,illu/ration3 ,,ell5 ,,key ,f a         
photograph     ,! ,c5tury ( ! ,*ild  ,by
  ,ell5 ,key  ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons   
,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock]    
,press   ,,copyright1 #aiji ,,by ,g4 ,p4
 ,,putnam',s ,,sons  ,publi%$1 ,febru>y1
 #aiji ,repr9t$1 ,decemb]1 #aiji  ,!    
,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york         
,,publi%]s' ,,note   ,! pres5t          
translation is f ! ,g]man v]sion (      
,frances ,m>o1 :i* 0 revis$ by ! au?or  
h]self4     ,,cont5ts   ,,*apt]         
,,page    ,i4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,*ild   
,,to ,,*oose ,,8 ,,p>5ts    #a    ,,ii4 
,,! ,,unborn ,,race ,,& ,,woman',s ,,"w 
#fc   ,,iii4 ,,education                
#ajf    ,,iv4 ,,homelessness            
#aia     ,v4 ,,s\l ,,murd] ,,9 ,,!      
,,s*ools                    #bjc        
,,vi4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,future      
#bcc   ,,vii4 ,,religi\s ,,in/ruction   
#bhd  ,,viii4 ,,*ild ,,lab\r ,,& ,,!    
,,crimes ,,( ,,*ildr5       #caf     ,! 
,c5tury ( ! ,*ild     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,!   
,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,,to ,,*oose ,,8    

,,p>5ts   ,fill$ ) sad memories or eag] 
hopes1 p wait$ = ! turn ( ! c5tury1 & z 
! clock /ruck twelve1 felt innum]able   
undef9$ =ebod+s4 ,!y felt t ! new c5tury
 w\ld c]ta9ly give !m only "o ?+1 peace4
 ,!y felt t ^? :o are lab\r+ to-day w\ld
 witness no new developm5t 9 t process (
 *ange to :i* !y _h consci\sly or       
unconsci\sly contribut$ _! quota4  ,!   
ev5ts at ! turn ( ! c5tury caus$ ! new  
c5tury to be repres5t$ z a small nak$   
*ild1 desc5d+ ^u ! e>?1 b draw+ himself 
back 9 t]ror at ! sight ( a _w bri/l+ ) 
weapons1 a _w 9 :i* = ! op5+ c5tury !re 
0 n an in* ( free gr\nd to set "o's foot
 ^u4 ,_m p ?\ght ov] ! significance (   
?is picture2 !y ?\ght h[ 9 economic & 9 
actual w>f>e all ! l[] passions ( man 7 
/ill ar\s$2 h[ despite all ! trem5d\s   
developm5t ( civilisation 9 ! c5tury j  
pass$1 man _h n yet succe$$ 9 giv+ to ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce nobl] =ms4 ,c]ta9ly to
 ! "q :y ?is /ill is s1 v diff]5t answ]s
 7 giv54 ,"s cont5t$ !mselves ) decl>+1 
aft] consid]ation1 t ?+s mu/ rema9 j z  

!y are1 s9ce human nature rema9s ! same2
 t hung]1 ! propagation ( ! race1 !     
desire = gold & p[]1 w always control ! 
c\rse ( ! _w4 ,o!rs aga9 7 conv9c$ t if 
! tea*+ :i* has tri$ 9 va9 = n9ete5     
hundr$ ye>s to trans=m ! c\rse ( ! _w   
c\ld "o day become a liv+ reality 9 !   
s\ls ( m51 swords w\ld be turn$ into    
prun+ hooks4  ,my conviction is j !     
opposite4 ,x is t no?+ w be diff]5t 9 ! 
mass except 9 s f> z human nature itself
 is trans=m$1 & t ?is trans=mation w    
take place1 n :5 ! :ole ( humanity      
becomes ,*ri/ian1 b :5 ! :ole ( humanity
 awak5s to ! consci\sness ( ! hol9ess ( 
g5]ation4 ,?is consci\sness w make !    
c5tral "w ( society ! new race1 its     
orig91 its managem5t1 & its education2  
ab\t ^! all morals1 all laws1 all social
 arrangem5ts w be gr\p$4 ,?is w =m !    
po9t ( view f :i* all o!r que/ions w be 
judg$1 all o!r regulations made4 ,up to 
n[ we h only he>d 9 academic spee*es & 9
 p$agogical essays t ! tra9+ ( y\? is ! 
highe/ function ( a nation4 ,9 reality1 

9 ! family1 9 ! s*ool1 & 9 ! /ate1 q o!r
 /&>ds are put 9 ! =egr\nd4  ,! new view
 ( ! hol9ess ( g5]ation w n be held by  
mank9d until x has s]i\sly ab&on$ !     
,*ri/ian po9t ( view & tak5 ! view1 born
 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ^: victory has be5   
fir/ =e%ad[$ 9 ! c5tury j complet$4  ,! 
?\ght ( developm5t n only ?r[s light on 
! c\rse ( ! _w t lies beh9d u1 cont9u$  
?r\gh millions ( ye>s1 ) its f9al &     
highe/ po9t 9 man2 x ?r[s light1 too1 on
 ! way we h to travel ov]2 x %[s u t we 
physically & psy*ically are ev] 9 !     
process ( becom+4 ,:ile e>li] days      
reg>d$ man z a fix$ ph5om5on1 9 8       
physical & psy*ical relations1 )        
qualities t might be p]fect$ b c\ld n be
 trans=m$1 x is n[ kn[n t he c re-create
 himself4 ,in/ead ( a fall5 man1 we see 
an incomplet$ man1 out ( :om1 by inf9ite
 modifications 9 an inf9ite space ( "t1 
a new be+ c come into exi/5ce4 ,almo/ e 
day br+s new in=mation ab\t hi!rto      
unsuspect$ possibilities2 tells u ( p[] 
ext5d$ physically or psy*ically4 ,we he>

 ( a clos] reciprocal action betwe5 !   
ext]nal & int]nal _w2 ( ! ma/]y ov]     
disease1 ( ! prolongation ( life & y\?2 
( increas$ insight into ! laws (        
physical & psy*ical orig9s4 ,p ev5 speak
 ( giv+ incurable bl9d m5 a new k9d (   
capacity ( sight1 ( be+ able to call    
back to life ! dead2 all ?is & mu* else 
:i* x mu/ be all[$ /ill belongs simply  
to ! region ( hypo!sis1 to :at psy*ical 
& physical inve/igators reckon among    
possibilities4 ,b !re are en\gh great   
results analys$ already to %[ t !       
trans=mations made by man be=e he became
 a human be+ are f> f be+ ! la/ ^w ( 8  
g5esis4 ,he :o decl>es to-day t human   
nature always rema9s ! same1 t is1      
rema9s j z x did 9 ^? petty ?\s&s ( ye>s
 9 :i* our race became consci\s (       
itself1 %[s 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t t he /&s 
on ! same level ( reflection z an       
i*?yosaurus ( ! ,jura p]iod1 t app>5tly 
_h n ev5 an intimation ( man z a        
possibility ( ! future4  ,b he :o kn[s t
 man has become :at he n[ is "u con/ant 

trans=mations1 recognises ! possibility 
( s influ5c+ 8 future developm5t t a    
high] type ( man w be produc$4 ,! human 
w is f\nd to be a decisive factor 9 !   
production ( ! high] types 9 ! _w (     
animal & plant life4 ,) :at conc]ns our 
own race1 ! improvem5t ( ! type ( man1 !
 ennobl+ ( ! human race1 ! accid5tal    
/ill prevails 9 bo? exalt$ & l[] =ms4 ,b
 civilisation %\ld make man consci\s (  
an end & responsible 9 all ^! sph]es :]e
 up to ! pres5t he has act$ only by     
impulse1 )\t responsibility4 ,9 no      
respect has culture rema9$ m backw>d ?an
 9 ^? ?+s :i* are decisive = ! =mation (
 a new & high] race ( mank9d4  ,x w take
 ! ?or\gh influ5ce ( ! sci5tific view ( 
humanity to re/ore ! full nave          
conviction1 belong+ to ! anci5t _w1 ( ! 
significance ( ! body4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod (
 antiquity1 9 ,socrates & ,plato1 ! s\l 
began to look d[n ^u ! body4 ,!         
,r5aissance tri$ to reconcile ! two b ! 
ef=t 0 un=tunately n s]i\s en\gh4       
,boldness x did n lack1 b its ef=t 0 n  

successful 9 c>ry+ out a task :i* ,goe! 
himself said mu/ be approa*$ bo? )      
boldness & ) s]i\s purpose4 ,only n[ t  
we "k h[ s\l & body toge!r build up or  
und]m9e "o ano!r1 p are beg9n+ to dem&  
aga9 a second high] innoc5ce 9 relation 
to ! hol9ess & ! rights ( ! body4  ,a   
,dani% writ] has %[n h[ ! ,mosaic ,sev5?
 ,comm&m5t s9ks back into no?+1 z soon z
 "o sees t m>riage is only an accid5tal 
social =m = ! liv+ toge!r ( two p1 :ile 
! e?ically decisive factor is ! way !y  
live toge!r4 ,9 morality !re is tak+    
place a g5]al displacem5t f objective   
laws ( direction & compulsion to !      
subjective basis f :i* actions proce$4  
,e?ics become an e?ic ( "*1 a matt]     
deal+ ) ! con/itution ( ! temp]am5t4 ,we
 dem&1 we =give1 or we judge accord+ to 
! inn] con/itution ( ! individual2 we d 
n readily call an action immoral :i*    
only 9 an ext]nal po9t ( view does n    
h>monise ) ! law or is oppos$ to ! law4 
,9 ea* p>ticul> case we decide accord+  
to ! inn] circum/ances ( ! individual4  

,apply+ ?is po9t ( view to m>riage1 we  
f9d 9 ! fir/ place t ?is =m (f]s no     
gu>antee t ! prop] disposition t[>ds !  
relation ( ! two sexes is pres5t4 ,?is c
 exi/ z well outside ( z )9 m>riage4 ,_m
 noble & e>ne/ human be+s pref] = _!    
relation ! fre] =m z ! m moral "o4 ,b z 
! result ( ?is1 ! significance ( !      
,sev5? ,comm&m5t is alt]$1 t /ates      
explicitly t e relation%ip ( sex outside
 ( m>riage is immoral4 ,p h comm5c$     
already to exp]im5t ) unions outside (  
m>riage4 ,p are look+ = new =ms = !     
common life betwe5 man & woman4 ,! :ole 
problem is be+ made ! subject ( debate4 
,9 ?is respect humanity occupies a field
 ( discov]y4 ,p are see+ m & m :at a    
complicat$ subject ! :ole relation ( sex
 is1 h[ full x is ( dang]s to ! happ9ess
 ( man4 ,new obs]vations are be+        
con/antly made bo? 9 reg>d to !         
significance ( ?is relation =           
individuals & = po/]ity4 ,to br+ light  
gradually into ?is *aos is supremely    
important = humanity1 & lit]ature %\ld  

!re=e h ! greate/ possible fre$om 9 ?is 
sph]e1--j ! opposite to ! t5d5cies ( !  
pres5t day t w\ld limit ?is fre$om4     
,:ile ,i fully agree ) :at has be5 said 
,i %\ld l to /ate t ! greate/ ob/acle to
 ! free discussion ( ?is !me is /ill !  
,*ri/ian way ( look+ at ! orig9 & nature
 ( man4 ,8 only possible escape f !     
results ( ! fall is made to consi/ 9 8  
belief 9 ,*ri/2 = ) ?is po9t ( view1 !re
 came into ,we/]n ,europe1 by means (   
,*ri/ianity1 ! op9ion t ev]y?+ conc]n+ !
 cont9uation ( ! race 0 impure2 to be   
suppress$ if possible1 & if ?is c\ld n  
be done1 t x mu/ at lea/ be veil$ 9     
sil5ce & obscurity4 ,= ,*ri/ianity1     
et]nal life1 n life 9 ! _w1 is ev] !    
significant factor4 ,! dualism ( exi/5ce
 x tries 9 ! fir/ place to remove by    
asceticism1 n by attempt+ to ennoble !  
life ( human impulses4 ,?is /&po9t /ill 
cont9ues to be popul> 9 our days1 z is  
%[n 9 its victories ?r\gh legislation   
direct$ aga9/ ! nude 9 art & 9          
lit]ature4  ,! ,*ri/ian way ( look+ at !

 relation ( ! sexes z some?+ ignoble1   
alone capable ( be+ made holy by        
indissoluble m>riage1 has _h great      
direct influ5ce on man's developm5t dur+
 a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,x has caus$       
progress 9 self-ma/]y1 :i* has elevat$ !
 life ( ! s\l4 ,mode/y1 dome/icity1     
s9c]ity1 h be5 promot$ by x2 ^! along ) 
innum]able o!r influ5ces h develop$ !   
impulse to love4 ,if ^! emotions        
disappe>$ f love1 x w\ld n be human1 b  
only animal4  ,b all[+ t ! individual   
love betwe5 e new pair ( human be+s     
always requires seclusion & res]ve2     
all[+ too t p]sonal mode/y always rema9s
 an a*ievem5t wr\ght by mank9d1         
diff]5tiat+ man f ! animal _w1 x is /ill
 true t ?is k9d ( spirituality1 :i*     
passes ov] 9 sil5ce & %ame all ! s]i\s  
que/ions connect$ ) ?is subject1 or     
treats !m z occasions = ambiguities     
call+ =? jok+ & blu%es1 mu/ be root$    
out4  ,ea* "o f e>lie/ *ildhood %\ld on 
e "q ask$ ab\t ?is subject receive hone/
 answ]s1 suitable = ! especial /age ( 8 

developm5t4 ,"o %\ld be 9 ?is way       
completely enlight5$ ab\t "o's own      
nature z man or woman1 & s acquire a    
deep feel+ ( responsibility 9 relation  
to "o's future duty z man or woman4 ,"o 
%\ld be tra9$ 9 habits ( e>ne/ ?\ght &  
e>ne/ speak+ on ?is subject4 ,9 ?is way 
alone c !re come into exi/5ce a high]   
type ( sex ) a high] type ( morality4   
,b at ! "t :5 ,bjo]ns5 9 ,?omas ,r5del5 
br\ght up ! "q ( tra9+ y\? to purity    
?r\gh intellig5ce ( nature's laws1 ,i   
object$ to 8 book on ! gr\nd t l !      
purity s]mons ( ,*ri/ianity 8 ef=ts 7 r 
direct$ to ! ma/]y ( natural impulses   
?an t[>ds _! ennoblem5t4 ,i %[$ t       
,bjo]ns5 c]ta9ly br\ght up two new po9ts
 ( view1 t ( bodily heal?1 & t ( !      
ennobl+ ( sex4 ,he did n1 z ,*ri/ianity 
does1 /ress ! spiritual & p]sonal side (
 ! "q4 ,^! new po9ts ( view ( 8 7       
significant1 because !y unit$ ! j egoism
 ( ! individual ) ! comb9+ altruism     
produc$ by ! feel+ ( solid>ity4 ,! great
 purpose ( ,bjo]ns5's book 0 to trans=m 

inh]it$ *>act]i/ics z !y are relat$ to  
man's attitude t[>ds morality4 ,s he    
propos$ to create a s\nd & happy new    
g5]ation1 9 :i* ! suff]+s ( pres5t day  
sexual discord %\ld be br\ght to an end4
 ,= ?is purpose he wi%$ ! collaboration 
( ! s*ools4 ,!y 7 to communicate ! k (  
human be+s z memb]s ( sex1 & to in/ruct 
_! s*ol>s h[1 z human be+s1 !y %\ld     
protect !mselves & _! po/]ity4  ,i      
object$ at t "t to ?is plan1 %[+ t !    
s*ool 0 n ! place to lay ! f\ndation =  
su* k4 ,x %\ld be sl[ly & c>efully      
communicat$ by ! "m h]self2 ! s*ool %\ld
 only give a !oretical basis4 ,m        
defective /ill1 ,i f\nd ! "q ( *a/ity   
h&l$ ess5tially & solely z a "q ( bodily
 purity1 z a negative n a positive      
ideal4 ,i ma9ta9 t only erotic idealism 
c\ld awak5 en?usiasm = *a/ity4 ,! basis 
= su* idealism mu/ be f\nd 9 /ories1    
hi/ory1 & belles-lettres4 ,in=mation    
d]iv$ f physiology is1 9 ?is respect1 v 
inadequate1 unless ! imag9ation & !     
feel+ are mov$ 9 ! same direction4      

,nei!r imag9ation nor feel+ c be help$  
by natural sci5ce & bodily ex]cises     
alone1 & j z little by ,*ri/ian religi\s
 in/ruction4  ,no1 we mu/ on ! basis (  
natural sci5ce atta91 9 a new] & nobl]  
=m1 ! :ole antique love = bodily /r5g? &
 beauty1 ! :ole antique rev]5ce = !     
div9e "* ( ! cont9uation ( ! race1      
comb9$ ) ! :ole mod]n consci\sness ( !  
s\lful happ9ess ( ideal love4 ,only s c 
! dem& = real *a/ity save mank9d f !    
torm5ts :i* sexual divisions &          
degradations n[ br+ ) !m4 ,x is pr(\ndly
 significant t 9 ! _w ( ! pa/1 div9ity 0
 associat$ ) woman on ! gr\nd (         
obs]vations conc]n+ ! cont9uation ( !   
race2 :ile 9 ,*ri/ianity1 woman became  
div9e z ! ,virg9 ,"m4 ,?r\gh hea!n &    
,*ri/ian ?\ght1 reunit$ & ennobl$1 !    
woman w receive a new ref]5ce = h]self z
 a sexual be+4 ,antique & mod]n love1 ! 
love ( ! s5ses & ! love ( s\l1 w1 unit$ 
& ennobl$1 induce human be+s1 m5 & wom5 
alike1 to adore aga9 ,eros !            
,all-p[]ful4  ,to dim9i% ! significance 

( love1 to oppose x z a l[]+ s5sualism1 
does n mean ! elevation ( mank9d2 x     
means1 on ! o!r h&1 work+ = its         
debasem5t4 ,= z l[]+ z sexual life w\ld 
be if x 7 cont9u$ 9 man accompani$ by a 
feel+ ( %ame z a *>act]i/ic ( animal    
life1 x w\ld be j ! same if x 7 reg>d$ z
 a degrad+ duty1 reluctantly c>ri$ out =
 ! pres]vation ( ! species4  ,antiquity 
/ood high] ?an ! pres5t day1 = example  
:5 ,lycurgus' laws ass]t$ t a p's /r5g? 
lies 9 ! brea/ ( bloom+ womanhood4      
,accord+ly 9 ,sp>ta1 ! physical         
developm5t ( ! woman 0 wat*$ ov] z well 
z ( ! man1 & ! age ( m>riage 0 det]m9$ )
 ref]5ce to a heal?y (fspr+4 ,high]1    
too1 /ood ,judaism 9 relation to !      
conception ( ! s]i\sness ( be>+ *ildr54 
,?is conviction express$ itself 9 !     
/ricte/ hygi5ic legislation kn[n to     
hi/ory4 ,jewi%1 l o!r ,ori5tal          
legislation1 dep5d$1 9 relation to      
sexual morality z 9 relation to diet1 on
 %>p-sight$ obs]vations ( natural law & 
disease4 ,! f\ndation to a new e?ic 9 ^!

 que/ions _c be laid1 until m5 beg9 )   
,old ,te/am5t %rewdness & ,old ,te/am5t 
s]i\sness to h&le ! life que/ions :i* ! 
idealism ( ,*ri/ianity has inde$        
spiritualis$ b at ! same "t debas$4     
,?is new e?ic w call no o!r common liv+ 
( man & woman immoral1 except t :i*     
gives occasion to a weak (fspr+1 &      
produces bad conditions = ! developm5t (
 _! (fspr+4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts on ?is    
subject w n be prescrib$ by ! f\nd]s (  
religion1 b by sci5ti/s4  ,up to !      
pres5t day1 p>tly z a result ( a p]v]t$ 
mode/y 9 su* ?+s1 sci5ce has only be5   
able to (f] incomplete obs]vations on ! 
physical & psy*ical conditions = !      
improvem5t ( ! human type 9 its actual  
g5esis4  ,ontog5y is really a new sci5ce
 9 our c5tury1 introduc$ by ,von        
,leeuw5hock1 de ,graaf1 & o!rs4 ,x 0    
f\nd$ 9 #ahbg1 by von ,ba]4 ,! diff]5ces
 ( op9ion & ! discov]y ( diff]5t !ories 
are v f> f be+ end$4 ,purely sci5tific  
po9ts ( view are be+ comb9$ ) social1   
physiological1 or e?ical ones4 ,x is    

ma9ta9$ t by *ang+ ! diet ( ! "m ! sex (
 ! *ild c be det]m9$4 ,attempts h be5   
made to %[ t ab\t ?ree fif?s ( all m5 ( 
g5ius 7 fir/-born *ildr54  ,p are /udy+ 
:at influ5ce ! age ( p>5ts has on !     
*ild2 extreme y\? ( p>5ts seems         
unfav\rable = ! (fspr+ z well z extreme 
age4 ,! fir/ *ild ( a too y\?ful "m is  
(t5 weak1 & besides ord9>ily ! joys (   
mo!rhood are n desir$1 because %e feels 
t physically & psy*ically a *ild is too 
great a burd5 to h]1 :o h]self is only a
 *ild4 ,! conditions ( a /rong1         
well-n\ri%$ (fspr+ require ! po/ponem5t 
( ! m>riage age = wom54 ,9 nor!rn       
c\ntries x %\ld be e/abli%$1 if n by law
 at lea/ by cu/om1 at ab\t tw5ty ye>s4  
,?is is all ! m necess>y because !n ! "y
 woman c h beh9d h] "s ye>s ( c>eless   
y\?ful joy1 an undi/urb$                
self-developm5t1 & w also h rea*$ !     
physical developm5t necess>y = mo!rhood4
 ,:ile tw5ty ye>s %\ld be reg>d$ z !    
e>lie/ p]iod ( m>riage x %\ld actually  
be (t5 po/pon$ "s ye>s /ill = ! well-be+

 ( ! woman1 ! man1 & ! *ildr51 & m>ri$  
life z a :ole1 9 :i* mo/ conflicts arise
 because wom5 h decid$ ab\t _! fate be=e
 _! p]sonality 0 def9itely =m$1 be=e _! 
he>t 0 able to f9d its *oice4 ,! love ( 
! man *ooses & ! "y girl (t5 confuses ! 
happ9ess ( be+ lov$ ) ! happ9ess ( lov+1
 an exp]i5ce :i* lat] on is gone ?r\gh 9
 a tragic way4 ,to ! _m que/ions :i* are
 relat$ to h]$ity & natural selection1  
belongs "o :i* notices ! significance ( 
nature's purpose to cause /rong         
opposites to ex]t ^u "o ano!r ! /ronge/ 
attraction4 ,?is attraction (t5 dur+    
m>ri$ life *anges into antipa?y2 x almo/
 results 9 impati5ce aga9/ ! *>act]i/ics
 :i* orig9ally _h s deep an attraction4 
,nature 9 ?is case seems to wi% to rea* 
its end ) ! greate/ lack ( consid]ation 
= ! happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,s (t5 !   
contradictions ( p>5ts seem really to be
 m\ld$ 9 full 9 ! *ild4 ,occasionally ^!
 contradictions are express$ z a deep   
discord1 b 9 bo? cases !re (t5 arises an
 exceptional be+4 ,to atta9 correct     

results 9 ?is case1 belongs to ! num]\s 
/ill op5 possibilities4  ,diff]5ces (   
op9ion are mo/ app>5t 9 ! !ory ( h]$ity1
 :]e !re is a /ruggle betwe5 ,d>w9's    
view1 t ev5 acquir$ *>act]i/ics are     
inh]it$1 & ,galton's & ,weissmann's     
conviction t ?is is n ! case4 ,9        
connection ) ?is /&s1 also1 ! "q ( !    
m>riage ( consangu9e\s relations2 "s    
reg>d ^! m>riages z dang]\s1 p] se1 = ! 
po/]ity2 o!rs only z dang]\s f ! po9t ( 
view t ! same family trait is (t5 f\nd 9
 bo? p>5ts1 & s becomes /rongly impress$
 on ! *ildr54 ,= example1 cong5ital     
%ortsight$ness ( bo? p>5ts develops into
 bl9dness ( ! *ildr51 _! /upidity       
becomes idiocy1 _! melan*oly1 insanity4 
,! ,occid5t has gradually aboli%$ !     
,ori5tal m>riage law to :i* ,moses gave 
validity1 :ile o!r ,ori5tal legislators1
 = example1 ,manes & ,mohamm$1 are /ill 
foll[$ to a great ext5t4 ,9 ,*9a1 too1  
simil> prohibitions h a b9d+ p[]4 ,"h & 
!re ! feel+ ( ! significance ( h]$ity   
has vaguely appe>$ 9 "s ,occid5tal      

writ]s4 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 l ,plato1       
requir$ a physical exam9ation be=e ent]+
 into m>riage4 ,x 0 n until ! n9ete5?   
c5tury t ! "q ( ! rights ( ! *ild 9 ?is 
respect began to be notic$4 ,x 0 ,rob]t 
,ow5 :o 9 "o way awak5$ ! g5]al "r feel+
 9 fav\r ( *ildr51 by inve/igations     
begun 9 #ahae4 ,!y %[$ t *ildr5 "u eight
 ye>s old 7 =c$ to "w by bl[s f lea!r   
:ips1 to "w f fifte5 to sixte5 h\rs a   
day1 ) ! result t a f\r? or fif? ( !m   
end$ z cripples4 ,ano!r ,engli%man1     
,mal?us1 publi%$ 9 #agih an essay on !  
,pr9ciple ( ,population1 & direct$ !    
att5tion ( society to ! conditions :i*  
_h caus$ him to write 8 "w4 ,he po9t$ to
 ! defici5cy ( food supply produc$ by   
ov]-population & ! ob/acles x (f]$ to   
legitimate m>riages4 ,aga91 ^!          
conditions1 he %[$1 result$ p>tly 9     
great mortality among *ildr51 p>tly 9 ! 
murd] ( *ildr54 ,mal?us saw !           
significance ( selection & ! dang] (    
deg5]ation4 ,) p]fect calmness (        
consci5ce he met ! /orm he _h evok$4    

