,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,corrigendum applied at the wish of the principle author3 in ,key #c the pointers to couplets #ef and #ff were the wrong way round and have been corrected in this edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,keys ,,to ,,fungi ,,on ,,dung by ,m4 ,j4 ,,richardson #afe ,braid ,road1 ,,edinburgh ,,eh#aj #f;,,je and ,,roy ,,watling ,royal ,botanic ,garden1 ,,edinburgh ,,eh#c #e,,lr ,published by the ,british ,mycological ,society ,,po ,box #cj1 ,stourbridge ,west ,midlands ,,dy#i #i,,pz ,british ,mycological ,society #aiig ,printed in ,scotland by ,,bpc-,,aup ,aberdeen ,ltd ,,isbn #j #iebggjd #b #c ,the first edition of these keys was published in the ,bulletin of the ,british ,mycological ,society #b1 #ah-dc 7#aifh7 and #c1 #hf-hh1 #aba-abd 7#aifi7 in an attempt to bring together in one place information for the identification of coprophilous fungi which would be useful to teachers and others interested in these fungi4 ,they were issued as a separate publication in #aigb1 and with corrections in #aigd4 ,they were reprinted in #aihb with additions4 ,this latest edition is an update of all the earlier ones1 with current nomenclature and recent references1 and the inclusion of some additional species4 ,m4,j4,r4 ,r4,w4 ,december #aiif ,,introduction ,coprophilous fungi are highly satisfactory for demonstrating the diversity and morphology of a group of related organisms within an ecological system4 ,representative genera of most major groups of fungi can usually be guaranteed to appear on dung after a period of incubation4 ,there is no shortage of dung in our fields and woods1 and this material will always produce characteristic fungi at whatever time of year it is collected4 ,dung is best incubated in a light place1 for example on a table in a warm room1 on layers of moist filter paper or other absorbent material4 ,for rabbit pellets1 and samples of similar size1 ,petri dishes are ideal2 for horse 'apples'1 and larger types of dung1 large covered dishes such as glass casseroles1 plastic sandwich boxes or yoghurt pots are needed4 ,the top third cut from a plastic lemonade or mineral water bottle fits neatly in a ,petri dish1 and replacing the screw cap with a cotton wool plug allows aeration and gives adequate height for developing basidiomycetes4 ,samples should not be kept in airtight containers for any length of time after collection1 as in such conditions insects and nematodes tend to break down the dung1 and anaerobic conditions which do not favour the fungi rapidly develop4 ,if they cannot be set to incubate soon after collection they can be gently air dried1 as most dung fungi will remain alive after such treatment and grow out when the sample is eventually moistened4 ,the absorbent material should be kept moist4 ,although free water will not allow the best development of ascomycetes1 the succession of basidiomycetes appears to vary with the wetness of the dung4 ,earthworms and insect larvae should be excluded from the samples as far as possible1 for they break up the dung too much2 activity of the latter can be reduced by spraying lightly with a household insecticide4 ,if space is limited and cultures are kept nearby1 it is very important to prevent mite infestation4 ,containers can be isolated by placing on glass plates lightly smeared with ,vaseline1 to which an acaricide 7e4g4 methyl benzoate7 can be added4 ,fungi are best sought with a stereoscopic binocular microscope1 when their full beauty will be seen1 but a hand lens or simple magnifier1 although less convenient1 is sufficient for all but the smallest forms4 ,the larger ascomycetes and most of the basidiomycetes are readily seen with the unaided eye1 but the binocular microscope is still very useful for observing the gross features of the veil of the basidiomycetes4 ,perithecia1 apothecia and similar structures can be removed with fine needles or forceps quite cleanly for mounting1 initially in water1 on slides4 ,subsequent irrigation with iodine solution will allow any reaction of ascus wall1 tip or pore to be observed1 and mounting in diluted ,indian ink can enhance the visibility of appendages1 caudae and sheaths which occur on some spores4 ,spore discharge in the ascomycetes often occurs from mature asci when material is mounted in water1 so mature spores can immediately be seen4 ,many of the coprophilous toadstools 7agarics71 because of their small size and_/or rapidly deliquescent nature1 often do not give spore prints in the normal way1 but mature spores can usually be found on the stipe or in natural spore prints formed on the absorbent material on which the dung is supported4 ,for accurate identification the ability to measure the size of spores and other structures will be necessary4 ,basic microscopical technique and mycological knowledge is assumed4 ,common species are well described and illustrated in popular books1 and references are given to specialist works to allow descriptions of less common species to be found4 ,it will be necessary to refer to these for critical taxa4 ,although this edition contains about one half more species than the #aihb edition1 there are still many species to be described and new records and observations to be made1 especially in the ,ascomycotina4 ,four keys are presented4 ,keys #a and #b 7,,mjr7 are to the coprophilous ascomycetes1 a very diverse group which1 although not covering all the possible types of reproductive structure found in the class1 contains many of the important types4 ,the information for the identification of these fungi is dispersed throughout the literature1 and many new species are still being discovered and described4 ,some appear to be world-wide in their distribution1 others more restricted1 with a prevalence of reports from either arctic1 temperate or tropical regions4 ,these keys are not exhaustive1 since there are far too many species to make it practical to include them all4 ,they do1 however1 include most genera1 and the commoner or well known species of temperate regions4 ,specific 7and even generic7 limits in some cases 7e4g4 ,coprotus _/ ,ascophanus _/ ,ryparobius _/ ,thelebolus7 are still the subject of debate and the choice of names to use in the key for a few taxa has been a compromise4 ,key #b includes the original 'plectomycete' key 7,,rw71 which contains fungi which may not be strictly coprophilous in the normal sense1 but fungi which occur on hair1 horn1 bone and cadavers1 and may thus be found on carnivore dung or pellets of owls and other birds of prey4 ,key #c 7,,rw1 p4 #eb7 is to the basidiomycetes of dung and associated debris4 ,the part of the key dealing with the agarics attempts to be as complete as possible4 ,since the toadstools have always been thought of as the best known of the coprophilous fungi1 attention to their taxonomy has often been careless4 ,in this key the opportunity has been taken to adopt a rather narrow species concept1 and to provide in certain places indications of where distinct taxa1 even autonomous species1 may be found after further laboratory work4 ,many of these types have been cultured and appear to differ vegetatively in ways which support observations of gross morphology4 ,coprophilous agarics are popular material for genetic studies and additional information on veil structure1 spore number etc4 of individual species is given1 even when these are not 'key characters'4 ,key #d 7,,mjr1 p4 #fc7 is to the ,zygomycota 7phycomycetes7 which are characteristic of dung and amongst the first to appear when freshly dropped dung is incubated4 ,they soon disappear1 however1 but their fruiting can be prolonged by plating small portions of dung on a nutrient medium 7e4g4 potato carrot or potato dextrose agar7 to which has been added a small amount of antibiotic to reduce bacterial growth4 ,this method is especially suitable for the parasitic and predacious fungi4 ,a cultural approach is essential for the identification of many of these fungi and the above media1 and oatmeal agar1 are suitable for culture as well as isolation4 ,for this reason the study of this group of fungi is less easy than that of the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes but1 because the asexual stages are characteristic1 we have attempted to key out the commoner genera which might be found1 with notes on common species4 ,the asexual spores are sporangiospores formed in sporangia2 some sporangia produce a single spore within a closely fitting sporangium1 and have in the past been erroneously described as conidia4 ,a great range of sporangial structure occurs within the orders concerned4 ,the classical structure is the massive 7up to #bejm diam47 multispored sporangium with an internal columella which remains after the spores have been dispersed 7e4g4 ,mucor72 those of ,mortierella are similar1 but smaller and without a columella4 ,other sporangia are much reduced and may be only #aj-bjm diam41 and contain only a small number of spores 7,thamnidium7 or one spore 7,chaetocladium72 these small globose structures are termed sporangioles4 ,spores may also form in chains2 the chains are in terminal groups and are formed by the differentiation of the contents of cylindrical sporangia which are considered to be part-sporangia 7merosporangia74 ,when the sporangial wall has disappeared the spore chains may remain discrete and intact1 or they may collapse into a wet droplet of spores 7,syncephalastrum1 some ,piptocephalis74 ,members of the ,kickxellaceae 7e4g4 ,coemansia1 ,kickxella7 have single spored merosporangia produced in serried ranks on boat-shaped or swollen structures 7sporoclades74 ,the sexual spores 7zygospores7 are rarely seen without culturing2 oatmeal agar is one which favours their production4 ,the key includes one member of the ,entomophthorales1 which also produces single-spored sporangia4 ,other members of this order may be found parasitising the various animals which live in dung2 many other predacious fungi may also be seen1 e4g4 parasites of amoebae 7,acaulopage74 ,the key is of necessity far from complete1 and omits members of the ,dimargaritales1 which have been found frequently on dung of small mammals in ,america4 ,mitosporic fungi 7',fungi ,imperfecti'7 and myxomycetes have been excluded1 since they would expand the range of these keys beyond what was initially intended1 although numerous species of both groups occur on dung when incubated in a damp chamber4 ,for mitosporic fungi see ,seifert1 ,kendrick ,murase 7#aihc7 and ,ellis ,ellis 7#aihh72 for myxomycetes see ,eliasson ,lundqvist 7#aigi74 ,as practical keys1 rather than a taxonomic treatment1 taxonomic authorities have not been cited4 ,for ascomycetes1 ,cannon1 ,hawksworth ,sherwood-,pike 7#aihe7 have been followed1 unless there is a more recent treatment of a group4 ,for the basidiomycetes the ',new ,checklist of ,british ,agarics and ,boleti' 7,dennis1 ,orton ,hora1 #aifj1 ,supplement to the ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #dc7 has been followed1 and ,the ,british ,fungus ,flora 7,orton ,watling1 #aigi and ,watling1 #aihb74 ,,ascomycete ,,references ,ahmed1 ,s4 ,i4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,revision of the genera ,sporormia and ,sporormiella4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ej1 #dai-dgg4 7,keys and descriptions of #ff spp474 ,apinis1 ,a4 ,e4 7#aifd74 ,revision of the ,british ,gymnoascaceae4 ,mycological ,paper #if4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aiga74 ,on ,arachniotus and related genera of the ,gymnoascaceae4 ,persoonia #f1 #cga-chj4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aige74 ,revision of ,microascus with the description of a new species4 ,persoonia #h1 #aia-aig4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aige74 ,on ,thielavia and some similar genera of ,ascomycetes4 ,studies in ,mycology #h4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihb74 ,a key to the species of ,gelasinospora4 ,persoonia #aa1 #ddc-ddi4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihf74 ,the ascomycete genus ,gymnoascus4 ,persoonia #ac1 #agc-ahc4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihg74 ,a re-evaluation of the ,eurotiales4 ,persoonia #ac1 #bgc-cjj4 7,keys to families and genera74 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,dreyfuss1 ,m4 ,mller1 ,e4 7#aihd74 ,a re-evaluation of ,chaetomium and the ,chaetomiaceae4 ,persoonia #ab1 #afi-agi4 7,key to species74 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,figueras1 ,m4 ,j4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aihh74 ,sordariaceous ,ascomycetes without ,ascospore ,ejaculation4 ,beihefte zur ,nova ,hedwigia #id1 #a-ajd4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,gams1 ,w4 7#aifg74 ber ,pleurage verruculosa und die zugehrige ,cladorrhinum-,konidienform4 ,nova ,hedwigia #ac1 #aih-bjh4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von1 ,guarro1 ,j4 van der ,aa1 ,h4 ,a4 7#aihg74 ,asordaria1 a new genus of the ,sordariaceae1 and a new species of ,melanocarpus4 ,persoonia #ac1 #bfc-bgb4 ,barrasa1 ,j4 ,m4 ,checa1 ,j4 7#aiij74 ,dothideales del ,parque ,natural de ,monfrage ,cceres4 ,i4 ,boletn ,sociedad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ae1 #ia-ajb4 ,barrasa1 ,j4 ,m41 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 ,moreno1 ,g4 7#aihf74 ,notes on the genus ,sordaria in ,spain4 ,persoonia #ac1 #hc-hh4 ,bell1 ,a4 ,mahoney1 ,d4 ,p4 7#aiie74 ,coprophilous fungi in ,new ,zealand4 ,i4 ,podospora species with swollen agglutinated perithecial hairs4 ,mycologia #hg1 #cge-cif4 7,key and descriptions of #h spp474 ,bezerra1 ,j4 ,l4 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w4 7#aige74 ,the genus ,lasiobolus 7,pezizales3 ,ascomycetes74 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ec1 #abjf-abbi4 7,key and descriptions of #aa spp474 ,booth1 ,c4 7#aifa74 ,studies of pyrenomycetes3 ,,vi4 ,thielavia with notes on some allied genera4 ,mycological ,paper #hc4 ,breton1 ,a4 ,faurel1 ,l4 7#aifh74 ,etudes des affinits du genre ,mycorhynchus ,sacc4 et description de plusieurs especes nouvelles4 ,revue de ,mycologie #cb1 #bbi-beh4 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aifb74 ,studies on ,discomycetes--,,ii4 ,on four species of ,fimaria4 ,persoonia #b1 #cba-ccj4 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aifb74 ,a ,world ,monograph of the ,genera ,ascobolus and ,saccobolus4 ,persoonia1 ,supplement ,,volume #a4 7,key and descriptions of #ff spp41 and a critical taxonomic treatment74 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aihj74 ,two species of ,ascobolus new to ,britain4 ,persoonia #aa1 #hg-ib4 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aiha74 ,the genus ,ascodesmis 7,pezizales1 ,ascomycetes74 ,persoonia #aa1 #ccc-ceh4 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aihd74 ,notes on cup-fungi--#b4 ,lasiobolus4 ,persoonia #ab1 #cbh-ccd4 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aihf74 ,notes on cup-fungi--#c4 ,on three species of ,cheilymenia4 ,persoonia #ac1 #hi-if4 ,brummelen1 ,j4 van 7#aiij74 ,notes on cup-fungi--#d4 ,on two rare species of ,ascobolus4 ,persoonia #ad1 #bjc-bjg4 ,cailleux1 ,r4 7#aiga74 ,recherches sur la mycoflore coprophile centrafricaine4 ,les genres ,sordaria1 ,gelasinospora1 ,bombardia 7,biologie1 ,morphologie1 ,systmatique74 ,bulletin trimestriel de la ,socit ,mycologique de ,france #hg1 #dfa-fbf #bg plates4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aicd74 ,studies of ,coprophilous ,sphaeriales in ,ontario4 ,university of ,toronto ,studies1 ,biological ,series1 ,no4 #ch4 7,reprinted #aifh in ,bibliotheca ,mycologica1 ,band #i1 by ,cramer1 ,lehre74 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifa74 ,studies of coprophilous ,ascomycetes4 ,,vii4 ,preussia4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ci1 #afcc-afff4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifb74 ,studies of coprophilous ,ascomycetes4 ,,viii4 ,new species of ,podospora4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #dj1 #ddg-dij4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w4 7#aifi74 ,coprobolus1 a new genus of the tribe ,thelebolae 7,pezizaceae74 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #dg1 #aiaa-aiad4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 ,mirza1 ,j4 ,h4 7#aigb74 ,three new species of ,arnium4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ej1 #ccc-ccf4 ,cannon1 ,p4 ,f4 ,hawksworth1 ,d4 ,l4 7#aihb74 ,a re-evaluation of ,melanospora ,corda and similar ,pyrenomycetes1 with a revision of the ,british species4 ,botanical ,journal of the ,linnean ,society #hd1 #aae-afj4 ,cannon1 ,p4 ,f41 ,hawksworth1 ,d4 ,l4 ,sherwood-,pike1 ,m4 ,a4 7#aihe74 ,the ,british ,ascomycotina4 ,an ,annotated ,checklist4 ,commonwealth ,agricultural ,bureaux1 ,slough1 ,u4 ,k4 ,cano1 ,j4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aiij74 ,the genus ,aphanoascus4 ,mycological ,research #id1 #cee-cgg4 7,key to species74 ,currah1 ,r4 ,s4 7#aihh74 ,an annotated key to the genera of the ,onygenales4 ,systema ,ascomycetum #g1 #a-ab4 ,dennis1 ,r4 ,w4 ,g4 7#aigh74 ,british ,ascomycetes4 ,j4 ,cramer1 ,lehre4 7or earlier edition1 #aifh and #aifj 7as ,british ,cup ,fungi and their allies71 ,the ,ray ,society1 ,london74 7,all groups74 ,dissing1 ,h4 7#aihg74 ,three #d-spored ,saccobolus species from north east ,greenland4 ,in ,arctic and ,alpine ,mycology ,,ii 7ed4 ,g4 ,a4 ,laursen1 ,j4 ,f4 ,ammirati ,s4 ,a4 ,redhead71 pp4 #gi-hf4 ,dissing1 ,h4 7#aihi74 ,four new coprophilous species of ,ascobolus and ,saccobolus from ,greenland 7,pezizales74 ,opera ,botanica #ajj1 #dc-ej4 ,dissing1 ,h4 7#aiib74 ,notes on the coprophilous pyrenomycete ,sporormia fimetaria4 ,persoonia #ad1 #chi-cid4 ,dissing1 ,h4 ,paulsen1 ,m4 ,d4 7#aigf74 ,trichophaeopsis tetraspora1 a ,new ,coprophilous ,discomycete from ,denmark4 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #gj1 #adg-aea4 ,elliott1 ,m4 ,e4 7#aifg74 ,rutstroemia cuniculi1 a coprophilous species of the ,sclerotiniaceae4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #de1 #eba-ebd4 ,guarro1 ,j4 ,arx1 ,j4 ,a4 von 7#aihg74 ,the ,ascomycete genus ,sordaria4 ,persoonia #ac1 #cja-cac4 7,key to #ad species and checklist74 ,hawksworth1 ,d4 ,l4 ,webster1 ,j4 7#aigg74 ,studies on ,mycorhynchus in ,britain4 ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #fh1 #cbi-cdj4 7,key to #ab spp4 and descriptions of some74 ,jain1 ,k4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigc74 ,mycoarctium1 a new genus in the ,thelebolaceae4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ea1 #cje-cjg4 ,jeng4 ,r4 ,s41 ,luck-,allen1 ,e4 ,r4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigg74 ,new species and new records of ,delitschia from ,venezuela4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ee1 #chc-cib4 ,khan4 ,r4 ,s4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,five new species of ,podospora from ,east ,africa4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ej1 #afdi-affa4 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w4 7#aifi74 ,north ,american species of ,thecotheus 7,pezizeae1 ,pezizaceae74 ,mycologia #fa1 #ii-aad4 7,key and description of #e spp474 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w4 ,korf4 ,r4 ,p4 7#aifg74 ,a synopsis of the genera and species of the tribe ,thelebolae 7,pseudoascobolaceae74 ,american ,journal of ,botany #ed1 #i-bc4 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w4 ,luck-,allen1 ,e4 ,r4 7#aigd74 ,lasiothelebolus1 a new genus of the ,thelebolaceae 7,pezizales74 ,mycologia #ff1 #ehh-eib4 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w41 ,luck-,allen1 ,e4 ,r4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifi74 ,iodophanus1 the ,pezizeae segregate of ,ascophanus 7,pezizales74 ,american ,journal of ,botany #ef1 #aahg-abjb4 7,key and description of #aj spp474 ,kimbrough1 ,j4 ,w41 ,luck-,allen1 ,e4 ,r4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,north ,american species of ,coprotus 7,thelebolaceae3 ,pezizales74 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ej1 #ieg-igb4 7,key and description of #ah spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aigc74 ,an enlarged concept of ,trichobolus 7,thelebolaceae1 ,pezizales7 based on a new eight-spored species4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ea1 #adig-aeja4 7,with key to #d spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aiie74 ,the genus ,fimetariella4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #gc1 #aije-aiaf4 7,with key to #h spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,additions to the genus ,arnium4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ej1 #cfg-cgc4 7,key to #be spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigd74 ,a preliminary treatment of the genus ,podosordaria4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #eb1 #ehi-fje4 7,key and descriptions of #aj spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigd74 ,new species of ,hypocopra 7,xylariaceae74 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #eb1 #hji-hdc4 7,descriptions and synoptic key to #cj spp474 ,krug1 ,j4 ,c4 ,scott1 ,j4 ,a4 7#aiid74 ,the genus ,bombardioidea4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #gb1 #acjb-acaj4 7,description and key to #d spp474 ,larsen1 ,k4 7#aigj74 ,the ,genus ,saccobolus in ,denmark4 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #fe1 #cga-chi4 ,larsen1 ,k4 7#aiga74 ,danish ,endocoprophilous ,fungi and ,their ,sequence of ,occurrence4 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #ff1 #a-cb4 ,lohmeyer1 ,t4 ,r4 ,benkert1 ,d4 7#aihh74 ,poronia erici--eine neue ,art der ,xylariales 7,ascomycetes74 ,zeitschrift fur ,mykologie #ed1 #ic-ajb4 ,luck-,allen1 ,e4 ,r4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aige74 ,additions to the genus ,delitschia4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ec1 #ahbg-ahhg4 7,key to #df spp4 and descriptions_/illustrations of most74 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aifg74 ,on spore ornamentation in the ,sordariaceae1 exemplified by the new cleistocarpous genus ,copromyces4 ,arkiv fr ,botanik1 ,series #b4 #f7g71 #cbg-ccg4 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aifi74 ,zygopleurage and ,zygospermella 7,sordariaceae s4 lat41 ,pyrenomycetes74 ,botaniska ,notiser #abb1 #cec-cgd4 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aigj74 ,new ,podosporae 7,sordariaceae s4 lat41 ,pyrenomycetes74 ,svensk ,botanisk ,tidskrift #fd1 #dji-dbj4 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aigb74 ,nordic ,sordariaceae s4 lat4 ,symbolae ,botanicae ,upsalienses ,,xx4 #a4 #a-cad4 7,keys and descriptions of ca #ajj spp41 and critical taxonomic discussion74 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aihj74 ,on the genus ,pyxidiophora sensu lato 7,pyrenomycetes74 ,botaniska ,notiser #acc1 #aba-add4 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aihj74 ,wawelia effusa ,lundqvist1 spec4 nov4 7,xylariaceae74 ,persoonia #ad1 #dag-dbc4 ,malloch1 ,d4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigj74 ,the genus ,arachnomyces4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #dh1 #hci-hde4 ,malloch1 ,d4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigj74 ,five new genera in the new family of ,pseudeurotiaceae4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #dh1 #ahae-ahbe4 ,malloch1 ,d4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aiga74 ,new genera of the ,onygenaceae4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #di1 #hci-hdf4 ,malloch1 ,d4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aiga74 ,four new genera of cleistothecial ,ascomycetes with hyaline ascospores4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #di1 #hdg-hed4 ,malloch1 ,d4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aiga74 ,new cleistothecial ,sordariaceae and a new family1 ,coniochaetaceae4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #di1 #hfi-hhj4 ,malloch1 ,d4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aigb74 ,new species and combinations of cleistothecial ,ascomycetes4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #ej1 #fa-gb4 ,minter1 ,d4 ,w4 ,webster1 ,j4 7#aihc74 ,wawelia octospora sp4 nov41 a xerophilous and coprophilous member of the ,xylariaceae4 ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #hj1 #cgj-cgc4 ,mirza1 ,j4 ,h4 ,cain1 ,r4 ,f4 7#aifi74 ,revision of the genus ,podospora4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #dg1 #aiii-bjdh4 ,moravec1 ,j4 7#aiij74 ,a taxonomic revision of the genus ,cheilymenia--#c4 ,a new generic and infrageneric classification of ,cheilymenia in a new emendation4 ,mycotaxon #ch1 #dei-dhd4 7,synopsis of genus1 including ,coprobia74 ,moravec1 ,j4 7#aiic74 ,a taxonomic revision of the genus ,cheilymenia--#e4 ,the section ,cheilymenia4 ,czech ,mycology #dg1 #g-cg4 ,moreau1 ,c4 7#aiec7 ,les ,genres ,sordaria et ,pleurage4 ,encyclopdie mycologique #be1 #a-ccj4 7,sordaria and ,pleurage 7,podospora_/,schizothecium71 and ,coniochaeta1 ,hypocopra1 ,sporormiella1 ,trichodelitschia1 and other pyrenomycetes for comparison74 ,munk1 ,a4 7#aieg74 ,danish ,pyrenomycetes4 ,dansk ,botanisk ,arkiv #ag7a71 #a-dia4 ,orr1 ,g4 ,f4 ,kuehn1 ,h4 ,h4 7#aiga74 ,notes on ,gymnoascaceae4 ,i4 ,a review of eight species4 ,mycologia #fc1 #aia-bjc4 ,orr1 ,g4 ,f41 ,kuehn1 ,h4 ,h4 ,plunkett1 ,o4 ,a4 7#aifc74 ,a new genus of the ,gymnoascaceae with swollen peridial septa4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #da1 #adci-adef4 7,key to ,auxarthron 7,gymnoascus7 species74 ,orr1 ,g4 ,f41 ,kuehn1 ,h4 ,h4 ,plunkett1 ,o4 ,a4 7#aiga74 ,the genus ,myxotrichum ,kunze4 ,canadian ,journal of ,botany #da1 #adeg-adhj4 7,key to species74 ,paulsen1 ,m4 ,d4 ,dissing1 ,h4 7#aigi74 ,the genus ,ascobolus in ,denmark1 ,botanisk ,tidsskrift #gd1 #fg-gh4 ,rehm1 ,h4 7#ahhg-ahie74 ,ascomyceten3 ,hysteriaceen und ,discomyceten4 ,vol4 #a1 ,abt4 #c of ,rabenhorst's ,kryptogamen-,flora4 7,discomycetes74 ,renny1 ,j4 7#ahgd74 ,new species of the genus ,ascobolus4 ,journal of ,botany #ab1 #cec-ceg and #d plates4 7,description and illustration of #f ,ascozonus spp474 ,richardson1 ,m4 ,j4 7#aigb74 ,coprophilous ascomycetes on different dung types4 ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #eh1 #cg-dh4 ,samson1 ,r4 ,a4 7#aigb74 ,notes on ,pseudogymnoascus1 ,gymnoascus and related genera4 ,acta botanica neerlandica #ba1 #eag-ebg4 ,seth1 ,h4 ,k4 7#aigj74 ,the genus ,lophotrichus ,benjamin4 ,nova ,hedwigia #ai1 #eia-eii4 ,valldosera1 ,m4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aihg74 ,estudios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,vi4 ,ascomycetes4 ,boletn ,sociedad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ab1 #ea-ef4 ,valldosera1 ,m4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aihh74 ,some coprophilous ascomycetes from ,chile4 ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #ij1 #fja-fje4 ,valldosera1 ,m4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aihi74 ,estudios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,xi4 ,ascomycetes4 ,boletn ,sociedad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ad1 #ge-hj4 ,valldosera1 ,m4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aihi74 ,estudios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,xv4 ,el gnero ,preussia 7,sporormiella74 ,boletn ,sociedad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ad1 #ha-id4 ,valldosera1 ,m4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aiib74 ,estudios sobre hongos coprphilos en ,espaa4 ,,xvii4 ,ascomycotina4 ,boletn ,sociedad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ag1 #ai-cg4 ,valldosera1 ,m4 ,guarro1 ,j4 7#aiib74 ,estudios sobre hongos coprphilos aislados en ,espaa4 ,,xviii4 ,bibliographic catalogue of ,ascomycotina4 ,boletn ,sociedad ,micolgica de ,madrid #ag1 #ci-ee4 ,valldosera1 ,m41 ,guarro1 ,j4 ,figueras1 ,m4 ,j4 7#aiia74 ,two interesting coprophilous fungi from ,spain4 ,mycological ,research #ie1 #bdc-bdf4 ,winter1 ,g4 7#ahhd-ahhg74 ,ascomyceten3 ,gymnoasceen und ,pyrenomyceten4 ,,vol4 #a1 ,abt4 #b of ,rabenhorst's ,kryptogamen-,flora4 7,pyrenomycetes74 ,yao1 ,y-,j4 7#aiif74 ,notes on ,british species of ,lasiobolus4 ,mycological ,research #ajj1 #gcg-gci4 ,yao1 ,y-,j4 ,spooner1 ,b4 ,m4 7#aiif74 ,notes on ,british species of ,cheilymenia4 ,mycological ,research #ajj1 #cfa-cfg4 ,,basidiomycete ,,references ,moser1 ,m4 7#aigh71 in ,gams1 ,h4 7ed474 ,kleine ,kryptogamenflora von ,mitteleuropa4 ,fischer ,verlag4 ,moser1 ,m4 7#aihc74 ,keys to ,agarics and ,boleti 7,english translation by ,s4 ,plant74 ,roger ,phillips1 ,london4 ,orton1 ,p4 ,d4 ,watling1 ,r4 7#aigi74 ,british ,fungus ,flora3 ,coprinus4 ,her ,majesty's ,stationery ,office1 ,edinburgh4 ,phillips1 ,r4 7#aiha74 ,mushrooms and other fungi of ,great ,britain and ,europe4 ,pan ,books1 ,london4 ,watling1 ,r4 7#aihb74 ,british ,fungus ,flora3 ,bolbitiaceae4 ,her ,majesty's ,stationery ,office1 ,edinburgh4 ,,phycomycete ,,references ,benjamin1 ,r4 ,k4 7#aiei74 ,the merosporangiferous ,mucorales4 ,aliso #d1 #cba-dcc4 ,benjamin1 ,r4 ,k4 7#aifa74 ,addenda to the merosporangiferous ,mucorales4 ,aliso #e1 #aa-ai4 ,benjamin1 ,r4 ,k4 7#aifc74 ,addenda to the merosporangiferous ,mucorales4 ,aliso #e1 #bgc-bhh4 ,benjamin1 ,r4 ,k4 7#aife74 ,addenda to the merosporangiferous ,mucorales4 ,aliso #f1 #a-aj4 7,the #d papers above are an excellent account of ,syncephalis1 ,piptocephalis1 ,coemansia and other unusual allied phycomycetes1 republished 7#aifg7 as ,bibliotheca ,mycologica #e by ,j4 ,cramer1 ,lehre74 ,gams1 ,w4 ,moreau1 ,r4 7#aiei74 ,le genre ,mortierella4 ,annales scientifiques de l',universit de ,besanon1 ,series #b #c1 #ie-aje4 ,hesseltine1 ,c4 ,w4 7#aiee74 ,genera of ,mucorales with a note on their synonymy4 ,mycologia #dg1 #cdd-cfc4 7,with good key2 many other papers by ,hesseltine1 with others1 in ,mycologia1 ,american ,journal of ,botany1 ,american ,midland ,naturalist and ,lloydia74 ,ingold1 ,c4 ,t4 ,zoberi1 ,m4 ,h4 7#aifc74 ,the asexual apparatus of ,mucorales in relation to spore liberation4 ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #df1 #aae-acd4 ,naumov1 ,n4 ,a4 7#aici74 ,cls des ,mucorines4 ,encyclopdie mycologique #i1 #a-acg4 ,zycha1 ,h41 ,siepmann1 ,r4 ,linneman1 ,g4 7#aifi74 ,mucorales4 ,j4 ,cramer1 ,lehre4 7,a revision of ,zycha1 #aice74 ,,general ,,references ,bell1 ,a4 7#aihc74 ,dung ,fungi3 an illustrated guide to coprophilous fungi in ,new ,zealand4 ,victoria ,university ,press1 ,wellington4 ,bon1 ,m4 7#aihg74 ,the ,mushrooms and ,toadstools of ,britain and ,north-western ,europe4 ,hodder ,stoughton1 ,london4 ,cacialli1 ,g41 ,caroti1 ,v4 ,doveri1 ,f4 7#aiie74 ,funghi fimicoli e rari o interssanti del litorale ,toscano4 ,schede di ,micologia ,,vol4 #a4 ,fondazione ,centro ,studi ,micologici ,dell' ,a4 ,m4 ,b41 ,vicenza1 ,italy4 ,domsch1 ,k4 ,h41 ,gams1 ,w4 ,anderson1 ,t4 ,h4 7#aihj74 ,compendium of soil fungi4 ,academic ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,ellis1 ,m4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,j4 ,p4 7#aihh74 ,microfungi on ,miscellaneous ,substrates4 ,croom ,helm1 ,london ,sydney4 ,gilman1 ,j4 ,c4 7#aieg74 ,a ,manual of ,soil ,fungi4 ,iowa ,state ,college ,press4 ,eliasson1 ,u4 ,lundqvist1 ,n4 7#aigi74 ,fimicolous ,myxomycetes4 ,botaniska ,notiser #acb1 #eea-efh4 7,a list of #cd spp41 with some descriptions and illustrations74 ,hawksworth1 ,d4 ,l41 ,kirk1 ,p4 ,m41 ,sutton1 ,b4 ,c4 ,pegler1 ,d4 ,n4 7#aiie74 ,ainsworth ,bisby's ,dictionary of the ,fungi4 #hth edn4 ,,cab ,international1 ,wallingford4 ,holden1 ,m4 7ed7 7#aihb74 ,guide to the literature for the identification of ,british fungi1 #dth ,edition4 ,bulletin of the ,british ,mycological ,society #af1 #cf-ee2 #ib-aab4 ,massee1 ,g41 ,salmon1 ,e4 ,s4 7#aija74 ,researches on coprophilous fungi4 ,annals of ,botany1 ,london #ae1 #cac-ceg4 ,seifert1 ,k4 ,a41 ,kendrick1 ,w4 ,b4 ,murase1 ,g4 7#aihc74 ,a key to hyphomycetes on dung4 ,university of ,waterloo ,biology ,series ,no4 #bg4 ,webster1 ,j4 7#aigj74 ,coprophilous ,fungi4 ,transactions of the ,british ,mycological ,society #ed1 #afa-ahj4 ,key #a4 ,ascomycota #a ,ascoma either globose to flask shaped1 usually with an easily observable pore or neck 7,,perithecium or ,,pseudothecium1 figs #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd-cg71 or discoid 7,,apothecium1 figs #a1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #aa-ad74 ,spores usually #h in each ascus 7less frequently #d1 #af1 #cb1 #fd1 #abh etc474 ,asci ellipsoid to cylindrical1 borne in a distinct hymenium1 thus appearing in fascicles or distinct groups when the fruit body is squashed4 #b - ,ascoma globose to subglobose1 lacking a definite pore or neck 7,,cleistothecium or ,,gymnothecium1 figs #ch1 #ci1 #df74 ,asci globose to subglobose1 #h-spored1 not in a distinct hymenium1 appearing quite free when the fruit body is squashed4 ,,key #b1 #adh 7p4 #de7 #b7a7 ,ascoma a ,,perithecium or ,,pseudothecium1 usually dark in some part1 not opening to a disc but remaining globose or flask shaped4 ,asci unitunicate1 not operculate but often with an apical pore1 which may stain blue in iodine1 or bitunicate4 ,,key #b1 #a 7p4 #bd7 - ,ascoma an ,,apothecium1 white or lightly coloured1 soft fleshed1 opening out to a disc or cushion shape when mature4 ,asci unitunicate4 #c #c7b7 ,asci opening by an operculum 7fig4 #h71 a bilabiate vertical split down to a subapical ring of thickening 7fig4 #ae71 or apparently just bursting4 #d - ,asci inoperculate1 with an apical pore4 #if #d7c7 ,spores #h 7occasionally #d7 in an ascus1 colourless1 purple or brown4 #e - ,spores more than #h in an ascus1 colourless4 #gg #e7d7 ,spores remaining colourless4 #f - ,spores purple or brown at maturity4 #ci #f7e7 ,apothecia with obvious hairs4 #g - ,apothecia without obvious hairs 7microscopic hairs up to #ejm long may be present74 #ad #g7f7 ,hairs brown4 ,apothecia orange1 red orange or yellow orange4 7,cheilymenia1 fig4 #a7 #h - ,hairs colourless4 ,apothecia colourless or pinkish4 7,lasiobolus1 fig4 #c7 #ab #h7g7 ,apothecia with stellate hairs4 ,spores #ad-bj #h-aam4 ,cheilymenia stercorea 7figs #a1 #b7 - ,apothecia without stellate hairs4 #i #i7h7 ,spores #ad4e-ah #h-i4em4 ,asci #aj-acm diam4 ,apothecia #bmm diam4 or more4 ,cheilymenia coprinaria - ,spores larger1 #ag #ajm or more4 #aj #aj7i7 ,apothecia reddish orange1 up to #amm diam41 marginal hairs rooting1 wall #b-dm thick4 ,spores #ba-bf #aj-ac4hm4 ,cheilymenia fimicola - ,apothecia pale orange yellow1 marginal hairs superficial1 wall up to #bm thick4 #aa #aa7aj7 ,asci up to #bbm diam4 ,spores #ag-bg #aj-ad4em4 ,cheilymenia pulcherrima - ,asci wider1 #bem diam4 or more4 ,spores #bc-bf4e #ac-af4em4 ,cheilymenia raripila ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,cheilymenia stercorea1 apothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,c4 stercorea1 stellate and rooted hairs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,lasiobolus ciliatus1 apothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,iodophanus carneus1 apothecium and spore4 #ab7g7 ,hairs #fjjm or longer4 ,spores #ai-bc #g-ajm4 ,lasiobolus macrotrichus - ,hairs shorter1 up to #fjjm4 #ac #ac7ab7 ,asci clavate1 #bjm diam4 or wider4 ,spores #ai-bb #aj4e-ac4em4 ,lasiobolus cuniculi - ,asci cylindrical1 up to #bjm diam4 ,spores #ah-bb4e #i4e-aa4em4 ,lasiobolus ciliatus 7fig4 #c7 #ad7f7 ,asci blue in iodine solution4 #ae - ,asci not blue in iodine4 #bd #ae7ad7 ,spores large1 #cj-db #ae-ahm1 warted1 ellipsoid with acute apices4 ,thecotheus cinereus - ,spores smaller1 smooth or only finely ornamented #af #af7ae7 ,apothecia brownish1 large1 #a;cm diam4 or more4 7,peziza7 #ba - ,apothecia pale1 up to #dmm diam4 ,asci protruding from hymenium when ripe4 #ag #ag7af7 ,apothecia white to pink1 up to #bmm diam4 ,spores finely verruculose1 #ah-be #h-adm4 ,iodophanus carneus 7fig4 #d7 - ,apothecia pale1 variously coloured when fresh1 but drying darker4 ,spores smooth4 7,thecotheus7 #ah #ah7ag7 ,spores apiculate at each end1 smooth4 #ai - ,spores not apiculate1 #bj-bb #h-ajm4 ,thecotheus agranulosus #ai7ah7 ,spores with a collar at the base of the apiculus4 #bj - ,spores without a collar at the base of the apiculus1 #af-ba #h-abm4 ,thecotheus apiculatus #bj7ai7 ,apothecia white4 ,spores #bj-bb #aj-abm1 apiculus #d-fm diam4 ,thecotheus perplexans - ,apothecia yellowish4 ,spores #ab-ae #g4e-im1 apiculus #b4e-c4em diam4 ,thecotheus africanus #ba7af7 ,spores smooth1 without guttules4 #bb - ,spores verruculose or spinulose1 #ae-ah #h-im1 with #a guttule4 ,paraphyses with clavate apices1 with brown contents4 ,apothecia asymmetrical1 extended on one side4 ,peziza pleurota #bb7ba7 ,spores #ai-bd #aj4e-adm4 ,apothecia yellowish brown1 up to #aj;cm diam4 ,peziza vesiculosa - ,spores up to #ajm wide4 #bc #bc7bb7 ,apothecia ca #a;cm diam41 umber with a paler margin4 ,spores #ae-bb #i-ajm4 ,peziza bovina - ,apothecia up to #b;cm diam41 pale brown4 ,spores #ac-af #g-im4 ,peziza fimeti #bd7ad7 ,apothecia robust1 up to #dmm diam41 orange or with brownish or purple tints4 #be - ,apothecia smaller1 rarely more than #amm1 pale1 yellowish green1 orange1 grey or chestnut4 #cb #be7bd7 ,apothecia orange or red4 #bf - ,apothecia discrete1 brownish or purple4 7,fimaria7 #bg #bf7be7 ,apothecia crowded1 #a-cmm diam41 orange1 with a granular surface4 ,asci up to #aij #aem4 ,spores #ae-ah4e #g-i4em4 ,paraphyses strongly clavate to apex up to #adm diam1 filled with orange granules4 ,coprobia granulata - ,apothecia discrete1 #a-bmm diam41 orange or red4 ,asci #bdj #aj-abm4 ,spores #ab-ae #g-hm4 ,paraphyses yellow1 only slightly swollen from #bm to #c-dm at apex4 ,ascophanus bresadolae #bg7be7 ,spores #h-i4e #d-d4em4 ,fimaria equina - ,spores larger4 #bh #bh7bg7 ,spores #bj-ch #aj-acm4 ,fimaria hepatica - ,spores shorter4 #bi #bi7bh7 ,spores #aj-ac #g-im4 ,fimaria porcina - ,spores #ac-ag #g-aam4 #cj #cj7bi7 ,disc punctate with asci4 ,paraphysis tips swollen up to #c-em4 ,spores #ad4e-af #i4e-aam4 ,fimaria leporum - ,disc not punctate with asci4 ,paraphysis tips not or only slightly swollen4 #ca #ca7cj7 ,apothecia pale yellowish4 ,spores #ac-ae4e #g4e-h4em4 ,fimaria theioleuca - ,apothecia chestnut_/purplish brown4 ,spores #ad-ag #g-h4em4 ,fimaria cervaria #cb7bd7 ,spores less than #ajm long4 #cc - ,spores mostly longer than #ajm4 #cf #cc7cb7 ,paraphyses markedly capitate to #e-fm1 with yellowish green contents4 ,apothecia dull at first1 yellowish at maturity4 ,spores #g-aj #b-d4em4 ,thelebolus microsporus 7fig4 #e7 - ,paraphyses only slightly inflated above1 without coloured contents4 ,apothecia whitish or grey4 #cd #cd7cc7 ,spores #e-g #c-dm4 ,asci #ch-db #f-gm4 ,apothecia smoky grey1 #j4c-j4dmm diam4 ,ascophanus cinerellus - ,spores larger4 ,apothecia pale1 white or yellowish4 #ce #ce7cd7 ,apothecia up to #a4bmm diam4 ,asci short stalked1 #dj-ee #h-abm4 ,spores #g4e-i #d4e-e4em4 ,coprotus glaucellus - ,apothecia #j4b-j4emm diam4 ,asci attenuate below1 #fe-he #aj-aem4 ,spores #h-aj #e-f4em4 ,coprotus lacteus #cf7cb7 ,apothecia chestnut brown up to #amm diam4 ,asci #afj #acm4 ,spores #ac-af x #h-aam4 ,paraphyses forked1 with swollen tips4 ,ascophanus misturae - ,apothecia lighter coloured4 ,asci less than #aejm long4 #cg #cg7cf7 ,spores #ad-ah #i-aam4 ,apothecia pale yellow_/orange1 up to #a4emm diam4 ,asci cylindrical1 #aaj-aej #ab-aem4 ,paraphyses yellowish1 slightly inflated to #d-em at apices4 ,coprotus ochraceus - ,spores less than #aem long4 ,apothecia up to #j4fmm diam4 ,asci less than #ajjm long4 #ch ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,thelebolus microsporus1 ascus and paraphysis4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,ascodesmis microscopica1 ascospores4 #ch7cg7 ,apothecia bright yellow4 ,asci cylindrical clavate1 attenuate below1 #fe-ij #aj-aem4 ,spores #ab-ad #f-h4em4 ,paraphyses branched1 apices inflated to #d-em1 with yellow contents4 ,coprotus aurorus - ,apothecia white_/pale yellow1 with darker margin4 ,asci broadly clavate1 stalked below #dj-ee #ae-cjm4 ,spores #i-ae #f4e-i4em4 ,paraphyses inflated above to #e-hm1 hyaline4 ,coprotus granuliformis #ci7e7 ,spores spherical or broadly ellipsoid1 brown1 ornamented with warts1 anastomosing ridges or a reticulum4 ,asci clavate4 ,apothecium without excipulum4 7,ascodesmis1 fig4 #f7 #dj - ,spores ellipsoid or spherical1 hyaline at first1 then purple1 becoming brown at maturity2 epispore smooth1 finely verruculose1 warted or cracked4 ,asci cylindrical4 ,excipulum present4 #de #dj7ci7 ,spores #ah-ba4e #ac4e-ag4em4 ,ascodesmis macrospora - ,spores up to #afm4 #da #da7dj7 ,spores spherical1 ,l_/,b ratio mostly up to #a4b4 #db - ,spores broadly ellipsoidal1 ,l_/,b ratio mostly #a4b or more4 #dc #db7da7 ,spores ornamented with round warts1 #h4e-aa #h4c-ajm4 ,ascodesmis nana - ,spores ornamented with a network of ridges1 #aj4e-ad #i-abm4 ,ascodesmis sphaerospora #dc7da7 ,spores with a prominent reticulum of ridges 7fig4 #f71 #aa-ae4e #h-ac4em4 ,apothecia #aej-cjjm diam4 ,ascodesmis microscopica 7fig4 #f7 - ,spore ornament not a reticulum4 #dd #dd7dc7 ,spores with #a simple or branched ridge and isolated or occasionally connected warts1 #aa-ad4e #g-aa4em4 ,apothecia up to #ejjm diam4 ,ascodesmis porcina - ,spores with isolated warts1 some joined to form short ridges1 but not a reticulum1 often capitate1 #i4e-ab4e #g4e-ajm4 ,apothecia #ej-aejm diam4 ,ascodesmis nigricans #de7ci7 ,spores separate in the ascus4 7,ascobolus7 #df - ,spores firmly joined together1 both in the ascus and after ejection 7fig4 #aj74 7,saccabolus7 #ff #df7de7 ,spores spherical4 #dg - ,spores ellipsoid4 #dh #dg7df7 ,spores #aj4e-ac4em1 epispore with numerous but isolated warts4 ,ascobolus brassicae 7figs #h1 #i7 - ,spores #aa4e-ac4e7ae7m1 epispore with subparallel occasionally anastomosing lines4 ,ascobolus crosslandii #dh7df7 ,spores very large1 mostly #ej-gj #be-cem1 almost oblong with rounded ends1 typically with few cracks in the epispore4 ,ascobolus immersus 7figs #g1 #i7 - ,spores smaller1 with epispore smooth1 warted or with cracks4 #di #di7dh7 ,epispore strongly and irregularly wrinkled with a vesiculose layer of pigment1 #aa4f-af #f4e-i4cm4 ,paraphyses capitate up to #ahm4 ,apothecia up to #j4fmm diam4 ,ascobolus rhytidiosporus - ,epispore not strongly wrinkled_/vesiculose4 #ej #ej7di7 ,epispore basically smooth or warted1 perhaps with a few irregular cracks4 #ea - ,epispore with a clear pattern of cracks or lines4 #ef ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,apothecia of1 from left1 ,ascobolus furfuraceus1 ,a4 immersus and ,a4 albidus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a4 brassicae1 ascus with spores and detail of operculum4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,ascospores of1 clockwise from left1 ,a4 immersus1 ,a4 stictoideus1 ,a4 albidus1 ,a4 brassicae and ,a4 crenulatus4 #ea7ej7 ,spores up to #bem long4 #eb - ,spores longer1 #bem or more4 #ed #eb7ea7 ,epispore smooth1 finely granular or punctate4 ,gelatinous material unilateral1 not surrounding spore4 #ec - ,epispore warted1 spores #ah4e-ba7bb4e7 7#i7aj-aa4em1 surrounded by gelatinous sheath4 ,ascobolus hawaiiensis #ec7eb7 ,spores #ah-bd #aj-acm4 ,hymenial mucus greenish yellow4 ,excipulum not brown4 ,ascobolus mancus - ,spores #bj-be #aa-acm4 ,hymenial mucus sulphur yellow4 ,excipulum with rich brown intercellular pigment4 ,ascobolus boudieri #ed7ea7 ,epispore smooth or finely granular1 spores #bc-bi7cb7 #ab-agm4 ,ascobolus elegans - ,epispore warted4 #ee #ee7ed7 ,spores with a regular pattern of warts and intact epispore1 #bf-cb #ae-ag4em4 ,ascobolus stictoideus 7fig4 #i7 - ,spores with irregular patches of thicker pigment1 especially at the poles1 #bh-ce #af-ahm4 ,ascobolus degluptus #ef7ej7 ,spores mostly #ah #ajm or larger4 #eg - ,spores mostly smaller than #bj #ajm4 #fa #eg7ef7 ,apothecia small1 mostly up to #amm diam41 colourless4 ,spores #bj-ce #aa-adm1 epispore cracks distant1 irregular1 often anastomosing4 ,ascobolus albidus 7figs #g1 #i7 - ,apothecia larger1 usually #amm diam4 or more1 disc yellowish1 greenish1 purplish or brownish4 #eh #eh7eg7 ,apothecia crowded1 purplish or purplish brown with intercellular pigment4 ,spores #ah-bh #aj-abm1 with longitudinal anastomosing cracks4 ,ascobolus roseopurpurascens - ,apothecia yellowish or greenish4 #ei #ei7eh7 ,spores #ag-bb #i4e-abm with a few widely spaced and irregularly oriented cracks4 ,ascobolus michaudii - ,spores with closely spaced1 longitudinal1 cracks1 with varying degrees of anastomosis4 #fj #fj7ei7 ,apothecia furfuraceous1 sessile4 ,ascus wall blue in iodine4 ,spores #ai-bh #aj-adm4 ,ascobolus furfuraceus 7fig4 #g7 - ,apothecia smooth1 substipitate4 ,ascus wall only faintly blue in iodine4 ,spores #ai-bb #i4e-acm4 ,ascobolus perplexans #fa7ef7 ,apothecia large1 stipitate1 #e-ajmm diam4 ,spores #af-ai4e #h4e-ajm1 with subparallel1 longitudinal1 only rarely anastomosing lines4 ,ascobolus lignatilis - ,apothecia up to #bmm diam4 #fb #fb7fa7 ,apothecia white4 #fc - ,apothecia yellow1 green or brownish4 #fd #fc7fb7 ,spores #ac-ag #g4e-h4em1 with a coarse reticulum of fine cracks when mature4 ,only recorded on grouse1 capercaillie etc4 7,tetraonidae7 dung4 ,ascobolus carletonii - ,spores #af-bj #h-ajm1 with a pattern of longitudinal anastomosing cracks4 ,only recorded on deer dung4 ,ascobolus sacchariferus #fd7fb7 ,spores #ad4e-af #h-im1 epispore lines not densely crowded4 ,ascobolus cervinus - ,spores smaller1 epispore with densely crowded1 rarely anastomosing cracks4 #fe #fe7fd7 ,apothecia greenish yellow1 furfuraceous1 with crenulate margin4 ,spores #i4e-ae #f-hm4 ,ascobolus crenulatus 7fig4 #i7 - ,apothecia brownish yellow to brown1 smooth1 with undifferentiated margin4 ,spores #ab4e-ad4e #g-h4em4 ,ascobolus minutus #ff7de7 ,asci #d-spored4 ,spore clusters #db-eh #ad-bjm4 ,spores #af4e-bc #i4e-abm1 smooth to finely punctate1 but with a thick cap or girdle of reticulated or warted pigment4 ,saccobolus quadrisporus - ,asci #h-spored4 #fg #fg7ff7 ,spore clusters globular1 #ag-bf7ci7 #ae-bjm4 #fh - ,spore clusters elongated1 #b-c times as long as wide4 #fi #fh7fg7 ,spore clusters compact1 subglobose1 with only the exposed surface of spores pigmented1 ornamented with small and coarse warts4 ,saccobolus dilutellus - ,spores loosely united in cluster1 ornamented with small isolated warts covering most of their surface4 ,saccobolus globuliferellus #fi7fg7 ,apothecia yellow4 ,spores in #d rows of #b longitudinally arranged spores 7fig4 #aj74 #gj - ,apothecia hyaline or violaceous 7some mature darker74 ,spores in #b rows of #c and #a row of #b 7fig4 #aj74 #gc #gj7fi7 ,spore clusters #djm or longer4 #ga - ,spore clusters up to #djm long4 #gb #ga7gj7 ,spore clusters #ej-ga #af-bem4 ,spores #bb-bi #h4e-ad4em1 smooth or rarely finely punctate1 with distant irregular cracks4 ,saccobolus glaber 7fig4 #aj7 - ,spore clusters #dc-ea #ad-agm4 ,spores #af-bb #g4e-im1 with fine isolated warts4 ,saccobolus citrinus #gb7gj7 ,spores #ad-ag4e7ai4e7 #g4e-h4e7aj7m1 easily separated at maturity4 ,spore clusters becoming shorter and more rounded with maturity4 ,apothecia up to #cjjm diam41 inconspicuous due to their solitary nature and the predominantly brownish colour due to the mature spores4 ,saccobolus truncatus 7fig4 #aj7 - ,spores #aa4e-ac4e #e4e-f4em4 ,saccobolus minimus #gc7fi7 ,apothecia white1 covered with tapering squamules composed of septate hyphae4 ,spore clusters #ch-dc #ae-agm4 ,spores #af-ag4e #g-h4em1 smooth or finely punctate4 ,saccobolus caesariatus - ,apothecia not white1 without tapering scales4 #gd #gd7gc7 ,spore clusters mostly over #djm long4 #ge - ,spore clusters mostly under #djm long4 #gf #ge7gd7 ,spore clusters #ch-fb #ad-aim4 ,spores #ac-ba4e #f4e-i4em1 smooth1 finely warted or with reticulate cracks4 ,apothecia #j4b-bmm diam4 ,saccobolus versicolor 7fig4 #aj7 - ,spore clusters #db-fj #ah-bdm4 ,spores very coarsely warted1 #ag4e-bc #h4e-ajm 7inc4 warts74 ,saccobolus beckii ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,spore clusters of1 from left1 ,saccobolus versicolor1 ,s4 glaber and ,s4 truncatus4 #gf7gd7 ,spore clusters compact1 #bf-dc #ac-aim4 ,spores #ac4e-ah #g4e-i4em1 epispore with fine or coarse warts4 ,apothecia #j4c-j4hmm diam4 ,saccobolus obscurus - ,spore clusters elongated1 #bh-cg #aj-acm4 ,spores #aj-ad4e #e-g4em1 epispore smooth or very finely granular4 ,apothecia #j4a-j4cmm diam4 ,saccobolus depauperatus #gg7d7 ,asci operculate or bursting1 without a subapical ring4 ,spores ellipsoid4 #gh - ,apothecia white1 often minutely hairy at the margin4 ,ascus dehiscing by a vertical slit2 the slit is prevented from running right down the ascus by a subapical ring of thickening4 ,spores ellipsoid-fusiform4 7,ascozonus1 figs #ad1 #ae7 #ij #gh7gg7 ,asci #af-spored4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #aa-af #g-ajm4 ,coprotus sexdecemsporus - ,asci more than #af-spored4 #gi #gi7gh7 ,asci #cb-spored4 #hj - ,asci more than #cb-spored4 #hd #hj7gi7 ,asci very large1 nearly #j4emm long1 spores #cj-ce #ac-agm 7#cb-dj #bj-bdm in ,kimbrough1 #aifi74 ,apothecia pale coloured4 ,thecotheus pelletieri - ,asci and spores smaller4 #ha #ha7hj7 ,spores #ajm or longer4 #hc - ,spores up to #ajm long4 #hb #hb7ha7 ,spores ellipsoid1 with minute scattered warts visible under oil-immersion1 #g-i #d-d4em4 ,apothecia densely crowded1 #ij-abjm diam41 with #h-ac asci4 ,asci #cb-ee #af-ahm with 7#bd-7cb spores4 ,paraphyses #a4e-bm1 clavate to #d-d4em4 ,thelebolus caninus - ,spores subacute at apices1 ca #f #dm 7described as 'minute'2 this value is suggested by ,boudier's comparison with ,r4 dubius1 for which measurements are given74 ,apothecia densely crowded1 tawny yellowish-brown4 ,ryparobius brunneus #hc7ha7 ,spores #aj-ab4e #e-g4em4 ,asci clavate1 #ge-ajj #bj-cjm4 ,paraphyses enlarged to #fm at apex4 ,coprotus albidus - ,spores #ac4e-ag4e #g-hm4 ,asci #aj-ae per apothecium1 #abj-age #ej-gem4 ,paraphyses filiform4 ,coprotus rhyparobioides #hd7gi7 ,asci with up to #fd spores4 #he - ,asci with many more than #fd spores--impractical to count4 #hf #he7hd7 ,asci #fd-spored1 broad clavate with short stalk1 #hj-acj #cj-fjm4 ,spores #h-ab #d-gm4 ,coprotus niveus - ,asci broadly clavate with up to #fd spores1 #fj-ajj #bj-cjm4 ,spores #g-aj #d4e-e4em4 ,apothecia superficial1 on the surface of the substrate1 yellowish brown1 gregarious1 united into a crust4 ,thelebolus crustaceus #hf7hd7 ,apothecia superficial1 #djj-fjjm diam41 with prominent1 acuminate1 superficial1 #a-b-septate hairs1 #hj-aijm long1 often roughened towards their apex1 with one #ajjj-spored ascus1 #aaj-bdj #ae-bgm4 ,spores very variable1 #f4e-af #c4g-h4hm 7mostly #g4e-ac #d4e-gm74 ,lasiobolus monascus - ,apothecia minute1 rarely above #cejm diam41 globose and immersed in substrate when young4 ,asci broad globose1 with #ajj-bjj spores4 ,usually only #a-c asci in each apothecium1 which dehisce by bursting at the apex4 #hg 7,other ,ryparobius spp4 will key out here e4g4 ,r4 dubius1 ,r4 myriosporus1 ,r4 pachyascus and ,r4 polysporus4 ,they all have scattered to gregarious1 immersed to semi-immersed apothecia #ajj-bjjm diam41 with relatively few asci1 each with #ajj-bej ellipsoid to subacuminate ca #e-g #c-dm spores4 ,there are insufficient modern observations to allow their identification and separation with confidence74 #hg7hf7 ,apothecia with a few1 but obvious1 setae4 ,spores #i #gm or larger4 #hh - ,apothecia without setae4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #f-i #c4e-dm4 #hi #hh7hg7 ,spores ellipsoid1 #i-aa #g-im4 ,setae up to #fjjm long4 ,trichobolus zukalii - ,spores subglobose1 #aa-ab #aj-aam4 ,setae up to #cjjm long4 ,trichobolus sphaerosporus 7fig4 #aa7 #hi7hg7 ,apothecia and asci large1 #agj-bejm diam4 ,thelebolus stercoreus 7fig4 #ab7 - ,apothecia and asci small1 rarely above #hj-ijm diam4 ,thelebolus nanus 7fig4 #ac7 #ij7gg7 ,asci #af7-bd7-spored4 ,spores not closely aggregated into an imbricated mass1 #ac-ad #fm 7#h-i #dm7#a4 ,apothecial hairs rough1 subulate4 ,ascozonus parvisporus - ,asci with #cb or more spores4 #ia #ia7ij7 ,asci #cb-spored4 ,spores #af4e-ah #d4e-em 7#aa-ab #c-c4em7#a4 ,apothecia with a single row of sharp1 pointed1 roughened hairs4 ,ascozonus crouanii - ,asci more than #cb-spored4 #ib #ib7ia7 ,asci #dh-spored4 ,spores spindle-shaped1 #ab-ad4e #b4e-dm4 ,ascozonus leveillei - ,asci more than #dh-spored4 #ic #ic7ib7 ,asci #fd-spored4 #id - ,asci more than #fd-spored4 #ie #id7ic7 ,apothecia with a short base of globose cells1 with minutely roughened marginal hairs up to #cj #hm4 ,spores elliptic-fusoid1 #ab-ad #c-em4 ,ascozonus woolhopensis 7figs #ad1 #ae7 - ,apothecia sessile1 with aseptate smooth hairs4 ,spores #ba #g4em 7#ac-ad #d4e-em7#a4 ,ascozonus cunicularis ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,trichobolus sphaerosporus1 apothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,thelebolus stercoreus1 apothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,t4 nanus1 mature and immature apothecia1 and detail of ascus dehiscence4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,ascozonus woolhopensis1 apothecium and apothecial hair4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,a4 woolhopensis1 ascus with spores and detail of dehiscence4 #ie7ic7 ,apothecia with a short base of globose cells1 with short1 irregular hairs4 ,asci #fd-if-spored ,spores elliptic-fusoid1 #ad-ad4e #e-e4em 7#aj-ae #c4e-dm7#a4 ,ascozonus leveillanus - ,apothecia sessile1 dotted with hairs in connate groups of #b-c4 ,asci with #abh or more spores4 ,spores #aj #em 7#g #c4em7#a4 ,ascozonus subhirtus #if7c7 ,apothecia stalked4 #ig - ,apothecia not stalked4 #ih #ig7if7 ,apothecia up to #bmm diam41 with a short cylindrical stalk1 light brown4 ,asci #aej #ajm4 ,spores hyaline1 with #b oil drops1 occasionally #a-septate1 #ac-ae #d4em4 ,lanzia cuniculi - ,apothecia up to #cmm diam41 pale olivaceous to grey1 with a long1 slender1 reddish-brown stalk arising from a sclerotium in the dung4 ,asci #cj-dj #d-em4 ,spores ellipsoid1 grey-brown1 #d-d4e #bm4 ,martininia panamaensis #ih7if7 ,spores #g-aa7ad7 #a4ge-b4gem4 ellipsoid1 ellipsoid- fusiform or slightly clavate4 ,apothecia yellowish brown when fresh1 drying darker1 up to #amm diam4 ,asci #db-fj #g4e-im1 pore weakly blue in iodine4 ,pezizella albula - ,spores and asci smaller4 #ii #ii7ih7 ,spores linear1 #c-e #am4 ,asci #cj #em1 cylindrical with a short stipe4 ,paraphyses not clavate but fused to form an epithecium4 ,apothecia pale pellucid1 #j4e-amm diam4 ,orbilia leporina - ,spores longer1 subulate1 curved4 #ajj #ajj7ii7 ,spores #g-h4e #a4b-a4hm4 ,asci #cf-dj #c-em1 gradually tapering to a short base4 ,paraphyses enlarged to #cm at apex1 covered with brown granules4 ,apothecia light brown1 #j4d-a4mm diam4 ,orbilia fimicola - ,spores #h-aj4ee #j4i-am4 ,asci #cj-de #cm1 cylindrical-clavate with narrow tapering base and truncate apex4 ,paraphyses #bm diam41 the tips with a crust-like secretion fusing together to form a shiny epithecium4 ,apothecia white to yellowish1 #ahj-gjjm diam4 ,orbilia fimicoloides ,key #b4 ,perithecial1 pseudothecial1 cleistothecial and gymnothecial fungi #a ,perithecia occurring singly or in groups1 but directly 7key #a1b7 on the dung or buried in it 7figs #af1 #bh1 #ai1 #bb1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd-cf74 #b - ,perithecia occurring in or on a mass of fungal tissue 7stroma7 growing in or on the dung 7figs #cb1 #cg74 #ace #b7a7 ,spores black1 brown or dark olive-greenish4 #c - ,spores hyaline or pale coloured1 at least under the microscope 7may be coppery red en masse74 #aag #c7b7 ,spores smooth1 without an ornamentation of hyaline pits4 #d - ,spores #a-;celled1 ornamented with hyaline pits4 7,gelasinospora7 #aad #d7c7 ,perithecia dark1 olive1 brown or black4 #e - ,perithecia reddish brown1 orange or golden1 globose1 with a neck4 ,spores black1 limoniform4 #aaf #e7d7 ,perithecia globose1 surmounted by a dense tuft of greyish green hairs1 which may be branched or simple1 straight or curly4 ,spores olivaceous1 limoniform4 ,asci clavate1 soon disappearing4 7,a large genus not characteristic of dung1 but occurring occasionally74 ,chaetomium 7fig4 #af7 - ,perithecia more pyriform1 or if globose then with a distinct neck1 may be setose but not densely hairy1 with clavate or cylindrical asci4 #f #f7e7 ,each spore composed of #d or more cells in a row 7figs #ag1 #ba74 ,asci bitunicate 7figs #bj1 #bc74 #g - ,spores #a- or #b-;celled4 ,asci bitunicate or unitunicate4 #bi #g7f7 ,spores #af-cb-;celled1 united firmly together in a bundle both in the ascus and after discharge4 ,germ slits usually absent4 7,sporormia7 #h - ,spores each with #d or more cells1 each spore free and surrounded by its own gelatinous sheath4 ,germ slits usually present4 7,sporormiella7 #aa #h7g7 ,spores #af-bj-;celled4 #i - ,spores #bi-cb-;celled1 #acj-afj #d-fm4 ,sporormia mirabilis #i7h7 ,spores #af-;celled1 #he-aaf #e-f4em4 ,sporormia fimicola - ,spores smaller4 #aj #aj7i7 ,spores #af-;celled1 #cg-de #cm4 ,asci #ej-fj #aj-abm4 ,sporormia sp4 7fig4 #ag7 recorded as ,s4 fimetaria by ,richardson 7#aigb72 see also ,bell 7#aihc7 and ,dissing 7#aiib7 - ,spores #af-bj-;celled1 #ej-eg #c4e-d4em4 ,asci #gj-hj #ab-afm4 ,sporormia fimetaria 7,these two taxa may represent the extremes of ,s4 fimetaria74 #aa7g7 ,spores #d-;celled4 #ab - ,spores more than #d-;celled4 #bb #ab7aa7 ,spores more than #fe-gjm long4 #ac - ,spores less than #fe-gjm long4 #ae ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,chaetomium sp41 perithecium and spore4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,sporormia sp41 ascus and spores4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,sporormiella ovina1 pseudothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,s4 intermedia1 pseudothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,s4 intermedia1 immature bitunicate ascus and mature ascus with outer layer ruptured4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,ascospores of1 from left1 ,s4 ovina1 ,s4 intermedia 7with gelatinous sheath characteristic of the genus71 ,s4 lageniformis1 ,s4 vexans1 ,s4 bipartis and ,s4 minima4 #ac7ab7 ,spores #fe-ie #ae-ahm4 ,sporormiella megalospora - ,spores longer than #ijm4 #ad #ad7ac7 ,spores #ij-aah #ae-bjm4 ,asci tapering gradually from the broadest part near the apex to a 'stipe'4 ,sporormiella ovina 7figs #ah1 #ba7 - ,spores #ia-aad 7#ad7ah-bam4 ,asci cylindrical1 abruptly contracted below to a short 'stipe'4 ,sporormiella borealis #ae7ab7 ,spores mostly less than #cem long4 #af - ,spores mostly between #ce-fjm long4 #ai #af7ae7 ,spores less than #bem long4 #ag - ,spores #be-ce7ch7m long4 #ah #ag7af7 ,spores 7#ae7ag-bd7bf7 #e-gm1 end cells broadly conical4 ,ascospores uniseriate4 ,asci #abj-acem long4 ,pseudothecia #bej-cjjm diam4 ,sporormiella pulchella - ,spores #af-bb #d4e-e4em1 end cells subovate4 ,ascospores biseriate4 ,asci #ie-abem long4 ,pseudothecia #cjj-cejm diam4 ,sporormiella nigropurpurea #ah7af7 ,spores #cj-ch4e #e4e-f4em4 ,asci clavate1 tapering gradually below to a 'stipe'4 ,sporormiella leporina - ,spores #bg-cf7ch7 #d-f7h7m1 tending to break in two at the middle septum4 ,asci cylindrical1 abruptly contracted below4 ,sporormiella minima 7fig4 #ba7 #ai7ae7 ,spores with end cells rounded4 ,asci cylindrical1 abruptly contracted below4 #bj - ,spores with end cells tapered and slightly conical4 ,asci clavate1 tapering gradually to a long stalk4 #ba #bj7ai7 ,spores #de-fe #h-aa4em4 ,sporormiella intermedia 7figs #ai-ba7 - ,spores #ch-df #f4e-hm4 ,sporormiella australis #ba7ai7 ,spores #de-fj #aa4e-adm1 germ slits parallel with long axis4 ,sporormiella grandispora - ,spores #ce-de7dh7 #g-i7aj7m4 ,sporormiella lageniformis 7fig4 #ba7 #bb7aa7 ,spores #e-;celled1 #gj-hj #ag-aim4 ,sporormiella pentamera - ,spores more than #e-;celled4 #bc #bc7bb7 ,spores #g- or #h-;celled4 #bd - ,spores #ac-;celled1 #df-fj #i-ajm4 ,sporormiella antarctica #bd7bc7 ,spores #g-;celled4 #be - ,spores #h-;celled4 #bf #be7bd7 ,spores #dj-ee #g-im1 readily disarticulating1 the end cells longer than wide1 the rest shorter than wide4 ,sporormiella vexans 7fig4 #ba7 - ,spores #gj-hj #af-ahm1 end cells rounded4 ,sporormiella heptamera #bf7bd7 ,spores mostly longer than #dem4 #bg - ,spores less than #ejm long1 not disarticulating at the central septum4 #bh #bg7bf7 ,spores #de-fj #e-g4em1 disarticulating at the central septum1 all cells the same width4 ,sporormiella bipartis 7fig4 #ba7 - ,spores #ej-ei #aj-abm1 not disarticulating1 #crd cell down wider than the others4 ,sporormiella corynespora #bh7bf7 ,spores 7#cc7cg-dj7di7 #g-im1 cylindrical4 ,asci abruptly contracted below4 ,sporormiella pascua - ,spores #dj-dh #g-hm1 fusiform cylindrical4 ,asci gradually tapered below4 ,sporormiella octomera #bi7f7 ,spores obviously #b-;celled at maturity4 #cj - ,spores #a-;celled1 or appearing #a-;celled at maturity4 7,those of ,podospora1 ,schizothecium etc4 are #b-;celled in early stages of their development1 but only one cell matures to become pigmented2 the other remains hyaline1 often collapses1 and may be difficult to see74 #dg #cj7bi7 ,spores #bc-bh #ac-agm1 upper cell dark1 #ae-aim1 with close1 blunt spines giving the impression of a pitted spore surface1 with apical germ pore1 the lower cell hyaline1 #f-h4em1 smoky-brown4 ,asci unitunicate1 #d-spored4 ,perithecia #djjm diam4 ,apiosordaria verruculosa 7fig4 #bd7 - ,both cells of spore similar in shape1 size and colour4 #ca #ca7cj7 ,asci unitunicate4 ,spores with a 'gelatinous' appendage at each end4 ,perithecial neck with setae4 #cb - ,asci bitunicate4 ,spores without gelatinous appendages1 although a sheath may be present4 #cc #cb7ca7 ,spores #ch-dh #aa-adm1 appendages longitudinally fibrillate4 ,zygospermella striata - ,spores #df-fh #aa-agm1 appendages hollow1 not fibrillate4 ,zygospermella insignis 7fig4 #be7 #cc7ca7 ,spores with each end truncated by a germ pore4 ,pseudothecia with dark bristles at neck4 7,trichodelitschia7 #cd - ,spores with rounded ends and germ slits along the sides4 ,pseudothecial neck smooth or hairy1 but without setae4 7,delitschia1 fig4 #bf7 #cf #cd7cc7 ,spores #bh-cd #i-abm4 ,trichodelitschia aedelphica - ,spores smaller4 #ce #ce7cd7 ,spores #bj-bg4e #h-aam4 ,trichodelitschia bisporula 7figs #bb1 #bc7 - ,spores #ah-ba #f-gm4 ,trichodelitschia munkii #cf7cc7 ,asci ca #bef-spored4 ,spores #ad-ae #f-hm4 ,delitschia myriaspora - ,asci #h-spored4 #cg #cg7cf7 ,spores less than #bjm long4 #ch - ,spores more than #bjm long4 #da #ch7cg7 ,spores #h-aa #c-em4 ,delitschia perpusilla - ,spores #aj-bjm long4 #ci #ci7ch7 ,spores #aj-ad #e-fm4 ,delitschia marchalii - ,spores longer4 #dj #dj7ci7 ,spores #ad-ah #f-ajm1 uniseriate4 ,asci #gj-ij #g-afm4 ,delitschia niesslii - ,spores 7#af7ah-bj7bb4e7 #f-g4em1 biseriate4 ,asci #hj-ade #bj-bem4 ,delitschia consociata 7fig4 #bf7 #da7cg7 ,spores mostly wider than #bjm4 #db - ,spores mostly less than #bjm wide4 #dc #db7da7 ,spores #ej-fd #ai-bcm4 ,delitschia furfuracea - ,spores #ej-gj #be-ccm4 ,delitschia winteri 7fig4 #bf7 #dc7da7 ,spores #bj-be #d4e-fm1 the cells slightly tapered and almost completely separated4 ,pseudothecia hairless1 globose1 ca #bjjm diam4 ,delitschia leptospora 7fig4 #bf7 - ,spores longer and wider4 #dd #dd7dc7 ,spores transversely septate4 #de - ,spores obliquely septate1 deeply constricted at the septum1 #ce-ej #ae-ahm4 ,delitschia didyma #de7dd7 ,pseudothecia hairy4 ,spores #cg-ej #ag-bjm1 not deeply constricted at the septum4 ,delitschia chaetomioides - ,pseudothecia smooth4 #df #df7de7 ,spores biseriate1 #de-ee #ac-afm1 one cell usually larger than the other1 deeply constricted