,,the ,,secrets ,,of ,,the ,,self 7,,asr,r-,i ,,khud7 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,madras ,,melbourne ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,boston ,,chicago ,,dallas ,,san ,,francisco ,,the ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,of ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,the ,,secrets ,,of ,,the ,,self 7,,asr,r-,i ,,khud7 ,a ,,philosophical ,,poem ,,by ,,sheikh ,,muhammad ,,iqbal ,,of ,,lahore ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,original ,,persian ,,with ,,introduction ,,and ,,notes ,,by ,,reynold ,a4 ,,nicholson1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,lecturer ,,on ,,persian ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,cambridge ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,street1 ,,london #aibj ,,copyright ,,contents ,,page ,contents v ,introduction vii ,prologue #a ,i4 ,showing that the system of the universe originates in the ,self1 and that the continuation of the life of all individuals depends on strengthening the ,self #af ,,ii4 ,showing that the life of the ,self comes from forming desires and bringing them to birth #bc ,,iii4 ,showing that the ,self is strengthened by ,love #bh ,,iv4 ,showing that the ,self is weakened by asking #ch ,v4 ,showing that when the ,self is strengthened by ,love it gains dominion over the outward and inward forces of the universe #dc ,,vi4 ,a tale of which the moral is that negation of the ,self is a doctrine invented by the subject races of mankind in order that by this means they may sap and weaken the character of their rulers #dh ,,vii4 ,to the effect that ,plato1 whose thought has deeply influenced the mysticism and literature of ,islam1 followed the sheep's doctrine1 and that we must be on our guard against his theories #ef ,,viii4 ,concerning the true nature of poetry and the reform of ,islamic literature #fj ,,ix4 ,showing that the education of the ,self has three stages3 ,obedience1 ,self-control1 and ,divine ,vicegerency #gb ,x4 ,setting forth the inner meanings of the names of ,ali #he ,,xi4 ,story of a young man of ,merv who came to the saint ,ali ,hujwr--,god have mercy on him6--and complained that he was oppressed by his enemies #ie ,,xii4 ,story of the bird that was faint with thirst #ajj ,,xiii4 ,story of the diamond and the coal #ajd ,,xiv4 ,story of the ,sheikh and the ,brahmin1 followed by a conversation between ,ganges and ,himalaya to the effect that the continuation of social life depends on firm attachment to the characteristic traditions of the community #ajh ,,xv4 ,showing that the purpose of the ,moslem's life is to exalt the ,word of ,allah1 and that the ,jihd 7war against unbelievers71 if it be prompted by land-hunger1 is unlawful in the religion of ,islam #aaf ,,xvi4 ,precepts written for the ,moslems of ,india by ,mr ,najt ,nakshband1 who is generally known as ,bb ,sahr #abb ,,xvii4 ,time is a sword #acd ,,xviii4 ,an invocation #ada ,transcriber's ,note ,,introduction ,the ,asrr-i ,khud was first published at ,lahore in #aiae4 ,i read it soon afterwards and thought so highly of it that ,i wrote to ,iqbal1 whom ,i had the pleasure of meeting at ,cambridge some fifteen years ago1 asking leave to prepare an ,english translation4 ,my proposal was cordially accepted1 but in the meantime ,i found other work to do1 which caused the translation to be laid aside until last year4 ,before submitting it to the reader1 a few remarks are necessary concerning the poem and its author4#a ,iqbal is an ,indian ,moslem4 ,during his stay in the ,west he studied modern philosophy1 in which subject he holds degrees from the ,universities of ,cambridge and ,munich4 ,his dissertation on the development of metaphysics in ,persia--an illuminating sketch--appeared as a book in #aijh4 ,since then he has developed a philosophy of his own1 on which ,i am able to give some extremely interesting notes communicated by himself4 ,of this1 however1 the ,asrr-i ,khud gives no systematic account1 though it puts his ideas in a popular and attractive form4 ,while the ,hindu philosophers1 in explaining the doctrine of the unity of being1 addressed themselves to the head1 ,iqbal1 like the ,persian poets who teach the same doctrine1 takes a more dangerous course and aims at the heart4 ,he is no mean poet1 and his verse can rouse or persuade even if his logic fail to convince4 ,his message is not for the ,mohammedans of ,india alone1 but for ,moslems everywhere3 accordingly he writes in ,persian instead of ,hindustani--a happy choice1 for amongst educated ,moslems there are many familiar with ,persian literature1 while the ,persian language is singularly well adapted to express philosophical ideas in a style at once elevated and charming4 ,iqbal comes forward as an apostle1 if not to his own age1 then to posterity-- 8,i have no need of the ear of ,to-day1 ,i am the voice of the poet of ,to-morrow0-- and after ,persian fashion he invokes the ,saki to fill his cup with wine and pour moonbeams into the dark night of his thought1 8,that ,i may lead home the wanderer1 ,and imbue the idle looker-on with restless impatience1 ,and advance hotly on a new quest1 ,and become known as the champion of a new spirit40 ,let us begin at the end4 ,what is the far-off goal on which his eyes are fixed8 ,the answer to that question will discover his true character1 and we shall be less likely to stumble on the way if we see whither we are going4 ,iqbal has drunk deep of ,european literature1 his philosophy owes much to ,nietzsche and ,bergson1 and his poetry often reminds us of ,shelley2 yet he thinks and feels as a ,moslem1 and just for this reason his influence may be great4 ,he is a religious enthusiast1 inspired by the vision of a ,new ,mecca1 a world-wide1 theocratic1 ,utopian state in which all ,moslems1 no longer divided by the barriers of race and country1 shall be one4 ,he will have nothing to do with nationalism and imperialism4 ,these1 he says1 8rob us of ,paradise03 they make us strangers to each other1 destroy feelings of brotherhood1 and sow the bitter seed of war4 ,he dreams of a world ruled by religion1 not by politics1 and condemns ,machiavelli1 that 8worshipper of false gods10 who has blinded so many4 ,it must be observed that when he speaks of religion he always means ,islam4 ,non-,moslems are simply unbelievers1 and 7in theory1 at any rate7 the ,jihd is justifiable1 provided that it is waged 8for ,god's sake alone40 ,a free and independent ,moslem fraternity1 having the ,kaba as its centre and knit together by love of ,allah and devotion to the ,prophet--such is ,iqbal's ideal4 ,in the ,asrr-i ,khud and the ,rumz-i ,bkhud he preaches it with a burning sincerity which we cannot but admire1 and at the same time points out how it may be attained4 ,the former poem deals with the life of the individual ,moslem1 the latter with the life of the ,islamic community4 ,the cry 8,back to the ,koran6 ,back to ,mohammed60 has been heard before1 and the responses have hitherto been somewhat discouraging4 ,but on this occasion it is allied with the revolutionary force of ,western philosophy1 which ,iqbal hopes and believes will vitalise the movement and ensure its triumph4 ,he sees that ,hindu intellectualism and ,islamic pantheism have destroyed the capacity for action1 based on scientific observation and interpretation of phenomena1 which distinguishes the ,western peoples 8and especially the ,english40 ,now1 this capacity depends ultimately on the conviction that khud 7selfhood1 individuality1 personality7 is real and is not merely an illusion of the mind4 ,iqbal1 therefore1 throws himself with all his might against idealistic philosophers and pseudo-mystical poets1 the authors1 in his opinion1 of the decay prevailing in ,islam1 and argues that only by self-affirmation1 self-expression1 and self-development can the ,moslems once more become strong and free4 ,he appeals from the alluring raptures of ,hafiz to the moral fervour of ,jalluddn ,rm1 from an ,islam sunk in ,platonic contemplation to the fresh and vigorous monotheism which inspired ,mohammed and brought ,islam into existence4#b ,here1 perhaps1 ,i should guard against a possible misunderstanding4 ,iqbal's philosophy is religious1 but he does not treat philosophy as the handmaid of religion4 ,holding that the full development of the individual presupposes a society1 he finds the ideal society in what he considers to be the ,prophet's conception of ,islam4 ,every ,moslem1 in striving to make himself a more perfect individual1 is helping to establish the ,islamic kingdom of ,god upon earth4#c ,the ,asrr-i ,khud is composed in the metre and modelled on the style of the famous ,masnav4 ,in the prologue ,iqbal relates how ,jalluddn ,rm1 who is to him almost what ,virgil was to ,dante1 appeared in a vision and bade him arise and sing4 ,much as he dislikes the type of ,sfism exhibited by ,hafiz1 he pays homage to the pure and profound genius of ,jalluddn1 though he rejects the doctrine of self-abandonment taught by the great ,persian mystic and does not accompany him in his pantheistic flights4 ,to ,european readers the ,asrr-i ,khud presents certain obscurities which no translation can entirely remove4 ,these lie partly in the form and would not be felt1 as a rule1 by any one conversant with ,persian poetry4 ,often1 however1 the ideas themselves1 being associated with peculiarly ,oriental ways of thinking1 are hard for our minds to follow4 ,i am not sure that ,i have always grasped the meaning or rendered it correctly2 but ,i hope that such errors are few1 thanks to the assistance so kindly given me by my friend ,muhammad ,shafi1 now ,professor of ,arabic at ,lahore1 with whom ,i read the poem and discussed many points of difficulty4 ,other questions of a more fundamental character have been solved for me by the author himself4 ,at my request he drew up a statement of his philosophical views on the problems touched and suggested in the book4 ,i will give it in his own words as nearly as possible1 it is not1 of course1 a complete statement1 and was written1 as he says1 8in a great hurry10 but apart from its power and originality it elucidates the poetical argument far better than any explanation that could have been offered by me4 8#a4 ,,the ,,philosophical ,,basis ,,of ,,the ,,asr,r-,i ,,khud 8#8,that experience should take place in finite centres and should wear the form of finite this-ness is in the end inexplicable4' ,these are the words of ,prof4 ,bradley4 ,but starting with these inexplicable centres of experience1 he ends in a unity which he calls ,absolute and in which the finite centres lose their finiteness and distinctness4 ,according to him1 therefore1 the finite centre is only an appearance4 ,the test of reality1 in his opinion1 is all-inclusiveness2 and since all finiteness is #8infected with relativity1' it follows that the latter is a mere illusion4 ,to my mind1 this inexplicable finite centre of experience is the fundamental fact of the universe4 ,all life is individual2 there is no such thing as universal life4 ,god himself is an individual3 ,he is the most unique individual4#d ,the universe1 as ,dr4 ,mc,taggart says1 is an association of individuals2 but we must add that the orderliness and adjustment which we find in this association is not eternally achieved and complete in itself4 ,it is the result of instinctive or conscious effort4 ,we are gradually travelling from chaos to cosmos and are helpers in this achievement4 ,nor are the members of the association fixed2 new members are ever coming to birth to co-operate in the great task4 ,thus the universe is not a completed act3 it is still in the course of formation4 ,there can be no complete truth about the universe1 for the universe has not yet become #8whole4' ,the process of creation is still going on1 and man too takes his share in it1 inasmuch as he helps to bring order into at least a portion of the chaos4 ,the ,koran indicates the possibility of other creators than ,god4#e 8,obviously1 this view of man and the universe is opposed to that of the ,english ,neo-,hegelians as well as to all forms of pantheistic ,sfism which regard absorption in a universal life or soul as the final aim and salvation of man4#f ,the moral and religious ideal of man is not self-negation but self-affirmation1 and he attains to this ideal by becoming more and more individual1 more and more unique4 ,the ,prophet said1 #8,takhallaq bi-akhlq ,allah1' #8,create in yourselves the attributes of ,god4' ,thus man becomes unique by becoming more and more like the most unique ,individual4 ,what then is life8 ,it is individual3 its highest form1 so far1 is the ,ego 7,khud7 in which the individual becomes a self-contained exclusive centre4 ,physically as well as spiritually man is a self-contained centre1 but he is not yet a complete individual4 ,the greater his distance from ,god1 the less his individuality4 ,he who comes nearest to ,god is the completest person4 ,not that he is finally absorbed in ,god4 ,on the contrary1 he absorbs ,god into himself4#g ,the true person not only absorbs the world of matter2 by mastering it he absorbs ,god ,himself into his ,ego4 ,life is a forward assimilative movement4 ,it removes all obstructions in its march by assimilating them4 ,its essence is the continual creation of desires and ideals1 and for the purpose of its preservation and expansion it has invented or developed out of itself certain instruments1 e4g4 senses1 intellect1 etc41 which help it to assimilate obstructions4#h ,the greatest obstacle in the way of life is matter1 ,nature2 yet ,nature is not evil1 since it enables the inner powers of life to unfold themselves4 8,the ,ego attains to freedom by the removal of all obstructions in its way4 ,it is partly free1 partly determined1#i and reaches fuller freedom by approaching the ,individual who is most free--,god4 ,in one word1 life is an endeavour for freedom4 8#b4 ,,the ,,ego ,,and ,,continuation ,,of ,,personality 8,in man the centre of life becomes an ,ego or ,person4 ,personality is a state of tension and can continue only if that state is maintained4 ,if the state of tension is not maintained1 relaxation will ensue4 ,since personality1 or the state of tension1 is the most valuable achievement of man1 he should see that he does not revert to a state of relaxation4 ,that which tends to maintain the state of tension tends to make us immortal4 ,thus the idea of personality gives us a standard of value3 it settles the problem of good and evil4 ,that which fortifies personality is good1 that which weakens it is bad4 ,art1#aj religion1 and ethics#aa must be judged from the standpoint of personality4 ,my criticism of ,plato#ab is directed against those philosophical systems which hold up death rather than life as their ideal--systems which ignore the greatest obstruction to life1 namely1 matter1 and teach us to run away from it instead of absorbing it4 8,as in connexion with