,p]sonally a blameless & t5d] he>t$ man1
 ,mal?us1 z all o!r re=m]s ( moral      
ideas1 _h to all[ ! %ameless accusations
 ( corruption & immorality to pass ov] 8
 head4 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 :o advocat$    
,mal?us's views1 _h ! same exp]i5ce4 ,:5
 %e wrote h] novels on ?is subject %e   
knew v well to :at %e 0 expos+ h]self2 b
 ?is rem>kable woman1 :o di$ unm>ri$ &  
*ildless1 0 at an e>ly p]iod ( h] life  
fill$ ) a feel+ = ! hol9ess ( ! *ild4   
,:5 n9ete5 ye>s old1 at ! "t ( ! bir? ( 
a small si/]1 %e fell on h] knees &     
dev\tly ?ank$ ,god t %e _h be5 all[$ to 
be ! witness ( ! great wond] ( !        
developm5t ( ! human be+ f ! beg9n+4 ,! 
same feel+ caus$ h] 9 h] novels to      
exp\nd ! duty ( volunt>y limitation (   
population4 ,%e 0 pa9$ by ! ?\ght ( !   
fate endur$ by *ildr51 :5 !y 7 s num]\s 
t _! p>5ts 7 unable to ma9ta9 & educate 
!m4 ,?is "p ( ! subject ( ! "r ( ! *ild 
call$ =? 9 all c\ntries books = & aga9/ 
x4 ,ev]y:]e ! "q is discuss$4 ,i %all   
briefly h&le ! diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t  

o!r sides ( ! "r ( ! *ild4  ,9 ,francis 
,galton's celebrat$ "w1 ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1
 almo/ all has be5 said t is requir$    
to-day f ! po9t ( view ( ! improvem5t ( 
! race4 ,galton1 z e>ly z ! sev5ties1   
oppos$ ,d>w9's view t acquir$           
*>act]i/ics 7 inh]it$4 ,9 ?is respect he
 _h a fell[-*ampion 9 ! ,g]man          
,weissmann1 :o on 8 side 0 oppos$1 among
 o!rs1 by ! ,engli% ,d>w9ian ,romanes4  
,galton inv5t$ f a ,greek ^w a "n = !   
sci5ce ( ! amelioration ( ! race1       
,eug5ics4 ,he %[$ t civilis$ man1 s f> z
 c>e = ! amelioration ( ! race is       
conc]n$1 /&s on a mu* l[] plane ?an     
savages1 n to speak ( ,sp>ta :i* did n  
all[ ! weak1 ! too "y1 & ! too old to   
m>ry1 & :]e national pride 9 a pure     
race1 a /rong (fspr+1 0 s great t       
individuals 7 sacrific$ to ! atta9m5t ( 
?is end4 ,galton1 l ,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 ,a4  
,r4 ,wallace1 & o!rs1 has br\ght out !  
fact t ! law ( natural selection1 :i* 9 
! re/ ( nature has secur$ ! survival ( !
 fitte/1 is n applicable to human       

society1 :]e economic motives lead to   
unsuitable m>riages1 made possible by   
weal?4 ,pov]ty h9d]s suitable m>riages4 
,besides ! developm5t ( sympa?y has come
 into ! field z a factor :i* di/urbs    
natural selection4 ,! sympa?y ( love1   
*ooses accord+ to motives t c]ta9ly t5d 
to ! happ9ess ( ! individual1 b ?is does
 n mean t !y gu>antee ! improvem5t ( !  
race4 ,& :ile o!r writ]s hope = a       
volunt>y ab/95ce f m>riage 9 ^? cases1  
:]e an inf]ior (fspr+ is to be expect$1 
,galton1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 fav\r ( v    
/rict rules1 to h9d] inf]ior specim5s ( 
humanity f transmitt+ _! vices or       
diseases1 _! intellectual or physical   
weaknesses4 ,j because ,galton does n   
believe 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$        
*>act]i/ics1 selection has ! greate/    
significance = him4  ,on ! o!r side1 he 
advocates us+ all means to enc\rage su* 
m>riages1 :]e ! family on bo? sides     
gives promise ( di/+ui%$ (fspr+4 ,= him1
 z lat] = ,nietzs*e1 ! purpose ( m>ri$  
life is ! production ( /rong1 able      

p]sonalities4  ,galton makes x pla9 t   
civilis$ man1 by 8 sympa?y ) weak1      
ineffici5t individuals1 has help$ to    
cont9ue _! exi/5ce4 ,?is t5d5cy on its  
own side has less5$ ! possibility ( !   
effici5t individuals to cont9ue !       
species4 ,wallace1 too1 & sev]al o!rs1 h
 on diff]5t occasions decl>$ t m5 9     
relation to ?is "q mu/ h h>d] he>ts1 if 
! human race is n to become inf]ior4 ,! 
moral1 social1 & sympa!tic factors1 !y  
say1 :i* 9 humanity "w aga9/ ! law ( !  
survival ( ! fitte/1 & h made x possible
 = ! l[] type1 to cont9ue & to multiply 
9 excess1 mu/ give way to new po9ts (   
view :]e c]ta9 moral & social que/ions  
are conc]n$4 ,s ! natural law w be      
support$ by altruism1 in/ead ( z n[ be+ 
oppos$ by ?is s5tim5t4  ,sp5c]'s ?\ghts 
conta9 a great tru?4 ,!y h be5 quot$ 9 j
 ?is connection4 ,he says3 ,we see ! g]m
 ( _m ?+s t lat] on are develop$ 9 a way
 no "o n[ suspects4 ,pr(\nd             
trans=mations are work$ 9 society & its 
memb]s1 trans=mations :i* we c\ld n h   

hop$ = z imm$iate results1 b :i* we c\ld
 h look$ = 9 confid5ce z f9al           
consequ5ces4 ,! ef=t to f9d natural laws
 :i* cause racial progress or           
det]ioration is "o ( ^! g]m9al ideas4 ,z
 to sci5tific inve/igation 9 ?is field1 
we c apply ano!r maxim ( ! same ?9k]1 "o
 (t5 ov]look$ by sci5ce4 ,! passion to  
discov] tru? mu/ be accompani$ by !     
passion to use x = ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,b
 sci5ce mu/ really rea* univ]sally      
accept$ conclusions be=e we c expect    
humanity to beg9 s]i\sly its            
self-purification2 b x is c]ta9 to come 
!n4 ,:5 we read 9 e?nographical &       
sociological works :at re/rictions 9    
m>riage are impos$ by savage p on       
!mselves1 & religi\sly obey$ on ! gr\nd 
( sup]/iti\s prejudice1 we h a "r to    
hope t civilis$ m5 w "o day b[ be=e     
sci5tific pro(s4 ,?is hope is n too     
optimi/ic4  ,wallace pleads n = su*     
absolute regulations z ,galton1 9 ord]  
to prev5t ! m>riages ( ! less wor?y & to
 enc\rage ! m>riages ( ! sup]ior types (

 humanity4 ,he p]ceives t ! problem is  
trem5d\sly complicat$4 ,"o ?+ is1 t !   
p]sonal attraction ( love is extremely  
ess5tial f ! po9t ( view ( ! improvem5t 
( ! race4 ,if human be+s c\ld be br$ l  
prize cattle1 x is n likely t a sup]ior 
type ( humanity w\ld be produc$4 ,9 !   
,middle ,ages1 ! human race det]iorat$1 
,galton said1 because ! be/ fl$ to !    
mona/]ies & ! wor/ reproduc$ !mselves4  
,b if ,galton's /rict requirem5ts _h to 
be c>ri$ out 9 e case be=e a m>riage    
c\ld be all[$1 n only w\ld m>riage lose 
its deepe/ mean+1 b ! race also w\ld    
lose its noble/ inh]itance4  ,b ev5 ) a 
/rict limitation ( ,galton's pr9ciples &
 ) a wise limitation ( 8 requirem5ts1   
sci5ce has already %[n ! tru? ( s _m ( !
 fir/1 t ! significance ( ! la/1 tak5 z 
a :ole1 mu/ be grant$4 ,we "k t 9 !     
inh]it$ t5d5cies ( *ildr51 (t5 ano!r =m 
is tak5 f t :i* appe>s 9 _! p>5ts4 ,(   
?ree hundr$ idiots1 "o hundr$ & =ty-five
 _h alcoholic p>5ts4 ,epilepsy1 too1 is 
(t5 produc$ by ! same cause4 ,x is kn[n 

t app>5tly s\nd individuals are (t5     
attack$ at ! same age by a disease to   
:i* _! p>5ts 7 subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
!re are =tunately pro(s t individuals   
end[$ ) p[] ( w c resi/ c]ta9 dang]\s   
inh]it$ weaknesses4 ,9 ! discussion on  
?is subject1 x %\ld also be ju/ly br\ght
 out1 t x is possible = ! uns\nd t5d5cy 
( "o p>5t to be neutralis$ 9 ! case (   
*ildr51 by ! s\ndness ( ! o!r4 ,b ?is   
result1 z well z ! _m o!r que/ions      
involv$1 z ,i h %[n above1 are f> f be+ 
e/abli%$4  ,! "q z to ! inh]itance (    
m5tal diseases has be5 especially exam9$
 by ,maudsley4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 n]v\s &
 psy*ic diseases ( ! p>5ts (t5 *ange _! 
"* 9 ! *ildr54 ,he requires m$ical      
te/imony be=e m>riage1 & asks t !       
appe>ance ( m5tal diseases aft] m>riage 
%all =m a legitimate gr\nd = divorce4 ,&
 he hopes t a pure desc5t1 9 a new s5se 
( ! ^w1 w be z important = ! m>riages ( 
! future1 z = ari/ocratic m>riages 9    
e>ly times4 ,"o ( ,maudsley's /atem5ts  
is s int]e/+ t x %\ld be m5tion$ "h4    

,fa!rs1 he says1 :o h direct$ _! :ole   
en]gy t[>ds atta9m5t ( weal?1 h deg5]ate
 *ildr52 = ?is sort ( n]ve /ra9 und]m9es
 ! sy/em z infallibly z alcohol or      
opium4 ,if ?is /atem5t be true1 we w\ld 
add ano!r po9t ( view to ! _m already   
exi/5t1 t %[ h[ ho/ile to life is our   
be/ social ord]1 :i* aims at p[] & ga94 
,x proves h[ necess>y is t trans=mation 
( exi/5ce :i* w make "w & production    
s]ve a new end4 ,ea* man %\ld claim to  
live :olly1 broadly1 & 9 a way wor?y (  
humanity4 ,he %\ld be able to leave     
beh9d him a po/]ity provid$ ) all       
capacities = a simil> life4 ,:5 ?is day 
dawns p w reg>d1 z a t]rible atavism1 t 
expression on ! face ( a *ild1 :i* an   
arti/ ( ! pres5t day has pres]v$ 9 a    
picture ( a boy repres5t$ z a future    
millionaire4  ,i w m5tion n[ f lit]>y   
s\rces1 "s ( ,nietzs*e's "w on ?is      
subject4 ,al?\gh ?is au?or did n base 8 
ideas ( ! sup]man directly on ,d>w9's   
!ories1 yet !y are1 z ,br&es has lately 
%[n1 ! great consequ5ces ( ,d>w9ism1 t  

,d>w9 himself did n see4 ,9 no          
contempor>y 0 !re a /rong] conviction   
?an 9 ,nietzs*e t man z he n[ is1 is    
only a bridge1 only a transition betwe5 
! animal & ! sup]man4 ,9 connection )   
?is1 ,nietzs*e look$ ^u ! obligations ( 
man = ! amelioration ( ! race z s]i\sly 
z ,galton1 b he express$ 8 pr9ciples ) !
 p[] ( poetic & prophetic expression1 n 
) sci5tific pro(4  ,lit]ature on ?is    
subject is increas+ e day2 diff]5t      
op9ions press "o ano!r h>d4 ,z long z   
?is is ! case1 !re is e reason to obs]ve
 ! w>n+ ( ! ,g]man sociologi/ ,kurella1 
:o says t we mu/ reckon ) social z well 
z ) an?ropological factors if we wi% to 
prev5t ! deg5]ation ( ! human species4  
,a vital po9t 9 8 position is1 t x is a 
matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! ,d>w9ian !ory 
( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 
or its contr>y is victori\s4 ,! =m] is !
 !ory ( an un*angeable g]m plasm        
transmitt$ by ! p>5ts to ! *ildr52 s t  
bett] types c only orig9ate ?r\gh a new 
comb9ation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( fa!r & "m1 

& also by natural selection 9 ! /ruggle 
= exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ be c>eful be=e beg9n+
 to act 9 a social & political way on ! 
basis ( an?ropological motives4 ,he     
f9ally lays d[n ) p]fect ju/ice1 t !    
mat]ial to be ga!r$ f ! works ( ,sp5c]1 
,galton1 ,lombroso1 ,f]ri1 ,ribot1      
,lat\rneau1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,j4 ,b4   
,haycraft1 ,colajanni1 ,s]gi1 ,rit*ie1 &
 o!rs1 mu/ be sy/ematically work$ ov]4  
,! sociologi/ mu/ be zologi/1           
an?ropologi/1 & psy*ologi/ be=e 8 plans 
= civilis+ man1 & = elevat+ ! human race
 c\ld be c>ri$ out4  ,z to intellectual 
*>act]i/ics x has be5 ma9ta9$ t         
exceptionally gift$ m5 h mo/ly inh]it$  
_! *>act]i/ics f ! "m4 ,?is fact has 9  
our day1 s v mu* increas$ ! int]e/ tak5 
9 ! mo!rs ( fam\s m54 ,?is tru? is      
suppos$ to hold good = a son1 b if !    
daught] is gift$1 h] tal5t is held to   
come f ! fa!r4 ,ano!r & c]ta9ly a bett] 
f\nd$ ph5om5on seems to be ?is3 ,t :5 9 
a family *>act]i/ics f9d _! culm9ation 9
 a _w g5ius1 ?is g5ius ei!r rema9s      

*ildless or 8 *ildr5 are n only ord9>y1 
b (t5 insignificant4 ,x may be t nature 
has exhau/$ h] p[] ( production 9 ^!    
great p]sonalities1 or z is (t5 assum$1 
! creative p[] ( g5ius 9 an intellectual
 direction1 dim9i%es ! creative p[] 9 ! 
physical direction4  ,along ) ! "q (    
h]$ity /&s t ( ! developm5t ( races4 ,9 
! beg9n+ ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species ,d>w9 %[$
 h[ ess5tial pure desc5t is = !         
production ( a noble race4 ,?is !ory is 
appeal$ to by a mod]n anti-,semitic     
writ]1 :o repres5ts ! ,jew z a typical  
example ( pure race1 an idea :i* "o ( ! 
mo/ conspicu\s repres5tatives (         
,judaism1 ,disraeli1 has also express$ 9
 ! foll[+ words3 ,race is ev]y?+2 !re is
 no o!r tru?1 & e race :i* c>elessly    
all[s mix$ blood1 p]i%es4 ,yet o!r      
speciali/s consid] "s racial mixture z  
highly advantage\s to ! (fspr+4         
,pr(essor ,we/]m>k has (f]$ a good      
reason = ! significance atta*$ to beauty
 9 ! case ( love1 & !re=e its importance
 = ! race4 ,he has %[n h[ man has       

conceiv$ physical beauty to be ! full   
developm5t ( all ( ^? *>act]i/ics :i*   
di/+ui% ! human organism f ! animal1 &  
:i* m>k sex di/9ctions1 &1 mo/ ( all1   
race di/9ctions4 ,he ?9ks individuals ) 
^! *>act]i/ics are be/ suit$ = _! life  
"w4 ,accord+ly x is ! result ( natural  
selection t exactly ^? individuals are  
f\nd mo/ beautiful & are mo/ desir$1 :o 
fir/ z human be+s be/ fulfil ! g5]al    
dem&s ( ! human organism1 z sexual be+s 
fulfil ^? ( _! sex1 & z memb]s ( ! race 
are be/ suit$ to ! conditions :i*       
surr\nd !m4 ,9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ^?  
are ov]come1 :o are desc5d$ f human     
be+s1 ^: in/9cts ( love are direct$ to  
individuals badly adapt$ to t /ruggle2  
:ile ^? :o are victori\s are *ildr5     
happily s adapt$4 ,9 ?is way1 ta/e has  
develop$ by :i*1 :at is be/ adapt$ to   
environm5t appe>s z ! highe/ beauty4    
,?is is equival5t to heal?1 ! p[] to    
resi/ ! attacks ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,:ile e 
consid]able deviation f ! pure type 9   
sex & race1 has a less] degree (        

adaptability2 t is ( heal?1 & also (    
beauty4  ,ano!r writ] has us$ ! foot z  
an example ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! small1    
high-ar*$ foot ) ! f9e ankle is always1 
he says1 reg>d$ z ! mo/ beautiful4 ,b   
su* a foot is only comb9$ ) a f9e1      
/rong1 & ela/ic bony /ructure4 ,su* a   
foot besides has1 by its great          
ela/icity1 a consid]ably high] p[] (    
be>+ weight ?an ! flat foot4 ,!         
high-vault$ foot1 9 walk+ & jump+1      
increases ! activity ( ! lungs & ! he>t4
 ,?is aga9 makes ! walk ela/ic1 /rong1 &
 easy1 agile & /ately4 ,^! traits1 = !  
same reason z ! beauty ( ! foot itself1 
are look$ ^u z a racial sign4 ,?is      
physical p[] & ease influ5ce ! m9d1 &   
produce self-confid5ce1 & s increase !  
feel+ ( sup]iority & ! joy ( liv+1 m>ks 
( di/9ction 9 human be+s4  ,:e!r !      
illu/ration 9 ?is special case holds    
good or n1 x proves no?+ aga9/ ! tru? ( 
! !ory on :i* x re/s1 & :i* is gradually
 becom+ preval5t2 ! view ,i mean1       
accord+ to :i* s\ls & bodies are        

mutually develop$ ?r\gh adaptability to 
_! surr\nd+s4  ,s x is necess>y n only  
to inve/igate :at conditions give ! be/ 
selection1 b also :at ext]nal ones      
/r5g!n or weak5 ! *>act]i/ics f\nd 9    
natural selection4 ,we mu/ aga9 see !   
importance ( bodily ex]cise4 ,pa9ful    
exp]i5ces h taught u to prev5t !        
consequ5ces ( ov]/ra91 ov]-ex]tion 9    
competitive imbecility1 & mania = sport4
 ,su* results h specially %[n !mselves  
to be h>mful = wom5 9 respect to        
mo!rhood4 ,sport & play1 gymna/ics &    
p$e/rianism1 life 9 nature & 9 ! op5    
air1 a reg5]at$ sy/em ( danc+1 aft] !   
model ( ! ,sw$i% peasant dances1 w be   
mo/ excell5t bases = ! physical &       
psy*ical r5ewal ( ! new g5]ation4  ,9   
plans conc]n+ ?is r5ewal1 p h po9t$ to !
 influ5ce ( art2 x has be5 %[n h[       
,burne-,jones creat$ ! new ,engli% type 
( woman4 ,x 0 =m$ by an adaption to !   
quiet1 di/+ui%$ /yle1 by a process t w5t
 sl[ly on4 ,?is 0 ! type reg>d$ by him z
 ! model "o4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t we only ne$

 to see a pair ( "y ,engli% girls 9     
front ( "o ( 8 pictures1 9 ord] to      
notice h[ n only ! faces b ! expressions
 %[ a resemblance4 ,! arti/ has impress$
 8 trait on y\? be=e x 0 consci\s ( x4  
,be=e ^! =ms !y grew up1 !y h se5 !m 9  
_! picture books1 !y h be5 dress$ 9     
clo!s cut 9 ! fa%ion ( ! ma/]'s         
pictures4 ,!re is ano!r reason4 ,mo!rs (
 ! pres5t day are suppos$ to h pass$ on 
to _! *ildr5 ! ,burne-,jones type 9 !   
same way 9 :i* ! *>m ( ! ,greeks 0      
influ5c$ by ! beauty ( _! /atu>y4 ,9    
antiquity x 0 believ$1 ev5 9 o!r        
details1 7= example1 9 atta9+ !         
mu*-long$-= blonde hair7 t ?is end c\ld 
be secur$ by obs]v+ ! prop] directions4 
,z to ! significance ( ext]nal influ5ces
 ( ?is k9d on mo!rs1 !re is too little  
mat]ial /ill to build up conclusions4   
,on ?is po9t1 le>n$ m5 also disagree4 ,i
 h only1 !re=e1 incid5tally m5tion$ ?is 
factor among o!rs4 ,all %\ld be e/abli%$
 be=e we c get a f9al & c]ta9 insight   
into ! conditions ( human bir?4 ,9 !    

abs5ce ( sci5tific k ,i c only ref] to !
 lit]ature & compreh5sive inve/igations 
comm5c$ 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 t ?r[ light  
on ! riddle ( man's com+ into ! _w4 ,_m 
( ^! matt]s are /ill involv$ 9          
obscurity4 ,b man's _s is re/+ on !     
wat]s2 gradually a new creation w be    
call$ =? f !m4  ,9 connection ) ?is1 mu/
 be discuss$ ! developm5t ( new ideas ( 
law 9 ^! sph]es4 ,hea!n society 9 its   
h>dness1 expos$ weak or crippl$ *ildr54 
,*ri/ian society on ! o!r h&1 has gone s
 f> 9 its mildness1 t x prolongs ! life 
( ! *ild :o is incurably ill1 physically
 & psy*ically1 ev5 if he is mis%ap5 & s 
becomes an h\rly torm5t to himself & 8  
surr\nd+s4 ,yet respect = life is /ill n
 /rong en\gh 9 a social ord]1 :i* keeps 
up among o!r ?+s1 ! dea? p5alty & w>1 t 
"o c )\t dang] sugge/ ! ext9ction ( su* 
a life4 ,only :5 dea? is inflict$ ?r\gh 
compassion1 w ! humanity ( ! future %[  
itself 9 su* a way1 t ! doctor "u       
control & responsibility c pa9lessly    
ext+ui% su* suff]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is   

,*ri/ian society /ill ma9ta9s !         
di/9ction betwe5 legitimate *ildr5 & !  
*ildr5 ( s91 a di/9ction :i* m ?an any?+
 else has help$ to ob/ruct a real e?ical
 conception ( ! duties ( p>5ts4 ,e *ild 
has ! same rights 9 respect to bo? fa!r 
& "m4 ,bo? p>5ts h j ! same obligation  
to e *ild4 ,until ?is is recognis$ !re w
 be no basis = ! future morality ( !    
common life betwe5 man & woman4 ,"s day 
society w look ^u ! arrangem5ts ( ! love
 relation z ! private affair (          
responsible individuals4 ,^? :o are     
lov]s1 ^? :o are m>ri$ w reg>d !mselves 
z completely free1 & w also be s reg>d$4
 ,b9d+ promises 9 respect ( emotions1   
dem&s ( exclusive possession ov]        
p]sonality1 h already come to be reg>d$ 
by f9e feel+ & fully develop$ human be+s
 z a relic ( erotic s5tim5ts on a l[]   
plane4 ,^! s5tim5ts 7 ! outcome ( desire
 = ma/]y1 vanity1 cruelty1 & bl9d       
passion4 ,p are beg9n+ to see t p]fect  
fidelity is only to be obta9$ by p]fect 
fre$om2 t complete ex*ange (            

individuality c only take place 9 p]fect
 fre$om2 t complete excell5ce c only    
come into be+ 9 p]fect fre$om4 ,ea* mu/ 
cease to try to =ce & b5d ! emotions1   
op9ions1 habits1 & incl9ations ( ! o!r  
t[>ds him- or h]self4 ,ea* mu/ reg>d !  
cont9uance ( ! feel+ ( ! o!r z a        
happ9ess1 n z a "r4 ,ea* mu/ reg>d !    
possible cessation ( ?is feel+ z a pa91 
n z an inju/ice4 ,only 9 ?is way c !re  
arise betwe5 ! two s\ls su* pure1 full1 
fre$om t bo? c move ) absolute          
indep5d5ce1 & complete unity4  ,fre$om  
is no dang] to fidelity4 ,! k9d (       
fidelity requir$ by ! *ur* & by ! law   
has c]ta9ly be5 a notable means (       
education4 ,b ! me?od1 z x is1 is oppos$
 to ! end4 ,= x has produc$ ! feel+ (   
possession4 ,?is has l$ to loss (       
respect 9 ! wor%ip ( love4 ,!           
requirem5ts bas$ on =ce h awak5$        
ho/ility 9 s\l & s5se2 ! fe> ( public   
op9ion has produc$ all sorts ( di%one/y 
betwe5 man & wife1 betwe5 !m & ! _w4 ,:5
 ! bonds ( compulsion fall away feel+ w 

be /r5g!n$4 ,= :5 ! ext]nal supports (  
fidelity are want+1 ! p[] requir$ = x w 
come f ! inn] life4 ,al?\gh human be+s w
 be expos$ always to ! possibility (    
s]i\s mi/akes ab\t !mselves & ! object (
 _! love2 al?\gh "t c always *ange human
 be+s & _! emotions2 al?\gh1 ev5 9 a    
m>riage :i* has result$ f mutual love1  
conditions c arise :i* make ,nietzs*e's 
ideal legitimate1 t x is bett] to break 
up ! m>riage ?an to be brok5 up by x2   
yet on ! :ole fre$om w enc\rage         
fidelity1 :i* itself w always h a       
support ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( its          
psy*ological & e?ical value4  ,x is n   
?r\gh a s]ies ( lightly ent]$ into &    
lightly dissolv$ connections t "o is    
prep>$ = ! happ9ess ( great love4       
,volunt>y fidelity is a sign ( nobility1
 because x assumes ! w to conc5trate    
ab\t ! c5tre ( life's mean+2 because x  
signifies ! unity ) our own prop]       
inn]mo/ ego4 ,?is is z true ( fidelity 9
 love z ( all o!r k9ds ( fidelity4 ,only
 :5 love is ! practical religion ( !    

"w-day1 & ! devotion ( ! holiday1 :5 x  
is kept "u ! con/ant sup]vision ( ! s\l1
 :5 x br+s ) x a con/ant gr[?1 7:y %\ld 
n ! f9e old ^w sanctification be us$7 ( 
p]sonality1 is love great4 ,!n x comes  
into possession ( a high] "r ?an "s     
e>li] union1 because x !n means really  
fidelity & no?+ else t[>ds our own      
highe/ ego4 ,b :]e x does n h ?is "*1 x 
does n possess ?is "r4 ,x is !n a petty 
emotion ev5 :5 x is made p>donable by   
great passion4 ,! *ildr5 :i* issue f    
tempor>y unions are (t5 z imp]fect z _! 
orig94 ,great love is1 z a "y doctor    
once said1 only t :i* grips s deeply1 t 
aft] its loss "o no long] feels z a     
:ole1 b z a half ( a :ole4 ,yet nature  
has protect$ itself aga9/ annihilation  
by giv+ ! possibility ( love m ?an once4
 ,b :at nature's ideal is _c be d\bt$4  
,! race :i* w\ld come into exi/5ce1     
provid$ "y m5 & wom5 7 giv5 !           
possibility ( unit+ :5 ! fir/ love took 
possession ( !m1--t love :i* is !       
deepe/1--?is race w\ld be s\nd & /rong1 

diff]5t f :at our own race is n[4 ,b :5 
"y p love n[ !y seldom h ! means =      
union1 & :5 !y h ! means1 !n t :i* leads
 !m to ! m>riage union is n ! deepe/    
feel+ !y h ev] felt1 b only an impulse1 
:i*1 ev5 if real1 is /ill only a        
sub/itute4  ,su* a trans=mation ( !     
conditions ( society & ( ! individual   
view ( ! true wor? ( life w enable "y m5
 & wom51 betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & ?irty1 
to f\nd _! own home & "u simple         
conditions1 to secure _! happ9ess4 ,"h  
w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial f\ndations =
 ! orig9 ( a new race1 :i* w\ld h !     
anci5t feel+ = ! he>? z an alt>1 & w\ld 
h ! life ( love z ! s]vice ( a div9ity4 
,only ?r\gh su* a trans=mation might x  
be expect$ t ! deepe/ mis]y ( society1  
pro/itution1 c\ld be re/ra9$4 ,only aft]
 su* a trans=mation c\ld we ) full "r   
require f our y\? t self-ma/]y :i* is ! 
be/ pre-condition ( ! s\nd developm5t ( 
! new g5]ation4  ,z ?+s are at pres5t1 x
 is c]ta9 t j z !re are really immoral1 
unm>ri$ mo!rs1 s !re are o!rs deeply    

moral1 :o w\ld be mo!rs ) a great pure  
love to ! fa!r ( _! *ild1 b :o = v>i\s  
reasons %\ld n be unit$ ) !m 9 legal    
m>riage4 ,& ev5 if ! contraction (      
m>riage 7 simplifi$1 su* mo!rhood on !  
"p ( s+le wom51 %\ld cont9ue to exi/4   
,bjo]ns51 :5 he gave lectures 9 ,norway 
on sexual morality1 ma9ta9$ ! view t !  
woman :o wi%$ = mo!rhood1 b :o 0 n      
adapt$ 9 h] op9ion = m>riage1 %\ld be   
fully entitl$ to ! fir/1 )\t ! la/ be+  
reg>d$ z necess>y1 on condition t %e 0  
will+ to fulfil to ! *ild h] mat]nal    
duties4 ,?is idea c]ta9ly has a future4 
,9 ,g]many !re 0 a well-kn[n case 9 :i* 
a fully mature woman1 n a m]e girl1 saw 
%ortly aft] h] m>riage t ! temp]am5ts & 
conditions ( bo? p>ties to ! m>riage    
w\ld make x an unhapp9ess = bo?4 ,%e    
sep>at$1 !re=e1 br\ght h] *ild into ! _w
 unm>ri$1 educat$ x publicly & )        
self-sacrifice4 ,n[ %e has along ) !    
peace :i* comes f "w & ! happ9ess (     
mo!rhood1 ! possibility ( fulfill+ h]   
duty also z daught]1 :ile m>ri$ life    

w\ld h de/roy$ ?is = all p>ties4 ,?is is
 "o ( ! _m cases out ( ! great          
collection ( life1 t %[s h[ fooli% is t 
requirem5t ( society to press human     
nature1 9 its manifold types1 into "o   
m\ld1 ) a sph]e ( duty arrang$ 9 ! same 
way = all4  ,b ! sph]e ( duty1 an       
ev]-wid5+ "o1 is ! sph]e :i* embraces ! 
"r ( ! *ild4 ,yet its l9es w be drawn 9 
! future b\nd$ 9 q a diff]5t way f n[4  
,x w !n be look$ ^u z ! supreme "r ( !  
*ild t he %all n be born 9 a discordant 
m>riage4 ,above ev]y?+1 !re=e1 m>riage  
mu/ be free4 ,?is means t ! two p>ties c
 freely sep>ate aft] mutual agreem5t4 ,9
 ent]+ into m>riage & 9 dissolv+ x1 only
 c]ta9 duties t[>ds ! *ildr5 are to be  
assum$4 ,su* legal provisions might well
 be sup]flu\s ev5 9 ?is case2 9 o!rs1 !y
 might be important4 ,b 9 none are !y to
 become an ob/acle to ! developm5t ( ?is
 relation to ! *ildr54 ,on ! o!r h&1 !  
compulsory m>riage laws ( to-day1 z well
 9 relation to divorce z to ! gu>dian%ip
 giv5 ! man1 h become ob/acles to !     

