuable results c be obta9$1 not)/&+ frequ5tly bad wea!r1 !n ,engli% obs]v]s may prove equally successful1 ! important factor be+ t simil> en]gy & ability direct _! lab\rs4 ,ap]ture & ,p[] requir$4--,op9ions are divid$ z to ! mo/ suitable ap]ture & p[] = ?is "w4 ,any telescope ( f #d-to #aj-;in*es ap]ture may be employ$ 9 x4 ,a l[ p[] 7#cj to #ej7 & l>ge field 7#ej to #ij7 eyepiece are imp]ative2 & ! in/rum5t1 to be really effective1 %\ld be m\nt$ to facilitate sweep+ ei!r 9 a v]tical or horizontal direction4 ,a reflector on an alt-azimu? /& is a mo/ conv5i5t =m = v]tical sweeps4 ,! def9+-capacity ( ! telescope ne$ n necess>ily be p]fect to be ?or\ghly s]viceable1 ! purpose be+ to di/+ui% fa9t nebul\s bodies1 & n details ( =m4 ,f> m w dep5d ^u ! obs]v]'s aptitude & p]si/5cy ?an ^u 8 in/rum5tal means1 :i* ought to be reg>d$ z a m]e adjunct to 8 p[]s & n a controll+ influ5ce 9 success1 = ! latt] lies 9 himself4 ,v l>ge in/rum5ts are n (t5 us$1 because ( _! necess>ily re/rict$ fields4 ,moreov]1 a small in/rum5t1 ap>t f its advantage 9 ?is respect1 is work$ ) great] facility & exp$ition4 ,?is is important1 especially :5 ! obs]v] is to exam9e ! region 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! ,sun4 ,he has !n a v brief int]val = ! atta9m5t ( 8 purpose1 & a small telescope mu/ be us$ on acc\nt ( its l>ge field1 its ready manipulation1 & its g5]al effectiv5ess on objects at l[ altitudes4 ,! case is some:at diff]5t :5 ! se>* is to be conduct$ 9 regions f> remov$ f ! ,sun's place2 = "h ! comets are 9 g5]al fa9t1 & !re is "t = ! "w to be delib]ately & critically p]=m$4 ,l>ge in/rum5ts are to be recomm5d$ = ^! di/ricts z capable ( reveal+ fa9t] objects1 ?\gh !y are tr\blesome 9 sev]al respects4 ,!y %[ l>ge numb]s ( nebul1 especially if ! obs]v] is explor+ ! region ( ,virgo1 ,coma ,b]5ices1 or ,ursa ,major2 & he w h great difficulty 9 id5tify+ !m & 9 feel+ 8 way ) c]ta9ty4 ,^! complications are insep>able f ! "w1 &1 ?\gh *iefly affect+ l>ge ap]tures1 %\ld n always be %unn$2 = a telescope capable ( display+ v fa9t nebul is also capable ( %[+ fa9t comets4 ,_m comets h elud$ discov]y by ! inadequate rea* ( ! in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( comet-seek]s2 & ! /atem5t rec5tly made t !re are only ab\t "o hundr$ nebul liable to be mi/ak5 = comets is n accurate1 because comets 9 c]ta9 positions are ( ! la/ degree ( fa9tness1 & !re is no id5tify+ !m f small nebul except by means ( _! motion4 ,mr4 ,brooks says3--8,m$ium magnify+ p[]s1 ) necess>ily mod]ate-siz$ fields1 are bett] ?an v l[ p[]s & l>ge fields4 ,:ile ) ! latt] a l>ge am\nt ( ! sky c be swept ov] 9 a giv5 "t1 ! "w is n s well done1 & a fa9t comet w\ld be easily swept ov] & n se54 ,a small region1 ?or\ghly work$1 is f> m likely to be successful4 ,?is gives a feel+ ( satisfaction ) ! "w p]=m$1 ev5 ) negative results4 ,9 support ( ?is ,i may rem>k t1 dur+ all ! ye>s ,i h engag$ 9 comet-seek+1 n a s+le comet has be5 discov]$ by ano!r a/ronom] 9 a region ( ! heav5s t ,i _h j previ\sly se>*$2 s t ,i h nev] _h occasion to feel t ,i _h swept ov] a comet & miss$ see+ x4 ,aside f ! obvi\s requirem5t ( good eyesight1 capable ( detect+ exce$+ly fa9t objects1 a good telescope ( at lea/ mod]ate ap]ture1 & a famili>ity atta9$ by exp]i5ce ) ! l>ge numb] ( nebul resembl+ telescopic comets1 ! comet-seek]1 to be successful1 mu/ possess 9 a high degree ! qualities ( pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 en]gy1 & en?usiasm4 ,i h ! highe/ admiration = ! man or woman :o discov]s a comet1 because ,i "k ( ! h>d & ?or\gh "w :i* ! success implies40 ,mr4 ,brooks's exp]i5ce & success 9 ?is bran* give weight to 8 sugge/ions1 & !re c be little d\bt t 8 comm5dation ( mod]ate p[]s is fully ju/ifi$4 ,i believe he usually sweeps ) a p[] ( #dj 7field ( #a #bj7 on ! #aj-a_/h-;in* equatoreal ( 8 obs]vatory4 ,speak+ = myself1 ,i f9d p[]s ( #cb 7field #a-a_/d7 & #dj 7field #a7 p]=m v satisfactorily on my #aj-;in* ,)-,br[n+ reflector1 hav+ frequ5tly tri$ !m on fa9t nebul & comets4 ,sometimes ,i employ a p[] ( #fj1 field #ej2 b = ord9>y purposes ?is is too high4 ,x is a good plan to sweep ) a mod]ate p[]1 say ( #dj1 & to keep a high] magnifi] at h& to exam9e any suspici\s objects t may be pick$ up4 ,) p[] #cb ,i (t5 enc\nt] =ms1 ! real "* ( :i* is unc]ta94 ,9 su* cases ,i clamp ! telescope & apply ! p[] #fj1 :i* g5]ally exhibits ! objects z sev]al m9ute />s gr\p$ toge!r1 or possibly nebul1 9 :i* case ,i proce$ to id5tify !m4 ,) l[] magnifi]s ?an #cj !re mu/ always be consid]able dang] ( sweep+ ov] fa9t comets4 ,"s ( ^! are only ( ! #aj?1 #aa?1 or #ab? mag41 & less ?an #a diamet]1 & mu/ c]ta9ly elude detection unless adequate p[] is br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,dr4 ,dob]ck m5tion$ 9 ! ,l4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bcf1 an in/rum5t = comet-seek+1 #c in*es 9 ap]ture1 p[] ab\t #aj1 & field ( #e1 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #ahdb by ! late ,mr4 ,coop] at ,m>kree4 ,b ?\gh ) su* a telescope a v l>ge portion ( ! firmam5t might be swept 9 "o night1 !re w\ld be s]i\s disadvantages2 = small fa9t comets w\ld pass ?r\gh ! field unse51 & r5d] ! "w abortive4 ,! necess>y conditions ( ! case g f> to support ! view t mod]ate p[]s & fields are be/2 = a se>*1 to be ?or\gh & satisfactory1 mu/ be done critically1 & ) a p[] capable ( reveal+ ! smalle/ specim5s ( comets4 ,annual ,rate ( ,discov]y4--,arrang+ comet>y discov]ies dur+ ! c5tury f #aghb to #ahha into p]iods ( #bj ye>s1 & comp>+ ! annual av]age ) t dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s1 we get ! foll[+ numb]s3-- ,comets ,annual ,p]iod4 f\nd4 av]age4 #aghb-ahja #be #abe #ahjb-ahba #bf #acj #ahbb-ahda #cf #ahj #ahdb-ahfa #hc #dae #ahfb-ahha #gi #cie #ahhb-ahhi #dj #ejj ,^! discov]ies seem to h be5 greatly accel]at$ ab\t ! ye> #ahde4 ,! ye>ly av]age betwe5 #ahdb & #ahha 0 ab\t #d2 b betwe5 #ahhb & #ahhi x increas$ to #e1 ow+ ma9ly to ! dilig5ce ( ,b>n>d & ,brooks4 ,! mon?s 9 :i* ! l>ge/ numb] ( comet>y discov]ies h be5 effect$ are ,july & ,augu/1 ! figures s9ce #aghb be+-- ,comets ,mon?4 f\nd4 ,p]c5tage4 ,janu>y #bb #gf ,febru>y #bj #fi ,m>* #ah #fb ,april #be #hg ,may #ag #ei ,june #ba #gc ,july #cd #aah ,augu/ #ch #acb ,septemb] #bb #gf ,octob] #bj #fi ,novemb] #bf #ij ,decemb] #bf #ij ,( #bhi comets discov]$ dur+ ! la/ #ajh ye>s1 #abc belong$ to ! fir/ six mon?s1 :ile no less ?an #aff belong$ to ! la/ half ( ! ye>4 ,?\gh comets are n conf9$ to any special region ( ! heav5s1 !re is no d\bt t ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun is ! spot to :i* ! comet-seek] %\ld direct 8 *ief att5tion4 ,x is "h :]e ! majority ( ! discov]ies h be5 made2 & !oretically ?is %\ld be s1 see+ t ! ,sun is ! controll+ influ5ce ( ! comet>y flights1 & t 8 position mu/ be reg>d$ z a sort ( focus ( _! conv]g5ce & div]g5ce4 ,h5ce ! mo/ likely spots are ov] ! we/]n horizon aft] sunset & ! ea/]n horizon be=e sunrise4 ,! twilight & zodiacal light1 toge!r ) ! mi/ at l[ altitudes1 are imp$im5ts :i* are insep>able f ?is "w2 b !y ne$ n int]f]e to any s]i\s ext5t if ! obs]v] is c>eful to make ! be/ ( 8 opportunities4 ,b ?\gh special att5tion is recomm5d$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,sun1 o!r regions %\ld n be altoge!r neglect$1 = comets are occasionally f\nd 9 ne>ly ! opposite "p ( ! heav5s to ! ,sun's place1 z1 = example1 ,zona's ,comet ( ,novemb] #ahij4 ,9 ord] to save "t1 & to prev5t tr\blesome ref]5ces dur+ ! progress ( sweep+1 ! bright] nebul %\ld be m>k$ ^u a />-*>t1 s t1 z !y ent] ! field1 !y may be in/antly id5tifi$4 ,telescopic ,comets v>y 9 size to a consid]able degree4 ,9 diamet] !y g5]ally range f ab\t #a to #g1 & are usually r\nd1 ) a bright c5tre l ! globul> clu/]s ,messi] #b1 #c1 #ac1 #ae1 #di1 & #ib1 z se5 ) a l[ p[]2 b occasionally !y are fa9t diffus$ masses1 l ! planet>y nebula ne> ,urs ,majoris1 ,m4 #ig1 or ! l>ge nebula ,s4 ( ,cassiopei1 9 ! ,new ,g5]al ,catalogue1 ,no4 #ahe1 ,r4,a4 #j;h #ccm1 ,dec4 #dg #dd ,n4 ,9 brightness !y range f be+ visible to ! nak$ eye to objects ( ! la/ degree ( fa9tness4 ,!y av]age "s #b or #c diamet]1 b are sometimes less ?an #a2 s t ! p[] ( ! sweep] %\ld be capable ( readily %[+ an object ( ?is size z x passes ?r\gh ! field4 ,! obs]v] %\ld turn 8 in/rum5t ^u ! small planet>y nebula ,n4,g4,c4 #aeja1 ,r4,a4 #c;h #egm1 ,dec4 #fj #cg ,n4 9 ,camelop>dus4 ,x is ab\t #a diamet]4 ,he %\ld also pick up ,n4,g4,c4 #ffed1 ,r4,a4 #ah;h #bgm1 ,dec4 #gc #f ,n41 :i* is a /> ( ab\t #ab mag4 involv$ 9 a pretty conspicu\s nebulosity4 ,swift describes ! latt] z look+ j l a comet4 ,n4,g4,c4 #fbag1 ,r4,a4 #af;h #chm1 ,dec4 #gh #be ,n41 is also a small nebulosity :i* might easily be ov]look$ ) a l[ p[]4 ,let ! obs]v] exam9e ! ?ree objects nam$1 & he w ga!r a good idea ( a small telescopic comet1 especially f ,n4,g4,c4 #ffed1 :i* may be readily f\nd1 z x is 9 ! same field z ,draconis1 & visible at any "t ( ! ye> & night4 ,n4,g4,c4 #ffdc1 ,r4,a4 #ah;h #bcm1 ,dec4 #gd #cb ,n41 is ne> ! latt]1 b x is a bright] object4 ,! obs]v] w f9d two tol]ably pla9 nebul 9 ! same field at ab\t ,r4,a4 #f;h #ebm1 ,dec4 #he #ef2 s t !y are only #d f ! pole4 ,!y are ,n4,g4,c4 #bbgf & #bcjj4 ,^! objects ought n to elude detection 9 any in/rum5t prop]ly adapt$ = comet-seek+4 ,asc]ta9+ ,positions4--,no obs]v] %\ld be )\t ! means ( det]m9+ exact positions4 ,a r+-micromet] & compreh5sive />-catalogues are mo/ important accessories ( ! amateur4 ,:5 a suspici\s object is f\nd its precise position %\ld be in/antly measur$2 b if no micromet] is at h&1 ! obs]v] %\ld c>efully note ! place relatively to adjo9+ />s1 & !n1 aft] a %ort int]val1 re-obs]ve x = traces ( motion4 ,9 ^! comp>isons ! l[-p[] eyepiece %\ld be ex*ang$ = "o ( great] amplification1 because ?is w r5d] a slight motion m readily s5sible4 ,if ! suspici\s object proves to be a comet1 ! ext5t & direction ( its daily motion %\ld be comput$ f ! *ange 9 ! obs]v$ places1 & ! in=mation telegraph$ to ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,a /atem5t %\ld also be giv5 z to ! diamet] & brightness ( ! object2 we may !n be satisfi$ t x w be readily pick$ up at "s ( ! _m /ations :]e prompt att5tion is giv5 to ?is class ( obs]vation4 ,amateurs :o d n attempt to obta9 exact positions are sometimes condemn$ = _! neglig5ce 9 ?is respect1 & mo/ unju/ly s4 ,by f> ! h>de/ "p ( ! "w falls to !m1 & pr(essional a/ronom]s ought to be indebt$ to amateurs = leav+ to _! c>e an important feature ( ^! obs]vations4 ,if ! latt] are to und]take ! lab\r ( measur+ z well z discov]+ comets1 !n !re w be no?+ left 9 ?is l9e = ! elaborate in/rum5ts ( obs]vatories to d4 ,yet1 :ile ?us object+ to amateurs1 ) _! g5]ally incomplete & ineffici5t appliances1 be+ expect$ to p]=m ! "w bo? ( discov]y & exact obs]vation1 x _c be d5i$ t !re is a great necessity = !m to h ! means ( measurem5t1 & to utilize !m dur+ ! fir/ few obs]vations1 :i* are usually made be=e ! comet has be5 se5 else:]e1 & w !re=e possess great value if precise4 ,dr4 ,dob]ck's ,h9ts4--,dr4 ,dob]ck has giv5 "s useful h9ts 9 connection ) ?is subject3--8,9 ord] to be z sure z possible ( ultimate success x is n en\gh to sweep ) ! in/rum5t & wat* any suspici\s object = prop] motion4 ,x is bett] to procure a l>ge map su* z ,argel&]'s1 &1 comp>+ ! image se5 9 ! comet-seek] ) ! map1 to ins]t all ! nebul\s objects accord+ z !y are discov]$4 ,at ! end ( ! wat* !y are !n comp>$ ) ! catalogues ( nebul & clu/]s ( />s4 ,a g5]al catalogue facilitates ?is1 b is nev] q suffici5t1 z !re seems to be no limit to ! numb] ( objects 9 ! sky1 & m are con/antly be+ catalogu$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t an obs]v] le>ns to rememb] ! objects he has se5 be=e 9 ! seek]1 & at la/ he ne$ n consult ! map at all4 ,! subsequ5t obs]vation ( a newly-f\nd comet is be/ made ) ! r+-micromet] if ! telescope is n equatoreally m\nt$4 ,9 ! latt] case x %\ld be made by aid ( a /eel-b> micromet]4 ,z soon z ?ree obs]vations are available ! fir/ approximation to a p>abolic orbit c g5]ally be det]m9$3 ! calculation ( :i* is q elem5t>y1 & w\ld be enjoy$ by _m amateur a/ronom]s :o are fond ( figures & w\ld easily get us$ to ,olb]s's me?od4 ,only ! ?ree positions mu/ n be s ne> ea* o!r z to lie on a great circle40 ,prizes = ,discov]ies4--,! ,vi5na ,academy ( ,sci5ces =m]ly gave a gold m$al to ! discov]] ( e new comet4 ,^! pres5tations 7 discont9u$ 9 ab\t #ahhj2 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w>n] !n (f]$ a prize ( #bjj = e unexpect$ comet f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ,canada4 ,?is prize 0 cont9u$ 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 & ! conditions 7 am5d$ s z to include obs]v]s 9 ,europe4 ,_m ( ^! prizes 7 ga9$ by ,b>n>d & ,brooks2 b !y h n be5 re-(f]$ dur+ ! pa/ ye> or two4 ,mr4 ,w>n]1 h[ev]1 contemplates r5ew+ !m4 ,! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ! ,pacific n[ aw>ds a bronze m$al to all su* discov]]s4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,donati's ,comet ( #aheh & ,coggia's ,comet ( #ahgd may be m5tion$ z good examples ( ! gradual approa* & developm5t ( ^! visitors witness$ by means ( ! telescope4 #db ,x ought1 p]haps1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to be t]m$ 8! ,neptune ( comets20 = x has ! longe/ p]iod ( any comet ^: pa? has be5 def9itely asc]ta9$ by multiple returns to p]ihelion4 #dc ,encke's ,comet has ! %orte/ p]iod ( all ! kn[n comets4 #dd ,newton conjectur$ t comets =m$ 8! alim5t by :i* suns are su/a9$10 8 op9ion be+ t ! =m] bodies f9ally coalesc$ ) ! suns r\nd :i* !y revolv$4 ,he rem>k$3--8,i _c say :5 ! ,comet ( #afhj w fall into ! ,sun1--possibly aft] five or six revolutions2 b :5ev] t "t %all arrive1 ! heat ( ! ,sun w be rais$ by x to su* a po9t t our globe w be burnt & all ! animals ^u x w p]i%40 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,meteors ,,& ,,meteoric ,,obs]vations4 ,anci5t ideas conc]n+ ,meteors4--,meteoric ,app>itions4--,radiation ( ,meteors4--,id5tity ( ,meteors & ,comets4--,a]olites4--,fireballs4--,diff ]5ces ( ,motion4--,nom5clature ( ,meteor-,sy/ems4--,meteor-,/orms4--,tele scopic ,meteors4--,meteor-,%[]s4--,v>ieties ( ,meteors4--,heights4--,meteoric ,obs]vations4 8,z (t along ! /ill & pure s]5e ,at nightfall1 glides a sudd5 trail ( fire1 ,attract+ ) involunt>y he$ ,! eye to foll[ x1 ere:ile x re/2 ,& seems "s /> t %ift$ place 9 heav540 ,,dante4 ,no "o c contemplate ! firmam5t = long on a cle> moonless night )\t notic+ "o or m ( ^? lum9\s objects call$ %oot+-/>s4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ! autumnal mon?s1 & w sometimes attract special att5tion ei!r by _! frequ5cy ( app>ition or by _! excessive brilliancy 9 individual cases4 ,= _m ages little 0 kn[n ( ^! bodies1 ?\gh "s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s appe> to h =m$ correct ideas z to _! a/ronomical nature4 ,humboldt says t ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 :o probably belong$ to ! p]iod int]m$iate betwe5 ,anaxagoras & ,democritus1 express$ ! op9ion t1 8toge!r ) ! visible />s1 !re are invisible ones :i* are !re=e )\t names4 ,^! sometimes fall ^u ! ,e>? & are ext+ui%$1 z took place ) ! /> ( /one :i* fell at gos ,potamoi40 ,plut>*1 9 ! #8,life ( ,lys&]1' rem>ks3--8,fall+ />s are n emanations or reject$ portions ?r[n (f f ! e!real fire1 :i* :5 !y come into our atmosph]e are ext+ui%$ aft] be+ k9dl$3 !y are1 r1 cele/ial bodies :i*1 hav+ once _h an impetus ( revolution1 fall1 or are ca/ d[n to ! ,e>?1 & are precipitat$1 n only on inhabit$ c\ntries1 b also1 & 9 great] numb]s1 beyond ^! into ! great sea1 s t !y rema9 conceal$40 ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 op9ions became less rational4 ,fall+ />s 7 consid]$ to be ( a purely t]re/rial nature1 & orig9at$ by exhalations 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air4 ,%akespe>e express$ ! popul> belief :5 he wrote3-- 8,i %all fall ,l a bright exhalation 9 ! ev5+1 ,& no man see me m40 ,ano!r !ory1 attribut$ to ,laplace1 ,arago1 & o!rs1 0 t meteors 7 ejections f lun> volcanoes4 ,b ^! explanations 7 n altoge!r satisfactory 9 _! application4 ,! tru? is1 t m5 _h comm5c$ to !orize be=e !y _h begun to obs]ve & accumulate facts4 ,!y _h le>nt little or no?+ z to ! numb]s1 directions1 & appe>ances ( meteors1 & !re=e possess$ no mat]ials on :i* to f\nd any plausible hypo!sis to acc\nt = !m4 ,meteoric ,app>itions4--,! occasional app>ition ( brilliant detonat+ fireballs1 ! occurr5ce ( rem>kable />-%[]s1 ! precipitation ^u ! ,e>?'s surface ( /ony masses1 7 facts :i* c\ld be v]ifi$ f _m indep5d5t s\rces1 & !y set m5 ?9k+ h[ to acc\nt = ! /range & />tl+ freaks ( nature z exhibit$ 9 su* ph5om5a4 ,b ?\gh records exi/$ ( exceptionally l>ge meteors & ( meteor-%[]s1 ! descriptions 7 imp]fect & fail$ 9 ! mo/ important details4 ,! obs]v]s 7 usually unprep>$ = witness+ su* ev5ts1 & gave exagg]at$ & inaccurate acc\nts ( :at !y _h se54 ,! vivid brightness ( a fireball 7ov]p[]+ ! lu/re ( ! />s1 & ev5 vie+ ) ! ,moon 9 spl5d\r71 ! flam+ tra9 left 9 its wake 7curl+ itself up into grotesque %apes1 z x drift$ & di$ away71 ! =m ( ! nucleus ) its jets & sp>ks1 & ! f9al explosion1 ) ! rev]b]ations x caus$1 7 all allud$ to by ! en?usia/ic obs]v]2 b x 0 only 9 r>e cases t ! m valuable features 7 plac$ on record4 ,! direction & duration ( ! meteor's flight among/ ! />s 7 facts ( great] significance ?an ! m]e visible aspect ( ! object2 b !y 7 seldom reg>d$4 ,h5ce ! e>ly obs]vations prov$ ( little weight 9 induc+ j conceptions z to ! ph5om5a ( meteors4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no cele/ial ev5t :i* c comp>e1 z reg>ds its /rik+ aspect & int]e/+ features1 ) t ( a meteoric display ( ! mo/ brilliant k9d4 ,a l>ge comet1 a total sol> eclipse1 a bright display ( aurora1 h ea* _! attractive & impos+ =ms2 b ! effect produc$ is h>dly equal to t dur+ ! ,e>?'s r5contre ) a d5se meteor-sw>m4 ,! firmam5t becomes alive ) %oot+-/>s ( e magnitude2 _! incessant flights are direct$ to e po9t ( ! compass = sev]al h\rs2 & ! sc5e is s animat$1 & "o ( su* peculi>ly impressive & novel "*1 t x c nev] be =gott5 by ^? :o h be5 among its =tunate spectators4 ,radiation ( ,meteors4--,heis1 9 ,g]many1 0 ! pione] 9 ?is bran* ( practical a/ronomy4 ,ab\t half a c5tury ago he began sy/ematic obs]vations1 & ga!r$ _m useful data4 ,s*midt1 at ,bonn & ,a!ns1 foll[$ 8 example2 & 9 ,engl& ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,h]s*el & ,mr4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg devot$ !mselves to ! subject ) highly successful results4 ,_! collective lab\rs reveal$ a l>ge numb] ( well-def9$ sy/ems ( meteors1 & enabl$ !m to publi% tables ( ! radiant-po9ts4 ,! inve/igations 7 m precise ?an =m]ly1 & conduct$ on me?ods ensur+ m accurate & pl5tiful mat]ials4 ,! radiation ( meteors f fix$ po9ts 9 ! sky _h be5 obs]v$ be=e 9 reg>d to ! great display :i* occurr$ 9 ,novemb] #ahcc2 b ! meteors t fell on ord9>y nights 7 reg>d$ z sporadic1 until ,heis & 8 imm$iate successors %[$ !y 7 r$ucible to an ord]ly arrangem5t & t e "o ( !m _h its radiant-po9t & its orig9 9 a def9ite meteor-/ream4 ,! app>5tly div]g5t flights f a common c5tre are simply due to ! effects ( p]spective on bodies really mov+ 9 p>allel directions & collect$ into gr\ps m or less scatt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,radiation ( ,meteors 7,%[] ( e>ly ,p]seids f #cbec1 ,july #bh-;,aug4 #a1 #ahgh47 ,id5tity ( ,meteors & ,comets4--,! my/]y conc]n+ ^! fugitive objects & _! vag>ies ( appe>ance 0 n always to rema9 conceal$4 ,d5ison ,olm/$ _h1 9 8 "w on #8,! ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s1' publi%$ 9 #ahej1 /at$ t ! con/itution ( ! body to :i* ! meteors ( #ahcc belong$ bore 8a /rong analogy to comets40 ,rei*5ba*1 9 #aheh1 wrote a pap] 9 :i* x 0 s\ght to prove t a comet is a sw>m ( meteorites4 ,pr(4 ,kirkwood1 9 #ahfa1 also conclud$ t 8meteors & meteoric r+s are ! debris ( anci5t b n[ dis9tegrat$ comets1 ^: matt] has become di/ribut$ ar\nd _! orbits40 ,b x rema9$ = ,s*iap>elli1 ( ,milan1 9 #ahff1 to demon/rate ! id5tity ( meteoric & comet>y sy/ems4 ,o!rs _h reason$ up to x1 & obs]v]s _h amass$ _m useful obs]vations be>+ on ! subject2 b absolute pro( 0 want+ until ,s*iap>elli suppli$ x4 ,he comput$ elem5ts = a well-kn[n %[] ( meteors occurr+ on ,augu/ #aj?1 & f\nd ! orbit pres5t$ a v close resemblance to t ( ,comet ,,iii4 #ahfb2 & he detect$ a simil> analogy betwe5 ! ,novemb] meteors & ,comet ,i4 #ahff4 ,! orbit ( ! ,april meteors 0 aft]w>ds %[n by ,galle & ,weiss to agree ) ! pa? ( ,comet ,i4 #ahfa2 & a meteor-%[] occurr+ at ! end ( ,novemb] 0 f\nd to co9cide ) ,biela's ,comet4 ,facts l ^! c\ld n be disprov$4 ,comets 7 !nce=? kn[n to be ! p>5ts--! d]ivative s\rce--( meteors4 ,?us two important classes ( objects became z "o1 ! diff]5ces obs]v$ be+ m]ely ^? ( aspect due to ! v>iable conditions "u :i* !y 7 pres5t$4 ,! great meteor-%[] ( ,novemb] 0 f\nd to be ! disp]s$ mat]ials ( ,tempel's ,comet ( #ahff se5 9 detail & f a ne> /&po9t4 ,e meteoric display 0 kn[n to be ! visible effects ( ! collision ( ! ,e>? ) a comet or ) ! great /ream ( planet>y fragm5ts describ+ a comet>y orbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 #a4 ,d\ble meteor1 ,dec4 #bi1 #ahhf4 #b4 ,curv$ meteor1 ,dec4 #be1 #ahhf4 #c4 ,fireball1 ,sept4 #g1 #ahhh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,meteorite f\nd 9 ,*ili 9 #ahff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,meteorite :i* fell at ,orgueil 9 #ahfd4 ,a]olites4--,meteors ent] our atmosph]e ) su* great velocity t ! friction induc$ by _! impact is suffici5t to de/roy !m by combu/ion4 ,!y r>ely approa* ! ,e>?'s surface )9 #ae miles4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 a sl[-mov+ meteor ( l>ge size1 & =m$ ( a v compact sub/ance1 w p5etrate entirely ?r\gh ! air-/rata & fall ^u ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,_m in/ances ( ! k9d h be5 record$1 & a few ( ^! are quot$ bel[3-- #adgh ,b4,c4 ,! ,p>ian *ronicle records t an a]olite or ?und]-/one fell 9 ! isl& ( ,crete4 ,?is appe>s to be ! e>lie/ /one-fall describ$ 9 hi/ory4 #fed ,b4,c4 ,a %[] ( /ones desc5d$ ne> ,rome4 #dfe ,b4,c4 ,a /one1 surr\nd$ ) fire1 fell 9 ,?race4 ,?is /one is ref]r$ to by sev]al anci5t writ]s4 ,x 0 t]m$ ! 8,"m ( ! ,gods0 & is said to h fall5 at ! feet ( ! poet ,p9d>4 #eb ,b4,c4 ,a %[] ( iron desc5d$ at ,lucania1 9 ! "t ( ,crassus4 #adib ,a4,d4 ,a /one weigh+ #bfb lb4 fell at ,ensi%eim1 9 ,alsace4 #afdb4 ,a /one ( #d lb4 fell ne> ,woodbridge1 9 ,suffolk4 #agie1 ,dec4 #ac4 ,a /one ( #ef lb4 fell at ,wold ,cottage1 ,?w+1 ,york%ire4 #ahfj1 ,july #ad4 ,a %[] ( a]olites fell at ,dhurmsala1 9 ,india4 ,a trem5d\s detonation att5d$ _! desc5t1 & ! natives became greatly al>m$4 ,!y suppos$ ! /ones to h be5 ?r[n by "s ( _! deities f ! summit ( ! ,himalayas1 & _m ( !m 7 pres]v$ z objects ( religi\s v5]ation4 #ahfd1 ,may #ad4 ,a v l>ge meteor 0 obs]v$ 9 ,france4 ,at ,montauban & ! neighb\rhood deaf5+ explosions occurr$1 & %[]s ( /ones fell ne> ! villages ( ,orgueil & ,nohic4 #ahgf1 ,april #bj4 ,a piece ( iron weigh+ #g-c_/d lb4 fell at ,r[ton1 ,%rop%ire4 #ahha1 ,m>* #ad4 ,a /one weigh+ #c lb4 #h-a_/d oz4 fell at ,middlesbor\gh1 ,york%ire1 on a "p ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway ,company's bran* l9e4 ,! desc5t ( ! a]olite 0 witness$ by an inspector & ?ree platelay]s1 :o 7 work+ ab\t fifty y>ds di/ant4 ,at fir/ !y became aw>e ( a :izz+ or ru%+ noise 9 ! air1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! sudd5 bl[ ( a body /rik+ ! gr\nd ne>4 ,! hole1 #aa in*es deep1 :i* ! /one made 0 f\nd directly aft]1 & ! /one 0 extract$4 ,_m o!r examples might be giv51 b ! above w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,records ( ?is nature 7 discr$it$ 9 =m] times2 b m mod]n rese>*es h long s9ce plac$ _! reality beyond all "q4 ,! fall ( /ones f ! sky is no long] reg>d$ z a m]e leg5d>y tale1 b z "o ( ! well-assur$ op]ations ( nature4 ,meteoric /ones & irons h be5 classifi$ accord+ to ! +r$i5ts ( _! composition4 ,^? 9 :i* iron is f\nd 9 consid]able am\nt are t]m$ sid]ites1 ^? conta9+ an admixture ( iron & /one1 sid]olites1 & ^? consi/+ almo/ entirely ( /one are kn[n z a]olites4 ,! sid]ite :i* fell 9 ,%rop%ire on ,april #bj1 #ahgf1 =ms only ! sev5? record$ in/ance :]e a mass ( meteoric iron has be5 actually se5 to fall4 ,fireballs4--,! table on p4 #bfh gives ! dates1 heights1 c4 ( fifte5 fireballs obs]v$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,fireballs are sometimes detonat+1 ?\gh m (t5 sil5t4 ,! fireball ( ,nov4 #bc1 #ahgg1 gave a s\nd l salvoes ( artill]y1 & doors & w9d[s 7 %ak5 viol5tly4 ,at ,*e/] ! noise ( its explosion 0 comp>$ to l\d b di/ant ?und]4 ,lieut4-,col4 ,tupman says t 8?und]1 to be l\d1 mu/ be )9 five miles2 h5ce x appe>s t ! viol5ce ( ! explosion mu/ h be5 at lea/ a hundr$ times great] ?an a peal ( ?und]1 ! int5sity ( s\nd-waves dim9i%+ z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance40 8,! explosion ( a #ac-;in* bomb-%ell1 consi/+ ( "s #bjj lb4 ( iron1 w\ld n h produc$ a s\nd ( "o hundr$? "p ( ! int5sity ( ! meteor-explosion40 ,?is fireball mu/ !re=e h be5 an object ( consid]able mass be=e its dissolution2 & x is =tunate t su* bodies are usually de/roy$ by ! effects ( combu/ion be=e !y rea* ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,^! ph5om5a exhibit _m v>ieties ( appe>ance4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,height4 ,real ,date ( ------------------------------------- ,l5g? ,velo- ,app>ition4 ,g4,m4,t4 ,at ,ap- ,at ,disap-( ,pa?4city4 pe>ance4 pe>ance4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- h m miles4 miles4 miles4 miles4 #ahfe1 ,april #bi #ab #db #eb #cg #ge #bj #ahfh1 ,sept4 #e #h #e #bej #he #abjj #bh #ahfi1 ,nov4 #f #f #ej #ij #bg #agj #ce #ahgb1 ,july #bb #h #ee #gg #cg #hh #ahgd1 ,aug4 #aj #aa #ec #gg #cc #aje #ag #ahge1 ,sept4 #c #i #ee #ge #dj #ce #bg #ahge1 ,sept4 #ad #h #bh #eb #ac #ajd #ac #ahgf1 ,sept4 #bd #f #cj #eh #af #de #ae #ahgg1 ,nov4 #bc #h #be #ie #ad #ace #ag #ahgh1 ,june #g #i #ec #fe #cg #afj #ai #ahgi1 ,feb4 #bc #ad #ec #fj #g #ajb #ad #ahhf1 ,nov4 #ag #g #ah #if #ba #abc #ag #ahhg1 ,may #h #h #bb #gj #ad #aaj #ah #ahhh1 ,aug4 #ac #aa #cc #gh #dg #df #ahhi1 ,may #bi #aj #dd #eh #bc #gf #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,radiant- ,date ( ,po9t4 ,app>ition4 ,au?ority4 ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #ahfe1 ,april #bi #gc #dg ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el4 #ahfh1 ,sept4 #e #ad -#b ,g4 von ,niessl4 #ahfi1 ,nov4 #f #fb #cg ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el4 #ahgb1 ,july #bbbdf -#aa ,t4 ,h4 ,wall]4 #ahgd1 ,aug4 #ajcbe -#ag ,w4 ,h4 ,wood4 #ahge1 ,sept4 #ccaa #eb ,g4 ,l4 ,tupman4 #ahge1 ,sept4 #adcdh -#j ,g4 ,l4 ,tupman4 #ahgf1 ,sept4 #bdbhe #ce ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el4 #ahgg1 ,nov4 #bc #fb #ba ,g4 ,l4 ,tupman4 #ahgh1 ,june #gbdg -#be ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el4 #ahgi1 ,feb4 #bccaj #ee ,j4 ,e4 ,cl>k4 #ahhf1 ,nov4 #ag #cd #ai ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+4 #ahhg1 ,may #haia -#e ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+4 #ahhh1 ,aug4 #ac #dc #ef ,w4 ,f4 ,d5n+4 #ahhi1 ,may #bibaf #g ,d4 ,boo?