file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #egcac-;h4htm or #egcac-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #egcac_/pg#egcac-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#egca c_/egcac-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/fe$+(s*oo lc#jj;bulku(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,! ,ratan ,tata ,f\ndation 7,univ]sity ,( ,london7 ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 by ,,mildr$ ,,emily ,,bulkley ,) ,an ,introductory ,note ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney ,director ( ! ,ratan ,tata ,f\ndation ,london ,g4 ,bell ,& ,sons1 ,ltd4 #aiad ,! ,ratan ,tata ,f\ndation ,honor>y ,director3 ,,pr(essor ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,lit4 ,honor>y ,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,j4 ,urwick1 ,m4,a4 ,director3 ,,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney1 ,b4,a4 ,secret>y3 ,,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,bulkley1 ,b4,,sc4 ,! ,ratan ,tata ,f\ndation has be5 in/itut$ 9 ord] to promote ! /udy & fur!r ! k ( me?ods ( prev5t+ & reliev+ pov]ty & de/itution4 ,= ! fur!rance ( ?is purpose ! ,f\ndation conducts inquiries into wages & ! co/ ( liv+1 me?ods ( prev5t+ & dim9i%+ unemploym5t1 measures affect+ ! heal? & well-be+ ( work]s1 public & private ag5cies = ! relief ( de/itution1 & k9dr$ matt]s4 ,! results ( its pr9cipal rese>*es w be publi%$ 9 pamphlet or book =m2 x w also issue occasional notes on que/ions ( ! day "u ! head+ ( ,memor&a on ,problems ( ,pov]ty4 ,9 addition to ^! me?ods ( publi%+ in=mation1 ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,f\ndation w1 z f> z is 9 _! p[]1 s5d replies to individual inquiries relat+ to que/ions ( pov]ty & de/itution1 _! causes1 prev5tion & relief1 :e!r at home or abroad4 ,su* inquiries %\ld be address$ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,ratan ,tata ,f\ndation1 ,s*ool ( ,economics1 ,cl>e ,m>ket1 ,k+sway1 ,w4,c4 ,! ,(fic]s are also prep>$ to sup]vise ! "w ( /ud5ts wi%+ to engage 9 rese>* 9 connection ) problems ( pov]ty4 ,c\rses ( ,lectures w also be giv5 f "t to "t1 :i* w be op5 to ! ,public4 ,already ,publi%$4 ,"s ,notes on ! ,incid5ce ( ,taxation on ! ,work+-class ,family4 ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,kol?amm]1 ,m4,a4 #f;d4 ,! ,heal? & ,physique ( ,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,,by ,ar?ur ,gre5wood1 ,b4,sc4 #as4 ,pov]ty z an ,indu/rial ,problem3 an ,inaugural ,lecture4 ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney1 ,b4,a4 #f;d4 ,/udies 9 ! ,m9imum ,wage4 ,no4 #a4 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,m9imum ,rates 9 ! ,*a9-mak+ ,indu/ry "u ! ,trade ,bo>ds ,act ( #aiji4 ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,,by ,,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,bulkley1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,to ,appe> ,%ortly ,/udies 9 ! ,m9imum ,wage4 ,no4 #b4 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,m9imum ,rates 9 ! ,tailor+ ,trade4 ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,tawney1 ,b4,a4 ,,preface ,9 ! collection ( ! mat]ial on :i* ! foll[+ pages are bas$ ,i h receiv$ assi/ance f s _m p]sons t x is impossible to ?ank !m all individually4 ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge ! unfail+ c\rtesy ( (ficials ( ,local ,education ,au?orities1 ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 secret>ies ( ,c>e ,committees & _m o!rs1 :o h always be5 mo/ ready to supply me ) in=mation z to ! work+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act1 & to %[ me ! ,fe$+ ,c5tres4 ,my ?anks are due especially to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,social ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,s*ool ( ,economics1 :o h assi/$ 9 collect+ & arrang+ ! mat]ial1 especially to ,miss ,ru? ,giles1 ,miss ,a4 ,l4 ,h>grove1 & ,miss ,p4 ,m4 ,bisgood1 ! fir/ *apt] be+ v l>gely ! "w ( ,miss ,giles2 ,mrs4 ,leslie ,mack5zie1 ,mr4 ,i4 ,h4 ,cunn+ham1 ,miss ,cecil ,"y & ,mrs4 ,f4 ,h4 ,sp5c] h also k9dly collect$ local in=mation4 ,i am greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney = mu* valuable advice & co-op]ation1 & to ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb & ,dr4 ,k]r = read+ ?r\gh ! pro(s4 ,i %\ld add t ! enquiry 0 made dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye> #aiac & ! acc\nt ( ! provision made ref]s to t date4 ,m4 ,e4 ,bulkley4 ,,cont5ts ,preface vii ,introduction ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,tawney xi ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,movem5t = ! ,provision ( ,s*ool ,meals #a ,provision by ,volunt>y ,ag5cies--,! ,organisation ( ! ,volunt>y ,ag5cies--,! dem& = ,/ate provision--,provision by ! ,gu>dians--,! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act #ej ,! adoption ( ! ,act--,cante5 ,committees1 _! con/itution & functions--,! selection ( ! *ildr5--,! prep>ation & s]vice ( ! meals--,! provision ( meals dur+ ! holidays--,! provision = pay+ *ildr5 & recov]y ( ! co/--,ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! ,poor ,law & ! ,education ,au?orities--,! provision ( meals at ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools & at ,special ,s*ools--,! und]f$ *ild 9 rural s*ools--,conclusions4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,provision ( ,meals 9 ,london #aca ,! organisation ( ,volunt>y ,ag5cies--,! assumption ( responsibility by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil--,! ext5t ( ! provision--,! ,c>e ,committee--,! provision = pay+ *ildr5--,! s]vice ( ! meals--,ov]lapp+ ) ! ,poor ,law ,au?ority--,app5dix 7,examples ( fe$+ c5tres74 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,ext5t & ,causes ( ,malnutrition #agj ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,effect ( ,s*ool ,meals on ! ,*ildr5 #ahd ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,effect on ! ,p>5ts #bjb ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,conclusions #bai ,app5dix ,i4--,examples ( ,m5us #bca ,app5dix ,,ii4--,! ,provision ( ,meals 9 ,scotl& #bcg ,app5dix ,,iii4--,! ,provision ( ,meals ,abroad #bdi ,introduction ,! ,provision ( ,meals = ,s*ool ,*ildr51 :i* is ! subject ( ! foll[+ pages1 is /ill und]go+ t process ( t5tative trans=mation f a private *>ity to a public s]vice by :i* we are accu/om$ to disguise ! assumption ( new responsibilities by ! ,/ate4 ,begun 9 ! 'sixties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury z a =m ( philan?ropic ef=t1 & d5\nc$ f "t to "t z sociali/ic & subv]sive ( family life1 x fir/ attract$ s]i\s public att5tion :5 ! ,s\? ,african w> made ! physical defects caus$ by />vation1 :i* _h be5 reg>d$ ) tol]ance 9 citiz5s1 appe> intol]able 9 soldi]s1 & 0 canvass$ at "s l5g? 9 ! well-kn[n reports ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ 9 ,scotl& & ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration4 ,! fir/ disposition ( ! au?orities 01 z usual1 to recur to t maid-(-all-"w1 ! ,poor ,law1 & 9 ,april1 #aije1 ! ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord] emp[]$ ! ,gu>dians to grant relief to ! *ild ( an able-bodi$ man )\t requir+ him to ent] ! workh\se or to p]=m ! outdoor lab\r te/1 provid$ t !y took /eps to recov] ! co/4 ,! ,gu>dians1 h[ev]1 p]haps happily1 _h little sympa?y = ?is deviation f ! pr9ciple ( det]r5ce1 ) ! result t ! new ,ord] 0 9 mo/ places ei!r n appli$ or appli$ ) insignificant results4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! attempt to make ! provision ( meals = s*ool *ildr5 "p ( ! ,poor ,law 0 ab&on$4 ,9 #aijf ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act 0 pass$ emp[]+ ,local ,education ,au?orities to provide food1 ei!r 9 co-op]ation ) volunt>y ag5cies or out ( public funds1 up to ! limit ( a half-p5ny rate4 ,9 ! ye> #aiaa-ab1 out ( #cbb au?orities1 #aca 7 return$ z mak+ "s provision = ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr54 ,! object ( ,miss ,bulkley's monograph is to describe :at t provision is1 h[ adequate or inadequate1 h[ sy/ematic or haphaz>d1 & to exam9e its effect on ! welf>e bo? ( ! *ildr5 conc]n$1 & ( ! g5]al community4 ,! pres5t "w is1 !re=e1 complem5t>y to ,mr4 ,gre5wood's ,heal? & ,physique ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 :i* 0 rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,ratan ,tata ,f\ndation1 & :i* gave an exhau/ive description ( ! conditions ( s*ool *ildr5 9 respect ( heal? z reveal$ by ! reports ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s4 ,t ! subject ) :i* ,miss ,bulkley deals is "o ( ! fir/ importance1 few1 :atev] views may be held z to ! ,act ( #aijf1 w be f\nd to d5y4 ,almo/ all ! m$ical au?orities :o h made a /udy ( ! heal? & physique ( s*ool *ildr5 are unanim\s t a capital cause ( ill-heal? among !m is lack ( ! "r k9d ( food4 ,defective nutrition1 /ates ,sir ,george ,newman1 /&s 9 ! =efront z ! mo/ important ( all physical defects f :i* s*ool *ildr5 suff]4444 ,f a purely sci5tific po9t ( view1 if !re 0 "o ?+ he 0 all[$ to d = ! six million *ildr5 if he want$ to re> an imp]ial race1 x w\ld be to fe$ !m4444 ,! great1 urg5t1 press+ ne$ 0 nutrition4 ,) t !y c\ld get bett] bra9s & a bett] race4 ,ap>t f infecti\s diseases1 said ,dr4 ,collie be=e ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration1 malnutrition is acc\ntable = n9e-t5?s ( *ild sickness4 ,food1 ,dr4 ,ei*holz told ! same body1 is at ! base ( all ! evils ( *ild deg5]acy4 ,! suffici5t fe$+ ( *ildr51 decl>$ ,dr4 ,niv51 ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ,man*e/]1 is by f> ! mo/ important ?+ to att5d to4 ,to educate und]f$ *ildr51 said ,dr4 ,leslie ,mack5zie1 is to promote det]ioration ( physique by exhau/+ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,education ( ! und]f$ is a positive evil4 ,:at doctors und]/& by malnutrition is :at ! pla9 man calls />vation2 & :ile x is1 ( c\rse1 due to o!r causes besides actual inability to procure suffici5t food1 ! exp]i5ce ( ^? au?orities :i* h und]tak5 ! provision ( meals 9 a ?or\gh & sy/ematic mann] sugge/s t ^! /atem5ts z to ! preval5ce ( malnutrition or />vation are by no means exagg]ations4 ,to say1 z has rec5tly be5 said by a writ] ( repute 9 ! ,economic ,j\rnal1 already #dj1jjj *ildr5 are f$ weekly at ! s*ools )\t appreciably improv+ ! situation1 is a ridicul\s mis/atem5t ( ! facts4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is e reason to believe t 9 ^? areas :]e suitable & suffici5t meals h be5 provid$1 !re has be5 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! heal? ( ! *ildr5 receiv+ !m4 ,! t5tative conclusions on ?is po9t giv5 = a s+le city by ,mr4 ,gre5wood 7,heal? & ,physique ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 pp4 #fb-fg71 are sub/antiat$ by ! full] evid5ce :i* ,miss ,bulkley sets out 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,z f> z ! *ildr5 are conc]n$1 inde$1 :e!r we consid] ! improvem5t 9 physique1 m5tal capacity or mann]s1 !re is no d\bt t ! provision ( s*ool meals has prov$ ( ! greate/ b5efit4 ,b :ile !re is little d\bt t ! au?orities :i* h made det]m9$ attempts to use to ! full _! p[]s "u ! ,act ( #aijf h be5 rew>d$ by an improvem5t 9 ! heal? ( ! *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool1 ,miss ,bulkley's enquiries %[ t ! ,act itself is op5 to criticism1 t _m local au?orities :o ought to h welcom$ ! new p[]s conf]r$ by ! ,act h be5 det]r$ by a mean & %ort-sight$ p>simony f adopt+ x1 & t 9 _m areas :]e x has be5 adopt$ its adm9i/ration leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,! limitation to a halfp5ny rate ( ! am\nt :i* a local au?ority may sp5d1 has result$ 9 m ?an "o au?ority /opp+ meals 9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( urg5t ne$ = !m4 ,by decid+--contr>y1 x w\ld appe>1 to ! int5tion ( ,p>liam5t--t local au?orities _c legally sp5d money on provid+ meals except :5 ! *ildr5 are actually 9 s*ool1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d has made impossible1 except at ! risk ( a sur*>ge or at ! co/ ( private *>ity1 ! provision ( meals dur+ holidays4 ,to ^? :o reg>d ! :ole policy ( ! ,act ( #aijf z a mi/ake1 ^! limitations ^u x w appe>1 ( c\rse1 to be an advantage4 ,b ! assumption on :i* ! ,act is bas$ is t x is 9 ! public int]e/ t provision %\ld be made = *ildr5 :o w\ld o!rwise be und]f$1 &1 grant$ ?is premise1 ! wisdom ( int]v5+ to protect ratepay]s aga9/ _! own too logical d$uctions f x w\ld appe> to be z que/ionable z x is unnecess>y4 ,! bad prec$5t ( au?orities su* z ,leice/]1 :i* has refus$ to adopt ! ,act1 & :i* leaves ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 to be c>ri$ out by a volunt>y organisation "u ^: managem5t ! application = meals is 9 effect disc\rag$1 does n1 un=tunately1 /& alone4 ,( m ?an #bjj au?orities :o h made no use ( _! /atutory p[]s1 h[ _m are ju/ifi$ 9 _! inaction by ! abs5ce ( di/ress among ! s*ool *ildr5 9 _! area8 ,h[ _m h ev5 tak5 /eps to asc]ta9 :e!r su* di/ress exi/s or n8 ,if x is ! case1 z is /at$ by high m$ical au?orities1 t ! education ( ! und]f$ is a positive evil1 w\ld n ! natural coroll>y appe> to be t1 n[ t ! exp]im5tal /age has be5 pass$1 ! ,act %\ld be made obligatory & ! provision ( meals %\ld become a normal "p ( ! s*ool curriculum8 ,ap>t f ^! l>g] que/ions ( policy1 x w be agre$ t1 if local au?orities are to fe$ *ildr5 at all1 x is desirable t !y %\ld d s 9 ! way calculat$ to produce ! b5eficial results ^u ! heal? ( s*ool *ildr5 :i* x is ! object ( ! ,act to secure4 ,t c]ta9 au?orities h be5 /rik+ly successful 9 provid+ good food "u humanis+ conditions appe>s f ! acc\nt ( ! effects ( s*ool meals giv5 by ,miss ,bulkley4 ,b ! me?ods pursu$ 9 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 & 9 ! arrangem5ts made = fe$+ !m v>y inf9itely f place to place1 & ! /&>ds ( effici5cy ) :i* _m au?orities are cont5t appe> to be lam5tably l[4 ,x is evid5t t 9 _m places a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 :o ne$ food are ov]look$1 ei!r because ! conditions are su* z to det] p>5ts f apply+ = meals1 or because no attempt is made to use ! m$ical s]vice to discov] ! ne$s ( *ildr5 ^: p>5ts h n appli$1 or = bo? reasons 7pp4 #ei-ge74 ,x is evid5t also t _m au?orities d n give suffici5t att5tion to ! "* ( ! meals provid$ 7pp4 #gi-hc71 or to ! conditions "u :i* !y are s]v$ 7pp4 #hc-aja71 ) ! result t mo/ diets 444 are probably want+ 9 value = ! *ildr51 & t little attempt is made to secure ! directly educational effect 444 9 respect ( mann]s & conduct1 :i* 0 emphasis$ z a desid]atum by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,london1 9 p>ticul>1 :]e ! necessity = ! provision ( meals is conspicu\s1 has won a bad pre-em95ce by s9n+ aga9/ light4 ,reluctant1 9 ! fir/ place1 to use its p[]s at all--! :ole "q1 said ! *airman ( ! ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 9 #aijh1 ( decid+ :i* *ildr5 are und]f$1 & ( mak+ special provision = su* *ildr51 %\ld really be "o = ! ,poor ,law ,au?ority--! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil has tak5 little pa9s to ensure t ! food provid$ %\ld always be suitable1 or t ! meals %\ld be s]v$ "u civilis+ conditions4 ,t ^! defects c be remov$ by c>e & =e?\ght is %[n by ! example set by su* t[ns z ,brad=d1 & n[ t eight ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act 0 pass$1 !y %\ld cease to receive ! tol]ation :i* may reasonably be ext5d$ to new exp]im5ts4 ,miss ,bulkley's monograph w h s]v$ its purpose if x makes x some:at easi] = ! adm9i/rator1 :e!r on ,education ,au?orities or ,c>e ,committees1 9 ,public ,(fices or 9 ,p>liam5t itself1 to apply ! v>i$ exp]i5ce ( ! la/ eight ye>s to a problem ^: solution is an indisp5sable condition ( ! progress ( elem5t>y education4 ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney4 ,heights & ,weights ( #cff ,*ildr5 f ,second>y ,s*ools & #b1aaa f ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 9 ,liv]pool4 ,boys ,age ,second>y ,c\ncil ,a ,c\ncil ,b ,c\ncil ,c ,s*ools ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #g #c #aad #c #icc #c #hh #c #h #g-a_/b #d #ahc #c #ajg #c #hag #c #aj #h #d #bfa #c #aafg #c #aj #c #hcg #h-a_/b #d #be #c #aafb #c #aacc #c #ib #i #d #djc #d #agf #d #jh #c #aa #i-a_/b #d #dcg #d #age #d #afa #d #j #aj #d #fda #d #cc #d #ag #d #je #aj-a_/b #d #fhc #d #cg #d #cjd #d #jge #aa #d #ge #d #eaa #d #ch #d #age #aa-a_/b #d #hhg #d #fbe #d #deg #d #bc #ab #d #aj #d #fi #d #ef #d #cf #ab-a_/b #d #id #d #ge #d #fcd #d #daf #ac #e #jee #d #ije #d #ei #d #efa #ac-a_/b #d #aagg #d #hfb #d #gbc #d #fe #ad #e #age #d #ajb #d #hbe #d #gbe ,girls ,age ,c\ncil ,a ,c\ncil ,b ,c\ncil ,c ft4 94 ft4 94 ft4 94 #g #c #ajge #c #hbe #c #iab #g-a_/b #c #ajac #c #igg #c #hge #h #c #aae #c #ajgc #c #hhg #h-a_/b #d #jbe #c #ajeg #c #ie #i #d #bfb #d #jbe #c #aaaf #i-a_/b #d #bbe #d #ab #d #j #aj #d #cbe #d #agf #d #jag #aj-a_/b #d #bge #d #cce #d #jc #aa #d #e #d #dab #d #ajf #aa-a_/b #d #dge #d #dbe #d #bg #ab #d #gbe #d #eg #d #daf #ab-a_/b #d #i #d #fad #d #eaf #ac #d #hc #d #gc #d #ge #ac-a_/b #d #ajge #d #hhg #d #g #ad #e #je #d #eg #d #he ,boys ,age ,second>y ,c\ncil ,a ,c\ncil ,b ,c\ncil ,c ,s*ools /4 lb4 /4 lb4 /4 lb4 /4 lb4 #g #c #gc #c #ba #c #a #c #a #g-a_/b #d #jg #c #fgg #c #jaa #c #d #d #jg #c #ddd #c #cfd #c #ahg #h-a_/b #c #aje #c #e #c #eb #c #cc #d #ce #c #aacc #c #hhe #c #fch #i-a_/b #d #ed #c #ice #c #aaaf #c #ie #d #ajjc #c #aca #c #aa -- #aj-a_/b #d #abgf #d #jdc #d #jf #c #abcg #aa #e #jbg #d #ede #d #cje #c #ace #aa-a_/b #e #dge #d #fh #d #dgi #d #bc #ab #e #gje #d #ajf #d #gib #d #fje #ab-a_/b #e #d #d #ac #d #aae #d #ggc #ac #f #dbe #e #cdb #d #abge #d #accc #ac-a_/b #f #agb #e #dbf #d #abe #e #jfc #ad #f #aje #e #ehb #e #ehg #e #aad ,girls ,age ,c\ncil ,a ,c\ncil ,b ,c\ncil ,c /4 lb4 /4 lb4 /4 lb4 #g #c #a #b #aca #c #e #g-a_/b #c #bf #c #c #c #h #c #fhe #c #ci #c #baf #h-a_/b #c #h #c #ee #c #dg #c #aj #c #gi #c #fe #i-a_/b #c #ajhe #c #aje #c #hje #d #ae #c #abc #c #ajge #aj-a_/b #c #acdf #d #ceg #c #aab #aa #d #ebh #d #fe #d #jbe #aa-a_/b #d #dg #d #eb #d #deg #ab #e #aca #d #aajg #d #aag #ab-a_/b #e #gc #d #aag #d #acab #ac #e #jc #e #caf #e #cc #ac-a_/b #e #aje #e #eh #e #d #ad #f #ic #e #deg #e #ab ,a is a s*ool :]e ! p>5ts 7 comp>atively well-to-d & ! *ildr5 mo/ly _h com=table homes4 ,b is a s*ool :]e ! p>5ts 7 mo/ly small %opkeep]s or lab\r]s 9 con/ant employm5t4 ,c is a s*ool :]e ! p>5ts 7 mo/ly unemploy$ or casually employ$4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,= ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,s*ool ,,meals ,! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 rem>kable = ! bir? ( a new social consci5ce manife/+ itself 9 e k9d ( social movem5t4 ,"s 7 m]e outbur/s ( s5tim5tality1 paup]is+ & patronis+1 o!rs indicat$ real c>e & sympa?y = ! weak] memb]s ( society1 o!rs aga9 a love ( sci5tific me?od & ord]4 ,?us 9 ! e>ly 'sixties !re 0 an enorm\s gr[? 9 ! am\nt sp5t 9 *>ity1 lead+ to hopeless confusion4 ,an attempt to introduce "s ord] into ?is *aos & to /em ! tide ( indiscrim9ate almsgiv+ 0 made 9 #ahfh by ! =mation ( ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,paup]ism & ,crime1 :i* split ! foll[+ ye> into ! ,indu/rial ,employm5t ,association & ! bett] kn[n ,*>ity ,organisation ,society4 ,9 ! 'eighties slumm+ became a fa%ionable occupation1 :ile #ahhd saw ! beg9n+ ( ! ,settlem5t movem5t 9 ! f\ndation ( ,toynbee ,hall4 ,mean:ile ! work+ classes 7 becom+ articulate1 le>n+ m self-reliance & mutual dep5d5ce4 ,! gr[? ( ,trade ,unions1 ( ,co-op]ative & ,fri5dly societies1 %[$ h[ ! work+ p 7 beg9n+ to "w out _! own salvation4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury me?ods ( improvem5t 7 ne>ly all on collectivi/ l9es--9 sanit>y re=m1 9 free education1 9 ! agitation = a legal limitation ( lab\r to eight h\rs a day1 = a m9imum wage & = ,old ,age ,p5sions4 ,among/ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ^! activities 0 ! movem5t = ! fe$+ ( poor s*ool *ildr54 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! movem5t ! motives 7 *iefly philan?ropic4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ragg$ & o!r s*ools _h br\ght "u ! notice ( tea*]s & o!rs l>ge numb]s ( *ildr51 und]f$ & ill-clo!d4 ,/ill m 0 ?is ! case :5 education 0 made compulsory "u ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj4 ,x 0 impossible = humanit>ians to attempt to educate ^! *ildr5 )\t at ! same "t try+ to alleviate _! di/ress4 ,education1 9 fact1 prov$ useless if ! *ild 0 />v+2 m1 x might be positively detrim5tal1 s9ce ! ef=t to le>n plac$ on ! *ild's bra9 a task great] ?an x c\ld be>4 ,all ^! e>ly endeav\rs to provide meals 7 und]tak5 by volunt>y ag5cies4 ,_! op]ations 7 spasmodic & prov$ totally inadequate to cope ) ! evil4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury we f9d a gr[+ insi/5ce on ! doctr9e t x 0 ! duty ( ! ,/ate to ensure t ! *ildr5 = :om x provid$ education %\ld n be incapable1 ?r\gh lack ( food1 ( pr(it+ by t education4 ,on ! "o h& "s sociali/s dem&$ t ! ,/ate ought itself to provide food = all its elem5t>y s*ool *ildr54 ,ano!r s*ool ( re=m]s urg$ t volunt>y ag5cies might 9 _m areas deal ) ! "q1 b t :]e _! res\rces prov$ inadequate ! ,/ate mu/ /ep 9 & supplem5t !m4 ,o!rs aga9 object$ to any public provision ( meals on ! gr\nd t x w\ld und]m9e p>5tal responsibility4 ,! dem& t ! ,/ate mu/ take "s action 0 /r5g!n$ by ! al>m excit$ dur+ ! ,s\? ,african w> by ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ recruits ( ! requisite physique4 ,! importance ( ! physical condition ( ! masses ( ! population 0 ?us =c$ ^u public att5tion4 ,x 0 urg$ t ! *ild 0 ! mat]ial = ! future g5]ation1 & t a heal?y race c\ld n be re>$ if ! *ildr5 7 *ronically und]f$4 ,9 ! result ,p>liam5t yield$ to ! popul> dem&1 & by ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act ( #aijf gave p[] to ! ,local ,education ,au?orities to assi/ volunt>y ag5cies 9 ! "w ( provid+ meals1 & if necess>y !mselves to provide food out ( ! rates4 7a7--,provision by ,volunt>y ,ag5cies4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 9 ! provision ( free or *eap d9n]s = s*ool *ildr5 appe> to date f ! e>ly 'sixties4#a ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important ( ! ,london societies 0 ! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society1 f\nd$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfd1 9 connection ) a ,ragg$ ,s*ool 9 ,we/m9/]4#b ,?is ,society quickly grew &1 betwe5 ,octob] #ahfi & ,april #ahgj1 fifty-eight d9+ rooms 7 op5$ = long] or %ort] p]iods4#c ,! motive1 ?\gh l>gely s5tim5tal1 0 f ! fir/ support$ by educational consid]ations4 ,_! almo/ con/ant de/itution ( food1 write ! ,committee 9 _! appeal = funds1 is n only lay+ ! f\ndation ( p]man5t disease 9 _! debilitat$ con/itutions1 b r$uces !m to s l[ a /ate t !y h n vig\r ( body or en]gy ( m9d suffici5t to d]ive any pr(it f ! ex]tions ( _! tea*]s4#d ,! influ5ce ( ! newly-=m$ ,*>ity ,organisation ,society is se5 9 ! n]v\s anxiety ( ! promot]s to avoid ! *>ge ( paup]is+4 ,our object is n ! indiscrim9ate relief ( ! multitude ( poor *ildr5 to be f\nd 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! metropolis4 ,our ef=ts are limit$ to ^? 9 att5dance at ragg$ or o!r s*ools s z to enc\rage & assi/ ! moral & religi\s tra9+ ?us af=d$4#e ,! d9n]s 7 n self-support+1#f b a great po9t 0 made ( ! fact t a p5ny 0 *>g$ t[>ds pay+ ! co/4 ,nev]!less ! promot]s admitt$ t x has be5 f\nd impossible 9 "s localities to obta9 any paym5t f ! *ildr54#g ,footnote #a3 ,_m ( our own ,roman ,ca?olic s*ools 444 f$ ! *ildr5 ev5 9 ! 'sixties4 7,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,evid5ce ( ,monsignor ,br[n1 ,q4 #ajch47 ,footnote #b3 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! impulse = ! =mation ( ?is society came indirectly f ,france4 ,9 #ahdh a commission ( m$ical & sci5tific m5 _h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to enquire into ! causes ( diseases1 su* z scr(ula1 rickets1 & impov]i%m5t ( blood1 to :i* *ildr5 ( ! poor 7 expos$1 & :i* produc$ s mu* mortality4 ,! ,committee report$ t 9 _! op9ion ! diseases 7 caus$ by *ildr5 n hav+ animal food1 & might be *eck$ by _! hav+ a meal ( fre% meat once a mon?4 ,ow+ to political ev5ts no action 0 tak5 on ?is report1 b x made a great impression on ,victor ,hugo1 & "s f\rte5 ye>s lat] 79 #ahfb7 he />t$ ! exp]im5t ( giv+ d9n]s ( fre% meat & a small glass ( w9e1 once a =tnight1 to =ty ( ! mo/ necessit\s "y *ildr5 ( ,gu]nsey4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 decl>$ to be v successful4 ,_m *ildr5 suff]+ f ! above diseases _h be5 cur$1 & ! physical con/itution ( ne>ly ! :ole ( !m s5sibly improv$ 7,pun*1 ,janu>y #af1 #ahfd74 ,?is description conclud$ ) a sugge/ion t a simil> s*eme might be initiat$ 9 ,london4 ,! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society 0 ! result4 7,*>ity ,organisation ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 p4 #bc47 ,footnote #c3 ,report on ,metropolitan ,s\p ,kit*5s & ,d9n] ,tables1 by ! ,society = ,organis+ ,*>itable ,relief1 #ahga1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #e1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 ,novemb] #a1 #ahgj4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society reports approv+ly t ! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society cordially accepts & endeav\rs to act up to ! pr9ciple t 'to relieve de/itution belongs to ! ,poor ,law1 :ile to prev5t de/itution is ! peculi> function ( *>ity4' 7,report on ,metropolitan ,s\p ,kit*5s & ,d9n] ,tables1 #ahga1 p4 #eg47 ,footnote #f3 ,! co/ ( a meal 0 g5]ally #d;d41 #e;d4 or #f;d4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ,times1 ,april #ae1 #ahfh4 ,! me?ods adopt$ by o!r societies 7 v simil>4 ,a common feature ( all 0 ! infrequ5cy ( ! meal4 ,z a rule a *ild w\ld receive a d9n] once a week1 at ! mo/ twice a week4#h ,x is true t ! d9n]s1 unlike ^? suppli$ at ! end ( ! c5tury1 :5 ! pr$om9ant feature 0 s\p1 seem always to h be5 sub/antial & to h consi/$ ( hot meat4#i ,b mak+ all all[ance = ! nutritive value ( ! meal1 its infrequ5cy prev5ts u f plac+ mu* confid5ce 9 ! en?usia/ic reports ( ! v>i\s societies z to ! b5eficial result ^u ! *ildr54 ,exp]i5ce has prov$1 writes ! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society 9 #ahfg1 t "o sub/antial meat d9n] p] week has a m>k$ effect on ! heal? & p[]s ( ! *ildr54#aj ,n only is !re a m>k$ improvem5t 9 _! physical condition1 reports ! same society two ye>s lat]1 b _! tea*]s affirm t !y are n[ enabl$ to ex]t _! m5tal p[]s 9 a degree :i* 0 =m]ly impossible4#aa ,! ,ragg$ ,s*ool ,union 9 #ahgj reports to ! same effect4 ,! physical b5efit ( ^! d9n]s to ! *ildr5 is great2 b x is n ! body only t is b5efit$2 ! tea*]s agree 9 _! op9ion t ^? :o are ?us f$ become m docile & tea*able4#ab ,footnote #h3 ,we h only f\nd "o case :]e ! d9n] 0 giv5 z (t5 z ?ree times a week4 7,see lett] f ,john ,palm]1 ,hon4 ,sec4 ( ! ,cl>e ,m>ket ,ragg$ ,s*ools1 ibid41 ,octob] #af1 #ahga47 ,footnote #i3 ,?us a d9n] giv5 by ! ,refuge = ,homeless & ,de/itute ,*ildr5 to pupils ( ,/4 ,giles & ,/4 ,george1 ,bloomsbury1 consi/$ ( boil$ & roa/ beef1 pl5ty ( potatoes1 & a ?ick slice ( bread1 ! portion giv5 to ea* *ild be+ abundant4 7,ibid41 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahfi47 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid41 ,decemb] #e1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid41 ,m>* #bf1 #ahfi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,report ( ,ragg$ ,s*ool ,union = #ahgj1 quot$ 9 ,report on ,metropolitan ,s\p ,kit*5s & ,d9n] ,tables1 #ahga1 p4 #eh4 ,meals 7 giv5 only dur+ ! w9t]1 ?\gh "o society at any rate1 ! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society1 realis$ ! importance ( cont9u+ ! "w ?r\gh\t ! ye>--an importance ev5 n[ n univ]sally appreciat$--_! object be+ n to relieve tempor>y di/ress only1 b by an additional weekly meal ( good quality & quantity1 to improve ! g5]al heal? & moral condition ( ! half />v$ & neglect$ *ildr5 :o sw>m ?r\gh\t ! poor di/ricts ( ,london4#ac ,funds app>5tly did n p]mit ( _! a*iev+ ?is object4#ad ,footnote #ac3 ,lett] f ! ,treasur] ( ! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society1 ,! ,times1 ,april #ae1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,9 t ye> 7#ahfh7 d9n]s 7 giv5 dur+ n9e mon?s1 be+ discont9u$ only f ,july to ,septemb]1 b 9 subsequ5t ye>s !y appe> to h be5 provid$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s only4 ,aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 educational consid]ations became ! dom9ant motive = fe$+4 ,tea*]s & s*ool manag]s z well z philan?ropi/s f\nd !mselves increas+ly compell$ to deal ) ! problem4 ,x 0 n only t compulsory education br\ght into notice hundr$s ( ne$y *ildr5 :o _h be=e be5 hidd5 away 9 c\rts & back alleys1#ae b ! effect ( education on a />v+ *ild prov$ useless4 ,footnote #ae3 ,at ! pres5t season1 :5 ! en]gy ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d visitors is fill+ ! s*ools ) all ! poore/ ( ! poor /reet ,arabs1 ! ne$ ( su* a society z ?is is m ?an ev] felt4 7,lett] f ! ,committee ( ! ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society1 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgb47 ,! ,ref]ee ,fund1 />t$ 9 #ahgd1 0 ! result ( ,mrs4 ,burgw9's exp]i5ce :5 head tea*] ( ,orange ,/reet ,s*ool1 ,s\?w>k4 ,%e f\nd ! *ildr5 9 a deplorable condition & on appeal+ to a m$ical man = advice 0 told t !y 7 simply />v+4 ,) ! help ( h] assi/ant tea*]s %e provid$ tea1 c(fee or w>m milk = ! mo/ ne$y4 ,soon a small local organisation 0 />t$1 & a ye> or two aft] ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,sims drew public att5tion to ! "q by 8 articles on ,h[ ! ,poor ,live1 & appeal$ = funds ?r\gh ! ,ref]ee4#af ,! op]ations ( ! fund ?us e/abli%$ 7 at fir/ conf9$ to ,we/ ,s\?w>k--9 t area1 ,mrs4 ,burgw9 triumphantly decl>$1 !re 0 n a hungry s*ool *ild#ag--;b 7 gradually ext5d$ to o!r di/ricts4 ,z a result ( ! meals ?us provid$ x 0 said t ! *ildr5 look$ heal?i] & att5d$ s*ool bett] 9 ! w9t] :5 !y 7 be+ f$ ?an !y did 9 ! summ]4#ah ,footnote #af3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,special ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahie1 ,app5dix #a1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #ag3 ,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,q4 #cjd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,special ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahie1 ,app5dix #a1 p4 #f4 ,! /&>d example1 h[ev]1 con/antly quot$ z evid5ce ( ! value ( s*ool meals1 0 ! exp]im5t />t$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,peek at ,r\sdon 9 #ahgf4 ,! *ildr5 9 t di/rict _h to walk long di/ances to s*ool1 br++ ) !m wret*$ morsels ( food = d9n]1 )1 naturally1 mo/ unsatisfactory results4 ,sir ,h5ry ,peek provid$ "o good meal a day = five days1 *>g+ "o p5ny a day4 ,! sy/em 0 practically self-support+4 ,! exp]im5t 0 decl>$ by ! ,inspector to h turn$ out a v great success4 ,:at /rikes "o at once on com+ into ! s*ool is ! heal?y vigor\s look ( ! *ildr51 & t _! vig\r is n m]ely bodily1 b comes out 9 ! c\rse ( exam9ation4 ,!re is a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 _! appe>ance & _! "w on ! day ( inspection1 & ^? ( ! *ildr5 9 _m ( ! neighb\r+ s*ools4 ,! midday meal is good & )\t /9t4 ,x acts z an attraction1 & induces regul>ity ( att5dance4444 ,be=e ! s*ool 0 />t$ ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! neighb\rhood 0 z l[ z 9 any "p ( ! di/rict4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,mr4 ,mundella 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,hans>d1 ,july #bf1 #ahhc1 #crd ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #bhb1 pp4 #egg-i4 ,! effect on ! heal? ( ! *ildr51 writes ! ,rector ( ,r\sdon 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 may be well exemplifi$ by ! mo/ rec5t illu/ration--viz41 t 9 ! ?ird week ( ,decemb]1 ?\gh :oop+-c\gh _h be51 & /ill 01 preval5t among !m1 & ! wea!r 0 damp & raw1 ! entry on ! ma/]'s weekly report 01 abs5tees1 #j--t is1 e *ild on ! regi/] _h appe>$ on ! ,monday morn+ & paid = its week's d9n]s4 ,probably su* a circum/ance 9 a rural s*ool di/rict 7) radius ( a mile & a half at lea/7 9 ! height ( w9t] is unprec$5t$4 7,sanit>y ,record1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahhe47 ,ab\t #ahhj ano!r motive = s*ool meals em]ges4 ,public op9ion began to be ar\s$ on ! subject ( ov]-pressure4 ,x 0 said t f> too _m subjects 7 taught & t ! sy/em ( paym5t by results =c$ ! tea*]s to ov]work ! *ildr5 = ! sake ( ! grant4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t n only 0 x useless to try to educate a />v+ *ild1 b ! results might be positively h>mful4 ,num]\s lett]s f s*ool manag]s1 doctors & o!rs appe>$ 9 ,! ,times4 ,9 disp5s>y practice1 writes ,dr4 ,sophia ,jex-,blake1 ,i h lately se5 sev]al cases ( habitual heada*e & o!r c]ebral affections among *ildr5 ( all ages att5d+ our ,bo>d ,s*ools1 & h trac$ _! orig9 to ov]/ra9 caus$ by ! ord9>y s*ool "w1 :i* ! ill-n\ri%$ physical frames are (t5 q unfit to be>4 ,i h spok5 repeat$ly on ! subject to memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 & also to tea*]s 9 ! s*ools1 & h aga9 & aga9 be5 assur$ by !m t !y 7 q alive to ! dang]1 & he>tily wi%$ t x 0 9 _! p[] to av]t x1 b t ! con/antly advanc+ requirem5ts ( ! ,education ,code left !m no option 9 ! matt]4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,! ,times1 ,april #ae1 #ahhj4 ,speak+ ( ! *ildr5 at ,london ,hospitals1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,f>quh>son writes3 ,ill-f$ & badly h\s$ & clo!d1 expos$ to depress+ sanit>y & dome/ic conditions1 ^! poor creatures are frequ5tly expect$ to d an am\nt ( s*ool "w ( :i* _! badly-n\ri%$ bra9s are utt]ly incapable4 ,i h long be5 famili> ) ! pale1 deject$ look1 ! *ronic heada*e1 ! sleeplessness1 ! loss ( appetite1 ! g5]al want ( tone1 caus$ und\bt$ly by ! undue ex]cise ( n]v\s tissues unprovid$ ) _! prop] all[ance ( heal?y food4 ,su* *ildr5 are by no means incl9$ to %irk _! lessons2 !y are frequ5tly mu* int]e/$ 9 !m2 b1 feel+ ! responsibility ( class & exam9ations ke5ly 444 !y become sleepless & re/less1 & rapidly lose fle% & /r5g?4 7,ibid41 ,april #ai1 #ahhj47 ,! ,lancet spoke /rongly on ! subject#ba & 9 #ahhc x 0 hotly discuss$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,mr4 ,mundella spoke 9 w>m praise ( ,sir ,h5ry ,peek's exp]im5t1 :ile ,mr4 ,s4 ,smi?1 ! memb] = ,liv]pool1 w5t s f> z to say t if ,p>liam5t compell$ p]sons by =ce ( law to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1 & ! little ones 7 to be =c$ to und]go su* a gr9d+ sy/em1 !y ought n to injure !m 9 s do+1 b %\ld provide !m1 9 cases ( prov$ necessity1 ) suffici5t n\ri%m5t to enable !m to /& ! pressure4#bb ,su* a proposition s\nds advanc$ = ! ye> #ahhc1 b he add$ ! /ill m mod]n sugge/ion--t n only %\ld we h a m$ical inspection ( s*ools1 b t ! grants %\ld be p>tly dep5d5t ^u ! physical heal? ( ! *ildr54444 ,we 7 apply+ sanit>y sci5ce to our great t[ns1 & we %\ld apply ! same sci5ce also to ! educational sy/em ( ! c\ntry4#bc ,at la/ ,mr4 ,mundella in/igat$ ,dr4 ,cri*ton ,br[ne to und]take a private enquiry into ! subject4 ,! report 0 some:at vague & rhetorical1 & ,dr4 ,br[ne's judgm5ts 7 said to be bas$ on insuffici5t data1 s t little fre% light 0 ?r[n on ! "q4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t he too recomm5d$ m$ical inspection & also t a record ( ! height1 weight & *e/ gir? ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be kept4#bd ,footnote #ba3 ,t good fe$+ is necess>y = bra9 nutrition does n ne$ to be demon/rat$ or ev5 argu$ at l5g? 444 x mu/ be evid5t t ! position 9 :i* education places ! bra9s ( und]f$ *ildr5 is t ( a highly-ex]cis$ organ urg5tly requir+ food1 & f9d+ none or v little4 ,^! *ildr5 are gr[+1 & all or ne>ly all ! food !y c get is appropriat$ by ! gross] & bulki] p>ts ( ! body to ! />vation ( ! bra94444 ,x is cruel to educate a gr[+ *ild unless y are also prep>$ to fe$ him4 7,lead+ ,article1 ,! ,lancet1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahhc1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #aia-b47 ,footnote #bb3 ,hans>d1 ,july #bf1 #ahhc1 #crd ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #bhb1 p4 #eig4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid41 p4 #eih4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! ,times1 ,septemb] #af1 #ahhd4 ,9 spite ( conflict+ op9ions1 "o po9t became increas+ly cle>4 ,:e!r ! am\nt ( m5tal /ra9 necessitat$ by ! ,educational ,code 0 exagg]at$ or n1 !re 0 no d\bt t good educational results 7 dep5d5t ^u heal? & c\ld n be atta9$ :]e ! *ildr5 7 s]i\sly und]f$4 ,! situation 0 summ$ up by ,mr4 ,sydney ,buxton dur+ a conf]5ce ( ,manag]s & ,tea*]s ( ,london ,bo>d ,s*ools 9 #ahhd4 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 he said1 _h by _! compulsory p[]s be5 ye> by ye> tapp+ a l[] /ratum ( society1 br++ to light ! di/ress1 de/itution & und]fe$+ :i* =m]ly _h escap$ _! notice4 ,! cry ( ov]-pressure _h drawn public att5tion to ! *ildr5 att5d+ elem5t>y s*ools1 & he ?\ght x 0 n[ becom+ m & m recognis$ t 'ov]-pressure' 9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases 0 only ano!r ^w = 'und]fe$+4'#be ,footnote #be3 ,s*ool ,bo>d ,*ronicle1 ,decemb] #ac1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fbh-i4 ,! pr9ciple t compulsory education involv$ "s provision ( food be+ ?us g5]ally admitt$1#bf ! "q rema9$ h[ 0 ?is to be done8 ,%\ld ! meals be provid$ free or %\ld !y be self-support+8 ,a ke5 controv]sy ensu$ z to ! m]its ( p5ny d9n]s4 ,! ,times quot$ ) app>5t a/oni%m5t & al>m ! view ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education t x w\ld n be en\gh to provide meals = ^? :o c\ld pay = !m1 & t :atev] might be ! vices ( ! p>5ts ! *ildr5 ought n to suff]4#bg ,! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society held m ?an "o conf]5ce on ! subject & emphatically cont5d$ t ! only means ( avoid+ paup]isation 0 to insi/ on paym5t = ! meals4 ,inde$ "s memb]s felt s /rongly t p5ny d9n]s 7 b\nd to be conv]t$ into halfp5ny or free d9n]s1 t !y 7 reluctant to give ! movem5t any support at all4#bh ,! attitude ( ! society 01 z ,! ,times said1 "o ( wat*ful criticism4#bi ,yet !re 7 "s1 at any rate1 :o recognis$ t ! obligation on ! "p ( ! p>5t to s5d 8 *ildr5 to s*ool involv$ a v real pecuni>y sacrifice :i* might (t5 m ?an c\nt]balance any advantage to be obta9$ f free meals4 ,we mu/ n tea* poor *ildr5 or poor p>5ts to lean ^u *>ity1 says ! ,s*ool ,bo>d ,*ronicle 9 #ahhd4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x ought nev] to be =gott5 t ?is new law ( compulsory att5dance at s*ool1 9 ! mak+ :]e( ! poore/ classes ( ! p _h no h& :atev]1 exacts great] sacrifices f t class ?an f any o!r4 ,we he> a good deal sometimes 444 ( ! grumbl+ ( ! ratepay]s 444 z to ! burd5 ( ! s*ool rate4444 ,b d ^! grumbl]s ev] reflect t ! v poor ( :om we are speak+ nev] ask$ to h education provid$ = _! *ildr51 nev] want$ x1 h practically no?+ to ga9 by x & mu* to lose1 & t ?is law ( compulsory education is =c$ on !m1 n = _! good or = _! pleasure1 b = ! safety & progress ( society & = ! sake ( economy 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! laws 9 ! matt] ( poor relief & crime4#cj ,amid/ all ! discussion on ! ne$s & morals ( ! poor f ! /&po9t ( ! sup]ior p]son1 x is refre%+ to f9d s hone/ & sympa!tic a criticism4 ,footnote #bf3 ,x is n[ admitt$ t *ildr5 _c be expect$ to le>n _! lessons unless !y are prop]ly f$4 7,! ,times1 ,lead+ ,article1 ,decemb] #ac1 #ahhd47 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #bh3 ,*>ity ,organisation ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 p4 #be4 ,z we %all see 7po/1 p4 #ai71 _! fe>s 9 ?is respect 7 realis$4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! ,times1 ,lead+ ,article1 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>d ,*ronicle1 ,decemb] #ac1 #ahhd1 p4 #fbg4 ,! outcome ( ?is l5g?y public discussion 0 a great increase 9 volunt>y fe$+ ag5cies all ov] ! c\ntry ab\t ! ye> #ahhd4ca ,at ! ,conf]5ce ( ,bo>d ,s*ool ,manag]s & ,tea*]s 9 t ye>1 ,mr4 ,mundella /at$ t1 s9ce he ref]r$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons to ! ,r\sdon exp]im5t1 provision = s*ool meals 0 be+ made 9 rural di/ricts to an ext5t :i* he c\ld h>dly believe4#cb ,9 ,london ! ,c\ncil = ,promot+ ,self-support+ ,p5ny ,d9n]s 0 e/abli%$ & ! movem5t spread rapidly4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahhd1 !re 7 only two c5tres :]e p5ny d9n]s on a self-support+ basis 7 provid$4 ,by ,decemb] su* d9n]s _h be5 />t$ 9 ?irte5 o!r di/ricts4#cc ,footnote #ca3 ,su* volunt>y ag5cies 7 e/abli%$1 = in/ance1 at ,ha/+s 7ab\t #ahhb71 at ,birm+ham & ,gate%ead 79 #ahhd71 at ,c>lisle 79 #ahhi74 ,footnote #cb3 ,s*ool ,bo>d ,*ronicle1 ,decemb] #ac1 #ahhd1 pp4 #fbi-fcj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,ibid41 p4 #fbh4 ,mean:ile ! promot]s ( free meals cont9u$ _! "w unaba%$4 ,! ,bo>d ,s*ool ,*ildr5's ,free ,d9n] ,fund decl>$ 9 #ahhe1 our "w does n cross ! l9es ( ! p5ny d9n] movem5t4 ,x 0 />t$ be=e t movem5t & has be5 9 "s cases c>ri$ on side by side ) x1 its object be+ to fe$ ^? *ildr5 ^: p>5ts h nei!r p5nies nor half-p5nies to pay = _! d9n]s4 ,free d9n]s are re/rict$ to ! *ildr5 ( wid[s1 & to ^? ^: p>5ts are ill or out ( "w4#cd ,! ,ref]ee ,fund n[ suppli$ s*ools ov] a l>ge "p ( ,s\? ,london & _h always giv5 free meals4 ,9 mo/ prov9cial t[ns1 :e!r ! d9n]s 7 nom9ally self-support+ or n1 necessit\s *ildr5 7 seldom refus$ food on acc\nt ( inability to pay4 ,private philan?ropi/s saw ! suff]+ & tri$ to alleviate x1 n enquir+ too closely into ! consequ5ces4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #af1 #ahhe4 ,x 0 g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t ! meals1 :e!r free or self-support+1 %\ld be provid$ by volunt>y ag5cies4 ,! ,local ,education ,au?orities sometimes grant$ ! use ( rooms & plant1#ce b seldom took any fur!r action4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,gu>dians1 ^: duty x 0 to relieve ! de/itution exi/+1 seem to h paid b ! scantie/ att5tion to x4 ,ev5 :]e !y attempt$ to deal ) x by grant+ relief to ! family1 ?is relief 0 g5]ally inadequate & ! *ildr5 7 consequ5tly und]f$1 ) ! result t !y 7 giv5 meals by ! volunt>y fe$+ ag5cies4#cf ,!re seems inde$ to h be5 no co-op]ation :atev] betwe5 ! v>i\s volunt>y ag5cies e/abli%$ all ov] ! c\ntry & ! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians4#cg ,by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t pass$ 9 #ahfh x 0 enact$ t :]e any p>5t wilfully neglect$ to provide adequate food = 8 *ild ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians %\ld in/itute proce$+s4#ch ,?is ,act seems to h rema9$ almo/ a dead lett]4 ,9 giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords ,select ,committee on ,poor ,law ,relief 9 #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,waugh1 ,director ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr51 9 speak+ ( ! ,act1 /at$1 fir/1 t ! ,gu>dians d n act ^u x to any v great ext5t2 secondly1 t ! police "k t x is n _! bus9ess1 & !y d n act ^u x2 &1 ?irdly1 ! public h an impression t !y are exclud$ f tak+ cognisance ( />vation cases because ! t]m us$ is '! ,gu>dians %all' d x4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* !y are habitually do+ x1 *iefly :]e ladies are ^u ! bo>d1 b 9 a v small numb] ( cases inde$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4#ci ,! "p tak5 by ! ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( reliev+ ! wants ( und]f$ *ildr5 0 ?us z yet a small "o4#dj ,footnote #ce3 ,?us at ,liv]pool1 ab\t #ahhe1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,education resolv$ to (f] grants to ,s*ool ,manag]s = ! supply ( ne$ful appliances = p5ny d9n]s1 provid$ t ! paym5t ( a p5ny %\ld absolutely cov] ! co/ ( ea* d9n]1 s z n only to avoid paup]is+ ! recipi5t1 b also to r5d] ! s*eme entirely self-support+4 7,report ( ,special ,sub-,committee on ,meals = ,s*ool ,*ildr51 9 ,m9utes ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,july #be1 #ahhi1 p4 #chc47 ,at ,birm+ham ! ,s*ool ,bo>d all[$ a volunt>y committee to erect kit*5s on ! s*ool premises4 7,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bec47 ,at ,gate%ead1 9 #ahhd1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d arrang$ = a supply ( d9n]s 9 ! s*ools 9 ! poore/ p>ts ( ! t[n4 7,report ( ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,q4 #daja47 ,9 ,london1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 #ahhe resolv$ t ! ,bo>d grant facilities to local manag]s & to o!r responsible p]sons = ! provision on ! s*ool premises ( p5ny d9n]s on self-support+ pr9ciples = elem5t>y s*ool *ildr51 :]e x c be done )\t int]f]5ce ) s*ool "w or injury to ! s*ool build+s4 7,report ( ,special ,committee on ,meals = ,s*ool ,*ildr51 9 ,m9utes ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,july #be1 #ahhi1 p4 #cgd47 ,at ,man*e/]1 z e>ly z #ahgi1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d initiat$ a s*eme = provid+ meals4 ,! *airman1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,birley1 _h be5 9 ! habit ( supply+ breakfa/s to poor *ildr5 9 "s ( ! s*ools1 & on ^! s*ools be+ transf]r$ to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 he induc$ x to cont9ue ! "w4 7,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,qs4 #bgde;,a1 #bged1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wyatt47 ,footnote #cf3 ,9 ,man*e/] !re _h be5 a s]i\s attempt to meet ! difficulty4 ,!re ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians ma9ta9$ a ,day ,fe$+ ,s*ool & gave ?ree meals a day to its out-door relief *ildr5 = "s ye>s betwe5 #ahef & #ahff4 7,report ( ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 #hvo ,edition1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #adh n47 ,footnote #cg3 ,see = in/ance ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 #ahie4 7,see po/1 p4 #ag47 ,footnote #ch3 #ca & #cb ,vict4 c4 #abb1 sec4 #cg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,h\se ( ,lords ,select ,committee on ,poor ,law ,relief1 #ahhh1 ,qs4 #eheg1 #eheh4 ,footnote #dj3 ,by an ,act ( #ahgf1 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority might e/abli% ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools at :i* "o or m meals 7 provid$1 t[>ds ! co/ ( :i* ! p>5ts %\ld contribute4 7#ci & #dj ,vict41 c4 #gi1 sec4 #af47 ,v few su* s*ools 7 e/abli%$4 7,see po/1 p4 #aai47 7b7--,! ,organisation ( ! ,volunt>y ,ag5cies4 ,! hi/ory ( ! movem5t = ! next t5 ye>s or s is ma9ly conc]n$ ) organisation4 ,9 ,london1 ) ! numb] ( fe$+ c5tres gr[+ s rapidly1 ) _m diff]5t ag5cies ^: pr9ciples & me?ods conflict$1 "s plan ( organisation & co-op]ation 0 ! cry+ ne$4 ,9 ,may1 #ahhg1 at ! in/igation ( ,sir ,h5ry ,peek1 a committee1 compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s volunt>y societies1#da 0 =m$ to consid] 9 :at ways co-op]ation 0 feasible4 ,?is ,committee recomm5d$ t 7i7 self-support+ d9n] c5tres %\ld be op5$ 9 z _m di/ricts z possible 9 ,london1 & ! v>i\s societies = provid+ d9n]s = *ildr5 %\ld be invit$ to make use ( !m2 7ii7 free d9n]s to *ildr5 att5d+ public elem5t>y s*ools %\ld only be giv5 on ! recomm5dation ( ! head tea*]2 7iii7 :5 free d9n]s 7 giv5 a regi/] %\ld be kept ( ! circum/ances ( ! family4#db ,footnote #da3 ,! ,committee repres5t$ ! ,self-,support+ ,p5ny ,d9n] ,c\ncil1 ! ,bo>d ,s*ool ,*ildr5's ,free ,d9n] ,fund1 ! ,s\? ,london ,s*ools ,d9n] ,fund1 ,free ,breakfa/s & ,d9n]s = ! ,poor ,bo>d ,s*ool & o!r ,*ildr5 ( ,s\?w>k 7! ,ref]ee ,fund7 & ! ,poor ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association4 ,footnote #db3 ,! ,times1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahhg4 ,?is attempt _c h be5 v effective1 = :51 at la/1 ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d took ! matt] 9 h&1 fe$+ arrangem5ts 7 z *aotic z ev]4 ,9 #ahhi a special committee 0 appo9t$ to enquire into ! :ole "q & report to ! ,bo>d4 ,! report %[s t ! supply ( food 0 extraord9>ily badly di/ribut$4 ,9 "s di/ricts !re is an excess ( *>itable ef=t lead+ to a wa/eful & demoralis+ di/ribution ( d9n]s to *ildr5 :o are n 9 want1 :ile 9 o!r places *ildr5 are />v+4#dc ,9 mo/ cases ! provision 0 insuffici5t to fe$ all ! indig5t *ildr5 e day1 _m gett+ a meal only once or twice a week4#dd ,only a r\gh e/imate ( ! numb] ( necessit\s *ildr5 c\ld be obta9$1 b x 0 calculat$ t #dc1hhh or #abh p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 att5d+ s*ools ( ! ,bo>d 7 habitually 9 want ( food1 & ( ^! less ?an half 7 provid$ =4#de ,! ,committee recomm5d$ t a c5tral organisation %\ld be =m$ to "w ) ! exi/+ ,associations ) a view to a m economical & effici5t sy/em = ! provision ( *eap or free meals4#df ,z a result ! ,london ,s*ools ,d9n] ,association 0 f\nd$4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge societies 7 m]g$ into ?is body1 "o or two reta9+ _! sep>ate organisation1 b agree+ to "w 9 h>mony ) x4#dg ,footnote #dc3 ,report ( ,special ,sub-,committee on ,meals = ,s*ool ,*ildr51 9 ,m9utes ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,july #be1 #ahhi1 p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #de3 ,ibid41 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #df3 ,ibid41 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,sev5 memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d 7 plac$ on ! ,executive ,committee z a k9d ( in=mal repres5tation1 b 9 #ahii ?is numb] _h dw9dl$ to ?ree4 7,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahii1 pp4 v4-vi47 ,!re 0 no direct t\* betwe5 ! two bodies1 except ! accid5tal circum/ance t ,memb]s ( ! ,bo>d might be on ! ,committee ( ! ,association4 7,ibid41 p4 #f1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,spald+47 ,ano!r committee appo9t$ by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 ,decemb]1 #ahid1 0 j z emphatic z to ! g5]al ineffici5cy & want ( uni=mity4 ,! "w ( giv+ *>itable meals1 !y f\nd1 0 /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 z 0 %[n by ! extremely div]g5t views 444 bo? z to ! nature & ext5t ( ! di/ress 444 & z to ! effici5cy ( ! me?ods employ$ 9 meet+ x4#dh ,!y 7 /ruck by ! app>5t want ( co-ord9ation betwe5 ! v>i\s ag5cies :i* 7 deal+ ) di/ress 9 ,london 7i4e41 ! ,poor ,law1 ! ,lab\r ,bureaux e/abli%$ by ! ,london ,ve/ries1 etc474 ,! local committees 9 connection ) ! s*ools seem to h _h no k :atsoev] ( :at 0 be+ done by ^! o!r bodies1 except 9 ! few cases :]e m or less p]man5t out-door relief 0 be+ giv51 & :]e ! *ildr5 pres5t$ att5dance c>ds to be fill$ up by _! tea*]s4#di ,our "w1 rem>k$ "o witness1 is c>ri$ on )\t pay+ he$ to :at may be done "u ! ,poor ,law ,au?orities4#ej ,relief 0 (t5 giv5 )\t any connection ) ! manag]s or tea*]s ( ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,9 "o in/ance tickets = meals 7 di/ribut$ )\t enquiry at ! door ( a ,music ,hall 444 ! proprietor ( :i* _h be5 "o ( ! *ief subscrib]s to ! ,fund4#ea ,9 ano!r case tickets issu$ by an ev5+ pap] fund 7 sold ov] & ov] aga9 by ! p to :om !y 7 giv52 sold 9 ! /reets & 9 ! public-h\ses4#eb ,ev5 :5 ! arrangem5ts 7 nom9ally controll$ by ! ,education ,au?orities ! me?ods ( selection 7 haphaz>d & ! provision (t5 totally inadequate4 ,a numb] ( witnesses gave evid5ce ( ?is4 ,x 0 f\nd t "o *ild ( a family 0 giv5 f\rte5 tickets dur+ ! season1 :il/ ano!r *ild ( ! same family _h only "o or two4#ec ,x might h be5 well to h tak5 "o or two *ildr5 9 h& = ! purpose ( obs]vations1 rem>k$ ! head-ma/] ( a ,/epney s*ool1 b ,i rememb] "o ( my in/ructions 0 t ! same *ild 0 n to be giv5 a meal too (t54#ed ,9 "o s*ool ! numb] ( *ildr5 ne$+ a d9n] on any day 0 asc]ta9$ by a %[ ( h&s4 ,ea* *ild 0 !n call$ out be=e ! tea*] & ask$ ab\t its p>5ts' circum/ances4#ee ,9 ano!r case ! tea*]s m]ely ask$ ! *ildr5 9 ! morn+ :i* ( !m w\ld n get any d9n] at home t day4#ef ,( c\rse !re 7 seldom en\gh tickets to g r\nd4 ,= ! p>5ts ?is haphaz>d me?od 0 mo/ bewild]+4 ,no arrangem5t is made ) ! p>5ts z to :e!r or n a *ild w h a meal on any day 4444 ,9 _m cases ! p>5ts h>dly "k :e!r ! *ildr5 are hav+ a meal at s*ool or n1 z !y con/antly come home = some?+ m4#eg ,footnote #dh3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,special ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahie1 p4 vii4 ,footnote #di3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ej3 ,ibid41 p4 #aa1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,libby4 ,i am ( op9ion1 said ?is witness1 t ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o are 9 receipt ( out-door relief are m 9 ne$ ( our help ?an o!rs4 7,ibid47 ,9 my exp]i5ce1 said ,mrs4 ,burgw91 ! greate/ di/ress 0 among/ ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o 7 9 receipt ( out-door relief1 & free meals %\ld c]ta9ly be giv5 to !m1 = ! am\nt all[$ z out-door relief is s small t a family is left practically on ! v]ge ( />vation4 7,ibid41 p4 #g47 ,footnote #ea3 ,ibid41 p4 ii4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid41 p4 #cj 7evid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,m>ion ,leon1 ,manag] ( ,v]e ,/reet ,s*ool1 ,cl>e ,m>ket74 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ad-ae 7evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,morgan74 ,footnote #ee3 ,ibid41 p4 #ba 7evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hell]1 ,headma/] ( ,say] ,/reet ,s*ool1 ,walwor?74 ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid41 p4 #cj 7evid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,m>ion ,leon74 ,footnote #eg3 ,ibid41 p4 #da 7evid5ce ( ,miss ,l4 ,p4 ,f[l]74 ,9 #ahhi ! self-support+ meal 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! normal type al?\gh ! numb] ( free meals 0 on ! increase4 ,9 #ahie ! committee recognis$ t self-support+ p5ny d9n]s 7 a failure4 ,only #aj p] c5t4 ( ! meals 7 paid = by ! *ildr54#eh ,?is _h "o r curi\s effect4 ,! meals 7 mu* m uni=m 9 type ?an 9 #ahhi1 & ?is uni=mity 0 di/a/eful if n h>mful to ! *ildr54 ,! *ief reason 0 p]haps t ! ne$ to attract ! *ildr5 0 n s great z :5 x 0 hop$ to e/abli% ! meals on a self-support+ basis4 ,ano!r reason 0 t ! ,national ,food ,supply ,association1 :i* did mo/ ( ! cat]+1 desir$ to enc\rage ! use ( vegetable s\p z well z to relieve di/ress4#ei ,footnote #eh3 ,ibid41 p4 iii4 ,ev5 :5 ! d9n]s 7 paid =1 ! paym5t r>ely cov]$ ! co/4 ,! same want ( success 0 report$ 9 ! prov9ces4 ,at ,birm+ham ! exp]im5t ( giv+ p5ny d9n]s fail$ completely1 & ! meals _h to be giv5 free4 7,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration1 #aijd1 ,qs4 #acbch1 #acbdj1 evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,airy47 ,! exp]i5ce ( all work]s 9 ?is movem5t te/ifies1 says ,canon ,moore ,ede1 t ! poore/ ( all--^? :o are lea/ well n\ri%$--are sc>cely t\*$ by ! p5ny d9n]s4 7,*eap ,meals = ,poor ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,moore ,ede1 9 ,report ( ,conf]5ce on ,education "u ,heal?y ,conditions at ,man*e/]1 #ahhe1 p4 #ha47 ,footnote #ei3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,special ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahie1 pp4 iv41 v4 ,"u ! p5ny d9n] sy/em1 we _h to provide some?+ to attract ! *ildr51 z !y w\ld n come to ! same meal e day & pay a p5ny = x2 pudd+s & meat pies 7 provid$ & v>i$ f day to day4 ,n[ !y get s\p4 7,ibid41 ,app5dix ,i41 p4 #ci1 evid5ce ( ,rev4 ,r4 ,lea*47 ,! s\p 444 suppli$ by ! ,national ,food ,association v>ies s v little f day to day t x is natural = ! *ildr5 to gr[ tir$ ( x1 7,ibid41 p4 #bb1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hell]47 ,ap>t f ! "q ( m effici5t organisation1 ! recomm5dations ( ?is committee 7 some:at indef9ite4 ,!y urg$ t1 z a guide = future action1 cont9u\s records %\ld be kept ( all *ildr5 f$4#fj ,on ! adequacy ( ! exi/+ volunt>y organisations to cope ) ! di/ress ! majority decl9$ to commit !mselves4 ,! m9ority ass]t$ emphatically t ^! *>itable funds 7 amply suffici5t4 ,! ,committee que/ion$ h[ f> ! supply ( food 0 ! "r way ( deal+ ) di/ress4 ,actual />vation1 !y said1 0 und\bt$ly at "o "t ! *ief evil to be fe>$ by ! poor4 ,b n[ t r5t 9 ,london is s high & food s *eap conditions h *ang$4#fa ,o!r =ms ( help1 !y felt1 7 possibly m ne$$1 e4g41 m$ical advice & clo?+4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s !re _h be5 su* an improvem5t 9 ! economic conditions ( ! work+ classes z _h n be5 kn[n at any o!r p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,comp>isons betwe5 conditions obta9+ at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are to "s ext5t vitiat$ by ! fact t ! =m] 0 a p]iod ( extraord9>y social mis]y4 ,nev]!less1 ! improvem5t is /rik+4 ,sir ,rob]t ,giff51 speak+ on ,! ,progress ( ! ,work+ ,classes 9 ! ,la/ ,half ,c5tury1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhc1 %[$ t1 :ile ! wages ( work+ m5 h advanc$1 mo/ articles he consumes h r dim9i%$ 9 price1 ! *ange 9 :eat be+ especially rem>kable1 & significant ( a complete revolution 9 ! conditions ( ! masses4 ,! increas$ price 9 ! case ( "o or two articles--p>ticul>ly meat & h\se r5t--is insuffici5t to neutralise ! g5]al advantages :i* ! workman has ga9$4#fb ,by fur!r /ati/ics he %[$ a decl9e 9 ! rate ( mortality1 an increase ( ! consumption ( articles 9 g5]al use1 an improvem5t 9 g5]al education1 a dim9ution ( crime & paup]ism1 a va/ increase 9 ! numb] ( depositors 9 sav+s banks1 & o!r evid5ces ( g5]al well-be+4#fc ,up to #ahie ! co/ ( liv+ /eadily decl9$1 & 9 t ye> real wages 7 high] ?an !y _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,?is did n mean1 z "s urg$1 t ,society might slack5 any ( its ef=ts to improve ! condition ( ! poor] classes4 ,ev5 f ! mo/ optimi/ic /&po9t ! improvem5t 0 f> too small1 & !re 0 /ill a residuum ^: deplorable condition dem&$ some?+ l a revolution = ! bett]4#fd ,b n[ t ! m prosp]\s work+ m5 7 consci\sly /riv+ to improve _! own position1 ! community1 or ! philan?ropi/s among x1 7 m able to assi/ ! subm]g$ rema9d]4 ,! hi/ory ( s*ool fe$+ illu/rates h[ "o ( ! lea/ notic$ b mo/ c]ta9 facts ( social life is ! fact t ,society v seldom awakes to ! exi/5ce ( an evil :ile t evil is at its wor/1 b "s "t aft]w>ds1 :5 ! evil is already 9 process ( heal+ itself4444 ,society c seldom be induc$ to bo!r itself ab\t any suff]+1 ! removal ( :i* requires really revolution>y treatm5t4 ,x only becomes s5sitive1 sympa!tic & eag] = re=m :5 re=m is possible )\t too great an upheaval ( its settl$ way ( life4#fe ,a high] /&>d ( liv+ 0 n[ requir$ & ! real "q 0 :e!r fe$+ ! s*ool *ild 0 ! "r way to atta9 to x1 or only a foll[+ ( ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,if x 0 a heal?y movem5t1 !n cle>ly x 0 "t to set ab\t fe$+ 9 a m ?or\gh fa%ion4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ibid41 pp4 v41 viii4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid41 p4 vi4 ,footnote #fb3 ,economic ,enquiries & ,/udies1 by ,sir ,rob]t ,giff51 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cih-i4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ibid41 p4 #dai4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid41 p4 #djh4 ,footnote #fe3 ,a ,philosophy ( ,social ,progress1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,urwick1 #aiab1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,9 #ahih a ?ird attempt 0 made by ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d to deal ) ! "q4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to ! ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee to enquire into ! numb] ( und]f$ *ildr5 & to consid] h[ f> ! pres5t volunt>y provision = s*ool meals is1 or is n1 effectual4#ff ,! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! committee %[s ! preval5ce ( a /ate ( affairs v simil> to t ( ! e>li] ye>s4 ,!re is ! same compla9t ab\t ! want ( any g5]al plan1 ! utt] lack ( uni=mity 444 ! abs5ce 7except 9 a few places7 ( any means ( enquir+ into d\btful cases1 & above all ! non-exi/5ce ( any sort ( ma*9]y = secur+ t :]e want exi/s x %all be dealt )4#fg ,b ! report & recomm5dations ( ! majority ( ! ,special ,committee %[ an a/oni%+ advance on ! views ( ! two =m] committees4 ,! necessity = fe$+ 0 n n[ d5i$1 !y ?\ght1 ev5 by ^? 444 :o are ke5ly anxi\s to prev5t ! und]m9+ ( prud5ce or self-help by ill-advis$ or unregulat$ g5]osity4#fh ,!y 7 mo/ emphatic z to ! good effects on ! *ildr5 :5 ! meals 7 nicely s]v$ 9 ! s*ools "u prop] sup]vision1 & !y consid]$ t food provision & tra9+ at meals %\ld 9 p>ticul> =m "p ( ! "w ( all ,c5tres = ,physically & ,m5tally ,defective *ildr51 & t ! ,gov]nm5t grant %\ld be calculat$ accord+ly4#fi ,"o or two ( ! memb]s ( ! committee & "s ( ! witnesses urg$ t meals %\ld be cont9u$ 9 ! summ]4#gj ,z to ! effect on ! p>5ts1 x appe>s to ! sub-committee 444 t its conc]n is ) ! well-be+ ( ! *ildr51 & ev5 if x 7 ! case t x 01 9 "s way1 bett] = ! moral "* ( ! p>5ts to let ! *ildr5 />ve1 ! sub-committee w\ld n be prep>$ to advise t l9e ( policy4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! community to ! *ild 444 is to see t x has a prop] *ance z reg>ds its equipm5t = life4#ga ,if !y come to s*ool und]f$ 444 x w\ld seem to be ! duty ( ^? :o h a c>e ( ! *ildr5 to deal ) x1 & to see t ! und]fe$+ ceases4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s1 9 any case1 t ?is1 l all o!r social evils1 may be gradually elim9at$ by ! g5]al improvem5t1 moral & mat]ial1 ( ! community4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t t is a sl[ process & t _m g5]ations ( actual s*ool *ildr5 w come & g 9 ! meantime1 x is obvi\s t ! prev5tion ( und]fe$+ 9 s*ool *ildr5 7) its results ( "u-education & increas+ malnutrition7 is itself "o ( ! pot5t means ( =w>d+ ! g5]al improvem5t4#gb ,at ! same "t ! idea t s*ool d9n]s paup]ise ! p>5ts or de/roy ! s5se ( p>5tal responsibility appe>s to ! sub-committee to be a m]e !oretic fancy entirely unsupport$ by practical exp]i5ce4#gc ,p>5ts :o c\ld fe$ _! *ildr5 & w\ld n %\ld simply be summon$ = 'cruelty4'#gd ,footnote #ff3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahii1 p4 ii41 p>4 #a4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ibid41 p4 vi41 p>4 #bi4 ,footnote #fh3 ,ibid41 p4 iii41 p>s4 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #fi3 ,ibid41 p4 v41 p>4 #be4 ,s*ool d9n]s well manag$ may be made to h an admirable educative effect4444 ,?is makes me ?9k t a prop] "p ( ! bus9ess ( ! ,s*ool %\ld be a common mid-day meal4 7,evid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,desp>d1 ibid41 p4 #c47 ,mrs4 ,burgw9 0 ( ! same op9ion4 7,ibid41 p4 #ad47 ,footnote #gj3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! sugge/ions made by ,mr4 ,:iteley 7ibid41 p4 ix471 & ! evid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,burgw9 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,morant 7ibid41 pp4 #ad1 #ae74 ,footnote #ga3 ,ibid41 p4 iv41 p>4 #bj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid41 p4 iv41 p>4 #ag4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ibid41 p4 iv41 p>4 #ai4 ,footnote #gd3 ,ibid41 p4 v41 p>4 #ba4 ,! majority ( ! committee decl>$ !mselves conv9c$ by ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 & by ! special in=mation n[ obta9$ f ,p>is & f o!r =eign c\ntries1#ge t ! :ole "q ( ! fe$+ & heal? ( *ildr5 compulsorily att5d+ s*ool requires to be dealt ) z a matt] ( public conc]n4#gf ,!y !re=e recomm5d$ t a ,c5tral ,committee %\ld be =m$1 :i* %\ld be au?oris$ to call = reports & g5]al assi/ance f ! ,bo>d's /aff1 facilities be+ grant$ = ! use ( rooms at ! s*ools = meals1 & !y made ! foll[+ important /atem5t ( pr9ciple3--,x %\ld be deem$ to be "p ( ! duty ( any au?ority by law responsible = ! compulsory att5dance ( *ildr5 at s*ool to asc]ta9 :at *ildr51 if any1 come to s*ool 9 a /ate unfit to get normal pr(it by ! s*ool "w--:e!r by reason ( und]fe$+1 physical disability or o!rwise--& !re %\ld be ! necess>y inspection = t purpose2 t :]e x is asc]ta9$ t *ildr5 are s5t to s*ool 'und]f$' 444 x %\ld be "p ( ! duty ( ! au?ority to see t !y are provid$1 "u prop] conditions1 ) ! necess>y food2 t ! au?ority %\ld co-op]ate 9 any exi/+ or future volunt>y ef=ts to t end1 & t1 9 s f> z su* volunt>y ef=ts fail to cov] ! gr\nd1 ! au?ority %\ld h ! p[] & ! duty to supplem5t !m4 ,:]e d9n]s 7 provid$1 x 0 desirable t !y %\ld be op5 to all *ildr51 & t ! p>5ts %\ld pay = !m1 unless !y 7 unable by mis=tune to f9d ! money1 & t no di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! pay+ & ! non-pay+ *ildr54 ,if ! und]f$ condition ( ! *ild 0 due to ! culpable neglect ( ! p>5t1 ! ,bo>d %\ld prosecute ! p>5t1 &1 if ! (f5ce 0 p]si/$ 91 %\ld h p[] to deal ) ! *ild "u ! ,indu/rial ,s*ools ,acts4#gg ,footnote #ge3 ,= "s acc\nt ( ! ,cant9es ,scolaires ( ,p>is1 & ! provision ( meals 9 o!r =eign t[ns1 see ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,footnote #gf3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report ( ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahii1 p4 vii41 p>4 #ce4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ibid41 p4 i4 ,! ,bo>d reject$ ^! proposals & act$ on ! m cauti\s recomm5dations ( ! m9ority1 :o 7 conv9c$ t !re 0 no necessity = any public au?ority to und]take ! "w1 ! volunt>y associations be+ entirely capable ( deal+ effectively ) ! ne$1 if !y 7 prop]ly organis$4 ,!y consid]$1 !re=e1 t ! duties ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d %\ld be conf9$ to co-op]ation 9 ! organisation ( ^! associations4#gh ,?is decision 0 hail$ ) relief by ,! ,times1 :i* rejoic$ t ! attempt ( ! ',fabian' ,s*ool ( ,sociali/s1 assi/$ by "s philan?ropic dupes1 to capture ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d has be5 decisively repell$4#gi ,footnote #gh3 ,ibid41 p4 xii4 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahii1 ,vol4 #ea1 pp4 #ahfh-gb4 ,! ,majority ,report 0 reject$ by #bg votes to #ab4 ,footnote #gi3 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahii4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,fabian ,society seems z yet to h paid little att5tion to ! "q1 &1 9 s f> z ^! proposals _h be5 due to sociali/ influ5ce1 ! agitation _h come f ! ,social ,democratic ,f$]ation4 ,?is body _h1 s9ce ! e>ly 'eighties1 made ! provision ( a free meal = all *ildr5 att5d+ elem5t>y s*ools "o ( ! fundam5tal planks ( its plat=m4#hj ,sev]al memorials 7 s5t to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1#ha urg+ t all *ildr5 ^: p>5ts 7 unemploy$ %\ld be f$ & clo!d out ( ! rates1 b ?is proposal 0 too sweep+ to meet ) a fav\rable reception4 ,footnote #hj3 ,ju/ice1 ,m>* #bi1 ,septemb] #ac & #bg1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahhd4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! memorials pres5t$ 9 #ahib1 #ahif1 & #ahii4 7,m9utes ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahib2 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahif2 ,decemb] #g1 #ahii47 ,! recomm5dations1 :i* 7 f9ally adopt$ 9 ,m>*1 #aijj1 provid$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t committee1 to be kn[n z ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr54 ,?is 0 compos$ p>tly ( memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 p>tly ( repres5tatives ( v>i\s o!r bodies4 ,sub-committees1 consi/+ ( manag]s1 tea*]s1 ,s*ool ,bo>d visitors & "o or m co-opt$ outsid]s1 7 to be appo9t$ 9 ea* ,bo>d ,s*ool1 or gr\p ( ,s*ools1 :]e ! necessity = provid+ meals = und]f$ *ildr5 0 felt1 & ^! sub-committees 7 to make all necess>y arrangem5ts = ! provision ( meals4#hb ,! functions ( ! ,jo9t ,committee 7 limit$4 ,x 0 to receive reports f ! sub-committees1 to draw _! att5tion to any defect :i* might appe> 9 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 or ! arrangem5ts made = provid+ relief1 to give !m assi/ance by plac+ !m 9 communication ) a s\rce ( supply s z to enable !m to obta9 ! necess>y funds1 to communicate ) ! *ief collect+ ag5cies :5 !re 0 reason to fe> t ! funds might n be suffici5t1 & g5]ally to keep ! public in=m$ ( :at is be+ done to provide relief = und]f$ *ildr51 & to /imulate public int]e/ 9 ! "w4#hc ,h[ f> ?is ef=t to meet ! ne$ 0 successful we %all relate 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4#hd ,footnote #hb3 ,simil> committees _h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 sev]al s*ools = "s ye>s4 ,footnote #hc3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,m>* #a1 #aijj1 ,vol4 #eb1 pp4 #hed-e1 #ije4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see ,*apt] ,,iii4 7c7--,! ,dem& = ,/ate ,provision4 ,soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! new c5tury ! agitation = "s =m ( ,/ate fe$+ grew urg5t & widespread4 ,!re 0 no attempt to deal ) ! matt] 9 ! ,education ,act ( #aijb1 b f ab\t ?is date onw>ds ! "q con/antly recurr$ 9 ,p>liam5t>y debates1 a sure indication t ! "q 0 int]e/+ o!rs besides ! exp]t & ! philan?ropi/4 ,& to ! old motives ( s5tim5t & educational ne$ 0 add$ a new motive1 a motive specially *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t c5tury & "o :i* 9 "s o!r directions ?reat5s to become almo/ an obsession4 ,?is 0 ! desire = race reg5]ation1 ! conviction ( ! supreme importance ( secur+ a physically effici5t p4 ,=m]ly ! t5d5cy _h be5 to sacrifice ! ne$s ( ! *ild to ! suppos$ moral welf>e ( ! family1 n[ ! *ild 0 reg>d$ prim>ily z ! raw mat]ial = a nation ( heal?y citiz5s4 ,! ,s\? ,african w> _h be5 p>tly in/rum5tal 9 produc+ ?is extreme anxiety ab\t physical unfitness1 & two public enquiries--! ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ 9 ,scotl&1 & ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration--furni%$ abundant pro( ( ! h>m :i* 0 be+ done 9 ?is direction by ! mal-nutrition ( s*ool *ildr54 ,! report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ %[$ indisputably ! necessity = bett] fe$+4 ,on ?is po9t a l>ge numb] ( important witnesses 7 unanim\s4#he ,! ,commission]s 71 h[ev]1 cauti\s 9 _! recomm5dations4 ,?\gh fully conv9c$ ( ! necessity = fe$+1 !y 7 d\btful z to h[ f> ! responsibility = deal+ ) ! ne$ %\ld be plac$ ^u ! ,education ,au?orities4 ,x is matt] = grave consid]ation1 !y decl>$1 :e!r ! valuable asset to ! nation 9 ! improv$ moral & physical /ate ( a l>ge numb] ( future citiz5s c\nt]balances ! evils ( impair$ p>5tal responsibility1 or :e!r volunt>y ag5cies may be tru/$ to d ?is "w ) m discrim9ation & consequ5tly less dang] ?an a /atutory sy/em4#hf ,on ! o!r h&1 !y urg$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 ) e desire to act up to _! p>5tal responsibility1 & :ile q ready to contribute 9 proportion to _! p[]1 !re are (t5 imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( ! home provision ( suitable food by ! p>5ts4#hg ,!y consid]$1 !re=e1 t accommodation & means = enabl+ *ildr5 to be prop]ly f$ %\ld 444 be provid$ ei!r 9 ea* s*ool or 9 a c5tre2 b1 except a limit$ sum to provide ! necess>y equipm5t1 no "p ( ! co/ %\ld be all[$ to fall on ! rates4#hh ,! meal %\ld be educational 9 "*4 ,an obligation = ! prop] sup]vision ( ! fe$+ ( ^? :o come = in/ruction %\ld be reg>d$ z "o ( ! duties ( s*ool au?orities4#hi ,footnote #he3 ,report ( ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ 7,scotl&71 #aijc4 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cj1 p>4 #afb4 ,if we are go+ to develop ! physical tra9+ ( *ildr5 we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ ov]work+ !m1 said "o witness1 &1 ( c\rse1 und]f$ *ildr5 w\ld be positively injur$ by ev5 light ex]cises4 7,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,q4 #gfj1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,legge1 ,inspector ( ,re=matory & ,indu/rial ,s*ools47 ,*ildr5 c exi/1 :5 do+ no m5tal or physical "w1 on a b>e subsi/5ce diet1 said ,dr4 ,clem5t ,dukes1 b 444 a b>e subsi/5ce diet becomes a />vation diet :5 m5tal or bodily "w is add$4 7,ibid41 ,q4 #hadj47 ,footnote #hf3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cj1 p>4 #afe4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ibid41 p4 #cj1 p>4 #afg4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ibid41 p4 #ca1 p>4 #agb4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibid41 p4 #cj1 p>4 #afh4 ,! f9d+s ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration 7 m def9ite & /rik+4 ,to take fir/ ! evid5ce z to ! ext5t ( und]fe$+1 ,dr4 ,ei*holz1 aft] c>eful inve/igation1 e/imat$ t ! r\gh total ( und]f$ *ildr5 9 ,london 0 #abb1jjj or #af p] c5t4 ( ! elem5t>y s*ool population4 ,^! figures 7 bas$ on ! assumption t all ! *ildr5 be+ f$ at s*ools & c5tres w\ld o!rwise h gone unf$2 b1 consid]+ ! loose me?od ( enquiry preval5t1 ?is 0 que/ionable4 ,! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d put ! numb] at #aj1jjj1 b ?is seems to h be5 grossly und]/at+ ! case4#ij ,9 ,man*e/]1 accord+ to ! e/imate ( ! ,education ,committee & ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 n less ?an #ae p] c5t4 7 und]f$4#ia ,! evid5ce giv5 01 h[ev]1 conflict+1 & inde$ little reliance c be plac$ on ^! /ati/ics4 ,footnote #ij3 ,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration1 #aijd1 p4 #ff1 p>s4 #ccb-ccd2 evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,ei*holz1 ,qs4 #dga-dgf4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ibid41 p4 #fg1 p>4 #cce2 evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,ei*holz1 ,q4 #dgf4 ,) reg>d to ! effect ( und]fe$+ on ! physique ( ! *ildr51 ! doctors gave /rik+ te/imony4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hut*ison 0 ( op9ion t1 if a *ild _h n suffici5t food dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[?1 t is dur+ ! s*ool ye>s1 x w\ld be p]man5tly /unt$4#ib ,ap>t f infecti\s diseases1 said ,dr4 ,collie ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 malnutrition is acc\ntable = n9e-t5?s ( *ild sickness4#ic ,dr4 ,ei*holz po9t$ out t at ,le$s ,dr4 ,hall _h f\nd t fifty p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 9 a poor s*ool suff]$ f rickets1 ! true cause ( :i* 0 poor & unsuitable food1 :il/ 9 a well-to-d s*ool ! proportion 0 only eight p] c5t4#id ,9 ! op9ion ( ?is witness1 an op9ion %>$ by m$ical m51 memb]s ( ,education ,committees1 manag]s1 tea*]s & o!rs conv]sant ) ! condition ( s*ool *ildr5 444 food is at ! base ( all ! evils ( *ild deg5]acy4#ie ,! suffici5t fe$+ ( *ildr51 decl>$ ,dr4 ,niv51 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ,man*e/]1 is by f> ! mo/ important ?+ to att5d to & 444 specially important 9 connection ) ! ,army4444 ,:5 trade is good1 he argu$1 y w h to rely = ! ,army ^u ?is v poor class1 & 9 ord] to get good soldi]s y mu/ re> good *ildr51 y mu/ see t *ildr5 are adequately f$4#if ,footnote #ib3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #iigd4 ,! critical age1 he consid]$1 0 f #aj to #ae4 ,look+ at ! enorm\s improvem5t 9 *ildr5 9 ! ,navy & 9 ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 :]e !y 7 prop]ly f$1 he did n %>e ! pessimi/ic view t ! mis*ief is hopelessly done by ! "t a *ild rea*es s*ool age4 ,he felt c]ta9 t ! provision ( meals w\ld d a great deal to improve ! heal? & gr[? & developm5t ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor] classes4 7,ibid41 ,qs4 #iigc1 #ajjdg-h1 #ajjea1 #ajjjf47 ,footnote #ic3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #ciib4 ,footnote #id3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #deb4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #dge4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #fdhd4 ,see also evid5ce ( ,g5]al ,sir ,t4 ,maurice1 ,q4 #bgh4 ,su* 7 ! argum5ts on ! negative side--on ! positive side !re 0 ample pro( ( ! good effects ( a regul> nutriti\s diet4 ,dr4 ,ei*holz ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,hall's exp]im5t 9 fe$+ poor *ildr5 at ,le$s4 ,tak+ sixty poor sev5-ye>-old *ildr51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod !y totall$ #dee lbs41 bel[ normal weight4444 ,!y ga9$ 9 ?ree mon?s =ty lbs4 9 addition to ! normal increase 9 weight = t "t1 & !y look$ less anmic & m *e]ful4#ig ,too mu* importance mu/ n be atta*$ to ^! figures s9ce ! data on :i* !y are bas$ are n suffici5tly kn[n to gauge _! value1 b t ! improvem5t 0 v consid]able _c be d\bt$4 ,moreov]1 9 ! special s*ools = m5tally defective *ildr5 :]e meals 7 regul>ly provid$1 ! results 7 a/oni%+4 ,dr4 ,collie told h[1 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances aft] ! c>eful individual att5tion & midday d9n] ( ! special s*ools1 ! *ildr5 return$ aft] f six to eighte5 mon?s to ! elem5t>y s*ools ) a new lease ( m5tal vig\r4 ,^! *ildr5 are functionally m5tally defective4444 ,_! bra9s are />v$1 & naturally fail to react to ! ord9>y me?ods ( elem5t>y tea*+4#ih ,bad nutrition & normal bra9 developm5t1 he add$1 are incompatible4#ii ,footnote #ig3 ,ibid41 evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,ei*holz1 ,q4 #dhf4 ,footnote #ih3 ,ibid41 evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,collie1 ,q4 #cich4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #cigc4 ,!re 0 inde$1 z ! ,committee po9t$ out1 a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion t ! "t _h come :5 ! ,/ate %\ld realise ! necessity ( ensur+ adequate n\ri%m5t to *ildr5 9 att5dance at s*ool 444 x 01 fur!r1 ! subject ( g5]al agreem5t t1 z a rule1 no purely volunt>y association c\ld successfully cope ) ! full ext5t ( ! evil4#ajj ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases su* volunt>y organisations w\ld be suffici5t = ! purpose1 ) ! support & ov]sight ( ! ,local ,au?ority1 &1 z long z ?is 0 s1 ! ,committee w\ld /rongly deprecate rec\rse be+ _h to direct municipal assi/ance4#aja ,b 9 cases :]e ! ext5t or ! conc5tration ( pov]ty might be too great = ! res\rces ( local *>ity 444 x might be exp$i5t to p]mit ! application ( municipal aid on a l>g] scale4#ajb ,z a coroll>y to ! ex]cise ( su* p[]s on ! "p ( ! ,local ,au?ority1 ! law w\ld h to be alt]$ to make x m possible to prosecute neglectful p>5ts4#ajc ,! ,committee 7 also 9 fav\r ( e/abli%+ special s*ools ( ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ool type 9 :i* fe$+ w\ld =m an ess5tial feature4 ,to ^! def9itely ret>d$ *ildr5 might be s5t4#ajd ,!y recomm5d$ t ! funds = ^! exp]im5ts %\ld be f\nd ?r\gh ! ma*9]y ( ! ,poor ,law1#aje = !y 7 anxi\s to gu>d ! community f ! consequ5ces ( ! some:at dang]\s doctr9e t free meals are ! necess>y concomitant ( free education4#ajf ,footnote #ajj3 ,ibid41 p4 #fi1 p>4 #cdh4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid41 p4 #gb1 p>4 #cei4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid41 p>4 #cfb4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,ibid41 p>4 #cfc4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ibid41 p>4 #cfd4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,ibid41 p>4 #cfe4 ,foll[+ on ^! reports came a /r5u\s agitation 9 ,p>liam5t & 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,national ,lab\r ,conf]5ce on ! ,/ate ,ma9t5ance ( ,*ildr51 held at ! ,guildhall 9 ,janu>y1 #aije1 decl>$ unanim\sly 9 fav\r ( ,/ate ,ma9t5ance z a necess>y coroll>y ( ,univ]sal ,compulsory ,education1 & z a means ( p>tially arre/+ t physical det]ioration ( ! indu/rial population ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* is n[ g5]ally recognis$ z a grave national dang]4 ,z a /ep t[>ds su* ,/ate ,ma9t5ance1 ! conf]5ce call$ ^u ! ,gov]nm5t to introduce )\t fur!r delay legislation enabl+ ,local ,au?orities to provide meals = s*ool *ildr51 ! co/ to be borne by ! ,national ,ex*equ]4#ajg ,! ,national ,union ( ,tea*]s1 at a l>gely att5d$ conf]5ce at ,ll&udno 9 ! same ye>1 7 agre$ z to ! urg5t ne$ = legislation4#ajh ,footnote #ajg3 ,report ( ! ,national ,lab\r ,conf]5ce on ! ,/ate ,ma9t5ance ( ,*ildr51 at ! ,guildhall1 ,janu>y #bj1 #aije1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,qs4 #gib1 #ibd1 #ibe4 ,by a consid]able majority ! ,conf]5ce defeat$ an am5dm5t t ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! ,local ,education ,au?ority z ! au?ority = mak+ ! provision1 b ow+ to a te*nical difficulty ! ma9 resolution 0 n put4 ,see also ! resolution pass$ at a conf]5ce ( ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s' ,association1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,slack 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7,hans>d1 ,april #ah1 #aije1 #d? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #ade1 p4 #ecc74 ,9 ,p>liam5t ! agitation 0 l$ by ,mr4 ,claude ,hay1 ,sir ,john ,gor/ & ,dr4 ,macnam>a4 ,x 0 urg$ t a l>ge "p ( ! money sp5t on education 0 wa/$4 ,to tea* *ildr5 :o 7 physically q unfit to receive in/ruction1 01 z ,sir ,john ,gor/ po9t$ out1 ! height ( absurdity4#aji ,?irty ye>s' compulsory education _h1 ,mr4 ,claude ,hay decl>$1 result$ 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,! ga9 9 intellig5ce 01 to say ! lea/ ( x1 equivocal1 :ile ! physical det]ioration ( ! p 0 obvi\s4 ,! reason 0 l>gely t we _h tak5 education z an isolat$ factor1 :]eas x 0 "p ( an absolutely indivisible unit4444 ,we _h assum$ t 444 ! intellect c\ld act indep5d5tly ( all o!r p>ts ( ! total human be+4 ,we _h ignor$ ! body1 ! s\l & ! w1 & ! result _h be5 a fiasco4#aaj ,compulsory education involv$ free meals1 b only = ! necessit\s *ild4#aaa ,x 0 decl>$ t _m p>5ts w\ld gladly pay if !y 7 !reby assur$ t _! *ildr5 7 adequately & prop]ly f$4#aab ,footnote #aji3 ,hans>d1 ,july #i1 #aijc1 ,vol4 #abe1 p4 #aid4 ,see also ibid41 ,febru>y #ad1 #aije1 ,vol4 #ada1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ibid41 ,april #bj1 #aijd1 ,vol4 #acc1 pp4 #ghb-c4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,ibid41 p4 #ghd4 ,footnote #aab3 ,ibid41 p4 #ghh2 ,sir ,john ,gor/1 ibid41 ,july #i1 #aijc1 ,vol4 #abe1 p4 #aif4 ,= "s "t ! ,gov]nm5t rema9$ obdurate1 & decl9$ to take any action4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 x became cle> t some?+ mu/ be done4 ,! f9d+s ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ & ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration _h creat$ too pr(\nd an impression to be ignor$4 ,yet ev5 n[ ! ,gov]nm5t 7 n prep>$ = legislation4 ,!y 7 ( op9ion t !re /ill exi/$ a wide div]g5ce ( views z to ! ext5t ( und]fe$+ & ! rem$ies to be appli$4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,m>*1 #aije1 ano!r ,dep>tm5tal ,committee 0 appo9t$ to collect fur!r in=mation4#aac ,footnote #aac3 ,hans>d1 ,m>* #ac1 #aije1 ,vol4 #adb1 p4 #aahe4 ,! ref]5ce ( ?is ,committee made x cle> t ! ,gov]nm5t _h no int5tion ( all[+ ! rates to be utilis$ = ! supply ( food4 ,9 ! matt] ( fe$+1 ! ,committee 7 m]ely to enquire into ! relief giv5 by ! v>i\s volunt>y ag5cies1 & report :e!r relief ( ?is "* c\ld be bett] organis$1 )\t any *>ge ^u public funds4#aad ,! ,report 01 !re=e1 ma9ly conc]n$ ) que/ions ( adm9i/ration4 ,a c>eful & elaborate acc\nt 0 giv5 ( ! exi/+ ag5cies all ov] ,engl&1 ! me?ods employ$1 ! sums exp5d$1 & ! k9d ( relief giv54 ,evid5ce 0 receiv$ f repres5tatives ( all ! m important societies 9 ,london & ! prov9ces4 ,x 0 f\nd t outside ,london fe$+ ag5cies exi/$ 9 #ee out ( ! #ga c\nty bor\ghs1 9 #ch out ( ! #acg bor\ghs & 9 #bb out ( ! #ee l>ge urban di/ricts4#aae ,9 addition to ^! !re 7 num]\s ef=ts ( a spasmodic "*1 s*ool meals be+ (t5 />t$ ha/ily dur+ "s special em]g5cy4 ,! ,committee e/imat$ t ! total am\nt sp5t on ! provision ( meals 9 ,engl& & ,wales 0 approximately #cc1efh1 ( :i* #aj1bii 0 sp5t 9 ,london4#aaf ,b ^! figures 7 v f> f repres5t+ ! full am\nt ( money sp5t out ( *>itable s\rces4#aag ,no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! innum]able philan?ropic ag5cies exi/+ all ov] ! c\ntry1 su* z ,s\p ,kit*5s1 ,di/rict ,visit+ ,societies & ! l1 :o 7 incid5tally sp5d+ l>ge sums on ! provision ( food = s*ool *ildr54 ,moreov]1 ! impracticability ( obta9+ returns f all ! fe$+ ag5cies & ! v>y+ me?ods 9 :i* _! acc\nts 7 made up1 made any exact computation impossible4 ,footnote #aad3 ,report ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 vii4 ,footnote #aae3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 p>s4 #ahb1 #ahf1 #ahi4 ,! total numb] ( ^! ag5cies 0 #adj4 ,( ^! #ga 7 p]man5t 7i4e41 _h be5 9 exi/5ce ov] a ye>71 #bd 7 new1 & #de 7 int]mitt5t 9 _! op]ations4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ibid41 pp4 #gh-hj1 p>s4 #bij-bic4 ,footnote #aag3 ,ibid41 p4 #gi1 p>4 #bia4 ,9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,committee1 we note ! same evils prevail+ z _h be5 discov]$ 9 =m] ye>s4 ,!re is ! same div]sity 9 ! me?od ( selection & ! same inadequate provision4 ,we f9d /ill ! practice ( giv+ a *ild a meal two or ?ree days a week only4#aah ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! fe$+ 0 conf9$ to ! w9t] mon?s1 ?\gh _m witnesses 7 ( op9ion t meals %\ld be obta9able 9 ! summ] also4#aai ,footnote #aah3 ,at pres5t1 decl>$ "o witness1 ! funds are wa/$ ?r\gh _! be+ di/ribut$ ov] too l>ge a numb] ( *ildr54444 ,at "o s*ool 444 ! headma/] ask$ ! boys :e!r !y w\ld l to h _! ticket ?is week or next week4 7,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,q4 #aghj1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,h>vey47 ,at ,norwi*1 a *ild receiv$ a meal only once a week4 ,!re 0 no sy/em ( fe$+ ! *ildr5 regul>ly4 ,!y _h to take x 9 turns4 7,ibid41 ,q4 #dbbh1 evid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,pill[47 ,at ,hull x 0 a r\gh rule giv5 to ! tea*] t a *ild %\ld be f$ e o!r day4 7,ibid41 ,qs4 #faeg1 #faeh1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,grant47 ,see also evid5ce giv5 by ,mrs4 ,adl] 7,qs4 #ace-acf71 ,mrs4 ,burgw9 7,q4 #ddf71 & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mantle 7,q4 #bdeb74 ,x 0 ev5 urg$ by ,mr4 ,hookham1 ( ,birm+ham1 t ! insuffici5cy ( ! provision 0 a positive advantage4 ,! fact t !re are m *ildr5 want+ meals ?an c get !m 444 is ! ma9 safegu>d aga9/ imposition4 ,)\t ?is safegu>d1 he decl>es1 y w lose ! evid5ce :i* ! *ildr5 give aga9/ "o ano!r :5 imposition takes place1 :i* ,i ?9k is ! mo/ valuable ( all evid5ce 7,ibid41 ,q4 #abec47 ,footnote #aai3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ge-gf1 p>s4 #bhj-bha4 ,! meals giv5 at ,brad=d 7 cont9u$ all ?r\gh ! ye>1 & s 7 ! breakfa/s giv5 by ,mr4 ,hookham at ,birm+ham 7ibid474 ,! ,committee 7 conv9c$ t1 9 all c\nty bor\ghs & l>ge t[ns1 no volunt>y ag5cy :i* ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( "o or two s*ools c\ld be work$ prop]ly1 except 9 intimate connection )1 if n directly organis$ by1 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority4 ,to avoid ov]lapp+ & abuse x 0 ess5tial t manag]s & s*ool tea*]s %\ld be requir$ to supply full in=mation1 & only ! ,local ,au?ority _h p[] to insi/ on ?is be+ done4#abj ,! ,committee deprecat$ ! pron5ess = />t+ s*ool meals ha/ily ^u "s special em]g5cy4#aba ,x 0 ess5tial t any organisation = fe$+ s*ool *ildr5 %\ld be ( a p]man5t "* & provision %\ld be made = enabl+ meals to be giv5 :]e necess>y ?r\gh\t ! ye>4#abb ,x 0 desirable t meals %\ld be obta9able on e s*ool day1 & x %\ld be ! object ( ! fe$+ ag5cy to fe$ ! mo/ de/itute *ildr5 regul>ly r ?an a l>g] numb] irregul>ly4#abc ,! ,committee recognis$ ! valuable help :i* _h be5 giv5 by ! tea*]s4 ,_m ( ! sy/ems = fe$+ ! *ildr5 _h 9 fact orig9at$ entirely ) !m1 :il/ 9 _m m ! :ole brunt ( ! "w _h fall5 ^u !m4 ,b ?is "w involv$ too great a /ra9 ^u ! tea*]s & !y %\ld n be requir$ to sup]vise ! meals unless _! att5dance 0 indisp5sable4#abd ,nor 9 ! matt] ( ! selection ( ! *ildr5 %\ld ! tea*]s be ask$ to d m ?an draw up ! prelim9>y li/4 ,!y _h no "t = visit+ ! homes nor 7 !y always ! mo/ compet5t p]sons = mak+ enquiries4 ,! f9al selection ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( a ,relief ,committee1 :i* %\ld be =m$ = ea* s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools4#abe ,! increas+ att5tion paid to ! m$ical side ( ! "q is %[n by ! recomm5dation t1 :]ev] possible1 ! advice & guidance ( ! s*ool doctor %\ld be obta9$4#abf ,! ,committee ref] ) approval to ! proposal t a sy/em ( s*ool re/aurants %\ld be e/abli%$1 at :i* meals c\ld be suppli$ at co/ price4 ,n mu* attempt1 !y say1 has yet be5 made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s*ool meals t[>ds rais+ ! /&>d ( physical developm5t among ! *ildr5 & promot+ a ta/e = :olesome & n\ri%+ food4#abg ,9 view ( ! v div]g5t op9ions express$ by witnesses1 ! ,committee 7 unable to come to a cle> conclusion :e!r or n su* re/aurants w\ld succe$1 b !y w\ld welcome exp]im5ts made 9 ?is direction4#abh ,! re/aurants1 !y ?\ght1 w\ld probably h to be kept sep>ate f any sy/em ( free d9n]s1 = attempts to comb9e free & *eap meals _h always end$ 9 failure4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts1 :]e ! *ildr5 (t5 liv$ at a great di/ance f ! s*ool1 ! ne$ = s*ool re/aurants 0 di/9ctly felt4 ,! lun*es br\ght by ! *ildr5 7 g5]ally ( a mo/ unsatisfactory nature4 ,! ,committee 7 ( op9ion t ! manag]s %\ld arrange = ! provision ( a hot d9n]1 or at any rate s\p or cocoa1 = ^? *ildr5 :o 7 unable to g home at midday4 ,a *>ge %\ld be made :i* %\ld at lea/ cov] ! co/ ( ! food4#abi ,footnote #abj3 ,ibid41 p4 #ei1 p>4 #bjh4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ibid41 p4 #ge1 p>4 #bgi4 ,footnote #abb3 ,ibid41 pp4 #hd1 #he1 p>4 #cjf1 secs4 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ibid41 p4 #he1 p>s4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #abd3 ,ibid41 pp4 #fj1 #fa1 p>s4 #baj1 #bae4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid41 pp4 #fb1 #he1 p>s4 #bbj1 #cjf 7secs4 #i1 #aj74 ,footnote #abf3 ,ibid41 p4 #ff1 p>4 #bcf4 ,s f> z ! committee c\ld discov]1 ! "q ( malnutrition & und]fe$+ has attract$ v little att5tion 9 connection ) m$ical inspection4 ,!re appe>s to be no area :]e ! ,m$ical ,(fic] works 9 close t\* ) ! organisations = ! fe$+ ( *ildr54 7,ibid41 p4 #be1 p>4 #ig47 ,footnote #abg3 ,ibid41 p4 #fh1 p>4 #bdb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,ibid41 p4 #ga1 p>4 #beh4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ibid41 p4 #eh1 p>4 #bje4 ,?is 0 already be+ done 9 "s rural s*ools4 ,at ,sidd+ton1 = in/ance1 a hot d9n] _h be5 suppli$ = ! la/ two ye>s1 ! p>5ts' paym5ts m ?an cov]+ ! co/ ( ! food4 7,ibid41 p>4 #bjb47 ,we h already allud$ to ! exp]im5t at ,r\sdon1 :]e d9n]s 7 provid$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 a specially provid$ d9+-room1 z a "p ( ! s*ool organisation4 ,"h ! co/ ( ! food 0 n q cov]$ by ! p>5ts' paym5ts4 7,ibid41 p>4 #bjc47 ,! report ( ! ,committee 0 publi%$ late 9 #aije4 ,mean:ile ! ,p>liam5t>y agitation _h cont9u$4 ,two ,bills 7 introduc$ 9 ,m>* by ,mr4 ,claude ,hay & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,h5d]son4#acj ,^! 7 )drawn to make way = a resolution mov$ by ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,bam=d7 ,slack--t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,h\se1 ! ,local ,education ,au?orities %\ld be emp[]$ 7z unanim\sly recomm5d$ by ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration1 #aijd7 to make provision1 "u su* regulations & conditions z !y may decide1 = ensur+ t all ! *ildr5 at any public elem5t>y s*ool 9 _! area %all receive prop] n\ri%m5t be=e be+ subject$ to m5tal or physical in/ruction1 & = recov]+ ! co/1 :]e exp$i5t1 f ! p>5ts or gu>dians4#aca ,?is resolution m>ks an important /age 9 ! movem5t1 = x receiv$ support f all sides ( ! ,h\se1 & 0 pass$ by a consid]able majority4#acb ,"o feature ( ! debate 0 new4 ,x 0 no long] said t ! matt] %\ld be left solely to private *>ity4 ,! ma9 po9t at issue n[ 0 :e!r ! money requir$ %\ld come f ! ,education rate or ! ,poor rate4#acc ,footnote #acj3 ,hans>d1 ,m>* #bg & #bi1 #aije1 ,vol4 #adc1 pp4 #acjg-i1 #aedc4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ibid41 ,april #ah1 #aije1 ,vol4 #ade1 p4 #eca4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ibid41 ,m>* #b1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aeb1 p4 #acid4 ,footnote #acc3 ,ibid41 ,april #ah1 #aije1 ,vol4 #ade1 p4 #eed4 ,! balance ( op9ion 0 at ?is date 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,sir ,john ,gor/ ?\ght t :]e ! p>5ts c\ld n pay = ! meals ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! ,poor ,law au?ority1 & ! natural consequ5ces ( ! receipt ( public relief w\ld foll[4 7,ibid41 ,july #i1 #aijc1 ,vol4 #abe1 p4 #aig47 ,9 ! ,bill introduc$ by ,mr4 ,claude ,hay 9 ,m>*1 #aije1 provision 0 made = paym5t ( ! co/ ( meals by ! ,gu>dians1 b any p>5t receiv+ su* relief f ! ,gu>dians might apply to a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction & ! c\rt1 if satisfi$ t ! p>5t's 444 inability to pay is tempor>y & arises f no fault ( 8 own1 might make an ord] t he %\ld n be disfran*is$4 7,elem5t>y ,education 7,fe$+ ( ,*ildr57 ,bill1 #aije1 clause #c47 7d7--,provision by ! ,gu>dians4 ,foll[+ on ?is resolution came an attempt to deal ) ! "q ?r\gh ! ma*9]y ( ! ,poor ,law4 ,by ! ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord]1#acd issu$ 9 ,april1 #aije1 ! ,gu>dians 7 emp[]$ to grant relief to ! *ild ( an able-bodi$ man )\t requir+ him to ent] ! workh\se or p]=m ! outdoor lab\r te/4#ace ,any relief s giv5 0 to be on loan if ! case 0 "o ( habitual neglect1 & might be s giv5 9 any case at ! discretion ( ! ,gu>dians4#acf ,except ) ! special sanction ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d proce$+s 7 always to be tak5 to recov] ! co/4#acg ,! *ildr5 ( wid[s & ( wives n liv+ ) _! husb&s 7 expressly exclud$ f ! scope ( ! ord]4#ach ,! reason = ?is omission 0 t ^! *ildr5 c\ld already be dealt ) by ! ,gu>dians & t1 !re=e1 no fur!r sanction 0 ne$$1 b ?is 0 n cle>ly expla9$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 & 0 inde$ n g5]ally und]/ood4#aci ,x 0 recomm5d$ t1 :]e *>itable organisations exi/$1 ! ,gu>dians %\ld make arrangem5ts ) !m = ! supply ( food2 9 o!r cases an arrangem5t might be made ) a local %opkeep]4#adj ,a circul> issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education to ! ,local ,education ,au?orities1 expla9+ h[ ^! au?orities c\ld co-op]ate ) ! ,gu>dians 9 c>ry+ out ! ord]1 classifi$ und]f$ *ildr5 "u ?ree heads3--7#a7 ^? ^: p>5ts 7 p]man5tly impov]i%$2 7#b7 ^? ^: p>5ts ?r\gh illness1 loss ( employm5t1 or o!r unavoidable causes 7 tempor>ily unable to provide = !m2 7#c7 ^? ^: p>5ts1 ?\gh capable ( mak+ provision1 _h neglect$ to d s4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ! second ( ^! gr\ps ( cases %\ld be left to ! volunt>y ag5cies1 ! fir/ & ?ird be+ dealt ) by ! ,gu>dians4#ada ,footnote #acd3 ,= a description ( ! work+ ( ?is ord] see ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 #hvo4 edition1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #afj-afb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord]1 #aije1 ,article ,v4 79 #ce? ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #cbb74 ,footnote #acf3 ,ibid41 ,article ,,ii41 sec4 #b4 ,footnote #acg3 ,ibid41 ,article ,,vi4 ,:e!r ! am\nt 0 recov]$ or n ! p>5t became a paup]1 & 0 disfran*is$4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ibid41 ,article ,,vii4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! :ole ,ord]1 decl>$ ,mr4 ,wyatt1 ! ,director ( ,elem5t>y ,education at ,man*e/]1 0 a mo/ p]plex+ ?+4 ,v e>ly 9 ! ye> !re came d[n to ,man*e/] a ,poor ,law ,inspector :o said t ! con/ruction ( ! ,ord] 0 t ! *ildr5 ( wid[s or des]t$ wom5 %\ld n come "u ! ,ord]4 ,t swept away a great _m ( ^? we _h be5 fe$+4 7,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,q4 #abjh47 ,miss ,m>g>et ,fr]e 0 ( op9ion t ! ,ord] w\ld be a dead lett] 9 t x rul$ out ! two mo/ difficult classes1 "o be+ wid[s & des]t$ wives4 7,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,q4 #dhc47 ,footnote #adj3 ,circul> ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d accompany+ ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord]1 9 #ce? ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #ada3 ,circul> issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education to ! ,local ,education ,au?orities re ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord]1 ,april #bh1 #aije4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ,unions ?is ord] 0 entirely disreg>d$4#adb ,9 ,london ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ?\gh ready to assi/ 9 c>ry+ x out :]e local au?orities desir$ x1 decl9$ to initiate proce$+s1 = !y did n look ^u ! ord] z mat]ially help+ ! solution ( ! problem4#adc ,:]e ! ,local ,education ,au?ority & ! ,gu>dians agre$ on a s*eme1 !re 0 con/ant friction4 ,?is 0 only to be expect$4 ,! oppos+ views ( ! two bodies--! "o actuat$ by a desire to ensure t *ildr5 %\ld n be prev5t$ by lack ( food f tak+ advantage ( ! education provid$ = !m1 ! o!r imbu$ ) ! _s ( det]r5ce--militat$ aga9/ any successful co-op]ation4 ,:5 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority s5t 9 li/s ( und]f$ *ildr51 ! ,gu>dians cut !m d[n ru?lessly4#add ,!re 0 no s]i\s cont5tion t ^! *ildr5 did n ne$ food1 b m]ely t _! p>5ts' circum/ances 7 su* t !y c\ld af=d to provide x4 ,und\bt$ly "u ! volunt>y fe$+ sy/em !re _h be5 mu* abuse1 _m p>5ts obta9+ ! meals :5 !y 7 9 receipt ( good incomes4#ade ,b 9 ^! cases1 ) v few exceptions1#adf no pressure 0 br\ght to be> by ! ,gu>dians on ! p>5ts to =ce !m to provide adequate food = _! *ildr51 & ! *ildr5 consequ5tly rema9$ unf$4 ,9 _m cases ! fa!rs ( ! *ildr5 indignantly refus$ to all[ !m to receive ! meals :5 !y discov]$ t disfran*isem5t 0 entail$4 ,footnote #adb3 ,! ord] has be5 s f> practically a dead lett] 9 ?is di/rict ! c\nties ( ,b$=d1 ,h]t=d1 ,hunt+don1 etc44 7#ce? ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #deb47 ,su* seems to h be5 ! case also 9 ,york%ire & ! nor!rn c\nties1 9 ,wales1 9 ,essex & 9 ,surrey1 = we f9d no m5tion ( ! ,ord] 9 ! reports ( ! ,inspectors = ^! di/ricts4 ,footnote #adc3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,july #aa1 #aije1 p4 #big4 ,! ,c\ncil object$ to ! introduction ( a dual au?ority 9 e di/rict1 :i* w\ld cause delay & possibly friction2 ! abs5ce ( any provision = uni=mity ( rules 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts2 & ! radical error ( all[+ ! co/ to fall on ! local au?orities in/ead ( on ,gov]nm5t funds1 or at lea/ on ! rates ( ,london z a :ole4 ,! risk ( fa!rs be+ disfran*is$ z a result ( meals be+ suppli$ by ! ,gu>dians to _! *ildr5 )\t _! k1 w\ld militate aga9/ ! usefulness ( ! s*eme 7ibid474 ,z a matt] ( fact v few cases 7 reliev$ 9 ,london "u ! ,ord]4 7,hans>d1 ,july #ca1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #afb1 p4 #fhj47 ,9 two unions1 ,fulham & ,w&swor?1 :]e ! ,gu>dians (f]$ to assi/1 ! ,c\ncil all[$ li/s to be s5t f ! s*ools1 b ! great majority ( ^! *ildr5 7 report$ by ! ,reliev+ ,(fic]s n to be und]f$4 7,report ( ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 = #aije-f1 p4 #d47 ,footnote #add3 ,at ,bri/ol out ( #abi applications f ! ,local ,education ,au?ority1 ! ,gu>dians felt ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ relief 9 #ab cases only4 7#ce? ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #dhj47 ,at ,*orlton1 relief 0 giv5 9 #bai cases out ( #a1bie applications2 at ,sal=d 9 #age out ( #a1jhf4 7,ibid41 p4 #ejd47 ,at ,/oke-on-,tr5t1 out ( #gb cases report$ #d 7 reliev$1 & at ,ecclesall ,bi]l[ #ea cases 7 r$uc$ aft] c>eful inve/igation to "o4 7,ibid41 pp4 #dhh1 #ebj47 ,at ,kett]+1 on ! o!r h&1 practically all ! cases ref]r$ to ! ,gu>dians 7 reliev$4 7,report ( ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 ,app5dix1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,q4 #fddc47 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 exceptional4 ,footnote #ade3 ,at ,birm+ham x 0 f\nd t _m p>5ts 7 e>n+ ov] #cjs4 a week1 & 9 "o case ! p>5t 0 9 con/ant employm5t ) an av]age rate ( #c #ags4 #f;d4 a week4 7#ce? ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #die47 ,at ,bolton1 "s ( ! p>5ts 7 receiv+ f #b to #c a week4 7,ibid41 p4 #ejf47 ,footnote #adf3 ,9 ! ,bolton ,union1 9 cases :]e ! fa!r's income 0 consid]$ suffici5t to provide meals )\t assi/ance1 ! *ildr5 7 specially wat*$ & report$ ^u by ! ,cross ,visitor ea* =tnight1 until ! ,gu>dians 7 satisfi$ t ! p>5ts 7 c>ry+ out _! responsibility 9 ?is respect4444 ,! ,reliev+ ,(fic] visits ! home at meal "t1 or 9 ! ev5+1 to see :at provision is made = fe$+ ! *ildr54 7#ce? ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #ejc47 ,at ,birm+ham ! head tea*]s 7 ( op9ion t ! *ildr5 7 be+ bett] look$ aft] by _! p>5ts ?an =m]ly ow+ to ! way 9 :i* ! ,ord] 0 be+ c>ri$ out4 7,ibid41 p4 #die47 ,at ,brad=d1 :]e ! mo/ sy/ematic attempt 0 made to c>ry out ! ord]1 ! disputes & difficulties prov$ endless4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,gu>dians 444 proce$$ 9 select+ ! *ildr5 to be f$ 71 decl>$ ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,j[ett1 su* z made n = ! fe$+ ( ! *ildr5 s mu* z = ! sav+ ( exp5se4#adg ,! quality ( ! food & ! conditions "u :i* ! meals 7 s]v$#adh 7 hotly criticis$4 ,! attempt on ! "p ( ! ,gu>dians to recov] ! co/ f ! p>5ts rais$ a /orm ( prote/4#adi ,f9ally1 9 ,may1 #aijg1 ! ,gu>dians ann\nc$ _! int5tion ( discont9u+ ! provision ( meals & ! ,local ,education ,au?ority took ov] ! "w4#aej ,9 no o!r t[n 0 ! action ( ! ,gu>dians prolong$ to s late a date4 ,by ! end ( #aijf1 inde$1 ! ,ord] _h become a dead lett]4 ,mean:ile1 ! public hav+ assum$ t ev]y?+ necess>y w\ld be und]tak5 by ! ,poor ,law ,au?orities1 volunt>y contributions _h decl9$4#aea ,footnote #adg3 ,brad=d ,city ,c\ncil ,proce$+s1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aije4 ,footnote #adh3 ,at ! c5tres provid$ by ! ,gu>dians ! *ildr5 7 kept outside ! doors until all 0 ready1 & :5 !y 7 all[$ to ent] !y came 9 )\t any semblance ( ord]1 to tables )\t clo?s1 )\t seats4 7,brad=d & its ,*ildr53 ,h[ ,!y are ,f$1 by ,c\ncillor ,j4 ,h4 ,pal91 #aijh1 pp4 #f-g47 ,lat] ! ,gu>dians di/ribut$ ! *ildr5 among v>i\s little eat+-h\ses 9 ! t[n1 :]e ! food 0 bett]1 ?\gh ! conditions ( s]v+ 7 n mu* improv$4 7,ibid47 ,footnote #adi3 ,hans>d1 ,febru>y #bh1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aeb1 p4 #aabi2 ,brad=d ,city ,c\ncil ,proce$+s1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aije2 see also ! local newspap]s ab\t ?is "t4 ,! prosecutions 7 app>5tly conf9$ to ^? cases :]e ! und]fe$+ ( ! *ildr5 0 due to neglect on ! "p ( ! p>5ts4 ,! *>ge fix$ by ! ,gu>dians 01 h[ev]1 v high1 #c;d4 p] meal4 ,up to ,m>* #a1 #aijf1 action _h be5 tak5 9 ! ,c\nty ,c\rt aga9/ #ea m5 & ord]s = paym5t obta9$ 9 ea* case4 7,a %ort acc\nt ( ! work+ ( ! ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord]1 issu$ by ! ,brad=d ,poor ,law ,union1 #aijf2 ,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,qs4 #agjb-je47 ,9 o!r unions !re seems to h be5 little or no attempt to recov] ! co/4 ,at ,birm+ham1 = in/ance1 x 0 report$1 ! process ( recov]y laid d[n by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 0 f>cical 9 "* & 0 dropp$4 7,report ( ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 ,app5dix1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 ,q4 #dcfbf1 p>4 #cg47 ,footnote #aej3 ,extracts f ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,brad=d ,education ,committee = ! f\r ye>s end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji & #aiaj 9 respect to ! work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aea3 ,at ,birm+ham ! ,free ,d9n] ,society1 aft] an exi/5ce ( ?irty ye>s1 ceas$ its op]ations :5 ! ,ord] came into =ce4 7,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 ,app5dix1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,q4 #hebe47 ,!re 0 at fir/1 decl>$ ,mr4 ,j5n] ,fu/1 a ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,inspector1 mu* misappreh5sion among ! public z to ! scope ( ! ,ord]1 ! preval5t idea be+ t all s*ool *ildr5 requir+ x w\ld n[ be suppli$ ) free meals at ! public exp5se1 & t !re 0 no fur!r occasion = volunt>y ef=ts4 7#ce? ,report ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #aije-f1 p4 #ejf47 7e7--,! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act4 ,! ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord] hav+ prov$ a relative failure1 to use ,mr4 ,john ,burns' mod]ate expression1#aeb & ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 hav+ demon/rat$ once m ! inadequacy ( exi/+ ag5cies to cope ) ! evil1 x became imp]ative = ,p>liam5t to take action4 ,e>ly 9 #aijf ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bill 0 introduc$4#aec ,! opposition to ?is ,bill1 bo? inside#aed & outside#aee ! ,h\se1 re/$ ma9ly on ! famili> argum5ts respect+ p>5tal responsibility & ! advisability ( leav+ all que/ions connect$ ) relief to ! ,poor ,law ,au?orities4 ,we he> also ! objection t free meals mu/ lead to a r$uction 9 wages4#aef ,! /ronge/ argum5t1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 little att5tion 0 paid1 0 t urg$ by ! ,ed9burgh ,s*ool ,bo>d be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons to :i* ! ,bill 0 ref]r$4 ,! ,bill t\*es ! fr+e ( v s]i\s & compreh5sive social problems ) :i* ! ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t %\ld deal1 & x ! ,s*ool ,bo>d objects to s mu* p[] be+ plac$ ^u a local au?ority be=e ,p>liam5t has dealt ) s]i\s pr9ciples und]ly+ ! que/ions involv$4#aeg ,! causes ( l[ physique & vitality1 & inability to pr(it by in/ruction are insanitation1 ov]cr[d+1 keep+ ! *ildr5 out at night v late or all night1 bad footwe>1 & homes :]e !y h no v5tilation at night1 irregul> meals1 uncleanl9ess & bad clo?+ & out-(-s*ool employm5t4#aeh ,?is 0 v true1 b x did n conv9ce ! public t no?+ %\ld be done4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,miss ,horn1 ! secret>y ( ! ,we/m9/] ,heal? ,society1 :]e cont9u\s fe$+ 0 comb9$ ) regul> visits to ! p>5ts1 !re 0 a di/9ct improvem5t 9 ! /&>d ( ! homes4#aei ,footnote #aeb3 ,hans>d1 ,decemb] #f1 #aijf1 vol4 #aff1 p4 #abhd4 ,footnote #aec3 ,! ,bill 0 introduc$ by a private memb]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,wilson4 ,! ,gov]nm5t decid$ to make ! matt] an op5 "q ) _! foll[]s4 7,ibid41 ,febru>y #bb & ,m>* #b1 #aijf1 vol4 #aeb1 pp4 #ebe1 #acii47 ,footnote #aed3 ,= ! debates on ! ,bill see ,hans>d1 ,m>* #b1 ,decemb] #f1 #g1 #ac1 #ai1 #bj & #ba1 #aijf 7vol4 #aeb1 pp4 #acij-addh2 vol4 #aff1 pp4 #abgc-abib1 #acae-adfe2 vol4 #afg1 pp4 #gbb-ghj1 #adgc-adhb1 #afbi-afgj1 #ahfe-ahha74 ,footnote #aee3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! discussions at a conf]5ce ( repres5tatives ( ,*>ity ,organisation ,societies held 9 #aijf4 7,*>ity ,organisation ,review1 ,july1 #aijf1 pp4 #cj et seq47 ,footnote #aef3 ,mr4 ,h>old ,cox1 ,hans>d1 ,m>* #b1 #aijf1 vol4 #aeb1 pp4 #adab1 #adag4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mill1 ,*airman ( ,ed9burgh ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,q4 #daid4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,ibid41 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,scott1 ,head ,tea*] ( ,wood ,close ,s*ool1 ,be?nal ,gre51 ,q4 #bfda4 ,cf4 evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,k]r 7,q4 #bihd71 ,miss ,horn 7,qs4 #acba-b71 & ,mr4 ,f]guson 7,q4 #bgci74 ,footnote #aei3 ,ibid41 ,qs4 #abhg-abij4 ,dur+ ! ,p>liam5t>y debates1 = ! fir/ "t1 mu* emphasis 0 laid on ! educational value ( ! meals if s]v$ "u prop] conditions4 ,mr4 ,birrell c\ld conceive no great] s]vice to po/]ity ?an to raise ! /&>d ( liv+ 9 ! *ildr5 ( ! pres5t day4#afj ,x 0 desir$ t ?is "w %\ld be n a "w ( relief1 b a "w ( education1 decl>$ ,mr4 ,l\gh1 ! ,p>liam5t>y ,secret>y to ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,!y want$ :olesome food giv5 to ! *ildr5 & !y want$ ! *ildr5 taught h[ to eat x1 :i* 0 a mo/ useful lesson4#afa ,?is 0 n m]ely a "q ( provid+ ! meals1 said ,mr4 ,john ,burns1 x 0 also "o ( tea*+ bett] habits & mann]s4#afb ,= ?is "w ! ,local ,education ,au?orities 7 bett] fitt$ ?an ! ,gu>dians1 = !y w\ld attract1 9 a way :i* ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians w\ld n1 ! s]vices ( volunt>y ag5cies1 ( leisur$ p 444 & ( manag]s & tea*]s1 ^: assi/ance 0 absolutely ess5tial4#afc ,= ^! reasons x 0 ess5tial t ! ,local ,education ,au?orities %\ld h p[] to provide meals1 n only = necessit\s *ildr5 b also1 on receipt ( paym5t1 = ! *ildr5 ( all p>5ts :o desir$ x4#afd ,footnote #afj3 ,hans>d1 ,m>* #b1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aeb1 p4 #adda4 ,footnote #afa3 ,ibid41 ,decemb] #f1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aff1 p4 #abhj4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ibid41 p4 #abhe4 ,footnote #afc3 ,ibid4 ,see also ! spee*es ( ,mr4 ,j[ett 7ibid41 ,m>* #b1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aeb1 p4 #adab71 ,mr4 ,claude ,hay 7ibid41 ,decemb] #f1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aff1 p4 #abhh7 & ! ,e>l ( ,crewe 7ibid41 ,decemb] #ai1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #afg1 p4 #adgh74 ,an am5dm5t to sub/itute ! ,poor ,law ,gu>dians = ! ,local ,education ,au?ority z ! au?ority = ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act 0 defeat$ by an ov]:elm+ majority1 ! vot+ be+ #bij to #cf4 7,ibid41 ,decemb] #f1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aff1 pp4 #abgd-abhh47 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d did n1 9 fact1 desire to h ! duty impos$ on !m4 7,mr4 ,john ,burns1 ibid41 p4 #abhe47 ,footnote #afd3 ,an am5dm5t to limit ! provision ( meals to und]f$ *ildr5 only 0 defeat$ by #bcj votes to #ci4 ,mr4 ,l\gh decl>$ ! am5dm5t w\ld /rike at ! root ( "o ( ! objects ( ! ,bill4 7,ibid41 ,decemb] #g1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aff1 pp4 #acci-dj1 #acej47 ,! new attitude ( ,society t[>ds ! *ild & ! family 0 br\ght out by ,"l ,grim?orpe dur+ ! debates 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,! *ildr5 are ! p>am\nt consid]ation4444 ,9 a great _m cases ! p>5ts are already demoralis$ ow+ to hav+ !mselves be5 insuffici5tly n\ri%$ 9 _! y\?4 ,because !y suff] f ^? conditions !re is no reason :y we %\ld inflict simil> conditions on ! *ildr54444 ,exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt] %[s u t ! s5se ( p>5tal responsibility w be increas$ r ?an decreas$4 ,:5 ! p>5t sees t 8 *ild is reg>d$ by ! nation z a valuable national asset he himself w ?9k m ( 8 *ild4#afe ,footnote #afe3 ,ibid41 ,decemb] #bj1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #afg1 p4 #afcg4 ,! ,bill receiv$ ! ,royal ass5t on ,decemb] #ba1 #aijf4aff ,x provid$ t ! ,local ,education ,au?ority might associate ) !mselves any committee 7call$ a ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee7 on :i* ! ,au?ority 0 repres5t$1 :o w\ld und]take to provide food1 & might aid t committee by furni%+ build+s & app>atus & ! (fic]s & s]vants necess>y = ! organisation1 prep>ation & s]vice ( ! meals4#afg ,! p>5ts 7 to be *>g$ su* an am\nt z might be det]m9$ by ! ,local ,education ,au?ority1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( non-paym5t1 ! ,local ,au?ority1 unless satisfi$ t ! p>5t 0 unable to pay1 %\ld recov] ! am\nt summ>ily z a civil debt4#afh ,failure on ! "p ( ! p>5t to pay 0 n1 h[ev]1 to involve disfran*isem5t4#afi ,:]e ! ,education ,au?ority resolv$ t any ( ! *ildr5 att5d+ an elem5t>y s*ool )9 _! area are unable by reason ( lack ( food to take full advantage ( ! education provid$ = !m1 & h asc]ta9$ t funds o!r ?an public funds are n available or are insuffici5t 9 am\nt to defray ! co/ ( food1 !y might1 ) ! sanction ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 provide = food out ( ! rates1 ! am\nt ?us sp5t be+1 h[ev]1 limit$ to :at w\ld be produc$ by a halfp5ny rate4#agj ,! tea*]s might1 if !y desir$1 assi/ 9 ! provision ( meals b !y 7 n to be requir$ z "p ( _! duties to d s4#aga ,footnote #aff3 #f ,edw>d ,,vii41 c4 #eg4 ,footnote #afg3 ,ibid41 clause #a4 ,footnote #afh3 ,ibid41 clause #b4 ,! ,select ,committee to :i* ! ,bill _h be5 ref]r$1 :ile ( op9ion t ! local education au?ority ought to und]take ! adm9i/ration r ?an ! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians1 nev]!less recomm5d$ t x %\ld be ! duty ( ! ,gu>dians to recov] ! co/ f neglectful p>5ts4 7,report ( ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 pp4 viii41 x47 ,!y accord+ly ins]t$ a provision to ?is effect 7see ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bill z am5d$ by ! ,select ,committee1 ,no4 #cca ( #aijf1 clause #b74 ,?is 0 am5d$ 9 ! committee /age 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 7,hans>d1 ,decemb] #g1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #aff1 pp4 #adci-addd4 ,footnote #afi3 #f ,edw>d ,,vii41 c4 #eg1 clause #d4 ,footnote #agj3 ,ibid41 clause #c4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ibid41 clause #f4 ,! ,bill1 :5 x left ! ,commons1 appli$ to ,scotl& z well z ,engl& & ,wales4 ,! ,lords1 h[ev]1 /ruck out ! clause ext5d+ its application to ,scotl&4#agb ,! ,commons1 9 view ( ! fact t ! session 0 s f> advanc$1 agre$ to ?is am5dm5t1 b "u prote/4#agc ,x 0 n till two ye>s lat] t ! ,scotti% ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 by ! ,education 7,scotl&7 ,act ( #aijh1agd receiv$ p[] to sp5d ! rates on ! provision ( food4 ,footnote #agb3 ,hans>d1 ,decemb] #bj1 #aijf1 ,vol4 #afg1 pp4 #affb-afgj4 ,footnote #agc3 ,ibid41 ,decemb] #ba1 #aijf1 pp4 #ahfe-ahha4 ,footnote #agd3 #h ,edw>d ,,vii41 c4 #fc 7,decemb] #ba1 #aijh74 ,a ,bill 0 introduc$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #aijg1 b 0 )drawn4 7,hans>d1 ,m>* #bj1 #aijg1 ,vol4 #aga1 pp4 #hhj-hhc47 ,= an acc\nt ( ! provision made 9 ,scotl& see ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,! ,provision ( ,meals ,act m>ks an important po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ool fe$+4 ,! exp]im5ts ( =ty ye>s _h amply demon/rat$ ! impossibility ( deal+ ) ! evils ( und]fe$+ ?r\gh volunt>y ag5cies alone4 ,p>liam5t 0 inde$ /ill conv9c$ t volunt>y organisations 7 ! be/ bodies to supply ! necess>y food4 ,! proposal t ! duty ( provid+ meals %\ld be ca/ entirely ^u ,local ,education ,au?orities1 rely+ only on public funds1 _h inde$1 z ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons decl>$1 n be5 s]i\sly sugge/$4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld obvi\sly result 9 ! ext9ction ( all volunt>y societies1 a result f e po9t ( view 444 mu* to be deplor$4#age ,only :]e volunt>y subscriptions fail$ might ! ,local ,au?ority provide ! necess>y funds4 ,ev5 9 ?is case !re 0 no compulsion on ! au?ority to take any action :atsoev]4 ,/ill1 ) all ^! limitations1 ! ,act involv$ ! assumption1 h[ev] p>tial & incomplete1 by ! ,/ate ( ! function ( secur+ to its *ildr51 by "o means or ano!r1 ! necess>y m9imum1 n only ( education1 b also ( food4 ,footnote #age3 ,report ( ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 p4 vi4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,! ,,education 7,,provision ,,( ,,meals7 ,,act ,we propose 9 ?is *apt] to describe ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,local ,education ,au?orities are adm9i/]+ ! ,act ( #aijf4 ,we %all see t ! adoption ( ! ,act has be5 by no means univ]sal & t 9 _m t[ns provision is /ill made by volunt>y ag5cies4 ,:]e ! ,act has be5 put 9 =ce we %all f9d ! greate/ div]sity ( practice 9 su* matt]s z ! selection ( ! *ildr51 ! diet>y provid$ & ! mann] 9 :i* ! meals are s]v$4 ,"o ,local ,au?ority w con/rue its duties "u ! ,act 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 cutt+ d[n ! numb] ( *ildr5 to be f$ to ! m9imum1 & s]v+ ! meals ) ! lea/ possible exp5se4 ,ano!r au?ority w look on ! s*ool meal z a valuable means = improv+ ! physique ( its s*ol>s2 x w endeav\r to secure t all *ildr5 :o are und]f$ %all be giv5 s*ool meals2 ! diet>y w be c>efully plann$1 :ile1 9 ! matt] ( ! s]vice ( ! meals1 ! aim w be to make ^! 9 e way educational4 ,we %all see t meals are z a rule giv5 only dur+ t]m-"t1 holiday fe$+ out ( rates be+ held to be illegal1 :ile _m au?orities limit _! op]ations to ! w9t] mon?s4 ,mo/ au?orities h conf9$ _! provision almo/ entirely to necessit\s *ildr51 ! plan ( provid+ meals z a matt] ( conv5i5ce = *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o are at "w all day or are o!rwise prev5t$ f prep>+ a midday meal1 & :o w\ld be able & will+ to pay = s*ool d9n]s1 f9d+ b little fav\r4 ,we %all describe ! arrangem5ts made 9 ! ,special ,s*ools = defective *ildr51 :]e a d9n] is provid$ ei!r = all *ildr5 att5d+ ! s*ool or = all ^? :o c>e to /ay1 & 9 ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 :]e ! provision ( ?ree meals a day = all is ! rule4 ,we %all discuss ! ext5t to :i* ! provision ( meals by ! ,local ,education ,au?ority ov]laps ! relief giv5 by ! ,poor ,law ,gu>dians4 ,f9ally we %all t\* ^u ! "q ( und]fe$+ 9 ! rural di/ricts1 :]e ! problem is little less urg5t ?an 9 ! t[ns4 7a7--,! ,adoption ( ! ,act4 ,! ,provision ( ,meals ,act came into =ce on ,decemb] #ba1 #aijf4 ,z we h se51 x 0 m]ely p]missive & its adoption 01 !re=e1 only gradual4#agf ,_m ,local ,education ,au?orities cont5t$ !mselves ) mak+ arrangem5ts ) volunt>y ag5cies1 ! ,education ,committee cont9u+ ! already common practice ( provid+ accommodation & app>atus1 & ! volunt>y society provid+ z hi!rto funds = ! food4 ,?us1 at ,hull1 ! ,education ,au?ority co-op]at$ ) ! ,hull ,s*ool ,*ildr5's ,help ,society1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #ahhe = ! provision ( free meals4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 cont9u$ till #aijh1 :5 ! ,society's funds 7 exhau/$ & rec\rse 0 _h to ! rates4#agg ,at ,sc>bor\gh1 ! ,amicable ,society1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #agbi = clo?+ & educat+ ! *ildr5 ( ! poor ( ,sc>bor\gh1 arrang$ ) ! ,education ,au?ority t ! provision ( meals %\ld be organis$ ?r\gh a ,jo9t ,committee ( ! two bodies4#agh ,at ,liv]pool1 :]e ! provision ( meals _h be5 und]tak5 s9ce ! e>ly "p ( #aijf1 be=e ! ,act 0 pass$1 by a volunt>y committee consi/+ ( memb]s ( ! ,education ,committee1 ! ,c5tral ,relief ,society1 ! ,gu>dians & o!rs1 ?is sy/em 0 cont9u$ = "s ye>s4 ,9 spite ( /r5u\s opposition 9 #aijh f ! ,lab\r p>ty & ! local ,fabian ,society1 :o compla9$ t ! numb]s f$ 7 f> bel[ ! numb] 9 ne$ ( food1 & t no prop] attempt 0 made to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( ! ne$1 a special committee appo9t$ by ! ,education ,committee to inve/igate ! :ole "q report$ t ! exi/+ volunt>y sy/em 0 adequate4 ,x 0 n till ,novemb]1 #aiji1 t ! ,education ,committee resolv$ t1 aft] full consid]ation ( ! circum/ances & aft] hav+ reg>d to ! fact t x has be5 necess>y to call ^u ! g5]al public on two occasions dur+ ea* ye> = subscriptions to ! funds1 ! ,committee _c b conclude t ! "t has n[ come :5 ! provisions ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 #aijf1 %\ld be put into =ce1 &1 !re=e1 ?\gh ) great reluctance1 !y recomm5d$ t application be made to ! ,bo>d ( ,education = p[] to levy a rate4#agi ,footnote #agf3 ,a/on ,manor 0 ! fir/ t[n to apply = au?ority to levy a rate4 ,brad=d1 ,man*e/]1 & o!r t[ns soon foll[$4 ,dur+ ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aijh1 #dj au?orities 7 au?oris$ to levy a rate4 ,dur+ ! two foll[+ ye>s ! numb] 0 increas$ to #he & #if respectively4 7,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #h2 ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aijh-i1 p4 #abc2 ditto = #aiji-aj1 p4 #fb47 ,footnote #agg3 ,app5dix to ,m9utes ( ! ,hull ,education ,committee1 ,octob] #bb1 #aiji4 ,footnote #agh3 ,report ( ! ,sc>bor\gh ,amicable ,society = #aiaj1 pp4 #e1 #h4 ,footnote #agi3 ,fe$+ ! ,*ildr51 by ,h4 ,beswick1 9 ! ,cl>ion1 ,octob] #aa1 #aiab4 ,leice/]1 p]haps1 furni%es ! mo/ notable example ( ! survival ( ! volunt>y pr9ciple4 ,9 #aijf1 :5 ! ,provision ( ,meals ,bill 0 be=e ,p>liam5t1 ! ,t[n ,c\ncil appe>s to h be5 9 fav\r ( x4 ,aft] ! ,act 0 pass$1 h[ev]1 ! ,leice/] bran* ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society oppos$ its adoption4 ,at a conf]5ce betwe5 repres5tatives ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society & ! ,national ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr51 a s*eme 0 =mulat$ = adm9i/]+ ! ,act f volunt>y funds4 ,! s*eme 0 accept$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 & ! =mation ( ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association 0 ! result4#ahj ,?is body consi/s *iefly ( memb]s ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society & ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr51 ) a small m9ority repres5t+ ! ,education ,committee4 ,9 spite ( consid]able opposition f ! ,lab\r p>ty1 :o dem& t ! ,act %all be put into =ce1 meals are /ill provid$ by ?is ,association out ( volunt>y funds4#aha ,footnote #ahj3 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,leice/] ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 #aijg-h1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aha3 ,= a description ( ! me?ods adopt$1 see po/1 pp4 #if-g4 ,a some:at simil> sy/em is 9 =ce at ,*e/]field1 :]e ! arrangem5ts = fe$+ are made by ! ,civic ,guild1 ! exp5se be+ borne out ( _! funds4 ,! ,education ,committee is repres5t$ on ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil & ,executive ,committee ( ! ,guild 9 a g5]al s5se1 n 9 connection ) fe$+ alone4 ,cases ( *ildr5 requir+ food are report$ by ! ,att5dance ,(fic]s1 & are f$ at once by ! ,guild1 inve/igation be+ made aft]w>ds4 ,if help is f\nd necess>y ! :ole family is adequately reliev$4 ,arrangem5ts are usually made = ! *ildr5 to be f$ at eat+-h\ses4 ,! numb] ( *ildr5 s dealt ) is v small4 ,?is delay on ! "p ( ! ,local ,au?orities 9 t[ns :]e1 x 0 ass]t$1 x 0 notori\s t *ildr5 suff]$ f want ( food1#ahb l$ to an attempt to make ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] responsible = det]m9+ :e!r or n x 0 necess>y to put ! ,act 9 =ce4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aijh1 a ,bill 0 introduc$ by ! ,lab\r p>ty ) ! object ( provid+ t1 :5 reque/$ by ! ,education ,committee1 by a majority ( ! manag]s1 or by ! head tea*]s1 ! ,local ,au?ority %\ld provide = ! m$ical inspection ( ! *ildr5 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r !y 7 suff]+ f insuffici5t or improp] food2 if ! m$ical inspector report$ t ! *ildr5 7 s suff]+1 ! ,local ,au?ority %\ld be oblig$ to provide food4 ,! ,bill 0 n proce$$ )1 & ! same fate befell f\r simil> ,bills introduc$ )9 ! next five ye>s4#ahc ,footnote #ahb3 ,hans>d1 ,april #bc1 #aiji1 #e? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #agig4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,bill1 ,decemb] #h1 #aijh2 ,febru>y #ai1 #aiji2 ,april #ad1 #aiaj2 ,febru>y #ai1 #aiab2 ,april #ae1 #aiac4 ,9 #aiaa-aiab1 out ( #cbb ,local ,education ,au?orities 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #aca 7 return$ z mak+ "s provision = ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 7i4e4 #ac c\nties1 includ+ ,london1 #eg ,c\nty ,bor\ghs1 #ce ,bor\ghs & #bf ,urban ,di/ricts74#ahd ,( ^! #ie 7 sp5d+ rates on ! provision ( food2 #ai 7 sp5d+ rates on adm9i/rative *>ges only 7accommodation1 app>atus1 etc471 ! co/ ( food be+ borne by volunt>y funds2 :il/ 9 ! rema9+ #ag areas#ahe ! co/ ( bo? food & adm9i/ration 0 met by volunt>y contributions4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #cbj-cbb1 #cbi4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ,leice/]1 ,sund]l&1 & ,b>nsley4 ,! /eady decrease 9 ! am\nt d]iv$ f volunt>y contributions1 & ! increase 9 rates are %[n by ! foll[+ table 3--#ahf ,rates ,volunt>y ,miscellane\s s\rces ,total4 ,contribution 7contributions f p>5ts1 ,poor ,law ,gu>dians1 etc47 ,= ! ye> #fg1ebd #ag1hca #cce #he1fij #aijh-i ,= ! ye> #abe1cgb #i1hac #ijf #acf1jia #aiji-aj ,= ! ye> #adj1hge #g1ecg #a1cgj #adi1ghb #aiaj-aa ,= ! ye> #aea1gfc #c1jfd #b1bib #aeg1abg #aiaa-ab ,footnote #ahf3 ,see ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #cj1 & 7= ,london7 p4 #bd2 ditto = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaj1 p4 #bj2 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 p4 #cji2 ditto = #aiaa1 p4 #ccb4 ,! volunt>y contributions are und]/at$ 9 ! figures = #aijh-i1 & possibly ?r\gh\t4 ,! returns = #aijh-i1 = in/ance1 d n include ,liv]pool1 :]e ! :ole co/ 0 defray$ by volunt>y contributions1 & no f9ancial details 7 suppli$ to ! ,bo>d4 ,! discrepancy 9 ! total = #aiaa-ab is due to ! fact t ! figures 9 ! sev]al columns are n giv5 exactly1 b to ! ne>e/ 4 ,! total numb] ( *ildr5 f$ is giv5 9 ! returns = #aiaa z #abd1fhe4ahg ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n include a few c\nties & t[ns :i* did n return ! numb] f$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! areas ! numb] f$ is v small1 b at ,b>nsley ! numb] att5d+ daily 0 ab\t #b1iag1 & 9 ,london ! highe/ numb] f$ 9 any "o week dur+ ! ye> 0 #dd1ihc4 ,if we take ^! figures z repres5t+ r\ghly betwe5 two-fif?s & "o half ( ! total numb] ( *ildr5 :o 7 f$ at "s "t or o!r dur+ ! ye>1 we get a total ( ab\t #bcj1jjj1ahh out ( a total s*ool population ( #e1ceg1efg4ahi ,footnote #ahg3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #cbb-bd1 #ccj4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,?is does n include *ildr5 f$ at ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 ,op5 ,air ,s*ools or1 ) "o or two exceptions1 ,special ,s*ools = ,m5tally or ,physically ,defective ,*ildr54 ,footnote #ahi3 ,?is numb] repres5ts ! av]age att5dance at ! ord9>y ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 n ! total numb] on ! rolls4 7,/ati/ics ( ,public ,education 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #aiaa-ab1 ,"p ,i41 pp4 #bg1 #ccc47 ,9 mo/ t[ns :]e ! ,act has be5 adopt$ ! am\nt sp5t on food is well )9 ! limit ( ! halfp5ny rate4 ,9 #aiaa-ab1 only ,brad=d & ,/oke-on-,tr5t exce$$ ! limit1 ! latt] 7by an inconsid]able sum7 ow+ to ! coal /rike4 ,at ,brad=d ! rate has almo/ f ! fir/ be5 annually exce$$ by a consid]able am\nt4#aij ,?is excess is due p>tly to ! numb]s f$ 7a l>ge proportion ( ! *ildr5 receiv+ breakfa/s z well z d9n]s71 p>tly to ! fact t ! meals are cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! holidays4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,auditor has regul>ly sur*>g$ ! excess exp5diture1 b ! ,f9ance ,committee defrays x out ( ! ,corporation trad+ pr(its1 :i* are n subject to ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d audit4 ,footnote #aij3 ,9 #aijh-i1 by #a1fde2 9 #aiji-aj1 by #b1cgj2 9 #aiaj-aa1 by #a1afc1 & 9 #aiaa-ab1 by #cgd4 7,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #bf2 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 p4 #cjd2 ditto = #aiaa1 p4 #cag47 ,! limitation ( ! rate has 9 "s t[ns und\bt$ly re/rict$ op]ations4 ,9 #aiji1 = in/ance1 ! ,work+ton ,education ,committee 7 reluctantly oblig$1 ow+ to ! exhau/ion ( ! funds rais$ by ! halfp5ny rate1 to /op ! meals at a "t ( great di/ress4#aia ,at ,ea/ ,ham1 ! product ( a halfp5ny rate n be+ suffici5t = a :ole ye>1 meals c only be giv5 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4#aib ,footnote #aia3 ,hans>d1 ,april #bc1 #aiji1 #e? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #ahfb-ahfc4 ,a simil> compla9t 0 receiv$ f ,h>tlepool4 7,ibid47 ,footnote #aib3 ,see ,m9utes ( ,k+/on-on-,hull ,provision ( ,meals ,sub-,committee1 ,m>* #bd1 #aiaa1 ,app5dix1 p4 #af4 ,! abortive ,bills introduc$ 9 #aijh & ! foll[+ ye>s by ,lab\r memb]s conta9$ a clause t ! limitation ( ! rate %\ld be aboli%$4 ,we may note t ! p[] ( ! ,local ,education ,au?orities to provide food = necessit\s *ildr5 is n limit$ to _! p[]s "u ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act4 ,by ! ,education ,act ( #aijb grants may be giv5 = ! ma9t5ance ( *ildr5 at ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,at ,brad=d1 at any rate1 9 q a numb] ( cases ?is grant is e>m>k$ = provid+ s*ool meals4#aic ,m important is ! p[] to provide ?ree meals daily = all *ildr5 att5d+ ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools4 ,^! *ildr5 are drawn v l>gely f ! class to :om free meals w\ld h to be giv5 if !y 7 att5d+ ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools4#aid ,aga91 necessit\s *ildr5 :o are physically or m5tally defective c receive meals at ! ,special ,s*ools1 & ! co/ ( ! food 7& o!r exp5ses7 c be *>g$ to ! ,special ,s*ools acc\nt4 ,?us1 at ,liv]pool1 d9n] is provid$ = all defective *ildr51 ?is provision hav+ be5 und]tak5 delib]ately z "p ( ! s*ool curriculum long be=e ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act 0 pass$4 ,! class ( physically defective *ildr5 = :om ,special ,s*ools c be provid$ include n only cripples1 b all *ildr5 :o are c]tifi$ by a doctor to be by reason ( 444 physical defect 444 incapable ( receiv+ prop] b5efit f ! in/ruction 9 ! ord9>y public elem5t>y s*ools4#aie ,?is wide def9ition enables ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] to s5d to ! ,op5 ,air ,s*ools1 :i* sev]al ,local ,au?orities h e/abli%$1 & at :i* "o or m meals a day are provid$1 n only *ildr5 suff]+ f def9ite diseases1 b also ^? :o are und]f$1 anmic & g5]ally debilitat$1 to :om ! fre% air1 heal?y life & regul>1 :olesome meals prove an ine/imable boon4 ,footnote #aic3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,wm4 ,lea*1 9 ! ,crusade1 ,novemb]1 #aiaa 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #aib74 ,footnote #aid3 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! arrangem5ts made = provid+ food at ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools & ! ,special ,s*ools see po/1 pp4 #aag-abb4 ,footnote #aie3 ,elem5t>y ,education 7,defective & ,epileptic ,*ildr57 ,act1 #ahii 7#fb & #fc ,vict41 c4 #cb1 sec4 #a 7#a774 7b7--,cante5 ,committees1 _! con/itution & functions4 ,! arrangem5ts = c>ry+ out ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act are usually 9 ! h&s ( a ,committee call$ v>i\sly ! ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 ! ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committee1 ! ,und]f$ ,*ildr5's ,meals ,committee1 or1 z at ,leice/]1 ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association4 ,! con/itution ( ?is ,committee v>ies 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,sometimes x is compos$ entirely ( memb]s ( ! ,education ,committee4#aif ,sometimes outside bodies1 su* z ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians & volunt>y ag5cies1 are repres5t$ ^u x4 ,?us at ,crewe ! ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committee consi/s ( repres5tatives ( ! ,local ,education ,au?ority1 tea*]s1 ,gu>dians & v>i\s volunt>y societies4#aig ,at ,leice/] ! memb]s ( ! ,education ,committee are 9 ! m9ority1 ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association be+ compos$ *iefly ( memb]s ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society & ! ,national ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr54 ,else:]e ! ,committee may be compos$ entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 ( volunt>y work]s4 ,?us at ,le$s1 :]e all ! memb]s are wom51 all1 except ! ,*airman & ,vice-*airman1 :o are memb]s ( ! ,education ,committee1 are volunt>y work]s2 two ,inspectors att5d ! meet+s & c>ry recomm5dations to ! ,education ,committee1 b !y d n vote4 ,at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 :]e ! ,committee is also compos$ ( wom5 memb]s1 ! only repres5tative ( ! ,education ,committee is ! (ficial :o holds ! po/ ( ,bor\gh ,treasur] & ,secret>y to ! ,education ,committee4 ,at ,b\rnem\? ! s*ools are gr\p$ "u f\r ,di/rict ,c>e ,committees1 compos$ ( volunt>y work]s nom9at$ by ! ,s*ool ,manag]s1 & ( repres5tatives ( ! head tea*]s1 ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s be+ ex (ficio memb]s4 ,^! ,di/rict ,c>e ,committees are controll$ by a ,c5tral ,c>e ,committee1 compos$ p>tly ( memb]s ( ! ,education ,committee1 & p>tly ( co-opt$ memb]s4 ,! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] "h1 z 9 "s o!r t[ns1 is an ex (ficio memb]4#aih ,footnote #aif3 ,z at ,birk5head1 ,brad=d1 ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 ,nott+ham1 ,/oke1 ,we/ ,ham4 ,footnote #aig3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,crewe1 #aiaa1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #aih3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,b\rnem\? = #aiaa1 pp4 #e-g4 ,! functions ( ! ,cante5 ,committee also v>y 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,sometimes1 z at ,brad=d1 all ! arrangem5ts = ! managem5t ( ! c5tres & ! decision z to :i* *ildr5 %all be f$ are 9 ! h&s ( ! ,committee4 ,at ,le$s ! ,committee has no executive p[]1 its functions be+ limit$ to mak+ recomm5dations to ! ,education ,committee z to ! managem5t ( ! d9+ c5tres4 ,at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds ea* memb] ( ! ,committee is responsible = "o s*ool1 mak+ arrangem5ts ) cat]]s = ! fe$+ ( ! *ildr5 & visit+ ! homes4 ,?is visit+ ( ! homes is r>ely1 if ev]1 und]tak5 by memb]s ( ! ,cante5 ,committee1 unless x is compos$ ( volunt>y work]s4 7c7--,! ,selection ( ! ,*ildr54 ,9 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 :o are to receive s*ool meals two me?ods may be adopt$4 ,! selection may be bas$ ei!r on ! physical condition ( ! *ild or on ! economic circum/ances ( ! family4 ,! majority ( ! *ildr5 select$ w1 ( c\rse1 be ! same :i*ev] me?od is adopt$1 s9ce ! *ild w g5]ally be f\nd to be "u-n\ri%$ if ! family income is inadequate1 & vice v]sa2 b !re are "s *ildr5 :o1 al?\gh ! family income is comp>atively good1 are yet1 = "s cause or o!r1 und]f$1 & ^! w be exclud$ if ! pov]ty te/ is ! only crit]ion us$4 ,f ! fir/ ! ,bo>d ( ,education has urg$ t ! physical te/ %\ld be us$ z well z ! pov]ty te/4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! close/ co-op]ation ) ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,s]vice4#aii ,! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] %\ld approve ! diet>y1 he %\ld sup]vise ! quality1 quantity1 cook+ & s]vice ( ! food & %\ld inspect ! fe$+ c5tres4#bjj ,9 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 he %\ld take an important "p4 ,n only %\ld he recomm5d = s*ool meals all cases ( bad or insuffici5t nutrition obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( m$ical inspection4 ,! end to be aim$ at1 writes ,sir ,george ,newman1 is t all *ildr5 admitt$ to ! meals %\ld be m$ically exam9$ by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] ei!r be=e1 or z soon z possible aft]1 admission4#bja ,t is to say1 ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act %\ld n be consid]$ prim>ily z a measure = ! relief ( di/ress2 ! physical & m5tal well-be+ ( ! *ildr5 444 %\ld be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal object to be kept 9 view4#bjb ,footnote #aii3 ,:5 a sy/em ( m$ical inspection ( s*ool *ildr5 su* z already exi/s "u sev]al ,local ,education ,au?orities has be5 e/abli%$1 ! ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 s f> z its op]ations are conc]n$ ) und]f$1 ill-n\ri%$ or de/itute *ildr51 %\ld "w 9 intimate connection ) ! s*ool m$ical (fic]4 7,circul> issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,janu>y #a1 #aijg1 9 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #dd47 ,x is obvi\sly desirable t any arrangem5ts made by a ,local ,education ,au?ority "u ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 #aijf 444 %\ld be co-ord9at$1 z f> z possible1 ) ! arrangem5ts = m$ical inspection "u ! ,act ( #aijg4 7,bo>d ( ,education1 ,code ( ,regulations = ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 9 ,engl&1 #aijh1 p4 ii47 ,! g5]al sup]vision ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bo>d's ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #bja3 ,ibid4 = #aiaa1 p4 #bgf4 ,?is c\rse is /rongly urg$ by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,portsm\?4 ,all *ildr51 h[ev] select$1 ei!r by ! physical or pov]ty te/1 %\ld be exam9$ by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]4 ,?is 9 _m areas w\ld involve a good deal ( extra "w on _m m$ical m5 :o f9d _! "t already fully occupi$4 ,yet if any "w is wor? do+ x is wor? do+ well1 & "h x is t ! value ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] comes 91 by cull+ & record+ facts relat+ to ! p]sonal condition ( ! *ild1 z well z ! home conditions & surr\nd+s ( 8 or h] life4 7,! ,importance ( a ,well-advis$ & ,compreh5sive ,s*eme 9 ! ,selection ( ,*ildr5 444 "u ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 by ,victor ,j4 ,blake1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 pp4 #bb-bc47 ,footnote #bjb3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bge4 ,v few au?orities h made any attempt to select ! *ildr5 prim>ily or ev5 to any great ext5t on ! physical te/4 ,9 ,brighton ! plan has p]haps be5 tri$ ) m ?or\ghness ?an 9 any o!r t[n4 ,:51 9 #aijg1 ! ,education ,committee und]took ! provision ( meals 9 association ) ! ,volunt>y ,cante5 ,committee1 x 0 resolv$ t ! t]m 'und]f$' 444 %\ld be held to apply di/9ctively to ^? s*ol>s :o1 by reason ( m or less cont9u\s antec$5t und]fe$+1 are physically bel[ a c]ta9 specifi$ /&>d ( size & weight4 ,^! cases1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse be ! fir/ consid]ation ( any fe$+ s*eme1 c only be sci5tifically detect$ by a detail$ sy/em ( m$ical weigh+ & exam9ation1 & :5 s detect$ %\ld be dealt ) 9 accordance ) m$ical advice4#bjc ,accord+ly all ! *ildr5 = :om an application = free meals is made are weigh$ & measur$1 & ! ,cante5 ,committee1 :5 decid+ :e!r any p>ticul> *ild %all be f$ or n1 has be=e x ?is report z to ! *ild's physical condition4 ,:e!r ! meals are suppli$ free dep5ds on ! economic circum/ances ( ! family4 ,if ! *ild ne$s meals on m$ical gr\nds b ! income is adequate1 a circul> is s5t to ! p>5t w>n+ him ( ! *ild's condition4 ,sometimes ! p>5t w be will+ = meals to be suppli$ on paym5t ( ! co/4 ,if ! p>5t refuses to pay1 meals are n grant$1 b ! "n ( ! *ild is plac$ on a special li/ = obs]vation4#bjd ,r\ghly ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 are f$ solely on economic gr\nds & fifty p] c5t4 on m$ical gr\nds4#bje ,footnote #bjc3 ,brighton ,education ,committee1 ,report ( ,cante5 ,jo9t ,bran* ,sub-,committee1 ,july #ag1 #aijg4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 also ! cases ( necessit\s *ildr5 :o did n appe> on m$ical gr\nds to be suff]+ f malnutrition1 b :o1 f ! economic circum/ances ( ! p>5ts1 7 unable to obta9 suffici5t food4 ,*ildr5 to :om ! provision ( a mid-day meal w\ld be a conv5i5ce1 & ^: p>5ts 7 able & will+ to pay ! co/1 %\ld also be provid$ =4 7,ibid47 ,footnote #bjd3 ,we h n be5 able to asc]ta9 exactly :at happ5s to ^! *ildr5 on ! wat*+ li/4 ,9 #aiaj ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] reports t !y are exam9$ at int]vals by ! s*ool doctor1 & _! progress is not$1 ! ,cante5 ,committee tak+ su* action z is recomm5d$4 ,enquiries are also c>ri$ out by ! s*ool nurse1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! s*ool doctor1 z to ! nature ( ! meals giv5 at home 9 ^! cases4 7,report on ! ,m$ical ,inspection ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,brighton = #aiaj1 p4 #acd47 ,^! home visits by ! s*ool nurse are no long] paid4 ,footnote #bje3 ,9 #aiaa1 out ( #a1jej *ildr5 :o receiv$ free meals1 #ed 7 n exam9$1 #eej 7 recomm5d$ by ! s*ool doctor on m$ical gr\nds1 #ddf 7 f$ solely on economic gr\nds4 7,ibid4 = #aiaa1 p4 #aai47 ,9 #aiab1 out ( #a1jgj *ildr5 f$1 #fi 7 n exam9$1 #dbb 7 recomm5d$ on m$ical & #egi on economic gr\nds4 7,ibid4 = #aiab1 p4 #abb47 ,at ,he/on & ,islewor?1 ! ,cante5 ,sub-,committee decid$ 9 #aiaa to obta9 f ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] a report on ! /ate ( ea* *ild be=e det]m9+ :e!r x requir$ s*ool meals4#bjf ,at ,lanca/] also all *ildr5 :o are recomm5d$ = free meals are se5 by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]4#bjg ,footnote #bjf3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,lanca/] = #aiaa1 p4 #bf4 ,b ^! cases are exceptional4 ,9 #aiji ! numb] ( ,local ,education ,au?orities :o left ! f9al selection 9 ! h&s ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]1 or act$ exclusively ^u 8 recomm5dation or requir$ e application to be endors$ by him1 01 s f> z ! in=mation ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education ext5d$1 less ?an a doz54#bjh ,9 #aiaa ,sir ,george ,newman writes1 x is true t 9 ! majority ( cases ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] takes "s "p 444 9 ! "w connect$ ) ! provision ( meals1 b ! numb] ( cases 9 :i* he ex]cises all ! functions 444 appropriately devolv+ ^u him are v few inde$4#bji ,9 ! great majority ( t[ns1 ?\gh ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] may recomm5d = s*ool meals *ildr5 :om he f9ds suff]+ f malnutrition 9 ! c\rse ( m$ical inspection1 ! great] numb] ( *ildr5 are select$ on ! pov]ty te/4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 pp4 #ab-ac4 ,footnote #bji3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bgc4 ,z a rule ! prim>y selection is made by ! tea*]s1 ei!r on _! own initiative or on receiv+ reque/s f ! p>5ts4 ,! ,s*ool ,nurse1 ! ,att5dance ,(fic] or p]haps a memb] ( ! local ,guild ( ,help may also recomm5d cases4 ,sometimes a p]sonal application by ! p>5t at ! ,education ,(fices or be=e ! ,cante5 ,committee is insi/$ on4 ,?us at ,man*e/] ! p>5ts h to make application ei!r at ! ,education ,(fices or at any ( ! di/rict c5tres1 ( :i* !re are tw5ty-f\r1 situat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n1 & op5 at conv5i5t h\rs4 ,! tea*]s c advise *ildr51 :om !y consid] to be 9 ne$ ( food1 to tell _! p>5ts to apply1 b !y take no fur!r "p 9 ! selection ( ! *ildr54 ,at ,we/ ,ham also ! p>5ts h to apply at ! ,public ,hall or ,education ,(fice4 ,! section ( ! ,act deal+ ) repaym5t is read to ! applicant1 :o !n decides :e!r or n he wi%es 8 *ildr5 to be f$4#baj ,on ! p>5t's sign+ a =m 7by :i* he agrees to repay ! co/ ( meals :5 he gets into "w#baa71 tickets are issu$ = a week1 p5d+ enquiry4 ,! p>5t is expect$ to s5d a note to ! head tea*] ea* day to say t he or %e /ill wi%es ! *ild to be f$4#bab ,?is p]sonal application has to be r5ew$ e mon?4 ,! tea*]s are all[$ to give urg5cy tickets = ?ree meals1 b if ! p>5ts fail to apply ! meals h to be discont9u$4 ,at ,eri? no breakfa/s are suppli$ till ! p>5ts h regi/]$ at ! ,di/ress ,committee 7if eligible71 or h made p]sonal application !re1 or at ! ,education ,(fice4#bac ,at ,leice/]1 aga91 ! p>5t has to make p]sonal application at ! (fice ( ! ,cante5 ,committee1 & ?is application has to be r5ew$ e mon?4 ,at ,birm+ham1 except 9 special cases1 ! p>5t has to att5d ! meet+ ( ! ,committee2 if he fails to appe>1 aft] be+ giv5 a second *ance1 ! *ild1 :o has mean:ile be5 tempor>ily receiv+ ! meals1 is remov$ f ! fe$+ li/4#bad ,footnote #baj3 ,report ( ,we/ ,ham ,education ,committee = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaj1 p4 #ea4 ,?is is ! proc$ure n[ 9 =ce4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see po/1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bab3 ,we 7 in=m$ by ! head tea*] ( an infants' dep>tm5t t %e did n insi/ on a note be+ s5t m ?an two or ?ree times a week4 ,footnote #bac3 ,report ( ,eri? ,education ,committee = ! ?ree ye>s end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #bad3 ,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 p4 #bg4 ,! prim>y selection ( ! *ildr5 hav+ be5 made1 by :atev] me?od1 enquiry is !n made into ! home circum/ances ( ! family4 ,! object ( ?is enquiry is or %\ld be tw(old3 to asc]ta9 ! res\rces ( ! family1 s z to det]m9e :e!r ! p>5ts are able to provide adequate food = ! *ild or n1 & to f9d out :e!r help is ne$$ 9 any o!r direction1 & by fri5dly advice to improve ! conditions ( ! home4 ,we %all discuss lat] ! great advantages to be obta9$ f ! employm5t ( volunt>y work]s = ! purpose ( ^! fri5dly home visits1 z di/9ct f ! duty ( mak+ enquiries4#bae ,"h x is suffici5t to note t v few ,education ,au?orities h made use ( _! s]vices at all4#baf ,! mo/ notable example is1 ( c\rse1 furni%$ by ! ,london ,c>e ,committees4 ,a some:at simil> sy/em has be5 adopt$ at ,b\rnem\?4 ,"h1 z we h se51 ! s*ools h be5 divid$ into f\r gr\ps1 & a ,c>e ,committee appo9t$ = ea*4 ,! memb]s inve/igate ! circum/ances ( *ildr5 :o are alleg$ to be 9 want ( food & report to _! ,committee1 :i* !reupon decides :e!r or n ! *ildr5 %all receive free meals4 ,at ,liv]pool a t5tative ef=t has be5 made 9 ! same direction4 ,c>e ,committees1 manag$ by ! diff]5t settlem5ts1 h = "s ye>s be5 atta*$ to "s half-doz5 s*ools1 b _! position is r indef9ite4 ,! enquiries are made by ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s1 b ! ,education ,committee asks ! ,c>e ,committee = reports on special cases4 ,at "o s*ool ! ,c>e ,committee appe>s to visit all ! cases4 ,a wid] s*eme = ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( ,c>e ,committees is at ! pres5t "t 7#aiac7 "u consid]ation4 ,at ,brighton also1 :]e ,c>e ,committees h be5 appo9t$1 ma9ly = ! purpose ( f9d+ employm5t & g5]ally sup]vis+ ! *ildr5 :5 !y leave s*ool1 a ,c>e visitor is sometimes ask$ to supplem5t ! enquiries ( ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s 9 d\btful cases :]e fur!r inve/igation is ne$$4 ,at ,leice/] ! enquiries are made by a paid inve/igator appo9t$ by ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 subsequ5t fri5dly visits be+ paid by volunt>y work]s4#bag ,9 mo/ t[ns1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( enquiry is und]tak5 solely by ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s4#bah ,footnote #bae3 ,see po/1 pp4 #ade et seq4 ,footnote #baf3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 pp4 #ajg-h2 ditto = #aiaa1 pp4 #ajd-e4 ,9 sev]al ( ! few t[ns :]e ,c>e ,committees h be5 appo9t$1 !y take no "p 9 ! "w ( fe$+ ! *ildr51 _! functions be+ conf9$ to ! foll[+ up ( m$ical cases & p]haps ! f9d+ ( employm5t = ! *ildr5 :5 !y leave s*ool4 ,footnote #bag3 ,at ,s\!nd-on-,sea enquiry is made by ! ,civic ,guild into _m ( ! cases4 7,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,s\!nd-on-,sea = #aiaa1 p4 #ed47 ,at ,brad=d ! ,cante5 ,committee communicates to ! ,guild ( ,help ! names ( all ! new cases :i* are put on ! fe$+ li/4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,guild !reupon visit any cases 9 :i* o!r help besides ! meals is ne$$4 ,footnote #bah3 ,z at ,birk5head1 ,birm+ham1 ,le$s1 ,man*e/]1 ,sal=d1 ,%effield1 ,/oke1 etc4 ,at ,birk5head an att5dance (fic] has be5 specially appo9t$ = ?is purpose4 ,at ,brad=d a special con/able has be5 told (f to make enquiries 9 difficult cases4 ,! ?or\ghness ( ! inve/igation v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,! p>5t's /atem5ts z to ! am\nt ( wages e>n$ are 9 "s cases *eck$ by enquiries f ! employ]s4 ,at ,birm+ham ! wages are always ?us v]ifi$ :]e ! work] is employ$ by "o firm regul>ly4 ,at ,brad=d ! wages are v]ifi$ except :5 ! applicants are work+ on _! own acc\nt1 = in/ance hawk+1 :5 x is cle>ly impossible4 ,g5]ally enquiry is made f ! employ] z to ! wages ( ! head ( ! h\se only1 b at ,le$s & at ,leice/] ! wages ( all e>n+ memb]s ( ! family are v]ifi$4 ,at ,leice/] 9 d\btful cases enquiries may be made f ! employ] z (t5 z once a week4 ,9 o!r t[ns1 z at ,/oke & ,york1 :]e ! curr5t rates ( wages are well kn[n1 wages are only v]ifi$ :5 !re is any d\bt z to ! p>5t's /atem5t4 ,at ,bootle little attempt is made to v]ify ! in=mation giv5 by ! p>5ts4 ,"h ! enquiries are made--s f> z !y c be said to be made at all--by ! tea*]s4 ,! help ( ! ,att5dance ,(fic] c be ask$ 9 difficult cases1 b ?is appe>s to be seldom done4 ,! tea*]s naturally h no "t to visit ! homes1 & ! enquiry g5]ally resolves itself into a =m be+ giv5 to ! *ild = its p>5t to fill up4 ,! p>5ts are ask$ to /ate ! r5t1 ! numb] 9 ! family & ! total weekly income1 tak+ ! av]age = f\r weeks4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! difficulty normally exp]i5c$ 9 fill+ up =ms correctly1 "o c readily imag9e t ! in=mation ?us obta9$ is practically valueless4 ,:]e ! answ]s are un9telligible--an occurr5ce by no means r>e to judge f ! few specim5s ( case pap]s :i* we h se5--! in=mation may be supplem5t$ by que/ion+ ! *ildr54 ,(t5 urg5cy tickets c be issu$ by ! tea*]s1 p5d+ enquiries1 z at ,brad=d1 ,birm+ham1 ,bootle & ,liv]pool4 ,at ,birk5head ! tea*] c only report ! ne$ = meals1 b ! enquiries only take two or ?ree days4 ,at ,le$s we 7 told t a week or t5 days g5]ally elapses betwe5 ! "t ( application & ! *ild's be+ plac$ on ! li/1 ) ! result t 9 "s cases ! mo/ urg5t ne$ is pass$4 ,x is true t ! head tea*]s c secure a *ild's be+ plac$ imm$iately on ! li/ by writ+ specially to ! ,education ,(fice1 b to d ?is e "t w\ld involve a consid]able exp5diture on po/age1 :i* is n refund$4 ,:5 inve/igation has be5 made into ! home circum/ances1 ! decision z to :e!r or no ! *ild %all be f$ is made g5]ally by ! ,cante5 ,committee or by a small sub-committee ( ?is ,committee1 or p]haps by ! ,*airman4#bai ,sometimes ! responsibility re/s ) ! ,secret>y ( ! ,education ,committee or "s o!r (ficial1 z at ,acton & ,le$s4 ,at ,b\rnem\? ! cases are decid$ by ! ,di/rict ,c>e ,committees1 :i* are compos$ ( volunt>y work]s & tea*]s4 ,at ,bootle ! decision appe>s to re/ entirely 9 ! tea*]s' h&s4 ,footnote #bai3 ,?us1 at ,birk5head1 :]e ! ,cante5 ,committee meets v seldom1 ! cases are decid$ by ! ,*airman4 ,! decision is bas$ on a consid]ation ( ! family income4 ,_m au?orities h adopt$ a scale4 ,at ,birm+ham meals are grant$ if ! income p] head1 aft] r5t is d$uct$1 does n exce$ #bs4 #i;d4 9 w9t] or #bs4 #f;d4 9 summ]4#bbj ,9 ,bootle ! income limit1 9 summ] & w9t] alike1 is #cs4 #f;d4 = an adult & #bs4 #f;d4 = ea* *ild "u #ad4bba ,:5 we consid]1 h[ev]1 ! slip%od me?od ( enquiry pursu$ at ,bootle1 we _c atta* mu* importance to ! exi/5ce on pap] ( ?is scale4 ,at ,brad=d d9n]s are giv5 if ! income does n exce$ #cs4 p] head2 if ! income is less ?an #bs41 breakfa/s also are giv54 ,?is scale is tak5 only z a r\gh crit]ion ( ! ne$s ( ! family4 ,special circum/ances are tak5 into acc\nt1 su* z ! size ( ! family1 sickness1 old debts1 etc4 ,& :]e ! circum/ances ( ! family are slightly above ! po9t at :i* free meals may be giv51 ! p>5ts are (t5 all[$ to receive !m on pay+ #a_/b;d4 or #a;d4 t[>ds ! co/4 ,at ,le$s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! scale1 :i* is a l[ "o 7#bs4 9 w9t] & #as4 #f;d4 9 summ]7 is1 we are in=m$1 rigidly obs]v$4 ,no reg>d is paid to ! circum/ances ( ! family4 ,z a rule1 directly ! family income rises above ! limit1 ! *ild's d9n]s are /opp$1 no matt] h[ mu* debt has to be paid (f4 ,a delicate *ild :o ne$$ fe$+ or an und]f$ neglect$ *ild w\ld n be f$ if ! income 0 above ! limit4 ,at ,liv]pool ! scale is #bs4 p] head2 at ,/oke x is #bs4 #f;d42 at ,brighton x is #cs4 p] adult1 two *ildr5 be+ reckon$ z "o adult4 ,9 all ^! t[ns ! limit is n a h>d & fa/ "o1 reg>d be+ paid to any special circum/ances4 ,at ,man*e/] a slid+ scale has be5 adopt$4 ,if !re are five or m 9 ! family ! limit is #bs4 #f;d4 p] head1 if !re are only ?ree or f\r #bs4 #i;d4 is all[$1 :ile if !re are only "o or two #cs4 is all[$4#bbb ,at ,sal=d ! limit is #ajs4 p] week = two p]sons1 & #bs4 extra = ea* additional memb] ( ! family1 r5t n be+ d$uct$4 ,9 o!r t[ns1 z at ,birk5head1 ,b\rnem\?1 ,leice/] & ,we/ ,ham1 !re is no fix$ scale1 ea* case be+ decid$ on its m]its4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #bba3 ,report ( ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 #aiaa-ab1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,report ( ! ,man*e/] ,education ,committee1 #aiaj-aa1 p4 #bba4 ,z a rule ! cases are revis$ ab\t once a mon?4 ,sometimes *ronic cases w be cont9u$ = two or ?ree mon?s at a "t1 z at ,liv]pool4 ,at ,york ! cases are revis$ only twice a ye>4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w9t] ! head tea*]s s5d 9 li/s ( *ildr5 :om !y consid] to be necessit\s4 ,^! *ildr5 7if ! ,cases ,selection ,sub-,committee decide to fe$ !m7 rema9 on ! fe$+ li/ till ! foll[+ ,april1 :5 ! head tea*]s are ask$ to s5d 9 a li/ ( *ildr5 :o !y consid] ne$ n receive meals dur+ ! summ]4 ,! ,att5dance ,(fic]s visit aga9 & ! cases are revis$ by ! ,committee4 ,?is me?od is said to be satisfactory z1 ?\gh (ficially ! cases are revis$ s seldom1 practically ! circum/ances are kn[n1 s9ce ! ,att5dance ,(fic]s regul>ly visit ! homes 9 ! c\rse ( _! ord9>y "w & ! ,*airman ( ! ,cante5 ,committee kn[s _m ( ! *ildr5 intimately4 ,at ,bootle1 :]e1 z we h se51 ! decision z to :i* *ildr5 %all be f$ is practically 9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]s1 !re seems to be no sy/em ( revis+ ! cases1 & ! t5d5cy is = a *ild :o is once put on ! fe$+ li/ to rema9 on x till ! meals are discont9u$ 9 ! summ]1 unless ! p>5ts volunt>ily )draw ! *ild on an improvem5t 9 ! home circum/ances4 ,)\t discuss+ "h ! "q :e!r x is possible to devise any sy/em ( selection :i* c be satisfactory1 we may note "s ( ! disadvantages ( ! me?ods at pres5t 9 use4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce ! selection is made 9 ! ma9 ?r\gh ! tea*]s1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! numb]s f$ 9 any p>ticul> s*ool dep5d v l>gely on ! attitude tak5 by ! head tea*]s4 ,z a g5]al rule ! tea*]s are ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! physical welf>e ( _! *ildr51 & anxi\s to d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] :i* may promote x2 b "s tea*]s are oppos$ to ! provision ( meals1 feel+ t too mu* is done = ! *ildr52 o!rs1 aga91 consid] _! s*ools sup]ior1 & d n l _! *ildr5 to g to free meals4 ,con/antly "o f9ds an a/oni%+ disproportion betwe5 ! numb]s f$ at two adjac5t s*ools1 draw+ _! *ildr5 f ! same locality4 ,x is true t ! "* ( two s*ools1 )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ea* o!r1 may v>y 9 a curi\s way1 "o attract+ a m prosp]\s class ( *ildr5--p]haps because ( ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]1 bett] build+s1 or "s o!r cause--b ?is w\ld n acc\nt = all ! diff]5ce4 ,at ,bootle1 = in/ance1 x 0 report$1 !re is app>5tly an abs5ce ( uni=mity 9 assess+ ! ne$s ( ! *ildr52 = 9 ! six s*ools ( ! poore/ neighb\rhoods x is f\nd t ( ! numb] on ! rolls ! p]c5tage ( s*$ul$ *ildr5 v>ies f #f p] c5t4 to #cd p] c5t41 & t 9 two s*ools ( almo/ id5tical "*1 9 "o case #aj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 are return$ z ne$+ daily breakfa/s1 & 9 ! o!r #cd p] c5t4#bbc ,:]e ! tea*]s are anxi\s to place all app>5tly und]f$ *ildr5 on ! fe$+ li/1 pressure is n infrequ5tly ex]cis$ by ! ,education ,au?ority to induce !m to keep d[n ! numb]s4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,report ( ! ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee = #aiaj-aa1 p4 #bb4 ,at ,birk5head1 & probably 9 o!r t[ns1 ! p]c5tage ( *ildr5 f$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& s*ools is v mu* high] ?an 9 ! ,c\ncil s*ools1 :il/ ! ,roman ,ca?olic s*ools fe$ a l>g] numb] /ill ?an ! ,*ur* s*ools4 ,?is is d\btless due p>tly to ! "* ( ! build+s1 ! non-provid$ s*ools be+ g5]ally v mu* inf]ior1 & ! bett]-(f *ildr5 be+ consequ5tly attract$ to ! ,c\ncil s*ools2 p>tly1 ( c\rse1 also to ! fact t ! ,roman ,ca?olic population is *iefly ,iri% & v poor4 ,:5 an application by ! p>5t is obligatory1 !re is cause = v grave d\bt :e!r ! provision ( meals rea*es all = :om x is int5d$4 ,miss ,w9d] has %[n t1 at ,birm+ham1 out ( #bb1gec *ildr5 = :om applications 7 receiv$ dur+ ! ?ree ye>s #aiji-aa1 #d1gjj 7 n f$ because ! p>5t fail$ to appe> be=e ! ,committee4 ,%e inve/igat$ ! circum/ances ( tw5ty-eight ( ^! families & came to ! conclusion t1 al?\gh ! small numb] ( families inve/igat$ _c ju/ify an absolutely positive ass]tion1 ,i ?9k x may fairly be conclud$ t1 on ! :ole1 !y are repres5tative ( mo/ ( ! families ^: applications are n grant$1 & t ! home circum/ances ( ^! families are mu* ! same z ^? ( ! families ^: applications h be5 grant$4#bbd ,?is is ! impression ga9$ f enquiries at o!r t[ns4 ,at ,we/ ,ham x is cle> t !re are *ildr5 :o ne$ ! meals1 b d n get !m because _! p>5ts w n apply4 ,! numb] ( miss$ cases does n appe> to be l>ge1 = ! ,act is adm9i/]$ 9 a sympa!tic _s1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,visitors impress+ on ! ,att5dance ,(fic]s t !y %\ld br+ to 8 notice any case :]e ! *ildr5 appe> to be suff]+ f lack ( food4 ,b !re are cases :]e ! p>5ts1 ?\gh !y w take ! urg5cy tickets = ?ree meals :i* ! tea*]s c give !m1 w take no fur!r action4 ,at "o s*ool ! headma/] po9t$ out two boys :o look$ obvi\sly 9 ne$ ( food & att5tion g5]ally1 b ^: fa!r1 ?\gh out ( "w1 w\ld n apply4 ,9 ano!r case he _h us$ 8 discretion & kept two boys on ! li/ = a mon? 9 spite ( _! p>5ts' failure to r5ew _! application1 b he felt oblig$ at la/ to take !m (f ?\gh he consid]$ t !y /ill ne$$ ! meals4 ,9 su* cases ! ,att5dance ,(fic]s are suppos$ to visit ! homes to f9d out ! cause ( ! *ildr5's und]f$ condition1 & to urge ! p>5ts1 if necess>y1 to make application = s*ool meals1 b ?is c\rse does n seem to be by any means always pursu$4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 pp4 #bg1 #bi1 #ei1 #fb4 ,at ,leice/] aga91 no?+ appe>s to be done 9 ^? cases :]e ! *ild ne$s food b ! p>5t refuses to apply4 ,& su* cases appe> to be frequ5t4 ,we 7 told by ! vic> ( a v poor p>i% t numb]s ( ! p>5ts w\ld n make ! necess>y application4 ,?is evid5ce seems to be borne out by a comp>ison ( ! numb]s ( cases help$ by ! ,di/ress ,committee & ! ,cante5 ,committee4 ,9 #aiaj1 = in/ance1 x 0 f\nd t on ,septemb] #cj1 #fjg m>ri$ m5 & wid[]s1 hav+ #a1ade *ildr5 :olly1 & #bad p>tly1 dep5d5t ^u !m1 7 regi/]$ at ! ,lab\r ,bureau z unemploy$4#bbe ,^! numb]s 71 ( c\rse1 n a complete index ( ! unemploym5t 9 ! t[n4 ,b1 turn+ to ! report ( ! ,cante5 ,committee1 we f9d t on ! same date only #aje *ildr5 7 be+ help$4#bbf ,! great discrepancy betwe5 ^! figures seems to po9t to ! fact t ! ,cante5 ,committee _h n discov]$ all ! cases ( *ildr5 :o 7 suff]+ f want ( food4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,leice/] ,pione]1 ,octob] #bi1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,qu>t]ly ,report ( ! ,leice/] ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 ,july #a to ,septemb] #cj1 #aiaj4 ,! failure ( ! p>5ts to apply may 9 "s cases be due to laz9ess & disreg>d = _! *ildr5's welf>e4 ,or x may be t !y are too s5sitive to ask = help4 ,or aga9 x may be difficult or impossible = !m to att5d at ! "t nam$4 ,! h\r is usually fix$ s z to be t mo/ conv5i5t = ! p>5ts1 b x is impossible1 ( c\rse1 to fix a "t :i* w suit all4 ,at ,birm+ham cases h ev5 occurr$ :]e ! fa!r has be5 oblig$ to pay tram f>es 9 ord] to arrive 9 "t to prove 8 inability to fe$ 8 *ildr56#bbg ,footnote #bbg3 ,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 p4 #bi4 ,b ev5 if ! p>5t is n oblig$ to appe> 9 p]son1 b may s5d an application by note or v]bal message to ! tea*]1 !re are /ill miss$ cases4 ,x is notori\s t _m p>5ts are too pr\d to let _! ne$ be kn[n2 9 su* cases1 z tea*]s h frequ5tly told u1 x may be a consid]able "t be=e x is discov]$ t ! *ild is suff]+ f want ( food2 & :5 ! discov]y is made !re is frequ5tly difficulty 9 induc+ ! p>5ts to s5d ! *ild1 or 9 induc+ ! *ild itself to g1 to ! s*ool meals4 ,!re /ill seems to exi/1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts at any rate1 an idea t ! provision ( meals is ,poor ,law ,relief1 & p>5ts consequ5tly %r9k f apply+4 ,moreov]1 x is n g5]ally recognis$ t ! provision ( s*ool meals is by no means univ]sally kn[n to ! p>5ts4 ,! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,leice/] reports t 9 c]ta9 cases x 0 a matt] = regret t ! families _h n receiv$ help e>li] by p]sonally apply+ = assi/ance4 ,ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,cante5 ,committee 0 giv5 z ! reason = non-application4#bbh ,& we h ourselves be5 told 9 o!r t[ns ( cases :]e ! *ildr5 7 suff]+ f want ( food1 b 7 n receiv+ s*ool meals because ! p>5ts 7 unaw>e t !y c\ld be obta9$4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,leice/] = #aiab1 p4 #cf4 ,! enquiries into ! home circum/ances und\bt$ly ex]cise a det]r5t influ5ce--to :at ext5t dep5ds on ! mann] ( ! p>ticul> individual :o makes ! enquiries--bo? ) ! m indep5d5t p>5t :o res5ts ! inve/igator's visit1 & ) ! crim9al & semi-crim9al p>5t ^: record does n be> close inve/igation4 ,?us ! headma/] ( a s*ool 9 "o ( ! wor/ di/ricts ( ,liv]pool told u t numb]s ( ! boys 7 9 ne$ ( food b ! p>5ts w\ld n submit to ! necess>y enquiries & consequ5tly meals 7 n grant$4 ,at ,leice/]1 ! se>*+ enquiries made by ! ,cante5 ,committee1 :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is practically a dep>tm5t ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society1 c\pl$ ) ! insi/5ce on an application by ! p>5t 9 p]son1 result1 z we h se51 9 numb]s ( und]f$ *ildr5 rema9+ und]f$4 ,:]e ! ,education ,au?ority has adopt$ a scale ( income on :i* to base ! decision z to :i* *ildr5 %all be f$1 ?is scale is frequ5tly bel[1 & 9 "s cases v consid]ably bel[1 ! m9imum am\nt :i* has be5 %[n to be necess>y = exp5diture on food4#bbi ,:]e ! scale is rigidly adh]$ to1 two classes ( *ildr5 are exclud$ altoge!r1 ^? :o are und]f$ ?r\gh ! neglect ( _! p>5ts to provide = !m ?\gh able to d s1 & ^? cases :]e ! family income may be suffici5t to meet normal calls b :]e1 ow+ to illness or ! delicacy ( ! *ildr5 or o!r special circum/ances1 extra n\ri%m5t is requir$4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,see note on page #bje1 infra4 ,to sum up1 we f9d z betwe5 t[n & t[n1 & ev5 z betwe5 s*ool & s*ool 9 ! same t[n1 a great want ( uni=mity 9 select+ ! *ildr5 to be f$4 ,:]e ! ,education ,au?ority has det]m9$ t all its und]f$ *ildr5 %all be provid$ =1 ! *ild's ne$ be+ ! p>am\nt consid]ation1 undiscov]$ cases ( und]fe$+ are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,:]e1 on ! contr>y1 enquiries are c>ri$ out 9 a det]r5t mann]1 or ! p>5t is made to apply 9 p]son = ! meals1 or ! selection is bas$ on a rigid application ( a scale1 !re is reason to fe> t consid]able numb]s ( *ildr5 are1 & rema91 unable by reason ( lack ( food to take full advantage ( ! education provid$ = !m4 7d7--,! ,prep>ation & ,s]vice ( ! ,meals4 7i7 ,! ,"t ( ! ,meal4 ,!re are consid]able diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :at k9d ( meal %\ld be giv54 ,_m ,local ,au?orities pref] breakfa/4 ,x is argu$ t :5 no breakfa/ is =?com+ at home ! int]val betwe5 ! meal ! previ\s ev5+ & ! midday d9n] is too long1 & t x is cruel to expect ! *ild to att5d morn+ s*ool1 :5 ! heavie/ "w ( ! day is done1 )\t a meal1 especially 9 ! cold w9t] mon?s4 ,by midday ! p>5ts1 especially 9 di/ricts :]e !re is mu* casual lab\r1 may h e>n$ en\gh to provide "s sort ( a meal4 ,b ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( breakfa/--z ! sole meal provid$--are l>gely bas$ n s mu* on ! *ild's physical ne$s z on ! moral effect produc$ bo? on ! *ild & ! p>5t4 ,! provision ( breakfa/ furni%es a te/ ( ne$4 ,! meal is n s popul> z d9n]1 & w only attract ^? :o are really hungry4#bcj ,co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! "m is dem&$1 s9ce %e mu/ get up e>ly to see ! *ildr5 are dress$ 9 "t4 ,moreov]1 ! provision ( breakfa/ does n act z an inducem5t to ! "m to g out to "w1 z x is fe>$ ! provision ( d9n] may4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,?us x 0 f\nd at a s*ool 9 ,be?nal ,gre5 t1 9 spite ( ! sup]vision ( a mo/ effici5t ,c>e ,committee1 ! *ange f a porridge breakfa/ to a meat pie d9n] d\bl$ ! numb] ( *ildr5 att5d+4 7,! ,fe$+ ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr54 ,a ,symposium4 ,i41 ,exp]i5ce 9 ,s4 ,w4 ,be?nal ,gre51 by ,a4 ,w4 ,*ute1 9 ,ox=d ,h\se ,magaz9e1 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 p4 #cg47 ,! argum5ts seem to u ov]:elm+ly 9 fav\r ( d9n]4 ,! provision ( a midday meal may possibly enc\rage mo!rs to g out to "w1 ?\gh x is exce$+ly difficult to trace su* a result to any great ext5t4 ,b on ! o!r h& !re are numb]s ( cases already :]e ! mo!rs are =c$1 by /ress ( circum/ances1 to be ! breadw9n]s & are oblig$ to leave home all day1 or1 if !y come home = ! d9n] h\r1 h no "t to prep>e a prop] meal4 ,! *ildr5 w ei!r get a piece ( bread1 or w be giv5 copp]s to buy _! own d9n]2 9 ei!r case ! meal w be equally unsatisfactory4 ,possibly ! *ildr5 w g d9n]less altoge!r1 & ! aft]noon's lessons w !n be a s]i\s tax on _! bra9s4 ,! att5dance at breakfa/s is always less ?an at d9n]4#bca ,! breakfa/ acts1 t is to say1 z a successful te/4 ,b ?is means t _m *ildr51 ei!r because _! mo!rs are too lazy to get !m dress$ e>ly1 or because !y are too lazy !mselves1 miss ! meals1 ?\gh !y are admitt$ly 9 ne$ ( !m4 ,footnote #bca3 ,at ,we/ ,ham1 = in/ance1 :]e all ! *ildr5 on ! fe$+ li/ receive bo? breakfa/ & d9n]1 ! numb] ( breakfa/s giv5 dur+ ! ye> #aiaa-ab 0 #bdg1bcc1 & ! numb] ( d9n]s #bgc1hid2 ! att5dance at breakfa/ 0 ?us only n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! att5dance at d9n]4 7,report ( ! ,we/ ,ham ,education ,committee = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiab1 pp4 #age-gg47 ,we d n wi% to "u-e/imate ! importance ( ! moral aspect ( ! "q4 ,x is ess5tial t co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! "m %\ld be dem&$4 ,b ! *ild's ne$ mu/ be ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,! laz9ess ( ! *ildr51 be x not$1 is frequ5tly n entirely _! own fault2 ! dr[s9ess 9 ! morn+ may be due to ! fact t !y h slept all night 9 a cr[d$ room & /uffy atmosph]e4 ,till ! deep-root$ objection to op5 w9d[s at night c be ov]come1 ?is w cont9ue to be ! case4 ,= ?is reason too1 ! *ildr5 w (t5 h little appetite = breakfa/4 ,physiologically1 aga91 d9n] appe>s to be ! bett] meal s9ce x conta9s a great] quantity ( ! elem5ts :i* are lack+ 9 ! ord9>y home diet>y ( ! *ild4 ,?us 9 ! fe$+ exp]im5t at ,brad=d 9 #aijg1bcb ! porridge breakfa/1 ! mo/ satisfactory k9d ( breakfa/ t c be suppli$ f ! food value po9t ( view1 conta9$ a proteid value ( #ai grammes1 & a fat value ( #bj grammes4 ,! d9n]s conta9$1 on an av]age1 #bi grammes ( proteid & #ah grammes ( fat4 ,?us ! comb9$ proteid & fat value ( ! breakfa/s & d9n]s 0 respectively #ci & #dg grammes4#bcc ,moreov]1 ! ga9 9 po9t ( *eapness to be d]iv$ f provision on a l>ge scale is mu* great] relatively 9 ! case ( d9n]s ?an 9 ! case ( breakfa/s4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,see po/1 pp4 #ahd-f4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,report on a ,c\rse ( ,meals giv5 to ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 f ,april to ,july1 #aijg1 p4 #g4 ,ab\t #bg p] c5t4 ( ! ,local ,au?orities give breakfa/s only1 & ab\t #de p] c5t4 d9n]s only1 ! rema9d] giv+ bo? meals4#bcd ,9 ! la/-nam$ case1 d9n]s may be giv5 9 "s s*ools & breakfa/s 9 o!rs1 z at ,s\?ampton & ,york4 ,at ,brad=d d9n] is giv5 to all ! *ildr5 on ! fe$+ li/1 ! mo/ necessit\s receiv+ breakfa/ z well4#bce ,at ,we/ ,ham all ! *ildr5 receive bo? meals4 ,at ,bootle1 :]e till a few ye>s ago only breakfa/s 7 giv51 x 0 f\nd t ?is provision 0 inadequate to meet ! ne$s ( _m necessit\s *ildr54#bcf ,! exp5se & ! practical difficulties 9 ! way ( provid+ a prop] d9n] l$ ! ,education ,committee to adopt a simpl] me?od1 namely1 t ( increas+ ! quantity ( food suppli$ = breakfa/s1 any ov]plus be+ giv5 at midday at ! discretion ( ! tea*]s z an extra meal to *ildr5 :o w\ld o!rwise g d9n]less4#bcg ,footnote #bcd3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #cbb-cbd4 ,footnote #bce3 ,r\ghly ab\t half ! *ildr5 f$ receive bo? meals 7,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,return z to ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiac47 ,footnote #bcf3 ,enquiries made by ! head tea*]s %[$ t 9 ! aggregate #bie *ildr5 receiv$ no mid-day meal or an insuffici5t meal4 ,s9ce1 presumably1 ^! enquiries 7 made by ! me?od ( que/ion+ ! *ildr51 no p>ticul> value c be atta*$ to ! actual figures2 ! s*ool att5dance (fic]s enquir$ into fifty-f\r ( ! cases tak5 at r&om & f\nd t all b two %[$ und\bt$ pov]ty 9 ! home4 7,report ( ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 #aiaj-aa1 pp4 #aj-aa47 ,footnote #bcg3 ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 ,?is is ! plan /ill pursu$ 7see po/1 pp4 #hf-hg74 7ii7 ,! ,diet>y4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! fact t ) a l>ge numb] ( elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 bread & tea =m ! *ief elem5ts 9 ! home diet1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! s*ool meal %\ld be plann$ s z to conta9 a good proportion ( ! +r$i5ts :i* are lack+ at home4 ,:atev] views may be held z to ! am\nt ( proteid food t is necess>y = adults1 x is n disput$ t 9 ! case ( *ildr5 ! m exp5sive =ms are necess>y because ! gr[? ( ! body dep5ds entirely ^u ! proteids4 ,x is impossible1 decl>es ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 to cut d[n proteids to ! same ext5t 9 *ildr5 z 9 adults )\t s]i\s results4444 ,to set out1 !re=e1 to relieve und]fe$+ by a s+le meal a day1 x is necess>y to conc5trate att5tion ^u proteids & fats 444 &1 !re=e1 a d9n] = necessit\s *ildr5 mu/ be necess>ily m co/ly ?an = ^? prop]ly f$ 9 in/itutions or 9 _! own homes4 ,! want ( clo?+1 :i* (t5 accompanies und]fe$+1 also necessitates m exp5sive fe$+ 9 relief1 ! loss ( bodily heat to be made up be+ great] ?an 9 ! case ( ! *ild 9 an indu/rial s*ool or workh\se1 :o is w>mly clad1 & :o1 moreov]1 sp5ds mu* "t 9 a prop]ly heat$ playroom or dormitory4#bch ,footnote #bch3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 to ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #aiji4 ,see also ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,dr4 ,john ,lamb]t1 9 ,m$ical ,exam9ation ( ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s1 edit$ by ,t4 ,n4 ,kelynack1 ,m4,d41 #aiaj1 pp4 #bdj-bdb4 ,few ,local ,au?orities h s plann$ _! diet>y z to conta9 ?is excess ( proteid & fat ov] />*y food4 ,judg$ by ?is /&>d1 decl>$ ,dr4 ,k]r 9 #aijh1 & ! same /atem5t holds good to-day1 mo/ diets suppli$ by public funds are probably want+ 9 value = ! *ildr51 h[ev] useful !y might be z a s+le meal = a normal individual4#bci ,footnote #bci3 ,report ( ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 submitt+ report ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] 7,education7 = ! tw5ty-"o mon?s end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh1 p4 #ag4 ,x w\ld naturally be expect$ t ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] w\ld be consult$ ab\t ! diet>y z a matt] ( c\rse1#bdj b ?is is by no means inv>iably ! case4 ,at ,birk5head1 = in/ance1 ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] has no voice 9 ! plann+ ( ! m5u4 ,at ,/oke-on-,tr5t ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] reports 9 #aiaa t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,f5ton di/rict1 ! m$ical /aff does n appe> to h ev5 be5 consult$ on ! matt] ( diet>y4#bda ,footnote #bdj3 ,! det]m9ation ( ! diet>y ( ! *ildr5 g5]ally1 & ( individual *ildr5 ^: heal? or age r5d]s x desirable t special arrangem5ts %\ld be made 9 _! case is1 z ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education po9ts out1 a matt] on :i* ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] is p>ticul>ly compet5t to =m an op9ion1 & on :i*1 !re=e1 8 op9ion %\ld be s\ght by ! ,au?ority4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bge47 ,footnote #bda3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,/oke-on-,tr5t = #aiaa1 p4 #ef4 ,:]e ! meals are giv5 at re/aurants1 ! diet>y is almo/ inv>iably unsatisfactory1 adequate inspection be+ impossible4#bdb ,footnote #bdb3 ,see ! descriptions ( ,/oke & ,liv]pool1 po/1 pp4 #hi1 #ij-ia4 ,! mo/ elaborate diet>y is probably t adopt$ by ! ,brad=d ,education ,committee4 ,9 #aijg1 aft] ! ,education ,committee _h adopt$ ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act1 b be=e arrangem5ts _h be5 made to fe$ ! *ildr5 out ( ! rates1 an exp]im5t 0 made 9 fe$+ =ty *ildr5 = f\rte5 weeks4 ,! diet>y 0 c>efully plann$ s t1 :ile conta9+ ! requisite am\nt ( proteid & fat1 x %\ld n be beyond ! purse ( ! ord9>y p>5t 9 normal times4#bdc ,?is diet>y is /ill 9 =ce1 a few alt]ations hav+ be5 made :i* exp]i5ce %[$ to be advisable4 ,! m5u is v>i$1 accord+ to ! season1 w9t]1 summ]1 & spr+ or autumn4 ,! same meal is n repeat$ = f\r weeks4#bdd ,at ,portsm\? aga91 :]e ! diet>y is drawn up by ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? & ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]1 a diff]5t meal is giv5 e day = ?ree weeks4#bde ,9 mo/ t[ns1 h[ev]1 ! same m5u is cont9u$ week aft] week1 ) "s slight v>iation 9 ! summ]4 ,! same meal is giv5 on ! same day 9 ! week s t ! *ildr5 le>n to "k :at meal to expect1 & 9 consequ5ce ! att5dance is (t5 consid]ably small] on days :5 ! di% is unpopul>4 ,sometimes ! food w v>y v little ev5 f day to day4 ,?\gh s]v$ "u v>i\s names1 s\p1 /ew or ha%1 x is really almo/ precisely ! same4 ,"s au?orities supply only "o c\rse1 o!rs two4 ,9 "s t[ns a *ild is all[$ to h z mu* z x wants1 9 reason2 9 o!r t[ns only "o help+ is all[$ z a rule1 ?\gh1 if !re happ5s to be any food ov]1 ?is may be di/ribut$ among ! *ildr54#bdf ,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,report on a ,c\rse ( ,meals giv5 to ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 f ,april to ,july1 #aijg1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,= ,brad=d & "s o!r typical m5us see ,app5dix ,i4 ,footnote #bde3 ,! ,importance ( a ,well-,advis$ & ,compreh5sive ,s*eme 9 ! ,selection ( ,*ildr5 444 "u ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 by ,victor ,j4 ,blake1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,at "o c5tre t we visit$1 ! second help+ consi/$ only ( :at 0 left by "s ( ! *ildr5 on _! plates6 ,^? :o want$ m 7 ask$ to hold up _! h&s1 & ! food 0 !n h&$ to !m1 ! recipi5ts be+ app>5tly select$ at r&om1 s9ce !re 0 n en\gh = all4 ,occasionally special provision is made = ! infants4 ,?us1 at ,york1 milk & bread is giv5 9 ! middle ( ! morn+ to infants :o are on ! fe$+ li/1 x hav+ be5 f\nd t !y c\ld n dige/ ! ord9>y d9n]s4 ,b z a rule1 ?\gh 9 well manag$ c5tres ! infants are plac$ toge!r at special tables1 s t !y c be bett] sup]vis$ & taught h[ to eat1 !re is no sep>ate diet>y = !m4 ,:]e only breakfa/s are provid$ !re is1 ( c\rse1 less room = v>iation4 ,g5]ally cocoa or c(fee is giv51 ) bread & butt]1 m>g>9e1 dripp+1 jam or syrup4 ,at ,bootle pea s\p is giv5 "o day a week4 ,9 sev]al t[ns porridge is provid$1 ei!r alt]nately ) ! cocoa or c(fee breakfa/1 or e day4 ,at ,%effield1 :]e a cocoa breakfa/ us$ to be giv51 porridge 0 sub/itut$ at "o s*ool z an exp]im5t2 x 0 f\nd t ! boys :o 7 f$ on porridge increas$ 9 weight at d\ble ! rate ( ! boys :o receiv$ only ! cocoa breakfa/2 z a result porridge breakfa/s 7 sub/itut$ 9 all ! s*ools4#bdg ,footnote #bdg3 ,report ( ,*ief ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,%effield1 = ! ye> #aiaj1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,see po/1 p4 #aij4 7iii7 ,prep>ation & ,di/ribution ( ! ,meals4 ,9 a few cases ! ,local ,education ,au?ority has equipp$ a kit*5 = ! prep>ation ( ! food1 & makes arrangem5ts = di/ribut+ x to ! v>i\s c5tres4 ,at ,brad=d all ! meals1 ) ! exception ( ^? = s*ools 9 outly+ di/ricts :]e arrangem5ts are made ) local cat]]s1 are cook$ at a c5tral kit*5 & di/ribut$ 9 special heat-reta9+ boxes to ! diff]5t d9+ c5tres by motor vans4 ,man*e/]1 ,birk5head & o!r t[ns also h _! own c5tral kit*54 ,sometimes1 z at ,we/ ,ham1 a kit*5 is atta*$ to ea* ( ! c5tres2 or occasionally a cook]y c5tre is utilis$ = ! prep>ation ( ! meals4 ,sometimes1 z at ,le$s & ,portsm\?1#bdh ! ,local ,education ,au?ority provides ! kit*5 & a cat]] prep>es ! food4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 all ! arrangem5ts = ! prep>ation & ! di/ribution ( ! meals are 9 ! h&s ( cat]]s4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,! ,importance ( a ,well-,advis$ & ,compreh5sive ,s*eme 9 ! ,selection ( ,*ildr5 444 "u ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 by ,victor ,j4 ,blake1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #be4 7iv7 ,! ,s]vice ( ! ,meals4 ,f ! fir/ great /ress 0 laid by ! ,bo>d ( ,education ^u ! educational aspect ( ! meals4 ,! me?ods employ$ 9 ! provision ( meals %\ld be n m]ely su* z w secure an improvem5t 9 ! physical condition ( ! *ildr51 b su* z w h a directly educational effect ^u !m 9 respect ( mann]s & conduct4#bdi ,! s*ool d9n] may 444 be made to s]ve z a valuable object-lesson & us$ to re9=ce ! practical in/ruction 9 hygi5e1 cook]y & dome/ic economy4#bej ,footnote #bdi3 ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,code ( ,regulations = ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 9 ,engl&1 #aijh1 p4 ii4 ,footnote #bej3 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 prefatory note by ,l4 ,a4 ,selby-,bigge1 p4 #f4 ,9 _m cases ?is advice 0 totally disreg>d$4 ,! second report on ! work+ ( ! ,act conta9s _m examples ( ! utt] lack ( discipl9e prevail+ 9 "s c5tres4 ,9 "o case no attempt to tea* ord]ly eat+ 0 made2 !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( actual disord]ly conduct1 ?r[+ bits ( food at ea* o!r & s =?4 ,9 ano!r case :]e ! meals 7 s]v$ 9 a small ou?\se 9 ! playgr\nd1 ! table 0 a l[ lock]4444 ,on ?is a newspap] 0 spread1 & !re 0 h>dly room = m ?an six *ildr5 to sit r\nd x4 ,o!r *ildr5 sat on l[ b5*es :]e !y c\ld1 hold+ _! b[ls on _! knees 444 ab\t fifty p>take ( ! d9n]1 b !re is n room = m ?an twelve at a "t1 & !n x is a scramble4444 ,! food 7,iri% /ew & bread7 0 good b ev]y?+ else 0 z bad z c\ld be4 ,at ano!r c5tre1 we read1 ! d9n] is eat5 9 a p]fect p&emonium ( noise4 ,n9e *>wom5 ( a r l[ type att5d to ab\t #dgj *ildr54#bea ,footnote #bea3 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaj1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,x is enc\rag+ to note t !re has s9ce be51 g5]ally speak+1 an improvem5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! meals4 ,b !re are /ill areas 9 :i* ! educational possibilities ( ! meals h n be5 realis$1 or1 if realis$1 h n receiv$ ! att5tion :i* !y des]ve#beb--;a /atem5t :i* we c amply corroborate4 ,footnote #beb3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,! diff]5t me?ods 9 vogue may be classifi$ r\ghly "u f\r heads1 accord+ to ! place 9 :i* ! meal is s]v$1 i4e4 7a7 9 ! s*ool1 7b7 9 eat+-h\ses1 7c7 9 c5tres1 or 7d7 9 ! home4 7a7 ,! ideal place = ! meal is ! s*ool :5 a room is specially set ap>t z a d9+-room4 ,! meal %\ld be att5d$ only by ! *ildr5 f t p>ticul> s*ool & %\ld be s]v$ "u prop] sup]vision4 ,! tables %\ld be nicely laid1 reg>d be+ paid to ! /hetic side ( ! meal1 & table mann]s %\ld be taught4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld !mselves lay ! tables & wait on "o ano!r4 ,we h f\nd ^! ideal arrangem5ts 9 "s ( ! ,special ,s*ools = ,defective ,*ildr5 & 9 ,op5 ,air ,s*ools1#bec b x is v r>e to f9d su* provision made = ! necessit\s *ildr5 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools4 ,_m au?orities1 inde$1 adopt ! plan ( s]v+ ! meals 9 ! s*ools1 b too frequ5tly class-rooms are utilis$4 ,! objections to ?is c\rse are obvi\s4 ,adequate v5tilation aft] a meal is (t5 impossible1 & ! smell ( food p]vades ! atmosph]e4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y to hurry ov] ! meal s t ! room may be prep>$ 9 "t = s*ool4 ,! food is (t5 s]v$ on ! desks1 an uncom=table arrangem5t & "o :i* r5d]s x v difficult to tea* ! *ildr5 to eat nicely4 ,footnote #bec3 ,we describe two or ?ree ( ^! s*ools lat]4 7,see po/1 pp4 #aba-b47 ,! wor/ example ( ?is utilisation ( ! s*ool premises t we h se5 is t ( ,bootle4 ,"h ! arrangem5ts made = supply+ ! meals %[ a deplorable lack ( appreciation1 on ! "p ( ! ,education ,au?ority1 ( ! b5efits :i* may be d]iv$ f ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act4 ,! breakfa/s are s]v$ sometimes 9 class-rooms1 sometimes 9 ! cloak-rooms or ! cell>s6 ,:5 we visit$ ,bootle 79 ,april1 #aiac7 ! breakfa/s _h be5 /opp$ = ! summ]1 b we 7 %[n "o or two ( ^! cell>s4 ,we 7 told t !y are made z invit+ z possible--! walls are :itewa%$1 sawdu/ is spr9kl$ on ! floors1 a table is plac$ = ! *ildr5 to sit d[n to--b :5 all is done t c be done !y rema9 entirely unsuitable places = ! purpose4 ,! only po9t t is urg$ 9 _! fav\r is t ! *ildr5 enjoy ! w>m? f ! heat+ app>atus4 ,9 ! cloak-rooms !re is n always room = a table1 & ! *ildr5 sometimes h to sit along ! walls1 hold+ _! mugs ( cocoa or _! bas9s ( s\p on _! knees4 ,:5 ! class-rooms are utilis$ ! food has to be plac$ on ! desks2 no?+ 9 ! nature ( table-clo?s is provid$1 & ! /ate ( ! desks aft] ! *ildr51 ! infants especially1 h eat5 s\p or bread & syrup1 c be well imag9$4 ,(t5 ! breakfa/s arrive late1 & ! *ildr5 h consequ5tly to be hurri$ ov] ! meal s t ! class-rooms may be got ready = s*ool4#bed ,x mu/ n be assum$ t no?+ 9 ! way ( table mann]s is attempt$2 clean h&s1 = in/ance1 c be insi/$ on 7?\gh ev5 ?is is difficult 9 "s s*ools :]e !re is an insuffici5t supply ( wat]71 & at "o s*ool we 7 told t ! infants _h le>nt to eat )\t spill+ _! food2 b x is obvi\s t v little c be done4 ,! me?od ( s]v+ ! midday meal is ev5 less educational4 ,we h se5 t ! ,education ,committee refus$ to make arrangem5ts = ! provision ( a suitable d9n]1 & decid$ in/ead t ! tea*]s %\ld di/ribute at midday to ! mo/ necessit\s *ildr5 any surplus left ov] f breakfa/4 ,! d9n] ?us consi/s usually ( m]ely a piece ( bread1 ) p]haps "s cocoa1 if any rema9s f ! morn+ meal4 ,! bread is giv5 to ! *ildr5 to take away1 & !y eat x on _! way home4 ,:at r5d]s ! failure ( ! ,education ,au?ority to pay any reg>d to ! educational aspect ( ! meal m disa/r\s is t x is ! tea*]s :o sup]vise ! meals4 ,_m ( !m bitt]ly res5t ! way 9 :i* ! meals are s]v$2 z "o po9t$ out to u1 ! girls are taught 9 ! s*ool h[ to set a table1 b ! practical example :i* ! tea*]s are =c$ to %[ w h mu* m weight ?an any !oretical tea*+4 ,a ye> ago ! head tea*]s pres5t$ a memorial to ! ,education ,committee1 urg+ t ! s*ools %\ld no long] be us$4 ,z a tempor>y exp$i5t1 runs ! communication1 !y h loyally endeav\r$ to "w ?is imp]fect sy/em1 b !y n[ feel t ! "t has arriv$ = ! adoption ( a s*eme on a m satisfactory & p]man5t basis4444 ,! s]v+ ( meals 9 cloak-rooms1 cell>s or basem5ts1 & o!r unsuitable places1 calls = imm$iate rem$y4 ,9 "s cases ! *ildr5 receive _! meals :il/ sitt+ ^u ! floor2 9 all1 ! bread is ( necessity plac$ ^u ! dirty desks4 ,9 o!rs1 !re is no adequate supply ( hot wat] & t[els = use 9 cleans+ ! ut5sils4 ,"u su* conditions !re c be no tra9+ 9 habits ( dec5cy or cleanl9ess4444 ,:5 ! meals are s]v$ 9 class-rooms1 ! desks & floors are r5d]$ unfit = imm$iate s*ool use1 & a smell ( food p]meates ! atmosph]e4 ,to combat ?is /ate ( affairs z f> z possible1 ! tea*]s h1 9 _m cases1 to wa% ! desks & bru% ! floors4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! *ildr5 are hurri$ ov] _! meals 9 ord] t ! necess>y prep>ations = lessons may be made4#bee ,to ?is ! ,education ,committee repli$ t1 :ile !y agre$ t an ideal sy/em ( fe$+ ! *ildr5 w\ld be by prop]ly equipp$ c5tres q ap>t f ! s*ool premises1 ! co/ ( su* w\ld be prohibitory1 & t q possibly ! press+ ( su* a *ange w\ld jeop>dise ! cont9uance ( ! ex]cise ( ! p[]s giv5 by ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act1 n[ s b5eficially & economically adm9i/]$4 ,! committee hop$ t ! tea*]s w recognise ! ,au?ority's f9ancial difficulties 9 ! way ( ! introduction ( a m desirable sy/em1 &1 p5d+ ! arrival ( ! long-expect$ p>liam5t>y aid = ?is & o!r ameliorative "w devolv+ ^u local education au?orities1 w cont9ue _! valuable co-op]ation 9 meet+ ! ne$s ( _! hungry s*ol>s by ! exi/+ practical if n p]fect sy/em4#bef ,! tea*]s _h app>5tly be5 consid]+ ! advisability ( )draw+ _! s]vices altoge!r1 b ?is ?reat ( a possible cessation ( ! meals induc$ !m to cont9ue _! assi/ance4 ,footnote #bed3 ,at ,birm+ham we note ! same defect4 ,! *ildr5 are quiet & well-behav$2 b all ! "t is tak5 9 s]v+ ! food1 & !re is no opportunity to tea* individual *ildr5 to eat sl[ly4 ,! t5d5cy1 especially ) ! cocoa breakfa/1 is to gulp d[n ! dr9k1 eat "p ( ! bread & jam1 & c>ry ! re/ away4 7,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 p4 #db47 ,footnote #bee3 ,report ( ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 #aiaa-ab1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bef3 ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 7b7 ,a second me?od is ! s]vice ( ! meals at local re/aurants4 ,?is plan is /rongly disc\rag$ by ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 s9ce x is impossible to secure adequate sup]vision ( ! meals or prop] control ( ! diet>y2 ! meals are consequ5tly ( little1 if any1 value f an educational or ev5 nutritional po9t ( view4#beg ,any au?ority adopt+ ?is sy/em is1 9 fact1 animat$ solely by ! desire to get ! *ildr5 f$ ) ! lea/ possible tr\ble4 ,footnote #beg3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bgb4 ,un=tunately ! plan is /ill 9 fav\r ) a consid]able numb] ( local au?orities1#beh ev5 9 "s ( ! l>ge t[ns4 ,footnote #beh3 ,9 _m t[ns :]e meals are usually s]v$ at c5tres1 local re/aurants are utilis$ 9 outly+ di/ricts :]e ! numb] ( *ildr5 is too small to all[ ( a c5tre be+ e/abli%$4 ,?us at ,/oke-on-,tr5t ! *ildr5 = :om free meals are grant$ are s5t to eat+-h\ses4#bei ,^! h\ses are (t51 if n always1 small bak]s' %ops1 n g5]al re/aurants4 ,!y are usually situat$ at an easy di/ance f ! s*ool4 ,! numb]s att5d+ ea* are small1 am\nt+ to n m ?an tw5ty or s4 ,at ! "o we visit$#bfj ! conditions seem$ to be z good z c\ld be expect$ "u ! circum/ances2 ! cat]] 0 a mo!rly old woman :o took an evid5t int]e/ 9 ! *ildr51 & ! food 0 hot & palatable4 ,! disadvantages inh]5t 9 ! sy/em1 ! impossibility ( sup]vision & ! lack ( control ov] ! diet>y1 are1 h[ev]1 obs]vable "h z else:]e4 ,probably 9 few cases w\ld ! *ildr5 get an insuffici5cy ( food4 ,! difficulty lies r 9 secur+ good quality & ! prop] k9d ( meal4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t "o cat]] _h sub/itut$1 = ! regulation fi% pie1 bread & jam1 because ! *ildr5 pref]r$ x4 ,i h inspect$ sev]al ( ^! eat+-h\ses1 reports ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]1 & al?\gh ,i f\nd "o in/ance 9 :i* ! *ildr5 7 treat$ on exactly ! same l9es z ! contractor's own *ildr51 9 fact sat at ! same table1 & 7 reg>d$ q z memb]s ( ! family2 9 mo/ in/ances ! surr\nd+s1 ! mann] ( s]v+ & ! diet>y left mu* to be desir$4444 ,i w\ld /rongly urge ! advisability ( gett+ ! cat]+ 9 all in/ances into our own h&s4 ,i d n ?9k t ! full b5efit ( ! ,act c be secur$ 9 any o!r way2 x is d\btful1 z ?+s are1 :e!r ! int5tion ( ! ,act1 z a rem$y = malnutrition1 c be c>ri$ out at all4#bfa ,footnote #bei3 ,at "o s*ool1 ! *ildr5 h ! meal 9 ! s*ool1 ! food be+ s5t 9 by a cat]]1 ! head-mi/ress pref]r+ t arrangem5t4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,9 ,april1 #aiac4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,/oke-on-,tr5t1 #aiab1 p4 #bc4 ,at ,acton ! meals are giv5 at a d+y eat+-h\se :i* is int5d$ prim>ily to s]ve ! ne$s ( ! wom5 work+ at ! laundries 9 ! di/rict4#bfb ,!re is only "o room1 s t ! *ildr5 h to h _! meals ) ! o!r cu/om]s1 & ! h\r at :i* ! *ildr5 come 91 betwe5 twelve & "o1 is1 ( c\rse1 ! busy h\r = ! re/aurant4 ,at "o "t a rota ( ladies att5d$ volunt>ily to sup]vise ! meals1 b ?is plan has be5 giv5 up2 ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s n[ take x 9 turn to be pres5t4 ,! *ildr5 come & g z !y please & !re is no attempt to tea* table mann]s4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,?is eat+-h\se is situat$ 9 ! poore/ "p ( ,acton1 :]e ! great majority ( ! *ildr5 :o are on ! d9n]-li/ live4 ,9 a few cases1 :]e ! *ildr5 live 9 o!r di/ricts1 arrangem5ts are made = !m to obta9 food at ! cook]y c5tres2 ?is food !y take home ) !m4 ,?is plan1 we 7 told1 is only adopt$ 9 cases :]e ! "m c be tru/$ to see t ! d9n]s are really eat5 by ! *ildr5 = :om !y are int5d$4 ,at ,liv]pool1 till q rec5tly1 ! same sy/em 0 9 =ce4 ,! *ildr5 receiv$ c\pons at ! s*ool1 :i* !y pres5t$ at v>i\s cocoa rooms 9 ! city4#bfc ,! objections to ?is sy/em 7 _m4 ,! numb] ( cocoa rooms1 at :i* c\pons 7 accept$1 0 limit$1 & 9 "s cases ! ne>e/ cocoa room 0 situat$ too f> f ! s*ool = ! *ildr5 to be s5t !re4#bfd ,?\gh "s manag]s refus$ to supply unsuitable food1 o!rs gave :atev] ! *ildr5 ask$ =--frequ5tly buns1 jam puffs1 or ic$ cakes4#bfe ,(t5 ! *ildr5 w\ld take ! food home to be %>$ among ! o!r memb]s ( ! family4#bff ,at "s cocoa rooms ! *ildr5 7 s]v$ 9 ! g5]al room1 & 7 br\ght into contact ) adult cu/om]s ( a class n *oice 9 language or mann]s4 ,!re 0 little or no sup]vision--only occasional visits by ! tea*]s--& consequ5tly no attempt to influ5ce ! *ildr5 9 ! direction ( cleanl9ess & ord]l9ess at meals4#bfg ,9 spite ( ^! revelations ! sy/em 0 cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 be+ only f9ally giv5 up 9 ,augu/1 #aiab4 ,! meals are n[ s]v$ 9 c5tres4 ,! food is at pres5t suppli$ by cat]]s1 b ! ,education ,committee are consid]+ ! advisability ( provid+ _! own kit*54 ,footnote #bfc3 ,"s 7 s5t to ! depts ( ! ,food & ,bett]m5t ,association4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,int]im ,report ( ! ,special ,committee appo9t$ to inve/igate ! ,insuffici5t or ,improp] ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 ,liv]pool ,city ,c\ncil ,proce$+s1 #aijg-h1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #e1 #ae4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 #ai4 ,footnote #bff3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ag1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,9 "o case :]e five c\pons 7 giv5 daily to five memb]s ( a family1 x 0 f\nd t ! *ildr5 took ! c\pons home e day1 & at ! end ( ! week ^! c\pons 7 pres5t$ & value obta9$4 7,ibid41 p4 #ba47 ,footnote #bfg3 ,,ms4 ,memor&um on ! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ! ,liv]pool ,fabian ,society1 #aijh4 7c7 ,! plan mo/ usually adopt$1 & ! "o recomm5d$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 is ! sy/em ( s]v+ ! meals at c5tres att5d$ by *ildr5 f ?ree or f\r neighb\r+ s*ools4 ,= ?is purpose "s room belong+ to ! ,corporation may be utilis$1 p]haps a room atta*$ to ! ,police ,/ation1 z (t5 at ,man*e/]1 or a room 9 "s disus$ s*ool2 frequ5tly ! hall ( a club or mission is hir$4 ,! arrangem5ts are (t5 ( a make%ift "*1 ! room be+ ill-adapt$ = ! purpose & ! surr\nd+s d>k & dre>y4 ,moreov]1 ! assembl+ ( l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 f diff]5t s*ools r5d]s ! "w ( sup]vision m difficult & detracts consid]ably f ! educational value ( ! meal4 ,! actual conditions v>y widely f t[n to t[n1 & ev5 f c5tre to c5tre 9 ! same t[n4 ,! be/ results are p]haps to be se5 at ,brad=d1#bfh ! t[n 9 :i* mo/ att5tion has be5 paid to ! subject4 ,"h ! tea*]s sup]vise ! meal1 two or ?ree be+ pres5t g5]ally1 "o to apportion ! food & ! o!rs to sup]vise ! table mann]s ( ! *ildr54 ,!y are assi/$ by boy & girl monitors4 ,^! are select$ g5]ally f ! eld] *ildr5 on ! d9n] li/4#bfi ,on arrival1 ab\t t5 m9utes be=e ! meal1 ea* monitor puts on "o ( ! blue ov]alls provid$ = !m1 sets ! table = :i* he or %e is responsible & h&s r\nd ! food4 ,! position ( monitor is a mu* covet$ "o4 ,! sy/em provides a valuable tra9+ = ! *ildr5 9 do+ ?+s = !mselves1 & 9 look+ aft] "o ano!r4 ,! results are mo/ m>k$4 ,9 e c5tre we visit$ ! *ildr5 7 quiet & ord]ly1 & 9 "s cases ! behavi\r 0 excell5t4 ,at "o c5tre we 7 p>ticul>ly /ruck by ! table mann]s ( ! boys1 _! consid]ation = "o ano!r1 & ! quick & quiet way 9 :i* !y collect$ all ! plates & spoons & pack$ !m 9 ! boxes = return to ! cook+ depot ( _! own accord1 )\t any in/ructions f ! tea*] 9 *>ge4 ,! results v>y1 ( c\rse1 9 diff]5t c5tres4 ,= in/ance1 ) reg>d to clean h&s & faces1 "s tea*]s are v /rict1 ea* *ild hav+ to hold up 8 h&s = inspection z he ent]s ! d9+-room4 ,9 o!rs only p]iodical inspection is made1 & we notic$ sev]al dirty h&s1 notably 9 ! case ( "s ( ! boys :o 7 assi/+ to h& r\nd ! food4 ,infants are plac$ at sep>ate tables s t !y c receive special att5tion4 ,ea* *ild is expect$ to eat ! fir/ c\rse1 or at any rate to try to eat x1 be=e be+ giv5 ! second4 ,:5 ! *ild does n l ! food1 x is giv5 a small help+ at fir/ & coax$ to eat x4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we 7 told t at fir/ ! *ildr5 w\ld h>dly t\* ! food1 be+ accu/om$ to ! home diet>y ( bread & tea & pickles2 b by ! pati5t endeav\rs ( ! tea*]s ?is difficulty 0 ov]come & ! *ildr5 h le>nt to appreciate n\ri%+ food4 ,! importance ( ! /hetic side ( ! meal is fully appreciat$4 ,table clo?s are provid$ & (t5 fl[]s4 ,! meal1 inde$1 f />t to f9i% is educational4#bgj ,footnote #bfh3 ,! c5tres at ,brad=d1 ,le$s1 ,we/ ,ham & ,birk5head 7 all visit$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiac & ! descriptions ref] to t date4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,9 ! second>y s*ools1 ! poor] *ildr5 are all[$ to act z monitors1 be+ giv5 9 return a #c;d4 d9n] free4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,brad=d1 #aiji1 pp4 #ajj-a4 ,at ,nott+ham ! conditions are v simil> to ^? at ,brad=d1 ! ,education ,committee hav+1 9 fact1 modell$ _! policy on t ( ,brad=d4 ,at ,le$s x /ruck u t ! *ief aim 0 m]ely to fe$ ! *ildr51 ! educational side receiv+ only second>y consid]ation4 ,z mo/ ( ! c5tres are n l>ge en\gh to accommodate all ! *ildr5 at once 7at any rate 9 w9t] "t71 two sitt+s-d[n are necess>y1 & ! meal is hurri$ ?r\gh s z to all[ ! second relay to come 9 z soon z possible4 ,! *ildr5 beg9 _! meal z soon z !y ent]1 )\t wait+ till ! o!rs h come 9 s t all may beg9 toge!r 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,grace is said halfway ?r\gh ! meal4 ,z soon z a *ild has f9i%$ ! fir/ c\rse 7( :i* x is all[$ to h a second help+1 if desir$71 x is giv5 a piece ( cake or bun :i* x eats outside 9 ! /reet4 ,! sup]vision is und]tak5 by ! tea*]s1 b only = a day or two at a "t4 ,?is con/ant *ange ( sup]visors makes ! tea*+ ( table mann]s m difficult4 ,"o ( ! regulations runs t ! sup]visor %\ld see t no *ild is admitt$ :o has n clean h&s & face1#bga b to judge f ! v dirty /ate ( "s ( ! h&s & faces we saw1 ?is rule seems to be ignor$1 at any rate at "s ( ! c5tres4 ,no special provision is made = ! infants2 !y h ! same food & are plac$ at ! same tables ) ! bigg] *ildr52 9 "s cases ! tables are s high t !y h to kneel on ! =ms 9 ord] to rea* _! food1 & ! spoons provid$ are s l>ge t x is difficult = !m to eat )\t spill+ x4#bgb ,! condition ( ! rooms aft] ! *ildr5 h f9i%$ _! d9n] is any?+ b desirable1 s\p be+ spill$ on ! table & pieces dropp$ on ! floor4 ,especially 0 ?is noticeable at "o c5tre :]e ! meal 0 s]v$ on desks4 ,^! desks 7 cov]$ ) dirty & ragg$ l9oleum1 & ! :ole surr\nd+s 7 inexpressibly dre>y1 ! litt] ( food on ! floor at ! end ( ! meal add+ to ! g5]al squalor4 ,footnote #bga3 ,le$s ,education ,committee1 ,rules = ! ,managem5t ( ,d9+ ,c5tres4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,compla9ts on bo? ^! po9ts _h1 we 7 told1 be5 made to ! ,education ,committee1 b1 on ! score ( exp5se1 no?+ _h be5 done4 ,at ,we/ ,ham "s attempt is made to r5d] ! meal educational4#bgc ,monitors & monitresses are appo9t$ f among ! eld] *ildr5 to assi/ 9 wait+ on ! o!rs4 ,table clo?s are provid$1 & 9 "s cases fl[]s are plac$ on ! tables4 ,b "h aga9 ! meal is spoilt by ! s5se ( ru%4 ,s9ce at ea* c5tre !re may be twice or ev5 p]haps ?ree times z _m *ildr5 z c be accommodat$ at once1 ea* *ild is giv5 its d9n] z soon z x comes 91 & is dispat*$ z soon z x has f9i%$4 ,table mann]s1 p]sonal appe>ance1 good behavi\r1 & punctuality1 are inde$1 z ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,c5tres rem>ks1 n ov]look$2 b 9 ^! respects1 ! results are n z satisfactory z "o c\ld desire4 ,! unusually l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 att5d+ ! c5tres1 & ! limit$ "t 9 :i* to s]ve ! meals to enable ! *ildr5 to return 9 "t = s*ool1 make x a difficult task to give ! necess>y individual att5tion4#bgd ,at "o "t s*ool manag]s & memb]s ( ! ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committee took x 9 turn to att5d ! diff]5t c5tres & sup]vise ! *ildr51 b ?is plan has be5 giv5 up1 & ! sup]vision is n[ done solely by ! wom5 :o prep>e ! meals4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! meals are s]v$ at ! s*ools 9 "s room :i* is no long] ne$$ = tea*+ purposes2 9 "s cases1 we believe1 9 a room :i* 0 specially built z a d9+-room4 ,we h includ$ ?is example 9 ! ?ird class r ?an 9 ! fir/1 s9ce 9 ea* case ! s*ool s]ves z a c5tre = *ildr5 f neighb\r+ s*ools4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,report ( ! ,we/ ,ham ,education ,committee = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiab1 p4 #eb4 ,birk5head af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! v>y+ conditions prevail+ 9 diff]5t c5tres 9 ! same t[n4 ,9 "o case a d9+-room has be5 specially built at ! s*ool1 ?is d9+-room s]v+ z a c5tre = sev]al o!r s*ools4 ,no table clo?s are us$1 b ! tables are ( :ite wood1 well scrubb$2 plants are sometimes provid$1 & ! :ole surr\nd+s are bright & *e]ful4 ,! *ildr5 7 un=tunately all[$ to come 9 z !y lik$1 b 9 o!r respects ! discipl9e seem$ good4 ,table mann]s 7 inculcat$ & clean h&s insi/$ on4 ,food _h to be f9i%$ at table & might n be tak5 away4 ,at ano!r c5tre ! conditions 7 entirely diff]5t4 ,! meals 7 s]v$ 9 a corridor at ! public ba?s4 ,two long n>r[ tables 7 plac$ aga9/ ea* wall1 ) =ms on "o side2 on ! o!r side1 ow+ to ! n>r[ness ( ! corridor1 !re 0 no room = seats1 s t "s ( ! *ildr5 _h to /&4 ,! *ildr5 ent]$ & left z !y lik$1 & 7 all[$ to take away food ) !m4 ,little ef=t 0 made to tea* table mann]s1 inde$ x w\ld h be5 impossible to d mu* 9 ?is respect ow+ to ! unsuitable "* ( ! premises4 ,x w\ld p]haps be unfair to dwell too mu* on ! conditions prevail+ 9 ?is c5tre1 s9ce ! use ( ^! premises 0 admitt$ly a tempor>y exp$i5t 7?