the question of the freedom of the ,ego we have to face the problem of matter1 similarly in connexion with its immortality we have to face the problem of time4#ac ,bergson has taught us that time is not an infinite line 7in the spatial sense of the word #8line'7 through which we must pass whether we wish it or not4 ,this idea of time is adulterated4 ,pure time has no length4 ,personal immortality is an aspiration3 you can have it if you make an effort to achieve it4 ,it depends on our adopting in this life modes of thought and activity which tend to maintain the state of tension4 ,buddhism1 ,persian ,sfism1 and allied forms of ethics will not serve our purpose4 ,but they are not wholly useless1 because after periods of great activity we need opiates1 narcotics1 for some time4 ,these forms of thought and action are like nights in the days of life4 ,thus1 if our activity is directed towards the maintenance of a state of tension1 the shock of death is not likely to affect it4 ,after death there may be an interval of relaxation1 as the ,koran speaks of a barzakh1 or intermediate state1 which lasts until the ,day of ,resurrection4#ad ,only those ,egos will survive this state of relaxation who have taken good care during the present life4 ,although life abhors repetition in its evolution1 yet on ,bergson's principles the resurrection of the body too1 as ,wildon ,carr says1 is quite possible4 ,by breaking up time into moments we spatialise it and then find difficulty in getting over it4 ,the true nature of time is reached when we look into our deeper self4#ae ,real time is life itself1 which can preserve itself by maintaining that particular state of tension 7personality7 which it has so far achieved4 ,we are subject to time so long as we look upon time as something spatial4 ,spatialised time is a fetter which life has forged for itself in order to assimilate the present environment4 ,in reality we are timeless1 and it is possible to realise our timelessness even in this life4 ,this revelation1 however1 can be momentary only4 8#c4 ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,ego 8,the ,ego is fortified by love 7'ishq74#af ,this word is used in a very wide sense and means the desire to assimilate1 to absorb4 ,its highest form is the creation of values and ideals and the endeavour to realise them4 ,love individualises the lover as well as the beloved4 ,the effort to realise the most unique individuality individualises the seeker and implies the individuality of the sought1 for nothing else would satisfy the nature of the seeker4 ,as love fortifies the ,ego1 asking 7sul7 weakens it4#ag ,all that is achieved without personal effort comes under sul4 ,the son of a rich man who inherits his father's wealth is an #8asker' 7beggar72 so is every one who thinks the thoughts of others4 ,thus1 in order to fortify the ,ego we should cultivate love1 i4e4 the power of assimilative action1 and avoid all forms of #8asking1' i4e4 inaction4 ,the lesson of assimilative action is given by the life of the ,prophet1 at least to a ,mohammedan4 8,in another part of the poem#ah ,i have hinted at the general principles of ,moslem ethics and have tried to reveal their meaning in connexion with the idea of personality4 ,the ,ego in its movement towards uniqueness has to pass through three stages3 7a7 ,obedience to the ,law4 7b7 ,self-control1 which is the highest form of self-consciousness or ,ego-hood4#ai 7c7 ,divine vicegerency4#bj 8,this 7divine vicegerency1 niybat-i ilh7 is the third and last stage of human development on earth4 ,the nib 7vicegerent7 is the vicegerent of ,god on earth4 ,he is the completest ,ego1 the goal of humanity1#ba the acme of life both in mind and body2 in him the discord of our mental life becomes a harmony4 ,the highest power is united in him with the highest knowledge4 ,in his life1 thought and action1 instinct and reason1 become one4 ,he is the last fruit of the tree of humanity1 and all the trials of a painful evolution are justified because he is to come at the end4 ,he is the real ruler of mankind2 his kingdom is the kingdom of ,god on earth4 ,out of the richness of his nature he lavishes the wealth of life on others1 and brings them nearer and nearer to himself4 ,the more we advance in evolution1 the nearer we get to him4 ,in approaching him we are raising ourselves in the scale of life4 ,the development of humanity both in mind and body is a condition precedent to his birth4 ,for the present he is a mere ideal2 but the evolution of humanity is tending towards the production of an ideal race of more or less unique individuals who will become his fitting parents4 ,thus the ,kingdom of ,god on earth means the democracy of more or less unique individuals1 presided over by the most unique individual possible on this earth4 ,nietzsche had a glimpse of this ideal race1 but his atheism and aristocratic prejudices marred his whole conception40#bb ,every one1 ,i suppose1 will acknowledge that the substance of the ,asrr-i ,khud is striking enough to command attention4 ,in the poem1 naturally1 this philosophy presents itself under a different aspect4 ,its audacity of thought and phrase is less apparent1 its logical brilliancy dissolves in the glow of feeling and imagination1 and it wins the heart before taking possession of the mind4 ,the artistic quality of the poem is remarkable when we consider that its language is not the author's own4 ,i have done my best to preserve as much of this as a literal prose translation would allow4 ,many passages of the original are poetry of the kind that1 once read1 is not easily forgotten1 e4g4 the description of the ,ideal ,man as a deliverer for whom the world is waiting1 and the noble invocation which brings the book to an end4 ,like ,jalluddn ,rm1 ,iqbal is fond of introducing fables and apologues to relieve the argument and illustrate his meaning with more force and point than would be possible otherwise4 ,on its first appearance the ,asrr-i ,khud took by storm the younger generation of ,indian ,moslems4 8,iqbal10 wrote one of them1 8has come amongst us as a ,messiah and has stirred the dead with life40 ,it remains to be seen in what direction the awakened ones will march4 ,will they be satisfied with a glorious but distant vision of the ,city of ,god1 or will they adapt the new doctrine to other ends than those which its author has in view8 ,notwithstanding that he explicitly denounces the idea of nationalism1 his admirers are already protesting that he does not mean what he says4 ,how far the influence of his work may ultimately go ,i will not attempt to prophesy4 ,it has been said of him that 8he is a man of his age and a man in advance of his age2 he is also a man in disagreement with his age40 ,we cannot regard his ideas as typical of any section of his co-religionists4 ,they involve a radical change in the ,moslem mind1 and their real importance is not to be measured by the fact that such a change is unlikely to occur within a calculable time4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the present translation follows the text of the second edition4 #b ,his criticism of ,hafiz called forth angry protests from ,sf circles in which ,hafiz is venerated as a master-hierophant4 ,iqbal made no recantation1 but since the passage had served its purpose and was offensive to many1 he cancelled it in the second edition of the poem4 ,it is omitted in my translation4 #c ,the principles of ,islam1 regarded as the ideal society1 are set forth in the author's second poem1 the ,rumz-i ,bkhud or 8,mysteries of ,selflessness40 ,he explains the title by pointing out that the individual who loses himself in the community reflects both the past and the future as in a mirror1 so that he transcends mortality and enters into the life of ,islam1 which is infinite and everlasting4 ,among the topics discussed are the origin of society1 the divine guidance of man through the prophets1 the formation of collective life-centres1 and the value of ,history as a factor in maintaining the sense of personal identity in a people4 #d ,this view was held by the orthodox ,imm ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal in its extreme 7anthropomorphic7 form4 #e ,kor4 ch4 #bc1 v4 #ad3 8,blessed is ,god1 the best of those who create40 #f ,cf4 his note on 8,islam and ,mysticism0 7,the ,new ,era1 #aiaf1 p4 #bej74 #g ,here ,iqbal adds3 8,mauln ,rm has very beautifully expressed this idea4 ,the ,prophet1 when a little boy1 was once lost in the desert4 ,his nurse ,halma was almost beside herself with grief1 but while roaming the desert in search of the boy she heard a voice saying3 #8,do not grieve1 he will not be lost to thee2 ,nay1 the whole world will be lost in him4' ,the true individual cannot be lost in the world2 it is the world that is lost in him4 ,i go a step further and say1 prefixing a new half-verse to a hemistich of ,rm 7,transl4 l4 #acbe73 ,in his will that which ,god wills becomes lost3 #8,how shall a man believe this saying8'0 #h ,transl4 l4 #bhi foll4 #i ,according to the ,tradition1 8,the true ,faith is between predestination and freewill40 #aj ,transl4 l4 #fgc foll4 ,in a note on 8,our ,prophet's criticism of contemporary ,arabian poetry0 7,the ,new ,era1 #aiaf1 p4 #bea7 ,iqbal writes3 8,the ultimate end of all human activity is ,life--glorious1 powerful1 exuberant4 ,all human art must be subordinated to this final purpose1 and the value of everything must be determined in reference to its life-yielding capacity4 ,the highest art is that which awakens our dormant will-force and nerves us to face the trials of life manfully4 ,all that brings drowsiness and makes us shut our eyes to ,reality around1 on the mastery of which alone ,life depends1 is a message of decay and death4 ,there should be no opium-eating in ,art4 ,the dogma of ,art for the sake of ,art is a clever invention of decadence to cheat us out of life and power40 #aa ,ibid4 l4 #ecg foll4 #ab ,ibid4 l4 #fca foll4 #ac ,ibid4 l4 #aeca foll4 #ad ,kor4 ch4 #bc1 v4 #ajb4 #ae ,transl4 l4 #aedi foll4 #af ,ibid4 l4 #cbc foll4 #ag ,ibid4 l4 #dce foll4 #ah ,ibid4 l4 #hae foll4 #ai ,ibid4 l4 #hdi foll4 #bj ,ibid4 l4 #hic foll4 #ba ,man already possesses the germ of vicegerency1 as ,god says in the ,koran 7ch4 #b1 v4 #bh73 8,lo1 ,i will appoint a khalifa 7vicegerent7 on the earth40 ,cf4 ,transl4 l4 #dcd4 #bb ,writing of 8,muslim ,democracy0 in ,the ,new ,era1 #aiaf1 p4 #bea1 ,iqbal says3 8,the ,democracy of ,europe--overshadowed by socialistic agitation and anarchical fear--originated mainly in the economic regeneration of ,european societies4 ,nietzsche1 however1 abhors this #8rule of the herd' and1 hopeless of the plebeian1 he bases all higher culture on the cultivation and growth of an ,aristocracy of ,supermen4 ,but is the plebeian so absolutely hopeless8 ,the ,democracy of ,islam did not grow out of the extension of economic opportunity2 it is a spiritual principle based on the assumption that every human being is a centre of latent power1 the possibilities of which can be developed by cultivating a certain type of character4 ,out of the plebeian material ,islam has formed men of the noblest type of life and power4 ,is not1 then1 the ,democracy of early ,islam an experimental refutation of the ideas of ,nietzsche80 ,,prologue ,when the world-illuming sun rushed upon ,night like a brigand1 ,my weeping bedewed the face of the rose4 ,my tears washed away sleep from the eye of the narcissus1 ,my passion wakened the grass and made it grow4 ,the ,gardener taught me to sing with power1 #e ,he sowed a verse and reaped a sword4 ,in the soil he planted only the seed of my tears ,and wove my lament with the garden1 as warp and woof4 ,tho' ,i am but a mote1 the radiant sun is mine3 ,within my bosom are a hundred dawns4 #aj ,my dust is brighter than ,jamshd's cup1#bc ,it knows things that are yet unborn in the world4 ,my thought hunted down and slung from the saddle a deer ,that has not yet leaped forth from the covert of non-existence4 ,fair is my garden ere yet the leaves are green3 #ae ,full-blown roses are hidden in the skirt of my garment4 ,i struck dumb the musicians where they were gathered together1 ,i smote the heartstrings of all that heard me1 ,because the lute of my genius hath a rare melody3 ,even to comrades my song is strange4 #bj ,i am born in the world as a new sun1 ,i have not learned the ways and fashions of the sky3 ,not yet have the stars fled before my splendour1 ,not yet is my quicksilver astir2 ,untouched is the sea by my dancing rays1 #be ,untouched are the mountains by my crimson hue4 ,the eye of existence is not familiar with me2 ,i rise trembling1 afraid to show myself4 ,from the ,east my dawn arrived and routed ,night1 ,a fresh dew settled on the rose of the world4 #cj ,i am waiting for the votaries that rise at dawn3 ,oh1 happy they who shall worship my fire6 ,i have no need of the ear of ,to-day1 ,i am the voice of the poet of ,to-morrow4 ,my own age does not understand my deep meanings1 #ce ,my ,joseph is not for this market4 ,i despair of my old companions1 ,my ,sinai burns for sake of the ,moses who is coming4 ,their sea is silent1 like dew1 ,but my dew is storm-ridden1 like the ocean4 #dj ,my song is of another world than theirs3 ,this bell calls other travellers to take the road4 ,how many a poet after his death ,opened our eyes when his own were closed1 ,and journeyed forth again from nothingness #de ,when roses blossomed o'er the earth of his grave6 ,albeit caravans have passed through this desert1 ,they passed1 as a camel steps1 with little sound4 ,but ,i am a lover3 loud crying is my faith3 ,the clamour of ,judgement ,day is one of my minions4 #ej ,my song exceeds the range of the chord1 ,yet ,i do not fear that my lute will break4 #8,twere better for the waterdrop not to know my torrent1 ,whose fury should rather madden the sea4 ,no river will contain my ,omn3#bd #ee ,my flood requires whole seas to hold it4 ,unless the bud expand into a bed of roses1 ,it is unworthy of my spring-cloud's bounty4 ,lightnings slumber within my soul1 ,i sweep over mountain and plain4 #fj ,wrestle with my sea1 if thou art a plain2 ,receive my lightning1 if thou art a ,sinai4 ,the ,fountain of ,life hath been given me to drink1 ,i have been made an adept of the mystery of ,life4 ,the speck of dust was vitalised by my burning song3 #fe ,it unfolded wings and became a firefly4 ,no one hath told the secret which ,i will tell ,or threaded a pearl of thought like mine4 ,come1 if thou would'st know the secret of everlasting life6 ,come1 if thou would'st win both earth and heaven6 #gj ,the old ,guru of the ,sky taught me this lore1 ,i cannot hide it from my comrades4 ,o ,saki6 arise and pour wine into the cup1 ,clear the vexation of ,time from my heart6 ,the sparkling liquor that flows from ,zemzem--#be #ge ,were it a beggar1 a king would pay homage to it4 ,it makes thought more sober and wise1 ,it makes the keen eye keener1 ,it gives to a straw