high] developm5t ( ! common life ( man &
 woman4  ,! vigor\s draw+ toge!r ( !    
bonds ( m>riage w n protect *ildr5 f    
gr[+ up 9 a de/roy$ home4 ,?is          
protection w be secur$ by deep]         
e>ne/ness 9 ent]+ ^u m>riage1 b above   
all by a deep] s5se ( responsibility to 
! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,?is w make x        
possible = ! p>5ts :o see !mselves      
deceiv$ 9 _! m>ri$ happ9ess to keep a   
peaceful resignation1 a high "*1 z !y   
cont9ue to live toge!r1 if !y feel t ?is
 is ! be/ solution ( ! conflict1 = !    
*ildr5 :o are already born4 ,b ?is      
resolution does n mean ! cont9uance (   
real m>ri$ life1 b p>5?ood alone4 ,only 
s c x be really useful to ! *ildr5 t !  
m>riage %\ld n be dissolv$4 ,! p>5ts1 :o
 are pr(\ndly & f9ally ali5at$ mu/ n    
be/[ life on any new be+4  ,m>riages    
lightly ent]$ into are _m2 lightly ent]$
 into divorces are few1 at lea/ :]e !re 
are *ildr54 ,x is n ! prescriptions ( ! 
law1 b ^? ( blood :i* "w z a re/ra9+    
influ5ce "h ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,!     

decisive s5t5ce is n spok5 by society b 
by ! *ildr54 ,b ^! deep motives are j z 
decisive 9 ! case ( a free union z 9 !  
case ( a legal "o2 if ! fa!r or ! "m is 
only kept ) ! *ildr5 by compulsion1 !   
*ildr5 h n mu* to lose4 ,! important ?+ 
= unwritt5 duties1 duties :i* l>gely c n
 be det]m9$ by law1 is to awak5 !       
consci5ce ( fa!rs & mo!rs 9 ord] to     
create a bett] morality4 ,p]haps = ?is1 
new legislation is necess>y = ! pres5t4 
,c]ta9ly antiquat$ legal conceptions    
%\ld be done away )2 !y h done good duty
 z a pa/ tra9+ = morality4 ,n[ !y /& 9 !
 way ( ! high] morality4 ,! man or !    
woman :o plays ! rle ( s$uction1 spoil+ 
! life ( a "y woman or a "y man1 or     
di/urb+ ! peace ( a happy m>riage1 ?is  
type ( "*1 is be+ treat$ ) ev]-increas+ 
contempt4 ,! m "o le>ns to di/+ui% !    
he>tless play ( mascul9e or fem99e      
desire = conque/1 ! selfi% s\lless      
claims ( ! s5ses1 f ^? ( love1 ! m does 
! conception ( morality become equival5t
 to ! feel+ ( responsibility t[>ds ! new

 g5]ation4  ,! gratification ( natural  
impulses1 :i* act contr>y to ! real     
pr(\nd int5tion ( nature1 is :at de/roys
 individuals & peoples4 ,b z has be5    
said1 ^! deva/ations _c be successfully 
re/ra9$ by ! ext]m9ation ( man's mat]ial
 nature4  ,x is a fav\rable symptom :5 a
 poet opposes ! ma/]y ( mat]ial nature1 
ap>t f ! feel+ ( responsibility4 ,b x is
 h>mful :5 ?is s5su\sness is made1 z    
,tol/oi does1 equival5t to ! conception 
( love4 ,love mu/ n be debas$ to simple 
s5su\sness1 nor mu/ x be e!realis$ to a 
simple spiritual quality1 if ! human    
race is to be fre$ f ! debas+ ma/]y (   
impulse4 ,?is happ5s1 z ,i h (t5 %[n    
be=e1 & 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w z well1  
by ! elevation ( s5su\sness to love4 ,i 
mean by ?is t ! spiritual unity ( be+s1 
! indulg5ce ( t5d]ness1 ! sympa?y (     
s\ls1 ! community ( "w1 & ! happ9ess (  
comrade%ip1 w be z really decisive      
factors 9 ! l(ty emotions ( love1 & 9 ! 
*>m ( love1 z ! attraction ( ! s5ses4   
,?is weal? 9 ! elem5ts ( mutual dep5d5ce

 is :at keeps fidelity 9 love bo?       
inw>dly & outw>dly4 ,?is s(t curr5t ( ! 
s\l's dep?s keeps ! s5su\s *>m fre%2    
:ile m]e relation1 bo? legal m>riage &  
free union1 v soon exhau/s happ9ess &   
leaves beh9d ennui1 if love has conta9$ 
only s5su\s attraction1 & n t mutual    
feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 :i* involves ! union (
 ! s\l & ! s5se1 & :i* unites ! _s & !  
sympa?ies4  ,! duty & responsibility    
t[>ds ! *ildr5 w be all ! m /rict z     
society le>ns to reg>d x z "o ( its     
pr9cipal duties to h9d] all ?\ghtless & 
undes]v$ suff]+4  ,! morality ( ! future
 w n be f\nd 9 sacrific+ to ! hol9ess ( 
! family s-call$ illegitimate *ildr51 :o
 are (t5 by nature ri*ly end[$1 b :o by 
! prevail+ legal sy/em receive su*      
treatm5t1 t !y (t5 become :at !y are    
call$1 & s are fill$ ) v5geance aga9/   
society & ! p]v]se conceptions ( law ^: 
victims !y are4 ,*ild murd]1 phosphor\s 
poison+s1 angel-mak+--all ^! are        
connect$ ) ^! p]v]se legal ideas4 ,b all
 ( ^! results are /ill less p]nici\s ?an

 ^? :i* society draws ^u itself ?r\gh ^?
 disgrac$ *ildr51 :o g to ru9 n         
physically b psy*ically4 ,9 !m1 !re are 
n only frequ5tly good p[]s lo/1 b       
socially de/ructive p[]s develop$4 ,:5 !
 :ole ( ,europe %udd]$ ov] ! murd] ( !  
,empress ,elizabe?1 "o fact above e o!r 
seem$ to me t]rible4 ,! murd]] confess$1
 ,i "k no?+ ( my p>5ts4  ,! "t w come 9 
:i* ! *ild w be look$ ^u z holy1 ev5 :5 
! p>5ts !mselves h approa*$ ! my/]y (   
life ) pr(ane feel+s2 a "t 9 :i* all    
mo!rhood w be look$ ^u z holy1 if x is  
caus$ by a deep emotion ( love1 & if x  
has call$ =? deep feel+s ( duty4  ,!n ! 
*ild1 :o has receiv$ its life f s\nd1   
lov+ human be+s & has be5 aft]w>ds      
br\ght up wisely & lov+ly1 w be call$   
legitimate1 ev5 if its p>5ts h be5 unit$
 9 complete fre$om4 ,!n w ! *ild1 :o has
 be5 born 9 a loveless m>riage1 & has   
be5 burd5$ by ! fault ( its p>5ts )     
bodily or m5tal disease1 be reg>d$ z    
illegitimate1 ev5 if its p>5ts h be5    
unit$ 9 m>riage by ! ,pope at ,/4       

,pet]'s4 ,! %ad[ ( contempt w n fall on 
! unm>ri$ t5d] "m ( a radiantly heal?y  
*ild1 b on ! legitimate or illegitimate 
"m ( a be+ made deg5]ate by ! misde$s ( 
its =efa!rs4  ,9 a mu* discuss$ drama   
call$ ,! ,lion's ,:elp1 !re occurs !    
foll[+ dialogue betwe5 an old] & y\ng]  
man3        ,,! ,,old] ,,man3 ,! next   
c5tury w be ! c5tury ( ! *ild1      j z 
?is c5tury has be5 ! woman's c5tury4 ,:5
 ! *ild      gets 8 rights1 morality w  
be p]fect$4 ,!n e man w      "k t he is 
b\nd to ! life :i* he has produc$ ) o!r 
bonds1 ?an ^? impos$ by society & !     
laws4 ,y und]/&      t a man _c be      
releas$ f 8 duty z fa!r ev5 if he       
travels ar\nd ! _w2 a k+dom c be giv5 & 
tak5 away1      b n fa!rhood4       ,,! 
,,y\?3 ,i "k ?is4       ,,! ,,old]      
,,man3 ,b 9 ?is all righte\sness is /ill
 n      fulfill$--9 man's c>efully      
pres]v+ ! life :i* he has      call$    
into exi/5ce4 ,no man c e>ly en\gh ?9k  
ov] ! o!r      "q1 :e!r & :5 he has ! "r
 to call life into      exi/5ce4   ,?is 

dialogue has suppli$ me ) a title = ?is 
book4 ,x is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( my      
ass]tion1 t ! fir/ "r ( ! *ild is to    
select its own p>5ts4  ,:at "h mu/ be   
fir/ consid]$ is ! ?\ght con/antly be+  
br\ght out by ,d>w9ian writ]s1 t !      
natural sci5ces1 9 :i* mu/ n[ be numb]$ 
psy*ology1 %\ld be ! basis ( juri/ic    
sci5ce z well z ( p$agogy4 ,man mu/ come
 to le>n ! laws ( natural selection &   
act 9 ! _s ( ^! laws4 ,man mu/ arrange !
 puni%m5ts ( society 9 ! s]vice (       
developm5t2 !y mu/ be protective        
measures = natural selection4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place ?is mu/ be secur$ by h9d]+ !      
crim9al type f p]petuat+ itself4 ,!     
*>act]i/ics ( ?is type c only be det]m9$
 by speciali/s4 ,b ! crim9al mu/ be     
prev5t$ f h&+ on 8 *>act]i/ics to 8     
po/]ity4  ,s ! human race w be gradually
 fre$ f atavisms :i* reproduce l[] &    
prec$+ /ages ( developm5t4 ,?is is !    
fir/ condition ( t evolution by :i*     
mank9d w be able to let ! ape & tig]    
die4 ,!n comes ! requirem5t t ^? )      

inh]it$ physical or psy*ical diseases   
%all n transmit !m to an (fspr+4  ,z to 
?is type ( h]$ity op9ions are /ill v mu*
 divid$4 ,great au?orities are 9        
conflict ) "o ano!r on ! "q (           
tub]culosis4 ,"s cont5d t x is h]$it>y1 
o!rs decl>e t x is only transmitt$ by   
infection4 ,accord+ly :5 a *ild is born 
( a tub]cul\s "m1 & is tak5 away f h]1  
!re is no dang] = ! *ild4 ,views are    
also divid$ on ! subject ( canc]4       
,reg>d+ o!r diseases1 h[ev]1 !re is     
complete c]ta9ty4 ,legislation has      
already int]f]$ 9 ! case ( epilepsy1    
al?\gh ! law 9 practice is n always     
appli$4 ,b 9 ! case ( syphilis1         
alcoholism1 & _m k9ds ( n]v\s compla9ts1
 diseases :i* afflict *ildr5 mo/        
c]ta9ly1 9 v>i\s ways1 legislation has  
yet done no?+4  ,!re is an old axiom t  
we are oblig$ to ?ank our p>5ts = life4 
,our p>5ts1 ,i "k f my own exp]i5ce1 c  
!mselves h be5 ! heirs ( bodily & m5tal 
heal?1 result+ f ! fact t mat]nal &     
pat]nal ance/ors all made e>ly1 "r1 &   

happy m>riages4 ,b g5]ally1 p>5ts mu/ on
 _! "p1 ask ! *ildr5's p>don = !        
*ildr5's exi/5ce4  ,x makes no diff]5ce1
 :e!r we talk ) p sunk5 9 necessity or  
crime1 or ) ^? suff]+ f n]v\s & o!r     
diseases1 or f9ally ) p :o are          
spiritually maim$4 ,9 mo/ cases we are  
conv9c$ t ! ma9 cause ( _! condition z  
indicat$ by !m1 goes back to _! bir?1 or
 to ! "t ( _! *ildi% consci\sness4      
,sometimes _! p>5ts h be5 too "y or too 
old1 _! fa!rs or mo!rs invalids4        
,sometimes !y are ! (fspr+ (            
intemp]ance4 ,aga9 _! "m may h be5      
ov]burd5$ by ! torm5t ( "w1 or by a l>ge
 family ( *ildr52 or !y may h receiv$ _!
 life 9 m>riages conclud$ )\t love1 or  
aft] ! cessation ( love4 ,!y h be5      
unwelcome1 or born "u feel+s (          
revulsion1 be>+ 9 _! blood ! g]m (      
discord or disgu/ ( life4 ,num]\s       
abnormal t5d5cies1 among !m misan?ropy 9
 wom51 c be trac$ back to ^! causes4    
,f9ally !y h be5 br\ght up 9 a home :]e 
!y h suff]$ f ! burd5 ( bad examples1 or

 conflict+ influ5ces4  ,s /rong has !   
conviction ( ! mean+ ( h]$ity become t  
"y m51 :o h !mselves borne a burd51     
impos$ by g5]ations ( "o "* or ano!r1 h 
begun to see t x is _! duty r to ab/a9 f
 m>riage ?an to transmit _! un=tunate   
inh]it5ce to a new g5]ation4 ,i knew a  
woman 9 ^: family on h] fa!r's & "m's   
side1 m5tal disease 0 inh]it$4 ,!re=e1  
?\gh heal?y h]self1 %e refus$ to m>ry ! 
man %e lov$4 ,i "k ( ano!r :o broke h]  
engagem5t1 because %e 0 conv9c$ t ! man 
:om %e lov$ 0 a dr9k]1 & %e did n want  
to give h] *ildr5 su* a fa!r4 ,x is     
especially on ?is po9t t wom5 s9 9 m>ry+
 f ignorance1 because !y d n "k t       
epilepsy & o!r diseases1 especially     
alcoholism1 are (t5 caus$ because ! *ild
 has _h a drunk>d = a fa!r4 ,a "y woman 
c\ld h no m c]ta9 te/ = ! cont9uance (  
h] feel+s = a man1 ?an :e!r %e feels    
exalt$ joy or torm5t+ di/ress1 at !     
?\ght ( see+ 8 *>act]i/ics transmitt$ to
 _! *ild4  ,m5 s9 aga9/ ! com+ race n   
only by excessive dr9k+1 b 9 o!r        

respects :]e ! results are /ill m       
de/ructive4  ,besides ! consci5ce ( m5  
mu/ beg9 to awak54 ,?is w express itself
 p>tly 9 ! requirem5t to ab/a9 f m>riage
 :5 !y "k t !y h to transmit a bad      
inh]itance1 p>tly 9 o!r sph]es (        
morality z 9 ! foll[+ examples3  ,a "y  
man1 himself a physician1 ?\ght he 0    
heal?y :5 he m>ri$4 ,he discov]$ 8      
mi/ake & f\nd himself confront+ ! *oice 
( wrong+ 8 wife or sep>at+ f h]4 ,z !y 7
 deeply 9 love1 ! only possible way 0   
sep>ation4 ,he *ose dea? :i* he inflict$
 on himself 9 su* a way t 8 wife ?\ght x
 0 caus$ by accid5t4  ,ano!r man act$ 9 
! same way aft] he _h be5 m>ri$ sev]al  
ye>s & _h ?ree *ildr52 he f\nd out t he 
0 8 wife's half-bro!r4  ,b ^! incid5ts z
 ! "o be=e m5tion$1 :]e wom5 are        
conc]n$1 are notori\sly only isolat$    
examples4 ,x w require ! developm5t (   
sev]al g5]ations be=e x w be ! woman's  
in/9ct1 an irresi/ibly ma/]+ in/9ct1 to 
all[ no physically or psy*ically        
deg5]at$ or p]v]t$ man to become ! fa!r 

( h] *ildr54 ,! in/9ct ( ! man is f>    
/rong] 9 ?is direction1 b x is dull$ too
 by an antiquat$ legal conception1      
accord+ to :i* ! woman mu/ subject      
h]self z a duty to requirem5ts aga9/ :i*
 h] :ole be+ revolts4 ,9 ?is respect a  
woman has only "o duty1 an unmi/akable  
"o1 aga9/ :i* e transgression is a s91  
namely t ! new be+ to :i* %e gives life1
 mu/ be born 9 love & purity1 9 heal? & 
beauty1 9 full mutual h>mony1 9 a       
complete common w1 9 a complete common  
happ9ess4 ,until wom5 see ?is z a duty1 
! e>? w cont9ue to be peopl$ by be+s1 :o
 9 a mom5t ( _! exi/5ce h be5 robb$ ( ! 
be/ pre-conditions ( _! life's happ9ess 
& _! life's effici5cy4 ,occasionally !y 
%[ pla9ly at an e>ly age ! sign (       
deg5]ation or ( discord4 ,occasionally  
!y seem = a long "t to be heal?y &      
p[]ful specim5s ( humanity1 until 9 "s  
critical mom5t !y g to pieces ?r\gh an  
insuffici5t supply ( physical & psy*ical
 vitality caus$ by _! v orig94  ,z to   
m>riages betwe5 heal?y & active         

individuals1 legislation c d no?+4      
,e?ics alone c ex]t an influ5ce =       
bett]m5t4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be taught f _!    
e>lie/ ye>s ab\t _! exi/5ce & _! future 
duties z m5 & wom54 ,s mo!rs & fa!rs    
toge!r c impress on ! consci5ce ( !     
*ildr5 n any ab/ract conception (       
purity1 b ! concrete comm&m5t ( *a/ity 9
 lett]s ( fire4 ,s !y w keep _! heal?1  
_! attractiv5ess1 _! guilelessness1 = ! 
be+ !y are to love2 = ! *ildr5 :o f ?is 
love w receive _! life4  ,! impulse to  
pres]ve ! species1 x is true1 makes     
human be+s l[1 small1 or laughable2 z   
poets l ,maupassant1 ,tol/oi1 & o!rs h  
depict$ f q diff]5t po9ts ( view2 b x   
only does s :5 ! impulse appe>s )\t     
relation to ! end giv5 x 9 nature1 or :5
 ?is end is atta9$ )\t consid]ation = ! 
production ( an (fspr+ qualifi$ to live4
 ,! k9d ( love :i* di/urbs life is t :i*
 dim9i%es ! value ( an individual z a   
creator ( life4 ,?is type ( love really 
degrades human be+s1 is immoral f !     
/&po9t ( ! mod]n view1 :i* wills life to

 be1 b above all1 wills ! progress (    
life to ev] high] =ms4  ,"y p mu/ !re=e 
le>n to rev]5ce _! future duties4 ,^! !y
 altoge!r miss1 if !y squ&] _! spiritual
 & bodily obligations1 9 unions =m$ &   
dissolv$ ?\ghtlessly1 )\t any int5tion (
 fidelity1 )\t ! wor? ( responsibility4 
,b !y mu/ also "k t x is a /ill great]  
transgression ( _! duty if ! life ( a   
*ild is call$ =? ) cold he>ts & cold    
temp]1 :e!r ?is happ5s 9 a m>riage bas$ 
on worldly motives or "o ma9ta9$ on     
moral gr\nds 9 :i* ! previ\sly exi/+    
discord is transmitt$ to a new be+4     
,mo!rs made apa!tic & unresponsive1 by !
 consci\sness ( num]\s brea*es ( fai?1  
t[>ds _! y\?ful dreams1 _! ideal        
convictions1 are (t5 precisely ^?1 :o 9 
_! *ildr51 /ruggle aga9/ ! pure in/9cts 
( love1 its *a/e & /rong feel+s1 its    
high] aims4 ,!y (t5 tea* t love z a rule
 ends aft] m>riage1 t m>riages c be made
 )\t love4 ,?is is a process ( ?\ght    
resembl+ ! conclusion t a vessel c q    
well g into ! sea ) "s defect1 s9ce x is

 possible 9 any ev5t t x w be damag$4   
,!y speak ( ! impurity ( ! s5ses1 ( !   
advantages ( a m>riage bas$ on fri5d%ip 
& reason1 ( ! calm+ p[] ( duty4 ,all (  
^! are *illy processes ( reason by :i*  
s\ls1 fill$ ) ! w>m? ( life1 are kill$4 
,daught]s mu/ be help$ by _! mo!rs1     
wisely & delicately1 9 ord] to be       
protect$ f ha/y acts1 9 ord] to di/+ui% 
) op5 eyes1 :5 _! feel+s !mselves are   
unc]ta94 ,x mu/ be br&$ ^u _! s\ls & _! 
n]ves t !y w be fall5 be+s if !y give   
!mselves f o!r reasons ?an f reciprocat$
 love4 ,"u ^! convictions alone1 w !re  
be a great trans=mation ( pres5t e?ical 
/&>ds4 ,m5 ?9k t !y c d ) m>riage :at !y
 w2 t !y c ent] ^u x ) any k9d ( motive2
 !y ?9k t !y mu/ m>ry f feel+s ( duty1  
to fulfil "s giv5 engagem5t1 or to atone
 = "s fault2 t !y h ! "r to ent] ^u a   
m>riage )\t love because !y long = home 
life4 ,:ile ^! ?+s are reg>d$ z         
legitimate1 m5 /& on ! same e?ical level
 z ! p]son :o commits murd] because he  
has fir/ /ol51 or has /ol5 because he 0 

hungry4 ,! great crime aga9/ ! hol9ess (
 g5]ation is believ+ t "o c treat       
arbitr>ily1 ! mo/ s5sitive sph]e ( life1
 ! sph]e :]e innum]able secret influ5ces
 ord] ! de/9y ( a new g5]ation4  ,:ile  
*ildr5 cont9ue to be born 9 ! cold      
atmosph]e ( duty1 or 9 ! /ormy atmosph]e
 ( discord1 :ile p cont9ue to reg>d su* 
m>riages z moral1 :ile p c transmit to  
_! *ildr5 all k9ds ( intellectual       
mutilation & bodily uns\ndness1 & _!    
p>5ts cont9ue to be call$ honorable1 s  
long w ! _w be )\t ! slighte/ conception
 ( t morality :i* w m\ld ! new mank9d4  
,?is morality has /ill m exalt$         
precepts4 ,to-day x seldom happ5s t a "y
 girl ent]s m>riage 9 ignorance1 b 9 my 
g5]ation ,i "k cases :]e ! ignorance ( !
 bride result$ 9 insanity4 ,9 ano!r case
 ?is ignorance l$ to ?\ghts ( suicide2 9
 a ?ird1 ! *ild 0 reg>d$ ) coldness by  
its "m2 9 ! f\r?1 ! *ild _h abnormal    
psy*ic qualities4 ,/ill x is n suffici5t
 = ! ideal beauty ( m>riage & ! h>mony (
 ! *ild t ! woman kn[s 9 g5]al :at is   

be=e h]4 ,a "y man said once to me t mo/
 m>riages are spoilt at ! v beg9n+1     
because ! man br+s ) him ! po9t ( view &
 ! habits ( ^? degrad$ wom51 f :om he   
has receiv$ 8 initiation into love2     
frequ5tly he annihilates =ev] ! t5d]e/  
elem5t 9 8 relation to 8 wife4 ,he      
damages ! mo/ beautiful factor 9 _!     
mutual feel+s4 ,man mu/ le>n to h       
rev]5ce & pati5ce1 & ,i "k m5 :o h %[n  
^! *>act]i/ics really because !y saw t  
_! wives gave1 z is n unfrequ5tly !     
case1 _! s\ls & _! he>ts be=e _! s5ses 7
 awak5$4 ,only ! con/ant close          
association taught !m to desire a       
complet$ m>riage4 ,a *ild %\ld receive  
life only ?r\gh ?is common impulse4 ,_m 
*ildr5 are born1 z x is1 9 legalis$     
pro/itution1 9 legalis$ rape4 ,yet !re  
is want+ 9 ! consci5ces ( _m wom5 & m51 
! slighte/ %ad[ ( religi\s rev]5ce1 (   
/hetic feel+ be=e ! greate/ my/]y (     
exi/5ce4 ,& yet we cont9ue 9 ! "n (     
morality to veil = y\? ! nak$ness (     
nature & we neglect to inspire _! feel+ 

( devotion t[>ds _! own be+ z ! %r9e 9  
:i* ! my/]y ( life mu/ "s day be        
fulfill$4  ,9 ?is my/]y !re are /ill    
hidd5 fields only p5etrat$ by !         
intuition4 ,"h & !re a pr(\nd poet has  
surmis$ ! innum]able aff9ities or       
repulsions :i* "u *ang+ spiritual &     
mat]ial dispositions ) alt]+ op9ions1   
condition ! life ( love 9 mod]n human   
be+s1 ! my/ic influ5ces :i* sometimes   
=ev]1 sometimes p>tially1 c *ange !     
deepe/ feel+4 ,all ^! my/ic influ5ces1 !
 t5d] wo( ( all ^! f9e ?reads1 w !n be a
 "p ( ! liv+ fabric ( ! *ild4 ,^! secret
 processes expla9 ! great diff]5ces     
betwe5 *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts1--*ildr5 :o
 ext]nally are born & br\ght up 9 q     
simil> conditions4  ,9 all ^! prompt+s (
 in/9ct1 9 all ^! categorical imp]atives
 ( ! n]ves & ! blood1 human be+s mu/ be 
at ! same "t ob$i5t li/5]s & /rict      
ma/]s4 ,on ?is dep5ds ! future happ9ess 
( love1 & ) x a happi] future race4  ,! 
p ( to-day live "u inh]it$ morals &     
newly acquir$ transgressions ( morality4