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,fireball ( ,nov4 #bc1 #ahgg1 #h;h #bdm1 em]g+ f beh9d a cl\d4 7,drawn by ,j4 ,plant1 ,sal=d47 ,sometimes !re is no visible explosion2 ! bright nucleus sl[ly dies out until r$uc$ to a fa9t sp>k be=e f9al disappe>ance4 ,sev]al outbur/s ( light are (t5 not$2 & a curi\s halt+ motion has be5 obs]v$ 9 reg>d to l>ge sl[-mov+ meteors4 ,i h occasionally rem>k$ a succession ( f\r brilliant fla%es giv5 by individual fireballs4 ,^! fla%es1 ?\gh sometimes ( />tl+ int5sity1 are some:at diff]5t to ! transi5t vividness ( lightn+2 !y come m s(tly1 & rem9d "o =cibly ( moonlight break+ sudd5ly f ! cle> int]vals 9 pass+ cl\ds4 ,fireballs diff] va/ly f %oot+-/>s 9 po9t ( size2 b _! orig9 is id5tical4 ,! ,augu/ meteor-%[] yields ! smalle/ %oot+-/>s & ! l>ge/ type ( fireballs4 ,! great display ( meteors on ,nov4 #bg1 #ahhe1 n only pres5t$ u ) l>ge & small memb]s1 b x also furni%$ u ) a sid]ite or piece ( iron1 presumably f ,biela's ,comet4 ,?is fell at ,mazapil1 ,mexico2 & z consid]able int]e/ is atta*$ to ! case1 ,i quote a "p ( ! discov]]'s /atem5t3-- 8,x 0 at ab\t #i o'clock on ! night ( ,novemb] #bg?1 :5 ,i w5t out to ! corral to fe$ c]ta9 horses3 sudd5ly ,i he>d a l\d sizz+ noise1 exactly z ?\gh some?+ r$-hot 0 be+ plung$ into cold wat]2 & almo/ in/antly !re foll[$ a some:at l\d ?ud4 ,at once ! corral 0 cov]$ ) a phosphoresc5t light2 :ile susp5d$ 9 ! air 7 small lum9\s sp>ks1 z ?\gh f a rocket4444 ,a numb] ( p came runn+ t[>ds me2 & :5 we _h recov]$ f our fright we saw ! light disappe>1 & br++ lant]ns to look = ! cause f\nd a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & 9 x a ball ( light4 ,we retir$ to a di/ance1 fe>+ x w\ld explode & h>m u4 ,look+ up to ! sky1 we saw f "t to "t exhalations ( />s1 :i* soon w5t out )\t noise4 ,we return$ aft] a little1 & f\nd 9 ! hole a hot /one :i* we c\ld b>ely h&le2 ?is1 on ! next day1 we saw look$ l a piece ( iron4 ,all night x ra9$ />s2 b we saw none fall to ! gr\nd1 z !y all seem$ to be ext+ui%$ :ile yet v high up40 ,?is is ! fir/ obs]v$ in/ance 9 :i* a meteorite has actually rea*$ ! ,e>?'s surface dur+ ! progress ( a />-%[]4 ,if its id5tity ) ! meteors ( ,biela's ,comet is admitt$1 !n all classes ( meteoric ph5om5a w\ld appe> to h a community ( orig94 ,diff]5ces ( ,motion4--,great diff]5ces are obs]v$ 9 ! velocity ( meteors4 ,an obs]v] may notice all v>ieties on ! same night ( obs]vation4 ,"s w move v sl[ly1 o!rs %oot quickly across ! sky4 ,^! diff]5ces are occasion$ by ! a/ronomical conditions affect+ ! position ( ! meteor-orbit relatively to ! motion ( ! ,e>?4 ,?us ! meteors ( ,nov4 #ac move ) great velocity 7#dd miles p] second71 because !y come directly f t "p ( ! heav5s t[>ds :i* ! ,e>? is mov+2 h5ce ! orbital spe$ ( ! ,e>? 7#ah miles p] second7 & meteors 7#bf miles p] second7 is comb9$ 9 ! obs]v$ effects4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! meteor-%[] ( ,nov4 #bg ! motions are extremely sl[ 7ab\t #aj miles p] second71 z ! ,e>? & ! meteors are travell+ ne>ly p>allel 9 ! same direction1 & ! latt] h to ov]take ! ,e>?4 ,nom5clature ( ,meteor-,sy/ems4--,x is cu/om>y to "n ! %[]s aft] ! con/ellation f :i* ! meteors appe> to div]ge4 ,?us ! meteors ( ,april #bj are call$ ,lyrids1 ! radiant be+ 9 ,lyra2 ! meteors ( ,augu/ #aj are t]m$ ,p]seids1 ! po9t ( emanation be+ 9 ,p]seus4 ,! two great /reams ( ,novemb] are kn[n z ! ,leonids 7#ac?7 & ,&rom$es 7#bg?74 ,sev]al %[]s are (t5 visible 9 ! same con/ellation2 & :5 x is desir$ to "n ^! accord+ to ! above sy/em1 x is necess>y to add ! approximate /> to di/+ui% !m4 ,?us1 9 ,augu/ !re are %[]s ( ,p]seids1 ,p]seids1 & ,p]seids1 9 addition to ! well-kn[n ,p]seids ( ,augu/ #aj4 ,meteor-,/orms4--,on ,nov4 #ab1 #agii1 ,humboldt1 at ,cumana1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 saw 8?\s&s ( bolides & fall+ />s succe$ ea* o!r dur+ f\r h\rs40 ,on ,nov4 #ab1 #ahcc1 ?is %[] recurr$1 & 0 witness$ ) magnific5t effect 9 ,am]ica4 ,"o obs]v] /at$ t betwe5 #d & #f ,a4,m4 7,nov4 #ac7 ab\t #ajjj meteors p] m9ute might h be5 c\nt$6 ,ano!r display occurr$ on ,nov4 #ac1 #ahff1 & on ?is occasion #hdhe meteors 7 enum]at$ by sev]al obs]v]s at ,gre5wi*4 ,a diff]5t sy/em gave u a brilliant exhibition on ,nov4 #bg1 #ahgb1 :5 #cc1jjj meteors 7 c\nt$ by ,d5za & 8 assi/ants at ,moncali]i1 9 ,italy1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( #e;h #ejm & #aj;h #cjm ,p4,m4 ,a repetition ( ?is ph5om5on occurr$ on ,nov4 #bg1 #ahhe1 :5 ! same obs]v]s c\nt$ ne>ly #dj1jjj meteors betwe5 #f;h & #aj;h ,p4,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,v]tical4 ,flight ( ,telescopic ,meteors se5 by ,w4 ,r4 ,brooks1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhc4 ,telescopic ,meteors4--,obs]v]s :o are engag$ 9 seek+ = comets or /udy+ v>iable />s employ l[ p[]s & l>ge fields1 & dur+ ! progress ( _! "w notice a consid]able numb] ( small meteors4 ,at "s p]iods ^! bodies are m pl5tiful ?an at o!rs1 & appe> 9 su* rapid succession t ! obs]v]'s att5tion is di/ract$ f ! special "w he is pursu+ to wat* !m m n>r[ly & record _! numb]s4 ,s*midt saw #adf telescopic meteors dur+ t5 ye>s4 ,!y rang$ betwe5 ! #g? & #aa? mags4 ,w9necke 9 ! ye> #ahed notic$ #aje ( ^! objects on ?irty-two ev5+s ( obs]vation ) a #c-;in* f9d]1 p[] #ae1 & field ( #c4 ,i h also rem>k$ _m ( ^! objects :5 us+ ! comet-eyepieces ( my #aj-;in* reflector#de1 & f9d !y are app>5tly m num]\s ?an ! ord9>y nak$-eye meteors 9 ! proportion ( #bb to #a4 ,x w\ld be suppos$ f ! great rapidity ) :i* ! latt] %oot across ! firmam5t t ! small] telescopic meteors are sc>cely di/+ui%able by _! motion1 z !y mu/ d>t ?r\gh ! field in/antane\sly & only be p]ceptible z l9es ( light4 ,b ?is impression is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! appe>ances obs]v$4 ,!y possess no su* velocity1 b usually move ) extreme sl[ness1 & n unfrequ5tly ! :ole ( ! pa? is compris$ )9 ! same field ( view4 ,! eye is enabl$ to foll[ !m z !y leisurely trav]se _! c\rses1 & to note peculi>ities ( aspect4 ,( c\rse1 !re are consid]able diff]5ces ( spe$ obs]v$1 b z a rule ! rate is decid$ly sl[ & f> less ?an t %[n by nak$-eye meteors4 ,i believe t telescopic meteors are situat$ at great heights 9 ! atmosph]e1 & t _! dim9utive size & sl[ness ( movem5t are due to _! remot5ess4 ,?is conclusion w h>dly be avoid$ by anyone :o att5tively /udies ! sev]al classes ( meteors 9 _! v>i\s aspects4 ,un=tunately no attempt appe>s to h be5 hi!rto made to det]m9e ! actual heights ( telescopic meteors1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ two reliable obs]vations ( ! same object4 ,! only way ( secur+ su* data w\ld be = sev]al obs]v]s to wat* c]ta9 select$ regions by pre>rangem5t ei!r ) a l[-p[] telescope or field-glass1 & record ! exact times & pa?s ( ! meteors se54 ,on a comp>ison ( ! results a good d\ble obs]vation ( ! same object might be f\nd1 9 :i* case ! real pa? c\ld be readily comput$4 ,future obs]v]s %\ld note ! diff]5t =ms ( telescopic meteors4 ,saf>ik has divid$ !m into f\r classes1 viz43--7#a7 ,well-def9$ />-l objects ( v small size2 7#b7 ,l>ge lum9\s bodies ( "s m9utes ( arc 9 diamet]2 7#c7 ,well-def9$ disks ( a v p]ceptible diamet] bright] at ! bord] ?an at ! c5tre1 :i* gives !m ! aspect ( holl[ transp>5t %ells2 & 7#d7 fa9t diffus$ masses ( irregul> %ape1 consid]able size1 & diff]5t col\rs4 ,he has se5 hundr$s ( meteors ( e magnitude f ! #bnd d[n to ! #ab? pass ?r\gh ! field ( 8 #f-;in* reflector 7ord9>y p[] #cb1 field #ed74 ,on ,aug4 #cj1 #ahhj1 #i;h to #ae;h he obs]v$ betwe5 #ej & #ajj telescopic meteors1 & _m o!rs 7 se5 on ! foll[+ night4 ,:5ev] a %[] ( ^! bodies1 su* z t witness$ by ,brooks on ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhc1 occurs1 obs]v]s %\ld notice :e!r ! objects p>ticipate 9 a common direction ( motion2 because1 if s1 ! radiant-po9t w admit ( det]m9ation4 ,! hor>y rate ( _! app>ition ought also to be asc]ta9$4 ,^? :o habitually se>* = comets %\ld inv>iably make a note ( telescopic meteors1 z su* records w\ld aid inquiries into ! relative frequ5cy ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,meteor ,%[]s4--,! foll[+ %ort li/ includes ! pr9cipal displays ( ! ye>3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,"n ( ,duration4 ,date ( ,radiant- ,sun's ,%[]4 ,max4 ,po9t4 ,longitude4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,quadrantids ,dec4 #bh-;,jan4 #d ,jan4 #b #bbih #ebe #bhaf ,lyrids ,april #af-bb ,april #bj #bfig #cbe #cac ,aqu>ids ,april #cj-,may #f ,may #f #ccgf - #ba #dfc ,aqu>ids ,july #bc-;,aug4 #be;,july #bh #ccid -#aaf #abef ,p]seids ,july #h-;,aug4 #bb ,aug4 #aj #dei #efi #ache ,orionids ,oct4 #i-bi ,oct4 #ah #iba #aee #bjei ,leonids ,nov4 #i-ag ,nov4 #ac #aejj #bbi #bcae ,&rom$es ,nov4 #be-cj ,nov4 #bg #bec #dch #bdeh ,gem9ids ,dec4 #a-ad ,dec4 #aj #ajha #cbf #beie ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,notes4 ,quadrantids4 ,heis 0 ! fir/ to det]m9e ?is radiant accurately4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly obs]v$ by ,ma/]s & ,pr(4 ,h]s*el 7#ahfc-d74 ,! radiant is circumpol> 9 ?is latitude1 b l[ d[n dur+ ! great] "p ( ! night1 h5ce ! display is usually se5 to ! be/ advantage on ! morn+ ( ,jan4 #b4 ,lyrids4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ! ,april meteors by ,h]rick 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,active displays occurr$ 9 #ahfc & #ahhd4 ,aqu>ids4 ,fur!r obs]vations are urg5tly requir$ ( ?is /ream4 ,! radiant is only visible = a %ort "t be=e sunrise4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 my results & ^? secur$ by ,lieut4-,col4 ,tupman1 ! discov]] ( ?is sy/em 9 #ahgj1 ^: obs]vations place ! radiant at #cbf--b ,april #bi-,may #c4 ,^! ,may ,aqu>ids are int]e/+ f ! fact t !y pres5t an orbital resemblance to ,halley's ,comet1 :i* makes a ne> approa* to ! ,e>? on ,may #d1 twelve days be=e rea*+ ! desc5d+ node4 ,aqu>ids4 ,! meteoric epo*1 ,july #bf-cj1 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,quetelet _m ye>s ago4 ,biot also f\nd1 f ! olde/ ,*9ese obs]vations1 a g5]al maximum betwe5 ,july #ah & #bg 7,humboldt74 ,%[]s ( ,aqu>ids 7 rem>k$ by ,s*midt1 ,tupman 7#ahgj71 & o!rs2 b x 0 n kn[n until my obs]vations 9 #ahgh t ! ,aqu>ids =m$ ! special display ( ! epo*1 & t !re 7 _m e>ly ,p]seids visible at ! same "t4 ,p]seids4 ,mus*5broeck1 9 8 "w on #8,natural ,philosophy1' pr9t$ 9 #agfb1 m5tions t he obs]v$ %oot+-/>s to be m num]\s 9 ,augu/ ?an 9 ! o!r mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,quetelet1 9 #ahce1 01 h[ev]1 ! fir/ to attribute a def9ite maximum to ! #i?-#aj?4 ,?is /ream is rem>kable = its ext5d$ duration1 & = ! obvi\s displacem5t :i* occurs f night to night 9 ! place ( its radiant4 ,x furni%es an annual display ( consid]able /r5g?1 & is1 p]haps1 ! be/ kn[n sy/em ( all4 ,orionids4 ,pr(s4 ,s*midt & ,h]s*el 7 ! fir/ to discov] ! ,orionids z ! mo/ brilliant display ( ! ,octob] p]iod1 & accurately det]m9$ its radiant 9 #ahfc-d-e4 ,h]rick record$ a %[] at #ii #bf1 ,oct4 #bj-bf1 #ahci1 & ,zezioli 9 #ahfh record$ _m meteors :i* 7 ascrib$ to a radiant at #aaa #bi2 b !re is no d\bt t ! ,orionids 7 obs]v$ 9 bo? ^! cases1 ?\gh ! radiant 0 badly assign$4 ,! radiant ( ! ,orionids %[s no displacem5t l t ( ! ,p]seids4 ,leonids4 ,obs]v$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& saw x well on ! night ( ,novemb] #aa-ab1 #agii1 & ! ph5om5on at its magnific5t return on ,novemb] #ab1 #ahcc1 0 ably discuss$ by ,olm/$4 ,x furni%$ a spl5did %[] 9 #ahff1 ,novemb] #ac1 & _m meteors 7 se5 at ! few subsequ5t returns4 ,i obs]v$ fairly conspicu\s %[]s ( ,leonids 9 #ahgi & #ahhh4 ,!re is no d\bt ! meteors =m a complete ellipse1 = ! e>? enc\nt]s a few ( !m at e passage ?r\gh ! node4 ,gr& displays may be expect$ at ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,&rom$es4 ,obs]v$ by ,br&es1 at ,hamburg1 ,dec4 #g1 #agih4 ,x also recurr$ 9 #ahch2 ! v brilliant %[]s ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb & #ahhe1 are /ill fre% 9 ! memory4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ?is gr\p =ms an unbrok5 /ream2 if s1 ! regions f> remov$ f ! p>5t comet mu/ be extremely att5uat$4 ,"s ( ! meteors 7 se5 9 #ahgg & #ahgi4 ,! radiant is diffuse to ! ext5t ( #g or #aj4 ,returns ( ! %[] %\ld be look$ = 9 #ahib & #ahih4 ,gem9ids4 ,mr4 ,greg fir/ call$ att5tion to ! importance ( ?is %[]4 ,x 0 well obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,h]s*el 9 #ahfa-c-d1 & "s lat] ye>s4 ,!re are an enorm\s numb] ( m9or sy/ems1 b ^! are g5]ally feeble1 & int]e/+ only to ! regul> obs]v] ( meteors4 ,_m %[]s are s slightly manife/$ t !y yield b "o visible meteor 9 #f or #g h\rs1 & on ! same night ( obs]vation !re are (t5 z _m z #ej or #fj diff]5t sy/ems 9 op]ation4 ,i gave a li/ ( #iah radiant-po9ts ( %[]s obs]v$ at ,bri/ol 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices1' ,may #ahij1 & o!r catalogues w be f\nd 9 ! #8,briti% ,association ,reports' = #ahgd & #ahgh4 ,v>ieties ( ,meteors4--,! amateur :o sy/ematically wat*es = meteors w occasionally rem>k in/ances ( anomal\s "*4 ,i h sometimes obs]v$ meteors :i* are app>5tly v ne>1 & move ) enorm\s velocity4 ,!y are m]e gleams ( pale light1 :i* h little analogy to ord9>y %oot+-/>s1 & sugge/ an electric orig91 ?\gh ,i d n "k :e!r ! m>vell\s quickness ) :i* !y fla% ^u ! eye is n to be held responsible = ! impression ( ne>ness4 ,!y are some:at r>e1 & "o may wat* ?r\gh sev]al entire nights )\t a s+le example1 b z f> z my memory s]ves ,i mu/ h witness$ "s scores ( ^! meteoric fla%es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ class ( meteors includes ^? :i* move s sl[ly t ! eye is enabl$ to note ! details ( _! appe>ance4 ,"s ( ^! objects are small :5 fir/ se51 b enl>ge consid]ably "u ! increas+ temp]ature1 & aft] a great slack5+ ( spe$ 7due to atmosph]ic resi/ance7 _! nuclei are f9ally sp5t 9 ?ick /reams ( lum9\s du/4 ,on ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhh1 ,i record$ a meteor :i* on its fir/ app>ition 0 tol]ably bright1 small1 & compact4 ,x mov$ sl[ly1 & ,i _h an excell5t view ( its passage4 ,! nucleus quickly exp&$1 ?\gh ) no increase ( brilliancy4 ,t[>ds ! end x assum$ a s5sible disk1 & at ! la/ phase ! mass spread or deploy$ itself into a wide /ream ( f9e a%es & disappe>$4 ,! :ole ph5om5on 0 s curi\s1 & obs]v$ ) su* di/9ctness1 t ,i made ! above sket* ( x directly aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,meteor ( ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhh1 #f;h #agm4 ,heights ( ,meteors4--,usually ! height ( meteors at _! fir/ appe>ance is less ?an #ij miles1 & at disappe>ance m ?an #dj miles4 ,f a comp>ison ( a l>ge numb] ( computations ,i d]iv$ ! foll[+ av]age values3-- ,beg9n+ height #gfd miles 7#fhc meteors7 ,end height #ejh 0 7#gef 0 7 ,b if fireballs & ! small] %oot+-/>s are sep>at$ ,i f9d ! usual heights at disappe>ance are3--fireballs1 #cj miles2 %oot+-/>s1 #ed miles4 ,fireballs !re=e approa* mu* ne>] to ! ,e>?'s surface be=e disruption ?an ! ord9>y fall+ />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,l>ge ,meteor1 & successive appe>ances ( its /reak1 se5 at ,cape ,jask1 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 on ,june #h1 #ahhc1 #g;h #eam to #h;h #ccm4 ,a v slight acqua9tance ) trigonometry w enable anyone to compute ! real pa? ( a meteor if two or m obs]vations1 made at di/ant /ations1 are available = ! purpose4 ,! obs]v$ c\rses ( ! meteor %\ld be m>k$ ^u a cele/ial globe1 & ext5d$ backw>ds to ! po9t :]e !y mutually int]sect2 ?is w be ! radiant-po9t4 ,! globe hav+ be5 set = ! "t & latitude1 ! app>5t tracks %\ld also be prolong$ 9 a =w>d direction until !y meet ! horizon1 ?is w indicate ! ,e>?-po9ts1 or azimu?s ( ! place :]e ! meteor w\ld h be5 precipitat$ on ! ,e>? _h x be5 enabl$ to cont9ue its flight s f>4 ,! azimu?s & altitudes ( ! beg9n+ & end ( ! pa?1 & ! azimu?s ( ! ,e>?-po9t %\ld !n be read (f1 & by means ( a reliable map & a protractor _! po9ts ( int]section ov] ! ,e>?'s surface may be readily f\nd by l9es drawn f ! two places ( obs]vation4 ,f ! spot :]e ! ,e>?-po9ts int]sect a /raight l9e %\ld also be drawn 9 ! direction ( ! radiant1 & x is along ?is l9e ! meteor's motion 0 direct$4 ,! coord9ates ( ! obs]v$ po9ts ( appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! meteor1 at ! two /ations1 w\ld int]sect ?is l9e at id5tical po9ts 7 ! obs]vations p]fectly accurate1 b ?is is r>ely ! case4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! obs]v]'s /ation & ! places ov] :i* ! meteor began & end$ is easily d]iv$ f ! map1 & ! height ( ! object may be f\nd by add+ ! log>i?m ( ! di/ance to ! log4 ( ! tang5t ( ! altitude4 ,?us1 if ! end ( a meteor is witness$ f ,london 9 azimu? #acj ,w4 ( ,s4 7alt4 #be71 & f ,bri/ol 9 azimu? #baf ,w4 ( ,s4 7alt4 #cj7 ! place ( int]section on ! map w be at ,w>wick1 s t ! meteor mu/ h disappe>$ :5 v]tically ov] ?is city4 ,london is di/ant f ,w>wick ab\t #hf miles1 & f ,bri/ol #gj miles1 & ! result+ height ( ! meteor is3-- ,london4 ,bri/ol4 #hf log4 #aicdej #gj log4 #ahdeaj #be tan #iffhfg #cj tan #igfadd ------- ------- #afjcag #dja #afjfed #djd s t ! obs]vations accord v closely 9 fix+ ! height at a little exce$+ #dj miles at disappe>ance1 b a slight correction is necess>y to all[ = ! ,e>?'s curvature4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( comput+ ! heights1 "o ( :i* is expla9$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el 9 a pap] entitl$ 8,height ( a ,meteor0 7#8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xxv4 p4 #bea74 ,meteoric ,obs]vations4--,a l>ge numb] ( meteor-%[]s /ill await discov]y1 & !re are features ev5 9 connection ) ! be/ kn[n /reams :i* rema9 to be elucidat$4 ,su* d\bts z n[ exi/ are only to be cle>$ away by assidu\s obs]vation made ) ! utmo/ accuracy possible bo? ( ! directions & durations ( meteors4 ,?is attractive field ( inve/igation has c]ta9ly be5 neglect$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & ! reason ( ?is may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! complications insep>able f x1 9 ! ne$ ( great pati5ce & scrupul\s c>e 9 obs]vation1 & ! necessity ( ga9+ exp]i5ce be=e ! obs]v] c feel a reliance on 8 "w1 & draw safe conclusions4 ,meteors are s fugitive1 s div]se & erratic 9 _! app>itions1 z to be q beyond ! scope ( in/rum5tal ref9em5ts4 ,!y mu/ necess>ily be obs]v$ "u _m disadvantages4 ,positions h to be fix$ f v hurri$ & (t5 imp]fect impressions4 ,b ^! drawbacks1 =midable z !y at fir/ appe>1 may be sev]ally ov]come by practice1 by c>eful reg>d = ! conditions "u :i* meteors are display$1 & ! m>k$ diff]5ces ( aspect induc$ by ^! conditions4 ,:5 ! obs]v] has acquir$ a practical k he w proce$ ) confid5ce 9 8 "w1 & avoid _m ( ! difficulties surr\nd+ x4 ,9 record+ meteor-tracks = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! radiant-po9ts1 ! *ief feature 9 :i* precision is ess5tial is ! direction ( flight4 ,a p]fectly /raight w&1 held 9 ! h& = ! purpose1 %\ld be project$ ^u ! pa? ( e meteor directly x is se51 & !n :5 ! eye has quickly not$ ! position & slope relatively to ! fix$ />s ne>1 x %\ld be reproduc$ on ! *>t or cele/ial globe4 ,! "t1 mag41 e/imat$ duration1 & details ( appe>ance %\ld be regi/]$ 9 a tabul> =m1 ) ! ,r4,a4 & ,dec4 ( ! beg9n+-po9t & probable radiant4 ,! end-po9t & l5g? ( pa? may be left until next day1 9 ord] to save valuable "t4 ,! w& is a great assi/ance to ! eye 9 reta9+ ! approximate directions & not+ ! places4 ,if a meteor belongs to ! sl[1 tra9$ class1 or if x belongs to ! swift1 /reak-leav+ ord]1 ! pa? may be v accurately not$1 = ! w& c be adju/$ to its direction be=e ! meteor or its visible (fcome has di$ away4 ,9 ! case ( %ort1 quick meteors1 devoid ( ei!r /reaks or tra9s1 & g5]ally %oot+ f radiants at high altitudes1 !y are m difficult to secure1 z !y vani% be=e "o may turn1 & ! obs]v] mu/ rely ^u ! m]e impression he receiv$4 ,b ev5 ^! succumb to exp]i5ce1 & w be f\nd to resolve !mselves into a numb] ( %>ply def9$ radiants sc>cely less c]ta9 ?an ! positions d]iv$ f ! /reak$ or tra9$ meteors4 ,^! positions are only to be fix$ by ! ex]cise ( mu* cauti\s discrim9ation on ! "p ( ! obs]v]1 = ! direction ( ! flight is n suffici5t1 alone1 to indicate x4 ,! visible aspect ( ! meteor has to be equally consid]$1 = ! place ( its radiant imp>ts c]ta9 peculi>ities to x :i* are r>ely to be mi/ak54 ,fir/1 ! a/ronomical position ( ! radiant4 ,if ! radiant is at1 or )9 #ej (1 ! ,e>?'s apex 7a po9t #ij prec$+ ! ,sun along ! ecliptic1 & t[>ds :i* ! ,e>?'s motion is direct$7 ! meteors g5]ally leave /reaks1 especially ! bright] ones1 & move ) great spe$4 ,!y are usually :ite1 exhibit+ a high degree ( inc&esc5ce4 ,if ! radiant is ne> ! anti-apex or any:]e 9 ! anti-apex half-sph]e ! meteors are /reakless1 !y travel sl[ly or v sl[ly1 & (t5 leave trails ( yell[i% sp>ks4 ,be>+ ^! facts 9 m9d ! region may be assign$ 9 :i* any radiant is situat$1 if n ! exact position ( ! radiant itself4 ,if1 say1 on ,aug4 #aj1 at midnight a swift1 /reak$ meteor is se5 %oot+ f ! ,pleiades t[>ds ,aldeb>an1 j ris51 ! radiant is ei!r 9 ,musca1 ,triangulum1 or ,&rom$a4 ,b if ! meteor is sl[1 ) a tra91 !n we mu/ g fur!r back 9 ! direction ( its flight1 & seek ! radiant 9 ! ,s4 or ,s4,w4 sky4 ,if ! motion is v sl[1 ! radiant may be z f> away z ,aquila4 ,second1 ! s5sible position ( ! radiant4 ,a l[ radiant yields long-pa!d meteors1 *>act]iz$ by sl[ness ( spe$ & a flaky appe>ance ei!r ( ! /reaks or tra9s4 ,a radiant ne> ! z5i? gives %ort1 d>t+ meteors1 ) r d5se /reaks or tra9s4 ,^! ne>ly v]tical meteors h a less ext5sive range ( atmosph]e to p5etrate ?an ! horizontal meteors1 :i* are sometimes abnormally long4 ,9 ! case ( brilliant meteors1 h[ev]1 ! pa?s occasionally ext5d ov] consid]able arcs ?\gh ! radiant may be high4 ,?ird1 ! position ( ! radiant relatively to ! pa? ( a meteor4 ,if a meteor is close to its radiant its track is usually sl[1 & appe>s greatly =e%ort5$ by ! effects ( p]spective4 ,x is travell+ 7approa*+7 ne>ly 9 ! l9e ( sight1 & ! /reak or (fcome ( sp>ks is especially d5se because x is se5 ?r\gh its entire dep?2 & ! nucleus 9 su* a case has a bru%y diffus$ appe>ance4 ,su* meteors (t5 trav]se s9u\s1 or curv$ pa?s ( #b1 #c1 or #d1 & !y are readily di/+ui%able f o!r meteors f> f ! radiants to :i* !y belong4 ,a good me?od ( tabulat+ meteor-tracks is t adopt$ by ,lieut4-,col4 ,tupman 9 8 catalogue publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgd4 ,i h adopt$ ! same =m1 & h]e) app5d a copy ( my regi/] ( a few isolat$ bright meteors obs]v$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahij3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,obs]v$ ,pa? ,date ,g4,m4,t4 ,mag4 --------------------------------------,l 5g?,dura- #ahij4 ,f ,to ( tion4 ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ,r4,a4 ,dec ,pa?4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- h m o o o o o sec4 ,oct4 #ag #aj #cg #a #baifa #beefe #af #ce #ai #aj #ce #a #fabf #ddbg #ae #jg #ai #ab #j #cbf-h #cai-aj #g #je #be #ag #ah #afhcd #ahjbd #ad #jh #bf #g #cc #cbifi #bdcea #db #dj ,nov4 #a #g #a #a #bghdi #bddaa #df #fj #a #i #ag #a #cdeaa #cjga #ci #dj #e #aj #dj #bh-be #be-bi #e #jg #af #aa #ae #bgdgg #bfefg #aj #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,date ,appe>ance4 ,probable #ahij4 ,radiant4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- o o ,oct4 #ag ,v4 sl[1 ,b4 tra94 #bjdef4 #ai ,swift1 /reak4 ,orion4 #ai ,swift1 /reak4 ,orion4 #be ,swift1 /reak4 ,lynx4 #bf ,sl[4 #cbah4 ,nov4 #a ,v sl[4 #ejae4 #a ,sl[4 #ejae4 #e ,swift1 /rk4 #ae sec4 ,taurus4 #af ,n v swift4 ,auriga4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! duration ( flight is a mo/ important elem5t to e/imate correctly1 z x af=ds data :]e) ! real velocity may be comput$1 & enables ! nature ( ! orbit 9 :i* ! meteor is mov+ to be def9itely assign$4 ,?is feature is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( all to d]ive ) satisfactory precision4 ,9 ! case ( v sl[ meteors la/+ sev]al seconds1 x is easy by means ( a /op-wat*1 or by o!r me?ods1 to get ! times ( flight )9 n>r[ limits ( error1 b ! swift] class ( meteors complete _! visible trajectories 9 ! fraction ( a second1 & are gone be=e any ef=t c be made to gauge _! durations1 s t a value has to be attribut$ :i* is little bett] ?an a m]e guess4 ,e adopt$ radiant-po9t %\ld be bas$ on at lea/ five pa?s1 unless ! conditions are special1 & ^! mu/ %[ a v def9ite c5tre1 & pres5t family resemblances4 ,x is (t5 possible to detect a good c5tre f v few pa?s1 :5 ! radiant is l[ on ! horizon1 or :5 x occupies an isolat$ position4 ,9 record+ meteors ! details ( _! appe>ances %\ld also be app5d$ to ! pa?s4 ,=e%ort5$ & crook$ c\rses1 fluctuations ( brightness1 halt+ motion1 sp>k-tra9s1 phosphoresc5t /reaks1 brok5 /reaks1 & o!r features mu/ be inv>iably not$ :5 obs]v$1 z likely to assi/ 9 fully compreh5d+ ^! bodies4 ,a /reak w sometimes bright5 up p]ceptibly aft] ! head has di$ out4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal aims ( future obs]v]s %\ld be to asc]ta9 ! visible duration ( meteor-%[]s1 & ! displacem5t or fix$ position ( ! radiants dur+ ! p]iod ( _! cont9uance4 ,! ,p]seids seem to endure = =ty-six nights 7,july #h-;,augu/ #bb7 :ile ! radiant moves f #c #di to #gf #eg4 ,! ,lyrids also exhibit a %ift+ radiant1 & x is highly probable "s o!r %[]s are to be includ$ 9 ! same category4 ,9 inve/igat+ ^!1 ! obs]vations ( s+le nights %\ld be kept sep>ate1 & ! radiant det]m9$ f ea* set ( pa?s4 ,! positions :5 comp>$ w !n exhibit ! rate & direction ( ! displacem5t4 ,z to radiants :i* are app>5tly /ation>y#df dur+ long int]vals1 ^! %\ld be closely obs]v$4 ,are ! c5tres ( radiation1 z successively det]m9$1 id5tical1 all[+ = ! slight errors ( obs]vation8 ,are !y cont9u\sly 9 op]ation1 or int]mitt5t8 ,meteors ) motions 9 decl9ation & ne> _! radiants w be specially valuable 9 settl+ ^! que/ions1 & if obs]v$ at m ?an "o /ation w possess great significance4 ,if x c be prov$ t a radiant is fix$ & cont9u\s dur+ a few weeks1 !re c be no reason :y x may n be /ation>y = a mu* m l5g?y int]val1 unless ! circum/ances are exceptional4 ,?