the weight of a mountain1 ,and to foxes the strength of lions4 #hj ,it causes dust to soar to the ,pleiades ,and a drop of water swell to the breadth of the sea4 ,it turns silence into the din of ,judgement ,day1 ,it makes the foot of the partridge red with blood of the hawk4 ,arise and pour pure wine into my cup1 #he ,pour moonbeams into the dark night of my thought1 ,that ,i may lead home the wanderer ,and imbue the idle looker-on with restless impatience2 ,and advance hotly on a new quest ,and become known as the champion of a new spirit2 #ij ,and be to people of insight as the pupil to the eye1 ,and sink into the ear of the world1 like a voice2 ,and exalt the worth of ,poesy ,and sprinkle the dry herbs with my tears4 ,inspired by the genius of the ,master of ,rm1#bf #ie ,i rehearse the sealed book of secret lore4 ,his soul is the source of the flames1 ,i am but as the spark that gleams for a moment4 ,his burning candle consumed me1 the moth2 ,his wine overwhelmed my goblet4 #ajj ,the ,master of ,rm transmuted my earth to gold ,and clothed my barren dust with beauty4 ,the grain of sand set forth from the desert1 ,that it might win the radiance of the sun4 ,i am a wave and ,i will come to rest in his sea1 #aje ,that ,i may make the glistening pearl mine own4 ,i who am drunken with the wine of his song ,will draw life from the breath of his words4 #8,twas night3 my heart would fain lament1 ,the silence was filled with my cries to ,god4 #aaj ,i was complaining of the sorrows of the world ,and bewailing the emptiness of my cup4 ,at last mine eye could endure no more1 ,broken with fatigue it went to sleep4 ,there appeared the ,master1 formed in the mould of ,truth1 #aae ,who wrote the ,koran of ,persia4#bg ,he said1 8,o frenzied lover1 ,take a draught of love's pure wine4 ,strike the chords of thine heart and rouse a tumultuous strain1 ,dash thine head against the cupping-glass and thine eye against the lancet6 #abj ,make thy laughter the source of a hundred sighs1 ,make the hearts of men bleed with thy tears6 ,how long wilt thou be silent1 like a bud8 ,sell thy fragrance cheap1 like the rose6 ,tongue-tied1 thou art in pain3 #abe ,cast thyself upon the fire1 like rue6#bh ,like the bell1 break silence at last1 and from every limb ,utter forth a lamentation6 ,thou art fire3 fill the world with thy glow6 ,make others burn with thy burning6 #acj ,proclaim the secrets of the old wine-seller2#bi ,be thou a surge of wine1 and the crystal cup thy robe6 ,shatter the mirror of fear1 ,break the bottles in the bazaar6 ,like the reed-flute1 bring a message from the reeds2 #ace ,give to ,majnn a message from ,lail6#cj ,create a new style for thy song1 ,enrich the feast with thy piercing strains6 ,up1 and re-inspire every living soul6 ,say #8,arise6' and by that word quicken the living6 #adj ,up1 and set thy feet on another path2 ,put aside the passionate melancholy of old6 ,become familiar with the delight of singing2 ,o bell of the caravan1 awake60 ,at these words my bosom was enkindled #ade ,and swelled with emotion like the flute2 ,i rose like music from the string ,to prepare a ,paradise for the ear4 ,i unveiled the mystery of the ,self ,and disclosed its wondrous secret4 #aej ,my being was as an unfinished statue1 ,uncomely1 worthless1 good for nothing4 ,love chiselled me3 ,i became a man ,and gained knowledge of the nature of the universe4 ,i have seen the movement of the sinews of the sky1 #aee ,and the blood coursing in the veins of the moon4 ,many a night ,i wept for ,man's sake ,that ,i might tear the veil from ,life's mysteries1 ,and extract the secret of ,life's constitution ,from the laboratory of phenomena4 #afj ,i who give beauty to this night1 like the moon1 ,am as dust in devotion to the pure ,faith 7,islam7-- ,a ,faith renowned in hill and dale1 ,which kindles in men's hearts a flame of undying song3 ,it sowed an atom and reaped a sun1 #afe ,it harvested a hundred poets like ,rm and ,attr4 ,i am a sigh3 ,i will mount to the heavens2 ,i am a breath1 yet am ,i sprung of fire4 ,driven onward by high thoughts1 my pen ,cast abroad the secret of this veil1 #agj ,that the drop may become co-equal with the sea ,and the grain of sand grow into a ,sahara4 ,poetising is not the aim of this masnav1 ,beauty-worshipping and love-making is not its aim4 ,i am of ,india3 ,persian is not my native tongue2 #age ,i am like the crescent moon3 my cup is not full4 ,do not seek from me charm of style in exposition1 ,do not seek from me ,khnsr and ,isfahan4#ca ,although the language of ,hind is sweet as sugar1 ,yet sweeter is the fashion of ,persian speech4 #ahj ,my mind was enchanted by its loveliness1 ,my pen became as a twig of the ,burning ,bush4 ,because of the loftiness of my thoughts1 ,persian alone is suitable to them4 ,o ,reader1 do not find fault with the wine-cup1 #ahe ,but consider attentively the taste of the wine4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,jamshd1 one of the mythical ,persian kings1 is said to have possessed a marvellous cup in which the whole world was displayed to him4 #bd ,the ,sea of ,omn is a name given by the ,arabs to the ,persian ,gulf4 #be ,the holy well at ,mecca4 #bf ,jalluddn ,rm1 the greatest mystical poet of ,persia 7,a4,d4 #abjg-abgc74 ,most of his life was passed at ,iconium in ,galatia1 for which reason he is generally known as 8,rm10 i4e4 8the ,anatolian40 #bg ,this refers to the famous ,masnav of ,jalluddn ,rm4 #bh ,rue-seed1 which is burned for the purpose of fumigation1 crackles in the fire4 #bi 8,wine0 signifies the mysteries of divine love4 #cj ,majnn is the ,orlando ,furioso of ,arabia4 #ca ,khnsr1 which lies about a hundred miles northwest of ,isfahan1 was the birth-place of several ,persian poets4 ,i ,showing that the system of the universe originates in the ,self and that the continuation of the life of all individuals depends on strengthening the ,self4 ,the form of existence is an effect of the ,self1 ,whatsoever thou seest is a secret of the ,self4 ,when the ,self awoke to consciousness1 ,it revealed the universe of ,thought4 #aij ,a hundred worlds are hidden in its essence3 ,self-affirmation brings ,not-self to light4 ,by the ,self the seed of hostility is sown in the world3 ,it imagines itself to be other than itself4 ,it makes from itself the forms of others #aie ,in order to multiply the pleasure of strife4 ,it is slaying by the strength of its arm ,that it may become conscious of its own strength4 ,its self-deceptions are the essence of ,life2 ,like the rose1 it lives by bathing itself in blood4 #bjj ,for the sake of a single rose it destroys a hundred rose-gardens ,and makes a hundred lamentations in quest of a single melody4 ,for one sky it produces a hundred new moons1 ,and for one word a hundred discourses4 ,the excuse for this wastefulness and cruelty #bje ,is the shaping and perfecting of spiritual beauty4 ,the loveliness of ,shrn justifies the anguish of ,farhd1#cb ,the fragrant navel justifies a hundred musk-deer4 #8,tis the fate of moths to consume in flame3 ,the suffering of moths is justified by the candle4 #baj ,the pencil of the ,self limned a hundred to-days ,in order to achieve the dawn of a single morrow4 ,its flames burned a hundred ,abrahams#cc ,that the lamp of one ,mohammed might be lighted4 ,subject1 object1 means1 and causes-- #bae ,they all exist for the purpose of action4 ,the ,self rises1 kindles1 falls1 glows1 breathes1 ,burns1 shines1 walks1 and flies4 ,the spaciousness of ,time is its arena1 ,heaven is a billow of the dust on its road4 #bbj ,from its rose-planting the world abounds in roses2 ,night is born of its sleep1 day springs from its waking4 ,it divided its flame into sparks ,and taught the understanding to worship particulars4 ,it dissolved itself and created the atoms1 #bbe ,it was scattered for a little while and created the sands4 ,then it wearied of dispersion ,and by re-uniting itself it became the mountains4 #8,tis the nature of the ,self to manifest itself3 ,in every atom slumbers the might of the ,self4 #bcj ,power that is unexpressed and inert ,chains the faculties which lead to action4 ,inasmuch as the life of the universe comes from the strength of the ,self1 ,life is in proportion to this strength4 ,when a drop of water gets the ,self's lesson by heart1 #bce ,it makes its worthless existence a pearl4 ,wine is formless because its self is weak2 ,it receives a form by favour of the cup4 ,although the cup of wine assumes a form1 ,it is indebted to us for its motion4 #bdj ,when the mountain loses its self1 it turns into sands ,and complains that the sea surges over it2 ,but the wave1 so long as it remains a wave in the sea's bosom1 ,makes itself a rider on the sea's back4 ,light has been a beggar since the eye first rolled #bde ,and moved to and fro in search of beauty2 ,but forasmuch as the grass found a means of growth in its self1 ,its aspiration clove the breast of the garden4 ,the candle too concatenated itself ,and built itself out of atoms2 #bej ,then it made a practice of melting itself away and fled from its self ,until at last it trickled down from its own eye1 like tears4 ,if the bezel had been more self-secure by nature1 ,it would not have suffered wounds1 ,but since it derives its value from the superscription1 #bee ,its shoulder is galled by the burden of another's name4 ,because the earth is firmly based on self-existence1 ,the captive moon goes round it perpetually4 ,the being of the sun is stronger than that of the earth3 ,therefore is the earth bewitched by the sun's eye4 #bfj ,the glory of the plane fixes our gaze1 ,the mountains are enriched by its majesty3 ,its raiment is woven of fire1 ,its origin is one self-assertive seed4 ,when ,life gathers strength from the ,self1 #bfe ,the river of ,life expands into an ocean4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,shrn was loved by the ,persian emperor ,khusrau ,parwz4 ,farhd fell in love with her and cast himself down a precipice on hearing a false rumour of her death4 #cc ,abraham is said to have been cast on a burning pile by order of ,nimrod and miraculously preserved from harm4 ,,ii ,showing that the life of the ,self comes from forming desires and bringing them to birth4 ,life is preserved by purpose3 ,because of the goal its caravan-bell tinkles4 ,life is latent in seeking1 ,its origin is hidden in desire4 #bgj ,keep desire alive in thy heart1 ,lest thy little dust become a tomb4 ,desire is the soul of this world of hue and scent1 ,the nature of every thing is faithful to desire4 ,desire sets the heart dancing in the breast1 #bge ,and by its glow the breast is made bright as a mirror4 ,it gives to earth the power of soaring1 ,it is a ,khizr to the ,moses of perception4#cd ,from the flame of desire the heart takes life1 ,and when it takes life1 all dies that is not true4 #bhj ,when it refrains from forming wishes1 ,its pinion breaks and it cannot soar4 ,desire is an emotion of the ,self3 ,it is a restless wave of the ,self's sea4 ,desire is a noose for hunting ideals1 #bhe ,a binder of the book of deeds4 ,negation of desire is death to the living1 ,even as absence of burning extinguishes the flame4 ,what is the source of our wakeful eye8 ,our delight in seeing hath taken visible shape4 #bij ,the partridge's leg is derived from the elegance of its gait1 ,the nightingale's beak from its endeavour to sing4 ,away from the reed-bed1 the reed became happy3 ,the music was released from its prison4#ce ,why does the mind strive after new discoveries and scale the heavens8 #bie ,knowest thou what works this miracle8 #8,tis desire that enriches ,life1 ,and the intellect is a child of its womb4 ,what are social organisation1 customs1 and laws8 ,what is the secret of the novelties of science8 #cjj ,a desire which broke through by its own strength ,and burst forth from the heart and took shape4 ,nose1 hand1 brain1 eye1 and ear1 ,thought1 imagination1 feeling1 memory1 and understanding-- ,all these are weapons devised for self-preservation #cje ,by him that rides into the battle of ,life4 ,the object of science and art is not knowledge1 ,the object of the garden is not the bud and the flower4 ,science is an instrument for the preservation of ,life1 ,science is a means of establishing the ,self4 #caj ,science and art are servants of ,life1 ,slaves born and bred in its house4 ,rise1 ,o thou who art strange to ,life's mystery1 ,rise intoxicated with the wine of an ideal6 ,if thou art an ideal1 thou wilt shine as the dawn #cae ,and be to all else as a blazing fire4 ,if thou art an ideal1 thou art higher than ,heaven-- ,winning1 captivating1 enchanting men's hearts2 ,a destroyer of ancient falsehood1 ,fraught with turmoil1 an embodiment of the ,last ,day4 #cbj ,we live by forming ideals1 ,we glow with the sunbeams of desire6 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,cf4 ,koran1 ch4 #ah1 vv4 #fd-hj4 ,khizr represents the mystic seer whose actions are misjudged by persons of less insight4 #ce ,i4e4 the reed was made into a flute4 ,,iii ,showing that the ,self is strengthened by ,love4#cf ,the luminous point whose name is the ,self ,is the life-spark beneath our dust4 ,by ,love it is made more lasting1 #cbe ,more living1 more burning1 more glowing4 ,from ,love proceeds the radiance of its being ,and the development of its unknown possibilities4 ,its nature gathers fire from ,love1 ,love instructs it to illumine the world4 #ccj ,love fears neither sword nor dagger1 ,love is not born of water and air and earth4 ,love makes peace and war in the world1 ,the ,fountain of ,life is ,love's flashing sword4 ,the hardest rocks are shivered by ,love's glance3 #cce ,love of ,god at last becomes wholly ,god4 ,learn thou to love1 and seek to be loved3 ,seek an eye like ,noah's1 a heart like ,job's6 ,transmute thy handful of earth into gold1 ,kiss the threshold of a ,perfect ,man6#cg #cdj ,like ,rm1 light thy candle ,and burn ,rm in the fire of ,tabrz6#ch ,there is a beloved hidden within thine heart3 ,i will show him to thee1 if thou hast eyes to see4 ,his lovers are fairer than the fair1 #cde ,sweeter and comelier and more beloved4 ,by love of him the heart is made strong ,and earth rubs shoulders with the ,pleiades4 ,the soil of ,najd was quickened by his grace ,and fell into a rapture and rose to the skies4#ci #cej ,in the ,moslem's heart is the home of ,mohammed1 ,all our glory is from the name of ,mohammed4 ,sinai is but an eddy of the dust of his house1 ,the sanctuary of the ,ka'ba is his dwelling-place4 ,eternity is less than a moment of his time1 #cee ,eternity receives increase from his essence4 ,he slept on a mat of rushes1 ,but the crown of ,chosroes was under his people's feet4 ,he chose the nightly solitude of ,mount ,hir1 ,and he founded a state and laws and government4 #cfj ,he passed many a night with sleepless eyes ,in order that the ,moslems might sleep on the throne of ,persia4 ,in the hour of battle1 iron was melted by his sword2 ,in the hour of prayer1 tears