\gh we und]/ood !y _h be5 us$ = "s "t71 b ! conditions at a ?ird c5tre 7 n v mu* bett]4 ,! hall 0 l>ge1 x is true1 & !re 0 pl5ty ( room = ! *ildr51 b ! surr\nd+s 7 v dre>y4 ,! tables1 :i* 7 n cov]$ ) tableclo?s1 7 d>k & d+y4 ,"h aga9 ! *ildr5 7 all[$ to /raggle 9 z !y pleas$1 "s z mu* z half an h\r or =ty m9utes late4 ,!y left z soon z !y _h f9i%$1 frequ5tly c>ry+ away food ) !m un*eck$4 ,little att5tion 0 paid to table mann]s & mu* ( ! food 0 wa/$4 7d7 ,! ?ree me?ods :i* we h describ$ all pres5t "o feature 9 common4 ,! *ildr51 :e!r f$ at ! s*ools1 at eat+-h\ses or at c5tres1 all %>e ) _! s*oolfell[s 9 a common meal4 ,!re rema9s "o o!r me?od1 ! supply ( food to ! family = consumption at home4 ,?is is ! me?od adopt$ at ,leice/] &1 s f> z we "k1 9 ?is t[n only4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 no rate is levi$ at ,leice/]1 volunt>y funds be+ decl>$ to be suffici5t4 ,^! funds are adm9i/]$ by ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 a body compos$ l>gely ( memb]s ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society & imbu$ ) its _s4 ,! ,association proce$s on ! !ory t ! provision ( meals is simply a =m ( relief2 ?is be+ s1 ! relief %\ld be adequate1 & ! family z a :ole %\ld be dealt )4 ,! food is accord+ly di/ribut$ 9 ! homes1#bge suffici5t be+ suppli$ = all ! family1 n only = ^? att5d+ s*ool1 & x is giv5 e day1 includ+ ,sundays1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,milk be+ ! *ief article abs5t f ! diet>y ( ! poor1 ! food *os5 is bread & milk4 ,?is is deliv]$ by ! ord9>y bak] & milkman s t ! neighb\rs %\ld n "k t ! family is receiv+ relief 7?\gh z a matt] ( fact ! bread & milk families appe> to be well kn[n74 ,footnote #bge3 ,:]e ! home conditions are extremely bad1 provision is made = *ildr5 to be f$ at eat+-h\ses1 b su* cases are v r>e4 ,at ! "t ( our visit1 9 ,july1 #aiac1 !re 0 n "o su* case4 ,c]ta9 advantages h und\bt$ly accru$ f ?is sy/em4 ,! p>5ts h le>nt ! value ( milk1 & ! *ildr5 h be5 taught to take x4 ,at fir/ !re 0 (t5 mu* difficulty 9 ?is latt] respect1 b by con/ant visitation ! *ildr5's prejudice has be5 brok5 d[n1 & !y n[ reli% ! food4#bgf ,on ! o!r h&1 "u ?is me?od ( di/ribut+ ! food 9 ! homes ! advantages to be d]iv$ f a common meal are totally ignor$4 ,no provision is made to meet ! case :]e ! "m goes out to "w all day1 & :]e ! provision ( a midday meal at s*ool w\ld be ( great value4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh frequ5t visits are paid to ! homes at breakfa/-"t to see t ! *ildr5 are actually gett+ ! food int5d$ = !m1 x is impossible to ensure ?is 9 all cases4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,second ,qu>t]ly ,report ( ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 ,novemb]1 #aijg1 to ,febru>y1 #aijh1 p4 #c4 ,we h classifi$ ! diff]5t me?ods "u ! above f\r head+s accord+ to ! place :]e ! meal is s]v$1 b1 z w h be5 se5 by ! examples giv51 ! educational value ( ! meal is det]m9$ ev5 m by ! "* ( ! sup]vision ?an by ! nature ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,! sup]vision is frequ5tly und]tak5 by ! tea*]s4 ,9 #aiji1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education reports t ! assi/ance ( tea*]s has be5 ! rule r ?an ! exception4#bgg ,?is s]vice is always r5d]$ volunt>ily1 ?\gh occasionally1 z at ,brad=d1 ! tea*]s receive "s small remun]ation4#bgh ,! am\nt ( s]vice giv5 v>ies widely 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,at ,brad=d ! same tea*] w att5d ! c5tre daily = mon?s4 ,9 o!r t[ns 8 or h] turn may come q infrequ5tly1 & may only am\nt to two or ?ree days' s]vice at a "t4#bgi ,sometimes ,s*ool ,manag]s1 memb]s ( ! ,cante5 ,committee or volunt>y work]s take x 9 turn to assi/ 9 ! sup]vision1 b _! att5dance is g5]ally spasmodic4 ,at ,portsm\? ! c5tres are entirely 9 *>ge ( ladies :o give _! s]vices volunt>ily4#bhj ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 paid sup]9t5d5ts are appo9t$1 too (t5 wom5 ( ! c>etak] type4 ,9 "s t[ns ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic] att5ds to collect ! tickets & helps to ma9ta9 ord]4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! head tea*]s receive #es4 a week = sup]vis+ d9n]s1 & #bs4 #f;d4 = breakfa/s2 ! assi/ant tea*]s #ds4 & #bs4 respectively4 ,at ,d]by also ! tea*]s are paid4 7,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,d]by1 #aiaa1 p4 #fa47 ,?is paym5t is v exceptional4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,at ,le$s1 = in/ance1 ! tea*] w p]haps be call$ on = a day or two e two mon?s4 ,at ,liv]pool a tea*] is suppos$ to att5d once a =tnight1 b (t5 no tea*] at all is pres5t4 ,at ,bootle ! turn may be "o day a week or a =tnight1 or p]haps a week at a "t2 "h ! tea*]s1 we 7 in=m$1 volunt>ily give _! s]vices "u prote/1 a fact :i*1 :5 "o consid]s ! conditions "u :i* !y are ask$ to s]ve ! meals1 is n surpris+4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,! ,importance ( a ,well-,advis$ & ,compreh5sive ,s*eme 9 ! ,selection ( ,*ildr5 444 "u ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 by ,victor ,j4 ,blake1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #bd4 ,! "q h[ f> ! tea*]s %\ld be ask$ to give _! s]vices is a vex$ "o4 ,on ! "o h&1 :]e ! tea*] att5ds regul>ly--& regul> att5dance is ess5tial if ! full b5efit f ! meals is to be d]iv$--?is extra "w involves a great /ra94 ,especially :5 ! midday int]val is only f #ab to #a4cj1 z 9 _m prov9cial t[ns1 ! "t = re/ is s]i\sly curtail$4 ,at ,le$s a reasonable "t is all[$ ! tea*]s 9 *>ge = _! own midday meal1 & !y are all[$ to arrive late at aft]noon s*ool 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1#bha b we 7 told t ?is p]mission is n 9 practice tak5 advantage (1 z _! late arrival w\ld dislocate ! "w4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ! s]vice is suppos$ to be always entirely volunt>y on ! "p ( ! tea*]s1 !re is always ! dang] t !y may feel "u a moral obligation to (f] _! s]vices4 ,9 "s cases1 ! burd5 seems to fall unduly on a few1 only a small m9ority (f]+ to assi/ 9 ! sup]vision1 ! o!rs tak+ no %>e4 ,footnote #bha3 ,le$s ,education ,committee1 ,rules = ! ,managem5t ( ,d9n] ,c5tres4 ,at ,brad=d x is noticeable t x is z a g5]al rule ! m5 tea*]s :o sup]vise ! meals2 wom5 tea*]s assi/1 b ! responsibility = ! managem5t ( ! :ole c5tre seems to involve too great a /ra9 ^u !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is unque/ionable t :]e ! tea*]s are will+ to und]take ! "w1 !y are1 g5]ally speak+1 ! mo/ compet5t sup]visors4 ,! reason = ?is is n f> to seek4 ,! *ildr51 be+ accu/om$ to obey ! comm&s ( _! tea*]s1 are m ready to behave 9 an ord]ly & discipl9$ mann] :5 "u _! sup]vision ?an :5 a /rang] is 9 *>ge4 ,moreov]1 ! tea*]s' acqua9tance ) ! idiosyncrasies ( individual *ildr5 enables !m to keep an eye on ^? *ildr5 :o are specially 9 ne$ ( food or :o ne$ p]suasion to make !m eat ! :olesome food provid$4#bhb ,aga91 ! fact t ! tea*]s are pres5t connects ! meal 9 ! *ild's m9d ) ! s*ool1 & s t5ds to make x m a "p ( ! s*ool curriculum1 a lesson 9 table mann]s4 ,)\t ! tea*]1 ,miss ,mc,millan po9ts out1 ! :ole v5ture w fail mis]ably on ! educational side4 ,b x is a mi/ake to ask ! tea*]s to s]ve ! food & wait on ! *ildr54 ,_! function %\ld be to preside & to be ! head1 & z f> z possible ! s\l1 ( ! daily ga!r+1#bhc j z at d9n] 9 a second>y s*ool4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,london's ,*ildr53 ,h[ to ,fe$ ,!m & ,h[ n to ,fe$ ,!m1 by ,m>g>et ,mc,millan & ,a4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 #aiji1 p4 #aa4 ,we h met ) ?is ideal arrangem5t only at "o s*ool--a small special s*ool = feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 at ,brad=d 7see po/1 pp4 #aba-b474 ,to sum up n[ ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! pres5t me?ods ( s]v+ ! meals1 x w be se5 t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! conditions are v f> f satisfactory4 ,ev5 :]e ! ,local ,education ,au?ority draws up elaborate regulations = ! managem5t ( ! d9+-c5tres1 ^! regulations are frequ5tly disreg>d$ 9 practice by ! sup]visors4 ,too (t5 ! object is to get ! meal ov] z quickly z possible1 & inadequate att5tion is paid to ! inculcation ( table mann]s & ! little am5ities ( a civilis$ meal4 ,to exp$ite ! s]vice ! food is frequ5tly plac$ on ! table be=e ! *ildr5 come 91 & x is ne>ly cold be=e !y eat x4 ,sometimes ! second c\rse is s]v$ & plac$ 9 front ( ! *ild be=e x has f9i%$ ! fir/ c\rse4 ,! food is almo/ inv>iably su* z c be eat5 ) a spoon & =k1 & ! *ildr5 are ?us n taught ! use ( a knife4#bhd ,sometimes only a spoon is provid$ & ! help ( f+]s is almo/ unavoidable4 ,we h z a rule f\nd ! supply ( ut5sils fairly adequate1 ?\gh :]e wat] is giv5 x is n always ! case = ea* *ild to h a sep>ate mug4#bhe ,x is r>e to f9d any attempt at table decoration1 & table-clo?s are by no means univ]sal4 ,x may be object$ t table clo?s are exp5sive &1 if ! tables are kept ?or\ghly clean1 unnecess>y1 b to keep ! tables well scrubb$ co/s z mu* z to provide table clo?s & ! necessity ( keep+ ! clo? clean is a useful lesson to ! *ild4 ,sometimes ! food1 if ( ! bread & jam nature1 is plac$ on ! table )\t plates4 ,9 v few cases has ! sy/em ( utilis+ ! s]vices ( ! eld] *ildr5 be5 adopt$ ) any ?or\ghness1 & ! valuable opportunity ( tra9+ ?us (f]$ is lo/4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,knives 7 us$ at ,brad=d = a "t1 b 7 giv5 up1 z x 0 f\nd t ! *ildr5 hurt !mselves4 ,_! use dem&s1 ( c\rse1 mu* sup]vision1 b !y might be giv5 to ! eld] *ildr5 at any rate4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,at ,birm+ham 9 "o s*ool ! same mugs = cocoa 7 us$ twice ov] = diff]5t *ildr5 )\t be+ wa%$4 ,! supply ( ut5sils at sev]al ( ! s*ools 0 too small = ! numb]s f$4 7,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 p4 #dc47 7e7--,! ,provision ( ,meals dur+ ! ,holidays4 ,at ! "t ! ,act ( #aijf 0 pass$1 x appe>s to h be5 g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t x emp[]$ ,local ,education ,au?orities to provide meals dur+ holidays z well z dur+ s*ool "t4#bhf ,! circul> issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ask+ ! ,local ,au?orities = in=mation z to ! way 9 :i* ! ,act _h be5 adm9i/]$1 conta9$ a "q z to ! numb] ( *ildr5 :o 7 f$ dur+ ! s*ool holidays1 ?us assum+ t ! meals w\ld be cont9u$2 n[h]e 0 x po9t$ out t ! co/ ( ! meals s provid$ c\ld n be borne by ! rates4#bhg ,moreov]1 dur+ ! next two or ?ree ye>s1 ! acc\nts ( sev]al ,local ,au?orities1 :o cont9u$ ! meals dur+ ! holidays1 7 c]tifi$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,auditors4#bhh ,ab\t #aiji1 h[ev]1 ! "q 0 rais$ :e!r ,local ,au?orities c\ld legally sp5d ! rates on provid+ meals :5 ! *ildr5 7 n actually 9 s*ool4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 on be+ appeal$ to by ! ,newca/le-on-,tyne ,education ,au?ority1 repli$ t !y c\ld n concur 9 any int]pretation ( ! ,act :i* w\ld emp[] ! au?ority to incur exp5diture :5 ! clos+ ( ! s*ools preclud$ ! *ildr5's att5dance4#bhi ,9 ,augu/1 #aiji1 ! co/ ( fe$+ *ildr5 dur+ ! previ\s ,*ri/mas holidays 0 disall[$ by ! ,auditor 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,we/ ,ham ,au?ority4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 on appeal1 confirm$ ! disall[ance1 ?\gh !y remitt$ ! sur*>ge4#bij ,footnote #bhf3 ,see preamble to ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act ,am5dm5t ,bill1 ,july #bj1 #aiaj4 ,?is ,bill introduces no new pr9ciple1 b simply ext5ds ! ,act to r5d] p]missible ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! ,act dur+ ! holidays1 a po9t :i*1 :5 ! orig9al ,act 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,p>liam5t1 x 0 g5]ally ?\ght 0 cov]$4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,hans>d1 ,july #ab1 #aiaj1 #e? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #ai1 pp4 #ahi-aij4 ,9 #aiaj1 out ( ! tw5ty-five or s ,local ,au?orities :o cont9u$ ! meals dur+ ! holidays1 ab\t "o-fif? paid = !m out ( ! rates4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 p4 #bee47 ,footnote #bhi3 ,ibid41 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #bij3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bed-e2 ,report ( ,we/ ,ham ,education ,committee = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaj1 pp4 #de-f4 ,s9ce ?is date1 9 ! great majority ( t[ns :]e meals are cont9u$ dur+ ! holidays1#bia ! co/ is met by volunt>y funds4 ,sometimes ! ,local ,education ,au?ority w issue a special appeal = funds4 ,or ! arrangem5ts may be und]tak5 by "s volunt>y society or by philan?ropic individuals4 ,:]e no provision is made (ficially1 ! tea*]s sometimes make arrangem5ts privately = ! mo/ necessit\s *ildr5 to be f$ at %ops4 ,at ,le$s x has become ! cu/om = ! ,"l ,mayor to provide out ( 8 own purse meals dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays 7! meals be+ discont9u$ dur+ ! o!r holidays72 ! co/ ( ?is provision may am\nt to z mu* z #ejj4 ,footnote #bia3 ,! fir/ report :i* 0 issu$ on ! ,work+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act gave ! numb] ( au?orities :o cont9u$ ! meals dur+ ! s*ool holidays--at t date #c out ( ! #g c\nties1 & #cb out ( ! #aje c\nty bor\ghs1 bor\ghs & urban di/ricts1 :o 7 mak+ "s provision "u ! ,act 7,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 #aijf1 up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 pp4 #cd-ch74 ,no figures are n[ available4 ,9 "o or two t[ns ! *>ge has be5 met ye> aft] ye> out ( public funds4 ,at ,brad=d1 = example1 ! meals h f ! fir/ be5 cont9u$ dur+ s*ool holidays4#bib ,! exp5diture has be5 sur*>g$ regul>ly by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,auditor1 b1 z we h said1 x has be5 met out ( a grant vot$ by ! ,f9ance ,committee f ! trad+ pr(its ( ! ,corporation4 ,! ,lab\r ,c\ncillors ma9ta9 t :5 ! ,act 0 pass$ holiday fe$+ 0 consid]$ legal & ! ratepay]s g5]ally seem to uphold !m 9 ?is claim1 9 spite ( occasional prote/s4#bic ,at ,nott+ham ! same plan is pursu$4#bid ,at ,portsm\? a grant is made to ! ,mayor on ! tacit und]/&+ t he w use x = ! provision ( meals dur+ ! holidays4 ,at ,we/ ,ham1 aft] ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d auditor _h1 9 #aiji1 disall[$ ! *>ge = holiday fe$+1 ! co/ 0 = a ye> or two borne by volunt>y funds4#bie ,x became1 h[ev]1 increas+ly difficult to raise ! necess>y subscriptions1 & dur+ #aiaa #did 0 *>g$ to ! rates1 ! volunt>y subscriptions only am\nt+ to #gd4bif ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> rec\rse 0 aga9 _h to ! rates4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ,auditor sur*>g$ ! exp5diture1 b ! ,bo>d1 on appeal1 remitt$ ! sur*>ge1 ?\gh confirm+ ! ,auditor's decision4#big ,at ,acton meals h be5 suppli$ regul>ly on ,saturdays#bih & dur+ ! s*ool holidays = ! pa/ few ye>s )\t any "q hav+ be5 rais$4 ,footnote #bib3 ,report ( ,brad=d ,education ,committee = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aijh4 ,footnote #bic3 ,see lett] f ,brad=d ,ratepay]s ,association1 9 ,brad=d ,city ,c\ncil ,proce$+s1 ,augu/ #aj1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bid3 ,9 ,london1 dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays1 #aiaa-ab1 meals 7 provid$ out ( a sum plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,*airman ( ! ,c\ncil by ! ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee1 f ! balance ( ! acc\nt 9 connection ) ! erection & managem5t ( ! ,coronation ,procession /&s4 7,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,febru>y #ac1 #aiab1 p4 #bgia47 ,footnote #bie3 ,report ( ! ,we/ ,ham ,education ,committee = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaj1 p4 #df2 ,ibid4 = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiaa1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #bif3 ,ibid4 = ! ye> end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aiab1 pp4 #ej-a4 ,footnote #big3 ,! ,ea/ ,ham ,e*o1 ,augu/ #bb1 #aiac4 ,footnote #bih3 ,at ,brighton meals 7 provid$ on ,saturdays by ! ,local ,education ,au?ority out ( ! rates till ,janu>y1 #aiji1 :5 x 0 decl>$ to be ultra vires4 7,report on ! ,m$ical ,inspection ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,brighton = #aijh1 p4 #ii47 ,! "q ( ! legality ( ! provision ( meals dur+ ! holidays out ( ! rates is1 inde$1 an op5 "o4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil took c\nsel's op9ion on ! po9t 9 #aiji & aga9 9 #aiaj1 ea* "t receiv+ ! reply t holiday fe$+ 0 illegal1#bii b ! "q has nev] be5 settl$ by a case 9 ! c\rts4 ,on special occasions ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d h relax$ _! prohibition4 ,?us1 9 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,john ,burns /at$ 9 ,p>liam5t t ?\gh ! ,bo>d w\ld n sanction 9 advance any exp5diture incurr$ 9 provid+ meals dur+ ! week ! s*ools 7 clos$ on acc\nt ( ! ,coronation fe/ivities1 !y w\ld be prep>$ to consid] ea* case on its m]its1 & decide :e!r any sur*>ge t might be made %\ld be remitt$ or upheld4#cjj ,& 9 ! spr+ ( #aiab1 dur+ ! widespread di/ress caus$ by ! coal /rike1 ! ,bo>d sanction$ ! provision ( meals dur+ ! ,ea/] holidays4 ,footnote #bii3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,febru>y #b1 #aiji1 p4 #aba2 ,m9utes ( ! ,education ,committee1 ,novemb] #bc1 #aiaj1 p4 #iia4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,hans>d1 ,m>* #bg1 #aiaa1 #e? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #ajgd-e4 ,on sev]al occasions ,bills h be5 br\ght 9 by ! ,lab\r p>ty to legalise ! provision ( meals dur+ ! holidays1 ! late/ be+ 9 ,april1 #aiac4cja ,s f> ^! ef=ts h met ) no success1 ?\gh ! ,prime ,m9i/] decl>$ 9 #aiab t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 fav\rable to ! pr9ciple1#cjb b x has n[ be5 promis$ t ! =?com+ ,education ,bill %all conta9 a clause enabl+ ,local ,au?orities to provide meals on ,sundays & dur+ holidays4#cjc ,footnote #cja3 ,see ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,bills1 ,april #ad1 #aiaj 7,no4 #abh71 ,febru>y #ai1 #aiab 7,no4 #ah71 ,april #ae1 #aiac 7,no4 #aja71 :i* all conta9$ a clause = provision ( s*ool meals dur+ ! holidays2 ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act ,am5dm5t ,bills1 ,july #bj1 #aiaj 7,no4 #bfe72 ,april #ai1 #aiaa 7,no4 #aha72 ,m>* #ac1 #aiab 7,no4 #hb72 ,april #af1 #aiac 7,no4 #aji74 ,footnote #cjb3 ,hans>d1 ,m>* #bh1 #aiab1 #e? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #cf1 p4 #eih4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,hans>d1 ,july #bb1 #aiac1 ,vol4 #ee1 pp4 #aiaj-aa4 ,!re seems inde$ to be a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( holiday fe$+4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,cr[ley at ,brad=d 9 #aijg1 & by ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? at ,nor?ampton 9 #aiji1 :i* we %all describe lat]1#cjd n to m5tion ! te/imony (f]$ by numb]s ( tea*]s z to ! det]ioration ( ! *ildr5 physically dur+ ! holidays1 prove conclusively ! ne$ = ! cont9uation ( ! meals1 if ! *ildr5 are n to lose mu* ( ! b5efit :i* !y h d]iv$ dur+ t]m "t4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,see po/1 pp4 #ahd-g4 ,9 pass+ we may note t n only d _m ,local ,au?orities--h[ _m we are unable to asc]ta91 b ! numb] mu/ be consid]able--discont9ue ! meals dur+ ! holidays1 b !y /op !m entirely dur+ ! summ] mon?s4#cje ,9 "s t[ns1 :]e employm5t is good dur+ ! summ]1 !re may be little ne$ = s*ool meals1 b 9 l>ge t[ns1 su* z ,bootle & ,sal=d1 :i* conta9 a l>ge population :o rely on casual lab\r1 x is obvi\s t ! cessation ( ! meals dur+ ! summ] mu/ cause consid]able h>d%ip4 ,footnote #cje3 ,?is may be ?r\gh lack ( funds1 z at ,ea/ ,ham 7see ante1 p4 #ef71 b is n always due to ?is cause4 7f7--,! ,provision = ,pay+ ,*ildr5 & ,recov]y ( ! ,co/4 ,:5 ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act 0 pass$ x 0 assum$ t a consid]able proportion ( ! co/ ( ! meals w\ld be borne by ! p>5ts4 ,x 0 confid5tly expect$ t l>ge numb]s ( p>5ts w\ld be will+ to avail !mselves ( ! provision ( a midday meal at s*ool = _! *ildr5 & w\ld gladly pay = x4#cjf ,! circul> issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education to ! ,local ,au?orities po9t$ out t ! ,act aim$ at secur+ t suitable meals %\ld be available j z mu* = ^? ^: p>5ts are 9 a position to pay z = ^? to :om food mu/ be giv5 free ( co/4#cjg ,!re w g5]ally be no difficulty 9 provid+1 :]e x is s desir$1 a s*ool d9n] at a fix$ price 9 ! middle ( ! day1 att5d$ by *ildr5 = :om1 by reason ( di/ance f ! s*ool or because ! "m's abs5ce makes a home meal difficult1 ! p>5t pref]s to take advantage ( an arrangem5t simil> to t n[ 9 op]ation 9 mo/ second>y day s*ools4#cjh ,moreov]1 little difficulty 0 anticipat$ 9 extract+ paym5t f ^? p>5ts :o c\ld af=d to pay b neglect$ to d s4 ,^! expectations h n be5 fulfill$4 ,9 ! ye> #aijh-i ! sums receiv$ f ! p>5ts1 ei!r contribut$ volunt>ily by !m or recov]$ aft] prosecution or ?reat ( prosecution1 am\nt$ to only #bie1 or 4#dd p] c5t4 ( ! total receipts4#cji ,9 #aiaa-ab ! am\nt s receiv$ _h increas$ b 0 /ill only #a p] c5t4#caj ,footnote #cjf3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,hans>d1 ,decemb] #f1 #aijf1 #d? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #aff1 p4 #abhc2 ,decemb] #g1 #aijf1 pp4 #acdj1 #acdd4 ,see also ibid41 ,july #i1 #aijc1 ,vol4 #abe1 p4 #aif1 & ,april #bj1 #aijd1 ,vol4 #acc1 p4 #ghh4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,report on ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,ibid41 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cji3 ,ibid41 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #caj3 ,! am\nt 0 #a1egj out ( a total ( #aeg1abg4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #ccb47 ,! smallness ( ! sums volunt>ily contribut$ by ! p>5ts is l>gely due to ! action ( ! ,local ,au?orities4 ,9 ! great majority ( t[ns 9 ,engl&#caa no s]i\s attempt has be5 made to e/abli% s*ool re/aurants2 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority1 ow+ p]haps to lack ( accommodation1 p]haps to ! difficulty ( provid+ = a fluctuat+ numb] ( *ildr5 7a difficulty felt especially :]e ! meals are suppli$ ?r\gh a cat]]71 p]haps to ! feel+ t ! provision ( s*ool meals z a matt] ( conv5i5ce w\ld enc\rage ! mo!rs to g out to "w1 has limit$ ! provision to necessit\s *ildr54 ,9 #aiaa-ab1 out ( #aah t[ns 7ap>t f ,london7 9 :i* provision 0 made = und]f$ *ildr51 9 only tw5ty-two 7 any ( ! meals paid = :olly by ! p>5ts4 ,! numb] ( *ildr5 s paid = 0 9 mo/ cases negligible1 ! total am\nt+ to only a few hundr$s4 ,& ^! figures include meals paid = "u compulsion 7?\gh )\t prosecution7 z well z meals volunt>ily paid = z a matt] ( conv5i5ce4#cab ,footnote #caa3 ,= provision made = pay+ *ildr5 9 ,scotti% t[ns1 see ,app5dix ,,ii41 pp4 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdf4 ,footnote #cab3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #cbe-g1 #cca4 ,9 elev5 o!r t[ns ! p>5ts 9 "s cases paid "p ( ! co/4 ,b ev5 :]e ! sy/em ( volunt>y paym5t has be5 tri$1 x has be5 a failure4 ,at ,brad=d1 :]e a l>ge proportion ( m>ri$ wom5 "w 9 ! mills1 x 0 felt t _m p>5ts w\ld take advantage ( a sy/em by :i* !y c\ld obta9 a midday meal = _! *ildr5 at co/ price4#cac ,! ,education ,committee accord+ly s5t r\nd a circul> to ! head tea*]s ask+ !m to ann\nce to _! s*ol>s t a good d9n] c\ld be obta9$ = #b;d4#cad ,! response 0 disappo9t+4 ,comp>atively few ( ! mo!rs took advantage ( ! (f]1 & ! result1 ?\gh ! numb] ( pay+ *ildr5#cae seems to be l>g] ?an 9 any o!r prov9cial t[n1#caf c only be describ$ z a failure4 ,?is may be p>tly attribut$ to ! co/4 ,:]e !re are sev]al *ildr5 a paym5t ( #b;d4 p] head may be m ?an ! p>5t c af=d4 ,b ! ma9 cause ( failure is und\bt$ly ! dislike ( ! indep5d5t type ( p>5t :o c af=d to pay to s5d+ 8 *ildr5 to meals ! majority ( :i* are be+ giv5 free4 ,9 fact any sy/em :i* seeks to comb9e free & pay+ meals1 ! free meals be+ ! *ief elem5t1 is =e-doom$ to failure4#cag ,footnote #cac3 ,! ne$s w\ld be met ( a ho/ ( *ildr5 :o nev] got a dec5t meal4 7,c\ncillor ,nor?1 ,brad=d ,city ,c\ncil ,proce$+s1 ,febru>y #bf1 #aijg1 p4 #bcc47 ,footnote #cad3 ,extracts f ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,brad=d ,education ,committee = ! f\r ye>s end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji & #aiaj1 pp4 #ad1 #af4 ,! *>ge is n[ #b-a_/b;d4 ,footnote #cae3 ,! numb]s giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa 7p4 #cbe7 are #ahb1 b "s ( ^! 7 paid = by ! ,gu>dians4 ,no record1 we 7 told1 is kept ( ! individual *ildr5 :o pay1 b ! am\nt receiv$ 9 #aiab-ac f p>5ts :o volunt>ily paid ! :ole co/ 0 #afi #ais4 #h;d4 ,?us only "s #af1cbj meals 7 :olly paid =1 out ( a total ( #ghb1igi4 7,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,return z to ! ,work+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiac47 ,footnote #caf3 ,at ,f9*ley z _m z two-?irds ( ! meals are paid =1 b ! *>ge is v l[1 only #a_/b;d4 p] meal4 ,we 7 in=m$ t ! price w\ld n cov] ! co/ ( food if x 7 n = ! fact t ! meat us$ 9 connection ) ! d9n]s 0 provid$ z a volunt>y gift4 ,footnote #cag3 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+ 9 #aije4 7,see ante1 p4 #cg47 ,if no di/9ction is made betwe5 ! pay+ *ildr5 & ! non-pay+ *ildr51 decl>$ "o witness1 ,i feel sure t ! ,birm+ham artisan w\ld n s5d 8 *ildr54 ,he w\ld n let !m g to receive a meal 9 reg>d to :i* x 0 n kn[n :e!r x 0 giv5 free or n4 7,report ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,q4 #abdf1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,george ,hookham47 ,see also ! evid5ce giv5 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ! ,director ( ,education = ,bolton4 7,ibid41 ,qs4 #caae-caai47 ,9 ! ,special ,s*ools = m5tally or physically defective *ildr51 :]e ! d9n] is provid$ m z a "p ( ! s*ool curriculum ?an z a *>ity meal1 !re is n1 z we %all see1 mu* difficulty 9 induc+ ! p>5ts to pay = ! meals4#cah ,9 rural di/ricts also1 :]e ! *ildr5 are 9 _m cases unable to g home at midday1 ! sy/em ( pay+ d9n]s has m *ance ( success4#cai ,footnote #cah3 ,see po/1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #cai3 ,see po/1 pp4 #abc-e4 ,turn+ n[ to ! "q ( ! recov]y ( ! co/ f unwill+ p>5ts1 ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act1 x w be rememb]$1 laid d[n t ! ,local ,au?orities %\ld require paym5t unless satisfi$ t ! p>5ts c\ld n pay1 & ! co/ might be recov]$ summ>ily z a civil debt4 ,9 practice ?is has be5 f\nd v difficult to accompli%4 ,x is impossible to tell f ! returns h[ mu* ( ! #a1egj receiv$ f p>5ts 9 #aiaa-ab 0 contribut$ volunt>ily1 & h[ mu* recov]$ aft] compulsion1 b ! am\nt recov]$ mu/ necess>ily be v small4#cbj ,footnote #cbj3 ,! am\nt recov]$ aft] prosecution 9 #aiaa-ab 0 #db #ajs4 #f;d4 = ! :ole ( ,engl& & ,wales1 ,london acc\nt+ = m ?an half ?is sum4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #cbe-g47 ,to ?is we mu/ add ! am\nt recov]$ ) m or less difficulty1 b )\t prosecution4 ,:]e ! ,local ,education ,au?ority conf9es ! provision ( meals /rictly to ! cases :]e ! family income is bel[ a c]ta9 am\nt p] head1 z at ,le$s1 !re is ( c\rse little to be recov]$1 attempts at recov]y be+ limit$ to cases :]e ! p>5ts h made an incorrect /atem5t z to _! income1 & h !re=e be5 obta9+ ! meals "u false pret5ces4 ,at ,we/ ,ham1 inde$1 ! ,education ,committee has int]pret$ ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act to mean t recov]y mu/ be attempt$ 9 e case :]e meals are suppli$4 ,:5 a p>5t applies = meals = 8 *ildr5 on ! score ( be+ unable to provide = !m himself--= only necessit\s *ildr5 are f$1 no provision be+ made = volunt>y paym5t--he has to sign a =m by :i* he agrees to repay ! co/ ( all meals :i* h be5 suppli$ :5 he gets back into "w & c af=d to d s4 ,moreov]1 he has to s5d a note e day say+ t he /ill wi%es 8 *ildr5 to be f$1#cba ?is be+ insi/$ on z a pro( t meals h be5 suppli$ 9 ! ev5t ( an attempt at recov]y4 ,9 any case ! full co/ is r>ely *>g$1 ! wage & ! numb] ( *ildr5 be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 & a rebate ( sometimes z mu* z #ge p] c5t4 be+ grant$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact v few acc\nts are s5t to ! ,bor\gh ,treasur] = collection1 z ! wages ( ne>ly all ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 :o are f$1 ev5 :5 !y are 9 good "w1 are too small to all[ ( _! pay+ = meals suppli$ 9 ! pa/4#cbb ,footnote #cba3 ,see ante1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,report ( ! ,we/ ,ham ,education ,committee = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiab1 p4 #ed4 ,:5 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority is det]m9$ to provide food = all *ildr5 :o ne$ x1 = ^? :o are und]f$ ?r\gh ! neglect ( _! p>5ts to provide = !m z well z = ^? ^: p>5ts are too poor to d s1 a consid]able am\nt ought to be recov]$4 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! impossibility 9 _m cases ( secur+ suffici5t evid5ce ( ! p>5t's ability to pay4 ,magi/rates are notori\sly lo? to convict4 ,at ,brad=d we 7 told t 9 numb]s ( cases magi/rates' ord]s = paym5t _h be5 s]v$ on ! p>5ts1 b ^! ord]s 7 frequ5tly disreg>d$ by p>5ts :o knew ! practical difficulties 9 ! way ( en=c+ !m4#cbc ,footnote #cbc3 ,9 #aiaa proce$+s 7 tak5 aga9/ p>5ts 9 only eight t[ns1 includ+ ,london4 ,! numb] ( cases 0 #bai1 ( :i* #adg 7 9 ,london4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 pp4 #cbe-cbg47 ,:e!r ! am\nt due = meals :i* h be5 already suppli$ is paid by ! p>5t or n1 ! commone/ result ( s5d+ a notice t ! ,local ,au?ority int5ds to recov] ! co/ is t ! p>5ts refuse to all[ _! *ildr5 any long] to receive ! meals4 ,9 practice x is f\nd1 says ! ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 t :5 action is tak5 to en=ce paym5t ! *ildr5 are )drawn by _! p>5ts f fur!r p>ticipation 9 ! meals1 ) ! result t ! *ildr5 rev]t to _! =m] ill-f$ condition4#cbd ,at ,york1 too1 we 7 told t :5 a *ild :o is f\nd to be und]f$ ?r\gh neglect is put on ! fe$+-li/ & a lett] writt5 to ! fa!r t he w be *>g$ ! co/ ( ! meals1 he inv>iably writes back dem&+ t 8 *ild %all be tak5 (f ! li/4 ,no?+ m is done & ! *ild rema9s und]f$4 ,! ,local ,education ,au?orities are1 inde$1 on ! horns ( a dilemma 9 deal+ ) su* cases1 z ! ,act obliges !m to make ?is attempt to recov] ! co/1 & !y "k t ! only result ( _! do+ s w be t ! *ildr5 are )drawn f ! meals4#cbe ,s mu* has ! ,brad=d ,education ,au?ority felt ?is difficulty t !y h m ?an once s\ght p[]1 by ins]t+ a clause 9 ! local ,bills promot$ by ! ,corporation1 to compel ! att5dance ( *ildr5 at meals 9 all cases 9 :i* ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] c]tifies t ! *ildr5 are und]f$1 & to recov] ! co/4 ,^! ef=ts h s f> prov$ useless1 x be+ held t su* a clause involves a new pr9ciple & _c !re=e be includ$ 9 a local ,act4#cbf ,footnote #cbd3 ,report on ! "w ( ! ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee1 #aiaj-aa1 p4 #ba4 ,s9ce ?is date ! ,committee h accord+ly made no attempt to prosecute p>5ts = repaym5t ( ! co/4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,extracts f ,annual ,reports ( ,brad=d ,education ,committee = ! f\r ye>s end$ ,m>* #ca1 #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji & #aiaj1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,at ,brad=d a *ild :o is und]f$ ?r\gh neglect is put on ! fe$+-li/ = a mon? be=e ! bill is s5t to its p>5ts1 s t x may receive ! b5efit ( ! meals = ?is p]iod at any rate4 ,! "q ( deal+ ) neglectful p>5ts is inde$ beset ) difficulties4 ,"u ! ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijh1 a p>5t or gu>dian c be prosecut$ = neglect+ a *ild 9 a mann] likely to cause su* *ild unnecess>y suff]+ or injury to its heal?4 ,?is neglect is def9$ to mean ^? cases :]e ! p>5t or gu>dian fails to provide adequate food1 clo?+1 m$ical aid or lodg+1 or1 if unable to provide ! same himself1 fails to apply to ! ,gu>dians = relief4#cbg ,x is r>e = ! ,local ,education ,au?orities !mselves to in/itute proce$+s "u ?is ,act4 ,usually !y pref] to ref] cases to ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr54 ,(t5 an improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! *ild is effect$ z a result ( ! visits ( ?is society's inspectors to ! home4 ,b :5 ^! w>n+s prove useless1 frequ5tly no?+ m is done2 ! society are lo? to prosecute1 except 9 extreme cases :5 !y c be practically c]ta9 ( secur+ a conviction4 ,footnote #cbg3 #h ,edw>d ,,vii41 c4 #fg1 sec4 #ab4 7g7--,ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! ,poor ,law & ! ,education ,au?orities4 ,we h already allud$ to ! neglect ( ! ,gu>dians to deal ) m ?an an insignificant fraction ( ! *ildr5 :o are und]f$4 ,! attempt made 9 #aije to =ce !m to fulfil _! responsibility 9 ?is respect 01 z we h se51 a complete failure1 & ! duty 0 !re=e ca/ ^u ! ,local ,education ,au?orities4 ,b ev5 9 ! few cases :]e ! ,gu>dians h assum$ ! responsibility by grant+ out-relief to ! family1 ! am\nt ( ?is relief is1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 totally inadequate4 ,?is 0 abundantly prov$ by ! ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission 9 #aiji4 ,! *ildr51 !y report$1 are und]n\ri%$1 _m ( !m poorly dress$ & _m b>e-foot$ 444 ! dec5t "m's "o desire is to keep h]self & h] *ildr5 out ( ! "w-h\se4 ,%e w1 if all[$1 try to d ?is on an impossibly inadequate sum1 until bo? %e & h] *ildr5 become m5tally & physically det]iorat$4#cbh ,:5 ! "m 0 c>eless or neglectful no sup]vision 0 ex]cis$ by ! ,gu>dians to see t ev5 ?is inadequate am\nt 0 really sp5t on ! *ildr54 ,?is indictm5t /ill holds good to-day4 ,! inadequacy ( ! relief grant$ by ! ,gu>dians1 9 all b a few exceptional ,unions1 has1 9 fact1 become a byword4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws & ,relief ( ,di/ress1 #aiji1 #hvo edition1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 7,m9ority ,report71 p4 #cf4 ,9 ! great majority ( t[ns1 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority is consequ5tly driv5 to fe$ *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are 9 receipt ( poor relief4 ,?us two au?orities deal ) ! same case1 )\t1 9 _m in/ances1 ei!r ( !m kn[+ :at ! o!r is do+4#cbi ,only 9 a few cases has any attempt be5 made to prev5t ?is ov]lapp+4 ,= example1 at ,leice/] 7"o ( ! few t[ns1 we may note1 :]e lib]al out-relief is grant$ by ! ,gu>dians7 !re has f ! fir/ be5 co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,gu>dians & ! ,cante5 ,committee4#ccj ,! ,reliev+ ,(fic] ref]s to ! ,cante5 ,committee _m applications t are made to him :]e tempor>y help only is ne$$1 & ! ,committee has frequ5tly tid$ families ov] a bad "t & sav$ !m f rec\rse to ! ,poor ,law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a family is receiv+ out-relief ! ,cante5 ,committee refuses to grant food = ! *ildr54 ,at ,acton a simil> policy has be5 adopt$4 ,if p>5ts :o are 9 receipt ( out-relief apply = s*ool meals = _! *ildr51 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,education ,committee recomm5ds !m to apply to ! ,gu>dians = m relief1 at ! same "t himself writ+ to ! ,reliev+ ,(fic]4 ,z a rule ! relief is increas$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,mean:ile ! tea*]s are told to wat* ! *ildr5 to see t !y d n suff] f want ( food4 ,at ,dewsbury1 also1 tempor>y cases are dealt ) by ! ,cante5 ,committee1 b all *ronic cases by ! ,gu>dians4#cca ,footnote #cbi3 ,occasionally1 z we h se51 ! ,gu>dians are repres5t$ on ! ,cante5 ,committee1 z at ,crewe4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,leice/] ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 #aijg-h1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #cca3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,dewsbury = #aiaa1 p4 #da4 ,else:]e an attempt has be5 made to prev5t ov]lapp+ by o!r means4 ,:ile ! ,education ,au?ority und]takes to provide = all ! und]f$ *ildr51 an arrangem5t is made ) ! ,gu>dians :]eby !y repay ! co/ ( ! meals suppli$ = all *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are 9 receipt ( relief4 ,! relief is ?us giv5 p>tly 9 ! =m ( s*ool meals1 a plan /rongly to be comm5d$1 s9ce x ensures t ! relief giv5 on acc\nt ( ! *ildr5 is 9 fact obta9$ by !m4 ,?is plan has be5 = "s ye>s pursu$ at ,brad=d4 ,at fir/ !re appe> to h be5 compla9ts t ! ,gu>dians 7 r$uc+ ! relief grant$1 on acc\nt ( ! d9n]s suppli$ at s*ool1#ccb b ! d9n]s are n[ giv5 9 addition to ! ord9>y relief4#ccc ,9 #aiab-ac1 ! ,gu>dians paid #cjc to ! ,education ,au?ority on ?is acc\nt4#ccd ,ev5 s1 !re is "s slight ov]lapp+1 s9ce ! ,gu>dians only pay = d9n]s & 9 "s cases ! ,cante5 ,committee are ( op9ion t a second meal is ne$$1 & consequ5tly breakfa/s are grant$ & paid = by ! ,education ,au?ority4 ,a simil> plan has be5 adopt$ at ,blackburn1#cce ,hudd]sfield1#ccf ,brighton1#ccg ,york & ,liv]pool4 ,9 ! la/ nam$ t[n ! arrangem5t has only rec5tly be5 made1 & is 9 =ce 9 only two ( ! ?ree ,unions into :i* ! t[n is divid$1 ,we/ ,d]by & ,liv]pool4 ,! ,gu>dians h agre$ to issue c\pons = s*ool meals to *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are 9 receipt ( out-relief1 & w pay to ! ,education ,au?ority #b;d4 p] meal4 ,we 7 in=m$ t1 9 ! case ( ! ,we/ ,d]by ,gu>dians at any rate1 ^! c\pons w\ld only be giv5 to *ildr5 ^: mo!rs 7 out all day4 ,! relief w\ld be r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce1 ?\gh n to ! ext5t ( ! full value ( ! meal4 ,! ,gu>dians ( ! ,toxte? ,union decl9$ to make a simil> arrangem5t1 b sugge/$ t ! ,local ,education ,au?ority %\ld in=m !m :5 !y f\nd *ildr5 und]f$ ^: p>5ts 7 9 receipt ( relief1 & !y propos$ 9 ^! cases to increase ! relief4#cch ,footnote #ccb3 ,brad=d ,city ,c\ncil ,proce$+s1 ,june #af1 #aijh1 p4 #cie2 ,april #aa1 #aiaa1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,?us ! m9imum relief = a wid[ is #ds41 ) #bs4 ea* = ! fir/ two *ildr51 & #as4 ea* = o!r *ildr54 ,9 addition five d9n]s a week1 am\nt+ 9 value to #as4 #j-a_/b;d41 are giv5 to all *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool4 7,brad=d ,poor ,law ,union1 ,outdoor ,relief ,arrangem5ts47 ,footnote #ccd3 ,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,return z to ! ,work+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiac4 ,footnote #cce3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,blackburn1 #aiaa1 p4 #bah4 ,out ( #ei1ecg meals giv5 dur+ ! ye>1 ! ,gu>dians paid = #ag1ghf1 or ne>ly "o-?ird4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,report ( ! ,hudd]sfield ,education ,committee1 #aiaa1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,report ( ,brighton ,education ,committee = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiab1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cch3 ,= ! arrangem5ts made betwe5 ! ,liv]pool ,education ,committee & ! ,gu>dians ) reg>d to paym5t = *ildr5 admitt$ z volunt>y cases to ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 see po/1 p4 #aah n4 ,o!r ,local ,education ,au?orities h tri$ ?is plan ( communicat+ ) ! ,gu>dians1 9 ! hope t !y w\ld grant adequate relief = ! ne$s ( ! *ildr51 b1 f9d+ no su* result ensue1 h discont9u$ ! practice4 ,at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 = in/ance1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! w9t] ( #aijg-h t a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! families ^: *ildr5 7 f$ at s*ool 7 9 receipt ( outdoor relief ( an am\nt :i* ! ,education ,au?ority ?\ght inadequate4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians 0 call$ to ! fact1 b no /eps 7 tak5 by !m4#cci ,! ,education ,committee accord+ly cont9u$ to fe$ ! *ildr51 & we ga!r t n[ no communication is made by !m to ! ,gu>dians4 ,simil>ly at ,we/ ,ham we 7 in=m$ t ! ,education ,committee us$ to report cases to ! ,gu>dians1 b ! practice prov$ useless & x has be5 giv5 up1 except = special cases1 :]e ! ,gu>dians w sometimes increase ! relief giv54 ,footnote #cci3 ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws & ,relief ( ,di/ress1 #aiji1 #hvo edition1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 7,m9ority ,report71 p4 #aff n4 ,9 a few ,unions1 z at ,le$s1 ! only result ( ! ,gu>dians le>n+ t ! *ildr5 are receiv+ s*ool meals--! ne$ = :i* po9ts to ! conclusion t ! out-relief grant$ is inadequate--is t !y promptly r$uce ! relief1 ?\gh n contribut+ to ! ,local ,education ,au?ority any?+ t[>ds ! co/ ( ! meals4 ,!y appe> to reg>d ! provision ( s*ool meals m]ely z a means ( r$uc+ ! poor-rates1 & ca/+ ! burd5 on o!r %\ld]s4 ,naturally 9 su* circum/ances ! ,local ,education ,au?ority does n report cases to ! ,gu>dians4 ,any sy/ematic arrangem5t betwe5 ! two ,au?orities appe>s inde$ to be exceptional4 ,z a rule !re is practically no co-op]ation1 beyond1 p]haps1 ! notification ( cases by bo? au?orities to "s ,mutual ,regi/ration ,society1#cdj or ! in=mal meet+s ( ! ,reliev+ ,(fic]s & ! ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s4#cda ,footnote #cdj3 ,?us at ,man*e/]1 ! ,education ,committee & ! ,gu>dians s5d li/s ( _! cases to ! ,di/rict ,provid5t ,society1 & ! ,secret>y lets ea* ,au?ority "k :at ! o!r is do+4 ,footnote #cda3 ,x is impossible to give any figures z to ! ov]lapp+ t exi/s1 s9ce ! practice v>ies s mu* 9 diff]5t t[ns1 & 9 _m cases no records are kept4 7h7--,! ,provision ( ,meals at ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools & ,special ,s*ools4 ,we h already allud$ to ! p[] ( ! ,local ,education ,au?orities to provide meals = ! *ildr5 att5d+ ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools & ! ,special ,s*ools = ! m5tally or physically defective4 ,! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools are int5d$ prim>ily = *ildr5 :o h play$ truant f ! ord9>y s*ools & :o are committ$ by a magi/rate's ord]4 ,b 9 ! case ( wid[s or des]t$ wives :o h to "w all day1 or :5 ! fa!r is incapacitat$ f "w by illness or infirmity1 or if ! fa!r is a wid[]1 ! *ildr5 may be admitt$ to a ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ool1 )\t an ord]1 z volunt>y cases4#cdb ,:5 *ildr5 are committ$ by a magi/rate's ord]1 ! p>5ts are ord]$ to make a weekly paym5t t[>ds ! co/ ( indu/rial tra9+ & meals4#cdc ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 admitt$ volunt>ily su* paym5t is also !oretically dem&$1#cdd b 9 practice x is1 z a rule1 impossible to exact x4 ,?us at ,liv]pool1 ?\gh small paym5ts are receiv$ f wid[]s1 ! condition z to paym5t has to be waiv$ 9 ! case ( wid[s & des]t$ wives1 or :5 ! fa!r is unable to "w ?r\gh illness4#cde ,at ,bootle we 7 in=m$ t no paym5t is receiv$ f any ( ! volunt>y cases4 ,! ,s*ools are op5 f #f or #g 9 ! morn+ to #e4cj or #f at night & ?ree meals are provid$4 ,! diet>y is z a rule monoton\s1 be+ cont9u$ week aft] week ) practically no v>iation4 ,9 po9t ( ord]1 z might be expect$1 ! s]vice ( ! meals comp>es fav\rably ) ^? giv5 to necessit\s *ildr51 err+ r on ! side ( ov]-mu* discipl9e4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 by no means uncommon to f9d absolute sil5ce insi/$ on1 a regulation :i* has a mo/ depress+ effect4 ,9 ^! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools ! ,local ,education ,au?orities h a valuable in/rum5t = provid+ = ! num]\s cases :]e mo!rs are at "w all day & s _c provide prop] meals = _! *ildr51 or :]e ! *ildr5 are neglect$4 ,?is 0 urg$ by _m witnesses be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1#cdf & aga9 rec5tly by ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,re=matory & ,indu/rial ,s*ools4#cdg ,v few au?orities1 h[ev]1 h tak5 advantage ( ?is p[]4 ,9 #aiaa !re 7 only twelve ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools 9 ,engl&1 provid$ by eight au?orities1 & eight 9 ,scotl&1 ( :i* sev5 7 9 ,glasg[4#cdh ,! total att5dance numb]$ a little ov] #c1jjj1 ! volunt>y cases am\nt+ to only #cjh4cdi ,^! numb]s %[$ a decrease comp>$ ) previ\s ye>s1#cej & ?is decl9e has s9ce cont9u$1 p>tly ow+ to ! fact t truancy is f> less common n[ ?an =m]ly1 p>tly ow+ to ! provision ( meals = *ildr5 att5d+ elem5t>y s*ools1 :i* r5d]s ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools less necess>y4#cea ,footnote #cdb3 ,elem5t>y ,education ,act1 #ahgf 7#ci & #dj ,vic41 c4 #gi71 sec4 #af 7#d72 ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijh 7#h ,edw>d ,,vii41 c4 #fg71 sec4 #gi2 ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,legge1 9 ,proce$+s ( ,national ,conf]5ce on ! ,prev5tion ( ,de/itution1 #aiaa1 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,*ildr5 ,act1 #aijh1 sec4 #hb 7#a74 ,footnote #cdd3 ,ibid41 sec4 #gi4 ,footnote #cde3 ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,legge1 9 ,proce$+s ( ,national ,conf]5ce on ! ,prev5tion ( ,de/itution1 #aiaa1 p4 #cfa4 ,= _m ye>s an arrangem5t has be5 9 =ce by :i* ! ,liv]pool ,select ,ve/ry pay ! ,local ,education ,au?ority #i;d4 a week 9 respect ( ea* *ild 9 _! area admitt$ z a volunt>y s*ol>4 7,ibid47 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,gu>dians ( ! ,toxte? ,union agre$1 9 su* cases1 :]e ! p>5t 0 9 receipt ( outdoor relief1 to increase ! relief by #f;d4 on condition t ?is 0 paid to ! ,education ,au?ority4 7,ibid41 p4 #cfb47 ,! ,we/ ,d]by ,gu>dians pay a lump sum ( #dj a ye>4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji4 #hvo edition1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,re=matory & ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aiac1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,fifty-fif? ,report on ,re=matory & ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aiaa1 ,"p ,i41 pp4 #bh-cj2 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #bj4 ,two ( ! s*ools 9 ,engl& h s9ce be5 clos$1 & ! s*ool at ,le$s is %ortly to be giv5 up4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,ibid41 ,"p ,i41 pp4 #bfg-bib2 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #cej3 ,ibid41 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #cea3 ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,re=matory & ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aiac1 p4 #fb4 ,! arrangem5ts made = provid+ = ! m5tally & physically defective *ildr5 v>y 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,sometimes no special provision is made4 ,at ,leice/]1 = in/ance1 ! m5tally defective *ildr5 :o come f a di/ance br+ _! food ) !m & ! c>etak] w>ms x4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 a regul> d9n] is suppli$4 ,?us at ,ea/b\rne d9n]s are provid$ at ! ,special ,s*ool = dull & backw>d *ildr5 at a v small *>ge4#ceb ,at ,brad=d "s ( ! *ildr5 pay #a-a_/b;d4 a meal1 o!rs receive x free4 ,at ,liv]pool a paym5t ( #as41 #f;d4 or #c;d4 a week is dem&$1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 ! meals be+ giv5 free 9 special cases4#cec ,9 ,birk5head1 too1 ! *>ge v>ies1 "s pay+ #as4 a week1 "s #b;d4 or #a;d4 p] meal1 at ! discretion ( ! tea*]2 no meals are giv5 free1 *ildr5 :o _c pay be+ s5t to ! c5tre to h _! d9n] ) ! necessit\s *ildr5 f ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!re appe>s to be usually little difficulty 9 collect+ paym5t4 ,at ,birk5head we 7 told t "s difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ at fir/1 b ! *ildr5 appreciate ! d9n]s s mu* n[ t !y beg _! p>5ts to give !m ! necess>y p5ce4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,ea/b\rne = #aiab1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #cec3 ,! majority pay ab\t #f;d4 a week4 ,9 ! case ( physically defective *ildr5 ! p>5t's paym5t is int5d$ to meet ! exp5ses ( d9n]1 any m$ic9es or dress+s t may be necess>y1 & ! co/ ( conveyance4 ,x does n1 ( c\rse1 ne>ly cov] ^! *>ges4 ,at ! ,op5 ,air ,s*ools#ced ! common meal always =ms "p ( ! regul> s*ool r\t9e4 ,z a rule ?ree meals a day are provid$1#cee & sometimes milk is giv5 9 addition 9 ! middle ( ! morn+4 ,usually "s *>ge is made t[>ds ! co/ ( ! meals1 v>y+ f #f;d4 to #cs4 p] week1 accord+ to ! p>5ts' circum/ances1 b 9 necessit\s cases ! *>ge is remitt$4#cef ,footnote #ced3 ,9 #aiaa !re 7 only n9e ,op5 ,air ,s*ools1 ma9ta9$ by eight au?orities4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bae47 ,footnote #cee3 ,at ,d>l+ton only a mid-day meal is provid$4 ,footnote #cef3 ,at ,norwi* ! *>ge v>ies f #f;d4 to #as4 #f;d42 at ,%effield1 f #f;d4 to #bs4 #f;d42 at ,halifax x may am\nt to #cs4 ,at ,b>nsley all ! p>5ts are *>g$ #bs4 #f;d4 p] week1 no *ildr5 be+ admitt$ )\t paym5t4 ,at ,brad=d ! meals are giv5 free to all4 ,! s]vice ( ! meals at ^! ,special ,s*ools pres5ts 9 g5]al a m>k$ contra/ to ! me?ods prevail+ at ! c5tres = necessit\s *ildr54 ,= example1 at ,birk5head1 :]e ! managem5t ( ! fe$+ c5tres leaves mu* to be desir$1#ceg ! d9n] provid$ at ! ,m5tally ,defective ,s*ool1 = all *ildr5 :o c>e to /ay1 is s]v$ 9 an attractive & educational mann]4 ,"o or m tea*]s are always pres5t to sup]vise x4 ,! *ildr5 ent] all toge!r & sit d[n at small tables4 ,! boys & girls take x 9 turns to lay ! tables & cle> away aft]w>ds1 & help to s]ve ! food4 ,table-clo?s are provid$ & ^! are kept rem>kably clean4 ,some:at simil> conditions prevail at ,liv]pool 9 ! ,special ,s*ools = ,physically & ,m5tally ,defective ,*ildr54#ceh ,b x is at a s*ool = feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 at ,brad=d t we f\nd ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5ts4 ,! smallness ( ! numb]s--only "s #ag or #ah *ildr5 be+ pres5t--all[$ att5tion to be paid to ea* individual *ild4 ,! d9n] 0 s]v$ 9 a bright *e]ful hall1 & ! tables 7 nicely laid by ! *ildr51 ) table-clo?s1 plants & fl[]s2 ^! latt] ! *ildr5 (t5 br+ !mselves4 ,two tea*]s are always pres5t & preside at ! two tables1 hav+ _! d9n] ) ! *ildr54 ,! *ildr5's mann]s 7 excell5t & spoke volumes = ! pati5ce & c>e ex]cis$ by ! tea*]s4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,see ante1 pp4 #ie-f4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,at "o ( ^! s*ools1 ! m5tally defective *ildr5 7 hav+ _! d9n] 9 "o room1 ! physically defective 9 an adjo9+ room4 ,all ! *ildr5 /ay = ! meal4 ,! headmi/ress sup]vis$1 assi/$ by a tea*] = ! m5tally defective1 & ! s*ool nurse = ! physically defective *ildr54 ,tableclo?s 7 provid$ = ! latt]1 b n = ! =m]4 ,! d9n] 0 cook$ by ! *ildr5 :o _h be5 att5d+ ! cook]y class 9 ! morn+2 ! *ildr5 laid ! tables1 & monitors help$ to s]ve ! food4 ,! example af=d$ by ! s]vice ( ! meals at ^! special s*ools might well be imitat$ by ! ,education ,au?orities 9 provid+ meals at ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools4 7i7--,! ,und]f$ ,*ild 9 ,rural ,s*ools4 ,we h conf9$ our inve/igations almo/ entirely to ! ,urban ,di/ricts4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 briefly t\* ^u ! "q ( und]fe$+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"h ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,! problem is n only h[ to provide = ! *ildr5 :o d n get suffici5t to eat2 !re are also to be consid]$ ! l>ge numb]s :o are unable to return home at midday & h to br+ _! d9n] to s*ool ) !m4 ,_m ( ^! *ildr5 h to walk long di/ances1 p]haps two miles1 ?ree miles1 or ev5 m4 ,! long walk necessitates an e>ly />t f home2 ?is makes ! int]val betwe5 breakfa/ & d9n] long & ! ex]cise %>p5s ! appetite4 ,h5ce x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! midday meal %\ld be adequate4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 z ! reports ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s abundantly te/ify1 ! d9n] :i* ^! *ildr5 br+ ) !m consi/s ( bread & jam1 cake or pa/ry1 ) p]haps a bottle ( cold tea4#cei ,9 a few s*ools ! tea*]s h organis$ cocoa clubs1 ! *ildr5 pay+ #a;d4 or #a-a_/b;d4 p] week1 :i* is z a rule j suffici5t to cov] exp5ses4#cfj ,incid5tally1 x is notic$1 ! weekly paym5t = cocoa has a good effect on ! att5dance4 ,a *ild hav+ once paid 8 or h] cocoa fee at ! beg9n+ ( ! week seldom /ays away f s*ool dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! week if x c possibly be avoid$4#cfa ,footnote #cei3 ,9 ,ea/ ,sussex1 = in/ance1 :]e p>ticul>s 7 suppli$ by ! tea*]s z to ! meals br\ght by elev5 ( ! *ildr51 x 0 f\nd t ! food 0 totally inadequate1 9 mo/ cases consi/+ ( bread & butt]1 or cake1 ) p]haps a small piece ( *eese or an apple4 ,two *ildr5 ( five ye>s old1 :o _h to walk two miles to s*ool1 br\ght1 "o ( !m bread & butt] only1 ! o!r cake4 ,?ree *ildr51 :o _h to walk ?ree & a half miles1 br\ght ei!r cake or only bread4 7,! ,diet ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,c\ntry ,di/ricts1 by ,dr4 ,george ,f9*1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #bi47 ,9 a ,b$=d%ire s*ool out ( #fb *ildr5 :o br\ght _! d9n] to s*ool ) !m1 "o _h an apple t>t1 ?ree _h bread & *eese1 :ile #eh _h bread ) a ?9 lay] ( butt] or l>d on x1 or else bread & jam1 or bread & syrup4 ,?is meal 0 wa%$ d[n ) wat]1 z no?+ hot 0 obta9able4 7,h[ ! ,family ( ! ,agricultural ,lab\r] ,lives1 by ,ronald ,t4 ,h]dman1 repr9t$ 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 p4 #cda47 ,footnote #cfj3 ,?us at ,bryncon91 :]e #he *ildr5 are suppli$ daily ) cocoa = a weekly *>ge ( #a;d41 ! week's exp5diture on cocoa1 sug> & milk am\nts to #fs4 #f;d41 & ! *ildr5's paym5ts to #fs4 #aj;d4 7,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,pembroke%ire = #aiab1 p4 #ad47 ,see also ,reports ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,hamp%ire 7#aiaj71 p4 #be2 = ! ,isle ( ,ely 7#aiaj71 p4 #ah2 = ,gl\ce/]%ire 7#aiaj71 p4 #ec2 = ,ea/ ,suffolk 7#aiaj71 p4 #ai2 = ,we/ ,sussex 7#aiaa71 p4 #aj4 ,sometimes ! cocoa is provid$ free ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ! tea*]s4 7,see ,report ( ,monm\?%ire ,education ,committee on ! ,m$ical ,inspection ,dep>tm5t = #aiaj1 p4 #i47 ,footnote #cfa3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,hamp%ire = #aiaj1 p4 #be4 ,sometimes ! tea*] enc\rages ! *ildr5 to br+ bottles ( milk1 cocoa or c(fee & sees t !y are w>m$ ov] ! fire be=e be+ p>tak5 (4 ,occasionally a regul> d9n] is provid$4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! exp]im5t made at ,r\sdon by ,sir ,h5ry ,peek 9 #ahgf4 ,?is has be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,a hot d9n] is provid$ daily1 consi/+ ( "o c\rse1 s\p ) bread & vegetables two days a week1 & "s =m ( suet pudd+ ! o!r ?ree days4 ,ab\t half ! *ildr5 /ay = ! d9n] & pay "o p5ny ea*1 ^! paym5ts j ab\t cov]+ ! co/ ( ! food4 ,! meal is s]v$ 9 a d9+-room 9 ! s*ool & ! ex-headma/] & ! pres5t headma/] volunt>ily und]take ! sup]vision4 ,a some:at simil> plan has be5 tri$ at ,grass+ton1 9 ,york%ire4 ,:51 eighte5 ye>s ago1 ! tea*+ ( cook]y 0 introduc$1 x 0 resolv$ to comb9e ) t in/ruction ! provision ( a hot midday meal4 ,! *ildr5 n only cook ! d9n] !mselves1 b !y take x 9 turns to ord] & pay = ! mat]ials1 ?us acquir+ ! valuable k h[ to buy4 ,!y are taught ! value ( ! diff]5t food/uffs & le>n h[ to make a good sub/antial d9n] at a little co/4 ,a two-c\rse d9n]1 ample & v>i$1 is provid$ daily at ! s*ool4#cfb ,ea* *ild is all[$ to eat z mu* z x wants1 b no wa/e is all[$4 ,m>vell\s z x appe>s1 ! paym5t ( a #a;d4 p] meal cov]s ! co/ ( ! food4#cfc ,! d9n] appe>s to h be5 int5d$ *iefly = ! *ildr5 :o came f a di/ance1 b ! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 :o live 9 ! village h be5 glad to avail !mselves ( ! provision1 s9ce ! s*ool d9n] is bett] ?an !y c supply at home4#cfd ,ne>ly half ! *ildr5 /ay4 ,all ! arrangem5ts are1 & h f ! fir/ be51 made by ! headma/]'s wife1 :o takes ! cook]y lesson & s]ves ! meal h]self1 & ! success ( ! exp]im5t mu/ be v l>gely attribut$ to h] volunt>y lab\rs4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,= sample m5us1 see ,app5dix ,i41 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,= in/ance1 ! co/ ( ! food = ! d9n]s = twelve weeks am\nt$ to #g #is4 #h;d41 & ! *ildr5's paym5ts to #g #is4 #e;d4 ,on cold sn[y morn+s hot cocoa is provid$ be=e morn+ s*ool = all ! *ildr54 ,! co/ ( ?is is1 we ga!r1 borne entirely by ! headma/] & 8 wife4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,york%ire ,po/1 ,july #i1 #aijh4 ,9 two s*ools 9 ,*e%ire also1 ,sidd+ton & ,ne!r ,ald]ley1 hot d9n]s are provid$ at a *>ge ( #a-a_/b;d41 9 ! =m] dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 9 ! latt] all ! ye> r\nd4 ,9 bo? cases ! *ildr5's paym5ts cov]1 or slightly m ?an cov]1 ! co/ ( ! food1 ! o!r exp5ses be+ borne by volunt>y funds4 ,su* provision is1 h[ev]1 q exceptional4 ,z a rule no provision :atev] is made4 ,i h only once se5 any sup]vision ( ! meal on ! "p ( ! tea*]s1 writes a late ,assi/ant ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,ea/ ,sussex2 9 f9e wea!r ! *ildr5 g5]ally eat _! d9n] out ( doors2 9 bad wea!r x is tak5 9 ! s*ool or cloak-room 9 :at are (t5 v unhygi5ic surr\nd+s4#cfe ,!re is no d\bt1 writes ano!r ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]1 t at "s ( ! s*ools ! conditions 9 :i* ! *ildr5 get _! midday meal are deplorable4#cff ,x is only too common a sight1 reports ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,d]by%ire1 to see little *ildr5 sitt+ 9 a corn] ( ! class-room1 cloak-room or ev5 ! playgr\nd1 mun*+ at ?ick slices ( bread & butt]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 he cont9ues1 x _c be wond]$ at t *ildr5 bel[ ! normal developm5t are to be f\nd 9 our s*ools4#cfg ,9 ,anglesey ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] f9ds m *ildr5 badly n\ri%$ 9 ! rural areas ?an 9 ! urban areas2 ?is he attributes ma9ly to ! long walk to s*ool e day1 ! inadequacy ( ! midday meal & ! hurri$ mann] 9 :i* x is eat54#cfh ,footnote #cfe3 ,! ,diet ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,c\ntry ,di/ricts1 by ,dr4 ,george ,f9*1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #cff3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,hamp%ire1 #aiaj1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bhc-d4 ,x is inde$ ess5tial t 9 all c\ntry s*ools to :i* *ildr5 come f a di/ance1 provision %\ld be made = ! s]v+ ( a midday meal "u prop] sup]vision4#cfi ,z ,dr4 ,george ,f9* po9ts out1 ! au?ority :i* requires ! *ild to sp5d its day away f home might n unreasonably be expect$ by ! p>5ts to make "s provision t its midday meal might be tak5 "u n unfav\rable conditions4 ,! p>5t1 h[ev] consci5ti\s1 _c adequately deal ) ! problem1 & ! provision ( suitable cold food is n an easy matt]1 ev5 9 ! m well-to-d family4#cgj ,! meals %\ld be s]v$ z "p ( ! s*ool curriculum & might well be comb9$ ) ! tea*+ ( cook]y z is done at ,grass+ton4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,z we h se51 ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+ 9 #aije recomm5d$ t manag]s ( c\ntry s*ools %\ld arrange1 dur+ ! w9t] at any rate1 to provide ei!r a hot d9n] or s\p or cocoa = *ildr5 :o liv$ too f> away to g home at mid-day4 7,see ante1 p4 #ch47 ,footnote #cgj3 ,! ,diet ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,c\ntry ,di/ricts1 by ,dr4 ,george ,f9*1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #aji4 ,conclusions4 ,x may be useful n[ to sum up ! ma9 po9ts :i* em]ge f ! =ego+ description4 ,! proposal1 :i* we %all discuss 9 ! f9al *apt]1 to make ! midday meal a "p ( ! s*ool curriculum1 to be att5d$ by all *ildr5 :o wi% to avail !mselves ( ! provision1 w\ld obviate _m ( ! difficulties t arise "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,mean:ile we may po9t out "s ways 9 :i* improvem5ts c be effect$1 ap>t f ?is m dra/ic proposal4 #a4 ,s9ce ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act is only p]missive1 ,local ,education ,au?orities are all[$ to rema9 inactive 9 spite ( ! fact t *ildr5 9 _! s*ools are und]f$1 & t no adequate provision is made by volunt>y ag5cies4 ,x %\ld be made obligatory on ! ,local ,au?ority to take action 9 su* a case4 #b4 ,! limitation ( ! am\nt :i* may be sp5t on food by ! ,local ,education ,au?ority to ! sum yield$ by a halfp5ny rate re/ricts op]ations 9 "s t[ns1 & prev5ts provision be+ made = all ! necessit\s *ildr54 ,?is limitation %\ld be remov$4 ,an alt]ation ( ! law 9 ^! two directions w\ld m]ely assimilate ! p[]s & duties ( ! ,engli% ,education ,au?orities to ^? already conf]r$ on ! ,scotti% ,s*ool ,bo>ds by ! ,education 7,scotl&7 ,act ( #aijh4cga ,footnote #cga3 ,see po/1 pp4 #bcg-h4 #c4 ,! selection ( ! *ildr5 :o are to receive s*ool meals is bas$1 (t5 solely & always prim>ily1 on ! pov]ty te/4 ,little attempt is made to l9k up ! provision ( meals ) ! s*ool m$ical s]vice4 ,! meals1 t is to say1 are reg>d$ prim>ily z a means ( reliev+ di/ress r ?an z a rem$y = malnutrition4 ,! numb]s select$ v>y accord+ to ! policy ( ! ,local ,education ,au?ority & ! views tak5 by ! individual head tea*]s4 ,n[h]e c ! selection ( ! *ildr5 be said to be satisfactory4 ,9 t[ns su* z ,brad=d1 :]e ! ,local ,au?ority is det]m9$ to se>* out all cases ( *ildr5 :o are suff]+ f lack ( food1 ! great majority ( und]f$ *ildr5 are d\btless discov]$1 b 9 o!r t[ns numb]s ( su* *ildr5 are ov]look$ & left unprovid$ =1 :ile ev]y:]e little or no provision is made = ! c\ntless *ildr5 :o are improp]ly f$ at home4 ,we %all discuss 9 ! f9al *apt] ! be/ me?od to be pursu$ 9 ?is matt] ( select+ ! *ildr54 #d4 ,!re is great div]sity ( practice 9 diff]5t t[ns ) reg>d to ! "t at :i* ! meal is giv51 ! mann] 9 :i* x is prep>$ & s]v$1 & ! k9d ( food suppli$4 ,:]e only "o meal is provid$1 x w\ld appe> t d9n] is = _m reasons pref]able to breakfa/4 ,! diet>y %\ld be v>i$ & %\ld be drawn up 9 consultation ) ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]2 x %\ld be s plann$ z to conta9 a due proportion ( ! elem5ts :i* are lack+ 9 ! *ild's home diet1 & special provision %\ld be made = ! infants4 ,! prep>ation ( ! meals %\ld n be left to cat]]s b %\ld be und]tak5 by ! ,local ,au?ority1 s t adh]5ce to ! approv$ diet>y & a high /&>d ( quality c be assur$4 ,! meal %\ld be reg>d$ z "p ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,x %\ld be s]v$ z f> z possible on ! s*ool premises1 & %\ld be att5d$ only by *ildr5 f t p>ticul> s*ool4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be taught to set ! tables & wait on "o ano!r1 ! tables be+ nicely laid1 ) table-clo?s &1 if possible1 fl[]s or plants4 ,clean h&s & faces & ord]ly behavi\r %\ld be insi/$ on4 ,"s ( ! tea*]s %\ld sup]vise ! meal & %\ld receive "s extra remun]ation = ?is s]vice4 #e4 ,! discont9uance ( ! s*ool meals dur+ ! holidays has be5 %[n to undo mu* ( ! b5efit d]iv$ dur+ t]m-"t1 & x entails unnecess>y suff]+ on ! *ildr54 ,! exp5diture ( ! rates on holiday fe$+ mu/ be legalis$4 ,! limitation ( ! provision to ! w9t] mon?s1 z is ! practice 9 "s t[ns1 is ev5 m absurd4 ,local ,au?orities %\ld be requir$ to cont9ue ! s*ool meals ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 if ne$ exi/s4 #f4 ,! sums contribut$ by ! p>5ts t[>ds ! co/ ( _! *ildr5's meals am\nt to only a trifl+ fraction ( ! total exp5diture4 ,! p[] ( provid+ meals z a matt] ( conv5i5ce = *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are able & will+ to pay has be5 v sp>+ly us$ by ! ,local ,education ,au?orities1 z f> z ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools are conc]n$4 ,9 ! special s*ools = defective *ildr51 on ! o!r h&1 :]e n infrequ5tly a midday meal is provid$ = all ! *ildr51 a consid]able proportion ( ! p>5ts contribute t[>ds ! co/4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! e/abli%m5t ( ,s*ool ,re/aurants 9 ! ord9>y s*ools w\ld be successful4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 seems cle>2 if ! plan is to succe$1 ! meals mu/ be int5d$ prim>ily = pay+ *ildr52 if !y are provid$ ma9ly = necessit\s *ildr51 p>5ts :o c af=d to pay w n s5d _! *ildr5 to any great ext5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! p>5ts :o c af=d to fe$ _! *ildr5 b neglect to d s1 ! attempt to recov] ! co/ ( ! meals suppli$ to ! *ildr5 results z a rule 9 almo/ total failure1 ow+ to ! extreme difficulty ( obta9+ conclusive evid5ce ( ! p>5ts' ability to pay4 ,an attempt to recov] may be worse ?an useless1 = x frequ5tly leads ! p>5t to )draw 8 *ildr5 promptly f ! s*ool meals1 ?\gh _! ne$ ( ! meals cont9ues z great z be=e4 #g4 ,ow+ to ! inadequate relief usually giv5 by ! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians1 ! ,local ,education ,au?orities are 9 _m cases =c$ to fe$ *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are receiv+ poor relief4 ,9 only a few t[ns is any sy/ematic attempt made to prev5t ?is ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! two au?orities4 ,s long z ! ,gu>dians reta9 _! pres5t functions1 ! plan adopt$ at ,brad=d & a few o!r t[ns1 by :i* ! out-relief grant$ by ! ,gu>dians is giv5 p>tly 9 ! =m ( s*ool meals1 ! ,gu>dians pay+ ! ,education ,au?ority = ^! meals1 might well be ext5d$ to o!r t[ns4 ,by ?is plan ov]lapp+ ( relief is avoid$1 :ile x ensures t ! relief giv5 to ! "m on acc\nt ( h] *ildr5 is 9 effect obta9$ by !m4 #h4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ! conditions "u :i* ! *ildr5 eat _! midday meal are frequ5tly deplorable4 ,! long walk to s*ool r5d]s x ev5 m important ?an x is 9 ! t[ns t ! meal %\ld be a sub/antial "o1 b ! food :i* ! *ildr5 br+ ) !m is z a rule entirely inadequate4 ,9 ! few s*ools :]e a hot d9n] has be5 provid$1 ! plan has met ) m>k$ success1 & su* provision %\ld be made 9 all s*ools4 ,x might advantage\sly be comb9$ ) ! tea*+ ( cook]y1 a plan :i* is m practicable 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! t[ns1 s9ce ! numb]s to be provid$ = are comp>atively small4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,meals ,,9 ,,london ,we h res]v$ ! treatm5t ( ,london = a sep>ate *apt] s9ce1 ow+ to its size & ! div]se conditions prevail+ 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts1 x pres5ts problems ( special difficulty4 ,we %all describe 9 ?is *apt] ! provision made 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury by volunt>y ag5cies1 & ! f9al assumption by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ( ! :ole responsibility ( deal+ ) its und]f$ *ildr52 we %all trace ! gradual build+ up ( a va/ & complex organisation to deal n only ) ! "q ( s*ool meals1 b also ) o!r matt]s affect+ ! g5]al welf>e ( ! *ildr52 & we %all discuss ! actual me?ods ( work+ at ! pres5t day4 7a7--,! ,organisation ( ! ,volunt>y ,ag5cies4 ,we h already sket*$ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! movem5t 9 ,london1 & describ$ ! attempts made by ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d to organise ! ho/ ( volunt>y ag5cies4#cgb ,! proposal put =w>d by a ,committee ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 #ahii to make t body responsible = provid+ food = all its und]f$ *ildr5 01 z we h %[n1 defeat$ by a l>ge majority1 & a r5ew$ attempt 0 made by ! e/abli%m5t ( a c5tral organisation1 ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 to organise ! volunt>y ag5cies4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,see ante1 pp4 #af-bg4 ,?is attempt met ) b little m success ?an ! e>li] endeav\rs4 ,! functions ( ! ,jo9t ,committee 7 limit$ to receiv+ reports f ! ,relief ,committees1 po9t+ out defects 9 _! me?ods ( work+1 & act+ g5]ally z a m$ium ( communication betwe5 ^! committees & ! collect+ ag5cies4 ,if ! ,relief ,committees fail$ to s5d reports1 ! ,jo9t ,committee _h no p[] to compel !m to d s1 nor c\ld ! ,committee insi/ on ! rem$y+ ( ! defects :i* !y po9t$ out4 ,by #aijg ! ,committee 7 able to report t only "o s*ool _h be5 discov]$ 9 :i* meals 7 provid$ b no report receiv$4 ,we may hope1 !re=e1 !y cont9ue1 t 444 ! in/ructions ( ! ,c\ncil 444 h at la/ rea*$ all head tea*]s & are be+ obey$4 ,b 9 default ( any executive & inspect+ ma*9]y1 x has tak5 ! p]si/5t ef=ts ( ! ,jo9t ,committee1 dur+ six ye>s1 to effect ?is result1 if inde$ x has really be5 effect$4#cgc ,! greate/ difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ,relief ,committees e/abli%$ 9 e s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools 9 :i* und]f$ *ildr5 7 provid$ ) meals4#cgd ,ev5 :5 ^! committees 7 appo9t$1 ! meet+s ( _m ( !m 7 held infrequ5tly & = =mal bus9ess only1 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 & ! enquiry into ! p>5ts' circum/ances be+ left entirely to ! tea*]s4#cge ,consequ5tly ! me?ods ( selection diff]$ widely1 ev5 9 ! same s*ool1 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts pay+ no att5tion to :at ! o!rs 7 do+4#cgf ,! enquiry 0 g5]ally totally inadequate1 & 9 "s cases 0 n ev5 attempt$4#cgg ,! ,jo9t ,committee urg$ t1 :5 meals 7 giv5 at all1 !y %\ld be giv5 regul>ly at lea/ f\r if n five days a week1 & %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> if necess>y4#cgh ,b 9 #aijg we f9d t !re are /ill a good _m s*ools :]e meals are only provid$ on "o or two days1 & m :]e !y are only giv5 on ?ree days1 ! av]age numb] ?r\gh\t ! s*ools be+ #b-c_/d meals p] *ild p] week4#cgi ,9 only sixte5 s*ools 7 ! meals cont9u$ = m ?an tw5ty weeks dur+ ! ye>4#chj ,footnote #cgc3 ,report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 = #aijf-g1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #aijd1 pp4 #a-b2 ,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,qs4 #afdi1 #afej 7evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,h>vey74 ,ev5 9 #aijh !re 7 #gd s*ools at :i* fe$+ took place :i* _h n a prop]ly con/itut$ committee4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report by ,executive ,(fic] 7,education71 ,app5dix ,a to ag5da ( ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 ,july #f1 #aijh47 ,footnote #cge3 ,!re is suppos$ to be a committee 9 e s*ool1 said "o headma/]1 b ! committees nev] meet 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 & if !y d1 !y nev] und]take p]sonal inve/igation4 7,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,q4 #hdi1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,m>%all ,jackman47 ,!re is a ,relief ,committee 9 accordance ) ! rules1 decl>$ ano!r headma/]1 b ! ,committee acts really ?r\gh ! head tea*]s4444 ,! ,committee say t ! tea*]s h _! confid5ce1 & !y c\ld n d any good by attempt+ !mselves to help z a committee1 & !re=e !y d n help4 7,report ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,q4 #eadi 7evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,%oveli]47 ,see also ,ibid41 ,qs4 #dggc ,a1 #dicg-dici1 #fbcc1 #fbfe4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,qs4 #ahe1 #eaed4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,! duty ( mak+ enquiries by ! manag]s1 or by outsid]s work+ = !m1 into ! home conditions ( ! *ildr5 is1 ) "s rem>kable exceptions1 seldom well done1 & (t5 n done at all4 ,!y are au?oris$ to invite assi/ance f att5dance (fic]s1 444 f ,*>ity ,organisation ,society visitors1 di/rict visitors1 c\ntry holiday fund visitors1 & simil> p]sons1 b we h v seldom f\nd t ?is class ( p]son has be5 consult$4 7,report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 = #aijf-g1 p4 #bc47 ,footnote #cgh3 ,ibid4 = #aijd-e1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,ibid4 = #aijf-g1 ,app5dix ,g41 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #chj3 ,ibid41 p4 #b4 ,! ,jo9t ,committee /r5u\sly oppos$ ! !ory1 :i* 0 n[ /eadily ga9+ gr\nd1 t ! rates %\ld be utilis$ = ! supply ( food4 ,9 #aijd !y report t1 9 _! op9ion1 all real di/ress on any consid]able scale has be5 effectually met4444 ,!y h nev] be5 re/rict$ 9 _! ef=ts = want ( funds1 & !re is no reason to ?9k t any organisations deal+ ) public money w\ld be m effici5t ?an ^! bodies deal+ ) *>itable money4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is reason to believe t1 ev5 z ?+s are n[1 relief is (t5 giv5 to *ildr5 :o are n really 9 want1 & !re is no d\bt t if ! public purse 7 be+ drawn ^u1 relief w\ld be di/ribut$ m lavi%ly4#cha ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil c\ld h>dly1 h[ev]1 rema9 unmov$ by ! disquiet+ report ( ! ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration publi%$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,dr4 ,ei*holz1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! committee1 _h inde$ describ$ ! exi/+ me?od ( fe$+ 9 ,london z entirely 9 ! nature ( a tempor>y /op-gap4 ,!re is1 he decl>$1 b little conc5trat$ ef=t at build+ up enfeebl$ con/itutions1 s*ool fe$+ do+ little beyond arre/+ fur!r deg5]acy4#chb ,9 ,april1 #aije1 ! ,c\ncil accord+ly resolv$ t1 ) a view to *eck+ ! physical det]ioration among ! ,london population & secur+ ! be/ result f ! exp5diture on education1 x be ref]r$ to ! ,education ,committee to consid] & report z to ! necess>y ,p>liam5t>y p[] be+ obta9$ = ! provision ( food :]e necess>y = ! *ildr5 att5d+ rate-support$ s*ools 9 ,london4#chc ,! ,education ,committee1 h[ev]1 :ile admitt+ t !re 7 numb]s ( und]f$ & ill-f$ *ildr5 att5d+ ! s*ools & t 9 ! case ( ^! *ildr5 x 0 impossible to secure ! be/ results f an educational /&po9t1 7 nev]!less ( op9ion t1 :ile ! necessity = fe$+ *ildr5 z ! la/ resort out ( public funds is a proposition endors$ by ! :ole _s ( ! ,poor ,law1 !re 7 /rong argum5ts aga9/ seek+ p[] to utilise ! rates at pres5t4 ,! provision ( s*ool meals out ( public funds mu/ t5d to less5 p>5tal responsibility1 & ! exp5se entail$ w\ld be v s]i\s1 s9ce ! numb]s1 ?\gh small at fir/1 w\ld inevitably t5d to increase4#chd ,! ,committee recomm5d$1 !re=e1 t ! exp]im5t %\ld be tri$ ( utilis+ ! food prep>$ at ! cook]y c5tres4 ,! advantages ( ?is c\rse w\ld be tw(old4 ,! exp]im5t w\ld prove :e!r !re 0 a dem& on ! "p ( ! bett]-(f p>5ts = ! provision ( *eap d9n]s at s*ool1 :ile ! tra9+ at ! cook]y c5tres w\ld be improv$ by receiv+ a m practical tr5d4#che ,footnote #cha3 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #aijd1 p4 #b4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 be=e ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+ 9 #aije1 :i* %[$ t difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 collect+ suffici5t funds4 ,! ,london ,s*ools ,d9n] ,association f\nd t p w\ld contribute at ,*ri/mas "t1 b 9 ! e>ly spr+1 :5 ! "w 0 heavie/1 ! subscriptions ceas$4 7,report ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical ,inspection & ,fe$+1 #aije1 ,qs4 #bjgd1 #bjha-bjhc47 ,see also evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,m>%all ,jackman be=e ! ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,qs4 #ghj1 #ghh-gij4 ,footnote #chb3 ,report ( ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,physical ,det]ioration1 #aijd1 ,q4 #dgg4 ,footnote #chc3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,april #aa1 #aije1 p4 #acha4 ,footnote #chd3 ,ibid41 ,july #aa1 #aije1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #che3 ,ibid41 p4 #bih4 ,! exp]im5t 0 accord+ly tri$ at five#chf select$ s*ools4 ,9 ?ree ( ^! s*ools1 :i* 7 situat$ 9 poor di/ricts1 d9n]s 7 suppli$ at #a-a_/b;d ea*4 ,9 ! o!r two s*ools1 situat$ 9 bett]-class neighb\rhoods1 ! co/ 0 #b;d4 & #c;d41 ! p>5ts pref]r+ ! m exp5sive d9n]4#chg ,! ,c\ncil hav+ no p[] to sp5d ! rates on ! provision ( food1 ! meals _h to be paid = by ! p>5ts or by *>itable ag5cies4 ,! tea*]s 7 in/ruct$ n to *oose only necessit\s *ildr51 b to di/ribute ! tickets fairly betwe5 ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools1 ! object be+ to try ! exp]im5t ( a common d9n]4#chh ,f an educational po9t ( view ! d9n]s 7 v successful4 ,! *ildr5 7 taught to eat prop]ly1#chi & ! girls att5d+ ! cook]y class b5efit$ by ! practical tra9+4 ,x appe>$1 too1 t !re 0 a dem&1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts at any rate1 = ! provision ( *eap d9n]s at s*ool4#cij ,b ! exp]im5t 0 on too small a scale to h mu* practical be>+ on ! "q ( fe$+ necessit\s *ildr54 ,= l>ge numb]s ! cook]y c5tres 7 q inadequate & any attempt to use !m prim>ily = ! object ( provid+ *ildr5's meals w\ld int]f]e ) ! in/ruction giv54 ,footnote #chf3 ,! exp]im5t 0 lat] ext5d$ to fifte5 s*ools4 ,footnote #chg3 ,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills1 #aijf1 ,qs4 #dea1 #ejj1 evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,%ephe>d4 ,footnote #chh3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #cbg4 ,footnote #chi3 ,! tables 7 nicely laid & ) tableclo?s1 ) all ! ord9>y appliances & requirem5ts ( a table put !re1 su* z salt cell>s1 knives & =ks1 & ev]y?+ ( t k9d4 ,! tables 7 laid out ) fl[]s 444 ,i ?9k ,i may q c]ta9ly say t "s ( ^! *ildr5 _h nev] sat d[n to a meal ( t description 9 _! lives4 7,ibid41 ,q4 #cca47 ,footnote #cij3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,decemb] #ai1 #aije1 p4 #bach4 ,ab\t eighty p] c5t4 ( ! meals 7 paid = by ! p>5ts1 ! rema9+ tw5ty p] c5t4 be+ paid = by fri5ds or volunt>y ag5cies4 7,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills1 #aijf1 ,q4 #cbf47 7b7--,! ,assumption ( ,responsibility by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,no fur!r s]i\s attempt 0 made = "s ye>s to place ! provision ( food ^u ! rates4 ,on ! pass+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil took ov] ! :ole responsibility = ! provision1 ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 :i* _h be5 compos$ p>tly ( repres5tatives ( volunt>y organisations1#cia giv+ place to a ,sub-,committee ( ! ,education ,committee#cib2 b volunt>y funds 7 /ill reli$ on4 ,9 #aijh1 h[ev]1 ! supply began to fail4 ,9 ,july ( t ye> a conf]5ce ( ! ,mayors ( ! ,london bor\ghs _h decl>$ t !re 0 no reason to fe> t volunt>y contributions w\ld be insuffici5t to defray ! co/ ( food4#cic ,! appeal subsequ5tly issu$ met1 h[ev]1 ) a v meagre response1 only "s #f1jjj be+ subscrib$4#cid ,by ! end ( ! ye> x became cle> t rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! rates1 & application 0 accord+ly made to ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! new sy/em 0 put 9 =ce e>ly 9 #aiji4cie ,footnote #cia3 ,:51 9 #aijd1 ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ! ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 _h be5 cont9u$ by ! latt] body1 its con/itution rema9+ practically unalt]$4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report ( ,education ,committee1 #aijh-i1 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #c47 ,footnote #cib3 ,?is ,sub-,committee 0 kn[n at fir/ z ! ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr54 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aijh1 ! "n 0 alt]$ to ! ,*ildr5's ,c>e 7,c5tral7 ,sub-,committee4 7,ibid41 p4 #d47 ,footnote #cic3 ,see ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,novemb] #bd1 #aijh1 p4 #aabj4 ,footnote #cid3 ,/ate ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,london1 by ,sir ,*>les ,elliott1 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may1 #aiji1 p4 #hff4 ,footnote #cie3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report ( ! ,education ,committee = #aijh-i1 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #d4 ,mean:ile ! con/ant compla9ts ( ! v>y+ me?ods pursu$ by ! diff]5t ,c>e ,committees#cif 9 ! selection ( ! *ildr51 & ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( *ildr5 f$1#cig l$ ! ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 to call = a report on ! circum/ances ( ^! *ildr51 s t ! cause ( ! di/ress might be asc]ta9$ & "s light ?r[n on ! "q h[ f> ! provision ( free meals 0 really an effective rem$y = ! evils :i* exi/$4#cih ,an inve/igation 0 accord+ly conduct$ by ! two (ficials :o _h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncil to organise ! "w ( ! local ,c>e ,committees4 ,twelve s*ools 7 select$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & a c>eful enquiry made into ! circum/ances ( all ! *ildr5 at ^! s*ools :o 7 receiv+ free meals4 ,9 all #a1bah families 7 dealt )1 conta9+ #c1ccd *ildr54 ,footnote #cif3 ,! local ,relief ,committees _h be5 re-organis$ "u ! "n ( ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees 9 ,july1 #aijg4 7,ibid47 ,footnote #cig3 ,! numb]s greatly increas$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aijg-h1 & rea*$ a maximum ( #di1jdc 9 ,m>*1 #aijh4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report on ! ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 twelve select$ s*ools1 #aijh1 p4 #b47 ,footnote #cih3 ,ibid4 ,9 a small numb] ( ! cases1 #ci p] c5t41 ! di/ress 0 f\nd to be due to illness or "s o!r tempor>y mis=tune2 unemploym5t ( ! wage-e>n] acc\nt$ = #eg p] c5t41 & "u-employm5t = #ai p] c5t41 ( ! cases2 9 #ddg p] c5t4 ! cause ( ! di/ress 0 attribut$ to ! intemp]ance or wa/efulness ( ! p>5ts4#cii ,! necessity ( provid+ s*ool meals1 at any rate z a tempor>y exp$i5t1 0 cle>ly prov$4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 ?\gh #baab p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 7 n necessit\s1 ! rema9+ #ghhh p] c5t4 7 necessit\s 9 ! s5se ( lack+ suffici5t food1 & t !y w\ld require s*ool meals until effective ,c>e ,committees are able to *eck ! diseases att5dant on p>tial employm5t1 bad h\s+ & o!r evils4#djj ,s f> little attempt _h be5 made to improve ! conditions ( ! homes by sy/ematic visit+4 ,) ! majority ( ! ,c>e ,committees1 decl>$ ! organis]s1 _! only active memb]s are ! head tea*]s & _! only visitors are ! att5dance (fic]s4#dja ,! compla9ts z to want ( uni=mity 9 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 7 corroborat$4 ,9 _m s*ools ea* dep>tm5t has its own sy/em ( enquiry1 its own me?od ( selection1 its own /&>d ( necessity1 & ! result is t x is seldom t all ! s*ool *ildr5 ( "o family are on ! necessit\s li/4#djb ,! ext5t ( ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! ,education ,au?ority & ! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians 0 %[n by ! fact t out ( ! #a1bah families #ci 7 9 receipt ( out-relief :ile no few] ?an #afe _h be5 9 receipt ( relief rec5tly4#djc ,footnote #cii3 ,ibid41 pp4 #g-h1 #bb4 ,footnote #djj3 ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #dja3 ,ibid41 p4 #be4 ,footnote #djb3 ,ibid41 p4 #be4 ,see also ! description ( ! me?ods employ$ at typical s*ools4 7,ibid41 pp4 #ai1 #bj47 ,footnote #djc3 ,ibid41 p4 #bb4 ,to put an end to all ?is want ( uni=mity x 0 recomm5d$ t a responsible secret>y visitor %\ld be appo9t$ = ea* s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools1 :o w\ld organise b&s ( volunt>y work]s1 & co-op]ate ) all exi/+ local ag5cies = social improvem5t4 ,x 0 urg$ t ! duties ( ! ,c>e ,committees %\ld n be conf9$ to ! provision ( meals1 b %\ld include ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! heal? & g5]al well-be+ ( ! *ild4#djd ,?is latt] recomm5dation 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! ,c>e ,committees 7 re-organis$ & giv5 additional duties1 ! sup]vision ( m$ical treatm5t & ! "w ( aft]-c>e1#dje & x 0 resolv$ t a committee %\ld be appo9t$ = e elem5t>y s*ool1 n only = ^? :i* conta9$ necessit\s *ildr54#djf ,! sugge/ion t a paid secret>y %\ld be appo9t$ = e s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools 0 n adopt$4 ,! ,c\ncil decid$ m]ely to appo9t twelve paid lady work]s = ! :ole ( ,london1 ^: duties w\ld be to /r5g!n ! ,c>e ,committees4 ,at ! same "t1 z a fur!r /ep t[>ds uni=mity1 local associations ( ,c>e ,committees 7 =m$4 ,sev]al su* associations _h already come into exi/5ce volunt>ily1 b !y 7 n[ made uni=m & p]man5t4 ,! functions ( ^! associations1 :i* numb]$ #bg1 7 to make all ! arrangem5ts 9 connection ) ! fe$+ c5tres1 & to collect volunt>y contributions4 ,!y 7 also to act z advisory bodies4 ,at _! meet+s w\ld be discuss$ su* que/ions z ! selection ( *ildr5 to be f$1 aft]-c>e1 m$ical treatm5t1 & any o!r duties fall+ to ! ,c>e ,committees to be p]=m$4 ,!y w\ld ?us1 x 0 hop$1 initiate a common policy & s]ve z a means ( co-ord9at+ ! "w ( ! v>i\s ,c>e ,committees4 ,two-?irds ( _! memb]s 7 to be repres5tatives ( ,c>e ,committees1 "o-six? 7 to be nom9at$ by ! ,tea*]s' ,local ,consultative ,committees1 & "o-six? appo9t$ by ! ,*ildr5's ,c>e 7,c5tral7 ,sub-,committee4#djg ,footnote #djd3 ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #dje3 ,a few ,c>e ,committees 7 already c>ry+ out ^! functions4 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! description ( ! me?ods adopt$ at "o s*ool 7,ibid41 p4 #ai1 ,no4 ,c47 ,footnote #djf3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,april #f1 #aiji1 pp4 #hee-f4 ,footnote #djg3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,april #f1 #aiji1 pp4 #hef1 #heg2 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 pp4 #g-h1 #hh4 ,!re are ?us to-day ?ree di/9ct1 ?\gh int]dep5d5t1 organisations--! ,*ildr5's ,c>e 7,c5tral7 ,sub-,committee1 ! ,local ,associations ( ,c>e ,committees & ! local ,c>e ,committees appo9t$ = ea* s*ool4 ,9 consid]+ ! developm5t 9 ,london ( ! movem5t = ! provision ( meals1 "o is /ruck by ! haphaz>d way 9 :i* ! va/ organisation has be5 built up4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil has f ! fir/ be5 reluctant to und]take ! responsibility = its und]f$ *ildr54 ,! :ole "q ( decid+ :i* *ildr5 are und]f$1 & ( mak+ special provision = su* *ildr51 decl>$ ! ,*airman ( ! ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 9 #aijh1 %\ld really be "o = ! ,poor ,law ,au?ority to decide1 & n ! ,education ,au?ority4#djh ,! attempt to make ! ,gu>dians c>ry out _! duty hav+ signally fail$1 ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil 0 =c$ to und]take ! task1 b x has done s 9 a half-he>t$ fa%ion4 ,! results ( ?is failure to grasp ! problem 9 a /atesmanlike mann] are conspicu\sly evid5t 9 ! conditions prevail+ to-day4 ,footnote #djh3 ,report on ! ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 twelve select$ s*ools1 #aijh1 p4 #c4 7c7--,! ,ext5t ( ! ,provision4 ,! total exp5diture on ! provision ( meals 9 ,london am\nt$1 = ! ye> #aiab-ac1 to #ii1hje4 ,( ?is by f> ! great] "p1 #ih1aaa1 0 d]iv$ f ! rates1 volunt>y contributions am\nt+ to only #c4 ,ap>t f ^! volunt>y contributions collect$ by ! ,local ,associations1 h[ev]1 a few s*ools contract out & supply ! meals f _! own private s\rces4#dji ,moreov]1 l>ge sums 7 collect$ by volunt>y organisations = ! provision ( meals dur+ ! holidays1 especially dur+ ! summ] holiday ( #aiab1 ow+ to ! di/ress caus$ by ! dock /rike4 ,& besides ?is holiday fe$+1 :i*1 s9ce x _c be met out ( ! rates1 mu/ be paid = out ( volunt>y funds1 !re are /ill a c]ta9 numb] ( volunt>y ag5cies :i* are provid+ meals q indep5d5tly ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,footnote #dji3 ,?us at ,/4 ,giles'-9-!-,fields ! exp5diture on ! provision ( food is /ill met f volunt>y funds4 ,at ,hamp/ead1 9 all ! s*ools except "o or two1 ! provision ( food = necessit\s *ildr5 is paid = by ! ,hamp/ead ,c\ncil ( ,social ,welf>e4 ,! ,c>e ,committee ref]s to ! ,c\ncil ( ,social ,welf>e cases :i* are suitable = home relief1 i4e41 cases :]e ! "m c be tru/$ to look aft] ! *ildr5 at home2 9 ^! cases adequate relief = ! :ole family is giv5 by ! ,c\ncil4 ,if ! "m _c be tru/$ or if %e goes out to "w all day1 ! *ildr5 receive meals at ! fe$+ c5tre1 ! ,c\ncil pay+ = ^! meals4 ,among/ ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,london ,veget>ian ,association4 ,"o ( ! *ief objects ( ?is ,association1 :i* has be5 9 exi/5ce _m ye>s1 is ! popul>isation 9 ! homes ( ! poor ( a vegetable diet :i* is at once bo? *eap & :olesome4 ,d9n]s are provid$ consi/+ ( a b[l ( vegetable s\p1 a slice ( :olemeal bread & a slab ( pudd+4 ,z a rule ! meals are giv5 dur+ ! w9t] only1 be+ cont9u$ dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays &1 if necess>y1 dur+ ! ,ea/] holidays1 & on ,saturdays also4 ,! numb] ( c5tres op5$ v>ies accord+ to ! /ate ( ! ,association's f9ances & ! ne$ t exi/s4 ,dur+ ! pres5t w9t] "s half-doz5 h be5 e/abli%$1 besides ! c5tral dept 9 ,:ite*apel1 ab\t #ijj *ildr5 on an av]age be+ f$ daily4 ,s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act ! activities ( ! ,association1 z f> z ! *ildr5 are conc]n$1 h be5 conf9$ !oretically to ! supply ( d9n]s to *ildr5 "u s*ool age or to *ildr5 :o wi% to pay = ! meals4 ,b s*ool *ildr5 :o pref] to be f$ by ! ,association r ?an by ! s*ool are also giv5 meals1 z 9 addition are ^? :o are n consid]$ necessit\s by ! ,s*ool ,c>e ,committee4 ,any *ild c h a d9n] on produc+ a halfp5ny4 ,free d9n]s are only giv5 to *ildr5 = :om application is made by "s *>itable ag5cy1 di/rict visitors1 ,little ,si/]s ( ! ,poor or o!r p]sons int]e/$1 no enquiry be+ made by ! ,association itself 9 ^! cases4 ,x is cle> t !re is mu* dang] ( ov]lapp+--9 fact x has be5 f\nd t1 9 "s cases1 *ildr5 h obta9$ a d9n] at s*ool fir/ & h !n gone on to ! dept4 ,9 o!r cases x seems t ! ,association fe$s "s *ildr5 ( a family1 ! ,c>e ,committee o!rs4 ,! total numb] ( individual *ildr5 f$ dur+ ! ye> #aiab-ac 0 #ajj1gga1daj ! av]age weekly numb] be+ #da1ebi4 ,! numb]s f$ dur+ ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s are se5 9 ! foll[+ table3--#daa ,season4 ,av]age weekly numb] ( *ildr5 f$4 #aijj-ja 7,augu/ to ,july inclusive7 #ah1heg #aija-jb #bj1jhe #aijb-jc #bb1bjf #aijc-jd #bc1hdb #aijd-je #bf1iea #aije-jf #bg1aei #aijf-jg #bi1ccd #aijg-jh #cg1igi #aijh-ji #ci1fcb #aiji-aj 7,augu/ #a to ,m>* #ca7 #db1aec #aiaj-aa 7,april #a to ,m>* #ca7 #da1fgb #aiaa-ab #cf1hig #aiab-ac #da1ebi ,footnote #daj3 ,^! are necessit\s *ildr5 only4 ,?is numb] includes ! necessit\s *ildr5 9 ! ,defective ,s*ools1 except ! ,cripple ,s*ools1 :]e ! meals are provid$ by ! ,cripple ,*ildr5's ,d9n]s ,committee4 7,see po/1 pp4 #aee-f47 ,footnote #daa3 ,annual ,report ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaa1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cc4 ,! figures = ! e>li] ye>s are n reliable ow+ to ! multiplicity ( ag5cies provid+ food4 7d7--,! ,c>e ,committee4 ,9 ! selection ( ! *ildr5 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil has ?r\gh\t pursu$ ! policy ( keep+ ! numb]s f$ z l[ z possible4 ,! ,s*ool ,doctor may recomm5d = meals1 or m frequ5tly = milk or codliv] oil1 "u-n\ri%$ *ildr5 :om he discov]s 9 ! c\rse ( m$ical inspection1#dab b ! numb] ( su* cases is comp>atively small4 ,z a rule ! *ildr5 are select$ by ! tea*]s 7ei!r on _! own initiative or1 m frequ5tly1 on ! application ( ! p>5ts7 on ! gr\nd ( pov]ty4 ,footnote #dab3 ,! tea*]s are ask$ to po9t out to ! s*ool doctor any *ildr5 ab\t to be inspect$ ^: names are on ! necessit\s regi/]4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 p4 #ah47 ,! enquiry into ! home circum/ances ( ^! *ildr5 & ! f9al decision z to :i* ( !m %all be f$1 devolve ^u ! ,c>e ,committees4 ,^! ,c>e ,committees =m ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act 9 ,london4 ,9 no o!r t[n h ! s]vices ( ! volunte] work] be5 utilis$ to su* an ext5t4#dac ,z we h se51 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil decid$ 9 #aiji t a ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committee %\ld be =m$ = e elem5t>y s*ool1 & !re is n[ practically no s*ool = :i* a committee has n be5 appo9t$4#dad ,! committees consi/ ( two or ?ree ( ! ,s*ool ,manag]s1 toge!r ) n less ?an f\r volunt>y work]s appo9t$ by ! ,*ildr5's ,c>e 7,c5tral7 ,sub-,committee4#dae ,! head tea*]s1 ?\gh n memb]s1#daf usually att5d ! meet+s1 & 9 "s cases und]take a consid]able am\nt ( cl]ical "w4 ,! memb]s ( ^! committees numb] "s #e1fjj1dag b ( ^! _m take little or no "p 9 ! "w1 & ! effective memb]%ip am\nts p]haps to n m ?an two-?irds ( ?is total4 ,footnote #dac3 ,= examples ( ,c>e ,committees 9 prov9cial t[ns1 see ante1 pp4 #fe-ff4 ,9 "o or two ,scotti% t[ns also ,c>e ,committees h be5 =m$ 7see po/1 pp4 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdd-e47 ,footnote #dad3 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools1 ,c>e ,committees h be5 =m$ also = ! ,special ,s*ools = ,defective ,*ildr51 ) ! exception ( ! ,physically ,defective4 ,footnote #dae3 ,9 a few cases ! committees are compos$ entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 ( work+ m54 ,footnote #daf3 ,9 #aijh ! ,c>e ,committees 7 v l>gely compos$ ( tea*]s4 ,out ( ! total memb]%ip ( #b1ici1 #a1bgh1 or ab\t ?ree-sev5?s1 7 tea*]s1 #a1cia 7 s*ool manag]s1 & only #bgj 7 volunt>y work]s4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,ag5da = ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 ,app5dix ,a1 ,july #f1 #aijh47 ,footnote #dag3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 li/ ( memb]s ( ,*ildr5's ,c>e 7,s*ool7 ,committees1 #aiab4 ,! functions ( ! ,c>e ,committees are num]\s & important4 ,!y d n m]ely decide :i* *ildr5 %all receive s*ool meals4 ,!y h also to foll[ up cases ( *ildr5 :o are f\nd by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] to ne$ m$ical treatm5t1 &1 by visit+ ! homes1 induce ! p>5ts to obta9 ?is treatm5t2 (t5 !y arrange = ! supply ( spectacles at r$uc$ rates & collect paym5t f ! p>5ts by in/alm5ts4 ,fur!r1 !y h to advise p>5ts 9 connection ) ! employm5t ( _! *ildr51 ref]r+ suitable cases to ! ,local ,juv5ile ,advisory ,committee1 ,appr5tice%ip ,committee or o!r ag5cy1 & g5]ally befri5d+ ! *ildr5 leav+ s*ool4 ,"s committees und]take ! "w 9 connection ) ! ,*ildr5's ,c\ntry ,holidays ,fund4 ,frequ5tly ! ,c>e ,committee makes arrangem5ts = ! supply ( boots1#dah & sometimes also clo?+1 gratuit\sly or at r$uc$ rates4 ,footnote #dah3 ,at ! end ( #aiaa1 organisations = ! supply ( boots 7 9 exi/5ce 9 #a1jab s*ools4 ,^! organisations 7 controll$ by ! ,c>e ,committees1 manag]s1 or head tea*]s4 7,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaa1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #ch47 ,! advantages ( su* a sy/em ( volunt>y work]s1 act+ 9 connection )1 & "u ! guidance (1 ! ,local ,au?ority are _m4 ,! volunte] work]1 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 c br+ to be> on individual cases a pati5ce & an en?usiasm :i* ! (ficial has no "t to be/[4 ,by gett+ into fri5dly relations ) ! "m1 ! volunte] visitor w (t5 be able to help ! family 9 numb]less ways4 ,! ,c>e ,committee sy/em repres5ts1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ hopeful movem5ts ( ! "t1 d5ot+1 z x does1 an awak5+ ( ! social consci5ce & a revolt aga9/ ! old sy/em ( di/rict visit+1 :i* meant too frequ5tly m]ely ! giv+ ( a dole1 a sy/em :i* enc\rag$ a patronis+ attitude on ! "o h&1 & a cadg+ habit on ! o!r4 ,f ! ,c>e ,committee visitor little 9 ! way ( mat]ial gifts is to be expect$4 ,in/ead1 "s ef=t is dem&$ f ! p>5t4 ,he1 or m usually %e1 is ask$ to co-op]ate ) ! ,c>e ,committee 9 do+ :at is necess>y = ! *ild's welf>e4 ,moreov]1 ! ,c>e ,committee is invaluable z a means ( educat+ public op9ion4 ,_m w be f\nd :o1 ?\gh p]haps /rongly oppos$ 9 !ory to ! :ole sy/em ( ! provision ( free meals1 are yet will+ to "w = ! *ildr51 & by contact ) ! *ildr5 & _! homes w le>n some?+ ( ! life & /ruggles ( ! poor1 & a bett] mutual und]/&+ w be br\ght ab\t4 ,z ! ,w>d5 ( a ,settlem5t 9 ,liv]pool has po9t$ out1 x is a con/ant lam5t ( adm9i/rators ( education t ! public c>e m = sav+ ! rates ?an mak+ citiz5s4 ,! compla9t is ju/ifi$4 ,we only c>e ab\t :at we und]/&2 ! public und]/&s ! money x has to pay1 b x does n und]/& :at happ5s to x4 ,z a matt] ( fact n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! ratepay+ public h nev] be5 at a fe$+ c5tre or se5 a m$ical inspection2 & _! own education 0 ( su* a scanty nature t "o _c expect _! g5]al imag9ation to supply ! defici5cy4 ,h5ce !y grumble at pay+ = a s]vice ( :i* !y are ignorant4 ,! rem$y lies 9 mak+ !m und]/&4 ,f ! "y m5 & wom5 ( ^! families we c recruit ,c>e ,committee work]s4 ,!y w visit ! homes ( ! p1 ! fe$+ c5tres & ! s*ool2 _! imag9ation w be /irr$ & _! intellects quick5$2 f9ally1 ! "t w come :5 an enlight5$ public op9ion w be ! critic ( ! education policy ( our city4#dai ,spl5did "w is n[ be+ done 9 _m p>ts ( ,london by ! ,c>e ,committees & x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! sy/em has n be5 m widely adopt$ 9 ! prov9ces4 ,footnote #dai3 ,c>e ,committee ,"w 9 ,liv]pool1 by ,f4 ,j4 ,m>quis1 9 ! ,s*ool ,*ild1 ,septemb]1 #aiac1 p4 #aa4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! disadvantages ( rely+ only on volunt>y help mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! difficulty ( secur+ en\gh work]s4 ,rem>kable z has be5 ! response to ! appeal ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil = help]s1 yet _m m are ne$$4 ,9 ! resid5tial p>ts ( ,london ?is difficulty is n s mu* felt1 b 9 ! poor] di/ricts1 :]e ! ne$ is greate/1 x is impossible to f9d en\gh p ) leisure to devote to ! "w4 ,f e ,c>e ,committee t we h visit$ comes ! cry = m help]s4 ,if ! fri5dly relations ) ! p>5ts are to be e/abli%$1 :i* are ess5tial if ! maximum am\nt ( good is to be d]iv$ f ! v>i\s activities :i* are und]tak5 by ! s*ool au?orities1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! homes %\ld be visit$2 b x is r>e to f9d a suffici5t supply ( work]s =?com+ = ?is visit+ to be und]tak5 regul>ly4 ,x is true t "s committees visit ! homes once a mon? or sometimes ev51 9 d\btful cases1 once a =tnight1 b m frequ5tly visits are paid at long int]vals1 & 9 "s di/ricts _m ( ! homes are nev] visit$ at all4 ,at a s*ool 9 ,ea/ ,london1 = in/ance 7& ?is is typical ( _m o!rs71 we 7 told t x is f\nd 9 practice q impossible = e case to be visit$1 s9ce !re are only two memb]s ( ! ,c>e ,committee to und]take ?is "w4 ,a committee 9 ano!r di/rict reports1 visits 9 d\btful cases are made twice a ye>1 supplem5t$ by qu>t]ly visits1 :ile ano!r committee 9 ! same di/rict reports t1 ow+ to ! lack ( suffici5t help1 x is (t5 necess>y to receive p>5ts in/ead ( visit+ homes4 ,/ill m difficult is x to obta9 honor>y secret>ies4 ,! functions ( a ,c>e ,committee are1 z we h se51 _m & v>i$1 & involve an enorm\s am\nt ( "w1 if !y are to be p]=m$ effici5tly1 especially 9 di/ricts :]e few volunte]s c be obta9$ & :]e1 9 consequ5ce1 a disproportionate am\nt ( visit+ falls to ! lot ( ! secret>y4 ,! secret>y ( a ,c>e ,committee 9 ,/epney f\nd t x 0 necess>y to give ?ree qu>t]s ( h] "t to ! "w1 & ev5 s1 outside help _h to be call$ 9 to keep ! cl]ical "w ev5 approximately up to date4#dbj ,! secret>y ( ano!r s*ool 9 ,ea/ ,london in=m$ u t he _h to give f\r full days a week1 besides "s h\rs devot$ to cl]ical "w 9 ! ev5+2 :ile ano!r secret>y1 9 ,c5tral ,london1 gives ab\t f\r h\rs' "w on an av]age five days a week4 ,obvi\sly x is impossible to secure en\gh volunte]s4 ,_m :o und]take ! "w ( secret>y f9d aft] a few mon?s t !y are oblig$ to give x up4 ,! hi/ory ( too _m ,c>e ,committees is a record ( ev]-*ang+ secret>ies1 int]sp]s$ ) m or less prolong$ int]regna4 ,9 "o di/rict--& ?is appe>s to be typical ( ,london z a :ole--we 7 told t1 out ( #ia s*ools1 "s #aj or #ae 7 at ! "t )\t secret>ies1 & ! duties _h to be und]tak5 by ! ,assi/ant ,organis]s4 ,^! (ficials are already ov]burd5$1 & ! result is t all b ! mo/ urg5t "w is left undone4 ,no?+ is m di%e>t5+ = an en]getic secret>y :o has lab\r$ h>d to effect "s improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! *ildr5 ?an to f9d1 :5 =c$ by /ress ( circum/ances to give up ! "w1 t no "o c be f\nd to und]take ! secret>y%ip & t1 consequ5tly1 mu* ( ! devot$ lab\r ( mon?s1 p]haps ( ye>s1 is undone4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,c>e ,committees1 by ,a4 ,s41 9 ! ,s*ool ,*ild1 ,m>* #aiac1 pp4 #d-e4 ,! ne$ = ! appo9tm5t ( paid secret>ies = ea* s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools 01 z we h se51 po9t$ out z long ago z #aijh4dba ,s9ce t date ! activities ( ! ,c>e ,committees h be5 enorm\sly ext5d$1 &1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts at any rate1 if ! "w is to be done ) any degree ( effici5cy1 ! necessity = su* paid secret>ies is becom+ absolutely imp]ative4 ,footnote #dba3 ,see ante1 pp4 #aci-adj4 ,b ap>t f ! difficulty ( secur+ en\gh volunt>y work]s1 !re are inh]5t disadvantages 9 ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! enquiry into ! circum/ances ( ! p>5ts is n a duty = :i* ! ord9>y volunte] work] is fitt$4 ,& ! necessity ( mak+ ^! enquiries may endang] ^? fri5dly relations :i* x is ( su* importance to e/abli% betwe5 ! visitor & ! p>5t4 ,! enquiry is g5]ally totally inadequate4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! visitor is n tra9$ = ! purpose1 & frequ5tly f9ds ?is "w di/a/eful4 ,ea* visitor has a diff]5t /&>d4 ,no enquiry is made f ! employ]#dbb2 inde$1 9 ! l>ge numb] ( cases :]e ! fa!r is casually employ$ su* enquiry w\ld be impracticable4 ,9 _m cases !re is little or no k ( :at o!r help is be+ giv5 to ! family4 ,_m committees insi/ on ! p>5ts appe>+ be=e !m to answ] enquiries z to _! circum/ances4 ,?is is sometimes1 z we h se51 r5d]$ necess>y by ! lack ( work]s & ! consequ5t impossibility ( visit+ ! homes4 ,b ev5 if ! homes are visit$ "s committees consid] t ! obligation on ! "p ( ! p>5ts to apply 9 p]son furni%es a te/ ( ! g5u95ess ( _! ne$4 ,! att5dance ( ! fa!r1 :]e x c be secur$1 is useful z x proves a means ( br++ home to him 8 responsibility4 ,x is n infrequ5tly f\nd t ! "m has appli$ = meals )\t ! husb&'s k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h already %[n1 ! insi/5ce on ! p>5ts' att5dance may result 9 consid]able h>d%ip to !m1 entail+ p]haps ! loss ( half a day's "w4 ,!y are (t5 kept wait+ = a consid]able "t4 ,moreov]1 ! assembl+ ( numb]s toge!r1 all = ! purpose ( mak+ application = meals1 t5ds to dim9i% ! s5se ( self-respect4 ,= ?is reason _m committees consid] x undesirable to summon ! p>5ts1 or !y only summon !m 9 special cases4 ,:5 ! p>5t is summon$ & does n att5d1 ! ,c\ncil lays d[n t1 if no imm$iate home visit is possible1 a notice %all be s5t to ! p>5t t if he or %e fails to att5d be=e ! committee or to %[ "s good reason = n att5d+1 ! committee w be oblig$ to *>ge = ! meals suppli$ to ! *ildr54#dbc ,z f> z we c discov]1 ?is is v r>ely done4 ,! f> m usual c\rse is = ! committee to s5d a notice to ! effect t ! meals w be discont9u$ unless ! p>5t appeals4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,enquiries f ! employ]s may n be made by ! ,c>e ,committee )\t ! cons5t ( ! p>5t or gu>dian4 ,:]e ! committee is d\btful ( ! accuracy ( ! p>5ts' /atem5ts1 ! case c be ref]r$ to ! ,divisional ,sup]9t5d5t1 :o may make su* enquiries4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 pp4 #ah-ai4 ,ano!r disadvantage aris+ f ! utilisation ( ! s]vice ( volunt>y work]s alone1 is t no suffici5t control c be ex]cis$ by ! ,c5tral ,au?ority to en=ce a common policy4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( latitude is desirable s z to all[ scope = individual initiative & exp]im5t4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( selection ( ! *ildr5 to be f$ want ( uni=mity is :olly to be condemn$4 ,! div]sity 9 me?ods t prevails is 9 effect amaz+4 ,9 two s*ools situat$ almo/ side by side1 & draw+ _! *ildr5 f ! same /reets1 ! p]c5tage f$ may be1 9 ! "o case1 two1 9 ! o!r t51 fifte5 or ev5 m4#dbd ,we h f\nd ?is lack ( uni=mity 9 o!r t[ns1 s9ce ! numb]s f$ dep5d v l>gely on ! views tak5 by individual tea*]s1 b 9 ,london !re is sup]add$ ! div]sity produc$ by ! div]g5ce ( views ( ! diff]5t ,c>e ,committees4 ,9 "o ,c>e ,committee ! sociali/ elem5t w be pr$om9ant4 ,9 ano!r ! "w may be done on /rictly ,c4,o4,s4 l9es2 ! meals are reg>d$ simply z a =m ( relief1 & ! fe$+-li/ is cut d[n to ! l[e/ limit4#dbe ,footnote #dbd3 ,?us 9 ?ree s*ools 9 ,s\? ,london1 att5d$ by *ildr5 ^: home circum/ances 7 v simil>1 ! majority ( ! p>5ts be+ casual lab\r]s1 ! p]c5tages ( *ildr5 :o 7 receiv+ free meals 9 ,m>*1 #aiac1 7 #a4h1 #b4i & #g4e4 ,9 ano!r neighb\r+ s*ool1 :]e ! *ildr5 7 v little poor]1 n9ete5 p] c5t4 7 be+ f$4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,! mo/ extreme example ( ! /rict type is ! committee :i* deals ) a gr\p ( s*ools 9 ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/4 ,x is held t1 ! provision ( meals be+ m]ely a =m ( relief1 ! "w %\ld be z f> z possible dissociat$ f ! s*ool2 ! p>5ts d n make application to ! tea*]s b to a c5tral (fice4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil has n f\nd x possible to lay d[n any uni=m rule = ! guidance ( ! committees4#dbf ,?\gh1 9 a small numb] ( cases1 ! committee pr(esses to h a scale1 usually t laid d[n by ,r[ntree1#dbg 9 practice ?is is a v r\gh crit]ion1 frequ5tly dep>t$ f1 & ! cases are all virtually decid$ on _! m]its4 ,moreov]1 ! policy ( ! same ,c>e ,committee ev5 w n always be a consi/5t "o4 ,! decision z to any p>ticul> case w v>y ) ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( p>ticul> memb]s ( ! ,committee4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,hav+ reg>d to ! v>y+ circum/ances & conditions ( families1 x is consid]$ undesirable to fix a m9imum wage :i* w\ld ju/ify *ildr5 be+ provid$ ) s*ool meals1 & ea* case %\ld !re=e be consid]$ ^u its own m]its4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 p4 #bb47 ,footnote #dbg3 ,t is1 #cs4 = an adult & #bs4 #c;d4 = a *ild4 7,pov]ty1 by ,b4 ,seebohm ,r[ntree1 #aija1 p4 #aaj47 ,:]e *ildr5 f ! same family att5d diff]5t s*ools--a frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,london--meals may be grant$ at "o s*ool & refus$ at ano!r4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil h issu$ elaborate regulations = ensur+ t 9 su* cases ea* ,c>e ,committee conc]n$ %all "k :at ! o!rs are do+4#dbh ,b ?\gh _m ,c>e ,committees d communicate ) "o ano!r1 or notify cases to a ,mutual ,regi/ration ,committee1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil's in/ructions are frequ5tly disreg>d$4 ,! secret>y ( "o committee in=m$ u t dur+ ! :ole "t ( h] secret>y%ip--a p]iod ( ov] a ye>--%e nev] once receiv$ any notification f ano!r committee4 ,ev5 :]e ! cases are notifi$1 x by no means foll[s t ! sev]al committees conc]n$ adopt ! same plan ( action2 (t5 we h f\nd t ! "o committee did n "k 9 any p>ticul> case :at ! result ( _! notification _h be54 ,"o secret>y ev5 told u t ?\gh all ! committees 9 h] di/rict mutually notifi$ cases to ea* o!r1 ?is 0 solely = in=mation2 !y pursu$ _! own policy1 m]ely not+ t "s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! family 7 receiv+ meals at ano!r s*ool4#dbi ,footnote #dbh3 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 a few mon?s ago1 drew att5tion to ! lack ( uni=mity prevail+4 ,9 a numb] ( cases x has be5 f\nd t ! =m has n be5 issu$1 ) ! result t ,c>e ,committees deal+ ) "p ( a family are unacqua9t$ ) ! relief af=d$ by ano!r ,c>e ,committee4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,gazette1 ,m>* #c1 #aiac1 p4 #baj47 ,to ! p>5ts ?is div]sity ( treatm5t ( simil> cases c only appe> z caprici\s4 ,successive visits by ! ,c>e ,committee visitors f diff]5t s*ools1 all mak+ ! same enquiries1 are a ne$less s\rce ( irritation to ! p>5t1 :ile be+ at ! same "t unnecess>y exp5diture ( "t & en]gy = ! visitors4 ,attempts h be5 made 9 "s di/ricts to put an end to ?is wa/e ( en]gy & ov]lapp+4 ,9 ,camb]well1 two or ?ree ye>s ago1 x 0 decid$ t ! ,c>e ,committee visit+ %\ld be organis$ by /reets in/ead ( by s*ools4 ,! ,c>e ,committees ( ! diff]5t s*ools all s5t on _! cases to ! secret>y ( ! organisation1 :o ref]r$ !m to ! visitor = ! p>ticul> /reet4#dcj ,?is s*eme work$ v well = ab\t eighte5 mon?s1 b 0 !n giv5 up *iefly because ! secret>y c\ld n cont9ue ! "w4 ,n[ ?ree ,c>e ,committees 9 ?is di/rict h be5 amalgamat$1 s z to secure "s measure ( uni=mity4#dca ,9 a few o!r di/ricts also1 ! ,c>e ,committees = gr\ps ( s*ools1 ?\gh nom9ally sep>ately appo9t$ = ea* s*ool1 are 9 effect compos$ ( ! same p4 ,q rec5tly an attempt to prev5t ov]lapp+ has be5 made by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil on a l>g] scale4 ,9 ,:ite*apel ! ,c\ncil h provid$ a ,c5tral ,(fice :]e case pap]s w be kept1 & paid assi/ants h be5 appo9t$ :o w notify to ea* ,c>e ,committee any assi/ance :i* is be+ giv5 to ! bro!rs & si/]s ( ! *ildr5 ) :om !y are deal+4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,s*ool ,c>e ,committees1 by ,maude ,f4 ,davies1 9 ,progress1 ,july1 #aiaj1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #dca3 ,at ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/ five committees h be5 amalgamat$ & !n re-divid$ into two1 "o deal+ ) all ! ,jewi%1 "o ) all ! ,*ri/ian1 *ildr5 ( ! gr\p4 ,ov]lapp+ is ?us almo/ completely avoid$4 7e7--,! ,provision = ,pay+ ,*ildr54 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil f ! fir/ has n look$ ) approval on ! proposal t meals %\ld be provid$ z a matt] ( conv5i5ce to p>5ts :o are will+ to pay = !m4 ,only cases ( exceptional h>d%ip1 decl>$ ! ,education ,committee1 e4g41 *ildr5 ( wid[]s or ( wid[s :o are compell$1 ow+ to _! "w1 to be away f home all day--%\ld be s dealt )4#dcb ,9 su* cases paym5t mu/ be made 9 advance & a week's notice be giv51 ! full co/ ( ! meals be+ *>g$4#dcc ,consequ5tly1 9 mo/ s*ools we f9d t no p>5ts or only an insignificant numb] are volunt>ily pay+ = ! meals4#dcd ,b t !re is a c]ta9 dem& = su* provision is %[n by ! numb] ( applications receiv$ :]e ! ,c>e ,committee enc\rages su* a plan4 ,9 "o s*ool1 = in/ance1 we 7 in=m$ t a numb] ( p>5ts paid2 sometimes :5 ! *ildr5 _h be5 receiv+ free meals ! p>5ts wi%$ ! *ildr5 to cont9ue hav+ !m :5 ! home circum/ances improv$1 & 7 q will+ to pay ! co/4 ,9 su* cases !y pref]r$ ! *ildr5 to g to ! ,cook]y ,c5tre1 ?is be+ look$ on z sup]ior to ! fe$+-c5tre4 ,9 ano!r di/rict we 7 told t1 ?\gh !re 0 a dem& on ! "p ( ! p>5ts1 ?is 0 n enc\rag$1 p>tly because ! /aff ( sup]visors 0 inadequate to cope ) l>g] numb]s4 ,!re is frequ5tly an un=tunate diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! pay+ & ! non-pay+ *ildr54 ,at "o c5tre1 = in/ance1 ! necessit\s *ildr5 are plac$ at "o table1 & are suppli$ ) food provid$ by ! ,alex&ra ,tru/2 ! pay+ *ildr5 are plac$ at ano!r & are giv5 food cook$ at ! ,cook]y ,c5tre4 ,at ano!r s*ool we 7 told t ! pay+ *ildr5 7 f$ at "o end ( ! room1 ! necessit\s *ildr5 at ! o!r2 incid5tally ! pay+ *ildr5 _h to /&1 s9ce !re 7 no *airs available1 :ile ! necessit\s *ildr5 sat on =ms4 ,9 sev]al s*ools ! p>5ts pay = milk or codliv] oil :5 ?is is recomm5d$ by ! doctor4 ,9 at lea/ "o s*ool1 h[ev]1 we 7 told t ?\gh "s ( ! p>5ts w\ld be will+ to pay = ?is milk1 x 0 too mu* tr\ble to collect ! money1 s no paym5t 0 ask$4 ,9 "o or two s*ools milk is provid$ = any *ild :o likes to pay a halfp5ny1 & ?is provision is v l>gely tak5 advantage (4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,m9utes1 ,novemb] #b1 #aiji1 p4 #hda4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,! *>ge includes ! co/ ( prep>ation & s]vice ( ! meals1 & is calculat$ to ! ne>e/ f>?+4 7,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 pp4 #bg-bh47 ,footnote #dcd3 ,9 #aiab-ac ! numb] ( individual *ildr5 :o paid ! full co/ ( ! meals 0 #b1eba1 t is1 only "o-=tie? ( ! numb] ( necessit\s *ildr5 :o 7 f$4 ,! am\nt s receiv$ 0 #hfc4 ,9 ! special s*ools = m5tally defective *ildr51 :]e ! provision ( meals is c>ri$ on on ! same l9es z 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools1 ! proportion ( *ildr5 :o pay = ! meals is great]1 s9ce1 ow+ to ! di/ance f s*ool ( _m ( ! *ildr5's homes1 provision has to be made = non-necessit\s z well z necessit\s4 ,9 ! ,cripple ,s*ools special provision has = _m ye>s be5 made by ! ,cripple ,*ildr5's ,d9n]s ,committee4 ,?is body provides ! food1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil supply+ ! app>atus & att5dance4 ,d9n]s are suppli$ = all ! *ildr5 at a *>ge ( #b;d4 ea*4 ,! p>5ts appe> ?or\ghly to appreciate ! provision made1 & ! great majority ( !m pay ! full co/1 only a few ( ! *ildr5 receiv+ ! d9n] free or at a r$uc$ price4#dce ,footnote #dce3 ,9 #aiaa-ab ! exp5diture on food mat]ials am\nt$ to #d1bgc #bs4 #j;d41 & ! paym5ts = d9n]s to #d1bjf #aes4 #i;d4 ,out ( a total ( #ebc1bff d9n]s suppli$1 only #cc1jdc1 or #fc p] c5t41 7 giv5 free4 ,! av]age co/ ( ! d9n]1 = food mat]ials only1 0 #aif;d4 7,report ( ,cripple ,*ildr5's ,d9n]s ,committee = #aiaa-ab1 pp4 #aj1 #aa47 7f7--,! ,s]vice ( ! ,meals4 ,! results ( ! half-he>t$ fa%ion 9 :i* ,london und]took ! responsibility = its und]f$ *ildr5 are se5 n[h]e m cle>ly ?an 9 ! arrangem5ts made = s]v+ ! meals4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil seems to h be5 actuat$ ?r\gh\t r by ! desire to keep ! exp5se d[n to ! m9imum ?an to supply ! *ildr5 ) ! mo/ suitable food & to see t ! meals 7 s]v$ "u civilis+ conditions4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s aft] ! ,c\ncil took ov] ! provision1 ! ,local ,committees 7 left to make ! be/ arrangem5ts t !y c\ld4 ,little enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 !m 9 any endeav\r to provide :olesome & v>i$ meals "u conditions likely to ex]cise an educational influ5ce ov] ! *ildr54 ,/ill less 0 any attempt made to en=ce su* a policy4 ,! reports are almo/ sil5t on ?is aspect ( ! "q1 ?\gh ! scanty ref]5ces :i* are to be f\nd %[ a f> f satisfactory /ate ( affairs4 ,9 #aijh1 = in/ance1 x 0 report$ t at ?irty s*ools1 :]e #c1jij *ildr5 7 f$1 plates & mugs 7 n provid$4 ,?is has meant g5]ally1 reports ! ,executive ,(fic]1 t ! *ildr5 br\ght _! own mugs & ate ! food out ( _! h&s4 ,9 tw5ty o!r s*ools insuffici5t provision 0 made = wa%+ up ! ut5sils us$ &1 z food 0 s]v$ to ! *ildr5 9 successive relays1 two or m *ildr5 us$ ea* dr9k+ vessel or plate be=e x _h be5 wa%$4 ,! usual meal has be5 a d9n] ( s\p 7sometimes conta9+ meat71 )1 9 c]ta9 cases1 a =m ( pudd+ z an alt]native4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ?is 0 ! daily meal = mon?s )\t v>iety4#dcf ,! ,c>e ,committee organis]s1 9 _! ,report on ! ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 ! same ye>1 rem>k t1 consid]+ ! poor accommodation & ! inf]ior quality ( ! meals (t5 provid$ = ! *ildr51 toge!r ) ! fact t ! highe/ av]age numb] ( meals p] *ild 0 #dd p] week1 x c\ld n be expect$ t !re w\ld be mu* noticeable improvem5t 9 ! physical condition ( ! *ildr54#dcg ,footnote #dcf3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,ag5da = ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 ,app5dix ,a41 ,july #f1 #aijh4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report on ! ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 twelve select$ s*ools1 #aijh1 p4 #be4 ,s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,local ,associations ( ,c>e ,committees 9 #aiji conditions h improv$1 b !y are /ill f> f satisfactory4 ,z we h already m5tion$1 ^! ,associations 7 =m$ 9 ord] to introduce "s measure ( uni=mity into ! "w ( fe$+ ! necessit\s *ildr5 ( ! metropolis4 ,!y 7 f h5ce=? to be responsible = ! arrangem5ts made = ! actual s]v+ ( ! meals4 ,! selection ( a suitable c5tre re/s ) !m1 & x is _! duty to arrange = ! requisite supply ( food & = ! prop] s]vice ( ! meals & sup]vision ( ! *ildr5 dur+ ! meal "t4 ,! food may be suppli$ by ! ,alex&ra ,tru/1 a local cat]]1 a cook]y c5tre or a kit*5 manag$ by ! ,local ,association4 ,! quality ( ! food v>ies accord+ to ! arrangem5ts made by ea* ,local ,association4 ,! food specially prep>$ = ! ,jewi% *ildr5 appe>s to be g5]ally good4 ,at ! cook]y c5tres aga91 ?\gh compla9ts are occasionally he>d t ! d9n]s are badly cook$1 !y are z a rule appetis+1 & ! m5u is v>i$4 ,! great majority ( ! meals are1 h[ev]1 suppli$ by ! ,alex&ra ,tru/4 ,t5 diff]5t d9n] m5us h be5 drawn up by ?is ,tru/1 ) a slight v>iation = summ]1#dch b 9 practice !re is v little v>iety1 practically ! same diet>y be+ repeat$ week aft] week2 usually !re is a defici5cy ( proteids & fats4 ,! quantity suppli$ = ea* *ild v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t c5tres4 ,9 "o t we visit$1 = in/ance1 ea* *ild 0 giv5 a l>ge help+ ( suet pudd+ ) m9c$ meat1 foll[$ by a l>ge plateful ( rice1 & second help+s 7 giv5 if requir$2 at ano!r1 :]e ! d9n] consi/$ ( only "o c\rse1 ) a piece ( bread1 ! portions 7 v small2 ! cook admitt$ t "s ( ! *ildr5 c\ld eat m1 b if any 7 all[$ a second help+ all w\ld ask = x1 :e!r !y want$ x or n1 & ! food w\ld !n be left uneat54 ,footnote #dch3 ,= m5us1 see ,app5dix ,i4 ,h[ f> ! infants' ne$s are specially cat]$ = dep5ds on ea* ,local ,association4 ,sometimes !y are f$ by !mselves at ! ,cook]y ,c5tre1 :]e x is easi] to provide suitable food & to pay individual att5tion to _! wants4 ,m (t5 !y g ) ! eld] *ildr5 to ! fe$+-c5tres4 ,! ,alex&ra ,tru/ has drawn up a special m5u = infants1 & 9 c5tres :]e ! food is suppli$ o!rwise ?an by ! ,tru/ ! ,c\ncil h in/ruct$ ! ,local ,association to make special provision4#dci ,b x is r>e to f9d any su* provision made4 ,z a rule ! infants h ! same food z ! eld] *ildr51 ?\gh 9 c5tres :]e !re is c>eful sup]vision1 & :]e ! infants are plac$ at a sep>ate table1#ddj ! size ( ! help+ is suit$ to _! appetites4 ,9 _m c5tres ! numb] ( infants is s few z to make ! prep>ation ( a sep>ate diet h>dly wor? :ile1 & ! provision ( special food has be5 kn[n to give rise to jeal\sy on ! "p ( ! eld] *ildr54 ,footnote #dci3 ,m9utes ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,decemb] #bj1 #aiaj1 p4 #adia4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,frequ5tly ! infants are plac$ ) ! old] *ildr5 at ! ord9>y tables1 :i* are too high = !m to rea* up to ) any com=t2 x is sometimes impossible = !m to eat )\t spill+ _! food4 7,see ! description ( a fe$+ c5tre1 po/1 p4 #afg47 ,ord9>ily "o meal a day is provid$1 ?is meal be+ almo/ inv>iably d9n]1 b 9 cases ( special necessity or delicacy an additional meal may be giv54 ,?is meal may be ei!r breakfa/1 milk or codliv] oil4 ,! practice v>ies 9 ea* s*ool4 ,9 "s s*ools breakfa/ is nev] giv51 or giv5 only 9 v r>e cases4 ,9 o!rs breakfa/s z well z d9n]s are giv5 to ! mo/ necessit\s *ildr54 ,at ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/ =m]ly only breakfa/s 7 giv51 b n[ d9n]s are giv5 9 addition to all ! *ildr5 on ! fe$+-li/2 ! breakfa/ is us$ z a te/1 ! !ory be+ t if ! *ild does n come = breakfa/ x %all n receive d9n]1 b 9 practice ?is plan is n /rictly c>ri$ out4 ,milk & codliv] oil are giv5 9 mo/ s*ools1 :5 recomm5d$ by ! ,s*ool ,doctor2 9 "s s*ools milk is also giv5 on economic gr\nds1 z an additional meal to specially necessit\s *ildr51 in/ead ( breakfa/4 ,9 a few s*ools a quantity ( milk is suppli$ 9 ! middle ( ! morn+1 & any *ild :o pays a halfp5ny c h x1 ! *ildr51 especially ! infants1 be+ enc\rag$ to sp5d _! halfp5ce on milk in/ead ( on sweets4 ,:]e no o!r suitable accommodation is available1 ! meals may be s]v$ 9 ! ,s*ool ,hall1 b ?is me?od is n enc\rag$ by ! ,c\ncil1 & is frequ5tly object$ to by ! tea*]s1 & x is only occasionally utilis$4 ,(t51 z we h already m5tion$1 ! meals are s]v$ 9 ! cook]y c5tres1 b ! numb] ( *ildr5 t c be ?us accommodat$ is necess>ily limit$1 & ! c5tre may be clos$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,till rec5tly "s ,local ,associations arrang$ = _! *ildr5 to be s5t to small eat+-h\ses4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! disadvantages--! impossibility ( mak+ ! meal 9 any s5se educational1 & ! lack ( control ov] ! diet>y--inh]5t1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 9 ?is sy/em4 ,b 9 ,london1 9 _m ( ^! cook%ops1 ! conditions 7 ! rev]se ( fav\rable2 !y c\ld1 inde$1 only be describ$ z deplorable4 ,= in/ance1 at "o eat+-h\se1 :]e ! *ildr5 7 s5t = _! d9n]s up to ! spr+ ( #aiab1 ! room us$ 0 h>dly l>g] ?an a cupbo>d1 & only six or eight *ildr5 c\ld be f$ at a "t2 ! *ildr5 _h to g 9 relays &1 :5 ! numb]s 7 v l>ge1 _h to sit on ! /airs eat+ _! food4 ,9 o!rs ! conditions 7 equally bad4 ,! plan ( utilis+ re/aurants is1 we are glad to say1 fall+ into disfav\r1 b x is n yet entirely ab&on$4 ,! mo/ usual me?od is = ! *ildr5 to be s5t to c5tres4 ,^! c5tres are frequ5tly basem5t rooms1 d>k & *e]less4 ,occasionally plants or fl[]s are provid$1 b x is v r>e to f9d any attempt at table decoration4 ,s9ce ! av]age co/ ( s]v+ ! meals is mu* less proportionately if ! numb] ( *ildr5 is l>ge1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil has1 = ! sake ( economy1 decid$ t1 :]e possible1 s*ools %all be gr\p$1 & ! *ildr5 f !m f$ at "o c5tre4#dda ,z we h already po9t$ out1 ! h]d+ toge!r ( l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 f diff]5t s*ools deprives ! meal ( mu* ( its educational value4 ,! *ildr5 f ! diff]5t s*ools w come 9 at diff]5t times4 ,(t5 ! c5tre is n l>ge en\gh = !m all to be accommodat$ at once1 & !y h to be s]v$ 9 relays1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! meal mu/ be hurri$ ?r\gh4 ,!y are usually seat$ at long tables1 & are (t5 cr[d$ toge!r1 s t adequate sup]vision is r5d]$ v difficult4 ,footnote #dda3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,h&book conta9+ g5]al in=mation ) ref]5ce to ,*ildr5's ,c>e1 #aiab1 p4 #ca4 ,! sup]vision is occasionally und]tak5 volunt>ily by tea*]s1 & 9 _m c5tres by o!r volunt>y work]s4 ,:]e _! regul> att5dance c be secur$ ! good results are soon app>5t4 ,b ! visits ( volunt>y sup]visors are too (t5 irregul>1 & x may happ5 t no "o is pres5t to sup]vise ! meal1 except ! wom5 :o s]ve ! food4 ,9 _m di/ricts x is impossible to obta9 ! s]vices ( volunte]s at all1 & paid sup]visors are appo9t$4#ddb ,^! may be assi/ant tea*]s1 retir$ tea*]s or o!r suitable p]sons4 ,"o sup]visor may be appo9t$ = e hundr$ *ildr51 b frequ5tly ! numb] to be look$ aft] by "o sup]visor f> exce$s a hundr$4 ,?us1 9 ?ree c5tres we visit$1 !re 7 #adj to #afj *ildr5 pres5t1 :il/ 9 two o!rs ! numb]s 7 well ov] two hundr$2 9 all ^! !re 0 only "o sup]visor4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,! paym5t is #gs4 #f;d4 a week4 7,ibid41 p4 #cd47 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil has drawn up regulations = ! managem5t ( ! c5tres1#ddc b ^! regulations are l>gely disreg>d$4 ,! ,c\ncil1 = in/ance1 has laid x d[n t boys & girls are to be appo9t$ to act z monitors1 to assi/ 9 lay+ ! tables & s]v+ ! meals4 ,9 _m c5tres ?is is n ev5 attempt$1 & occasionally :]e _! s]vices are utilis$1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 pres5t1 ! sup]visor is unable to devote mu* att5tion to ! tra9+ ( ! monitors1 & _! pres5ce r adds to ! prevail+ confusion ?an conduces to ! ord]ly & quiet s]vice ( ! meal4 ,ano!r ( ! ,c\ncil's regulations directs t a sep>ate mug %all be provid$ = ea* *ild4#ddd ,b x appe>s to be ! exception r ?an ! rule = ?is in/ruction to be obs]v$4 ,?\gh a suffici5t supply ( mugs is1 or c on application be1 suppli$ = e c5tre1 ! wom5 :o s]ve ! meals1 be+ only employ$ & paid = a fix$ "t1 object to ! extra lab\r involv$ 9 wa%+ up4 ,frequ5tly no mugs are plac$ on ! table at all1 ?\gh we 7 told t ! *ildr5 c\ld h wat] if !y ask$ = x2 :5 mugs are provid$ !re is (t5 only "o to e two or ?ree *ildr51 p]haps to e five or six6 ,at "o c5tre t we visit$1 ?\gh ! girls 7 all[$ mugs1 ! boys 7 n tru/$1 & mugs ( wat] 7 plac$ on a side table = _! indiscrim9ate use aft] ! meal4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bi-cj4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cb-cc4 ,! actual managem5t ( ea* c5tre v>ies1 ( c\rse1 v l>gely accord+ to ! p]sonality ( ! sup]visor4 ,we h visit$ "s two or ?ree c5tres :]e all ! arrangem5ts 7 admirable2 ! *ildr5 7 quiet & well-behav$1 !re 0 little or no wa/e ( food1 & att5tion 0 paid to individual wants4 ,b ^! cases are un=tunately exceptional4 ,out ( tw5ty c5tres 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,london t we h se51#dde 9 at lea/ half ! educational advantages to be d]iv$ f ! common meal are imp]fectly realis$4#ddf ,9 a few cases ! sup]visors appe> to consid] ?is aspect z b ( second>y importance4 ,s long z ! *ildr5 are f$ & "s sort ( r\gh ord] pres]v$1 !y are satisfi$4 ,! meal may be eat5 9 a babel ( noise4 ,food :i* ! *ildr5 d n fancy !y w ?r[ on ! floor1 little attempt be+ made to prev5t wa/e4 ,b 9 any case1 9 _m c5tres1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 to be att5d$ to1 ! task ( inculcat+ table mann]s is an almo/ impossible "o4 ,?\gh ! sup]visors d _! utmo/1 = in/ance1 to tea* ! *ildr5 to use spoons & =ks1 x is n uncommon to obs]ve *ildr5 eat+ ) _! f+]s--ev5 occasionally lick+ _! plates6 ,x is impossible = ! sup]visor to give t individual att5tion :i* is absolutely ess5tial if ! meal is to be 9 any s5se educational4 ,footnote #dde3 ,^! c5tres 7 all visit$ 9 ! spr+1 summ] or autumn ( #aiac4 ,we describe "s typical examples 9 ! ,app5dix to ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,9 #aiaa1 z ! result ( an inspection ( all ! fe$+ c5tres by ! s*ool doctors1 x 0 report$ t 9 "o-fif? 444 ! conditions requir$ mat]ial improvem5t1 to make ! giv+ ( ^! meals an educational function1 & to impress ! hygi5e ( prop] eat+ & cleanl9ess on ! *ildr54 7,annual ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaa1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #agj47 7g7--,ov]lapp+ ) ! ,poor ,law ,au?ority4 ,we h already describ$ ! ext5t to :i*1 9 ! prov9ces1 ! provision ( meals by ! ,local ,education ,au?ority ov]laps ! grant+ ( relief by ! ,poor ,law ,au?orities4 ,london is no exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,9 #aijh x 0 f\nd t out ( #a1bah families inve/igat$1 #cb p] c5t4 7 at ! "t 9 receipt ( out-relief1 :ile #aced p] c5t4 _h rec5tly be5 receiv+ su* relief4#ddg ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 x 0 report$ t1 ( ! *ildr5 :o 7 be+ f$ all ov] ,london1 #df p] c5t4 7 f families to :om ,poor ,law relief 0 be+ grant$4#ddh ,! confusion 0 ! great] s9ce ! practice ( ! ,gu>dians v>i$ 9 ea* ,union4 ,!re is no uni=mity ( policy or action among/ ! ,bo>ds1 reports ! ,education ,committee ( ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil 9 #aiaj4 ,= example1 !re c\ld h>dly be a wid] div]g5ce ( pr9ciple & practice betwe5 public bodies ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 su* ,bo>ds z ,padd+ton1 ,fulham1 & ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/ on ! "o h&1 & ,isl+ton & ,popl> on ! o!r4 ,9 ! case ( ,fulham1 ! ,gu>dians1 :5 assess+ ! relief to be grant$1 take into acc\nt ! ext5t to :i* s*ool meals are already be+ suppli$ to *ildr5 ( ! family 444 b 9 ! case ( ,popl>1 ! ,gu>dians h in=m$ ! v>i\s s*ool ,c>e ,committees t '! fact t a family is 9 receipt ( poor law relief %\ld n be consid]$ z a reason = ! *ildr5 n be+ suppli$ ) meals4'#ddi ,to put an end to all ?is ov]lapp+ & div]sity ( practice1 ! ,c\ncil propos$ t ! ,gu>dians %\ld pur*ase s*ool meals = ! *ildr5 ( families :o 7 9 receipt ( relief4 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 h[ev]1 decl9$ to agree to ?is c\rse4 ,9 practice1 !y ?\ght1 x 0 h>dly possible to avoid all difficulty ( ov]lapp+1 ?\gh x %\ld be feasible1 ) c>eful adm9i/ration1 to re/rict x )9 reasonable limits2 ! only sugge/ion !y (f]$ t[>ds ! solution ( ! difficulty 0 t1 if x appe>$ to ! ,education ,au?ority t a *ild ^: p>5ts 7 receiv+ out-relief requir$ sup]vision by ! ,gu>dians1 ! ,education ,au?ority %\ld communicate ) ! ,gu>dians ) a view to an inve/igation ( ! circum/ances4#dej ,?is sugge/ion 0 act$ ^u1 & ! ,c>e ,committees 7 in/ruct$ 9 future to notify to ! ,gu>dians all cases 9 :i*1 to _! k1 necessit\s *ildr5 belong$ to families 9 receipt ( poor law relief4#dea ,b su* notification _h little practical result4 ,! ,gu>dians cont9u$ to grant inadequate relief1 & ! ,c\ncil felt compell$ to cont9ue to provide ^! *ildr5 ) food4 ,h[ necess>y s*ool meals 7 01 inde$1 cle>ly %[n by a resolution ( ! ,hamm]smi? ,gu>dians1 :o !mselves actually decl>$ t1 :5 s*ool *ildr5's p>5ts are 9 receipt ( outdoor relief1 t fact %\ld 9 g5]al be tak5 z an indication t su* *ildr5 w\ld be b5efit$ by s*ool meals1 & n z an indication t !y are adequately f$1 s9ce1 z a matt] ( fact1 outdoor relief is seldom or nev] adequate6#deb ,footnote #ddg3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,report on ! ,home ,circum/ances ( ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 twelve select$ s*ools1 #aijh1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,annual ,report ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaj1 ,*apt] ,,xli41 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,m9utes ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,febru>y #ae1 #aiaj1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #dej3 ,ibid41 ,july #bf-bg1 #aiaj1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #dea3 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,gazette1 ,may #bi1 #aiaa1 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #deb3 ,s*ool ,*ild1 ,febru>y1 #aiab1 p4 #d4 ,?\gh ! ,c\ncil's proposal t ! ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians %\ld repay ! co/ ( ! meals 0 reject$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 z f> z ,london g5]ally 0 conc]n$1 individual ,bo>ds h agre$ to ! plan4 ,9 ,lambe? & ,*elsea ! ,gu>dians h cons5t$ to pay ! co/ ( meals suppli$ to ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o are receiv+ out-relief1 if !y consid] t s*ool meals are necess>y4#dec ,at ,hamp/ead1 :]e ! funds = ! provision ( s*ool meals are suppli$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,social ,welf>e1#ded an in=mal arrangem5t has be5 made ) ! ,gu>dians4 ,:]e ! "m c /ay at home & c be tru/$ to exp5d ! relief giv5 9 food = ! *ildr51 ! ,gu>dians h agre$ to give ample relief4 ,:]e ! "m goes out to "w or _c be tru/$ to fe$ ! *ildr5 prop]ly1 or :]e x is undesirable = ! *ildr5 to g home1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,social ,welf>e pays = s*ool d9n]s4 ,footnote #dec3 ,m9utes ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ,novemb] #e1 #aiab1 p4 #ajic2 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,gazette1 ,janu>y #bj1 #aiac1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #ded3 ,see ante1 p4 #ada n4 ,b z a rule no def9ite arrangem5t is made4 ,a few ,c>e ,committees refuse to fe$ *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are receiv+ relief1 b 9 ! great majority ( s*ools cases are to be f\nd :]e *ildr5 are be+ f$ by ! ,c>e ,committee1 :ile _! p>5ts are be+ reliev$ by ! ,gu>dians4#dee ,frequ5tly no (ficial communication passes betwe5 ! two au?orities conc]n$4 ,! ,gu>dians may le>n indirectly ?r\gh ! ,reliev+ ,(fic]1 or p]haps ?r\gh "s memb] ( _! ,bo>d :o happ5s also to be a memb] ( ! ,c>e ,committee1 t ! latt] are fe$+ ! *ildr54 ,:]e a sy/em ( mutual regi/ration has be5 e/abli%$1 ea* au?ority w1 !oretically1 be in=m$ ( :at ! o!r is do+4 ,h[ f> all cases are actually notifi$ w dep5d on ! secret>y ( ea* individual ,c>e ,committee4 ,& ?is sy/em ( mutual regi/ration does n prev5t ov]lapp+ 9 _m cases :]e ! *ildr5 are on ! fe$+-li/ = a %ort "t only1 s9ce cases are (t5 notifi$ only once a mon?1 by :i* "t ! necessity = fe$+ may h ceas$4 ,occasionally ! ,gu>dians ask ! ,c>e ,committee to in=m !m if !y discov] any cases :]e ! relief appe>s inadequate1 s t !y may increase x1 if necess>y4 ,9 o!r ,unions ! ,gu>dians delib]ately c\nt on ! provision ( s*ool meals to supplem5t ! relief giv52 !y tell ! p>5ts to apply = d9n]s & grant less relief 9 consequ5ce1 !reaft] prid+ !mselves on keep+ d[n ! rates4 ,footnote #dee3 ,mo/ ( ! cases ( ov]lapp+ are1 ( c\rse1 cases 9 :i* ! ,gu>dians are grant+ out-relief4 ,!re are also ! cases :]e ! ,gu>dians are reliev+ a wid[ by ma9ta9+ "s ( h] *ildr5 9 ,poor ,law s*ools1 b ! "m has n suffici5t income adequately to ma9ta9 ! rema9+ *ild or *ildr54 ,,app5dix ,,examples ,,( ,,fe$+ ,,c5tres ,,9 ,,london 7a7--,s*ool1 visit$ ,octob]1 #aiac4 ,"h ! d9n] is s]v$ 9 ! ,infants' ,s*ool 9 a room at ! top ( ! build+4 ,"s sixty infants1 all att5d+ ! s*ool1 7 be+ f$4 ,!y ent]$ ! room two by two & sat d[n toge!r at l[ tables on specially small *airs4 ,two tea*]s 7 pres5t ?r\gh\t ! meal2 !y s]v$ ! food1 & f\r ( ! *ildr5 h&$ x r\nd4 ,p]fect ord] 0 kept1 & at ! end ( ! meal all ! *ildr5 rose toge!r1 &1 aft] say+ grace1 m>*$ out quietly4 ,! food is cook$ on ! premises1 ! m5u be+ drawn up by "o ( ! tea*]s & v>i$ e day4 ,! :ole meal 0 s]v$ 9 z attractive a mann] z possible1 & te/ifi$ eloqu5tly to ! c>e & ?