\gh ,i h po9t$ out ! urg5cy ( not+ ! directions & durations ( meteors1 !re are o!r features 9 su* obs]vations t mu/ n be disreg>d$4 ,if ! pa?s are be+ record$ = ! p>ticul> purpose ( gett+ duplicate obs]vations & calculat+ ! heights1 !n x is desirable to note ! beg9n+-& end-po9ts ( ! flights z exactly z possible1 = unless ?is is done ! comb9$ pa?s w %[ great discordances4 ,^? :o h acquir$ a famili> k ( ! con/ellations w1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce little tr\ble 9 insur+ accuracy 9 ^! records4 ,obs]v]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? resid+ 9 t[ns1 mu/ be con/antly on _! gu>d aga9/ mi/akes 9 id5tify+ meteors f t]re/rial objects su* z fire-balloons & ! v>i\s =ms ( pyrote*nic display4 ,t su* caution is necess>y w be admitt$ :5 we read ! two foll[+ lett]s1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! #8,times' "s ye>s ago3-- 8,,sir1-- 8,a l>ge meteor 0 se5 to-night at #h4bg1 mov+ v sl[ly along ! nor!rn horizon1 f we/ to ea/1 at an altitude ( ab\t #h deg4 ,x 0 at lea/ ?ree times z brilliant z ,v5us1 rema9+ visible = ne>ly five m9utes1 mov+ sl[] ?an any hi!rto obs]v$4 ,i %\ld be glad to receive obs]vations made at m fav\rable /ations4444 8,i rema91 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 8,,?omas ,,crumpl54 8,mr4 ,slat]'s ,obs]vatory1 ,eu/on ,road1 ,augu/ #aj?40 8,,sir1-- 8,! #8l>ge meteor' se5 by ,mr4 ,crumpl5 on ,monday ev5+ at #h4bg1 ?ree times z brilliant z ,v5us1 & mov+ f we/ to ea/1 0 a fire-balloon s5t up %ortly aft] #h o'clock f ! ,eton & ,middlesex ,cricket ,gr\nd1 ,primrose ,hill1 z a f9ale to "s a?letic sports :i* _h tak5 place dur+ ! aft]noon4 8,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 8,b4 ,c4 ,c4 8,/4 ,john's ,wood1 ,augu/ #ab?40 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] ,i may briefly m5tion t an old idea conc]n+ meteors 0 t !y orig9at$ gales ( w9d1 & t1 9 fact1 !y 7 ! usual precursors ( /ormy wea!r4 ,?is belief is ?us express$ 9 ,dryd5's #8,virgil'3-- 8,(t %alt ?\ see1 ere brood+ /orms arise1 ,/> aft] /> glide headlong d[n ! skies1 ,&1 :]e !y %ot1 long trails ( l+]+ light1 ,sweep f> beh9d1 & gild ! %ades ( night40 ,,footnotes3 #de ,dur+ ! sev5 mon?s f ,may to ,novemb] #ahij ,i not$ n9ety-five telescopic meteors :ile engag$ 9 comet-seek+4 #df ,a li/ ( ^! 0 publi%$ 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 #a4 p4 #dff4 ,see also #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xlv4 pp4 #ic et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,sid]eal ,"w4--,greek alphabet4--,le>n+ ! ,names ( ! ,/>s4--,! ,con/ellation figures4--,means ( ,measurem5t4--,divid+ p[]4--,numb] ( ,/>s4--,magnitudes4--,! ,milky ,way4--,sc9tillation ( ! ,/>s4--,/>-,disks4--,di/ance ( ! ,/>s4--,prop] ,motion ( ,/>s4--,d\ble ,/>s & ,b9>y ,sy/ems4--,v>iable ,/>s4--,new or ,tempor>y ,/>s4--,/> ,col\rs4--,gr\ps ( ,/>s4--,fur!r ,obs]vations4 8,t5 ?\s& suns appe> ,( eld] beam2 :i* ask no leave to %9e ,( our t]re/rial />1 nor borr[ light ,f ! pr\d reg5t ( our scanty day40 ,,b>bauld4 ,! planet>y obs]v] has to accept su* opportunities z are giv5 him2 he mu/ use 8 telescope at ! p>ticul> seasons :5 8 objects are well pres5t$4 ,^! are limit$ 9 numb]1 & mon?s may pass )\t "o ( !m com+ "u fav\rable review4 ,9 /ell> "w no su* irregul>ities c affect ! progress ( obs]vations4 ,! /ud5t ( sid]eal a/ronomy has a va/ field to explore1 & a div]sity ( objects ( inf9ite ext5t4 ,!y are s v>i\s 9 _! lu/re1 9 _! gr\p+1 & 9 _! col\rs1 t ! obs]v]'s int]e/ is actively reta9$ 9 8 "w1 & we (t5 f9d him pursu+ x ) unflagg+ dilig5ce ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,no d\bt !re w\ld be _m o!rs employ+ _! en]gies 9 ?is ri* field ( lab\r b = ! un9t]e/+ "* ( />-disks1 :i* are m]e po9ts ( light1 & !re=e incapable ( display+ any detail4 ,^? :o /udy ! ,sun1 ,moon1 or planets h a l>ge am\nt ( surface-configuration to exam9e & del9eate1 & ?is is ev] und]go+ real or app>5t *anges4 ,b ?is is :olly want+ 9 ! telescopic images ( />s1 :i* exhibit a sam5ess & lack ( detail t is n satisfy+ to ! ta/es ( e obs]v]4 ,true !re are "s beautiful contra/s ( col\r & _m /rik+ diff]5ces ( magnitude 9 d\ble />s2 !re are also ! v>y+ position & di/ance ( b9>y sy/ems1 ! curi\s & my/]i\s fluctuations 9 v>iable />s1 & "s o!r peculi>ities ( /ell> ph5om5a :i* mu/1 & ev] w1 attract all ! att5tion t su* important & pleas+ features des]ve4 ,& ^!1 x mu/ be conc$$1 =m adequate comp5sation = any o!r %ortcom+s4 ,! obs]v] :o is l$ to /udy ! />s by comp>isons ( col\r & magnitude or measures ( position1 w n only f9d ample mat]ials = a life-long rese>*1 b w meet ) _m objects af=d+ him special ent]ta9m5t4 ,& 8 "w1 if rightly direct$ & accurately p]=m$1 w c]ta9ly add some?+ to our k ( a bran* 9 :i* he w c]ta9ly f9d mu* delectation4 ,greek ,alphabet4--,! amateur mu/1 at ! outset ( 8 c>e]1 ?or\ghly ma/] ! ,greek alphabet4 ,?is w prev5t _m "t-wa/+ ref]5ces aft]w>ds1 & avoid ! d\bt & confusion t mu/ o!rwise result4 ,! nak$-eye />s 9 ea* con/ellation h ,greek lett]s affix$ to !m on our cele/ial globes & />-maps4 ,alpha ,beta ,gamma ,delta ,epslon ,zta ,eta ,!ta ,iota ,kappa ,lambda ,mu ,nu ,xi ,omcron ,pi ,rho ,sigma ,tau ,upslon ,phi ,*i ,psi ,omga4 ,! lett]s are appli$ progressively to ! />s 7g5]ally accord+ to brightness7 9 ea* con/ellation4 ,! #a/-mag4 />s frequ5tly h a duplicate "n4 ,?us ,leonis is also kn[n z ,regulus1 & ,canis ,majoris z ,sirius1 ! ,dog-/>4 ,le>n+ ! ,names ( ! ,/>s4--,a k ( ! />s z !y are pres5t$ 9 ! nocturnal sky may be reg>d$ z ! entrance to ! m advanc$ & difficult bran*es ( ! sci5ce1 & =ms ! "y obs]v]'s introductory lesson4 ,:5 he has le>nt a few ( ! pr9cipal con/ellations1 & c po9t !m out to 8 fri5ds1 he already beg9s to feel m at home ) ! subject1 & reg>ds x ) a diff]5t eye to :at he did be=e :5 ! names & configurations ( ! />s 7 alike unkn[n to him4 ,he no long] views ! heav5s z a my/]i\s assemblage ( confus+ objects1 = "h & !re he espies c]ta9 well-kn[n gr\ps always pres]v+ ! same relative positions to ea* o!r4 ,! unconsci\s gaze he =m]ly direct$ to ! sky has giv5 way to ! intellig5t look ( recognition ) :i* he n[ surveys ! firmam5t4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! lead+ con/ellations1 & ) ! names or ! lett]s ( ! bright] />s 9 ea*1 becomes v important 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( obs]vation1 & v>i\s me?ods h be5 sugge/$ z likely to impress ! positions & names on ! memory4 ,! beg9n] mu/ fir/ be cont5t to get famili> ) a few ( ! bright] />s1 & make ^! ! base = ext5d+ 8 k4 ,! objects are s num]\s t x is impossible 8 prim>y attempts c be any?+ l complete4 ,he mu/ advance /ep by /ep 9 8 survey1 & feel 8 way cauti\sly1 sett+ out f c]ta9 conspicu\s />s ) :i* he has already become conv]sant4 ,a lant]n & a s]ies ( />-maps are ! only aids requir$1 & ) ^! he ought to make satisfactory progress4 ,! />s z !y are se5 9 ! sky may be comp>$ ) ^? figur$ 9 ! maps1 & _! names & ! con/ellations 9 :i* !y lie may !n be id5tifi$4 ,x is an excell5t plan z conduc+ to fix ! positions indelibly 9 ! memory to con/ruct maps f p]sonal obs]vation1 & to comp>e ^! aft]w>ds ) ! publi%$ maps = id5tification ( ! con/itu5t />s4 ,?is plan1 if repeat$ sev]al times1 has ! effect ( impress+ ! positions ( ! lead+ />s =cibly ^u ! obs]v]'s m9d4 ,x is n int5d$ to give1 9 ?is place1 any details z to ! places or di/ribution ( ! />s4 ,)\t diagrams1 su* a description c\ld n be made readily intelligible4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 :o are comm5c+ _! /udies1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! nor!rn sky z ! mo/ suitable region to aid _! initiatory ef=ts4 ,= 8,he :o w\ld scan ! figur$ sky ,its brighte/ gems to tell1 ,mu/ fir/ direct 8 m9d's eye nor? ,& le>n ! ,be>'s />s well40 ,! sev5 bright />s ( ,ursa ,major are famili> to ne>ly ev]yone4 ,two ( !m1 call$ ! ,po9t]s1 s]ve to direct ! eye to ! ,pol> />1 :i*1 ?\gh n a brilliant "o1 /&s out prom95tly 9 a region comp>atively b>e ( l>ge />s4 ,x is important to "k ! ,pol> />1 z x is situat$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! app>5t motion ( ! firmam5t4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has assur$ himself z to ! nor!rn />s he w turn 8 att5tion s\?w>ds1 & recognize ! beautiful ,orion & ! curi\s gr\ps 9 ,taurus4 ,he w also obs]ve1 mu* fur!r ea/1 ! well-kn[n sickle ( ,leo1 & 9 "t become acqua9t$ ) ! _m o!r con/ellations t make ! w9t] sky s attractive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! con/ellation ,orion4 ,! ,con/ellation ,figures4--,! obs]v] w soon realize t ! creatures aft] :i* ! con/ellations h be5 nam$ be> no resemblance to ! configuration ( ! />s !y repres5t4 ,if we look = a ,be> among/ ! />s ( ,ursa1 = a ,bull amid ! />s ( ,taurus1 or = a fly+ ,swan 9 ! />s ( ,cygnus we %all utt]ly fail to f9d x4 ,! names appe> to h be5 orig9ally giv51 n because ( individual lik5esses betwe5 !m & ! />-gr\ps to :i* !y are appli$1 b simply on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( divid+ ! sky into p>ts1 & giv+ ea* a di/+ui%+ appellation1 s t x might be conv5i5tly ref]r$ to4 ,!re 7 press+ ne$s = a sy/em ( /ell> nom5clature1 & ! plan ( gr\p+ ! />s into imag9>y figures 0 ! "o adopt$ to avoid ! confusion ( look+ ^u ! sky z a :ole4 ,!re are "s :o object to ! me?od ( ! ,*aldean %eph]ds because ! s]ies ( grotesque figures on our />-maps & globes be> no natural analogies4 ,b x w\ld be unwise to attempt an innovation 9 :at has be5 h&$ d[n to u f ! my?s ( a remote antiquity1 = 8,"t do? consecrate1 ,& :at is grey ) age1 becomes religion40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,measurem5t ( ,angles ( ,position4 7,9 measur+ angles ( position ! l>g] /> is always und]/ood z c5tral 9 ! field4 ,! nor? po9t is z]o1 & ! angles are reckon$ f ?is po9t t[>ds ! ea/4 ,if a /> has a fa9t compon5t ly+ exactly ea/ or foll[+ x1 !n ! angle is #ij2 if ! small] /> is s\?1 ! angle is #ahj2 & s on47 ,means ( ,measurem5t4--,a micromet] becomes an indisp5sable in/rum5t to ^? :o make sid]eal obs]vations ( an exact "*4 ,)\t su* means x w be impossible to det]m9e ei!r positions or di/ances except by m]e e/imation1 & ?is is n suffici5tly precise = d\ble-/> "w4 ,) a reliable micromet]#dg excell5t results may be obta9$1 especially ) reg>d to ! v>y+ angles ( b9>y sy/ems4 ,frequ5t remeasurem5t ( ^! is desirable = comp>ison ) ! pr$ict$ places 9 cases :]e ! orbits h be5 comput$4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy ! names ( ,h]s*el1 ,s\?1 ,/ruve1 ,dawes1 ,demb[ski1 ,burnham1 & o!rs are hon\rably associat$1 & x is notable t refract+-telescopes h accompli%$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! "w4 ,b reflectors are little less capable1 ?\gh _! p[]s seem to h be5 b r>ely employ$ 9 ?is field4 ,mr4 ,t>rant has lately secur$ a l>ge numb] ( accurate measures ) a #aj-;in* reflector by ,calv]1 & if c>e is tak5 to secure correct adju/m5t ( ! mirrors1 !re is no reason :y ?is =m ( in/rum5t %\ld n be ne>ly z effective z its rival4 ,mr4 ,t>rant advises ^? :o use reflectors 9 obs]v+ d\ble />s 8to te/ ! c5t]+ ( ! flat at int]vals dur+ ! obs]vations1 z ! slighte/ %ift ( ! l>ge mirror 9 its cell w frequ5tly occasion a spuri\s image :i*1 if x by *ance happ5s to fall :]e ! companion is expect$ to be se51 w (t5 lead to ! conclusion t x has be5 obs]v$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 any w+s or ! slighte/ fl>e ar\nd a bright /> w g5]ally completely oblit]ate e trace ( ! companion1 especially if close & ( small magnitude1 & su* defects w 9 n9e cases out ( t5 be f\nd to be due to defective adju/m5t4 ,und\bt$ly = v close unequal pairs ! refractor possesses great advantages ov] a reflector ( equal ap]ture2 9 ! case ( close d\ble />s ! compon5ts ( :i* are ne>ly equal !re appe>s to be little1 if any1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( in/rum5ts2 :ile = any detail connect$ ) ! col\r ( />s ! reflector c]ta9ly comes to ! =e f its be+ p]fectly a*romatic40 ,^! rem>ks f a practical man w g f> to negative ! disp>ag+ /atem5ts sometimes made ) reg>d to reflectors & /ell> "w1 & ought to enc\rage o!r amateurs possess+ ^! in/rum5ts to take up ?is bran* 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,divid+ ,p[]4--,?is ma9ly dep5ds ^u ! ap]ture1 & x 0 made ! subject ( c>eful inve/igation & exp]im5t by ,dawes1 :o f\nd t ! diamet]s ( ! />-disks v>i$ inv]sely z ! ap]ture ( ! telescope4 ,adopt+ an in* z ! /&>d1 he asc]ta9$ t ?is ap]ture divid$ />s ( ! six? magnitude #def ap>t1 & on ?is base he con/ruct$ ! foll[+ table3-- ,ap]ture ,lea/ 9 in*es4 sep>able di/ance4 #aj #def #af #bhe #bj #bbh #bbe #bjc #be #ahb #bge #aff #cj #aeb #ce #acj #ch #abj #dj #aad #de #aja #ej #jia #ee #jhc #fj #jgf #fe #jgj #gj #jfe #ge #jfa #hj #jeg #he #jecf #ij #j4ejg #ie #j4dhj #ajj #jdef #ab4j #jchj #aej #jcjd #bjj #jbbh #bej #jahb #cjj #jaeb ,dallmey]1 ! optician1 confirm$ ^! values by rem>k+3--8,9 all ! calculations ,i h made1 ,i f9d t #dcc divid$ by ! ap]ture gives ! sep>at+ p[]4 ,?us1 #dcc in*es sep>ates #a 40 ,b a good deal dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! see+ & ^u o!r conditions4 ,a l>ge ap]ture w sometimes fail to reveal a difficult & close comes to a bright /> :5 a small] ap]ture w succe$4 ,?is is due to ! position ( ! bright diffraction-r+1 :i* 9 a l>ge in/rum5t may ov]lap ! fa9t companion & obscure x1 :ile 9 a small "o ! r+ falls outside & ! small /> is visible#dh4 ,dawes conclud$ t 8te/s ( sep>ation ( d\ble />s are n te/s ( excell5ce ( figure10 & he gave mu* valuable in=mation ) reg>d to micromet]s & d\ble-/> obs]vations g5]ally 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xxvii4 pp4 #bag-bch4 ,?is pap] w well repay att5tive read+4 ,numb] ( ,/>s4--,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e !re are ab\t #ejjjdi />s p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye4 ,?is is less ?an an obs]v] w\ld suppose f a casual glance at ! firmam5t1 b ha/y ideas are (t5 inaccurate4 ,! sc9tillation ( ! />s & ! fact t _m small />s are mom5t>ily glimps$ b _c be held /eadily h a t5d5cy to occasion an exagg]at$ e/imate ( _! numb]s4 ,au?orities diff] z to ! total ( nak$-eye />s4 ,sir ,r4 ,s4 ,ball says 8! numb] ( />s :i* c be se5 ) ! unaid$ eye 9 ,engl& may be e/imat$ at ab\t #cjjj40 ,gore gives #djjj4 ,backh\se m5tions #efjj z visible 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,argel&]1 :o has *>t$ #cbd1ahh />s betwe5 #b ,s4 ( ! equator & ! ,n4 pole1 gives ! foll[+ numb]s ( />s up to ! #i? magnitude3-- #a/4 #bnd4 #crd4 #d?4 #e?4 #bj #fe #aij #dbe #aajj #f?4 #g?4 #h?4 #i?4 #cbjj #ac1jjj #dj1jjj #adb1jjj ,) e decrease 9 magnitude !re is a great increase 9 numb]s1 & if ?is is ext5d$ to /ill small] magnitudes d[n to ! #ae? or #af? we c readily und]/& t !re exi/ va/ multitudes ( fa9t] />s4 ,paul ,h5ry1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 says !re are ab\t #a1ejj1jjj />s ( ! #aa? mag41 & ,dr4 ,s*nfield1 ( ,bonn1 gives #c1bej1jjj z ( ! #aa mag4 ,x is probable t by means ( photography & ! l>ge/ telescopes consid]ably m ?an #ej millions ( />s may be *>t$1 b ?is is a m]e approximation4 ,rob]ts has photograph$ #af1bjf />s )9 an area ( f\r squ>e degrees 9 a v ri* region ( ! ,galaxy ne> ,cygni1 & ,gore computes t 7 ! di/ribution equal to ?is ov] ! :ole firmam5t ! numb] ( />s w\ld rea* #afg millions4 ,he also rem>ks t 9 ! ,p>is photographs ( ! ,pleiades1 #bcbf />s are %[n 9 a space cov]+ ab\t ?ree squ>e degrees1 & ?is gives = ! entire sky a total ( #cc millions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 manife/ t unusually pl5tiful spots 9 ! heav5s _c be accept$ z af=d+ a crit]ion ( ! :ole4 ,magnitudes4--,accord+ to ,argel&]'s figures1 above quot$1 ea* magnitude exhibits a rise ( ab\t #cjj p] c5t4 ,b au?orities r>ely agree z to scale1 z ! foll[+ comp>ison betwe5 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el & ,/ruve w %[3-- ,h4 ,s4 #dj #cf #de #da #ej #df #ee #eje #fj #ee #fe #eie #gj #fd #ge #fhe #hj #gc #he #gg #ij #ha #ie #he #ajj #hh #aje #ia #aaj #ic #aae #if #abj #ih #abe #ajj #acj #ajah #ace #ajcf #adj #ajed #ade #ajga #aej #ajhg #afj #aaac #agj #aach #ahj #aafa #aij #aahb #bjj #abjj ,argel&]'s magnitudes come betwe5 ^? ( ,h]s*el & ,/ruve4 ,su* disagreem5ts are p]plex+ to obs]v]s1 & x is =tunate t 9 reg>d to ! nak$-eye />s we are n[ furni%$ ) a m consi/5t & accurate s]ies ( magnitudes4 ,photometric det]m9ations ( ! light ( #dbfj />s n fa9t] ?an ! #f? mag41 & betwe5 ! ,n4 pole & #cj ,s4 decl9ation1 7 made at ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 & simil> measures ( #bghd />s betwe5 ! ,n4 pole & #aj ,s4 decl9ation 7 effect$ at ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,obs]vatory1 & ! results publi%$ 9 #ahhe4 ,! two catalogues are 9 v satisfactory agreem5t1 ! accordances )9 "o t5? ( a mag4 be+ #ca p] c5t41 )9 "o qu>t] ( a mag4 #ga p] c5t41 & )9 "o ?ird ( a magnitude #ie p] c5t4 ,! photomet]s us$ 9 ! two indep5d5t rese>*es 7 con/ruct$ on v diff]5t pr9ciples1 & ! sub/antial agreem5t 9 ! results indicates t 8a great /ep has be5 accompli%$ t[>ds an accurate k ( ! relative lu/re ( ! />s0 7#8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xlvi4 p4 #bgg74 ,! ,milky ,way4--,on d>k nights :5 ! ,moon is abs5t & ! air cle>1 a broad zone ( glimm]+1 filmy mat]ial is se5 to /ret* irregul>ly across ! heav5s4 ,x may be lik5$ to a milky riv] runn+ v unev5ly among/ ! con/ellations1 & %[+ _m curves & bran*es along its c\rse4 ,on v fav\rable occasions ! unaid$ eye glimpses _m hundr$s ( glitt]+ po9ts on ?is light backgr\nd4 ,a field-glass reveals "s ?\s&s1 & %[s t x is entirely compos$ ( />s ! bl5d$ & confus$ lu/re ( :i* occasions t track ( :it5ess :i* is s evid5t to ! eye4 ,9 a good telescope />s & />-du/ exi/ 9 c\ntless pr(usion1 & great div]sity is app>5t 9 _! numb]s & mann] ( gr\p+4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ! />s are conc5trat$ into sw>ms1 & ! sky is agl[ ) !m2 :ile 9 o!rs !re are v few1 & d>k cav]n\s op5+s (f] a /rik+ contra/ to ! silv]y %e5 ( surr\nd+ />s4 ,!re are _m ( ^! void spaces 9 ,scorpio1 & a circul> "o 9 ,sagitt>ius ,r4,a4 #ag;h #efm1 ,dec4-#bg #ea has be5 p>ticul>ly rem>k$4 ,^! inequalities ( gr\p+ may be easily recogniz$ ) ! nak$ eye1 especially 9 ,cygnus1 :]e bright />-lit regions frequ5tly alt]nate ) d>k void spaces4 ,9 ! s\!rn sky !re is a notewor?y in/ance4 ,ne> ! brilliant />s ( ,crux & ,c5taurus & closely surr\nd$ by ! ,milky ,way !re is a l>ge black vacancy v obvi\s at a glance1 & s /rik+ to ord9>y obs]v]s t x is kn[n z ! 8,coal-sack10 a "n appli$ to x by ! e>ly navigators ( ! s\!rn seas4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,milky ,way may be describ$ g5]ally z fl[+ ?r\gh ,auriga1 ! club ( ,orion1 feet ( ,gem9i1 we/]n "p ( ,monoc]os1 ,argo ,navis1 ,crux1 feet ( ,c5taurus1 ,circ9us1 ,ara1 :]e x sep>ates into two bran*es1 ! we/]n ( :i* trav]ses ! nor!rn "p ( ! tail ( ,scorpio1 ea/]n side ( ,s]p5s1 ,taurus ,poniat[ski1 ,ans]1 & ,cygnus4 ,! ea/]n bran* crosses ! tail ( ,scorpio1 ! b[ ( ,sagitt>ius1 ,ant9\s1 ,aquila1 ,vulpecula1 & !n ent]s ,cygnus1 :]e x reunites ) ! o!r bran*4 ,x !nce passes ?r\gh ,cepheus1 ,cassiopeia1 ,p]seus1 & ent]s ,auriga4 ,9 bread? x v>ies greatly1 be+ 9 "s places only #d or #e1 :]eas 9 o!rs x rea*es #bj4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 be/ visible :5 twilight is abs5t1 b x is sometimes v pla91 ev5 at midsumm]1 = at ?is season "s ( its m conspicu\s sections are fav\rably plac$ = obs]vation4 ,x is suppos$ t fully n9e t5?s ( ! total numb] ( />s 9 ! firmam5t are includ$ )9 ! bord]s1 ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,"s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 includ+ ,democritus1 =m$ j conceptions z to ! real nature ( ?is appe>ance4 ,?\gh !y lack$ in/rum5ts :]e) to obs]ve ! />s =m+ x1 !y yet saw !m ) ! eye ( reason4 ,b v vague & incorrect notions prevail$ 9 e>ly times1 :5 sup]/ition 0 rife1 z to _m cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,"s ( ! anci5t poets & le>n$ m5 ref] to ! ,galaxy z ! pa? by :i* h]oes asc5d$ to heav54 ,?us we read 9 ,ovid3-- 8,a way !re is 9 heav5's ext5d$ pla91 ,:i* :5 ! skies are cle> is se5 bel[1 ,& mortals1 by ! "n ( ,milky1 "k2 ,! gr\nd-"w is ( />s1 ?r\gh :i* ! road ,lies op5 to great ,jupit]'s abode40 ,sc9tillation ( ! ,/>s4--,! rapid v>iations ( light kn[n z ! 8tw9kl+0 ( ! />s receiv$ notice f _m anci5t obs]v]s1 includ+ ,ari/otle1 ,ptolemy1 & o!rs1 & !y sev]ally endeav\r$ to acc\nt = x1 b n 9 a mann] altoge!r satisfactory4 ,at l[ altitudes bright />s exhibit ?is tw9kl+ or sc9tillation 9 a /rik+ degree1 b x is mu* less p]ceptible 9 />s plac$ at consid]able elevations4 ,sirius1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! sky1 is a not$ tw9kl]4 ,8 excessive lu/re & inv>iably l[ position are conditions em95tly fav\rable to induce ?is effect4 ,b ! planets seldom exhibit sc9tillation 9 a v m>k$ degree4 ,! light ( ,jupit] & ,saturn is /eady1 ev5 :5 ^! planets are close to ! horizon4 ,m]cury1 h[ev]1 tw9kles mo/ obvi\sly1 & ,v5us & ,m>s1 :5 l[ d[n1 are (t5 simil>ly affect$1 especially 9 /ormy wea!r :5 ! air is mu* di/urb$4 ,hooke1 9 #affg1 conclud$ t ! sc9tillation 0 due 8to irregul> refractions ( ! light ( ! />s by diff]5tly heat$ lay]s ( atmosph]e40 ,m4 ,arago said x arose 8f ! peculi> prop]ties possess$ by ! con/itu5t rays ( light1 ( mov+ ) diff]5t velocities ?r\gh ! /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 & ( produc+ :at are call$ int]f]5ces40 ,m rec5tly1 ,m4 ,montigney has conduct$ "s int]e/+ rese>*es into ?is subject1 & he believes 8t n only is tw9kl+ caus$1 to a great ext5t1 by ! deviations ( portions ( a />'s light altoge!r away f u by v>iable lay]s ( atmosph]e1 b x is also affect$1 bo? 9 frequ5cy & 9 ! col\rs display$1 by ! nature ( ! light emitt$ by ! individual />40 ,! planets are little subject to sc9tillation1 z !y pres5t disks ( s5sible size1 & ?us are enabl$ to neutralize ! effect ( atmosph]ic int]f]5ces4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! /ead9ess ( telescopic images does n appe> to be mu* improv$ at high altitudes1 & t ! ph5om5on ( sc9tillation /ill op]ates p[]fully z obs]v$ f m\nta9\s /ations4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahhh1 ,dr4 ,p]nt]1 ( ! ,vi5na ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 f\nd 8t ! sc9tillation ( ,sirius 0 actually great] at ! top ( ,sonnblick1 #aj1jjj feet high1 ?an x 0 at ! base ( ! m\nta91 & he =m$ ! op9ion t sc9tillation has its orig9 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e & n 9 ! l[] z usually assum$40 ,x w\ld appe> f ?is t l(ty situations d n possess all ! advantages claim$ = !m 9 reg>d to ! employm5t ( l>ge telescopes4 ,/>-,disks4--,! />s z obs]v$ 9 telescopes are %orn ( ! false rays app>5t to ! nak$ eye1 & !y are se5 ) small spuri\s disks4 ,t ! disks are spuri\s is evid5t f ! fact t ! l>g] ! telescope employ$1 ! small] ! />-disks become4 ,& moreov]1 :5 a /> is occult$ by ! ,moon1 x disappe>s in/antane\sly4 ,!re is no gradual dim9ution ( lu/re2 ! /> vani%es ) great sudd5ness4 ,bright />s1 l ,aldeb>an or ,regulus1 h be5 wat*$ up to ! ,moon's limb1 & obs]v]s h be5 sometimes />tl$ at ! abruptness ) :i* !y 7 blott$ out4 ,an appreciable disk c\ld n be )drawn 9 ?is in/antane\s mann]2 x w\ld exhibit a p]ceptible decad5ce z ! ,moon increas+ly ov]lapp$ x1 b no su* appe>ance is obs]v$4 ,on ! occasion ( ! occultation ( ,jupit] on ,aug4 #g1 #ahhi1 ! planet's diamet] 0 #dad1 & ! disappe>ance occupi$ #he seconds4 ,n[ _h ,aldeb>an or ,regulus a real disk ( only #a x w\ld prev5t _! sudd5 ext9ctions1 & _! disappe>ances w\ld be spread ov] p]ceptible ?\gh %ort int]vals ( "t#ej4 ,b !re is e reason to conclude t ! actual disks are to be repres5t$ by a small fraction ( #a1 s t ! l>ge/ in/rum5t & ! highe/ p[]s fail to reveal x4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,mr4 ,gore1 9 8 #8,sc5]y ( ! ,heav5s1' p4 #aeb1 says3--8,let u take ! case ( ,c5tauri1 :i* is1 z f> z is kn[n at pres5t1 ! ne>e/ fix$ /> to ! ,e>?4 ,! di/ance ( ?is /> is ab\t #be billions ( miles4 ,f comp>isons made betwe5 its light & ! ,moon1 x has be5 f\nd t its intr9sic brilliancy mu/ be ab\t f\r times t ( ! ,sun4 ,suppos+ its great] lu/re is due to its great] size--a n improbable supposition--x w\ld subt5d1 if plac$ at ! ,sun's di/ance1 an angle twice z great1 or ab\t #a1 & h5ce we f9d t ! angle subt5d$ at its di/ance ( #be billions ( miles w\ld be ab\t #a_/gf? ( a second ( arc1 :i* ! mo/ p[]ful telescope yet con/ruct$ w\ld be incapable ( %[+ z a visible disk40 ,di/ance ( ! ,/>s4--,! di/ances ( ! out] planets ,uranus & ,neptune1 m5tion$ 9 an e>li] *apt] ( ?is "w1 are suffici5tly l>ge to amaze u2 b ! di/ances ( ! />s may be said to be relatively inf9ite4 ,= _m ye>s ! problem ( /ell> di/ances defi$ all attempts to resolve x4 ,at l5g?1 9 #ahch-ci1 ,bessell1 ,h5d]son1 & ,/ruve obta9$ results = ?ree />s--viz4 #fa ,cygni1 ,c5tauri1 & ,lyr1--:i* practically settl$ ! "q4 ,m rec5t measures ( /ell> p>allax1 :ile correct+ ! e>li] values1 h virtually corroborat$ !m2 ?