,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,corrig5dum appli$ at ! wi% ( ! pr9ciple au?or3 9 ,key #c ! po9t]s to c\plets #ef & #ff 7 ! wrong way r\nd & h be5 correct$ 9 ?is edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,keys ,,to ,,fungi ,,on ,,dung by ,m4 ,j4 ,,ri*>dson #afe ,braid ,road1 ,,ed9burgh ,,eh#aj #f;,,je & ,,roy ,,watl+ ,royal ,botanic ,g>d51 ,,ed9burgh ,,eh#c #e,,lr ,publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society ,,po ,box #cj1 ,/\rbridge ,we/ ,midl&s ,,dy#i #i,,pz ,briti% ,mycological ,society #aiig ,pr9t$ 9 ,scotl& by ,,bpc-,,aup ,ab]de5 ,ltd ,,isbn #j #iebggjd #b #c ,! fir/ edition ( ^! keys 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #b1 #ah-dc 7#aifh7 & #c1 #hf-hh1 #aba-abd 7#aifi7 9 an attempt to br+ toge!r 9 "o place in=mation = ! id5tification ( coprophil\s fungi :i* w\ld be useful to tea*]s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ^! fungi4 ,!y 7 issu$ z a sep>ate publication 9 #aigb1 & ) corrections 9 #aigd4 ,!y 7 repr9t$ 9 #aihb ) additions4 ,?is late/ edition is an update ( all ! e>li] ones1 ) curr5t nom5clature & rec5t ref]5ces1 & ! inclusion ( "s additional species4 ,m4,j4,r4 ,r4,w4 ,decemb] #aiif ,,introduction ,coprophil\s fungi are highly satisfactory = demon/rat+ ! div]sity & morphology ( a gr\p ( relat$ organisms )9 an ecological sy/em4 ,repres5tative g5]a ( mo/ major gr\ps ( fungi c usually be gu>ante$ to appe> on dung aft] a p]iod ( incubation4 ,!re is no %ortage ( dung 9 our fields & woods1 & ?is mat]ial w always produce *>act]i/ic fungi at :atev] "t ( ye> x is collect$4 ,dung is be/ incubat$ 9 a light place1 = example on a table 9 a w>m room1 on lay]s ( moi/ filt] pap] or o!r absorb5t mat]ial4 ,= rabbit pellets1 & samples ( simil> size1 ,petri di%es are ideal2 = horse 'apples'1 & l>g] types ( dung1 l>ge cov]$ di%es su* z glass cass]oles1 pla/ic s&wi* boxes or yoghurt pots are ne$$4 ,! top ?ird cut f a pla/ic lemonade or m9]al wat] bottle fits neatly 9 a ,petri di%1 & replac+ ! screw cap ) a cotton wool plug all[s a]ation & gives adequate height = develop+ basidiomycetes4 ,samples %\ld n be kept 9 airtight conta9]s = any l5g? ( "t aft] collection1 z 9 su* conditions insects & nematodes t5d to break d[n ! dung1 & ana]obic conditions :i* d n fav\r ! fungi rapidly develop4 ,if !y _c be set to incubate soon aft] collection !y c be g5tly air dri$1 z mo/ dung fungi w rema9 alive aft] su* treatm5t & gr[ out :5 ! sample is ev5tually moi/5$4 ,! absorb5t mat]ial %\ld be kept moi/4 ,al?\gh free wat] w n all[ ! be/ developm5t ( ascomycetes1 ! succession ( basidiomycetes appe>s to v>y ) ! wetness ( ! dung4 ,e>?worms & insect l>vae %\ld be exclud$ f ! samples z f> z possible1 = !y break up ! dung too mu*2 activity ( ! latt] c be r$uc$ by spray+ lightly ) a h\sehold insecticide4 ,if space is limit$ & cultures are kept ne>by1 x is v important to prev5t mite infe/ation4 ,conta9]s c be isolat$ by plac+ on glass plates lightly sme>$ ) ,vasel9e1 to :i* an ac>icide 7e4g4 me?yl b5zoate7 c be add$4 ,fungi are be/ s\ght ) a /]eoscopic b9ocul> microscope1 :5 _! full beauty w be se51 b a h& l5s or simple magnifi]1 al?\gh less conv5i5t1 is suffici5t = all b ! smalle/ =ms4 ,! l>g] ascomycetes & mo/ ( ! basidiomycetes are readily se5 ) ! unaid$ eye1 b ! b9ocul> microscope is /ill v useful = obs]v+ ! gross features ( ! veil ( ! basidiomycetes4 ,p]i!cia1 apo!cia & simil> /ructures c be remov$ ) f9e ne$les or =ceps q cleanly = m\nt+1 initially 9 wat]1 on slides4 ,subsequ5t irrigation ) iod9e solution w all[ any reaction ( ascus wall1 tip or pore to be obs]v$1 & m\nt+ 9 dilut$ ,indian ink c enhance ! visibility ( app5dages1 caudae & %ea?s :i* occur on "s spores4 ,spore dis*>ge 9 ! ascomycetes (t5 occurs f mature asci :5 mat]ial is m\nt$ 9 wat]1 s mature spores c imm$iately be se54 ,_m ( ! coprophil\s toad/ools 7ag>ics71 because ( _! small size &_/or rapidly deliquesc5t nature1 (t5 d n give spore pr9ts 9 ! normal way1 b mature spores c usually be f\nd on ! /ipe or 9 natural spore pr9ts =m$ on ! absorb5t mat]ial on :i* ! dung is support$4 ,= accurate id5tification ! ability to measure ! size ( spores & o!r /ructures w be necess>y4 ,basic microscopical te*nique & mycological k is assum$4 ,common species are well describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 popul> books1 & ref]5ces are giv5 to speciali/ works to all[ descriptions ( less common species to be f\nd4 ,x w be necess>y to ref] to ^! = critical taxa4 ,al?\gh ?is edition conta9s ab\t "o half m species ?an ! #aihb edition1 !re are /ill _m species to be describ$ & new records & obs]vations to be made1 especially 9 ! ,ascomycot9a4 ,f\r keys are pres5t$4 ,keys #a & #b 7,,mjr7 are to ! coprophil\s ascomycetes1 a v div]se gr\p :i*1 al?\gh n cov]+ all ! possible types ( reproductive /ructure f\nd 9 ! class1 conta9s _m ( ! important types4 ,! in=mation = ! id5tification ( ^! fungi is disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! lit]ature1 & _m new species are /ill be+ discov]$ & describ$4 ,"s appe> to be _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution1 o!rs m re/rict$1 ) a preval5ce ( reports f ei!r arctic1 temp]ate or tropical regions4 ,^! keys are n exhau/ive1 s9ce !re are f> too _m species to make x practical to include !m all4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 include mo/ g5]a1 & ! common] or well kn[n species ( temp]ate regions4 ,specific 7& ev5 g5]ic7 limits 9 "s cases 7e4g4 ,coprotus _/ ,ascophanus _/ ,ryp>obius _/ ,!lebolus7 are /ill ! subject ( debate & ! *oice ( names to use 9 ! key = a few taxa has be5 a compromise4 ,key #b includes ! orig9al 'plectomycete' key 7,,rw71 :i* conta9s fungi :i* may n be /rictly coprophil\s 9 ! normal s5se1 b fungi :i* occur on hair1 horn1 bone & cadav]s1 & may ?us be f\nd on c>nivore dung or pellets ( owls & o!r birds ( prey4 ,key #c 7,,rw1 p4 #eb7 is to ! basidiomycetes ( dung & associat$ debris4 ,! "p ( ! key deal+ ) ! ag>ics attempts to be z complete z possible4 ,s9ce ! toad/ools h always be5 ?\ght ( z ! be/ kn[n ( ! coprophil\s fungi1 att5tion to _! taxonomy has (t5 be5 c>eless4 ,9 ?is key ! opportunity has be5 tak5 to adopt a r n>r[ species concept1 & to provide 9 c]ta9 places indications ( :]e di/9ct taxa1 ev5 autonom\s species1 may be f\nd aft] fur!r laboratory "w4 ,_m ( ^! types h be5 cultur$ & appe> to diff] vegetatively 9 ways :i* support obs]vations ( gross morphology4 ,coprophil\s ag>ics are popul> mat]ial = g5etic /udies & additional in=mation on veil /ructure1 spore numb] etc4 ( individual species is giv51 ev5 :5 ^! are n 'key *>act]s'4 ,key #d 7,,mjr1 p4 #fc7 is to ! ,zygomycota 7phycomycetes7 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( dung & among/ ! fir/ to appe> :5 fre%ly dropp$ dung is incubat$4 ,!y soon disappe>1 h[ev]1 b _! fruit+ c be prolong$ by plat+ small portions ( dung on a nutri5t m$ium 7e4g4 potato c>rot or potato dextrose ag>7 to :i* has be5 add$ a small am\nt ( antibiotic to r$uce bact]ial gr[?4 ,?is me?od is especially suitable = ! p>asitic & pr$aci\s fungi4 ,a cultural approa* is ess5tial = ! id5tification ( _m ( ^! fungi & ! above m$ia1 & oatmeal ag>1 are suitable = culture z well z isolation4 ,= ?is reason ! /udy ( ?is gr\p ( fungi is less easy ?an t ( ! ascomycetes & basidiomycetes b1 because ! asexual /ages are *>act]i/ic1 we h attempt$ to key out ! common] g5]a :i* might be f\nd1 ) notes on common species4 ,! asexual spores are sporangiospores =m$ 9 sporangia2 "s sporangia produce a s+le spore )9 a closely fitt+ sporangium1 & h 9 ! pa/ be5 errone\sly describ$ z conidia4 ,a great range ( sporangial /ructure occurs )9 ! ord]s conc]n$4 ,! classical /ructure is ! massive 7up to #bejm diam47 multispor$ sporangium ) an int]nal columella :i* rema9s aft] ! spores h be5 disp]s$ 7e4g4 ,mucor72 ^? ( ,morti]ella are simil>1 b small] & )\t a columella4 ,o!r sporangia are mu* r$uc$ & may be only #aj-bjm diam41 & conta9 only a small numb] ( spores 7,?amnidium7 or "o spore 7,*aetocladium72 ^! small globose /ructures are t]m$ sporangioles4 ,spores may also =m 9 *a9s2 ! *a9s are 9 t]m9al gr\ps & are =m$ by ! diff]5tiation ( ! cont5ts ( cyl9drical sporangia :i* are consid]$ to be "p-sporangia 7m]osporangia74 ,:5 ! sporangial wall has disappe>$ ! spore *a9s may rema9 discrete & intact1 or !y may collapse into a wet droplet ( spores 7,syncephala/rum1 "s ,piptocephalis74 ,memb]s ( ! ,kickxellaceae 7e4g4 ,coemansia1 ,kickxella7 h s+le spor$ m]osporangia produc$ 9 s]ri$ ranks on boat-%ap$ or swoll5 /ructures 7sporoclades74 ,! sexual spores 7zygospores7 are r>ely se5 )\t cultur+2 oatmeal ag> is "o :i* fav\rs _! production4 ,! key includes "o memb] ( ! ,entomoph?orales1 :i* also produces s+le-spor$ sporangia4 ,o!r memb]s ( ?is ord] may be f\nd p>asitis+ ! v>i\s animals :i* live 9 dung2 _m o!r pr$aci\s fungi may also be se51 e4g4 p>asites ( amoebae 7,acaulopage74 ,! key is ( necessity f> f complete1 & omits memb]s ( ! ,dim>g>itales1 :i* h be5 f\nd frequ5tly on dung ( small mammals 9 ,am]ica4 ,mitosporic fungi 7',fungi ,imp]fecti'7 & myxomycetes h be5 exclud$1 s9ce !y w\ld exp& ! range ( ^! keys beyond :at 0 initially int5d$1 al?\gh num]\s species ( bo? gr\ps occur on dung :5 incubat$ 9 a damp *amb]4 ,= mitosporic fungi see ,seif]t1 ,k5drick ,murase 7#aihc7 & ,ellis ,ellis 7#aihh72 = myxomycetes see ,eliasson ,lundqvi/ 7#aigi74 ,z practical keys1 r ?an a taxonomic treatm5t1 taxonomic au?orities h n be5 cit$4 ,= ascomycetes1 ,cannon1 ,hawkswor? ,%]wood-,pike 7#aihe7 h be5 foll[$1 unless !re is a m rec5t treatm5t ( a gr\p4 ,= ! basidiomycetes ! ',new ,*eckli/ ( ,briti% ,ag>ics & ,boleti' 7,d5nis1 ,orton ,hora1 #aifj1 ,supplem5t to ! ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #dc7 has be5 foll[$1 & ,! ,briti% ,fungus ,flora 7,orton ,watl+1 #aigi & ,watl+1 #aihb74 ,,ascomycete ,,ref]5ces ,ahm$1 ,s4 ,i4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,revision ( ! g5]a ,sporormia & ,sporormiella4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ej1 #dai-dgg4 7,keys & descriptions ( #ff spp474 ,ap9is1 ,a4 ,e4 7#aifd74 ,revision ( ! ,briti% ,gymnoascaceae4 ,mycological ,pap] #if4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aiga74 ,on ,ara*niotus & relat$ g5]a ( ! ,gymnoascaceae4 ,p]soonia #f1 #cga-chj4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aige74 ,revision ( ,microascus ) ! description ( a new species4 ,p]soonia #h1 #aia-aig4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aige74 ,on ,?ielavia & "s simil> g5]a ( ,ascomycetes4 ,/udies 9 ,mycology #h4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihb74 ,a key to ! species ( ,gelas9ospora4 ,p]soonia #aa1 #ddc-ddi4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihf74 ,! ascomycete g5us ,gymnoascus4 ,p]soonia #ac1 #agc-ahc4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihg74 ,a re-evaluation ( ! ,eurotiales4 ,p]soonia #ac1 #bgc-cjj4 7,keys to families & g5]a74 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,dreyfuss1 ,m4 ,mll]1 ,e4 7#aihd74 ,a re-evaluation ( ,*aetomium & ! ,*aetomiaceae4 ,p]soonia #ab1 #afi-agi4 7,key to species74 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,figu]as1 ,m4 ,j4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aihh74 ,sord>iace\s ,ascomycetes )\t ,ascospore ,ejaculation4 ,beihefte zur ,nova ,h$wigia #id1 #a-ajd4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,gams1 ,w4 7#aifg74 b] ,pleurage v]ruculosa und die zugehrige ,cladorrh9um-,konidi5=m4 ,nova ,h$wigia #ac1 #aih-bjh4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 van d] ,aa1 ,h4 ,a4 7#aihg74 ,asord>ia1 a new g5us ( ! ,sord>iaceae1 & a new species ( ,melanoc>pus4 ,p]soonia #ac1 #bfc-bgb4 ,b>rasa1 ,j4 ,m4 ,*eca1 ,j4 7#aiij74 ,do?ideales del ,p>que ,natural de ,monfrage ,cc]es4 ,i4 ,boletn ,soci$ad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ae1 #ia-ajb4 ,b>rasa1 ,j4 ,m41 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 ,mor5o1 ,g4 7#aihf74 ,notes on ! g5us ,sord>ia 9 ,spa94 ,p]soonia #ac1 #hc-hh4 ,bell1 ,a4 ,mahoney1 ,d4 ,p4 7#aiie74 ,coprophil\s fungi 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,i4 ,podospora species ) swoll5 agglut9at$ p]i!cial hairs4 ,mycologia #hg1 #cge-cif4 7,key & descriptions ( #h spp474 ,bez]ra1 ,j4 ,l4 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w4 7#aige74 ,! g5us ,lasiobolus 7,pezizales3 ,ascomycetes74 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ec1 #abjf-abbi4 7,key & descriptions ( #aa spp474 ,boo?1 ,c4 7#aifa74 ,/udies ( pyr5omycetes3 ,,vi4 ,?ielavia ) notes on "s alli$ g5]a4 ,mycological ,pap] #hc4 ,breton1 ,a4 ,faurel1 ,l4 7#aifh74 ,etudes des aff9its du g5re ,mycorhyn*us ,sacc4 et description de plusieurs especes n\velles4 ,revue de ,mycologie #cb1 #bbi-beh4 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aifb74 ,/udies on ,discomycetes--,,ii4 ,on f\r species ( ,fim>ia4 ,p]soonia #b1 #cba-ccj4 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aifb74 ,a ,_w ,monograph ( ! ,g5]a ,ascobolus & ,saccobolus4 ,p]soonia1 ,supplem5t ,,volume #a4 7,key & descriptions ( #ff spp41 & a critical taxonomic treatm5t74 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aihj74 ,two species ( ,ascobolus new to ,brita94 ,p]soonia #aa1 #hg-ib4 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aiha74 ,! g5us ,ascodesmis 7,pezizales1 ,ascomycetes74 ,p]soonia #aa1 #ccc-ceh4 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aihd74 ,notes on cup-fungi--#b4 ,lasiobolus4 ,p]soonia #ab1 #cbh-ccd4 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aihf74 ,notes on cup-fungi--#c4 ,on ?ree species ( ,*eilym5ia4 ,p]soonia #ac1 #hi-if4 ,brummel51 ,j4 van 7#aiij74 ,notes on cup-fungi--#d4 ,on two r>e species ( ,ascobolus4 ,p]soonia #ad1 #bjc-bjg4 ,cailleux1 ,r4 7#aiga74 ,re*]*es sur la myc(lore coprophile c5trafrica9e4 ,les g5res ,sord>ia1 ,gelas9ospora1 ,bomb>dia 7,biologie1 ,morphologie1 ,sy/matique74 ,bullet9 trime/riel de la ,socit ,mycologique de ,france #hg1 #dfa-fbf #bg plates4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aicd74 ,/udies ( ,coprophil\s ,spha]iales 9 ,ont>io4 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto ,/udies1 ,biological ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ch4 7,repr9t$ #aifh 9 ,biblio!ca ,mycologica1 ,b& #i1 by ,cram]1 ,lehre74 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifa74 ,/udies ( coprophil\s ,ascomycetes4 ,,vii4 ,preussia4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ci1 #afcc-afff4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifb74 ,/udies ( coprophil\s ,ascomycetes4 ,,viii4 ,new species ( ,podospora4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #dj1 #ddg-dij4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w4 7#aifi74 ,coprobolus1 