\ght :i* mu/ h be5 sp5t on its organisation4 7b7--,s*ool1 visit$ ,june1 #aiac4 ,"h ! meal is s]v$ 9 ! s*ool hall4 ,! ,headmi/ress mu* objects to ?is plan1 s9ce x leaves ! atmosph]e close & /uffy all ! aft]noon4 ,moreov]1 ! br++ 9 ( ! tables & =ms1 an op]ation :i* has to be begun tw5ty m9utes be=e ! end ( morn+ s*ool1 causes a consid]able commotion4 ,on ! day ( our visit #afj *ildr51 boys1 girls & infants1 7 receiv+ d9n]4 ,= ?is numb] !re 7 only "o sup]visor & two s]v]s1 assi/$ by five or six monitresses *os5 f among ! eld] *ildr54 ,z a result ( ?is inadequate sup]vision ! meal 0 s]v$ 9 a p]fect babel ( noise2 ! *ildr5 %\t$ & scream$ & bang$ _! spoons on ! table4 ,a bell 0 rung at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! meal to obta9 sil5ce1 b no att5tion 0 paid to x4 ,! fact t !re 0 a defici5cy ( seat+ accommodation height5$ ! confusion4 ,at ! end ( ea* table a *ild _h to /&1 & ^? sitt+ d[n 7 cr[d$ mu* too closely toge!r4 ,sep>ate tables 7 res]v$ = ! infants1 ( :om !re 7 a l>ge numb]1 "s ( !m t9y mites ( ?ree ye>s old4 ,! tables1 h[ev]1 7 n specially adapt$ = !m1 be+ ( ! ord9>y height4 ,9 consequ5ce _m ( ! little ones _h consid]able difficulty 9 fe$+ !mselves1 _! heads only j appe>+ above ! table1 &1 ( c\rse1 nobody _h "t to att5d to _! wants4 ,x is only fair to add t we saw ! c5tre at a p>ticul>ly un=tunate "t1 s9ce ! sup]visor _h only tak5 ov] ! "w a few days prior to our visit1 & !re=e _h n yet obta9$ a firm hold ov] ! *ildr54 ,! noise1 we 7 told1 0 usually n s great4 7c7--,c5tre1 visit$ ,may1 #aiac4 ,?is c5tre1 att5d$ by *ildr5 f two neighb\r+ s*ools1 is a /rik+ illu/ration ( :at c be effect$ by pati5t & c>eful sup]vision4 ,at ! "t ( our visit ?is "w 0 be+ p]=m$ by an assi/ant tea*]1 b be=e h] appo9tm5t ! secret>y or "s o!r memb] ( ! ,c>e ,committee daily sup]vis$ ! meal = two ye>s4 ,! meal 0 s]v$ 9 a l>ge1 *e]ful room4 ,no tableclo?s 7 suppli$2 at "o "t fl[]s 7 provid$1 mu* to ! joy ( ! *ildr51 b x 0 f\nd impossible to cont9ue ?is practice4 ,! *ildr5 7 seat$ at small tables1 "s eight or t5 at ea*1 an arrangem5t :i* r5d]s ! "w ( sup]vision v mu* easi]4 ,!re 7 no infants pres5t1 z ^! are s5t to ! ,cook]y ,c5tre4 ,a boy or girl 0 responsible = ea* table2 !y h&$ r\nd ! food1 pay+ att5tion to ! individual appetites ( ! *ildr54 ,no wa/e ( food 0 p]mitt$1 ! *ildr5 be+ kept till !y _h f9i%$4 ,! :ole sc5e1 ! quiet & ord]ly behavi\r ( ! *ildr5 & _! consid]ation = "o ano!r's wants1 left a mo/ pleas+ impression ^u ! m9d4 ,at ! date ( our visit ! numb]s 7 small1 only "s #ej *ildr5 be+ pres5t1 b we 7 told t _! behavi\r 0 q z ord]ly ev5 9 w9t]1 :5 ! numb]s 7 mu* l>g]4 7d7--,c5tre1 visit$ ,m>*1 #aiac4 ,?is c5tre is a l>ge basem5t room 9 a ,mission ,hall1 d>k & unattractive1 accommodat+ betwe5 #bjj & #cjj *ildr54 ,x s]ves sev]al neighb\r+ s*ools1 & ! numb]s on ! day ( our visit 7 too l>ge to admit ( all ! *ildr5 sitt+ d[n toge!r4 ,z ea* *ild came 9 & gave up its ticket1 x seiz$ a spoon & =k f a pile on a table ne> ! door1 & ru%$ to its place4 ,:5 ab\t half ! *ildr5 7 seat$1 grace 0 sung or r %\t$1 & !n ! food 0 br\ght 9 & lit]ally flung on to ! table by ! s]v] & "o or two ( ! eld] boys4 ,?\gh ! numb]s 7 s l>ge !re 0 only "o sup]visor1 ?\gh we 7 told t occasionally "o ( ! si/]s f ! neighb\r+ settlem5t came to help4 ,) su* inadequate sup]vision x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible to tea* table mann]s4 ,! *ildr51 ! boys especially1 gobbl$ d[n _! d9n]1 amid a hubbub ( noise1 & hurri$ out z soon z !y _h f9i%$1 o!r boys ru%+ 9 to take _! places4 ,no special provision 0 made = ! infants2 !y 7 plac$ ) ! o!r *ildr5 & 7 giv5 ! same food4 ,no att5tion 0 paid to individual appetites & mu* ( ! food1 we 7 told1 0 wa/$4 7e7--,c5tre1 visit$ ,june1 #aiac4 ,?is is a c5tre = ,jewi% *ildr51 s]v+ ?ree or f\r neighb\r+ s*ools4 ,! room n be+ l>ge en\gh to accommodate all ! *ildr5 at once1 two relays are necess>y1 ev5 9 summ]4 ,ov] #bjj *ildr5 7 pres5t1 b !re 0 only "o sup]visor1 assi/$ by f\r or five wom54 ,! *ildr5 ent]$ 9 an ord]ly fa%ion & seat$ !mselves at ! table1 none be+ all[$ to beg9 ! meal till all 7 seat$4 ,! infants 7 plac$ at a sep>ate table2 !y are giv5 special food :5 ! diet>y provid$ = ! o!r *ildr5 is n suitable = !m4 ,"s ( ! eld] girls act$ z monitresses & help$ to s]ve ! food & cle> up aft]w>ds4 ,un=tunately1 ow+ to ! fact t o!r *ildr5 7 wait+ to come 91 ! meal 0 necess>ily hurri$1 ! second c\rse be+ plac$ on ! table :ile ! *ildr5 7 /ill eat+ ! fir/ c\rse4 ,?\gh ! ord] ma9ta9$ 0 wond]ful1 consid]+ ! l>ge numb]s pres5t1 x 0 impossible to att5d adequately to ! *ildr5's mann]s2 _m ( !m 7 us+ _! f+]s1 & !re appe>$ to be consid]able wa/e ( food4 7f7--,c5tre1 visit$ ,octob]1 #aiac4 ,?is is ano!r c5tre = ,jewi% *ildr54 ,! d9n] 0 s]v$ 9 a l>ge1 dre>y p>i% hall1 to "s #bjj or #cjj *ildr54 ,!re 0 "o sup]visor & f\r s]v]s1 :ile tickets 7 tak5 by ! c>etak]4 ,ord] 0 well pres]v$1 b only by means ( ! frequ5t r++ ( a bell1 & by ! en=cem5t ( absolute sil5ce4 ,! sup]visor said t if ! *ildr5 7 all[$ to talk ! noise w\ld be unbe>able4 ,be=e be+ giv5 _! food1 ! *ildr5 7 told to hold up _! h&s if !y 7 big eat]s1 ! m>g9 ( wa/e be+ m9imis$ 9 ?is way4 ,al?\gh ! mann]s & behavi\r ( ! *ildr5 c\ld n be said to be bad1 ! :ole effect 0 s+ul>ly unattractive--! b>e room1 ! l>ge numb]s1 & ! frequ5t %\t$ comm&s & rebukes ( ! sup]visor leav+ no scope = humanis+ & educational influ5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,ext5t ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,malnutrition ,defective nutrition1 ,sir ,george ,newman po9ts out1 /&s 9 ! =efront z ! mo/ important ( all physical defects f :i* s*ool *ildr5 suff]4#def ,malnutrition1 'debility' & o!r physical defects 9 *ildhood are ! ance/ry ( tub]culosis 9 ! adult4 ,!y pr$ispose to disease1 & are1 9 a s5se1 bo? its se$ & its soil4#deg ,footnote #def3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #deg3 ,ibid41 p4 #a4 ,x is impossible to give any figures z to ! ext5t ( ?is defect1 s9ce nutrition is n a condition :i* c be measur$ by any def9ite /&>ds4 ,! weight ( ! *ild is1 ( c\rse1 a mo/ important matt] to be not$1 b !re are o!r po9ts--! ratio ( /ature to weight2 ! g5]al appe>ance1 c>riage & 'sub/ance' ( ! *ild2 ! firmness ( ! tissues2 ! pres5ce ( subcutane\s fat2 ! developm5t ( ! muscul> sy/em2 ! condition ( ! sk9 & r$ness ( ! muc\s membranes2 ! expression ( li/lessness or al]tness1 apa?y or ke5ness2 ! condition ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( ! body2 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! relative balance & co-ord9ation ( ! functions & p[]s ( dige/ion1 absorption & assimilation ( food4#deh ,ea* obs]v] adopts a diff]5t /&>d ( :at con/itutes good nutrition1 & h5ce ! /ati/ics giv5 9 ! reports ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s _c be us$ = comp>ative purposes4 ,accord+ to ! late/ figures1 z quot$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 #aj p] c5t4 ( ! elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 ( ,engl& & ,wales suff] f defective nutrition4#dei ,_m ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 h[ev]1 h obvi\sly adopt$ a l[ /&>d & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,gre5wood1 :o has made a c>eful enquiry into ?is subject1 is ( op9ion t1 tak+ ! c\ntry z a :ole1 n m]ely #aj p] c5t41 b probably a numb] approa*+ #bj p] c5t41 %[ p]ceptible signs ( malnutrition4#dfj ,footnote #deh3 ,ibid41 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #dei3 ,hans>d1 ,april #aj1 #aiac1 ,vol4 #ea1 p4 #acha2 ,! ,heal? & ,physique ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,ar?ur ,gre5wood1 #aiac1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,ibid41 p4 #ej4 ,un=tunately1 !re is reason to believe t ! deg5]ation is progressive4 ,9 an enquiry conduct$ by ,dr4 ,arkle at ,liv]pool1 #b1aaa *ildr5 f ?ree elem5t>y s*ools 7 comp>$1 z to height & weight1 ) #cff *ildr5 f second>y s*ools4 ,! results 7see accompany+ table7 %[$ t at practically e age ! heights & weights ( ! *ildr5 v>i$ directly ) ! class f :i* !y 7 drawn1 & ! deficit increas$ out ( proportion to ! rate ( gr[?4 ,^! figures1 he po9ts out1 are r5d]$ all ! m /rik+ :5 "o consid]s t "o is talk+ ( *ildr5 & n ( full-gr[n m54 ,a diff]5ce ( a /one 9 ! weight ( two m5 may n be a v great matt]1 b :5 ! inve/igation %[s su* a discrepancy betwe5 two gr\ps ( boys ( elev51 x means t "o ( ! gr\ps is defici5t to ! ext5t ( "o-fif? ( ! :ole body weight1 & ! decad5ce is s progressive t ! defici5cy has by f\rte5 ye>s ( age almo/ rea*$ a qu>t] ( ! :ole body weight4#dfa ,footnote #dfa3 ,! ,m$ical ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,arkle1 a pap] read at ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ,education ,conf]5ce1 ,janu>y1 #aijg 7repr9t$ 9 ,s*ool ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle1 ,supplem5t1 ,janu>y #ab1 #aijg1 pp4 #gg1 #hi74 ,z we h already said1 ! nutrition _c be det]m9$ solely by weight4 ,9 fact1 z a ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] po9ts out1 an ill-n\ri%$ *ild may be above ! av]age weight1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 a heal?y *ild may be mu* "u ! av]age & yet n be ill-n\ri%$4 7,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,le$s = #aiaj1 p4 #bg47 ,b :5 deal+ ) l>ge numb]s ( *ildr51 ! av]age weight furni%es a reliable index ( nutrition4 ,?is malnutrition is to be attribut$ to _m causes besides actual lack ( food4 ,improp] food & hurri$ me?ods ( eat+ acc\nt = mu* malnutrition4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 on ! subject ( ! wrong fe$+ ( *ildr5 t x seems unnecess>y to lab\r ?is po9t4 ,"o c1 inde$1 h>dly op5 a report ( a ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] )\t f9d+ ?is evil deplor$4 ,9 ! poore/ homes !re are frequ5tly no fix$ meal times2 ! *ildr5 are giv5 a piece :5 !y are hungry1 & ?is is (t5 eat5 9 ! /reet or on ! door/ep4 ,bread & tea figure l>gely 9 ! diet>y4 ,supp] is frequ5tly ! pr9cipal meal ( ! day1 ) result+ indige/ion = ! *ildr54 ,employm5t out ( s*ool h\rs & want ( sleep are aga9 important factors4 ,inde$1 9 ! eyes ( "s ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 malnutrition is due m to want ( sleep ?an to lack ( food4 ,! *ildr5 are almo/ inv>iably kept up till late at night1 x be+ a r>e exception to f9d a *ild be+ s5t to b$ at any?+ approa*+ a reasonable h\r4 ,a /ill m pot5t cause1 p]haps1 is to be f\nd 9 bad h\s+ conditions4 ,/rik+ te/imony z to ! relation betwe5 ! physique ( s*ool *ildr5 & h\s+ 0 adduc$ by ,dr4 ,leslie ,mack5zie & ,capta9 ,fo/]1 z a result ( an enquiry into ! condition ( #gb1heg s*ool *ildr5 9 ,glasg[4 ,if we take all ! *ildr5 ( ages f #e to #ah1 !y report1 we f9d t ! av]age weight ( ! "o-room$ boy is #ebf lbs42 ( ! two-room$1 #efa lbs42 ( ! ?ree-room$1 #fjf lbs42 ( ! f\r-room$ & ov]1 #fdc lbs4 ,! respective heights are #dff in*es2 #dha in*es2 #ejj in*es & #eac in*es4 ,= girls ! correspond+ figures are3--,weights1 #eae lbs42 #edh lbs42 #eid lbs42 #fee lbs4 ,! heights are #dfc in*es2 #dgh in*es2 #dif in*es2 #egf in*es4#dfb ,footnote #dfb3 ,report by ,dr4 ,leslie ,mack5zie & ,capta9 ,a4 ,fo/]1 on ! ,physical ,condition ( ,*ildr5 att5d+ ! ,public ,s*ools ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d ( ,glasg[1 #aijg1 p4 v4 ,at ,ea/ ,ham also ! nutrition ( ! *ildr5 0 f\nd to v>y 9 accordance ) ! numb] ( rooms3--#dfc ,numb] ( ,rooms4 ,numb] ( ,p]c5tage ) ,*ildr5 ,nutritional ,exam9$4 ,defects4 ,*ildr5 f #b & #c-room$ #bee #agb h\ses #d-room$ h\ses #dhf #afg #e-room$ h\ses #feg #acb #f-room$ h\ses #a1dhf #ace ,numb] ( ,p]sons p] ,room4 ,less ?an "o #hgg #ib ,"o #egf #aed ,betwe5 "o & two #a1cgi #aeb ,two & m #aha #agg ,footnote #dfc3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,ea/ ,ham = #aiaa1 p4 #ef4 ,! int]pretation ( ^! tables1 z ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] po9ts out1 mu/ be gu>d$4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 ,i ?9k x is safe to assume t nutrition 444 suff]$ ! m conf9$ ! individual4#dfd ,footnote #dfd3 ,ibid41 p4 #eg4 ,actual physical defects1 su* z decay$ tee?1#dfe ad5oids or enl>g$ tonsils1 or def9ite diseases1 su* z ph?isis1 may acc\nt = malnutrition 9 _m cases4 ,want ( cleanl9ess aga9 may be a cause4#dff ,footnote #dfe3 ,! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,cumb]l& f\nd t :il/1 at ! age ( #c to #d1 #bhd p] c5t4 ( ! boys & #chg p] c5t4 ( ! girls 7 classifi$ z good1 ! p]c5tages dim9i% gradually till at ! age ( #g to #h !y are only #abh & #aei1 b f #bjd & #big at ! age ( #ab to #ac !y gradually rise to #cfj & #cdf at ! age ( #ad to #ae4 ,probably 9 mo/ cases ! condition ( ! tee? is responsible = ?is fall+ (f 9 condition4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( life1 be=e ! tee? beg9 to g bad1 ! nutrition is good1 b gradually gets worse z "t goes on & m tee? decay1 b nutrition aga9 improves aft] ! eruption ( ! p]man5t tee?1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are 9 ! majority ( cases s\nd = "s little "t4 7,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,cumb]l& = #aiaa1 p4 #bj47 ,footnote #dff3 ,! cleanl9ess ( ! h\ses & especially ( ! b$rooms 444 has an important be>+ on nutrition4 7,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,congleton = #aiaa1 p4 #d47 ,a ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] 9 ,london told u t if a *ild improv$ 9 ! po9t ( cleanl9ess !re 0 a m>k$ improvem5t also 9 nutrition4 ,! precise effect to be attribut$ to ea* cause is difficult to e/imate4 ,(t51 ( c\rse1 two or m factors w be pres5t1 concurr5tly & int]dep5d5tly4 ,9 an enquiry made 9 #aiaj by ,dr4 ,*ate1 into ! condition ( #egj *ildr5 7#cjg boys & #bfc girls7 9 a rural or semi-rural di/rict ( ,middlesex :o 7 suff]+ f malnutrition1 x 0 f\nd t pov]ty 0 ! pr9cipal cause 9 #bie p] c5t4 ( ! cases among ! boys1 & #bfa p] c5t4 among ! girls4 ,ad5oids1 worms1 rickets1 c>i\s tee? & oral sepsis acc\nt$ = #cbg p] c5t4 among ! boys1 & #ccc p] c5t4 among ! girls4 ,improp] diet 0 ! ma9 cause 9 #bc p] c5t4 ( ! cases4 ,9 #fi cases malnutrition 0 due to "s disease su* z tub]culosis1 *ronic bron*itis1 etc41 :ile 9 #ac cases x 0 attribut$ to ov]cr[d+1 & 9 #aj cases to ov]work ) insuffici5t sleep4#dfg ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a simil> enquiry 0 made by ,dr4 ,tate 9 a suburban resid5tial area ( ! same c\nty4 ,out ( #afg cases1 defective nutrition 0 f\nd to be due to pov]ty & neglect 9 #bcc p] c5t42 to rickets1 ad5oids1 worms or dige/ive disord] 9 #bhe p] c5t42 to lung affection 9 #ed p] c5t42 9 #gb p] c5t4 malnutrition appe>$ to be associat$ ) "s previ\s or pres5t condition ( ill-heal?1 to acc\nt = :i* no organic mis*ief c\ld be f\nd at ! "t ( inspection2 :ile 9 #cc in/ances no obvi\s cause c\ld be assign$4#dfh ,footnote #dfg3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 pp4 #bi-cj4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,ibid41 = #aiaa1 p4 #cj4 ,at ,bootle ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] reports t out ( #bhi cases ( sub-normal nutrition1 ! cause is to be s\ght 9 #gh p] c5t4 9 "s def9ite disease or physical defect 7includ+ di/urbances ( dige/ion due to improp] fe$+72 9 #ag p] c5t4 !re are no def9ite signs ( organic disease2 :ile 9 #e p] c5t4 malnutrition is due to neglect4#dfi ,footnote #dfi3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,bootle = #aiab1 p4 #ag4 ,at ,wolv]hampton ,dr4 ,badg] reports t1 out ( #aca cases1 malnutrition is due to ! influ5ce or reaction ( disease1 convalesc5ce f rec5t disease1 or defective h]$ity 9 #fd2 to pamp]+ 9 #d2 to excessive gr[? 9 #a2 to ov]work & insuffici5t sleep 9 #aa2 to ignorance & pov]ty 9 #be2 :ile 9 #bf cases !re 0 /rong evid5ce ( neglect1 dirt or dr9k4#dgj ,9 8 op9ion1 an op9ion bas$ ^u a comp>ison ( ! clo?+ & footge> ( ! maln\ri%$ & normal *ildr51 ! malnutrition ( ! s*ol>s exam9$ 0 n prim>ily due to pov]ty4#dga ,?is1 z ,sir ,george ,newman po9ts out1 may well h be5 ! case1 b ! fact t ! exam9ations 7 'r\t9e' 9 "*1 :5 ! *ildr5 are apt to be specially dress$ & boots ev5 borr[$ = ! occasion1 makes ?is p>ticul> item1 unless subject$ to fur!r analysis1 ( little or no value z a crit]ion 9 =m+ a judgm5t z to ! relation ( pov]ty to ! malnutrition4#dgb ,footnote #dgj3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,wolv]hampton = #aiaa1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #dga3 ,ibid41 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #be4 ,o!r ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s are ( ! same op9ion z ,dr4 ,badg]4 ,at ,congleton ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] visit$ ! homes ( a consid]able numb] ( *ildr5 ^: nutrition 0 defective1 ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! cause ( _! condition4 ,he f\nd t actual pov]ty ( ! p>5ts & inability to provide food 0 comp>atively r>e1 t neglect 0 common1 & unsuitable food probably ! mo/ frequ5t cause4#dgc ,at ,hornsey 9 ! majority ( cases "s def9ite ailm5t 0 app>5t to expla91 at lea/ p>tially1 ! condition4 ,!re 7 v few in/ances 9 :i* x c\ld be c]ta9ly /at$ t insuffici5cy ( food 0 ! sole cause4#dgd ,at ,man*e/] ! va/ majority ( *ildr5 ^: nutrition 0 m$ium & _m ( ^? :o 7 poorly n\ri%$ 7 n 9 ?is condition ?r\gh want ( food4444 ,ea* ye>'s "w adds to ! evid5ce t pov]ty is n responsible = m ?an ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! cases4#dge ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,kidd]m9/] reports1 ,i f9d t ! bett] condition ( trade & employm5t 9 ! t[n 0 reflect$ 9 ! improv$ nutrition ( ! *ildr54444 ,?is also t5ds to %[ t ! majority ( cases ( defective nutrition arise1 n f c>elessness & inatt5tion on ! "p ( ! p>5ts1 b f inability on _! "p to provide ! *ildr5 ) suffici5t n\ri%m5t ow+ to want ( means4#dgf ,footnote #dgc3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,congleton = #aiaa1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,hornsey = #aiaa1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #dge3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = #aiaa1 9 ,report ( ! ,man*e/] ,education ,committee1 #aiaj-aa1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,kidd]m9/] = #aiaa1 p4 #b4 ,x is inde$ impossible to say h[ mu* malnutrition is due to pov]ty4 ,?\gh ! imm$iate cause may be disease1 ov]work1 or ov]cr[d+1 ^! evils are !mselves l>gely ! result ( insuffici5t means4 ,! relation betwe5 ! malnutrition ( ! *ildr5 & ! am\nt ( ! family income is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! results ( an enquiry rec5tly made into ! diet ( ! lab\r+ classes 9 ,glasg[4 ,a c>eful /udy 0 made ( ! family diet ( c]ta9 select$ families dur+ a week1 or 9 "s cases a =tnight1 & ! en]gy value ( ea* diet express$ 9 t]ms ( ! requirem5ts ( a man p] day1 a woman or a boy ( #ad to #af be+ reckon$ z equival5t to #h ( a man1 a girl ( #ad to #af z #g1 & *ildr5 ( #aj to #ac1 #f to #i1 #b to #e1 & "u #b respectively z #f1 #e1 #d1 #c4 ,if a family diet express$ 9 ?is way gives a yield ( en]gy ( less ?an #c1ejj calories p] man p] day1 x is insuffici5t = active "w1 & if less ?an #c1jjj calories1 x is q inadequate = ! prop] ma9t5ance ( gr[? & ( normal activity4#dgg ,footnote #dgg3 ,report ^u a ,/udy ( ! ,diet ( ! ,lab\r+ ,classes 9 ! ,city ( ,glasg[ c>ri$ out dur+ #aiaa-ab1 by ,doro?y ,e4 ,l9dsay1 ,b4,sc41 #aiac1 pp4 #e-f4 ,tak+ ! av]age intake ( en]gy & ( prote9 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps compris+ #eb families1 ! results are z foll[s3-- ,en]gy4 ,prote94 ,gr\p ,a4 ,income regul>1 av]age #cis4 #c1ahd #aach 7exclud+ ,,lix4 abnormal7 ,gr\p ,b4 ,income regul>1 lodg]s kept1 #c1caf #aaag av]age #dcs4 ,gr\p ,c4 ,income regul>1 betwe5 #bgs4 #c1dfg #aah #cas4 ,gr\p ,d4 #bjs4 #c1def #aagg #bes4 ,gr\p ,e4 "u #bjs4 #b1fij #igh ,gr\p ,f4 ,income irregul>1 ov] #bjs4 #b1iid #ajh 7exclud+ ,,xliv4 abnormal7 #b1ghd #ajad ,gr\p ,g4 ,income irregul>1 "u #bjs4 #b1gig #iff ,gr\p ,h4 fa!r #c1aee #ajci dr9ks or1 exclud+ ,,xxvii4 abnormal #b1iba #ief ,^! figures %[ conclusively t1 :ile ! lab\r+ classes ) a regul> income ( ov] #bjs4 a week g5]ally manage to secure a diet approa*+ ! prop] /&>d = active life1 ^? ) a small] income & ^? ) an irregul> income entirely fail to get a supply ( food suffici5t = ! prop] developm5t & gr[? ( ! body or = ! ma9t5ance ( a capacity = active "w4#dgh ,an int]e/+ po9t 9 connection ) ^! /udies is ! influ5ce ( ! diet on ! physical condition ( ! *ildr54 ,! weights ( a numb] ( *ildr5 :i* 7 obta9$ %[ v m>k$ly ! relation%ip betwe5 ! physique & ! food4 ,:5 ! weight is mu* bel[ ! av]age = t age1 almo/ )\t exception ! diet is inadequate4#dgi ,footnote #dgh3 ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 ,! numb]s 9 ea* gr\p are s small t ! av]age does n furni% a reliable index1 b t ! conclusion drawn f ! figures is w>rant$ is %[n by ! fact t ( ! #bg families 9 ! fir/ f\r gr\ps 7exclud+ "o case :]e ! circum/ances are abnormal71 #h h a diet>y yield+ ov] #c1ejj calories ( en]gy & only #f fall bel[ ! m9imum ( #c1jjj1 :ile ( ! #bb families 9 ! rema9+ gr\ps 7exclud+ two abnormal cases71 only "o has a diet>y yield+ ov] #c1ejj calories1 :ile no less ?an #af fall bel[ ! m9imum4 7,ibid41 pp4 #ab-bc47 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 aga9 we h ! "q ( wrong fe$+4 ,9 _m cases ! income c\ld h be5 laid out to bett] advantage4 ,:]e "o family gets ne>ly _! m9imum adequate diet on an exp5diture ( #ea p5ce p] man p] diem 444 o!rs on an exp5diture ( ne>ly #i;d4 fail to secure x4 7,ibid41 p4 #bi47 ,footnote #dgi3 ,ibid41 p4 #cj4 ,dr4 ,l>k9s1 late assi/ant ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,surrey1 also came to ! conclusion t a /eady wage ( #bjs4 a week is requir$ to produce & prop]ly ma9ta9 av]age /rong well-n\ri%$ *ildr52 t bel[ ?is figure1 ! dang] zone is rea*$4 ,?is conclusion 0 bas$ on an enquiry he made into ! wages ( ! p>5ts ( all *ildr5 ag$ #ac t he exam9$ dur+ a consid]able p]iod4#dhj ,! results are se5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,footnote #dhj3 ,! actual numb] ( *ildr5 exam9$ is n /at$4 ,av]age ,av]age ,weight ,g5]al ,condition ( ,av]age numb] ( ,weekly 9 lbs4 ( ! *ildr5 *ildr5 9 family4 ,wages4 *ildr5 ag$ 7,p]c5t ,v ,good _/ 7,total1 ,"u #ad1 betwe5 #ac & ,av]age _/ ,poor7 ,ov] #ad7 #ad4 ,ov] #bes4 #iif #ej _/ #df _/ #d #ee #cd #ba #bjs4 to #hda #ae _/ #gc _/ #aa #eg #bh #bi #bes4 #ahs4 to #ggj _/ #ef _/ #dd #fc #ch #be #bjs4 #afs4 to #gbf _/ #dbe _/ #ege #ff #db #bd #ahs4 #ads4 to #gdc _/ #bb _/ #gh #gf #bi #dg #afs4 #abs4 to #gjh _/ #bj _/ #hj #cf #bb #ad #ads4 ,! wages are ! total weekly income out ( :i* ev]y?+ has to be paid1 includ+ r5t1 :i* v>ies f #ds4 to #gs4 #f;d4 7,! ,influ5ce ( ,wages on ! ,*ild's ,nutrition1 by ,f4 ,e4 ,l>k9s1 ,m4,d4 ,ed941 ,d4,p4,h41 late ,assi/ant ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,surrey1 9 ,! ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ,decemb] #ag1 #aiaj1 p4 #cdg47 ,! effect ( education is1 z 0 recognis$ ?irty ye>s ago1 to int5sify ! evil ( malnutrition4 ,to educate und]f$ *ildr51 says ,dr4 ,leslie ,mack5zie1 is to promote det]ioration ( physique by exhau/+ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,education ( ! und]f$ is a positive evil4#dha ,defective nutrition1 says ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,blackburn1 to a f> great] ext5t ?an any o!r s+le cause1 & probably m ?an all o!r causes comb9$1 r5d]s *ildr5 incapable ( education4 ,9 a gr[+ *ild ! dem&s ( muscle & bone mu/ be satisfi$ be=e ^? ( n]v\s tissue1 & consequ5tly :5 !re is defici5cy1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 unsuitability ( food or inability to assimilate x1 ! n]v\s sy/em is ! fir/ to suff]1 ! bra9 is />v$ & anmic1 & ! extra /ra9 involv$ 9 s*ool "w c h only a h>mful1 & 9 "s cases a disa/r\s result4#dhb ,!re is probably no disease ( *ildr51 says ano!r ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]1 :i* ne$s combat+ m ?an bad nutrition4444 ,x is q impossible = any *ild ?us affect$ to compete m5tally ) normal *ildr5 ( simil> age2 9 fact1 m5tal defect is frequ5tly f\nd 9 association ) malnutrition4#dhc ,footnote #dha3 ,! ,m$ical ,inspection ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,leslie ,mack5zie1 assi/$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,mat!w1 #aijd1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,blackburn = #aiaa1 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,le$s = #aiab1 p4 #cj4 ,?is relation ( m5tal capacity to nutrition 0 exemplifi$ 9 ! figures quot$ by ,dr4 ,ralph ,cr[ley at ! ,education ,conf]5ce 9 #aijg4 ,he exam9$ #a1hdj *ildr5 9 elem5t>y s*ools at ,brad=d1 & classifi$ !m accord+ to _! nutrition & intellig5ce4 ,( ! *ildr5 ( exceptional intellig5ce1 #fbg p] c5t4 7 ( good nutrition1 #cef p] c5t4 7 bel[ normal1 & #ag p] c5t4 7 ( poor or v poor nutrition4 ,( ! *ildr5 :o 7 exceptionally dull1 only #bdi p] c5t4 7 ( good nutrition1 #cie 7 bel[ normal1 & no less ?an #cef poor or v poor4#dhd ,footnote #dhd3 ,! ,physical ,conditions ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,dr4 ,ralph ,h4 ,cr[ley1 ,nor? ( ,engl& ,education ,conf]5ce1 ,janu>y1 #aijg 7repr9t$ 9 ! ,s*ool ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle1 ,supplem5t1 ,janu>y #ab1 #aijg1 pp4 #hj-ha74 ,9 an enquiry made at ,man*e/] by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] a few ye>s ago1 x 0 f\nd on exam9+ #adf poorly n\ri%$ & #afc m>k$ly badly n\ri%$ *ildr51 t #efa p] c5t4 ( ! =m] 7 bel[ p> 9 m5tal capacity1 & #dh p] c5t4 7 class$ z bad2 ( ! latt] #fcb p] c5t4 7 bel[ normal1 & #abi p] c5t4 bad4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable results are record$ by ,dr4 ,arkle1 ( ,liv]pool1 9 ! enquiry to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,he ask$ ! tea*]s to give evid5ce z to ! intellig5ce ( ! #b1aaa elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 :om he exam9$4 ,! tea*]s 9 ',a' & ',b' bo? return ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 z normal 9 intellig5ce1 b :]eas ! =m] returns #be p] c5t4 z above & #ae p] c5t4 bel[ normal1 ! latt] only returns #e p] c5t4 above & #ce p] c5t4 z bel[ ! normal4 ,b x is 9 ! return f ! poore/ s*ool t we get ! mo/ curi\s result4 ,9 ',c' ! ma/] only feels ju/ifi$ 9 call+ #bb p] c5t4 ( ! boys normal1 :ile he puts #cc p] c5t4 above & #de p] c5t4 bel[ normal4 ,^! figures1 x seems to me1 writes ,dr4 ,arkle1 c only be expla9$ on "o hypo!sis4 ,i believe1 & my p]sonal notes t5d to confirm ?is view1 t almo/ all ! abnormal intellig5ces 9 ! poore/ s*ool are due to ! "o factor--/>vation4444 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ,i not$ su* cases ( *ildr5 )\t an ounce ( sup]flu\s fle% ^u !m1 ) sk9s h>% & r\gh1 a rapid pulse & n]ves ev] on ! /ra91 & yet ) ! expression ( ! mo/ lively intellig5ce4 ,b x is ! eag] intellig5ce ( ! hunt+ animal4444 ,i fe> x is f ?is class t ! ranks ( pilf]]s & sneak ?ieves come1 & _! clev]ness is n ( any real intellectual value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) *ildr5 ( a m lymphatic temp]am5t1 />vation seems to produce creatures m l automata4444 ,if ,i told "o ( ^! *ildr5 to op5 its m\?1 x w\ld take no notice till ! reque/ became a comm&1 :i* _h to be accompani$ by a slight %ake to draw ! *ild's att5tion4 ,!n ! m\? w\ld be sl[ly op5$ widely1 b no ef=t w\ld be made to close x aga9 until ! *ild 0 told to d s4444 ,i believe bo? ^! types ( *ildr5 are suff]+ f :at ,i w\ld call />vation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 "o case caus+ irritation & 9 ! o!r torpor4 ,&1 fur!r1 ^! cases are always associat$ ) ! cle>e/ signs ( bodily />vation1 /unt$ gr[?1 emaciation1 r\gh & cold sk9 & ! m\? full ( viscid saliva due to hung]4#dhe ,footnote #dhe3 ,! ,m$ical ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,arkle1 9 ,s*ool ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle1 ,supplem5t1 ,janu>y #ab1 #aijg1 p4 #gh4 ,some:at simil> results 7 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,badg]1 ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,wolv]hampton4 ,9 comp>+ #a1bii normal *ildr5 ( ?irte5 ye>s ( age ) #ajj mal-n\ri%$ *ildr51 he f\nd t1 :ile ( ! normal s*ol>s #aff p] c5t4 7 ( good intellig5ce1 #fh p] c5t4 ( av]age intellig5ce & #aee p] c5t4 dull1 among ! mal-n\ri%$ *ildr5 ! p]c5tages 7 respectively #af1 #ei & #be4dhf ,?is record 9 respect ( intellig5ce1 po9ts out ,sir ,george ,newman1 %[s1 :at has be5 not$ by o!r obs]v]s1 t ?\gh ! proportion ( *ildr5 consid]$ z 'dull' by ! tea*]s is consid]ably l>g] among mal-n\ri%$ *ildr5 ?an among *ildr5 g5]ally1 nev]!less !re are *ildr5 :o suff] s]i\s defects 9 nutrition ^: m5tal p[]s are well above ! av]age4 ,x is naturally quick & ke5 *ildr5 su* z ^! :o require c>e 9 ord] t _! physical heal? may n be fur!r injur$ by excessive m5tal application4#dhg ,footnote #dhf3 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,wolv]hampton = #aiaa1 p4 #bd4 7,quot$ 9 ,report ( ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bd47 ,footnote #dhg3 ,report ( ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bd4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,s*ool ,,meals ,,on ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,s9ce ! causes ( malnutrition are s _m & div]se x is obvi\s t ?is defect _c be rem$i$ or prev5t$ solely by ! provision ( s*ool meals4 ,b t ! provision ( :olesome food at regul> h\rs has a m>k$ effect 9 ! improvem5t ( ! physique ( ! *ildr51 !re is abundant evid5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ?\gh ! p]iodic weigh+ ( *ildr5 :o are receiv+ s*ool meals1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! effect produc$1 has be5 /rongly advocat$ by ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1#dhh ?is advice has r>ely be5 act$ ^u4 ,x is true t a few--a v few--,education ,au?orities pr(ess to h a sy/em ( weigh+ *ildr5 :o are receiv+ meals1 be=e !y are put on1 & aft] !y are tak5 (f1 ! fe$+-li/1 b = ! mo/ "p ?is weigh+ is only done spasmodically1 & ! records are n accessible4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,report ( ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaa1 p4 #bhf4 ,sev]al su* enquiries h1 h[ev]1 be5 made 9 ! pa/1 ! be/ kn[n be+ t made by ,dr4 ,ralph ,cr[ley at ,brad=d 9 #aijg4dhi ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t h be5 (t5 quot$1 b !y are s important t !y w be> repetition4 ,=ty *ildr5 7 select$ f two ( ! poore/ s*ools 9 ! city1 ! *ildr5 be+ ma9ly ^? :o appe>$ to be mo/ 9 ne$ ( food1 ?\gh a few 7 includ$ prim>ily on ! gr\nd ( _! p>ticul>ly poor home circum/ances4#dij ,to ^! *ildr5 f ,april #ag to ,july #bd two meals a day 7 giv5--breakfa/1 consi/+ ( oatmeal porridge ) milk & treacle foll[$ by bread & m>g>9e or dripp+1 ) hot or cold milk to dr9k2 & a d9n] compris+ 9 rotation "o ( sev5te5 diff]5t m5us specially drawn up s z to conta9 ! am\nts ( fat & proteid necess>y = a *ild's n\ri%m5t4#dia ,e ef=t 0 made to r5d] ! meals ( z mu* educational value z possible1 & special att5tion 0 giv5 to su* matt]s z ! provision ( table-clo?s & fl[]s & ! inculcation ( good mann]s4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,report on a ,c\rse ( ,meals giv5 to necessit\s *ildr5 f ,april to ,july1 #aijg4 ,footnote #dij3 ,ibid41 p4 #c4 ,footnote #dia3 ,ibid41 pp4 #d1 #e4 ,! *ildr5 exp]im5t$ on 7 weigh$ ?ree times dur+ ! five weeks prec$+ ! />t+ ( ! meals1 & e week :ile !y 7 receiv+ !m4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ comp>ative obs]vations #fi *ildr5 7 select$ :o 7 be+ f$ at home1 & :o 9 o!r respects 7 z comp>able z possible ) ^? :o 7 receiv+ ! breakfa/s & d9n]s4 ,^! control *ildr5 7 also weigh$ weekly4 ,dur+ ! f\r weeks1 ,m>* #ab to ,april #i1 be=e ! fe$+ began1 ! =ty *ildr5 ga9$ on an av]age #ag kilos1 & dur+ ! week previ\s to fe$+ #jjh kilos4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ week ( fe$+ ! av]age increase 0 f\nd to be #eh kilos 7#a lb4 #d oz474#dib ,dur+ ! next week1 !re 0 a slight loss ( #jja kilos1 foll[$ by a ga9 dur+ ! next two weeks ( #ae & #ac kilos respectively4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ elev5 days1 ! ,:itsuntide holiday1 no meals 7 giv54 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod x 0 f\nd t ! control *ildr5 :o1 dur+ ! ?ree weeks prec$+ ! holiday1 _h lo/ #jjc kilos on ! av]age1 _h dur+ ^! elev5 days ga9$ an av]age ( #bc kilos2 9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! *ildr5 f$ at s*ool1 n only _h ! lack ( food neutralis$ ! b5efits ( fre% air & ex]cise1 b !y _h actually lo/ an av]age ( #dh kilos1 a loss :i* x took !m ne>ly a =tnight to make up1 aft] ! meals _h be5 />t$ aga94 ,dur+ ! elev5 days aft] ! holiday ! control *ildr5 only ga9$ #jb kilos4 ,a gr\p ( control *ildr5 f ano!r s*ool simil>ly ga9$ #ba kilos dur+ ! holiday1 & only #jd kilos dur+ ! subsequ5t =tnight4 ,! same result 0 obs]v$ dur+ ! five weeks' summ] holiday2 ! control *ildr5 ga9$ on an av]age #cg kilos 7i4e41 at ! rate ( #jgd kilos p] week71 :ile ! *ildr5 f$ at s*ool lo/ #df kilos4#dic ,! accompany+ *>t illu/rates ! rate ( increase ( ! two gr\ps ( *ildr54 ,ap>t f ! increase 9 weight1 ! improvem5t 9 ! g5]al appe>ance & c>riage ( ! *ildr5 :o receiv$ ! meals 0 m or less app>5t 9 all1 & v obvi\s 9 "s ( ! *ildr51 :o visibly fill$ out & bright5$ up4#did ,! rev]se process 0 equally app>5t aft] ! summ] holidays4 ,footnote #dib3 ,! av]age ga9 p] ye> ( *ildr5 ( ?is class & size1 ,dr4 ,cr[ley po9ts out1 is n m ?an two kilos 7#d lbs4 #f oz47 = ! :ole ye>4 7,ibid41 p4 #i47 ,footnote #dic3 ,ibid41 pp4 #i-aa4 ,z ,dr4 ,cr[ley po9ts out1 sev]al po9ts h to be consid]$ 9 int]pret+ ! effect on weight4 ,! increase 9 ! weight ( *ildr5 normally v>ies greatly at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & at any giv5 season fluctuates mu*1 sometimes1 comp>atively1 ev5 f week to week4 ,! proportional increase 9 weight v>ies ) ! age ( ! *ild1 or r ) ! weight to :i* ! *ild has already atta9$4 7,ibid41 p4 #h47 ,footnote #did3 ,ibid41 p4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t illu/rat+ ! av]age ga9 or loss 9 weight--dur+ ! int]vals %[n--( ! *ildr5 :o 7 f$ at ,brad=d4 ,! brok5 l9e %[s ! av]age increase 9 weight--dur+ ! same "t--( ! ,control ,*ildr54 ,at ,nor?ampton1 9 #aiji1 a simil> exp]im5t 0 conduct$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?4 ,=ty-f\r *ildr5 7 giv5 breakfa/ & d9n] = f\rte5 weeks1 & weigh$ weekly1 toge!r ) =ty *ildr5 ( ! same social class :o 7 n receiv+ meals4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t ! av]age weight ( ! f$ *ildr5 0 #aga kilos less ?an t ( ! controls2 9 ! second week _! av]age ga9 0 mu* great]1 & by ! end ( ! f\rte5? week ! diff]5ce 9 weight 0 r$uc$ to #ajb kilos4 ,dur+ ! ,ea/] holidays ( t5 days 9 :i* no meals 7 giv51 ! *ildr5 :o _h previ\sly be5 f$ lo/ 9 weight :ile ! controls ga9$4#die ,footnote #die3 ,report on ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act up to ,m>* #ca1 #aiji1 pp4 #ad-ae4 ,ano!r int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 conduct$ by ,dr4 ,had5 ,gue/ 9 a poor s*ool 9 ,lambe? 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aijh4dif ,a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 7 select$--#bdd--;b ! att5dance ( _m ( ^! 0 irregul> & cont9u\s records 7 obta9$ 9 ! case ( only #hi *ildr54 ,f ,janu>y #bd to ,april #aa a midday meal 0 giv5 six days a week4 ,! meal consi/$ ( two c\rses1 a normal portion ( :i* 0 calculat$ to be suffici5t to supply ! am\nts ( proteids1 c>bohydrates1 fats & salts1 physiologically necess>y = *ildr54 ,! same meal 0 nev] giv5 twice 9 succession1 a v>iation ( six m5us be+ repeat$ ov] twelve consecutive days4 ,! room 9 :i* ! meals 7 s]v$ 0 bright & airy1 ! surr\nd+s hav+1 9 ,dr4 ,gue/'s e/imation1 an important physiological be>+ on good dige/ion4 ,all ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool 7 weigh$ be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t & aga9 9 ! fir/ week ( ,july1 ! *ildr5 :o 7 receiv+ d9n]s be+ also weigh$ regul>ly dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,tak+ fir/ ! case ( ! eld] *ildr51 we read t ! results %[$ a v decid$ & positive improvem5t bo? f ! g5]al /&po9t & f t ( increase 9 weight1 ! f$ *ildr5 increas+ at a m rapid rate ?an ! o!r *ildr5 9 ! s*ool ) :om !y 7 comp>$4#dig ,/>t+ a good deal bel[ ! normal ( _! own s*ool mates1 !y t5d$1 "u ! influ5ce ( "o good meal a day1 rapidly to approa* t normal4 ,& aga91 ! increase 9 ! heal?y appe>ance ( ! *ildr5 & 9 _! g5]al al]tness 0 m>k$4 ,*ildr5 ) sores1 small abscesses1 colds & bleph>itis recov]$ f ^! ailm5ts4444 ,! am\nt ( abs5ce f s*ool due to illness 0 consid]ably less dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t4 ,?is te/imony 0 fully borne out by ! headma/]4 ,! effect ( ! fe$+ ( ! *ildr51 he decl>$1 is a m>k$ improvem5t judg+ f ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! boys1 :o are almo/ all bright]4 ,! improvem5t is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 _! play4 ,!y are m vigor\s & ent] m he>tily into ! r\gh] games ( boys & be> ! knocks )\t com+ to ! tea*] to compla94 ,!y c]ta9ly enjoy _! play m & %[ less fatigue4 ,!re are few lads %iv]+ aga9/ ! walls ) h&s 9 pockets1 slop+ %\ld]s & pale faces4 ,9 s*ool1 ! effect dur+ ! fir/ few weeks 0 dr[s9ess4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by improv$ tone & great] indep5d5ce ( "*1 & g5]ally a great] individuality4 ,! diff]5ce 9 m5tal condition is n s m>k$1 & is c]ta9ly m difficult to measure4 ,!re is less fatigue 9 lessons1 & ! lads are capable ( m cont9u\s ex]tion4 ,! tea*]s' reports on ! girls 7 ( ! same "*1 ?\gh n s decid$ 9 tone1 except on "o po9t--t ^? :o 7 f$ 7 m tr\blesome1 t is to say1 m full ( spirits1 a factor :i* appe>$ also 9 _! play4 ,turn+ to ! effect ( ! meals on ! infants a mo/ disquiet+ /ate ( affairs 0 disclos$4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 :ile ! weight ( ! infants :o 7 f$ 0 less ?an t ( ! o!r infants ( _! own s*ool1 ! diff]5ce 0 mu* less ?an 9 ! case ( ! bigg] *ildr51 ! increase 9 weight 9 ea* case correspond+ly sl[1 & ! am\nt by :i* bo? gr\ps fell bel[ ! normal great]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week !re 0 a rem>kable fall 9 weight among ! infants :o receiv$ meals1 ascribable p>tly to ! fact t !y did n receive ! necess>y att5tion :i* 0 aft]w>ds giv5 !m1 p>tly to ! fact t !y 7 unfamili> ) good n\ri%+ food 7a factor op]at+ 9 ! case ( ! eld] *ildr5 also1 ?\gh to a f> less degree#dih72 l>gely1 h[ev]1 x 0 due to _! be+ actually unable to dige/ & assimilate ?is food4 ,?is sl[ progress on ! "p ( ! infants ,dr4 ,gue/ attribut$ to improp] fe$+ at home4 ,9 mo/ ,lambe? homes ! y\ng] *ildr5 receiv$ ! same diet 7! /aple articles be+ tea & bread & butt]7 z ! old] ones1 b :]eas ! latt] c\ld manage on ?is diet1 &1 ) a good midday meal 9 addition1 ev5 fl\ri%1 ! =m] c\ld n ?rive4 ,dr4 ,gue/ !re=e advocat$ t necessit\s infants %\ld be f$ at lea/ twice a day1 on a diet diff]5t f t giv5 to ! eld] *ildr51 & t m individual c>e %\ld be devot$ to ea* *ild1 s9ce 9 mo/ cases !y requir$ coax+ be=e !y w\ld eat ! :olesome food provid$4 ,footnote #dif3 ,,ms4 ,report on ,lambe? ,s*ool ,*ildr5 ,fe$+ ,exp]im5t1 by ,dr4 ,l4 ,had5 ,gue/1 #aijh4 ,footnote #dig3 ,we h1 un=tunately1 n be5 able to obta9 a copy ( ! figures on :i* ,dr4 ,had5 ,gue/'s report is bas$4 ,footnote #dih3 ,9 ! case ( ! boys1 _! weights1 dur+ ?is week1 only increas$ a little2 ^? ( ! girls rema9$ /ation>y4 ,on ! cessation ( ! meals we f9d ! same result ensu+ z we h already notic$ at ,brad=d & ,nor?ampton4 ,= :51 9 ,july1 #aijh1 ?ree mon?s aft] ! meals _h be5 discont9u$1 all ! *ildr5 7 aga9 weigh$ & measur$1 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 a g5]al decl9e 9 weight2 ! decl9e 0 s g5]al t x 0 obvi\sly due p>tly to a dim9ution 9 clo?+1 b ! necessit\s *ildr51 :o aft] ! conclusion ( ! exp]im5t 7 only f$ spasmodically1 %[ a great] decrease ?an ! o!r *ildr51 po9t+ to ei!r a /ation>y weight dur+ ! twelve weeks f ,april to ,july or a loss ( weight4 ,int]e/+ figures z to ! effects ( diff]5t diet>ies 7 obta9$ at ,%effield 9 #aiaj4 ,be=e ?is date ! meals provid$ = necessit\s *ildr5 _h tak5 ! =m ( cocoa breakfa/s4 ,z an exp]im5t at "o s*ool "s ( ! boys 7 giv5 porridge = sev]al weeks4 ,_! weights 7 comp>$ ) ^? ( a gr\p ( o!r boys :o 7 receiv+ cocoa breakfa/s at s*ool1 & also ) a gr\p ( boys :o 7 be+ f$ at home4 ,! two gr\ps ( boys :o 7 f$ at s*ool 7 drawn f equally poor di/ricts1 ^? :o 7 f$ at home be+ some:at bett] (f4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! boys :o 7 receiv+ cocoa breakfa/s only ga9$ on an av]age #jdea kilos or #aeh oz4 p] week2 ! boys :o 7 be+ f$ at home ga9$ #jeid kilos 7#bji oz472 :ile ! boys :o 7 receiv+ porridge breakfa/s ga9$ z mu* z #jidb kilos 7#ccag oz474 ,z a result ( ?is pro( ( ! sup]iority ( porridge diet1 porridge breakfa/s 7 sub/itut$ = cocoa breakfa/s 9 all ! s*ools4#dii ,footnote #dii3 ,report ( ,*ief ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,%effield = #aiaj1 pp4 #bf-bg4 ,we may quote "h /rik+ results obs]v$ 9 ! improv$ physique ( ! *ildr5 at a special s*ool = cripple *ildr5 9 ,london consequ5t on an improv$ diet>y4 ,a two-c\rse d9n] ( meat1 potatoes & pudd+ _h be5 previ\sly giv51 b 9 ! summ] ( #aija x 0 decid$ to provide a m lib]al & v>i$ diet>y1 e4g41 m hot meat1 eggs1 milk1 cream1 vegetables & fruit4 ,! results 7 soon app>5t4 ,p>tially p>alys$ *ildr51 writes ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d a few mon?s aft] ! *ange1 h be5 recov]+ /r5g? 9 h&s & limbs ) great] rapidity ?an be=e4 ,a *ild :o1 la/ ye>1 (t5 c\ld n walk at all f rickets & extreme delicacy & seem$ to be fad+ away1 & :o 9 ,may 0 /ill languid & feeble1 is n[ rac+ ab\t 9 ! g>d5 on 8 crut*es2 a boy :o la/ ye> c\ld only crawl on 8 h&s & feet is n[ rapidly & /eadily le>n+ to walk1 & s on4444 ,h>dly any *ild n[ wants to lie d[n dur+ s*ool "t1 :]eas applications to lie d[n us$ to be common1 & ! *ildr5 bo? le>n & rememb] bett]4 7,lett] f ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d1 ,! ,times1 ,septemb] #bf1 #aija47 ,at ,brighton x has = ! la/ few ye>s be5 ! practice to weigh be=e & aft] ! c\rse ( meals ! *ildr5 :o h be5 recomm5d$ = fe$+ on m$ical gr\nds4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ session1 #aiab-ac1 #bfi *ildr5 :o _h receiv$ meals = n9e weeks or m 7 ?us re-exam9$4 ,x 0 f\nd t #acc ( ^!1 or #ej p] c5t41 no long] ne$$ meals on m$ical gr\nds1 t is1 !y _h be5 br\ght ov] ! av]age weight = a giv5 height4#ejj ,footnote #ejj3 ,brighton ,education ,committee1 ,report on ! re-exam9ation ( *ildr5 receiv+ free meals dur+ ! w9t] session1 #aiab-ac4 ,:]e only milk or codliv] oil is giv5 a rem>kable improvem5t is (t5 effect$4 ,inde$1 sev]al tea*]s told u t 9 _! op9ion ! provision ( milk 0 m b5eficial ?an ei!r breakfa/s or d9n]s4 ,at a ,be?nal ,gre5 s*ool1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiji-aj1 x 0 f\nd t out ( #eg boys & #aji girls exam9$ at ! m$ical inspection1 #bd ( ! boys & #fa ( ! girls 7 und]f$4 ,^! *ildr5 7 giv5 a tea-spoonful ( codliv] oil 9 a cupful ( w>m milk e day dur+ ! morn+ int]val4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> ! nutrition 0 re-assess$1 ) ! foll[+ results3--#eja ,footnote #eja3 ,annual ,report ( ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaj1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #acj4 ,good4 ,av]age4 ,bad4 #eg boys ,be=e #d #ai #cd ,aft] #bf #bh #c #aji girls ,be=e #c #di #eg ,aft] #db #fa #f ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts are suffici5t 9 !mselves to e/abli% conclusively ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f regul> fe$+ ev5 :5 no o!r factor 9 ! *ild's environm5t is *ang$4 ,no d\bt1 says ,dr4 ,had5 ,gue/1 irregul> & late h\rs1 di/urb$ sleep1 ov]cr[d+1 improp] clo?+ & employm5t ( *ildr5 aft] & be=e s*ool h\rs1 d ea* & all ex]cise a v detrim5tal effect on ! *ildr5 ( poor p>5ts4 ,b t ! greate/ influ5ce = evil is ex]t$ by improp] & insuffici5t food is a matt] ov] :i* x appe>s impossible to h great controv]sy4#ejb ,footnote #ejb3 ,,ms4 ,report by ,dr4 ,l4 ,had5 ,gue/ on ,lambe? ,s*ool ,*ildr5 ,fe$+ ,exp]im5t1 #aijh4 ,& ^! results are corroborat$ by abundant te/imony f ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 tea*]s1 ,c>e ,committee work]s & o!rs1 ( ! b5efit d]iv$ by ! *ildr5 :]e ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act has be5 put 9 =ce4 ,! *ildr5 d]iv$ an enorm\s am\nt ( b5efit f ! meals4#ejc ,! physical appe>ance ( ! *ildr5 speaks 9 pron\nc$ t]ms ( ! value ( fe$+4#ejd ,^? :o h any practical exp]i5ce 444 are all agre$ t su* meals free breakfa/s are ( ! greate/ value1 n only f a humanit>ian po9t ( view b also z a necess>y adjunct = successful education4#eje ,!re is cont9u\s evid5ce ( ! imm5se b5efit conf]r$ ^u ! *ildr5 by ! adm9i/ration ( ?is ,act--bo? f ! inspection ( ! s*ol>s at ! d9+-c5tres & f ! reports ( ! tea*]s4#ejf ,^! are a few typical op9ions cull$ f reports ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s4 ,at ,man*e/] ! op]ation ( ! provision ( free meals acts v l>gely 444 n s mu* 9 ! way ( improv+ ! physical condition ( *ildr5 already emaciat$ & debilitat$1 b ( prev5t+ _! ev] rea*+ t condition by /epp+ 9 :5 ! home income fails4 ,x is c]ta9 t s9ce ! organisation ( ! supply ( free meals at c5tres cov]+ practically all p>ts ( ! city :]e !y are requir$1 ! numb] ( und]f$ *ildr5--i4e41 ! numb] %[+ signs ( und]fe$+--has decreas$ m>k$ly4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! type ( *ild at ! fe$+ c5tres is gradually improv+--i4e41 !re are few] *ildr5 f\nd 9 ! c5tres ) signs ( ! result ( bad n\ri%m5t1 & !re are few] su* *ildr5 9 ! s*ools4#ejg ,at ,brad=d1 :]e ! ,local ,education ,au?ority has sy/ematically endeav\r$ to effect an improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! *ildr5 bo? by ! s*ool m$ical s]vice & ! provision ( meals1 !re has be5 9 ! la/ few ye>s a v m>k$ improvem5t 9 nutrition & a fairly regul> increase 9 weight among/ ,brad=d *ildr5 z a :ole4 ,!y are approa*+ ne>] ea* ye> to ! national av]age4#ejh ,footnote #ejc3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,macclesfield = #aiaa1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,ibid4 = ,work+ton = #aiaa1 p4 viii4 ,footnote #eje3 ,ibid4 = ,ha/+s = #aiaa1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,newca/le-on-,tyne = #aiaj1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,man*e/] = #aiaa1 pp4 #bef-g4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he reports t out ( ov] f\r hundr$ *ildr5 att5d+ eight fe$+ c5tres1 only t5 cases ( m>k$ly bad n\ri%m5t 7 record$4 7,ibid4 = #aiab1 p4 #ca47 ,footnote #ejh3 ,! ,heal? & ,physique ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,ar?ur ,gre5wood1 #aiac1 pp4 #fe1 #ff4 ,x may p]haps be urg$1 he cont9ues1 t ?is progress is purely accid5tal2 b a close exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( s*ool m$ical (fic]s' reports does n %[ any g5]al increase dur+ ! few ye>s = :i* records are available4 ,!re are v>iations f ye> to ye>1 ( c\rse1 b no app>5t regul> improvem5t1 except 9 isolat$ in/ances1 ( :i* ,brad=d is "o4 7,ibid41 p4 #fe47 ,! witness ( ! tea*]s is no less fav\rable4 ,9 ,london1 = in/ance1 ! ,education ,committee 9 #aiaj made enquiries among ! head tea*]s ( "s ( ! s*ools :]e a consid]able numb] ( meals 7 provid$2 ! majority ( ! tea*]s 7 en?usia/ic z to ! b5efit d]iv$4 ,physical progress is mo/ m>k$1 said "o headmi/ress4 ,! disappe>ance ( *ronic heada*es1 sores on faces1 ga!r+s on f+]s1 pa9s 9 *e/ 444 po9t to a m 'fit' condition1 :i* ! *ildr5 c only express = me by say+ t !y 'feel bett] n[1' = !y 'are n hungry all ! aft]noons n[4'#eji ,& a headma/] writes1 ,! *ange 9 ! *ildr5 aft] a mon?'s provision ( suitable & n\ri%+ diet = breakfa/ & d9n] has be5 di/9ctly b5eficial4 ,!y h be5 m incl9$ to take "p 9 ! s*ool sports1 into :i* !y h ent]$ ) consid]able ze/4 ,_! appe>ance1 too1 has greatly improv$4 ,_! eyes h become bright]1 _! *eeks r\nd$4 ,if1 = any reason1 su* z tempor>y abs5ce1 !y h lo/ ! advantage ( regul> fe$+1 !y h almo/ imm$iately %[n signs ( det]ioration4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( fe$+ has be5 prolong$ to ?ree or six mon?s1 _! heal? has p]man5tly improv$1 & _! capacity = "w & play has /ill fur!r develop$4#eaj ,! *ildr5 on ! necessit\s regi/]1 says ano!r headma/]1 n[ fully p>ticipate 9 ^! activities games & sports & supply r above _! proportionate numb] ( prom95t p]=m]s2 ?is is equally true ( swimm+4 ,x is indisputable t 9 ! pa/ lack ( n\ri%m5t1 :]e x did n entirely exclude1 greatly limit$ ! "p tak5 by _m *ildr5 9 ?is ! mo/ attractive side ( s*ool life4#eaa ,footnote #eji3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaj1 ,*apt] ,,xli41 p4 #h4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,ibid41 p4 #i4 ,we h ourselves que/ion$ numb]s ( tea*]s1 bo? 9 ,london & ! prov9ces1 on ?is po9t4 ,"h & !re are f\nd1 x is true1 tea*]s :o decl>e t no improvem5t is to be obs]v$1 p]haps because1 be+ ) ! *ildr5 day by day !y d n notice any *ange4 ,b ! v]dict z to ! b5eficial results ( s*ool meals is almo/ unanim\s4 ,at ,brad=d we 7 told t x us$ to be n uncommon = a *ild to fa9t 9 s*ool f want ( food2 su* an occurr5ce is n[ unkn[n4 ,(t5 *ildr5 :o are dull & li/less are f\nd1 aft] a c\rse ( regul> meals1 to become full ( life & spirits4 ,x is inde$ frequ5tly rem>k$ t ! *ildr5 become naughti] aft] ! meals1 a sign1 ( c\rse1 ( increas$ vitality4 ,we f9d t1 z a result ( ! regul> fe$+1 ! resi/+ p[] ( ! *ildr5 is increas$ & !y are less susceptible to ! contraction ( infecti\s & o!r diseases4#eab ,! att5dance at s*ool is ?us improv$4 ,at a s*ool 9 ! ,pott]ies1 ! headma/] in=m$ u t dur+ ! coal /rike 9 #aiab1 :5 ?ree meals a day 7 giv5 9 ! s*ools1 !re 0 f> less non-att5dance ?an usual ?r\gh bili\sness1 heada*es or o!r m9or ailm5ts4#eac ,at ,liv]pool we 7 told t !re has be5 a consid]able improvem5t 9 ! regul>ity ( ! *ildr5's att5dance1 z a result ( ! d9n]s4#ead ,non-att5dance may be due1 ( c\rse1 n only to illness1 b also to lack ( food4 ,:5 ! p>5ts h no?+ to give ! *ildr5 = breakfa/ !y w enc\rage !m to sleep ?r\gh ! morn+4 ,! headma/] ( a v poor s*ool 9 ,liv]pool told u t "s ye>s ago1 be=e ! ,education ,committee _h und]tak5 ! provision ( meals1 ! att5dance 0 v bad4 ,he rais$ a volunt>y fund & provid$ breakfa/s himself4 ,z a result ! att5dance improv$ to su* an ext5t t ! increas$ grant am\nt$ to #gd1 :i* m ?an cov]$ ! co/ ( ! food 7#fc74 ,footnote #eab3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,bootle = #aiab1 p4 #ef2 ,ibid4 = ,worce/] = #aiaa1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #eac3 ,z we h se51 ?is result 0 notic$ dur+ ! fe$+ exp]im5t at ,lambe? 7see ante1 p4 #ahh47 ,footnote #ead3 ,at ,bootle1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e x 0 anticipat$ t ! movem5t w\ld h a b5eficial effect ^u ! regul>ity ( ! att5dance 444 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t su* has be5 ! case1 & x is v d\btful :e!r ! att5dance has be5 appreciably affect$4 7,report ( ! ,bootle ,s*ool ,cante5 ,committee = #aiaj-aa1 p4 #h47 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to comp>e ! nutrition ( ! *ildr5 9 ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 :]e ?ree meals a day are giv54 ,s9ce ! *ildr5 9 ^! s*ools1 :o1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are drawn v l>gely f ! poore/ & mo/ neglect$ class1 return home 9 ! ev5+1 ! only condition alt]$ is ! supply ( food4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 n be5 able to obta9 any /ati/ics z to ! weights ( ^! *ildr51 b we h receiv$ ample evid5ce f tea*]s & o!rs z to ! v m>k$ physical improvem5t :i* is to be obs]v$ aft] !y h be5 9 ! s*ools b a v %ort "t4 ,at ,liv]pool "s "t ago x 0 f\nd t ! *ildr5 att5d+ ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools suff]$ mu* f sores & ga!r+s4 ,on ! diet be+ alt]$ v consid]ably1 ^! ailm5ts entirely disappe>$1 & ! *ildr51 we 7 told1 are n[ 9 p]fect heal?4 ,at ,le$s ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] f\nd t1 :ile ( #aa1gfc *ildr5 f ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools1 #ef p] c5t4 7 ( sub-normal nutrition1 ! p]c5tage 9 ! same condition among ! ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ool *ildr5 7( :om #ia 7 exam9$7 0 only #aa4eae ,footnote #eae3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,le$s = #aiaj1 p4 #da4 ,! *airman ( ! ,le$s ,education ,committee1 9 giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 /at$1 ! supply ( ?ree good meals a day has be5 ( great b5efit to ! *ildr5 9 att5dance1 :o comp>e fav\rably ) ! *ildr5 att5d+ ! ord9>y public elem5t>y s*ools4444 ,!y take a good position 9 s*ool competitions = swimm+1 etc41 & are p>ticul>ly sm>t 9 s*ool drills & ex]cises4 7,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ( ,evid5ce1 ,app5dix ,,lxxxii4 7#ab747 ,let u turn n[ to ! effect ( ! meals on ! m5tal capabilities ( ! *ildr54 ,?is effect is1 f ! nature ( ! case1 less easy to assess1 & ! evid5ce is n s unanim\s z on ! "q ( ! physical effect4 ,a m9ority ( tea*]s ass]t t no improvem5t is to be obs]v$4 ,at ,hull1 = in/ance1 out ( #afe head-tea*]s :o 7 ask$ = _! op9ions on ?is po9t1 #gf decl>$ t !re _h be5 a consid]able or di/9ct improvem5t1 #ec t !re _h be5 a slight improvem5t1 & #cf t !re 0 no visible diff]5ce4#eaf ,at ,brad=d1 #acd tea*]s 7 ( op9ion t !re _h be5 a consid]able or di/9ct improvem5t1 #ce t ! improvem5t _h be5 slight1 #ce t no visible diff]5ce 0 to be notic$4#eag ,i _c say1 said ! headma/] ( a ,london s*ool1 t ! improvem5t 9 m5tality has be5 9 any way comm5surate ) ! physical improvem5t4#eah ,on ! o!r h&1 a headmi/ress decl>$1 !re is und\bt$ improvem5t physically & educationally 9 ! necessit\s *ildr5 suppli$ ) meals at ?is s*ool4 ,b ,i confess ! fact only came home to me vividly at our la/ t]m9al exam9ation1 :5 ,i f\nd ?ree ( !m head$ ! class 9 ,/&>d ,,iii4 7includ+ all subjects74#eai ,ano!r wrote1 ! girls receiv+ regul> meals h become m al]t1 less apa!tic1 & consequ5tly f> m ready to respond to ! tea*]s' ef=ts to ga9 _! undivid$ att5tion4 ,! int]e/ ?us ar\s$ has l$ ! girls to look ^u all bran*es ( _! "w ) m fav\r ?an h]et(ore4 ,! ta/e = k once e/abli%$1 homework has foll[$ ) ! inevitable results produc$ by volunt>y ef=t r ?an compulsory "w4#ebj ,9 ,nor? ,k5s+ton ! *ildr5 :o are suppli$ ) milk at s*ool or :o are giv5 breakfa/ & d9n] respond at once to ! bett] fe$+1 & %[ di/9ct improvem5t 9 _! class "w4#eba ,at ,d>l+ton x 0 report$ t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! replies f ! tea*]s 7 v def9ite to ! effect t ! provision ( d9n]s _h assi/$ ! educational progress ( ! *ildr54#ebb ,& a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! b5efit d]iv$ f a regul> c\rse ( fe$+ is giv5 u by a m$ical memb] ( an ,education ,committee :o writes1 ,i f9d ! condition ( ! *ildr5 mu* improv$ by fe$+4 ,"s *ildr5 :o1 eighte5 mon?s ago1 7 consid]$ half-witt$ are n[ monitors & monitresses1 tak+ an intellig5t int]e/ 9 _! "w4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,hull ,education ,committee1 ,app5dix to ,m9utes ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,sub-,committee1 ,octob] #bj1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #eag3 ,report ( ,brad=d ,education ,committee = ! #af mon?s end$ ,july #ca1 #aiab1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #eah3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaj1 ,*apt] ,,xli41 p4 #i4 ,footnote #eai3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #eba3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil = #aiaj1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,report ( ,d>l+ton ,education ,committee1 #aijh-aj1 p4 xii4 ,we h already notic$ ! improvem5t 9 att5dance consequ5t on ! provision ( meals4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 assi/s 9 ! educational progress1 n only ( ^? *ildr5 :o be=e att5d$ irregul>ly1 b ( ! :ole class1 s9ce ! o!rs are no long] kept back by ! irregul> att5d]s4 ,too mu* importance _c be atta*$ to ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 9 habits ( self-control & ?\ghtfulness = "o ano!r4 ,= ?is tra9+ ! common meal furni%es an excell5t opportunity4 ,z we h se51 f> too little att5tion is paid to ?is aspect ( ! "q4 ,x is true t1 ev5 :]e ! meal is s]v$ 9 a some:at r\gh-&-ready fa%ion1 leav+1 9 ! eyes ( ! educationali/1 mu* to be desir$1 we h g5]ally be5 in=m$ t !re has be5 an improvem5t 9 mann]s4 ,at fir/ ! *ildr51 _m ( :om1 probably1 _h r>ely sat d[n to a meal be=e1 w\ld ?r[ ! food at ea* o!r or on ! floor1 & ! sc5e 0 (t5 a p&emonium4 ,"s sort ( ord] has be5 evolv$ out ( ?is *aos4 ,b h[ f> ?is falls %ort ( :at might be effect$ is se5 :5 "o comp>es ! great majority ( fe$+-c5tres all ov] ,engl&1 n necess>ily ! wor/1 ) a small m9ority1 su* z "s ( ! ,brad=d c5tres1 or "o or two ,london c5tres1 :]e ! meal is truly educational4 ,x is int]e/+ to he> t1 :5 rec5tly a p>ty ( *ildr5 7 s5t to ! ,c9d]ella ,holiday ,home f "o ( ! ,brad=d s*ools & ! sup]visor 0 p>ticul>ly reque/$ to notice ^? :o _h be5 receiv+ meals1 x 0 f\nd t !y alone knew h[ to behave at table1 & t ! o!rs le>nt f !m4 ,9 ano!r direction ! s*ool meal may h an educational result ( ! highe/ importance4 ,*ildr5 9 all ranks ( life are notori\sly cons]vative 9 ! matt] ( food & %y ( v5tur+ on unkn[n di%es1 b ) ! poore/ class ( *ildr5 x is n only fadd9ess :i* has to be cont5d$ )2 ! unaccu/om$ food1 h[ev] :olesome = ! normal *ild1 actually does n agree ) ^! *ronically und]f$ *ildr54 ,z 0 po9t$ out at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ! ,provision ( ,meals ,act1 "o great m]it ( ?is ,act 444 w be ! tea*+ & tra9+ ( a *ild 9 ! matt] ( ta/e4 ,at pres5t x is a well kn[n physiological fact t ! slum /oma* _c accommodate itself 9 a mom5t to good1 :olesome food4 ,! *ild has be5 accu/om$ to tea & jam & pickles1 & to food t is (t5 m ta/y ?an n\ri%+4 ,x w n[ eat "u public & m$ical sup]9t5d5ce & gradually a pure & simple ta/e w be cultivat$4#ebc ,t ?is prophecy is 9 process ( be+ fulfill$ may1 we ?9k1 ) ju/ice be claim$4 ,!re /ill exi/s a c]ta9 am\nt ( difficulty 9 induc+ ! *ildr5 to take food to :i* !y are unaccu/om$1 b t ?is difficulty c be surm\nt$ by ! ex]cise ( tact & att5tion to individual ne$s has be5 practically demon/rat$ aga9 & aga94 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we h be5 told ! same tale1 at fir/ ! *ildr5 w\ld n eat ?is or t di%1 b n[ !y h le>n$ to l x4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) porridge4 ,at fir/1 :]ev] ?is 0 giv51 x 0 f\nd t _m refus$ to eat x1 b ?is antipa?y 0 gradually ov]come1 & ! *ildr5 f9ally ate x ) reli%4#ebd ,x is amus+ to f9d t at ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/1 :]e a porridge breakfa/ 0 devis$ z a te/ ( ne$1 x be+ ?\ght t no *ild w\ld come :o 0 n really hungry1 ! *ildr5 n[ l ! porridge s mu* t ?is diet no long] furni%es a te/4 ,:]e ! *ildr5 d n le>n to eat :at is provid$1 x always turns out1 on fur!r enquiry1 t ! sup]visors h fail$1 ei!r because ( ! l>ge numb]s :om !y h to look aft] or1 p]haps1 ?r\gh lack ( en?usiasm1 to devote t c>eful & detail$ att5tion to ! *ildr5 )\t :i* x is q impossible to br+ ab\t any *ange4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,*ild ,life & ,lab\r1 by ,m>g>et ,ald51 ,m4,d41 #aijh1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,?us1 to quote "o ( _m in/ances1 at ,brad=d1 :5 porridge breakfa/s 7 giv5 9 ! exp]im5t ( #aijg1 x 0 f\nd t ! fir/ morn+ ?irte5 refus$ to eat x2 ! next morn+ only two refus$1 & aft] t all ate & enjoy$ x4 7,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,report on a ,c\rse ( ,meals giv5 to ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 f ,april to ,july1 #aijg1 p4 #d47 ,moreov]1 x is enc\rag+ to notice t ?is education ( ! *ildr5 9 ! matt] ( ta/e is n )\t its effect on ! home diet4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ z long ago z #ahie4 ,9 giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,mrs4 ,burgw9 decl>$ t1 z a result ( ! porridge breakfa/s giv5 to ! s*ool *ildr51 !re 0 an increas+ dem& ^u ! local %op-keep]s by ! poor families !mselves4#ebe ,at fir/1 said ,miss ,honnor ,mort51 ! *ildr5 did n c>e = porridge1 b ! result ( ! breakfa/s has be5 t _m n[ p]suade _! p>5ts to make x = !m4#ebf ,! *ildr51 says ,lady ,mey]1 :o has />t$ p5ny d9n]s 9 connection ) ! ,heal? ,c5tre at ,newport1 act z mission>ies to _! mo!rs1 comp>+ ! meals at ! ,heal? ,c5tre ) ^? at _! homes1 mu* to ! disp>agem5t ( ! latt]1 :i* quickly br\ght ! m intellig5t mo!rs to ! c5tre to 'see h[ x 0 done4'#ebg ,footnote #ebe3 ,report ( ! ,special ,committee ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahie1 ,app5dix ,i41 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,report ( ! ,g5]al ,purposes ,committee ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #ahii1 ,app5dix ,i41 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,a ,heal? ,c5tre & ,d5tal ,cl9ic 9 a ,rural ,di/rict1 ,newport1 ,essex1 #aiaa1 p4 #f4 ,z f> z ! *ildr5 are conc]n$1 inde$1 :e!r we consid] ! improvem5t 9 physique1 m5tal capacity or mann]s1 !re is no d\bt t ! provision ( s*ool meals has prov$ ( ! greate/ b5efit4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,effect ,,on ,,! ,,p>5ts ,! evid5ce :i* has be5 pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] z to ! b5efits result+ f ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 w\ld h evok$1 fifty1 or ev5 tw5ty ye>s ago1 a simple & decisive retort4 ,grant$1 x w\ld h be5 argu$1 t ! heal? & educational capacity ( ! *ildr5 is det]iorat$ by lack ( n\ri%m5t1 t irrep>able & prev5tible damage is inflict$1 & t ! provision ( meals by a public au?ority av]ts ?is evil = _m & mitigates x = all2 yet no plea ( imm$iate exp$i5cy c /& aga9/ ! ultimate loss involv$ 9 any public assumption ( ! co/ ( provid+ ma9t5ance = *ildr54 ,if a local au?ority supplies "p1 ev5 a small "p1 ( _! food1 p>5tal responsibility is1 pro tanto1 dim9i%$1 ) results disa/r\s n only to ! "* ( ! p>5ts b to ! prospects ( ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,= if p>5ts receive assi/ance 9 "o direction f a public au?ority1 !y w soon clam\r to receive assi/ance 9 o!r directions z well4 ,9 ord] to qualify = x1 !y w neglect _! *ildr51 :o w ?us b5efit 9 "o way only to be victimiz$ 9 o!rs4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves1 hav+ be5 f$ f public funds1 w be tra9$ 9 habits ( dep5d5ce1 &1 :5 !y gr[ up1 w insi/ on /ill fur!r provision be+ made = _! *ildr5 9 _! turn4 ,?us "o t9y brea* 9 ! walls ( ! family w ins5sibly be wid5$ till x admits a flood 9 :i* dome/ic affections & ! integrity ( ! home1 relations de>1 & all ! *>ities ( fa!r1 son1 & bro!r are subm]g$4 ,if su* anticipations seem exagg]at$1 !y h nev]!less play$ an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! policy pursu$ 9 ,engl& t[>ds m ?an "o "q1 & lie beh9d _m ( ! criticisms :i* are pass$ on c]ta9 rec5t =ms ( social int]v5tion4 ,! idea t relief giv5 to ! *ild mu/ be reg>d$ z relief giv5 to ! p>5t1 & t1 if giv5 at all1 x mu/ be accompani$ by sev]e re/rictions1 0 enunciat$ emphatically 9 ! ,poor ,law ,report ( #ahcd--;inde$ t fam\s docum5t sc>cely m5tions *ildr5 except 9 s f> z ! treatm5t ( adults is influ5c$ by ^! app5dages--& has s9ce become a settl$ "p ( ,poor ,law policy4 ,! fe> t p>5tal responsibility might be weak5$ 0 a criticism br\ght aga9/ ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 aga9/ ! abolition ( s*ool fees 9 #ahid1 & aga9/ ! provision ( m$ical treatm5t = s*ool *ildr5 "u ! ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,act ( #aijg4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ! public provision ( meals = s*ool *ildr5 has n escap$ ! criticism t x w\ld weak5 ! bond betwe5 p>5t & *ild & ultimately result 9 ! break+ up ( ! home4 ,to remove ! spur to ex]tion & self-re/ra9t1 report$ a special committee ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society 9 #ahhg1 :i* ! spectacle ( 8 *ildr5's hung] mu/ be to any man 9 :om ! feel+s ( natural k9dness are n altoge!r dead1 is to assume a v grave responsibility1 & p]haps to take away ! la/ *ance ( re-e/abli%+ ! "* & =tunes ( ! breadw9n]1 &1 ) him1 ! =tunes ( ! :ole h\sehold4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t !re are p>5ts :o are pa/ r$emption by influ5ces ( ?is k9d1 b ! majority ( ! committee are ( op9ion t x is bett] 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community to all[1 9 su* cases1 ! s9s ( ! p>5ts to be visit$ on ! *ildr5 ?an to impair ! pr9ciple ( ! solid>ity ( ! family & run ! risk ( p]man5tly demoralis+ l>ge numb]s ( ! population by ! (f] ( free meals to _! *ildr54#ebh ,footnote #ebh3 ,*>ity & ,food1 report ( a ,special ,committee ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society1 #ahhg1 p4 #af4 ,= lat] expressions ( ! same l9e ( criticism1 see1 = in/ance1 ,! ,relief ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,m4 ,clutton & ,e4 ,neville 7,c4,o4,s4 ,occasional ,pap]71 ,m>*1 #aija1 pp4 #d1 #f2 ,und]f$ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,ar?ur ,clay 7,c4,o4,s4 ,occasional ,pap]71 ,may1 #aije1 p4 #c2 ,! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,miss ,mc,knight1 9 ,*>ity ,organisation ,review1 ,july1 #aijf1 p4 #cg2 ,a ,new ,poor ,law = ,*ildr51 by ,rev4 ,h4 ,isel91 9 ,*>ity ,organisation ,review1 ,m>*1 #aiji1 p4 #agj4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t an economic policy :i* 0 det]m9$ prim>ily by a consid]ation = ! solid>ity ( ! family w\ld lead to f>-rea*+ measures ( indu/rial reorganisation4 ,if ! ideal is a society 9 :i* ! bread-w9n] is by 8 ex]tion & self-re/ra9t to gu>antee ! =tunes ( 8 :ole h\sehold1 ! imm$iate object ( attack mu/ be ^? indu/rial evils :i* effectually prev5t him f do+ s at pres5t1 & ( :i* ! pr9cipal are l[ wages1 casual lab\r1 recurr5t p]iods ( unemploym5t & bad h\s+4 ,t a crusade conduct$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! family aga9/ ^! regul> features ( mod]n indu/ry is entirely desirable ne$ n be que/ion$4 ,b 9 its abs5ce x is obvi\s t1 s f> f all[+ ! s9s ( ! p>5ts to be visit$ on ! *ildr51 :at we are really do+ is to all[ ! s9s ( ! employ] to be visit$ on ! employ$ or ! s9s ( ! community to be visit$ ^u future g5]ations ( unborn *ildr51 & x seems almo/ frivol\s to ascribe ! results ( ?is con/ant & vic>i\s sacrifice to ! measures :i*1 l ! provision ( s*ool meals1 are direct$ m]ely to ! p>tial mitigation ( "s ( its wor/ effects4 ,! tru? is1 to put ! matt] bluntly1 t :at breaks up ! family is n ! pres5ce ( food b its abs5ce1 & t1 if ! public consci5ce is unp]turb$ by ! spectacle ( num]\s homes 9 :i* economic circum/ances h depriv$ ! p>5ts ( ! means ( provid+ meals = _! *ildr5 !mselves1 its sudd5 s5sitiv5ess at ! ?