 ,bo? mu/ be conqu]$ be=e s\l & s5se 9  
love c become insep>able1 or 9 o!r      
words1 be=e ?is unity is recognis$ z !  
only possible moral basis ( ! relation  
betwe5 man & woman4  ,tal5t$ m51 z well 
z "o-sid$ advocates ( wom5's rights1 ?9k
 t ! developm5t w take q a diff]5t      
c\rse1 aft] ! l[ impulse :i* is at !    
basis ( love has be5 laid b>e &         
sci5tifically analys$4 ,!y say t !      
sup]ior p]son w satisfy ! impulse       
%amelessly & animally1 )\t any emotional
 decoration2 or he w isolate himself f  
its influ5ce & devote to m noble        
purposes t vital p[]1 t emotional       
capacity1 :i* is n[ consum$ by love4    
,no?+ impossible is to be f\nd 9 ?is    
po9t ( view4 ,i h %[n m ?an once t woman
 by h] mat]nal functions1 uses up s mu* 
physical & psy*ical en]gy1 t 9 ! sph]e (
 intellectual production %e mu/ rema9 ( 
less significance4 ,:at ,i at an e>li]  
p]iod assum$ intuitively1 has be5       
sub/antiat$ s9ce !n by a speciali/4 ,a  
,f9ni% doctor has %[n h[ ! vital p[] (  

l[] organisms1 is conc5trat$ 9 sexual   
production4 ,b ! high] man goes1 s mu* m
 p[] is made free4 ,?is p[] :i* is n    
consum$ 9 ! production ( new g5]ations1 
c s]ve intellectual production4 ,ea* ( !
 two diff]5t productive expressions (   
human vital action mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t 
limit ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( ! o!r1 &   
re/rict its capacity ( "w4 ,! same writ]
 cont5ds t ?is is ! natural cause ( ! m 
limit$ f]tility ( civilis$ man1 & w be1 
accord+ to ! pessimi/s nam$ above1 !    
decisive factor 9 ! prophesi$ d[nfall ( 
love4  ,accord+ to my conception ( ! ^w1
 x is love on ! contr>y1 :i* w w9 !     
victory by ! relative weak5+ ( impulse1 
& by sci5tific analysis ( ! same4 ,m5 w 
no long] mi/ake impulse = love4 ,( c\rse
 ?is impulse is always pres5t 9 love1 b 
9 ! same way 9 :i* ! sculpture ( ! cave 
man is pres5t 9 ! "w ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 
,man w !n1 ) all ! p[]s ( 8 be+1 be able
 to love1 :5 love1 accord+ to ! happy   
expression ( ,?oreau1 is n a gl[1 b a   
light4 ,!n he w see = ! fir/ "t1 :at    

weal? life c h ?r\gh love1 :5 love      
becomes a happ9ess wor?y ( man because x
 becomes an /hetic creation1 a religi\s 
wor%ip2 :5 ! complet$ unity ( ^? :o love
 is express$ 9 a new be+1--a be+ t w "s 
day be really grateful = ! life x has   
receiv$4 ,:]e ! amelioration ( ! human  
race is conc]n$1 ! trans=mation ( cu/oms
 & feel+s is always ! ess5tial ?+4      
,influ5ce ( legislation 9 comp>ison ) x 
is ev] slight4 ,b z has be5 said be=e1  
legislation has its role to play4       
,especially :]e !re are diseases :i* c  
c]ta9ly be transmitt$1 society mu/      
int]f]e to re/rict m>riage4 ,9 ,g]many &
 ,am]ica a good proposal has be5 made1 =
 ! p]iod ( transition 9 ?is direction4  
,x is sugge/$ t ! law %all require z an 
obligatory condition = m>riage1 a       
c]tificate ( a m$ical witness ) complete
 data z to ! heal? ( bo? p>ties4 ,^? :o 
contract m>riage w cont9ue to h _!      
fre$om ( *oice b at lea/ !y w\ld n ent] 
ignorantly ^u m>riage z !y d n[1 &      
expose !mselves & _! *ildr5 to disa/r\s 

consequ5ces4 ,x appe>s to me to be at   
lea/ z important = society to h a m$ical
 c]tificate z to capacity = m>riage1 z x
 is = milit>y s]vice4 ,9 ! "o case1 we  
deal ) giv+ life1 9 ! o!r ) tak+ x away4
 ,& al?\gh ! latt] has c]ta9ly be51 up  
till n[1 reg>d$ z a m s]i\s occasion ?an
 ! =m]1 /ill an awak5+ social consci5ce 
%\ld dem& progress 9 ?is direction4 ,x  
is conceivable t f ?is beg9n+ new cu/oms
 w develop2 fur!r legislation may be    
disp5s$ )2 human be+s w agree to        
sacrifice ! mo/ dang]\s ( all lib]ties1 
giv+ life to a defective (fspr+1 :ile   
prohibition ( m>riage n[ w\ld n h9d]    
p>5?ood4 ,= ! great mass might cont9ue1 
outside ( m>riage1 to rob *ildr5 ( !    
possibilities ( heal? & happ9ess1 by    
burd5+ !m ) inh]it$ diseases or bad     
t5d5cies4  ,nietzs*e1 :o knew little (  
love because he knew no?+ ( woman1 & :o 
!re=e on ?is subject says little wor?y (
 att5tion1 has /ill spok5 m pr(\ndly on 
! subject ( p>5?ood ?an any contempor>y 
writ]4 ,he saw :at impurity1 :at pov]ty 

are conceal$ "u ! "n ( m>riage4 ,he saw 
h[ m]etrici\s1 h[ ignorant education is4
 ,9 8 writ+s are to be f\nd prophetical 
& poetical words describ+ ! end aim$ at 
9 p>5?ood1 & %[+ :at true p>5?ood %\ld  
be4        ,i w t ?y victory & ?y       
emancipation %all ye>n = a      *ild4   
,liv+ memorials %alt ?\ build = ?y      
victory1 & =      ?y emancipation4      
,?\ mu/ build upw>d to a height beyond  
?yself4 ,b fir/ ,i      w\ld h !e ?yself
 built ) a squ>e f\ndation1 body &      
s\l4       ,see t ?r\gh !e ! race       
progresses1 n cont9ues only4       ,let 
a true m>riage help !e to ?is end4      
,a m exalt$ be+ mu/ ?\ create1 a be+    
gift$ )      initiative l a :eel t turns
 itself4 ,a creative pr9ciple      %\ld/
 ?\ create4       ,m>riage3 ,i call     
m>riage ! w %>$ by two1 to create !     
"o1--! "o t is 9 itself m ?an its       
creators4 ,rev]5ce      = "o ano!r1 ,i  
call m>riage2 su* rev]5ce z is meet =   
^? ^: wills are unit$ 9 ?is "o act ( w4 
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,unborn ,,race ,,&   

,,woman',s ,,"w   ,!re are few factors 9
 ! life ( ! pres5t 9 :i* ! dualism      
betwe5 !ory & practice is great] & m    
unconsci\s ?an 9 que/ions conc]n+ woman4
 ,! protagoni/s ( ! fem9i/ movem5t are 9
 _m cases /urdily ,*ri/ian4 ,!y prote/ )
 vig\r aga9/ ! idea t !y c\ld h any %>e 
9 ! sort ( emancipation ( p]sonality t  
includes fre$om = all ! p[]s &          
activities ( ! p]sonality4              
,individualism1 & ! ass]tion ( self are 
= !m degrad+ words ) a s9ful            
significance4 ,t ! emancipation ( wom5  
is practically ! greate/ egoi/ic movem5t
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! mo/ int5se     
affirmation ( ! "r ( ! self t hi/ory has
 yet se51 !y h no suspicion4 ,fre$om = !
 p[]s & ! p]sonality ( woman h nev]     
appe>$ to !m except z an ideal /ruggle =
 ju/ice1 z a noble victory to be won4 ,9
 its deepe/ mean+ ?is is z true ( e o!r 
ef=t at self-affirmation1 ! end ( :i* is
 ! recognition ( ! "r ( human p]sonality
 to ! full developm5t ( capacities 9 a  
sph]e ( fre$om1 :]e responsibility      

belongs to ! self alone4 ,b j z e o!r   
su* affirmation ( ! individual self1 ( a
 class1 ( a race1 easily falls into an  
unju/ifiable egoism1 s ) ! emancipation 
( woman4  ,?is great1 deep1 s]i\s       
movem5t = woman's emancipation has 9 !  
c\rse ( "t receiv$ a new "n1 ! ,woman   
,"q4 ,! *ange 9 t]m9ology signifies a   
*ange 9 ! attitude ( ?\ght4 ,f a real   
emancipation movem5t1 t is1 a movem5t to
 free ! re/rict$ p[]s ( woman & h]      
re/rict$ p]sonality1 ! movem5t has      
become a "q1 a social in/itution )      
(fic]s1 a *ur* sy/em ) dogmas4 ,c]ta9ly 
we /ill he> 9 books & spee*es t ! woman 
"q is be+ discuss$ & urg$1 9 its        
relation to ! happ9ess & developm5t ( ! 
:ole ( humanity4 ,b 9 reality ! woman   
"q1 s9ce x became a fact1 a cause ) an  
end ( its own1 s9ce its *ampions h lo/ m
 & m _! appreciation ( its connection ) 
o!r great que/ions ( ! day1 is t5d+ to  
increase ! civil rights & ! fields (    
woman's lab\r4 ,9 bo? cases p really h !
 wom5 ( ! upp] classes 9 view4 ,?is has 

be5 ! end1 & x is ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ &    
ju/ifiable4 ,b1 9 /riv+ = ?is end1 ^? :o
 are aim+ at x h come m & m into        
opposition to ! fir/ & highe/ ( all     
rights1 ! rights ( ! individual woman to
 ?9k h] own ?\ghts1 to g h] own ways1   
ev5 :5 ^! ?\ghts & ^! ways foll[ o!r    
c\rses ?an ^? ( ! advocates ( woman's   
rights4 ,:ile ?is gr\p is1 on "o h&1 v  
f> f conc$+ to ! individual woman !     
fre$om :i* belongs to h]1 x is1 on ! o!r
 h&1 bl9d to ! results ( ! self-ass]tion
 ( ! :ole female sex4 ,9 tak+ up "w m & 
m ext]nal 9 "*1 !y are bl9d to ! pr(\nd 
& revolution>y effects ( ?is movem5t1 on
 ! conditions ( lab\r 9 ! pres5t day1 on
 ! exi/5ce ( man & ! family1 on society 
z a :ole4  ,do+ away ) an unju/ p>agraph
 9 a law :i* conc]ns woman1 turn+ a     
hundr$ wom5 into a field ( "w :]e only  
t5 7 occupi$ be=e1 giv+ "o woman "w :]e 
=m]ly n "o 0 employ$1--^! are !         
mile-/ones 9 ! l9e ( progress ( !       
woman's rights movem5t4 ,x is a l9e     
pursu$ )\t consid]ation ( fem99e        

capacities1 nature1 & environm5t4  ,!   
exclamation ( a woman's rights *ampion  
:5 ano!r woman _h become a but*]1 ,g ?\ 
& d likewise1 & an ,am]ican "y lady     
work+ z an execution]1 are1 9 ?is       
connection1 *>act]i/ic ph5om5a4  ,!     
emancipation ( woman has practically    
ceas$ to be ! fre$om :i* enl>ges s\l &  
he>t4 ,x is conduct$ q (ficially1 l a   
bus9ess1 & dogmatically1 too1 )\t feel+ 
= ! pulsat+ manifoldness ( life1 & has  
become an egoi/ic self-conc5trat$       
campaign4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i1 & _m o!rs (
 my g5]ation1 ) _m m ( ! y\ng] g5]ation1
 /& outside ( ! movem5t1 al?\gh we      
actively wi%$1 & /ill wi%1 = ! fre$om ( 
woman4 ,! *ampions ( woman's rights1 l !
 *ampions ( o!r movem5ts = rights1      
illu/rate ! tru? ( ! old ,sw$i% say+1 t 
:at we are pursu+ is really only a      
runaway horse atta*$ to our waggon4 ,h[ 
bl9dly ! fanatics ( woman's rights h    
ru%$ by ! o!r ne$s ( ! "t c be be/      
measur$ by consid]+ _! attitude t[>ds ! 
greate/ "q ( ! day--,i mean ! social "q4

  ,! old advocates ( woman's rights     
ma9ta9 t ! adult woman mu/ h ! same "r z
 ! adult man to protect h]self1 & !y ask
 :y ! woman is h9d]$ f work+ because %e 
is m>ri$1 or because %e has *ildr54     
,protective legislation drives woman f !
 factories & work%ops2 & ?is legislation
 is v f>1 !y tell u1 f m]it+ ! support (
 wom54 ,wom51 on ! contr>y1 !y say1 %\ld
 dem& ! same protective legislation =   
wom5 z = m54 ,!y ask = te*nical         
in/ruction & an ext5d$ field ( "w =     
wom54  ,?is :ole argum5t is q logical f 
! po9t ( view t limitation ( woman's    
lab\r is oppos$ to "o ( ! =emo/         
pr9ciples ( our "t1--! self-det]m9ation 
( ! individual4 ,?is implies ! "r ( !   
adult woman1 z well z ! adult man1 to   
*oose h] own "w4 ,privileges on ! gr\nd 
( sex only h9d] ! woman f be+ put on an 
equality ) man be=e ! law4  ,b all ^!   
argum5ts are bas$ on ! sophi/ical notion
 :i* p]v]ts ! :ole fem9i/ movem5t4 ,!   
idea is to free woman f ! limitations ( 
nature4 ,x involves1 too1 ! o!r         

sophi/ical notion ) :i* capitali/ic     
society meets e dem& ( protective       
legislation = m51 wom51 or *ildr54 ,su* 
legislation is said to be an int]f]5ce )
 ! individual's "r ( *oice4  ,e human   
be+ :o is socially alive is aw>e t ?is  
"r to control "o's life is ! emptie/    
phrase to describe reality 9 a society  
built up on a capitali/ic basis4 ,x is  
d\bly empty :]e woman is conc]n$4 ,i h  
nev] he>d a woman desire t woman %\ld   
fulfil milit>y duties z an equival5t =  
hav+ civil rights l man4 ,b ?is w\ld be 
! consequ5ce ( ! argum5t t woman %\ld h 
no privileges on ! gr\nd ( h] sex4 ,!   
greate/ privilege t c be ?\ght ( 9 mod]n
 society is to be sp>$ ! discom=ts &    
loss ( "t t come f milit>y tra9+1 to be 
exempt f ! dang]s & ! t]rors ( w>4 ,t   
wom5 are n absolutely incapable ( s]vice
 9 w>f>e1 wom5 h %[n on _m occasions1   
especially 9 ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,s :5 !        
advocates ( wom5's rights hesitate be=e 
?is extreme consequ5ce ( _! pr9ciple1 & 
introduce ! functions ( mo!rhood z a    

cog5t gr\nd = ! privilege ( be+ fre$ f  
milit>y s]vice 9 "t ( w> 7ev5 if wom5 at
 "s "t %\ld receive ! same civil rights 
n[ enjoy$ by man71 !y are 9 ! highe/    
degree illogical4 ,o!r wom5 ) m logic   
decl>e t on ano!r battle-field1 a /ill m
 de/ructive "o1 t ( ! factory sy/em1 !  
same mat]nal functions require c]ta9    
privileges = woman1 & ^! same functions 
mu/ result 9 subject+ h] to c]ta9       
limitations ( h] individual "r to       
control h] life4 ,t is1 %e _c pass      
beyond ! limits drawn by nature1 )\t    
int]f]+ ) ! rights ( ano!r1 ! pot5tial  
*ild4  ,x lies 9 ! individual sph]e (   
woman's *oice z ( man's *oice n to *oose
 m>riage1 or to desire x )\t p>5?ood2 & 
= exemption f ! latt]1 real altrui/ic z 
well z real egoi/ic reasons c be urg$4  
,x lies 9 ! individual *oice ( ! woman1 
z well z ( ! man1 to isolate h]self f   
:at may be reg>d$ z an ob/acle to h]    
individual developm5t1 or to h] fre$om (
 movem5t4 ,%e c d )\t love or mo!rhood1 
if ! "o or bo? ( ^! are reg>d$ f ?is    

po9t ( view4 ,woman has ! full "r to    
all[ h]self to be turn$ into a ?ird sex1
 ! sex ( ! work+ bees1 or ! sexless ant1
 provid$ %e f9ds 9 ?is h] highe/        
happ9ess4  ,a good :ile ago ,i 0 +5u\s  
en\gh to ma9ta9 t mo!rhood 0 ! c5tral   
factor ( exi/5ce = mo/ wom54 ,9 !       
discussion ( ?is "q ,i consid]$ sev]al  
facts3 woman's "w impos$ by necessity1  
woman's ambition /imulat$ by ! fre$om ( 
h] p[]1 woman's intellectual life       
modifi$ by _m o!r influ5ces (           
contempor>y ?\ght1--all ^! h =c$ !      
mat]nal in/9ct into ! backgr\nd = ! "t  
be+4 ,"h 0 a dang] :i*1 x seem$1 0 n too
 late to expose4 ,!re are wom5 9 :om !  
feel+ ( love is really & absolutely     
/unt$2 !re are o!rs :o d n f9d 9 mod]n  
man ! s\lful & pr(\nd h>mony 9 love t !y
 q rightly dem&2 !re are o!rs1 m num]\s1
 :o wi% = love b d n wi% = mo!rhood4 ,!y
 absolutely fe> x4 ,! fam\s ,g]man      
au?oress ,gabrielle ,reut] has spok5 (  
?is fe>1 ?is al>m ( mo!rhood cont9ually 
vigilant1 active1 plac+ woman 9 an      

attitude ( self-def5ce1--a fe> :i*      
to-day has tak5 possession ( s _m /r5u\s
 & creative wom54 ,! al>m1 ! av]sion1   
becomes s /rong1 s dom9ant 9 !m t "o    
might almo/ believe x a d>k p]v]se      
in/9ct1 :i*1 l all unnatural in/9cts1   
has be5 conceiv$ & born ?r\gh cruel     
necessities1 & ?r\gh ^! necessities has 
become ov]ma/]+4 ,x is z if a secret    
voice 9 ! dep?s ( _! nature 0 tell+ ^!  
wom5 t1 by pay+ _! tribute to _! sex1 !y
 w\ld lose t p[]1 brilliancy1 & %>pness 
( intellect by :i* !y h elevat$ !mselves
 above _! sex2 & p]haps c]ta9 k9ds (    
wom5 are "r 9 hav+ ?is fe>4  ,i am      
conv9c$1 j z ! ,g]man writ] is1 t e     
actual ph5om5on ( disease & ( heal?     
alike is a necess>y result f giv5       
causes2 & ,i am m conv9c$ ?an !         
advocates ( wom5's rights ev] 71 t x is 
9 ! sph]e ( human fre$om to *oose "o's  
own type ( developm5t1 happ9ess1 or ru94
 ,i am n incl9$ to say any?+ fur!r to ! 
wom5 :o d n desire mo!rhood4  ,x w\ld be
 v disa/r\s if ^! wom51 :o h nev] be5   

mov$ by t5d]ness :5 !y felt a s(t *ildi%
 h& 9 _! own1 :o h nev] long$ to surr5d]
 !mselves entirely to ano!r be+1 7 to   
become mo!rs4 ,_! *ildr5 w\ld be m      
un=tunate ?an !y !mselves4  ,_m wom5 l  
^! are to be f\nd to-day1 & if ?+s rema9
 z !y are1 !y are b\nd to increase 9    
numb]s4 ,9 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 ! mat]nal    
in/9ct is n dead1 b only dormant4 ,mod]n
 wom5 ) _! capacity = psy*ic analysis1 )
 _! physical & psy*ical ref9em5t1 are   
(t5 repell$ by ! crud5ess1 ! ignorance1 
or ! importunities ( man's nature4 ,!   
:ole factor ( love 9 ! be+ ( ^! wom5 is 
%rivell$ up z a bud t has nev] blossom$1
 & 9 en?usiasm = a duty1 or = a woman   
fri5d1 !y f9d an expression = t         
sacrifice ^: real aim !y d5y or ov]look1
 a some?+ :i* ends (t5 by av5g+ itself 9
 a tragic way4  ,i am simply insi/+ t e 
woman1 :o has n yet ceas$ to desire     
mo!rhood1 has duties z a girl1 & /ill m 
z a woman1 to ! unborn g5]ation f :i* %e
 _c free h]self )\t absolute selfi%ness4
 ,?is selfi%ness is (t5 disguis$ "u a   

great impulse1 an impulse :i*1 l t ( !  
pres]vation ( ! species1 ma/]s exi/5ce4 
,i mean ! impulse ( self-protection4 ,b 
x is j ?is t %\ld make ! obligatory     
egoism ( ! mod]n work+ woman appe> s    
t]rible to ^? :o are busi$ ) !          
emancipation ( woman4  ,to talk ( !     
fre$om ( woman1 ( h] individual "r to   
control h] actions1 :5 %e works l a bea/
 ( burd5 to rea* a m9imum ( exi/5ce1 to 
keep f dy+ ( />vation1 to talk ( !      
fre$om ( wom5 :]e conditions are su* t !
 free *oice ( "w1 = man z well z =      
woman1 is an empty phrase--to put x     
mildly1 x is s5seless4 ,i w ?r[ "s light
 on ! results ( fre$om by ! foll[+      
illu/ration3  ,:5 wom5 9 ,engl& work$ 9 
:ite lead factories1 sev5ty-sev5 wom5 7 
exam9$ 9 "o factory4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! "t   
cov]$ by ! inve/igation t !re 7 among   
?is numb] n9ety misc>riages1 tw5ty-sev5 
cases ( /ill-born *ildr52 beside1 =ty "y
 *ildr5 di$ ( convulsions produc$ by !  
poison+ ( _! mo!rs4 ,! effects ( ?is    
occupation 7 mo/ h>mful 9 ! case ( wom5 

f eighte5 to tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age4     
,lam5ess1 bl9dness1 & o!r infirmities   
result$ f ?is k9d ( "w4  ,an ,engli%    
doctor has %[n f exact inve/igations    
conduct$ dur+ a numb] ( ye>s1 t !       
enorm\s mortality among "y *ildr5 9     
factory di/ricts arises *iefly because !
 *ild is depriv$ ( a "m's c>e a few     
weeks aft] bir?4 ,a *ild ne$s its "m's  
milk at lea/ six mon?s1 & ! "m's milk _c
 be sub/itut$ by artificial means1 lea/ 
( all :5 ! sub/itutes are us$ )         
c>elessness4 ,9 c]ta9 textile factory   
di/ricts1 9 ,nott+ham1 = example1 :]e   
lace is produc$1 & :]e p h compla9$ ( ! 
law limit+ wom5's "w1 out ( ea* ?\s&    
*ildr51 two hundr$ die annually4        
,mortality 9 factory di/ricts is f\r to 
five times great] ?an 9 c\ntry di/ricts2
 & yet ! dea? ( *ildr5 is1 relatively   
speak+1 a less] evil4 ,m un=tunate /ill 
is x t ^? :o survive always suff] p>tial
 weakness f ! lack ( a "m's c>e at a    
t5d] age4  ,9 ,silesia1 :]e *ildr5 & q  
"y girls are employ$ 9 ! glass indu/ry1 

! "w has s di/ort$ _! bodily /ructure t 
:5 !y be> *ildr51 _! suff]+s are int5se4
 ,su* unique mat]ial d !y (f] = ! /udy (
 ob/etrics1 t doctors make pilgrimages  
to ,silesia to le>n f _! cases4  ,be=e  
wom5 h rea*$ maturity1 :5 !y c1 accord+ 
to ! advocates ( wom5's rights1 protect 
!mselves1 !y are ru9$ physically4 ,if x 
is said t ! facts m5tion$ above belong  
to ! "q ( ! protection ( *ildr51 n to t 
( ! protection ( wom51 ! answ] lies     
close at h&4 ,! physical & moral int]e/ 
( *ildr5 & ( wom5 are s mutually relat$1
 t !y _c be sep>at$4 ,crippl$ wom5 h    
*ildr5 :o are /unt$ at ! "t ( _! bir?4  
,! burd5 ( toil !y take up ) weak5$ p[] 
( resi/ance & !y transmit ?is weakness  
to _! (fspr+4 ,cause & effect are s     
intimately associat$ "h1 t !y _c be     
accurately apportion$ betwe5 ! "w ( wom5
 & ! "w ( *ildr54  ,ev5 ! advocates (   
wom5's rights mu/1 all[ t ! limit ( _!  
claims to "r is to be f\nd :]e ! "r (   
ano!r beg9s4 ,!y _c suppose t !         
individual "r ( ! woman to control h]   

life %\ld g s f> t a woman c\ld take a  
piece ( a neighb\r's prop]ty to lay out 
a g>d51 or use = an indu/rial s*eme a "p
 ( ! wat] p[] belong+ to "s "o else4  ,c
 !y n see t woman's individual fre$om is
 limit$ by ! rights ( ano!r1 by ! rights
 ( ! pot5tial *ild8 ,! pot5tial *ild has
 its own prop] rights1 its own vital    
p[]4 ,?is prop]ty1 ! woman has n ! "r to
 encroa* ^u 9 advance4  ,a woman1 :o f  
"o motive or ano!r1 great or small1     
p]man5tly keeps outside ( ! m>riage     
relation1 has complete "r to ru9 h]self 
by "w1 provid$ %e does n1 z a result ( s
 do+1 become a burd5 to o!rs ?r\gh      
incapacity4  ,b ! woman :o looks =w>d to
 mo!rhood z a possibility = h]self1 or !
 woman :o is expect+ to become a "m1    
%\ld n1 ?r\gh an unlimit$ am\nt (       
volunt>y "w or ( "w =c$ ^u h] contr>y to
 h] w1 sacrifice ! capacities = life &  
"w ( an unborn g5]ation1 9 su* a way t  
%e w br+ into ! _w weak1 invalid1 or    
physically incapable *ildr51 :o w lat]  
on be neglect$4  ,x does n occur to !   

dogmatic advocates ( wom5's rights t _! 
talk ab\t ! individual fre$om ( ! woman 
to control h] c>e]1 _! cont5tion t no   
limitation ne$ re/rict woman's p[] (    
decid+ h] own vocation1 because !y are  
m>ri$ or are mo!rs1 mean ! mo/ cry+     
injury1 n only to *ildr51 b to wom5     
!mselves4 ,= ! dem& ( equality1 :]e     
nature has made inequality1 br+s ab\t ! 
injury ( ! weak] factor4 ,equality is n 
ju/ice4 ,(t5 x is j ! opposite1 ! mo/   
absolute inju/ice4  ,! /ronge/ reason+ w
 n conv9ce ^? advocates ( wom5's rights 
:o discuss woman's lab\r f ! old-fa%ion$
 level ( individualism1 unaffect$ by !  
social feel+ ( solid>ity1 :i* is !      
solution (f]$ by our age4 ,b =tunately  
protective legislation does n dep5d on !
 wom5 :o advocate ! rights ( wom54 ,!   
work+m5's movem5t1 aid$ by wom5 & m5 (  
all classes :o are active 9 x1 w c>ry   
?r\gh ?is legislation4 ,! movem5t = !   
normal work+ day is /eadily ga9+ gr\nd4 
,exp]i5ce has %[n t1 because ( ! great] 
int5sity ( ! "w done1 j z mu* c be      

accompli%$ 9 a %ort] z 9 a long] "t4 ,! 
fir/ conc]n has be5 ! "w ( *ildr5 & (   
y\ng] adults4 ,! effect ( factory life  
on ! heal? ( wom5 !mselves1 z well z on 
_! *ildr51 has excit$ g5]al att5tion4 ,9
 ,engl& fir/1 !n 9 o!r ,european        
c\ntries1 x has become recognis$ z      
necess>y t a normal p]iod ( "w %\ld be  
laid d[n = wom5 z well4 ,! programme 0 &
 cont9ues to be ?reefold3--a maximum    
work+ "t = wom5's "w2 limitation1 or1   
bett] /ill1 ! cessation ( night "w on ! 
"p ( wom52 ! prev5tion1 too1 ( ! "w (   
wom5 9 m9es & 9 c]ta9 o!r indu/ries     
dang]\s to heal?2 f9ally ! protection ( 
wom5 :o are ab\t to become mo!rs4 ,9 mo/
 ,european c\ntries !re is n[ a maximum 
work+ "t fix$ at eight to elev5 h\rs4   
,night "w1 "w 9 m9es1 & extra "w1 is    
ei!r =bidd5 or consid]ably limit$1 & a  
re/ p]iod ( ?ree to eight weeks is      
e/abli%$ = wom5 at *ildbir?4  ,f all    
po9ts ( view1 an eight-h\r work+ day    
%\ld be ! highe/ limit = woman's "w4    
,!re are m reasons = x 9 h] case ?an =  

man's "w4 ,! eight-h\r day means n only 
= ! woman z = ! man ! possibility (     
enjoy+ h] life 9 p]man5t heal?2 x       
secures "t = improv+ recreation4 ,= !   
m>ri$ woman x is an indisp5sable        
requirem5t4 ,)\t x h] home _c be kept 9 
ord] & com=t1 h] *ildr5 _c be physically
 c>$ =2 )\t x %e is n able to co-op]ate 
9 _! education4 ,! normal work+ day is1 
!re=e1 m necess>y = ! woman ?an = ! man1
 because on h]1 r ?an on him1 comes !   
burd5 ( h\sehold "w4 ,! dang]s ( night  
"w1 z ( "w 9 m9es1 are f ! /&po9t (     
heal? & morality s pla91 t no fur!r     
reason ne$ be urg$ to def5d protective  
legislation 9 ?is case4  ,b n only !    
!oretical pr9ciples ( wom5's rights are 
urg$ aga9/ ?is legislation4 ,sociali/s z
 well z ! advocates ( wom5's rights are 
responsible = diff]5t objections ( a m  
solid "*4 ,x is urg$ t legislation w    
increase ! numb] ( unemploy$ wom5 :o1 9 
ord] to live1 w be =c$ into pro/itution1
 b x is =gott5 t ! same result comes f  
l[ wages 9 _m occupations1 & t ^! l[    

wages are caus$ by an ov]-supply ( work+
 wom54 ,x is said1 also1 t if protective
 legislation h9d]s or prev5ts wom5 f    
work+1 !y w n be able to c>e = _! *ildr5
 & ! *ildr5 w be employ$ 9 ! factory 9  
_! /ead4 ,! way out ( ! la/ difficulty  
is absolutely pla93 ! complete          
prohibition ( all "w by *ildr5 "u fifte5
 ye>s ( age4  ,x is urg$ also t if wom5 
are h9d]$ by legislation f fulfill+ !   
dem&s ( _! occupation1 ! result w be1 n 
t !y are protect$ 9 _! occupation1 b t !
 occupation is protect$ aga9/ !m4 ,!    
rem$y 9 ?is case is c]ta9ly difficult1 b
 n impossible to f9d4 ,let only ! t5? "p
 ( ! en]gy n[ us$ 9 agitation = ! free  
"r ( wom5 to lab\r be employ$ 9 prep>+  
wom5 = su* lab\r z !y are suit$ to      
und]take4 ,b ev5 :5 ?is _c be done      
protective legislation c>ries ) x its   
own corrective4 ,x is always urg$ t !   
occupation w be de/roy$ by protective   
legislation4 ,!n new me?ods & new ma*9es
 w be inv5t$ to replace *eap lab\r p[]4 
,^? :o are protect$ (t5 !mselves compla9

 t !y suff] economically "u protective  
legislation1 b a long exp]i5ce w %[ !m  
h[1 ?r\gh ! reciprocal effects ( all    
factors 9 production1 ! tempor>y        
failures w be balanc$4 ,a pot5t rem$y = 
?is effect ( protective legislation may 
be look$ = 9 ! ass]tion1 f\nd 9 !       
programmes ( all lab\r p>ties1 ( ! "r ( 
! unemploy$ to h "w1 & a fix$ m9imum    
wage4 ,^! dem&s along ) t = a normal    
work+ day1 9 :i* is includ$ re/ at night
 & re/ on ,sunday1 & o!r measures = !   
protection ( work+m5 aga9/ accid5t & old
 age1 are ! *ief me?ods by :i* ! lab\r  
"q1 bo? = m5 & wom51 w be solv$4 ,until 
^! aims are realis$ ,rusk9's judgm5t on 
mod]n indu/rialism :i* kills ! real     
humanity 9 man holds good bo? = m5 & =  
wom54 ,we make1 he says1 ev]y?+ except  
real m52 we blea* cotton2 we h>d5 &     
improve /eel2 we ref9e sug>2 we make    
porcela9 & pr9t books2 b to ref9e a s+le
 liv+ s\l1 to re=m x1 to improve x nev] 
ent]s into our reckon+ ( pr(it4  ,! wom5
 ( ! work+ classes mu/ cont9ue to endure