a new g5us ( ! tribe ,!lebolae 7,pezizaceae74 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #dg1 #aiaa-aiad4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 ,mirza1 ,j4 ,h4 7#aigb74 ,?ree new species ( ,arnium4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ej1 #ccc-ccf4 ,cannon1 ,p4 ,f4 ,hawkswor?1 ,d4 ,l4 7#aihb74 ,a re-evaluation ( ,melanospora ,corda & simil> ,pyr5omycetes1 ) a revision ( ! ,briti% species4 ,botanical ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society #hd1 #aae-afj4 ,cannon1 ,p4 ,f41 ,hawkswor?1 ,d4 ,l4 ,%]wood-,pike1 ,m4 ,a4 7#aihe74 ,! ,briti% ,ascomycot9a4 ,an ,annotat$ ,*eckli/4 ,commonweal? ,agricultural ,bureaux1 ,sl\gh1 ,u4 ,k4 ,cano1 ,j4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aiij74 ,! g5us ,aphanoascus4 ,mycological ,rese>* #id1 #cee-cgg4 7,key to species74 ,currah1 ,r4 ,s4 7#aihh74 ,an annotat$ key to ! g5]a ( ! ,onyg5ales4 ,sy/ema ,ascomycetum #g1 #a-ab4 ,d5nis1 ,r4 ,w4 ,g4 7#aigh74 ,briti% ,ascomycetes4 ,j4 ,cram]1 ,lehre4 7or e>li] edition1 #aifh & #aifj 7z ,briti% ,cup ,fungi & _! allies71 ,! ,ray ,society1 ,london74 7,all gr\ps74 ,diss+1 ,h4 7#aihg74 ,?ree #d-spor$ ,saccobolus species f nor? ea/ ,gre5l&4 ,9 ,arctic & ,alp9e ,mycology ,,ii 7ed4 ,g4 ,a4 ,laurs51 ,j4 ,f4 ,ammirati ,s4 ,a4 ,r$head71 pp4 #gi-hf4 ,diss+1 ,h4 7#aihi74 ,f\r new coprophil\s species ( ,ascobolus & ,saccobolus f ,gre5l& 7,pezizales74 ,op]a ,botanica #ajj1 #dc-ej4 ,diss+1 ,h4 7#aiib74 ,notes on ! coprophil\s pyr5omycete ,sporormia fimet>ia4 ,p]soonia #ad1 #chi-cid4 ,diss+1 ,h4 ,pauls51 ,m4 ,d4 7#aigf74 ,tri*ophaeopsis tetraspora1 a ,new ,coprophil\s ,discomycete f ,d5m>k4 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #gj1 #adg-aea4 ,elliott1 ,m4 ,e4 7#aifg74 ,rut/roemia cuniculi1 a coprophil\s species ( ! ,scl]ot9iaceae4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #de1 #eba-ebd4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihg74 ,! ,ascomycete g5us ,sord>ia4 ,p]soonia #ac1 #cja-cac4 7,key to #ad species & *eckli/74 ,hawkswor?1 ,d4 ,l4 ,web/]1 ,j4 7#aigg74 ,/udies on ,mycorhyn*us 9 ,brita94 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #fh1 #cbi-cdj4 7,key to #ab spp4 & descriptions ( "s74 ,ja91 ,k4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigc74 ,myco>ctium1 a new g5us 9 ! ,!lebolaceae4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ea1 #cje-cjg4 ,j5g4 ,r4 ,s41 ,luck-,all51 ,e4 ,r4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigg74 ,new species & new records ( ,delits*ia f ,v5ezuela4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ee1 #chc-cib4 ,khan4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,five new species ( ,podospora f ,ea/ ,africa4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ej1 #afdi-affa4 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w4 7#aifi74 ,nor? ,am]ican species ( ,!co!us 7,pezizeae1 ,pezizaceae74 ,mycologia #fa1 #ii-aad4 7,key & description ( #e spp474 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w4 ,korf4 ,r4 ,p4 7#aifg74 ,a synopsis ( ! g5]a & species ( ! tribe ,!lebolae 7,pseudoascobolaceae74 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ed1 #i-bc4 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w4 ,luck-,all51 ,e4 ,r4 7#aigd74 ,lasio!lebolus1 a new g5us ( ! ,!lebolaceae 7,pezizales74 ,mycologia #ff1 #ehh-eib4 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w41 ,luck-,all51 ,e4 ,r4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifi74 ,iodophanus1 ! ,pezizeae segregate ( ,ascophanus 7,pezizales74 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ef1 #aahg-abjb4 7,key & description ( #aj spp474 ,kimbr\gh1 ,j4 ,w41 ,luck-,all51 ,e4 ,r4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,nor? ,am]ican species ( ,coprotus 7,!lebolaceae3 ,pezizales74 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ej1 #ieg-igb4 7,key & description ( #ah spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aigc74 ,an enl>g$ concept ( ,tri*obolus 7,!lebolaceae1 ,pezizales7 bas$ on a new eight-spor$ species4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ea1 #adig-aeja4 7,) key to #d spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aiie74 ,! g5us ,fimet>iella4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #gc1 #aije-aiaf4 7,) key to #h spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,additions to ! g5us ,arnium4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ej1 #cfg-cgc4 7,key to #be spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigd74 ,a prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! g5us ,podosord>ia4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #eb1 #ehi-fje4 7,key & descriptions ( #aj spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigd74 ,new species ( ,hypocopra 7,xyl>iaceae74 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #eb1 #hji-hdc4 7,descriptions & synoptic key to #cj spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,scott1 ,j4 ,a4 7#aiid74 ,! g5us ,bomb>dioidea4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #gb1 #acjb-acaj4 7,description & key to #d spp474 ,l>s51 ,k4 7#aigj74 ,! ,g5us ,saccobolus 9 ,d5m>k4 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #fe1 #cga-chi4 ,l>s51 ,k4 7#aiga74 ,dani% ,endocoprophil\s ,fungi & ,_! ,sequ5ce ( ,occurr5ce4 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #ff1 #a-cb4 ,lohmey]1 ,t4 ,r4 ,b5k]t1 ,d4 7#aihh74 ,poronia erici--e9e neue ,art d] ,xyl>iales 7,ascomycetes74 ,zeits*rift fur ,mykologie #ed1 #ic-ajb4 ,luck-,all51 ,e4 ,r4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aige74 ,additions to ! g5us ,delits*ia4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ec1 #ahbg-ahhg4 7,key to #df spp4 & descriptions_/illu/rations ( mo/74 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aifg74 ,on spore ornam5tation 9 ! ,sord>iaceae1 exemplifi$ by ! new clei/oc>p\s g5us ,copromyces4 ,arkiv fr ,botanik1 ,s]ies #b4 #f7g71 #cbg-ccg4 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aifi74 ,zygopleurage & ,zygosp]mella 7,sord>iaceae s4 lat41 ,pyr5omycetes74 ,botaniska ,notis] #abb1 #cec-cgd4 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aigj74 ,new ,podosporae 7,sord>iaceae s4 lat41 ,pyr5omycetes74 ,sv5sk ,botanisk ,tidskrift #fd1 #dji-dbj4 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aigb74 ,nordic ,sord>iaceae s4 lat4 ,symbolae ,botanicae ,upsali5ses ,,xx4 #a4 #a-cad4 7,keys & descriptions ( ca #ajj spp41 & critical taxonomic discussion74 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aihj74 ,on ! g5us ,pyxidiophora s5su lato 7,pyr5omycetes74 ,botaniska ,notis] #acc1 #aba-add4 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aihj74 ,wawelia effusa ,lundqvi/1 spec4 nov4 7,xyl>iaceae74 ,p]soonia #ad1 #dag-dbc4 ,mallo*1 ,d4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigj74 ,! g5us ,ara*nomyces4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #dh1 #hci-hde4 ,mallo*1 ,d4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigj74 ,five new g5]a 9 ! new family ( ,pseudeurotiaceae4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #dh1 #ahae-ahbe4 ,mallo*1 ,d4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aiga74 ,new g5]a ( ! ,onyg5aceae4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #di1 #hci-hdf4 ,mallo*1 ,d4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aiga74 ,f\r new g5]a ( clei/o!cial ,ascomycetes ) hyal9e ascospores4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #di1 #hdg-hed4 ,mallo*1 ,d4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aiga74 ,new clei/o!cial ,sord>iaceae & a new family1 ,conio*aetaceae4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #di1 #hfi-hhj4 ,mallo*1 ,d4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,new species & comb9ations ( clei/o!cial ,ascomycetes4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ej1 #fa-gb4 ,m9t]1 ,d4 ,w4 ,web/]1 ,j4 7#aihc74 ,wawelia octospora sp4 nov41 a x]ophil\s & coprophil\s memb] ( ! ,xyl>iaceae4 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #hj1 #cgj-cgc4 ,mirza1 ,j4 ,h4 ,ca91 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifi74 ,revision ( ! g5us ,podospora4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #dg1 #aiii-bjdh4 ,moravec1 ,j4 7#aiij74 ,a taxonomic revision ( ! g5us ,*eilym5ia--#c4 ,a new g5]ic & infrag5]ic classification ( ,*eilym5ia 9 a new em5dation4 ,mycotaxon #ch1 #dei-dhd4 7,synopsis ( g5us1 includ+ ,coprobia74 ,moravec1 ,j4 7#aiic74 ,a taxonomic revision ( ! g5us ,*eilym5ia--#e4 ,! section ,*eilym5ia4 ,cze* ,mycology #dg1 #g-cg4 ,moreau1 ,c4 7#aiec7 ,les ,g5res ,sord>ia et ,pleurage4 ,encyclopdie mycologique #be1 #a-ccj4 7,sord>ia & ,pleurage 7,podospora_/,s*izo!cium71 & ,conio*aeta1 ,hypocopra1 ,sporormiella1 ,tri*odelits*ia1 & o!r pyr5omycetes = comp>ison74 ,munk1 ,a4 7#aieg74 ,dani% ,pyr5omycetes4 ,dansk ,botanisk ,arkiv #ag7a71 #a-dia4 ,orr1 ,g4 ,f4 ,kuehn1 ,h4 ,h4 7#aiga74 ,notes on ,gymnoascaceae4 ,i4 ,a review ( eight species4 ,mycologia #fc1 #aia-bjc4 ,orr1 ,g4 ,f41 ,kuehn1 ,h4 ,h4 ,plunkett1 ,o4 ,a4 7#aifc74 ,a new g5us ( ! ,gymnoascaceae ) swoll5 p]idial septa4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #da1 #adci-adef4 7,key to ,aux>?ron 7,gymnoascus7 species74 ,orr1 ,g4 ,f41 ,kuehn1 ,h4 ,h4 ,plunkett1 ,o4 ,a4 7#aiga74 ,! g5us ,myxotri*um ,kunze4 ,canadian ,j\rnal ( ,botany #da1 #adeg-adhj4 7,key to species74 ,pauls51 ,m4 ,d4 ,diss+1 ,h4 7#aigi74 ,! g5us ,ascobolus 9 ,d5m>k1 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #gd1 #fg-gh4 ,rehm1 ,h4 7#ahhg-ahie74 ,ascomycet53 ,hy/]iace5 und ,discomycet54 ,vol4 #a1 ,abt4 #c ( ,rab5hor/'s ,kryptogam5-,flora4 7,discomycetes74 ,r5ny1 ,j4 7#ahgd74 ,new species ( ! g5us ,ascobolus4 ,j\rnal ( ,botany #ab1 #cec-ceg & #d plates4 7,description & illu/ration ( #f ,ascozonus spp474 ,ri*>dson1 ,m4 ,j4 7#aigb74 ,coprophil\s ascomycetes on diff]5t dung types4 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #eh1 #cg-dh4 ,samson1 ,r4 ,a4 7#aigb74 ,notes on ,pseudogymnoascus1 ,gymnoascus & relat$ g5]a4 ,acta botanica ne]l&ica #ba1 #eag-ebg4 ,se?1 ,h4 ,k4 7#aigj74 ,! g5us ,lophotri*us ,b5jam94 ,nova ,h$wigia #ai1 #eia-eii4 ,valldos]a1 ,m4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aihg74 ,e/udios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,vi4 ,ascomycetes4 ,boletn ,soci$ad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ab1 #ea-ef4 ,valldos]a1 ,m4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aihh74 ,"s coprophil\s ascomycetes f ,*ile4 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #ij1 #fja-fje4 ,valldos]a1 ,m4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aihi74 ,e/udios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,xi4 ,ascomycetes4 ,boletn ,soci$ad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ad1 #ge-hj4 ,valldos]a1 ,m4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aihi74 ,e/udios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,xv4 ,el gn]o ,preussia 7,sporormiella74 ,boletn ,soci$ad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ad1 #ha-id4 ,valldos]a1 ,m4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aiib74 ,e/udios sobre hongos coprphilos en ,espaa4 ,,xvii4 ,ascomycot9a4 ,boletn ,soci$ad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ag1 #ai-cg4 ,valldos]a1 ,m4 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 7#aiib74 ,e/udios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,xviii4 ,bibliographic catalogue ( ,ascomycot9a4 ,boletn ,soci$ad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ag1 #ci-ee4 ,valldos]a1 ,m41 ,gu>ro1 ,j4 ,figu]as1 ,m4 ,j4 7#aiia74 ,two int]e/+ coprophil\s fungi f ,spa94 ,mycological ,rese>* #ie1 #bdc-bdf4 ,w9t]1 ,g4 7#ahhd-ahhg74 ,ascomycet53 ,gymnoasce5 und ,pyr5omycet54 ,,vol4 #a1 ,abt4 #b ( ,rab5hor/'s ,kryptogam5-,flora4 7,pyr5omycetes74 ,yao1 ,y-,j4 7#aiif74 ,notes on ,briti% species ( ,lasiobolus4 ,mycological ,rese>* #ajj1 #gcg-gci4 ,yao1 ,y-,j4 ,spoon]1 ,b4 ,m4 7#aiif74 ,notes on ,briti% species ( ,*eilym5ia4 ,mycological ,rese>* #ajj1 #cfa-cfg4 ,,basidiomycete ,,ref]5ces ,mos]1 ,m4 7#aigh71 9 ,gams1 ,h4 7ed474 ,kle9e ,kryptogam5flora von ,mitteleuropa4 ,fis*] ,v]lag4 ,mos]1 ,m4 7#aihc74 ,keys to ,ag>ics & ,boleti 7,engli% translation by ,s4 ,plant74 ,rog] ,phillips1 ,london4 ,orton1 ,p4 ,d4 ,watl+1 ,r4 7#aigi74 ,briti% ,fungus ,flora3 ,copr9us4 ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice1 ,ed9burgh4 ,phillips1 ,r4 7#aiha74 ,mu%rooms & o!r fungi ( ,great ,brita9 & ,europe4 ,pan ,books1 ,london4 ,watl+1 ,r4 7#aihb74 ,briti% ,fungus ,flora3 ,bolbitiaceae4 ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,phycomycete ,,ref]5ces ,b5jam91 ,r4 ,k4 7#aiei74 ,! m]osporangif]\s ,mucorales4 ,aliso #d1 #cba-dcc4 ,b5jam91 ,r4 ,k4 7#aifa74 ,add5da to ! m]osporangif]\s ,mucorales4 ,aliso #e1 #aa-ai4 ,b5jam91 ,r4 ,k4 7#aifc74 ,add5da to ! m]osporangif]\s ,mucorales4 ,aliso #e1 #bgc-bhh4 ,b5jam91 ,r4 ,k4 7#aife74 ,add5da to ! m]osporangif]\s ,mucorales4 ,aliso #f1 #a-aj4 7,! #d pap]s above are an excell5t acc\nt ( ,syncephalis1 ,piptocephalis1 ,coemansia & o!r unusual alli$ phycomycetes1 republi%$ 7#aifg7 z ,biblio!ca ,mycologica #e by ,j4 ,cram]1 ,lehre74 ,gams1 ,w4 ,moreau1 ,r4 7#aiei74 ,le g5re ,morti]ella4 ,annales sci5tifiques de l',univ]sit de ,besanon1 ,s]ies #b #c1 #ie-aje4 ,hesselt9e1 ,c4 ,w4 7#aiee74 ,g5]a ( ,mucorales ) a note on _! synonymy4 ,mycologia #dg1 #cdd-cfc4 7,) good key2 _m o!r pap]s by ,hesselt9e1 ) o!rs1 9 ,mycologia1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 ,am]ican ,midl& ,naturali/ & ,lloydia74 ,+old1 ,c4 ,t4 ,zob]i1 ,m4 ,h4 7#aifc74 ,! asexual app>atus ( ,mucorales 9 relation to spore lib]ation4 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #df1 #aae-acd4 ,naumov1 ,n4 ,a4 7#aici74 ,cls des ,mucor9es4 ,encyclopdie mycologique #i1 #a-acg4 ,zy*a1 ,h41 ,siepmann1 ,r4 ,l9neman1 ,g4 7#aifi74 ,mucorales4 ,j4 ,cram]1 ,lehre4 7,a revision ( ,zy*a1 #aice74 ,,g5]al ,,ref]5ces ,bell1 ,a4 7#aihc74 ,dung ,fungi3 an illu/rat$ guide to coprophil\s fungi 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,victoria ,univ]sity ,press1 ,well+ton4 ,bon1 ,m4 7#aihg74 ,! ,mu%rooms & ,toad/ools ( ,brita9 & ,nor?