fell like rain from his eye4 ,when he was called to aid1 his sword answered 8,amen0 #cfe ,and extirpated the race of kings4 ,he instituted new laws in the world1 ,he brought the empires of antiquity to an end4 ,with the key of religion he opened the door of this world3 ,the womb of the world never bore his like4 #cgj ,in his sight high and low were one1 ,he sat with his slave at one table4 ,the daughter of the chieftain of ,tai was taken prisoner in battle#dj ,and brought into that exalted presence2 ,her feet in chains1 unveiled1 #cge ,and her neck bowed with shame4 ,when the ,prophet saw that the poor girl had no veil1 ,he covered her face with his own veil4 ,we are more naked than that lady of ,tai1 ,we are unveiled before the nations of the world4 #chj ,in him is our trust on the ,day of ,judgement1 ,and in this world too he is our protector4 ,both his favour and his wrath are entirely a mercy3 ,that is a mercy to his friends and this to his foes4 ,he opened the gates of mercy to his enemies1 #che ,he gave to ,mecca the message1 8,no blame shall be laid upon you40 ,we who know not the bonds of country ,resemble sight1 which is one though it be the light of two eyes4 ,we belong to the ,hijz and ,china and ,persia1 ,yet we are the dew of one smiling dawn4 #cij ,we are all under the spell of the eye of the cupbearer from ,mecca1 ,we are united as wine and cup4 ,he burnt clean away distinctions of lineage1 ,his fire consumed this trash and rubble4 ,we are like a rose with many petals but with one perfume3 #cie ,he is the soul of this society1 and he is one4 ,we were the secret concealed in his heart3 ,he spake out fearlessly1 and we were revealed4 ,the song of love for him fills my silent reed1 ,a hundred notes throb in my bosom4 #djj ,how shall ,i tell what devotion he inspires8 ,a block of dry wood wept at parting from him4#da ,the ,moslem's being is where he manifests his glory3 ,many a ,sinai springs from the dust on his path4 ,my image was created by his mirror1 #dje ,my dawn rises from the sun of his breast4 ,my repose is a perpetual fever1 ,my evening hotter than the morning of ,judgement ,day3#db ,he is the ,april cloud and ,i his garden1 ,my vine is bedewed with his rain4 #daj ,i sowed mine eye in the field of ,love ,and reaped a harvest of delight4 8,the soil of ,medina is sweeter than both worlds3 ,oh1 happy the town where dwells the ,beloved60#dc ,i am lost in admiration of the style of ,mull ,jm3 #dae ,his verse and prose are a remedy for my immaturity4 ,he has written poetry overflowing with beautiful ideas ,and has threaded pearls in praise of the ,master-- 8,mohammed is the preface to the book of the universe3 ,all the world are slaves and he is the ,master40 #dbj ,from the wine of ,love spring many qualities3 ,amongst the attributes of ,love is blind devotion4 ,the saint of ,bistm1 who in devotion was unique1 ,abstained from eating a water-melon4#dd ,be a lover constant in devotion to thy beloved1 #dbe ,that thou mayst cast thy noose and capture ,god4 ,sojourn for a while on the ,hir of the heart1#de ,abandon self and flee to ,god4 ,strengthened by ,god1 return to thy self ,and break the heads of the ,lt and ,uzz of sensuality4#df #dcj ,by the might of ,love evoke an army1 ,reveal thyself on the ,frn of ,love1#dg ,that the ,lord of the ,ka'ba may show thee favour ,and interpret to thee the text1 8,lo1 ,i will appoint a vicegerent on the earth40#dh ,,footnotes3 #cf ,for the sense which ,iqbal attaches to the word 8love10 see the ,introduction1 section #c4 ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,ego4 #cg ,a prophet or saint4 #ch ,see note #bf on l4 #ie4 ,tabrz is an allusion to ,shams-i ,tabrz1 the spiritual director of ,jallu'ddn ,rm4 #ci ,najd1 the ,highlands of ,arabia1 is celebrated in love-romance4 ,i need only mention ,lail and ,majnn4 #dj ,her father1 ,htim of ,tai1 is proverbial in the ,east for his hospitality4 #da ,the story of the pulpit that wept when ,mohammed descended from it occurs1 ,i think1 in the ,masnav4 #db ,when1 according to ,mohammedan belief1 the sun will rise in the west4 #dc ,a quotation from the ,masnav4 ,the ,prophet was buried at ,medina4 #dd ,byazd of ,bistm died in ,a4,d4 #hge4 ,he refused to eat a water-melon1 saying he had no assurance that the ,prophet had ever tasted that fruit4 #de ,mohammed used to retire to a cave on ,mount ,hir1 near ,mecca1 for the purpose of solitary meditation and other ascetic observances4 #df ,lt and ,uzz were goddesses worshipped by the heathen ,arabs4 #dg ,frn1 name of a mountain in the neighbourhood of ,mecca4 #dh ,koran1 ch4 #b1 v4 #bh4 ,in these words1 which were addressed to the angels1 ,god foretold the creation of ,adam4 ,,iv ,showing that the ,self is weakened by asking4 ,o thou who hast gathered taxes from lions1 #dce ,thy need hath caused thee to become a fox in disposition4 ,thy maladies are the result of indigence3 ,this disease is the source of thy pain4 ,it is robbing thine high thoughts of their dignity ,and putting out the light of thy noble imagination4 #ddj ,quaff rosy wine from the jar of existence6 ,snatch thy money from the purse of ,time6 ,like ,omar1 come down from thy camel6#di ,beware of incurring obligations1 beware6 ,how long wilt thou sue for office #dde ,and ride like children on a woman's back8 ,a nature that fixes its gaze on the sky ,becomes debased by receiving benefits4 ,by asking1 poverty is made more abject2 ,by begging1 the beggar is made poorer4 #dej ,asking disintegrates the ,self ,and deprives of illumination the ,sinai-bush of the ,self4 ,do not scatter thy handful of dust2 ,like the moon1 scrape food from thine own side6 ,albeit thou art poor and wretched #dee ,and overwhelmed by affliction1 ,seek not thy daily bread from the bounty of another1 ,seek not waves of water from the fountain of the sun1 ,lest thou be put to shame before the ,prophet ,on the ,day when every soul shall be stricken with fear4 #dfj ,the moon gets sustenance from the table of the sun ,and bears the brand of his bounty on her heart4 ,pray ,god for courage6 ,wrestle with ,fortune6 ,do not sully the honour of the pure religion6 ,he who swept the rubbish of idols out of the ,ka'ba #dfe ,said that ,god loves a man that earns his living4 ,woe to him that accepts bounty from another's table ,and lets his neck be bent with benefits6 ,he hath consumed himself with the lightning of the favours bestowed on him1 ,he hath sold his honour for a paltry coin4 #dgj ,happy the man who thirsting in the sun ,does not crave of ,khizr a cup of water6#ej ,his brow is not moist with the shame of beggary2 ,he is a man still1 not a piece of clay4 ,that noble youth walks under heaven #dge ,with his head erect like the pine4 ,are his hands empty8 ,the more is he master of himself4 ,do his fortunes languish8 ,the more alert is he4 ,the beggar's wallet is like a boat tossing in waves of fire2 ,sweet is a little dew gathered by one's own hand4 #dhj ,be a man of honour1 and like the bubble ,keep thy cup inverted even in the midst of the sea6#ea ,,footnotes3 #di ,the ,caliph ,omar was a man of simple habits and self-reliant character4 #ej ,khizr is supposed to have drunk of the ,fountain of ,life4 #ea ,the bubble is compared to an inverted cup1 which of course receives nothing4 ,v ,showing that when the ,self is strengthened by ,love it gains dominion over the outward and inward forces of the universe4 ,when the ,self is made strong by ,love ,its power rules the whole world4 ,the ,heavenly ,sage who adorned the sky with stars #dhe ,plucked these buds from the bough of the ,self4 ,its hand becomes ,god's hand1 ,the moon is split by its fingers4 ,it is the arbitrator in all the quarrels of the world1 ,its command is obeyed by ,darius and ,jamshd4 #dij ,i will tell thee a story of ,b ,ali1#eb ,whose name is renowned in ,india1 ,him who sang of the ancient rose-garden ,and discoursed to us about the lovely rose3 ,the air of his fluttering skirt #die ,made a ,paradise of this fire-born country4 ,his young disciple went one day to the bazaar-- ,the wine of ,b ,ali's discourse had turned his head4 ,the governor of the city was coming along on horseback1 ,his servant and staff-bearer rode beside him4 #ejj ,the forerunner shouted1 8,o senseless one1 ,do not get in the way of the governor's escort60 ,but the dervish walked on with drooping head1 ,sunk in the sea of his own thoughts4 ,the staff-bearer1 drunken with pride1 #eje ,broke his staff on the head of the dervish1 ,who stepped painfully out of the governor's way1 ,sad and sorry1 with a heavy heart4 ,he came to ,b ,ali and complained ,and released the tears from his eyes4 #eaj ,like lightning that falls on mountains1 ,the ,sheikh poured forth a fiery torrent of speech4 ,he let loose from his soul a strange fire1 ,he gave an order to his secretary3 8,take thy pen and write a letter #eae ,from a dervish to a sultan6 ,say1 #8,thy governor has broken my servant's head2 ,he has cast burning coals on his own life4 ,arrest this wicked governor1 ,or else ,i will bestow thy kingdom on another40 #ebj ,the letter of the saint who had access to ,god ,caused the monarch to tremble in every limb4 ,his body was filled with aches1 ,he grew as pale as the evening sun4 ,he sought out a handcuff for the governor #ebe ,and entreated ,b ,ali to pardon this offence4 ,khusrau1 the sweet-voiced eloquent poet1#ec ,whose harmonies flow from the creative mind ,and whose genius hath the soft brilliance of moonlight1 ,was chosen to be the king's ambassador4 #ecj ,when he entered ,b ,ali's presence and played his lute1 ,his song melted the fakir's soul like glass4 ,one strain of poesy bought the grace ,of a majesty that was firm as a mountain4 ,do not wound the hearts of dervishes1 #ece ,do not throw thyself into burning fire6 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,sheikh ,sharafu'ddn of ,pnpat1 who is better known as ,b ,ali ,qalandar1 was a great saint4 ,he died about ,a4,d4 #acbe4 #ec ,amr ,khusrau of ,delhi1 the most celebrated of the ,persian poets of ,india4 ,,vi ,a tale of which the moral is that negation of the ,self is a doctrine invented by the subject races of mankind in order that by this means they may sap and weaken the character of their rulers4 ,hast thou heard that in the time of old ,the sheep dwelling in a certain pasture ,so increased and multiplied ,that they feared no enemy8 #edj ,at last1 from the malice of ,fate1 ,their breasts were smitten by a shaft of calamity4 ,the tigers sprang forth from the jungle ,and rushed upon the sheepfold4 ,conquest and dominion are signs of strength1 #ede ,victory is the manifestation of strength4 ,those fierce tigers beat the drum of sovereignty1 ,they deprived the sheep of freedom4 ,forasmuch as tigers must have their prey1 ,that meadow was crimsoned with the blood of the sheep4 #eej ,one of the sheep which was clever and acute1 ,old in years1 cunning as a weather-beaten wolf1 ,being grieved at the fate of his fellows ,and sorely vexed by the violence of the tigers1 ,made complaint of the course of ,destiny #eee ,and sought by craft to restore his fortunes4 ,the weak man1 in order to preserve himself1 ,seeks devices from skilled intelligence4 ,in slavery1 for the sake of repelling harm1 ,the power of scheming becomes quickened1 #efj ,and when the madness of revenge gains hold1 ,the mind of the slave meditates rebellion4 8,ours is a hard knot10 said this sheep to himself1 8,the ocean of our griefs hath no shore4 ,by force we sheep cannot escape from the tiger3 #efe ,our legs are silver1 his paws are steel4 #8,tis not possible1 however much one exhorts and counsels1 ,to create in a sheep the disposition of a wolf4 ,but to make the furious tiger a sheep--that is possible2 ,to make him unmindful of his nature--that is possible40 #egj ,he became as a prophet inspired1 ,and began to preach to the bloodthirsty tigers4 ,he cried out1 8,o ye insolent liars1 ,who wot not of a day of ill luck that shall continue for ever6#ed ,i am possessed of spiritual power1 #ege ,i am an apostle sent by ,god for the tigers4 ,i come as a light for the eye that is dark1 ,i come to establish laws and give commandments4 ,repent of your blameworthy deeds6 ,o plotters of evil1 bethink yourselves of good6 #ehj ,whoso is violent and strong is miserable3 ,life's solidity depends on self-denial4 ,the spirit of the righteous is fed by fodder3 ,the vegetarian is pleasing unto ,god4 ,the sharpness of your teeth brings disgrace upon you #ehe ,and makes the eye of your perception blind4 ,paradise is for the weak alone1 ,strength is but a means to perdition4 ,it is wicked to seek greatness and glory1 ,penury is sweeter than princedom4 #eij ,lightning does not threaten the corn-seed3 ,if the seed become a stack1 it is unwise4 ,if you are sensible1 you will be a mote of sand1 not a ,sahara1 ,so that you may enjoy the sunbeams4 ,o thou that delightest in the slaughter of sheep1 #eie ,slay thy self1 and thou wilt have honour6 ,life is rendered unstable ,by violence1 oppression1 revenge1 and exercise of power4 ,though trodden underfoot1 the grass grows up time after time ,and washes the sleep of death from its eye again and again4 #fjj ,forget thy self1 if thou art wise6 ,if thou dost not forget thy self1 thou art mad4 ,close thine eyes1 close thine ears1 close thy lips1#ee ,that thy thought may reach the lofty sky6 ,this pasturage of the world is naught1 naught3 #fje ,o fool1 do not torment thyself for a phantom60 ,the tiger-tribe was exhausted by hard struggles1 ,they had set their hearts on enjoyment of luxury4 ,this soporific advice pleased them1 ,in their stupidity they swallowed the charm of the sheep4 #faj ,he that used to make sheep his prey ,now embraced a sheep's religion4 ,the tigers took kindly to a diet of fodder3 ,at length their tigerish nature was broken4 ,the fodder blunted their teeth #fae ,and put out the awful flashings of their eyes4 ,by degrees courage ebbed from their breasts1 ,the sheen departed from the mirror4 ,that frenzy of uttermost exertion remained not1 ,that craving after action dwelt in their hearts no more4 #fbj ,they lost the power of ruling and the resolution to be independent1 ,they lost reputation1 prestige1 and fortune4 ,their paws that were as iron became strengthless2 ,their souls died and their bodies became tombs4 ,bodily strength diminished while spiritual fear increased3 #fbe ,spiritual fear robbed them of courage4 ,lack of courage produced a hundred diseases-- ,poverty1 pusillanimity1 lowmindedness4 ,the wakeful tiger was lulled to slumber by the sheep's charm3 ,he called his decline ,moral ,culture4 #fcj ,,footnotes3 #ed ,these expressions are borrowed from the ,koran4 #ee ,quoted from the ,masnav4 ,,vii ,to the effect that ,plato1 whose thought has deeply influenced the mysticism and literature of ,islam1 followed the sheep's doctrine1 and that we must be on our guard against his theories4#ef ,plato1 the prime ascetic and sage1 ,was one of that ancient flock of sheep4 ,his ,pegasus went astray in the darkness of philosophy ,and galloped over the mountains of ,being4 ,he was so fascinated by the ,ideal #fce ,that he made head1 eye1 and ear of no account4 8,to die10 said he1 8is the secret of ,life3 ,the candle is glorified by being put out40 ,he dominates our thinking1 ,his cup sends us to sleep and takes the world away from us4 #fdj ,he is a sheep in man's clothing1 ,the soul of the ,sf bows to his authority4 ,he soared with his intellect to the highest heaven1 ,he called the world of phenomena a myth4 #8,twas his work to dissolve the structure of ,life #fde ,and cut the bough of ,life's fair tree asunder4 ,the thought of ,plato regarded loss as profit1 ,his philosophy declared that being is not-being4 ,his nature drowsed and created a dream1 ,his mind's eye created a mirage4 #fej ,since he was without any taste for action1 ,his soul was enraptured by the non-existent4 ,he disbelieved in the material universe ,and became the creator of invisible ,ideas4 ,sweet is the world of phenomena to the living spirit1 #fee ,dear is the world of ,ideas to the dead spirit3 ,its gazelles have no grace of movement1 ,its partridges are denied the pleasure of walking daintily4 ,its dewdrops are unable to quiver1 ,its birds have no breath in their breasts1 #ffj ,its seed does not desire to grow1 ,its moths do not know how to flutter4 ,our philosopher had no remedy but flight3 ,he could not endure the noise of this world4 ,he set his heart on the glow of a quenched flame #ffe ,and depicted a world steeped in opium4 ,he spread his wings towards the sky ,and never came down to his nest again4 ,his phantasy is sunk in the jar of heaven3 ,i know not whether it is the dregs or the bricks4 #eg #fgj ,the peoples were poisoned by his intoxication3 ,he slumbered and took no delight in deeds4 ,,footnotes3 #ef ,the direct influence of ,platonism on ,moslem thought has been comparatively slight4 ,when the ,moslems began to study ,greek philosophy1 they turned to ,aristotle4 ,the genuine writings of ,aristotle1 however1 were not accessible to them4 ,they studied translations of books passing under his name1 which were the work of ,neoplatonists1 so that what they believed to be ,aristotelian doctrine was in fact the philosophy of ,plotinus1 ,proclus1 and the later ,neoplatonic school4 ,indirectly1 therefore1 ,plato has profoundly influenced the intellectual and spiritual development of ,islam and may be called1 if not the father of ,mohammedan mysticism1 at any rate its presiding genius4 #eg ,i4e4 it is worthless in either case4 ,the egg-shaped wine-jar is supported by bricks in order to keep it in an upright position4 ,,viii ,concerning the true nature of poetry and the reform of ,islamic literature4 #8,tis the brand of desire makes the blood of man run warm1 ,by the lamp of desire this dust is enkindled4 ,by desire ,life's cup is brimmed with wine1 #fge ,so that ,life leaps to its feet and marches briskly on4 ,life is occupied with conquest alone1 ,and the one charm for conquest is desire4 ,life is the hunter and desire the snare1 ,desire is ,love's message to ,beauty4 #fhj ,wherefore doth desire swell continuously ,the bass and treble of ,life's song8 ,whatsoever is good and fair and beautiful ,is our guide in the wilderness of seeking4 ,its image becomes impressed on thine heart1 #fhe ,it creates desires in thine heart4 ,beauty is the creator of desire's springtide1 ,desire is nourished by the display of ,beauty4 #8,tis in the poet's breast that ,beauty unveils1 #8,tis from his ,sinai that ,beauty's beams arise4 #fij ,by his look the fair is made fairer1 ,through his enchantments ,nature is more beloved4 ,from his lips the nightingale hath learned her song1 ,and his rouge hath brightened the cheek of the rose4 #8,tis his passion burns in the heart of the moth1 #fie #8,tis he that lends glowing hues to love-tales4 ,sea and land are hidden within his water and clay1#eh ,a hundred new worlds are concealed in his heart4 ,ere tulips blossomed in his brain ,there was heard no note of joy or grief4 #gjj ,his music breathes o'er us a wonderful enchantment1 ,his pen draws a mountain with a single hair4 ,his thoughts dwell with the moon and the stars1 ,he creates beauty in that which is ugly and strange4 ,he is a ,khizr1 and amidst his darkness is the ,fountain of ,life3#ei #gje ,all things that exist are made more living by his tears4 ,heavily we go1 like raw novices1 ,stumbling on the way to the goal4 ,his nightingale hath played a tune ,and laid a plot to beguile us1 #gaj ,that he may lead us into ,life's ,paradise1 ,and that ,life's bow may become a full circle4 ,caravans march at the sound of his bell ,and follow the voice of his pipe2 ,but when his zephyr blows in our gardens1 #gae ,we stay loitering amongst tulips and roses4 ,his witchery makes ,life develop itself ,and become self-questioning and impatient4 ,he invites the whole world to his table2 ,he lavishes his fire as though it were cheap as air4 #gbj ,woe to a people that resigns itself to death1 ,and whose poet turns away from the joy of living6 ,his mirror shows beauty as ugliness1 ,his honey leaves a hundred stings in the heart4 ,his kiss robs the rose of freshness1 #gbe ,he takes away from the nightingale's heart the joy of flying4 ,thy sinews are relaxed by his opium1 ,thou payest for his song with thy life4 ,he bereaves the cypress of delight in its beauty1 ,his cold breath makes a pheasant of the male falcon4 #gcj ,he is a fish1 and from the breast upward a man1 ,like the ,sirens in the ocean4 ,with his song he enchants the pilot ,and casts the ship to the bottom of the sea4 ,his melodies steal firmness from thine heart1 #gce ,his magic persuades thee that death is life4 ,he takes from thy soul the desire of existence1 ,he extracts from thy mine the blushing ruby4 ,he dresses gain in the garb of loss1 ,he makes everything praiseworthy blameful4 #gdj ,he plunges thee in a sea of thought1 ,he makes thee a stranger to action4 ,he is sick1 and by his words our sickness is increased3 ,the more his cup goes round1 the more sick are they that quaff it4 ,there are no lightning-rains in his ,april1 #gde ,his garden is a mirage of colour and perfume4 ,his beauty hath no dealings with ,truth1 ,there are none but flawed pearls in his sea4 ,slumber he deemed sweeter than waking3 ,our fire was quenched by his breath4 #gej ,by the chant of his nightingale the heart was poisoned3 ,under his heap of roses lurked a snake4 ,beware of his decanter and cup6 ,beware of his sparkling wine6 ,o thou whom his wine hath laid low #gee ,and who look'st to his glass for thy rising dawn1 ,o thou whose heart hath been chilled by his melodies1 ,thou hast drunk deadly poison through the ear6 ,thy way of life is a proof of thy degeneracy1 ,the strings of thine instrument are out of tune4 #gfj #8,tis pampered ease hath made thee so wretched1 ,a disgrace to ,islam throughout the world4 ,one can bind thee with the vein of a rose1 ,one can wound thee with a zephyr4 ,love hath been put to shame by thy wailing1 #gfe ,his fair picture hath been fouled by thy brush4 ,thy ill-usage hath paled his cheek1 ,thy coldness hath taken the glow from his fire4 ,he is heartsick from thy heartsicknesses1 ,and enfeebled by thy feeblenesses4 #ggj ,his cup is full of childish tears1 ,his house is furnished with distressful sighs4#fj ,he is a drunkard begging at tavern-doors1 ,stealing glimpses of beauty from lattices1 ,unhappy1 melancholy1 injured1 #gge ,kicked well-nigh to death by the warder2 ,wasted like a reed by sorrows1 ,on his lips a store of complaints against ,heaven4 ,flattery and spite are the mettle of his mirror1 ,helplessness his comrade of old2 #ghj ,a miserable base-born underling ,without worth or hope or object1 ,whose lamentations have sucked the marrow from thy soul ,and driven off gentle sleep from thy neighbours' eyes4 ,alas for a love whose fire is extinct1 #ghe ,a love that was born in the ,holy ,place and died in the house of idols6 ,oh1 if thou hast the coin of poesy in thy purse1 ,rub it on the touchstone of ,life6 ,clear-seeing thought shows the way to action1 ,as the lightning-flash precedes the thunder4 #gij ,it behoves thee to meditate well concerning literature1 ,it behoves thee to go back to the ,arabs3 ,thou must needs give thine heart to the ,salm of ,araby1#fa ,that the morn of the ,hijz may blossom from the night of ,kurdistan4#fb ,thou hast gathered roses from the garden of ,persia #gie ,and seen the springtide of ,india and ,iran3 ,now taste a little of the heat of the desert1 ,drink the old wine of the date6 ,lay thine head for once on its hot breast1 ,yield thy body awhile to its scorching wind6 #hjj ,for a long time thou hast turned about on a bed of silk3 ,now accustom thyself to rough cotton6 ,for generations thou hast danced on tulips ,and bathed thy cheek in dew1 like the rose3 ,now throw thyself on the burning sand #hje ,and plunge into the fountain of ,zemzem6 ,how long wilt thou fain lament like the nightingale8 ,how long make thine abode in gardens8 ,o thou whose auspicious snare would do honour to the ,phnix1 ,build a nest on the high mountains1 #haj ,a nest embosomed in lightning and thunder1 ,loftier than eagle's eyrie1 ,that thou mayst be fit for ,life's battle1 ,that thy body and soul may burn in ,life's fire6 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,i4e4 in his body4 #ei ,khizr1 according to the legend1 discovered the ,fountain of ,life in the ,land of ,darkness4 #fj ,in this passage the author assails the ,persian and ,urdu poetry so much in favour with his contemporaries4 #fa ,arabic odes usually begin with a prelude in which the poet makes mention of his beloved2 and her name is often ,salm4 ,here 8the ,salm of ,araby0 refers to the ,koran and the ideals for which it stands4 #fb ,it is related that an ignorant ,kurd came to some students and besought them to instruct him in the mysteries of ,sfism4 ,they told him that he must fasten a rope to the roof of his house1 then tie the loose end to his feet and suspend himself1 head downwards2 and that he must remain in this posture as long as possible1 reciting continually some words of gibberish which they taught him4 ,the poor man did not perceive that he was being mocked4 ,he followed their instructions and passed the whole night repeating the words given him4 ,god rewarded his faith and sincerity by granting him illumination1 so that he became a saint and could discourse learnedly on the most abstruse matters of mystical theology4 ,afterwards he used to say1 8,in the evening ,i was a ,kurd1 but the next morning ,i was an ,arab40 ,,ix ,showing that the education of the ,self has three stages3 ,obedience1 ,self-control1 and ,divine ,vicegerency4 #a4 ,,obedience ,service and toil are traits of the camel1 #hae ,patience and perseverance are ways of the camel4 ,noiselessly he steps along the sandy track1 ,he is the ship of those who voyage in the desert4 ,every thicket knows the print of his foot3 ,he eats seldom1 sleeps little1 and is inured to toil4 #hbj ,he carries rider1 baggage1 and litter2 ,he trots on and on to the journey's end1 ,rejoicing in his speed1 ,more patient in travel than his rider4 ,thou1 too1 do not refuse the burden of ,duty3 #hbe ,so wilt thou enjoy the best dwelling-place1 which is with ,god4 ,endeavour to obey1 ,o heedless one6 ,liberty is the fruit of compulsion4 ,by obedience the man of no worth is made worthy2 ,by disobedience his fire is turned to ashes4 #hcj ,whoso would master the sun and stars1 ,let him make himself a prisoner of ,law6 ,the wind is enthralled by the fragrant rose2 ,the perfume is confined in the navel of the musk-deer4 ,the star moves towards its goal #hce ,with head bowed in surrender to a law4 ,the grass springs up in obedience to the law of growth3 ,when it abandons that1 it is trodden underfoot4 ,to burn unceasingly is the law of the tulip1 ,and so the blood leaps in its veins4 #hdj ,drops of water become a sea by the law of union1 ,and grains of sand become a ,sahara4 ,since ,law makes everything strong within1 ,why dost thou neglect this source of strength8 ,o thou that art emancipated from the old ,custom1#fc #hde ,adorn thy feet once more with the same fine silver chain6 ,do not complain of the hardness of the ,law1 ,do not transgress the statutes of ,mohammed6 #b4 ,,self-,,control ,thy soul cares only for itself1 like the camel3 ,it is self-conceited1 self-governed1 and self-willed4 #hej ,be a man1 get its halter into thine hand1 ,that thou mayst become a pearl albeit thou art a potter's vessel4 ,he that does not command himself ,becomes a receiver of commands from others4 ,when they moulded thee of clay1 #hee ,love and fear were mingled in thy making3 ,fear of this world and of the world to come1 fear of death1 ,fear of all the pains of earth and heaven2 ,love of riches and power1 love of country1 ,love of self and kindred and wife4 #hfj ,the mixing of clay with water nourishes the body1#fd ,but he that is drowned in sin dies an evil death4 ,so long as thou hold'st the staff of 8,there is no ,god but ,he10#fe ,thou wilt break every spell of fear4 ,one to whom ,god is as the soul in his body1 #hfe ,his neck is not bowed before vanity4 ,fear finds no way into his bosom1 ,his heart is afraid of none but ,allah4 ,whoso dwells in the ,moslem ,faith ,is free from the bonds of wife and child4 #hgj ,he withdraws his gaze from all except ,god ,and lays the knife to the throat of his son4#ff ,though single1 he is like a host in onset3 ,life is cheaper in his eyes than wind4 ,the profession of ,faith is the shell1 but prayer is the pearl3 #hge ,the ,moslem's heart deems prayer a lesser pilgrimage4#fg ,in the ,moslem's hand prayer is like a dagger ,killing sin and frowardness and wrong4 ,fasting makes an assault upon hunger and thirst ,and breaches the citadel of sensuality4 #hhj ,the pilgrimage enlightens the minds of the ,faithful3 ,it teaches separation from one's home and destroys attachment to one's native land2 ,it is an act of devotion in which all feel themselves to be one1 ,it binds together the leaves of the book of religion4 ,almsgiving causes love of riches to pass away #hhe ,and makes equality familiar2 ,it fortifies the heart with righteousness1#fh ,it increases wealth and diminishes fondness for wealth4 ,all this is a means of strengthening thee3 ,thou art impregnable1 if thy ,islam be strong4 #hij ,draw might from the litany 8,o ,almighty ,one60 ,that thou mayst ride the camel of thy body4#fi #c4 ,,divine ,,vicegerency#gj ,if thou canst rule thy camel1 thou wilt rule the world ,and wear on thine head the crown of ,solomon4 ,thou wilt be the glory of the world whilst the world lasts1 #hie ,and thou wilt reign in the kingdom incorruptible4 #8,tis sweet to be ,god's vicegerent in the world ,and exercise sway over the elements4 ,god's vicegerent is as the soul of the universe1 ,his being is the shadow of the ,greatest ,name4 #ijj ,he knows the mysteries of