at the septum and readily separating4 ,delitschia canina - ,spores uniseriate1 #dj-ee #af-bam1 both cells equal4 ,delitschia patagonica ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,trichodelitschia bisporula1 pseudothecium4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,t4 bisporula1 expanded ascus broken through the outer wall1 with spores4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,apiosordaria verruculosa1 ascospores4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,zygospermella insignis1 ascus and ascospore4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,ascospores of1 from left1 ,delitschia winteri1 ,d4 consociata and ,d4 leptospora4 #dg7bi7 ,spores with colourless 'gelatinous' secondary appendages 7caudae1 fig4 #bh7 at one or both ends 7not always easy to see2 mounting in ,indian ink is useful1 and essential for some74 ,a hyaline 7empty7 cell1 the primary appendage 7fig4 #bh71 may also be present4 #dh - ,spores without caudae1 although a colourless gelatinous sheath may be present4 ,primary appendages present or absent4 #hh #dh7dg7 ,perithecia often hairy or tomentose when young4 ,immature spores long1 wavy cylindrical1 with a row of globules1 and more likely to be seen than mature spores 7fig4 #bi74 ,secondary appendages thin1 simple1 up to #fj #cm4 ,mature spores with a dark cell #ad-be #g-acm and pedicel 7primary appendage7 #be-ej #c-fm4 7,cercophora7 #di - ,perithecia often with scales or setae at the neck or tomentose4 ,caudae1 simple or compound4 ,immature spores clavate or ellipsoid1 not long1 wavy cylindrical4 ,mature spores readily observed4 #ea #di7dh7 ,immature spores #de-gj #d-fm4 #ej - ,immature spores smaller1 #ch-eb #c-c4em4 ,mature spores with upper 7dark7 cell #ad-ah #g-im2 hyaline pedicel #bg-cf #c-c4em4 ,cercophora silvatica #ej7di7 ,perithecia with white or grey tomentum4 ,young spores #de-fe #d4e-fm4 ,mature spores with upper cell #ag-be #h4e-acm and pedicel #cj-ejm long4 ,cercophora coprophila 7fig4 #bi7 - ,perithecia with flexuose brown hairs and1 at the neck1 tufts of agglutinated1 swollen1 obtuse hairs4 ,young spores #eb-fh #d-em4 ,mature spores with upper cell #ae-be #i-aam and pedicel #ce-dem long4 ,cercophora mirabilis #ea7dh7 ,primary appendage absent4 7,arnium1 fig4 #bh7 #eb - ,primary appendage present4 #fj #eb7ea7 ,asci 7#fd-7abh-spored4 ,spores #ah-bf 7#aj7ab-aem4 ,perithecial neck sometimes with rigid1 brown1 septate hairs up to #ccjm4 ,arnium leporinum - ,asci #d- or #h-spored4 #ec #ec7eb7 ,asci #d-spored4 #ed - ,asci #h-spored4 #ee #ed7ec7 ,spores ellipsoid1 sometimes inequilaterally flattened1 #dd-ed #bb-cjm1 with #a apical germ pore1 caudae not swelling in water4 ,perithecium usually with lateral tufts of agglutinated hairs up to #eejm long4 ,arnium arizonense - ,spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform1 #ca-ee #ah-bem1 with germ pore at each end1 caudae covering germ pores1 #ce-fj #g-aam1 but rupturing and swelling to up to #acj #ejm1 and becoming diffuse and irregular4 ,perithecial neck covered with rigid hairs up to #aij #b4em4 ,arnium hirtum #ee7ec7 ,perithecial neck distinctly setose with rigid hairs4 #ef - ,perithecial neck without setae4 #eg #ef7ee7 ,spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform1 #ca-ee #ah-bem1 with germ pore at each end1 caudae covering germ pores1 #ce-fj #g-aam1 but rupturing and swelling up to #acj #ejm1 and becoming diffuse and irregular4 ,perithecial neck covered with rigid hairs up to #aij #b4em4 ,arnium hirtum - ,spores slightly inequilateral1 #ce-dc #ag-bcm1 caudae #ej-ge #e-hm1 not covering germ pores4 ,perithecial neck with brown hairs up to #bejm long4 ,arnium cervinum #eg7ee7 ,perithecia covered with a dense tomentum of septate flexuous hairs4 ,spores mostly longer than #dem4 ,only occasionally fimicolous4 #eh - ,perithecia without a tomentum4 ,spores up to #dem4 #ei #eh7eg7 ,spores 7#dj7de-ed #be-cem1 uniseriate4 ,tomentum pale or grayish4 ,arnium olerum - ,spores #dg-gj x #bj-cjm1 biseriate above4 ,tomentum olivaceous brown4 ,arnium tomentosum #ei7eg7 ,spores somewhat inequilateral1 rounded below1 pointed above1 #ca-dj #ah-bdm1 caudae #ej-abj #f-ajm1 with #a apical germ pore not covered by cauda4 ,arnium caballinum - ,spores equilateral1 #cf-dd #bj-bcm1 caudae #ej-hj #f-hm1 covering germ pores4 ,arnium mendax #fj7ea7 ,perithecia with scales at the neck1 composed of inflated and agglutinated cells 7fig4 #bg1 ,s4 conicum74 7,schizothecium7 #fa - ,perithecia setose or hairy at the neck1 but not with inflated cells1 or neck black but almost hairless4 7,podospora7 #gj #fa7fj7 ,asci #d-spored4 #fb - ,asci #h-spored4 #fc #fb7fa7 ,spores #aa-ad4e #f4e-im4 ,schizothecium nanum 7fig4 #bh7 - ,spores #ai-bd #ab-ad4em4 ,schizothecium tetrasporum #fc7fa7 ,spores more than #cjm long4 #fd - ,spores less than #cjm long4 #fe #fd7fc7 ,perithecia crowned with a fascicle of long agglutinated hairs at the neck1 up to #ccem long4 ,spores #ca-dj #ae-bem1 biseriate4 ,schizothecium aloides - ,perithecia with shorter1 less remarkable tufts4 ,spores #cj-de #ai-bdm1 uniseriate4 ,schizothecium glutinans #fe7fc7 ,perithecial neck with rigid setae1 as well as agglutinated hairs 7which may be greatly reduced74 ,asci #adj-baj #ai-bem1 broadest at the markedly rounded apex4 ,spores #ah-bc #aa-adm4 ,schizothecium pilosum - ,perithecial neck without rigid setae4 ,asci broadest in the middle4 #ff #ff7fe7 ,spores mostly over #bcm long4 #fg - ,spores up to #bcm long4 #fi #fg7ff7 ,spores #bb-be7bg7 #aa-acm4 ,scales at neck distinct4 ,schizothecium hispidulum - ,spores wider1 #ab-aim #fh #fh7fg7 ,perithecia #j4e-amm high1 scales at neck usually well developed4 ,spores 7#bc7bf-cj #ab-agm4 ,schizothecium conicum 7fig4 #bg7 - ,perithecia #a-bmm diam41 subpyriform1 neck velvety with indistinct scales4 ,spores #bd-bh #ae-aim4 ,schizothecium squamulosum #fi7ff7 ,spores #ag-bc #h4e-ac4em1 primary appendage slender cylindrical1 #f-h #bm4 ,perithecia #j4be-j4gmm high1 sometimes with poorly developed scales4 ,schizothecium vesticola 7fig4 #bh7 - ,spores #aa-ad #f-hm1 primary appendage short1 #bm long1 almost triangular4 ,perithecia #j4c-j4demm high1 with short agglutinated hairs4 ,schizothecium cervinum #gj7fj7 ,asci #d-spored4 ,spores #ce-dj #ah-aim4 ,podospora pauciseta - ,asci with more than #d spores4 #ga ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,perithecia1 from left1 of ,podospora appendiculata1 ,schizothecium conicum1 ,p4 excentrica and ,p4 decipiens1 with detail of hairs4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,ascospores of1 from left1 ,podospora excentrica1 ,p4 appendiculata1 ,s4 vesticola1 ,s4 nanum1 ,p4 decipiens1 ',p4 dagobertii' and ,arnium sp4 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,cercophora coprophila1 immature 7l7 and mature 7r7 ascospores4 #ga7gj7 ,asci #h-spored4 #gb - ,asci with more than #h spores4 #hb #gb7ga7 ,spores more than #dem long4 #gc - ,spores less than #dem long4 #gd #gc7gb7 ,spores #dh-fj #bg-cam1 caudae apparently striate4 ,perithecia superficial1 covered with rigid1 nonagglutinated hairs up to #abjm4 ,podospora fimiseda - ,spores #ej-fh #bb-cbm1 caudae apparently segmented1 with an intestine-like appearance4 ,perithecia immersed to superficial1 with a long neck1 tomentose with long flexuous hairs when young1 more or less glabrous when mature4 ,podospora intestinacea #gd7gb7 ,perithecia superficial1 ovoid to globose1 covered with short 7up to #ajjm71 sparse1 radiating1 hyaline tipped1 hairs4 ,spores #bd-ca #aa-aem1 with simple caudae4 ,podospora appendiculata 7figs #bg1 #bh7 - ,perithecia with base immersed in substrate1 pyriform1 without such hairs4 #ge #ge7gd7 ,perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs1 up to #bjm long4 ,spores #cb-db #ag-bbm1 with a long but withering primary appendage4 ,caudae in two rings1 one inserted near the base of the primary appendage1 the other at the spore apex4 ,the individual filaments may be free1 but often clump together to form an apparently broad appendage4 ,podospora decipiens 7figs #bg1 #bh7 - ,perithecial hairs longer4 ,caudae single or #d at each end4 #gf #gf7ge7 ,spores with #d caudae at each end4 #gg - ,spores with a single cauda at each end4 #gh #gg7gf7 ,spores #dj-de #bb-bem4 ,podospora gwynne-vaughaniae - ,spores #bi-dj #af-bem4 ,podospora communis #gh7gf7 ,spores less than #cj #aem4 #gi - ,spores larger than #cj #aem4 #hj #gi7gh7 ,spores #ba-bh #aa-adm1 primary appendage #ab-ad #dm4 ,perithecia #j4c-j4emm diam41 neck setose with rigid cylindrical hairs4 ,asci #bjj-bej #bb-bfm1 broadest in the middle4 ,podospora ellisiana - ,spores #ah-bc #aa-adm1 primary appendage #d-h #cm4 ,perithecia #j4b-j4cmm diam41 neck setose with rigid hairs4 ,asci #adj-baj #ai-bem1 broadest at the markedly rounded apex4 ,schizothecium pilosum #hj7gh7 ,perithecia ca ,o4#i-a4dmm high #j4f-j4g7j4he7mm diam41 neck not hairy4 ,spores 7#bi7cf-de 7#ag4e7bb-bgm1 caudae ephemeral and difficult to see1 even in ,indian ink4 ,podospora pyriformis - ,perithecial neck with tufts of rigid hairs4 #ha #ha7hj7 ,perithecia #j4ch-j4ecmm high #j4ba-j4chmm diam41 immersed1 with hairs at the neck up to #ccem long1 grouped in rigid fascicles4 ,spores slightly flattened on one side1 #cj-cg #ah-bdm1 caudae invisible in water4 ,podospora excentrica 7figs #bg1 #bh7 - ,perithecia ca #j4h-a4dmm high #j4d-j4gmm diam41 semi-immersed1 hairy all over1 flexuous below1 rigid and pointed at the neck up to #agjm4 ,spores #cc-de #bb-bgm4 ,podospora perplexens #hb7ga7 ,asci #af-cb-spored4 ,perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs4 ,spores #be-cf #ae-bdm4 ,caudae in two rings1 one inserted at the base of the primary appendage1 the other at the spore apex2 individual filaments may be separate or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage 7cf4 ,p4 decipiens74 ,podospora pleiospora - ,asci with more than #cb spores4 #hc #hc7hb7 ,perithecia with tufts of rigid hairs at neck4 ,asci with more than #fd spores4 #hd - ,perithecia without tufts of rigid hairs4 ,asci #fd-spored4 #hg #hd7hc7 ,spores #ad-ag #i-aam4 ,asci #bef-spored4 ,perithecia ca #ejjm diam41 immersed1 except for the neck1 which has tapered tufts of hairs up to #cjjm4 ,podospora curvicolla - ,spores larger4 ,perithecia semi-immersed4 #he #he7hd7 ,spores 7#ah7bj-bf #ab-afm1 caudae of #b-several filaments covered with granules4 ,asci #eab-spored4 ,perithecia up to #amm high #j4iemm diam41 neck with rigid but non-agglutinated hairs up to #acjm long4 ,podospora granulostriata - ,caudae simple1 without granular appearance4 ,asci #abh-spored4 ,perithecia not larger than #gejm high #ejjm diam41 with rigid1 non-agglutinated hairs up to #aijm long at neck4 #hf #hf7he7 ,spores #ag-ai #aj-abm4 ,podospora setosa - ,spores #ai-bd #aa-afm4 ,podospora tarvisina 7,see discussion in ,lundqvist 7#aigb7 on these last three names7 #hg7hc7 ,spores #bd-cd #ad-aim1 caudae in two rings1 one inserted at the base of the primary appendage1 the other at the spore apex2 individual filaments may be separate or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage 7cf4 ,p4 decipiens_/,p4 pleiospora74 ,perithecia ca #j4f-a4amm high #j4d-j4emm diam41 covered with flexuous hairs or rarely smooth4 ,podospora myriaspora - ,spores #ae-bj #aj-aem1 caudae small1 simple and evanescent4 ,perithecia #j4d-j4emm high1 covered with long flexuous hairs4 ,podospora collapsa #hh7dg7 ,spores with primary appendage4 #hi - ,spores without primary appendage4 #ic #hi7hh7 ,spores with primary appendage directed towards base of ascus4 #ij - ,spores with primary appendage directed towards apex of ascus4 7,anopodium7 #ia ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,perithecia of1 from left1 ,coniochaeta ligniaria1 ,c4 scatigena and ,c4 hansenii4 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,ascospores of ,c4 scatigena 7l7 and ,c4 ligniaria 7r74 #ij7hi7 ,spores #cd-de #ai-bem1 without caudae but surrounded by a thin 7ca #em7 gelatinous sheath4 ,perithecia ca #j4e-j4gmm diam41 smooth4 ,podospora globosa - ,spores #ag-bj #h-i4em1 flattened on one side1 convex on the other4 ,perithecia #j4c-j4dem diam41 with distal cells of agglutinated hairs fimbriate4 ,podospora fimbriata #ia7hi7 ,perithecia hairy4 ,spores #bg-cb #af-aim1 appendage #ae-ah #b4e-cm4 ,anopodium ampullaceum - ,perithecia glabrous4 #ib #ib7ia7 ,spores #bh-cb #af-bam1 appendage #ab-ae #c-c4hm4 ,anopodium epile - ,spores #cj-cg #af-bjm1 appendage #bd-bg #em4 ',podospora' dagobertii 7fig4 #bh7 7,the combination in ,anopodium has not been made2 see ,lundqvist1 #aifd1 #aigb7 #ic7hh7 ,spores flattened1 disc shaped1 with a germ slit around the edge4 ,perithecial neck with short 7up to #abjm7 setae4 7,coniochaeta1 figs #cj1 #ca7 #id - ,spores ellipsoid4 ,perithecial neck without setae or with very prominent 7up to #iejm7 tufts of agglutinated hairs4 #ii #id7ic7 ,asci with numerous 7#fd-abh7 spores4 #ie - ,asci #h-spored4 #if #ie7id7 ,spores #f-aj #e-i #d-gm4 ,perithecial setae up to #abjm long4 ,coniochaeta hansenii 7fig4 #cj7 - ,spores #ac-af #i4e-ac4e #e4e-hm4 ,perithecial setae up to #cem long4 ,coniochaeta sp4 #if7id7 ,spores #g-i #f-h #e-fm1 slightly flattened4 ,coniochaeta leucoplaca - ,spores larger4 #ig #ig7if7 ,spores narrowly elliptical in face view 7length more than #b width71 ca #ac-ah #f-i #d-fm4 ,coniochaeta saccardoi - ,spores broadly elliptical to nearly circular in face view 7length less than #b width74 #ih #ih7ig7 ,spores 7#i7aj-af7bj7 #g4e-aj7ae7 7#d7e-hm4 ,neck setae #bj-ejm long4 ,coniochaeta ligniaria 7figs #cj1 #ca7 - ,spores 7#af7ag-bc 7#aj7ac-ai #g4e-aj7ae7m4 ,neck setae #dj-hjm long4 ,coniochaeta scatigena 7figs #cj1 #ca7 #ii7ic7 ,perithecial neck with prominent agglutinated tufts of rigid setae up to #iejm long4 ,spores #dc-ed #bj-bim1 with apical germ pore4 ,a gelatinous sheath which surrounds the whole spore swells in water1 and appears fringed at the margin and radially striate4 ,arnium macrothecium - ,perithecial neck without setae4 ,gelatinous sheaths may be clearly visible around spores1 but are not complex in structure4 #ajj #ajj7ii7 ,spores with germ slit along the side4 ,ascus with a large and complex plug at the tip staining blue or red in ,,ki 7other genera have asci with blue staining ascus tips1 but the feature is very pronounced in this genus and is unlikely to be mistaken74 ,perithecia form singly or severally in a stroma which is usually of limited extent1 often without a definite margin4 ,n4,b4 if orange and with a stroma see ,selinia1 #aai4 7,hypocopra1 fig4 #cb7 #aja - ,spores without germ slits1 but often asymmetrical1 and with a small papilla at the basal end4 ,asci without complex apical plug4 7,sordaria1 fig4 #cc7 #ajg #aja7ajj7 ,spores mostly less than #bem long4 #ajb - ,spores more than #bem long4 #ajd #ajb7aja7 ,spores #i-ad #f-gm4 ,hypocopra parvula - ,spores larger4 #ajc #ajc7ajb7 ,stroma with a brown hyphal mat between perithecial necks4 ,spores #ai-bg #aj-adm4 ,hypocopra equorum 7fig4 #cb7 - ,stroma with white hyphae between black perithecial necks1 becoming smooth4 ,spores #bc-be #ab-adm4 ,hypocopra brefeldii #ajd7aja7 ,ascospores up to #aem wide4 #aje - ,ascospores #aem or wider4 #ajf #aje7ajd7 ,ascospores #be-ca #aj-aem1 distinctly flattened on one side4 ,ascus plug blue in ,,ki1 but becoming reddish4 ,hypocopra planispora - ,ascospores #bf-cb #ac-adm1 ellipsoid and narrowed towards their ends4 ,hypocopra stephanophora #ajf7ajd7 ,ascospores #bg-dc #af-bjm4 ,hypocopra merdaria - ,ascospores #ch-ej #ai-bdm4 ,hypocopra stercoraria #ajg7ajj7 ,spores up to #ajm long4 #ajh - ,spores #ajm or longer4 #aji #ajh7ajg7 ,asci #h-spored4 ,spores #h #dm4 ,sordaria minima - ,asci ca #abh-spored4 ,spores #e-h #d-em4 ,sordaria polyspora #aji7ajg7 ,spores relatively narrow1 at least twice as long as wide1 #bb-bf #i-abm4 ,gelatinous sheath broad1 distinct4 ,sordaria alcina - ,spores relatively broad1 less than twice as long as wide4 #aaj #aaj7aji7 ,spores