 ! suff]+1 to be> ! dang]s1 to subject  
!mselves to ! =ces :i* solid>ity 9 ?is  
great /ruggle implies4 ,only "u ^!      
conditions c m5 z well z wom5 elevate   
!mselves1 p>tly by _! own comb9ation1   
p>tly by ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple1 m & m 
com+ to be recognis$1 t society1 ?r\gh  
its legislation1 c det]m9e ! conditions 
"u :i* its memb]s "w4 ,s w be produc$   
conditions ( life & ( "w wor?y (        
mank9d1--a heal?i]1 /rong]1 & m         
beautiful race4 ,9 ?is ev] cont9u+      
progress e "p is relat$ to e o!r "p4    
,unorganis$1 ord9>y & !re=e badly paid  
"w1 done by woman1 dim9i%es ! wages (   
man & 8 opportunity ( "w4 ,"w 9 a       
factory unfits ! woman = ! conduct ( !  
h\sehold1 = h] duties z a "m4 ,9 !      
turmoil1 heat1 & ru% ( ! factory h]     
n]ves are de/roy$ & ) !m h] f9]         
emotions4 ,! woman loses n only ! "r h&1
 b also ! "r he>t = family life4 ,badly 
condition$ wom5 make m>riage m difficult
 = ! man2 ?r\gh celibacy1 8 mortality is
 increas$4 ,l[ wages1 or times ( lack ( 

employm5t1 cause bad dwell+s1 bad clo!s1
 & bad n\ri%m5t4 ,! tortur$ or          
ill-condition$ woman is n able to prep>e
 any?+ good ) ! small am\nt ( money :i* 
! man may e>n4 ,f all ( ?is come        
intemp]ance & disease4 ,?r\gh ^! causes1
 comb9$ ) ^? already not$1 ! population 
( factory di/ricts deg5]ates1 9         
republican ,switz]l&1 n less ?an 9      
absoluti/ic ,russia4  ,x is true t su*  
limitations ( "w 9 _m cases are felt1 z 
well by ! s+le woman z by ! family4 ,!  
re/riction ( *ild lab\r may br+ imm$iate
 discom=t4 ,b all ?is is a pass+ evil4  
,x c be correct$1 z soon z x is cle>ly  
se5 9 :at direction ! advance along all 
! l9e is be+ made4 ,?is k9d ( progress  
moves 9 zigzag fa%ion4 ,:at decides :e!r
 tempor>y limitation ( fre$om makes =   
progress or n is :e!r "o f9ds1 9 turn+ f
 ! individual1 or small gr\ps1 to !     
great :ole1 t ! la/ is ga9+1 t 9 !      
future1 fre$om & happ9ess = all w be    
increas$ by ?is tempor>y limitation (   
fre$om4  ,9 o!r relations ( life x is a 

j law t he :o goes into a game mu/ abide
 by its rules4 ,b ?is rule _c be appli$ 
to t v cruel game :i* we call life4 ,we 
d n g into x ( our own w4 ,*ildr5 h ! "r
 n to be oblig$ to suff] = ! mi/akes &  
errors ( _! p>5ts4 ,h[ ?is suff]+ c be  
be/ avoid$ 9 case ( an inh>moni\s       
m>riage mu/ be decid$ by ! diff]5t      
individuals1 z a "q belong+ to !m alone4
 ,z ,i h already %[n1 *ange ( cu/om 9   
relation to ! "t1 age1 & motives =      
m>riage is ! sure/ protection = !       
*ildr51 a protection t w gradually be   
ext5d$4 ,"u a s]i\s conviction ( woman's
 duty z a memb] ( h] sex1 x w be reg>d$ 
z a crime = a "y wife volunt>ily to     
ill-treat h] p]son1 ei!r by excessive   
/udy1 or excessive att5tion to sports1  
by tight-lac+1 or consumption ( sweets1 
by smok+ or ! use ( /imulants1 by sitt+ 
up at night1 excessive "w1 or by all !  
?\s& o!r ways by :i* ^! attractive      
simpletons s9 aga9/ nature1 until nature
 f9ally loses all pati5ce ) !m4  ,x mu/ 
be dem&$ ( ! laws ( society t !y h9d]   

involunt>y crimes ( unprotect$ wom5     
aga9/ _! fem99e nature4  ,?is is ! great
 "w ( woman's emancipation2 ev]y?+ else 
comp>$ ) x is non-ess5tial4 ,?r\gh _!   
failure to see ?is ! pres5t             
repres5tatives ( wom5's rights are work+
 aga9/ progress1 ?\gh !y !mselves apply 
! ^w reaction>y to all :o ass]t t ! only
 way by :i* ! woman "q z a :ole c be    
solv$ is ?r\gh ! social revolution4 ,9  
?is revolution protective legislation is
 an important factor4  ,accord+ to my   
me?od ( ?9k+1 & t ( _m o!rs1 n woman b !
 "m is ! mo/ preci\s possession ( !     
nation1 s preci\s t society advances its
 own highe/ well-be+ :5 x protects !    
functions ( ! "m4 ,^! functions are n   
limit$ to bir? nor to ! n\ri%m5t ( !    
*ild2 b !y g on dur+ ! :ole "t ( its    
tra9+4 ,i believe t 9 ! new society :]e 
all wom5 & m5 alike w be compell$ to "w 
7n *ildr51 n invalids1 & n ! ag$7 p w   
reg>d ! mat]nal function z s important =
 ! :ole social ord]1 t e "m "u fix$     
conditions1 subject to c]ta9 control1   

dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod1 & = a c]ta9 numb] ( 
*ildr51 w obta9 f society an all[ance = 
education4 ,%e w receive ?is dur+ ! "t 9
 :i* h] *ildr5 require all h] c>e1 :ile 
%e h]self is fre$ f "w outside ! home4  
,naturally ?is does n exclude ! case (  
mo!rs :o f "o or ano!r reason _c devote 
!mselves to ! c>e & tra9+ ( _! *ildr52  
!y c by _! own productive "w secure a   
sub/itute4 ,b = ! majority ( wom51 !    
proposal made above w\ld und\bt$ly be ! 
real solution ( _m problems :i* n[ seem 
insoluble4 ,i d n believe t social      
developm5t w ma9ta9 ! old ideal ( ! fa!r
 z ! "o :o takes c>e ( ! family4 ,i     
hope1 r1 t ! new conception ( hav+ e    
individual look aft] himself w ga9 m    
gr\nd4 ,! fa!r w !n be1 9 ! real s5se ( 
! ^w1 ! educator1 :5 ! c>e = ! ma9t5ance
 ( ! family does n press him d[n to !   
gr\nd4 ,a woman w !n1 z "m ( ! family1 n
 be 9 dep5d5ce on ! man1--a position %e 
feels z humiliat+1 if z a girl %e e>n$  
h] own liv+4 ,p are b\nd to return to   
?is new =m ( matri>*y1 :5 !y beg9 to    

consid] c>e ( ! new g5]ation1 z ! great 
bus9ess ! "m takes ov] = society4 ,dur+ 
its progress society mu/ gu>antee h]    
exi/5ce4 ,9 _m cases1 ! answ] ( ! m>ri$ 
woman :o works outside ! home w\ld be z 
foll[s3 ,t h] happ9ess w\ld consi/ 9    
quietly look+ aft] h] *ildr51 & 9 be+   
able to keep h\se1 b t %e mu/ h an      
income t w\ld make h] indep5d5t ( h]    
husb&4 ,a ,sw$i% ev5+ pap]1 ! special   
organ ( ! fem9i/ movem5t1 two ye>s ago  
/>t$ an inve/igation on ! productive "w 
( m>ri$ wom54 ,! answ]s1 contr>y to !   
expectations ( ! pap]1 7 ne>ly unanim\s 
9 %[+ :at dang]s = *ildr51 & :at        
int]f]5ce ) h\sehold com=t1 7 caus$ by !
 woman work+ outside ! home4 ,an        
imp>tial inve/igation ( ! causes ( !    
increas+ brutality ( ! "y w\ld %[       
c]ta9ly t ! rapid increase 9 crime 9    
sev]al c\ntries among ! "y is caus$     
p>tly by _! prematurely tak+ up         
productive "w1 & p>tly by e>ly lack (   
home life1 ! result ( ! "m work+ outside
 ! home4  ,if ! _w is agre$ t *ildr5 mu/

 /ill cont9ue to be born & t a home     
furni%es g5]ally ! be/ means = tra9+ !m 
dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( _! life1 ! pres5t    
consequ5ces ( woman's "w done outside ! 
home mu/ cause pessimism2 su* "w mu/ be 
/opp$4 ,aft] we h ?\ght ov] ! matt]1 x  
is pla9 t no?+ is n[ m ne$$ ?an su*     
plans ( social ord]1 su* programmes (   
education1 z w give ! "m back to h]     
*ildr5 & to h] home4  ,ev]y?+ t         
philan?ropy n[ does to heal ! injuri\s &
 dis9tegrat+ effects ( ! capitali/ic    
indu/rial sy/em is on ! :ole wa/$ p[]4  
,*ildr5's cr*es1 k9d]g>t5s1 provid+     
meals = *ildr51 hospitals1 vacation     
homes1 _c ) all _! noble ef=ts replace a
 hundr$? "p ( ! life en]gy1 tak5        
directly or indirectly f ! new g5]ation 
by wom5 work+ outside ! home4  ,!re are 
"s p :o expect ! problem ( dome/ic life 
to be solv$ by collective in/itutions   
:i* w take c>e ( ! *ildr51 & give !m    
meals4 ,j z brew+1 bak+1 slaught]+1 mak+
 c&les & clo!s1 h m & m ceas$ to be done
 9 ! home1 mu* ( ! "w :i* n[ absorbs !  

greate/ "p ( h\sehold activity1 cook+1  
wa%+1 m5d+ & clean+ clo!s1 w1 ,i firmly 
believe1 f9ally be done by collective   
ef=t1 by ! help ( electricity & ma*9es4 
,b ,i hope ! t5d5cy ( man t[>ds         
individualisation w ov]come ! t5d5cy    
t[>ds imp]sonal1 uni=m application ( p[]
 en masse1 9 ev]y?+ by :i* ! inn]mo/    
relations ( life & private habits are   
deeply affect$4 ,a /rong family life w1 
,i hope1 be reg>d$ z ! basis = true     
happ9ess & = ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 
,:5 wom5 are free f ! b>b>\s relics (   
pres5t me?ods ( h\sekeep+1--! m>ket     
basket1 ! kit*5 ut5sils1 ! scrubb+ bru% 
gone f e h\se1 electricity ev]y:]e      
spread+ w>m? & life1--!y w /ill be =c$  
to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w4 ,?is _c be     
avoid$ ev5 by ! help ( ! mo/ p]fect     
app>atus & by co-op]ative me?ods1       
provid$ ! h\se is n to be replac$ by !  
b>rack4 ,& s9ce ! cu/om ( keep+ s]vants 
w soon cease because1 probably1 !re w be
 no s]vants to keep1 all wom5 w be =c$  
to d h\sework1 or f9d ! rem$y already   

discov]$ 9 ,am]ica :]e bureaus supply   
dome/ic help = a fix$ "t = a fix$ price4
 ,9 ,london1 too1 !re is at pres5t a    
guild = g5]al h\sework]s :o are tra9$ = 
occupation & "w "u regul>ly e/abli%$    
conditions4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 n only wives b 
daught]s w be ne$$ = agricultural lab\r1
 :5 !re are no m hir$ lab\r]s to be _h4 
,?is w be a natural corrective aga9/ t  
pressure t[>ds outside fields ( lab\r1 t
 has tak5 ! daught]s 9 multitudes away f
 home1 & has cr[d$ & ov]fl[$ ! cities ) 
!m4  ,f9ally if we weigh ! economic loss
 occasion$ by ! fact t wom5 aft] five or
 t5 ye>s' prep>ation h to give up "w or 
/udy z a result ( m>riage1 x is easy to 
see t ! mod]n "w ( wom5 has _h results  
:i* mu/ soon lead to e>ne/ ?\ght1 9     
balanc+ up ! acc\nts = or aga9/ ! sy/em4
 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! woman h]self1 f ! 
*ildr5's po9t ( view1 f ! man's po9t (  
view1 & f9ally1 f ! productive po9t (   
view1 x has become pretty pla9 t society
 mu/ ei!r *ange ! conditions ( woman's  
lab\r or see a progressive dis9tegration

 9 home life4 ,society mu/ ei!r trans=m 
! conditions ( life & "w1 or x w witness
 ! deg5]ation ( ! sexes4  ,all          
philan?ropy--no age has se5 m ( x ?an   
our own--is only a sav\ry fumigation    
burn+ at ! m\? ( a sew]4 ,?is inc5se    
(f]+ makes ! air m endurable =          
pass]s-by1 b x does n h9d] ! infection 9
 ! sew] f spread+4  ,selfi%ness1 !      
in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 w p]haps end 
by =c+ ! lead]s ( society to direct _!  
actions f ! social po9t ( view4 ,!n !   
woman "q w become a "q ( humanity2 !n w 
its *ampions p]haps come to see t !re c 
be no endur+ good = ! woman1 if %e works
 "u conditions injuri\s to m5 & to      
*ildr54 ,x w be se5 t ! old axiom c be  
ju/ly appli$ to ! dem&s made 9 ! "n (   
woman's individuality2 supreme "r       
becomes supreme inju/ice4 ,ju/ice is n  
to be rea*$ by hav+ ! woman "w "u       
conditions :i* ru9 bo? h] & ! :ole      
g5]ation physically4 ,9 o!r respects %e 
mu/ be able to use h] free *oice1 & be  
educat$ en\gh to make good use ( x4     

,ju/ice consi/s 9 protect+ innum]able   
wom51 :o are n able z yet to protect    
!mselves1 aga9/ ! abuses ( :i* capital  
is guilty 9 employ+ _! lab\r p[]4  ,x is
 an in/ructive feature 9 ! hi/ory (     
class conflict1 & ( ! movem5t = wom5's  
progress1 t z wom5 began by driv+ m5 out
 ( c]ta9 fields ( lab\r1 s n[ unm>ri$   
wom5 try to =ce m>ri$ wom5 f ! lab\r    
m>ket4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e ev]y?+ goes at   
full spe$1 an association has be5 f\nd$ 
among unm>ri$ wom5 ) ?is int5tion4 ,^! &
 simil> ph5om5a belong to ! sy/em ( free
 competition1 ! creation ( ! lead+ ?\ght
 ( our "t1 ! "r ( ! individual to       
det]m9e 8 own vocation4 ,p]haps :5 ! w> 
( wom5 aga9/ wom5 becomes ! rule1 !     
wom5's rights wom5 w see t ! problem (  
woman's "w is m complicat$ ?an !y       
imag9e4 ,!y h cont9u$ to look at x till 
n[ only f ! po9t ( view ( a woman's "r  
to take c>e ( h]self4 ,p]haps !y w !n   
und]/& t individualism1 ap>t f ! feel+ (
 solid>ity1 leads to social conflict1   
class aga9/ class1 sex aga9/ sex1       

unm>ri$ aga9/ m>ri$1 "y aga9/ old4 ,s x 
w be se5 t only 9 ! trans=mation ( !    
:ole ( society c woman atta9 h] full    
rights )\t impair+1 ?r\gh h] advance1 ! 
rights ( o!rs4  ,! soon] ! wom5's rights
 p>ty und]/&s ?is1 ! bett]4 ,in/ead (   
fight+ protective legislation1 !y %\ld  
advocate x2 in/ead ( reg>d+ unions &    
/rikes ) disfav\r1 !y %\ld help lab\r+  
wom5 to organise unions1 & support      
/rikes :]e /rikes are ju/ifi$4  ,our    
c5tury1 :i* has op5$ up to wom5 new     
fields ( lab\r1 has made life v h>d = h]
 by =c+ h] 9 ! competitive /ruggle4 ,z  
wives1 z m>ri$ or unm>ri$ mo!rs1 z      
divorc$ wom51 z wid[s1 wom5 (t5 n only h
 ! burd5 ( _! own support to be>1 b !y h
 frequ5tly ! rle ( gu>dian ( a family1  
work+ = an invalid or intemp]ate husb&2 
= *ildr51 or si/]s1 or ag$ p>5ts4 ,^!   
wom51 :e!r !y belong to ^? :o lab\r ) ! 
bra9 or ) ! h&1 are worn out1 p>tly by  
e>n+ _! own liv+1 p>tly by h\sehold     
tasks4 ,:ile ! man goes f home to 8 "w1 
refre%$ by re/1 ! woman (t5 goes already

 tir$ out1 & %e comes back to ! h\se    
p]haps to "w at night4 ,x is z cle> z   
day t by s do+ %e loses h] bodily heal? 
& m5tal equanimity1 bo? ne$$ by h]      
*ildr54 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m work+ wom5  
despite all ?is h en\gh en]gy =         
intellectual ef=t 9 read+ & ?9k+4 ,!y   
soon see1 wom5 l ^!1 t an occupation is 
n emancipation4 ,! be/ t c be said is t 
x is only a means to emancipation4 ,^?  
:o "w ) _! h&s are n ! wor/ (f 9 ?is    
respect4 ,bookkeep]s1 telephone &       
telegraph op]ators1 po/-(fice employees1
 %op girls1 wait]s 9 public e/abli%m5ts1
 & s]vants 9 private h\ses1 :o mu/ (t5  
s]ve ! public /&+1 & :o are (t5 depriv$ 
( re/ at night & on ,sunday1 are        
practically lab\r's wor/ slaves4 ,:o c  
wond] if ! possible income obta9$ by an 
immoral life is reckon$ by ! employ]1 :5
 he secures = 8 e/abli%m5t1 at l[ wages1
 ! s]vices ( attractive "y girls8 ,small
 wond] x is t su* employees1 worri$ to  
dea? 9 %ops1 telephone bureaus1 po/ &   
telegraph (fices1 %\ld (t5 be driv5 to  

hy/]ia1 insanity1 & suicide4  ,!        
advocates ( wom5's rights are n bl9d to 
all ^! incongruities4 ,!y ask equal     
sal>ies = m5 & wom51 & claim1 (t5 )     
ju/ice1 & (t5 )\t1 t wom5's "w is too   
inadequately comp5sat$4 ,b !y d n see t 
!y h contribut$ to ! evil by con/antly  
urg+ wom5 to "w 9 all possible          
occupations1 & t a l[ rate ( wages & an 
ov]cr[d+ ( all fields ( lab\r is !      
result4 ,x is f> m necess>y to pay      
att5tion to ^! ?+s ?an to op5 up new    
fields ( lab\r to wom51 if _! vital     
en]gy is n to be dri$ up1 if !y are n to
 lose _! y\?ful fre%ness & attractiv5ess
 prematurely1 & _! possibilities =      
developm5t & happ9ess z human be+s1     
wives1 & mo!rs4  ,a loss ( fre$om       
accompli%$ gradually1 ?is is1 on ! :ole1
 ! sad result ( ! s-call$ emancipation (
 wom5 9 our c5tury1 if ! subject is     
look$ at broadly1 ap>t f ! few ?\s& wom5
 ( ! upp] classes 9 good pay+ positions4
 ,= sev]al decades1 ,i h felt /rongly   
aga9/ ! importance giv5 by ! advocates (

 wom5's rights to ! "w ( wom5 outside ( 
! home1 = ! reasons ,i h giv5 above4 ,i 
h appli$ to su* "w ! objection =mulat$  
by ,feu]ba* 9 ^! words3 ,m$iocrity      
always weighs correctly1 only its weight
 is false4  ,:]ev] we look1 9 ,europe or
 ,am]ica1 we f9d new & injuri\s results 
f ! new conditions1 f ! free activity ( 
wom5's "w ?r\gh ! developm5t ( indu/ry  
on a l>ge scale1 ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( 
home "w1 & ! gr[+ conviction on ! "p (  
wom5 t celibacy is ! ari/ocracy ( !     
future1 to quote ! words ( a di/+ui%$   
support] ( woman's rights4  ,yet x w\ld 
be fooli% to wi% a *ange 9 ^! unhappy   
results ?r\gh a reaction t w\ld aga9 rob
 ! woman ( h] ess5tial fre$om 9 relation
 to h] *oice ( "w1 & ! control ( h]     
life4  ,! l9e ( progress is t5d+ t[>ds a
 new society1 :]e all w be compell$ to  
"w & all w f9d "w2 :]e all w "w         
mod]ately "u heal?y conditions = an     
adequate wage4 ,!n nei!r ! unm>ri$ nor !
 m>ri$ woman w lose h] /r5g? by exhau/+ 
"w done to e>n a liv+1 or impair ! p[]s 

%e ne$s = mo!rhood4 ,if %e becomes a "m1
 9 mo/ cases %e w really rejoice at !   
possibility (f]$ to h] by society (     
work+ = society1 z a "m & an educator4  
,we are yet v f> f su* a society1 b e   
social regulation %\ld1 z we h said1 be 
te/$ z to :e!r x br+s u ne>] ?is ideal  
or leads u f>!r away f x4 ,! "q %\ld be 
ask$ :e!r ! direction ( ?\ght is        
enc\rag$ or re/rict$1 t w 9 ! end       
trans=m ev]y?+1 ! conviction ,i mean t  
economic production is "h 9 ! _w = !    
sake ( m51 n1 z n[1 m5 = ! sake (       
production2 t "w is to be done = ! sake 
( fre$om1 n1 z n[1 fre$om creat$ = !    
sake ( "w4  ,:5 ,i tri$ 9 my book call$ 
,! ,misuse ( ! ,p[] ( ,woman to urge    
wom5 to te/ ! consequ5ces ( ?is process1
 my !sis 0 z foll[s3 ,9 our programme ( 
civilisation1 we mu/ />t out ) !        
conviction t mo!rhood is some?+ ess5tial
 to ! nature ( woman & ! way 9 :i* %e   
c>ries out ?is pr(ession is ( value =   
society4 ,on ?is basis we mu/ alt] !    
conditions :i* m & m are robb+ woman ( !

 happ9ess ( mo!rhood & are robb+ *ildr5 
( ! c>e ( a "m4 ,or1 we mu/ beg9 ) !    
assumption t mo!rhood is n ess5tial3 !n 
ev]y?+ mu/ cont9ue to g on z x is go+ on
 n[1 & "w direct$ t[>ds ext]nal sph]es )
 its satisfaction 9 ! joy ( creation1 ( 
ambition1 ( ga91 ( enjoym5t1 (          
indep5d5ce1 w be m & m ! end t[>ds :i*  
wom5 w arrange _! plan ( life4 ,= ?is   
end !y w modify _! fundam5tal habits &  
rem\ld _! feel+s4 ,! nave belief t e    
woman1 :o has ! lib]ty to d s1 is foll[+
 h] own nature1 %[s a complete ignorance
 ( psy*ology & hi/ory4 ,"s ideal        
consid]$ wor? /riv+ =1 ! prevail+ view (
 a p]iod1 w obta9 supremacy ov] nature4 
,?is is %[n be/ 9 ! /unt$ feel+ (       
mo!rhood peculi> to ! eighte5? c5tury1  
by ! pla9 results ( m$ival asceticism4  
,by a new ideal innum]able wom5 are n[  
driv5 f a life direct$ inw>ds to a life 
direct$ outw>ds4  ,i am 9 fav\r ( real  
fre$om = woman2 t is1 ,i wi% h] to foll[
 h] own nature1 :e!r %e be an           
exceptional or an ord9>y woman4 ,b !    

op9ion held by ! fem99e advocates (     
woman's emancipation1 9 reg>d to !      
nature & ! aims ( ! ev]yday woman1 does 
viol5ce to ! real nature ( mo/ wom54 ,x 
is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable manife/ations ( 
! times t1 :ile wom5 prea* ab\t ! rights
 ( woman & h] w to "w & to act unre/ra9$
 by family ties1 m5 l ,ibs51 = example1 
9 ,:5 ,we ,dead ,p ,awake1 %[ t ! real  
,fall ( ,man 9 life is transgression ( !
 law ( love1 mean+ t man ?r\gh ?is      
transgression n only dim9i%es 8         
p]sonality1 b less5s 8 creative         
capacity4  ,x w\ld appe> z ?\gh m5 7    
approa*+ ! conception ( love once held  
by wom51 :ile wom5 7 beg9n+ to reg>d    
love z a petty episode 9 life comp>$ )  
:at are really its true conc]ns1 an     
episode :i* gives life ! col\r ( a      
s5sual1 s5tim5tal1 psy*ological1 or     
sportsmanlike adv5ture1 an episode :i*  
%e treats z a game :i* %e c get into1 & 
j z easily get out (4 ,f ?is new        
position 9 :i* extremes meet1 suff]+1   
previ\sly undream$ (1 mu/ arise4 ,su*   

results com+ to ! emancipat$ woman w ,i 
hope reveal to h] ! et]nal laws ( h] own
 be+1 laws f :i* %e _c be fre$ )\t      
de/roy+ h]self4  ,i w\ld n put !        
slighte/ h9drance1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( a   
s+le isolat$ woman pursu+ h] own pa?    
freely1 if x leads h] ev5 to ! mo/      
unusual =ms ( lab\r & attempts to make a
 liv+4 ,b = ! sake ( wom5 !mselves1 = ! 
sake ( *ildr51 = ! sake ( society1 ,i   
wi% m5 z well z wom5 to ?9k e>ne/ly ov] 
! pres5t position ( ?+s4 ,!y w see t 9 !
 ne> future1 "o ( two ?+s mu/ be *os54  
,ei!r !re mu/ be su* a trans=mation ( ! 
way 9 :i* mod]n society ?9ks & works t !
 majority ( wom5 w be re/or$ to         
mo!rhood1 or ! dis9tegration ( ! home & 
! sub/itution ( g5]al in/itutions w     
inevitably result4 ,!re is no           
alt]native4  ,und\bt$ly x requir$ ! :ole
 egoi/ic self-ass]tion ( woman1 all h]  
ef=ts t[>ds individuality1 h] tempor>y  
sep>ation f home & f family1 h]         
indep5d5t ef=ts to make a liv+ to       
conv9ce man & society ( ! foll[+ tru?s3 

t woman is n solely a sexual be+1 n     
solely dep5d5t on man1 ! home & !       
family1 no matt] 9 :at =m ^! may exi/4  
,only 9 ?is way c\ld woman fulfil h]    
de/9y z wife & "m ) really free *oice4  
,only 9 ?is way c\ld %e secure ! "r (   
be+ reg>d$ z man's intellectual equal 9 
! field ( ! home & ! family1 !          
recognition t 9 h] way %e 0 j z complete
 a be+ z he4  ,b x is cle> t ?is fragm5t
 ( fem99e egoism mu/ h a fur!r          
consequ5ce4 ,) ! rights ( sex ! feel+ ( 
solid>ity mu/ be awak5$4 ,! woman mu/   
see t h] emancipat$ & develop$ human    
p]sonality w lead to ?is solid>ity by ! 
realisation ( h] especial vocation z    
woman4 ,wom5 9 p>liam5t & 9 j\rnalism1  
_! repres5tation 9 ! local & g5]al      
gov]nm5t1 9 peace congress & 9 work+m5's
 meet+s1 sci5ce & lit]ature1 all ?is w  
produce small results until wom5 realise
 t ! trans=mation ( society beg9s ) !   
unborn *ild1 ) ! conditions = its com+  
into exi/5ce1 its physical & psy*ical   
tra9+4 ,x mu/ be ! g5]al conviction t ! 