part and whole1 ,he executes the command of ,allah in the world4 ,when he pitches his tent in the wide world1 ,he rolls up this ancient carpet4#ga ,his genius abounds with life and desires to manifest itself3 #ije ,he will bring another world into existence4 ,a hundred worlds like this world of parts and wholes ,spring up1 like roses1 from the seed of his imagination4 ,he makes every raw nature ripe1 ,he puts the idols out of the sanctuary4 #iaj ,heart-strings give forth music at his touch1 ,he wakes and sleeps for ,god alone4 ,he teaches age the melody of youth ,and endows everything with the radiance of youth4 ,to the human race he brings both a glad message and a warning1 #iae ,he comes both as a soldier and as a marshal and prince4 ,he is the final cause of 8,god taught ,adam the names of all things10#gb ,he is the inmost sense of 8,glory to ,him that transported ,his servant by night40#gc ,his white hand is strengthened by the staff1#gd ,his knowledge is twinned with the power of a perfect man4 #ibj ,when that bold cavalier seizes the reins1 ,the steed of ,time gallops faster4 ,his awful mien makes the ,red ,sea dry1 ,he leads ,israel out of ,egypt4 ,at his cry1 8,arise10 the dead spirits #ibe ,rise in their bodily tomb1 like pines in the field4 ,his person is an atonement for all the world1 ,by his grandeur the world is saved4#ge ,his protecting shadow makes the mote familiar with the sun1 ,his rich substance makes precious all that exists4 #icj ,he bestows life by miraculous works1 ,he founds a new system to work by4 ,splendid visions rise from the print of his foot1 ,many a ,moses is entranced by his ,sinai4 ,he gives a new explanation of ,life1 #ice ,a new interpretation of this dream4 ,his hidden being is ,life's mystery1 ,the unheard music of ,life's harp4 ,nature travails in blood for generations ,to compose the harmony of his personality4 #idj ,when our handful of earth has reached the zenith1 ,that champion will come forth from this dust6 ,there sleeps amidst the ashes of ,to-day ,the flame of a world-consuming morrow4 ,our bud enfolds a garden of roses1 #ide ,our eyes are bright with to-morrow's dawn4 ,appear1 ,o rider of ,destiny6 ,appear1 ,o light of the dark realm of ,change6 ,illumine the scene of existence1 ,dwell in the blackness of our eyes6 #iej ,silence the noise of the nations1 ,imparadise our ears with thy music6 ,arise and tune the harp of brotherhood1 ,give us back the cup of the wine of love6 ,bring once more days of peace to the world1 #iee ,give a message of peace to them that seek battle6 ,mankind are the cornfield and thou the harvest1 ,thou art the goal of ,life's caravan4 ,the leaves are scattered by ,autumn's fury3 ,oh1 do thou pass over our gardens as the ,spring6 #ifj ,receive from our downcast brows ,the homage of little children and of young men and old6 ,when thou art there1 we will lift up our heads1 ,content to suffer the burning fire of this world4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,the religious law of ,islam4 #fd ,i4e4 water is an indispensable element in the life of the body4 #fe ,the first article of the ,mohammedan creed4 #ff ,like ,abraham when he was about to sacrifice ,isaac or 7as ,moslems generally believe7 ,ishmael4 #fg ,the lesser pilgrimage 7'umra7 is not obligatory like the greater pilgrimage 7hajj74 #fh ,the original quotes part of a verse in the ,koran 7ch4 #c1 v4 #hf71 where it is said1 8,ye shall never attain unto righteousness until ye give in alms of that which ye love40 #fi ,i4e4 overcome the lusts of the flesh4 #gj ,here ,iqbal interprets in his own way the ,sf doctrine of the ,insn al-kmil or ,perfect ,man1 which teaches that every man is potentially a microcosm1 and that when he has become spiritually perfect1 all the ,divine attributes are displayed by him1 so that as saint or prophet he is the ,god-man1 the representative and vicegerent of ,god on earth4 #ga ,i4e4 his appearance marks the end of an epoch4 #gb ,koran1 ch4 #b1 v4 #bi4 ,the ,ideal ,man is the final cause of creation4 #gc ,koran1 ch4 #ag1 v4 #a1 referring to the ,ascension of the ,prophet4 #gd ,for the white hand 7of ,moses7 cf4 ,koran1 ch4 #g1 v4 #aje1 ch4 #bf1 v4 #cb1 and ,exodus1 ch4 #d1 v4 #f4 #ge ,these four lines may allude to ,jesus1 regarded as a type of the ,perfect ,man4 ,x ,setting forth the inner meanings of the names of ,ali4 ,ali is the first ,moslem and the ,king of men1 #ife ,in ,love's eyes ,ali is the treasure of the ,faith4 ,devotion to his family inspires me with life ,so that ,i am as a shining pearl4 ,like the narcissus1 ,i am enraptured with gazing2 ,like perfume1 ,i am straying through his pleasure-garden4 #igj ,if holy water gushes from my earth1 he is the source2 ,if wine pours from my grapes1 he is the cause4 ,i am dust1 but his sun hath made me as a mirror3 ,song can be seen in my breast4 ,from ,ali's face the ,prophet drew a fair omen1 #ige ,by his majesty the true religion is glorified4 ,his commandments are the strength of ,islam3 ,all things pay allegiance to his ,house4 ,the ,apostle of ,god gave him the name ,b ,turb2 ,god in the ,koran called him 8the ,hand of ,allah40 #ihj ,every one that is acquainted with ,life's mysteries ,knows what is the inner meaning of the names of ,ali4 ,the dark clay1 whose name is the body-- ,our reason is ever bemoaning its iniquity4 ,on account of it our sky-reaching thought plods o'er the earth2 #ihe ,it makes our eyes blind and our ears deaf4 ,it hath in its hand a two-edged sword of lust3 ,travellers' hearts are broken by this brigand4 ,ali1 the ,lion of ,god1 subdued the body's clay ,and transmuted this dark earth to gold4 #iij ,murtaz1 by whose sword the splendour of ,truth was revealed1 ,is named ,b ,turb from his conquest of the body4#gf ,man wins territory by prowess in battle1 ,but his brightest jewel is mastery of himself4 ,whosoever in the world becomes a ,b ,turb #iie ,turns back the sun from the west2#gg ,whosoever saddles tightly the steed of the body ,sits like the bezel on the seal of sovereignty3 ,here the might of ,khaibar is under his feet1#gh ,and hereafter his hand will distribute the water of ,kauthar4#gi #ajjj ,through self-knowledge he acts as ,god's ,hand1 ,and in virtue of being ,god's ,hand he reigns over all4 ,his person is the gate of the city of the sciences3 ,arabia1 ,china1 and ,greece are subject to him4 ,if thou wouldst drink clear wine from thine own grapes1 #ajje ,thou must needs wield authority over thine own earth4 ,to become earth is the creed of a moth2 ,be a conqueror of earth2 that alone is worthy of a man4 ,thou art soft as a rose4 ,become hard as a stone1 ,that thou mayst be the foundation of the wall of the garden6 #ajaj ,build thy clay into a ,man1 ,build thy ,man into a ,world6 ,if thou art unfit to be either a wall or a door1 ,some one else will make bricks of thine earth4 ,o thou who complainest of the cruelty of ,heaven1 #ajae ,thou whose glass cries out against the injustice of the stone1 ,how long this wailing and crying and lamentation8 ,how long this perpetual beating of thy breast8 ,the pith of ,life is contained in action1 ,to delight in creation is the law of ,life4 #ajbj ,arise and create a new world6 ,wrap thyself in flames1 be an ,abraham6#hj ,to comply with this ill-starred world ,is to fling away thy buckler on the field of battle4 ,the man of strong character who is master of himself #ajbe ,will find ,fortune complaisant4 ,if the world does not comply with his humour1 ,he will try the hazard of war with ,heaven2 ,he will dig up the foundations of the universe ,and cast its atoms into a new mould4 #ajcj ,he will subvert the course of ,time ,and wreck the azure firmament4 ,by his own strength he will produce ,a new world which will do his pleasure4 ,if one cannot live in the world as beseems a man1 #ajce ,it is true life to give up one's soul4 ,he that hath sound intelligence ,will prove his strength by great enterprises4 #8,tis sweet to use love in hard tasks ,and1 like ,abraham1 to gather roses from flames4#ha #ajdj ,the potentialities of men of action ,are displayed in willing acceptance of what is difficult4 ,mean spirits have no weapon but spite1 ,this is their one rule of life4 ,but ,life is power made manifest1 #ajde ,and its mainspring is the desire for victory4 ,mercy out of season is a coldness of ,life's blood1 ,a break in the rhythm of ,life's music4 ,whoever is sunk in the depths of ignominy ,calls his weakness contentment4 #ajej ,weakness is the plunderer of ,life1 ,its womb is teeming with fears and lies4 ,its soul is empty of virtues1 ,its milk is a fattening for vices4 ,o man of sound judgement1 beware6 #ajee ,this spoiler is lurking in ambush4 ,be not his dupe1 if thou art wise3 ,chameleon-like1 he changes colour every moment4 ,even by keen observers his form is not discerned3 ,veils are thrown over his face4 #ajfj ,now he is muffled in pity and gentleness1 ,now he wears the cloak of humility4 ,sometimes he is disguised as a victim of oppression1 ,sometimes as one whose sins are to be excused4 ,he appears in the shape of self-indulgence #ajfe ,and robs the strong man's heart of courage4 ,strength is the twin of ,truth2 ,if thou knowest thyself1 strength is the ,truth-revealing glass4 ,life is the seed1 and power the crop3 ,power explains the mystery of truth and falsehood4 #ajgj ,the false claimant1 if he be possessed of power1 ,needs no argument for his claim4 ,falsehood derives from power the authority of truth1 ,and by falsifying truth deems itself true4 ,its creative word transforms poison into nectar2 #ajge ,it says to ,good1 8,thou art bad10 and ,good becomes ,evil4 ,o thou that art heedless of the trust committed to thee1 ,esteem thyself superior to both worlds6#hb ,gain knowledge of ,life's mysteries6 ,be a tyrant6 ,ignore all except ,god6 #ajhj ,o man of understanding1 open thine eyes1 ears1 and lips6#hc ,if then thou seest not the ,way of ,truth1 laugh at me6 ,,footnotes3 #gf ,murtaz1 8he whom with ,god is pleased107--,see ,transcriber's ,note7 is a name of ,ali4 ,b ,turb means literally 8father of earth40 #gg ,a miracle of the ,prophet4 #gh ,the fortress of ,khaibar1 a village in the ,hijz1 was captured by the ,moslems in ,a4,d4 #fbh4 ,ali performed great feats of valour on this occasion4 #gi ,a river of ,paradise4 #hj ,see note #cc on l4 #bac4 #ha ,the burning pyre on which ,abraham was thrown lost its heat and was transformed into a rose-garden4 #hb ,the 8trust0 which ,god offered to ,man and which ,man accepted1 after it had been refused by ,heaven and ,earth 7,koran1 ch4 #cc1 v4 #gb71 is the divine vicegerency1 i4e4 the duty of displaying the divine attributes4 #hc ,a parody of the verse in the ,masnav quoted above4 ,see l4 #fjc4 ,,xi ,story of a young man of ,merv who came to the saint ,ali ,hujwr--,god have mercy on him6--and complained that he was oppressed by his enemies4 ,the saint of ,hujwr was venerated by the peoples1 ,and ,pr-i ,sanjar visited his tomb as a pilgrim4#hd ,with ease he broke down the mountain-barriers #ajhe ,and sowed the seed of ,islam in ,india4 ,the age of ,omar was restored by his godliness1 ,the fame of the ,truth was exalted by his words4 ,he was a guardian of the honour of the ,koran1 ,the house of ,falsehood fell in ruins at his gaze4 #ajij ,the dust of the ,panjb was brought to life by his breath1 ,our dawn was made splendid by his sun4 ,he was a lover1 and withal a courier of ,love3 ,the secrets of ,love shone forth from his brow4 ,i will tell a story of his perfection #ajie ,and enclose a whole rose-bed in a single bud4 ,a young man1 cypress-tall1 ,came from the town of ,merv to ,lahore4 ,he went to see the venerable saint1 ,that the sun might dispel his darkness4 #aajj 8,i am hemmed in10 he said1 8by foes2 ,i am as a glass in the midst of stones4 ,do thou teach me1 ,o sire of heavenly rank1 ,how to lead my life amongst enemies60 ,the wise ,director1 in whose nature #aaje ,love had allied mercy with wrath1 ,answered3 8,thou art unread in ,life's lore1 ,careless of its end and its beginning4 ,be without fear of others6 ,thou art a sleeping force3 awake6 #aaaj ,when the stone was anxious on account of the glass1 ,it became glass and got into the way of breaking4 ,if the traveller thinks himself weak1 ,he delivers his soul unto the brigand4 ,how long wilt thou regard thyself as water and clay8 #aaae ,create from thy clay a flaming ,sinai6 ,why be angry with mighty men8 ,why complain of enemies8 ,i will declare the truth3 thine enemy is thy friend2 ,his existence crowns thee with glory4 #aabj ,whosoever knows the states of the ,self ,considers a powerful enemy to be a blessing from ,god4 ,to the seed of ,man the enemy is as a rain-cloud3 ,he awakens its potentialities4 ,if thy spirit be strong1 the stones in thy way are as water3 #aabe ,what recks the torrent of the ups and downs of the road8 ,the sword of resolution is whetted by the stones in the way ,and put to proof by traversing stage after stage4 ,what is the use of eating and sleeping like a beast8 ,what is the use of being1 unless thou have strength in thyself8 #aacj ,when thou mak'st thyself strong with ,self1 ,thou wilt destroy the world at thy pleasure4 ,if thou wouldst pass away1 become free of ,self2 ,if thou wouldst live1 become full of ,self6#he ,what is death8 ,to become oblivious to ,self4 #aace ,why imagine that it is the parting of soul and body8 ,abide in ,self1 like ,joseph6 ,advance from captivity to empire6 ,think of ,self and be a man of action6 ,be a man of ,god1 bear mysteries within60 #aadj ,i will explain the matter by means of stories1 ,i will open the bud by the power of my breath4 8#8,tis better that a lovers' secret ,should be told by the lips of others40#hf ,,footnotes3 #hd ,hujwr1 author of the oldest ,persian treatise on ,sfism1 was a native of ,ghazna in ,afghanistan4 ,he died at ,lahore about ,a4,d4 #ajgb4 ,pr-i ,sanjar is the renowned saint1 ,munuddn1 head of the ,chisht order of dervishes1 who died in ,a4,d4 #abce at ,ajmr4 #he ,these lines correct the ,sf doctrine that by means of passing away from individuality the mystic attains to everlasting life in ,god4 #hf ,i4e4 allegorically4 ,this verse occurs in the ,masnav4 ,,xii ,story of the bird that was faint with thirst4 ,a bird was faint with thirst1 #aade ,the breath in his body was heaving like waves of smoke4 ,he saw a diamond in the garden3 ,thirst created a vision of water4 ,deceived by the sunbright stone ,the foolish bird fancied that it was water4 #aaej ,he got no moisture from the gem3 ,he pecked it with his beak1 but it did not wet his palate4 8,o thrall of vain desire10 said the diamond1 8,thou hast sharpened thy greedy beak on me2 ,but ,i am not a dewdrop1 ,i give no drink1 #aaee ,i do not live for the sake of others4 ,wouldst thou hurt me8 ,thou art mad6 ,a life that reveals the ,self is strange to thee4 ,my water will shiver the beaks of birds ,and break the jewel of man's life40#hg #aafj ,the bird won not his heart's wish from the diamond ,and