mostly #bem or longer4 #aaa - ,spores up to #bem long4 #aab #aaa7aaj7 ,spores 7#ba7bc-bi7cj7 #ad4e-ag7ah7m1 with apiculate base4 ,gelatinous sheath broad1 distinct4 ,asci #bdj-cjj #bj-bdm4 ,sordaria superba - ,spores 7#bf7bh-ce 7#ag7ah-bbm1 with slightly apiculate base4 ,gelatinous sheath broad1 distinct4 ,asci #bhj-cej #cj-cem4 ,sordaria macrospora #aab7aaj7 ,spores with gelatinous sheath absent or very thin1 #ai4e-be #ae4e-aim4 ,sordaria humana 7fig4 #cc7 - ,spores with gelatinous sheath1 up to #aem diam4 #aac #aac7aab7 ,spores obovoid to broadly ellipsoid1 #ah-bc #ab-aem4 ,sordaria lappae - ,spores ellipsoid1 #ag-be #aj-adm4 ,sordaria fimicola 7fig4 #cc7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,hypocopra equorum1 perithecium with limited stroma1 and detail of ascus tip with blue staining plug and spore4 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,ascospores1 from left1 of ,sordaria fimicola1 ,s4 humana and ,sphaerodes fimicola4 #aad7c7 ,spores #bj-bh #ab-afm1 with subacute ends1 each with a germ pore4 ,gelasinospora adjuncta - ,spores larger4 #aae #aae7aad7 ,asci #d-spored4 ,spores #bd-bi #ae-ahm1 with rounded ends and one germ pore4 ,gelasinospora tetrasperma - ,asci #h-spored4 ,spores #bf-c ,gelasinospora cerealis #aaf7d7 ,perithecia orange to golden1 often gregarious1 almost spherical1 necks ca #ejm diam41 #aem high1 setae at ostiole hyaline1 up to #ce #cm4 ,spores limoniform1 with a germ pore at each end1 #ae-be #i-afm4 ,sphaerodes fimicola 7fig4 #cc7 - ,perithecia yellow or reddish brown 7darker when filled with mature spores71 neck #ejm long1 with setae at the ostiole #dj-gjm long4 ,spores dark brown to black1 limoniform1 #bj-cd #aa-agm1 with apical germ pore4 ,melanospora brevirostris #aag7b7 ,asci more than #h-spored4 see ,key #a at #hf - ,asci with #h or fewer spores1 or asci evanescent1 not readily observed4 #aah #aah7aag7 ,perithecia orange_/yellow1 #ejj-ajjjm diam4 ,spores long 7over #dem7 or #b-;celled if shorter4 #aai - ,perithecia smaller1 or black or with a neck4 ,spores shorter 7less than #bjm7 or septate if longer4 #abj #aai7aah7 ,perithecia orange1 #ejj-ajjjm diam41 in small groups on a limited stroma4 ,spores thick walled1 #dh-fj #bb-bfm1 with a gelatinous sheath4 ,selinia pulchra - ,perithecia orange yellow1 superficial1 ca #ejjm diam41 with ostiole in a disc surrounded by silvery triangular tufts of hyphae ca #ajjm long4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #a-septate1 #ab-ad #d-em4 ,nectria suffulta #abj7aah7 ,perithecia reddish brown or pale1 hyaline1 with a distinct neck4 #aba - ,perithecia black4 #aca #aba7abj7 ,perithecia globose1 up to #bejm diam41 immersed1 reddish brown1 with a neck #a-c mm long4 ,asci broad ellipsoid1 #e-h4em1 rapidly breaking down and difficult to see4 ,spores ellipsoid-allantoid4 #e4e-g #a4e-bm1 collecting in a pearly droplet at the fringed tip of the perithecial beak4 ,viennotidia fimicola 7fig4 #cd7 - ,perithecia pyriform1 very pale in colour1 #fj-bjjm diam41 with a neck #fj-gjjm long4 ,asci rarely visible4 ,spores pointed-fusiform1 #a-c septate1 often with a sheath and clumped together in fascicles4 7,pyxidiophora1 fig4 #cf7 #abb #abb7aba7 ,neck #ie-adem long1 brown1 rugose1 with cells arranged in #e-f longitudinal rows visible in one view4 ,spores #ch-ebm long4 ,pyxidiophora badiorostris - ,neck not brown or rugose1 composed of hyaline1 irregularly arranged cylindrical cells4 #abc #abc7abb7 ,spores less than #dem long4 #abd - ,spores more than #dem long4 #abe #abd7abc7 ,spores #ce-dem long1 with brown apical or subapical patches of pigment4 ,pyxidiophora brunneocapitatus - ,spores #ce-dcm long1 without brown apical or subapical patches of pigment4 ,pyxidiophora microsporus #abe7abc7 ,spores mostly #de-fjm long4 #abf - ,spores mostly longer than #fjm4 #abi ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,viennotidia fimicola1 perithecium and spores4 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,phomatospora coprophila1 perithecium1 and ascus with spores4 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,pyxidiophora petchii1 perithecium and spores4 #abf7abe7 ,perithecia #gj-ajjm diam41 neck #ajj-aijm long4 ,spores 7#dc7dh-eh7fe7m long4 ,pyxidiophora grovei - ,perithecia usually less than #hjm diam4 #abg #abg7abf7 ,perithecial necks mostly less than #ajjm long4 ,spores 7#de7dh-eg7fj7m long4 ,pyxidiophora arvernensis - ,perithecial necks up to #bjjm long4 #abh #abh7abg7 ,spores #de-ecm long4 ,pyxidiophora petchii 7fig4 #cf7 - ,spores #ec-fem long4 ,pyxidiophora schotterianus #abi7abe7 ,spores #fj-gjm long4 #acj - ,spores 7#ge7hj-ij7ajj7m4 ,perithecia #abj-afjm diam41 neck #bbj-cgjm long4 ,pyxidiophora bainemensis #acj7abi7 ,perithecial necks #cjj-gjjm long4 ,spores #fj-gjm4 ,perithecia #ajj-abjm diam4 ,pyxidiophora spinuliformis - ,perithecial necks #bbe-bfem long4 ,spores #fe-gjm4 ,perithecia #aaj-abem diam4 ,pyxidiophora marchalii #aca7abj7 ,perithecia small1 up to #djjm diam41 with hairy necks4 ,spores hyaline or pale1 coppery-red en masse1 extruded in tendrils4 #acb - ,perithecia larger1 without hairy necks4 ,if smaller than #bjjm1 with spores smaller than #e #cm4 #acd #acb7aca7 ,spores reniform1 with gelatinous sheath1 #c4e #b-cm1 yellow1 reddish brown en masse in extruded tendrils4 ,asci spherical1 evanescent4 ,perithecia black1 spherical1 #bjj-djjm diam41 with cylindrical neck up to #cjjm long1 with sparse pointed hairs4 ,microascus longirostris - ,spores larger1 not reniform4 ,perithecia up to #cjjm diam4 #acc #acc7acb7 ,perithecial necks long1 up to #gejm1 with terminal hairs up to #aejjm1 curved or circinate at tips4 ,spores limoniform1 #g-aj4e #e4e-gm4 ,lophotrichus ampullus - ,perithecial necks short1 ca #ejm1 with long straight tapering hairs4 ,spore shape limoniform_/variable1 #f-g4e #e-e4em1 with prominent germ pores4 ,lophotrichus bartletti #acd7aca7 ,perithecia up to #aejm diam41 immersed but for a conical neck #ej-gem high4 ,asci #ej #b-b4em4 ,spores minute1 cylindrical1 #c4e-d4e #a4ge-b4em4 ,phomatospora coprophila 7fig4 #ce7 - ,perithecia more obvious1 often hairy1 or tomentose when young4 ,immature spores up to #gjm long1 wavy cylindrical1 with a row of globules inside and a short thin appendage at each end4 7see ,cercophora1 #di7 #ace7a7 ,perithecia immersed1 surrounded at the neck by a very limited flange-like stroma which is easily overlooked4 see ,hypocopra1 #aja or if orange see ,selinia1 #aai - ,stroma very conspicuous4 #acf #acf7ace7 ,perithecia in a subglobose group at the tip of the stromatic stalk4 ,spores with germ slit and gelatinous sheath4 7,podosordaria7 #acg - ,perithecia not in a terminal head4 #aci #acg7acf7 ,stalk short1 #c-emm4 ,spores 7#ab7ad-ai #f-im1 slightly flattened on one side4 ,podosordaria leporina - ,stalk long1 #a-f;cm4 ,spores larger4 #ach #ach7acg7 ,spores #ba-bd #aa-abm4 ,stromatic stalk hairy4 ,podosordaria tulasnei - ,spores #dj-fj #bj-cjm4 ,stromatic stalk not hairy4 ,podosordaria pedunculata #aci7acf7 ,stroma externally black1 rooted or partially immersed in the dung1 expanding at the surface to form a white disc up to #aemm diam41 punctate with black perithecial ostioles4 7,poronia7 #adj - ,stroma not as above4 #ada #adj7aci7 ,spores #ah-bf #g-abm1 bean shaped1 with gelatinous sheath4 ,stroma deeply rooted4 ,especially on horse dung4 ,poronia punctata - ,spores 7#bb7be-cb7ce7 7#ab7ad-ahm1 oblong ellipsoid to slightly fusiform4 ,stroma not deeply rooted4 ,especially on rabbit dung near the sea4 ,poronia erici #ada7aci7 ,stroma spreading over surface of dung or filamentous4 ,spores ellipsoid to slightly flattened on one side1 with germ slit4 7,xerophilic fungi developing after long periods of relatively dry incubation74 7,wawelia7 #adb - ,stroma clavate1 black1 partly immersed to superficial1 usually aggregated in small groups1 ca #a-a4emm high #j4f-j4gmm diam41 each containing a single perithecium4 ,spores ellipsoid with germ pore and gelatinous sheath4 7,bombardioidea7 #adf #adb7ada7 ,stroma spreading on substrate1 black brown1 firm but not brittle4 ,ascomata globose1 #j4e-amm1 with white hyphae at neck4 ,spores broad limoniform1 #ae-ai #i-ajm4 ,wawelia effusa - ,perithecia globose to pyriform1 black1 brown or dark grey1 produced laterally along the length of fine stromatal strand growing from the dung4 #adc #adc7adb7 ,asci #d-spored4 #add - ,asci #h-spored4 #ade #add7adc7 ,spores #ae-ah #i-abm4 ,perithecia up to #djjm diam41 dark grey at maturity1 single or clustered1 the ostiole with a crown of silvery white hyphae4 ,stromata up to #cj #j4a-j4emm4 ,wawelia sp4 - ,spores #f-h #d-fm4 ,stromata conical1 white1 #e-ab #a-bmm4 ,wawelia regia #ade7adc7 ,perithecia hairy1 globose1 #cej-ejjm diam41 stromatal strands up to #bemm long4 ,spores ellipsoid1 flattened on one side1 #i-ab #f-hm4 ,wawelia octospora - ,perithecia villose with conidiophores1 globose1 #bcj-dbjm diam41 produced laterally on stromatic filaments #bj-cj #j4a-j4cmm4 ,filaments pink at first1 with a white pointed tip1 becoming brown1 velvety with conidiophores4 ,spores ellipsoid to flattened on one side1 #g4e-i4e #c-d4em4 ,wawelia sp4 7fig4 #cg7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,wawelia sp41 stromatic filaments with perithecia growing from a rabbit pellet1 ascospores1 and conidiophore and conidia4 #adf7ada7 ,asci #h-spored4 ,spores #bj-ca #i4e-aem4 ,bombardioidea bombardioides - ,asci #d-spored4 #adg #adg7adf7 ,spores #bd-cd #ae-ai7bj7m4 ,basal germ pore less distinct than the apical one4 ,bombardioidea serignanensis - ,spores #cd-dc #af-bbm4 ,distinct germ pore at each end of spore4 ,bombardioidea stercoris #adh ,fruit bodies solitary or in small groups1 each a 7key #a1a7 subglobose1 fertile1 light brown head on a slender sterile stalk4 ,head soon bursting to expose the yellow ochraceous spore mass4 ,on mixtures of bird droppings1 cast pellets and decaying animal material4 #adi - ,fruit bodies superficial1 lacking a distinct stalk4 #aej #adi7adh7 ,spores #e-h #b-cm4 ,head #a-bmm diam4 ,onygena corvina 7fig4 #ch7 - ,spores #g-i #d-fm1 #d-em4 ,head #b-dmm diam4 ,onygena equina #aej7adh7 ,fruit bodies with an external wall of loosely anastomosing and interwoven hyphae1 and with specialised terminal cells 7,,gymnothecia1 fig4 #ci74 #aea - ,fruit bodies with a well defined parenchymatic wall 7,,cleistothecia1 fig4 #df74 #afa #aea7aej7 ,gymnothecia with simple thin-walled1 uniform and poorly developed hyphae constituting the outer hyphal sheath4 #aeb - ,gymnothecia with thick-walled hyphae modified at their ends into appendages1 or if thin-walled then always accompanied by appendages 7i4e4 curled1 toothed or pointed hyphae74 #aee ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,onygena corvina1 habit sketch1 ascus and ascospore4 #aeb7aea7 ,gymnothecia red-orange to brick-red4 ,ascospores orange1 subglobose to ellipsoid1 with an equatorial furrow1 smooth1 #d4e-e4e #c4e-d4em4 ,arachniotus ruber 7fig4 #dj7 - ,gymnothecia white or yellow1 never orange or brick-red4 ,ascospores without an equatorial furrow4 #aec #aec7aeb7 ,gymnothecia white4 ,ascospores hyaline1 ellipsoid1 smooth1 #c-d #b-b4em4 ,arachniotus candidus - ,gymnothecia distinctly pigmented1 yellow or brown4 ,ascospores larger than #dm4 #aed #aed7aec7 ,gymnothecia yellow brown4 ,ascospores orange to brownish1 slightly lenticular1 smooth or slightly roughened1 #e-f4e #c4c-d4fm4 ,arachniotus confluens - ,gymnothecia lemon yellow4 ,ascospores lemon yellow1 lenticular1 smooth1 #e-f #c-d4em4 ,arachniotus citrinus ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,habit sketch of a gymnothecium and ascus4 ,,figs #dj-de4 ,spores and peridial hyphae4 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,arachniotus ruber4 ,,fig4 #da4 ,myxotrichum chartarum4 ,,fig4 #db4 ,gymnoascus californiensis4 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,gymnoascus reesii4 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,ctenomyces serratus4 ,,fig4 #de4 ,arthroderma curreyi4 #aee7aea7 ,gymnothecia possessing only thick pigmented hyphae4 #aef - ,gymnothecia possessing thin1 hyaline hyphae with only a few1 although often distinctive1 appendages 7i4e4 comb-shaped end cells or dumb-bell shaped asperulate cells accompanying twisted and bent hyphae74 #afj #aef7aee7 ,gymnothecia brown-black or dark greenish-grey1 with external hyphae with spine-like branches and septate1 hooked appendages4 ,ascospores orange brownish1 ovate1 delicately striate1 #d-e4b #b4d-c4cm4 ,myxotrichum chartarum 7fig4 #da7 - ,gymnothecia never black1 and1 if possessing thick-walled hyphae1 then appendages never septate4 ,ascospores smooth1 or if ornamented then asperulate or echinulate4 #aeg #aeg7aef7 ,gymnothecia rose to orange-brown or yellowish4 ,appendages curved or irregularly branched and pointed1 never verticillately branched4 ,ascospores smooth1 or at most asperulate4 #aeh - ,gymnothecia red-brown with appendages verticillately branched4 ,ascospores #c-d4e #b-b4hm1 yellowish brown1 lenticular4 ,actinodendron verticillatum #aeh7aeg7 ,gymnothecia rosy pink when young1 becoming browner1 with spines and curved1 non-septate hairs4 ,ascospores hyaline1 globose to subglobose1 asperulate1 #c-e #b4e-dm4 ,gymnoascus californiensis 7fig4 #db7 - ,gymnothecia yellow4 ,ascospores smooth4 #aei #aei7aeh7 ,gymnothecia yellow to yellow-brown1 without elongated appendages but with thick-walled branches1 few of which are pointed4 ,ascospores globose-ellipsoid1 yellow to brownish1 #c-d4e #c4em4 ,gymnoascus reesii 7fig4 #dc7 - ,gymnothecia golden yellow to reddish-brown1 with acute-ended appendages4 ,ascospores lenticular1 smooth1 hyaline1 #b4e-c4e #b-b4em4 ,pseudogymnoascus roseus #afj7aee7 ,gymnothecia orange brown1 with comb-like appendages4 ,ascospores slightly lenticular1 pale orange1 #c4c-c4f #b-b4fm4 ,ctenomyces serratus 7fig4 #dd7 - ,gymnothecia whitish to pale ochraceous1 particularly when dry1 with few appendages but those present twisted and bent1 and their branches constricted with regular or irregular dumb-bell shaped cells4 ,hyphal walls asperulate or with protuberances4 ,ascospores smooth1 lenticular1 hyaline1 #b4d-c4c #bm4 ,arthroderma curreyi 7fig4 #de7 #afa7aej7 ,asci relatively large1 #ajj-bjj-spored1 #a-c_/;fruit body4 ',cleistothecia' minute1 #ajj 7rarely #bej7m diam41 immersed4 see ,thelebolus etc4 7,key #a1 #hf7 - ,asci with #h or fewer spores4 #afb #afb7afa7 ,ascospores purple at maturity1 large1 #ej-gj #be-cem1 epispore with a few longitudinal cracks4 see ,ascobolus immersus 7,key #a1 #dh7 - ,ascospores smaller1 hyaline1 yellow1 olivaceous1 brown or black4 #afc #afc7afb7 ,ascospores olivaceous1 brown or black1 at least in part4 #afd - ,ascospores aseptate1 hyaline1 yellow or other pale colours4 #agd #afd7afc7 ,ascospores #d-;celled 7cf4 ,sporormiella71 with germ slits1 readily fragmenting4 ,asci clavate1 bitunicate4 ,cleistothecia black1 shiny1 up to #ejjm diam4 #afe - ,ascospores #a- or #b-;celled4 #aff #afe7afd7 ,ascus stalk up to #bjm long4 ,ascospores #be-cb #em4 ,preussia vulgaris - ,ascus stalk #cj-fjm long4 ,ascospores #bf-ch #e-gm4 ,preussia funiculata 7fig4 #dg7 #aff7afd7 ,ascospores #b-;celled4 #afg - ,ascospores #a-;celled4 #agj #afg7aff7 ,spores unequally #b-;celled1 one brown ellipsoid1 with an apical germ pore1 #aj-ab #f4e-g4em1 the other a basal hyaline1 cylindrical pedicel1 #f-h #cm4 ,cleistothecia black1 globose1 up to #bejm diam41 covered with flexuous brown hairs up to #amm long4 ,asci evanescent4 ,zopfiella erostrata - ,spores equally #b-;celled4 #afh #afh7afg7 ,spores not constricted at the septum1 ellipsoid1 golden-brown1 #be-cj #aj-aem with #a-c guttules in each cell4 ,cleistothecia gregarious on a mycelial mat1 whitish to pale orange1 up to #ejjm diam4 ,heleococcum aurantiacum 7fig4 #dh7 - ,spores hyaline1 divided into two almost globose cells by the constricting septum4 ,ascomata superficial1 globose1 dark coloured4 7,mycoarachis7 #afi #afi7afh7 ,asci #h-spored1 #e4e-aam diam4 ,spores #e-e4e #c-c4em4 ,mycoarachis inversa - ,asci #d-spored1 #f-f4em diam4 ,spores #d4e-e #b-b4em4 ,mycoarachis tetraspora #agj7aff7 ,asci broad-clavate1 7#a7-b-7c7-spored1 #cj-ej #ac-ahm4 ,spores brown-black with short ridges and warts1 subglobose1 #ab-ae4e #aa-ab4em1 with a single germ pore4 ,copromyces bisporus 7fig4 #di7 - ,asci #h-spored4 #aga #aga7agj7 ,spores globose1 sooty brown1 #cm diam4 ,cleistothecia gregarious1 with basal spirally coiled appendages1 black1 #ajj-bjjm diam41 partially immersed in a white to red felty hyphal mat4 ,pleuroascus nicholsonii - ,spores larger1 ellipsoid or limoniform4 #agb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,habit sketch of cleistothecia4 ,,figs #dg-ed4 ,asci and spores4 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,preussia funiculata4 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,heleococcum aurantiacum4 ,,fig4 #di4 ,copromyces bisporus4 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,arachnomyces nitidus4 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,orbicula parietina4 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,roumegueriella rufula4 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,aphanoascus stercoraria4 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,pseudeurotium ovale4 #agb7aga7 ,spores olivaceous1 limoniform1 usually with an apical germ pore4 ,perithecia greyish or greenish1 abundantly hairy1 branched or simple1 straight or curly4 ,asci pedicellate1 soon disappearing4 see ,chaetomium at #e - ,spores darker1 with #a or more minute germ pores4 ,cleistothecia distinctly but not abundantly hairy4 #agc #agc7agb7 ,spores smoky brown1 broadly ovoid1 #i-ad #f-im4 ,cleistothecial hairs short1 up to #cjm4 ,thielavia wareingii - ,spores dark brown1 flattened limoniform1 #ac-af #aj-ac #h-im4 ,cleistothecial hairs of two types1 some smooth1 dark brown1 arising from the base up to #cmm long1 others greyish green1 rough1 up to ca #abjm4 ,thielavia fimeti #agd7afc7 ,cleistothecia produced within a common arachnoid mycelial mass4 ,spores smooth or minutely asperulate1 yellow to yellow-brown1 broadly ellipsoid1 #d-e #c-em4 ,aphanoascus fulvescens - ,cleistothecia single or gregarious1 but not on or in a mycelial mass4 #age #age7agd7 ,cleistothecia #agj-gejm diam41 covered with long 7several mm when extended71 thick-walled1 aseptate1 helical appendages4 ,asci clavate cylindrical1 evanescent1 #ce-fb #ab-bam4 ,spores ellipsoid1 hyaline1 #ab-ag #i-abm4 ,lasiobolidium spirale - ,cleistothecia without coiled appendages4 #agf #agf7age7 ,cleistothecia with hairs or appendages4 #agg - ,cleistothecia smooth4 #agh #agg7agf7 ,cleistothecia black1 shining1 #ajj-bjjm diam41 with dark brown-black thick-walled hairs with hooked tips4 ,asci #h-aem diam4 ,spores straw or copper coloured1 ellipsoid1 #d-g #c4e-d4em with de ,bary bubble and a germ pore at each end4 ,kernia nitida - ,cleistothecia reddish brown1 less than #amm diam41 with long simple appendages curled at the tips4 ,spores hyaline1 oblate1 #c4ee #b-cm4 ,arachnomyces nitidus 7fig4 #ej7 #agh7agf7 ,ascospores globose1 larger than #im4 #agi - ,ascospores ellipsoid1 up to #im4 ,asci always subglobose4 #ahj #agi7agh7 ,ascospores1 smooth1 #i-acm4 ,orbicula parietina 7fig4 #ea7 - ,ascospores ornamented1 #ac-bdm ,asci subglobose4 ,cleistothecia ochraceous1 becoming yellowish brown or flushed cinnamon4 ,roumegueriella rufula 7fig4 #eb7 #ahj7agh7 ,ascospores hyaline1 then faintly yellowish1 minutely spiny1 #b4e-c #b-b4em4 ,cleistothecia pale1 then dark brown4 ,aphanoascus stercoraria 7fig4 #ec7 - ,ascospores hyaline1 then brown1 smooth1 #e4e-f #c4e-dm4 ,cleistothecia dark brown from the beginning4 ,pseudeurotium ovale 7fig4 #ed7 ,key #c4 ,basidiomycota #a ,basidia single-celled 7fig4 #ee74 #b - ,basidia transversely or longitudinally septate 7fig4 #ee71 or difficult to observe4 #ga #b7a7 ,fruit body agaricoid1 i4e4 mushroom-shaped with gills underneath cap 7figs #ef1 #fg74 #c - ,fruit body not agaricoid1 without gills 7figs #fe1 #ff74 #fi #c7b7 ,spore print white or pale coloured1 hyaline s4m4 7,usually on straw_/dung mixtures1 never on raw dung except when very old74 #e - ,spore print coloured4 #d #d7c7 ,spore print pinkish or pale cinnamon1 honey-coloured s4m4 7,usually on straw_/dung mixtures1 never on raw dung74 #f - ,spore print darker1 in shades of brown or black4 #h #e7c7 ,stem eccentric4 ,fruit body pure white4 ,spores ellipsoid1 smooth4 ,pleurotellus s4 lato 7,if gills pink and spores longitudinally ridged see ,clitopilus passackerianus1 fig4 #fg7 - ,stem central4 #g ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,from left1 sketches of holobasidium1 with mature basidiospore showing germ pore2 auriculariaceous basidium2 tremellaceous basidium1 lateral view and as often seen in sections4 #f7d7 ,fruit body white1 ivory or very pale tan1 with a smell of cucumber4 ,gills decurrent4 ,clitocybe augeana - ,fruit body yellow1 with scaly cap4 ,gills free or just adnate4 ,fruit body with distinct ring and granular veil4 7,commonly in plant pots4 ,probably associated with peaty material more than dung74 ,leucocoprinus birnbaumii 7,l4 cepaestipes and ,l4 lilacinogranulosus occur in similar situations74 #g7e7 ,fruit body with amethyst_/purple shades1 with eccentric stem4 ,spores subglobose1 slightly ornamented to nearly smooth4 7,on compost heaps in gardens74 ,lepista nuda - ,fruit body with pink gills and distinct volva at stem base4 ,cap white to pale hazel4 ,stem white4 ,spores broadly ellipsoid1 smooth4 ,volvariella speciosa #h7d7 ,spore print distinctly brown 7fulvous1 tawny1 rust coloured etc474 #i - ,spore print some darker shade1 fuscous1 fuliginous or violaceous black4 #bj #i7h7 ,stem distinctly annulate1 apex striate4 ,conocybe percincta 7,has been found on straw_/dung mixtures1 never on raw dung74 - ,stem lacking a veil4 #aj #aj7i7 ,cap rich chrome yellow1 viscid1 soon reduced to a sticky mass1 easily collapsing4 ,bolbitius vitellinus - ,cap in shades of brown1 never brightly coloured and if collapsing then cap elongate-cylindric and white to pale cream4 #aa #aa7aj7 ,spore print dull1 sepia or snuff-brown4 ,on rabbit pellets in sand dunes4 ,agrocybe subpediades - ,spore print1 brighter coloured1 orange_/rust brown4 7,conocybe7 #ab #ab7aa7 ,gill edge with irregularly fusoid cystidia with obtuse apices 7lageniform74 ,cap viscid4 ,conocybe coprophila - ,gill edge with distinctly capitate cells resembling a glass stoppered bottle 7lecythiform74 ,cap never viscid1 often pubescent under a lens4 #ac #ac7ab7 ,stem covered in long hairs4 #ad - ,stem covered in lecythiform cells similar to those on gill edge1 giving a farinaceous appearance under a lens4 ,,never with long hairs4 7,dung_/straw mixtures74 ,large as in a ,cortinarius4 ,spores smooth4 ,conocybe intrusa 7,c4 leucopus has been found on manured soil in gardens2 ,c4 antipus has hexagonal spores and grows on dung piles74 #ad7ac7 ,stem with both long hairs and lecythiform cystidia4 ,illustration #ae - ,stem with hairs and lageniform cystidia4 ,illustration #af #ae7ad7 ,spores #aa-ad #g-im4 ,taste and smell strong1 of fresh meal4 ,conocybe farinacea - ,spores large1 over #ae up to #ajm4 ,taste and smell none or slightly acidic4 ,conocybe pubescens 7,c4 subpubescens might be found on straw_/dung mixtures1 and differs in spores #aa-ac #f-hm74 #af7ad7 ,basidia #b-spored4 ,conocybe rickenii - ,basidia #d-spored4 #ag #ag7af7 ,spores ellipsoid4 #ah - ,spores lentiform1 angular in face view4 ,conocybe lenticulospora #ah7ag7 ,cap grey1 contrasting with yellowish cream gills and pale stem4 ,spores #aj4e-ab4e #f-gm4 ,conocybe murinacea - ,cap pinkish brown or tawny4 #ai #ai7ah7 ,spores #aa-ab #g4b-g4hm4 ,cap sienna4 ,on raw dung4 ,conocybe fimetaria - ,spores #aj-ab #f-gm4 ,cap pinkish to cinnamon brown4 ,on manured soil or sewage sludge4 ,conocybe fuscomarginata 7,conocybe siennophylla might be found on straw_/dung mixtures or in soil in greenhouses4 ,it differs in having smaller spores74 #bj7h7 ,cap deliquescing to some degree at maturity4 ,basidia of #b or #c different sizes4 7,coprinus7 #ba - ,cap not deliquescing4 ,basidia of one size only4 #di #ba7bj7 ,veil on cap absent1 cap either covered with small hairs 7setules7 or naked4 #bb - ,cap covered with a granular1 micaceous1 powdery or fibrillar veil4 #bh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,habit sketch of a stipitate agaric1 ,psathyrella stercoraria1 with section4 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,sketch of gill section of ,psathyrella sp41 showing position of marginal 7m7 and facial 7f7 cystidia4 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,coprinus pellucidus1 habit and vertical section of cap cuticle4 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,c4 pseudoradiatus1 habit and veil constituents4 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,c4 vermiculifer1 habit and veil constituents4 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,c4 filamentifer1 veil constituents4 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,c4 stercoreus1 habit4 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,c4 cordisporus1 vertical section of cap showing nature of veil cells on the cap cuticle4 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,veil cells with structural 7l7 and superficial crystalline 7r7 ornamentation4 #bb7ba7 ,cap without setules4 #bc - ,cap with setules4 #bd #bc7bb7 ,cap minute1 #a-emm high before expanding1 reddish orange at first1 soon fading4 ,basidiospores almost globose to triangular in one view1 elliptic in another1 #g-aj #g-i #e4e-f4em4 7#b- and #d-spored forms have been found74 ,coprinus miser - ,cap larger1 up to #aemm when expanded4 ,basidiospores pip-shaped1 #g4e-h4e #i4e-aa #i4e-aa4em4 7#d-spored74 ,coprinus nudiceps #bd7bb7 ,spores hexagonal1 #aj-ac #f4e-g4em4 ,cap purplish4 ,coprinus hexagonosporus - ,spores ellipsoid4 ,cap brown or reddish1 without purplish tints4 #be #be7bd7 ,basidia #d-spored4 #bf - ,basidia #b-spored4 ,spores #aa-ac #e4e-gm4 ,facial cystidia absent4 ,coprinus bisporus 7,coprinus sassii1 not yet recorded in ,british ,isles1 has #b-spored basidia with very large ellipsoid spores up to #bjm long74 #bf7be7 ,cap with a mixture of hyaline and brown thick-walled setules4 ,spores #i-aj #e4e-fm1 with eccentric germ pore4 ,facial cystidia absent4 ,coprinus heterosetulosus - ,cap with only one type of setule4 ,facial cystidia present or absent4 #bg #bg7bf7 ,facial cystidia present4 ,spores #g4i-ac4c #d4d-f4dm1 with apical germ pore4 ,coprinus stellatus - ,facial cystidia absent4 ,spores elongate and narrow1 rarely greater than #em wide1 with apical germ pore4 ,fruit body usually quite small1 up to #fmm before expanding4 ,coprinus pellucidus 7fig4 #eh7 7,several species in the group1 e4g4 ,c4 congregatus and ,c4 ephemerus have been found on straw_/dung mixtures74 #bh7ba7 ,veil strongly adhering to cap4 ,spores elliptic ovate1 #ae-bj #h-abm4 ,stem with distinct ring4 ,usually on buried dung4 ,coprinus sterquilinus - ,veil more floccose or powdery4 ,stem lacking ring or1 if present 7,c4 ephemeroides71 fruit body small with #e-;angled spores less than #ajm long4 #bi #bi7bh7 ,veil composed of filamentous units4 #cj - ,filamentous units1 if present1 masked by a preponderance of rounded cells4 #ce #cj7bi7 ,veil composed of strings of sausage-shaped1 thin-walled1 hyaline cells4 #ca - ,veil composed of rather narrow1 slightly thickened hyphae4 #cb #ca7cj7 ,spores large1 #aa-ad #f-gm4 ,cap up to #a;cm before expanding4 ,fruit body with or without a rooting base4 ,coprinus radiatus - ,spores smaller1 up to #im long4 ,cap up to #fmm before expanding4 ,fruit body without a rooting base4 ,coprinus pseudoradiatus 7fig4 #ei7 7,c4 cinereus is found on straw_/dung mixture and ,c4 macrocephalus1 with large spores1 has been recorded on raw dung74 #cb7cj7 ,veil citrus- or lime-yellow1 or a mixture of hyaline and brown strongly coloured hyphae4 #cc - ,veil grey or whitish4 #cd #cc7cb7 ,veil of yellow hyphae4 ,spores #aj4e-ab4e #f-g4em4 ,coprinus luteocephalus - ,veil with brown hyphae4 ,spores #g-i #c4e-em4 ,coprinus poliomallus #cd7cb7 ,veil hyphae thin-walled4 ,spores #f4e-g4e #em1 'shouldered' about the apiculus4 ,coprinus filamentifer 7fig4 #fa7 - ,veil hyphae thin- and thick-walled1 often with clamps4 ,spores elliptic-oblong1 #i-aj #e-fm4 ,coprinus vermiculifer 7fig4 #fj7 7,coprinus flocculosus1 with spores #aa4e-af4e #f-i4em1 can be found on straw_/dung mixtures74 #ce7bi7 ,stem with small1 distinct ring4 ,spores subglobose to lentiform and #e-;angled1 #f-i #f4e-h #e-fm4 ,coprinus ephemeroides - ,stem at most with fibrils1 even then rarely forming a faint ring zone4 #cf #cf7ce7 with setules in addition to veil4 #cg - ,cap without setules4 #ch #cg7cf7 ,cap cystidia tapered4 ,spores #aa-ad #e-f4em4 ,coprinus heptemerus - ,cap cystidia capitate4 ,spores #aj-aa #f-gm4 ,coprinus curtus #ch7cf7 ,veil of inflated bladder-like cells attached to filamentous units4 ,spores #g4e-h #d4e-e4em4 ,coprinus utrifer - ,veil of globose and subglobose cells and filamentous units often encrusted or with minute projections found sometimes at cap margin4 #ci #ci7ch7 ,globose cells1 if ornamented then possessing crystalline or amorphous material 7dissolved by #a,n ,h,cl1 fig4 #fd47 #dj - ,globose cells covered in small fine blunt projections on the walls 7not removed by #a,n ,h,cl1 fig4 #fd74 #de #dj7ci7 ,basidia #b-spored4 #da - ,basidia #d-spored4 #db #da7dj7 ,spores #ad-ag #h4e-aj #ab4e-adm4 ,coprinus pachyspermus - ,spores smaller1 #i-aa #f-f4e #h-im4 ,coprinus cordisporus 7#b-spored form7 #db7dj7 ,spores less than #ajm long4 ,coprinus cordisporus 7fig4 #fc7 7,c4 patouillardii is known on garden refuse1 and an undescribed species with lemon-shaped spores has recently been found74 - ,spores #ajm or more long4 #dc #dc7db7 ,veil soon discolouring greyish1 drab or buff1 ,spores #aa4e-ad4e #f-h #g4e-im4 ,coprinus cothurnatus - ,veil remaining snowy white1 only slowly discolouring greyish4 #dd #dd7dc7 ,fruit bodies several cm tall4 ,spores #ae-ai #h4e-aa4e #aa-acm4 ,coprinus niveus - ,cap small1 #e-fmm at first4 ,spores #ad-af x #h-i #aj-ab4em4 ,coprinus latisporus #de7ci7 ,basidia #c-spored4 #df - ,basidia #d-spored4 #dg #df7de7 ,spores narrow1 #h4e-aa #e-f4bm4 ,coprinus triplex - ,spores broad1 #i-aj x #f-f4e #f-gm1 slightly flattened in face view4 ,coprinus trisporus 7,these are possibly a single taxon74 #dg7de7 ,spores #g-h #d-d4em1 perispore not visible in water or alkali mounts4 ,coprinus stercoreus 7fig4 #fb7 - ,spores #im or more long4 #dh #dh7dg7 ,spores #i-aa #e4e-fm4 ,perisporal sac none or incomplete or indistinct4 ,coprinus foetidellus - ,spores longer1 #aj4h-ac4e #e4e-gm1 with distinct perispore with dark lines and inclusions4 ,distinctive smell of gas4 ,coprinus narcoticus 7,c4 sclerotiger is found on straw_/dung mixtures1 and the smaller ,c4 tuberosus on garden refuse etc474 #di7bj7 ,spores not discoloured in conc4 ,h#b,,so#d4 #ej - ,spores discolouring in conc4 ,h#b,,so#d4 ,gills not spotted at maturity4 #ff #ej7di7 ,cap cuticle cellular4 ,gills spotted at maturity4 7,more often on rich1 'dungy'1 soils4 ,p4 subbalteatus1 with copper coloured cap1 drying paler but retaining a dark marginal zone1 occurs in gardens on mulch etc474 7,panaeolus7 #ea - ,cap cuticle filamentous4 #ef #ea7ej7 ,velar remnants very obvious1 either as an appendiculate veil or as a distinct ring4 #eb - ,lacking all velar remnants4 #ed #eb7ea7 ,cap distinctly pigmented1 with appendiculate veil4 #ec - ,cap pale coloured1 smooth1 semi-globate1 soon cracking4 ,gills with marginal cystidia only4 ,panaeolus papilionaceus #ec7eb7 ,cap brown1 smooth1 sometimes viscid1 not exceedingly wrinkled4 ,panaeolus campanulatus - ,cap grey1 olivaceous1 even black1 with contrasting white appendiculate veil4 ,panaeolus sphinctrinus #ed7ea7 ,cap with or without appendiculate veil1 but always with distinct