\gh ! figures adopt$ c only be reg>d$ z approximations1 ow+ to ! difficult & delicate nature ( ! "w4 ,! b9>y /> ,c5tauri appe>s to be ! ne>e/ ( all2 x has a p>allax ( #jge1 & its di/ance f u is equal to #bge1jjj times ! di/ance ( ! ,sun4 ,light trav]s+ space at ! rate ( #ahg1jjj miles p] second w\ld occupy #d-a_/c ye>s 9 cross+ ?is int]val4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e #fa ,cygni is ! ne>e/ />1 ) a p>allax ( #jdd & a di/ance ( ab\t #dgj1jjj times ! ,sun's di/ance4 ,light w\ld take m ?an sev5 ye>s 9 rea*+ u f ?is />1 ,lyr has a p>allax ( #jae1 equal to ne>ly #bb light-ye>s4 ,crucis %[s a v small p>allax 7#jjc71 & its di/ance is excessively remote--equal to ab\t #ajh light-ye>s6 ,prop] ,motion ( ,/>s4--,a v slight motion affects ! places ( _m ( ! s-call$ fix$ />s4 ,?is mu/1 aft] ! lapse ( long int]vals ( "t1 mat]ially alt] ! configuration ( ! con/ellations4 ,b ! *ange is a v gradual "o1 & mu/ op]ate ?r\gh _m c5turies be=e its effects w become appreciable 9 a g5]al way4 ,! greate/ prop] motion yet obs]v$ is t 9 reg>d to two small />s 7"o 9 ,ursa ,major & ! o!r 9 ,piscis ,au/ralis71 :i* am\nts to ab\t #g annually4 ,ano!r motion has be5 recogniz$1 viz4 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s made ! initiatory ef=ts 9 ?is rese>* by measur+ ! displacem5t ( ! ,f l9e 9 ! spectrum ( ,sirius4 ,! "w has be5 actively pursu$ at ! obs]vatories ( ,gre5wi* & ,rugby1 & ) int]e/+ results4 ,:ile c]ta9 />s exhibit a motion ( approa*1 o!rs display a motion ( recession4 ,?us ,vega1 ,arcturus1 & ,pollux are approa*+ u at ! rate ( ab\t #dj miles p] second2 :ile ,rigel is rec$+ at ! rate ( #ag miles p] second1 ,ca/or at ! rate ( #ai1 ,regulus #ad1 ,betelgeuse #be1 & ,aldeb>an #ca4 ,sirius1 9 ! ye>s f #ahge to #ahgh1 0 rec$+ f u at ! rate ( #bb miles p] second2 b ?is decreas$ 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 & 9 #ahhd-he ! /> 0 approa*+ ) a motion ( ab\t #bb miles p] second4 ,9 #ahhf & #ahhg ?is rate 0 increas$ to ab\t #cj miles p] second1 z obs]v$ bo? at ,gre5wi* & ,rugby4 ,?is confirms ! idea t ,sirius is mov+ 9 an elliptical orbit4 ,simil> obs]vations1 9 reg>d to ! v>iable /> ,algol1 h reveal$ t *anges ( velocity are connect$ ) its *anges ( lu/re4 ,be=e m9imum ! /> rec$es at ! rate ( #bd miles p] second1 :ile aft] m9imum ! /> approa*es ) a spe$ ( #bh miles p] second 7#8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 #a4 p4 #bda74 ,d\ble ,/>s & ,b9>y ,sy/ems4--,telescopic p[] w (t5 reveal two />s :]e b "o is se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,sometimes ! juxtaposition ( su* />s is m]ely accid5tal2 ?\gh !y are plac$ ne>ly 9 ! same l9e ( sight ! conjunction is an optical "o only1 & no connection app>5tly subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 pairs are f\nd :i* h a physical relation1 = "o is revolv+ r\nd ! o!r2 & ^! are t]m$ b9>y />s4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce !m1 f def9ite obs]vations1 9 #ahjb4 ,( d\ble />s m ?an #aj1jjj are n[ kn[n2 _m ( ^! are telescopic1 b ! li/ includes "s f9e examples ( nak$-eye />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,d\ble ,/>s4 ,orionis4 ,leonis4 ,urs ,m9oris4 ,virg9is4 ,cygni4 ,arietis4 ,&rom$4 ,s]p5tis4 ,d\ble />s are excell5t telescopic te/s4 ,a v close pair af=ds a good crit]ion z to ! def9+ capacity ( an in/rum5t2 :ile a pair m widely sep>at$ & ( greatly unequal magnitude1 l t ( ,lyr1 (f]s a te/ ( ! light-grasp+ p[]4 ,b 9 ^! delicate obs]vations1 z1 inde$1 9 all o!rs1 ! "* ( ! see+ ex]cises an important & v>iable influ5ce4 ,a d\ble /> t is well %[n on "o night becomes utt]ly oblit]at$ on ano!r1 ow+ to ! un/ead9ess & fl>+ ( ! image4 ,on su* occasions z ! latt] "o is rem9d$ ( ! 8twit*+1 twirl+1 wr9kl+1 & horrible m\ld+0 ( :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el compla9$1 & :i* un=tunately =ms a too common exp]i5ce ( ! a/ronomical obs]v]4 ,a close d\ble1 ( ne>ly equal magnitudes1 requires a /eady night1 su* z is suitable = planet>y details2 b a wide d\ble consi/+ ( a bright & a m9ute /> r ne$s a v cle> sky ?an ! p]fection ( def9ition4 ,c]ta9 d\bles1 su* z ,aurig1 ,cygni1 & ,h]culis1 are (t5 m easily se5 9 twilight ?an on a d>k sky2 & "s exp]i5c$ obs]v]s1 consci\s ( ?is advantage1 h secur$ excell5t measures 9 daylight4 ,mr4 ,gl$hill says3--8,su* />s z ,leonis & ,virg9is are be/ measur$ be=e or v soon aft] sunset0 7#8,obs]vatory1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ed74 ,li/ ( ,d\ble ,/>s4 ,abbreviations 9 col4 #i3--41 ,burnham2 ,t41 ,t>rant2 ,s41 ,s*iap>elli2 ,l41 ,leav5wor?2 ,e41 ,engelmann2 ,p41 ,p]rot92 ,h41 ,h4 ,/ruve2 ,m41 ,maw4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,position1 #ahij4 ,posit- ,no4 ,"n ( ,/>4 -------------------------- ,mags4 ion- ,dis- ,epo*4,obs]- ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ,angle tance4 v]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - h m o #a4 ,equulei #ba #ia #i #cd #d #e #ahii #jbe #ahhgg 4 ,mo/ rapid b9>y kn[n4 ,p]iod #aa ye>s 7,wrublewsky74 ,disc4 #aheb by ,o4 ,/ruve4 #b4,piazzi #aji #a #eaj #a #bj #g #g #bjfc #jbh #ahhha ,s4 ,an excessively close & difficult object4 ,b9>y4 #c4 ,delph9i #bj #cbdad #ac #c #e #caja #jbi #ahhhf 4 ,a rapid b9>y4 ,p]iod #bf ye>s 7,d\bjago74 ,disc4 #ahgc by ,burnham4 #d4b ,&rom$ #a #egada #dh #e #f #bggf #jce #ahhdh ,l4 ,di/ance 9 ,oct4 #ahhi less ?an #ja1 & v difficult ) #cf-;in* 7,burnham74 #e4 ,coron ,bor4 #ae #chabf #ci #d #g #abff #jch #ahhge ,s4 ,a close b9>y4 ,p]iod #ie ye>s 7,dob]ck74 ,col\rs gre5i%-:ite & purple4 #f4ee ,tauri #d #acfaf #af #f #h #gfd #jdc #ahhgf ,s4 ,a b9>y4 ,difficult object ) a #aj-;in*4 #g4 ,cassiopei #j #begec #ee #f #f #adfi #jde #ahhgc ,t4 ,ano!r close b9>y4 ,di/ance ( compon5ts %[s little *ange4 #h4 ,botis #ad #ceiad #ab #d #d #bicd #jea #ahhge ,s4 ,a b9>y pair1 ( equal mags4 ,p]iod #abg ye>s 7,dob]ck74 #i4db ,com ,bor4 #ac #dgah #g #e #f #ahif #jee #ahhia ,l4 ,a close b9>y1 ( %ort p]iod2 ab\t #be ye>s4 ,disc1 9 #ahbg by ,o4 ,/ruve4 #aj4 ,cygni #bj #dcacf #h #e #g #gjf #jfc #ahhhh ,h4 ,a b9>y4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! compon5ts is increas+4 #aa4 ,coron ,bor4 #ae #ahgcj #da #e #f #aghe #jfc #ahhfe ,t4 ,a well-kn[n b9>y1 ( %ort p]iod2 #da ye>s 7,dob]ck74 #ab4 ,leonis #i #bbf #i #cb #e #g #ifh #jgj #ahhia ,l4 ,a close pair1 b n difficult4 ,b9>y4 ,p]iod #aad ye>s 7,dob]ck74 #ac4ae ,lyncis #f #dgheh #cd #e #f #ei #jgg #ahijc ,m4 ,a probable b9>y1 ! position & di/ance exhibit+ a gradual increase4 #ad4 ,orionis #e #ai #h #ba #e #g #aici #jii #ahhij ,l4 ,triple4 ,a l[ p[] %[s _m />s "h4 #ae4 ,cancri1 ,a4,b4 #h #eiah #j #e #f #djc #aje #ahhib ,l4 ,a triple />4 ,a4,c4 ,pos4 #acdd2 ,di/4 #ecf2 ,mag4 #g2 #ahghc 7,hall74 #af4 ,scorpii1 ,a4,b4#af #ef-ai #aj #d #g #ic #ajh #ahhfe ,t4 ,a quadruple />1 =m+ "o ( ! f9e/ sy/ems 9 ! sky4 #ag4 ,cephei #bc #ddgd #dg #e #g #cbe #aaf #ahhhg ,h4 ,b9>y4 ,becom+ m difficult ) decrease ( di/ance4 ,yell[ & purple4 #ah4 ,arietis #b #ebibj #ed #e #f #bjbb #abh #ahhig ,l4 ,di/ance increas+4 ,good divid+-te/ = a #d-;in* ap]ture 7,t474 #ai4 ,ophiu*i #af #bed #b #ac #d #e #dbf #aee #ahhhd ,l4 ,b9>y1 b p]iod n yet asc]ta9$ ) accuracy4 ,yell[ & blui%4 #bj4 ,h]culis #af #cgaca #dh #c #f #feh #afh #ahijg ,m4 ,a f9e1 r close b9>y4 ,p]iod #cd ye>s 7,dob]ck74 ,s+le 9 #ahfe4 ,yell[ & r$4 #ba4 ,urs ,maj4 #aa #abccb #i #d #e #bbbg #afc #ahhic ,s4 ,"o ( ! fir/-comput$ b9>ies4 ,p]iod #fc ye>s 7,bre574 ,excell5t object4 #bb4 ,cygni #ai #daedd #eb #c #h #cagg #aff #ahhee ,t4 ,a well-kn[n b9>y4 ,p]iod #cgfg ye>s 7,gore74 ,te/ = #d-;in*4 ,pale yell[ & sea-gre54 #bc4cc ,orionis #e #bee #c #ab #e #f #cbh #aha #ahhga ,t4 ,j visible 9 a #c-;in*4 ,:ite & pale blue4 #bd4 ,aurig1 ,a4,b4 #e #ebbcg #ab #c #h #be #aih #ahhea ,t4 ,a simil> pair to ,cygni1 ?\gh ! di/ance is wid]4 #be4gj ,ophiu*i #ah #jj #b #cb #d #f #cdhg #baf #ahhic 4 ,b9>y4 ,p]iod ne>ly #hh ye>s 7,gore74 ,good object = a #c-;in*4 ,yell[ & purple4 #bf4 ,leonis #aa #ahbaa #h #d #g #fbj #bef #ahhib ,l4 ,b9>y2 b di/ance %[s little v>iation s9ce #ahci4 ,yell[i% & blue4 #bg4 ,botis #ad #djbbg #cb #c #e #cbha #bhh #ahhed ,t4 ,a v int]e/+ object1 & visible 9 a small in/rum5t4 #bh4 ,scorpii #af #bbg-bf #aa #a #h #bgag #bib #ahhjj 4 ,?is pair =ms an atmosph]ic r ?an an optical te/4 #bi4 ,ceti #b #cgf #b #df #c #g #bhig #bid #ahhci ,p4 ,a b9>y sy/em4 ,te/ = a #b-;in*4 ,yell[ & blue4 #cj4 ,piscium #a #efc #b #ad #e #f #cbai #cjc #ahhfi ,t4 ,a probable b9>y1 b s9ce #ahca n mu* *ange 9 position or di/ance4 #ca4 ,aqu>ii #bb #bca- #j #ce #d #d #cbeh #cjh #ahhii ,l4 ,a f9e b9>y1 ) v long p]iod4 #afbe ye>s 7,dob]ck74 #cb4a ,lyr #ah #djgci #cd #d #f #aec #cbd #ahggd;,dob- erck4 #cc4b ,lyr #ah #djgci #cj #e #e #acgf #bde #ahggd ,hall ,^! />s =m a wide d\ble 7di/ance #c #bg71 j sep>able by ! nak$ eye4 ,a #b-;in* %[s a f9e d\ble-d\ble4 ,a #d-;in* reveals ?ree fa9t />e betwe54 #cd4 ,hydr #h #daj #f #di #d #g #bbfe #caf #ahhia 4 ,a new comes1 ,pos4 #aedd2 ,di/4 #jbf2 ,mag4 #f1 #ahhi2 #cf-;in*1 p[] #ccjj6 4 #ce4 ,leonis1 ,a4,b4 #aj #acibj #bd #b #d #aadf #cea #ahhic 4 ,a f9e b9>y4 ,p]iod #djg ye>s 7,dob]ck74 ,readily se5 9 a #c-;in*4 #cf4 ,s]p5tis #ae #bifaj #ee #c #e #ahii #ceb #ahhff;,ball4 ,probably b9>y4 ,f9e object 9 small in/rum5ts4 #cg4 ,canis ,maj4 #f #djc-af #cd #a #aj #ceig #dai #ahijc 4 ,brilliant b9>y4 ,p]iod #ehe ye>s 7,gore74 ,col\rs :ite & yell[4 #ch4 ,h]culis #ag #ifad #ca #c #d #aade #deh #ahhee ,t4 ,a spl5did object4 ,orange & blui% gre54 #ci4 ,cassiopei #j #dbdeg #ad #d #h #ahdg #dgf #ahhhc ,m4 ,b9>y4 ,p]iod #aie ye>s 7,grub]74 ,difficult object = #b-a_/d-;in* 7,johnson74 #dj4 ,virg9is #ab #cfa- #j #ea #c #c #aeci #ede #ahhic ,l4 ,well-kn[n b9>y4 ,p]iod #ahb ye>s 7,j4 ,h]s*el74 ,s+le 9 #ahcf4 #da4 ,gem9orum #g #bgfcb #h #b #c #bbid #efh #ahhib ,l4 ,v f9e object4 ,b9>y2 ,p]iod d\btful 7,mdl] #bcb ye>s1 ,dob]ck #ajja ye>s74 #db4 ,botis #ad #cefaf #ed #d #f #ajdc #fjd #ahhed ,t4 ,?is pair has exhibit$ little *ange 9 pos4 or di/4 s9ce #agha4 #dc4b ,capricorni1#bj #aai-ab #ec #c #ae #adig #fcj #ahgig 4 ,a4,b4 ,good light-te/ = #f-;in*es4 ,companion d\ble2 pos4 #bdj1 di/4 #ae4 #dd4 ,gem9orum #g #acebb #aa #c #i #bjgb #fih #ahhfa ,t4 ,r wide pair ( unequal mags4 ,difficult ) small ap]tures4 #de4 ,arietis #a #dgeah #de #d #e #aghc #hgh #ahhfi ,t4 ,a f9e1 easy object4 ,discov]$ 9 #affd by ,hooke4 #df4 ,urs ,maj4 #h #eagdh #bh #c #ab #cefg #ief #ahhcd ,e4 ,well se5 9 a #d-;in*1 p[]s #hj & #acj4 ,good light-te/4 #dg4 ,orionis #e #ic- #h #bj #a #i #bjbj #ifa #ahhgb ,t4 ,a f9e object = small in/rum5ts4 ,visible 9 a #b-;in* refractor4 #dh4a ,&rom$ #a #egada #dh #c #f #fbf #ajej #ahgfj;,hall4 ,a spl5did pair1 /ation>y 9 relative positions 7see no4 #d74 #di4 ,delph9i #bj #dafae #dd #d #f #bgab #aaceahgig;,hall4 ,e/imates ( ! col\r ( ?is pair diff]1 & *ange is inf]r$4 #ej4 ,orionis1 ,a4,d4 #e #ccb- #b #dj #d #aj #bcfh #aafbahgeb ,multiple4 ,f9e gr\p "h4 ,s*rt] saw #ab />s1 ,/ruve #ah4 #ea4 ,scorpii #ae #eij-ai #cj #b #e #bfg #abgbahgig 4 ,! bright] /> is a close d\ble2 ,pos4 #hg1 ,di/4 #jgc 7,burnham74 #eb4 ,urs ,maj4 #ac #aie #ee #cj #b #d #aeje #adchahhfb ,t4 ,f9e object = small in/rum5ts4 ,o!r />s 9 ! field4 #ec4 ,c5tauri #ad #cba -#fj #bc #a #b #bjbi #agabahhhf ,s4 ,a f9e s\!rn b9>y ) ,p]iod ( #hjc ye>s 7,elk974 #ed4 ,urs ,m94 #a #ahe #hh #dc #b #i #baja #ahfj ,good te/ = a #b-;in*4 ,dawes saw x ) #a-c_/aj-;in*1 ,w>d ) #a-a_/d in*4 #ee4fa ,cygni #ba #bj #ch #ab #e #f #abaj #bjehahhgg ,s4 ,probably a b9>y ( long p]iod 7#ghb ye>s1 ,pet]s2 #aaei ye>s1 ,mann74 #ef4cc ,arietis #b #cdc #bf #ce #e #h #jc #bigfahgig 4 ,a di/ant & easy pair 9 small in/rum5ts4 #eg4 ,cygni #ai #bfc #bg #dd #c #g #eea #cdcbahgig 4 ,a beautiful pair1 col\rs gold5 yell[ & smalt blue4 #eh4 ,gem9orum #g #chf #bh #ah #b #ad #bgdi #dcjjahggi 4 ,disc4 by ,burnham1 :o also f9ds ! companion d\ble2 di/4 #ad 7#ahgib74 #ei4 ,capricorni #bj #aai -#ab #ec #baig #ddeeahgig 4 #a & #b ,capricorni 7,no4 #dc7 =m a nak$-eye d\ble2 ,pos4 #bia1 ,di/4 #cgcd4 #fj4 ,canis ,m94 #g #ccf #e #cj #a #ad #cagc #ddfbahggi 4 ,difficult object2 j se5 /eadily by ,dawes ) #h-a_/d-;in* refractor4 #fa4 ,lyr1 ,a4,b4 #ah #dfj #cc #ad #c #g #adhi #debjahhfi ,t4 ,!re are ?ree o!r fa9t & di/ant compon5ts4 #fb4 ,lyr #ah #ccb #ch #da #a #aa #aefa #dhjjahgig 4 ,good light-te/ = a #c-;in*4 ,!re are o!r m di/ant companions4 #fc4 ,cassiopei #j #cdc #ee #ef #b #ac #bhjb #faccahgig 4 ,! #cf-;in* refractor %[s a v fa9t comes2 ,di/4 #age 7,burnham74 #fd4 ,canis ,maj41 #f #djc -#af #cd #a #ac #aadi #gaciahgge;,hall4 ,a4,c4 ,?is fa9t & di/ant companion to ,sirius 0 disc4 by ,m>?4 #fe4 ,&rom$ #j #bg #bh #bi #b #aa #bgaf #gafjahghf ,g4 ,a wide d\ble1 visible 9 a #c-;in*1 b comes v fa9t4 #ff4 ,tauri #d #bif #af #ag #a #ab #cda #aadifahgig 4 ,good light-te/ = a #c-;in*4 ,v fa9t comes ,pos4 #aji2 ,dis4 #cjd 7,burnham74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,! det]m9ation ( ! angles ( position & di/ance ( d\ble />s =ms a v important & ext5sive bran* ( "w 9 connection ) sid]eal a/ronomy4 ,9 cases :]e d\ble />s pres]ve /ation>y places relatively to ea* o!r1 !re is cle>ly no ne$ = frequ5t re-obs]vation4 ,b 9 ^? num]\s in/ances :]e ! two compon5ts =m a b9>y sy/em x is desirable to obta9 z _m measures z possible1 s z ei!r to v]ify ! calculat$ orbit or to furni% ! mat]ials = an orbit if "o has n be5 comput$ be=e4 ,dr4 ,dob]ck1 ^: "n is well kn[n 9 ^! rese>*es1 m5tion$1 9 #ahhb1 t ample data = purposes ( computation _h n be5 secur$ = m ?an ?irty or =ty b9>ies out ( betwe5 five & six hundr$ su* sy/ems t 7 probably kn[n to exi/4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 9 #ahjc1 e/imat$ ! p]iod ( revolution ( ,gem9orum z #cdb yrs4 #b m?s4 & ( ,virg9is z #abjj yrs4 ,orbits#ea d n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 comput$ until #ahbg1 :5 ,sav]y ( ,p>is %[$ t ! companion ( ,urs ,majoris 0 revolv+ 9 an ellipse ) a p]iod ( #eh-a_/d ye>s4 ,! accompli%$ ,encke also turn$ 8 att5tion to ?is "w1 & adopt$ a m elaborate me?od2 & _m o!rs h pursu$ ! subject ) v int]e/+ & valuable results4 ,on pp4 #cjb-cje is a select$ li/ ( "s ( ! mo/ notewor?y d\ble & b9>y />s1 arrang$ accord+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! compon5ts4 ,9 compil+ ! above li/1 ,i h us$ "s ( ! late/ measures available1 z mo/ ( ^! d\bles are b9>y sy/ems1 & !re=e 9 motion1 s t a few ye>s effect a p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! angles ( position & di/ance ( ! compon5ts4 ,"s ( ! pairs are clos+ up1 o!rs are op5+1 & ?us x happ5s t a b9>y />1 divid$ ) great difficulty to-day1 may become an easy object "s ye>s h5ce1 & vice v]s4 ,9 fact1 z telescopic te/s !y are con/antly v>y+4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject x may be int]e/+ to ref] individually to a few brilliant examples ( d\ble />s4 ,canis ,majoris 7,sirius74 ,a r$ /> accord+ to anci5t records1 b x is n[ int5sely :ite4 ,9 #ahdd ,bessel inf]r$ f c]ta9 little irregul>ities 9 ! prop] motion ( ?is /> t x consi/$ ( a b9>y sy/em ) a p]iod ( ab\t half a c5tury#eb4 ,pet]s confirm$ ?is idea 9 #ahea1 & x 0 obs]vationally v]ifi$ elev5 ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,on ,jan4 #ca1 #ahfb1 ,alvan ,cl>k1 jun41 :ile te/+ a new #ah-;in* refractor1 discov]$ a v fa9t companion #aj di/ant4 ,measures 9 ! few subsequ5t ye>s prov$ t ! position-angle 0 decreas+1 :ile ! di/ance %[$ a slight ext5sion4 ,9 #ahgb x 0 ab\t #aaej1 b s9ce !n ! two />s h be5 approa*+ ea* o!r1 & ,mr4 ,burnham's measures 9 ,april #ahij gave ! di/ance z only #dai4 ,x is n[1 !re=e1 a v difficult object1 & only visible 9 l>ge in/rum5ts4 ,9 ,engl& x is nev] easy1 ow+ to its s\!rn position1 & x has be5 little obs]v$1 b x is satisfactory to note t ! l>ge refractors at ,wa%+ton1 ,pr9ceton1 & ,*icago1 ,u4,s4,a41 h be5 (t5 employ$ on ?is object 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,mann gives a p]iod ( #eabb ye>s = ?is int]e/+ b9>y1 & places ! "t ( p]ia/ron-passage z #ahijee4 ,?is diff]s f ,gore's orbit1 quot$ 9 ! table4 ,orionis 7,rigel74 ,a fav\rite te/-object = small in/rum5ts4 ,! companion has be5 se5 ) only #a-;in* ap]ture by exp]i5c$ obs]v]s famili> ) ! object1 & accu/om$ to its appe>ance 9 l>g] telescopes4 ,! beg9n] may1 h[ev]1 e/eem himself =tunate if he di/+ui%es ! small] /> ) #c in*es ( ap]ture4 ,:5 he has done ?is he may aft]w>ds succe$ ) #b in*es only1 & q possibly ) #b in*es4 ,he c asc]ta9 8 ability 9 ?is direction by ins]t+ c>dbo>d diaphragms ( ! diamet]s ref]r$ to 9 ! dew-cap ( 8 telescope4 ,?is object is n a b9>y2 ! compon5t />s are fix$ relatively to ea* o!r1 & m]ely =m an optical d\ble4 ,! col\rs are pale yell[ & sapphire blue4 ,burnham ?\ght ! small] /> 0 elongat$1 z ?\gh a v close d\ble1 b ! #cf-;in* at ,m\nt ,hamilton has disprov$ ! idea4 ,lyr 7,vega74 ,ano!r well-kn[n object1 & "o ^u :i* amateurs are con/antly te/+ _! means4 ,! companion /> is extremely fa9t1 & small in/rum5ts w\ld h no *ance ) x b = its comp>atively wide di/ance f ,vega4 ,7 x mu* ne>] x w\ld be oblit]at$ 9 ! gl>e4 ,?is is a m difficult pair ?an t ( ,rigel1 ?\gh c]ta9 lynx-ey$ obs]v]s h glimps$ ! m9ute /> ) ridicul\sly small ap]tures4 ,x is no mean feat1 h[ev]1 to disc]n ! /> ) a #c-;in* telescope4 ,webb saw x m easily ) a p[] ( #hj ?an ) #add on a #c-g_/aj-;in*4 ,!re are _m o!r />s 9 ! same field1 ?\gh m di/ant ?an ! companion allud$ to4 ,) p[] #fj on my #aj-;in* reflector1 ,i c\nt$ eighte5 />s 9 ! field ) ,vega on ,oct4 #i1 #ahhi1 ?\gh ! full ,moon 0 %9+ at ! "t4 ,sev]al fa9t />s h be5 alleg$ to exi/ mu* clos] to ,vega ?an ! well-kn[n comes2 b ^! h resi/$ ! great ,am]ican refractors1 & x may be safely assum$ t !y 7 gho/s produc$ by a faulty image4 ,urs ,m9oris 7,pol>is74 ,?is d\ble1 f its con/ant visibility 9 nor!rn latitudes1 f its unv>y+ brightness1 & f ! relatively /ation>y positions ( ! />s compos+ x1 =ms an excell5t te/ = small in/rum5ts4 ,b x is a comp>atively easy object1 & ought to be se5 9 a #b-;in* telescope4 ,) ?is ap]ture ! primitive ef=ts ( a "y obs]v] w probably be disappo9t+4 ,if possible he %\ld fir/ look at ! pair ?r\gh a #c-or #d-;in*1 & !n he w "k exactly :at he may expect to see ) inf]ior means4 ,a difficult object is (t5 readily glimps$ 9 a small telescope aft] ! eye has become acqua9t$ ) x 9 a l>g] "o4 ,exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d is v requisite1 & x is by ?us educat+ ! eye t obs]v]s are gradually enabl$ to rea* objects :i* appe>$ hopelessly beyond !m at _! fir/ attempts4 ,! companion to ,pol>is1 l t ( ,rigel & ,vega1 ?\gh situat$ 9 ne>ly ! same l9e ( sight is n physically relat$ to ! l>g] />1 ! contiguity ( ! objects be+ accid5tal4 ,"s dubi\s obs]vations h be5 made ( comites ne>] to ,pol>is ?an ! "o to :i* we h be5 adv]t+2 b ,burnham does n see ^!1 & we are =c$ to conclude t !y h no objective exi/5ce4 ,scorpii 7,ant>es74 ,a fi]y-r$ />1 ) a r close1 fa9t companion4 ,?is object be+ 9 #bf ( ,s4 decl9ation is r>ely se5 ) advantage 9 places ) latitudes f> nor?4 ,atmosph]ic di/urbance usually affects ! image 9 su* degree t ! small] /> is m]g$ 9 ! contortions ( ! l>g]4 ,?is pair is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ f ! circum/ance t x is frequ5tly liable to occultation by ! ,moon4 ,a night on :i* ?is d\ble /> c be di/9ctly se5 may be reg>d$ z an exceptional "o 9 po9t ( def9ition4 ,x appe>s to h be5 discov]$ ne>ly half a c5tury ago by ,grant & ,mit*el4 ,v>iable ,/>s4--,a proportion ( ! />s exhibit fluctuations 9 _! visible brightness4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! v>iation is b slight1 ?\gh !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! diff]5ces are consid]able4 ,! fluctuations are p]iodical 9 nature & capable ( be+ exactly det]m9$4 ,b ! "* ( ! v>iation & ! p]iod are v dissimil> 9 diff]5t />s4 ,"s are ( %ort p]iod1 & _! v>iations occupy a few days only2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 are m gradual1 & twelve mon?s or m may repres5t ! complete cycle ( _! *anges4 ,^! alt]ations ( brightness g5]ally escape ! notice ( casual obs]v]s ( ! heav5s4 ,to !m ! />s appe> z con/ant 9 _! relative magnitudes z !y are 9 _! relative positions4 ,b a close obs]v] ( ! firmam5t1 :o habitually wat*es & records ! comp>ative lu/re ( ! />s1 mu/ soon discov] num]\s evid5ces ( *ange4 ,he w rem>k c]ta9 />s :i* alt]nately gr[ bright & fa9t1 &1 9 fact1 display a regul> oscillation ( brilliancy4 ,9 ! case ( a pair ( />s he may possibly notice t ! sup]ior lu/re is emitt$ fir/ by "o & !n by ! o!r4 ,! obs]vation ( ^! v>iables dates f a p]iod ant]ior to ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago ,fabricius rem>k$ t ,ceti 7,mira7 suff]$ a great dim9ution ( light2 = :ile x 0 ( ! #crd mag4 9 ,aug4 #aeif1 x became invisible 9 ! foll[+ autumn4 ,x 0 re-obs]v$ by ,holw>da 9 #afci1 & z he appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to e/imate its p]iod1 "s au?ors1 includ+ ,argel&]1 h cr$it$ him ) ! discov]y4 ,! /> has a p]iod ( ab\t #ccac days4 ,its v>iations are some:at erratic1 = at max4 x is sometimes only #d? mag41 :ile at o!rs x is z bright z #bnd mag41 & its m94 are equally inconsi/5t4 ,p]sei 7,algol7 is ano!r & p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( all ! v>iable />s4 ,its *anges are v rapid1 = x passes ?r\gh its v>i\s gradations ( brilliancy 9 less ?an ?ree days4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$ by ,montan>i 9 #affi1 ?\gh x 0 left = ,goodricke 9 #aghb to asc]ta9 its p]iod4 ,! normal mag4 ( ! /> is #bb1 & x only %[s di/9ct v>iation dur+ ! five h\rs :i* prec$e & foll[ a m9imum1 :5 x decl9es to #cg mag4 ,its p]iod is %ort5+1 = 9 #aghb x 0 #b;d #bj;h #dhm #eis#d1 9 #ahdb1 #b;d #dj;h #dhm #ees#b1 & at pres5t ,*&l] f9ds x #b;d #bj;h #dhm #eas4 ,z to ! causes :i* contribute to ^! v>iations1 !y are inve/$ 9 my/]y4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t d>k spots on ! surfaces ( ! />s may1 by ! effects ( rotation1 introduce ! obs]v$ alt]nations4 ,ano!r surmise is t ! tempor>y dim9utions ( lu/re are to be ascrib$ to ! int]position ( d>k satellites1 & ?is !ory seems t5able 9 reg>d to />s ( ! ,algol type4 ,x is satisfactory to note t a l>ge am\nt ( sy/ematic "w is be+ done 9 ?is important & delicate bran* ( rese>*4 ,su* />s z are subject to v>iation h be5 class$ z foll[s3--#a4 ,tempor>y or new />s2 #b4 ,/>s hav+ long & pretty regul> v>iation2 #c4 ,/>s irregul>ly v>iable2 #d4 ,/>s v>y+ 9 %ort p]iods2 #e4 ,/>s ( ! type ( ,algol1 :i* are liable to tempor>y dim9utions ( lu/re4 ,on ! prec$+ page is a li/ ( ! mo/ notewor?y v>iable />s4 ,li/ ( ,v>iable ,/>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,"n ( ,/>4 ,position1 #ahij4 ,mags4 ,p]iod4 ---------------------------------- ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- h m ,cephei #j #eb4e #ha #ag #g4b #i4d #b;d #aa;h #ejm ,ceti #b #ac4h - #c #bi #b #j #cca-a_/c days ,p]sei #c #a4j #dj #cb #b4b #c4g #b;d #bj;h #dim ,tauri #c #edf #ab #aa #c4d #d4b #c;d #bb;h #ebm ,u ,orionis #e #dic #bj #i #f #ab ,gem9orum #f #h4b #bb #cb #c4b #db #ace-aea days ,gem9orum #f #eg4f #bj #dd #c4g #de #aj;d #c;h #dcm ,l#b ,puppis #g #ajb -#dd #bh #c4e #f4c #acf days ,r ,canis ,maj4 #g #ad4e -#af #aa #f4b #f4h #a;d #c;h #afm ,u ,gem9orum #g #dh4f #bb #ah #i #ad #ga-abf days ,s ,cancri #h #cg4g #ai #bf #h4b #aag #i;d #aa;h #chm ,args #aj #dj4h -#ei #f #a #f #df or #fg yrs48 ,r ,hydr #ac #bc4g -#bb #dc #d #aj #dcf days ,libr #ad #ee4a -#h #e #d4i #fa #b;d #g;h #eam ,u ,coron #ae #ac4g #cb #c #g4f #hh #c;d #aj;h #eam ,h]culis #ag #i4f #ad #ca #c4a #c4i #hh;d #ab;h 7irreg47 ,u ,ophiu*i #ag #aa4j #a #bj #f #f4g #j;d #bj;h #hm ,lyr #ah #df4j #cc #ad #c4e #d4e #ab;d #ba;h #dgm ,cygni #ai #dfc #cb #ch #d-f4e #ac #djf days ,aquil #ai #df4i #j #dd #c4f #d4g #g;d #d;h #adm ,y ,cygni #bj #dg4g #cd #ae #g4a #g4i #a;d #aa;h #egm ,cephei #ba #dj4a #eh #af #c4f #dh #dcb days8 ,cephei #bb #be4a #eg #ea #c4g #d4h #e;d #h;h #dhm ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n ( ,/>4 ,obs]v]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cephei ,c]aski1 #ahhj4 ,ceti ,fabricius1 #aeif4 ,p]sei ,montan>i1 #affi4 ,tauri ,bax5dell1 #ahdh4 ,u ,orionis ,gore1 #ahhe4 ,gem9orum ,s*midt1 #ahfe4 ,gem9orum ,s*midt1 #ahdg4 ,l#b ,puppis ,g\ld1 #ahgb4 ,r ,canis ,maj4 ,sawy]1 #ahhg4 ,u ,gem9orum ,h9d1 #ahee4 ,s ,cancri ,h9d1 #ahdh4 ,args ,bur*ell1 #ahbg4 ,r ,hydr ,m>aldi1 #agjd4 ,libr ,s*midt1 #ahei4 ,u ,coron ,w9necke1 #ahfi4 ,h]culis ,w4 ,h]s*el1 #agie4 ,u ,ophiu*i ,sawy]1 #ahha4 ,lyr ,goodricke1 #aghd4 ,cygni ,kir*1 #afhf4 ,aquil ,pigott1 #aghd4 ,y ,cygni ,*&l]1 #ahhf4 ,cephei ,h9d1 #ahdh4 ,cephei ,goodricke1 #aghd4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,new or ,tempor>y ,/>s4--,^! />s 7sometimes class$ ) v>iable />s7 furni% u ) r>e in/ances ( va/ physical *anges occurr+ among sid]eal objects1 usually s /eadfa/ & endurable4 ,! alt]nat+ lu/re ( c]ta9 v>iable />s repres5ts ph5om5a ( regul> recurr5ce1 & is probably to be expla9$ by simple causes2 b ! sudd5 outbur/s & rapid decl9e ( tempor>y />s are facts ( a m />tl+ "*1 & ne$ a m exceptional explanation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! objects record$ 9 hi/ory appe>s to h be5 se5 9 ,scorpio #acd ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & x sugge/$ to ,hipp>*us ( ,rhodes ! idea ( =m+ a catalogue ( />s1 s t 9 future ages obs]v]s might h ! means ( recogniz+ new />s or any o!r *anges 9 ! configuration ( ! heav5s4 ,hipp>*us complet$ 8 catalogue 9 #abh ,b4,c42 x conta9$ #ajbe />s1 & =ms "o ( ! mo/ valuable memorials we possess ( ! lab\rs ( ! anci5t a/ronom]s4 ,ano!r tempor>y /> is said to h appe>$ 9 #acj ,a4,d41 b ?is & sev]al o!r objects ( presumably simil> "* notic$ 9 lat] ye>s may j possibly h be5 comets1 & consid]able d\bt hangs ov] ! descriptions4 ,x w !re=e be safe/ to conf9e our rem>ks to m mod]n & bett] atte/$ in/ances ( ^! ph5om5a#ec3-- #aegb1 ,novemb] #aa4--,! fam\s /> ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,he ?us describ$ 8 fir/ view ( x3--8,"o ev5+ :5 ,i 0 consid]+1 z usual1 ! cele/ial vault1 ! aspect ( :i* is s famili> to me1 ,i p]ceiv$ ) indescribable a/oni%m5t a bright /> ( extraord9>y magnitude ne> ! z5i? 