turned away from the sparkling stone4 ,disappointment swelled in his breast1 ,the song in his throat became a wail4 ,upon a rose-twig a drop of dew #aafe ,gleamed like the tear in a nightingale's eye3 ,all its glitter was owing to the sun1 ,it was trembling in fear of the sun-- ,a restless sky-born star ,that had stopped for a moment1 from desire to be seen2 #aagj ,oft deceived by bud and flower1 ,it had gained nothing from ,life4 ,there it hung1 ready to drop1 ,like a tear on the eyelashes of a lover who hath lost his heart4 ,the sorely distressed bird hopped under the rose-bush1 #aage ,the dewdrop trickled into his mouth4 ,o thou that wouldst deliver thy soul from enemies1 ,i ask thee--8,art thou a drop of water or a gem80 ,when the bird melted in the fire of thirst1 ,it appropriated the life of another4 #aahj ,the drop was not solid and gem-like2 ,the diamond had a being1 the drop had none4 ,never for an instant neglect ,self-preservation3 ,be a diamond1 not a dewdrop6 ,be massive in nature1 like mountains1 #aahe ,and bear on thy crest a hundred clouds laden with floods of rain6 ,save thyself by affirmation of ,self1 ,compress thy quicksilver into silver ore6 ,produce a melody from the string of ,self1 ,make manifest the secrets of ,self6 #aaij ,,footnotes3 #hg ,i4e4 if he swallow a diamond1 he will die4 ,,xiii ,story of the diamond and the coal4 ,now ,i will open one more gate of ,truth1 ,i will tell thee another tale4 ,the coal in the mine said to the diamond1 8,o thou entrusted with splendours everlasting1 ,we are comrades1 and our being is one2 #aaie ,the source of our existence is the same1 ,yet while ,i die here in the anguish of worthlessness1 ,thou art set on the crowns of emperors4 ,my stuff is so vile that ,i am valued less than earth1 ,whereas the mirror's heart is rent by thy beauty4 #abjj ,my darkness illumines the chafing-dish1 ,then my substance is incinerated at last4 ,every one puts the sole of his foot on my head ,and covers my stock of existence with ashes4 ,my fate must needs be deplored2 #abje ,dost thou know what is the gist of my being8 ,thou art a condensed wavelet of smoke1 ,endowed with the properties of a single spark2 ,both in feature and nature thou art star-like1 ,splendours rise from every side of thee4 #abaj ,now thou becom'st the light of a monarch's eye1 ,now thou adornest the haft of a dagger40 8,o sagacious friend60 said the diamond1 8,dark earth1 when hardened1 becomes in dignity as a bezel4 ,having been at strife with its environment1 #abae ,it is ripened by the struggle and grows hard like a stone4 #8,tis this ripeness that has endowed my form with light ,and filled my bosom with radiance4 ,because thy being is immature1 thou hast become abased2 ,because thy body is soft1 thou art burnt4 #abbj ,be void of fear1 grief1 and anxiety2 ,be hard as a stone1 be a diamond6 ,whosoever strives hard and grips tight1 ,the two worlds are illumined by him4 ,a little earth is the origin of the ,black ,stone #abbe ,which puts forth its head in the ,kaba3 ,its rank is higher than ,sinai1 ,it is kissed by the swarthy and the fair4 ,in solidity consists the glory of ,life2 ,weakness is worthlessness and immaturity40 #abcj ,,xiv ,story of the ,sheikh and the ,brahmin1 followed by a conversation between ,ganges and ,himalaya to the effect that the continuation of social life depends on firm attachment to the characteristic traditions of the community4 ,at ,benares lived a venerable ,brahmin1 ,whose head was deep in the ocean of ,being and ,not-being4 ,he had a large knowledge of philosophy ,but was well-disposed to the seekers after ,god4 ,his mind was eager to explore new problems1 #abce ,his intellect moved on a level with the ,pleiades2 ,his nest was as high as that of the ,ank2#hh ,sun and moon were cast1 like rue1 on the flame of his thought4#hi ,for a long time he laboured and sweated1 ,but philosophy brought no wine to his cup4 #abdj ,although he set many a snare in the gardens of learning1 ,his snares never caught a glimpse of the ,ideal bird2 ,and notwithstanding that the nails of his thought were dabbled with blood1 ,the knot of ,being and ,not-being remained untied4 ,the sighs on his lips bore witness to his despair1 #abde ,his countenance told tales of his distraction4 ,one day he visited an excellent ,sheikh1 ,a man who had in his breast a heart of gold4 ,the ,sheikh laid the seal of silence on his lips ,while he lent his ear to the ,sage's discourse4 #abej ,then he said3 8,o wanderer in the lofty sky1 ,pledge thyself to be true1 for a little1 to the earth6 ,thou hast lost thy way in wildernesses of speculation1 ,thy fearless thought hath passed beyond ,heaven4 ,be reconciled with earth1 ,o sky-traveller6 #abee ,do not wander in quest of the essence of the stars6 ,i do not bid thee abandon thine idols4 ,art thou an unbeliever8 ,then be worthy of the badge of unbelief6#ij ,o inheritor of ancient culture1 ,turn not thy back on the path thy fathers trod6 #abfj ,if a people's life is derived from unity1 ,unbelief too is a source of unity4 ,thou that art not even a perfect infidel ,art unfit to worship at the shrine of the spirit4 ,we both are far astray from the road of devotion3 #abfe ,thou art far from zar1 and ,i from ,abraham4#ia ,our ,majnn hath not fallen into melancholy for his ,lail's sake3 ,he hath not become perfect in the madness of love4 ,when the lamp of ,self expires1 ,what is the use of heaven-surveying imagination80 #abgj ,once on a time1 laying hold of the skirt of the mountain1 ,ganges said to ,himalaya3 8,o thou mantled in snow since the morn of creation1 ,thou whose form is girdled with streams1 ,god made thee a partner in the secrets of heaven1 #abge ,but deprived thy foot of graceful gait4 ,he took away from thee the power to walk3 ,what avails this sublimity and stateliness8 ,life springs from perpetual movement3 ,motion constitutes the wave's whole existence40 #abhj ,when the mountain heard this taunt from the river1 ,he puffed angrily like a sea of fire1 ,and answered3 8,thy wide waters are my looking-glass2 ,within my bosom are a hundred rivers like thee4 ,this graceful gait of thine is an instrument of death3 #abhe ,whoso goeth from ,self is meet to die4 ,thou hast no knowledge of thine own case1 ,thou exultest in thy misfortune3 thou art a fool6 ,o born of the womb of the revolving sphere1 ,a fallen-in bank is better than thou6 #abij ,thou hast made thine existence an offering to the ocean1 ,thou hast thrown the rich purse of thy life to the highwayman4 ,be self-contained like the rose in the garden1 ,do not go to the florist in order to smell sweet6 ,to live is to grow in thyself #abie ,and gather roses from thine own flower-bed4 ,ages have gone by and my foot is fast in earth3 ,dost thou fancy that ,i am far from my goal8 ,my being grew and reached the sky1 ,the ,pleiades sank to rest under my skirts2 #acjj ,thy being vanishes in the ocean1 ,but on my crest the stars bow their heads4 ,mine eye sees the mysteries of heaven1 ,mine ear is familiar with angels' wings4 ,since ,i glowed with the heat of unceasing toil1 #acje ,i amassed rubies1 diamonds1 and other gems4 ,i am stone within1 and in the stone is fire3 ,water cannot pass over my fire60 ,art thou a drop of water8 ,do not break at thine own feet1 ,but endeavour to surge and wrestle with the sea4 #acaj ,desire the water of a jewel1 become a jewel6 ,be an ear-drop1 adorn a beauty6 ,oh1 expand thyself6 ,move swiftly6 ,be a cloud that shoots lightning and sheds a flood of rain6 ,let the ocean sue for thy storms as a beggar1 #acae ,let it complain of the straitness of thy skirts6 ,let it deem itself less than a wave ,and glide along at thy feet6 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,a mysterious bird1 of which nothing is known except its name4 #hi ,rue-seed is burned for the purpose of fumigation4 #ij 8,the badge of unbelief03 here the original has zunnr 7,greek3 3 znarion71 i4e4 the sacred thread worn by ,zoroastrians and other non-,moslems4 #ia zar1 the father of ,abraham1 was an idolater4 ,,xv ,showing that the purpose of the ,moslem's life is to exalt the ,word of ,allah1 and that the ,jihd 7war against unbelievers71 if it be prompted by land-hunger1 is unlawful in the religion of ,islam4 ,imbue thine heart with the tincture of ,allah1 ,give honour and glory to ,love6 #acbj ,the ,moslem's nature prevails by means of love3 ,the ,moslem1 if he be not loving1 is an infidel4 ,upon ,god depends his seeing and not-seeing1 ,his eating1 drinking1 and sleeping4 ,in his will that which ,god wills becomes lost-- #acbe 8,how shall a man believe this saying80#ib ,he encamps in the field of 8,there is no god but ,allah02 ,in the world he is a witness against mankind4 ,his high estate is attested by the ,prophet that was sent to men and ,jinn-- ,by the most truthful of witnesses4 #accj ,leave words and seek that spiritual state1 ,shed the light of ,god o'er the darkness of works6 ,albeit clad in kingly robe1 live as a dervish1 ,live wakeful and meditating on ,god6 ,whatever thou doest1 let it be thine aim therein to draw nigh to ,god1 #acce ,that ,his glory may be made manifest by thee4 ,peace becomes an evil1 if its object be aught else2 ,war is good if its object is ,god4 ,if ,god be not exalted by our swords1 ,war dishonours the people4 #acdj ,the holy ,sheikh ,miyn ,mr ,wal1#ic ,by the light of whose soul every hidden thing was revealed-- ,his feet were firmly planted on the path of ,mohammed1 ,he was a flute for the impassioned music of love4 ,his tomb keeps our city safe from harm #acde ,and causes the beams of true religion to shine on us4 ,heaven stooped its brow to his threshold1 ,the ,emperor of ,india was one of his disciples4#id ,now1 this monarch had sown the seed of ambition in his heart ,and was resolved on conquest4 #acej ,the flames of vain desire were alight in him1 ,he was teaching his sword to ask1 8,is there any more80#ie ,in the ,deccan was a great noise of war1 ,his army stood on the battlefield4 ,he went to the ,sheikh of heaven-high dignity #acee ,that he might receive his blessing3 ,the ,moslem turns from this world to ,god ,and strengthens policy with prayer4 ,the ,sheikh made no answer to the ,emperor's speech1 ,the assembly of dervishes was all ears1 #acfj ,until a disciple1 in his hand a silver coin1 ,opened his lips and broke the silence1 ,saying1 8,accept this poor offering from me1 ,o guide of them that have lost the way to ,god6 ,my limbs were bathed in sweat of labour #acfe ,before ,i put away a dirhem in my skirt40 ,the ,sheikh said3 8,this money ought to be given to our ,sultan1 ,who is a beggar wearing the raiment of a king4 ,though he holds sway over sun1 moon1 and stars1 ,our ,emperor is the most penniless of mankind4 #acgj ,his eye is fixed on the table of strangers1 ,the fire of his hunger hath consumed a whole world4 ,his sword is followed by famine and plague1 ,his culture lays a wide land waste4 ,the folk are crying out because of his indigence1 #acge ,his empty-headedness1 and his oppression of the weak4 ,his power is an enemy to all3 ,humankind are the caravan and he the brigand4 ,in his self-delusion and ignorance ,he calls pillage by the name of empire4 #achj ,both the royal troops and those of the enemy ,are cloven in twain by the sword of his hunger4 ,the beggar's hunger consumes his own soul1 ,but the sultan's hunger destroys state and religion4 ,whoso shall draw the sword for anything except ,allah1 #ache ,his sword is sheathed in his own breast40 ,,footnotes3 #ib ,see ,introduction1 note #g in ,section #a4 ,,the ,,philosophical ,,basis ,,of ,,the ,,asr,r-,i ,,khud4 #ic ,a celebrated ,moslem saint1 who died at ,lahore in ,a4,d4 #afce4 #id ,aurangzb4 #ie ,koran1 ch4 #ej1 v4 #bi4 ,,xvi ,precepts written for the ,moslems of ,india by ,mr ,najt ,nakshband1 who is generally known as ,bb ,sahr'4#if ,o thou that hast grown from earth1 like a rose1 ,thou too art born of the womb of ,self4 ,do not abandon ,self6 ,persist therein6 ,be a drop of water and drink up the ocean6 #acij ,glowing with the light of ,self as thou art1 ,make ,self strong1 and thou wilt endure4 ,thou gett'st profit from this trade1 ,thou gain'st riches by preserving this commodity4 ,thou hast being1 and art thou afraid of not-being8 #acie ,o foolish one1 thy understanding is at fault4 ,since ,i am acquainted with the harmony of ,life1 tell thee what is the secret of ,life-- ,to sink into thyself like the pearl1 ,then to emerge from thine inward solitude2 #adjj ,to collect sparks beneath the ashes1 ,and become a flame and dazzle men's eyes4 ,go1 burn the house of forty years' tribulation1 ,move round thyself6 ,be a circling flame6 ,what is ,life but to be freed from moving round others #adje ,and to regard thyself as the ,holy ,temple8 ,beat thy wings and escape from the attraction of ,earth2 ,like birds1 be safe from falling4 ,unless thou art a bird1 thou wilt do wisely ,not to build thy nest on the top of a cave4 #adaj ,o thou that seekest to acquire knowledge1 ,i say o'er to thee the message of the ,sage of ,rm3#ig 8,knowledge1 if it lie on thy skin1 is a snake2 ,knowledge1 if thou take it to heart1 is a friend40 ,hast thou heard how the ,master of ,rm #adae ,gave lectures on philosophy at ,aleppo8-- ,fast in the bonds of intellectual proofs1 ,drifting o'er the dark and stormy sea of understanding2 ,a ,moses unillumined by ,love's ,sinai1 ,ignorant of ,love and of ,love's passion4 #adbj ,he discoursed on ,scepticism and ,neoplatonism1 ,and strung many a brilliant pearl of metaphysic4 ,he unravelled the problems of the ,peripatetics1 ,the light of his thought made clear whatever was obscure4 ,heaps of books lay around and in front of him1 #adbe ,and on his lips was the key to all their mysteries4 ,shams-i ,tabrz1 directed by ,kaml1#ih ,sought his way to the college of ,jallu'ddn ,rm ,and cried out1 8,what is all this noise and babble8 ,what are all these syllogisms and judgements and demonstrations80 #adcj 8,peace1 ,o fool60 exclaimed the ,maulavi1 8,do not laugh at the doctrines of the sages4 ,get thee out of my college6 ,this is argument and discussion3 what hast thou to do with it8 ,my discourse is beyond thy understanding1 #adce ,it will not brighten the glass of thy perception40 ,these words increased the anger of ,shams-i ,tabrz ,and caused a fire to burst forth from his soul4 ,the lightning of his look fell on the earth1 ,and the glow of his breath made the dust spring into flames4 #addj ,the spiritual fire burned the intellectual stack ,and clean consumed the book of philosophy4 ,the ,maulavi1 being a stranger to ,love's miracles ,and unversed in ,love's harmonies1 ,cried1 8,how didst thou kindle this fire1 #adde ,which hath burned the books of the philosophers80 ,the ,sheikh answered1 8,o unbelieving ,moslem1 ,this is vision and ecstasy3 what hast thou to do with it8 ,my state is beyond thy thought1 ,my flame is the ,alchemist's elixir40 #adej ,thou hast drawn thy substance from the snow of philosophy1 ,the cloud of thy thought sheds nothing but hailstones4 ,kindle a fire in thy rubble1 ,foster a flame in thy earth6 ,the ,moslem's knowledge is perfected by spiritual fervour1 #adee ,the meaning of ,islam is ,renounce what shall pass away4 ,when ,abraham escaped from the bondage of 8that which sets10#ii ,he sat unhurt in the midst of flames4#ajj ,thou hast cast knowledge of ,god behind thee ,and squandered thy religion for the sake of a loaf4 #adfj ,thou art hot in pursuit of antimony1 ,thou art unaware of the blackness of thine own eye4 ,seek the ,fountain of ,life from the sword's edge1 ,and the ,river of ,paradise from the dragon's mouth1 ,demand the ,black ,stone from the door of the house of idols1 #adfe ,and the musk-deer's bladder from a mad dog1 ,but do not seek the glow of ,love from the knowledge of to-day1 ,do not seek the nature of ,truth from this infidel's cup6 ,long have ,i been running to and fro1 ,learning the secrets of the ,new ,knowledge3 #adgj ,its gardeners have put me to the trial ,and have made me intimate with their roses4 ,roses6 ,tulips1 rather1 that warn one not to smell them-- ,like paper roses1 a mirage of perfume4 ,since this garden ceased to enthral me1 #adge ,i have nested on the ,paradisal tree4 ,modern knowledge is the greatest blind-- ,idol-worshipping1 idol-selling1 idol-making6 ,shackled in the prison of phenomena1 ,it has not overleaped the limits of the sensible4 #adhj ,it has fallen down in crossing the bridge of ,life1 ,it has laid the knife to its own throat4 ,having fire1 it is yet cold as the tulip2 ,having flame1 it is yet cold as hail4 ,its nature remains untouched by the glow of ,love1 #adhe ,it is ever engaged in a joyless search4 ,love is the ,plato that heals the sicknesses of the mind3#aja ,the mind's melancholy is cured by its lancet4 ,the whole world bows in adoration to ,love1 ,love is the ,mahmd that conquers the ,somnath of intellect4#ajb #adij ,modern science lacks this old wine in its cup1 ,its nights are not loud with passionate prayer4 ,thou hast misprized thine own cypress ,and deemed tall the cypress of others4 ,like the reed1 thou hast emptied thyself of ,self #adie ,and given thine heart to the music of others4 ,o thou that begg'st morsels from another's table1 ,wilt thou seek thine own kind in another's shop8 ,the ,moslem's feast is burned up by the lamps of strangers1 ,his mosque is consumed by the ,christian monastery4 #aejj ,when the deer fled from the sacred territory of ,mecca1 ,the hunter's arrow pierced her side4#ajc ,the leaves of the rose are scattered1 like its scent3 ,o thou that hast fled from thy ,self1 come back to it6 ,o trustee of the wisdom of the ,koran1 #aeje ,find thy lost unity again6 ,we1 who keep the gate of the citadel of ,islam1 ,have become unbelievers by neglecting the watchword of ,islam4 ,the ancient ,saki's bowl is shattered1 ,the wine-party of the ,hijz is broken up4 #aeaj ,the ,kaba is filled with our idols1 ,infidelity mocks at our ,islam4 ,our ,sheikh hath gambled ,islam away for love of idols ,and made a rosary of the zunnr4#ajd ,our spiritual directors owe their rank to their white hairs #aeae ,and are the laughing-stock of children in the street2 ,their hearts bear no impress of the ,faith ,but house the idols of sensuality4 ,every long-haired fellow wears the garb of a dervish-- ,alas for these traffickers in religion6 #aebj ,day and night they are travelling about with disciples1 ,and ignoring their religious duties4 ,their eyes are without light1 like the narcissus1 ,their breasts devoid of spiritual wealth4 ,preachers and ,sfs1 all worship worldliness alike2 #aebe ,the prestige of the pure religion is ruined4 ,our preacher fixed his eyes on the pagoda ,and the mufti of the ,faith sold his decision4 ,after this1 ,o friends1 what are we to do8 ,our guide turns his face towards the wine-house4 #aecj ,,footnotes3 #if ,this appears to be a pseudonym assumed by the author4 #ig ,jallu'ddn ,rm4 #ih ,bb ,kamluddn ,jund4 ,for ,shams-i ,tabrz and his relation to ,jallu'ddn ,rm see my ,selected ,poems from the ,divni ,shamsi ,tabrz 7,cambridge1 #ahih74 #ii ,abraham refused to worship the sun1 moon1 and stars1 saying1 8,i love not them that set0 7,koran1 ch4 #f1 v4 #gf74 #ajj ,see note #ha on l4 #ajdj4 #aja ,in the ,masnav ,love is called 8the physician of our pride and self-conceit1 our ,plato and our ,galen40 #ajb ,the famous idol of ,somnath was destroyed by ,sultan ,mahmd of ,ghazna4 #ajc ,the pilgrims are forbidden to kill game4 #ajd ,see note #ij on l4 #abeh4 ,,xvii ,time is a sword4 ,green be the pure grave of ,shfi1#aje ,whose vine hath cheered a whole world6 ,his thought plucked a star from heaven3 ,he named ,time 8a cutting sword40 ,how shall ,i say what is the secret of this sword8 #aece ,all its brilliance is derived from ,life4 ,its owner is exalted above hope and fear1 ,his hand is whiter than the hand of ,moses4 ,at one stroke thereof water gushes from the rock ,and the sea becomes land from dearth of moisture4 #aedj ,moses held this sword in his hand1 ,therefore he wrought more than man may contrive4 ,he clove the ,red ,sea asunder ,and made its waters like dry earth4 ,the arm of ,ali1 the conqueror of ,khaibar1 #aede ,drew its strength from this same sword4 ,the revolution of the sky is visible1 ,the change of day and night is perceived4 ,look1 ,o thou enthralled by ,yesterday and ,to-morrow1 ,behold another world in thine own heart6 #aeej ,thou hast sown the seed of darkness in thy clay1 ,thou hast imagined ,time as a line3 ,thy thought measures length of ,time ,with the measure of night and day4 ,thou mak'st this line a girdle on thine infidel waist2 #aeee ,thou art an advertiser of falsehood1 like idols4 ,thou wert the ,elixir1 and thou hast become a peck of dust2 ,thou wert born the conscience of ,truth1 and thou hast become a lie6 ,art thou a ,moslem8 ,then cast off this girdle6 ,be a candle to the feast of the religion of the free6 #aefj ,knowing not the origin of ,time1 ,thou art ignorant of everlasting ,life4 ,how long wilt thou be a thrall of night and day8 ,learn the mystery of ,time from the words 8,i have a time with ,god40#ajf ,phenomena arise from the march of ,time1 #aefe ,life is a part of the contents of ,time's consciousness4 ,the cause of ,time is not the revolution of the sun3 ,time is everlasting1 but the sun does not last for ever4 ,time is joy and sorrow1 festival and fast2 ,time is the secret of moonlight and sunlight4 #aegj ,thou hast extended ,time1 like ,space1 ,and distinguished ,yesterday from ,to-morrow4 ,thou hast fled1 like a scent1 from thine own garden2 ,thou hast made thy prison with thine own hand4 ,our ,time1 which has neither beginning nor end1 #aege ,blossoms from the flower-bed of our mind4 ,to know its root quickens the living with new life3 ,its being is more splendid than the dawn4 ,life is of ,time1 and ,time is of ,life3 8,do not abuse ,time60 was the command of the ,prophet4 #aehj ,oh1 the memory of those days when ,time's sword ,was allied with the strength of our hands6#ajg ,we sowed the seed of religion in men's hearts ,and unveiled the face of ,truth2 ,our nails tore loose the knot of this world1 #aehe ,our bowing in prayer gave blessings to the earth4 ,from the jar of ,truth we made rosy wine gush forth1 ,we charged against the ancient taverns4 ,o thou in whose cup is old wine1 ,a wine so hot that the glass is well-nigh turned to water1 #aeij ,wilt thou in thy pride and arrogance and self-conceit ,taunt us with our emptiness8 ,our cup1 too1 hath graced the symposium2 ,our breast hath owned a spirit4 ,a new age hath been endued with our beauty #aeie ,and hath risen from the dust of our feet4 ,our blood hath watered ,god's harvest1 ,all worshippers of ,god are our debtors4 ,the takbr was our gift to the world1#ajh ,kabas were built of our clay4 #afjj ,by means of us ,god taught the ,koran1 ,from our hand ,he dispensed ,his bounty4 ,although crown and signet have passed from us1 ,do not look with contempt on our beggarliness6 ,in thine eyes we are good for nothing1 #afje ,thinking old thoughts1 despicable4 ,we have honour from 8,there is no god but ,allah10 ,we are the preservers of the universe4 ,freed from the vexation of to-day and to-morrow1 ,we have pledged ourselves to love ,one4 #afaj ,we are the conscience hidden in ,god's heart1 ,we are the heirs of ,moses and ,aaron4 ,sun and moon are still bright with our radiance1 ,lightning-flashes still lurk in our cloud4 ,our essence is the mirror of the ,divine essence3 #afae ,the ,moslem's being is one of the signs of ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #aje ,founder of one of the four great ,mohammedan schools of law4 #ajf ,the ,prophet said1 8,i have a time with ,god of such sort that neither angel nor prophet is my peer10 meaning 7if we interpret his words according to the sense of this passage7 that he felt himself to be timeless4 #ajg ,the glorious days when ,islam first set out to convert and conquer the world4 #ajh ,the takbr is the cry 8,allah akbar10 8,allah is most great40 ,,xviii ,an invocation4 ,o ,thou that art as the soul in the body of the universe1 ,thou art our soul and thou art ever fleeing from us4 ,thou breathest music into ,life's lute2 ,life envies ,death when death is for thy sake4 #afbj ,once more bring comfort to our sad hearts1 ,once more dwell in our breasts6 ,once more let us hear thy call to honour1 ,strengthen our weak love4 ,we are oft complaining of destiny1 #afbe ,thou art of great price and we have naught4 ,hide not thy fair face from the empty-handed6 ,sell cheap the love of ,salmn and ,bill6#aji ,give us the sleepless eye and the passionate heart1 ,give us again the nature of quicksilver6 #afcj ,show unto us one of thy manifest signs1 ,that the necks of our enemies may be bowed6 ,make this chaff a mountain crested with fire1 ,burn with our fire all that is not ,god6 ,when the people let the clue of ,unity go from their hands1 #afce ,they fell into a hundred mazes4 ,we are dispersed like stars in the world2 ,though of the same family1 we are strange to one another4 ,bind again these scattered leaves1 ,revive the law of love6 #afdj ,take us back to serve thee as of old1 ,commit thy cause to them that love thee6 ,we are travellers3 give us devotion as our goal6 ,give us the strong faith of ,abraham6 ,make us know the meaning of 8,there is no god10 #afde ,make us acquainted with the mystery of 8except ,allah06 ,i who burn like a candle for the sake of others ,teach myself to weep like the candle4 ,o ,god6 a tear that is heart-enkindling1 ,passionful1 wrung forth by pain1 peace-consuming1 #afej ,may ,i sow in the garden1 and may it grow into a fire ,that washes away the fire-brand from the tulip's robe6 ,my heart is with yestereve1 my eye is on to-morrow3 ,amidst the company ,i am alone4 8,every one fancies he is my friend1 #afee ,but my secret thoughts have not escaped from my heart40 ,oh1 where in the wide world is my comrade8 ,i am the ,bush of ,sinai3 where is my ,moses8 ,i am tyrannous1 ,i have done many a wrong to myself1 ,i have nourished a flame in my bosom1 #affj ,a flame that seized the furniture of judgement1 ,and cast fire on the skirt of discretion1 ,and lessoned with madness the reason1 ,and burned up the existence of knowledge3 ,its blaze enthrones the sun in the sky1 #affe ,and lightnings encircle it with adoration for ever4 ,mine eye fell to weeping1 like dew1 ,since ,i was entrusted with that hidden fire4 ,i taught the candle to burn openly1 ,while ,i myself burned unseen by the world's eye4 #afgj ,at last flames breathed from every hair of me1 ,fire dropped from the veins of my thought3 ,my nightingale picked up the spark-grains ,and created a fire-tempered song4 ,is the breast of this age without a heart8 #afge ,majnn trembles lest ,lail's howdah be empty4 ,it is not easy for the candle to throb alone3 ,ah1 is there no moth worthy of me8 ,how long shall ,i wait for one to share my grief8 ,how long must ,i search for a confidant8 #afhj ,o ,thou whose face lends light to the moon and the stars1 ,withdraw thy fire from my soul6 ,take back what ,thou hast put in my breast1 ,remove the stabbing radiance from my mirror1 ,or give me one old comrade #afhe ,to be the mirror of mine all-burning love6 ,in the sea wave tosses side by side with wave3 ,each hath a partner in its emotion4 ,in heaven star consorts with star1 ,and the bright moon lays her head on the knees of ,night4 #afij ,morning touches ,night's dark side1 ,and ,to-day throws itself against ,to-morrow4 ,one river loses its being in another1 ,a waft of air dies in perfume4 ,there is dancing in every nook of the wine-house1 #afie ,madman dances with madman4 ,howbeit in thine essence ,thou art single1 ,thou hast decked out for ,thyself a whole world4 ,i am as the tulip of the field1 ,in the midst of a company ,i am alone4 #agjj ,i beg of ,thy grace a sympathising friend1 ,an adept in the mysteries of my nature1 ,a friend endowed with madness and wisdom1 ,one that knoweth not the phantom of vain things1 ,that ,i may confide my lament to his soul #agje ,and see again my face in his heart4 ,his image ,i will mould of mine own clay1 ,i will be to him both idol and worshipper4 ,,footnotes3 #aji ,salmn was a ,persian1 ,bill an ,abyssinian4 ,both had been slaves and were devoted henchmen of the ,prophet4 ,,the ,,end ,printed by ,r4 ,r4 ,,clark1 ,,limited1 ,edinburgh4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,obsolete1 archaic1 inconsistent and unusual spellings have been maintained from the original text4 ,the only changes to the text were3 - ,in footnote #ch1 8,jallu'ddn ,rm0 was originally 8,jallu'ddin ,rm40 - ,the line number on line #iie was missing4 - ,on line #acjj1 8,pleiades0 was originally 8,pleiads40 - ,on line #adbh1 8,jallu'ddn ,rm0 was originally 8,jalluddn ,rm40 - ,in footnote #ig1 8,jallu'ddn ,rm0 was originally 8,jalluddn ,rm40 - ,in footnote #ih1 8,jallu'ddn ,rm0 was originally 8,jalluddn ,rm40 ,i also changed internal cross-references from notes and pages to line number 7or section of the ,introduction7 and footnote number4 ,footnote #gf gives the meaning of the name ,murtaz as 8he whom with ,god is pleased40 ,this translation is awkward1 so awkward that it appears to me likely that it is wrong1 i4e4 8with whom0 rather than 8whom with40 ,however ,i checked other sources1 and the meaning as stated is correct1 although 8he who is pleased with ,god10 or 8he who is content with ,god10 or 8he for whom ,god is sufficient0 might be easier to read4 ,footnote #ij includes a word in ,greek4 ,when the original book has text in another alphabet1 ,i include both the text in the other alphabet and a transliteration1 because some reading platforms are not able to display the other alphabet4 ,footnote #ih refers to another book by the translator3 ,selected ,poems from the ,divni ,shamsi ,tabrz4 ,this is the title as published1 although elsewhere in this work the author is referred to as ,shams-i ,tabrz4