-we/]n ,europe4 ,hodd] ,/\ghton1 ,london4 ,cacialli1 ,g41 ,c>oti1 ,v4 ,dov]i1 ,f4 7#aiie74 ,funghi fimicoli e r>i o int]ssanti del litorale ,toscano4 ,s*$e di ,micologia ,,vol4 #a4 ,fondazione ,c5tro ,/udi ,micologici ,dell' ,a4 ,m4 ,b41 ,vic5za1 ,italy4 ,doms*1 ,k4 ,h41 ,gams1 ,w4 ,&]son1 ,t4 ,h4 7#aihj74 ,comp5dium ( soil fungi4 ,academic ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,ellis1 ,m4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,j4 ,p4 7#aihh74 ,micr(ungi on ,miscellane\s ,sub/rates4 ,croom ,helm1 ,london ,sydney4 ,gilman1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aieg74 ,a ,manual ( ,soil ,fungi4 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ,press4 ,eliasson1 ,u4 ,lundqvi/1 ,n4 7#aigi74 ,fimicol\s ,myxomycetes4 ,botaniska ,notis] #acb1 #eea-efh4 7,a li/ ( #cd spp41 ) "s descriptions & illu/rations74 ,hawkswor?1 ,d4 ,l41 ,kirk1 ,p4 ,m41 ,sutton1 ,b4 ,c4 ,pegl]1 ,d4 ,n4 7#aiie74 ,a9swor? ,bisby's ,diction>y ( ! ,fungi4 #h? edn4 ,,cab ,int]national1 ,wall+=d4 ,hold51 ,m4 7ed7 7#aihb74 ,guide to ! lit]ature = ! id5tification ( ,briti% fungi1 #d? ,edition4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #af1 #cf-ee2 #ib-aab4 ,massee1 ,g41 ,salmon1 ,e4 ,s4 7#aija74 ,rese>*es on coprophil\s fungi4 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,london #ae1 #cac-ceg4 ,seif]t1 ,k4 ,a41 ,k5drick1 ,w4 ,b4 ,murase1 ,g4 7#aihc74 ,a key to hyphomycetes on dung4 ,univ]sity ( ,wat]loo ,biology ,s]ies ,no4 #bg4 ,web/]1 ,j4 7#aigj74 ,coprophil\s ,fungi4 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society #ed1 #afa-ahj4 ,key #a4 ,ascomycota #a ,ascoma ei!r globose to flask %ap$1 usually ) an easily obs]vable pore or neck 7,,p]i!cium or ,,pseudo!cium1 figs #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd-cg71 or discoid 7,,apo!cium1 figs #a1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #aa-ad74 ,spores usually #h 9 ea* ascus 7less frequ5tly #d1 #af1 #cb1 #fd1 #abh etc474 ,asci ellipsoid to cyl9drical1 borne 9 a di/9ct hym5ium1 ?us appe>+ 9 fascicles or di/9ct gr\ps :5 ! fruit body is squa%$4 #b - ,ascoma globose to subglobose1 lack+ a def9ite pore or neck 7,,clei/o!cium or ,,gymno!cium1 figs #ch1 #ci1 #df74 ,asci globose to subglobose1 #h-spor$1 n 9 a di/9ct hym5ium1 appe>+ q free :5 ! fruit body is squa%$4 ,,key #b1 #adh 7p4 #de7 #b7a7 ,ascoma a ,,p]i!cium or ,,pseudo!cium1 usually d>k 9 "s "p1 n op5+ to a disc b rema9+ globose or flask %ap$4 ,asci unitunicate1 n op]culate b (t5 ) an apical pore1 :i* may /a9 blue 9 iod9e1 or bitunicate4 ,,key #b1 #a 7p4 #bd7 - ,ascoma an ,,apo!cium1 :ite or lightly col\r$1 s(t fle%$1 op5+ out to a disc or cu%ion %ape :5 mature4 ,asci unitunicate4 #c #c7b7 ,asci op5+ by an op]culum 7fig4 #h71 a bilabiate v]tical split d[n to a subapical r+ ( ?ick5+ 7fig4 #ae71 or app>5tly j bur/+4 #d - ,asci inop]culate1 ) an apical pore4 #if #d7c7 ,spores #h 7occasionally #d7 9 an ascus1 col\rless1 purple or br[n4 #e - ,spores m ?an #h 9 an ascus1 col\rless4 #gg #e7d7 ,spores rema9+ col\rless4 #f - ,spores purple or br[n at maturity4 #ci #f7e7 ,apo!cia ) obvi\s hairs4 #g - ,apo!cia )\t obvi\s hairs 7microscopic hairs up to #ejm long may be pres5t74 #ad #g7f7 ,hairs br[n4 ,apo!cia orange1 r$ orange or yell[ orange4 7,*eilym5ia1 fig4 #a7 #h - ,hairs col\rless4 ,apo!cia col\rless or p9ki%4 7,lasiobolus1 fig4 #c7 #ab #h7g7 ,apo!cia ) /ellate hairs4 ,spores #ad-bj #h-aam4 ,*eilym5ia /]corea 7figs #a1 #b7 - ,apo!cia )\t /ellate hairs4 #i #i7h7 ,spores #ad4e-ah #h-i4em4 ,asci #aj-acm diam4 ,apo!cia #bmm diam4 or m4 ,*eilym5ia copr9>ia - ,spores l>g]1 #ag #ajm or m4 #aj #aj7i7 ,apo!cia r$di% orange1 up to #amm diam41 m>g9al hairs root+1 wall #b-dm ?ick4 ,spores #ba-bf #aj-ac4hm4 ,*eilym5ia fimicola - ,apo!cia pale orange yell[1 m>g9al hairs sup]ficial1 wall up to #bm ?ick4 #aa #aa7aj7 ,asci up to #bbm diam4 ,spores #ag-bg #aj-ad4em4 ,*eilym5ia pul*]rima - ,asci wid]1 #bem diam4 or m4 ,spores #bc-bf4e #ac-af4em4 ,*eilym5ia r>ipila ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,*eilym5ia /]corea1 apo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,c4 /]corea1 /ellate & root$ hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,lasiobolus ciliatus1 apo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,iodophanus c>neus1 apo!cium & spore4 #ab7g7 ,hairs #fjjm or long]4 ,spores #ai-bc #g-ajm4 ,lasiobolus macrotri*us - ,hairs %ort]1 up to #fjjm4 #ac #ac7ab7 ,asci clavate1 #bjm diam4 or wid]4 ,spores #ai-bb #aj4e-ac4em4 ,lasiobolus cuniculi - ,asci cyl9drical1 up to #bjm diam4 ,spores #ah-bb4e #i4e-aa4em4 ,lasiobolus ciliatus 7fig4 #c7 #ad7f7 ,asci blue 9 iod9e solution4 #ae - ,asci n blue 9 iod9e4 #bd #ae7ad7 ,spores l>ge1 #cj-db #ae-ahm1 w>t$1 ellipsoid ) acute apices4 ,!co!us c9]eus - ,spores small]1 smoo? or only f9ely ornam5t$ #af #af7ae7 ,apo!cia br[ni%1 l>ge1 #a;cm diam4 or m4 7,peziza7 #ba - ,apo!cia pale1 up to #dmm diam4 ,asci protrud+ f hym5ium :5 ripe4 #ag #ag7af7 ,apo!cia :ite to p9k1 up to #bmm diam4 ,spores f9ely v]ruculose1 #ah-be #h-adm4 ,iodophanus c>neus 7fig4 #d7 - ,apo!cia pale1 v>i\sly col\r$ :5 fre%1 b dry+ d>k]4 ,spores smoo?4 7,!co!us7 #ah #ah7ag7 ,spores apiculate at ea* end1 smoo?4 #ai - ,spores n apiculate1 #bj-bb #h-ajm4 ,!co!us agranulosus #ai7ah7 ,spores ) a coll> at ! base ( ! apiculus4 #bj - ,spores )\t a coll> at ! base ( ! apiculus1 #af-ba #h-abm4 ,!co!us apiculatus #bj7ai7 ,apo!cia :ite4 ,spores #bj-bb #aj-abm1 apiculus #d-fm diam4 ,!co!us p]plexans - ,apo!cia yell[i%4 ,spores #ab-ae #g4e-im1 apiculus #b4e-c4em diam4 ,!co!us africanus #ba7af7 ,spores smoo?1 )\t guttules4 #bb - ,spores v]ruculose or sp9ulose1 #ae-ah #h-im1 ) #a guttule4 ,p>aphyses ) clavate apices1 ) br[n cont5ts4 ,apo!cia asymmetrical1 ext5d$ on "o side4 ,peziza pleurota #bb7ba7 ,spores #ai-bd #aj4e-adm4 ,apo!cia yell[i% br[n1 up to #aj;cm diam4 ,peziza vesiculosa - ,spores up to #ajm wide4 #bc #bc7bb7 ,apo!cia ca #a;cm diam41 umb] ) a pal] m>g94 ,spores #ae-bb #i-ajm4 ,peziza bov9a - ,apo!cia up to #b;cm diam41 pale br[n4 ,spores #ac-af #g-im4 ,peziza fimeti #bd7ad7 ,apo!cia robu/1 up to #dmm diam41 orange or ) br[ni% or purple t9ts4 #be - ,apo!cia small]1 r>ely m ?an #amm1 pale1 yell[i% gre51 orange1 grey or *e/nut4 #cb #be7bd7 ,apo!cia orange or r$4 #bf - ,apo!cia discrete1 br[ni% or purple4 7,fim>ia7 #bg #bf7be7 ,apo!cia cr[d$1 #a-cmm diam41 orange1 ) a granul> surface4 ,asci up to #aij #aem4 ,spores #ae-ah4e #g-i4em4 ,p>aphyses /rongly clavate to apex up to #adm diam1 fill$ ) orange granules4 ,coprobia granulata - ,apo!cia discrete1 #a-bmm diam41 orange or r$4 ,asci #bdj #aj-abm4 ,spores #ab-ae #g-hm4 ,p>aphyses yell[1 only slightly swoll5 f #bm to #c-dm at apex4 ,ascophanus bresadolae #bg7be7 ,spores #h-i4e #d-d4em4 ,fim>ia equ9a - ,spores l>g]4 #bh #bh7bg7 ,spores #bj-ch #aj-acm4 ,fim>ia hepatica - ,spores %ort]4 #bi #bi7bh7 ,spores #aj-ac #g-im4 ,fim>ia porc9a - ,spores #ac-ag #g-aam4 #cj #cj7bi7 ,disc punctate ) asci4 ,p>aphysis tips swoll5 up to #c-em4 ,spores #ad4e-af #i4e-aam4 ,fim>ia leporum - ,disc n punctate ) asci4 ,p>aphysis tips n or only slightly swoll54 #ca #ca7cj7 ,apo!cia pale yell[i%4 ,spores #ac-ae4e #g4e-h4em4 ,fim>ia !ioleuca - ,apo!cia *e/nut_/purpli% br[n4 ,spores #ad-ag #g-h4em4 ,fim>ia c]v>ia #cb7bd7 ,spores less ?an #ajm long4 #cc - ,spores mo/ly long] ?an #ajm4 #cf #cc7cb7 ,p>aphyses m>k$ly capitate to #e-fm1 ) yell[i% gre5 cont5ts4 ,apo!cia dull at fir/1 yell[i% at maturity4 ,spores #g-aj #b-d4em4 ,!lebolus microsporus 7fig4 #e7 - ,p>aphyses only slightly inflat$ above1 )\t col\r$ cont5ts4 ,apo!cia :iti% or grey4 #cd #cd7cc7 ,spores #e-g #c-dm4 ,asci #ch-db #f-gm4 ,apo!cia smoky grey1 #j4c-j4dmm diam4 ,ascophanus c9]ellus - ,spores l>g]4 ,apo!cia pale1 :ite or yell[i%4 #ce #ce7cd7 ,apo!cia up to #a4bmm diam4 ,asci %ort /alk$1 #dj-ee #h-abm4 ,spores #g4e-i #d4e-e4em4 ,coprotus glaucellus - ,apo!cia #j4b-j4emm diam4 ,asci att5uate bel[1 #fe-he #aj-aem4 ,spores #h-aj #e-f4em4 ,coprotus lacteus #cf7cb7 ,apo!cia *e/nut br[n up to #amm diam4 ,asci #afj #acm4 ,spores #ac-af x #h-aam4 ,p>aphyses =k$1 ) swoll5 tips4 ,ascophanus mi/urae - ,apo!cia light] col\r$4 ,asci less ?an #aejm long4 #cg #cg7cf7 ,spores #ad-ah #i-aam4 ,apo!cia pale yell[_/orange1 up to #a4emm diam4 ,asci cyl9drical1 #aaj-aej #ab-aem4 ,p>aphyses yell[i%1 slightly inflat$ to #d-em at apices4 ,coprotus o*raceus - ,spores less ?an #aem long4 ,apo!cia up to #j4fmm diam4 ,asci less ?an #ajjm long4 #ch ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,!lebolus microsporus1 ascus & p>aphysis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,ascodesmis microscopica1 ascospores4 #ch7cg7 ,apo!cia bright yell[4 ,asci cyl9drical clavate1 att5uate bel[1 #fe-ij #aj-aem4 ,spores #ab-ad #f-h4em4 ,p>aphyses bran*$1 apices inflat$ to #d-em1 ) yell[ cont5ts4 ,coprotus aurorus - ,apo!cia :ite_/pale yell[1 ) d>k] m>g94 ,asci broadly clavate1 /alk$ bel[ #dj-ee #ae-cjm4 ,spores #i-ae #f4e-i4em4 ,p>aphyses inflat$ above to #e-hm1 hyal9e4 ,coprotus granuli=mis #ci7e7 ,spores sph]ical or broadly ellipsoid1 br[n1 ornam5t$ ) w>ts1 ana/omos+ ridges or a reticulum4 ,asci clavate4 ,apo!cium )\t excipulum4 7,ascodesmis1 fig4 #f7 #dj - ,spores ellipsoid or sph]ical1 hyal9e at fir/1 !n purple1 becom+ br[n at maturity2 epispore smoo?1 f9ely v]ruculose1 w>t$ or crack$4 ,asci cyl9drical4 ,excipulum pres5t4 #de #dj7ci7 ,spores #ah-ba4e #ac4e-ag4em4 ,ascodesmis macrospora - ,spores up to #afm4 #da #da7dj7 ,spores sph]ical1 ,l_/,b ratio mo/ly up to #a4b4 #db - ,spores broadly ellipsoidal1 ,l_/,b ratio mo/ly #a4b or m4 #dc #db7da7 ,spores ornam5t$ ) r\nd w>ts1 #h4e-aa #h4c-ajm4 ,ascodesmis nana - ,spores ornam5t$ ) a network ( ridges1 #aj4e-ad #i-abm4 ,ascodesmis spha]ospora #dc7da7 ,spores ) a prom95t reticulum ( ridges 7fig4 #f71 #aa-ae4e #h-ac4em4 ,apo!cia #aej-cjjm diam4 ,ascodesmis microscopica 7fig4 #f7 - ,spore ornam5t n a reticulum4 #dd #dd7dc7 ,spores ) #a simple or bran*$ ridge & isolat$ or occasionally connect$ w>ts1 #aa-ad4e #g-aa4em4 ,apo!cia up to #ejjm diam4 ,ascodesmis porc9a - ,spores ) isolat$ w>ts1 "s jo9$ to =m %ort ridges1 b n a reticulum1 (t5 capitate1 #i4e-ab4e #g4e-ajm4 ,apo!cia #ej-aejm diam4 ,ascodesmis nigricans #de7ci7 ,spores sep>ate 9 ! ascus4 7,ascobolus7 #df - ,spores firmly jo9$ toge!r1 bo? 9 ! ascus & aft] ejection 7fig4 #aj74 7,saccabolus7 #ff #df7de7 ,spores sph]ical4 #dg - ,spores ellipsoid4 #dh #dg7df7 ,spores #aj4e-ac4em1 epispore ) num]\s b isolat$ w>ts4 ,ascobolus brassicae 7figs #h1 #i7 - ,spores #aa4e-ac4e7ae7m1 epispore ) subp>allel occasionally ana/omos+ l9es4 ,ascobolus crossl&ii #dh7df7 ,spores v l>ge1 mo/ly #ej-gj #be-cem1 almo/ oblong ) r\nd$ ends1 typically ) few cracks 9 ! epispore4 ,ascobolus imm]sus 7figs #g1 #i7 - ,spores small]1 ) epispore smoo?1 w>t$ or ) cracks4 #di #di7dh7 ,epispore /rongly & irregul>ly wr9kl$ ) a vesiculose lay] ( pigm5t1 #aa4f-af #f4e-i4cm4 ,p>aphyses capitate up to #ahm4 ,apo!cia up to #j4fmm diam4 ,ascobolus rhytidiosporus - ,epispore n /rongly wr9kl$_/vesiculose4 #ej #ej7di7 ,epispore basically smoo? or w>t$1 p]haps ) a few irregul> cracks4 #ea - ,epispore ) a cle> patt]n ( cracks or l9es4 #ef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,apo!cia (1 f left1 ,ascobolus furfuraceus1 ,a4 imm]sus & ,a4 albidus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a4 brassicae1 ascus ) spores & detail ( op]culum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,ascospores (1 clockwise f left1 ,a4 imm]sus1 ,a4 /ictoideus1 ,a4 albidus1 ,a4 brassicae & ,a4 cr5ulatus4 #ea7ej7 ,spores up to #bem long4 #eb - ,spores long]1 #bem or m4 #ed #eb7ea7 ,epispore smoo?1 f9ely granul> or punctate4 ,gelat9\s mat]ial unilat]al1 n surr\nd+ spore4 #ec - ,epispore w>t$1 spores #ah4e-ba7bb4e7 7#i7aj-aa4em1 surr\nd$ by gelat9\s %ea?4 ,ascobolus hawaii5sis #ec7eb7 ,spores #ah-bd #aj-acm4 ,hym5ial mucus gre5i% yell[4 ,excipulum n br[n4 ,ascobolus mancus - ,spores #bj-be #aa-acm4 ,hym5ial mucus sulphur yell[4 ,excipulum ) ri* br[n int]cellul> pigm5t4 ,ascobolus b\di]i #ed7ea7 ,epispore smoo? or f9ely granul>1 spores #bc-bi7cb7 #ab-agm4 ,ascobolus elegans - ,epispore w>t$4 #ee #ee7ed7 ,spores ) a regul> patt]n ( w>ts & intact epispore1 #bf-cb #ae-ag4em4 ,ascobolus /ictoideus 7fig4 #i7 - ,spores ) irregul> pat*es ( ?ick] pigm5t1 especially at ! poles1 #bh-ce #af-ahm4 ,ascobolus degluptus #ef7ej7 ,spores mo/ly #ah #ajm or l>g]4 #eg - ,spores mo/ly small] ?an #bj #ajm4 #fa #eg7ef7 ,apo!cia small1 mo/ly up to #amm diam41 col\rless4 ,spores #bj-ce #aa-adm1 epispore cracks di/ant1 irregul>1 (t5 ana/omos+4 ,ascobolus albidus 7figs #g1 #i7 - ,apo!cia l>g]1 usually #amm diam4 or m1 disc yell[i%1 gre5i%1 purpli% or br[ni%4 #eh #eh7eg7 ,apo!cia cr[d$1 purpli% or purpli% br[n ) int]cellul> pigm5t4 ,spores #ah-bh #aj-abm1 ) longitud9al ana/omos+ cracks4 ,ascobolus roseopurpurasc5s - ,apo!cia yell[i% or gre5i%4 #ei #ei7eh7 ,spores #ag-bb #i4e-abm ) a few widely spac$ & irregul>ly ori5t$ cracks4 ,ascobolus mi*audii - ,spores ) closely spac$1 longitud9al1 cracks1 ) v>y+ degrees ( ana/omosis4 #fj #fj7ei7 ,apo!cia furfurace\s1 sessile4 ,ascus wall blue 9 iod9e4 ,spores #ai-bh #aj-adm4 ,ascobolus furfuraceus 7fig4 #g7 - ,apo!cia smoo?1 sub/ipitate4 ,ascus wall only fa9tly blue 9 iod9e4 ,spores #ai-bb #i4e-acm4 ,ascobolus p]plexans #fa7ef7 ,apo!cia l>ge1 /ipitate1 #e-ajmm diam4 ,spores #af-ai4e #h4e-ajm1 ) subp>allel1 longitud9al1 only r>ely ana/omos+ l9es4 ,ascobolus lignatilis - ,apo!cia up to #bmm diam4 #fb #fb7fa7 ,apo!cia :ite4 #fc - ,apo!cia yell[1 gre5 or br[ni%4 #fd #fc7fb7 ,spores #ac-ag #g4e-h4em1 ) a co>se reticulum ( f9e cracks :5 mature4 ,only record$ on gr\se1 cap]caillie etc4 7,tetraonidae7 dung4 ,ascobolus c>letonii - ,spores #af-bj #h-ajm1 ) a patt]n ( longitud9al ana/omos+ cracks4 ,only record$ on de] dung4 ,ascobolus sac*>if]us #fd7fb7 ,spores #ad4e-af #h-im1 epispore l9es n d5sely cr[d$4 ,ascobolus c]v9us - ,spores small]1 epispore ) d5sely cr[d$1 r>ely ana/omos+ cracks4 #fe #fe7fd7 ,apo!cia gre5i% yell[1 furfurace\s1 ) cr5ulate m>g94 ,spores #i4e-ae #f-hm4 ,ascobolus cr5ulatus 7fig4 #i7 - ,apo!cia br[ni% yell[ to br[n1 smoo?1 ) undiff]5tiat$ m>g94 ,spores #ab4e-ad4e #g-h4em4 ,ascobolus m9utus #ff7de7 ,asci #d-spor$4 ,spore clu/]s #db-eh #ad-bjm4 ,spores #af4e-bc #i4e-abm1 smoo? to f9ely punctate1 b ) a ?ick cap or girdle ( reticulat$ or w>t$ pigm5t4 ,saccobolus quadrisporus - ,asci #h-spor$4 #fg #fg7ff7 ,spore clu/]s globul>1 #ag-bf7ci7 #ae-bjm4 #fh - ,spore clu/]s elongat$1 #b-c times z long z wide4 #fi #fh7fg7 ,spore clu/]s compact1 subglobose1 ) only ! expos$ surface ( spores pigm5t$1 ornam5t$ ) small & co>se w>ts4 ,saccobolus dilutellus - ,spores loosely unit$ 9 clu/]1 ornam5t$ ) small isolat$ w>ts cov]+ mo/ ( _! surface4 ,saccobolus globulif]ellus #fi7fg7 ,apo!cia yell[4 ,spores 9 #d r[s ( #b longitud9ally arrang$ spores 7fig4 #aj74 #gj - ,apo!cia hyal9e or violace\s 7"s mature d>k]74 ,spores 9 #b r[s ( #c & #a r[ ( #b 7fig4 #aj74 #gc #gj7fi7 ,spore clu/]s #djm or long]4 #ga - ,spore clu/]s up to #djm long4 #gb #ga7gj7 ,spore clu/]s #ej-ga #af-bem4 ,spores #bb-bi #h4e-ad4em1 smoo? or r>ely f9ely punctate1 ) di/ant irregul> cracks4 ,saccobolus glab] 7fig4 #aj7 - ,spore clu/]s #dc-ea #ad-agm4 ,spores #af-bb #g4e-im1 ) f9e isolat$ w>ts4 ,saccobolus citr9us #gb7gj7 ,spores #ad-ag4e7ai4e7 #g4e-h4e7aj7m1 easily sep>at$ at maturity4 ,spore clu/]s becom+ %ort] & m r\nd$ ) maturity4 ,apo!cia up to #cjjm diam41 inconspicu\s due to _! solit>y nature & ! pr$om9antly br[ni% col\r due to ! mature spores4 ,saccobolus truncatus 7fig4 #aj7 - ,spores #aa4e-ac4e #e4e-f4em4 ,saccobolus m9imus #gc7fi7 ,apo!cia :ite1 cov]$ ) tap]+ squamules compos$ ( septate hyphae4 ,spore clu/]s #ch-dc #ae-agm4 ,spores #af-ag4e #g-h4em1 smoo? or f9ely punctate4 ,saccobolus caes>iatus - ,apo!cia n :ite1 )\t tap]+ scales4 #gd #gd7gc7 ,spore clu/]s mo/ly ov] #djm long4 #ge - ,spore clu/]s mo/ly "u #djm long4 #gf #ge7gd7 ,spore clu/]s #ch-fb #ad-aim4 ,spores #ac-ba4e #f4e-i4em1 smoo?1 f9ely w>t$ or ) reticulate cracks4 ,apo!cia #j4b-bmm diam4 ,saccobolus v]sicolor 7fig4 #aj7 - ,spore clu/]s #db-fj #ah-bdm4 ,spores v co>sely w>t$1 #ag4e-bc #h4e-ajm 7inc4 w>ts74 ,saccobolus beckii ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,spore clu/]s (1 f left1 ,saccobolus v]sicolor1 ,s4 glab] & ,s4 truncatus4 #gf7gd7 ,spore clu/]s compact1 #bf-dc #ac-aim4 ,spores #ac4e-ah #g4e-i4em1 epispore ) f9e or co>se w>ts4 ,apo!cia #j4c-j4hmm diam4 ,saccobolus obscurus - ,spore clu/]s elongat$1 #bh-cg #aj-acm4 ,spores #aj-ad4e #e-g4em1 epispore smoo? or v f9ely granul>4 ,apo!cia #j4a-j4cmm diam4 ,saccobolus depaup]atus #gg7d7 ,asci op]culate or bur/+1 )\t a subapical r+4 ,spores ellipsoid4 #gh - ,apo!cia :ite1 (t5 m9utely hairy at ! m>g94 ,ascus dehisc+ by a v]tical slit2 ! slit is prev5t$ f runn+ "r d[n ! ascus by a subapical r+ ( ?ick5+4 ,spores ellipsoid-fusi=m4 7,ascozonus1 figs #ad1 #ae7 #ij #gh7gg7 ,asci #af-spor$4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #aa-af #g-ajm4 ,coprotus sexdecemsporus - ,asci m ?an #af-spor$4 #gi #gi7gh7 ,asci #cb-spor$4 #hj - ,asci m ?an #cb-spor$4 #hd #hj7gi7 ,asci v l>ge1 ne>ly #j4emm long1 spores #cj-ce #ac-agm 7#cb-dj #bj-bdm 9 ,kimbr\gh1 #aifi74 ,apo!cia pale col\r$4 ,!co!us pelleti]i - ,asci & spores small]4 #ha #ha7hj7 ,spores #ajm or long]4 #hc - ,spores up to #ajm long4 #hb #hb7ha7 ,spores ellipsoid1 ) m9ute scatt]$ w>ts visible "u oil-imm]sion1 #g-i #d-d4em4 ,apo!cia d5sely cr[d$1 #ij-abjm diam41 ) #h-ac asci4 ,asci #cb-ee #af-ahm ) 7#bd-7cb spores4 ,p>aphyses #a4e-bm1 clavate to #d-d4em4 ,!lebolus can9us - ,spores subacute at apices1 ca #f #dm 7describ$ z 'm9ute'2 ?is value is sugge/$ by ,b\di]'s comp>ison ) ,r4 dubius1 = :i* measurem5ts are giv574 ,apo!cia d5sely cr[d$1 tawny yell[i%-br[n4 ,ryp>obius brunneus #hc7ha7 ,spores #aj-ab4e #e-g4em4 ,asci clavate1 #ge-ajj #bj-cjm4 ,p>aphyses enl>g$ to #fm at apex4 ,coprotus albidus - ,spores #ac4e-ag4e #g-hm4 ,asci #aj-ae p] apo!cium1 #abj-age #ej-gem4 ,p>aphyses fili=m4 ,coprotus rhyp>obioides #hd7gi7 ,asci ) up to #fd spores4 #he - ,asci ) _m m ?an #fd spores--impractical to c\nt4 #hf #he7hd7 ,asci #fd-spor$1 broad clavate ) %ort /alk1 #hj-acj #cj-fjm4 ,spores #h-ab #d-gm4 ,coprotus niveus - ,asci broadly clavate ) up to #fd spores1 #fj-ajj #bj-cjm4 ,spores #g-aj #d4e-e4em4 ,apo!cia sup]ficial1 on ! surface ( ! sub/rate1 yell[i% br[n1 greg>i\s1 unit$ into a cru/4 ,!lebolus cru/aceus #hf7hd7 ,apo!cia sup]ficial1 #djj-fjjm diam41 ) prom95t1 acum9ate1 sup]ficial1 #a-b-septate hairs1 #hj-aijm long1 (t5 r\gh5$ t[>ds _! apex1 ) "o #ajjj-spor$ ascus1 #aaj-bdj #ae-bgm4 ,spores v v>iable1 #f4e-af #c4g-h4hm 7mo/ly #g4e-ac #d4e-gm74 ,lasiobolus monascus - ,apo!cia m9ute1 r>ely above #cejm diam41 globose & imm]s$ 9 sub/rate :5 "y4 ,asci broad globose1 ) #ajj-bjj spores4 ,usually only #a-c asci 9 ea* apo!cium1 :i* dehisce by bur/+ at ! apex4 #hg 7,o!r ,ryp>obius spp4 w key out "h e4g4 ,r4 dubius1 ,r4 myriosporus1 ,r4 pa*yascus & ,r4 polysporus4 ,!y all h scatt]$ to greg>i\s1 imm]s$ to semi-imm]s$ apo!cia #ajj-bjjm diam41 ) relatively few asci1 ea* ) #ajj-bej ellipsoid to subacum9ate ca #e-g #c-dm spores4 ,!re are insuffici5t mod]n obs]vations to all[ _! id5tification & sep>ation ) confid5ce74 #hg7hf7 ,apo!cia ) a few1 b obvi\s1 setae4 ,spores #i #gm or l>g]4 #hh - ,apo!cia )\t setae4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #f-i #c4e-dm4 #hi #hh7hg7 ,spores ellipsoid1 #i-aa #g-im4 ,setae up to #fjjm long4 ,tri*obolus zukalii - ,spores subglobose1 #aa-ab #aj-aam4 ,setae up to #cjjm long4 ,tri*obolus spha]osporus 7fig4 #aa7 #hi7hg7 ,apo!cia & asci l>ge1 #agj-bejm diam4 ,!lebolus /]coreus 7fig4 #ab7 - ,apo!cia & asci small1 r>ely above #hj-ijm diam4 ,!lebolus nanus 7fig4 #ac7 #ij7gg7 ,asci #af7-bd7-spor$4 ,spores n closely aggregat$ into an imbricat$ mass1 #ac-ad #fm 7#h-i #dm7#a4 ,apo!cial hairs r\gh1 subulate4 ,ascozonus p>visporus - ,asci ) #cb or m spores4 #ia #ia7ij7 ,asci #cb-spor$4 ,spores #af4e-ah #d4e-em 7#aa-ab #c-c4em7#a4 ,apo!cia ) a s+le r[ ( %>p1 po9t$1 r\gh5$ hairs4 ,ascozonus cr\anii - ,asci m ?an #cb-spor$4 #ib #ib7ia7 ,asci #dh-spor$4 ,spores sp9dle-%ap$1 #ab-ad4e #b4e-dm4 ,ascozonus leveillei - ,asci m ?an #dh-spor$4 #ic #ic7ib7 ,asci #fd-spor$4 #id - ,asci m ?an #fd-spor$4 #ie #id7ic7 ,apo!cia ) a %ort base ( globose cells1 ) m9utely r\gh5$ m>g9al hairs up to #cj #hm4 ,spores elliptic-fusoid1 #ab-ad #c-em4 ,ascozonus woolhop5sis 7figs #ad1 #ae7 - ,apo!cia sessile1 ) aseptate smoo? hairs4 ,spores #ba #g4em 7#ac-ad #d4e-em7#a4 ,ascozonus cunicul>is ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,tri*obolus spha]osporus1 apo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,!lebolus /]coreus1 apo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,t4 nanus1 mature & immature apo!cia1 & detail ( ascus dehisc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,ascozonus woolhop5sis1 apo!cium & apo!cial hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,a4 woolhop5sis1 ascus ) spores & detail ( dehisc5ce4 #ie7ic7 ,apo!cia ) a %ort base ( globose cells1 ) %ort1 irregul> hairs4 ,asci #fd-if-spor$ ,spores elliptic-fusoid1 #ad-ad4e #e-e4em 7#aj-ae #c4e-dm7#a4 ,ascozonus leveillanus - ,apo!cia sessile1 dott$ ) hairs 9 connate gr\ps ( #b-c4 ,asci ) #abh or m spores4 ,spores #aj #em 7#g #c4em7#a4 ,ascozonus subhirtus #if7c7 ,apo!cia /alk$4 #ig - ,apo!cia n /alk$4 #ih #ig7if7 ,apo!cia up to #bmm diam41 ) a %ort cyl9drical /alk1 light br[n4 ,asci #aej #ajm4 ,spores hyal9e1 ) #b oil drops1 occasionally #a-septate1 #ac-ae #d4em4 ,lanzia cuniculi - ,apo!cia up to #cmm diam41 pale olivace\s to grey1 ) a long1 sl5d]1 r$di%-br[n /alk aris+ f a scl]otium 9 ! dung4 ,asci #cj-dj #d-em4 ,spores ellipsoid1 grey-br[n1 #d-d4e #bm4 ,m>t99ia panama5sis #ih7if7 ,spores #g-aa7ad7 #a4ge-b4gem4 ellipsoid1 ellipsoid- fusi=m or slightly clavate4 ,apo!cia yell[i% br[n :5 fre%1 dry+ d>k]1 up to #amm diam4 ,asci #db-fj #g4e-im1 pore weakly blue 9 iod9e4 ,pezizella albula - ,spores & asci small]4 #ii #ii7ih7 ,spores l9e>1 #c-e #am4 ,asci #cj #em1 cyl9drical ) a %ort /ipe4 ,p>aphyses n clavate b fus$ to =m an epi!cium4 ,apo!cia pale pellucid1 #j4e-amm diam4 ,orbilia lepor9a - ,spores long]1 subulate1 curv$4 #ajj #ajj7ii7 ,spores #g-h4e #a4b-a4hm4 ,asci #cf-dj #c-em1 gradually tap]+ to a %ort base4 ,p>aphyses enl>g$ to #cm at apex1 cov]$ ) br[n granules4 ,apo!cia light br[n1 #j4d-a4mm diam4 ,orbilia fimicola - ,spores #h-aj4ee #j4i-am4 ,asci #cj-de #cm1 cyl9drical-clavate ) n>r[ tap]+ base & truncate apex4 ,p>aphyses #bm diam41 ! tips ) a cru/-l secretion fus+ toge!r to =m a %9y epi!cium4 ,apo!cia :ite to yell[i%1 #ahj-gjjm diam4 ,orbilia fimicoloides ,key #b4 ,p]i!cial1 pseudo!cial1 clei/o!cial & gymno!cial fungi #a ,p]i!cia occurr+ s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 b directly 7key #a1b7 on ! dung or buri$ 9 x 7figs #af1 #bh1 #ai1 #bb1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd-cf74 #b - ,p]i!cia occurr+ 9 or on a mass ( fungal tissue 7/roma7 gr[+ 9 or on ! dung 7figs #cb1 #cg74 #ace #b7a7 ,spores black1 br[n or d>k olive-gre5i%4 #c - ,spores hyal9e or pale col\r$1 at lea/ "u ! microscope 7may be copp]y r$ en masse74 #aag #c7b7 ,spores smoo?1 )\t an ornam5tation ( hyal9e pits4 #d - ,spores #a-;cell$1 ornam5t$ ) hyal9e pits4 7,gelas9ospora7 #aad #d7c7 ,p]i!cia d>k1 olive1 br[n or black4 #e - ,p]i!cia r$di% br[n1 orange or gold51 globose1 ) a neck4 ,spores black1 limoni=m4 #aaf #e7d7 ,p]i!cia globose1 surm\nt$ by a d5se tuft ( greyi% gre5 hairs1 :i* may be bran*$ or simple1 /raight or curly4 ,spores olivace\s1 limoni=m4 ,asci clavate1 soon disappe>+4 7,a l>ge g5us n *>act]i/ic ( dung1 b occurr+ occasionally74 ,*aetomium 7fig4 #af7 - ,p]i!cia m pyri=m1 or if globose !n ) a di/9ct neck1 may be setose b n d5sely hairy1 ) clavate or cyl9drical asci4 #f #f7e7 ,ea* spore compos$ ( #d or m cells 9 a r[ 7figs #ag1 #ba74 ,asci bitunicate 7figs #bj1 #bc74 #g - ,spores #a- or #b-;cell$4 ,asci bitunicate or unitunicate4 #bi #g7f7 ,spores #af-cb-;cell$1 unit$ firmly toge!r 9 a bundle bo? 9 ! ascus & aft] dis*>ge4 ,g]m slits usually abs5t4 7,sporormia7 #h - ,spores ea* ) #d or m cells1 ea* spore free & surr\nd$ by its own gelat9\s %ea?4 ,g]m slits usually pres5t4 7,sporormiella7 #aa #h7g7 ,spores #af-bj-;cell$4 #i - ,spores #bi-cb-;cell$1 #acj-afj #d-fm4 ,sporormia mirabilis #i7h7 ,spores #af-;cell$1 #he-aaf #e-f4em4 ,sporormia fimicola - ,spores small]4 #aj #aj7i7 ,spores #af-;cell$1 #cg-de #cm4 ,asci #ej-fj #aj-abm4 ,sporormia sp4 7fig4 #ag7 record$ z ,s4 fimet>ia by ,ri*>dson 7#aigb72 see also ,bell 7#aihc7 & ,diss+ 7#aiib7 - ,spores #af-bj-;cell$1 #ej-eg #c4e-d4em4 ,asci #gj-hj #ab-afm4 ,sporormia fimet>ia 7,^! two taxa may repres5t ! extremes ( ,s4 fimet>ia74 #aa7g7 ,spores #d-;cell$4 #ab - ,spores m ?an #d-;cell$4 #bb #ab7aa7 ,spores m ?an #fe-gjm long4 #ac - ,spores less ?an #fe-gjm long4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,*aetomium sp41 p]i!cium & spore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,sporormia sp41 ascus & spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,sporormiella ov9a1 pseudo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,s4 int]m$ia1 pseudo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,s4 int]m$ia1 immature bitunicate ascus & mature ascus ) out] lay] ruptur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,ascospores (1 f left1 ,s4 ov9a1 ,s4 int]m$ia 7) gelat9\s %ea? *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us71 ,s4 lag5i=mis1 ,s4 vexans1 ,s4 bip>tis & ,s4 m9ima4 #ac7ab7 ,spores #fe-ie #ae-ahm4 ,sporormiella megalospora - ,spores long] ?an #ijm4 #ad #ad7ac7 ,spores #ij-aah #ae-bjm4 ,asci tap]+ gradually f ! broade/ "p ne> ! apex to a '/ipe'4 ,sporormiella ov9a 7figs #ah1 #ba7 - ,spores #ia-aad 7#ad7ah-bam4 ,asci cyl9drical1 abruptly contract$ bel[ to a %ort '/ipe'4 ,sporormiella borealis #ae7ab7 ,spores mo/ly less ?an #cem long4 #af - ,spores mo/ly betwe5 #ce-fjm long4 #ai #af7ae7 ,spores less ?an #bem long4 #ag - ,spores #be-ce7ch7m long4 #ah #ag7af7 ,spores 7#ae7ag-bd7bf7 #e-gm1 end cells broadly conical4 ,ascospores unis]iate4 ,asci #abj-acem long4 ,pseudo!cia #bej-cjjm diam4 ,sporormiella pul*ella - ,spores #af-bb #d4e-e4em1 end cells subovate4 ,ascospores bis]iate4 ,asci #ie-abem long4 ,pseudo!cia #cjj-cejm diam4 ,sporormiella nigropurpurea #ah7af7 ,spores #cj-ch4e #e4e-f4em4 ,asci clavate1 tap]+ gradually bel[ to a '/ipe'4 ,sporormiella lepor9a - ,spores #bg-cf7ch7 #d-f7h7m1 t5d+ to break 9 two at ! middle septum4 ,asci cyl9drical1 abruptly contract$ bel[4 ,sporormiella m9ima 7fig4 #ba7 #ai7ae7 ,spores ) end cells r\nd$4 ,asci cyl9drical1 abruptly contract$ bel[4 #bj - ,spores ) end cells tap]$ & slightly conical4 ,asci clavate1 tap]+ gradually to a long /alk4 #ba #bj7ai7 ,spores #de-fe #h-aa4em4 ,sporormiella int]m$ia 7figs #ai-ba7 - ,spores #ch-df #f4e-hm4 ,sporormiella au/ralis #ba7ai7 ,spores #de-fj #aa4e-adm1 g]m slits p>allel ) long axis4 ,sporormiella gr&ispora - ,spores #ce-de7dh7 #g-i7aj7m4 ,sporormiella lag5i=mis 7fig4 #ba7 #bb7aa7 ,spores #e-;cell$1 #gj-hj #ag-aim4 ,sporormiella p5tam]a - ,spores m ?an #e-;cell$4 #bc #bc7bb7 ,spores #g- or #h-;cell$4 #bd - ,spores #ac-;cell$1 #df-fj #i-ajm4 ,sporormiella ant>ctica #bd7bc7 ,spores #g-;cell$4 #be - ,spores #h-;cell$4 #bf #be7bd7 ,spores #dj-ee #g-im1 readily dis>ticulat+1 ! end cells long] ?an wide1 ! re/ %ort] ?an wide4 ,sporormiella vexans 7fig4 #ba7 - ,spores #gj-hj #af-ahm1 end cells r\nd$4 ,sporormiella heptam]a #bf7bd7 ,spores mo/ly long] ?an #dem4 #bg - ,spores less ?an #ejm long1 n dis>ticulat+ at ! c5tral septum4 #bh #bg7bf7 ,spores #de-fj #e-g4em1 dis>ticulat+ at ! c5tral septum1 all cells ! same wid?4 ,sporormiella bip>tis 7fig4 #ba7 - ,spores #ej-ei #aj-abm1 n dis>ticulat+1 #crd cell d[n wid] ?an ! o!rs4 ,sporormiella corynespora #bh7bf7 ,spores 7#cc7cg-dj7di7 #g-im1 cyl9drical4 ,asci abruptly contract$ bel[4 ,sporormiella pascua - ,spores #dj-dh #g-hm1 fusi=m cyl9drical4 ,asci gradually tap]$ bel[4 ,sporormiella octom]a #bi7f7 ,spores obvi\sly #b-;cell$ at maturity4 #cj - ,spores #a-;cell$1 or appe>+ #a-;cell$ at maturity4 7,^? ( ,podospora1 ,s*izo!cium etc4 are #b-;cell$ 9 e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t1 b only "o cell matures to become pigm5t$2 ! o!r rema9s hyal9e1 (t5 collapses1 & may be difficult to see74 #dg #cj7bi7 ,spores #bc-bh #ac-agm1 upp] cell d>k1 #ae-aim1 ) close1 blunt sp9es giv+ ! impression ( a pitt$ spore surface1 ) apical g]m pore1 ! l[] cell hyal9e1 #f-h4em1 smoky-br[n4 ,asci unitunicate1 #d-spor$4 ,p]i!cia #djjm diam4 ,apiosord>ia v]ruculosa 7fig4 #bd7 - ,bo? cells ( spore simil> 9 %ape1 size & col\r4 #ca #ca7cj7 ,asci unitunicate4 ,spores ) a 'gelat9\s' app5dage at ea* end4 ,p]i!cial neck ) setae4 #cb - ,asci bitunicate4 ,spores )\t gelat9\s app5dages1 al?