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia40 ,he adds3--8,! new /> 0 de/itute ( a tail1 or ( any appe>ance ( nebulosity2 x resembl$ ! o!r />s 9 all respects1 only t x tw9kl$ ev5 m ?an />s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,9 brightness x surpass$ ,sirius1 ,lyr1 or ,jupit]4 ,x c\ld be comp>$ 9 ?is respect only to ,v5us :5 %e is ne>e/ ! e>? 7:5 a f\r? "p ( h] illum9at$ surface is turn$ t[>ds u74 ,p]sons :o 7 gift$ ) good sight c\ld di/+ui% ! /> 9 ! daytime1 ev5 at noon1 :5 ! sky 0 cle>40 ,?is brilliant ,,nova began to fade e>ly 9 ,dec4 #aegb1 & 9 ,april & ,may #aegc x resembl$ a /> ( ! #bnd mag41 9 ,july & ,aug4 "o ( ! #crd mag41 & 9 ,oct4 & ,nov4 "o ( ! #d? mag4 ,9 ,m>* #aegd ! /> completely disappe>$ 7to ! nak$ eye71 aft] a visibility ( ab\t #ag mon?s4 ,x exhibit$ "s curi\s v>iations ( col\r4 ,x 0 :ite :5 mo/ brilliant2 x !n became yell[1 & aft]w>ds r$1 s t its hue 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aegc 0 simil> to t ( ,m>s4 ,b 9 ,may x aga9 became :ite1 & cont9u$ s until x ceas$ to be visible4 ,! position ( ?is /> 7= #ahij7 is ,r4,a4 #j;h #ahm #das1 ,dec4 #fc #cbb4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be a reapp>ition ( ! brilliant />s :i* %one betwe5 ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia 9 #ide & #abfd1 & to h possibly be5 associat$ ) ! 8,/> ( ,be?lehem20 b !re is no reliable evid5ce on :i* ?is view c be support$1 z ! alleg$ 8/>s0 ( #ide & #abfd 7 und\bt$ly comets1 misdescrib$ 9 old records4 ,cornelius ,gemma is reput$ to h se5 ! celebrat$ /> ( #aegb a few days be=e ,ty*o ,brahe1 viz41 on ,novemb] #h1 #aegb4 #afjd1 ,octob] #aj4--;,discov]$ by ,brun[ski1 :o ann\nc$ x to ,kepl]4 ,x 0 bright] ?an a /> ( ! #a/ mag41 also ?an ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 or ,saturn1 :i* 7 n f> di/ant at ! "t4 ,x did n beg9 to fade imm$iately2 = a mon? aft] its discov]y x 0 /ill bright] ?an ,jupit]1 & ( a :ite lu/re4 ,at ! middle ( ,novemb] x surpass$ ,ant>es1 b 0 inf]ior to ,arcturus4 ,9 ,april #afje x _h fall5 to ! #crd mag41 & w5t on decreas+ until 9 ,octob] x c\ld sc>cely be se5 ) ! nak$ eye ow+ to ! twilight result+ f its proximity to ! ,sun4 ,9 ,m>* #afjf x 0 invisible4 ,! position ( ?is object 0 ab\t midway betwe5 & #eh ,ophiu*i1 or at ,r4,a4 #ag;h #bdm1 ,dec4-#ba #bjg 7#ahij74 #afgj1 ,june #bj4--;,discov]$ by ! ,c>?usian ,monk ,an!lme 9 ,r4,a4 #ai;h #dcm #cs1 ,dec4 #bg #c 7#ahij71 a few degrees ea/ ( ,cygni4 ,x 0 ( ! #crd mag41 & cont9u$ 9 view1 ) con/antly fluctuat+ brightness1 = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,at ! end ( ,m>* #afgb x 0 #f? mag41 & has nev] reappe>$4 ,h9d f\nd a small1 hazy1 & ill-def9$ /> 9 ! same place1 b ?is is probably n ! same z ,an!lme's /> ( #afgj4 #ahdh1 ,april #bh4--;,dur+ ! long int]val ( #agh ye>s sep>at+ #afgj f #ahdh n a s+le new /> appe>s to h reveal$ itself4 ,obs]v]s _h multipli$1 a/ronomical in/rum5ts _h be5 mu* improv$1 />-catalogues 7 pl5tiful1 & yet ! sid]eal heav5s gave no intimation ( a /ell> outbur/4 ,no bett] pro( ?an ?is c\ld be af=d$ z to ! great r>ity ( tempor>y />s4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdh1 ! spell 0 brok51 & ,mr4 ,h9d ann\nc$ t a new /> ( a r$di%-yell[ col\r _h appe>$ 9 ,ophiu*us1 ,r4,a4 #af;h #ecm #bjs1 ,dec4-#ab #dc 7#ahij74 ,he express$ himself z c]ta9 t no /> bright] ?an ! #i? mag4 _h be5 !re previ\s to ,april #e4 ,aft] ris+ to ! #d? mag4 x soon fad$1 & 9 #ahea c\ld only be obs]v$ 9 l>ge in/rum5ts4 ,9 #ahge x 0 /ill visible z a v m9ute />4 #ahfj1 ,may #ba4--,m4 ,auw]s1 ( ,konigsb]g1 notic$ a /> ( ! #g? mag4 ne> ! c5tre ( ! bright resolvable nebula 7,m4 #hj71 ly+ betwe5 & ,scorpii1 ,r4,a4 #af;h #ajm #bis1 ,dec4-#bb #db 7#ahij74 ,on ,may #ah ! /> 0 n !re1 & x disappe>$ altoge!r 9 ?ree weeks4 ,x 0 indep5d5tly se5 by ,pogson on ,may #bh1 & to him x seem$ t 8! nebula _h be5 replac$ by a />1 s entirely 7 its dim rays ov]p[]$ by ! conc5trat$ blaze 9 _! mid/40 #ahff1 ,may #ab4--;,discov]$ by ,birm+ham at ,tuam4 ,x 0 ( ! #bnd mag41 & situat$ 9 ,corona1 ,r4,a4 #ae;h #edm #eds1 ,dec4 #bf #ad 7#ahij74 ,! outbur/ mu/ h be5 v sudd51 z ,s*midt1 at ,a!ns1 0 obs]v+ ?is region ?ree h\rs be=e ! new /> 0 detect$1 & is c]ta9 x 0 !n fa9t] ?an ! #d? mag4 ,! /> 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) "o on ,argel&]'s *>ts e/imat$ z #i mag4 ,x fad$ f ! #bnd to ! #f? mag4 by ,may #bj1 & 0 !reaft] invisible to ! nak$ eye4 #ahgf1 ,nov4 #bd4--;,a yell[ /> ( ! #crd mag4 0 se5 by ! ev] vigilant ,s*midt at ,a!ns ne> ,cygni1 & :]e no su* /> exi/$ on ,nov4 #bj4 ,! position ( ! object 0 ,r4,a4 #ba;h #cgm #bcs1 ,dec4 #db #bj 7#ahij74 ,x soon grew fa9t]1 s t on ,dec4 #ac x 0 ( ! #f? mag4 & devoid ( col\r4 ,9 ! spectroscope x pres5t$ mu* ! same l9es z ,birm+ham's /> ( ,may #ahff4 ,9 addition to ! cont9u\s spectrum x %[$ bright l9es ( hydrog54 #ahhe1 ,augu/ #ca4--;,dr4 ,h>twig ann\nc$ ! appe>ance ( a />-l nucleus 9 ! great nebula 7,m4 #ca7 ( ,&rom$a1 ,r4,a4 #j;h #cfm #dcs1 ,dec4 #dj #dj 7#ahij74 ,o!r obs]v]s soon corroborat$ ! discov]y4 ,! /> appe>s to h be5 fir/ se5 on ,aug4 #ai2 x 0 n visible on ! prec$+ night4 ,on ,sept4 #a its mag4 0 #fe1 on ,sept4 #b1 #gc1 on ,sept4 #c1 #gb1 ,sept4 #d1 #hj1 ,sept4 #ah1 #ib1 c4 ,on ,feb4 #g1 #ahhf1 x _h dw9dl$ d[n to ! #af? mag41 accord+ to an e/imate made by ,pr(4 ,hall ) ! great ,wa%+ton refractor4 ,! spectrum 0 cont9u\s1 & ,proctor & ,gore consid]$ 8t ! evid5ce ( ! spectroscope %[$ t ! new /> 0 situat$ 9 ! nebula40 ,! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! tempor>y />s allud$ to are s diff]5t to ^? ( ord9>y v>iables t x is v que/ionable :e!r !y ought to be class$ toge!r4 ,our k ( ! =m] w\ld no d\bt progress m rapidly 7 !y specially look$ = & m in/ances discov]$4 ,^? :o h acquir$ a famili> acqua9tance ) ! nak$-eye />s %\ld exam9e !m z (t5 z possible ) ?is end 9 view4 ,"s ( ^! objects lose light s quickly t unless !y are caught ne> ! maximum !y are likely to escape altoge!r1 & ?is %[s ! necessity ( be+ con/antly on ! al]t = _! appe>ance4 ,i h frequ5tly1 :ile wat*+ = meteors1 review$ ! diff]5t con/ellations 9 ! hope ( pick+ up a new object1 b h nev] succe$$ 9 do+ s4 ,/> ,col\rs =m ano!r int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( sid]eal a/ronomy4 ,x is obvi\sly desirable to record ! hues pres5t$1 n only by d\ble />s & b9>y sy/ems1 b by isolat$ />s also1 z *anges ( t9t h be5 /rongly suspect$4 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,ptolemy1 & o!rs speak ( ,sirius z a r$ />1 :]eas x is n[ an int5se :ite2 & if we rely on anci5t descriptions simil> *anges appe> to h affect$ "s o!r prom95t />s4 ,b ! old records _c be implicitly tru/$1 ow+ to ! errors ( transcrib]s & translators2 & ,mr4 ,lynn 7#8,obs]vatory'1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ajd7 quotes facts t5d+ to disprove ! idea t ,sirius 0 =m]ly a r$ />4 ,9 ! majority ( cases d\ble />s are ( ! same col\r1 b !re are _m pairs 9 :i* ! complem5t>y col\rs are v decid$4 ,*amb]s rem>ks t ! bright] /> is usually ( a ruddy or orange hue1 & ! small] "o blue or gre54 8,s+le />s ( a fi]y r$ or deep orange are n uncommon1 b isolat$ blue or gre5 />s are v r>e4 ,among/ conspicu\s />s ,libr 7gre57 appe>s to be ! only in/ance40 ,z an example ( fi]y-r$ />s ,ant>es may be m5tion$2 ,aldeb>an is deep r$di% orange1 & ,betelgeuse r$di% orange4 ,among/ ! m prom95t />s ,capella1 ,rigel1 & ,procyon may be m5tion$ z %[+ a blui% t+e1 ,altair & ,vega are gre5i%1 ,arcturus is yell[1 :ile ,sirius1 ,d5eb1 ,pol>is1 ,fomalhaut1 & ,regulus are :ite4 ,mr4 ,birm+ham publi%$ a catalogue ( 8,! ,r$ ,/>s0 9 ! #8,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy'1 = ,augu/ #ahgg1 & ,mr4 ,*amb]s has a work+-catalogue ( #gai su* objects 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xlvii4 pp4 #cdh-chg4 ,! region ( ,cygnus appe>s to be especially prolific 9 r$ />s1 & _m ( ^! objects are v>iable4 ,9 a pap] read at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ! ,pacific ,mr4 ,pi]son /at$ t 9 b9>y sy/ems :]e ! />s are ( equal magnitude ! col\rs are inv>iably ! same1 :ile ^? diff]+ 9 magnitude diff] also 9 col\r & ! l>g] /> is always ne>] ! r$ end ( ! spectrum ?an its second>y4 ,9 ! e/imation ( />-col\rs reflect+-telescopes are v reliable ow+ to _! p]fect a*romatism4 ,gr\ps ( ,/>s4--,great dissimil>ity is app>5t 9 ! clu/]+ ( />s4 ,! heav5s furni% u ) all gradations--f ! loose1 op5 gr\ps l t 9 ,coma ,b]5ices1 9 ! ,pleiades1 or 9 ,prsepe1 to ! compact globul> clu/]s1 9 :i* "s ?\s&s ( />s are s d5sely congregat$ t consid]able optical p[] is requir$ to dis9tegrate !m4 ,"s1 x is true1 yield m easily ?an o!rs4 ,! great clu/] 7,messi] #ac7 9 ,h]cules readily displays ! sw>ms ( />s ( :i* x is compos$2 b o!rs are s difficult t x is only 9 ! l>ge/ in/rum5ts !y are resolv$ into />-du/4 ,fur!r ref]5ces to ^! wond]ful objects w be made 9 ! next *apt]1 & "s ( ! pr9cipal examples describ$2 our purpose "h is to allude to a few ( ! m scatt]$ gr\ps1 & to "s notewor?y in/ances ( multiple />s4 ,coma ,b]5ices4 ,a nak$-eye clu/]1 consi/+ ( _m />s1 *iefly f ! #e? to #f? mags4 ,a telescope adds a numb] ( small] />s4 ,nebul may be (t5 swept up h]eab\ts1 z x is n f> nor? ( ! ri* nebul\s region ( ,virgo4 ,! ,pleiades4 ,six />s are usually di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye1 & a sev5? is occasionally rem>k$4 ,m/l9 7! in/ructor ( ,kepl]7 c\nt$ f\rte51 ,miss ,airy has drawn twelve1 & ,c>r+ton1 l ,m/l91 saw f\rte54 ,9 #ahgg ,i di/9ctly made out f\rte5 />s 9 ?is gr\p4 ,! telescope reveals a consid]able numb] ( small />s & ,tempel's l>ge nebula ne> ,m]ope4 ,kepl] saw ?irty-two />s ) a telescope1 & ,hooke sev5ty-eight2 b ,wolf1 at ,p>is1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( unremitt+ lab\r ) a #d-;foot reflector1 catalogu$ #fga />s 9 ! gr\p4 ,a photograph1 h[ev]1 ) a #ab-;in* refractor %[$ #adba />s2 & a m rec5t negative includes no less ?an #bcbf4 ,!re is an int]e/+ little triangle close to ! brighte/ />1 ,alcyone2 & sev]al ( ! lead+ />s are involv$ 9 nebulosity1 discov]$ by means ( photography4 ,prsepe4 ,a f9e gr\p ( small />s1 divisible by ! unaid$ eye on a cle> night4 ,*amb]s says ! compon5ts are n visible )\t a telescope2 :ile ,webb notes t ! gr\p is j resolvable by ! nak$ eye4 ,?irty-six />s 7 glimps$ ) ,galilei's telescope2 b mod]n in/rum5ts %[ _m m4 ,m>?1 us+ ,lassell's #d-;foot reflector at ,malta1 discov]$ sev]al fa9t nebul & nebul\s />s 9 ?is clu/]4 ,p]sei4 ,p]ceptible to ! eye z a pat* ( hazy mat]ial ly+ betwe5 ! con/ellations ,cassiopeia & ,p]sei4 ,9 a telescope x =ms a d\ble clu/]1 & is "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful objects t ! sky af=ds4 ,! tyro :o fir/ beholds x is a/oni%$ at ! m>vell\s pr(usion ( />s4 ,x c be fairly well se5 9 a good field-glass1 b its *ief beauties only come out 9 a telescope1 & ! l>g] ! ap]ture ! m /rik+ w !y appe>4 ,x is on gr\ps ( ?is "* t ! advantage ( l>ge in/rum5ts is fully realiz$4 ,! p[] %\ld be v l[1 s t ! :ole ( ! two clu/]s may be se5 9 ! field4 ,an eyepiece ( #dj1 field #fe1 on my #aj-;in* reflector1 pres5ts ?is object 9 its mo/ impos+ =m4 ,crucis4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's obs]vations at ! ,cape h made ?is object famili> to nor!rn obs]v]s4 ,x is compos$ ( m ?an #ajj />s1 f ! #g? mag4 d[nw>ds2 & "s ( ! bright] ones are highly col\r$1 s t ! g5]al effect is greatly enhanc$ & fully ju/ifies ,h]s*el's /atem5t t ! gr\p may be lik5$ to 8a sup]b piece ( fancy jewelry40 ,urs ,majoris 7,miz>74 ,?is gr\p is int]e/+ bo? z a nak$-eye & z a telescopic object4 ,!re is a #e? mag4 />1 nam$ ,alcor1 ab\t #aa di/ant f ,miz>1 & ! =m] 0 consid]$ a good te/-object = unaid$ vision by ! ,arabian a/ronom]s4 ,b ! /> has probably bright5$2 = x c n[ be easily se51 & c]ta9ly (f]s no crit]ion ( good vision4 ,miz> is a f9e telescopic d\ble1 ! companion be+ #d? mag4 & di/ant #ad4 ,any small telescope w %[ x1 & !re is ano!r #h? mag4 /> v ne>4 ,orionis4 ,?is appe>s z a d\ble-quadruple />1 ) sev]al o!rs 9 ! same field4 ,a #c-;in* w reveal mo/ ( !m1 ?\gh "s ( ! fa9t] />s 9 ! gr\p w be beyond its rea*4 ,orionis4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! great nebula ( ,orion !re is a tol]ably conspicu\s quadruple />1 ! compon5ts ( :i* =m a trapezium4 ,?is is visible 9 a #b-;in* refractor4 ,9 #ahbf ,/ruve discov]$ a fif? />1 & 9 #ahcj ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el f\nd a six?2 ^! 7 bo? situat$ a little outside ! trapezium4 ,all ^! />s h be5 se5 9 a #c-;in* telescope4 ,! great #cf-;in* equatoreal at ,m\nt ,hamilton has add$ sev]al o!rs2 "o 0 detect$ by ,alvan ,g4 ,cl>k 7! mak] ( ! object-glass7 & ano!r by ,b>n>d4 ,^! 7 excessively m9ute1 & plac$ )9 ! trapezium4 ,b>n>d#ed has also glimps$ an extremely m9ute d\ble /> ext]ior to ! trapezium1 & =m+ a triangle ) ! />s ,a & ,c on ! foll[+ diagram3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! ,trapezium 9 ,orion1 z se5 ) ! #cf-;in* refractor4 ,sev]al obs]v]s1 includ+ ,hugg9s1 ,salt]1 & o!rs1 _h previ\sly drawn fa9t />s 9 ! int]ior ( ! trapezium2 b ^! c\ld n be se5 by ,hall & ,burnham 9 ! l>ge refractors at ,wa%+ton & ,*icago1 & 7 ?us prov$ to h no real exi/5ce4 ,! new />s obs]v$ 9 ! #cf-;in* telescope are only j )9 ! limits ( its capacity1 & !re=e _c be id5tical ) />s alleg$ to h be5 previ\sly se5 9 small in/rum5ts4 ,! fif? & six? />s 9 ! trapezium h be5 suppos$ to be v>iable1 & n )\t reason2 possibly ! o!rs are equally liable to *ange1 b ?is is only conjecture4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el says t to p]ceive ! fif? & six? />s 8is "o ( ! sev]e/ te/s t c be appli$ to a telescope0 7#8,outl9es1' #aa? edit4 p4 #faj72 yet ,burnham saw !m bo? readily 9 a #f-;in* a few m9utes be=e sunrise on ,m\nt ,hamilton 9 ,septemb] #ahgi4 & ,lyr also =m multiple gr\ps1 :i* w well repay obs]vation ei!r ) l>ge or small telescopes4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations4--,anyone :o attempts to indicate ) tol]able fulness ! me?ods & requirem5ts ( obs]vation 9 ! /ell> dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy w f9d a heavy task lies be=e him2 & x is "o to :i* he w be unable to d ju/ice 9 a small space1 ow+ to ! v>iety ( matt]s to be ref]r$ to & ! necessity ( be+ p>ticul> 9 reg>d to ea* "o4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i %all m]ely make v brief allusions1 z x is hop$ ! description already giv5 ( pa/ "w w be a suffici5t guide = ! future4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o take up a special bran* ( inquiry w h>dly re/ cont5t ) ! meagre in=mation usually convey$ 9 a g5]al "w on a/ronomy1 b w consult ^? au?orities :o deal m exclusively ) t bran*4 ,d\ble & b9>y />s may be said to =m "o dep>tm5t1 v>iable & tempor>y />s ano!r1 ! col\rs ( />s a ?ird1 :ile _m o!rs may be signifi$--su* z ! det]m9ation ( />-magnitudes1 positions1 gr\p+1 & di/ances2 also ! prop] motions & numb] ( />s1 besides photographic & spectroscopic "w1--ea* & all ( :i* comprise a field ( useful & ext5sive inquiry4 ,! amateur w ( c\rse *oose 8 own sph]e ( lab\r1 consi/5tly ) 8 incl9ation & ! "* ( 8 appliances4 ,9 connection ) d\ble />s1 valuable "w yet rema9s to be done1 ?\gh ! ,h]s*els & ! ,/ruves ga!r$ 9 ! bulk ( ! h>ve/ & ,burnham has glean$ mu* t 0 left4 ,) reg>d to bright />s1 x may be assum$ t v few1 if any1 close companions1 visible 9 mod]ately small glasses1 n[ await discov]y1 unless1 inde$1 9 cases :]e ! /> =ms "p ( a b9>y sy/em ( long p]iod1 & ! epo* ( p]ia/ron has fall5 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,b ) telescopic />s !re mu/ be _m int]e/+ d\bles1 "s ( !m b9>ies1 /ill unkn[n4 ,^! %\ld be swept up & submitt$ to measurem5t4 ,a great desid]atum 9 ?is bran* is a new g5]al catalogue ( d\ble />s2 = su* a "w w\ld greatly facilitate ref]5ce1 & save ! tr\ble ( se>*+ ?r\gh diff]5t li/s 9 ord] to id5tify an object4 ,burnham has giv5 "s practical h9ts on d\ble-/> "w 9 ! #8,sid]eal ,mess5g]1' & 8 rem>ks are reproduc$ 9 t excell5t "w #8,a/ronomy = ,amateurs4' ,z to v>iable />s1 "s ( ^! p]mit ( nak$-eye e/imation1 o!rs ne$ a field-glass1 & !re are "s :i* require to be foll[$ 9 a good telescope4 ,! obs]v] :o ent]s ?is dep>tm5t may ei!r desire to f9d new objects or to obta9 fur!r data ) reg>d to old ones4 ,if ! =m]1 he _c d bett] ?an wat* "s ( ! suspect$ v>iables 9 ,gore's ,catalogue ( #gcf objects1 publi%$ by ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,:e!r suspect$ or kn[n v>iables are put "u surveillance1 ! plan ( comp>ison w be ! same4 ,sev]al />s ne> ! v>iable 9 position1 & ne>ly equal 9 light1 %\ld be comp>$ ) x1 & ! diff]5ces 9 lu/re1 9 t5?s ( a magnitude1 record$ z frequ5tly z possible4 ,! ext5t & p]iod ( ! v>iation w become manife/ by a discussion ( ! results4 ,! comp>ison-/>s %\ld ( c\rse be con/ant 9 light1 &1 if nak$-eye />s1 !y may be select$ f ! ,uranometria ,nova ,oxoni5sis or #8,h>v>d ,photometry4' ,if telescopic />s are requir$1 !n rec\rse mu/ be _h to compreh5sive *>ts su* z ,argel&]'s ,dur*mu/]ung1 :i* includes />s up to #i mag4 ,v>iable />s ( ! ,algol type are especially likely to escape recognition1 z !y reta9 a normal brilliancy except dur+ ! few h\rs ne> ! "t ( a m9imum4 ,z to />-col\rs1 x mu/ be admitt$ t our k is 9 an unsatisfactory condition4 ,! results ( pa/ obs]vation %[ discordances :i* are difficult to acc\nt =4 ,:51 h[ev]1 all ! circum/ances are consid]$1 we ne$ feel no surprise at ?is want ( unanimity4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x is probable t actual & p]iodical *anges occur 9 ! col\rs ( />s1 ?\gh absolute pro( is /ill requir$4 ,atmosph]ic v>iations unque/ionably affect ! t9ts ( />s1 & "s alt]ations dep5d ^u altitude1 = a cele/ial object se5 ?r\gh ! d5se l[] air-/rata ne> ! horizon w h>dly pres]ve ! same app>5t hues :5 on ! m]idian4 ,telescopes are also liable to induce false impressions ( col\r1 & especially by ! employm5t ( diff]5t eyepieces n equally a*romatic4 ,& ! obs]v]'s judgm5t is sometimes at fault ?r\gh physiological influ5ces1 or he may h a sy/ematic pref]5ce = c]ta9 hues :i* little impress ano!r obs]v]4 ,^? engag$ 9 ?is bran* feel ! want ( a reliable & ready means ( comp>ison1 & sev]al h be5 tri$2 b !re are objections to _! use1 & x seems t ! be/ objects are furni%$ by ! />s !mselves4 ,let ! obs]v] /udy ! col\rs ( well-kn[n />s1 & famili>ize 8 eye ) ! di/9ctions 9 v>i\s cases 7also ) ! diff]5ces due to meteorological effects c472 he w !n gradually acquire confid5ce1 & may use ^! objects z /&>ds4 ,! difficulty w be t !y _c be directly comp>$1 9 ! same field1 ) o!r />s2 b relative diff]5ces may be not$ by turn+ ! telescope f "o object to ! o!r4 ,?is w be bett] ?an =m+ e/imates on ! basis ( an artificial me?od1 :i* w sure to be tr\blesome to arrange1 & probably errone\s 9 practice4 ,9 "s />s ! col\r is s curi\s z to be attribut$ ) difficulty1 & ) reg>d to fa9t />s col\r-e/imates are (t5 unreliable2 s t x is n desirable to g bel[ ! #i? mag4 unless a v l>ge in/rum5t is employ$4 ,! necessity ( be+ con/antly on ! look-out = tempor>y />s has be5 already m5tion$4 ,!re is also ! ne$ = fur!r obs]vations ( su* ( ^! objects z /ill exi/4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v m9ute1 & ! obs]v] w h to be c>eful z to _! id5tity4 ,?\gh no great revival 9 brilliancy is to be expect$1 ^! objects exhibit$ "s s+ul> fluctuations dur+ _! decl9e1 & x is important to keep !m "u view z long z possible4 ,_m o!r dep>tm5ts ( sid]eal "w are be/ left to ! pr(essional a/ronom]4 ,! d]ivation ( accurate />-places1 prop] motions1 di/ances1 c4 requires in/rum5ts ( great ref9em5t & tra9$ h&s to use !m4 ,rese>*es su* z ^! d n come )9 ! scope ( ord9>y amateurs4 ,b a va/ field is op5 to !m 9 respect to d\ble & v>iable />s2 & ! physical relations ( _m ( ! =m] greatly int5sify ! int]e/ 9 ?is bran*1 & make x necess>y to secure frequ5t obs]vations4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,!re are sev]al =ms ( ?is in/rum5t3 = p>ticul>s ( con/ruction & use ! read] is ref]r$ to ,?orn?waite's #8,h9ts on ,telescopes1' & ,*amb]s's #8,a/ronomy1' #d? ed4 vol4 ii4 #dh ,mr4 ,george ,knott1 ( ,cuckfield1 m5tions t ! radius ( ! fir/ bright diffraction-r+ ( a /ell> image1 = a #g-a_/c-;in* ap]ture1 is #aja1 & = "o ( #b in*es #cgj 7#8,obs]vatory1' vol4 vi4 p4 #ai2 see also vol4 i4 pp4 #ajg & #ade74 ,mr4 ,dawes is quot$ z giv+ #abe = a #g-;in*1 #afa = a #e-;in*1 & #ceg = a #bd-;in*4 ,^! figures exce$ ! !oretical values1 if ! latt] are adopt$ f ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy's #8,undulatory ,!ory ( ,optics1' :]e1 = mean rays1 we h3-- ,radius ( object-glass 9 in*es radius ( bright r+ 9 seconds #cgj4 #di ,! numb] visible to diff]5t p]sons v>ies accord+ to eyesight4 ,"s obs]v]s see ?irte5 or f\rte5 />s 9 ! ,pleiades1 :ile o!rs _c disc]n m ?an six or sev54 #ej ,ab\t #b seconds4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el f\nd ! diamet] ( ,lyr ) a p[] ( #fdej to be #jceec4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 be=e ! inv5tion ( telescopes1 e/imat$ ! diamet] ( ,sirius z #abj4 ,j4 ,d4 ,cass9i1 ) a telescope #ce feet long1 f\nd ! diamet] ( ! same /> #e4 #ea ,dr4 ,dob]ck gives "s valuable in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! computation ( b9>y />-orbits 9 #8,! ,obs]vatory1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #aaj & #adj4 #eb ,! /> ,canis ,m9oris 7,procyon7 0 also inf]r$ to be a b9>y & to h a simil> p]iod4 ,sev]al close companions appe> to h be5 discov]$ 7,a/4 ,na*4 no4 #bjhj74 ,b ,pr(4 ,hall1 us+ ! #beh-;in* refractor at ,wa%+ton1 says3--8,i h nev] be5 able to see any ( ^! companions t w\ld /& ! te/ ( slid+ & *ang+ ! eyepiece1 turn+ ! micromet]1 c41 & am !re=e d\btful ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is is an int]e/+ /> = ! p[]ful telescopes ( ! future40 ,x has be5 surmis$ t ! companion is a non-lum9\s "o1 & !re=e invisible4 #ec ,x is rem>kable t ne>ly all ! tempor>y />s h appe>$ 9 ! region ( ! ,milky ,way4 #ed ,?is exp]t comet-f9d] w\ld appe> to h m acute1 s5sitive vision on fa9t />s ?an ,burnham 7see #8,mon?ly ,notices'1 vol4 xlix4 p4 #ced74 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,nebul ,,& ,,clu/]s ,,( ,,/>s4 ,di/9ction4--,l>ge numb] ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s visible4--,v>ieties ( =m & gr\p+4--,di/ribution4--,e>ly ,obs]vations4--,v>iable ,nebul4--,nebul\s ,/>s4--,! ,magellanic ,cl\ds4--,d\ble ,nebul4--,real dim5sions ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s4--,r\nd ,nebul & ,clu/]s4--,description ( ,objects4--,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$4--,li/s ( select$ ,objects4 ,di/9ction4--,^! objects1 ?\gh class$ toge!r 9 catalogues1 (f] "s great di/9ctions :i* ! obs]v] w n be long 9 recogniz+4 ,x 0 ?\ght at "o p]iod t all nebul 7 resolvable into />s#ee1 & t _! nebul\s aspect 0 m]ely due to ! confus$ light ( remote />-clu/]s4 ,b mod]n telescopes1 back$ up by ! unequivocal te/imony ( ! spectroscope1 h %[n t purely nebul\s matt] really exi/s 9 space4 ,! l>ge/ in/rum5ts _c resolve x into />s1 & x yields a gase\s spectrum4 ,! conjecture has be5 ?r[n out t x may be consid]$ z ! un=m$ mat]ial ( :i* suns & planets are made4 ,l>ge ,numb] visible4--,d',arre/ once said t nebul are s num]\s z to be inf9ite1 & 8 op9ion is support$ by ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] kn[n4 ,let u make a comp>ison4 ,messi] ins]t$ 9 ! ,connaissances des ,temps = #aghc & #aghd 7publi%$ 9 #agha7 a catalogue conta9+ #ajc nebul & />-clu/]s4 ,( ^! #fh 7 new4 ,9 #ahhh a new edition ( ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's catalogue ( #ahfd 7revis$ & ext5d$ by ,drey]7 0 pr9t$ by ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 & ?is includes #ghdj objects6#ef ,! lab\rs ( ! ,h]s*els1 ( ,"l ,rosse1 ,d',arre/1 ,m>?1 ,tempel1 ,/ephan1 & ,swift h va/ly augm5t$ our k 9 ?is bran* s9ce ! "t ( ,messi]4 ,v>ieties ( ,=m & ,gr\p+4--,a telescope reveals all grades ( cond5sation 9 /ell> gr\ps4 ,"s consi/ ( r bright1 scatt]$ />s1 & are easily resolv$4 ,o!rs conta9 m />s1 b !y are small]1 & great] p[] is requir$ to %[ !m4 ,o!rs aga9 are cond5s$ into globul> clu/]s ne$+ high p[]s & good in/rum5ts to disconnect ! mass ( />s compos+ !m4 ,"s are fa9t1 & ! />s s m9ute t !y are only to be di/+ui%$ f nebul 9 ! f9e/ telescopes4 ,z to ! nebul prop]ly s call$1 !y exi/ 9 all =ms4 ,!y may be ei!r r\nd1 elliptical1 or 9 ! =m ( a /reak4 ,"s are highly cond5s$ 9 _! c5tres1 o!rs pres5t well-def9$ circul> disks l planets1 & a small proportion are 9 ! =m ( r+s#eg4 ,_m peculi>ities ( detail h be5 rem>k$1 & a curi\s & complicat$ spiral /ructure has be5 discov]$ 9 c]ta9 prom95t nebul4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 t]m$ ! 8,:irlpool0 ,nebula f its s+ul> convolution ( =m4 ,o!r objects h receiv$ di/9ctive appellations agreeably to _! appe>ance4 ,?us1 !re is ! 8,dumb-bell0 ,nebula1 ! 8,crab0 ,nebula1 ! 