\ght ( meals be+ provid$ by "s ext]nal au?ority w\ld be ludicr\s if x did n lead to su* tragic consequ5ces4 ,! read] :o reflects on ! ?\s&s ( dock-lab\r]s 9 ,london1 ,liv]pool & ,glasg[ :o1 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 c obta9 only ?ree days' "w a week1 or on ! #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! work+-class population ( ,read+ :o h be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,b[ley to be receiv+ a total family income bel[ ! l[ /&>d fix$ by ,mr4 ,r[ntree1#ebi & to be receiv+ x1 9 #di p] c5t4 ( ! cases1 because !y are 9 regul> "w b at l[ wages1#ecj w sc>cely argue t ! m]e provision ( meals1 h[ev] injudici\s he may reg>d x1 is likely to contribute s]i\sly to ! weak5+ ( family relation%ips :i* h be5 already /ra9$ or brok5 by indu/rial an>*y or indu/rial tyranny4 ,sublata causa tollitur effectus4 ,b does any "o s]i\sly believe t a cessation ( s*ool meals w\ld re/ore ! desir$ solid>ity ( ! family to ! casual or sweat$ lab\r]8 ,footnote #ebi3 ,work+-,class ,h\seholds 9 ,read+1 by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,l4 ,b[ley1 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,/ati/ical ,society1 ,june1 #aiac1 p4 #fhf4 ,! m9imum /&>d = food 0 comput$ by ,mr4 ,r[ntree1 9 #aija1 z #cs4 = an adult1 & #bs4 #c;d4 = a *ild4 ,?is /&>d has be5 rais$ by ,pr(essor ,b[ley to #cs4 #f;d4 & #bs4 #g;d4 respectively1 s9ce prices 9 ,read+ 9 #aiab 7 ab\t sixte5 p] c5t4 high] ?an at ,york 9 #aija4 ,! diet on :i* ,mr4 ,r[ntree bas$ 8 computations 0 ma9ly veget>ian1 & 8 m9imum /&>d assum$ a k ( food values & p]fectly sci5tific exp5diture4 7,ibid41 p4 #fhd47 ,tak+ a slightly diff]5t /&>d1 ,pr(essor ,b[ley computes t m ?an half ! work+-class *ildr5 ( ,read+1 dur+ "s "p ( _! fir/ f\rte5 ye>s1 live 9 h\seholds :]e ! /&>d ( life 9 "q is n atta9$4 7,ibid41 p4 #fib47 ,footnote #ecj3 ,ibid41 p4 #fic4 ,if ! sugge/ion t ! provision ( meals is a pr9cipal cause und]m9+ p>5tal responsibility is fanta/ic1 is ! sugge/ion t x mu/ necess>ily ex]cise "s influ5ce 9 t direction bett] f\nd$8 ,we %all deal lat] ) su* facts z c be us$ to ?r[ light on ?is "q4 ,b we may po9t out "h t ! idea und]ly+ x usually d]ives "p ( its cog5cy 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( its support]s less f any concrete evid5ce ?an f an implicit assumption t !re is a natural division ( duties betwe5 public au?orities & ! individual citiz51 & t any r$i/ribution ( !m betwe5 ^! two p>ties1 :i* removes "o function f ! latt] to ! =m]1 mu/ necess>ily result 9 ! und]m9+ ( "*1 ! weak5+ ( ! inc5tive to self-ma9t5ance1 ! decay ( p>5tal responsibility1 9 %ort1 9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! process kn[n z paup]isation4 ,n[ we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t1 /at$ 9 ?is crude =m1 ! !ory t e assumption ( fre% responsibilities by public au?orities results 9 ! und]m9+ ( "* has no f\ndation 9 ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q true t any sudd5 removal f an individual ( duties :i* he has hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to dis*>ge may result 9 weak5+ ! spr+s ( ef=t4 ,x is also q true t any sudd5 addition to 8 responsibilities may result 9 cru%+ !m1 & t1 z f> z ! m poorly paid ranks ( lab\r are conc]n$1 en]gies are f> m (t5 worn out 9 a hopeless /ruggle ?an sapp$ by an insidi\s ease4 ,b by !mselves ^! facts prove no?+ z to ! mann] 9 :i* burd5s1 duties1 responsibilities1 %\ld be di/ribut$ betwe5 ! community & its individual memb]s4 ,:at exp]i5ce %[s is t !re is no natural allocation ( functions1 b t !re has be5 ?r\gh\t hi/ory at once a con/ant addition to1 & a con/ant re-arrangem5t ( !m1 & t ! =m] process is q compatible ) ! latt]4 ,nor is !re any gr\nd = ! idea t ! ext5sion ( ! activities ( public bodies mu/ necess>ily result 9 accel]at+ ! approa* ( ! /ate ( economic & moral in]tia describ$ by ^? :o anticipate x z ,paup]ism4 ,if t 7 ! case1 all civilis$ communities w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 ha/5+ to de/ruction f a "t :]e( ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y4 ,= our fa!rs _h no elem5t>y education1 our gr&fa!rs no municipal wat]1 & few lamp-po/s2 :ile our great-gr&fa!rs enjoy$ ! indep5d5ce d]iv$ f ! possession ( relatively few roads1 & ^? ( a "* suffici5tly bad to (f] ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tives to ! en]gy & self-reliance ( ! p$e/rian4 ,on ?is !ory ! citiz5 ( ,man*e/] w\ld be m paup]is$ ?an ! citiz5 ( ,london2 bo? w\ld be s]i\sly paup]is$ comp>$ ) ! peasant ( ,connem>a2 :ile ! wret*$ inhabitants ( ,g]man municipalities w\ld be wall[+ 9 a p]fect quagmire ( p]petual paup]ism4 ,:y inde$ %\ld "o /op "h8 ,!re h be5 p]iods 9 hi/ory 9 :i* n only ^! functions1 b ! organisation ( ju/ice & ! equipm5t ( milit>y =ces h be5 left to ! brac+ activities ( private individuals2 & an enquiry into ! decl9e & fall ( individual indep5d5ce w\ld1 if logically pursu$1 lead u into dim regions ( hi/ory f> ant]ior to ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! orig9s ( mod]n paup]ism1 l ! orig9s ( mod]n lib]ty1 are to be s\ght among ! primeval =e/s ( ,g]many6 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re is no f\ndation = ! doctr9e t e ext5sion ( public provision results 9 a slack5+ ( en]gy on ! "p ( ! individual1 x is1 none ! less1 possible t ?is may be ! result ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( provision :i* consi/s 9 ! supply+ ( meals to s*ool *ildr54 ,9 ! ev5t ( t be+ prov$ to be ! case1 x is by no means easy to say :at policy %\ld be pursu$4 ,public au?orities1 x may be argu$1 %\ld cease to provide s*ool meals4 ,to ?is answ]1 :i* is at fir/ sight plausible1 !re are two objections :i* are toge!r almo/ insup]able4 ,! fir/ is t ,education ,au?orities are "u a legal obligation to provide education = ! *ildr5 9 _! *>ge & to c>ry out m$ical inspection ) a view to discov]+ _! ailm5ts2 :ile !y may1 if !y ?9k fit1 provide m$ical treatm5t = !m4 ,!y owe x to _! con/itu5ts to sp5d _! money 9 ! mo/ effective & economical mann]4 ,education giv5 to *ildr5 :o are suff]+ f want ( n\ri%m5t n only is ineffective1 b may be positively delet]i\s4 ,:5 ! ext5t ( malnutrition is kn[n1 is x reasonable to expect ! ,au?orities delib]ately to %ut _! eyes to ! fact t s f> f b5efit+ ! *ildr5 :o suff] f x !y may be positively aggravat+ _! mis=tunes8 ,if x be repli$1 ruat coelum fiat ju/itia1 let ! *ildr5 suff] 9 ord] to improve ! moral "* ( _! p>5ts1 an ,education ,committee may n unfairly retort t x is elect$ prim>ily to att5d to ! welf>e ( ! *ildr51 & t ! wisdom ( elevat+ p>5ts1 :o ex hypo!si are demoralis$1 at ! co/ ( ! ris+ g5]ation is1 at any rate1 too problematical to ju/ify x 9 neglect+ its own special duties4 ,moreov]1 ev5 assum+ t public bodies 7 will+ to apply to ! education ( *ildr5 ! pr9ciples recomm5d$ 9 #ahcd = ! treatm5t ( improvid5ce & vice1 !re is no reason to suppose t !y w\ld succe$ 9 av]t+ ! paup]isation :i* is dread$4 ,no fact is m cle>ly e/abli%$ by ! hi/ory ( all k9ds ( relief adm9i/ration s9ce #ahcd ?an t ! effect ( refus+ to make public provision = p]sons 9 di/ress is m]ely to lead to ! provision ( assi/ance 9 a r m haphaz>d1 uncoord9at$ & indiscrim9ate mann] by private ag5cies4 ,a purely negative policy is sy/ematically blacklegg$ by private philan?ropi/s4 ,rightly or wrongly ! pla9 man f9ds 8 /oma* turn$ by ! full gospel ( det]r5ce2 ) ! result t1 :ile ! ,engli% ,poor ,law is nom9ally det]r5t1 enorm\s sums are sp5t e ye> 9 private *>ity 9 ,london alone2 t 9 #ahhf ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d recomm5d$ local au?orities to provide relief = c]ta9 classes ( work]s ap>t f ! ,poor ,law1 on ! gr\nd t ! ,poor ,law1 = ^: adm9i/ration ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d is responsible1 is necess>ily degrad+2 & t1 f9ally1 a special ,act _h to be pass$ 9 #aije creat+ au?orities to adm9i/] assi/ance = unemploy$ workm5 :om public op9ion w\ld no long] all[ to be left to ! t5d] m]cies ( a det]r5t policy ( ,poor ,relief4 ,t ! same result w\ld foll[ ) ev5 great] c]ta9ty 7 public bodies to decl9e to provide = necessit\s s*ool *ildr5 is obvi\s1 inasmu* z to ! fooli% s5tim5tality ( ! ord9>y p]son ! suff]+s ( *ildhood make a special appeal4 ,inde$ x has foll[$ already4 ,9 ! days :5 ,education ,au?orities _h no p[] to sp5d public money on ! provision ( meals = s*ool *ildr51 :at happ5$ 0 t ! provision ( meals 0 begun by private p]sons1 & 9 ! t[ns :i* h n put ! ,act ( #aijf into =ce su* private provision obta9s at ! pres5t day4 ,su* extra-legal int]v5tion has all ! disadvantages ascrib$ to ! public provision ( meals1 = "o c sc>cely accept ! extravagant cont5tion t :ile s\p suppli$ by an ,education ,au?ority paup]ises1 s\p tickets suppli$ by a philan?ropic society d n4 ,& x has few ( its advantages4 ,= private philan?ropy t5ds to be m irregul> & arbitr>y 9 its adm9i/ration ?an mo/ public au?orities4 ,s9ce x _c cov] ! :ole area ( di/ress1 its selection ( *ildr5 to be f$ is m caprici\s2 s9ce its funds are rais$ by appeals ad mis]icordiam !y (t5 fail :5 !y are ne$$ mo/2 & :51 z (t5 happ5s1 m ?an "o ag5cy ent]s ! field1 ! result is ov]lapp+ & duplication4 ,nor w x seem a m9or evil to ^? :o c>e = ! civic _s t ev5 ! be/-int5tion$ *>ity c nev] escape f ! ta9t ( patronage1 c nev] be any?+ b a sop ) :i* ! ri* relieve _! consci5ces by m9i/]+ to ! poor4 ,! /atem5t t ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 weak5s p>5tal responsibility presumably means t ! provision ( meals at s*ool induces p>5ts to neglect to provide meals !mselves4 ,:5 "o turns f ^! g5]al consid]ations to exam9e h[ f> ?is result has actually occurr$1 "o is fac$ ) ! task ( sift+ a few gra9s ( fact f a multitude ( impressions4 ,! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial prelim9>y to ! =mation ( any reasonable judgm5t is to det]m9e ! circum/ances ( ^? families "o or m ( ^: memb]s are receiv+ meals at s*ool2 & 9 ord] to ?r[ "s light on ?is po9t we give1 9 ! foll[+ table1 su* p>ticul>s f six areas z are available3--#eca ,footnote #eca3 ,! figures = ,birm+ham are tak5 f ,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,phyllis ,d4 ,w9d]1 #aiac1 pp4 #dg-ee2 ^? = ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/1 f ,! ,/ory ( a ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committee1 by ,rev4 ,h4 ,isel91 9 ,economic ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aiab1 p4 #dg2 ^? = ,/oke1 ,brad=d1 ,/4 ,pancras & ,b]mondsey f case pap]s t we h analys$4 ,^! figures mu/ n be tak5 z m ?an a some:at r\gh indication ( ! /ate ( affairs1 = x is n always easy to det]m9e precisely into :i* category a p>ticul> case %\ld be put4 ,probably ! proportion ( casually employ$ is some:at und]/at$2 ( ! tw5ty-six1 = in/ance1 :o are class$ z unemploy$ at ,birm+ham1 r\ghly "o-?ird belong$ to ! class ( p]man5t casuals1 b 7 totally unemploy$ at ! date ( ! enquiry4 7,! ,public ,fe$+ ( ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 p4 #dh47 ,causes ( ,/oke4 ,brad=d4 ,birm+ham4 ,s*ool ,s*ool 9 di/ress 9 ,/4 ,b]mondsey ,pancras4 ,unemploym5t #af #aa #bf #i #ac ,casual #c #bf #ed #h #ah employm5t ,%ort "t #e #c #h -- -- ,regul> "w -- #af #f #a #b b l[ wages ,illness or #ae #ai #dg #e #i disablem5t ( fa!r ,wid[s #af #da #dj #aj #i ,des]tion or #c #cb #ai #b #b abs5ce ( fa!r ,x w be se5 t ! f\r l>ge/ classes ( families consi/ ( ^? 9 :i* ! fa!r is casually employ$1 is disabl$ by illness or accid5t1 is dead or is unemploy$4 ,if "o adds to ^! #fje families ! #da 9 :i* ! fa!r is paid l[ wages or is work+ %ort "t1 !re is a total ( #fdf out ( #gah families 9 :i* di/ress is due ei!r to indu/rial causes or to a mis=tune4 ,s9ce m5 d n usually contract illness or die 9 ord] t _! *ildr5 may be f$ at s*ool1 !re is no "q ( ! responsibility ( ! fa!r be+ weak5$ 9 ! #bhe cases 9 :i* dea? or ill-heal? 0 ! cause :i* l$ to ! provision ( s*ool meals4 ,x is (t5 argu$1 h[ev]1 t ! public provision ( assi/ance is itself "o cause ( ! di/ress :i* x is design$ to relieve1 because x mu/ necess>ily ex]cise a det]iorat+ influ5ce ov] indu/rial conditions4 ,! k t 8 *ildr5 w be f$ is likely1 x is said1 to lead a man to relax ! dem&s :i* he makes on 8 employ]4 ,! k t he ne$ n (f] a subsi/5ce wage = a family leads ! employ] to (f] worse t]ms to 8 employees1 m irregul> employm5t or l[] rates ( wages1 ) ! result t ! ratepay] relieves ! employ] ( "p ( 8 wage bill4 ,cut (f all public assi/ance1 & economic conditions w adju/ !mselves to ! *ange4 ,n[ x is p]fectly true t ! ne$ :i* prompts ! provision ( s*ool meals does normally arise f bad indu/rial conditions1 & t to all[ ^? conditions to cont9ue :ile m]ely mitigat+ _! effects is an (f5ce aga9/ morality & an outrage on commons5se4 ,:e!r s*ool meals are desirable or n = _! own sake1 x is ! "r ( ! work] t indu/ry %\ld be organis$ 9 su* a way t he %\ld be able to provide = 8 *ildr5 9 ! mann] :i* he ?9ks be/1 & t he %\ld n be compell$ 7z he (t5 is at pres5t7 to *oose betwe5 see+ !m f$ at s*ool & see+ !m half-/>v$ at home4 ,b ! !ory :i* we h /at$ goes mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,x holds t public provision is a cause ( bad indu/rial conditions1 & t ! m]e abolition ( public provision w\ld 9 itself result 9 ^? conditions be+ improv$4 ,x is obvi\s t1 z f> z c]ta9 economic evils are conc]n$1 ?is doctr9e does n hold good4 ,_m *ildr5 are und]f$ because _! p>5ts are suff]+ f sickness or accid5t incurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! employm5t4 ,cle>ly an employ] w n be induc$ to r5d] 8 processes safe m]ely by ! fact t 8 employees' *ildr5 w suff] if !y are unsafe4 ,_m *ildr5 are und]f$ because _! p>5ts are casually employ$ or altoge!r unemploy$4 ,equally cle>ly !re is no reason :atev] to suppose t casual lab\r w\ld cease because ( _! />vation2 = if t 7 ! case x w\ld h ceas$ long ago4 ,nor aga9 does ! m speci\s doctr9e t ! wages ( m5 are l[]$ by ! provision ( food = _! *ildr5 re/ ^u a secur] f\ndation4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s x c nei!r be v]ifi$ nor disprov$ by an appeal to facts2 = ! controv]sy is n conc]n+ facts b conc]n+ _! int]pretation4 ,if we po9t out t 9 ,brad=d1 :5 ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act 0 fir/ adopt$ 9 #aijg1 ! majority ( *ildr5 f$ 7 *ildr5 ( woolcomb]s1 dy]s' lab\r]s1 c>t]s & build]s' lab\r]s1 & t s9ce #aijg ! fir/ ?ree classes ( work]s h all receiv$ advances ( wages1 x may1 ( c\rse1 be answ]$ t ! advance w\ld h be5 /ill great] if ! *ildr5 _h n be5 f$4#ecb ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! m ?is !ory t ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 acts z a subsidy to wages is exam9$1 ! weak] does x appe>4 ,hi/orically x is traceable to ! popul> r5d]+ ( ,ric>do introduc$ by ,s5ior into ! ,poor ,law ,report ( #ahcd1 & x /ill conta9s m>ks ( its orig94 ,x assumes1 9 ! fir/ place1 t wages are nev] above subsi/5ce level4 ,=1 cle>ly1 if !y are above x1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld be l[]$ if ! co/ ( keep+ a family is some:at r$uc$4 ,x assumes1 9 ! second place1 t !y are nev] bel[ ! subsi/5ce level ( a family2 = cle>ly1 if !y are1 t 9 itself proves t ! abs5ce ( public provision has n be5 able to ma9ta9 !m4 ,x assumes1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! ability ( work]s to resi/ a r$uction or to insi/ on an advance dep5ds n ^u ! pr(itabl5ess ( ! indu/ry1 nor ^u ! /r5g? ( _! organisation1 b solely ^u _! necessities4 ,( ^! assumptions ! fir/ two are untrue1 & ! la/ is n only untrue1 b ! exact opposite ( ! tru?4 ,9 reality1 z e trade unioni/ kn[s1 ! necessities ( ! non-wage e>n+ memb]s ( a family d n keep wages up2 !y keep !m d[n4 ,a man :o kn[s t a /oppage ( "w w plunge 8 family 9 />vation has little resi/+ p[]1 & acquiesces 9 oppression to :i* he w\ld o!rwise refuse to submit4 ,x is ! /rik]s' wives & *ildr5 :o really break _m /rikes1 & if ! pressure ( imm$iate necessity is remov$ ! work] is n less likely1 he is m likely1 to hold out = bett] t]ms4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,we may note t !re are v few cases :]e ! fa!rs ( ! *ildr5 :o are receiv+ s*ool meals are1 at ! "t1 9 regul> "w4 7,see table on page #baa47 ,_m au?orities refuse to consid] su* cases1 :ile1 :]e !y are n necess>ily b>r$1 !y am\nt z a rule1 s f> z we h f\nd1 except at ,brad=d1 to a v small proportion ( ! total numb] ( cases dealt )4 ,9 ,london a few committees h sev]al su* cases on _! fe$+-li/s--a memb] ( "o committee1 inde$1 in=m$ u t ! fact t a man _h a l>ge family & l[ wages 01 till rec5tly1 tak5 z a reason = grant+ meals to 8 *ildr5--b ! great majority ( committees ei!r refuse to fe$ su* *ildr5 at all1 or only d s 9 infrequ5t & exceptional circum/ances4 ,"o or two in/ances 7 quot$ to u :]e1 z x 0 alleg$1 ! provision ( meals = ! *ildr5 _h induc$ ! fa!r to acquiesce 9 ! acceptance ( a l[ wage )\t dem&+ an increase or seek+ m remun]ative employm5t4 ,?us we 7 told ( a man :o 0 =m]ly 9 *>ge ( two furnaces at a wage ( #bds4 a week2 "o furnace 0 %ut d[n1 & he 0 (f]$ ! *>ge ( ! rema9+ "o at #aes4 ,?is he accept$ & ! ,c>e ,committee _h be5 fe$+ 8 *ildr5 = a :ole ye>4 ,9 ano!r case1 a man :o 0 out ( "w1 & 0 hav+ all 8 *ildr5 f$ at s*ool1 took a job at #aes4 a week1 a wage :i*1 x 0 ass]t$1 he w\ld n o!rwise h agre$ to4 ,b 9 su* in/ances1 infrequ5t & isolat$ z !y are 9 any case1 x is (t5 f\nd on analysis t ! fa!r1 ?r\gh "s physical or m5tal infirmity1 is incapable ( p]=m+ a man's "w1 & unable1 !re=e1 to e>n m wages4 ,nor is !re mu* m sub/ance 9 ! !ory t ! provision ( meals by a public au?ority weak5s family life by und]m9+ p>5tal responsibility4 ,we are n1 ( c\rse1 conc]n$ to d5y t 9 ! work+ classes z well z 9 ! prop]ti$ classes !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons :o are anxi\s to get some?+ = no?+4 ,cases1 no d\bt1 d arise 9 :i* a p>5t :o kn[s t ! ne$s ( 8 *ildr5 w p>tially be met by ! food suppli$ by an ,education ,au?ority may = t reason contemplate _! fate :5 ab&on$ by him ) less appreh5sion4 ,at mo/1 h[ev]1 su* cases con/itute only #aj p] c5t4 ( ^? on ! table1 & ! wisdom ( )hold+ assi/ance f ! rema9+ #ij p] c5t4 m]ely 9 ord] to br+ pressure ^u ?is small fraction ( all ! families conc]n$ is1 to put ! matt] at ! l[e/1 highly que/ionable4 ,moreov]1 ev5 assum+ t *ildr5 :o are neglect$ by _! p>5ts %\ld be made to suff] 9 ord] to tea* ! latt] a moral lesson1 :at probability is !re t ! lesson w be appreciat$8 ,9 ^? families :]e a fa!r is contemplat+ ! des]tion ( 8 home1 family relation%ips mu/ obvi\sly be weak & un/able4 ,is x s]i\sly sugge/$ t ! m]e fact t a public body is kn[n to provide meals = *ildr5 9 att5dance at s*ool is suffici5t to tilt ! scale2 t a man :o is will+1 ex hypo!si1 to contemplate rel9qui%+ 8 wife & y\ng] *ildr5 to ! ,poor ,law w be det]r$ f leav+ !m m]ely by anxiety z to h[ ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age w obta9 _! midday meal2 & t1 :5 8 appreh5sions ^u ?is po9t are remov$1 he w ha/5 to avail himself ( 8 fre$om 9 ord] to ab&on !m to mu* m s]i\s evils ?an ! loss ( "o meal p] day8 ,su* a sugge/ion c>ries its refutation on its face4 ,:5 family life has be5 s dis9tegrat$ t a man is contemplat+ ! des]tion ( 8 wife & *ildr51 he is n likely ei!r to be enc\rag$ to d s by ! m]e fact t meals = s*ool *ildr5 are provid$ by a public body1 or det]r$ f do+ s by ! fact t !y are n4 ,& a simil> answ] may be made to ^? :o argue t ! result ( fe$+ *ildr5 at s*ool is m]ely to enc\rage _! p>5ts to sp5d m ^u dr9k4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 w\ld d5y t1 if a man has already =m$ ! habit ( indulg+ 8 ta/es )\t reg>d to ! consequ5ces1 an increase 9 8 means w enable him to sp5d m ^u su* indulg5ce4 ,b t is a v diff]5t ?+ f accept+ ! implication t e accession 9 ! income ( a class m]ely leads x to fre% extravagance4 ,! evid5ce1 inde$1 po9ts 9 ! opposite direction4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s !re has be5 a great ext5sion ( public provision & a rise 9 money wages4 ,yet x is a matt] ( common k t ! consumption ( alcoholic liquor p] head ( population has dim9i%$ & is /ill dim9i%+4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! idea t any l>ge numb] ( p>5ts misuse ! public provision ( meals appe>s to be q )\t any solid f\ndation1 & to be a ha/y g5]alisation f exceptional cases1 :i*1 because !y are exceptional1 are record$ by *>itable p]sons ) pi\s horror1 & are giv5 an undes]v$ & mislead+ notoriety4 ,almo/ all ! actual evid5ce available po9ts 9 ! opposite direction4 ,aga9 & aga9 has x be5 /at$ to u t p>5ts )draw _! *ildr5 f ! s*ool meals z soon z an improvem5t 9 _! circum/ances enables !m to provide food at home4#ecc ,inde$1 x is (t5 said t !y )draw !m be=e !y c prop]ly af=d to d s1 & be=e ! ,cante5 ,committee ?9ks x wise = ! s*ool meals to be /opp$1 :ile _m refra9 f apply+ = meals until !y are driv5 to d s by actual necessity4 ,! tru? is t beh9d ! talk on p>5tal responsibility :i* f9ds fav\r 9 c]ta9 sections ( society--especially ^? :]e x is cu/om>y = p>5ts to pay = _! *ildr5 to be f$ at s*ool dur+ #cj to #dj weeks ( ! ye>--!re is a consid]able am\nt n only ( ignorance b ( hypocrisy4 ,^! critics are apt entirely to ov]look ! fact t dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s p>5tal responsibilities1 s f> f be+ dim9i%$1 h be5 multipli$ by ! ,/ate4 ,middle-class p>liam5ts h insi/$ t work+-class p>5ts %\ld s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool1 %\ld disp5se ) ! help ( _! e>n+s1 %\ld provide !m ) food1 clo?+ & m$ical aid4 ,m important1 !y =get t to insi/ on responsibility is mean+less unless ! means ( dis*>g+ x are available2 = "o _c blame a man = fail+ to d :at he wi%es to d1 b :i* he is prev5t$ f do+ by =ce majeure4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! position ( ! majority ( su* p>5ts z are aid$ by s*ool meals4 ,!y did n fix ! wages ( adult m5 at #ahs4 a week2 !y did n orda9 t employm5t at ! ports ( ,london & ,liv]pool & ,glasg[1 & 9 a score ( o!r trades1 %\ld be a gamble4 ,!y did n decree t ^? :o direct indu/ry %\ld at int]vals ( five to sev5 ye>s f9d x conv5i5t to curtail production & turn _! employees on to ! /reets4 ,!y are born into a _w :]e ?is is ! e/abli%$ social ord]1 an ord] :i*1 z individuals1 !y are impot5t to alt]4 ,if "s ( !m occasionally give up a /ruggle :i* mu/ (t5 seem hopeless1 at ^: door does ! blood ( ^! m5 & _! *ildr5 lie8 ,if x is desir$ t e man %\ld regul>ly provide ! :ole ma9t5ance ( 8 family1 !n indu/ry mu/ be organis$ 9 su* a way z to make x possible4 ,till t is done1 to blame work+ p = acquiesc+ 9 circum/ances :i* !y did n create & :i* !y dete/ is n only cruel b absurd4 ,:5 e compet5t work] is secur$ regul> employm5t & a liv+ wage1 x may be desirable t =ms ( public provision :i* exi/ at pres5t %\ld cease--?\gh1 ev5 s1 x is possible t ! educational value ( s*ool meals w lead to _! be+ cont9u$4 ,till t happy condition is br\ght ab\t !y mu/ be n only cont9u$1 b ext5d$ & improv$4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,at ,brad=d a few ye>s ago an enquiry 0 made ) ! object ( discov]+ h[ f> p>5ts 7 obta9+ ! meals "u false pret5ces4 ,two crit]ia 7 tak51 fir/ly1 :e!r ! p>5ts' /atem5ts z to ! income e>n$ 7 corroborat$ by _! employ]s2 secondly1 h[ f> ! p>5ts volunt>ily )drew _! *ildr5 f ! s*ool meals :5 _! circum/ances improv$4 ,z a result ( ?is enquiry x appe>$ t n m ?an #b-a_/b p] c5t4 7 unduly tak+ advantage ( ! meals4 ,9 _m cases1 :]e ! p>5ts' /atem5ts z to income did n tally ) ! employ]s' /atem5ts1 x 0 f\nd t ! p>5ts1 9 giv+ _! av]age e>n+s1 _h ov]/at$ in/ead ( und]/at+ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conclusions ,! provision ( meals = s*ool *ildr5 is1 z we h po9t$ out1 m]ely an attempt to mitigate "s ( ! evil effects ( indu/rial disorganisation4 ,! pr9cipal end at :i* ,society %\ld aim is ! removal ( ! causes1 l[ wages1 casual employm5t1 recurr5t p]iods ( unemploym5t1 & bad h\s+1 :i* make !m necess>y4 ,b mean:ile1 z long z economic conditions rema9 z !y are1 "s provision mu/ be made = ! pres5t g5]ation ( s*ool *ildr54 ,& ! provision ( s*ool meals is n m]ely a "q ( relief1 x is also a prev5tive measure4 ,e /ep 444 9 ! direction ( mak+ & keep+ ! *ildr5 heal?y is a /ep t[>ds dim9i%+ ! preval5ce & light5+ ! burd5 ( disease = ! adult1 & a relatively small rise 9 ! /&>d ( *ild heal? may repres5t a proportionately l>ge ga9 9 ! physical heal?1 capacity1 & en]gy ( ! p z a :ole4#ecd ,footnote #ecd3 ,report ( ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = #aiaj1 p4 #a4 ,grant$1 !re=e1 t ! s*ool meal is1 = ! pres5t at any rate1 a necessity1 ! "q rema9s1 = :at *ildr5 %all ?is meal be provid$4 ,we h describ$ ! me?ods ( selection at pres5t 9 =ce4 ,we h se5 t1 ?\gh a few *ildr5 are giv5 s*ool meals because !y are f\nd by ! ,s*ool ,doctor to be ill-n\ri%$1 ! great majority are select$ by ! tea*]s on ! gr\nd ( pov]ty1 a me?od :i* involves an enquiry into ! p>5ts' circum/ances4 ,we h %[n "s ( ! disadvantages inh]5t 9 ?is me?od ( selection4 ,! enquiries det] p>5ts f apply+4 ,x is impossible = ! tea*]s to discov] all cases ( und]f$ *ildr54 ,if ! *ild is told by its p>5ts to say t x has pl5ty to eat at home1 h[ is ! tea*] to "k t x is und]f$8 ,x is difficult1 & 9 _m cases q impossible1 to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( income com+ 94 ,ev5 if ?is c\ld always be accurately asc]ta9$1 x w\ld be difficult to discrim9ate ) ju/ice s9ce o!r circum/ances v>y s widely4 ,! enquiry is demoralis+ = ! p>5ts1 putt+ a premium on deception & creat+ a s5se ( inju/ice4 ,s unsatisfactory1 inde$1 has ?is sy/em ( inve/igation into income prov$ to be t !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion among adh]5ts ( ! mo/ oppos+ s*ools ( ?\ght t x mu/ be giv5 up4 ,z a ,gu>dian ( ! poor & a memb] ( ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society1 & 9 _m o!r ways1 says ! late ,canon ,b>nett1 ,i h come to see t no enquiry is adequate4 ,i w\ld n tru/ myself to enquire into any "o's condition & be j4 ,enquiry is nev] satisfactory & is always irritat+4444 ,i believe x is enquiry & inve/igation & suspicion :i* und]m9e p>5tal responsibility4#ece ,ev5 s firm a support] ( ,*>ity ,organisation ,society pr9ciples z ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,isel9 w\ld1 we ga!r1 pref] to ! pres5t inadequate sy/em ( inve/igation ! provision ( a meal = all *ildr5 :o l to come1 )\t enquiry1 ?\gh he w\ld1 ( c\rse1 make ! conditions ( ! meal 9 "s way det]r5t4#ecf ,9 discuss+ :at is ! be/ me?od to be adopt$ we mu/1 !re=e1 rule out any plan :i* involves an enquiry into ! family income4 ,footnote #ece3 ,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,qs4 #bbij1 #bcab4 7,! italics are m9e47 ,footnote #ecf3 ,see po/1 p4 #bbb4 7i7 ,we may consid] fir/ ! proposal t ! selection %\ld be made by ! ,s*ool ,doctor1 s*ool meals be+ ord]$ = all *ildr5 :om he f9ds to be suff]+ f mal-nutrition4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is /rongly recomm5d$ by ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 has be5 adopt$ 9 a few t[ns1 b only to a v limit$ ext5t & always 9 subord9ation to ! sy/em ( selection bas$ on ! pov]ty te/4 ,! selection by ! physical te/ w\ld obviate all ! disadvantages aris+ f ! demoralis+ enquiry into ! p>5ts' circum/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! practical difficulties w\ld be v great4 ,at pres5t a *ild is normally exam9$ by ! doctor only two or ?ree times dur+ ! :ole ( its s*ool c>e]4 ,"u ! sy/em propos$ frequ5t exam9ations w\ld be necess>y1 :i* w\ld entail an enorm\s increase 9 ! s*ool m$ical /aff4 ,b1 h[ev] frequ5t ! exam9ations1 ! discov]y ( all und]f$ *ildr5 w\ld n be assur$4 ,x is n always possible = ! doctor to det]m9e ! cause ( malnutrition 9 any p>ticul> case2 h5ce _m *ildr5 w\ld be includ$ :o get pl5ty ( food at home1 b yet1 f "s o!r cause1 d n ?rive4 ,m important1 numb]s ( *ildr5 w\ld be exclud$ :o fail to get suffici5t food b :o yet appe> heal?y4 ,z a ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] po9ts out1 tempor>y lack ( food does n /amp ! *ild 9 su* a way t x is possible to detect pa/ privations by ord9>y inspection4#ecg ,! und]fe$+ might be prolong$ = a consid]able "t be=e its effects 7 app>5t4 ,b x is ess5tial t und]fe$+ %\ld be discov]$ be=e ! *ild %[s def9ite signs ( malnutrition1 s9ce ! object to be aim$ at is to prev5t its ev] gett+ into ?is /ate4 ,! physical te/1 !re=e1 =ms too n>r[ a basis to be satisfactorily employ$1 at any rate z ! sole te/1 9 ! selection ( *ildr5 to be provid$ =4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,report ( ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic] = ,leice/] = #aiab1 p4 #cd4 7ii7 ,we w consid] next ! plan to :i* we h already allud$1 ! provision ( meals1 free & )\t enquiry1 = all *ildr5 :o l to come1 x be+ und]/ood t ! meals are int5d$ only = necessit\s *ildr51 i4e41 ^? *ildr5 :o ?r\gh pov]ty are unable to obta9 an adequate supply ( food at home4 ,^? :o aim at mak+ ?is provision 9 "s way det]r5t sugge/ a breakfa/ ( porridge1 ! "t ( ! meal & ! nature ( ! food provid+ a te/ ( ne$4 ,z ! man inside ! workh\se mu/ n h bett]1 b a decid$ly worse1 treatm5t ?an ! man outside1 s if ! food be n\ri%+ b n too palatable x may *ance t only ! truly necessit\s may apply4#ech ,*ildr5 :o c obta9 food at home w pref] to d s4 ,b x is f\nd 9 practice t x is n only ! *ildr5 :o c get suffici5t food at home :o are det]r$ by su* a device1 b t ! truly necessit\s also refuse to come4 ,su* a sy/em1 9 fact1 defeats its own ends4 ,x is futile to provide meals = all und]f$ *ildr5 & at ! same "t to make t provision s det]r5t t ^? = :om x is int5d$ decl9e to avail !mselves ( x4 ,ev5 if !re is no int5tion ( mak+ ! provision det]r5t1 ! idea t ! meals are meant only = necessit\s *ildr5 w1 9 fact1 make x s2 _m p>5ts w pref] to fe$ _! *ildr5 at home on a totally inadequate diet r ?an disclose _! pov]ty by s5d+ !m to ! s*ool meals4 ,! pov]ty te/ 9 fact1 9 :atev] =m x may be appli$1 w exclude numb]s ( *ildr5 :om x is desirable to provide =4 ,footnote #ech3 ,a ,new ,poor ,law = ,*ildr51 by ,rev4 ,h5ry ,isel91 9 ,*>ity ,organisation ,review1 ,m>*1 #aiji1 p4 #agj4 7iii7 ,! two me?ods t we h describ$ w\ld ea* leave a l>ge class ( *ildr5 )\t provision4 ,! fir/ w\ld fail to discov] numb]s ( *ildr5 :o are und]f$1 b :o d n %[ obvi\s signs ( malnutrition4 ,! second w\ld n t\* ^? cases :]e ! *ildr5 _c get suffici5t food at home1 b :]e ! p>5ts are too pr\d to accept s*ool meals = !m4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two me?ods w\ld remove bo? ^! objections4 ,! provision ( meals1 free & )\t enquiry1 = all necessit\s *ildr51 w\ld secure ! fe$+ ( ! majority ( ^? :o are und]f$1 :ile ! ,s*ool ,doctor w\ld g5]ally discov] ^? cases :]e ! p>5ts try to conceal ! fact t !y _c give _! *ildr5 suffici5t food at home4 ,= ^! *ildr5 ! doctor w\ld1 ( c\rse1 ord] s*ool meals4 ,?is me?od w\ld n obviate ! necessity ( a great increase 9 ! s*ool m$ical s]vice4 ,moreov]1 by any ( ! me?ods discuss$1 provision w\ld be made only = und]f$ *ildr54 ,!re w\ld rema9 ! ho/s :o are unsuitably f$2 ! wor/ ( ^! cases w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be discov]$ by ! doctor1 b only ! wor/ cases4 ,&1 aga91 no provision w\ld be made = ! *ildr5 ^: mo!rs are at "w all day & consequ5tly unable to provide a midday meal1 & = :om ! s*ool d9n] w\ld be a great conv5i5ce1 = :i* ! p>5ts w\ld1 9 _m cases1 be will+ to pay4 7iv7 ,!re rema9s ! only logical conclusion1 ! provision ( a meal = all s*ool *ildr51 z "p ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,su* a provision ne$ n necess>ily be compulsory1 ?\gh x %\ld be s 9 all cases :]e ! ,s*ool ,doctor recomm5ds x4 ,f e po9t ( view1 ! psy*ological1 ! m$ical & ! educational1 ! advantages to be ga9$ f su* a c\rse w\ld be enorm\s4 ,g5]al provision = all w\ld d away ) all paup]is+ discrim9ation betwe5 ! necessit\s & ! non-necessit\s4 ,on ! m$ical side x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate ! b5efits to be secur$4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education has rec5tly pron\nc$ 9 no measur$ t]ms4 ,f a purely sci5tific po9t ( view1 he decl>$1 if !re 0 "o ?+ he 0 all[$ to d = ! six million *ildr51 if he want$ to re> an imp]ial race1 x w\ld be to fe$ !m4444 ,! great1 urg5t1 press+ ne$ 0 nutrition4 ,) t !y c\ld get bett] bra9s & a bett] race4#eci ,! b5eficial results already obs]v$ 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o h receiv$ a regul> c\rse ( s*ool meals w\ld be ext5d$ to all4 ,!n1 aga91 ! common meal w\ld s]ve z an opportunity = ! ex]cise ( _m little acts ( consid]ation = "o ano!r4 ,! tea*]s w\ld be br\ght into m intimate relations ) ! *ildr51 = !y get to "k ! *ildr5 bett] at meal "t ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,! s*ool meal w\ld s]ve z an object lesson2 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! tea*+ ( h\sewif]y & cook]y 9 ! s*ools1 x w\ld spe$ily raise ! /&>d 9 ! homes4 ,!re w\ld be ano!r advantage4 ,adequate re/ aft] ! meal c\ld be insi/$ on1 foll[$ by heal?y play 9 ! op5 air 9 ! playgr\nd in/ead ( 9 /uffy rooms & backy>ds4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts1 z we h already %[n1 x is imp]ative t d9n] %\ld be provid$ = all :o want to /ay4 ,numb]s ( *ildr5 are unable to return home1 & x is almo/ impossible = ! p>5ts to provide suitable cold food = !m to take ) !m2 ev5 :5 !y c g home to d9n] !y frequ5tly h a long walk1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! meal mu/ be eat5 ha/ily & ! *ildr5 hurry back to s*ool imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #eci3 ,report ( ,proce$+s ( ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,ox=d ,summ] ,meet+1 #aiac1 p4 #ag4 ,if g5]al provision is made1 ought ! p>5ts to be requir$ to pay or %\ld ! meal be free to all8 ,! fir/ plan has mu* to recomm5d x & has be5 advocat$ 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,at ! rec5t conf]5ce at ! ,guildhall on ,s*ool ,fe$+1 = in/ance1 !re appe>$ to be a g5]al agreem5t 9 fav\r ( ?is c\rse4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,special ,s*ools = ,defective ,*ildr51 & "s ( ! rural s*ools1 :]e a midday meal or hot cocoa is provid$1 %[s t numb]s ( p>5ts are able to pay1 & !re does n appe> to be mu* difficulty 9 collect+ ! paym5t4#edj ,& 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools1 :]e little provision is made = pay+ cases1 x w\ld appe> t !re does exi/ a c]ta9 dem& = su* provision4#eda ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x is a "q :e!r any l>ge numb] ( p>5ts w\ld volunt>ily pay = _! *ildr5's meals :5 x 0 kn[n t provision 0 made = all & t o!r *ildr5 7 receiv+ ! meal free4 ,! paym5t w\ld h to be left to ! p>5t's consci5ce1 = any attempt to try to decide 9 :i* cases paym5t %\ld be insi/$ on & 9 :i* x %\ld be remitt$ w\ld introduce aga9 ! evils ( ! pres5t sy/em1 ) its demoralis+ enquiry into ! p>5ts' circum/ances--?\gh 9 a some:at mitigat$ =m1 s9ce no di/9ction w\ld be made betwe5 ! pay+ & ! non-pay+ *ildr51 & ! latt] w\ld n be m>k$ (f z a sep>ate class z at pres5t4 ,ano!r difficulty1 ?\gh a m9or "o1 w\ld arise 9 ! fix+ ( ! price to be *>g$4 ,9 ! m prosp]\s di/ricts ! d9n] might be self-support+1 b 9 ! poore/ localities x w\ld h>dly be possible to *>ge an am\nt suffici5t to cov] ! co/ ( ! food4 ,footnote #edj3 ,see ante1 pp4 #abj1 #abc-e1 #aee-f4 ,footnote #eda3 ,9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools 9 "s ( ! ,scotti% t[ns1 l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 pay = ! d9n]s4 7,see ,app5dix ,,ii41 pp4 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdf47 ,! provision ( a free meal = all w\ld obviate ^! difficulties4 ,x w be object$ at once t su* a plan w und]m9e p>5tal responsibility1 b1 z we h %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 communal provision ( o!r s]vices has n _h ?is result4 ,& aga9/ ?is light5+ ( p>5tal burd5s mu/ be set ! cont9ual increase ( duties :i* are be+ plac$ ^u !m4 ,a m s]i\s objection lies 9 ! exp5se4 ,tak+ ! co/ ( a s*ool d9n] at #b-a_/d;d4 p] head1#edb ! provision ( "o meal a day = five days a week dur+ t]m "t = all ! six million s*ool *ildr5 9 ,engl&1 ,wales & ,scotl& w\ld co/ ab\t #ab1ejj1jjj4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an outside e/imate1 = x w\ld probably be f\nd t a consid]able numb] ( p>5ts w\ld pref] to h _! *ildr5 at home to d9n] r ?an s5d !m to ! s*ool meal2 & ! provision might be conf9$ to s*ools 9 poor di/ricts4 ,to ! actual co/ ( supply+ ! meals !re mu/ be add$ ! initial outlay incurr$ 9 provid+ d9+-rooms & appliances4#edc ,on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld be a great sav+ ( "t & en]gy :i* is n[ consum$ 9 mak+ enquiries4 ,& ! provision ( s*ool meals w\ld t5d to dim9i% ! am\nt :i* w o!rwise h to be sp5t 9 ! ne> future on m$ical treatm5t4 ,food1 z ,sir ,george ,newman has po9t$ out1 is ( m importance ?an drugs & surgical treatm5t1 & if regul> meals 7 provid$ !re w\ld be mu* less ne$ = s*ool cl9ics4#edd ,! exp5diture on ! provision ( s*ool meals w\ld1 inde$1 be nationally a mo/ pr(itable inve/m5t2 x w\ld be amply ju/ifi$ by ! improv$ physique ( ! ris+ g5]ation & by ! consequ5t increase 9 _! effici5cy4 ,x w\ld be f> m productive1 9 fact1 ?an mu* ( ! money :i* is n[ sp5t on education1 ?an ! outlay1 = in/ance1 on ! erection ( huge s*ool build+s1 an outlay ! necessity ( :i* is becom+ m & m que/ionable 9 ! light ( ! prov$ sup]iority ( op5-air education4 ,footnote #edb3 ,! co/ dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! k9d ( food provid$4 ,at ,brad=d1 :]e a two-c\rse d9n] is giv51 ! total co/ p] meal1 = adm9i/rative *>ges 7! upkeep ( ! ,cook+ ,depot1 ! r5t ( ! d9+-rooms1 ! wages ( ! /aff1 paym5t = sup]vision1 ! c>riage ( ! food1 s9k+ fund1 etc471 am\nt$ 9 #aiab-ac to #ab;d41 & = food to #abf;d41 mak+ a total ( #bdf;d4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! meals suppli$ 7 breakfa/s1 :i* are usually r *eap] ?an d9n]s1 s t ! co/ p] d9n] w\ld be slightly m4 7,brad=d ,education ,committee1 ,return z to ! ,work+ ( ! ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act = ! ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aiac74 ,at ,ed9burgh1 :]e a "o-c\rse d9n] is giv51 ! co/ is #i;d4 = food & #a;d4 = adm9i/rative *>ges4 7,report ( ! ,ed9burgh ,s*ool ,bo>d = #aiab-ac1 p4 #ce47 ,footnote #edc3 ,we mu/ add "o o!r item ( exp5diture1 :i* w be necess>y :atev] c\rse be adopt$ ) reg>d to ! provision ( meals1 namely1 ! appo9tm5t ( sal>i$ organis]s = ea* gr\p ( s*ools1 to sup]vise ! "w ( m$ical treatm5t1 aft]-c>e1 & all o!r activities direct$ to ! physical well-be+ ( ! *ild4 ,footnote #edd3 ,report ( ,proce$+s ( ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,ox=d ,summ] ,meet+1 #aiac1 p4 #ag4 ,un=tunately ! g5]al provision ( a s*ool d9n] w n be a complete solution ( ! problem4 ,!re w rema9 ! *ildr5 = :om "o meal a day w n be suffici5t1 :ile ! discont9uance ( ! meals dur+ ! holidays w cause !m s]i\s suff]+4 ,exp]i5ce has amply %[n ! necessity ( ! meals be+ cont9u$ dur+ ! holidays & p[] mu/ be giv5 to ! ,local ,education ,au?orities to make ?is provision :5 x is requir$4 ,!y mu/ also be all[$ to provide an additional meal = ^? *ildr5 = :om d9n] alone is n suffici5t4 ,any proposal to limit ! provision to "o meal c\ld n1 inde$1 be s]i\sly ent]ta9$1 = numb]s ( ,local ,au?orities are already supply+ ?is extra food & w\ld resi/ any curtailm5t ( _! p[]s 9 ?is respect4 ,b :5 we come to consid] = :at *ildr5 ?is additional provision %all be made1 we are face to face ) all ! old difficulties ( selection4 ,obvi\sly x _c be made = all4 ,p]haps ! be/ me?od w\ld be to provide = all *ildr5 :o lik$ to come1 :il/ att5dance %\ld be obligatory on ^? = :om ! ,s*ool ,doctor ord]$ extra n\ri%m5t4 ,su* a prospect w\ld be view$ ) al>m by _m1 b ! numb]s to be provid$ = w\ld probably n be excessive1 if x 0 und]/ood t ?is extra provision 0 int5d$ only = necessit\s or delicate *ildr54 ,x is f\nd t ! att5dance drops (f consid]ably dur+ ! holidays1 & t x is always less = a breakfa/ ?an = a d9n]2 x requires m ex]tion to come 9 "t = breakfa/1 :ile ! f>e provid$ is n s popul>4 ,probably ! dang] w\ld be r on ! side ( too few *ildr5 be+ provid$ = ?an too _m4 ,no plan t c be propos$ is free f disadvantages4 ,& ?is br+s u back to ! po9t at :i* we />t$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 no attempt to deal ) effects only1 :ile causes rema9 unt\*$1 c be :olly satisfactory4 ,provision mu/ be made = ! pres5t g5]ation ( s*ool *ildr52 _! necessities mu/ be reliev$ & future ineffici5cy due to und]fe$+ 9 *ildhood mu/ be prev5t$4 ,b at ! same "t1 & above all1 a det]m9$ attack mu/ be made on ! evils :i* lie at ! root ( ! *ildr5's malnutrition4 ,indu/rial conditions mu/ be s organis$ t x is possible = e man himself to provide = 8 *ildr5 at lea/ ! requisite m9imum ( food1 clo?+ & o!r necess>ies4 ,summ>y ( ,conclusions #a4 ,t1 s long z economic conditions rema9 z !y are1 ! provision ( s*ool meals is a necessity4 #b4 ,t no me?od ( selection ( ! *ildr5 :o are to receive ! meals c be satisfactory1 & t all attempts at pick+ & *oos+ %\ld1 !re=e1 be ab&on$4 ,! meal %\ld be provid$ = all *ildr5 :o l to come1 )\t any enquiry into _! p>5ts' circum/ances4 ,att5dance %\ld be compulsory if recomm5d$ by ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]4 #c4 ,t ! meal %\ld be reg>d$ z "p ( ! s*ool curriculum & %\ld be educational4 ,x %\ld be s]v$1 z f> z practicable1 on ! s*ool premises1 9 rooms :i* are n us$ z class-rooms2 ! plan ( s5d+ ! *ildr5 to eat+-h\ses or to l>ge c5tres %\ld be discont9u$4 ,"s ( ! tea*]s %\ld be pres5t to sup]vise ! *ildr51 :o %\ld be taught to set ! tables & to wait on "o ano!r4 ,! meal %\ld be s]v$ z attractively z possible4 #d4 ,! diet>y %\ld be drawn up 9 consultation ) ! ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ) a view to ! physiological requirem5ts ( ! *ildr51 special att5tion be+ paid to ! infants4 #e4 ,! prep>ation ( ! food %\ld n be entru/$ to cat]]s1 b %\ld be und]tak5 by ! ,local ,education ,au?ority4 #f4 ,! meals %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! s*ool ye>1 &1 if necess>y1 dur+ ! holidays4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,examples ,,( ,,m5us 7#a7 ,brad=d ,,spr+ ,,diet>y1 #aiac ,d9n]s to be repeat$ e f\r weeks #a/ week3 ,monday4 ,br[n vegetable s\p4 ,rice pudd+4 ,tuesday4 ,cottage pie2 gre5 peas4 ,/ew$ fruit4 ,w$nesday4 ,potato & onion s\p4 ,plum cake 7,cocoanut cake alt]nate mon?s74 ,?ursday4 ,meat & potato ha%2 beans4 ,rice pudd+4 ,friday4 ,fi% & potato pie2 p>sley sauce2 peas4 ,gr\nd rice4 #bnd week3 ,monday4 ,potato & onion s\p4 ,rice pudd+4 ,tuesday4 ,%eph]d's pie4 ,/ew$ fruit4 ,w$nesday4 ,york%ire pudd+2 gravy2 peas4 ,sago pudd+4 ,?ursday4 ,scot* b>ley bro?4 ,currant pa/ry4 ,friday4 ,fi% & potato pie2 p>sley sauce2 peas4 ,rice & sultanas4 #crd week3 ,monday4 ,br[n vegetable s\p4 ,rice pudd+4 ,tuesday4 ,meat & potato ha%2 beans4 ,/ew$ fruit4 ,w$nesday4 ,potato & onion s\p4 ,g+] pudd+ & sweet sauce4 ,?ursday4 ,/ew$ beef & gravy2 ma%$ potatoes4 ,bak$ jam roll4 ,friday4 ,fi% & potato pie2 p>sley sauce2 peas4 ,semol9a pudd+4 #d? week3 ,monday4 ,potato & onion s\p4 ,:olemeal cake4 ,tuesday4 ,ha%$ beef & sav\ry balls4 ,rice pudd+4 ,w$nesday4 ,york%ire *eese pudd+2 peas & gravy4 ,/ew$ fruit4 ,?ursday4 ,%eph]d's pie2 gre5 peas4 ,sago pudd+4 ,friday4 ,fi% & potato pie2 p>sley sauce4 ,rice & sultanas4 7#b7 ,le$s ,,w9t] ,,diet>y ,repeat$ week aft] week4 ,monday4 ,pea s\p2 br[n & :ite bread4 ,p>k94 ,tuesday4 ,%eph]d's pie2 br[n & :ite bread4 ,buns or cake4 ,w$nesday 7except dur+ ,adv5t & ,l5t7--,iri% /ew2 br[n & :ite bread4 ,p>k94 ,w$nesday 7dur+ ,adv5t & ,l5t7--,l5til & tomato s\p 7alt]nately ) fi% pie72 br[n & :ite bread4 ,p>k94 ,?ursday4 ,cru/ pie2 br[n or :ite bread4 ,buns or cake4 ,friday4 ,l5til & tomato s\p 7alt]nately ) fi% pie72 br[n & :ite bread4 ,p>k94 7,"s o!r k9d ( cake or bun is n[ sometimes sub/itut$ = p>k947 ,,summ] ,,diet>y ,monday4 ,rice pudd+2 /ew$ fruit4 ,currant cake4 ,tuesday4 ,%eph]d's pie2 br[n & :ite bread4 ,se$ cake4 ,w$nesday4 ,cru/ pie2 br[n & :ite bread4 ,currant cake4 ,?ursday4 ,pott$ meat s&wi*es4 ,rice pudd+4 ,friday4 ,l5til & tomato s\p2 :ite & br[n bread4 ,buns4 7#c7 ,we/ ,ham4 ,,w9t] ,,diet>y4 ,monday4 ,iri% /ew4 ,br[n bread & jam4 ,tuesday4 ,l5til s\p4 ,bak$ currant pudd+4 ,w$nesday4 ,roa/ mutton2 potatoes2 h>icot beans2 bread4 ,?ursday4 ,m9ce4 ,suet pudd+2 jam or /ew$ fruit4 ,friday4 ,s\p4 ,rice ) jam or treacle4 7,dur+ summ] light] food is sub/itut$47 7#d7 ,acton4 ,monday4 ,s\p & bread4 ,currant roll4 ,tuesday4 ,/ew$ meat2 cabbage2 potatoes4 ,w$nesday4 ,s\p & bread4 ,pla9 suet pudd+ ) syrup4 ,?ursday4 ,iri% /ew & potatoes4 ,pla9 pudd+4 ,friday4 ,s\p & bread4 ,rice pudd+4 ,saturday4 ,/ew$ meat & two vegetables4 ,?is m5u is !oretically repeat$ week aft] week ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b 9 practice x is n always /rictly adh]$ to4 7#e7 ,london4 ,d9n]s :i* may be suppli$ by ! ,alex&ra ,tru/4 7,see ,m9utes ( ! ,l4,c4,c41 ,dec4 #ag1 #ah1 #aiab47 ,,w9t] ,,m5u4 #a4 ,h>icot bean s\p2 bread4 ,treacle pudd+4 #b4 ,fi% & potato pie2 bread4 ,bak$ rais9 pudd+4 #c4 ,pea s\p2 bread bak$ 9 dripp+4 ,fig pudd+4 #d4 ,/ew$ beef or mutton2 dumpl+s2 /eam$ potatoes2 bread4 #e4 ,beef /ew$ ) peas2 dumpl+s2 potatoes2 bread4 #f4 ,mutton /ew$ ) h>icot beans2 /eam$ potatoes2 bread4 ,suet pudd+4 #g4 ,meat & potato pie2 bread4 #h4 ,meat pudd+4 #i4 ,toad-9-!-hole2 potatoes2 bread4 #aj4 ,rice pudd+2 two slices ( bread & butt]4 ,,summ] ,,m5u4 #a4 ,rice pudd+2 two slices ( bread & butt]4 #b4 ,toad-9-!-hole2 potatoes2 bread4 #c4 ,meat pies2 potatoes2 bread4 #d4 ,meat pudd+2 potatoes2 bread4 #e4 ,cold meat pie2 fruit roll4 #f4 ,meat s&wi*2 piece ( cake4 #g4 7,= ,infants7 ,hot milk & bread2 fruit roll4 ,,d9n]s ,,= ,,infants #a ,liquid "p ( w9t] d9n] m5us1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f4 #b ,rice1 tapioca1 mac>oni or b>ley pudd+1 ) two slices ( sultana bread & butt]4 #c ,/ew--v f9e m9ce4 #d ,bak$ cu/>d1 ) bread & butt]4 #e ,savory cu/>d1 ) bread & butt]4 7#f7 ,grass+ton 7,york%ire7 ,,sample ,,m5us#ede ,footnote #ede3 ,!re appe>s to be no fix$ diet>y1 ! d9n]s be+ v>i$ ea* week4 ,monday4 ,h>icot bean s\p2 bread4 ,/eam$ suet pudd+ & treacle4 ,tuesday4 ,meat & potato pies ) cru/s on4 ,rice pudd+4 ,w$nesday4 ,onion s\p2 bread4 ,/eam$ g+] pudd+2 sweet sauce4 ,?ursday4 ,meat & potato pie ) cru/s on4 ,sago pudd+4 ,friday4 ,york%ire pudd+2 gravy2 ma%$ potato4 ,m>malade pudd+2 sweet sauce4 ,monday4 ,potato s\p2 bread4 ,/eam$ g+] pudd+2 sweet sauce4 ,tuesday4 ,meat & potato pies ) cru/s on4 ,cornfl\r pudd+4 ,w$nesday4 ,pea s\p4 ,pla9 plum pudd+s2 sweet sauce4 ,?ursday4 ,meat & potato pies ) cru/s on4 ,rice pudd+4 ,friday4 ,%eph]d's pie 7m9c$ meat1 ma%$ potato74 ,sago pudd+4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,meals ,,9 ,,scotl& ,! ,provision ( ,meals ,act ( #aijf appli$ only to ,engl& & ,wales4 ,z we h se51 ! attempt ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons to ext5d its op]ations to ,scotl& 0 defeat$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & x 0 n till #aijh t ! ,scotti% ,s*ool ,bo>ds 7 grant$ p[] to utilise ! rates = ! provision ( food4#edf ,by ! ,education 7,scotl&7 ,act pass$ 9 t ye> x 0 enact$ t a ,s*ool ,bo>d might1 ei!r by itself or 9 comb9ation ) o!r ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 provide accommodation1 app>atus & s]vice = ! prep>ation & supply ( meals4#edg ,:]e x appe>$ t a *ild 0 unable by lack ( food or clo?+ to take full advantage ( ! education provid$1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d %\ld1 aft] due w>n+1 summon ! p>5t or gu>dian to appe> & give an explanation ( ! *ild's condition4 ,if ! explanation 0 n =?com+ or 0 insuffici5t or unsatisfactory1 & ! condition ( ! *ild 0 due to neglect1 ! ,procurator ,fiscal %\ld prosecute ! p>5ts "u ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty ,act4#edh ,if1 h[ev]1 x appe>$ t ! p>5t or gu>dian1 ?r\gh pov]ty or ill-heal?1 0 unable to supply suffici5t food or clo?+1 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 if satisfi$ t ! necessities ( ! case w\ld n be met by volunt>y ag5cy1 %\ld make su* provision = ! *ild 444 z !y deem necess>y out ( ! s*ool fund4#edi ,tempor>y provision might be made by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d p5d+ completion ( proc$ure aga9/ ! p>5ts1 & ! co/ ( su* provision might be recov]$4#eej ,! p[]s conf]r$ ^u ,scotti% ,s*ool ,bo>ds ?us diff]$ 9 sev]al respects f ^? conf]r$ on ,engli% ,local ,au?orities by ! ,act ( #aijf4 ,! ,s*ool ,bo>ds 7 grant$ p[] n only to provide food b also clo?+1 & no limitation 0 plac$ ^u ! am\nt :i* might be sp5t out ( ! rates on ! provision ( ^! necess>ies4 ,moreov]1 ! ,act 0 n p]missive4 ,9 ,engl&1 :5 9 any area s*ool *ildr5 are suff]+ f lack ( food1 & volunt>y funds are n =?com+ to meet _! ne$s1 ! ,local ,education ,au?ority may provide food out ( ! rates2 9 ,scotl& ! ,s*ool ,bo>d %all make su* provision4 ,footnote #edf3 ,see ante1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #edg3 #h ,edw>d ,,vii41 c4 #fc1 sec4 #c 7#b74 ,footnote #edh3 ,ibid41 sec4 #f 7#a74 ,footnote #edi3 ,ibid41 sec4 #f 7#b74 ,footnote #eej3 ,ibid4 ,no report has yet be5 publi%$ by ! ,scotti% ,education ,dep>tm5t z to ! action tak5 ei!r by ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds or by volunt>y ag5cies 9 ! "w ( ! provision ( meals4 ,z f> z we c ga!r f ! reports ( ! ,*ief ,inspectors1 ?\gh sev]al ,bo>ds co-op]ate ) volunt>y ag5cies & provide app>atus & s]vice1 9 only "s half-doz5 t[ns1 e4g41 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,govan1 ,lei?1 ,p]?1 has ! sy/em ( provid+ food out ( ! rates be5 adopt$ to any ext5t4#eea ,! increase 9 exp5diture on ! provision ( meals1 etc41 = necessit\s *ildr5 "u ! ,act ( #aijh is %[n by ! foll[+ table3--#eeb ,footnote #eea3 ,dur+ ! coal /rike 9 ! spr+ ( #aiab1 "s ,bo>ds 9 ! ,fife di/rict took action "u section #f & provid$ free meals4 7,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector = ! ,s\!rn ,division = #aiab1 p4 #aa47 ,footnote #eeb3 ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education 9 ,scotl&1 #aiab-ac1 p4 #d4 ,provid+ ,food1 ,clo?+ or ,total4 ,accomodation o!r exp5diture = ,meals1 7= necessit\s ,sec4 #c7b7 *ildr57 ,sec4 #f #aijh-i 7,"p ( #fg #aa #gh ye> only47 #aiji-aj #bij #iba #a1baa #aiaj-aa #c1ggg #c1gfh #g1ede #aiaa-ab #d1ehf #c1agb #g1geh ,9 ,ed9burgh1 ! necessity = fe$+ und]f$ s*ool *ildr5 0 recogniz$#eec v soon aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,education ,act ( #ahgb4 ,! ,association = ,improv+ ! ,condition ( ! ,poor e>ly und]took to deal ) cases report$ by ! ,att5dance ,(fic]s4 ,9 #ahgh ,miss ,flora ,/ev5son />t$ a s*eme = fe$+ & clo?+ de/itute *ildr51 on condition t *ildr5 s assi/$ mu/ att5d s*ool4#eed ,t[>ds ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury num]\s o!r volunt>y organisations appe> to h be5 e/abli%$4#eee ,z 9 o!r t[ns ! provision by ^! volunt>y ag5cies prov$ inadequate & unsatisfactory4 ,meals 7 suppli$ only = ab\t t5 weeks 9 ! ye>4 ,!y 7 s]v$ 9 eat+-h\ses1 :]e ! food 0 poor & ! arrangem5ts ( ! r\ghe/ description4 ,! *ildr5 7 select$ by ! tea*]s & att5dance (fic]s1 & !re 0 no adequate inve/igation into ! cases4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aiji ! ,"l ,provo/ summon$ a conf]5ce to discuss ! "q1 & a s*eme ( co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d & ! two *ief volunt>y ag5cies1 ! ,flora ,/ev5son ,committee & ! ,c\rant ,fund1 0 drawn up1 by :i* ! volunt>y funds 7 pool$1 & cases 7 decid$ by a committee consi/+ ( repres5tatives ( ! ?ree bodies conc]n$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,s*ool ,bo>d und]took ! entire responsibility = ! provision ( meals1 ?\gh x /ill reli$ on volunt>y contributions4 ,x decid$ to e/abli% a cook+ c5tre ( its own in/ead ( entru/+ ! supply ( ! meals to cat]]s4 ,c>e ,committees ( volunt>y work]s 7 to be appo9t$ = ea* gr\p ( s*ools to inve/igate all cases ( de/itution1 & to keep 9 cont9u\s & sympa!tic t\* ) ! families4 ,cases 7 to be recomm5d$ by ! m$ical (fic]1 s*ool nurses1 tea*]s & att5dance (fic]s1 9 addition to applications made by ! p>5ts2 ! ,c>e ,committee 0 also itself to take ! initiative 9 se>*+ out cases ( de/itution4 ,to secure uni=mity ( treatm5t a ,c5tral ,c>e ,committee1 compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d & ! volunt>y ag5cies1 0 appo9t$ to give ! f9al decision on all cases2 ?is c5tral committee 0 also to sup]vise ! collection ( ! necess>y funds1 & to r\se g5]al int]e/ 9 ! problem ( s*ool fe$+4#eef ,! ,c\rant ,fund decl9$ to act ) ! ,bo>d "u ?is s*eme1 b ! ,flora ,/ev5son ,committee co-op]at$ cordially4 ,footnote #eec3 ,= ! foll[+ acc\nt ,i am ma9ly indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mrs4 ,leslie ,mack5zie & ,mr4 ,i4 ,h4 ,cunn+ham4 ,footnote #eed3 ,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,q4 #dbaa2 ,report ( ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ 7,scotl&7 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,q4 #bcif4 ,footnote #eee3 ,report ( ,special ,sub-,committee on ,meals = ,s*ool ,*ildr51 9 ,m9utes ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,july #be1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 #ca1 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #eef3 ,ed9burgh ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,memor&um on ! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #aiaj1 pp4 #e-f4 ,! cook+ c5tre 0 op5$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaa1 & by ! end ( ! ye> ! sy/em ( ,c>e ,committees 0 9 work+ ord]4 ,volunt>y subscriptions rapidly decreas$1 h[ev]1 & 9 ,may1 #aiab1 ! ,bo>d resolv$ t rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! rates4 ,! ,c5tral ,c>e ,committee !reupon ceas$ to exi/1 its duties be+ transf]r$ to ! ,att5dance ,committee4 ,! local ,c>e ,committees1 ( :i* eight _h be5 appo9t$1 7 cont9u$ = a "t1 b at ! beg9n+ ( #aiac ! duty ( inve/igation 0 entru/$ to ! ,att5dance ,(fic]s1#eeg & ! local committees also 7 giv5 up4 ,! sy/em _h n work$ entirely )\t friction4 ,! me?od ( inve/igation 0 cumb]some & sl[1 & ! local committees 7 n 9 suffici5tly close t\* ) ! ,c5tral ,committee4 ,! committees 7 too l>ge2 f "o to n9e s*ools 7 allocat$ to ea*1 & ! memb]%ip usually numb]$ ab\t tw5ty-five4 ,b x is to be regrett$ t ! sy/em has be5 entirely ab&on$4 ,ap>t f ! "w ( inve/igation1 :i*1 z we h %[n else:]e1 is n a task :i* c suitably be entru/$ to volunt>y work]s1 !re are _m matt]s connect$ ) ! welf>e ( ! s*ool *ild 9 :i* ! volunte]'s s]vices c be ( ! greate/ value4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,two special (fic]s h be5 appo9t$ to make enquiries4 ,! meal giv5 is always d9n]1 ?\gh 9 "o ( ! poore/ di/ricts breakfa/s h rec5tly be5 />t$2 = ^! a halfp5ny is *>g$1 except to ^? *ildr5 :o are on ! free li/4 ,till lately two c\rses 7 suppli$ at d9n]1 b n[ usually only "o is giv54 ,! meals are s]v$ ord9>ily 9 ! s*ools1 b 9 "o or two places 9 halls hir$ = ! purpose4 ,f reports t we h receiv$ ! arrangem5ts seem to comp>e v fav\rably ) ^? obta9+ 9 mo/ ,engli% d9+-c5tres4 ,! tea*]s frequ5tly take a great int]e/ 9 ! "q & sup]vise ! meals4 ,"s ( ! eld] boys & girls help to s]ve ! food & wait on ! *ildr54 ,! infants are s]v$ at a sep>ate table or1 p]haps1 9 a sep>ate room4 ,att5tion is paid to cleanl9ess & tid9ess1 & ! *ildr5's mann]s are v good4 ,provision is made n only = necessit\s#eeh *ildr51 b = ^? :o c pay "p or ! :ole ( ! co/4 ,non-necessit\s *ildr5 may obta9 a d9n] on paym5t ( #b;d41 :ile ! semi-necessit\s may pay #a;d4 ,x is notewor?y t ! numb] ( free d9n]s is decreas+1 :ile ! numb] ( p5ny d9n]s is on ! increase4 ,( ! #dac1jjj meals suppli$ dur+ #aiab-ac1 ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 7 suppli$ to semi-necessit\s *ildr5 on paym5t ( #a;d42 ab\t #be p] c5t4 7 giv5 free1 ! rema9+ #be p] c5t4 be+ suppli$ to *ildr5 ^: p>5ts 7 receiv+ relief f ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil1 *ildr5 9 ,high] ,grade & ,special ,s*ools1 & ! eld] girls :o help$ 9 s]v+ ! meals4#eei ,! "w ( inve/igation has be5 greatly r$uc$ by ! introduction ( ! p5ny d9n]1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! provision ( a halfp5ny d9n] w\ld /ill fur!r dim9i% ! ne$ = free d9n]s1 & consequ5tly ! ne$ = inve/igation4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,!re is no fix$ scale 9 det]m9+ :i* *ildr5 are necessit\s1 b free meals are usually grant$ if ! gross income ( ! h\sehold is less ?an #cs4 a head4 ,footnote #eei3 ,= ! week end+ ,decemb] #ai1 #aiac1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 f$ 03-- ,necessit\s #ddb ,pay+ *ildr5 #a1chi ,p>i% ,c\ncil *ildr5 #bjg ,= _m ye>s be=e ! ,s*ool ,bo>d und]took ! responsibility = provid+ = its und]f$ *ildr51 ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil 0 supply+ meals to ! *ildr5 ( mo!rs :o 7 receiv+ p>i% relief4 ,! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,physical ,tra9+ 9 #aijc _h drawn att5tion to ! "q ( und]fe$+ among *ildr51 & ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil det]m9$ to provide meals = ! *ildr5 = ^: relief x 0 responsible1 9 ord] to ensure t no compla9t might be br\ght aga9/ x4#efj ,hot d9n]s 7 provid$ e day except ,sunday4#efa ,!y 7 int5d$ *iefly = *ildr5 ^: mo!rs 7 at "w all day1 b tickets 7 also giv5 9 cases :]e an increase ( relief w\ld n h b5efit$ ! *ildr51 or :]e ! *ildr5 _h a consumptive t5d5cy4#efb ,! d9n]s 7 s]v$ 9 eat+-h\ses :]e ! conditions z to ! s]v+ ( ! meals1 & ! mann]s ( ! *ildr5--entirely )\t sup]vision-- 7 any?+ b civilis+4#efc ,:5 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d took ov] ! g5]al arrangem5ts = fe$+1 x seem$ at fir/ z if ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil w\ld /ill cont9ue its own me?ods1 b ! sup]iority ( ! ,bo>d's s*eme 0 soon app>5t1 & ! ,p>i% ,c\ncil made an arrangem5t ) x by :i* *ildr5 ^: mo!rs 7 receiv+ relief w\ld h meals at s*ool1 ! ,c\ncil pay+ #a-a_/b;d4 p] meal to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4#efd ,footnote #efj3 ,evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,qs4 #faeec-e4 ,footnote #efa3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #facga 7#ab74 ,footnote #efb3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #eebdg 7#ca74 ,footnote #efc3 ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 #hvo edition1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #efd3 ,adm9i/rative problems aris+ out ( ,*ild ,fe$+1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,"y1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,conf]5ce on ! ,prev5tion ( ,de/itution1 #aiaa1 pp4 #cci-cdj4 ,9 ,glasg[1 z 9 ,ed9burgh1 ! provision ( meals 0 v e>ly und]tak5 by volunt>y societies4 ,z f> back z #ahfi ! ,glasg[ ,poor ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,table ,society 0 f\nd$1#efe & 9 #ahge ano!r philan?ropic society e/abli%$ ,day ,refuges1 :i* 7 int5d$ *iefly = *ildr5 ( wid[s or wid[]s :o 7 at "w all day1 & at :i* ?ree meals 7 suppli$ daily4#eff ,! ,poor ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,table ,society cont9u$ to be ! *ief ag5cy = supply+ meals till #aiaj1 :5 volunt>y contributions prov$ inadequate & ! ,s*ool ,bo>d took ov] ! provision ( ! meals4 ,a c5tral cook+ c5tre1 ) mod]n lab\r-sav+ appliances1 0 built1 ! food be+ di/ribut$ to ! diff]5t c5tres by motor waggon4 ,! meals are s]v$ ei!r 9 ! s*ools or 9 halls hir$ = ! purpose4 ,! sup]vision is usually und]tak5 by ! att5dants2 at "s c5tres assi/ance is giv5 by memb]s ( ! old d9n] societies1 b ! numb]s are fall+ (f4 ,only necessit\s *ildr5 are f$4 ,ea* case is decid$ on its m]its1 b d9n]s are n usually grant$ if ! family income exce$s #cs4 p] head4#efg ,! *ildr5 are select$ by ! s*ool doctors1 nurses1 att5dance (fic]s or tea*]s1 & enquiries are made by ! att5dance (fic]s1 imm$iate provision be+ made 9 urg5t cases4 ,boots & clo?+1 :i* up to #aiab 7 suppli$ by ! ,poor ,*ildr5's ,clo?+ ,s*eme1 are n[ provid$ by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4#efh ,9 ! special s*ools = ! physically defective1 d9n] is provid$ = practically all ! *ildr51 & ! p>5ts pay4 ,! food is good 9 quality & s]v$ 9 an attractive mann]1 tableclo?s ( "s k9d & fl[]s be+ provid$4 ,! sup]vision is und]tak5 by ! nurses & tea*]s4 ,footnote #efe3 ,report ( ,select ,committee on ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,bills 7,engl& & ,scotl&71 #aijf1 ,qs4 #cjge-h4 ,footnote #eff3 ,evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,poor ,laws1 #aiji1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,q4 #eigbh 7#ah72 ,report ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #efg3 ,see ,dundee ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #aiac1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #efh3 ,report ( ,glasg[ ,s*ool ,bo>d = #aiaa-ab1 p4 #ac4 ,p]? 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,s*ool ,bo>ds to use its p[]s "u ! ,act ( #aijh & to provide food & clo?+ out ( ! rates1 ! sy/em be+ begun 9 #aiji4 ,a ,c>e ,committee 0 appo9t$ 9 #aiaa to assi/ ! ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 look+ aft] ! welf>e ( ! *ildr5 & to take "p 9 ! di/ribution ( ! meals2 ! memb]s visit ! homes1 b app>5tly h no voice 9 ! selection ( ! *ildr54#efi ,! d9n]s are mo/ly s]v$ 9 a ,*ur* ,hall & are sup]vis$ by ! ,c>e ,committee & memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,mo/ ( ! d9n]s are suppli$ free1 only a small proportion be+ paid =4#egj ,9 ! matt] ( boots1 if a *ild is f\nd improp]ly %od1 a notice is s5t by ! ,bo>d to ! p>5ts4 ,if !y d n provide boots !mselves1 ! ,bo>d supplies !m & calls ^u ! p>5ts to pay#ega2 ab\t two-?irds ( ! money ?us sp5t is recov]$ f ! p>5ts4#egb ,footnote #efi3 ,report ( ,*ief ,inspector = ,s\!rn ,division = #aiab1 pp4 #aa-ab4 ,footnote #egj3 ,p]? ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,(fic]s' ,report on ! supply+ ( ,meals & ,boots to ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #aiab-ac1 pp4 #a-c4 ,footnote #ega3 ,report ( ,*ief ,inspector = ,s\!rn ,division = #aiab1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #egb3 ,p]? ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,(fic]s' ,report1 #aiab-ac1 p4 #d4 ,9 mo/ t[ns1 z we h said1 ! co/ ( ! food is /ill borne out ( volunt>y funds1 :e!r ! ,s*ool ,bo>d itself und]takes ! provision ( meals1 or :e!r ?is is done by a volunt>y society4 ,9 ,dundee provision has be5 made by ,! ,free & ,assi/$ ,d9n] ,fund s9ce ! w9t] ( #ahhd-e4egc ,! meals are giv5 usually 9 ! s*ools1 b sometimes 9 c(fee h\ses4 ,! prevail+ m5u appe>s to be s\p4 ,9 view ( ! l>ge numb] ( m>ri$ wom5 :o are indu/rially employ$ at ,dundee1 ! s*ool meal is a great conv5i5ce4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! *ildr51 some?+ l two-?irds 9 fact1 make "s paym5t t[>ds ! meal4#egd ,b ! price *>g$ is v l[2 a s+le b[l ( s\p co/s a halfp5ny1 :ile ! paym5t ( a p5ny a week secures a b[l daily4#ege ,at ,paisley also a l>ge proportion ( ! *ildr5 pay4 ,s\p & bread1 or1 if ! *ildr5 pref]1 cocoa & bread1 etc41 is provid$ = ! sum ( "o halfp5ny1 ! poore/ *ildr5 receiv+ x free4 ,! balance ( exp5diture on food is met f volunt>y funds2 ! ,s*ool ,bo>d pays all exp5ses ( adm9i/ration4#egf ,9 ,ab]de5 ! "w ( provid+ meals1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 und]tak5 by ! ,ab]de5 ,educational ,tru/1 0 transf]r$ 9 #aiji to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 toge!r ) ! income :i* ! ,tru/ _h devot$ to ?is purpose4#egg ,at ,gre5ock ! ,s*ool ,bo>d h rais$ a volunt>y fund = ! provision ( books1 boots or food = necessit\s *ildr51 b x has n be5 f\nd necess>y to supply any meals )9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,9 ,inv]ness provision is made by a volunt>y organisation1 ! *ildr5 be+ s5t to local eat+-h\ses4 ,footnote #egc3 ,dundee ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #aiac1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #egd3 ,ibid41 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ege3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ac-ad4 ,footnote #egf3 ,9 ! special s*ools = defective *ildr5 at ,paisley a two-c\rse d9n] is provid$ at a *>ge ( #h;d4 a week4 ,footnote #egg3 ,report ( ,*ief ,inspector = ! ,nor!rn ,division = #aiaa1 p4 #bd4 ,turn+ n[ to ! rural di/ricts1 we may m5tion an e>ly exp]im5t some:at simil> to t at ,r\sdon1 to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,9 #ahgh ! m9i/] ( ! small c\ntry p>i% ( ,f>nell came to ! conclusion t ! att5dance at s*ool w\ld be m regul>1 & ! *ildr5 w\ld d]ive m pr(it f ! education giv5 if a hot midday meal 7 provid$4 ,accord+ly a s\p kit*5 0 in/itut$ at ! s*ool1 ! plant be+ provid$ by volunt>y contributions4 ,a *>ge 0 made ( a halfp5ny p] meal or #a;d4 p] family1 :]e !re 7 m ?an two *ildr54 ,practically all ! *ildr5 avail$ !mselves ( ! provision4 ,! effects 7 soon visible1 n only 9 improv$ att5dance--! grant e>n$ rose f #hi 9 #ahgh to #ii 9 #ahhc--;b 9 great] immunity f epidemics & illness ?an 9 neighb\r+ s*ools1 & 9 ! great] buoyancy ( spirits ( ! *ildr54#egh ,footnote #egh3 ,c a suffici5t mid-day meal be giv5 to poor s*ool *ildr5 444 = 444 less ?an "o p5ny8 by ,sir ,h5ry ,peek1 #ahhc1 p4 #ac4 ,9 ?is matt] ( provid+ a midday meal = ! *ildr5 att5d+ rural s*ools1 ,scotl& w\ld appe> to be1 on ! :ole1 9 advance ( ,engl&1 ?