new in/9cts1 ! new feel+s1 ! new ?\ghts1
 ! new ideas1 :i* mo!rs & fa!rs pass on 
into ! fle% & blood ( _! *ildr51 w      
trans=m exi/5ce4 ,:51 aft] _m successive
 g5]ations1 ! new spiritual k+dom ( ?is 
_w has aris51 !re w come into be+ ^!    
great] ideas ?r\gh :i* life may be      
r5ew$4  ,until t "t secul> misde$s1     
political inju/ice1 economic            
/ruggles1--all ^! socially de/ructive   
abuses w g on f g5]ation to g5]ation4   
,mank9d rema9s ! same ?\gh its acts may 
take diff]5t %apes4 ,?9k]s w always f9d 
new ideas1 s*ol>s new me?ods & sy/ems1  
arti/s new /hetic creations1 b on ! :ole
 ev]y?+ mu/ rema9 ! same4 ,only :5 woman
 he$s ! message :i* life proclaims to   
h]1 t1 ?r\gh h]1 salvation mu/ come--w !
 face ( ! e>? be r5ew$4 ,oratorical talk
 ( ! high task ( mo!rs & ( ! great      
pr(ession ( education are empty phrases1
 until we see t ! possibility ( humanity
 & civilisation w9n+ "s day ! victory   
ov] savag]y dep5ds on ! physiological & 
psy*ological trans=mation ( man's       

nature4 ,?is trans=mation requires an   
entirely new conception ( ! vocation (  
"m1 a trem5d\s ef=t ( w1 cont9u\s       
inspiration4 ,^? :o believe !y c fulfil 
_! duties z mo!rs & at ! same "t c      
accompli% o!r valuable "w h nev] made ! 
exp]im5t ( education4 ,! long cont9u$   
habit ( alt]nately c>ess+ & /rik+ "o's  
*ildr5 is n education4 ,x ne$s trem5d\s 
p[] to d "o's duty to a s+le *ild4 ,?is 
by no means signifies giv+ up to ! *ild 
e h\r ( "o's "t1 b x does mean t our s\l
 is to be fill$ by ! *ild1 j z ! man (  
sci5ce is possess$ by 8 inve/igations & 
! arti/ by 8 "w4 ,! *ild %\ld be 9 "o's 
?\ghts :5 "o is sitt+ at home or walk+  
along ! road1 :5 "o is ly+ d[n or :5 "o 
is /&+ up4 ,?is devotion1 mu* m ?an !   
h\rs imm$iately giv5 to "o's *ildr51 is 
! absorb+ ?+2 ! occupation :i* makes an 
e>ne/ "m always g to any ext]nal        
activity ) divid$ s\l & dissipat$ en]gy4
 ,!re=e ! "m1 if %e gives h] *ildr5 !   
%>e !y ne$1 c devote to social          
activities only h] occasional att5tion4 

,& = ! same reason %e %\ld be entirely  
free f work+ to e>n h] liv+ dur+ ! mo/  
critical ye>s ( ! *ildr5's tra9+4       
,nei!r 9 ! upp] nor 9 ! l[] classes1 h  
,i ev] he>d ( any "m =c$ to d "w ( ?is  
k9d or "o engag$ 9 arti/ic productions  
?r\gh ! /imulus ( h] tal5ts1 :o 0 able  
to satisfy h] *ildr5 9 ! p]iod :5 !y 7  
gr[+ up4  ,adele ,g]h>d & ,hel5 ,simon  
"u ! title ( ,mo!rhood & ,intellectual  
,"w publi%$ a v int]e/+ inve/igation 9  
:i* ,i f\nd my own obs]vations          
sub/antiat$4 ,! book %[$ t a "m :o wi%$ 
to tra9 h] *ildr5 & at ! same "t engage 
9 an occupation1 or take "p 9 "s public 
activity1 c\ld give to nei!r h] :ole    
p]sonality4 ,! result is a m$iocre      
education = ! *ildr5 & = h]self2 m$iocre
 "w done ) a divid$ s\l4 ,?is is all[$  
to be true by all ( ^? really           
consci5ti\s mo!rs :o h ma9ta9$ a high   
aim 9 _! "w & 9 ! br++ up ( _! *ildr54  
,!y are dilettantes 9 bo? directions2   
:at !y d is half done ow+ to ! ef=t to  
unite two sep>ate fields ( "w4  ,f !    

po9t ( view ( wom5's rights1 x is said1 
9 reply to ^! op9ions ( m9e1 t mo!rhood 
c be made inf9itely easi] by a natural  
me?od ( life1 t "w c be v well comb9$ ) 
x4 ,x is said t *ildr5 soon gr[ out (   
ne$+ ! protection ( _! "m1 t ! mo!rs c  
!n devote !mselves entirely to _! "w4   
,!y cont5d besides t mo!rhood is no     
unconditional obligation2 t p are fully 
ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ diff]5t individual       
arrangem5ts2 "o woman wi%es to become a 
"m1 ano!r n4 ,! "o gets m>ri$ ) ! hope (
 becom+ a "m2 ! o!r ) ! resolution (    
avoid+ mat]nity4 ,! ?ird does n m>ry at 
all4 ,attempts to g5]alise on ?is matt] 
9 :i* individual fre$om has e "r to be  
recognis$1 !y consid] reaction>y4 ,full 
fre$om = ! woman1 m>ri$ or unm>ri$1 to  
*oose h] "w & to cont9ue x2 full fre$om 
to *oose mo!rhood or to d )\t x1 ?is !y 
say is ! way to free woman1 ?is is ! l9e
 ( progress4 ,"h woman is subject to t  
economic law :i* has made x necess>y =  
h] to "w = h] own liv+4 ,j z woman's    
h\sehold "w has be5 sup]s$$ by factory  

"w1 s too1 !y say1 w ! mat]nal          
obligations ( woman be fulfill$         
collectively1 & ! difficulties on :i* ! 
s-call$ reaction>y memb]s ( ! wom5's    
rights movem5t base _! argum5ts1 w 9 !  
future only arise 9 exceptional cases4  
,z reg>ds ^! argum5ts1 ,i h already %[n 
t ,i recognise fully ! "r ( ! fem99e    
individual to g h] own way1 to *oose h] 
own =tune or mis=tune4 ,i h always spok5
 ( wom5 collectively & ( society        
collectively4  ,f ?is g5]al1 n f !      
individual /&po9t1 ,i am try+ to conv9ce
 wom5 t v5geance is be+ exact$ on !     
individual1 on ! race1 :5 woman         
gradually de/roys ! deepe/ vital s\rce (
 h] physical & psy*ical be+1 ! p[] (    
mo!rhood4  ,b pres5t-day woman is n     
adapt$ to mo!rhood2 %e w only be fitt$ =
 x :5 %e has tra9$ h]self = mo!rhood &  
man is tra9$ = fa!rhood4 ,!n man & woman
 c beg9 toge!r to br+ up ! new g5]ation 
out ( :i* "s day society w be =m$4 ,9 x1
 ! complet$ man--! ,sup]man--w be ba!d 9
 t sun%9e ^: di/ant rays b col\r !      

horizon ( to-day4     ,,*apt] ,,iii     
,,education   ,goe! %[$ long ago 9 8    
,w]!r a cle> und]/&+ ( ! significance ( 
individuali/ic & psy*ological tra9+1 an 
appreciation :i* w m>k ! c5tury ( !     
*ild4 ,9 ?is "w he %[s h[ ! future p[] (
 w lies hidd5 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! *ild1 
& h[ along ) e fault ( ! *ild an        
uncorrupt$ g]m capable ( produc+ good is
 enclos$4 ,always1 he says1 ,i repeat ! 
gold5 words ( ! tea*] ( mank9d1 'if ye d
 n become z "o ( ^!1' & n[1 good fri5d1 
^? :o are our equals1 :om we %\ld look  
^u z our models1 we treat z subjects2 !y
 %\ld h no w ( _! own2 d we h none8 ,:]e
 is our pr]ogative8 ,does x consi/ 9 !  
fact t we are old] & m exp]i5c$8 ,good  
,god ( ,heav56 ,?\ see/ old & "y *ildr51
 no?+ else4 ,& 9 :om ,?\ ha/ m joy1 ,?y 
,son ann\nc$ ages ago4 ,b p believe 9   
,him & d n he> ,him--t1 too1 is an old  
tr\ble1 & !y model _! *ildr5 aft]       
!mselves4 ,! same criticism might be    
appli$ to our pres5t educators1 :o      
con/antly h on _! tongues su* words z   

evolution1 individuality1 & natural     
t5d5cies1 b d n he$ ! new comm&m5ts 9   
:i* !y say !y believe4 ,!y cont9ue to   
educate z if !y believ$ /ill 9 ! natural
 depravity ( man1 9 orig9al s91 :i* may 
be bridl$1 tam$1 suppress$1 b n *ang$4  
,! new belief is really equival5t to    
,goe!'s ?\ghts giv5 above1 i4e41 t almo/
 e fault is b a h>d %ell enclos+ ! g]m (
 virtue4 ,ev5 m5 ( mod]n times /ill     
foll[ 9 education ! old rule ( m$ic9e1 t
 evil mu/ be driv5 out by evil1 in/ead (
 ! new me?od1 ! sy/em ( all[+ nature    
quietly & sl[ly to help itself1 tak+ c>e
 only t ! surr\nd+ conditions help ! "w 
( nature4 ,?is is education4  ,nei!r h>%
 nor t5d] p>5ts suspect ! tru? express$ 
by ,c>lyle :5 he said t ! m>ks ( a noble
 & orig9al temp]am5t are wild1 /rong    
emotions1 t mu/ be controll$ by a       
discipl9e z h>d z /eel4 ,p ei!r /rive to
 root out passions altoge!r1 or !y ab/a9
 f tea*+ ! *ild to get !m "u control4   
,to suppress ! real p]sonality ( ! *ild1
 & to supplant x ) ano!r p]sonality     

cont9ues to be a p$agogical crime common
 to ^? :o ann\nce l\dly t education %\ld
 only develop ! real individual nature (
 ! *ild4  ,!y are /ill n conv9c$ t      
egoism on ! "p ( ! *ild is ju/ifi$4 ,j z
 little are !y conv9c$ ( ! possibility t
 evil c be *ang$ into good4  ,education 
mu/ be bas$ on ! c]ta9ty t faults _c be 
aton$ =1 or blott$ out1 b mu/ always h  
_! consequ5ces4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is ! 
o!r c]ta9ty1 t ?r\gh progressive        
evolution1 by sl[ adaptation to !       
conditions ( environm5t !y may be       
trans=m$4 ,only :5 ?is /age is rea*$ w  
education beg9 to be a sci5ce & art4 ,we
 w !n give up all belief 9 ! miracul\s  
effects ( sudd5 int]f]5ce2 we %all act 9
 ! psy*ological sph]e 9 accordance ) !  
pr9ciple ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]4  
,we %all nev] believe t a *>act]i/ic ( !
 s\l c be de/roy$4 ,!re are b two       
possibilities4 ,ei!r x c be br\ght into 
subjection or x c be rais$ up to a high]
 plane4  ,madame de ,/al's words %[ mu* 
insight :5 %e says t only ! p :o c play 

) *ildr5 are able to educate !m4 ,=     
success 9 tra9+ *ildr5 ! fir/ condition 
is to become z a *ild oneself1 b ?is    
means no assum$ *ildi%ness1 no          
condesc5d+ baby-talk t ! *ild imm$iately
 sees ?r\gh & deeply abhors4 ,:at x does
 mean is to be z entirely & simply tak5 
up ) ! *ild z ! *ild himself is absorb$ 
by 8 life4 ,x means to treat ! *ild z   
really "o's equal1 t is1 to %[ him !    
same consid]ation1 ! same k9d confid5ce 
"o %[s to an adult4 ,x means n to       
influ5ce ! *ild to be :at we ourselves  
desire him to become b to be influ5c$ by
 ! impression ( :at ! *ild himself is2 n
 to treat ! *ild ) deception1 or by !   
ex]cise ( =ce1 b ) ! s]i\sness & s9c]ity
 prop] to 8 own "*4  ,some:]e ,r\sseau  
says t all education has fail$ 9 t      
nature does n fa%ion p>5ts z educators  
nor *ildr5 = ! sake ( education4 ,:at   
w\ld happ5 if we f9ally succe$$ 9 foll[+
 ! directions ( nature1 & recognis$ t ! 
great secret ( education lies hidd5 9 ! 
maxim1 d n educate8  ,n leav+ ! *ild 9  

peace is ! greate/ evil ( pres5t-day    
me?ods ( tra9+ *ildr54 ,education is    
det]m9$ to create a beautiful _w        
ext]nally & int]nally 9 :i* ! *ild c    
gr[4 ,to let him move ab\t freely 9 ?is 
_w until he comes into contact ) !      
p]man5t b\nd>ies ( ano!r's "r w be ! end
 ( ! education ( ! future4 ,only !n w   
adults really obta9 a deep insight into 
! s\ls ( *ildr51 n[ an almo/            
inaccessible k+dom4 ,= x is a natural   
in/9ct ( self-pres]vation :i* causes !  
*ild to b> ! educator f 8 inn]mo/       
nature4 ,!re is ! p]son :o asks rude    
que/ions2 = example1 :at is ! *ild ?9k+ 
ab\t8 a "q :i* almo/ inv>iably is answ]$
 ) a black or a :ite lie4 ,! *ild mu/   
protect himself f an educator :o w\ld   
ma/] 8 ?\ghts & incl9ations1 or rudely  
h&le !m1 :o )\t consid]ation betrays or 
makes ridicul\s 8 mo/ sacr$ feel+s1 :o  
exposes faults or praises *>act]i/ics   
be=e /rang]s1 or ev5 uses an op5-he>t$1 
confid5tial confession z an occasion =  
repro( at ano!r "t4  ,! /atem5t t no    

human be+ le>ns to und]/& ano!r1 or at  
lea/ to be pati5t ) ano!r1 is true above
 all ( ! intimate relation ( *ild & p>5t
 9 :i*1 und]/&+1 ! deepe/ *>act]i/ic (  
love1 is almo/ always abs5t4  ,p>5ts d n
 see t dur+ ! :ole life ! ne$ ( peace is
 nev] great] ?an 9 ! ye>s ( *ildhood1 an
 inn] peace "u all ext]nal unre/4 ,!    
*ild has to ent] into relations ) 8 own 
inf9ite _w1 to conqu] x1 to make x !    
object ( 8 dreams4 ,b :at does he       
exp]i5ce8 ,ob/acles1 int]f]5ce1         
corrections1 ! :ole livelong day4 ,!    
*ild is always requir$ to leave some?+  
alone1 or to d some?+ diff]5t1 to f9d   
some?+ diff]5t1 or want some?+ diff]5t f
 :at he does1 or f9ds1 or wants4 ,he is 
always %unt$ (f 9 ano!r direction f t   
t[>ds :i* 8 own "* is lead+ him4 ,all ( 
?is is caus$ by our t5d]ness1 vigilance1
 & zeal1 9 direct+1 advis+1 & help+ !   
small specim5 ( humanity to become a    
complete example 9 a model s]ies4  ,i h 
he>d a ?ree-ye>-old *ild *>act]is$ z    
try+ because he want$ to g into ! woods1

 :]eas ! nursemaid wi%$ to drag him into
 ! city4 ,ano!r *ild ( six ye>s 0       
discipl9$ because %e _h be5 naughty to a
 playmate & _h call$ h] a little pig1--a
 natural appellation = "o :o 0 always   
dirty4 ,^! are typical examples ( h[ !  
s\nd in/9cts ( ! *ild are dull$4 ,x 0 a 
spontane\s utt]ance ( ! *ildi% he>t :5 a
 small boy1 aft] an acc\nt ( ! heav5 (  
good *ildr51 ask$ 8 "m :e!r %e did n    
believe t1 aft] he _h be5 good a :ole   
week 9 heav51 he might be all[$ to g to 
hell on ,saturday ev5+ to play ) ! bad  
little boys !re4  ,! *ild felt 9 its    
inn]mo/ consci\sness t he _h a "r to be 
naughty1 a fundam5tal "r :i* is accord$ 
to adults2 & n only to be naughty1 b to 
be naughty 9 peace1 to be left to !     
dang]s & joys ( naught9ess4  ,to call =?
 f ?is unvirtue ! complim5t>y virtue is 
to ov]come evil ) good4 ,o!rwise we     
ov]come natural /r5g? by weak means &   
obta9 artificial virtues :i* w n /& !   
te/s :i* life imposes4  ,x seems simple 
en\gh :5 we say t we mu/ ov]come evil ) 

good1 b practically no process is m     
involv$1 or m t$i\s1 ?an to f9d actual  
means to accompli% ?is end4 ,x is mu*   
easi] to say :at "o %all n d ?an :at "o 
mu/ d to *ange self-w into /r5g? ( "*1  
slyness into prud5ce1 ! desire to please
 into amiability1 re/lessness into      
p]sonal initiative4 ,x c only be br\ght 
ab\t by recognis+ t evil1 9 s f> z x is 
n atavi/ic or p]v]se1 is z natural &    
indisp5sable z ! good1 & t x becomes a  
p]man5t evil only ?r\gh its "o-sid$     
supremacy4  ,! educator wants ! *ild to 
be f9i%$ at once1 & p]fect4 ,he =ces ^u 
! *ild an unnatural degree ( self-ma/]y1
 a devotion to duty1 a s5se ( hon\r1    
habits t adults get out ( ) a/oni%+     
rapidity4 ,:]e ! faults ( *ildr5 are    
conc]n$1 at home & 9 s*ool1 we /ra9 at  
gnats1 :ile *ildr5 daily are oblig$ to  
swall[ ! camels ( gr[n p4  ,! art (     
natural education consi/s 9 ignor+ !    
faults ( *ildr5 n9e times out ( t51 9   
avoid+ imm$iate int]f]5ce1 :i* is       
usually a mi/ake1 & devot+ "o's :ole    

vigilance to ! control ( ! environm5t 9 
:i* ! *ild is gr[+ up1 to wat*+ !       
education :i* is all[$ to g on by       
itself4 ,b educators :o1 day 9 & day    
out1 are consci\sly trans=m+ !          
environm5t & !mselves are /ill a r>e    
product4 ,mo/ p live on ! capital &     
int]e/ ( an education1 :i* p]haps once  
made !m model *ildr51 b has depriv$ !m (
 ! desire = educat+ !mselves4 ,only by  
keep+ oneself 9 con/ant process ( gr[?1 
"u ! con/ant influ5ce ( ! be/ ?+s 9 "o's
 own age1 does "o become a companion    
half-way good en\gh = "o's *ildr54  ,to 
br+ up a *ild means c>ry+ "o's s\l 9    
"o's h&1 sett+ "o's feet on a n>r[ pa?2 
x means nev] plac+ ourselves 9 dang] (  
meet+ ! cold look on ! "p ( ! *ild t    
tells u )\t words t he f9ds u           
insuffici5t & unreliable4 ,x means !    
humble realisation ( ! tru? t ! ways (  
injur+ ! *ild are inf9ite1 :ile ! ways (
 be+ useful to him are few4 ,h[ seldom  
does ! educator rememb] t ! *ild1 ev5 at
 f\r or five ye>s ( age1 is mak+        

exp]im5ts ) adults1 see+ ?r\gh !m1 )    
m>vell\s %rewdness mak+ 8 own valuations
 & react+ s5sitively to ea* impression4 
,! slighte/ mi/ru/1 ! smalle/ unk9dness1
 ! lea/ act ( inju/ice or contemptu\s   
ridicule1 leave w\nds t la/ = life 9 !  
f9ely /rung s\l ( ! *ild4 ,:ile on ! o!r
 side unexpect$ fri5dl9ess1 k9d         
advances1 j indignation1 make q z deep  
an impression on ^? s5ses :i* p t]m z   
s(t z wax b treat z if !y 7 made (      
c[hide4  ,relatively mo/ excell5t 0 !   
old education :i* consi/$ solely 9 keep+
 oneself :ole1 pure1 & hon\rable4 ,= x  
did n at lea/ depreciate p]sonality1    
al?\gh x did n =m x4 ,x w\ld be well if 
b a hundr$? "p ( ! pa9s n[ tak5 by p>5ts
 7 giv5 to int]f]5ce ) ! life ( ! *ild &
 ! re/ ( ! n9ety & n9e employ$ 9 lead+1 
)\t int]f]5ce1 9 act+ z an un=ese51 an  
invisible provid5ce ?r\gh :i* ! *ild    
obta9s exp]i5ce1 f :i* he may draw 8 own
 conclusions4 ,! pres5t practice is to  
impress "o's own discov]ies1 op9ions1 & 
pr9ciples on ! *ild by con/antly direct+

 8 actions4 ,! la/ ?+ to be realis$ by !
 educator is t he really has be=e him an
 entirely new s\l1 a real self ^: fir/ &
 *ief "r is to ?9k ov] ! ?+s ) :i* he   
comes 9 contact4 ,by a new s\l he       
und]/&s only a new g5]ation ( an old    
humanity to be treat$ ) a fre% dose ( ! 
old rem$y4 ,we tea* ! new s\ls n to     
/eal1 n to lie1 to save _! clo!s1 to    
le>n _! lessons1 to economise _! money1 
to obey comm&s1 n to contradict old] p1 
say _! pray]s1 to fight occasionally 9  
ord] to be /rong4 ,b :o tea*es ! new    
s\ls to *oose = !mselves ! pa? !y mu/   
tread8 ,:o ?9ks t ! desire = ?is pa? (  
_! own c be s pr(\nd t a h>d or ev5 mild
 pressure t[>ds uni=mity c make ! :ole (
 *ildhood a torm5t4  ,! *ild comes into 
life ) ! inh]itance ( ! prec$+ memb]s ( 
! race2 & ?is inh]itance is modifi$ by  
adaptation to ! environm5t4 ,b ! *ild   
%[s also individual v>iations f ! type (
 ! species1 & if 8 own "* is n to       
disappe> dur+ ! process ( adaptation1   
all self-det]m9$ developm5t ( en]gy mu/ 

be aid$ 9 e way & only indirectly       
influ5c$ by ! tea*]1 :o %\ld und]/& h[  
to comb9e & emphasise ! results ( ?is   
developm5t4  ,int]f]5ce on ! "p ( !     
educator1 :e!r by =ce or p]suasion1     
weak5s ?is developm5t if x does n de/roy
 x altoge!r4  ,! habits ( ! h\sehold1 & 
! *ild's habits 9 x mu/ be absolutely   
fix$ if !y are to be ( any value4 ,amiel
 truly says t habits are pr9ciples :i* h
 become in/9cts1 & h pass$ ov] into fle%
 & blood4 ,to *ange habits1 he cont9ues1
 means to attack life 9 its v ess5ce1 = 
life is only a web ( habits4  ,:y does  
ev]y?+ rema9 ess5tially ! same f        
g5]ation to g5]ation8 ,:y d highly      
civilis$ ,*ri/ian p cont9ue to plund] "o
 ano!r & call x ex*ange1 to murd] "o    
ano!r en masse1 & call x nationalism1 to
 oppress "o ano!r & call x /atesman%ip8 
,because 9 e new g5]ation ! impulses    
suppos$ to h be5 root$ out by discipl9e 
9 ! *ild1 break =? aga91 :5 ! /ruggle = 
exi/5ce--( ! individual 9 society1 ( !  
society 9 ! life ( ! /ate--beg9s4 ,^!   

passions are n trans=m$ by ! preval5t   
education ( ! day1 b only repress$4     
,practically ?is is ! reason :y n a s+le
 savage passion has be5 ov]come 9       
humanity4 ,p]haps man-eat+ may be       
m5tion$ z an exception4 ,b :at is told (
 ,european %ip companies or ,sib]ian    
prison]s %[s t ev5 ?is impulse1 "u      
conditions fav\rable to x1 may be       
reviv$1 al?\gh 9 ! majority ( p a deep  
physical antipa?y to man-eat+ is innate4
 ,consci\s ince/1 despite simil>        
deviations1 mu/ also be physically      
contr>y to ! majority1 & 9 a numb] (    
wom51 mode/y--! unity betwe5 body & s\l 
9 relation to love--is an inconte/able  
provision ( nature4 ,s too a m9ority    
w\ld f9d x physically impossible to     
murd] or /eal4 ,) ?is li/ ,i h exhau/$  
ev]y?+ :i* mank9d1 s9ce its consci\s    
hi/ory began1 has really s intimately   
acquir$ t ! a*ievem5t is pass$ on 9 its 
fle% & blood4 ,only ?is k9d ( conque/ c 
really /& up aga9/ temptation 9 e =m4   
,a deep physiological tru? is hidd5 9 ! 

use ( language :5 "o speaks ( un*a9$    
passions2 ! passions1 "u ! prevail+     
sy/em ( education1 are really only bea/s
 ( prey imprison$ 9 cages4  ,:ile f9e   
words are spok5 ab\t individual         
developm5t1 *ildr5 are treat$ z if _!   
p]sonality _h no purpose ( its own1 z if
 !y 7 made only = ! pleasure1 pride1 &  
com=t ( _! p>5ts2 & z ^! aims are be/   
advanc$ :5 *ildr5 become l e "o else1 p 
usually beg9 by attempt+ to make !m     
respectable & useful memb]s ( society4  
,b ! only correct />t+ po9t1 s f> z a   
*ild's education 9 becom+ a social human
 be+ is conc]n$1 is to treat him z su*1 
:ile /r5g!n+ 8 natural disposition to   
become an individual human be+4  ,! new 
educator w1 by regul>ly ord]$ exp]i5ce1 
tea* ! *ild by degrees 8 place 9 ! great
 ord]ly sy/em ( exi/5ce2 tea* him 8     
responsibility t[>ds 8 environm5t4 ,b 9 
o!r respects1 none ( ! individual       
*>act]i/ics ( ! *ild expressive ( 8 life
 w be suppress$1 s long z !y d n injure 
! *ild himself1 or o!rs4 ,! "r balance  

mu/ be kept betwe5 ,sp5c]'s def9ition ( 
life z an adaptation to surr\nd+        
conditions1 & ,nietzs*e's def9ition ( x 
z ! w to secure p[]4  ,9 adaptation1    
imitation c]ta9ly plays a great rle1 b  
individual ex]cise ( p[] is j z         
important4 ,?r\gh adaptation life atta9s
 a fix$ =m2 ?r\gh ex]cise ( p[]1 new    
factors4  ,?\ghtful p1 z ,i h already   
/at$1 talk a good deal ab\t p]sonality4 
,b !y are1 nev]!less1 fill$ ) d\bts :5  
_! *ildr5 are n j l all o!r *ildr52 :5  
!y _c %[ 9 _! (fspr+ all ! ready-made   
virtues requir$ by society4 ,& s !y     
drill _! *ildr51 repress+ 9 *ildhood !  
natural in/9cts :i* w h fre$om :5 !y are
 gr[n4 ,p /ill h>dly realise h[ new     
human be+s are =m$2 !re=e ! old types   
con/antly repeat !mselves 9 ! same      
circle1--! f9e "y m51 ! sweet girls1 !  
respectable (ficials1 & s on4 ,& new    
types ) high] ideals1--travell]s on     
unkn[n pa?s1 ?9k]s ( yet un?\ght ?\ghts1
 p capable ( ! crime ( inaugurat+ new   
ways1--su* types r>ely come into exi/5ce

 among ^? :o are well br\ght up4        
,nature h]self1 x is true1 repeats ! ma9
 types con/antly4 ,b %e also con/antly  
makes small deviations4 ,9 ?is way      
diff]5t species1 ev5 ( ! human race1 h  
come into exi/5ce4 ,b man himself does n
 yet see ! significance ( ?is natural   
law 9 8 own high] developm5t4 ,he wants 
! feel+s1 ?\ghts1 & judgm5ts already    
/amp$ ) approval to be reproduc$ by ea* 
new g5]ation4 ,s we get no new          
individuals1 b only m or less prud5t1   
/upid1 amiable1 or bad-temp]$ examples (
 ! g5us man4 ,! /ill liv+ in/9cts ( !   
ape1 d\ble1 9 ! case ( man1 ! effect (  
h]$ity4 ,cons]vatism is = ! pres5t      
/rong] 9 mank9d ?an ! ef=t to produce   
new types4 ,b ?is la/ *>act]i/ic is !   
mo/ valuable4 ,! educator %\ld d any?+ b
 advise ! *ild to d :at ev]ybody does4  
,he %\ld r rejoice :5 he sees 9 ! *ild  
t5d5cies to deviation4 ,us+ o!r p's     
op9ion z a /&>d results 9 subord9at+    
"o's self to _! w4 ,s we become a "p ( !
 great mass1 l$ by ! ,sup]man ?r\gh !   