8,horse%oe0 ,nebula1 c4 ,"l ,rosse's #f-;foot reflector is 9 a l>ge degree responsible = ! p>ticul> k we possess ( _m ( ^! objects4 ,! l>ge mirror comm&s a grasp ( light :i* r5d]s x v effective on =ms ( ?is "*4 ,an in/rum5t ( small diamet] is q inadequate to deal ) !m4 ,!y c be se51 x is true1 & ! g5]al %ape recogniz$ 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s examples1 b _! details ( /ructure are res]v$ = ! great] capacity ( l>ge ap]tures4 ,di/ribution4--,) reg>d to di/ribution ^! objects exhibit ! utmo/ irregul>ity1 = 9 c]ta9 regions ( ! heav5s !y are f\nd to be v pl5tiful1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are s+ul>ly r>e4 ,?us1 9 ,virgo1 ,coma ,b]5ices1 ,leo1 & ,ursa ,major l>ge numb]s ( nebul ab\nd1 :ile 9 ,h]cules1 ,draco1 ,cepheus1 ,p]seus1 ,taurus1 ,auriga1 c41 v few are enc\nt]$4 ,tak+ ! #ghdj objects 9 ! ,new ,g5]al ,catalogue ( #ahhh x w be f\nd t _! di/ribution 9 h\rs ( ,"r ,asc5sion is z foll[s3-- ,r4,a4 ,nebul4 #j ,h4 #chg ,i #dbh ,,ii #cih ,,iii #cjj ,,iv #bgf ,v #cge ,,vi #aga ,,vii #aif ,,viii #bcj ,,ix #cfb ,x #djd ,,xi #ehe ,,xii #heh ,,xiii #ejd ,,xiv #cge ,,xv #bab ,,xvi #bcj ,,xvii #bei ,,xviii #bjc ,,xix #aag ,,xx #aec ,,xxi #ahh ,,xxii #bge ,,xxiii #ced ,! maximum is !re=e rea*$ at ,,xii h\rs1 :ile ! m9imum is %[n at ,,xix h4 ,!re is a second>y max4 at ,i h41 & a second>y m94 at ,,vi h4 ,e>ly ,obs]vations4--,! nebula 9 ,&rom$a appe>s to h be5 ! "o fir/ discov]$1 = ! di/+ui%$ ,p]sian a/ronom] ,al-,sfi 7:o di$ 9 #ihf ,a4,d47 0 und\bt$ly acqua9t$ ) x4 ,! nebula is figur$ ^u a ,dut* map ( ! />s ne>ly #djj ye>s old4 ,9 #afab ,simon ,m>ius r$etect$ ?is object1 & appropriately lik5$ its appe>ance to t ( a 8c&le %9+ ?r\gh a piece ( horn40 ,9 #afah ! nebula 9 ,orion 0 c]ta9ly kn[n1 = ,cysatus ( ,luc]ne comp>$ x ) ! head ( ! f9e comet visible 9 ,decemb] ( t ye>4 ,huyg5s alight$ ^u ! same object 9 #afef1 & appe>s to h be5 unconsci\s ( its prior discov]y4 ,only six 8nebul or lucid spots0 7 kn[n 9 #agaf1 & enum]at$ by ,halley 9 ! #8,phil4 ,trans4' vol4 xxix4 ,^! includ$ ^? ( ,&rom$a & ,orion4 ,a ?ird 0 situat$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! b[ & head ( ,sagitt>ius4 ,?is is ,m4 #bb1 & consi/s ( a bright globul> clu/] ( ,/>s4 ,! f\r? 0 ! f9e />-gr\p involv+ ,c5tauri1 :i* ,halley himself f\nd 9 #afgg4 ,! fif? 0 ano!r f9e gr\p 9 ! "r foot ( ,ant9\s4 ,?is is ,m4 #aa1 & 0 discov]$ by ,kir* 9 #afha4 ,! six? 0 ! magnific5t globul> clu/] 7,m4 #ac7 9 ,h]cules1 discov]$ by ,halley 9 #agad4 ,9 #agce ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d]ham publi%$ a li/ ( #af ( ^! objects1 & 9 #agfa ,lacaille summ>iz$ #db nebul & />-clu/]s :i* he _h obs]v$ 9 ! s\!rn sky4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,messi]'s tables ( #de nebul c4 9 #agga1 & ( #ajc 9 #aghaeh4 ,b ^! contributions1 important ?\gh !y sev]ally 71 sunk into insignificance beside ! spl5did results obta9$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 :o dur+ 8 prolong$ & sy/ematic sweeps ( ! heav5s pick$ up no less ?an #bejj new nebul & clu/]s :i* he =m$ into ?ree catalogues pr9t$ 9 ! #8,phil4 ,trans4' z foll[s3--#aghf1 #ajjj objects1 #aghi1 #ajjj ditto1 #ahjb1 #ejj ditto4 ,v>iable ,nebul4--,x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t *anges occur 9 ! physical appe>ances ( c]ta9 nebul1 ?\gh ! op9ion is n p]haps support$ by a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances4 ,until ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el began 8 review ( ! heav5s v few nebul 7 kn[n1 & ! in=mation possess$ ab\t !m 0 v incomplete4 ,! e>ly records1 obta9$ ) small & inf]ior telescopes1 sc>cely admit ( comp>ison ) rec5t obs]vations1 = 9 matt]s ( detail little agreem5t w be f\nd2 & ?is proce$s c]ta9ly n s mu* f real *anges 9 ! objects z f diff]5ces due to ! v>iety ( in/rum5ts employ$1 to atmosph]ic vag>ies1 & to 8p]sonal equation40 ,bullialdus & ,kir* 9 #affg & #afgf & ,le ,g5til 9 #agei suppos$ t rem>kable *anges 7 op]at+ 9 ! great elliptical nebula ( ,&rom$a4 ,b ,g4 ,p4 ,bond fully inve/igat$ ! evid5ce1 & conclud$ t ! v>iability ( ! object 0 by no means prov$4 ,"s obs]v]s h repres5t$ ! nucleus z /ell>1 :ile o!rs h drawn x z a gradual cond5sation1 & ,dr4 ,copel& has %[n t diff]5t magnify+ p[]s alt] ! aspect ( ! nucleus1 8! l[] p[]s mak+ x m />-l1 ! high] ones m s(t-look+ & ext5sive40 ,mairan & o!rs ent]ta9$ ! view t ! l>ge irregul> nebula 9 ,orion 0 subject to *ange4 ,?is object receiv$ mu* att5tion f ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 & he conclud$ t x und]w5t great alt]ation betwe5 #aggd & #ahaa4 ,d',arre/1 f 8 own rese>*es & a discussion ( o!r results1 express$ himself 9 #ahgb t 8! obs]v$ *anges 9 ?is va/ mass ( gas seem exclusively to turn out to be tempor>y fluctuations ( brightness40 ,pr(4 ,hold5 has arriv$ at a simil> conclusion1 & says3--8,! figure ( ! nebula has rema9$ ! same f #ageh till n[ 7if we except a *ange 9 its apex ab\t #aggj1 :i* seems q possible72 b 9 ! brightness ( its p>ts und\bt$ v>iations h tak5 place1 & su* *anges are /ill go+ on0#ei 7#8,monograph ( ! ,nebula 9 ,orion1' p4 #bbe74 ,h9d discov]$ a fa9t nebula1 ) a diamet] ( ab\t #a1 on ,oct4 #aa1 #aheb4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 ,taurus1 ! position be+ ,r4,a4 #d;h #aem #ccs1 ,dec4 #ai #aef 7= #ahij71 or ab\t #b ,w4 ( ! /> ,tauri 7mag4 #cg74 ,d',arre/1 on ,oct4 #c1 #ahfa1 se>*$ = ?is object1 b f\nd x _h q disappe>$6 ,a small r\nd nebula 0 se5 9 #ahfh1 ab\t #d prec$+ ,h9d's1 b ?is resi/$ "s lat] attempts at obs]vation4 ,9 ,oct4 #ahij1 ,burnham & ,b>n>d1 ) ! #cf-;in* refractor ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 saw two nebul "h1 "o a v small1 cond5s$ nebula1 ) a /ell> nucleus1 & ! o!r an exce$+ly fa9t nebulosity ab\t #de 9 diamet] 7see #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 li4 pp4 #id1 #ie74 ,! nebula surr\nd+ ! /> ,args has be5 suspect$ ( v>iation1 p>ticul>ly by ,abbott1 ( ,hob>t ,t[n1 ,tasmania4 ,vols4 xxv41 xxx41 & xxxi4 ( ! #8,mon?ly ,notices' conta9 _m ref]5ces to1 & figures (1 ?is int]e/+ object4 ,b ! alleg$ *anges h n be5 sub/antiat$1 & !re seems no reason to d\bt t !y 7 purely imag9>y4 ,! trifid nebula 9 ,sagitt>ius 7,m4 #bj7 is suppos$ by ,pr(4 ,hold5 to h alt]$ its position ) ref]5ce to a triple /> n[ situat$ 9 ! ,s4 foll[+ "p ( ! nebula4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 m ?an half a c5tury ago1 _h describ$ ?is /> z plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! vacuity by :i* ! nebula is divid$4 ,drey]1 h[ev]1 po9ts out t ! draw+s ( ?is object diff] 9 _m details1 & t1 ?\gh *anges ( brightness may h tak5 place1 x is difficult to und]/& t ! nebula %\ld move s z to envelop ! /> 9 ab\t #ahce1 8aft] :i* no s5sible *ange occurr$ aga91 s f> z publi%$ obs]vations g40 ,! nebula 7,m4 #ag7 j ,n4 ( ! b[ ( ,sagitt>ius 0 also inf]r$ by ,hold5 to h %ift$ its place relatively to ! small />s figur$ by ,lassell 9 ?is object2 b ,drey] adduces facts :i* controv]t ?is assumption4 7,see #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xlvii4 pp4 #dab-dbj1 :]e mu* valuable in=mation w be f\nd z to suppos$ v>iable nebul47 ,on ,oct4 #ai1 #ahei1 ,tempel discov]$ a fa9t1 l>ge nebulosity atta*$ to ! /> ,m]ope1 "o ( ! ,pleiades1 & at fir/ mi/ook x = a diffus$ comet4 ,its position is ,r4,a4 #c;h #cim#f1 ,dec4 #bc #bf 7#ahij74 ,an impression soon ga9$ gr\nd t ?is object 0 v>iable2 = :ile ,s*midt1 ,*acornac1 ,pet]s1 & o!rs saw x ) small in/rum5ts1 x c\ld n be disc]n$ by ,d',arre/ & ,s*jell]up ) ! l>ge refractor at ,cop5hag54 ,swift saw ! nebula easily 9 #ahgd ) a #d-;in* refractor1 & has obs]v$ x ) ! ap]ture contract$ to #b in*es4 ,backh\se re-obs]v$ x 9 #ahhb ) a #d-a_/d-;in* refractor4 ,yet 9 ,m>* #ahha ,h\gh & ,burnham s5t a pap] to ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society ) an endeav\r to prove t ! nebula did n exi/6 ,!y _h frequ5tly se>*$ = x dur+ ! prec$+ w9t]1 b n a ve/ige ( ! object c\ld be se5 9 ! #ah-;in* refractor at ,*icago1 & !y reg>d$ ! suppos$ nebula z due to ! gl[ proce$+ f ,m]ope & neighb\r+ />s4 ,b photography has entirely refut$ ?is negative evid5ce1 & has %[n1 n only ,tempel's nebula1 b o!rs involv+ ! />s ,maia1 ,alcyone1 & ,electra belong+ to ?is clu/]4 ,z to ! alleg$ v>iations 9 ! ,m]ope nebula1 !re is e reason to suppose ^! 7 n real4 ,prop] motion has be5 sugge/$ 9 reg>d to a v small1 fa9t nebula 7,n4,g4,c4 #cbcf7 a few degrees foll[+ ,leonis4 ,b ,drey] has disprov$ ?is by %[+ t !re 0 no prop] motion betwe5 #ahfe & #ahhg1 :5ce 8x may be safely inf]r$ t !re has be5 none s9ce #ahcj1 unless we are to believe1 9 ?is & simil> cases1 t nebul 9 ! good old days mov$ ab\t z !y lik$1 b h be5 on _! good behavi\r s9ce #ahfa40 ,nebul\s ,/>s4--,?is "n 0 appli$ by ,hipp>*us & o!r anci5t obs]v]s to ! clu/]s ( />s :i*1 to ! nak$ eye1 appe> z pat*es ( nebul\s light4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 9 #agia1 %[$ ?is designation to be incorrect1 & us$ x 9 connection ) />s actually involv$ 9 nebulosity4 ,9 sweep+ ! heav5s he met ) sev]al in/ances ( ?is k9d4 ,?us1 #c ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,p]sei he f\nd a /> ( ! #i? mag4 surr\nd$ by a nebula #c 9 diamet]4 ,he pick$ up ano!r close to ! /> #fc ,gem9orum4 ,?is is a rem>kable object--a /> ( ! #i? mag4 surr\nd$ by two d>k & two bright r+s4 ,on ,feb4 #c1 #ahfd1 ,"l ,rosse's telescope %[$ an op5+ 9 ! out] bright r+1 & ! latt] seem$ connect$ ) ! inn] bright r+2 s t ! object pres5t$ ! aspect ( a spiral nebula ) a /> 9 ! c5tre4 ,! diamet] ( ! :ole nebulosity is #de4 ,key obs]v$ ?is object ) an #ah-;in* reflector 9 #ahfh1 & describ$ x z symmetrical--a c5tral />1 ) int]v5+ d>k & bright r+s4 ,he f\nd a p[] ( #eaj ! be/1 =1 8l ! annul> nebula 9 ,lyra1 x be>s magnify+ wond]fully well40 ,s9ce ,h]s*el's "t _m nebul\s />s h be5 discov]$4 ,!re is "o ( ab\t #f? mag4 9 ,r4,a4 #h;h #fm#a1 ,dec4-#ab #cf4 ,! nebulosity r\nd ! /> fades away gradually1 & its extreme diamet] is #aeg4 ,!re is a #g? mag4 /> at ,r4,a4 #ba;h #jm #ads1 ,dec4 #fg #dd involv$ 9 a v l>ge1 fa9t nebulosity4 ,?is is a /rik+ object1 & ,i h frequ5tly pick$ x up :ile comet-seek+4 ,! /> has su* a foggy1 veil$ appe>ance t on fir/ rem>k+ x ! obs]v] ?9ks 8 l5ses are dew$1 b on view+ neighb\r+ />s he sees !m %>p & cle> on ! d>k sky1 & ! contra/ is v pron\nc$4 ,! nebul\s /> is mu* isolat$1 ?\gh 9 a "p ( ! sky :]e small />s ab\nd4 ,?is is "o ( ,h]s*el's discov]ies & ,no4 #gjbc ( ! ,n4 ,g4 ,c42 ,drey] says he has se5 ! nebulosity p>ticul>ly di/9ct nor? & s\? ( ! />4 ,9 "s cases a d\ble /> is involv$ 9 nebulosity1 & !re are in/ances 9 :i* two d\ble />s are plac$ )9 an elliptical nebula4 ,! ,magellanic ,cl\ds#fj4--,^! are m>k$ z ,nubecula ,major & ,nubecula ,m9or on cele/ial globes & *>ts4 ,!y =m two ext5sive aggregations ( nebul & />-clu/]s1 & are readily visible to ! nak$ eye 9 or ne> ,hydrus1 & n f> f ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s4 ,!y may be lik5$ to deta*$ pat*es ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el says ! ,nubecula ,major is situat$ betwe5 ! m]idians ( #d;h #djm & #f;h & ! p>allels ( #ff & #gb ( ,s4 decl9ation1 & ext5ds ov] a space ( "s #db squ>e degrees4 ,! ,nubecula ,m9or lies betwe5 #j;h #bhm & #a;h #aem & #gb & #ge ( ,s4 decl9ation1 & spreads ov] ab\t #aj squ>e degrees4 ,! composition ( ^! objects is v complex & div]sifi$1 & af=ds v ri* gr\nd = exploration ) a l>ge telescope4 ,nebul exi/ 9 pr(usion & 9 e v>iety1 & are int]m+l$ ) />-clu/]s v>y+ 9 cond5sation f ! compact globul> =m to gr\ps m loosely scatt]$1 & su* z we (t5 f9d 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ nebul & clu/]s are includ$ 9 ! major 8cl\d10 :ile m ?an fifty o!rs closely outlie its bord]s4 ,9 ! m9or ab\t =ty su* objects h be5 discov]$4 ,x is v /range to f9d !m collect$ toge!r 9 ?is mann]2 = 9 o!r regions ( ! firmam5t !y are usually f\nd sep>at$1 & c]ta9 classes appe> to h _! own special zones or localities ( di/ribution4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el po9t$ out t 8globul> clu/]s 7except 9 "o region ( small ext5t7 & nebul ( regul> elliptic =ms are comp>atively r>e 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & are f\nd congregat$ 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 a "p ( ! heav5s mo/ remote possible f t circle1 :]eas 9 ! ,nubecul !y are indiscrim9ately mix$ ) ! g5]al />ry gr\nd & ) irregul> ?\gh small nebul40 ,d\ble ,nebul4--,in/ances are n want+ ( conspicu\s d\ble nebul4 ,m4 #ea & #gf1 ne> ,urs & ,&rom$1 may be class$ 9 ?is category4 ,!re is a v int]e/+1 ?\gh a small] object j ,w4 ( & ,gem9orum1 or 9 ,r4,a4 #g;h #ahm#f1 ,dec4 #bi #dc4 ,two bright1 r\nd nebul are sep>at$ by an int]val ( #bh4 ,^! d\ble nebul are usually r\nd1 & are sometimes resolvable into />s4 ,:e!r !y are physical or m]e optical pairs has yet to be asc]ta9$4 ,s _m examples exi/ t x seems highly probable !y h a real connection1 ?\gh no motion has yet be5 c]ta9ly detect$ to prove !y are b9>y sy/ems4 ,su* motion may1 h[ev]1 be v sl[1 & require obs]vations ext5d+ ov] a mu* long] int]val be=e x is reveal$4 ,real ,dim5sions ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s4--,x may be readily imag9$ t ^! objects are ( imm5se size2 = ?\gh plac$ at di/ances ( ! utmo/ remot5ess1 !y spread ov] p]ceptible & comp>atively l>ge areas4 ,gore rem>ks t1 on ! assumption t ! globul> clu/] 9 ,h]cules 7,m4 #ac7 is #e 9 diamet]1 & its p>allax "o t5? ( a second1 its real diamet] mu/ be #cjjj times ! ,sun's mean di/ance f ! ,e>?1 or ne>ly #bhj billions ( miles6 ,he fur!r po9ts out t1 ?\gh ?is gr\p conta9s z _m z #ad1jjj />s1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 yet ea* compon5t may be sep>at$ _m millions ( miles f ! o!rs1 ow+ to ! va/ dim5sions ( ! gr\p4 ,details l ^! are ( c\rse only approximate1 z ! di/ance ( a nebula or />-clu/] has n yet be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,! great nebul ( ,orion & ,&rom$a mu/ ext5d ov] prodigi\s regions 9 di/ance-space2 b to quote figures seems useless1 9 consequ5ce ( our inability to =m j conceptions ( su* imm5sity4 ,r\nd ,nebul & ,clu/]s4--,resolvable nebul & clu/]s are frequ5tly circul> 9 outl9e4 ,! c5tral cond5sation is an indication ( _! globul> =m1 ?\gh n always s1 = _m ( ^! objects become sudd5ly mu* bright] 9 ! middle1 & %[ an app>5tly /ell> nucleus4 ,! mat]ial or />s =m+ ! object _c !re=e be equally di/ribut$4 ,:]e x sudd5ly bright5s !re is a great cond5sation1 & 9 "s cases sev]al ( ^! are evid5t 9 ! =m ( bright r+s1 int5sify+ z ! nucleus is approa*$4 ,?is irregul> aggregation d5otes ! op]ation ( 8a =ce ( cond5sation direct$ f all p>ts t[>ds ! c5tre ( su* sy/ems40 ,9 reg>d to planet>y nebul1 !y _c be globul> or !y w\ld exhibit a brightness increas+ f ! m>g9 to ! c5tre4 ,_! ev5 lum9osity ?r\gh\t af=ds ! evid5ce ( a special /ructure4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el ?\ght ! planet>y nebula 7,m4 #ig7 ne> ,urs ,majoris mu/ ei!r be 9 ! =m ( a holl[ globe or a flat circul> disk ly+ p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( vision4 ,description ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s ( ,/>s4--,! latt] objects are includ$ 9 ?is *apt] = sev]al reasons4 ,9 a small telescope ne>ly all su* clu/]s exhibit ! aspect ( nebul1 & !y h be5 catalogu$ ) !m1 ?\gh1 z already expla9$1 "s great di/9ctions are to be drawn4 ,to ! nak$ eye ! clu/] ,prsepe1 9 ,canc]1 is usually visible z a pat* ( nebulosity1 ?\gh on a v cle>1 d>k night />s may be glimps$ sp>kl+ ab\t ! spot1 & a v small glass w suffice to %[ x z a ne/ ( />s4 ,?is object1 & "s o!rs ( a m difficult "* 7_! compon5t />s be+ small] & m compress$71 are tabulat$ 7,i47 at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,a summ>y 7,,ii47 ( globul> clu/]s is also giv51 toge!r ) a li/ 7,,iii47 ( nebul1 a few ( :i* are resolvable into />s#fa4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ^! selections1 ?\gh compris+ _m notable objects1 are by no means exhau/ive1 ! int5tion be+ m]ely to indicate "s typical examples ( f9e nebul & clu/]s & ( peculi>ities ( =m or appe>ance1 su* z planet>y1 annul>1 elliptical1 & c5trally cond5s$ nebul & loose1 compress$1 & globul> clu/]s4 ,"s ( ^! objects des]ve individual ref]5ces1 z !y pres5t int]e/+ details to ! telescopic obs]v] & come )9 ! rea* ( mod]ate appliances4 ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a 7,m4 #ca74 ,?is object has (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = a comet1 = x is readily p]ceptible to ! eye on a moonless night4 ,x is v l>ge--#d by #b1 accord+ to ,bond1 ) a #ae-;in* refractor4 ,he discov]$ a pair ( d>k /reaks 9 ! brighte/ region ( ! nebula1 & ^! may be well se5 9 a #aj-;in* reflector4 ,x is really triple2 = ab\t #be ,s4 ( ! nucleus !re is a v bright1 r\nd1 resolvable nebula1 discov]$ by ,le ,g5til1 & a ?ird1 obs]v$ by ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 lies r fur!r to ! ,n4,w4 ,photographs by ,rob]ts %[ d>k r+s divid+ ! bright int]ior p>ts ( ! nebula f ! out]1 & imp>t+ to x a decid$ spiral t5d5cy4 ,?is nebula has hi!rto resi/$ attempts to resolve x into />s1 ?\gh _m hundr$s h be5 se5 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,b its spectrum is cont9u\s1 s t its /ell> "* is to be inf]r$4 ,great ,nebula 9 ,orion 7,m4 #db74 ,visible to ! nak$ eye j bel[ a l9e connect+ & ,orionis1 & involv+ ,orionis4 ,x exhibits an extremely complicat$ /ructure1 & _m ( its irregul> bran*es & cond5sations may be disc]n$ 9 small in/rum5ts4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el fail$ to resolve ?is object into />s ) 8 #d-;foot reflector2 b ,"l ,rosse1 9 #ahdd1 ?\ght he _h effect$ x ) 8 #f-;foot mirror1 ?\gh ! conclusion 0 premature4 ,! spectroscopic rese>*es ( ,hugg9s h %[n ?is nebula to be compos$ ( inc&esc5t gases1 s t ! />s telescopically obs]v$ 9 x are probably 9 ! =egr\nd & entirely disconnect$ f ! nebul\s mass4 ,effective photographs h be5 tak5 ( x by ,drap]1 ,common1 & ,rob]ts4 ,x c]ta9ly =ms "o ( ! gr&e/ objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ,planet>y#fb ,nebula 7,m4 #ig74 ,discov]$ by ,me*a9 9 #agha4 ,9 small telescopes x looks l a r fa9t1 r\nd mass ( nebulosity1 some:at bright] 9 ! middle ?an at ! edges4 ,9 ,"l ,rosse's telescope x %[s _m details1 includ+ a spiral arrangem5t & two d>k spots 9 ! middle inclos+ bright1 eye-l cond5sations4 ,! m>g9 is fr+$ ) protub]ances1 & f its peculi> aspect ?is object has be5 call$ ! 8,owl0 ,nebula4 ,diamet] betwe5 #aee & #afj4 ,x may readily be pick$ up #b-a_/d ,s4,e4 ( ,urs ,majoris4 ,x yields a gase\s spectrum4 ,9 ,draco at ,r4,a4 #ag;h #ehm #cfs1 ,dec4 #ff #ch !re is a pretty small1 b exce$+ly bright planet>y nebula4 ,) a l[ p[] x looks l a /> out ( focus1 b a high p[] exp&s x into a well-def9$ planet>y disk4 ,z obs]v$ 9 ,"l ,rosse's #c-;ft4 reflector on ,sept4 #ag1 #ahgc1 ?is nebula exhibit$ 8a r\nd1 well-def9$ disk ( a full blue col\r1 light v equable1 diamet] #bbd1 surr\nd$ by an extremely fa9t nebulosity40 ,?is is an excell5t object ( its class4 ,spiral ,nebula 7,m4 #ea74 ,discov]$ by ,messi] on ,oct4 #ac1 #aggc4 ,x is situat$ 9 ,canes ,v5atici1 & #d ,s4,w4 f ,urs ,majoris4 ,an ord9>y in/rum5t w reveal x z a d\ble nebula1 & ! two p>ts w be se5 to diff] greatly 9 size4 ,messi] gave ! di/ance sep>at+ !m z #d #ce4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el drew ?is object z a bright1 c5trally cond5s$ nebula1 surr\nd$ by a d>k space & !n by a lum9\s r+ divid$ ?r\gh ne>ly "o half ( its circumf]5ce4 ,closely outly+ ?is he plac$ a bright r\nd nebula4 ,"l ,rosse's #f-;foot %[$ some?+ v diff]5t4 ,9 ,april #ahde its spiral "* 0 discov]$2 coils ( nebulosity 7 obs]v$ t5d+ 9 a spiral =m t[>ds ! c5tre1 & ! outly+ nebula 0 se5 to be connect$ ) x4 ,"s /rik+ draw+s h be5 publi%$ ( ?is object4 ,^? by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el & ,"l ,rosse diff] ess5tially1 & w\ld sc>cely be suppos$ to repres5t ! same nebula2 b :5 we reflect t ! in/rum5ts us$ 7 respectively ( #ah in*es & #gb in*es ap]ture1 ! cause ( ! disp>ity becomes evid5t4 ,ano!r f9e example ( a spiral nebula is ,m4 #ii1 9 ! nor!rn w+ ( ,virgo1 & #h ,e4 ( ,leonis4 ,?is object 0 discov]$ by ,me*a92 its spiral =m ( /ructure 0 detect$ by ,"l ,rosse 9 #ahdh4 ,diamet] #b ,l ,m4 #ea x gives a cont9u\s spectrum & is resolvable into />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 #a4 ,nebula ) bright c5tre4 #b4 ,planet>y ,nebula4 #c4 ,r+-nebula 9 ,lyra4 #d4 ,/>-clu/] 9 ,h]cules4 ,! ,crab ,nebula 9 ,taurus 7,m4 #a74 ,discov]$ by ,bevis 9 #agca1 & situat$ #a ,n4,e4 ( ,tauri4 ,its diamet] is #e by #c4 ,an e>ly draw+ ) ,"l ,rosse's telescope %[s x ) num]\s radiations2 :5ce x 0 t]m$ ! ,crab ,nebula1 f ! suppos$ resemblance3 b lat] obs]vations h giv5 x q ano!r =m4 ,9 #ahgg !re 0 no trace ( ! nebul\s arms3 x appe>$ z a well-def9$1 oval nebula ) "s irregul>ities ( /ructure4 ,?is object is v pla9 9 small telescopes1 & may be readily pick$ up f its proximity to ,tauri2 b 9 su* in/rum5ts x is void ( detail1 & m]ely pres5ts a pale1 oval nebulosity4 ,x has n be5 cle>ly resolv$1 ?\gh x has a mottl$ appe>ance1 indicat+ a /ell> composition1 9 l>ge ap]tures4 ,! ,dumb-bell ,nebula 7,m4 #bg74 ,discov]$ by ,messi] 9 #aggi1 & situat$ 9 ,vulpecula--a region v ri* 9 small />s4 ,diamet] ab\t #g or #h4 ,its g5]al =m resembles a dumb-bell or h\r-glass2 h5ce its "n4 ,/ruve1 ,"l ,rosse1 & o!rs h se5 _m />s 9 ! nebul\s mass1 b ! latt] is n resolvable4 ,i h se5 sev5 />s 9 ! nebula ) a #aj-;in* reflector4 ,its peculi> %ape is p]ceptible 9 a small in/rum5t4 ,?is object frequ5tly s]ves to illu/rate books on ,a/ronomy2 b ! draw+s by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 ,"l ,rosse1 & o!rs are curi\sly discordant1 & %[ h[ greatly diff]5ces 9 telescopic p[] may affect ! obs]v$ appe>ance ( an object4 ,! ,r+-,nebula 9 ,lyra 7,m4 #eg74 ,discov]$ by ,messi] betwe5 ! />s & ,lyr4 ,diamet] #hj by #fj4 ,?is object is bright1 ?\gh r small1 & x w /& high p[]s4 ,! d>k c5tre may possibly be glimps$ 9 a #c-;in* refractor2 ,i h se5 x readily 9 a #d-a_/d-;in*4 ,x 0 at "o p]iod ?\ght to be resolvable1 b ! spectroscope has negativ$ ! idea1 & %[n x probably consi/s ( nitrog5 gas4 ,a small /> ne> ! c5tre 0 frequ5tly se5 9 ,"l ,rosse's telescope2 b ! #cf-;in* refractor at ,m\nt ,hamilton reveals twelve />s project$ on or )9 ! r+1 & sev]al o!rs h be5 suspect$4 ,!re is a fa9t /> ext]ior to ! r+1 & foll[+ x2 ?is is visible 9 small telescopes4 ,! space )9 ! r+ is n q d>k1 & ! /ructure ( ! nebula is some:at complicat$ z se5 9 l>ge in/rum5ts4 ,ano!r f9e in/ance ( an annul> nebula may be f\nd #c prec$+ ! #d? mag4 /> #da ,cygni1 b x is n s l>ge or conspicu\s z t 9 ,lyra4 ,its diamet] is #dg by #da4 ,sev]al />s 7 se5 sp>kl+ 9 x by ,"l ,rosse1 :o f\nd ! c5tre 0 fill$ ) fa9t light & ! ,n4 side ( ! r+ broade/ & brighte/4 ,elliptical nebul are well repres5t$ by ! pair 7,m4 #ha & #hb7 ab\t #b ,e4 ( 7#bb7 ,urs ,majoris4 ,!y are sep>at$ by ab\t #ch ( decl9ation1 s t !y may be obs]v$ 9 ! same field ( a l[-p[] eyepiece4 ,! prec$+ "o is v bright & l>ge 7#h by #b74 ,! foll[+ "o is a ray or /reak ( nebulosity 7#g by #c_/d74 ,on ,may #ba1 #ahga1 ! great ,rosse telescope %[$ ! latt] z a mo/ extraord9>y object1 at lea/ #aj 9 l5g? & cross$ by sev]al d>k b&s4 ,rob]ts photograph$ ^! nebul on ,m>* #ca1 #ahhi4 8,! negative %[s t ! nucleus ( ,m4 #ha1 :i* has n a well-def9$ b\nd>y1 is surr\nd$ by r+s ( nebul\s or meteoric matt]1 & t ! out]mo/ r+s are discont9u\s 9 ! ,n4p4 & ,s4f4 directions40 ,m4 #hb is 8probably a nebula se5 edgeways1 ) sev]al nuclei ( a nebul\s "* involv$1 & ! rifts & att5uat$ places 9 x are ! divisions ( ! r+s t w\ld be visible z su* if we c\ld photograph ! nebula f ! direction p]p5dicul> to its plane0 7#8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xlix4 p4 #cfc74 ,?is f9e pair may be easily pick$ up 9 a small in/rum5t4 ,ano!r gr& object ( ?is class 7discov]$ by ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el 9 #aghc7 lies 9 ,r4,a4 #j;h #dbm#b1 ,dec4-#be #ed1 betwe5 ! />s ,ceti & ,sculptoris4 ,globul> clu/]s furni% u ) _m examples ( easily resolv$ & ri*ly cond5s$ balls ( />s4 ,m4 #c 7discov]$ by ,messi]71 ,m4 #e 7discov]$ by ,g4 ,kir*71 & ,m4 #ac 7discov]$ by ,halley7 may be select$ z among/ ! f9e/ ( ^! objects 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,!y are sev]ally visible to ! nak$ eye1 & may be f\nd 9 a telescope direct$ z foll[s3--,m4 #c1 betwe5 ,arcturus & ,cor4 ,c>oli1 & ne>] ! =m]2 ,m4 #e1 #g ,s4,w4 ( ,s]p5tis & close to ! d\ble /> #e ,s]p5tis2 ,m4 #ac1 "o ?ird ! di/ance f to ,h]culis4 ,!y are brilliant objects f #e to #g diamet]4 ,) p[] #fj on my #aj-;in* reflector !y are spangl$ ) />s1 ?\gh n fully resolv$4 ,smy? describ$ ,m4 #c z consi/+ ( ab\t #ajjj small />s1 blaz+ spl5didly t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,webb h>dly resolv$ x ) a #c-g_/aj-;in* refractor4 ,ano!r f9e object ( ?is class 7,m4 #hj7 w be enc\nt]$ midway betwe5 & ,scorpii4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el describ$ x z ! ri*e/ & mo/ compact gr\p ( />s 9 ! sky1 & x is notewor?y f ! fact t a new /> bur/ =? ne> its c5tre 9 #ahfj4 ,!re is a magnific5t clu/]1 involv+ ,c5tauri1 :i* ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el consid]$ z 8beyond all comp>ison ! ri*e/ & l>ge/ object ( ! k9d 9 ! heav5s40 ,x is visible to ! nak$ eye z a #d? mag4 />1 b resid5ts 9 nor!rn latitudes are preclud$ f a view ( x4 ,pegasus also supplies u ) "s f9e clu/]s2 ,m>aldi pick$ up two 9 #agdf 7,m4 #b & #ae71 & ^! w respectively be f\nd #e ,n4 ( & #d ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,pegasi4 ,!y are to be class$ among/ ! gr&e/ objects ( _! k9d4 ,9 ,cygnus1 at ,r4,a4 #bj;h #dam #gs1 ,dec4 #cj #ai1 ne> & especially 9 ! region imm$iately nor?-ea/1 !re exi/ irregul> & ext5sive /reams ( fa9t nebulosity :i* may be said to =m a telescopic milky way1 ,nebul & />s are curi\sly gr\p$ toge!r1 =m+ a rem>kable arrangem5t :i* w well repay /udy4 ,to see ^! objects satisfactorily1 a moonless night1 free f haze or fog1 %\ld be *os51 & ! p[] %\ld be mod]ately l[1 or "s ( ! m feeble nebul\s films w be lo/4 ,! obs]v] may sp5d "s agreeable h\rs 9 sweep+ ov] ?is region1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ 9 a wond]fully ri* con/ellation4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations4--,! fact t ,swift has discov]$ _m hundr$s ( nebul dur+ ! la/ few ye>s af=ds indubitable pro( t consid]able numb]s ( ^! objects /ill await detection4 ,no d\bt !y are g5]ally small & fa9t1 b x is necess>y !y %\ld be obs]v$ & catalogu$1 s t our k 9 ?is dep>tm5t may be r5d]$ z complete z possible4 ,new nebul are sometimes mi/ak5 = expect$ comets1 & occasionally give rise to misconceptions :i* w\ld be altoge!r avoid$ 7 our data m exhau/ive4 ,^? :o sweep = nebul mu/ h ! means ( det]m9+ positions1 & a small telescope w be inadequate to ! "w involv$4 ,a reflector ( at lea/ #aj in*es1 or refractor ( #h in*es1 w be requir$2 & a /ill l>g] in/rum5t is desirable1 = to cope successfully ) objects ( ?is fa9t "* ne$s consid]able grasp ( light4 ,! p[] employ$ %\ld be mod]ate2 x mu/ be high en\gh to reveal a v small nebula1 b n s high z to oblit]ate a l>ge1 diffus$1 & fa9t nebula4 ,9 =m+ 8 fir/ catalogue ( #ajjj nebul1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el us$ a ,newtonian reflector ( #ahg in*es ap]ture1 p[] #aeg1 field #ae #ad2 ,swift's rec5t discov]ies 7 effect$ ) a #af-;in* refractor & a p]iscopic positive eyepiece1 p[] #acb1 field #cc4 ,) a l[ p[] a v ext5sive field w be obta9$1 & a l>ge "p ( ! sky may soon be exam9$1 b x w be done ineffectively4 ,x is bett] to use a mod]ately high p[]1 & ?or\ghly sweep a small region4 ,! "w is some:at diff]5t to comet-seek+2 x mu/ proce$ m sl[ly & requires great] caution1 = e field has to be att5tively & /eadily scann$4 ,if ! telescope is kept 9 motion1 a fa9t nebula w pass unse54 ,"s ( ^! objects are s feeble t !y are only to be glimps$ by av]t$ vision4 ,:5 ! eye is direct$1 say1 to ! ,e4 side1 a fa9t mom5t>y gl[ comes f ! ,w4 side ( ! field2 b ! obs]v] disc]ns no?