\gh a %ea? may be pres5t4 #cc #cb7ca7 ,spores #ch-dh #aa-adm1 app5dages longitud9ally fibrillate4 ,zygosp]mella /riata - ,spores #df-fh #aa-agm1 app5dages holl[1 n fibrillate4 ,zygosp]mella insignis 7fig4 #be7 #cc7ca7 ,spores ) ea* end truncat$ by a g]m pore4 ,pseudo!cia ) d>k bri/les at neck4 7,tri*odelits*ia7 #cd - ,spores ) r\nd$ ends & g]m slits along ! sides4 ,pseudo!cial neck smoo? or hairy1 b )\t setae4 7,delits*ia1 fig4 #bf7 #cf #cd7cc7 ,spores #bh-cd #i-abm4 ,tri*odelits*ia a$elphica - ,spores small]4 #ce #ce7cd7 ,spores #bj-bg4e #h-aam4 ,tri*odelits*ia bisporula 7figs #bb1 #bc7 - ,spores #ah-ba #f-gm4 ,tri*odelits*ia munkii #cf7cc7 ,asci ca #bef-spor$4 ,spores #ad-ae #f-hm4 ,delits*ia myriaspora - ,asci #h-spor$4 #cg #cg7cf7 ,spores less ?an #bjm long4 #ch - ,spores m ?an #bjm long4 #da #ch7cg7 ,spores #h-aa #c-em4 ,delits*ia p]pusilla - ,spores #aj-bjm long4 #ci #ci7ch7 ,spores #aj-ad #e-fm4 ,delits*ia m>*alii - ,spores long]4 #dj #dj7ci7 ,spores #ad-ah #f-ajm1 unis]iate4 ,asci #gj-ij #g-afm4 ,delits*ia niesslii - ,spores 7#af7ah-bj7bb4e7 #f-g4em1 bis]iate4 ,asci #hj-ade #bj-bem4 ,delits*ia consociata 7fig4 #bf7 #da7cg7 ,spores mo/ly wid] ?an #bjm4 #db - ,spores mo/ly less ?an #bjm wide4 #dc #db7da7 ,spores #ej-fd #ai-bcm4 ,delits*ia furfuracea - ,spores #ej-gj #be-ccm4 ,delits*ia w9t]i 7fig4 #bf7 #dc7da7 ,spores #bj-be #d4e-fm1 ! cells slightly tap]$ & almo/ completely sep>at$4 ,pseudo!cia hairless1 globose1 ca #bjjm diam4 ,delits*ia leptospora 7fig4 #bf7 - ,spores long] & wid]4 #dd #dd7dc7 ,spores transv]sely septate4 #de - ,spores obliquely septate1 deeply con/rict$ at ! septum1 #ce-ej #ae-ahm4 ,delits*ia didyma #de7dd7 ,pseudo!cia hairy4 ,spores #cg-ej #ag-bjm1 n deeply con/rict$ at ! septum4 ,delits*ia *aetomioides - ,pseudo!cia smoo?4 #df #df7de7 ,spores bis]iate1 #de-ee #ac-afm1 "o cell usually l>g] ?an ! o!r1 deeply con/rict$ at ! septum & readily sep>at+4 ,delits*ia can9a - ,spores unis]iate1 #dj-ee #af-bam1 bo? cells equal4 ,delits*ia patagonica ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,tri*odelits*ia bisporula1 pseudo!cium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,t4 bisporula1 exp&$ ascus brok5 ?r\gh ! out] wall1 ) spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,apiosord>ia v]ruculosa1 ascospores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,zygosp]mella insignis1 ascus & ascospore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,ascospores (1 f left1 ,delits*ia w9t]i1 ,d4 consociata & ,d4 leptospora4 #dg7bi7 ,spores ) col\rless 'gelat9\s' second>y app5dages 7caudae1 fig4 #bh7 at "o or bo? ends 7n always easy to see2 m\nt+ 9 ,indian ink is useful1 & ess5tial = "s74 ,a hyal9e 7empty7 cell1 ! prim>y app5dage 7fig4 #bh71 may also be pres5t4 #dh - ,spores )\t caudae1 al?\gh a col\rless gelat9\s %ea? may be pres5t4 ,prim>y app5dages pres5t or abs5t4 #hh #dh7dg7 ,p]i!cia (t5 hairy or tom5tose :5 "y4 ,immature spores long1 wavy cyl9drical1 ) a r[ ( globules1 & m likely to be se5 ?an mature spores 7fig4 #bi74 ,second>y app5dages ?91 simple1 up to #fj #cm4 ,mature spores ) a d>k cell #ad-be #g-acm & p$icel 7prim>y app5dage7 #be-ej #c-fm4 7,c]cophora7 #di - ,p]i!cia (t5 ) scales or setae at ! neck or tom5tose4 ,caudae1 simple or comp\nd4 ,immature spores clavate or ellipsoid1 n long1 wavy cyl9drical4 ,mature spores readily obs]v$4 #ea #di7dh7 ,immature spores #de-gj #d-fm4 #ej - ,immature spores small]1 #ch-eb #c-c4em4 ,mature spores ) upp] 7d>k7 cell #ad-ah #g-im2 hyal9e p$icel #bg-cf #c-c4em4 ,c]cophora silvatica #ej7di7 ,p]i!cia ) :ite or grey tom5tum4 ,"y spores #de-fe #d4e-fm4 ,mature spores ) upp] cell #ag-be #h4e-acm & p$icel #cj-ejm long4 ,c]cophora coprophila 7fig4 #bi7 - ,p]i!cia ) flexuose br[n hairs &1 at ! neck1 tufts ( agglut9at$1 swoll51 obtuse hairs4 ,"y spores #eb-fh #d-em4 ,mature spores ) upp] cell #ae-be #i-aam & p$icel #ce-dem long4 ,c]cophora mirabilis #ea7dh7 ,prim>y app5dage abs5t4 7,arnium1 fig4 #bh7 #eb - ,prim>y app5dage pres5t4 #fj #eb7ea7 ,asci 7#fd-7abh-spor$4 ,spores #ah-bf 7#aj7ab-aem4 ,p]i!cial neck sometimes ) rigid1 br[n1 septate hairs up to #ccjm4 ,arnium lepor9um - ,asci #d- or #h-spor$4 #ec #ec7eb7 ,asci #d-spor$4 #ed - ,asci #h-spor$4 #ee #ed7ec7 ,spores ellipsoid1 sometimes inequilat]ally flatt5$1 #dd-ed #bb-cjm1 ) #a apical g]m pore1 caudae n swell+ 9 wat]4 ,p]i!cium usually ) lat]al tufts ( agglut9at$ hairs up to #eejm long4 ,arnium arizon5se - ,spores ev5ly ellipsoid-fusi=m1 #ca-ee #ah-bem1 ) g]m pore at ea* end1 caudae cov]+ g]m pores1 #ce-fj #g-aam1 b ruptur+ & swell+ to up to #acj #ejm1 & becom+ diffuse & irregul>4 ,p]i!cial neck cov]$ ) rigid hairs up to #aij #b4em4 ,arnium hirtum #ee7ec7 ,p]i!cial neck di/9ctly setose ) rigid hairs4 #ef - ,p]i!cial neck )\t setae4 #eg #ef7ee7 ,spores ev5ly ellipsoid-fusi=m1 #ca-ee #ah-bem1 ) g]m pore at ea* end1 caudae cov]+ g]m pores1 #ce-fj #g-aam1 b ruptur+ & swell+ up to #acj #ejm1 & becom+ diffuse & irregul>4 ,p]i!cial neck cov]$ ) rigid hairs up to #aij #b4em4 ,arnium hirtum - ,spores slightly inequilat]al1 #ce-dc #ag-bcm1 caudae #ej-ge #e-hm1 n cov]+ g]m pores4 ,p]i!cial neck ) br[n hairs up to #bejm long4 ,arnium c]v9um #eg7ee7 ,p]i!cia cov]$ ) a d5se tom5tum ( septate flexu\s hairs4 ,spores mo/ly long] ?an #dem4 ,only occasionally fimicol\s4 #eh - ,p]i!cia )\t a tom5tum4 ,spores up to #dem4 #ei #eh7eg7 ,spores 7#dj7de-ed #be-cem1 unis]iate4 ,tom5tum pale or grayi%4 ,arnium ol]um - ,spores #dg-gj x #bj-cjm1 bis]iate above4 ,tom5tum olivace\s br[n4 ,arnium tom5tosum #ei7eg7 ,spores some:at inequilat]al1 r\nd$ bel[1 po9t$ above1 #ca-dj #ah-bdm1 caudae #ej-abj #f-ajm1 ) #a apical g]m pore n cov]$ by cauda4 ,arnium caball9um - ,spores equilat]al1 #cf-dd #bj-bcm1 caudae #ej-hj #f-hm1 cov]+ g]m pores4 ,arnium m5dax #fj7ea7 ,p]i!cia ) scales at ! neck1 compos$ ( inflat$ & agglut9at$ cells 7fig4 #bg1 ,s4 conicum74 7,s*izo!cium7 #fa - ,p]i!cia setose or hairy at ! neck1 b n ) inflat$ cells1 or neck black b almo/ hairless4 7,podospora7 #gj #fa7fj7 ,asci #d-spor$4 #fb - ,asci #h-spor$4 #fc #fb7fa7 ,spores #aa-ad4e #f4e-im4 ,s*izo!cium nanum 7fig4 #bh7 - ,spores #ai-bd #ab-ad4em4 ,s*izo!cium tetrasporum #fc7fa7 ,spores m ?an #cjm long4 #fd - ,spores less ?an #cjm long4 #fe #fd7fc7 ,p]i!cia cr[n$ ) a fascicle ( long agglut9at$ hairs at ! neck1 up to #ccem long4 ,spores #ca-dj #ae-bem1 bis]iate4 ,s*izo!cium aloides - ,p]i!cia ) %ort]1 less rem>kable tufts4 ,spores #cj-de #ai-bdm1 unis]iate4 ,s*izo!cium glut9ans #fe7fc7 ,p]i!cial neck ) rigid setae1 z well z agglut9at$ hairs 7:i* may be greatly r$uc$74 ,asci #adj-baj #ai-bem1 broade/ at ! m>k$ly r\nd$ apex4 ,spores #ah-bc #aa-adm4 ,s*izo!cium pilosum - ,p]i!cial neck )\t rigid setae4 ,asci broade/ 9 ! middle4 #ff #ff7fe7 ,spores mo/ly ov] #bcm long4 #fg - ,spores up to #bcm long4 #fi #fg7ff7 ,spores #bb-be7bg7 #aa-acm4 ,scales at neck di/9ct4 ,s*izo!cium hispidulum - ,spores wid]1 #ab-aim #fh #fh7fg7 ,p]i!cia #j4e-amm high1 scales at neck usually well develop$4 ,spores 7#bc7bf-cj #ab-agm4 ,s*izo!cium conicum 7fig4 #bg7 - ,p]i!cia #a-bmm diam41 subpyri=m1 neck velvety ) indi/9ct scales4 ,spores #bd-bh #ae-aim4 ,s*izo!cium squamulosum #fi7ff7 ,spores #ag-bc #h4e-ac4em1 prim>y app5dage sl5d] cyl9drical1 #f-h #bm4 ,p]i!cia #j4be-j4gmm high1 sometimes ) poorly develop$ scales4 ,s*izo!cium ve/icola 7fig4 #bh7 - ,spores #aa-ad #f-hm1 prim>y app5dage %ort1 #bm long1 almo/ triangul>4 ,p]i!cia #j4c-j4demm high1 ) %ort agglut9at$ hairs4 ,s*izo!cium c]v9um #gj7fj7 ,asci #d-spor$4 ,spores #ce-dj #ah-aim4 ,podospora pauciseta - ,asci ) m ?an #d spores4 #ga ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,p]i!cia1 f left1 ( ,podospora app5diculata1 ,s*izo!cium conicum1 ,p4 exc5trica & ,p4 decipi5s1 ) detail ( hairs4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,ascospores (1 f left1 ,podospora exc5trica1 ,p4 app5diculata1 ,s4 ve/icola1 ,s4 nanum1 ,p4 decipi5s1 ',p4 dagob]tii' & ,arnium sp4 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,c]cophora coprophila1 immature 7l7 & mature 7r7 ascospores4 #ga7gj7 ,asci #h-spor$4 #gb - ,asci ) m ?an #h spores4 #hb #gb7ga7 ,spores m ?an #dem long4 #gc - ,spores less ?an #dem long4 #gd #gc7gb7 ,spores #dh-fj #bg-cam1 caudae app>5tly /riate4 ,p]i!cia sup]ficial1 cov]$ ) rigid1 nonagglut9at$ hairs up to #abjm4 ,podospora fimis$a - ,spores #ej-fh #bb-cbm1 caudae app>5tly segm5t$1 ) an inte/9e-l appe>ance4 ,p]i!cia imm]s$ to sup]ficial1 ) a long neck1 tom5tose ) long flexu\s hairs :5 "y1 m or less glabr\s :5 mature4 ,podospora inte/9acea #gd7gb7 ,p]i!cia sup]ficial1 ovoid to globose1 cov]$ ) %ort 7up to #ajjm71 sp>se1 radiat+1 hyal9e tipp$1 hairs4 ,spores #bd-ca #aa-aem1 ) simple caudae4 ,podospora app5diculata 7figs #bg1 #bh7 - ,p]i!cia ) base imm]s$ 9 sub/rate1 pyri=m1 )\t su* hairs4 #ge #ge7gd7 ,p]i!cial neck ) %ort tub]cul> hairs1 up to #bjm long4 ,spores #cb-db #ag-bbm1 ) a long b )]+ prim>y app5dage4 ,caudae 9 two r+s1 "o ins]t$ ne> ! base ( ! prim>y app5dage1 ! o!r at ! spore apex4 ,! individual filam5ts may be free1 b (t5 clump toge!r to =m an app>5tly broad app5dage4 ,podospora decipi5s 7figs #bg1 #bh7 - ,p]i!cial hairs long]4 ,caudae s+le or #d at ea* end4 #gf #gf7ge7 ,spores ) #d caudae at ea* end4 #gg - ,spores ) a s+le cauda at ea* end4 #gh #gg7gf7 ,spores #dj-de #bb-bem4 ,podospora gwynne-vaughaniae - ,spores #bi-dj #af-bem4 ,podospora communis #gh7gf7 ,spores less ?an #cj #aem4 #gi - ,spores l>g] ?an #cj #aem4 #hj #gi7gh7 ,spores #ba-bh #aa-adm1 prim>y app5dage #ab-ad #dm4 ,p]i!cia #j4c-j4emm diam41 neck setose ) rigid cyl9drical hairs4 ,asci #bjj-bej #bb-bfm1 broade/ 9 ! middle4 ,podospora ellisiana - ,spores #ah-bc #aa-adm1 prim>y app5dage #d-h #cm4 ,p]i!cia #j4b-j4cmm diam41 neck setose ) rigid hairs4 ,asci #adj-baj #ai-bem1 broade/ at ! m>k$ly r\nd$ apex4 ,s*izo!cium pilosum #hj7gh7 ,p]i!cia ca ,o4#i-a4dmm high #j4f-j4g7j4he7mm diam41 neck n hairy4 ,spores 7#bi7cf-de 7#ag4e7bb-bgm1 caudae ephem]al & difficult to see1 ev5 9 ,indian ink4 ,podospora pyri=mis - ,p]i!cial neck ) tufts ( rigid hairs4 #ha #ha7hj7 ,p]i!cia #j4ch-j4ecmm high #j4ba-j4chmm diam41 imm]s$1 ) hairs at ! neck up to #ccem long1 gr\p$ 9 rigid fascicles4 ,spores slightly flatt5$ on "o side1 #cj-cg #ah-bdm1 caudae invisible 9 wat]4 ,podospora exc5trica 7figs #bg1 #bh7 - ,p]i!cia ca #j4h-a4dmm high #j4d-j4gmm diam41 semi-imm]s$1 hairy all ov]1 flexu\s bel[1 rigid & po9t$ at ! neck up to #agjm4 ,spores #cc-de #bb-bgm4 ,podospora p]plex5s #hb7ga7 ,asci #af-cb-spor$4 ,p]i!cial neck ) %ort tub]cul> hairs4 ,spores #be-cf #ae-bdm4 ,caudae 9 two r+s1 "o ins]t$ at ! base ( ! prim>y app5dage1 ! o!r at ! spore apex2 individual filam5ts may be sep>ate or clump$ to appe> z a broad s+le app5dage 7cf4 ,p4 decipi5s74 ,podospora pleiospora - ,asci ) m ?an #cb spores4 #hc #hc7hb7 ,p]i!cia ) tufts ( rigid hairs at neck4 ,asci ) m ?an #fd spores4 #hd - ,p]i!cia )\t tufts ( rigid hairs4 ,asci #fd-spor$4 #hg #hd7hc7 ,spores #ad-ag #i-aam4 ,asci #bef-spor$4 ,p]i!cia ca #ejjm diam41 imm]s$1 except = ! neck1 :i* has tap]$ tufts ( hairs up to #cjjm4 ,podospora curvicolla - ,spores l>g]4 ,p]i!cia semi-imm]s$4 #he #he7hd7 ,spores 7#ah7bj-bf #ab-afm1 caudae ( #b-sev]al filam5ts cov]$ ) granules4 ,asci #eab-spor$4 ,p]i!cia up to #amm high #j4iemm diam41 neck ) rigid b non-agglut9at$ hairs up to #acjm long4 ,podospora granulo/riata - ,caudae simple1 )\t granul> appe>ance4 ,asci #abh-spor$4 ,p]i!cia n l>g] ?an #gejm high #ejjm diam41 ) rigid1 non-agglut9at$ hairs up to #aijm long at neck4 #hf #hf7he7 ,spores #ag-ai #aj-abm4 ,podospora setosa - ,spores #ai-bd #aa-afm4 ,podospora t>vis9a 7,see discussion 9 ,lundqvi/ 7#aigb7 on ^! la/ ?ree names7 #hg7hc7 ,spores #bd-cd #ad-aim1 caudae 9 two r+s1 "o ins]t$ at ! base ( ! prim>y app5dage1 ! o!r at ! spore apex2 individual filam5ts may be sep>ate or clump$ to appe> z a broad s+le app5dage 7cf4 ,p4 decipi5s_/,p4 pleiospora74 ,p]i!cia ca #j4f-a4amm high #j4d-j4emm diam41 cov]$ ) flexu\s hairs or r>ely smoo?4 ,podospora myriaspora - ,spores #ae-bj #aj-aem1 caudae small1 simple & evanesc5t4 ,p]i!cia #j4d-j4emm high1 cov]$ ) long flexu\s hairs4 ,podospora collapsa #hh7dg7 ,spores ) prim>y app5dage4 #hi - ,spores )\t prim>y app5dage4 #ic #hi7hh7 ,spores ) prim>y app5dage direct$ t[>ds base ( ascus4 #ij - ,spores ) prim>y app5dage direct$ t[>ds apex ( ascus4 7,anopodium7 #ia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,p]i!cia (1 f left1 ,conio*aeta ligni>ia1 ,c4 scatig5a & ,c4 hans5ii4 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,ascospores ( ,c4 scatig5a 7l7 & ,c4 ligni>ia 7r74 #ij7hi7 ,spores #cd-de #ai-bem1 )\t caudae b surr\nd$ by a ?9 7ca #em7 gelat9\s %ea?4 ,p]i!cia ca #j4e-j4gmm diam41 smoo?4 ,podospora globosa - ,spores #ag-bj #h-i4em1 flatt5$ on "o side1 convex on ! o!r4 ,p]i!cia #j4c-j4dem diam41 ) di/al cells ( agglut9at$ hairs fimbriate4 ,podospora fimbriata #ia7hi7 ,p]i!cia hairy4 ,spores #bg-cb #af-aim1 app5dage #ae-ah #b4e-cm4 ,anopodium ampullaceum - ,p]i!cia glabr\s4 #ib #ib7ia7 ,spores #bh-cb #af-bam1 app5dage #ab-ae #c-c4hm4 ,anopodium epile - ,spores #cj-cg #af-bjm1 app5dage #bd-bg #em4 ',podospora' dagob]tii 7fig4 #bh7 7,! comb9ation 9 ,anopodium has n be5 made2 see ,lundqvi/1 #aifd1 #aigb7 #ic7hh7 ,spores flatt5$1 disc %ap$1 ) a g]m slit ar\nd ! edge4 ,p]i!cial neck ) %ort 7up to #abjm7 setae4 7,conio*aeta1 figs #cj1 #ca7 #id - ,spores ellipsoid4 ,p]i!cial neck )\t setae or ) v prom95t 7up to #iejm7 tufts ( agglut9at$ hairs4 #ii #id7ic7 ,asci ) num]\s 7#fd-abh7 spores4 #ie - ,asci #h-spor$4 #if #ie7id7 ,spores #f-aj #e-i #d-gm4 ,p]i!cial setae up to #abjm long4 ,conio*aeta hans5ii 7fig4 #cj7 - ,spores #ac-af #i4e-ac4e #e4e-hm4 ,p]i!cial setae up to #cem long4 ,conio*aeta sp4 #if7id7 ,spores #g-i #f-h #e-fm1 slightly flatt5$4 ,conio*aeta leucoplaca - ,spores l>g]4 #ig #ig7if7 ,spores n>r[ly elliptical 9 face view 7l5g? m ?an #b wid?71 ca #ac-ah #f-i #d-fm4 ,conio*aeta sacc>doi - ,spores broadly elliptical to ne>ly circul> 9 face view 7l5g? less ?an #b wid?74 #ih #ih7ig7 ,spores 7#i7aj-af7bj7 #g4e-aj7ae7 7#d7e-hm4 ,neck setae #bj-ejm long4 ,conio*aeta ligni>ia 7figs #cj1 #ca7 - ,spores 7#af7ag-bc 7#aj7ac-ai #g4e-aj7ae7m4 ,neck setae #dj-hjm long4 ,conio*aeta scatig5a 7figs #cj1 #ca7 #ii7ic7 ,p]i!cial neck ) prom95t agglut9at$ tufts ( rigid setae up to #iejm long4 ,spores #dc-ed #bj-bim1 ) apical g]m pore4 ,a gelat9\s %ea? :i* surr\nds ! :ole spore swells 9 wat]1 & appe>s fr+$ at ! m>g9 & radially /riate4 ,arnium macro!cium - ,p]i!cial neck )\t setae4 ,gelat9\s %ea?s may be cle>ly visible ar\nd spores1 b are n complex 9 /ructure4 #ajj #ajj7ii7 ,spores ) g]m slit along ! side4 ,ascus ) a l>ge & complex plug at ! tip /a9+ blue or r$ 9 ,,ki 7o!r g5]a h asci ) blue /a9+ ascus tips1 b ! feature is v pron\nc$ 9 ?is g5us & is unlikely to be mi/ak574 ,p]i!cia =m s+ly or sev]ally 9 a /roma :i* is usually ( limit$ ext5t1 (t5 )\t a def9ite m>g94 ,n4,b4 if orange & ) a /roma see ,sel9ia1 #aai4 7,hypocopra1 fig4 #cb7 #aja - ,spores )\t g]m slits1 b (t5 asymmetrical1 & ) a small papilla at ! basal end4 ,asci )\t complex apical plug4 7,sord>ia1 fig4 #cc7 #ajg #aja7ajj7 ,spores mo/ly less ?an #bem long4 #ajb - ,spores m ?an #bem long4 #ajd #ajb7aja7 ,spores #i-ad #f-gm4 ,hypocopra p>vula - ,spores l>g]4 #ajc #ajc7ajb7 ,/roma ) a br[n hyphal mat betwe5 p]i!cial necks4 ,spores #ai-bg #aj-adm4 ,hypocopra equorum 7fig4 #cb7 - ,/roma ) :ite hyphae betwe5 black p]i!cial necks1 becom+ smoo?4 ,spores #bc-be #ab-adm4 ,hypocopra brefeldii #ajd7aja7 ,ascospores up to #aem wide4 #aje - ,ascospores #aem or wid]4 #ajf #aje7ajd7 ,ascospores #be-ca #aj-aem1 di/9ctly flatt5$ on "o side4 ,ascus plug blue 9 ,,ki1 b becom+ r$di%4 ,hypocopra planispora - ,ascospores #bf-cb #ac-adm1 ellipsoid & n>r[$ t[>ds _! ends4 ,hypocopra /ephanophora #ajf7ajd7 ,ascospores #bg-dc #af-bjm4 ,hypocopra m]d>ia - ,ascospores #ch-ej #ai-bdm4 ,hypocopra /]cor>ia #ajg7ajj7 ,spores up to #ajm