/r5g? ( 8 w1 a w :i* c\ld n h ma/]$     
/rong p]sonalities4 ,x has be5 ju/ly    
rem>k$ t individual peoples1 l !        
,engli%1 h atta9$ ! greate/ political & 
social fre$om1 because ! p]sonal feel+ (
 indep5d5ce is f> 9 excess ( fre$om 9 a 
legal =m4 ,accord+ly legal fre$om has   
be5 con/antly gr[+4  ,= ! progress ( !  
:ole ( ! species1 z well z ( society1 x 
is ess5tial t education %all awake !    
feel+ ( indep5d5ce2 x %\ld invigorate & 
fav\r ! disposition to deviate f ! type 
9 ^? cases :]e ! rights ( o!rs are n    
affect$1 or :]e deviation is n simply ! 
result ( ! desire to draw att5tion to   
oneself4 ,! *ild %\ld be giv5 ! *ance to
 decl>e consci5ti\sly 8 indep5d5ce ( a  
cu/om>y usage1 ( an ord9>y feel+1 = ?is 
is ! f\ndation ( ! education ( an       
individual1 z well z ! basis ( a        
collective consci5ce1 :i* is ! only k9d 
( consci5ce m5 n[ h4 ,:at does hav+ an  
individual consci5ce mean8 ,x means     
submitt+ volunt>ily to an ext]nal law1  
atte/$ & f\nd good by my own consci5ce4 

,x means unconditionally he$+ ! unwritt5
 law1 :i* ,i lay ^u myself1 & foll[+ ?is
 inn] law ev5 :5 ,i mu/ /& alone aga9/ !
 :ole _w4  ,x is a frequ5t ph5om5on1 we 
c almo/ call x a regul> "o1 t x is      
orig9al natures1 p>ticul>ly tal5t$ be+s1
 :o are badly treat$ at home & 9 s*ool4 
,no "o consid]s ! s\rces ( conduct 9 a  
*ild :o %[s fe> or makes a noise1 or :o 
is absorb$ 9 himself1 or :o has an      
impetu\s nature4 ,mo!rs & tea*]s %[ 9   
?is _! pitiable incapacity = ! mo/      
elem5t>y "p 9 ! art ( education1 t is1  
to be able to see ) _! own eyes1 n )    
p$agogical doctr9es 9 _! head4  ,i      
naturally expect 9 ! support]s (        
society1 ) _! conv5tional morality1 no  
appreciation ( ! significance ( ! *ild's
 putt+ into ex]cise 8 own p[]s4 ,j z    
little is ?is to be expect$ ( ^?        
,*ri/ian believ]s :o ?9k t human nature 
mu/ be br\ght to rep5tance & humility1 &
 t ! s9ful body1 ! unclean bea/1 mu/ be 
tam$ ) ! rod1--a !ory :i* ! ,bible is   
br\ght to support4  ,i am only address+ 

p :o c ?9k new ?\ghts & consequ5tly %\ld
 cease us+ old me?ods ( education4 ,?is 
class may reply t ! new ideas 9         
education _c be c>ri$ out4 ,b ! ob/acle 
is simply t _! new ?\ghts h n made !m   
into new m52 ! old man 9 !m has nei!r   
repose1 nor "t1 nor pati5ce1 to =m 8 own
 s\l1 & t ( ! *ild1 accord+ to ! new    
?\ghts4  ,^? :o h tri$ ,sp5c] & fail$1  
because ,sp5c]'s me?od dem&s intellig5ce
 & pati5ce1 cont5d t ! *ild mu/ be      
taught to obey1 t tru? lies 9 ! old     
rule1 ,z ! twig is b5t ! tree is incl9$4
  ,b5t is ! appropriate ^w1 b5t accord+ 
to ! old ideal :i* ext+ui%es p]sonality1
 tea*es humility & ob$i5ce4 ,b ! new    
ideal is t man1 to /& /raight & upright1
 mu/ n be b5t at all1 only support$1 & s
 prev5t$ f be+ de=m$ by weakness4  ,"o  
(t5 f9ds1 9 ! mod]n sy/em ( tra9+1 !    
crude desire = ma/]y /ill alive & break+
 out :5 ! *ild is ob/9ate4 ,y won't6 say
 fa!r & "m2 ,i w tea* y :e!r y h a w4 ,i
 w soon drive self-w out ( y4 ,b no?+ c 
be driv5 out ( ! *ild2 on ! o!r h&1 mu* 

c be sc\rg$ into x :i* %\ld be kept f>  
away4  ,only dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( life
 is a k9d ( drill necess>y1 z a         
pre-condition to a high] tra9+4 ,! *ild 
is !n 9 su* a high degree controll$ by  
s5sation1 t a slight physical pa9 or    
pleasure is (t5 ! only language he fully
 und]/&s4 ,consequ5tly = "s *ildr5      
discipl9e is an indisp5sable means (    
en=c+ ! practice ( c]ta9 habits4 ,= o!r 
*ildr51 ! /rict] me?ods are entirely    
unnecess>y ev5 at ?is e>ly age1 & z soon
 z ! *ild c rememb] a bl[1 he is too old
 to receive "o4  ,! *ild mu/ c]ta9ly    
le>n ob$i5ce1 &1 besides1 ?is ob$i5ce   
mu/ be absolute4 ,if su* ob$i5ce has    
become habitual f ! t5d]e/ age1 a look1 
a ^w1 an intonation is en\gh to keep !  
*ild /raight4 ,! dissatisfaction ( ^? :o
 are br++ him up c only be made         
effective :5 x falls z a %ad[ 9 ! usual 
sunny atmosph]e ( home4 ,& if p refra9 f
 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ob$i5ce :ile ! *ild
 is small1 & 8 naught9ess is ent]ta9+1  
,sp5c]'s me?od und\bt$ly w be f\nd      

unsuitable aft] ! *ild is old] & 8      
caprice disagreeable4  ,) a v small     
*ild1 "o %\ld n argue1 b act consi/5tly 
& imm$iately4 ,! ef=t ( tra9+ %\ld be   
direct$ at an e>ly p]iod to arrange !   
exp]i5ces 9 a consi/5t :ole (           
impressions accord+ to ,r\sseau &       
,sp5c]'s recomm5dation4 ,s c]ta9 habits 
w become impress$ 9 ! fle% & blood ( !  
*ild4  ,con/ant cry+ on ! "p ( small    
*ildr5 mu/ be correct$ :5 x has become  
cle> t ! cry+ is n caus$ by illness or  
"s o!r discom=t1--discom=ts aga9/ :i*   
cry+ is ! *ild's only weapon4 ,cry+ is  
n[ ord9>ily correct$ by bl[s4 ,b ?is    
does n ma/] ! w ( ! *ild1 & only        
produces 9 8 s\l ! idea t old] p /rike  
small *ildr51 :5 small *ildr5 cry4 ,?is 
is n an e?ical idea4 ,b :5 ! cry+ *ild  
is imm$iately isolat$1 & x is expla9$ to
 him at ! same "t t :oev] annoys o!rs   
mu/ n be ) !m2 if ?is isolation is !    
absolute result1 & _c be avoid$1 9 !    
*ild's m9d a basis is laid = ! exp]i5ce 
t "o mu/ be alone :5 "o makes oneself   

unpleasant or disagreeable4 ,9 bo? cases
 ! *ild is sil5c$ by int]f]+ ) 8 com=t2 
b "o type ( discom=t is ! ex]cise ( =ce 
on 8 w2 ! o!r produces sl[ly !          
self-ma/]y ( ! w1 & accompli%es ?is by a
 good motive4 ,"o me?od enc\rages a base
 emotion1 fe>4 ,! o!r corrects ! w 9 a  
way t comb9es x ) "o ( ! mo/ important  
exp]i5ces ( life4 ,! "o puni%m5t keeps !
 *ild on ! level ( ! animal4 ,! o!r     
impresses ^u him ! great pr9ciple (     
human social life1 t :5 our pleasure    
causes displeasure to o!rs1 o!r p h9d] u
 f foll[+ our pleasures2 or )draw       
!mselves f ! ex]cise ( our self-w4  ,x  
is necess>y t small *ildr5 %\ld accu/om 
!mselves to good behavi\r at table1 etc4
 ,if e "t an act ( naught9ess is        
repeat$1 ! *ild is imm$iately tak5 away1
 he w soon le>n t :oev] is disagreeable 
to o!rs mu/ rema9 alone4 ,?us a "r      
application is made ( a "r pr9ciple4    
,small *ildr51 too1 mu/ le>n n to t\*   
:at belongs to o!r p4 ,if e "t any?+ is 
t\*$ )\t p]mission1 *ildr5 lose _!      

fre$om ( action "o way or ano!r1 !y soon
 le>n t a condition ( _! free action is 
n to injure o!rs4  ,x is q true1 z a "y 
"m rem>k$1 t empty ,japanese rooms are  
ideal places 9 :i* to br+ up *ildr54    
,our mod]n cr[d$ rooms are1 s f> z      
*ildr5 are conc]n$1 to be condemn$4     
,dur+ ! ye> 9 :i* ! real education ( !  
*ild is proce$+ by t\*+1 ta/+1 bit+1    
feel+1 & s on1 e mom5t he is he>+ ! cry1
 ,let x alone4 ,= ! temp]am5t ( ! *ild z
 well z = ! developm5t ( 8 p[]s1 ! be/  
?+ is a l>ge1 light nurs]y1 adorn$ )    
h&some li?ographs1 wood-cuts1 & s on1   
provid$ ) "s simple furniture1 :]e he   
may enjoy ! fulle/ fre$om ( movem5t4 ,b 
if ! *ild is !re ) 8 p>5ts & is         
disob$i5t1 a mom5t>y reprim& is ! be/   
means to tea* him to rev]5ce ! great] _w
 9 :i* ! w ( o!rs prevails1 ! _w 9 :i* !
 *ild c]ta9ly c make a place = himself b
 mu/ also le>n t e place occupi$ by him 
has its limits4  ,if x is a case ( a    
dang]1 :i* x is desirable t ! *ild %\ld 
really dread1 we mu/ all[ ! ?+ itself to

 h an al>m+ influ5ce4 ,:5 a "m /rikes a 
*ild because he t\*es ! light1 ! result 
is t he does ?is aga9 :5 ! "m is away4  
,b let him burn himself ) ! light1 !n he
 is c]ta9 to leave x alone4 ,9 rip] ye>s
 :5 a boy misuses a knife1 a toy1 or    
some?+ simil>1 ! loss ( ! object = ! "t 
be+ mu/ be ! puni%m5t4 ,mo/ boys w\ld   
pref] corporal puni%m5t to ! loss ( _!  
fav\rite possession4 ,b only ! loss ( x 
w be a real education ?r\gh exp]i5ce (  
"o ( ! inevitable rules ( life1 an      
exp]i5ce :i* _c be too /rongly impress$4
  ,we he> p>5ts :o h begun ) ,sp5c] & !n
 h tak5 to corporal puni%m5t decl>e t :5
 *ildr5 are too small to repair ! clo?+ 
:i* !y h torn !re mu/ be "s o!r k9d (   
puni%m5t4 ,b at t age !y %\ld n be      
puni%$ at all = su* ?+s4 ,!y %\ld h su* 
simple & /rong clo!s t !y c play freely 
9 !m4 ,lat] on1 :5 !y c be really       
c>eful1 ! natural puni%m5t w\ld be to h 
! *ild rema9 at home if he is c>eless1  
has spott$ 8 clo!s1 or torn !m4 ,he mu/ 
be %[n t he mu/ help to put 8 clo!s 9   

good condition aga91 or t he w be       
compell$ to buy :at he has de/roy$      
c>elessly ) money e>n$ by himself4 ,if !
 *ild is n c>eful1 he mu/ /ay at home1  
:5 ord9>ily all[$ to g out1 or eat alone
 if he is too late = meals4 ,x may be   
said t !re are simple means by :i* all !
 important habits ( social life may     
become a second nature4 ,b x is n       
possible 9 all cases to apply ,sp5c]'s  
me?od4 ,! natural consequ5ces           
occasionally endang] ! heal? ( ! *ild1  
or sometimes are too sl[ 9 _! action4   
,if x seems necess>y to int]f]e         
directly1 su* action mu/ be consi/5t1   
quick1 & immutable4 ,h[ is x t ! *ild   
le>ns v soon t fire burns8 ,because fire
 does s always4 ,b ! "m :o at "o "t     
/rikes1 at ano!r ?reat5s1 at ano!r      
bribes ! *ild1 fir/ =bids & !n          
imm$iately aft] p]mits "s action2 :o    
does n c>ry out h] ?reat1 does n compel 
ob$i5ce1 b con/antly gabbles & scolds2  
:o sometimes acts 9 "o way & j z (t5 9  
ano!r1 has n le>n$ ! effective          

educational me?ods ( ! fire4  ,!        
old-fa%ion$ /rict tra9+ t 9 its crude   
way gave to ! "* a fix$ type re/$ on its
 consi/5t qualities4 ,x 0 consi/5tly    
/rict1 n z at pres5t a lax hesitation   
betwe5 all k9ds ( p$agogical me?ods &   
psy*ological op9ions1 9 :i* ! *ild is   
?r[n ab\t "h & !re l a ball1 9 ! h&s (  
gr[n p2 at "o "t pu%$ =w>d1 !n laugh$   
at1 !n pu%$ aside1 only to be br\ght    
back aga91 kiss$ till x is disgu/$1 fir/
 ord]$ ab\t1 & !n coax$4 ,a gr[n man    
w\ld become insane if jok+ ,titans      
treat$ him = a s+le day z a *ild is     
treat$ = a ye>4 ,a *ild %\ld n be ord]$ 
ab\t1 b %\ld be j z c\rte\sly address$ z
 a gr[n p]son 9 ord] t he may le>n      
c\rtesy4 ,a *ild %\ld nev] be pu%$ into 
notice1 nev] compell$ to endure c>esses1
 nev] ov]:elm$ ) kisses1 :i* ord9>ily   
torm5t him & are (t5 ! cause ( sexual   
hyp]/hesia4 ,! *ild's demon/rations (   
affection %\ld be reciprocat$ :5 !y are 
s9c]e1 b "o's own demon/rations %\ld be 
res]v$ = special occasions4 ,?is is "o (

 ! _m excell5t maxims ( tra9+ t are     
disreg>d$4 ,nor %\ld ! *ild be =c$ to   
express regret 9 begg+ p>don & ! l4 ,?is
 is excell5t tra9+ = hypocrisy4 ,a small
 *ild once _h be5 rude to 8 eld] bro!r &
 0 plac$ ^u a *air to rep5t 8 fault4 ,:5
 ! "m aft] a "t ask$ if he 0 sorry1 he  
answ]$1 ,yes1 ) emphasis1 b z ! "m saw a
 mut9\s sp>kle 9 8 eyes %e felt impell$ 
to ask1 ,sorry = :at8 & ! y\ng/] broke  
out1 ,sorry t ,i did n call him a li>   
besides4 ,! "m 0 wise en\gh on ?is      
occasion1 & ev] aft]1 to give up insi/+ 
on rep5tance4  ,spontane\s p5it5ce is   
full ( significance2 x is a deeply felt 
desire = p>don4 ,b an artificial emotion
 is always & ev]y:]e wor?less4 ,are y n 
sorry8 ,does x make no diff]5ce to y t  
y\r "m is ill1 y\r bro!r dead1 y\r fa!r 
away f home8 ,su* expressions are (t5   
us$ z an appeal to ! emotions ( *ildr54 
,b *ildr5 h a "r to h feel+s1 or n h !m1
 & to h !m z undi/urb$ z gr[n p4 ,! same
 holds good ( _! sympa?ies & antipa?ies4
 ,! s5sitive feel+s ( *ildr5 are        

con/antly injur$ by lack ( consid]ation 
on ! "p ( gr[n p1 _! easily /imulat$    
av]sions are con/antly be+ br\ght out4  
,b ! suff]+s ( *ildr5 ?r\gh ! crud5ess (
 _! eld]s belong to an unwritt5 *apt] ( 
*ild psy*ology4 ,j z !re are few bett]  
me?ods ( tra9+ ?an to ask *ildr51 :5 !y 
h behav$ unju/ly to o!rs1 to consid]    
:e!r x w\ld be pleasant = !m to be      
treat$ 9 t way1 s !re is no bett]       
corrective = ! tra9] ( *ildr5 ?an !     
habit ( ask+ oneself1 9 "q small &      
great1--,w\ld ,i cons5t to be treat$ z  
,i h j treat$ my *ild8 ,if x 7 only     
rememb]$ t ! *ild g5]ally suff]s d\ble z
 mu* z ! adult1 p>5ts w\ld p]haps le>n  
physical & psy*ical t5d]ness )\t :i* a  
*ild's life is a con/ant torm5t4  ,z to 
pres5ts1 ! same pr9ciple holds good z ) 
emotions & m>ks ( t5d]ness4 ,only by    
example c g5]\s in/9cts be provok$4     
,above all ! *ild %\ld n be all[$ to h  
?+s :i* he imm$iately gives away4 ,gifts
 to a *ild %\ld always imply a p]sonal  
requital = "w or sacrifice4 ,9 ord] to  

secure = *ildr5 ! pleasure ( giv+ & !   
opportunity ( obta9+ small pleasures &  
enjoym5ts1 z well z ( replac+ prop]ty ( 
_! own or ( o!rs :i* !y may h de/roy$1  
!y %\ld at an e>ly age be accu/om$ to   
p]=m s]i\sly c]ta9 h\sehold duties = :i*
 !y receive "s small remun]ation4 ,b    
small occasional s]vices1 :e!r volunte]$
 or ask$ = by o!rs1 %\ld nev] be rew>d$4
 ,only read9ess to s]ve1 )\t paym5t1    
develops ! joy ( g5]osity4 ,:5 ! *ild   
wants to give away some?+1 p %\ld n make
 a pret5ce ( receiv+ x4 ,?is produces ! 
false conception 9 8 m9d t ! pleasure ( 
be+ g5]\s c be _h = no?+4 ,at e /ep !   
*ild %\ld be all[$ to meet ! real       
exp]i5ces ( life2 ! ?orns %\ld nev] be  
pluck$ f 8 roses4 ,?is is :at is lea/   
und]/ood 9 pres5t-day tra9+4 ,?us we see
 reasonable me?ods con/antly fail+4 ,p  
f9d !mselves =c$ to afflictive me?ods   
:i* /& 9 no relation ) ! realities (    
life4 ,i mean1 above all1 :at are /ill  
call$ means ( education1 in/ead ( means 
( torture1--bl[s4  ,_m p ( to-day def5d 

bl[s1 ma9ta9+ t !y are mild] means (    
puni%m5t ?an ! natural consequ5ces ( an 
act2 t bl[s h ! /ronge/ effect on !     
memory1 :i* effect becomes p]man5t ?r\gh
 association ( ideas4  ,b :at k9ds (    
association8 ,is x n ) physical pa9 &   
%ame8 ,gradually1 /ep by /ep1 ?is me?od 
( tra9+ & discipl9e has be5 sup]s$$ 9   
all its =ms4 ,! movem5t to aboli%       
torture1 imprisonm5t1 & corporal        
puni%m5t fail$ = a long "t ow+ to !     
conviction t !y 7 indisp5sable z me?ods 
( discipl9e4 ,b ! *ild1 p answ]1 is /ill
 an animal1 he mu/ be br\ght up z an    
animal4 ,^? :o talk 9 ?is way "k no?+ ( 
*ildr5 nor ( animals4 ,ev5 animals c be 
tra9$ )\t /rik+ !m1 b !y c only be tra9$
 by m5 :o h become m5 !mselves4  ,o!rs  
come =w>d ) ! doctr9e t t]ror & pa9 h   
be5 ! be/ means ( educat+ mank9d1 s !   
*ild mu/ pursue ! same road z humanity4 
,?is is an utt] absurdity4 ,we %\ld     
also1 on ?is !ory1 tea* our *ildr51 z a 
natural introduction to religion1 to    
practise feti% wor%ip4 ,if ! *ild is to 

reproduce all ! l[] developm5t /ages ( !
 race1 he w\ld be practically depress$  
b5ea? ! level :i* he has rea*$          
physiologically & psy*ologically ?r\gh !
 common inh]itance ( ! race4 ,if we h   
ab&on$ torture & pa9ful puni%m5ts =     
adults1 :ile !y are reta9$ = *ildr51 x  
is because we h n yet se5 t _! s\l life 
s f> z a great] & m subtle capacity =   
suff]+ is conc]n$ has made ! same       
progress z t ( adult mank9d4 ,! num]\s  
cases ( *ild suicide 9 ! la/ decade 7   
(t5 ! result ( fe> ( corporal puni%m5t2 
or h tak5 place aft] its adm9i/ration4  
,bo? s\l & body are equally affect$ by  
?is practice4 ,:]e ?is is n ! result1   
bl[s h ev5 m dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,!y   
t5d to dull /ill fur!r ! feel+ ( %ame1  
to increase ! brutality or c[>dice ( !  
p]son puni%$4 ,i once he>d a *ild po9t$ 
out 9 a s*ool z be+ s unruly t x 0      
g5]ally agre$ he w\ld be b5efit$ by a   
flogg+4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ t 8 fa!r's     
flogg+ at home _h made him :at he 04 ,if
 /ati/ics 7 prep>$ ( ru9$ sons1 ^? :o _h

 be5 flogg$ w\ld c]ta9ly be m num]\s ?an
 ^? :o _h be5 pamp]$4  ,society has     
gradually giv5 up employ+ retributive   
puni%m5ts because p h se5 t !y nei!r    
awak5 ! feel+ ( guilt1 nor act z a      
det]r5t1 b on ! contr>y retribution     
appli$ by equal to equal brutalises !   
ideas ( "r1 h>d5s ! temp]1 & /imulates !
 victim to ex]cise ! same viol5ce t[>ds 
o!rs t has be5 endur$ by himself4 ,b o!r
 rules are appli$ to ! psy*ological     
processes ( ! *ild4 ,:5 a *ild /rikes 8 
small si/] ! "m /rikes him & believes t 
he w see & und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 !   
bl[s he gets & ^? he gives2 t he w see t
 ! "o is a j puni%m5t & ! o!r vici\s    
conduct4 ,b ! *ild is a %>p logician &  
feels t ! action is j ! same1 al?\gh !  
"m gives x a diff]5t "n4  ,corporal     
puni%m5t 0 long ago admirably describ$  
by ,com5ius1 :o comp>$ an educator us+  
?is me?od ) a musician /rik+ a badly    
tun$ in/rum5t ) 8 fi/1 in/ead ( us+ 8   
e>s & 8 h&s to put x into tune4  ,^!    
brutal attacks "w on ! active s5sitive  

feel+s1 lac]at+ & confus+ !m4 ,!y h no  
educative p[] on all ! innum]able f9e   
processes 9 ! life ( ! *ild's s\l1 on _!
 obscurely relat$ comb9ations4  ,9 ord] 
to give real tra9+1 ! fir/ ?+ aft] !    
second or ?ird ye> is to ab&on ! v ?\ght
 ( a bl[ among ! possibilities (        
education4 ,x is be/ if p>5ts1 z soon z 
! *ild is born1 agree nev] to /rike him1
 = if !y once beg9 ) ?is conv5i5t & easy
 me?od1 !y cont9ue to use corporal      
discipl9e ev5 contr>y to _! fir/        
int5tion1 because !y h fail$ :ile us+   
su* puni%m5t to develop ! *ild's        
intellig5ce4  ,if p d n see ?is x is no 
m use to speak to !m ( education ?an x  
w\ld be to talk to a cannibal ab\t !    
_w's peace4  ,b z ^! savages 9          
educational matt]s are (t5 civilis$     
human be+s 9 o!r respects1 ,i %\ld l to 
reque/ !m to ?9k ov] ! developm5t (     
m>riage f ! "t :5 man woo$ ) a club & :5
 woman 0 reg>d$ z ! s\lless prop]ty (   
man1 only to be kept 9 ord] by bl[s1 a  
view :i* cont9u$ to be held until mod]n 

times4 ,?r\gh a ?\s& daily secret       
influ5ces1 our feel+s & ideas h be5 s   
trans=m$ t ^! crude conceptions h       
disappe>$1 to ! great advantage (       
society & ! individual4 ,b x may be h>d 
to awak5 a p$agogical savage to !       
conviction t1 9 q ! same way1 a ?\s& new
 secret & mighty influ5ces w *ange our  
crude me?ods ( education1 :5 p>5ts once 
come to see t p>5?ood mu/ g ?r\gh ! same
 trans=mation z m>riage1 be=e x atta9s  
to a noble & complete developm5t4  ,only
 :5 m5 realise t :ipp+ a *ild belongs to
 ! same l[ /age ( civilisation z beat+ a
 woman1 or a s]vant1 or z ! corporal    
puni%m5t ( soldi]s & crim9als1 w ! fir/ 
real prep>ation beg9 ( ! mat]ial f :i*  
p]haps lat] an educator may be =m$4     
,corporal puni%m5t 0 natural 9 r\gh     
times4 ,! body is tangible2 :at affects 
x has an imm$iate & p]ceptible result4  
,! heat ( passion is cool$ by ! bl[s x  
adm9i/]s2 9 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t   
bl[s are ! natural expression ( moral   
indignation1 ! direct me?od by :i* !    

moral w impresses itself on be+s ( l[]  
capacities4 ,b x has s9ce be5 discov]$ t
 ! s\l may be impress$ by spiritual     
means1 & t bl[s are j z demoralis+ = !  
"o :o gives !m z = ! "o :o receives !m4 
,! educator1 too1 is apt to =get t !    
*ild 9 _m cases has z few moral         
conceptions z ! animal or ! savage4 ,to 
puni% = ?is--is only a cruelty1 & to    
puni% by brutal me?ods is a piece (     
/upidity4 ,x works aga9/ ! possibility (
 elevat+ ! *ild beyond ! level ( ! bea/ 
or ! savage4 ,! educator to ^: m9d      
flogg+ nev] pres5ts itself1 ev5 z an    
occasional res\rce1 w naturally direct 8
 :ole ?\ght to f9d+ psy*ological me?ods 
( education4 ,adm9i/]+ corporal puni%m5t
 demoralises & /upefies ! educator1 = x 
increases 8 ?\ghtlessness1 n 8 pati5ce1 
8 brutality1 n 8 intellig5ce4  ,a small 
boy fri5d ( m9e :5 f\r ye>s old receiv$ 
8 fir/ puni%m5t ( ?is k9d2 happily x 0 8
 only "o4 ,z 8 nurse rem9d$ him 9 ! ev5+
 to say 8 pray]s he broke out1 ',yes1   
to-night ,i really h some?+ to tell     

,god1 & pray$ ) deep e>ne/ness1 ,de>    
,god1 te> mamma's arms out s t %e _c    
beat me any m4  ,no?+ w\ld m effectively
 fur!r ! developm5t ( education ?an =   
all flogg+ p$agogues to meet ?is fate4  
,!y w\ld !n le>n to educate ) ! head    
in/ead ( ) ! h&4 ,& z to public         
educators1 ! tea*]s1 _! position c\ld be
 no bett] rais$ ?an by legally =bidd+ a 
bl[ to be adm9i/]$ 9 any s*ool "u p5alty
 ( f9al loss ( position4  ,t p :o are 9 
o!r respects intellig5t & s5sitive      
cont9ue to def5d flogg+1 is due to !    
fact t mo/ educators h only a v elem5t>y
 conception ( _! "w4 ,!y %\ld con/antly 
keep be=e !m ! feel+s & impressions ( _!
 own *ildhood 9 deal+ ) *ildr54 ,! mo/  
frequ5t z well z ! mo/ dang]\s ( !      
num]\s mi/akes made 9 h&l+ *ildr5 is t p
 d n rememb] h[ !y felt !mselves at a   
simil> age1 t !y d n reg>d & compreh5d !
 feel+s ( ! *ild f _! own pa/ po9t (    
view4 ,! adult laughs or smiles 9       
rememb]+ ! puni%m5ts & o!r ?+s :i* caus$
 him 9 8 *ildhood anxi\s days or nights1