+ on look+ directly = ! object4 ,on aga9 div]t+ 8 gaze he receives ano!r impression ( fa9t nebulosity f ! same po9t z be=e1 & becomes consci\s ( its reality4 ,frequ5tly1 :ile comet-seek+1 ,i meet ) a small indef9ite object1 ! "* ( :i* _c be det]m9$ by direct scrut9y4 ,on )draw+ ! eye to ano!r "p ( ! field1 h[ev]1 ! my/]y is solv$4 ,if ! object is a nebula1 x fla%es v di/9ctly on ! ret9a2 b if a small clu/]1 ! individual />s are se5 sp>kl+ 9 x4 ,^! indirect views are usually s effective t ! tr\ble ( apply+ high] p[]s is disp5s$ )4 ,! gl[ f a fa9t nebula or comet (t5 app>5tly fluctuates 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,light-pulsations affect x1 caus+ ! nebulosity to be int]mitt5tly visible4 ,x fla%es out & enl>ges1 !n becomes excessively feeble & indet]m9ate4 ,! *anges are n real1 b due to ! fa9t & delicate nature ( ! object1 :i* is only fugitively glimps$ & pres5ts itself diff]5tly ) ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! mann] ( view+ x4 ,burnham has said !re is no su* ?+ z glimps+ an object2 b he is wrong4 ,x is ! int]m$iate /ep betwe5 /eady visibility & absolute invisibility4 ,! "w ( sweep+ = nebul is mu* delay$ by ! comp>isons necess>y = ! id5tification ( objects4 ,! pa? may be smoo!d by m>k+ ! kn[n nebul on a good *>t1 l ,argel&]'s4 ,! obs]v] may !n see1 by ref]5ce1 :e!r ! objects he enc\nt]s h be5 pick$ up be=e4 ,! lab\r ( project+ all ! nebul conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,g5]al ,catalogue w\ld ( c\rse be consid]able1 & ! obs]v] w probably f9d x exp$i5t to select c]ta9 regions = exam9ation1 & map su* nebul z are includ$ )9 _! bord]s4 ,! discov]y ( new nebul (f]s an invit+ field to amateurs4 ,va/ numb]s ( ^! objects h escap$ previ\s obs]vation1 = ?\gh ! sky has be5 swept aga9 & aga91 its /ores h n be5 ne>ly exhau/$4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d rec5tly /at$ t ) ! p[]s ( ! great #cf-;in* refractor ! numb] ( kn[n nebul 7m ?an #hjjj7 might readily be d\bl$6 ,z an example ( _! pl5tiful di/ribution 9 c]ta9 regions x may be m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,burnham v rec5tly discov]$ eighte5 new nebul 9 a small area ( #af by #ee ne> ! position 9 ,r4,a4 #ac;h #chm1 ,dec4 #ef #bj ,n4 ,ne> ! pole ( ! nor!rn heav5s !re exi/ _m unrecord$ nebul1 z ?is region does n appe> to h be5 ?or\ghly exam9$ ) a l>ge in/rum5t4 ,x is (t5 ! case t sev]al nebul are clu/]$ ne> toge!r4 ,:5ev] a new "o is discov]$ ! surr\nd+ space %\ld !re=e be c>efully survey$ 9 se>* ( o!rs4 ,! region imm$iately outly+ kn[n objects may also be reg>d$ z prolific gr\nd = new discov]ies4 ,aft] sev]al h\rs' employm5t 9 ! "w ( se>*+ = nebul or comets ! eye is enabl$ to disc]n fa9t objects :i* 7 invisible at fir/1 z x is 9 a bett] condition to receive feeble impressions4 ,:ile comet-seek+ 9 #ahhi & #ahij ,i discov]$ t5 new nebul1 all ne> ! ,n4 pole1 & _! approximate positions are giv5 bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,ref4,date ( ,position #ahij4 ,no4 ,discov]y4 -------------------------- ,description ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- h m s #a4 #ahhi1 ,aug4 #bfd #bi #eige #beb;,f41 ,s41 b4 ,m41 99#ab1 n4p4 #b4 #ahij1 ,nov4 #g #d #dj #aigh #gi ,f41 ,s41 ,r4 #c4 #ahij1 ,oct4 #aid #df #chfh #ih ,f41 ,s41 ,r41 b4 ,m4,n41 ,f4 d\ble 99 s4f4 #d4 #ahij1 ,nov4 #afe #ej #g #hj #caj v4,f41 ,s4 #e4 #ahij1 ,nov4 #i #f #aa #dehc #ai ,f41 ,s41 ,r41 m4 b4 ,m4 #f4 #ahij1 ,oct4 #agf #ei #bfhe #dejv4 ,f41 v4v4,s41 #ab s4s4f4 ,n4,g4,c4 #bcjj #g4 #ahij1 ,nov4 #g #g #h #eb #hj #gd v4 ,f41 p4 ,s41 #bb s4 s4 f4 ,n4,g4,c4 #bccf4 #h4 #ahij1 ,sept4#adg #bc #bdhe #cjj;,f41 ,s41 ,e41 #df s4 f4 ,n4,g4,c4 #bcjj4 #i4 #ahij1 ,sept4 #hh #ba #cghf #gd p4 ,f41 ,s41 m4 b4 ,m41 99 n4 f4 #aj4ahij1 ,aug4 #bch #cd #cjhe #edd;,f41 ,s41 ,r41 g4 b4 ,m41 ne> prec$+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,abbreviations3--,f41 fa9t2 ,s41 small2 ,r41 r\nd2 ,m41 middle2 ,n41 nucleus1 ,e41 ext5d$2 v41 v2 b41 bright]2 n41 nor?2 s41 s\?2 f41 foll[+2 p41 pretty1 prec$+2 m41 mu*2 g41 gradually2 991 />2 ,n4,g4,o41 ,new ,g5]al ,catalogue4 ,no4 #h is plac$ c5trally )9 a curi\s semicircle ( />s1 ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,i4--,,clu/]s ,,( ,,/>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,position1 #ahij4 ,no4 ,no4 --------------------------------- ,n4,g4,c41 ,m41 ,description4 #ahhh4 #agha4 ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ h m #bbe4 #j #cga #fa #c ,/>s #i?-#aj? mags4 ,betwe5 & ,cassiopei4 #hfi4 #b #aac #ef #ch ,9 ,p]seus4 ,/>s #g?-#ad? mags4 #ajci4 #cd4 #b #cej #db #ah ,a f9e gr\p1 *iefly ( #i? mag4 />s4 #aiab4 #ch4 #e #bac #ce #dd ,/>s ( v>i\s mags4 ,9 ,auriga4 #aifj4 #cf4 #e #bij #cd #d ,/>s ( #i?-#aa? mags4 ,ne> #aiab4 #bjii4 #cg4 #e #dea #cb #ca ,/>s & />-du/4 #e ,s4 ( ,aurig4 #bafh4 #ce4 #f #bj #bd #ba ,/>s ( #i?-#af? mags1 ne> ,gem9orum4 #bbhg4 #ad4 #f #dbc -#bj #ch ,visible to nak$ eye4 #d ,s4 ( ,sirius4 #bdcg4 #df4 #g #cfh -#ad #cd ,nebula involv$ ) clu/] ( #h?-#ac? mag4 />s4 #bdgg4 #g #dhd -#ch #af ,f9e gr\p ( #ab? mag4 />s ne> ,args4 #beaf4 #g #efe -#fj #cd ,visible to nak$ eye4 #bjj />s ( #g?-#ac? mags4 #bedg4 #h #gd -#dh #ef ,vis4 n4e4 ,/>s #g?-#af? mags4 ,diamet] #bj4 #bedh4 #h #hc -#e #bh ,/>s ( #i?-#ac? mags4 ,9 ,monoc]os4 #bfcb4 #dd4 #h #cdj #bj #bb ,prsepe4 ,gr\p ( bright />s vis4 n4 e4 #bfhb4 #fg4 #h #deb #ab #ac ,l>ge gr\p ( />s ( #aj?-#ae? mags4 #dgee4 #ab #dga -#ei #de ,v l>ge gr\p ab\t ,crucis4 #faba4 #d4 #af #afi -#bf #af ,close to ,ant>es4 ,gr\p & l9e ( />s ?r\gh x4 #ffjc4 #bd4 #ah #abj -#ah #bh ,/>s ( #ae? mag4 #c ,n4 ( ,sagitt>ii4 #ffaa4 #af4 #ah #abg -#ac #ej ,gr\p ( at lea/ #ajj />s ( v>i\s mags4 #fgje4 #aa4 #ah #dea -#f #bd ,/>s ( #aa? mag4 & fa9t]4 ,f9e object4 #fhch4 #ga4 #ai #dhh #ah #bi ,/>s ( #aa?-#af? mags4 ,9 ,sagitta4 #gbdc4 #bb #aji #di #bj ,a clu/]+ ( _m bright />s4 #gfed4 #eb4 #bc #aid #fa #j ,irregul> gr\p ( #i?-#ac? mag4 />s4 #gghi4 #bc #eae #ef #f ,gr& clu/] ( #aa?-#ah? mag4 />s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,ii4--,globul> ,clu/]s ( ,/>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,position1 #ahij4 ,no4 ,no4 --------------------------------- ,n4,g4,c41 ,m41 ,description4 #ahhh4 #agha4 ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ h m #ajd4 #j #aia -#gb #db ,v l>ge2 m ?an #ae diamet]4 #bhh4 #j #dgh -#bg #aa ,slightly elliptical4 ,/>s #ab?-#af? mags4 #cfb4 #j #ehe -#ga #bf ,/>s #ac?-#ad? mags4 ,diamet] #d4 #abfa4 #c #ic -#ee #ch ,l>ge4 ,/>s & />-du/4 #ahea4 #e #aje -#dj #aj ,v bright & l>ge4 ,f9e object4 #dadg4 #ab #de #ai #i ,pretty l>ge1 r\nd4 ,m9ute />s4 #deij4 #fh4 #ab #ccg -#bf #i ,mu* compress$ gr\p ( #ab? mag4 />s4 #ejbd4 #ec4 #ac #ge #ah #de ,f9e object4 ,*iefly #ab? mag4 />s4 #eaci4 #ac #bjb -#df #dd ,v l>ge2 diamet] #bj4 ,at ,c5tauri4 #ebgb4 #c4 #ac #cga #bh #ef ,visible to nak$ eye4 ,diamet] #g4 #efcd4 #ad #bch - #e #bi ,v bright1 consid]ably l>ge4 ,r\nd4 #eijd4 #e4 #ae #acj #b #bi ,visible nak$ eye4 ,/>s #aa?-#ae? mags4 ,diam4 #e4 #eihf4 #ae #chh -#cg #be ,/>s ( #ac?-#ae? mags4 ,9 ,lupus4 #fjic4 #hj4 #af #aje -#bb #db ,/>s ( #ad? mag4 ,betwe5 & ,scorpii4 #fbje4 #ac4 #af #cgg #cf #dj ,visible nak$ eye4 ,a gr& object1 9 ,h]cules4 #fbah4 #ab4 #af #dae - #a #de ,/>s ( #aj? mag4 & fa9t]4 ,diam4 #d4 #fbed4 #aj4 #af #ead - #c #ef ,/>s ( #aj?-#ae? mags4 ,diamet] #d4 #fbff4 #fb4 #af #edb -#bi #eg ,/>s ( #ad?-#af? mags4 ,9 ,scorpio4 #fccc4 #i4 #ag #abh -#ah #bd ,mu* compress$ gr\p ( #ad? mag4 />s4 ,diam4 #d4 #fcda4 #ib4 #ag #ach #dc #ae ,a mass ( />s & />-du/4 #g ,n1 ,h]culis4 #fdjb4 #ad4 #ag #cah - #c #aa ,*iefly />s #ae? mag4 ,diamet] #d4 #ffef4 #bb4 #ah #big -#bd #j ,/>s ( #aa?-#ae? mags4 ,9 ,sagitt>ius4 #fggi4 #ef4 #ai #abc #cj #j ,/>s #aa?-#ad? mags4 ,betwe5 ,cygni & ,lyr4 #fhji4 #ee4 #ai #ccj -#ca #ad ,f9e1 l>ge1 r\nd clu/] ( />s #aa?-#ac? mags4 #gjgh4 #ae4 #ba #bdg #aa #da ,gr\p ( />s & />-dus4 ,diamet] #e4 #gjhi4 #b4 #ba #bgh - #a #ai ,exce$+ly small />s4 ,diamet] #e4 #gjii4 #cj4 #ba #cda -#bc #da ,/>s #ab?-#af? mags4 ,diamet] #c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,iii4--,,nebul4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,position1 #ahij4 ,no4 ,no4 --------------------------------- ,n4,g4,c41 ,m41 ,description4 #ahhh4 #agha4 ,r4,a4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ h m #ahe4 #j #cbi #dg #dd ,v l>ge2 pretty bright4 ,resolvable into />s4 #bbd4 #ca4 #j #cfg #dj #dj ,great nebula 9 ,&rom$a4 #bec4 #j #dbb -#be #ed ,v1 v l>ge & bright4 #bd by #c4 #eih4 #cc4 #a #bgf #bi #ega ,exce$+ly bright & l>ge4 ,nucleus4 #fej4 #gf4 #a #ced #ea #a ,v bright d\ble nebula4 #acfe4 #c #bid -#cf #cj ,v bright & l>ge4 ,elliptical4 #aeja4 #c #ege #fj #cg ,pretty bright planet>y nebula4 ,diam4 #a4 #aead4 #d #bd #cj #bi ,/> ( #i? mag4 9 nebula #c diamet]4 #aieb4 #a4 #e #bgi #ba #ef ,great ,crab ,nebula1 ne> ,tauri4 ,/>s4 #aigf4 #db4 #e #bii - #e #bh ,great nebula involv+ ,orionis4 #aiij4 #e #cjf - #a #af ,/> 7 ,orionis7 involv$ 9 nebulosity4 #bjgj4 #e #cie -#fi #i ,visible to nak$ eye4 ,great 8loop$0 nebula4 #bcib4 #g #bbg #ba #h ,nebul\s /> ( #i? mag4 #bdjc4 #g #bfb #fe #ej ,v l>ge & bright4 ,elliptical4 #bfee4 #h #dab #gh #ch ,v bright4 ,cond5s$ 9 ! middle4 #bfha4 #h #def #ea #dd ,v l>ge & bright4 ,c5tre /> #aj? mag4 #bfhc4 #h #dei #cc #ea ,v l>ge & bright4 ,elliptical4 #bhda4 #i #add #ea #bf ,v l>ge & bright4 ,c5tre /> #aj? mag4 #bijc4 #i #bei #bb #j ,l>ge1 elliptical1 d\ble nebula4 #cjca4 #ha4 #i #dfe #fi #ce ,exce$+ly bright & l>ge4 ,elliptical4 #cjcd4 #hb4 #i #dfg #gj #ac ,a bright ray4 ,9 field ) prec$+4 #cbdb4 #aj #aie -#ah #e ,bright planet>y nebula4 ,diamet] #de4 ,blue4 #ccgb4 #aj #djh -#ei #f ,great nebula surr\nd+ ,args4 #ceef4 #aa #ed #ef #af ,l>ge1 r bright4 ,elliptical4 #cehg4 #ig4 #aa #hd #ee #cg ,f9e planet>y nebula4 ,diam4 #c4,ne> ,urs ,majoris4 #cfbc4 #fe4 #aa #acb #ac #db ,l>ge1 bright1 elliptical4 ,ne> foll[+ "o4 #cfbg4 #ff4 #aa #ade #ac #cf ,l>ge elliptical nebula4 ,ne> ,leonis4 #dbed4 #ii4 #ab #acc #ae #b ,v f9e #c-;bran*$ spiral nebula4 #dcba4 #ajj4 #ab #agd #af #bf ,v l>ge #b-;bran*$ spiral nebula4 #dchb4 #he4 #ab #aii #ah #dh ,v bright2 pretty l>ge4 ,r\nd4 #ddgb4 #di4 #ab #bdb #h #cg ,bright2 r\nd4 ,resolvable into />s4 #ddhf4 #hg4 #ab #bec #ac #j ,l>ge2 r\nd4 ,bright c5tre4 ,?ird ( ?ree4 #defe4 #ab #cji #bf #cf ,a ray ( bright nebulosity ,e4 ( ,coma4 #dgcf4 #id4 #ab #deg #da #dc ,l>ge & bright4 ,nucleus4 ,resolvable4 #eabh4 #ac #aij -#db #bg ,v l>ge & bright4 ,elliptical4 ,bifid4 #eaid4 #ea4 #ac #beb #dg #df ,great spiral nebula ne> ,urs ,maj4 #ebcf4 #hc4 #ac #cjh #bi #ah ,f9e object4 #c-;bran*$ spiral4 #ecfg4 #ac #eaa -#ci #bg ,v l>ge & bright4 ,cond5s$ 9 ! middle4 #eijg4 #ae #acj #ef #dd ,l>ge1 elliptical4 ,ano!r v close to x4 #fcfi4 #ag #bbf -#bc #dj ,pretty bright1 small r+-nebula4 #fead4 #bj4 #ag #eeg -#bc #a ,bright2 l>ge4 ,trifid4 ,d\ble /> involv$4 #febc4 #h4 #ag #efi -#bd #bc ,bright1 ) loose clu/] ( />s4 #ffah4 #ag4 #ah #add -#af #ac ,bright & extremely l>ge4 #b-;hook$4 #fgbj4 #eg4 #ah #die #cb #ed ,r+-nebula betwe5 & ,lyr4 #fhbf4 #ai #dah #ej #af ,pretty l>ge & bright planet>y nebula4 #fhec4 #bg4 #ai #edi #bb #be ,! 8,dumb-bell0 ,nebula4 ,f9e object4 #fifj4 #bj #daa #cj #ai ,l>ge & bright1 ,cygni involv$4 #gjji4 #bj #ehb -#aa #dh ,v bright1 small1 planet>y nebula4 ,elliptical4 #gffb4 #bc #bjf #da #ef ,v bright1 pretty small1 planet>y or r+-nebula4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,footnotes3 #ee ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el at fir/ ent]ta9$ ?is view1 f9d+ t ) e increase ( telescopic p[] m nebul 7 resolv$4 ,b 9 #agia he said1 8p]haps x has be5 too ha/ily surmis$ t all milky nebulosity is ow+ to />light only40 ,lacaille _h rem>k$ 9 #agee t 8x is n c]ta9 ! :it5ess ( p>ts ( ! ,milky ,way is caus$ by clu/]s ( />s m closely pack$ toge!r ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! heav5s40 #ef ,?is is exclusive ( #dg new nebul discov]$ by ,pr(4 ,saf=d1 :i* =m ! app5dix to ! catalogue4 #eg ,*amb]s says only f\r examples are kn[n1 b ?is is errone\s1 z ,"l ,rosse's telescope has add$ five r+-nebul to ! f\r previ\sly catalogu$4 #eh ,"s ( ! nebul 9 ,messi]'s li/ 7 discov]$ by ,me*a9 at ,p>is1 :o1 l ,messi]1 e>n$ celebrity by 8 comet>y discov]ies4 ,he 0 born at ,laon 9 #agdd1 & di$ at ,val5cia 9 #ahje4 #ei ,o4 ,/ruve _h express$ views id5tical ) ^! 9 #aheg 7see #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xvii4 p4 #bcj74 #fj ,humboldt says ?is 8"n is evid5tly d]iv$ f ! voyage ( ,magellan1 al?\gh he 0 n ! fir/ :o obs]v$ !m40 #fa ,i h select$ ! v>i\s objects 9 ^! li/s f ! ,new ,g5]al ,catalogue4 #fb ,^! =ms are m num]\s ?an ! annul> nebul4 ,!y (t5 exhibit a blue col\r1 & ! spectroscope %[s !m to consi/ ( gas4 ,,notes ,,& ,,additions4 ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,telescopes4 ,p4 #ai4--,) ref]5ce to m\nta9\s sites = l>ge in/rum5ts1 a rem>k 9 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's #8,opticks' 7#agcj7 may be quot$3--8,telescopes 444 _c be =m$ s z to take away t confusion ( rays :i* arises f ! tremors ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! only rem$y is a mo/ s]5e & quiet air1 su* z may p]haps be f\nd on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s above ! gross] cl\ds40 ,p4 #bg4--,lieut4 ,w9t]halt]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 rec5tly visit$ a l>ge numb] ( ,european obs]vatories1 & 9 describ+ t ( ,nice says3--8,m4 ,p]rot9 decl>es t two h\rs' "w ) a l>ge in/rum5t is z fatigu+ z eight ) a small "o1 ! lab\r involv$ increas+ 9 proportion to ! cube ( ! ap]ture1 ! *ances ( see+ decreas+ 9 ! same ratio1 :ile x c h>dly be said t ! advantages increase 9 l proportion40 ,! ,nice ,obs]vatory1 & its spl5did in/rum5ts 7includ+ a #cj-;in* refractor71 are due to ! munific5ce ( ,m4 ,bis*(f%eim1 :o has exp5d$ ab\t five million francs ^u !m4 ,p4 #cf4--,! l>ge refractor to be erect$ on ,wilson's ,peak ( ! ,si]ra ,madre range ( m\nta9s1 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 is to be #dj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! r\gh ungr\nd disks ( glass are already 9 ! h&s ( ! ,cl>kes1 ( ,cambridgeport1 ,mass4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! complete object-glass & cell w co/ some?+ l #fe1jjj1 & ! focal l5g? ( ! in/rum5t w be ab\t #eh feet4 ,,! ,,sun4 ,p4 #ajj4--,! la/ m9imum ( sun-spot frequ5cy appe>s to h occurr$ at ! middle ( #ahhi4 ,conspicu\s spots 7 v r>e 9 ! fir/ half ( #ahij1 b "s f9e gr\ps 7 pres5t$ 9 ! la/ half ( ! ye>4 ,on ,aug4 #ca ,i saw a gr\p ext5d+ ov] #aac1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 & on ,nov4 #bg !re 0 ano!r1 :i* measur$ #abc1gjj miles4 ,p4 #aaa4--,?ompson's c>dbo>d disks h be5 fav\rably spok5 ( z enabl+ obs]v]s to det]m9e ! positions ( spots at any season ( ! ye>4 ,,m]cury4 ,p4 #acg4--;,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association on ,nov4 #bf1 #ahij1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,*amb]s express$ 8 firm belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an intra-,m]curial planet4 ,! ,presid5t 7,capt4 ,w4 ,noble7 9 8 inaugural address po9t$ out ! desirability ( effect+ fur!r obs]vations1 bo? ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ) a view to r$et]m9e _! rotation-p]iods4 ,he ju/ly rem>k$ t mod]ately small in/rum5ts might be fitt+ly employ$ 9 ! "w1 & t ,s*iap>elli's d$uctions 7m5tion$ on pp4 #adb & #adi7 ought to be accept$ ) extreme res]ve p5d+ _! v]ification4 ,,m>s4 ,p4 #afj4--,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ obs]v$ "s ( ! canals on ,m>s 9 #ahij ) a #ab-;in* refractor1 b 0 n able to d\ble any ( !m4 ,he says t1 9 exam9+ ^! objects1 ! p[] employ$ %\ld n 8exce$ "o or two hundr$40 ,?is is q contr>y to ! advice ( o!rs1 :o recomm5d high magnifi]s2 & p]haps x acc\nts = ,pr(4 ,pick]+'s failure 9 recogniz+ ! duple canals4 ,) ! great #cf-;in* refractor ,mr4 ,keel] saw1 on ,july #e & #f1 #ahij1 "s curi\s :ite spots on ! edges ( ! gibb\s limb ( ,m>s1 some?+ simil> to ^? visible on ! unillum9at$ "p ( ! lun> disk4 ,! canals 7 obs]v$ z feeble diffus$ b&s4 ,! two satellites 7 se5 by a lady visitor1 ?\gh previ\sly unaw>e ( _! exi/5ce4 ,p4 #afa4--,! me?od ( d]iv+ ! rotation-p]iod ( ,m>s is exemplifi$ by ,mr4 ,proctor 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,notices1' vol4 xxviii4 p4 #ch4 ,an int]e/+ pap]1 8,on ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,rotation-,p]iod ( ,jupit] 9 #ahce10 w be f\nd 9 ! #8,memoirs1' vol4 ix4 ,,planetoids4 ,p4 #afg4--,! #cjh? planetoid 0 discov]$ by ,*>lois on ,m>* #e1 #ahia4 ,,jupit]4 ,p4 #agj4--;,dupret1 9 ,algi]s1 saw ,jupit] ) ! nak$ eye on ,sept4 #bf1 #ahij1 & foll[+ days1 tw5ty m9utes be=e sunset4 ,p4 #aia4--,m4 ,guillaume1 dur+ a rec5t transit ( ! %ad[ ( ,jupit]'s second satellite1 obs]v$ a duplicate %ad[1 fa9t] ?an ! ord9>y "o1 :i* p>tly cov]$ its s\!rn side4 ,,comets4 ,p4 #bej4--,on ,nov4 #af1 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,spital]1 :ile look+ = ,zona's ,comet ) ! #bg-;in* refractor ( ! ,vi5na ,obs]vatory1 discov]$ a new & v fa9t comet only #bc di/ant f ! object ( 8 se>*4 ,t two ( ^! bodies %\ld be f\nd almo/ simultane\sly & s ne> toge!r mu/ be reg>d$ z a v s+ul> co9cid5ce4 ,,meteors4 ,p4 #bfa4--,mr4 ,proctor held ! view t c]ta9 meteorites may h orig9ally be5 eject$ f ! ,sun4 ,a rec5t writ] ?us summ>izes our k ( !m3--8,t !y are indep5d5t bodies1 mov+ 9 orbits ( _! own 9 space2 t ^! d>k bodies are abundant 9 ! int]planet>y spaces2 t ^? )9 ! ne> range ( sol> or planet>y attraction move ) great velocity2 t _m sw>ms ( !m foll[ well-kn[n orbits2 & t1 9 g5]al1 _! orig9 is und\bt$ly ! same z t ( o!r cele/ial bodies0 7#8,sid]eal ,mess5g]1' ,june #ahij1 p4 #bhd74 ,p4 #bfg4--,on ,may #b1 #ahij1 a brilliant fireball1 leav+ a long tra9 ( fire & smoke1 & explod+ ) a noise l ?und]1 0 se5 at _m places 9 ,nor!rn ,i[a1 ,m9nesota1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,"s fragm5ts ( ! meteor fell on a f>m a few miles f ! s\? l9e ( ,m9nesota4 ,! l>ge/ piece 0 sold by auction = #ajj1 b x soon transpir$ t ! p]son :o sold x 0 only ! lessee & n ! own] ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! meteor fell4 ,! a]ial visitor & its pur*ase-money 7 !re=e p]emptorily seiz$ by legal au?orities1 p5d+ ! decision ( a ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice z to ! rightful own]%ip4 ,p4 #bfg4--,on ,decemb] #ad1 #ahij1 at #i;h #dbm a l>ge fireball ( dazzl+ lu/re1 & giv+ a report l ?und]1 0 widely obs]v$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,at ! end-po9t ! fireball appe>s to h be5 only #h miles 9 height1 & ov] a po9t ne> ,br5twood1 9 ,essex4 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,p4 #cji4--,pr(4 ,*&l]1 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 e/imates t ! total numb] ( v>iable />s visible ) a common field-glass is ab\t #bjjj1 b ) a l>ge telescope !re are probably hundr$s ( ?\s&s )9 rea*4 ,he fur!r /ates t q five six?s ( ! v>iable />s are r$di% 9 col\r1 & t ! r$ness is usually a function ( ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( v>iation4 ,! r$d] ! /> ! long] its p]iod4 ,p4 #cab4--;,9 a rec5t communication to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,m4 ,lesc>bault 7! alleg$ discov]] ( ,vulcan 9 #ahei7 ann\nc$ t on ! night ( ,janu>y #aa1 #ahia1 he discov]$ a bright body 9 ,leo :i* he c\ld n id5tify 9 any />-map1 & h5ce conclud$ x to be a new />1 or "o sudd5ly increas$ 9 brilliancy4 ,! 8new />10 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly turn$ out to be ! planet ,saturn6 ,?is ridicul\s mi/ake 7s easily avoidable ) a little c>e7 w naturally dive/ ! suppos$ discov]y ( ,vulcan ( ! importance atta*$ to x by "s writ]s1 = ,m4 ,lesc>bault obvi\sly lacks ! exp]i5ce & caution necess>y to comm& cr$it4 ,,nebul ,,& ,,clu/]s ,,( ,,/>s4 ,p4 #cbg4--,mr4 ,rob]ts1 f a comp>ison ( 8 photographs1 has f\nd di/9ct evid5ce ( v>iability 9 ! nucleus ( ! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a4 ,9 "s ( ! photographs ! nucleus is %[n to be /ell>1 :ile 9 o!rs !re is no trace ( ?is4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts rem>ks3--8,we may reasonably inf] t ! nucleus ( ! nebula is v>iable1 & t x w be practicable to /udy ! "* ( ! v>iability )\t ! necessity ( giv+ long exposures ( ! plates40 ,! p]iod ( ! v>iation has n[ to be det]m9$1 & x is advisable t telescopic obs]vations ( ! nucleus %\ld be made ) ! view ( confirm+ ! photographic results4 ,x w\ld be premature to reg>d ! *anges z demon/rat$ be=e !y h be5 submitt$ to ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,p4 #cbg4--;,9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus = ,m>* #b1 #ahia1 ,m4 ,big\rdan has a pap] on ! v>iability ( ! nebula ,n4,g4,c4 #aahf1 situat$ ne> ,algol4 ,?is nebula 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 9 #aghe1 & ?\gh ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el re-obs]v$ x 9 #ahca1 ,"l ,rosse look$ = x )\t success 9 #ahed & #ahfd4 ,on ,nov4 #h1 #ahfc1 ,d',arre/ fail$ to detect ! nebula1 ?\gh he se>*$ = x ) assiduity at a "t :5 ! sky 0 v fav\rable4 ,he 0 l$ to conclude t ! object did n exi/4 ,m4 ,big\rdan f9ds t ! nebula is aga9 visible 9 ! position indicat$ by ! two ,h]s*els1 viz4 ,r4,a4 #b;h #edm #bjs1 ,dec4 #db #aj1 he hav+ obs]v$ x on ,jan4 #ca & ,feb4 #bf1 #ahia4 ,x is difficult to believe t ?is object c\ld h escap$ ! scrut9y ( ,"l ,rosse & ,d',arre/ 9 #ahed1 #ahfc1 & #ahfd2 h5ce ! v>iation is probably real4 ,! nebula may be easily f\nd1 z x is v ne> ! b9>y ,b4,d4 #db 7#aabc ,g4,c471 ! position ( :i* = #ahia is ,r4,a4 #b;h #ehm #fs1 ,dec4 #db #bi' 7#8,nature1' ,m>* #ab1 #ahia74 ,p4 #cbi4--,:ile exam9+ ! ,pleiades on ! night ( ,novemb] #ad1 #ahij1 ,mr4 ,b>n>d discov]$ a new & consid]ably bright1 r\nd1 comet>y nebula #cf ,s4 & #i foll[+ ,m]ope4 ,! reason :y ?is nebula has n be5 detect$ by photography is because x is s ne> ,m]ope t ! ov]-expos$ light f ! /> oblit]ates x4 ,b x is c]ta9ly v /range t ! object allud$ to has nev] be5 telescopically discov]$ be=e2 = ! ,pleiades h be5 scrut9iz$ repeat$ly ) all sorts ( telescopes1 & p>ticul>ly s9ce ,tempel ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( a l>ge fa9t nebula involv+ ,m]ope 9 #ahei4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d says ! new nebula is #cj 9 diamet]1 & t x is visible 9 a #ab-;in* refractor :5 ,m]ope is hidd5 ) a wire4 ,,index4 ,action 9 ,sun-spots1 ,cyclonic1 #ajh4 ,active volcanoes on ! ,moon1 #abj4 ,adams !oretically discov]s ,neptune1 #bbb4 ,advantage ( ,equatoreals1 #ed4 ,a]olites1 #bfd4 ,air & wat] on ! ,moon1 ,abs5ce (1 #aae4 ,algol1 #caj4 ,alleg$ satellite ( ,v5us1 #aeb4 ,almanacks1 #hc4 ,alphabet1 ,greek1 #bhg4 ,alp9e ,valley1 #abg4 ,altitudes ( m>k+s on ,jupit]1 #ahe4 ,amateur's fir/ view ( ,m]cury1 #aci4 ,anci5t ideas conc]n+ meteors1 #bfj4 ,&rom$a1 ,great ,nebula 91 #ccd4 ,&rom$es1 #bgf4 ,angles ( ,position1 ,measurem5t (1 #bia1 #cjf4 ,ann\ncem5t ( a new comet1 #bdd4 ,annual rate ( comet>y discov]ies1 #bee4 ,ant>es1 #cji4 ,an!lme1 ,discov]] ( a new /> 9 #afgj1 #cac4 ,ap5n9es1 #acb4 ,ap]ture & ,p[] requir$ = ,comet-seek+1 #beb4 ,app>itions1 ,meteoric1 #bfa4 ,appe>ance ( ,comets1 #bbh4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #aee4 ,aqu>ids1 #bge4 ,ar*im$es1 #abg4 ,argel&]'s magnitudes ( />s1 #bid4 ,ari/>*us1 #abj4 ,asc]ta9+ positions ( ,comets1 #beg4 ,aspect ( ! r+s ( ,saturn1 #bjd4 ,atmosph]e ( ,jupit]1 #agg4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #afa4 ---- ( ,m]cury1 #aci4 ---- ( ,v5us1 #aea4 ,atmosph]ic undulations1 #bi4 ,attractions ( ,telescopic "w1 #he4 ,auw]s1 ,discov]] ( a new /> 9 #ahfj1 #cad4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 ,e>ly h9ts on refract$ rays1 #c4 ,b>n>d1 ,8 comet>y discov]ies1 #bee4 ---- obs]ves ,brooks's multiple ,comet1 #bci4 ---- obs]ves new />s 9 ! ,trapezium1 #cai4 ---- obs]ves a new nebula 9 ! ,pleiades1 #cea4 ,beauty & brilliancy ( ,v5us1 #ade1 ,belts ( ,sun-spots1 #ajd1 ---- on ,jupit]1 #agb4 ---- on ,saturn1 #aih4 ---- on ,uranus1 #bah4 ,b]?on's dynamomet]1 #ej4 ,biela's ,comet1 #bch4 ,big\rdan obs]ves a v>iable ,nebula1 #cea4 ,b9>y ,/>s1 #cjj4 ,birm+ham discov]s a new /> 9 #ahff1 #cad4 ,bond1 ,g4 ,p41 discov]s ,crape-r+ ( ,saturn1 #bjb4 ,brahe's1 ,ty*o1 new /> ( #aegb1 #cab4 ,bright objects ne> ! ,sun1 #ajg4 ,brightness & position ( ,jupit]1 #agj4 ,brooks on ,comet-seek+1 #bec4 ---- on ,occultation ( ,jupit]1 #ahg4 ---- on ,%[] ( telescopic ,meteors1 #bgb1 #bgd4 ,brooks's d\ble ,comet ( #ahhi1 #bci4 ,brors5's ,comet1 #bci4 ,br[n+ & reflect+-telescopes1 #fj4 ,brun[ski discov]s a new />1 #cac4 ,burnham1 ,discov]] ( d\ble ,/>s1 #ca1 #cbj4 ---- discov]s a gr\p ( #ah new nebul1 #cda4 ----1 ,measures ( ! companion to ,sirius1 #cjg4 ---- on ! inutility ( 8/ops10 #eh4 ,calv] comp>es light ( reflectors & refractors1 #cg4 ----1 ,mak] ( glass specula1 #af1 #ag4 ,canal-%ap$ m>k+s on ,m>s1 #aei4 ,canis ,majoris 1 #cjg4 ,cassegra9's reflect+-telescope1 #aj4 ,cass9i1 ,diamet] ( 8 object-glasses1 #i4 ---- discov]s f\r satellites & ! divid$ r+ ( ,saturn1 #i4 ----1 ,obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 #agb4 ----1 ---- ( ,saturn1 #aih4 ----1 ---- ( ,v5us1 #adg4 ,cele/ial ,globe1 #fc4 ,c5tauri 1 ,diamet] & di/ance1 #bii4 ,c]es1 #afh4 ,*amb]s on ,col\r$ ,/>s1 #caf4 ---- on ! intra-,m]curial ,planet1 #cdh4 ,*&l] on ,v>iable ,/>s1 #cej4 ,*anges1 ,lun>1 #abj4 ---- on ,jupit]1 #ahb4 ---- on ,m>s1 #afc4 ---- on ,saturn1 #bjf4 ,*>ts ( ,m>s1 #aeh4 ,*eapness ( ,telescopes1 #eg4 ,*oice ( ,telescopes1 #ch4 ,cl>k1 ,alvan1 ,sons1 make l>ge object-glasses1 #ah4 ----1 discov]s ! companion to ,sirius1 #cjg4 ,clean+ l5ses1 #ei4 ,clu/]s ( ,/>s1 #cag4 ,coggia's ,comet ( #ahgd1 #bcc4 ,col\r ( ,jupit]1 #aga4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #aee4 ---- ( ,saturn1 #aie4 ---- ( ,uranus1 #bag4 ,col\r+ ( ! eclips$ ,moon1 #aai4 ,col\rs ( ,/>s1 #cae4 ,coma ,b]5ices1 #cag4 ,,comets ,,& ,,comet-,,seek+1 #bbg4 ,ideas conc]n+ ,comets1 #bbg4 ,appe>ance ( ,comets1 #bbh4 ,l>ge numb] visible1 #bbh4 ,nature ( app>ition1 #bbi4 ,t5uity1 #bbi4 ,diff]5ces ( orbit1 #bcj4 ,discov]ies ( ,comets1 #bcj4 ,l>ge ,comets1 #bca4 ,p]iodical ,comets1 #bcd4 ,halley's ,comet1 #bcf4 ,encke's ,comet1 #bcf4 ,biela's ,comet1 #bch4 ,brooks's d\ble ,comet1 #bci4 ,brors5's ,comet1 #bci4 ,faye's ,comet1 #bdj4 ,d',arre/'s ,comet1 #bdj4 ,pons-,w9necke's ,comet1 #bdj4 ,tuttle's ,comet1 #bda4 ,gr\p+ ( ,p]iodical ,comets1 #bda4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations requir$1 #bdc4 ,nom5clature ( ,comets1 #bdf4 ,curiosities ( ,comets1 #bdh4 ,nak$-eye ,comets1 #bdh4 ,comet-seek+1 #bdi4 ,engli% wea!r & ,comet-seek+1 #bea4 ,ap]ture & ,p[] requir$1 #beb4 ,annual rate ( discov]y1 #bee4 ,telescopic ,comets1 #bef4 ,asc]ta9+ positions1 #beg4 ,dr4 ,dob]ck's h9ts1 #beh4 ,prizes = ,discov]ies1 #beh4 ,common1 ,8 l>ge ,reflectors1 #ae2 ,_! p]=mance1 #bh4 ,computation ( a ,meteor's real pa?1 #bgh4 ,conjunctions1 ,planet>y1 #bbe4 ,con/ellation figures1 ,!1 #bij4 ,cooke ,sons m\nt a #bdh-;in* refractor1 #ah2 ,its b>r5 record1 #be4 ,cop]nicus1 #abg4 ,c\rse ( ! ,milky ,way1 #bif4 8,crab0 ,nebula 9 ,taurus 7,m4 #a71 #ccf4 ,crape-r+ ( ,saturn1 #bjb4 ,crucis 1 ,clu/] at1 #cah4 ,curiosities ( ,comets1 #bdh4 ,cyclonic action 9 ,sun-spots1 #ajh4 ,cygnus1 ,nebul\s /reams 91 #cci4 ,dallmey] on ,divid+ p[]1 #bic4 ,d',arre/'s ,comet1 #bdj4 ,dawes's obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 #agc4 ---- obs]vations ( ,saturn's ,crape-r+1 #bjb4 ----1 ,on ,divid+ p[]1 #bib4 ---- ,sol> ,eyepiece1 #ib4 ,def9ition 9 t[ns1 #ha4 ,deimos1 ,out] ,satellite ( ,m>s1 #afe4 ,democritus expla9s ! ,milky ,way1 #b4 ,d5nett ann\nces ! ,r$ ,spot on ,jupit]1 #agc4 ,d5n+'s ,comet1 #bdc4 ,d5za on ! ,meteors ( ,nov4 #bg1 #bgb4 ,d]ham1 8 li/ ( ,nebul1 #cbg4 ,description ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s ( ,/>s1 #ccc4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,sun's rotation-p]iod1 #ajd4 ,detonat+ ,fireballs1 #bfg4 ,dew+ ( ,mirrors1 #fb4 ,diffraction-r+s1 #bic4 ,dim5sions ( ,nebul & ,sc>-clu/]s1 #ccb4 ---- ( ,sun-spots1 #id4 ,disappe>ance ( ,saturn's r+1 #bje4 ,discordant obs]vations ( ,saturn1 #bjd4 ,discov]ies ( ,comets1 #bcj4 ---- ( ,nebul1 #cda4 ,discov]y ( ,neptune1 #bba4 ---- ( ,planetoids1 #afg4 ---- ( ,uranus1 #bae4 ,di/ance ( ! />s1 #bii4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,nebul & ,/>-clu/]s1 #cbd4 ,di/ribution ( ,nebul 9 ,r4,a41 #cbf4 ,di/urbances1 ,recurr5t sol>1 #aaj4 ,divid+ p[]1 #bib4 ,divisions 9 out] r+ ( ,saturn1 #bja4 ,dob]ck1 ,dr41 ,on ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,telescope1 #e4 ----1 ,on ,comet-seek+1 #beh4 ,dollond pat5ts 8 ,a*romatic ,telescope1 #ab4 ----1 ,8 object-glasses1 #af4 ,donati's ,comet ( #aheh1 #bcc4 ,drfel m\nta9s1 #aca4 ,d\ble ,comets3-- ,biela's1 #bch4 ,brooks's1 #bci4 ---- ,nebul1 #ccb4 ---- ,/>s1 #cjj1 #cjb4 ,draco1 planet>y nebula 91 #cce4 ,draw+1 #gc4 ,draw+s ( ,jupit]1 #ahe4 ,dumb-bell ,nebula 7,m4 #bg71 #ccg4 ,duration ( meteor-flights1 #bhb4 ,duration ( ,silv]-on-glass films1 #fj4 ,dynamomet]1 ,b]?on's1 #ej4 ,e>ly obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 #agb4 ---- ---- ( nebul & />-clu/]s1 #cbf4 ---- ---- ( ,neptune1 #bbb4 ---- ---- ( ,saturn1 #aig4 ---- ---- ( ! ,sun1 #hh4 ---- ---- ( ,uranus1 #baf4 ---- ---- ( ,v5us1 #adg4 ,e>?