long4 #ajh - ,spores #ajm or long]4 #aji #ajh7ajg7 ,asci #h-spor$4 ,spores #h #dm4 ,sord>ia m9ima - ,asci ca #abh-spor$4 ,spores #e-h #d-em4 ,sord>ia polyspora #aji7ajg7 ,spores relatively n>r[1 at lea/ twice z long z wide1 #bb-bf #i-abm4 ,gelat9\s %ea? broad1 di/9ct4 ,sord>ia alc9a - ,spores relatively broad1 less ?an twice z long z wide4 #aaj #aaj7aji7 ,spores mo/ly #bem or long]4 #aaa - ,spores up to #bem long4 #aab #aaa7aaj7 ,spores 7#ba7bc-bi7cj7 #ad4e-ag7ah7m1 ) apiculate base4 ,gelat9\s %ea? broad1 di/9ct4 ,asci #bdj-cjj #bj-bdm4 ,sord>ia sup]ba - ,spores 7#bf7bh-ce 7#ag7ah-bbm1 ) slightly apiculate base4 ,gelat9\s %ea? broad1 di/9ct4 ,asci #bhj-cej #cj-cem4 ,sord>ia macrospora #aab7aaj7 ,spores ) gelat9\s %ea? abs5t or v ?91 #ai4e-be #ae4e-aim4 ,sord>ia humana 7fig4 #cc7 - ,spores ) gelat9\s %ea?1 up to #aem diam4 #aac #aac7aab7 ,spores obovoid to broadly ellipsoid1 #ah-bc #ab-aem4 ,sord>ia lappae - ,spores ellipsoid1 #ag-be #aj-adm4 ,sord>ia fimicola 7fig4 #cc7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,hypocopra equorum1 p]i!cium ) limit$ /roma1 & detail ( ascus tip ) blue /a9+ plug & spore4 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,ascospores1 f left1 ( ,sord>ia fimicola1 ,s4 humana & ,spha]odes fimicola4 #aad7c7 ,spores #bj-bh #ab-afm1 ) subacute ends1 ea* ) a g]m pore4 ,gelas9ospora adjuncta - ,spores l>g]4 #aae #aae7aad7 ,asci #d-spor$4 ,spores #bd-bi #ae-ahm1 ) r\nd$ ends & "o g]m pore4 ,gelas9ospora tetrasp]ma - ,asci #h-spor$4 ,spores #bf-c ,gelas9ospora c]ealis #aaf7d7 ,p]i!cia orange to gold51 (t5 greg>i\s1 almo/ sph]ical1 necks ca #ejm diam41 #aem high1 setae at o/iole hyal9e1 up to #ce #cm4 ,spores limoni=m1 ) a g]m pore at ea* end1 #ae-be #i-afm4 ,spha]odes fimicola 7fig4 #cc7 - ,p]i!cia yell[ or r$di% br[n 7d>k] :5 fill$ ) mature spores71 neck #ejm long1 ) setae at ! o/iole #dj-gjm long4 ,spores d>k br[n to black1 limoni=m1 #bj-cd #aa-agm1 ) apical g]m pore4 ,melanospora breviro/ris #aag7b7 ,asci m ?an #h-spor$4 see ,key #a at #hf - ,asci ) #h or few] spores1 or asci evanesc5t1 n readily obs]v$4 #aah #aah7aag7 ,p]i!cia orange_/yell[1 #ejj-ajjjm diam4 ,spores long 7ov] #dem7 or #b-;cell$ if %ort]4 #aai - ,p]i!cia small]1 or black or ) a neck4 ,spores %ort] 7less ?an #bjm7 or septate if long]4 #abj #aai7aah7 ,p]i!cia orange1 #ejj-ajjjm diam41 9 small gr\ps on a limit$ /roma4 ,spores ?ick wall$1 #dh-fj #bb-bfm1 ) a gelat9\s %ea?4 ,sel9ia pul*ra - ,p]i!cia orange yell[1 sup]ficial1 ca #ejjm diam41 ) o/iole 9 a disc surr\nd$ by silv]y triangul> tufts ( hyphae ca #ajjm long4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #a-septate1 #ab-ad #d-em4 ,nectria suffulta #abj7aah7 ,p]i!cia r$di% br[n or pale1 hyal9e1 ) a di/9ct neck4 #aba - ,p]i!cia black4 #aca #aba7abj7 ,p]i!cia globose1 up to #bejm diam41 imm]s$1 r$di% br[n1 ) a neck #a-c mm long4 ,asci broad ellipsoid1 #e-h4em1 rapidly break+ d[n & difficult to see4 ,spores ellipsoid-allantoid4 #e4e-g #a4e-bm1 collect+ 9 a pe>ly droplet at ! fr+$ tip ( ! p]i!cial beak4 ,vi5notidia fimicola 7fig4 #cd7 - ,p]i!cia pyri=m1 v pale 9 col\r1 #fj-bjjm diam41 ) a neck #fj-gjjm long4 ,asci r>ely visible4 ,spores po9t$-fusi=m1 #a-c septate1 (t5 ) a %ea? & clump$ toge!r 9 fascicles4 7,pyxidiophora1 fig4 #cf7 #abb #abb7aba7 ,neck #ie-adem long1 br[n1 rugose1 ) cells arrang$ 9 #e-f longitud9al r[s visible 9 "o view4 ,spores #ch-ebm long4 ,pyxidiophora badioro/ris - ,neck n br[n or rugose1 compos$ ( hyal9e1 irregul>ly arrang$ cyl9drical cells4 #abc #abc7abb7 ,spores less ?an #dem long4 #abd - ,spores m ?an #dem long4 #abe #abd7abc7 ,spores #ce-dem long1 ) br[n apical or subapical pat*es ( pigm5t4 ,pyxidiophora brunneocapitatus - ,spores #ce-dcm long1 )\t br[n apical or subapical pat*es ( pigm5t4 ,pyxidiophora microsporus #abe7abc7 ,spores mo/ly #de-fjm long4 #abf - ,spores mo/ly long] ?an #fjm4 #abi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,vi5notidia fimicola1 p]i!cium & spores4 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,phomatospora coprophila1 p]i!cium1 & ascus ) spores4 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,pyxidiophora pet*ii1 p]i!cium & spores4 #abf7abe7 ,p]i!cia #gj-ajjm diam41 neck #ajj-aijm long4 ,spores 7#dc7dh-eh7fe7m long4 ,pyxidiophora grovei - ,p]i!cia usually less ?an #hjm diam4 #abg #abg7abf7 ,p]i!cial necks mo/ly less ?an #ajjm long4 ,spores 7#de7dh-eg7fj7m long4 ,pyxidiophora arv]n5sis - ,p]i!cial necks up to #bjjm long4 #abh #abh7abg7 ,spores #de-ecm long4 ,pyxidiophora pet*ii 7fig4 #cf7 - ,spores #ec-fem long4 ,pyxidiophora s*ott]ianus #abi7abe7 ,spores #fj-gjm long4 #acj - ,spores 7#ge7hj-ij7ajj7m4 ,p]i!cia #abj-afjm diam41 neck #bbj-cgjm long4 ,pyxidiophora ba9em5sis #acj7abi7 ,p]i!cial necks #cjj-gjjm long4 ,spores #fj-gjm4 ,p]i!cia #ajj-abjm diam4 ,pyxidiophora sp9uli=mis - ,p]i!cial necks #bbe-bfem long4 ,spores #fe-gjm4 ,p]i!cia #aaj-abem diam4 ,pyxidiophora m>*alii #aca7abj7 ,p]i!cia small1 up to #djjm diam41 ) hairy necks4 ,spores hyal9e or pale1 copp]y-r$ en masse1 extrud$ 9 t5drils4 #acb - ,p]i!cia l>g]1 )\t hairy necks4 ,if small] ?an #bjjm1 ) spores small] ?an #e #cm4 #acd #acb7aca7 ,spores r5i=m1 ) gelat9\s %ea?1 #c4e #b-cm1 yell[1 r$di% br[n en masse 9 extrud$ t5drils4 ,asci sph]ical1 evanesc5t4 ,p]i!cia black1 sph]ical1 #bjj-djjm diam41 ) cyl9drical neck up to #cjjm long1 ) sp>se po9t$ hairs4 ,microascus longiro/ris - ,spores l>g]1 n r5i=m4 ,p]i!cia up to #cjjm diam4 #acc #acc7acb7 ,p]i!cial necks long1 up to #gejm1 ) t]m9al hairs up to #aejjm1 curv$ or circ9ate at tips4 ,spores limoni=m1 #g-aj4e #e4e-gm4 ,lophotri*us ampullus - ,p]i!cial necks %ort1 ca #ejm1 ) long /raight tap]+ hairs4 ,spore %ape limoni=m_/v>iable1 #f-g4e #e-e4em1 ) prom95t g]m pores4 ,lophotri*us b>tletti #acd7aca7 ,p]i!cia up to #aejm diam41 imm]s$ b = a conical neck #ej-gem high4 ,asci #ej #b-b4em4 ,spores m9ute1 cyl9drical1 #c4e-d4e #a4ge-b4em4 ,phomatospora coprophila 7fig4 #ce7 - ,p]i!cia m obvi\s1 (t5 hairy1 or tom5tose :5 "y4 ,immature spores up to #gjm long1 wavy cyl9drical1 ) a r[ ( globules inside & a %ort ?9 app5dage at ea* end4 7see ,c]cophora1 #di7 #ace7a7 ,p]i!cia imm]s$1 surr\nd$ at ! neck by a v limit$ flange-l /roma :i* is easily ov]look$4 see ,hypocopra1 #aja or if orange see ,sel9ia1 #aai - ,/roma v conspicu\s4 #acf #acf7ace7 ,p]i!cia 9 a subglobose gr\p at ! tip ( ! /romatic /alk4 ,spores ) g]m slit & gelat9\s %ea?4 7,podosord>ia7 #acg - ,p]i!cia n 9 a t]m9al head4 #aci #acg7acf7 ,/alk %ort1 #c-emm4 ,spores 7#ab7ad-ai #f-im1 slightly flatt5$ on "o side4 ,podosord>ia lepor9a - ,/alk long1 #a-f;cm4 ,spores l>g]4 #ach #ach7acg7 ,spores #ba-bd #aa-abm4 ,/romatic /alk hairy4 ,podosord>ia tulasnei - ,spores #dj-fj #bj-cjm4 ,/romatic /alk n hairy4 ,podosord>ia p$unculata #aci7acf7 ,/roma ext]nally black1 root$ or p>tially imm]s$ 9 ! dung1 exp&+ at ! surface to =m a :ite disc up to #aemm diam41 punctate ) black p]i!cial o/ioles4 7,poronia7 #adj - ,/roma n z above4 #ada #adj7aci7 ,spores #ah-bf #g-abm1 bean %ap$1 ) gelat9\s %ea?4 ,/roma deeply root$4 ,especially on horse dung4 ,poronia punctata - ,spores 7#bb7be-cb7ce7 7#ab7ad-ahm1 oblong ellipsoid to slightly fusi=m4 ,/roma n deeply root$4 ,especially on rabbit dung ne> ! sea4 ,poronia erici #ada7aci7 ,/roma spread+ ov] surface ( dung or filam5t\s4 ,spores ellipsoid to slightly flatt5$ on "o side1 ) g]m slit4 7,x]ophilic fungi develop+ aft] long p]iods ( relatively dry incubation74 7,wawelia7 #adb - ,/roma clavate1 black1 p>tly imm]s$ to sup]ficial1 usually aggregat$ 9 small gr\ps1 ca #a-a4emm high #j4f-j4gmm diam41 ea* conta9+ a s+le p]i!cium4 ,spores ellipsoid ) g]m pore & gelat9\s %ea?4 7,bomb>dioidea7 #adf #adb7ada7 ,/roma spread+ on sub/rate1 black br[n1 firm b n brittle4 ,ascomata globose1 #j4e-amm1 ) :ite hyphae at neck4 ,spores broad limoni=m1 #ae-ai #i-ajm4 ,wawelia effusa - ,p]i!cia globose to pyri=m1 black1 br[n or d>k grey1 produc$ lat]ally along ! l5g? ( f9e /romatal /r& gr[+ f ! dung4 #adc #adc7adb7 ,asci #d-spor$4 #add - ,asci #h-spor$4 #ade #add7adc7 ,spores #ae-ah #i-abm4 ,p]i!cia up to #djjm diam41 d>k grey at maturity1 s+le or clu/]$1 ! o/iole ) a cr[n ( silv]y :ite hyphae4 ,/romata up to #cj #j4a-j4emm4 ,wawelia sp4 - ,spores #f-h #d-fm4 ,/romata conical1 :ite1 #e-ab #a-bmm4 ,wawelia regia #ade7adc7 ,p]i!cia hairy1 globose1 #cej-ejjm diam41 /romatal /r&s up to #bemm long4 ,spores ellipsoid1 flatt5$ on "o side1 #i-ab #f-hm4 ,wawelia octospora - ,p]i!cia villose ) conidiophores1 globose1 #bcj-dbjm diam41 produc$ lat]ally on /romatic filam5ts #bj-cj #j4a-j4cmm4 ,filam5ts p9k at fir/1 ) a :ite po9t$ tip1 becom+ br[n1 velvety ) conidiophores4 ,spores ellipsoid to flatt5$ on "o side1 #g4e-i4e #c-d4em4 ,wawelia sp4 7fig4 #cg7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,wawelia sp41 /romatic filam5ts ) p]i!cia gr[+ f a rabbit pellet1 ascospores1 & conidiophore & conidia4 #adf7ada7 ,asci #h-spor$4 ,spores #bj-ca #i4e-aem4 ,bomb>dioidea bomb>dioides - ,asci #d-spor$4 #adg #adg7adf7 ,spores #bd-cd #ae-ai7bj7m4 ,basal g]m pore less di/9ct ?an ! apical "o4 ,bomb>dioidea s]ignan5sis - ,spores #cd-dc #af-bbm4 ,di/9ct g]m pore at ea* end ( spore4 ,bomb>dioidea /]coris #adh ,fruit bodies solit>y or 9 small gr\ps1 ea* a 7key #a1a7 subglobose1 f]tile1 light br[n head on a sl5d] /]ile /alk4 ,head soon bur/+ to expose ! yell[ o*race\s spore mass4 ,on mixtures ( bird dropp+s1 ca/ pellets & decay+ animal mat]ial4 #adi - ,fruit bodies sup]ficial1 lack+ a di/9ct /alk4 #aej #adi7adh7 ,spores #e-h #b-cm4 ,head #a-bmm diam4 ,onyg5a corv9a 7fig4 #ch7 - ,spores #g-i #d-fm1 #d-em4 ,head #b-dmm diam4 ,onyg5a equ9a #aej7adh7 ,fruit bodies ) an ext]nal wall ( loosely ana/omos+ & int]wov5 hyphae1 & ) specialis$ t]m9al cells 7,,gymno!cia1 fig4 #ci74 #aea - ,fruit bodies ) a well def9$ p>5*ymatic wall 7,,clei/o!cia1 fig4 #df74 #afa #aea7aej7 ,gymno!cia ) simple ?9-wall$1 uni=m & poorly develop$ hyphae con/itut+ ! out] hyphal %ea?4 #aeb - ,gymno!cia ) ?ick-wall$ hyphae modifi$ at _! ends into app5dages1 or if ?9-wall$ !n always accompani$ by app5dages 7i4e4 curl$1 too!d or po9t$ hyphae74 #aee ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,onyg5a corv9a1 habit sket*1 ascus & ascospore4 #aeb7aea7 ,gymno!cia r$-orange to brick-r$4 ,ascospores orange1 subglobose to ellipsoid1 ) an equatorial furr[1 smoo?1 #d4e-e4e #c4e-d4em4 ,ara*niotus rub] 7fig4 #dj7 - ,gymno!cia :ite or yell[1 nev] orange or brick-r$4 ,ascospores )\t an equatorial furr[4 #aec #aec7aeb7 ,gymno!cia :ite4 ,ascospores hyal9e1 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 #c-d #b-b4em4 ,ara*niotus c&idus - ,gymno!cia di/9ctly pigm5t$1 yell[ or br[n4 ,ascospores l>g] ?an #dm4 #aed #aed7aec7 ,gymno!cia yell[ br[n4 ,ascospores orange to br[ni%1 slightly l5ticul>1 smoo? or slightly r\gh5$1 #e-f4e #c4c-d4fm4 ,ara*niotus conflu5s - ,gymno!cia lemon yell[4 ,ascospores lemon yell[1 l5ticul>1 smoo?1 #e-f #c-d4em4 ,ara*niotus citr9us ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,habit sket* ( a gymno!cium & ascus4 ,,figs #dj-de4 ,spores & p]idial hyphae4 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,ara*niotus rub]4 ,,fig4 #da4 ,myxotri*um *>t>um4 ,,fig4 #db4 ,gymnoascus cali=ni5sis4 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,gymnoascus reesii4 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,ct5omyces s]ratus4 ,,fig4 #de4 ,ar?rod]ma curreyi4 #aee7aea7 ,gymno!cia possess+ only ?ick pigm5t$ hyphae4 #aef - ,gymno!cia possess+ ?91 hyal9e hyphae ) only a few1 al?\gh (t5 di/9ctive1 app5dages 7i4e4 comb-%ap$ end cells or dumb-bell %ap$ asp]ulate cells accompany+ twi/$ & b5t hyphae74 #afj #aef7aee7 ,gymno!cia br[n-black or d>k gre5i%-grey1 ) ext]nal hyphae ) sp9e-l bran*es & septate1 hook$ app5dages4 ,ascospores orange br[ni%1 ovate1 delicately /riate1 #d-e4b #b4d-c4cm4 ,myxotri*um *>t>um 7fig4 #da7 - ,gymno!cia nev] black1 &1 if possess+ ?ick-wall$ hyphae1 !n app5dages nev] septate4 ,ascospores smoo?1 or if ornam5t$ !n asp]ulate or e*9ulate4 #aeg #aeg7aef7 ,gymno!cia rose to orange-br[n or yell[i%4 ,app5dages curv$ or irregul>ly bran*$ & po9t$1 nev] v]ticillately bran*$4 ,ascospores smoo?1 or at mo/ asp]ulate4 #aeh - ,gymno!cia r$-br[n ) app5dages v]ticillately bran*$4 ,ascospores #c-d4e #b-b4hm1 yell[i% br[n1 l5ticul>4 ,act9od5dron v]ticillatum #aeh7aeg7 ,gymno!cia rosy p9k :5 "y1 becom+ br[n]1 ) sp9es & curv$1 non-septate hairs4 ,ascospores hyal9e1 globose to subglobose1 asp]ulate1 #c-e #b4e-dm4 ,gymnoascus cali=ni5sis 7fig4 #db7 - ,gymno!cia yell[4 ,ascospores smoo?4 #aei #aei7aeh7 ,gymno!cia yell[ to yell[-br[n1 )\t elongat$ app5dages b ) ?ick-wall$ bran*es1 few ( :i* are po9t$4 ,ascospores globose-ellipsoid1 yell[ to br[ni%1 #c-d4e #c4em4 ,gymnoascus reesii 7fig4 #dc7 - ,gymno!cia gold5 yell[ to r$di%-br[n1 ) acute-end$ app5dages4 ,ascospores l5ticul>1 smoo?1 hyal9e1 #b4e-c4e #b-b4em4 ,pseudogymnoascus roseus #afj7aee7 ,gymno!cia orange br[n1 ) comb-l app5dages4 ,ascospores slightly l5ticul>1 pale orange1 #c4c-c4f #b-b4fm4 ,ct5omyces s]ratus 7fig4 #dd7 - ,gymno!cia :iti% to pale o*race\s1 p>ticul>ly :5 dry1 ) few app5dages b ^? pres5t twi/$ & b5t1 & _! bran*es con/rict$ ) regul> or irregul> dumb-bell %ap$ cells4 ,hyphal walls asp]ulate or ) protub]ances4 ,ascospores smoo?1 l5ticul>1 hyal9e1 #b4d-c4c #bm4 ,ar?rod]ma curreyi 7fig4 #de7 #afa7aej7 ,asci relatively l>ge1 #ajj-bjj-spor$1 #a-c_/;fruit body4 ',clei/o!cia' m9ute1 #ajj 7r>ely #bej7m diam41 imm]s$4 see ,!lebolus etc4 7,key #a1 #hf7 - ,asci ) #h or few] spores4 #afb #afb7afa7 ,ascospores purple at maturity1 l>ge1 #ej-gj #be-cem1 epispore ) a few longitud9al cracks4 see ,ascobolus imm]sus 7,key #a1 #dh7 - ,ascospores small]1 hyal9e1 yell[1 olivace\s1 br[n or black4 #afc #afc7afb7 ,ascospores olivace\s1 br[n or black1 at lea/ 9 "p4 #afd - ,ascospores aseptate1 hyal9e1 yell[ or o!r pale col\rs4 #agd #afd7afc7 ,ascospores #d-;cell$ 7cf4 ,sporormiella71 ) g]m slits1 readily fragm5t+4 ,asci clavate1 bitunicate4 ,clei/o!cia black1 %9y1 up to #ejjm diam4 #afe - ,ascospores #a- or #b-;cell$4 #aff #afe7afd7 ,ascus /alk up to #bjm long4 ,ascospores #be-cb #em4 ,preussia vulg>is - ,ascus /alk #cj-fjm long4 ,ascospores #bf-ch #e-gm4 ,preussia funiculata 7fig4 #dg7 #aff7afd7 ,ascospores #b-;cell$4 #afg - ,ascospores #a-;cell$4 #agj #afg7aff7 ,spores unequally #b-;cell$1 "o br[n ellipsoid1 ) an apical g]m pore1 #aj-ab #f4e-g4em1 ! o!r a basal hyal9e1 cyl9drical p$icel1 #f-h #cm4 ,clei/o!cia black1 globose1 up to #bejm diam41 cov]$ ) flexu\s br[n hairs up to #amm long4 ,asci evanesc5t4 ,zopfiella ero/rata - ,spores equally #b-;cell$4 #afh #afh7afg7 ,spores n con/rict$ at ! septum1 ellipsoid1 gold5-br[n1 #be-cj #aj-aem ) #a-c guttules 9 ea* cell4 ,clei/o!cia greg>i\s on a mycelial mat1 :iti% to pale orange1 up to #ejjm