ring4 ,panaeolus semiovatus - ,cap lacking veil4 #ee #ee7ed7 ,cap pinkish ochraceous to tawny-buff4 ,lacking facial cystidia4 ,panaeolus speciosus - ,cap whitish or slightly yellowish4 ,with facial cystidia4 ,panaeolus antillarum #ef7ej7 ,gills with facial cystidia often containing yellow amorphous material when seen in ammonia solution or deep blue with cotton blue4 7,stropharia7 #eg 7,blue-green ,s4 cyanea ,s4 aeruginosa often occur in rich garden soils74 - ,gills lacking facial cystidia4 ,never with yellowing cystidia in ammonia4 7,psilocybe7 #eh 7,red-capped ,p4 aurantia can be found on straw_/mulch mixtures in gardens74 #eg7ef7 ,cap sticky1 semi-globate expanding at maturity4 ,on raw dung4 ,stropharia semiglobata - ,cap plano-convex1 often broad with a central umbo1 margin flaring with age4 ,on dungy mixtures in gardens4 ,stropharia stercoraria #eh7ef7 ,stipe bluing1 with ring4 ,spores ellipsoid1 #aa-ad #f4e-g4em4 ,fruit body with mealy smell and taste4 ,psilocybe fimetaria - ,stipe lacking distinct ring1 or if with ring or ring zone #b-spored and_/or stem not bluing4 ,fruit body without mealy smell and taste4 #ei #ei7eh7 ,stem always with distinct ring4 ,basidia #b-spored4 ,spores #ae-bjm long4 ,psilocybe luteonitens - ,stem with or without ring4 ,basidia #d-spored4 ,if with ring1 spores smaller4 #fj #fj7ei7 ,with ring zone4 #fa - ,lacking velar remnants on stem1 or only appendiculate teeth at cap margin4 #fb #fa7fj7 ,spores slightly angular_/limoniform1 #aa-ac7ad7 #g-hm4 ,often on sewage sludge4 ,psilocybe merdaria - ,spores #ac-ad #g4e-h4em4 ,psilocybe moelleri #fb7fj7 ,spores #ad-bj #h-ajm4 ,psilocybe subcoprophila - ,spores smaller4 #fc #fc7fb7 ,spores lentiform1 angled1 #f-h7h4e7 #d4e-e4e #c4ge-d4em4 ,psilocybe bullacea 7,p4 crobula1 occasional on dung1 differs in lacking purple colour in gills1 and slightly smaller1 ovoid1 not angular1 spores74 - ,spores larger4 #fd #fd7fc7 ,spores ellipsoid to slightly amygdaliform4 ,psilocybe merdicola - ,spores lentiform1 angular4 #fe #fe7fd7 ,spores #aa-ac7ad7 #g-h7i7m4 see ,psilocybe merdaria1 #fa - ,spores #ab-ae #h-i4em ,psilocybe coprophila #ff7di7 ,round cells on cap as a micaceous veil4 7,re-examine gill face2 if different sized basidia and facial cystidia separating the gills are present go to ,coprinus at #ba74 ,psathyrella sphaerocystis - ,cap lacking veil1 or if present then fibrillar4 #fg #fg7ff7 ,white copious veil at margin or also covering cap centre4 ,spores #aj-ab #e4e-fm4 ,psathyrella coprobia - ,lacking copious veil4 #fh #fh7fg7 ,with red edge to gill4 ,spores #ab-ac #f-f4em1 with central germ pore4 ,psathyrella stercoraria - ,lacking red gill edge4 ,spores with eccentric germ pore4 ,psathyrella coprophila 7,p4 fimetaria differs in spore size2 there are several members of the ,p4 prona group which grow on soil_/straw mixtures74 #fi7b7 ,fruit body club-shaped4 ,typhula setipes 7fig4 #fe7 7,clavaria acuta often grows on peaty soil in pots in greenhouses74 - ,fruit bodies effuse1 resupinate #gj #gj7fi7 ,fruit-body cobweb-like and greyish white4 ,basal hyphae #c-d4em wide4 ,spores sub-globose1 #d4em diam4 7,generally on old dung or straw_/soil mixtures74 ,athelia coprophila 7,if with spiny spores #e-fm diam41 see the recently recorded ,tomentellopsis echinospora74 - ,fruit-body with pores1 white or flushed slightly ochraceous1 brownish or greyish4 7,on clods of soil in dunged land74 ,cristella candidissima #ga7a7 ,fruit body either a cup containing several 'eggs' or a single orange or yellowish gelatinous sphere4 #gb - ,fruit-body effuse1 without distinct shape4 #gc #gb7ga7 ,fruit-body whitish or pale yellow1 up to #b4emm diam41 splitting at maturity to shoot away the orange_/yellow spore mass4 ,sphaerobolus stellatus 7fig4 #ff7 - ,fruit-body cup shaped1 with silvery-grey 'eggs'4 7,usually on dung and straw or attached to rabbit pellets74 ,cyathus stercoreus 7,cyathus vernicosus often grows in plant pots on rich soil74 #gc7ga7 ,basidia with transverse septa4 ,spores #aa #gm4 ,fruit body pinkish4 ,platygloea fimicola 7,not ,british2 included for completeness4 ,pilacrella solani1 with a glistening stipitate head1 has been isolated from dungy soil74 - ,basidia with longitudinal septa4 ,spores #ad-ah #i-ajm4 ,fruit body cream-white or ivory4 ,sebacina incrustans ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,habit sketch of ,typhula sp4 ,note attachment to sclerotium4 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,sphaerobolus stellatus1 habit4 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,clitopilus passackerianus1 a sessile agaric--habit sketch and section4 ,key #d4 ,zygomycota #a ,spores formed in multispored sporangia 7figs #fh1 #gj1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf7 or in few-spored sporangioles 7figs #gj1 #gc74 #b - ,multispored sporangia and globose sporangioles absent4 ,spores formed singly on terminal1 lateral or intermediate vesicles 7figs #gd1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb-hf71 or in short chains 7figs #gg1 #gh1 #ha74 #aa #b7a7 ,sporangiophore stout1 simple1 with a subsporangial swelling and a basal swelling buried in the substrate4 ,sporangia tough walled1 black1 projected some distance towards the light when mature1 and sticking to whatever they hit4 ,pilobolus 7fig4 #gf7 e4g4 spores pale yellow1 #h-aj #e-fm - ,p4 crystallinus spores orange1 #ab-bj #f-ajm4 - ,p4 kleinii - ,sporangiophores not stout2 sporangia not violently discharged4 #c #c7b7 ,sporangial wall black1 tough1 not readily broken when touched4 ,sporangia with a sticky base1 becoming attached to whatever they contact after the marked elongation of the white sporangiophores at maturity4 ,pilaira 7fig4 #ge7 e4g4 spores yellowish1 #h-aj #fm - ,p4 anomala spores colourless1 #aa-ac #f-hm - ,p4 moreaui - ,sporangial wall diffluent1 spores readily removed in a droplet1 or fragile and then spores easily dispersed by external violence4 #d #d7c7 ,sporangiophores stiff and metallic in appearance1 growing towards the light and often to great length 7#e-cj;cm74 ,phycomyces e4g4 spores #aj4e-cj #f4e-agm2 columella pyriform2 sporangiophores up to #cj;cm - ,p4 nitens spores #h-ac #e-g4em2 columella spherical or ovoid2 sporangiophores up to #cj;cm - ,p4 blakesleeanus - ,sporangiophores white1 not reaching extreme lengths4 #e #e7d7 ,small lateral sporangia 7sporangioles7 present4 #aj - ,sporangioles absent4 #f #f7e7 ,sporangiophores usually grouped1 less often single1 connected by stolon-like hyphae4 #g - ,sporangiophores arising singly1 or if grouped then lacking stolon-like hyphae4 #i #g7f7 ,stolons joining groups of sporangiophores often with rhizoids at the base of the group4 #h - ,sporangiophores arising singly or in groups from stolons1 which may be 'rooted' at intervals along their length1 but rarely beneath the groups of sporangiophores4 ,absidia 7fig4 #ga7 e4g4 sporangiophores grouped1 rhizoids poorly developed2 spores #b4e-d4em diam4 - ,a4 corymbifera sporangiophores grouped1 rhizoids strongly developed2 spores #b4e-c4em diam4 - ,a4 orchidis #h7g7 ,sporangiophores mostly unbranched4 ,rhizopus 7fig4 #fi7 e4g4 spores irregularly angular-ovoid1 #h-ad #aam - ,r4 nigricans - ,sporangiophores with a whorl of branches beneath the main sporangium1 each with a small columellate sporangium4 ,spores #f-h4em4 ,actinomucor elegans ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,mucor1 habit and detail of sporangium before and after dehiscence4 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,rhizopus1 habit4 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,thamnidium elegans1 habit and detail of sporangioles4 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,absidia1 habit4 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,mortierella1 habit and sporangiophore tip after sporangial dehiscence4 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,helicostylum1 sporangioles4 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,chaetocladium1 sporangioles4 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,pilaira1 sporangiophores before and after elongation1 and sporangium4 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,pilobolus1 sporangiophore4 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,syncephalis1 habit1 sporangiophore and merosporangia4 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,piptocephalis1 habit and detail of final branch with head cell and merosporangia4 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,oedocephalum1 habit and sporing head4 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,rhopalomyces1 sporing head4 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,syncephalastrum1 habit and detail of merosporangium4 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,coemansia1 habit1 sporoclade with sporangia and sporangium with spore inside4 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,kickxella1 habit and sporoclade4 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,cunninghamella1 habit and fertile head4 ,,fig4 #he4 ,mycotypha 7l7 and ,ostracoderma 7r7 conidiophores4 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,ballocephala1 habit of sporangiophores growing from parasitised tardigrade1 sporangiophore and sporangia4 #i7f7 ,sporangia often with pigmented walls1 yellowish when young1 finally grey or black1 with well marked columella left after spore dispersal4 ,individual sporangiophores observable with unaided eye1 up to #bjmm long4 ,mucor 7fig4 #fh7 e4g4 spores smooth1 #g-h #b4e-d4em - ,m4 hiemalis spores smooth1 #f-ab x #c-fm - ,m4 mucedo spores asperulate1 #e-h4m diam4 - ,m4 plumbeus 7,n4,b4 ,zygorhynchus would key out with ,mucor4 ,it is more often isolated from soil1 and is distinguished from ,mucor by the presence of zygospores with unequal suspensors7 - ,sporangia white1 without a columella1 readily becoming a spore droplet4 ,sporangiophores delicate1 often only #bjj-djjm long4 ,fine1 white1 garlic-smelling mycelium often present4 ,mortierella 7fig4 #gb7 e4g4 spores #af-bgm diam1 few in each sporangium2 sporangiophores ca #aejm1 with short lateral branches at right angles - ,m4 reticulata spores #f-aj x #d-fm2 sporangiophores #b-cmm high1 with ascending branches - ,m4 bainieri spores #d-ajm2 sporangiophores richly branched - ,m4 candelabrum #aj7e7 ,sporangioles formed at the final tips of a densely dichotomous system of branchlets1 originating some distance below a terminal sporangium 7which may be absent in young specimens74 ,sporangioles up to #bem diam41 with up to #f spores4 ,spores #h-ab #f-hm4 ,thamnidium elegans 7fig4 #gj7 - ,sporangioles either at the curved tips of slender branches1 or clustered in groups about halfway along tapering branches which radiate from the sporangiophore below the sporangium2 the branch tips of the latter give the fertile portion of the sporangiophore a bristly appearance4 ,helicostylum 7fig4 #gc7 e4g4 spores #h-ag #c-gm2 sporangioles on short secondary or tertiary branches2 fertile region bristly with sterile branches - ,h4 fresenii spores #f-h #dm2 sporangioles reflexed1 on slender primary or secondary branches2 fertile region without sterile branches - ,h4 pyriforme #aa7a7 ,spores formed in chains4 #ab - ,spores formed singly4 #ad #ab7aa7 ,sporangiophores regularly and repeatedly dichotomously branched4 ,chains of #b-aj spores produced in small groups1 which may be wet or dry1 on deciduous heads1 #d-aem diam4 ,parasitic on other fungi1 mostly other ,mucorales4 ,piptocephalis 7fig4 #gh7 e4g4 spores #d-e #b-cm1 in pairs2 heads dry - ,p4 lepidula spores #e-f #b-b4em1 in chains of #d-i2 heads dry - ,p4 cylindrospora spores #d-h #b-dm1 in chains of #c-e2 heads dry2 sporangiophore without rhizoids - ,p4 freseniana spores #d-f #d-d4em1 in chains of #c-f2 heads wet2 sporangiophore with rhizoids - ,p4 repens spores #c-e #b-b4em1 in chains of #c-e1 heads wet2 head cell lyses1 to leave only a fringe at the tip of the very fine sporangiophore - ,p4 fimbriata - ,sporangiophores simple or irregularly branched4 #ac #ac7ab7 ,a large conspicuous fungus1 macroscopically ,mucor-like1 mycelium coarse4 ,sporangiophores with a distinct terminal swelling with crowded spore chains4 ,spores usually #e-aj in a chain1 globose to ovoid1 #b-h #d-fm4 ,syncephalastrum racemosum 7fig4 #ha7 - ,sporangiophores less conspicuous1 #ajj-ajjjm high1 with a 'holdfast' at the base attaching the sporangiophore to the substrate4 ,mycelium very fine4 ,parasitic on other ,mucorales4 ,syncephalis 7fig4 #gg7 e4g4 sporangiophores #ajj-bjjm high1 with three 'nodes' along their length2 merosporangia often forked at the basal cell2 spores #h-aj #fm - ,s4 nodosa sporangiophores up to #gejm high2 merosporangia usually subdivided at their base into several branches1 each with #e-aj spores2 spores #e-aj #c-dm - ,s4 depressa 7,n4,b4 ,oedocephalum spp4 7fig4 #gi71 the anamorphic states of many dung fungi 7esp4 ,ascobolaceae and ,pezizaceae71 ,rhopalomyces 7fig4 #hj71 and some ,aspergillus spp4 are superficially similar to ,syncephalis at first sight74 #ad7aa7 ,sporangia containing a single closely fitting elongated spore1 produced in serried ranks on one side of a boat-shaped branch 7sporoclade74 #ae - ,single-spored sporangia 7'spores'7 globose1 produced singly or if in groups not on sporoclades4 #af #ae7ad7 ,sporoclades lateral4 ,sporangiophores usually yellowish4 7,no parasitism has been demonstrated1 but in culture grows much better in the presence of the white1 garlic-smelling ,mortierella spp474 ,coemansia 7fig4 #hb7 e4g4 spores #f-aam long2 sporoclades spirally arranged around the axis - ,c4 erecta spores #af-ahm long2 sporoclades formed on one side of the axis1 causing it to curve to one side - ,c4 scorpoidea - ,sporoclades produced in a terminal verticil4 ,sporangiophores shining white4 ,kickxella alabastrina 7fig4 #hc7 #af7ad7 ,spores produced in clusters below the apex of the final branches of a compound1 often trifid1 branching system which is given a bristly appearance by the projecting tips4 ,superficially similar to ,thamnidium or ,helicostylum4 ,capable of parasitising1 and growing much better in association with1 other ,mucorales4 ,chaetocladium 7fig4 #gd7 e4g4 spores smooth1 #d-fm diam4 - ,c4 brefeldii spores echinulate1 #f4e-i4em - ,c4 jonesii - ',spores' not produced in subterminal clusters1 but terminally on lateral vesicles1 or over the surface of swollen fertile regions of the sporangiophore4 #ag #ag7af7 ,sporangiophores up to #bejm high4 ,lateral vesicles numerous1 each producing a single 'spore'1 which is projected when mature4 ,parasitic on tardigiades4 ,ballocephala 7fig4 #hf7 - ,sporangiophores visible with the unaided eye4 ,spores produced on swollen parts of the sporangiophore4 #ah #ah7ag7 ,sporangiophores branched1 with more or less globose terminal fertile regions4 ,spores dry and powdery1 yellowish or pinkish in mass4 ,cunninghamella 7fig4 #hd7 e4g4 spores smooth1 ovoid1 #ah-bb #aj-adm or globose1 #h-ajm diam4 - ,c4 elegans spores echinulate1 ovoid1 #h-abm - ,c4 africana - ,sporangiophores unbranched1 fertile portion #bjj-cjj #ae-bjm4 ,fertile region terminal only1 cylindrical4 ,spores smooth1 greyish in mass1 #b-dm diam4 ,mycotypha microspora 7fig4 #he7 7,n4,b4 ,ostracoderma epigea 7fig4 #he71 the anamorph of ,peziza astracoderma1 which occurs on paper and sometimes dung and highly organic substrates1 was originally described as ,mycotypha dichotoma4 ,the fertile regions are cylindrical but multiple as the result of several close dichotomous divisions at the base of the fertile portion74 ,notes #a ,there are few reports of ,ascozonus1 apart from ,a4 woolhopensis4 ,observed spore sizes of ,a4 woolhopensis suggest that measurement of ,renny's 7#ahgd7 illustrations of spores leads to values which are too large 7#ai-bj #f-f4em74 ,those in parentheses are what they might be1 based on the discrepancy between observed values for ,a4 woolhopensis and ,renny's illustration4