%9e on ! ,moon1 #aaf4 ,ecc5tric position ( ,saturn's r+s1 #bjd4 ,eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 #ahi4 ---- ( ! ,moon1 #aah4 ---- ( ! ,sun1 #ig4 ,elg]'s lun> obs]vations1 #abg1 #aca4 ---- ,draw+s ( lun> objects1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb4 ,ellipse1 #bcj4 ---- on ,jupit]1 ,gl$hill's1 #agc4 ,elliptical nebul1 #cch4 ,elongations ( ,m]cury1 #ach4 ---- ( ,v5us1 #ade4 ,encke's ,comet1 #bcf4 ---- division 9 ,saturn's r+1 #bjb1 #bjh4 ,engli% wea!r & ,comet-seek+1 #bea4 ,equatoreal spots on ,jupit]1 ,bright1 #age1 #aha4 ---- ----1 ,d>k1 #aha4 ,equatoreals1 ,advantage (1 #ed4 ,exceptional position ( ,sun-spots1 #aaa4 ,eyepiece1 ,field (1 #ej4 ,eyepieces1 #df4 ----1 ,s+le-l5s1 #dg4 ,fabricius obs]ves ,sun-spots1 #hi4 ,facul1 ,sudd5 outbur/ (1 #ajh4 ,fa9t objects1 ,obs]vation (1 #gb4 ,fa9tness ( ! m>k+s on ,v5us1 #aej4 ,falls ( /one & iron1 #bff4 ,faye's ,comet1 #bdj4 ,field ( eyepiece1 ,diamet] (1 #ej4 ,figures1 ,! ,con/ellation1 #bij4 ,fireball ( ,nov4 #bc1 #ahgg1 #bfg4 ,fireballs1 #bfg4 ----1 ,heights (1 #bfh4 ,fir/ view ( ,m]cury1 ,amateur's1 #aci4 ,=mations1 ,lun>1 #abc4 ,f\cault p>abolizes & silv]s glass ,specul1 #ae4 ,fraca/or1 ,8 rem>ks on l5ses 9 #aech1 #d4 ,fri5dly ,indulg5ces1 #gd4 ,future1 ,pa/ &1 #hd4 ,future eclipses ( ! ,moon1 #aah4 ---- ---- ( ! ,sun1 #ih4 ,galaxy1 or ,milky ,way1 ,!1 #bie4 ,galilei & ! inv5tion ( ! ,telescope1 #b1 #d1 #e4 ----1 ,discov]y ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 #ahg4 ----1 ,8 fir/ in/rum5t & discov]ies1 #f1 #g4 ,galle obs]ves ,saturn's crape-r+1 #bjb4 ---- obs]ves ,neptune1 #bbb4 ,gem9ids1 #bgf4 ,glass1 ,op]a1 #fa4 ,gl$hill's ellipse on ,jupit]1 #agc4 ,globe1 ,cele/ial1 #fc4 ,globul> clu/]s4 #cch4 ---- ----1 ,li/ (1 #cdd4 ,gore1 ,diamet] ( ,c5tauri1 #bii4 ----1 ,dim5sions ( a ,/>-clu/]1 #ccb4 ----1 ,/ell> di/ribution1 #bid4 ,greek alphabet1 #bhg4 ,gregory inv5ts a reflect+-,telescope1 #aj4 ,grimaldi1 #abi4 ,gr\p+ ( p]iodical ,comets1 #bda4 ,gr\ps ( ,/>s1 #caf4 ,grubb1 ,mak] ( a #d-;foot ,cassegra9ian reflector1 #ad2 ,p]=mance (1 #be4 ----1 ,mak] ( a #bg-;in* refractor1 #ah2 ,p]=mance (1 #bg4 ,hall1 ,*e/] ,m1 inv5ts a*romatic ,object-glass1 #aa4 ,hall1 ,pr(41 discov]s a :ite spot on ,saturn1 #aii4 ----1 ,obs]vations ( ,saturn's satellites1 #bac4 ---- on ! great ,wa%+ton refractor1 #bf4 ----1 ,rem>ks on l>ge & small telescopes1 #ca4 ,halley's ,comet1 #bcf4 ---- li/ ( ,nebul 9 #agaf1 #cbf4 ,h>riot1 ,e>ly obs]v] ( ,sun-spots1 #hi1 #ij4 ,h>twig1 ,discov]s a new ,/> 9 ,&rom$a1 #cae4 ,heights ( ,fireballs1 #bfh2 ( ,meteors1 #bgg4 ,heis1 ,8 lab\rs 9 ,meteoric a/ronomy1 #bfb4 ,h5cke1 ,discov]] ( ,planetoids1 #afg4 ,h5ry1 ,bros41 make a #cj-;in* refractor1 #ah2 ,p]=mance (1 #bg4 ---- obs]ve ! belts on ,uranus1 #bah4 ,h]s*el1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,s41 obs]ves meteors1 #bfb4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j41 ,comet ( #ahfa1 #bcc4 ----1 ,description ( k ,crucis1 #cah4 ----1 ,disappe>ance ( ,saturn's r+1 #bje4 ----1 ,r$iscov]s ,uranus1 #bai4 ----1 ,satellites ( ,uranus1 #bbj1 ----1 ,texture ( ,comets1 #bbi4 ----1 ,?ickness ( ,saturn's r+1 #bje4 ----1 ,trapezium ( ,orion1 #cah1 #cbj4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,w41 & ,comet>y discov]y1 #bca4 ----1 ,8 discov]y ( ,nebul1 #cbg4 ----1 ,8 discov]y ( nebul\s ,/>s1 #ccj4 ----1 ,8 discov]y ( ,uranus1 #bae2 ( ,satellites1 #bbj4 ----1 ,8 me?od ( obs]v+ ,sun-spots1 #ia4 ----1 ,8 obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 #ahb4 ----1 ,8 obs]vations ( ,m]cury1 #adb4 ----1 ,8 obs]vations ( ,saturn1 #aii4 ----1 ,8 obs]vations ( ,v5us1 #adi4 ----1 ,nucleus ( ,comet ( #ahaa1 #bcb4 ---- obs]ves ,b9>y ,/>s1 #cjj1 #cjf4 ----1 ,p]=mance ( #d-;ft4 reflector1 #ba4 ----1 ,rem>ks on eyepieces1 #dg4 ----1 ,rotation ( ,jupit]'s ,satellites1 #ahi4 ----1 ,s+ul> figure ( ,saturn1 #aif4 ,h]s*el's1 ,sir ,w41 ,telescopes1 #ab1 #ac1 #ci4 ,hevelius1 diamet] ( 8 object-glasses1 #i4 ,h9d1 ,discov]] ( a new ,/> 9 #ahdh1 #cad4 ----1 ,discov]] ( ,planetoids1 #afg4 ----1 ,discov]] ( a v>iable ,nebula1 #cbh4 ,hipp>*us =ms a ,/>-catalogue1 #cab4 ,hoek on ! orig9 ( ,comets1 #bdc4 ,hooke's obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 #agb4 ,h\gh's obs]vations ( ,jupit]1 #agd1 #ahb4 ,h[lett's obs]vations ( ,sun-spots1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,huyg5s on ! inv5tion ( ! ,telescope1 #b4 ----1 ,discov]ies on ,saturn1 #h1 #aih4 ----1 ,l5g? ( 8 in/rum5ts1 #h4 ,huyg5s's ,negative eyepiece1 #h1 #df4 ,hyg9us1 ,! rill or cleft (1 #acj4 ,hyp]bola1 #bcj4 ,id5tity ( ,meteors & ,comets1 #bfb4 ,increas+ numb] ( ,telescopes1 #eg4 ,intra-,m]curial ,planet1 #acg4 ,jans51 ,za*>iah1 ,inv5tor ( ! ,telescope1 #d4 ,johnson's projections ( ,sol> ,eclipses1 #ii4 ,juno1 #afh4 ,,jupit]1 #agj4 ,an int]e/+ object1 #agj4 ,brightness & position1 #agj4 ,p]iod c41 #aga4 ,belts & spots1 #agb4 ,obs]vations ( ,hooke1 ,cass9i1 & o!rs1 #agb4 ,! 8,ellipse0 ( #ahfi-gj1 #agc4 ,! r$ spot1 #agc4 ,rotation ( r$ spot1 #age4 ,rotation ( bright equatoreal spots1 #age4 ,rotation ( d>k spots 9 ,n4 hemisph]e1 #age4 ,rotation-p]iod1 #agf4 ,nature ( ! r$ spot1 #agg4 ,bright equatoreal spots1 #aha4 ,d>k equatoreal spots1 #aha4 ,new belts1 #ahb4 ,*anges on ! planet1 #ahb4 ,fur!r obs]vations requir$1 #ahc4 ,occultations by ! ,moon1 #ahe4 ,! f\r satellites1 #ahg4 ,_! eclipses1 occultations1 & transits1 #ahi4 ,! planet )\t visible satellites1 #aib4 ,spots on ! ,satellites1 #aic4 ,occultation ( a ,/> by ,jupit]1 #aic4 ,keel]1 ,:ite spots & canals on ,m>s1 #cdh4 ,kit*9]1 ,! inutility ( l>ge ,telescopes1 #ce4 ----1 ,s+ul> =m ( ,saturn1 #aif4 ,kle9's suppos$ new crat] ne> ,hyg9us1 #abb4 ,l>ge & small telescopes comp>$1 #bj4 ---- ,comets1 #bca4 ---- numb] ( ,comets1 #bbh4 ---- refractor int5d$ = ,cali=nia1 #cf1 #cdg4 ,lassell1 ,8 l>ge reflect+-telescopes1 #ad2 ,_! p]=mance1 #bd4 ---- discov]s ! satellite ( ,neptune1 #bbd4 ---- glimpses a belt on ,uranus1 #bag4 ,le&] ,mc,cormick refractor1 #bf4 ,le>n+ ! names ( ! ,/>s1 #bhg4 ,leibnitz m\nta9s1 #aca4 ,le ,mairean or ,h]s*elian telescope1 #ac4 ,l5ses1 ,clean+1 #ei4 ---- out ( c5tre1 #ee4 ,leonids1 #bgf4 ,lesc>bault r$iscov]s ,saturn1 #cej4 ,le ,v]ri]1 ,!oretical discov]] ( ,neptune1 #bbb4 ,lick1 ,james1 ,f\nd] ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 #ah4 ,lick refractor1 ,p]=mance ( !1 #bg4 ,light ( ,comets1 ,fluctuat+1 #bde4 ,limit$ means no ob/acle1 #ea4 ,lipp]%eim1 ,hans1 ,inv5tor ( ! telescope1 #d1 #e4 ,lun> *anges1 #abj4 ---- =mations1 #abc4 ,lyr 1 #cjh4 ,lyrids1 #bge4 ,mdl]'s obs]vations ( ,lun> objects1 #abg1 #aca4 ---- ---- ( ,m>s1 #aeh4 ---- ---- ( ,v5us1 #adi4 ,magellanic cl\ds1 #cca4 ,magnitudes ( ,/>s1 #bid4 ,m>ius1 ,simon1 obs]ves ,jupit]'s satellites1 #f4 ---- obs]ves ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 #cbf4 ,m>k+s on ,m]cury1 ,surface-1 #adb4 ---- on ,v5us1 #adg4 ---- ----1 ,fa9tness (1 #aej4 ,,m>s1 ,appe>ance (1 #aee4 ,p]iod c41 #aee4 ,phase1 #aef4 ,surface-configuration1 #aef4 ,*>ts & nom5clature1 #aeh4 ,discov]y ( satellites & canal-%ap$ m>k+s1 #aei4 ,summ>y ( obs]vations1 #afj4 ,rotation1 #afa4 ,fur!r obs]vations requir$1 #afb4 ,*anges on ! ,planet1 #afc4 ,satellites1 #afd4 ,occultations by ! ,moon1 #aff4 ,m>t9's #d-;foot reflector at ,p>is1 #ae2 ,its p]=mance1 #be4 ---- #bi-;in* refractor at ,p>is1 #ah4 ,maund] on ,sun-spots1 #ic4 ,maxima & m9ima ( ,sun-spots1 #ajj4 ,means ( measurem5t1 #bij4 ,,m]cury1 #acg4 ,suppos$ planet ,vulcan1 #acg4 ,visibility1 #ach4 ,p]iod c41 #ach4 ,elongations1 #ach4 ,amateur's fir/ view1 #aci4 ,phases1 #aci4 ,atmosph]e1 #aci4 ,telescopic obs]vations1 #adj4 ,s*iap>elli's results1 #ada4 ,obs]vations ( ,s*rt] & ,w4 ,h]s*el1 #adb4 ,surface-m>k+s1 #adb4 ,transits across ! ,sun1 #adc4 ,occultations1 #add4 ,messi]1 ,! ,comet-hunt]1 #bdi4 ,messi]'s li/s ( ,nebul1 #cbg4 ---- l>ge ,comet ( #agfi1 #bcb4 ,,meteors ,,& ,,meteoric ,,obs]vations1 #bfj4 ,anci5t ideas1 #bfj4 ,meteoric app>itions1 #bfa4 ,radiation ( ,meteors1 #bfb4 ,id5tity ( ,meteors & ,comets1 #bfb4 ,a]olites1 #bfd4 ,fireballs1 #bfg4 ,heights ( ,fireballs1 #bfh4 ,meteorite f ,biela's ,comet1 #bgj4 ,diff]5ces ( motion1 #bga4 ,nom5clature ( ,meteor-sy/ems1 #bga4 ,meteor-/orms1 #bga4 ,telescopic ,meteors1 #bgb4 ,meteor-%[]s1 #bgd4 ,v>ieties ( ,meteors1 #bgf4 ,meteor ( ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhh1 #bgg4 ,av]age heights ( ,meteors1 #bgg4 ,computation ( ,meteor-heights1 #bgh4 ,meteoric obs]vations1 #bgi4 ,meteors & t]re/rial objects1 #bhd4 ---- & gales ( w9d1 #bhe4 ,me?od1 #gh4 ,milky ,way or ,galaxy1 #b1 #bie4 ,m9imum ( ,sun-spots1 #cdg4 ,mirrors1 ,dew+ (1 #fb4 ,,moon1 ,attractive aspect ( !1 #aac4 ,diamet] & di/ance1 #aad4 ,crat]i=m aspect1 #aad4 ,abs5ce ( air & wat]1 #aae4 ,only "o hemisph]e visible1 #aae4 ,e>?%9e1 #aaf4 ,telescopic obs]vations1 #aaf4 ,eclipses1 #aah4 ,physical *anges1 #abj4 ,active volcanoes1 #abj4 ,crat] ,ari/>*us1 #abj4 ---- ,l9n1 #aba4 ---- ne> ,hyg9us1 #abb4 ,g5]al description ( =mations1 #abc4 ,description ( special objects1 #abe-acb4 ,objects ne> t]m9ator1 #acc4 ,occultation ( ,/>s1 #ace4 ,visibility ( new & old ,moon1 #acf4 ,moonlight & planet>y def9ition1 #ahg4 ,motion ( light1 #aij4 ,motion ( ,/>s 9 ! l9e ( sight1 #cjj4 ---- ( ,sun-spots1 ,prop]1 #ajf4 ,m\nt+ ( ,telescopes1 #de4 ,nak$-eye views ( ,comets1 #bdh4 ---- ---- ( ,jupit] 9 daylight1 #agj4 ---- ---- ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 #ahh4 ---- ---- ( ,m]cury1 #aci4 ---- ---- ( ,sun-spots1 #hi4 ---- ---- ( ,uranus1 #bag4 ---- ---- ( ,v5us 9 transit1 #aje4 ---- ---- ( ,ve/a1 #afh4 ,names ( ! ,/>s1 ,le>n+ !1 #bhg4 ,nasmy? & ,c>p5t] describe ,plato1 #abf4 ,nasmy?'s ,telescopes1 #af4 ---- 8,will[-leaves10 #aja4 ,nature ( ,comet>y app>itions1 #bbi4 ---- ( ! r$ spot on ,jupit]1 #agg4 ,,nebul ,,& ,,clu/]s ,,( ,,/>s1 #cbd4 ,di/9ction1 #cbd4 ,l>ge numb] visible1 #cbd4 ,v>ieties ( =m & gr\p+1 #cbe4 ,di/ribution 9 ,r4,a41 #cbf4 ,e>ly obs]vations1 #cbf4 ,v>iable ,nebul1 #cbg4 ,nebul\s ,/>s1 #ccj4 ,! ,magellanic ,cl\ds1 #cca4 ,d\ble ,nebul1 #ccb4 ,real dim5sions ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s1 #ccb4 ,r\nd ,nebul & ,clu/]s1 #ccb4 ,description ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s1 #ccc4 ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 #ccd4 ---- ---- 9 ,orion1 #ccd4 ,planet>y ,nebul1 #ccd4 ,spiral ,nebula1 #cce4 ,crab ,nebula 9 ,taurus1 #ccf4 ,dumb-bell ,nebula1 #ccg4 ,r+ ,nebula 9 ,lyra1 #ccg4 ,elliptical ,nebul1 #cch4 ,globul> ,clu/]s1 #cch4 ,fur!r obs]vations1 #cci4 ,discov]y ( new ,nebul1 #cda4 ,new ,nebul discov]$ at ,bri/ol1 #cdb4 ,li/ ( ,clu/]s ( ,/>s1 #cdc4 ---- ( globul> ,clu/]s1 #cdd4 ---- ( ,nebul1 #cde4 ,nebul\s ,/>s1 #ccj4 ,neison1 ,lun> obs]vations1 #abh1 #abi4 ,,neptune1 ,discov]y (1 #bba4 ,obs]vations 9 #agie1 #bbb4 ,p]iod c41 #bbc4 ,obs]vations1 #bbc4 ,suppos$ r+1 #bbc4 ,! satellite1 #bbc4 ,new or tempor>y ,/>s1 #cab4 ,newton1 #abh4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 ,exp]im5ts on ,col\rs1 #i4 ----1 ,8 reflect+-telescope1 #aa4 ----1 ,on m\nta9\s sites = telescopes1 #cdg4 ,noble1 ,occultation ( ,jupit]1 #ahf4 ----1 ,occultation ( ,saturn1 #baj4 ---- on obs]vations ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 #cdh4 ,nom5clature ( ,comets1 #bdf4 ---- ( ,lun> =mations1 #abc4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #aeh4 ---- ( ,meteor-sy/ems1 #bga4 ,numb] ( ,comets visible1 ,l>ge1 #bbh4 ---- ( ,nebul & ,/>-clu/]s1 #cbd4 ---- ( ,planetoids1 #afg4 ---- ( ,/>s1 #bic4 ,obs]vations ( ,neptune1 #bbc4 ---- requir$ ( ! ,sun1 #ig4 ---- ---- ( ! ,moon1 #aaf4 ---- ---- ( ,m]cury1 #adc4 ---- ---- ( ,v5us1 #aeb4 ---- ---- ( ,m>s1 #afb4 ---- ---- ( ,jupit]1 #ahc4 ---- ---- ( ,saturn1 #bje4 ---- ---- ( ,uranus1 #bai4 ---- ---- ( ,comets1 #bdc4 ---- ---- ( ,meteors1 #bgi4 ---- ---- ( ,/>s1 #cbj4 ---- ---- ( ,nebul1 #cci4 ----1 ,sol>1 #hh4 ,obs]vatories1 #fd4 ,obs]v]'s aims1 #db4 ,obs]v+1 ,op5-air1 #ge4 ,obs]v+-seats1 #ec4 ,occultations ( ,jupit]1 #ahe4 ---- ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 #ahi1 #aij4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #aff4 ---- ( ,m]cury1 #add4 ---- ( ,regulus by ,v5us1 #aed4 ---- ( ,saturn1 #bji4 ---- ( ,/> by ,jupit]1 #aic4 ---- ( ,v5us1 #aec4 ---- ( ,ve/a1 #afi4 ,olb]s discov]s ,pallas & ,ve/a1 #afg4 ----1 ,8 ,comet ( #ahae1 #bce1 #bda4 ----1 ,obs]v] ( ,comets1 #bej4 ,op5-air obs]v+1 #ge4 ,op]a-glass1 #fa4 ,orbits ( ,comets1 ,diff]5ces 91 #bcj4 ,orion1 ,great ,nebula 91 #ccd4 ----1 ,! con/ellation1 #bhi4 ,orionids1 #bge4 ,orionis 1 #cjg4 ---- 1 #cah4 ---- 1 #cah4 ,outbur/s ( ,facul1 #ajh4 ,palisa1 ,discov]] ( ,planetoids1 #afg4 ,palitz*1 ,discov]] ( ,halley's ,comet1 #bcf4 ,pallas1 #afh4 ,p>abola1 #bcj4 ,pa/ & future "w1 #hd4 ,p]iodical ,comets1 #bcd4 ---- ----1 ,gr\p+ (1 #bda4 ,p]iodicity ( ,jupit]'s m>k+s1 #ahd4 ---- ( ,sun-spots1 #ajj4 ,p]rot9 obs]ves ! belts on ,uranus1 #bah4 ---- ---- ! canals on ,m>s1 #bg1 #afj4 ---- on "w ) a #cj-;in* refractor1 #cdg4 ,p]ry on draw+ ,sun-spots1 #ic4 ---- obs]ves veil$ ,sun-spots1 #aaj4 ,p]sei 7,algol71 #caj4 ---- 1 #cag4 ,p]seids1 #bge4 ----1 ,_! %ift+ radiant-po9t1 #bhc4 ,p]sev]ance1 #gi4 ,petavius1 #abh4 ,pet]s1 ,discov]] ( ,planetoids1 #afg4 ,phase1 ,epo*s ( simil>1 #aag4 ---- ( ,jupit]1 #agb4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #aef4 ,phases ( ,m]cury1 #aci4 ---- ( ,v5us1 #adg4 ,phobos1 ,inn] ,satellite ( ,m>s1 #afe4 ,photography1 #hb4 ,photometric measures ( ,/>light1 #bie4 ,physical aspects ( ,comets1 #bdd4 ---- *anges on ! ,moon1 #abj4 ,pick]+ on ! canals ( ,m>s1 #cdh4 ,planet>y bodies on ! ,sun1 #aje4 ---- conjunctions1 #bbe4 ---- ,nebula1 #ccd4 ,planetoid1 ,! #cjh?1 #cdi4 ,,planetoids1 ,numb] (1 #afg4 ,hi/ory ( _! discov]y1 #afg4 ,occultation ( ,ve/a1 #afg4 ,dim5sions & brightness1 #afh4 ,plato1 #abe4 ,pol>is1 #cjh4 ,pons1 ,discov]] ( _m ,comets1 #bej4 ,pons's ,comet ( #ahab1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde4 ,pons-,w9necke's ,comet1 #bdj4 ,p[]s1 ,me?od ( det]m9+1 #di4 ----1 ,ov]/at+1 #di4 ----1 ,requisite magnify+1 #dh4 ,prsepe1 #cag4 ,prep>ation ( ! obs]v]1 #ff4 ,pr9ceton refractor1 ,p]=mance (1 #bf4 ,prizes = ,comet>y discov]ies1 #beh4 ,proctor on ,amateur obs]v]s1 #afc4 ---- on ,sun-eject$ ,meteors1 #cdi4 ,projection ( satellites ( ,jupit]1 #aij4 ---- ( ,/>s on ! ,moon1 #ace4 ,prom95ces1 ,sol>1 #aaa4 ,prop] motion ( spots on ,jupit]1 #agc4 ---- ---- ( ,/>s1 #bii4 ---- ---- ( ,sun-spots1 #ajf4 ,publications1 ,a/ronomical1 #hc4 ,pulk[a1 ,! #cj-;in* refractor at1 #bg4 ,quadrantids1 #bgd4 ,radiation ( ,meteors1 #bfb4 ,ramsd5's positive eyepiece1 #dg4 ,rany>d1 ,absorption ( light by object-glasses1 #cg4 ,record+ ,meteor-tracks1 #bhj4 ,records1 #gb4 ,recurr5t di/urbances on ! ,sun1 #aaj4 ---- =ms on ! ,sun1 #aaa4 ,r$ spot on ,jupit]1 ,appe>ance (1 #agc2 ,rotation (1 #age2 ,nature (1 #agg4 ,refract+-l5ses or burn+-glasses1 #c4 ,refract+-telescope1 #ab4 ,refractors & ,reflectors1 #ci4 ,rheita1 ,valley ne>1 #aca4 ,rigel1 #cjg4 ,r+ nebula 9 ,lyra1 #ccg4 ---- ( ,neptune1 ,suppos$1 #bbc4 ---- ( ,saturn1 ,division 9 ! out]1 #bja4 ---- ----1 ,! ,crape1 #bjb4 ,r+s ( ,saturn1 #bja4 ---- ----1 ,aspect ( !1 #bjd4 ---- ----1 ,ecc5tric position ( !1 #bjd4 ---- ----1 ,?ickness1 #bje4 ,rob]ts's photographs ( ! ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 #ccd1 #cea4 ---- ---- ( ,nebul 9 ,ursa ,major1 #cch4 ,rosse1 ,"l1 ,l>ge reflect+-telescopes1 #ad2 ,_! p]=mance1 #ba4 ,rotation ( ,comets1 ,visible evid5ces (1 #bdf4 ---- ( ,jupit]1 #agf1 #cdh4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #afa1 #cdh4 ---- ( ,m]cury1 #adb4 ---- ( ,saturn1 #aii4 ---- ( ! ,sun1 #ajc4 ---- ( ,uranus1 #bag4 ---- ( ,v5us1 #adi4 ,r\nd ,nebul & ,clu/]s1 #ccb4 ,saf>ik on ,telescopic ,meteors1 #bgc4 ,s>os1 ,!1 #ii4 ,satellite ( ,neptune1 #bbc4 ---- ( ,v5us1 ,alleg$1 #aeb4 ,satellites ( ,jupit]1 #ahg4 ---- ( ,m>s1 #afd4 ---- ( ,saturn1 #baa4 ---- ( ,uranus1 #bbj4 ,,saturn1 #aie4 ,app>5t lu/re1 #aie4 ,p]iod c41 #aif4 8,squ>e-%\ld]$0 aspect1 #aif4 ,e>ly obs]vations1 #aig4 ,8 belts & spots1 #aii4 ,rotation-p]iod1 #aii4 ,! ,r+s1 #bja4 ,divisions 9 out] r+1 #bja4 ,crape-r+1 #bjb4 ,discordant obs]vations1 #bjd4 ,ecc5tric position ( r+s1 #bjd4 ,aspect ( ! r+s1 #bjd4 ,fur!r obs]vations1 #bje4 ,occultations ( ,saturn1 #bji4 ,! ,satellites1 #baa4 ,transits ( %ad[ ( ,titan1 #bac4 ,occultations ( ,/>s by ,saturn1 #bad4 ,s*e9]'s e>ly obs]vations ( ,sun-spots1 #hi4 ,s*iap>elli1 ,obs]vations ( ,m>s1 #aei4 ----1 ,obs]vations ( ,m]cury1 #ada4 ---- associates ,comets & ,meteors1 #bfd4 ,s*midt ann\nces *ange 9 a lun> crat]1 #aba4 ----1 ,discov]] ( a new ,/>1 #cae4 ,s*rt]'s obs]vations ( ,m]cury1 #adb4 ---- ---- ( ,saturn1 #bjj4 ---- ---- ( ,v5us1 #adh4 ,sc9tillation ( ,/>s1 #big4 ,scorpii 1 #cji4 ,%ad[s ca/ by ,facul1 #aji4 ,%ort's reflectors1 #ab4 ,%[]s ( ,meteors1 #bgd4 ,sid]eal "w1 #bhf4 ,silv]-on-glass films1 ,duration (1 #fj4 ,sirius1 #cjj1 #cjg4 ,small telescopes1 #ca4 ---- ---- & ,m>s1 #afj4 ---- ---- & ,sol> "w1 #ij4 ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,aug4 #ai1 #ahhg1 #ih4 ---- ,eclipses visible 9 ,engl&1 #ih4 ---- obs]vations1 #hh4 ---- ,prom95ces1 #aaa4 ,s\!rn ,comets1 ,l>ge1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,spiral ,nebula1 #cce4 ,spital]'s ,comet ( #ahij1 #cdi4 8,squ>e-%\ld]$0 aspect ( ,saturn1 #aif4 ,/>-disks1 #bih4 ,/>s1 ,nebul\s1 #ccj4 ----1 ,occultation (1 #ace4 ---- visible ?r\gh ,comets1 #bdf4 ,,/>s1 ,,!1 #bhf4 ,sid]eal "w1 #bhf4 ,greek ,alphabet1 #bhg4 ,le>n+ ! names ( ! ,/>s1 #bhg4 ,! con/ellation ,orion1 #bhi4 ,! con/ellation ,figures1 #bij4 ,means ( ,measurem5t1 #bij4 ,divid+ p[]1 #bib4 ,numb] ( ,/>s1 #bic4 ,magnitudes1 #bid4 ,! ,milky ,way1 #bie4 ,sc9tillation ( ,/>s1 #big4 ,/>-disks1 #bih4 ,di/ance ( ! ,/>s1 #bii4 ,prop] motions ( ,/>s1 #bii4 ,d\ble ,/>s & b9>y sy/ems1 #cjj4 ,li/ ( ,d\ble ,/>s1 #cjb-e4 ,canis ,majoris1 #cjg4 ,orionis1 #cjg4 ,lyr1 #cjh4 ,urs ,m9oris1 #cjh4 ,scorpii1 #cji4 ,v>iable ,/>s1 #cji4 ,ceti & ,p]sei1 #caj4 ,li/ ( ,v>iable ,/>s1 #caa4 ,new or tempor>y ,/>s1 #cab4 ,description ( tempor>y ,/>s1 #cab4 ,/>-col\rs1 #cae4 ,gr\ps ( ,/>s1 #caf4 ,coma ,b]5ices1 #cag4 ,! ,pleiades1 #cag4 ,prsepe1 #cag4 ,p]sei1 #cag4 ,crucis1 #cah4 ,urs ,majoris1 #cah4 ,orionis1 #cah4 ,orionis1 #cah4 ,fur!r ,obs]vations1 #cbj4 8,/ops10 ,utility (1 #eh4 ,/orms1 ,meteor1 #bga4 ,/raight ,wall1 #acj1 #aca4 ,/reak se5 at ,jask1 ,meteor-1 #bgh4 ,/ructure ( ,sun-spots1 ,crat]i=m1 #aja4 ,,sun1 ,,!3 ,diamet] & ,di/ance1 #hg4 ,sol> obs]vations1 #hh4 ,spots on ! ,sun1 #hh4 ,e>ly obs]vations1 #hh4 ,small telescopes & sol> "w1 #ij4 ,t9t$ glass1 #ia4 ,sol> diagonal1 #ib4 ,draw+ ,sun-spots1 #ic4 ,asc]ta9+ dim5sions1 #id4 ,sun-spot ( ,june #ai1 #ahhi1 #ie4 ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 #ig4 ,p]iodicity ( ,spots1 #ajj4 ,crat]i=m ,/ructure1 #aja4 8,will[ ,leaves10 #aja4 ,rotation ( ! ,sun1 #ajc4 ,det]m9+ ! ,p]iod1 #ajd4 ,planet>y bodies 9 transit1 #aje4 ,prop] motion ( ,sun-spots1 #ajf4 ,rise & decay ( spots1 #ajf4 ,black nuclei 9 ! ,umbr1 #ajf4 ,bright objects ne> ,sun1 #ajg4 ,cyclonic ,action1 #ajh4 ,sudd5 outbur/s ( ,facul1 #ajh4 ,%ad[s ca/ by ,facul1 #aji4 ,veil$ ,spots1 #aaj4 ,recurr5t di/urbances1 #aaj4 ,recurr5t =ms1 #aaa4 ,exceptional position ( ,spots1 #aaa4 ,! ,sol> prom95ces1 #aaa4 ,sun-spots1 #hh1 #cdg4 ,sup]/iti\s ideas on ,comets1 #bbg4 ,surface configuration ( ,m>s1 #aef4 ---- m>k+s on ,m]cury1 #adb4 ---- ---- on ,v5us1 #adg4 ,sweep+ = ,comets1 #bdi4 ---- = ,nebul1 #cdj4 ,swift1 ,discov]] ( ,comets1 #beb4 ----1 ---- ( ,nebul1 #cci4 ,tails ( ,comets1 #bdd4 ,t>rant on ,d\ble ,/>s1 #bia4 ,telescope1 ,inv5tion & ,developm5t1 #a4 ,telescopes1 ,*eapness & increas+ numb] (1 #eg4 ----1 ,*oice (1 #ch4 ----1 ,l>ge & small1 #bj4 ----1 ,m\nt+ (1 #de4 ----1 ,te/+1 #dc4 ,telescopic ,comets1 #bef4 ---- ,meteors1 #bgb4 ---- ,"w1 ,attractions (1 #he4 ,tempel's ,comets1 #bda4 ---- ,nebula 9 ! ,pleiades1 #cbi4 ---- obs]vation ( ,ari/>*us1 #abj4 ,tempor>y ,/>s1 #cab4 ,t5uity ( ,comets1 #bbi4 ,t]by's ,:ite ,spot on ,saturn's r+s1 #bjc4 ,t]m9ator1 ,moon's age & ,objects ne>1 #acc4 ,te/+ ,telescopes1 #dc4 ,te/-objects1 #ee4 ,!ophilus1 #abh4 ,?orn?waite1 ,me?od ( ,sol> obs]vation1 #ib4 ,t9t$ glass = ,sol> obs]vation1 #ia4 ,titan1 ,transit (1 #bac4 ,total ,eclipses ( ! ,moon1 #aah4 ---- ---- ( ! ,sun1 #ii4 ,transits ( ,intra-,m]curial ,planets1 #aje1 #acg4 ---- ( ,jupit]'s satellites & _! %ad[s1 #ahi1 #aia4 ---- ( ,m]cury1 #adc4 ---- ( ,v5us1 #aec4 ,trans-,neptunian planet1 #bbd4 ,tupman1 ,me?od ( tabulat+ ,meteors1 #bhb4 ----1 ,rem>ks on a ,fireball1 #bfg4 ,tuttle's ,comet1 #bda4 ,twilight on ,v5us1 #aea4 ,tw9kl+ ( ! ,/>s1 #big4 ,ty*o1 #abg4 ,,uranus1 ,discov]y1 #bae4 ,mi/ak5 = a ,comet1 #bae4 ,true "* reveal$1 #baf4 ,p]iod c41 #bag4 ,obs]vations1 #bag4 ,8 belts1 #bah4 ,fur!r obs]vations1 #bai4 ,! satellites1 #bbj4 ,urs ,majoris 1 #cah4 ,urs ,m9oris 1 #cjh4 ,utility ( 8/ops10 #eh4 ,v>iable ,nebul1 #cbg1 #cea4 ---- ,/>s1 #cji4 ---- ----1 ,li/ (1 #caa4 ---- ----1 ,obs]vations (1 #cba4 ,v>iations 9 ! light ( ,comets1 #bde4 ,v>ieties ( =m & gr\p+ 9 ,nebul & ,/>-clu/]s1 #cbe4 ---- ( ,meteors1 #bgf4 ,vega1 #cja1 #cjh4 ,veil$ ,sun-spots1 #aaj4 ,,v5us1 ,beauty & brilliancy (1 #ade4 ,p]iod c41 #adf4 ,z a telescopic object1 #adf4 ,surface-m>k+s1 #adg4 ,rotation-p]iod1 #adi4 ,fa9tness ( ! m>k+s1 #aej4 ,twilight1 #aea4 ,alleg$ satellite1 #aeb4 ,fur!r obs]vations1 #aeb4 ,transits1 #aec4 ,occultations1 #aec4 ,ve/a1 #afh2 ,occultation (1 #afi4 ,visibility ( ,m]cury1 #ach4 ,vision1 #gj4 ,vulcan1 ,suppos$ planet1 #acg1 #cdh4 ,w>g5t9 describes a ,lun> ,eclipse1 #aai4 ,w>n]'s ,comet-,prizes1 #bei4 ,wa%+ton ,refractor1 ,! great1 #be1 #cf4 ,wea!r & ,comet-seek+1 ,engli%1 #bea4 ,webb1 ,lun> obs]vations1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca4 ----1 ,m>k+s on ,m]cury1 #adc4 ,williams1 ,obs]vations ( canals ( ,m>s1 #afj4 ----1 ---- ( ,jupit]1 #age1 #agg4 ----1 ---- ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 #aia4 ----1 ---- ( ,plato1 #abf4 8,will[-,leaves10 ,! ,sol>1 #aja4 ,w9d1 ,its influ5ce on def9ition1 #fi4 ,) ( ,h]e=d1 ,mak] ( glass specula1 #ae4 ,wolf on l>ge & small ,telescopes1 #be1 #ce4 ,work+-li/s1 #fh4 ,"y1 ,p]=mance ( #bc-;in* refractor1 #bf4 ---- obs]ves belts on ,uranus1 #bag4 ---- on ! successes ( small in/rum5ts1 #cd4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,taylor ,,& ,,francis1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4