diam4 ,heleococcum aurantiacum 7fig4 #dh7 - ,spores hyal9e1 divid$ into two almo/ globose cells by ! con/rict+ septum4 ,ascomata sup]ficial1 globose1 d>k col\r$4 7,myco>a*is7 #afi #afi7afh7 ,asci #h-spor$1 #e4e-aam diam4 ,spores #e-e4e #c-c4em4 ,myco>a*is inv]sa - ,asci #d-spor$1 #f-f4em diam4 ,spores #d4e-e #b-b4em4 ,myco>a*is tetraspora #agj7aff7 ,asci broad-clavate1 7#a7-b-7c7-spor$1 #cj-ej #ac-ahm4 ,spores br[n-black ) %ort ridges & w>ts1 subglobose1 #ab-ae4e #aa-ab4em1 ) a s+le g]m pore4 ,copromyces bisporus 7fig4 #di7 - ,asci #h-spor$4 #aga #aga7agj7 ,spores globose1 sooty br[n1 #cm diam4 ,clei/o!cia greg>i\s1 ) basal spirally coil$ app5dages1 black1 #ajj-bjjm diam41 p>tially imm]s$ 9 a :ite to r$ felty hyphal mat4 ,pleuroascus ni*olsonii - ,spores l>g]1 ellipsoid or limoni=m4 #agb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,habit sket* ( clei/o!cia4 ,,figs #dg-ed4 ,asci & spores4 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,preussia funiculata4 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,heleococcum aurantiacum4 ,,fig4 #di4 ,copromyces bisporus4 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,ara*nomyces nitidus4 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,orbicula p>iet9a4 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,r\megu]iella rufula4 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,aphanoascus /]cor>ia4 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,pseudeurotium ovale4 #agb7aga7 ,spores olivace\s1 limoni=m1 usually ) an apical g]m pore4 ,p]i!cia greyi% or gre5i%1 abundantly hairy1 bran*$ or simple1 /raight or curly4 ,asci p$icellate1 soon disappe>+4 see ,*aetomium at #e - ,spores d>k]1 ) #a or m m9ute g]m pores4 ,clei/o!cia di/9ctly b n abundantly hairy4 #agc #agc7agb7 ,spores smoky br[n1 broadly ovoid1 #i-ad #f-im4 ,clei/o!cial hairs %ort1 up to #cjm4 ,?ielavia w>e+ii - ,spores d>k br[n1 flatt5$ limoni=m1 #ac-af #aj-ac #h-im4 ,clei/o!cial hairs ( two types1 "s smoo?1 d>k br[n1 aris+ f ! base up to #cmm long1 o!rs greyi% gre51 r\gh1 up to ca #abjm4 ,?ielavia fimeti #agd7afc7 ,clei/o!cia produc$ )9 a common ara*noid mycelial mass4 ,spores smoo? or m9utely asp]ulate1 yell[ to yell[-br[n1 broadly ellipsoid1 #d-e #c-em4 ,aphanoascus fulvesc5s - ,clei/o!cia s+le or greg>i\s1 b n on or 9 a mycelial mass4 #age #age7agd7 ,clei/o!cia #agj-gejm diam41 cov]$ ) long 7sev]al mm :5 ext5d$71 ?ick-wall$1 aseptate1 helical app5dages4 ,asci clavate cyl9drical1 evanesc5t1 #ce-fb #ab-bam4 ,spores ellipsoid1 hyal9e1 #ab-ag #i-abm4 ,lasiobolidium spirale - ,clei/o!cia )\t coil$ app5dages4 #agf #agf7age7 ,clei/o!cia ) hairs or app5dages4 #agg - ,clei/o!cia smoo?4 #agh #agg7agf7 ,clei/o!cia black1 %9+1 #ajj-bjjm diam41 ) d>k br[n-black ?ick-wall$ hairs ) hook$ tips4 ,asci #h-aem diam4 ,spores /raw or copp] col\r$1 ellipsoid1 #d-g #c4e-d4em ) de ,b>y bubble & a g]m pore at ea* end4 ,k]nia nitida - ,clei/o!cia r$di% br[n1 less ?an #amm diam41 ) long simple app5dages curl$ at ! tips4 ,spores hyal9e1 oblate1 #c4ee #b-cm4 ,ara*nomyces nitidus 7fig4 #ej7 #agh7agf7 ,ascospores globose1 l>g] ?an #im4 #agi - ,ascospores ellipsoid1 up to #im4 ,asci always subglobose4 #ahj #agi7agh7 ,ascospores1 smoo?1 #i-acm4 ,orbicula p>iet9a 7fig4 #ea7 - ,ascospores ornam5t$1 #ac-bdm ,asci subglobose4 ,clei/o!cia o*race\s1 becom+ yell[i% br[n or flu%$ c9namon4 ,r\megu]iella rufula 7fig4 #eb7 #ahj7agh7 ,ascospores hyal9e1 !n fa9tly yell[i%1 m9utely sp9y1 #b4e-c #b-b4em4 ,clei/o!cia pale1 !n d>k br[n4 ,aphanoascus /]cor>ia 7fig4 #ec7 - ,ascospores hyal9e1 !n br[n1 smoo?1 #e4e-f #c4e-dm4 ,clei/o!cia d>k br[n f ! beg9n+4 ,pseudeurotium ovale 7fig4 #ed7 ,key #c4 ,basidiomycota #a ,basidia s+le-cell$ 7fig4 #ee74 #b - ,basidia transv]sely or longitud9ally septate 7fig4 #ee71 or difficult to obs]ve4 #ga #b7a7 ,fruit body ag>icoid1 i4e4 mu%room-%ap$ ) gills und]nea? cap 7figs #ef1 #fg74 #c - ,fruit body n ag>icoid1 )\t gills 7figs #fe1 #ff74 #fi #c7b7 ,spore pr9t :ite or pale col\r$1 hyal9e s4m4 7,usually on /raw_/dung mixtures1 nev] on raw dung except :5 v old74 #e - ,spore pr9t col\r$4 #d #d7c7 ,spore pr9t p9ki% or pale c9namon1 honey-col\r$ s4m4 7,usually on /raw_/dung mixtures1 nev] on raw dung74 #f - ,spore pr9t d>k]1 9 %ades ( br[n or black4 #h #e7c7 ,/em ecc5tric4 ,fruit body pure :ite4 ,spores ellipsoid1 smoo?4 ,pleurotellus s4 lato 7,if gills p9k & spores longitud9ally ridg$ see ,clitopilus passack]ianus1 fig4 #fg7 - ,/em c5tral4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,f left1 sket*es ( holobasidium1 ) mature basidiospore %[+ g]m pore2 auricul>iace\s basidium2 tremellace\s basidium1 lat]al view & z (t5 se5 9 sections4 #f7d7 ,fruit body :ite1 ivory or v pale tan1 ) a smell ( cucumb]4 ,gills decurr5t4 ,clitocybe augeana - ,fruit body yell[1 ) scaly cap4 ,gills free or j adnate4 ,fruit body ) di/9ct r+ & granul> veil4 7,commonly 9 plant pots4 ,probably associat$ ) peaty mat]ial m ?an dung74 ,leucocopr9us birnbaumii 7,l4 cepae/ipes & ,l4 lilac9ogranulosus occur 9 simil> situations74 #g7e7 ,fruit body ) ame?y/_/purple %ades1 ) ecc5tric /em4 ,spores subglobose1 slightly ornam5t$ to ne>ly smoo?4 7,on compo/ heaps 9 g>d5s74 ,lepi/a nuda - ,fruit body ) p9k gills & di/9ct volva at /em base4 ,cap :ite to pale hazel4 ,/em :ite4 ,spores broadly ellipsoid1 smoo?4 ,volv>iella speciosa #h7d7 ,spore pr9t di/9ctly br[n 7fulv\s1 tawny1 ru/ col\r$ etc474 #i - ,spore pr9t "s d>k] %ade1 fusc\s1 fulig9\s or violace\s black4 #bj #i7h7 ,/em di/9ctly annulate1 apex /riate4 ,conocybe p]c9cta 7,has be5 f\nd on /raw_/dung mixtures1 nev] on raw dung74 - ,/em lack+ a veil4 #aj #aj7i7 ,cap ri* *rome yell[1 viscid1 soon r$uc$ to a /icky mass1 easily collaps+4 ,bolbitius vitell9us - ,cap 9 %ades ( br[n1 nev] brightly col\r$ & if collaps+ !n cap elongate-cyl9dric & :ite to pale cream4 #aa #aa7aj7 ,spore pr9t dull1 sepia or snuff-br[n4 ,on rabbit pellets 9 s& dunes4 ,agrocybe subp$iades - ,spore pr9t1 bright] col\r$1 orange_/ru/ br[n4 7,conocybe7 #ab #ab7aa7 ,gill edge ) irregul>ly fusoid cy/idia ) obtuse apices 7lag5i=m74 ,cap viscid4 ,conocybe coprophila - ,gill edge ) di/9ctly capitate cells resembl+ a glass /opp]$ bottle 7lecy?i=m74 ,cap nev] viscid1 (t5 pubesc5t "u a l5s4 #ac #ac7ab7 ,/em cov]$ 9 long hairs4 #ad - ,/em cov]$ 9 lecy?i=m cells simil> to ^? on gill edge1 giv+ a f>9ace\s appe>ance "u a l5s4 ,,nev] ) long hairs4 7,dung_//raw mixtures74 ,l>ge z 9 a ,cort9>ius4 ,spores smoo?4 ,conocybe intrusa 7,c4 leucopus has be5 f\nd on manur$ soil 9 g>d5s2 ,c4 antipus has hexagonal spores & gr[s on dung piles74 #ad7ac7 ,/em ) bo? long hairs & lecy?i=m cy/idia4 ,illu/ration #ae - ,/em ) hairs & lag5i=m cy/idia4 ,illu/ration #af #ae7ad7 ,spores #aa-ad #g-im4 ,ta/e & smell /rong1 ( fre% meal4 ,conocybe f>9acea - ,spores l>ge1 ov] #ae up to #ajm4 ,ta/e & smell none or slightly acidic4 ,conocybe pubesc5s 7,c4 subpubesc5s might be f\nd on /raw_/dung mixtures1 & diff]s 9 spores #aa-ac #f-hm74 #af7ad7 ,basidia #b-spor$4 ,conocybe rick5ii - ,basidia #d-spor$4 #ag #ag7af7 ,spores ellipsoid4 #ah - ,spores l5ti=m1 angul> 9 face view4 ,conocybe l5ticulospora #ah7ag7 ,cap grey1 contra/+ ) yell[i% cream gills & pale /em4 ,spores #aj4e-ab4e #f-gm4 ,conocybe mur9acea - ,cap p9ki% br[n or tawny4 #ai #ai7ah7 ,spores #aa-ab #g4b-g4hm4 ,cap si5na4 ,on raw dung4 ,conocybe fimet>ia - ,spores #aj-ab #f-gm4 ,cap p9ki% to c9namon br[n4 ,on manur$ soil or sewage sludge4 ,conocybe fuscom>g9ata 7,conocybe si5nophylla might be f\nd on /raw_/dung mixtures or 9 soil 9 gre5h\ses4 ,x diff]s 9 hav+ small] spores74 #bj7h7 ,cap deliquesc+ to "s degree at maturity4 ,basidia ( #b or #c diff]5t sizes4 7,copr9us7 #ba - ,cap n deliquesc+4 ,basidia ( "o size only4 #di #ba7bj7 ,veil on cap abs5t1 cap ei!r cov]$ ) small hairs 7setules7 or nak$4 #bb - ,cap cov]$ ) a granul>1 micace\s1 p[d]y or fibrill> veil4 #bh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,habit sket* ( a /ipitate ag>ic1 ,psa?yrella /]cor>ia1 ) section4 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,sket* ( gill section ( ,psa?yrella sp41 %[+ position ( m>g9al 7m7 & facial 7f7 cy/idia4 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,copr9us pellucidus1 habit & v]tical section ( cap cuticle4 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,c4 pseudoradiatus1 habit & veil con/itu5ts4 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,c4 v]miculif]1 habit & veil con/itu5ts4 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,c4 filam5tif]1 veil con/itu5ts4 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,c4 /]coreus1 habit4 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,c4 cordisporus1 v]tical section ( cap %[+ nature ( veil cells on ! cap cuticle4 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,veil cells ) /ructural 7l7 & sup]ficial cry/all9e 7r7 ornam5tation4 #bb7ba7 ,cap )\t setules4 #bc - ,cap ) setules4 #bd #bc7bb7 ,cap m9ute1 #a-emm high be=e exp&+1 r$di% orange at fir/1 soon fad+4 ,basidiospores almo/ globose to triangul> 9 "o view1 elliptic 9 ano!r1 #g-aj #g-i #e4e-f4em4 7#b- & #d-spor$ =ms h be5 f\nd74 ,copr9us mis] - ,cap l>g]1 up to #aemm :5 exp&$4 ,basidiospores pip-%ap$1 #g4e-h4e #i4e-aa #i4e-aa4em4 7#d-spor$74 ,copr9us nudiceps #bd7bb7 ,spores hexagonal1 #aj-ac #f4e-g4em4 ,cap purpli%4 ,copr9us hexagonosporus - ,spores ellipsoid4 ,cap br[n or r$di%1 )\t purpli% t9ts4 #be #be7bd7 ,basidia #d-spor$4 #bf - ,basidia #b-spor$4 ,spores #aa-ac #e4e-gm4 ,facial cy/idia abs5t4 ,copr9us bisporus 7,copr9us sassii1 n yet record$ 9 ,briti% ,isles1 has #b-spor$ basidia ) v l>ge ellipsoid spores up to #bjm long74 #bf7be7 ,cap ) a mixture ( hyal9e & br[n ?ick-wall$ setules4 ,spores #i-aj #e4e-fm1 ) ecc5tric g]m pore4 ,facial cy/idia abs5t4 ,copr9us het]osetulosus - ,cap ) only "o type ( setule4 ,facial cy/idia pres5t or abs5t4 #bg #bg7bf7 ,facial cy/idia pres5t4 ,spores #g4i-ac4c #d4d-f4dm1 ) apical g]m pore4 ,copr9us /ellatus - ,facial cy/idia abs5t4 ,spores elongate & n>r[1 r>ely great] ?an #em wide1 ) apical g]m pore4 ,fruit body usually q small1 up to #fmm be=e exp&+4 ,copr9us pellucidus 7fig4 #eh7 7,sev]al species 9 ! gr\p1 e4g4 ,c4 congregatus & ,c4 ephem]us h be5 f\nd on /raw_/dung mixtures74 #bh7ba7 ,veil /rongly adh]+ to cap4 ,spores elliptic ovate1 #ae-bj #h-abm4 ,/em ) di/9ct r+4 ,usually on buri$ dung4 ,copr9us /]quil9us - ,veil m floccose or p[d]y4 ,/em lack+ r+ or1 if pres5t 7,c4 ephem]oides71 fruit body small ) #e-;angl$ spores less ?an #ajm long4 #bi #bi7bh7 ,veil compos$ ( filam5t\s units4 #cj - ,filam5t\s units1 if pres5t1 mask$ by a prepond]ance ( r\nd$ cells4 #ce #cj7bi7 ,veil compos$ ( /r+s ( sausage-%ap$1 ?9-wall$1 hyal9e cells4 #ca - ,veil compos$ ( r n>r[1 slightly ?ick5$ hyphae4 #cb #ca7cj7 ,spores l>ge1 #aa-ad #f-gm4 ,cap up to #a;cm be=e exp&+4 ,fruit body ) or )\t a root+ base4 ,copr9us radiatus - ,spores small]1 up to #im long4 ,cap up to #fmm be=e exp&+4 ,fruit body )\t a root+ base4 ,copr9us pseudoradiatus 7fig4 #ei7 7,c4 c9]eus is f\nd on /raw_/dung mixture & ,c4 macrocephalus1 ) l>ge spores1 has be5 record$ on raw dung74 #cb7cj7 ,veil citrus- or lime-yell[1 or a mixture ( hyal9e & br[n /rongly col\r$ hyphae4 #cc - ,veil grey or :iti%4 #cd #cc7cb7 ,veil ( yell[ hyphae4 ,spores #aj4e-ab4e #f-g4em4 ,copr9us luteocephalus - ,veil ) br[n hyphae4 ,spores #g-i #c4e-em4 ,copr9us poliomallus #cd7cb7 ,veil hyphae ?9-wall$4 ,spores #f4e-g4e #em1 '%\ld]$' ab\t ! apiculus4 ,copr9us filam5tif] 7fig4 #fa7 - ,veil hyphae ?9- & ?ick-wall$1 (t5 ) clamps4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #i-aj #e-fm4 ,copr9us v]miculif] 7fig4 #fj7 7,copr9us flocculosus1 ) spores #aa4e-af4e #f-i4em1 c be f\nd on /raw_/dung mixtures74 #ce7bi7 ,/em ) small1 di/9ct r+4 ,spores subglobose to l5ti=m & #e-;angl$1 #f-i #f4e-h #e-fm4 ,copr9us ephem]oides - ,/em at mo/ ) fibrils1 ev5 !n r>ely =m+ a fa9t r+ zone4 #cf #cf7ce7 ) setules 9 addition to veil4 #cg - ,cap )\t setules4 #ch #cg7cf7 ,cap cy/idia tap]$4 ,spores #aa-ad #e-f4em4 ,copr9us heptem]us - ,cap cy/idia capitate4 ,spores #aj-aa #f-gm4 ,copr9us curtus #ch7cf7 ,veil ( inflat$ bladd]-l cells atta*$ to filam5t\s units4 ,spores #g4e-h #d4e-e4em4 ,copr9us utrif] - ,veil ( globose & subglobose cells & filam5t\s units (t5 encru/$ or ) m9ute projections f\nd sometimes at cap m>g94 #ci #ci7ch7 ,globose cells1 if ornam5t$ !n possess+ cry/all9e or amorph\s mat]ial 7dissolv$ by #a,n ,h,cl1 fig4 #fd47 #dj - ,globose cells cov]$ 9 small f9e blunt projections on ! walls 7n remov$ by #a,n ,h,cl1 fig4 #fd74 #de #dj7ci7 ,basidia #b-spor$4 #da - ,basidia #d-spor$4 #db #da7dj7 ,spores #ad-ag #h4e-aj #ab4e-adm4 ,copr9us pa*ysp]mus - ,spores small]1 #i-aa #f-f4e #h-im4 ,copr9us cordisporus 7#b-spor$ =m7 #db7dj7 ,spores less ?an #ajm long4 ,copr9us cordisporus 7fig4 #fc7 7,c4 pat\ill>dii is kn[n on g>d5 refuse1 & an undescrib$ species ) lemon-%ap$ spores has rec5tly be5 f\nd74 - ,spores #ajm or m long4 #dc #dc7db7 ,veil soon discol\r+ greyi%1 drab or buff1 ,spores #aa4e-ad4e #f-h #g4e-im4 ,copr9us co?urnatus - ,veil rema9+ sn[y :ite1 only sl[ly discol\r+ greyi%4 #dd #dd7dc7 ,fruit bodies sev]al cm tall4 ,spores #ae-ai #h4e-aa4e #aa-acm4 ,copr9us niveus - ,cap small1 #e-fmm at fir/4 ,spores #ad-af x #h-i #aj-ab4em4 ,copr9us latisporus #de7ci7 ,basidia #c-spor$4 #df - ,basidia #d-spor$4 #dg #df7de7 ,spores n>r[1 #h4e-aa #e-f4bm4 ,copr9us triplex - ,spores broad1 #i-aj x #f-f4e #f-gm1 slightly flatt5$ 9 face view4 ,copr9us trisporus 7,^! are possibly a s+le taxon74 #dg7de7 ,spores #g-h #d-d4em1 p]ispore n visible 9 wat] or alkali m\nts4 ,copr9us /]coreus 7fig4 #fb7 - ,spores #im or m long4 #dh #dh7dg7 ,spores #i-aa #e4e-fm4 ,p]isporal sac none or incomplete or indi/9ct4 ,copr9us foetidellus - ,spores long]1 #aj4h-ac4e #e4e-gm1 ) di/9ct p]ispore ) d>k l9es & inclusions4 ,di/9ctive smell ( gas4 ,copr9us n>coticus 7,c4 scl]otig] is f\nd on /raw_/dung mixtures1 & ! small] ,c4 tub]osus on g>d5 refuse etc474 #di7bj7 ,spores n discol\r$ 9 conc4 ,h#b,,s#d4 #ej - ,spores discol\r+ 9 conc4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,gills n spott$ at maturity4 #ff #ej7di7 ,cap cuticle cellul>4 ,gills spott$ at maturity4 7,m (t5 on ri*1 'dungy'1 soils4 ,p4 subbalteatus1 ) copp] col\r$ cap1 dry+ pal] b reta9+ a d>k m>g9al zone1 occurs 9 g>d5s on mul* etc474 7,panaeolus7 #ea - ,cap cuticle filam5t\s4 #ef #ea7ej7 ,vel> remnants v obvi\s1 ei!r z an app5diculate veil or z a di/9ct r+4 #eb - ,lack+ all vel> remnants4 #ed #eb7ea7 ,cap di/9ctly pigm5t$1 ) app5diculate veil4 #ec - ,cap pale col\r$1 smoo?1 semi-globate1 soon crack+4 ,gills ) m>g9al cy/idia only4 ,panaeolus papilionaceus #ec7eb7 ,cap br[n1 smoo?1 sometimes viscid1 n exce$+ly wr9kl$4 ,panaeolus campanulatus - ,cap grey1 olivace\s1 ev5 black1 ) contra/+ :ite app5diculate veil4 ,panaeolus sph9ctr9us #ed7ea7 ,cap ) or )\t app5diculate veil1 b always ) di/9ct r+4 ,panaeolus semiovatus - ,cap lack+ veil4 #ee #ee7ed7 ,cap p9ki% o*race\s to tawny-buff4 ,lack+ facial cy/idia4 ,panaeolus speciosus - ,cap :iti% or slightly yell[i%4 ,) facial cy/idia4 ,panaeolus antill>um #ef7ej7 ,gills ) facial cy/idia (t5 conta9+ yell[ amorph\s mat]ial :5 se5 9 ammonia solution or deep blue ) cotton blue4 7,/roph>ia7 #eg 7,blue-gre5 ,s4 cyanea ,s4 a]ug9osa (t5 occur 9 ri* g>d5 soils74 - ,gills lack+ facial cy/idia4 ,nev] ) yell[+ cy/idia 9 ammonia4 7,psilocybe7 #eh 7,r$-capp$ ,p4 aurantia c be f\nd on /raw_/mul* mixtures 9 g>d5s74 #eg7ef7 ,cap /icky1 semi-globate exp&+ at maturity4 ,on raw dung4 ,/roph>ia semiglobata - ,cap plano-convex1 (t5 broad ) a c5tral umbo1 m>g9 fl>+ ) age4 ,on dungy mixtures 9 g>d5s4 ,/roph>ia /]cor>ia #eh7ef7 ,/ipe blu+1 ) r+4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #aa-ad #f4e-g4em4 ,fruit body ) mealy smell & ta/e4 ,psilocybe fimet>ia - ,/ipe lack+ di/9ct r+1 or if ) r+ or r+ zone #b-spor$ &_/or /em n blu+4 ,fruit body )\t mealy smell & ta/e4 #ei #ei7eh7 ,/em always ) di/9ct r+4 ,basidia #b-spor$4 ,spores #ae-bjm long4 ,psilocybe luteonit5s - ,/em ) or )\t r+4 ,basidia #d-spor$4 ,if ) r+1 spores small]4 #fj #fj7ei7 ,) r+ zone4 #fa - ,lack+ vel> remnants on /em1 or only app5diculate tee? at cap m>g94 #fb #fa7fj7 ,spores slightly angul>_/limoni=m1 #aa-ac7ad7 #g-hm4 ,(t5 on sewage sludge4 ,psilocybe m]d>ia - ,spores #ac-ad #g4e-h4em4 ,psilocybe moell]i #fb7fj7 ,spores #ad-bj #h-ajm4 ,psilocybe subcoprophila - ,spores small]4 #fc #fc7fb7 ,spores l5ti=m1 angl$1 #f-h7h4e7 #d4e-e4e #c4ge-d4em4 ,psilocybe bullacea 7,p4 crobula1 occasional on dung1 diff]s 9 lack+ purple col\r 9 gills1 & slightly small]1 ovoid1 n angul>1 spores74 - ,spores l>g]4 #fd #fd7fc7 ,spores ellipsoid to slightly amygdali=m4 ,psilocybe m]dicola - ,spores l5ti=m1 angul>4 #fe #fe7fd7 ,spores #aa-ac7ad7 #g-h7i7m4 see ,psilocybe m]d>ia1 #fa - ,spores #ab-ae #h-i4em ,psilocybe coprophila #ff7di7 ,r\nd cells on cap z a micace\s veil4 7,re-exam9e gill face2 if diff]5t siz$ basidia & facial cy/idia sep>at+ ! gills are pres5t g to ,copr9us at #ba74 ,psa?yrella spha]ocy/is - ,cap lack+ veil1 or if pres5t !n fibrill>4 #fg #fg7ff7 ,:ite copi\s veil at m>g9 or also cov]+ cap c5tre4 ,spores #aj-ab #e4e-fm4 ,psa?yrella coprobia - ,lack+ copi\s veil4 #fh #fh7fg7 ,) r$ edge to gill4 ,spores #ab-ac #f-f4em1 ) c5tral g]m pore4 ,psa?yrella /]cor>ia - ,lack+ r$ gill edge4 ,spores ) ecc5tric g]m pore4 ,psa?yrella coprophila 7,p4 fimet>ia diff]s 9 spore size2 !re are sev]al memb]s ( ! ,p4 prona gr\p :i* gr[ on soil_//raw mixtures74 #fi7b7 ,fruit body club-%ap$4 ,typhula setipes 7fig4 #fe7 7,clav>ia acuta (t5 gr[s on peaty soil 9 pots 9 gre5h\ses74 - ,fruit bodies effuse1 resup9ate #gj #gj7fi7 ,fruit-body cobweb-l & greyi% :ite4 ,basal hyphae #c-d4em wide4 ,spores sub-globose1 #d4em diam4 7,g5]ally on old dung or /raw_/soil mixtures74 ,a!lia coprophila 7,if ) sp9y spores #e-fm diam41 see ! rec5tly record$ ,tom5tellopsis e*9ospora74 - ,fruit-body ) pores1 :ite or flu%$ slightly o*race\s1 br[ni% or greyi%4 7,on clods ( soil 9 dung$ l&74 ,cri/ella c&idissima #ga7a7 ,fruit body ei!r a cup conta9+ sev]al 'eggs' or a s+le orange or yell[i% gelat9\s sph]e4 #gb - ,fruit-body effuse1 )\t di/9ct %ape4 #gc #gb7ga7 ,fruit-body :iti% or pale yell[1 up to #b4emm diam41 splitt+ at maturity to %oot away ! orange_/yell[ spore mass4 ,spha]obolus /ellatus 7fig4 #ff7 - ,fruit-body cup %ap$1 ) silv]y-grey 'eggs'4 7,usually on dung & /raw or atta*$ to rabbit pellets74 ,cya?us /]coreus 7,cya?us v]nicosus (t5 gr[s 9 plant pots on ri* soil74 #gc7ga7 ,basidia ) transv]se septa4 ,spores #aa #gm4 ,fruit body p9ki%4 ,platygloea fimicola 7,n ,briti%2 includ$ = complet5ess4 ,pilacrella solani1 ) a gli/5+ /ipitate head1 has be5 isolat$ f dungy soil74 - ,basidia ) longitud9al septa4 ,spores #ad-ah #i-ajm4 ,fruit body cream-:ite or ivory4 ,sebac9a incru/ans ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,habit sket* ( ,typhula sp4 ,note atta*m5t to scl]otium4 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,spha]obolus /ellatus1 habit4 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,clitopilus passack]ianus1 a sessile ag>ic--habit sket* & section4 ,key #d4 ,zygomycota #a ,spores =m$ 9 multispor$ sporangia 7figs #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf7 or 9 few-spor$ sporangioles 7figs #gj1 #gc74 #b - ,multispor$ sporangia & globose sporangioles abs5t4 ,spores =m$ s+ly on t]m9al1 lat]al or int]m$iate vesicles 7figs #gd1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb-hf71 or 9 %ort *a9s 7figs #gg1 #gh1 #ha74 #aa #b7a7 ,sporangiophore /\t1 simple1 ) a subsporangial swell+ & a basal swell+ buri$ 9 ! sub/rate4 ,sporangia t\gh wall$1 black1 project$ "s di/ance t[>ds ! light :5 mature1 & /ick+ to :atev] !y hit4 ,pilobolus 7fig4 #gf7 e4g4 spores pale yell[1 #h-aj #e-fm - ,p4 cry/all9us spores orange1 #ab-bj #f-ajm4 - ,p4 kle9ii - ,sporangiophores n /\t2 sporangia n viol5tly dis*>g$4 #c #c7b7 ,sporangial wall black1 t\gh1 n readily brok5 :5 t\*$4 ,sporangia ) a /icky base1 becom+ atta*$ to :atev] !y contact aft] ! m>k$ elongation ( ! :ite sporangiophores at maturity4 ,pilaira 7fig4 #ge7 e4g4 spores yell[i%1 #h-aj #fm - ,p4 anomala spores col\rless1 #aa-ac #f-hm - ,p4 moreaui - ,sporangial wall difflu5t1 spores readily remov$ 9 a droplet1 or fragile & !n spores easily disp]s$ by ext]nal viol5ce4 #d #d7c7 ,sporangiophores /iff & metallic 9 appe>ance1 gr[+ t[>ds ! light & (t5 to great l5g? 7#e-cj;cm74 ,phycomyces e4g4 spores #aj4e-cj #f4e-agm2 columella pyri=m2 sporangiophores up to #cj;cm - ,p4 nit5s spores #h-ac #e-g4em2 columella sph]ical or ovoid2 sporangiophores up to #cj;cm - ,p4 blakesleeanus - ,sporangiophores :ite1 n rea*+ extreme l5g?s4 #e #e7d7 ,small lat]al sporangia 7sporangioles7 pres5t4 #aj - ,sporangioles abs5t4 #f #f7e7 ,sporangiophores usually gr\p$1 less (t5 s+le1 connect$ by /olon-l hyphae4 #g - ,sporangiophores aris+ s+ly1 or if gr\p$ !n lack+ /olon-l hyphae4 #i #g7f7 ,/olons jo9+ gr\ps ( sporangiophores (t5 ) rhizoids at ! base ( ! gr\p4 #h - ,sporangiophores aris+ s+ly or 9 gr\ps f /olons1 :i* may be 'root$' at int]vals along _! l5g?1 b r>ely b5ea? ! gr\ps ( sporangiophores4 ,absidia 7fig4 #ga7 e4g4 sporangiophores gr\p$1 rhizoids poorly develop$2 spores #b4e-d4em diam4 - ,a4 corymbif]a sporangiophores gr\p$1 rhizoids /rongly develop$2 spores #b4e-c4em diam4 - ,a4 or*idis #h7g7 ,sporangiophores mo/ly unbran*$4 ,rhizopus 7fig4 #fi7 e4g4 spores irregul>ly angul>-ovoid1 #h-ad #aam - ,r4 nigricans - ,sporangiophores ) a :orl ( bran*es b5ea? ! ma9 sporangium1 ea* ) a small columellate sporangium4 ,spores #f-h4em4 ,act9omucor elegans ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,mucor1 habit & detail ( sporangium be=e & aft] dehisc5ce4 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,rhizopus1 habit4 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,?amnidium elegans1 habit & detail ( sporangioles4 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,absidia1 habit4 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,morti]ella1 habit & sporangiophore tip aft] sporangial dehisc5ce4 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,helico/ylum1 sporangioles4 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,*aetocladium1 sporangioles4 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,pilaira1 sporangiophores be=e & aft] elongation1 & sporangium4 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,pilobolus1 sporangiophore4 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,syncephalis1 habit1 sporangiophore & m]osporangia4 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,piptocephalis1 habit & detail ( f9al bran* ) head cell & m]osporangia4 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,o$ocephalum1 habit & spor+ head4 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,rhopalomyces1 spor+ head4 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,syncephala/rum1 habit & detail ( m]osporangium4 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,coemansia1 habit1 sporoclade ) sporangia & sporangium ) spore inside4 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,kickxella1 habit & sporoclade4 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,cunn+hamella1 habit & f]tile head4 ,,fig4 #he4 ,mycotypha 7l7 & ,o/racod]ma 7r7 conidiophores4 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,ballocephala1 habit ( sporangiophores gr[+ f p>asitis$ t>digrade1 sporangiophore & sporangia4 #i7f7 ,sporangia (t5 ) pigm5t$ walls1 yell[i% :5 "y1 f9ally grey or black1 ) well m>k$ columella left aft] spore disp]sal4 ,individual sporangiophores obs]vable ) unaid$ eye1 up to #bjmm long4 ,mucor 7fig4 #fh7 e4g4 spores smoo?1 #g-h #b4e-d4em - ,m4 hiemalis spores smoo?1 #f-ab x #c-fm - ,m4 muc$o spores asp]ulate1 #e-h4m diam4 - ,m4 plumbeus 7,n4,b4 ,zygorhyn*us w\ld key out ) ,mucor4 ,x is m (t5 isolat$ f soil1 & is di/+ui%$ f ,mucor by ! pres5ce ( zygospores ) unequal susp5sors7 - ,sporangia :ite1 )\t a columella1 readily becom+ a spore droplet4 ,sporangiophores delicate1 (t5 only #bjj-djjm long4 ,f9e1 :ite1 g>lic-smell+ mycelium (t5 pres5t4 ,morti]ella 7fig4 #gb7 e4g4 spores #af-bgm diam1 few 9 ea* sporangium2 sporangiophores ca #aejm1 ) %ort lat]al bran*es at "r angles - ,m4 reticulata spores #f-aj x #d-fm2 sporangiophores #b-cmm high1 ) asc5d+ bran*es - ,m4 ba9i]i spores #d-ajm2 sporangiophores ri*ly bran*$ - ,m4 c&elabrum #aj7e7 ,sporangioles =m$ at ! f9al tips ( a d5sely di*otom\s sy/em ( bran*lets1 orig9at+ "s di/ance bel[ a t]m9al sporangium 7:i* may be abs5t 9 "y specim5s74 ,sporangioles up to #bem diam41 ) up to #f spores4 ,spores #h-ab #f-hm4 ,?amnidium elegans 7fig4 #gj7 - ,sporangioles ei!r at ! curv$ tips ( sl5d] bran*es1 or clu/]$ 9 gr\ps ab\t halfway along tap]+ bran*es :i* radiate f ! sporangiophore bel[ ! sporangium2 ! bran* tips ( ! latt] give ! f]tile portion ( ! sporangiophore a bri/ly appe>ance4 ,helico/ylum 7fig4 #gc7 e4g4 spores #h-ag #c-gm2 sporangioles on %ort second>y or t]ti>y bran*es2 f]tile region bri/ly ) /]ile bran*es - ,h4 fres5ii spores #f-h #dm2 sporangioles reflex$1 on sl5d] prim>y or second>y bran*es2 f]tile region )\t /]ile bran*es - ,h4 pyri=me #aa7a7 ,spores =m$ 9 *a9s4 #ab - ,spores =m$ s+ly4 #ad #ab7aa7 ,sporangiophores regul>ly & repeat$ly di*otom\sly bran*$4 ,*a9s ( #b-aj spores produc$ 9 small gr\ps1 :i* may be wet or dry1 on decidu\s heads1 #d-aem diam4 ,p>asitic on o!r fungi1 mo/ly o!r ,mucorales4 ,piptocephalis 7fig4 #gh7 e4g4 spores #d-e #b-cm1 9 pairs2 heads dry - ,p4 lepidula spores #e-f #b-b4em1 9 *a9s ( #d-i2 heads dry - ,p4 cyl9drospora spores #d-h #b-dm1 9 *a9s ( #c-e2 heads dry2 sporangiophore )\t rhizoids - ,p4 fres5iana spores #d-f #d-d4em1 9 *a9s ( #c-f2 heads wet2 sporangiophore ) rhizoids - ,p4 rep5s spores #c-e #b-b4em1 9 *a9s ( #c-e1 heads wet2 head cell lyses1 to leave only a fr+e at ! tip ( ! v f9e sporangiophore - ,p4 fimbriata - ,sporangiophores simple or irregul>ly bran*$4 #ac #ac7ab7 ,a l>ge conspicu\s fungus1 macroscopically ,mucor-l1 mycelium co>se4 ,sporangiophores ) a di/9ct t]m9al swell+ ) cr[d$ spore *a9s4 ,spores usually #e-aj 9 a *a91 globose to ovoid1 #b-h #d-fm4 ,syncephala/rum racemosum 7fig4 #ha7 - ,sporangiophores less conspicu\s1 #ajj-ajjjm high1 ) a 'holdfa/' at ! base atta*+ ! sporangiophore to ! sub/rate4 ,mycelium v f9e4 ,p>asitic on o!r ,mucorales4 ,syncephalis 7fig4 #gg7 e4g4 sporangiophores #ajj-bjjm high1 ) ?ree 'nodes' along _! l5g?2 m]osporangia (t5 =k$ at ! basal cell2 spores #h-aj #fm - ,s4 nodosa sporangiophores up to #gejm high2 m]osporangia usually subdivid$ at _! base into sev]al bran*es1 ea* ) #e-aj spores2 spores #e-aj #c-dm - ,s4 depressa 7,n4,b4 ,o$ocephalum spp4 7fig4 #gi71 ! anamorphic /ates ( _m dung fungi 7esp4 ,ascobolaceae & ,pezizaceae71 ,rhopalomyces 7fig4 #hj71 & "s ,asp]gillus spp4 are sup]ficially simil> to ,syncephalis at fir/ sight74 #ad7aa7 ,sporangia conta9+ a s+le closely fitt+ elongat$ spore1 produc$ 9 s]ri$ ranks on "o side ( a boat-%ap$ bran* 7sporoclade74 #ae - ,s+le-spor$ sporangia 7'spores'7 globose1 produc$ s+ly or if 9 gr\ps n on sporoclades4 #af #ae7ad7 ,sporoclades lat]al4 ,sporangiophores usually yell[i%4 7,no p>asitism has be5 demon/rat$1 b 9 culture gr[s mu* bett] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ite1 g>lic-smell+ ,morti]ella spp474 ,coemansia 7fig4 #hb7 e4g4 spores #f-aam long2 sporoclades spirally arrang$ ar\nd ! axis - ,c4 erecta spores #af-ahm long2 sporoclades =m$ on "o side ( ! axis1 caus+ x to curve to "o side - ,c4 scorpoidea - ,sporoclades produc$ 9 a t]m9al v]ticil4 ,sporangiophores %9+ :ite4 ,kickxella alaba/r9a 7fig4 #hc7 #af7ad7 ,spores produc$ 9 clu/]s bel[ ! apex ( ! f9al bran*es ( a comp\nd1 (t5 trifid1 bran*+ sy/em :i* is giv5 a bri/ly appe>ance by ! project+ tips4 ,sup]ficially simil> to ,?amnidium or ,helico/ylum4 ,capable ( p>asitis+1 & gr[+ mu* bett] 9 association )1 o!r ,mucorales4 ,*aetocladium 7fig4 #gd7 e4g4 spores smoo?1 #d-fm diam4 - ,c4 brefeldii spores e*9ulate1 #f4e-i4em - ,c4 jonesii - ',spores' n produc$ 9 subt]m9al clu/]s1 b t]m9ally on lat]al vesicles1 or ov] ! surface ( swoll5 f]tile regions ( ! sporangiophore4 #ag #ag7af7 ,sporangiophores up to #bejm high4 ,lat]al vesicles num]\s1 ea* produc+ a s+le 'spore'1 :i* is project$ :5 mature4 ,p>asitic on t>digiades4 ,ballocephala 7fig4 #hf7 - ,sporangiophores visible ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,spores produc$ on swoll5 p>ts ( ! sporangiophore4 #ah #ah7ag7 ,sporangiophores bran*$1 ) m or less globose t]m9al f]tile regions4 ,spores dry & p[d]y1 yell[i% or p9ki% 9 mass4 ,cunn+hamella 7fig4 #hd7 e4g4 spores smoo?1 ovoid1 #ah-bb #aj-adm or globose1 #h-ajm diam4 - ,c4 elegans spores e*9ulate1 ovoid1 #h-abm - ,c4 africana - ,sporangiophores unbran*$1 f]tile portion #bjj-cjj #ae-bjm4 ,f]tile region t]m9al only1 cyl9drical4 ,spores smoo?1 greyi% 9 mass1 #b-dm diam4 ,mycotypha microspora 7fig4 #he7 7,n4,b4 ,o/racod]ma epigea 7fig4 #he71 ! anamorph ( ,peziza a/racod]ma1 :i* occurs on pap] & sometimes dung & highly organic sub/rates1 0 orig9ally describ$ z ,mycotypha di*otoma4 ,! f]tile regions are cyl9drical b multiple z ! result ( sev]al close di*otom\s divisions at ! base ( ! f]tile portion74 ,notes #a ,!re are few reports ( ,ascozonus1 ap>t f ,a4 woolhop5sis4 ,obs]v$ spore sizes ( ,a4 woolhop5sis sugge/ t measurem5t ( ,r5ny's 7#ahgd7 illu/rations ( spores leads to values :i* are too l>ge 7#ai-bj #f-f4em74 ,^? 9 p>5!ses are :at !y might be1 bas$ on ! discrepancy betwe5 obs]v$ values = ,a4 woolhop5sis & ,r5ny's illu/ration4