\gh ! ext5t ( ! provision made v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,?us1 9 ! ,bord] ,c\nties1 v few s*ools make any arrangem5ts1#egi :ile 9 ,fife%ire1 :]e ! ,inspector has consi/5tly press$ ^u manag]s ! necessity = provid+ d9n]s1 ! attitude ( mo/ ( ! rural ,bo>ds is "o ( /olid apa?y4#ehj ,9 ,ab]de5%ire1 on ! o!r h&1 a cup ( cocoa or a plate ( s\p is provid$ 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntry s*ools1#eha & 9 ! c\nty ( ,inv]ness almo/ all ! s*ools provide "s sort ( hot liquid4#ehb ,9 ,k9c>d9e%ire x 0 report$ 9 #aijf t ! s\p kit*5 0 a univ]sal in/itution4#ehc ,! meals may be paid = by ! *ildr51 ^! paym5ts be+ supplem5t$ by volunt>y contributions 9 money or 9 k9d4 ,footnote #egi3 ,report ( ,*ief ,inspector = ! ,s\!rn ,division = #aiaa1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bg-h4 ,footnote #eha3 ,fir/ ,report on ,m$ical ,inspection ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,scotl&1 by ,dr4 ,leslie ,mack5zie1 #aiac1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,! ,diet ( ,c\ntry ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,*ildr51 by ,dr4 ,gordon ,a4 ,lang1 9 ,re>+ an ,imp]ial ,race1 edit$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,he*t1 #aiac1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,report ( ,*ief ,inspector = ,nor!rn ,division = #aijf4 ,b ev5 :]e x is ! rule to f9d cocoa or s\p suppli$1 x is inadequate = ! wants ( _m ( ! *ildr51 :o require a m sub/antial & n\ri%+ midday meal4 ,moreov]1 ! provision appe>s z a rule to be conf9$ to ! w9t] mon?s1 a limitation pat5tly absurd1 s9ce ! raison d'tre ( ! meals is n s mu* ! pov]ty ( ! p>5ts1 a condition :i* may fluctuate accord+ to ! seasons1 b ! fact t ! di/ances are1 9 _m cases1 too great to all[ ! *ildr5 "t to return home at midday--:i* condition is1 ( c\rse1 con/ant ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,meals ,,abroad ,we h n be5 able to make any orig9al enquiry into ! sy/ems ( s*ool fe$+ exi/+ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! foll[+ hi/ory ( ! ,cant9es ,scolaires 9 ,p>is & brief notes z to ! provision made 9 o!r =eign t[ns may1 h[ev]1 be useful = purposes ( ref]5ce1 & z %[+ h[ widespread has be5 ! movem5t = ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr54 ,! in=mation z to =eign t[ns o!r ?an ,p>is is d]iv$ ma9ly f ,prize ,essays on ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #ahij2 ,report ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 ,app5dix ix41 pp4 #bee-bgb2 ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,cont95tal & ,am]ican ,cities 7,cd4 #bibf71 #aijf2 ,! ,free ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 a repr9t ( ! reports by ! ,special ,sanit>y ,commission] ( ! ,lancet1 #bnd edition1 #aijg2 :ile full] & m rec5t in=mation is to be f\nd 9 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 its ,practice at ,home & ,abroad1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac4 7a7 ,france 7i7 ,! ,cant9es ,scolaires 9 ,p>is ,p>is has long (f]$ to o!r cities an inspir+ example ( an effici5t & uni=m sy/em = fe$+ poor s*ool *ildr54 ,%e 0 ! fir/ to make sy/ematic provision on a l>ge scale4 ,%e _h a basis ( organisation ready to h] h& 9 ! ,caisses des ,ecoles4 ,^! bodies correspond 9 "s degree to ! ,engli% ,c>e ,committees1 ?\gh ) a f> wid] sph]e ( action4 ,! orig9al object ( ^! s*ool funds 0 to enc\rage s*ool att5dance by rew>ds to indu/ri\s pupils & help to ! ne$y4 ,! fir/ ,caisse 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdi by ! ,national ,gu>d 9 ! second arrondissem5t1 & gradually ! sy/em spread4 ,9 #ahfg a law 0 pass$ enc\rag+ ! =mation ( ,caisses 9 e commune1 & direct+ t _! rev5ues 7 to consi/ ( volunt>y subscriptions & subv5tions by ! commune1 dep>tm5t or /ate4#ehd ,?is law 0 m]ely p]missive1 b 9 #ahhb1 by ! ,compulsory ,education ,law1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! organisations 0 made obligatory4#ehe ,a ,caisse 0 accord+ly set up 9 ea* ( ! tw5ty arrondissem5ts ( ,p>is4 ,att5dance at s*ool be+ n[ compulsory1 & x be+ !re=e no long] s necess>y to provide inc5tives to att5dance1 ! ,caisses1 ?\gh !y /ill cont9u$ to grant prizes1 turn$ _! att5tion m & m to ! physical ne$s ( ! *ildr51 boots1 clo?+1 food1 c\ntry holidays &1 lat]1 cr*es1 ,sav+s ,banks1 skill$ appr5tice%ip & m$ical treatm5t4 ,! ,caisse 0 a volunt>y body1 b 0 (ficially recognis$ by ! municipality4 ,! ,g5]al ,committee 0 compos$ ( ! ,mayor1 ! memb]s ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil1 & ! s*ool inspector = ! di/rict1 toge!r ) f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r p]sons elect$ by ! subscrib]s4#ehf ,footnote #ehd3 ,! ,free ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 a repr9t ( ! reports by ! ,special ,sanit>y ,commission] ( ! ,lancet1 #bnd edition1 #aijg1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,ibid41 p4 #h4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,ibid41 p4 #i4 ,z 9 o!r t[ns1 ! e>ly attempts at fe$+ poor s*ool *ildr5 7 due to private initiative2 meals 7 provid$ by ! ,caisses des ,ecoles or o!r volunt>y associations or by philan?ropic individuals4 ,^! attempts 7 unco-ord9at$ & inadequate to deal ) ! evil ( und]fe$+4 ,9 #ahgi ! ,municipal ,c\ncil made an enquiry into ! :ole "q4 ,z a result a s*eme 0 drawn up to place ! "w on a m satisfactory & uni=m basis "u public control4 ,! provision ( meals 0 entru/$ 9 ea* arrondissem5t to ! ,caisses des ,ecoles1 & a grant ( #dhj1jjj francs 0 vot$ by ! ,municipal ,c\ncil to aid !m 9 ?is "w4#ehg ,footnote #ehg3 ,! ,cant9es ,scolaires ( ,p>is1 by ,sir ,*>les ,a4 ,elliott1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may1 #aijf1 pp4 #hcd-e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t x 0 s]i\sly consid]$ :e!r ! meals %\ld n be suppli$ free = all *ildr5 att5d+ ! s*ools4 ,! ,c\ncil1 h[ev]1 came to ! conclusion t1 9 free+ ! p>5ts ( all responsibility ) reg>d to _! *ildr51 & 9 accu/om+ !m to evade _! duties1 !y w\ld be runn+ ! risk ( weak5+ ! family _s1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! morality bo? ( ! *ildr5 & ( ! p>5ts4#ehh ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ t free provision %\ld be limit$ to necessit\s *ildr54 ,at ! same "t x w\ld be difficult to exclude *ildr5 :o 7 will+ to pay = _! meals1 h5ce provision %\ld be made = ^! too4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,organisation des ,cant9es ,scolaires ,p>is1 a manifold manuscript report issu$ by ! ,direction de l',enseignem5t primaire1 #cme bureau1 #aiab4 ,! volunt>y subscriptions :i* _h support$ ! "w be=e #ahhj cont9u$ 9 !ory to be ! *ief res\rce ( ! new ,cant9es ,scolaires4 ,^! volunt>y subscriptions rapidly decreas$1 be+ ei!r )drawn altoge!r or div]t$ to ! o!r objects ( ! ,caisses4 ,at ! same "t bo? ! numb] ( meals provid$ & ! proportion ( free meals increas$ no less m>k$ly4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! fir/ ye> 9 :i* meals 7 provid$ "u ! new sy/em1 only #cc p] c5t4 ( ! meals 7 suppli$ free 7! rema9d] be+ paid = by ! p>5ts72 9 #ahih ?is proportion _h ne>ly d\bl$1 be+ #fc p] c5t4 ,! municipal subsidy rose correspond+ly1 & 9 #ahii am\nt$ to #a1jag1jjj francs4 ,! ,c\ncil took fright & appo9t$ a ,commission to consid] ! "q1 ) ! result t ! grant 0 re/rict$ to #a1jjj1jjj francs4#ehi ,?is limit has be5 fairly /rictly adh]$ to1 = ! grant am\nts n[ to only #a1jej1jjj francs1 ?\gh ! proportion ( free meals has cont9u$ sl[ly to increase4#eij ,footnote #ehi3 ,! ,cant9es ,scolaires ( ,p>is1 by ,sir ,*>les ,elliott1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may1 #aijf1 pp4 #hce-f4 ,footnote #eij3 ,accord+ to ! late/ figures #gj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 = :om meals are provid$ receive !m free4 ,ea* ,caisse is all[$ a free h& 9 ! actual details ( adm9i/ration1 h5ce ! arrangem5ts v>y 9 ! diff]5t arrondissem5ts4 ,! want ( uni=mity has obvi\s disadvantages1 & a proposal 0 rec5tly made t ! sy/em %\ld be c5tralis$1 b ?is w\ld h necessitat$ ! appo9tm5t ( a l>ge & exp5sive /aff1 & x 0 felt desirable to leave ! initiative & responsibility to volunt>y work]s4#eia ,ev]y:]e ! meal is s]v$ on ! s*ool premises1 a kit*5 be+ e/abli%$ = ea* s*ool or gr\p ( s*ools4 ,! meal is cook$ by ! cant9ires1 & is sometimes provid$ by !m at a fix$ price p] head2 m (t5 ! ,caisse pref]s to pur*ase ! mat]ials itself1 a m economical me?od1 & "o :i* ensures a bett] quality ( food4#eib ,! d9n] may consi/ ( "o1 two or ?ree c\rses4 ,! food is pl5tiful & good1 well-cook$ & well-s]v$1 & ! m5u suffici5tly v>i$4 ,! meals are made z attractive z possible to enc\rage ! bett]-class p>5ts to make use ( !m4 ,! price *>g$ v>ies f #a;d4 to #b;d42 9 almo/ all ! arrondissem5ts ! *>ge appe>s to be bel[ ! co/ price4 ,no diff]5ce is made betwe5 ! *ildr5 :o pay & ^? :o are on ! free li/4 ,! tea*]s d n assi/ 9 s]v+ ! food1 z 9 ,engl&1 b are always pres5t to sup]vise ! *ildr51 &1 9 "s s*ools at any rate1 !y eat _! d9n] ) !m4 ,at fir/ ! sup]vision 0 und]tak5 volunt>ily1 b s9ce #aiaj ! tea*]s h receiv$ an extra remun]ation ( #aej francs a day = ?is duty4#eic ,?is %>+ 9 a common meal by all classes alike1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( ! tea*]1 has _h a m>k$ influ5ce on ! *ildr5's mann]s4 ,besides ! mid-day meal1 :i* is giv5 by all ! ,caisses1 breakfa/s ( s\p are sometimes suppli$ to ! *ildr5 :o are receiv+ free d9n]s1 :ile 9 "s arrondissem5ts1 e4g41 ! eighte5?1 a small meal is also giv5 at f\r o'clock to ^! *ildr5 if !y rema9 at s*ool = ! classe de g>de4#eid ,a fur!r ext5sion has rec5tly be5 made 9 ! sev5te5? arrondissem5t1 :]e x 0 decid$ 9 #aiab to try ! exp]im5t ( a classe de g>de till eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ) a supp]1 = *ildr5 ( wid[s or wid[]s :o 7 at "w till late1 or = o!r especially poor *ildr51 or *ildr5 ) bad homes1 ! object be+ bo? to secure !m adequate n\ri%m5t & to remove !m f ! temptations ( ! /reets4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,municipal ,c\ncil vot$ a sum ( #aj1jjj francs4#eie ,weakly *ildr5 h codliv] oil giv5 to !m 9 w9t] & syrup ( iodide ( iron or phosphate ( lime 9 ! summ]4 ,footnote #eia3 ,organisation des ,cant9es ,scolaires ,p>is1 report by ,direction de l',enseignem5t primaire1 #cme bureau1 #aiab4 ,footnote #eib3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #eic3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #eid3 ,caisse des coles du #ah;e arrondissem5t1 ,ex]cice de l'anne #aiaa1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #eie3 ,proposition t5dant l'ouv]ture d'un crdit de #aj1jjj francs en vue de p]mettre la ,caisse des ,ecoles du ,x,v,i,ie arrondissem5t d'organis]1 titre d'essai1 une classe de g>de prolonge jusqu' huit heures et une cant9e du soir1 dpose p> ,m4 ,frdric ,brunet1 conseill] municipal1 ,septembre #ai1 #aiab4 ,! me?ods ( enquiry v>y 9 ! diff]5t arrondissem5ts4 ,usually ! enquiries are made by a paid inve/igator1 b ! numb]s ( *ildr5 on ! free li/ are s l>ge t ! inve/igation is z a rule v sup]ficial4 ,! necessity ( keep+ secret ! fact t a *ild is receiv+ ! meals free also militates aga9/ any effective enquiry into ! p>5ts' circum/ances4 ,! meals are grant$ = a s*ool ye>1 h5ce x frequ5tly happ5s t a *ild cont9ues to receive !m long aft] ! ne$ has pass$ away4#eif ,! enquiries are1 z might be expect$1 ! lea/ satisfactory "p ( ! ,p>is sy/em4 ,9 grant+ ! meals ! ,caisses usually take a g5]\s view2 x is held1 = in/ance1 t a man e>n+ up to #cjs4 a week _c adequately fe$ & clo! m ?an ?ree *ildr51 & if 8 family is l>g] ?an ?is ! ,caisses are prep>$ to assi/ him2 :ile wid[s' *ildr5 are inv>iably f$ if application is made4#eig ,footnote #eif3 ,organisation des ,cant9es ,scolaires ,p>is1 report issu$ by ,direction de l',enseignem5t primaire1 #cme bureau1 #aiab2 ,necessit\s ,*ildr5 9 ,p>is & ,london1 by ,george ,ra9ey1 9 ,s*ool ,hygi5e1 ,novemb]1 #aiab1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #eig3 ,ibid41 p4 #aih4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! ,p>is sy/em is ! provision ( clo!s4 ,! municipality insi/s t ! *ildr5 %all come to s*ool prop]ly clo!d2 x is ready to provide ! requisite g>m5ts1 b x insi/s t !y %all be kept clean & tidy4 ,frequ5t inspections are made = ?is purpose4 ,! result is a notable rais+ ( ! level ( cleanl9ess & tid9ess 9 ! s*ools1 bo? ! p>5ts & ! *ildr5 !mselves le>n+ to take a pride 9 _! appe>ance4#eih ,s f>1 inde$1 f ! "w ( ! ,caisses hav+ und]m9$ p>5tal responsibility1 x w\ld appe> t ! rev]se is ! case1 ! p>5ts respond+ to ! high] /&>d dem&$ ( !m4 ,footnote #eih3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aih1 #bjj4 ,:at /rikes "o 9 comp>+ ! ,p>is sy/em ) t obta9+ 9 ,engli% t[ns is ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! problem is tackl$ 9 ,p>is & ! widespread int]e/ tak5 by ! citiz5s g5]ally 9 ! "w ( ! ,caisses4 ,no half measures cont5t !m4 ,f ! fir/ ! "w has be5 educational1 ! prim>y object ( ! ,caisses be+ to enc\rage s*ool att5dance r ?an to relieve di/ress4 ,! educational progress ( ! *ildr51 ! improvem5t 9 _! physique1 ! rais+ ( ! /&>d ( mann]s & cleanl9ess1 all %[ t ! results h amply ju/ifi$ ! exp5diture4#eii ,footnote #eii3 ,= ! above description1 see1 besides ! ref]5ces already quot$1 ,report ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 ,app5dix ,,ix41 pp4 #bfb-e2 ,! ,cant9es ,scolaires ( ,p>is1 by ,m>cel ,kle9e1 9 ,report ( ,proce$+s ( ! ,int]national ,congress = ! ,welf>e & ,protection ( ,*ildr51 #aijf1 pp4 #fe-hb2 ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr53 ,! ,exp]i5ce ( ,france1 9 ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aijf2 ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees 9 ,p>is1 9 ! ,morn+ ,po/1 ,m>* #ai1 #aiji2 ,s*ool ,cante5s 9 ,p>is1 by ,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,bold]o1 9 ! ,s*ool ,*ild1 ,july1 #aiaj2 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 its ,hi/ory & ,practice at ,home & ,abroad1 by ,l\ise ,/ev5s ,bryant1 #aiac1 pp4 #gg-ic2 ,conseil ,municipal de ,p>is1 ,procs ,v]bal1 ,june #be1 #aiji1 ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji1 ,m>* #bc1 #aiaj4 7ii7 ,provision 9 o!r ,fr5* ,t[ns4 ,p>is 0 n ! fir/ municipality 9 ,france to int]e/ itself 9 ! provision ( s*ool meals4 ,! pione] t[n 9 ?is respect seems to h be5 ,ang]s1 :]e z e>ly z #ahga ! ,socit de ,f\rneau des ,ecoles ,laques 0 f\nd$ ) ! support ( ! municipality1 to provide hot d9n]s1 ei!r free or at a co/ ( #aj c5times1 dur+ ! w9t]4#fjj ,t[>ds ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _m municipalities 7 provid+ meals1 ei!r directly or indirectly ?r\gh volunt>y organisations4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 pp4 #ic-id4 ,?us at ,havre1 9 #ahih1 ! municipality 0 mak+ a grant ( #ejj to a volunt>y society2 meals 7 provid$ = #aj c5times1 or 7 giv5 free 9 cases ( pov]ty2 ab\t five-eigh?s ( ! *ildr5 :o att5d$ paid = ! meals4#fja ,footnote #fja3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bfe4 ,at ,m>seilles ,cant9es ,scolaires 7 organis$ by ! municipality 9 #ahic4 ,prior to ?is date meals _h be5 provid$ 9 "s ?ree or f\r s*ools1 b only 9 a haphaz>d mann] by volunt>y ag5cies4 ,by ! bye-law ( #ahic a committee ( tw5ty-two 0 to be appo9t$ by ! ,mayor1 & presid$ ov] by him or 8 repres5tative2 ?is committee 0 to inve/igate ! dem&s made = free meals4 ,9 #aije ab\t #h p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 9 ! communal s*ools 7 d9+ at s*ool1 ab\t half ?is numb] pay+ = ! meal2 9 ! infant s*ools ! proportion f$ 0 mu* great]1 viz41 #ah p] c5t41 :ile only ab\t "o-six? ( ! p>5ts paid4 ,z 9 ,p>is1 no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! pay+ & ! non-pay+ *ildr54 ,d9n] tickets c\ld be b\ght at all ! police /ations2 if ! p>5ts wi%$ to receive ! meals free1 !y _h to make application p]sonally or by lett] to ! education dep>tm5t2 if on inve/igation !y prov$ to be unable to pay1 ! municipality provid$ !m ) tickets4#fjb ,footnote #fjb3 ,lancet ,reports1 #aijg1 pp4 #ej-ef4 ,at ,nice also ,cant9es ,scolaires 7 e/abli%$ by ! municipality ab\t #ahif4 ,"h ! object 0 n s mu* to fe$ />v+ *ildr5 z to provide a suitable meal = *ildr5 :o came su* di/ances t !y 7 unable to return home at mid-day4 ,! municipality built kit*5s1 provid$ all ! necess>y app>atus1 & paid ! sal>ies ( ! cooks4 ,a p5ny 0 *>g$ = a d9n] ( s\p1 ! meal be+ giv5 free to ^? :o c\ld n af=d to pay4 ,any deficit 0 suppli$ by volunt>y subscriptions4 ,9 ! infant s*ools1 on ! o!r h&1 ! municipality assum$ ! entire responsibility1 & a hot meal 0 provid$ = all ! *ildr5 )\t paym5t4#fjc ,footnote #fjc3 ,ibid41 pp4 #da-dc4 ,by #aiji ,cant9es ,scolaires ( "o k9d or ano!r _h be5 v g5]ally e/abli%$4 ,x appe>$ t at ?is date some?+ l ?ree-fif?s 7 support$ entirely by public funds1 ! rema9d] be+ s support$ indirectly & p>tially4 ,9 _m t[ns :]e regul> cant9es _h n be5 in/itut$1 ! tea*]s or janitors s]v$ w>m s\p to ! *ildr5 at a nom9al sum4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts or small] t[ns1 ! *ildr5 w\ld br+ ! raw mat]ial = s\p & ! tea*] w\ld prep>e x2 ! *ildr5 w\ld also br+ _! own bread1 & sometimes w9e & cake4 ,:e!r any organis$ provision 0 made or n1 ! great majority ( ! s*ools ev]y:]e _h a /ove on :i* ! *ildr5 c\ld w>m any food !y br\ght ) !m4#fjd ,footnote #fjd3 ,s*ool ,fe$+ by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 pp4 #hj1 #id-ig4 7b7 ,switz]l& ,switz]l& 0 "o ( ! fir/ c\ntries 9 :i* provision = necessit\s s*ool *ildr5 became ! subject ( national legislation4 ,! "q e>ly attract$ att5tion4 ,! long di/ances :i* _m ( ! *ildr5 _h to walk to s*ool r5d]$ ! provision ( a mid-day meal ( ! greate/ importance1 :ile clo?+ & especially boots 7 little less necess>y4 ,aft] #ahij ! sy/em ( provid+ food & clo?+ 0 greatly ext5d$4 ,! provision 0 ev]y:]e made by volunt>y societies1 b assi/ance 0 giv5 f ! cantonal & communal funds4 ,! cantonal contribution 0 d]iv$ *iefly f ! alcohol monopoly pr(its & 0 devot$ to ?is provision = ! *ildr5's wants on ! !ory t _! mis]y 0 9 mo/ cases ! direct result ( p>5tal insobriety6#fje ,?is me?od ( adm9i/ration by volunt>y societies1 subsidis$ b n controll$ by ! municipal au?orities1 prov$ mo/ extravagant1 & l$ to mu* abuse1 :ile x ar\s$ sect>ian jeal\sies4 ,! municipalities began1 consequ5tly1 to take ov] ! direct managem5t ( ! s*ool meals4#fjf ,9 #aijc ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t issu$ an ord] mak+ x obligatory = cantons to supply food & clo?+ to necessit\s *ildr5 9 ! public elem5t>y s*ools4 ,?ree ye>s lat] x au?oris$ ! use ( /ate funds = ?is purpose1 on ! und]/&+ t 9 no case %\ld ! cantonal or city support be less5$ because ( ?is f$]al support4#fjg ,footnote #fje3 ,report ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 pp4 #bga-b4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,! ,bitt] ,cry ( ! ,*ildr51 by ,john ,sp>go1 #aijf1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 p4 #acc4 7c7 ,italy ,z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! e>ly attempts at s*ool fe$+ 9 ,italy 7 made by volunt>y ag5cies4 ,9 _m t[ns1 t[>ds ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,committees ( ,assi/ance & ,b5evol5t ,funds 7 in/itut$ to assi/ poor pupils 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 *iefly 9 ! matt] ( books & clo?+1 b 9 sev]al communes ( ,lomb>dy & ,romagna meals 7 also giv54 ,a small grant1 :i* 9 #ahig 0 rais$ to #abj1jjj francs 7#d1hjj71 0 made by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction to ! s*ool au?orities 9 ! l>ge cities1 & especially ,rome1 :o provid$ a mid-day meal = _! *ildr54#fjh ,footnote #fjh3 ,report ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bfg4 ,! fir/ t[n 9 :i* ! municipality und]took ! provision ( meals 0 ,san ,remo1 9 #ahif4 ,?is policy 0 inaugurat$ by ! ,sociali/ ,c\ncil4 ,x 0 tempor>ily ab&on$ 9 #ahih1 :5 a ,cons]vative ,c\ncil 0 appo9t$ :o pref]r$ ! subsidis+ ( volunt>y ag5cies to direct municipal action1 b 0 re-introduc$ on ! return ( ! ,sociali/s to p[] "s f\r ye>s lat]4#fji ,footnote #fji3 ,lancet ,reports1 #aijg1 pp4 #ca1 #cc4 ,9 ,milan an agitation = ! provision ( meals 0 set on foot 9 ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! municipal au?ority decl9$ to und]take ! "w !mselves1 b advocat$ ! =mation ( *>itable committees to raise subscriptions = ! purpose1 (f]+ to supplem5t ^! volunt>y funds ) a municipal subv5tion4 ,?is grant am\nt$ 9 #ahig to ab\t #djj4faj ,x 0 soon f\nd t ?is sy/em did n "w satisfactorily1 & ! municipality 0 oblig$1 ?\gh some:at reluctantly1 to assume ! responsibility4#faa ,footnote #faj3 ,m9utes ( ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,may #bf1 #ahih1 ,vol4 #dh1 p4 #ahaj4 ,footnote #faa3 ,lancet ,reports1 #aijg1 p4 #bj4 ,b x is 9 ! small rural t[n ( ,v]celli t we f9d ! mo/ rem>kable exp]im5t4#fab ,"h = "s ye>s a *>itable committee _h be5 provid+ meals = *ildr5 :o liv$ too f> f s*ool to g home at mid-day1 & ! municipality _h grant$ a small subsidy1 b x 0 felt t ?is provision 0 entirely inadequate4 ,9 #aijj x 0 decid$ to provide a meal = all ! *ildr5 att5d+ ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! object 0 n ! relief ( di/ress b education 9 its fulle/ s5se1 z di/9ct f m]e in/ruction4 ,x 0 argu$ t ! mid-day recess furni%$ an opportunity = moral education :i* c\ld n be imp>t$ 9 ! class-room4 ,! tea*]s w\ld be br\ght into m intimate relation ) ! *ildr51 :ile ! jo9+ ( ri*] & poor] alike 9 ! common meal & 9 recreation aft]w>ds w\ld in/il s5tim5ts ( bro!rhood4 ,! meal 0 to be free to all & att5dance compulsory1 = ri* & poor 7 to be treat$ exactly alike4 ,) ! same object ( prev5t+ class di/9ctions1 clo!s 7 suppli$ = ! poor] *ildr51 ! municipality provid+ ! mat]ial :i* 0 work$ into g>m5ts by ! sew+ classes4 ,! tea*]s 7 to h ! same food1 ?\gh !y 7 all[$ a d\ble quantity1 & 7 to eat x ) ! *ildr54 ,= ?is extra duty ( sup]vis+ bo? ! meals & recreation !y only receiv$ an additional #b a ye>4 ,s9ce ! moral r ?an ! physical welf>e ( ! *ild 0 ! prim>y consid]ation1 too little att5tion 0 paid to ! actual food t 0 giv54 ,! p>5ts1 x 0 argu$1 c\ld 9 ! great majority ( cases amply fe$ _! *ildr5 at home1 h5ce all t 0 ne$$ 0 to supply suffici5t food to comp5sate = ! wa/e ( en]gy dur+ ! two & a half h\rs ( morn+ s*ool4 ,a cold meal ( bread & sausage or *eese 0 giv54 ,?is did n satisfy ! m prosp]\s *ildr51 :o w\ld h pref]r$ to pay = a hot meal1 & "s #aj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr51 *iefly ! ri*] ones1 obta9$ a m$ical c]tificate exempt+ !m f att5dance4 ,nor 0 ! meal suffici5t = ! poore/ *ildr5 :o 7 suff]+ f lack ( food4 ,to provide a really adequate meal free = all w\ld h be5 too exp5sive an und]tak+4 ,accord+ly1 aft] "s six ye>s1 ! g5]al free provision 0 ab&on$4 ,in/ead1 hot s\p 0 provid$1 :i* 0 giv5 free to ! poore/ *ildr51 any o!rs :o wi%$ be+ all[$ to receive x on paym5t ( #aej lire a mon?4#fac ,footnote #fab3 ,footnote #e3 ,= ! foll[+ acc\nt1 see ,lancet ,reports1 pp4 #bd-cj4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is s*eme = mak+ univ]sal provision 0 introduc$ by ! ,cons]vative p>ty4 ,footnote #fac3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 p4 #ada2 ,il ,patronato ,scola/ico ,umb]to #a 9 ,v]celli e la sua ,op]a al #ca ,dicembre1 #aiab1 pp4 #e1 #f4 ,! ,s*ool ,re/aurant seems to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,italy to a great] ext5t ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! *ildr5 att5d1 & a great numb] ( ^! pay = ! meals4 ,9 #aijh-i x 0 f\nd t 9 =ty-?ree cities ! av]age att5dance am\nt$ to #cg p] c5t4 ( ! total s*ool population2 :ile 9 sev]al t[ns ! att5dance rose to ov] #gj p] c5t4#fad ,footnote #fad3 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 p4 #adj4 7d7 ,g]many ,9 ,g]many little att5tion appe>s to h be5 paid to ! "q ( fe$+ s*ool *ildr51 ap>t f _! p>5ts1 till ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#fae ,9 "s ( ! l>ge t[ns1 at any rate1 ! arrangem5ts t 7 made 7 q inadequate4 ,9 ,b]l91 = in/ance1 !re 0 9 #ahij no society ^: *ief object 0 ! provision ( s*ool meals4 ,a society :i* provid$ food = ! poor g5]ally _h a bran* :i* devot$ special att5tion to ! ne$s ( s*ool *ildr51 & gave a small sum1 g5]ally only #aes4 or #bjs4 a ye>1 to ! committee ( ea* p>i% s*ool1 to be us$ at ! headma/]'s discretion4 ,g5]ally milk & bread 7 giv5 9 ! headma/]'s h\se4#faf ,ab\t #ahij ! subject began to attract m att5tion1 especially 9 connection ) ! vacation colonies = s*ool *ildr52 x 0 f\nd t ! *ildr5 :o 7 s5t to ^! colonies1 on return+ to _! homes1 lo/ ! b5efit !y _h ga9$1 ow+ to lack ( food4 ,on an attempt be+ made to cont9ue ! "w ( ! colonies by fe$+ "s ( ! *ildr51 x 0 f\nd t ?\s&s ( o!rs 7 also und]f$4#fag ,9 #ahig a ,bill 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,rei*/ag by ! ,social ,democrats to make provision = s*ool meals 9 ! cities4 ,! ,bill 0 defeat$ on ! gr\nd t x w\ld increase ! migration to ! cities f ! rural di/ricts4#fah ,"s t5 ye>s lat] ! agitation = national legislation 0 r5ew$1 z a result ( ! discov]y t f #dd to #df p] c5t4 ( ! conscripts = ! ,imp]ial ,army 7 reject$ on acc\nt ( physical unfitness4#fai ,footnote #fae3 ,prize ,essays on ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #ahij1 pp4 #fe1 #bab-d4 ,footnote #faf3 ,ibid41 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #fag3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 pp4 #ag-ah1 #ajd4 ,footnote #fah3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ah1 #aje4 ,footnote #fai3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ii1 #ajf4 ,9 #aiji x 0 f\nd t out ( #ahi cities f :i* in=mation 0 obta9$1 9 #gh meals 7 be+ provid$ by volunt>y societies1 )\t any subsidy f1 or control by1 ! municipal au?orities1 ?\gh ^! latt] usually co-op]at$ 9 ! sup]vision & s]vice1 & (t5 suppli$ rooms1 gas & cook+ free2 9 #fh cities1 meals 7 provid$ by volunt>y organisations1 b ! city gov]nm5ts subsidis$1 & usually ex]cis$ "s control ov]1 _! "w2 :ile 9 #dc cities ! provision ( meals 0 und]tak5 entirely by ! municipality4#fbj ,footnote #fbj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aad-e4 7e7 ,au/ria ,9 ,au/ria s*ool meals are provid$ 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns4 ,9 ,vi5na ! ,c5tral ,association = fe$+ necessit\s s*ool *ildr5 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhg1 ) ! help & approval ( ! municipality1 ! ,mayor act+ z ,presid5t & ! ,municipal ,c\ncil be+ repres5t$ on its ,adm9i/rative ,c\ncil4 ,meals 7 giv5 f ,novemb] to ,april1 occasionally at ! s*ools1 b m (t5 9 re/aurants4 ,all ! meals 7 suppli$ free4 ,! *ildr5 7 select$ by ! ,s*ool ,manag]s & ! headma/]1 & enquiry 0 made by ,local ,committees ) ! help ( volunt>y work]s4 ,! tea*]s sup]vis$ ! meals4#fba ,9 #ahhh-i1 ! ,municipal ,c\ncil made a grant to ?is society t[>ds ! provision ( food2#fbb by #ahif ?is municipal subsidy am\nt$ to #ej1jjj frs4 7#b1jjj71 :ile #eb1ejj frs4 7 grant$ = ! supply ( clo?+4#fbc ,9 #aijf ! food subsidy _h ris5 to #c1cej4fbd ,! provision made 01 h[ev]1 inadequate4 ,meals 7 only giv5 dur+ ! w9t]1 & 7 n obta9$ by all ! *ildr5 :o ne$$ !m4 ,x 0 felt t ! city ought to assume direct control4 ,9 #aiji kit*5s & d9+-rooms 7 built 9 f\r new public s*ools4#fbe ,footnote #fba3 ,prize ,essays on ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #ahij1 pp4 #ff-gj1 #aha-g1 #aig-h4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ach1 #aih4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 pp4 #beh1 #bfj-bfa4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,cont95tal & ,am]ican ,cities1 #aijf1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 p4 #adc4 7f7 ,belgium ,9 mo/ ( ! ,belgian t[ns 9 ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury volunt>y organisations 7 to be f\nd ^: object 0 to provide food & clo?+ = poor s*ool *ildr54 ,?is provision 0 made to enable !m to att5d s*ool in/ead ( begg+ 9 ! /reets1 s9ce education 0 n compulsory4#fbf ,9 ,brussels ! *ief society 0 ,le ,progrs ,club1 :i* 9 #ahhh comm5c$ ! provision ( s\p d9n]s 9 ! s*ools4 ,! ,t[n ,c\ncil assi/$ by provid+ tables & und]tak+ ! c>riage ( ! food to ! diff]5t c5tres1 & 9 #ahia by grant+ a subsidy ( #e1jjj frs4 ,an application 0 v soon made = an increase ( ?is subsidy1 :]eupon ! municipality und]took a detail$ enquiry into ! :ole "q ( ! food1 clo?+1 lodg+1 cleanl9ess & heal? ( ! *ildr5 9 ! communal s*ools4 ,x 0 f\nd z a result t #afhi p] c5t4 7 badly %od1 #bejd p] c5t4 badly clo!d1 & #beee p] c5t4 insuffici5tly f$4#fbg ,! "w ( m$ical inspection & treatm5t 0 v e>ly und]tak5 by ! local au?ority4 ,at ! date ( ?is report 7#ahid71 a doctor & d5ti/ 7 atta*$ to ea* s*ool2 frequ5t inspections 7 made by ! doctor1 & prev5tive m$ic9e1 e4g41 codliv] oil1 0 provid$ f public funds4#fbh ,! provision ( meals cont9u$ to be und]tak5 by volunt>y organisations1 aid$ by a municipal subsidy4 ,9 #aijc-jd1 ?is subsidy am\nt$ to #aj1jjj frs4 = ! communal s*ools1 & #e1jjj frs4 = ! cl]ical s*ools4 ,9 addition l>ge quantities ( clo?+ 7 suppli$ f public funds4#fbi ,footnote #fbf3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,ibid41 p4 #bee2 ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahih1 p4 #fhb4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,lancet ,reports1 #aijg1 pp4 #ad-ae4 ,at ,lige1 z e>ly z #ahhc1 ! municipality organis$ ! provision ( s\p = all *ildr5 9 ! k9d]g>t5s :o wi%$ to receive x4#fcj ,! d9n] 0 only giv5 on condition t ! *ildr5 7 clean & tidy4 ,ea* *ild 0 expect$ to h clean l95 twice a week & also to h a pocket h&k]*ief4 ,a tea*] 0 pres5t to sup]vise ! *ildr51 & %>e ! meal ) !m4 ,ea* *ild br\ght a basket ( bread & fruit to supplem5t ! food provid$1 & at ! end any bread t rema9$ 0 pack$ 9 ! baskets by ! *ildr51 to prev5t wa/e & to inculcate habits ( ?rift4#fca ,! :ole co/ 0 borne out ( municipal funds4 ,9 #aija a volunt>y committee 0 =m$ = provid+ s\p 9 ! communal prim>y s*ools4 ,?is committee plac$ at ! disposal ( ! municipality a sum ( #aj1jjj frs41 9 ord] t g5]al provision might be made = ! fir/ ye>'s s*ol>s 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 on ! same l9es z 9 ! k9d]g>t5s4 ,9 o!r classes 9 ! prim>y s*ools s\p 0 giv5 only to necessit\s *ildr51 or to ^? ^: p>5ts 7 at "w all day2 ?is provision 0 at fir/ limit$ to ?ree mon?s dur+ ! w9t]1 b 9 #aije ! municipality vot$ a grant ( #g1jjj frs4 9 ord] t x might be ext5d$ to six mon?s4#fcb ,footnote #fcj3 ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,cont95tal & ,am]ican ,cities1 #aijf1 p4 #b2 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 pp4 #bei1 #bfj-a4 ,footnote #fca3 ,prize ,essays on ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #ahij1 pp4 #bjd-e4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,cont95tal & ,am]ican ,cities1 #aijf1 pp4 #b1 #d1 #f4 7g7 ,holl& ,holl& 0 ! fir/ c\ntry to enact national legislation = ! provision ( s*ool meals4 ,! law ( #aijj en=c+ compulsory education au?oris$ municipal au?orities to provide food & clo?+ = all s*ool *ildr51 :e!r 9 public or private s*ools1 :o1 ow+ to lack ( ^! necess>ies1 7 unable to att5d s*ool regul>ly4 ,?is provision might be und]tak5 directly by ! municipality1 or by means ( subsidies to volunt>y organisations4#fcc ,footnote #fcc3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 p4 #acj4 7h7 ,d5m>k ,9 "s ( ! cities ( ,d5m>k meals 7 provid$ by volunt>y ag5cies 9 ! 'sev5ties4 ,9 #aijb a law 0 pass$ all[+ municipal au?orities to subsidise ^! organisations4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 prov$ unsatisfactory &1 9 #aijg1 a campaign 0 set on foot = compulsory national legislation4#fcd ,footnote #fcd3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 p4 #adf4 ,9 ,cop5hag5 ! municipality f #aijb made a grant ( #be1jjj kr4 7ab\t #a1djj7 to ! ,society = ,provid+ ,meals to ,free ,s*ool ,*ildr51 ! volunt>y contributions to :i* 7 rapidly dim9i%+4 ,?is society1 ?\gh a volunt>y organisation1 0 directly connect$ ) ! municipality1 its ,executive ,bo>d consi/+ ( ! sev5 municipal s*ool inspectors & f\r private g5tlem51 :ile ! municipal s*ool director 0 ex (ficio presid5t4 ,m ?an half ! total exp5diture 0 met out ( ! municipal subsidy1 ! balance be+ made up by volunt>y contributions4 ,d9n]s 7 giv5 ?ree days a week to all ! *ildr5 9 ! free s*ools :o wi%$ to att5d4 ,no *>ge 0 made & no "q rais$ z to ! economic circum/ances ( ! p>5ts4 ,ab\t #cc p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( free s*ool *ildr5 avail$ !mselves ( ?is provision4#fce ,footnote #fce3 ,! ,fe$+ ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,cont95tal & ,am]ican ,cities1 #aijf1 pp4 #c1 #e1 #g4 7i7 ,norway ,*ri/iania 0 ! fir/ t[n 9 ,norway to make municipal provision = und]f$ s*ool *ildr54 ,! sy/em 0 />t$ 9 #ahig4 ,a proposal 0 made to di/ribute food free to all elem5t>y s*ool *ildr51 b ?is 01 at ! "t1 reject$4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahig-h1 applications 7 made on behalf ( #be4ib p] c5t4 ( ! pupils 9 ! s*ool1 ! great majority ( ! meals be+ giv5 free4#fcf ,! *ildr5 made su* m>k$ progress z a result ( ?is exp]im5t t ! sy/em 0 ext5d$ & 9 ,*ri/iania & sev]al o!r t[ns a good d9n] 0 provid$ by ! s*ool au?orities = all s*ool *ildr5 :o c>$ to att5d1 ! entire co/ ( ! sy/em be+ met by taxation4#fcg ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! advantages ( ?is free provision outweigh$ ! exp5se4 ,at ,trondhjem1 :5 ! proposal 0 fir/ made by ! ,sociali/s1 x 0 bitt]ly oppos$1 b by #aijf ! sy/em 0 unanim\sly support$ by all sections4#fch ,footnote #fcf3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 p4 #bfh2 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,! ,bitt] ,cry ( ! ,*ildr51 by ,john ,sp>go1 #aijf1 pp4 #aad-aae1 #bge4 ,footnote #fch3 ,ibid41 p4 #bgf4 7j7 ,sw$5 ,9 _m t[ns 9 ,sw$5 s*emes = fe$+ poor s*ool *ildr5 7 />t$ 9 ! 'eighties1 ^! volunt>y s*emes be+ lat] subsidis$ by ! local au?orities4#fci ,footnote #fci3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 pp4 #adc-d4 ,9 ,/ockholm sev]al volunt>y organisations 7 =m$ = supply+ meals1 ! provision be+ usually limit$ to necessit\s *ildr54 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! self-respect ( ! *ildr5 & p>5ts1 "s ( ^! societies adopt$ ! plan ( all[+ ! *ildr5 to contribute to ! exp5se ( ! d9n] by p]=m+ "s manual "w1 ! mak+ ( baskets 7:i* 7 sold71 ! m5d+ ( clo!s1 ! sweep+ out ( ! rooms1 etc4#fdj ,t[>ds ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds ( ! sev]al p>i%es resolv$ to build kit*5s at ! s*ools4 ,! kit*5s g5]ally conta9$ sev]al fireplaces1 at ea* ( :i* d9n]s = a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 7 prep>$ by ! eld] girls4#fda ,ea* *ild only receiv$ a d9n] ?ree times a week4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,prize ,essays on ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #ahij1 pp4 #ga-ge4 ,footnote #fda3 ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,report on ,und]f$ ,*ildr5 att5d+ ,s*ool1 #ahii1 pp4 #bgj-bga4 ,at ,jnkp+ ! free di/ribution ( meals dates f #ahhg4 ,! funds1 :i* 7 d]iv$ f volunt>y contributions & proce$s ( conc]ts1 7 adm9i/]$ by ! ,bo>d ,s*ool ,inspector1 & ! di/ribution ( ! food 0 sup]vis$ by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,! *ildr5 7 usually s5t = d9n] to ! h\ses ( private ladies :o und]took ! cat]+4#fdb ,! poore/ *ildr5 7 f$ twice a week1 ^? :o 7 r less poor only once4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,ibid41 p4 #bgj4 ,at ,go!nburg1 besides ! provision made by volunt>y ag5cies1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education di/ribut$ bread to c]ta9 *ildr5 :o 7 select$ by ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4#fdc ,footnote #fdc3 ,ibid41 p4 #bfi4 7k7 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,9 ,am]ica#fdd ! movem5t = ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,x is true t 9 ! num]\s ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools :i* 7 in/itut$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by volunt>y organisations1 e4g41 by ! ,*ildr5's ,aid ,society1 meals 7 always giv51#fde b x 0 n till #aijd1 :5 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt] 9 8 ,pov]ty /at$ t probably #fj1jjj or #gj1jjj *ildr5 9 ,new ,york ,city (t5 arriv$ at s*ool hungry & unfitt$ to d _! s*ool "w well1#fdf t public att5tion 0 s]i\sly direct$ to ! "q ( "u-fe$+ among s*ool *ildr54 ,footnote #fdd3 ,see = a full description ( ! provision made 9 ,am]ica1 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac4 ,footnote #fde3 ,prize ,essays on ,fe$+ ,s*ool ,*ildr51 #ahij1 pp4 #bbe-ce4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,pov]ty1 by ,rob]t ,hunt]1 #aijd1 p4 #baf4 ,9 ,new ,york 9 #aijh a ,s*ool ,lun* ,committee ( physicians & social work]s 0 =m$ ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ if a ?ree c5t lun* c\ld be made self-support+4 ,?is idea ( mak+ ! meals self-support+ seems to be *>act]i/ic ( ! provision made 9 mo/ ( ! ,am]ican cities4 ,two s*ools 7 at fir/ *os51 & ! exp]im5t prov$ s successful t two ye>s lat] ! ,bo>d ( ,education gave p]mission = lun*es to be suppli$ 9 o!r s*ools4 ,! ,bo>d provid$ rooms1 equipm5t & gas2 ! co/ ( ! food & s]vice _h to be met by ! sale ( tickets4 ,! meals are s]v$ sometimes 9 ! basem5t 9 ! s*ools1 & !re does n appe> to be always adequate accommodation4 ,! meal itself is well cook$ & s]v$1 ! eld] *ildr5 help+ ! /aff4 ,a physician draws up ! diet>ies4 ,^! include "o ma9 di% su* z s\p1 /ew1 rice pudd+1 etc41 co/+ ! *ild ab\t f\r c5ts4 ,!re are besides extras1 su* z dess]t1 cakes or o!r delicacies1 :i* may be b\ght = "o c5t1 b only by *ildr5 :o h _h ! ma9 di%4 ,! meals are n q self-support+1 z a small numb] are giv5 free4#fdg ,footnote #fdg3 ,s*ool ,fe$+1 by ,l\ise ,s4 ,bryant1 #aiac1 pp4 #adg-ej4 ,9 ,philadelphia ! ,/>r ,c5t] ,association und]took s*ool fe$+ 9 "s s*ools ov] fifte5 ye>s ago1 b x is n[ manag$ by ! ,home & ,s*ool ,league4 ,sev]al ( ! s*ools provide a meal1 "s at #aj4cj a4m41 o!rs a full] meal at midday4 ,! co/ is "o c5t = lun* & ?ree to five c5ts = d9n]4 ,!re is "o hot di% ( s\p or rice pudd+1 etc41 & ! *ildr5 may sp5d ano!r c5t on ! extra da9ty4 ,! meals are self-support+4 ,! tea*]s co-op]ate en?usia/ically1 & sometimes eat ) ! *ildr54 ,! food is s]v$ on japann$ trays 9 enamel b[ls & a pap] napk9 is provid$4 ,! wa%+ up is done by ! *ildr5 "u sup]vision1 & ev]y?+ is c>efully /]ilis$4 ,bo? ! sup]9t5d5t1 :o is responsible = plann+ ! meals & pur*as+ ! food mat]ials1 & ! home visitor are tra9$ dieti/s4#fdh ,footnote #fdh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aea-afd4 ,9 ,bo/on ! ,hygi5e ,committee ( ! ,home & ,s*ool ,association began to organise s*ool d9n]s 9 #aiji1 at a s*ool ) a kit*5 atta*$4 ,by #aiaa meals 7 be+ suppli$ at tw5ty-two s*ools4 ,equipm5t 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ place1 & ! meals are n[ self-support+4 ,9 s*ools :]e !re is a kit*51 ! cook+ classes prep>e & s]ve ! meals2 "h "o c5t amply cov]s ! co/ ( ! food4 ,9 o!r s*ools outside help is hir$1 & an extra c5t p] meal ticket meets ?is exp5se4#fdi ,footnote #fdi3 ,ibid41 pp4 #afd-h4 ,?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! ,/ates ! sy/em is ga9+ gr\nd4 ,by #aiab "s ?irty cities _h organis$ ! provision ( s*ool meals1 :ile 9 at lea/ tw5ty o!rs ! "q 0 "u consid]ation4 ,ev]y:]e ?is provision 0 made by volunt>y organisations4#fej ,public funds c\ld n be utilis$1 b !re 0 gr[+ anxiety t ! "q %\ld be made a national conc]n4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to legislative action 0 tak5 by ,massa*usetts1 :]e 9 #aiab ! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,l[] ,h\se report$ fav\rably a ,bill to all[ ,s*ool ,bo>ds to sp5d "p ( ! s*ool funds on ! provision ( meals4#fea ,footnote #fej3 ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #fea3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bj1 #ahb-c4 ,,index ,ab]de51 #bdf2 c\nty (1 #bdg ,acton1 #fh1 #ij1 #ajd1 #aad1 #bcd ,aft]-c>e1 #aci1 #adj1 #ade1 #bbgn ,alex&ra ,tru/1 #aee1 #aeg ,ang]s1 #bee ,anglesey1 #abe-f ,arkle1 ,dr41 #aga1 #aha-b ,a/on ,manor1 #ean ,att5dance1 effect ( meals on1 #h1 #abc1 #ahh1 #aie-f1 #aih-i1 #bdf ,audit by ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #ef1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd-e ,au/ria1 #bfb-c ,badg]1 ,dr41 #age1 #agf1 #ahb ,b>nett1 ,canon1 #bbj ,b>nsley1 #edn1 #ee1 #aban ,b$=d%ire1 #abcn ,belgium1 #bfc-e ,b]l91 #bfa ,b]mondsey1 #bajn1 #baa ,be?nal ,gre51 #gfn1 #aia-b ,birk5head1 #ehn1 #ffn1 #fg1 #fhn1 #fi1 #gan1 #hj1 #hc1 #ie-f1 #abj1 #aba ,birm+ham1 #abn1 #acn1 #ain1 #cen1 #cfn1 #dbn1 #dcn1 #ddn1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga-b1 #gc1 #hfn1 #ajan1 #ajin1 #bajn1 #baa ,birrell1 ,mr41 #df ,blackburn1 #aae1 #agi ,blake1 ,dr4 ,sophia ,jex-1 #h ,bo>d ( ,education1 xvi1 #dj1 #dh1 #fj1 #ia1 #aja1 #ajf4 ,see also ,newman1 ,sir ,george ,bo>d ,s*ool ,*ildr5's ,free ,d9n] ,fund1 #ac1 #aen ,bolton1 #dbn ,bootle1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #gh-i1 #hb1 #he-h1 #ihn1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aah1 #age1 #aifn ,boots1 provision (1 #ade1 #bdd1 #bde1 #beg4 ,see also ,clo?+ ,bo/on1 #bgj ,b\rnem\?1 #ei1 #fe1 #fh-i ,b[ley1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,l41 #bje ,brad=d1 xvi1 #cfn1 #db-c1 #ean1 #ef1 #eg1 #ehn1 #ei1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gh1 #ha1 #hc1 #ib-c1 #ih1 #iin1 #ajjn1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aae1 #abj1 #aba-b1 #abg1 #acj1 #ahj-a1 #ahd-f1 #aic1 #aie1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjjn1 #bajn1 #baa1 #bac1 #baf-bagn1 #bbfn1 #bca-b ,breakfa/s1 v]sus d9n]s1 #gf-i1 #abh2 diet>y at1 #hb2 att5dance at1 #gf1 #gg1 #bbh2 a te/1 #gf-g1 #aei1 #bjj1 #bbb4 ,see also ,meals ,brighton1 #fa-b1 #ff1 #fi1 #ajdn1 #aae1 #aia ,bri/ol1 #dan ,br[ne1 ,dr4 ,cri*ton1 #aj ,brussels1 #bfc-d ,bryncon91 #abcn ,burgw91 ,mrs41 #f1 #agn1 #bcn1 #bja ,burns1 ,mr4 ,john1 #dd1 #df1 #ajd ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #eh1 #ei1 #aaf ,buxton1 ,mr4 ,sydney1 #aj ,caisses des ,ecoles1 #bdi-ee ,camb]well1 #aec ,cante5 ,committees1 #dg1 #eh-i1 #fh1 #gj1 #gc1 #gd4 ,see also ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees4 ,cant9es ,scolaires1 #bdi-ee1 #bef1 #beg ,c>e ,committees4 ,see ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees ,c>lisle1 #abn ,casual ,employm5t1 #bjd1 #bje1 #baa1 #bai ,cat]]s1 supply ( meals by1 #hc1 #abh1 #aeg1 #bbi4 ,see also ,alex&ra ,tru/ & ,re/aurants ,c5tres1 s]vice ( meals 91 #ia-f1 #afj-c1 #bbi2 inspection (1 #fj ,*>ity ,organisation ,society1 #a1 #d1 #aa1 #ec1 #eh1 #ge1 #if1 #bjc1 #bbj ,*ate1 ,dr41 #agd ,*elsea1 #afe ,*e/]field1 #ecn ,*ildr51 numb]s f$1 #af1 #ee1 #acgn1 #adc2 und]f$1 numb]s (1 #af1 #bi1 #agj-a1 #bjen1 #bfd1 #bfh2 und]f$1 effect ( education on1 xiii1 #b1 #f1 #h-aj1 #agi-hc1 #bjh2 numb]s att5d+ s*ool1 #ee1 #bbf2 neglect$1 #bd1 #be1 #cb1 #dcn1 #fi1 #ge1 #aab-c1 #aai1 #abi1 #bae-f1 #bcg2 necessit\s1 report on home circum/ances (1 #ach-i2 physique (1 at ,liv]pool1 #aga-b2 indu/rial employm5t (1 #agb1 #aib2 effect ( meals on1 physically1 xiii1 #c-dn1 #e-f1 #g-h1 #bin1 #cj1 #hb1 #aeg1 #ahd-aig1 #bja1 #bbd1 #bdf-g2 m5tally1 #g-h1 #ca1 #ahh1 #aig-i1 #bja2 9 po9t ( mann]s1 #bb1 #bcn1 #aii1 #bja1 #bec2 9 matt] ( ta/e1 #ig1 #aii-bja2 morally1 #gf1 #bjb4 ,see also ,att5dance1 ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 ,infants1 ,malnutrition1 ,meals1 ,selection1 ,special ,s*ools ,*ildr5 ,act 7#aijh71 #aab1 #aahn ,*ildr5's ,aid ,association1 #ec1 #eh1 #ff1 #if4 ,see also ,cante5 ,committees4 ,*ildr5's ,c>e 7,c5tral7 ,sub-,committee1 #acgn1 #adj1 #add ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees1 9 prov9ces1 #fe-f2 9 ,london1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc-ed1 #afe1 #aff2 9 ,scotl&1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdd-bde2 con/itution (1 #add2 memb]%ip (1 #ade2 functions (1 #fe1 #aci1 #ade1 #adh1 #adi2 secret>ies (1 #aci-dj1 #adh-i1 #bbgn2 organis]s (1 #ach1 #adj1 #adh-i2 advantages (1 #ade-g2 disadvantages (1 #adg-ec2 div]se policies (1 #aea-c2 ov]lapp+ ( "w (1 #aeb-d2 local associations (1 #adj1 #ada1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,see also ,cante5 ,committees1 ,relief ,committees1 ,volunt>y ,work]s ,*ildr5's ,c\ntry ,holidays ,fund1 #ade ,*orlton1 #dbn ,*ri/iania1 #bff-g ,civic ,guild1 #ecn1 #ffn ,cleanl9ess1 relation (1 to nutrition1 #agd ,clo?+1 provision (1 #ade2 9 ,scotl&1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdd2 abroad1 #bed1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,see also ,boots ,cocoa ,rooms4 ,see ,re/aurants ,cod ,liv] ,oil1 provision (1 #add1 #aee1 #aei1 #bed1 #bfd2 effects (1 #aia-b ,collie1 ,dr41 xii1 #cj1 #ca ,conf]5ce1 on ,/ate ,ma9t5ance1 #cb2 on ,s*ool ,fe$+1 #bbe ,congleton1 #agf ,cook]y ,c5tres1 prep>ation & s]vice ( meals at1 #hc1 #ijn1 #abd1 #abf1 #acj1 #ace-f1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afj1 #bgj ,cop5hag51 #bff ,c\ncil = ,promot+ ,self-support+ ,p5ny ,d9n]s1 #ab1 #aen ,c\ncil ( ,social ,welf>e1 #adan1 #afe-f ,crewe1 #eh1 #aadn ,cripple ,s*ools1 #adcn1 #aee-f1 #aij-an4 ,see also ,special ,s*ools ,cr[ley1 ,dr4 ,ralph1 #aje1 #ahj-a1 #ahd1 #ahf ,cumb]l&1 #agdn ,d>l+ton1 #abjn1 #aih ,day ,fe$+ ,s*ool1 at ,man*e/]1 #adn ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aen1 #cb1 #aag-i2 provision ( meals at1 #aen1 #ea1 #eg1 #aag-i1 #aif-g2 9 ,am]ica1 #bfh ,defective ,*ildr54 ,see ,special ,s*ools ,d5m>k1 #bfe-f ,d]by1 #ihn ,d]by%ire1 #abe ,de/itute ,*ildr5's ,d9n] ,society1 #c-f ,dewsbury1 #aad ,diet1 at home1 unsuitable1 #gh1 #gi1 #abh1 #agb1 #agd1 #aghn1 #ahi1 #bbc2 effect ( s*ool meals on1 #bja1 #bbd2 ( work+ classes 9 ,glasg[1 #agg-h2 m9imum am\nt necess>y1 #agg1 #bjen ,diet>y 7at s*ool71 xv1 xvi1 #e1 #ai1 #ej1 #gi-hb1 #aeg-h1 #beb1 #bfi2 at ,brad=d1 #gh1 #ha1 #ahe2 plann+ (1 #fj1 #gi-hj1 #abh1 #bbi2 = ,infants1 #hb1 #bbi1 #bcf2 at ,re/aurants1 #hj-a1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #afj2 at ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aah2 sample m5us1 #bca-f4 ,see also ,cod ,liv] ,oil1 ,milk1 ,porridge ,d9n]s4 ,see ,meals ,disfran*isem5t1 #cin1 #dan1 #db1 #dh ,di/ress ,committee1 #fd1 #gc ,divisional ,sup]9t5d5t1 #adin ,dukes1 ,dr4 ,clem5t1 #bhn ,dundee1 #bde ,ea/b\rne1 #abj ,ea/ ,ham1 #ef1 #ajfn1 #agc ,eat+ ,h\ses4 ,see ,re/aurants ,ecclesall ,bi]l[1 #dbn ,ede1 ,canon ,moore1 #ain ,ed9burgh1 #de1 #bbfn1 #bch1 #bci-dc ,education1 compulsory1 #b1 #f1 #aa-ab1 #bci2 effect (1 on und]f$ *ildr51 xiii1 #b1 #f1 #h-aj1 #agi-ahc1 #bjh2 provision ( meals a coroll>y (1 #i-aa1 #cb1 #cc ,education ,act 7#ahgj71 #b1 #f1 #bjc2 7#ahgb71 #bci2 7#aijb71 #bg1 #eg ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,act 7#aijg71 #bjc ,education 7,adm9i/rative ,provisions7 ,bills1 #ed1 #ajen ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act1 xii1 xiv1 xvi1 #c1 #fa1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #bjj1 #bcg1 #bch2 debates on1 #dd-g2 provisions (1 #dg-i2 adoption (1 xiv1 #ej1 #ea-h2 %\ld be compulsory1 xv1 #abg ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act ,am5dm5t ,bills1 #ajan1 #ajen ,education 7,scotl&7 ,act 7#aijh71 #dh1 #abg1 #bcg-h ,ei*holz1 ,dr41 xiii1 #bi1 #cj1 #acd ,elem5t>y ,education ,act 7#ahgf71 #aen1 #aahn ,elem5t>y ,education 7,defective & ,epileptic ,*ildr57 ,act 7#ahii71 #egn ,elem5t>y ,education 7,fe$+ ( ,*ildr57 ,bill 7#aije71 #cin ,enquiry1 #fe-h1 #bdb2 by :om made1 #cg1 #fe-f1 #fg1 #acb1 #accn1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bed1 #bfc2 inadequacy (1 #acc1 #adi-ej1 #bci2 f employ]1 #ff-g1 #adi2 n suit$ to volunt>y work]1 #adi1 #bda2 det]r5t1 #gd-e1 #bbj2 propos$ ab&onm5t (1 #bbj-a1 #bbe1 #bbi ,eri?1 #fd ,fabian ,society1 #be1 #eb ,f>nell1 #bdf ,f>quh>son1 ,dr4 ,rob]t1 #in ,feeble-m9d$ ,*ildr54 ,see ,special ,s*ools ,f5ton1 #hj ,f9*1 ,dr4 ,george1 #abcn1 #abe1 #abf ,f9*ley1 #ajhn ,fife%ire1 #bchn1 #bdg ,=eign ,c\ntries1 provision ( meals 91 #bd1 #bdi-gj ,fo/]1 ,capta91 #agb-c ,france1 #cn1 #bdi-eg ,fr]e1 ,miss ,m>g>et1 #djn ,fulham1 #dan1 #afd ,gate%ead1 #abn1 #acn ,g]many1 #bfa-b ,giff51 ,sir ,rob]t1 #bj-a ,glasg[1 #aai1 #agc1 #agg-h1 #bje1 #bch1 #bdc-d ,gor/1 ,sir ,john1 #cc1 #cin ,go!nburg1 #bfh ,govan1 #bch ,grass+ton1 #abd-e1 #bcf ,gre5ock1 #bdf ,gre5wood1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur1 xii1 xiii1 #aga1 #aicn ,grim?orpe1 ,"l1 #dg ,gu>dians4 ,see ,poor ,law ,gu>dians ,gu]nsey1 #c-dn ,gue/1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,had51 #ahg-ij1 #aib ,guild ( ,help1 #fc1 #ffn4 ,see also ,civic ,guild ,halifax1 #aban ,hall1 ,dr4 ,william1 #cj ,hamm]smi?1 #afe ,hamp/ead1 #adan1 #afe-f ,h>tlepool1 #efn ,ha/+s1 #abn ,havre1 #bef ,hay1 ,mr4 ,claude1 #cc1 #ch1 #cin1 #dfn ,h5d]son1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur1 #ch ,he/on & ,islewor?1 #fb ,holidays1 provision ( meals dur+1 xiv1 #ej1 #ef1 #aja-f1 #ada-b2 loss ( weight dur+1 #ahe-f1 #ahg2 necessity = meals dur+1 #aje1 #abh1 #bbg-h1 #bbi ,holl&1 #bfe ,home1 provision ( food at1 #ijn1 #if-g1 #adan ,hookham1 ,mr4 ,george1 #cen1 #cfn1 #ajin ,horn1 ,miss1 #de ,hornsey1 #agf ,h\s+1 #bjd1 #bai2 relation ( nutrition to1 #agb-c ,hudd]sfield1 #aae ,hugo1 ,victor1 #cn ,hull1 #cen1 #ea1 #aig ,hunt]1 ,mr4 ,rob]t1 #bfh ,hut*ison1 ,dr4 ,rob]t1 #bi ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #bin4 ,see also ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools ,infants1 special provision =1 #hb1 #ib1 #id1 #abh1 #aeh-i1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #ahi1 #bbi1 #bcf1 #bda2 provision =1 abroad1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfd ,inv]ness1 #bdf2 c\nty (1 #bdg ,isel91 ,rev4 ,h5ry1 #bjdn1 #bajn1 #bbj1 #bbbn ,italy1 #beh-fa ,jo9t ,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 #bf1 #aca-d1 #acg ,jnkp+1 #bfh ,j[ett1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w41 #dc1 #dfn ,juv5ile ,employm5t4 ,see ,aft]-c>e ,k5s+ton1 #aih ,k]r1 ,dr41 #gi1 #hj ,kett]+1 #dbn ,kidd]m9/]1 #agf ,k9c>d9e%ire1 #bdg ,lab\r ,p>ty1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #efn1 #aje ,lambe?1 #afe1 #ahg-ij1 #aien ,lanca/]1 #fc ,l>k9s1 ,dr41 #agi ,le$s1 #cj1 #eh1 #ei1 #ffn1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #hc1 #ic-d1 #ihn1 #ii1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aain1 #aif-g1 #bcc-d ,leice/]1 xiv1 #eb-c1 #edn1 #eh1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #gb-c1 #gd-e1 #if-g1 #aad1 #abj ,lei?1 #bch ,lige1 #bfd-e ,liv]pool1 #acn1 #eb1 #een1 #eg1 #ehn1 #fe-f1 #fg1 #fi1 #gd1 #ij-a1 #ihn1 #aae-f1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #adf1 #aga1 #aha-b1 #aie-f1 #bje ,local ,education ,au?orities1 p[] (1 to provide meals1 #c1 #bc-f1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1 #df1 #dg-i1 #ef-h2 adoption ( ,provision ( ,meals ,act by1 #ea-d2 numb]s mak+ provision1 #ed2 diff]5t policies (1 #ej2 co-op]ation & ov]lapp+ (1 ) ,gu>dians1 #da1 #ea1 #aac-g1 #abi-cj1 #aci1 #afc-f2 provision ( meals by1 abroad1 #bdi-gj4 ,see also ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 ,/ate1 ,volunt>y ,ag5cies 7co-op]ation (1 ) ,local ,au?orities7 ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 xiv1 #ci1 #dj1 #ef1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #afd1 #afe1 #bji ,london1 xvi1 #c-g1 #aj1 #ab-c1 #acn1 #ae-bg1 #bi1 #ce1 #da1 #ee1 #fe1 #ajcn1 #aajn1 #aaan1 #aca-fi1 #aij-an1 #aid1 #aie1 #aig-h1 #aii1 #bje1 #bacn1 #bce-f ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 xvi1 #da1 #ajd1 #aca1 #acd-e1 #acf-da1 #add1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec-d1 #aef ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d1 #acn1 #acgn2 committees (1 on und]f$ *ildr51 #af-bf1 #bi1 #aca ,london ,s*ools ,d9n] ,association1 #af-g1 #acdn ,london ,veget>ian ,association1 #adb-c ,l\gh1 ,mr41 #df ,mack5zie1 ,dr4 ,leslie1 xiii1 #agb1 #agi ,macmillan1 ,miss ,m>g>et1 #ajj ,macnam>a1 ,dr41 #cc ,malnutrition1 ext5t (1 #cd1 #agj-a2 causes (1 #de1 #agb-i1 #bba2 signs (1 #agj1 #bba2 effects (1 on physique1 xii-xiii1 #bi-cj2 effects (1 on m5tal capacity1 #ca1 #agi-hc1 #aih2 relation (1 to family income1 #agg-i4 ,see also ,*ildr5 ,man*e/]1 #adn1 #bi1 #djn1 #ean1 #ehn1 #fc1 #ffn1 #fi1 #hc1 #ia1 #aagn1 #agf1 #aha1 #aic ,m>seilles1 #bef ,massa*usetts1 #bgj ,meals1 ,s*ool1 motives = provision (1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #bg2 public provision (1 #b1 #c1 #bc-bf1 #bg-di1 #bjb-ah1 #bdi-gj2 a coroll>y ( compulsory education1 #i-aa1 #cb1 #cc2 co/ (1 #dn1 #abcn1 #abdn1 #aefn1 #bbf-g2 price (1 #ajh1 #aji1 #abcn1 #abd1 #abe1 #ace1 #aef1 #bbf1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bec2 exp5diture on1 #ed-e2 "t (1 #gf-i1 #abh1 #bbb1 #bec2 numb] (1 p] day1 #gh-i1 #aei1 #bbg1 #bbh2 numb] (1 p] week1 #e1 #af1 #ce1 #cf1 #acc1 #aeg1 #bfg1 #bfh2 cont9uance (1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 #f1 #bc1 #ce1 #cf1 #ej1 #ig1 #ajf1 #abi1 #acc1 #bbi1 #bci1 #bdg-h1 #bfc1 #bfe2 prep>ation & di/ribution (1 #hb-c1 #abh1 #aeg1 #bbi1 #bdj1 #bdd2 s]vice (1 xv1 xvi1 #bh-i1 #de-f1 #ej1 #hc-aja1 #abb1 #abf1 #abh1 #aef-fc1 #afg-i1 #aii1 #bbi1 #bda1 #beb2 9 ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aah-i2 9 ,special ,s*ools1 #he1 #ajjn1 #aba-b1 #bdd2 s]vice (1 by ,poor ,law ,au?orities1 #dc1 #bdc2 provision (1 at home1 #ijn1 #if-g1 #adan2 a =m ( relief1 #fa1 #if1 #abg1 #aea1 #bai2 a prev5tive measure1 #bai2 provision (1 det]r5t1 #bbj1 #bbb2 provision (1 n univ]sally kn[n1 #gd2 reasons = grant+1 #ach1 #baj-aa2 necessity =1 #ach1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbh1 #bbi2 provision (1 = all necessit\s *ildr51 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbh2 g5]al provision (1 )\t enquiry1 #be1 #abf-g1 #bbc-h1 #bbi1 #bea1 #beh1 #bei-fa1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff-g4 ,see also ,c5tres1 ,*ildr51 ,cook]y ,c5tres1 ,diet>y1 ,holidays1 ,local ,education ,au?orities1 ,p>5ts1 ,paym5t1 ,poor ,law ,gu>dians1 ,rates1 ,re/aurants1 ,s*ool1 ,sup]vision1 ,volunt>y ,ag5cies1 ,wages ,m$ical ,inspection1 #aj1 #bd1 #ed1 #bjh1 #bba2 9 ,brussels1 #bfd2 & ,fe$+1 ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on1 #cd-h1 #dd1 #ajin1 #abfn1 #acdn ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 #ha ,m$ical ,treatm5t1 #fen1 #aci1 #ade1 #bjc1 #bjh1 #bbg ,m5tal ,capacity1 relation (1 to nutrition1 #ca1 #agi-hc1 #aih ,m5tally ,defective4 ,see ,special ,s*ools ,mey]1 ,lady1 #bja ,middlesex1 #agd-e ,milan1 #bei ,milk1 provision (1 #ig1 #add1 #aee1 #aei2 effects (1 #aia-b ,monitors1 #ib1 #id1 #aja1 #aba1 #abh1 #afa-b1 #afh1 #afi1 #bbi1 #bda ,mort51 ,miss ,honnor1 #bja ,mundella1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,a4 ,j41 #hn1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab ,municipality4 ,see ,local ,education ,au?orities & ,/ate ,mutual ,regi/ration1 #aag1 #aeb1 #aff ,national ,food ,supply ,association1 #ai ,national ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr51 #ec1 #eh1 #aac ,national ,union ( ,tea*]s1 #cb ,ne!r ,ald]ley1 #abe ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 #ajb ,newman1 ,sir ,george1 xii1 #fj1 #fc1 #hjn1 #hh1 #agj1 #age1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bbg ,newport1 #bja ,new ,york1 #bfh-i ,nice1 #bef-g ,niv51 ,dr41 xiii1 #cj ,nor?ampton1 #aje1 #ahf-g ,norway1 #bff-g ,norwi*1 #cen1 #aban ,nott+ham1 #ehn1 #icn1 #ajc ,op5 ,air ,s*ools1 #eg-h1 #he1 #abj-a1 #bbg ,outdoor ,relief4 ,see ,poor ,law ,gu>dians ,ov]-pressure1 #h-aj4 ,see also ,education ,paisley1 #bdf ,p>5ts1 application = meals by1 xv1 #fc-d1 #ga-e1 #add1 #aej1 #bef2 )drawal ( *ildr5 f meals by1 #gj1 #baf-g2 dislike (1 to accept meals1 #gc-d1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bbc2 co-op]ation (1 #gf1 #gg1 #adf2 effect on responsibility (1 #b1 #bc-d1 #bh1 #de1 #dg1 #gf1 #ace1 #bjb-ah1 #bbf1 #bed-e2 abuse ( provision ( meals by1 #db1 #baf2 obligations (1 increas$1 #aa-b1 #bag1 #bbf2 neglect ( *ildr5 by1 #bd1 #be1 #cb1 #dcn1 #ge1 #aab-c1 #aai1 #abi1 #bjc-d1 #bae-f1 #bcg4 ,see also ,paym5t & ,recov]y ,p>is1 #bd1 #bdi-ee ,p>i% ,c\ncil1 provision ( meals by1 9 ,ed9burgh1 #bdb-c ,paym5t1 by p>5ts = s*ool meals1 #d-e1 #ai1 #be1 #cc1 #cg1 #df1 #dg1 #ej-a1 #fb1 #fi1 #ajf-ab1 #abi1 #acf1 #adb1 #aed-f1 #aei1 #bbc1 #bbe-f2 = *ildr5 at ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 #aah2 = *ildr5 at ,special ,s*ools1 #aji1 #abj1 #aba1 #abi1 #aee1 #aef1 #bbe1 #bdd1 #bdfn2 9 rural di/ricts1 #ch1 #aji1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #bbe1 #bdg2 9 ,scotl&1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdf2 abroad1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bfh-i1 #bgj4 ,see also ,p5ny ,d9n]s ,peek1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #g1 #i1 #ae1 #abd ,p5ny ,d9n]s1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #ai4 ,see also ,paym5t ,p]?1 #bch1 #bdd-e ,philadelphia1 #bfi ,physical ,det]ioration1 #c1 #bg1 #cb1 #cc1 #acd1 #bfb2 ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on1 xi1 #bg1 #bi-cb1 #cc1 #ch ,physical ,te/4 ,see ,selection ,physical ,tra9+ 7,scotl&71 ,royal ,commission on1 xi1 #bg-i1 #cc1 #bdb ,poor ,law1 ,report ( ,royal ,commission on 7#ahcd71 #bjc1 #bad ,poor ,law ,gu>dians1 inaction (1 #ad-e2 inadequacy ( relief giv5 by1 #ad1 #ag-ahn1 #aac-d1 #aaf-g1 #abi1 #afe1 #aff2 ! au?ority = ! provision ( meals1 xvi1 #ccn1 #cin1 #de1 #df1 #dgn1 #ada2 s]vice ( meals by1 #dc2 no co-op]ation betwe5 ,volunt>y ,ag5cies &1 #ad1 #ag2 prosecution by1 #ad-e1 #dc2 ov]lapp+ (1 ) ,education ,au?orities1 #ea1 #aac-g1 #abi-cj1 #aci1 #afc-f2 repres5tation (1 on ,cante5 ,committees1 #eh1 #aadn2 paym5t = s*ool meals by1 #ajhn1 #aae-f1 #acj1 #afd1 #afe2 paym5t = *ildr5 9 ,day ,indu/rial ,s*ools by1 #aahn2 provision ( meals by1 at ,man*e/]1 #adn4 ,see also ,p>i% ,c\ncil1 ,poor ,rate1 & ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord] ,poor ,laws1 ,royal ,commission on 7#aiji71 #aac1 #aai1 #aign ,poor ,rate1 provision ( meals f1 #cb1 #ci4 ,see also ,poor ,law ,gu>dians ,popl>1 #afd ,porridge1 #gh1 #bjj1 #bja2 effects (1 #hb1 #aij2 z te/1 #bjj1 #bbb ,portsm\?1 #fjn1 #ha1 #hc1 #ih1 #ajc ,pott]ies1 #aie ,pov]ty ,te/4 ,see ,selection ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 ,act1 #bcg ,prices1 *anges 91 #bj-a ,ragg$ ,s*ool ,union1 #e ,ragg$ ,s*ools1 #b1 #c1 #d ,rates1 exp5diture on provision ( meals f1 #c1 #bh1 #ca1 #cd1 #dh1 #ed-e1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf-g1 #ada2 9 ,scotl&1 #bcg1 #bch-i2 limitation ( am\nt to be sp5t f1 xiv1 #dh1 #ef1 #abg1 #bch2 provision ( meals dur+ holidays f1 #ef1 #ajb1 #ajc-e4 ,see also ,education 7,provision ( ,meals7 ,act 7adoption (7 & ,poor ,rate ,read+1 #bje ,recov]y ( ,co/1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc1 #dg1 #ajg1 #aji-ab1 #abi1 #bch ,ref]ee ,fund1 #f-g1 #ac1 #aen ,re=matory & ,indu/rial ,s*ools1 ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on1 #aai ,relief1 det]r5t policy (1 #bjc1 #bjh-i1 #bbj1 #bbb ,relief ,committees1 #bf1 #cg1 #acb1 #acgn4 ,see also ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees ,relief 7,s*ool ,*ildr57 ,ord]1 xi1 #ci-dd ,reliev+ ,(fic]1 #aad1 #aag1 #aff ,re/aurants1 s]vice ( meals at1 #dcn1 #ecn1 #hh-ia1 #if-ign1 #afj1 #bbi1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdf2 diet>y at1 #hj-a1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij ,ric>do1 #bad ,rome1 #bei ,r\sdon1 #g-h1 #ab1 #chn1 #abc-d1 #bdf ,r[ntree1 ,mr4 ,seebohm1 #aeb1 #bje ,rural di/ricts1 #abb-f2 provision ( midday meal 91 #g-h1 #ab1 #aji1 #abc-e1 #bbe2 9 ,scotl&1 #bdf-h2 abroad1 #beg2 ne$ = provision 91 #cg-h1 #ea1 #abb1 #abe-f1 #acj1 #bbd-e ,/4 ,george's-9-!-,ea/1 #aean1 #aecn1 #aei1 #afd1 #bjj1 #bajn1 #baa ,/4 ,giles'-9-!-,fields1 #adan ,/4 ,pancras1 #bajn1 #baa ,sal=d1 #dbn1 #ffn1 #fi1 #ajf ,san ,remo1 #bei ,scale ( income4 ,see ,selection ,sc>bor\gh1 #eb ,s*ool1 s]vice ( meals 91 #hd-h1 #hin1 #abh1 #aei-fj1 #afg-h1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bde1 #beb2 fees1 abolition (1 #bjc ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s1 #ecn1 #ei1 #fc1 #gb1 #aag2 selection ( *ildr5 by1 #fc1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdd2 enquiry by1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #aci1 #bda1 #bdd2 sup]vision ( meals by1 #ij1 #ih ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s' ,association1 #ccn ,s*ool ,bo>ds1 p[]s (1 9 ,scotl&1 #abg1 #bcg-h2 co-op]ation (1 ) ,volunt>y ,ag5cies1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bdf4 ,see also ,local ,education ,au?orities ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 propos$ responsibility (1 = putt+ ,provision ( ,meals ,act 9 =ce1 #ec-d2 "p tak5 by1 9 provision ( meals1 #cg1 #fj1 #fc2 ex-(ficio memb]s ( ,cante5 ,committee1 #ei2 selection ( *ildr5 by1 #fj-c1 #aab1 #adc-d1 #bai1 #bba-b1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bdj1 #bdd2 milk & cod liv] oil recomm5d$ by1 #adc-d1 #aei2 plann+ ( diet>y by1 #fj1 #hj1 #ha1 #abh1 #bbi2 te/imony (1 z to effect ( meals on *ildr51 #aib-c ,s*ool ,nurse1 #fbn1 #fc1 #aban1 #bdj1 #bdd ,s*ool ,re/aurants1 #cg-h1 #ajg1 #abi1 #bfa4 ,see also ,paym5t & ,cant9es ,scolaires ,scotl&1 #dh1 #bben1 #bcg-dh ,second>y ,s*ools1 #eg1 #ibn ,selection ( *ildr51 xv1 #ei-ge1 #abg-h2 "u volunt>y ag5cies1 #ah-i1 #ce1 #baj2 by physical te/1 #ei-fc1 #adc-d1 #bai1 #bba-b2 by pov]ty te/1 #ei-fj1 #fc-e1 #fh-i1 #ge1 #abg1 #adc-d1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb-c2 bas$ on scale ( income1 #fh-i1 #ge1 #aea-b1 #bdbn1 #bdd2 f9al decision 91 #fh2 revision ( cases1 #fi-gj2 want ( uni=mity 91 #ej1 #gj-a1 #ge1 #aea-d2 disadvantages ( pres5t sy/em1 #gj-e1 #bbj2 sugge/$ s*emes (1 #bba-h1 #bbi4 ,see also ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s1 ,s*ool ,m$ical ,(fic]s1 ,s*ool ,nurse & ,tea*]s ,s5ior1 ,mr4 ,nassau1 #bad ,%effield1 #ffn1 #hb1 #aban1 #aij ,sidd+ton1 #chn1 #abe ,sims1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r41 #g ,slack1 ,sir ,bam=d1 #ccn1 #ch ,sleep1 want (1 #agb1 #aib ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,s41 #i-aj ,social ,democratic ,f$]ation1 #be ,s\? ,african ,w>1 xi1 #b-c1 #bg ,s\?ampton1 #gh ,s\!nd-on-,sea1 #ffn ,s\?w>k1 #f-g ,special ,s*ools = ,defective ,*ildr51 #addn2 provision ( meals at1 #bb-c1 #ca1 #ea1 #eg-h1 #he1 #ajjn1 #aji1 #aag1 #abj-b1 #abi1 #aee1 #bbe1 #bdd1 #bdfn4 ,see also ,cripple ,s*ools & ,op5 ,air ,s*ools ,spectacles1 #ade ,/ate1 provision ( meals by1 #b1 #c1 #bc-f1 #bg-di1 #bjb-ah2 abroad1 #bdi-gj4 ,see also ,local ,education ,au?orities ,/ev5son1 ,miss ,flora1 #bci1 #bdj ,/ockholm1 #bfg ,/oke-on-,tr5t1 #dbn1 #ef1 #ehn1 #ffn1 #fg1 #fi1 #hj1 #hi1 #bajn1 #baa ,sub-,committee on ,und]f$ ,*ildr51 xvi1 #acg1 #ada ,sund]l&1 #edn ,sup]vision ( ,meals1 #he1 #ie1 #ig1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afb-c1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #bja1 #bdd2 at ,re/aurants1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia4 ,see also ,s*ool ,att5dance ,(fic]s1 ,tea*]s & ,volunt>y ,work]s ,supp]1 provision (1 9 ,p>is1 #bec ,sur*>ge4 ,see ,audit ,surrey1 #agi ,sussex1 ,ea/1 #abb-abcn1 #abe ,sw$51 #bfg-h ,switz]l&1 #beg-h ,tate1 ,dr41 #age ,tea*]s1 provision ( meals by1 #cf1 #ajc1 #abcn1 #abdn2 selection ( *ildr5 by1 #ah1 #cg1 #fc1 #fd1 #fh1 #gj-a1 #abg1 #acb-c1 #aci1 #add1 #bai-bj1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdd2 urg5cy tickets giv5 by1 #fd1 #fg-h1 #gb2 enquiry by1 #cg1 #fg1 #acb2 memb]s ( ,cante5 & ,c>e ,committees1 #eh1 #ei1 #ach1 #add2 sup]vision ( meals by1 #cf1 #dh1 #hg-h1 #ib1 #ic1 #ig-ajj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abe1 #abh1 #afa1 #afg1 #afh1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bec1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfi2 te/imony (1 z to effect ( meals on *ildr51 #ahh1 #aid-e1 #aif1 #aig-h ,tea*]s1 ,national ,union (1 #cb ,tee?1 defective1 malnutrition due to1 #agd ,toxte?1 #aaf ,trondhjem1 #bfg ,und]fe$+4 ,see ,malnutrition ,unemploym5t1 #bjd1 #bji1 #baa1 #bai ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bfh-gj ,urg5cy tickets1 #fd1 #fg-h1 #gb ,ut5sils1 insuffici5t supply (1 #aja1 #aef-g1 #afb ,v]celli1 #bei-fa ,vi5na1 #bfb-c ,visit+ ( homes1 #de1 #ei1 #fe1 #ach-i1 #ade-f1 #adg-h1 #aej4 ,see also ,enquiry ,volunt>y ,ag5cies1 provision ( meals by1 xiv1 #b1 #c-ch1 #dj1 #ej1 #ea-c1 #ed1 #if1 #aca-f1 #ada-c1 #bji-aj1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdc-d1 #bde-f1 #bej-a1 #bee-f1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfa-gj2 ! be/ ag5cy = provision ( meals1 #bh1 #di2 disadvantages ( provision by1 #ae-i1 #bb1 #ce-f1 #dd1 #di1 #adb-c1 #bji-aj1 #bci2 numb] (1 #cd2 exp5diture (1 #cd-e2 organisation (1 #ae-bg1 #cd1 #cf1 #aca-d2 discont9uance (1 #dd2 co-op]ation (1 ) ,local ,au?orities1 xii1 #c1 #ac1 #bd-e1 #ca1 #cf1 #dg1 #ea-b1 #eh1 #bch1 #bci-dj1 #bde-f1 #bej-a1 #bee-g1 #beh-i1 #bfb-d1 #bfe-f1 #bfg-h1 #bfi2 co-op]ation (1 ) ,gu>dians1 #ad1 #ag1 #dj ,volunt>y ,contributions1 am\nt (1 #ed-e1 #acg1 #ada-b1 #bea2 provision ( meals dur+ holidays f1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ada-b ,volunt>y ,work]s1 utilisation ( s]vices (1 #fe-f1 #add1 #bfc2 organisation (1 #aci2 ,cante5 ,committees compos$ (1 #eh-i1 #fh2 sup]vision ( meals by1 #ij1 #ie1 #ih1 #afa1 #afh1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,see also ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees ,wages1 effect ( provision ( meals on1 #de1 #bab-d2 l[1 #bjd-e1 #baa1 #bai ,w&swor?1 #dan ,w>d1 ,mrs4 ,humphry1 #aij-an ,waugh1 ,mr4 ,b5jam91 #ad ,we/ ,d]by1 #aaf ,we/ ,ham1 #ehn1 #fd1 #fi1 #gb1 #ggn1 #gh1 #hc1 #id-e1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aaj-aa1 #aaf-g1 #bcd ,:ite*apel1 #adb1 #aed ,w9d]1 ,miss ,phyllis ,d41 #ga-b ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,t41 #ddn ,wolv]hampton1 #age1 #ahb ,wom51 m>ri$1 employm5t (1 #gf-g1 #ig1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #bbc1 #bde ,work+ton1 #ef ,wyatt1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h41 #adn1 #djn ,york1 #fg1 #fi1 #gh1 #hb1 #aaa-b1 #aae1 #bjen 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise x 0 n *ang$4 ,"o unpair$ d\ble quotation m>k c\ld n be correct$ ) confid5ce4 ,"o unpair$ curv$ bracket c\ld n be correct$ ) confid5ce4 ,tables h be5 re=matt$ to a manageable wid? :]e necess>y4