 :i* produc$ ! sil5t torture ( ! *ild's 
he>t1 inf9ite despond5cy1 burn+         
indignation1 lonely fe>s1 outrag$ s5se (
 ju/ice1 ! t]rible creations ( 8        
imag9ation1 8 absurd %ame1 8 unsatisfi$ 
?ir/ = joy1 fre$om1 & t5d]ness4 ,lack+  
^! b5efic5t memories1 adults con/antly  
repeat ! crime ( de/roy+ ! *ildhood ( ! 
new g5]ation1--! only "t 9 life 9 :i* ! 
gu>dian ( education c really be a k9dly 
provid5ce4 ,s /rongly d ,i feel t !     
unnecess>y suff]+s ( *ildr5 are         
unnatural z well z ignoble t ,i exp]i5ce
 physical disgu/ 9 t\*+ ! h& ( a human  
be+ t ,i "k has /ruck a *ild2 & ,i _c   
close my eyes aft] ,i h he>d a *ild 9 ! 
/reet ?reat5$ ) corporal puni%m5t4      
,bl[s call =? ! virtues ( slaves1 n ^? (
 freem54 ,z e>ly z ,wal!r von d]        
,vogelweide1 x 0 kn[n t ! hon\rable man 
respects a ^w m ?an a bl[4 ,! ex]cise ( 
physical =ce deliv]s ! weak & unprotect$
 into ! h&s ( ! /rong4 ,a *ild nev]     
believes 9 8 he>t1 ?\gh he may be br\ght
 to ackn[l$ge v]bally1 t ! bl[s 7 due to

 love1 t !y 7 adm9i/]$ because !y 7     
necess>y4 ,! *ild is too ke5 n to "k t  
su* a mu/ does n exi/1 & t love c       
express itself 9 a bett] way4  ,lack (  
self-discipl9e1 ( intellig5ce1 (        
pati5ce1 ( p]sonal ef=t--^! are !       
corn]-/ones on :i* corporal puni%m5t    
re/s4 ,i d n n[ ref] to ! sy/em ( flogg+
 employ$ by mis]able p ye> 9 & ye> out  
at home1 or1 p>ticul>ly 9 s*ools1 t (   
beat+ *ildr5 outrage\sly1 or to ! limits
 ( brutality4 ,i d n mean ev5 ! less    
brutal bl[s adm9i/]$ by undiscipl9$     
tea*]s & p>5ts1 :o av5ge !mselves 9     
excesses ( passion or fatigue or        
disgu/1--bl[s :i* are simply ! active   
expression ( a t5sion ( n]ves1 a        
dete/able evid5ce ( ! want (            
self-discipl9e & self-culture4 ,/ill    
less d ,i ref] to ! cruelties committ$  
by mon/]s1 sexual p]v]ts1 ^: brutal     
t5d5cies are /imulat$ by _! discipl9>y  
p[] & :o use x to =ce _! victims to     
sil5ce1 z c]ta9 crim9al trials h %[n4   
,i am only speak+ ( consci5ti\s1 amiable

 p>5ts & tea*]s :o1 ) pa9 to !mselves1  
fulfil :at !y reg>d z _! duty to ! *ild4
 ,^! are accu/om$ to adduce ! good      
effects ( corporal discipl9e z a pro( t 
x _c be disp5s$ )4 ,! *ild by be+ :ipp$ 
is1 !y say1 n only made good b fre$ f 8 
evil "*1 & %[s by 8 :ole be+ t ?is quick
 & summ>y me?od ( puni%m5t has done m   
?an talks1 & pati5ce1 & ! sl[ly work+   
p5alties ( exp]i5ce4 ,examples are      
adduc$ to prove t only ?is k9d (        
puni%m5t breaks d[n ob/9acy1 cures !    
habit ( ly+ & ! l4 ,^? :o adopt ?is     
sy/em d n p]ceive t !y h only succe$$1  
?r\gh ?is mom5t>ily effective means1 9  
repress+ ! ext]nal expression ( an evil 
w4 ,!y h n succe$$ 9 trans=m+ ! w       
itself4 ,x requires con/ant vigilance1  
daily self-discipl9e1 to create an ev]  
high] capacity = ! discov]y ( intellig5t
 me?ods4 ,! fault t is repress$ is c]ta9
 to appe> on e occasion :5 ! *ild d>es  
to %[ x4 ,! educator :o f9ds 9 corporal 
puni%m5t a %ort way to get rid ( tr\ble1
 leads ! *ild a long way r\nd1 if we h !

 only real developm5t 9 view1 namely t  
:i* gradually /r5g!ns ! *ild's capacity 
= self-control4  ,i h nev] he>d a *ild  
ov] ?ree ye>s old ?reat5$ ) corporal    
puni%m5t )\t notic+ t ?is wond]fully    
moral me?od _h an equally bad influ5ce  
on p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! same c be said (  
mild] k9ds ( folly1 coax+ *ildr5 by     
ext]nal rew>ds4 ,i h se5 "s *ildr5 coax$
 to take ba?s & o!rs compell$ by ?reats4
 ,b 9 nei!r case 0 _! c\rage1 or        
self-control1 or /r5g? ( w increas$4    
,only :5 "o is able to make ! ba? itself
 attractive is t en]gy ( w develop$ t   
ga9s a victory ov] ! feel+ ( fe> or     
discom=t & produces a real e?ical       
impression1 viz41 t virtue is its own   
rew>d4 ,:]ev] a *ild is det]r$ f a bad  
habit or fault by corporal puni%m5t1 a  
real e?ical result is n rea*$4 ,! *ild  
has only le>nt to fe> an unpleasant     
consequ5ce1 :i* lacks real connection ) 
! ?+ itself1 a consequ5ce x well kn[s   
c\ld h be5 abs5t4 ,su* fe> is z f>      
remov$ z heav5 f ! conviction t ! good  

is bett] ?an ! bad4 ,! *ild soon becomes
 conv9c$ t ! disagreeable accompanim5t  
is no necess>y result ( ! action1 t by  
great] clev]ness ! puni%m5t might h be5 
avoid$4 ,?us ! physical puni%m5t        
increases deception n morality4 ,9 !    
hi/ory ( humanity ! effect ( ! tea*+    
ab\t hell & fe> ( hell illu/rates ! sort
 ( morality produc$ 9 *ildr5's s\ls by  
corporal puni%m5t1 t inf]no ( *ildhood4 
,only ) ! greate/ tr\ble1 sl[ly &       
unconsci\sly1 is ! conviction ( !       
sup]iority ( ! good e/abli%$4 ,! good   
comes to be se5 z m productive (        
happ9ess to ! individual himself & 8    
environm5t4 ,s ! *ild le>ns to love !   
good4 ,by tea*+ ! *ild t puni%m5t is a  
consequ5ce drawn ^u oneself he le>ns to 
avoid ! cause ( puni%m5t4  ,despite all 
! new talk ( individuality ! greate/    
mi/ake 9 tra9+ *ildr5 is /ill t ( treat+
 ! *ild z an ab/ract conception1 z an   
inorganic or p]sonal mat]ial to be =m$ &
 trans=m$ by ! h&s ( ^? :o are educat+  
him4 ,he is beat51 & x is ?\ght t ! :ole

 effect ( ! bl[ /ops at ! mom5t :5 !    
*ild is prev5t$ f be+ bad4 ,he has1 x is
 ?\ght1 a p[]ful rem9d] aga9/ future bad
 behavi\r4 ,p d n suspect t ?is viol5t  
int]f]5ce 9 ! physical & psy*ical life (
 ! *ild may h lifelong effects4 ,z f>   
back z =ty ye>s ago1 a writ] %[$ t      
corporal puni%m5t _h ! mo/ p[]ful       
somatic /imulative effects4 ,!          
flagellation ( ! ,middle ,ages is kn[n  
to h _h su* results2 & if ,i c\ld publi%
 :at ,i h he>d f adults z to ! effect ( 
corporal puni%m5t on !m1 or :at ,i h    
obs]v$ 9 *ildr51 ?is alone w\ld be      
decisive 9 do+ away ) su* puni%m5t 9 its
 crude/ =m4 ,x v deeply influ5ces !     
p]sonal mode/y ( ! *ild4 ,?is %\ld be   
pres]v$ above ev]y?+ z ! ma9 factor 9 ! 
developm5t ( ! feel+ ( purity4 ,! fa!r  
:o puni%es 8 daught] 9 ?is way des]ves  
to see h] "s day a fall5 woman4 ,he     
injures h] in/9ctive feel+ ( ! sanctity 
( h] body1 an in/9ct :i* ev5 9 ! case ( 
a small *ild c be passionately pr(\nd4  
,only :5 e infr+em5t ( sanctity 7=cible 

c>ess+ is z bad z a bl[7 evokes an      
en]getic1 in/9ctive repulsion1 is !     
nature ( ! *ild pr\d & pure4 ,*ildr5 :o 
/rike back :5 !y are puni%$ h ! mo/     
promis+ *>act]s ( all4  ,num]\s are !   
cases 9 :i* bodily puni%m5t c occasion  
irrem$iable damage1 n suspect$ by !     
p]son :o adm9i/]s x1 ?\gh he may        
triumphantly decl>e h[ ! puni%m5t 9 !   
specific case has help$4 ,mo/ adults    
feel free to tell h[ a :ipp+ has injur$ 
!m 9 "o way or ano!r1 b :5 !y take up ! 
tra9+ ( _! own *ildr5 !y dep5d on !     
effect ( su* *a/isem5t4  ,:at burn+     
bitt]ness & desire = v5geance1 :at can9e
 fawn+ flatt]y1 does n corporal puni%m5t
 call =?4 ,x makes ! lazy lazi]1 !      
ob/9ate m ob/9ate1 ! h>d1 h>d]4 ,x      
/r5g!ns ^? two emotions1 ! root ( almo/ 
all evil 9 ! _w1 hatr$ & fe>4 ,& z long 
z bl[s are made synonym\s ) education1  
bo? ( ^! emotions w keep _! ma/]y ov]   
m54  ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t occasions =    
rec\rse to ?is puni%m5t is ob/9acy1 b   
:at is call$ ob/9acy is only fe> or     

incapacity4 ,! *ild repeats a false     
answ]1 is ?reat5$ ) bl[s1 & aga9 repeats
 x j because he is afraid n to say ! "r 
?+4 ,he is /ruck & !n answ]s rightly4   
,?is is a triumph ( education2          
refractor9ess is ov]come4 ,b :at has    
happ5$8 ,increas$ fe> has l$ to a /rong 
ef=t ( ?\ght1 to a mom5t>y increase (   
self-control4 ,! next day ! *ild w v    
likely repeat ! fault4 ,:]e !re is real 
ob/9acy on ! "p ( *ildr51 ,i "k ( cases 
:5 corporal puni%m5t has fill$ !m ) !   
lu/ to kill1 ei!r !mselves or ! p]son :o
 /rikes !m4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i "k ( o!rs1  
:]e a "m has br\ght an ob/9ate *ild to  
rep5tance & self-ma/]y by hold+ him     
quietly & calmly on h] knees4  ,h[ _m   
untrue confessions h be5 =c$ by fe> (   
bl[s2 h[ mu* d>+ passion = action1 _s ( 
adv5ture1 play ( fancy1 & /imulus to    
discov]y has be5 repress$ by ?is same   
fe>4 ,ev5 :]e bl[s d n cause ly+1 !y    
always h9d] absolute /raight=w>dness & !
 d[nright p]sonal c\rage to %[ oneself z
 "o is4 ,z long z ! ^w bl[ is us$ at all

 9 a home1 no p]fect hon\r w be f\nd 9  
*ildr54 ,s long z ! home & ! s*ool use  
?is me?od ( education1 brutality w be   
develop$ 9 ! *ild himself at ! co/ (    
humanity4 ,! *ild uses on animals1 on 8 
"y bro!rs & si/]s1 on 8 comrades1 !     
me?ods appli$ to himself4 ,he puts 9    
practice ! same argum5t1 t badness mu/  
be cur$ ) bl[s4 ,only *ildr5 accu/om$ to
 be treat$ mildly1 le>n to see t        
influ5ce c be ga9$ )\t us+ =ce4 ,to see 
?is is "o ( man's privileges1 sacrific$ 
by man ?r\gh desc5d+ to ! me?ods ( !    
brute4 ,only by ! *ild see+ 8 tea*]     
always & ev]y:]e ab/a9+ f ! use ( actual
 =ce1 w he come himself to despise =ce  
on all ^? occasions :i* d n involve !   
def5ce ( a weak] p]son aga9/ physical   
sup]iority4 ,! f\ndation ( ! desire = w>
 is to be s\ght = less 9 ! w> games ?an 
9 ! tea*]s' rod4  ,to def5d corporal    
discipl9e1 *ildr5's own /atem5ts are    
br\ght 9 evid5ce1 !y are report$ z say+ 
!y knew !y des]v$ su* discipl9e 9 ord]  
to be made good4 ,!re is no l[] example 

( hypocrisy 9 human nature ?an ?is4 ,x  
is true ! *ild may be s9c]e 9 o!r cases 
9 say+ t he feels t ?r\gh puni%m5t he   
has aton$ = a fault :i* 0 weigh+ ^u 8   
consci5ce4 ,b ?is is really ! f\ndation 
( a false sy/em ( e?ics1 ! k9d :i* /ill 
cont9ues to be prea*$ z ,*ri/ian1       
namely2 t a fault may be aton$ = by     
suff]+s :i* are n directly connect$ ) ! 
fault4 ,! basis ( ! new morality is j ! 
opposite z ,i h already %[n4 ,x tea*es t
 no fault c be aton$ =1 t no "o c escape
 ! results ( 8 actions 9 any way4       
,untru?fulness belongs to ! faults :i* !
 tea*] ?9ks he mu/ mo/ frequ5tly puni% )
 bl[s4 ,b !re is no case 9 :i* ?is me?od
 is m dang]\s4  ,:5 ! mu*-ne$$          
guide-book = p>5ts is publi%$1 !        
well-kn[n /ory ( ,george ,wa%+ton & !   
hat*et mu/ appe> 9 x1 accompani$ by !   
rem>k :i* a clev] t5-ye>-old *ild add$  
to ! anecdote3 ,x is no tr\ble tell+ !  
tru? :5 "o has su* a k9d fa!r4  ,i =m]ly
 divid$ untru?fulness into unwill+1     
%ameless1 & imag9ative lies4 ,a %ort "t 

ago ,i ran across a mu* bett] division (
 ly+2 fir/ cold lies1 t is1 fully       
consci\s untru?fulness :i* mu/ be       
puni%$1 & hot lies2 ! expression ( an   
excit$ temp]am5t or ( a vigor\s fancy4  
,i agree ) ! au?or ( ?is di/9ction t !  
la/ %\ld n be puni%$ b correct$1 ?\gh n 
) a p$antic rule ( ?umb measure1 bas$ on
 h[ mu* x exce$s or falls %ort ( tru?4  
,x is to be cur$ by ridicule1 a dang]\s 
me?od ( education 9 g5]al1 b useful :5  
"o obs]ves t ?is type ( untru?fulness   
?reat5s to develop into real            
untru/wor?9ess4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! faults we 
are v /rict t[>ds *ildr51 s /rict t no  
lawy]1 no politician1 no j\rnali/1 no   
poet1 c\ld ex]cise 8 pr(ession if ! same
 /&>d 7 appli$ to !m z to *ildr54  ,!   
:ite lie is1 z a ,fr5* sci5ti/ has %[n1 
p>tly caus$ by pure morbidness1 p>tly   
?r\gh "s defect 9 ! conception4 ,x is   
due to an empty space1 a dead po9t 9    
memory1 or 9 consci\sness1 t produces a 
defective idea or gives "o no idea at   
all ( :at has happ5$4 ,9 ! affairs (    

ev]yday life ! adults are (t5 mi/ak5 z  
to _! int5tions or acts4 ,!y may h      
=gott5 ab\t _! actions1 & x requires a  
/rong ef=t ( memory to call !m back into
 _! m9ds2 or !y sugge/ to !mselves t !y 
h done1 or n done1 some?+4 ,9 all ( ^!  
cases1 if !y 7 =c$ to give a di/9ct     
answ]1 !y w\ld lie4 ,9 e case ( ?is k9d1
 :]e a *ild is conc]n$1 ! lie is assum$ 
to be a consci\s "o1 & :5 on be+        
submitt$ to a /rict cross-exam9ation1 he
 hesitates1 becomes confus$1 & blu%es1 x
 is look$ ^u z a pro( t he kn[s he has  
be5 tell+ an untru?1 al?\gh z a rule !re
 has be5 no in/ance ( untru?fulness1    
except ! f9ally extort$ confession f !  
*ild t he has li$4 ,yet 9 all ^!        
complicat$ psy*ological problems1       
corporal puni%m5t is treat$ z a         
solution4  ,! *ild :o nev] he>s ly+ at  
home1 :o does n see exagg]at$ weight    
plac$ on small1 m]ely ext]nal ?+s1 :o is
 n made c[>dly by fe>1 :o he>s consci\s 
lies always spok5 ( ) contempt1 w get   
out ( ! habit ( untru?fulness simply by 

psy*ological means4 ,fir/ he w f9d t    
untru?fulness causes a/oni%m5t1 & a     
repetition ( x1 scorn & lack (          
confid5ce4 ,b ^! me?ods %\ld n be appli$
 to untru?fulness caus$ by di/ress or by
 ri*ness ( imag9ation2 or to su* cases z
 orig9ate f ! obscure m5tal ideas not$  
above1 ideas ^: connection ) "o ano!r ! 
*ild _c make cle> to himself4 ,! cold   
untru? on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be puni%$2 fir/ 
by go+ ov] x ) ! *ild1 !n lett+ him     
exp]i5ce its effect 9 lack ( confid5ce1 
:i* w only be re/or$ :5 ! *ild %[s      
decid$ improvem5t 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x is ( !
 greate/ importance to %[ *ildr5 full & 
unlimit$ confid5ce1 ev5 ?\gh "o quietly 
ma9ta9s an attitude ( al]t wat*fulness2 
= cont9u\s & undes]v$ mi/ru/ is j z     
demoralis+ z bl9d & easy confid5ce4  ,no
 "o :o has be5 beat5 = ly+ le>ns by x to
 love tru?4 ,! accuracy ( ?is pr9ciple  
is illu/rat$ by adults :o despise       
corporal puni%m5t 9 _! *ildhood yet     
cont9ue to tell untru?s by ^w & de$4    
,fe> may keep ! *ild f te*nical untru?1 

b fe> also produces untru/wor?9ess4 ,^? 
:o h be5 beat5 9 *ildhood = ly+ h (t5   
suff]$ a s]i\s injury immeasurably      
great] ?an ! direct lie4 ,! true/ m5 ,i 
ev] knew lie volunt>ily & involunt>ily2 
:ile o!rs :o might nev] be caught 9 a   
lie are ?or\ghly false4  ,?is corruption
 ( p]sonality beg9s frequ5tly at !      
t5d]e/ age "u ! influ5ce ( e>ly tra9+4  
,*ildr5 are giv5 untrue motives1        
half-true in=mation2 are ?reat5$1       
admoni%$4 ,! *ild's w1 ?\ght1 & feel+   
are oppress$2 aga9/ ?is treatm5t        
di%one/y is ! readie/ me?od ( def5ce4 ,9
 ?is way educators :o make tru? _!      
highe/ aim1 make *ildr5 untru?ful4 ,i   
wat*$ a *ild :o 0 sev]ely puni%$ = d5y+ 
some?+ he _h unconsci\sly done1 & not$  
h[ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is s5seless puni%m5t
 he develop$ extreme dissimulation4     
,tru?fulness requires above ev]y?+      
unbrok5 det]m9ation2 & _m n]v\s little  
li>s ne$ n\ri%+ food & life 9 ! op5 air1
 n bl[s4 ,a great arti/1 "o ( ! few :o  
live :olly accord+ to ! mod]n pr9ciples 

( life1 said to me on "o occasion3 ,my  
son does n "k :at a lie is1 nor :at a   
bl[ is4 ,8 /ep-bro!r1 on ! o!r h&1 li$  
:5 he came into our h\se2 b ly+ did n "w
 9 ! atmosph]e ( calm & fre$om4 ,aft] a 
ye> ! habit disappe>$ by itself1 only   
because x always met ) deep a/oni%m5t4  
,?is makes me1 9 pass+1 note "o ( ! o!r 
_m mi/akes ( education1 viz41 ! inf9ite 
tr\ble tak5 9 try+ to d away ) a fault  
:i* disappe>s by itself4 ,p take inf9ite
 pa9s to tea* small *ildr5 to speak     
di/9ctly :o1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld  
le>n x by !mselves1 provid$ !y 7 always 
spok5 to di/9ctly4 ,?is same pr9ciple   
holds good ( num]\s o!r ?+s1 9 *ildr5's 
attitude & behavi\r1 t c be left simply 
to a good example & to "t4 ,"o's        
influ5ce %\ld be us$ 9 impress+ ^u !    
*ild habits = :i* a f\ndation mu/ be    
laid at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 life4  ,!re is   
ano!r /ill m un=tunate mi/ake1 ! mi/ake 
( correct+ & judg+ by an ext]nal effect 
produc$ by ! act1 by ! sc&al x occasions
 9 ! environm5t4 ,*ildr5 are /ruck = us+

 oa?s & improp] words ! mean+ ( :i* !y d
 n und]/&2 or if !y d und]/&1 ! result (
 /rictness is only t !y g on keep+      
sil5ce 9 matt]s 9 :i* s9c]ity t[>ds ^?  
:o are br++ !m up is ( ! highe/         
importance4 ,! v ?+ ! *ild is all[$ to d
 uncorrect$ at home1 is n seldom        
correct$ if x happ5s away f home4 ,s !  
*ild gets a false idea t x is n ! ?+ t  
des]ves puni%m5t1 b its publicity4 ,:5 a
 "m is a%am$ ( ! bad behavi\r ( h] son  
%e is apt to /rike him--in/ead ( /rik+  
h] own brea/6 ,:5 an adv5tur\s feat     
fails he is beat51 b he is prais$ :5    
successful4 ,^! practices produce       
demoralisation4 ,once 9 a wood ,i saw   
two p>5ts laugh+ :ile ! ice held on :i* 
_! son 0 slid+2 :5 x broke sudd5ly !y   
?reat5$ to :ip him4 ,x requir$ /rong    
self-control 9 ord] n to say to ?is pair
 t x 0 n ! son :o des]v$ puni%m5t b     
!mselves4  ,on occasions l ^!1 p>5ts    
av5ge _! own fright on _! *ildr54 ,i saw
 a *ild become a c[>d because an anxi\s 
"m /ruck him e "t he fell d[n1 :ile !   

natural result inflict$ on ! *ild w\ld h
 be5 m ?an suffici5t to increase 8      
c>efulness4 ,:5 mis=tune is caus$ by    
disob$i5ce1 natural al>m is1 z a rule1  
en\gh to prev5t a repetition ( x4 ,if x 
is n suffici5t bl[s h no re/ra9+ effect2
 !y only embitt]4 ,! boy f9ds t adults h
 =gott5 _! own p]iod ( *ildhood2 he     
)draws himself secretly f ?is abuse (   
p[]1 provid$ /rict treatm5t does n      
succe$ 9 totally depress+ ! level ( !   
*ild's w & ob/ruct+ 8 en]gies4  ,?is is 
c]ta9ly a dang]1 b ! mo/ s]i\s effect ( 
corporal puni%m5t is t x has e/abli%$ an
 une?ical morality z its result4 ,until 
! human be+ has le>nt to see t ef=t1    
/riv+1 developm5t ( p[]1 are _! own     
rew>d1 life rema9s an unbeautiful       
affair4 ,! debas+ effects ( vanity &    
ambition1 ! small & great cruelties     
produc$ by inju/ice1 are all due to !   
idea t failure or success sets ! value  
to de$s & actions4  ,a complete         
revolution 9 ?is crude !ory ( value mu/ 
come ab\t be=e ! e>? c become ! sc5e ( a

 happy b consid]ate developm5t ( p[] on 
! "p ( free & f9e human be+s4 ,e conte/ 
decid$ by exam9ations & prizes is       
ultimately an immoral me?od ( tra9+4 ,x 
awak5s only evil passions1 envy & !     
impression ( inju/ice on ! "o side1     
arrogance on ! o!r4 ,aft] ,i _h dur+ !  
c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s f\ght ^! s*ool       
exam9ations1 ,i read ) ?or\gh agreem5t a
 %ort "t ago1 ,rusk9's views on !       
subject4 ,he believ$ t all competition 0
 a false basis ( /imulus1 & e           
di/ribution ( prizes a false means4 ,he 
?\ght t ! real sign ( tal5t 9 a boy1    
auspici\s = 8 future c>e]1 0 8 desire to
 "w = "w's sake4 ,he decl>$ t ! real aim
 ( in/ruction %\ld be to %[ him 8 own   
prop] & special gifts1 to /r5g!n !m 9   
him1 n to spur him on to an empty       
competition ) ^? :o 7 pla9ly 8 sup]iors 
9 capacity4  ,moreov] x ought n to be   
=gott5 t success & failure involve (    
!mselves _! own puni%m5t & _! own rew>d1
 ! "o bitt]1 ! o!r sweet en\gh to secure
 9 a natural way increas$ /r5g?1 c>e1   

prud5ce1 & endurance4 ,x is completely  
unnecess>y = ! educator to use1 besides 
^!1 "s special puni%m5ts or special     
rew>ds1 & s p]v]t ! conceptions ( ! *ild
 t failure seems to him to be a wrong1  
success on ! o!r h& z ! "r4  ,no matt]  
:]e "o turns "o's gaze1 x is notori\s t 
! ext]nally enc\rag+ or awe-inspir+     
means ( education1 are an ob/acle to :at
 are ! *ief human *>act]i/ics1 c\rage 9 
oneself & goodness to o!rs4  ,a p ^:    
education is c>ri$ on by g5tle means    
only 7,i mean ! p ( ,japan71 h %[n t    
manl9ess is n 9 dang] :]e *ildr5 are n  
h>d5$ by corporal puni%m5t4 ,^! g5tle   
means are j z effective 9 call+ =?      
self-ma/]y & consid]ation4 ,^! virtues  
are s impr9t$ on *ildr51 at ! t5d]e/    
age1 t "o le>ns fir/ 9 ,japan :at       
attraction consid]ate k9dl9ess be/[s ^u 
life4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e bl[s are nev] se51
 ! fir/ rule ( social int]c\rse is n to 
cause discom=t to o!rs4 ,x is told t :5 
a =eign] 9 ,japan took up a /one to ?r[ 
x at a dog1 ! dog did n run4 ,no "o _h  

ev] ?r[n a /one at him4 ,t5d]ness t[>ds 
animals is ! complem5t 9 t c\ntry (     
t5d]ness 9 human relation%ip1 a t5d]ness
 ^: result is obs]v$1 among o!r effects1
 9 a relatively small numb] ( crimes    
aga9/ life & security4  ,w>1 hunt+ =    
pleasure1 corporal discipl9e1 are no?+ m
 ?an diff]5t expressions ( ! tig] nature
 /ill alive 9 man4 ,:5 ! rod is ?r[n    
away1 & :51 z "s "o has said1 *ildr5 are
 no long] box$ on _! e>s b are giv5     
magnify+ glasses & photographic cam]as  
to increase _! capacity = life & = lov+ 
x1 in/ead ( le>n+ to de/roy x1 real     
education 9 humanity w beg94  ,= !      
b5efit ( ^? :o are n conv9c$ t corporal 
puni%m5t c be disp5s$ ) 9 a manly       
education1 by s remote & s di/ant an    
example z ,japan1 ,i %\ld l to m5tion a 
fact clos] to u4 ,our ,g]manic =efa!rs  
did n h ?is me?od ( education4 ,x 0     
introduc$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,corporal      
discipl9e 0 turn$ into a religi\s duty1 
& z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 7      
intellig5t m5 :o flogg$ _! *ildr5 once a

 week z a "p ( spiritual gu>dian%ip4 ,i 
once ask$ our great poet1 ,victor       
,rydb]g1 & he said t he _h f\nd no pro( 
t corporal puni%m5t 0 usual among !     
,g]mans 9 hea!n times4 ,i ask$ him :e!r 
he did n believe t ! fact ( its abs5ce  
_h enc\rag$ ! en]getic individualism &  
manl9ess 9 ! ,nor!rn peoples4 ,he ?\ght 
s1 & agre$ ) me4 ,f9ally1 ,i might note 
f our own "t1 t !re are _m families &   
s*ools1 our girls' s*ools = example1 &  
also boys' s*ools 9 "s c\ntries1 :]e    
corporal puni%m5t is nev] us$4 ,i "k a  
family ) twelve *ildr5 ^: activity &    
capacity are n damag$ by br++ !m "u !   
rule ( duty alone4 ,corporal puni%m5t is
 nev] us$ 9 ?is home2 a det]m9$ b mild  
"m has taught ! *ildr5 to obey          
volunt>ily1 & has kn[n h[ to tra9 _!    
wills to self-control4  ,by volunt>y    
ob$i5ce1 ,i d n mean t ! *ild is b\nd to
 ask endless que/ions = reasons1 & to   
dispute !m be=e he obeys4 ,a good tea*] 
nev] gives a comm& )\t !re be+ "s good  
reason1 b :e!r ! *ild is conv9c$ or n1  

he mu/ always obey1 & if he asks :y !   
answ] is v simple2 e "o1 adults z well z
 *ildr51 mu/ obey ! "r & mu/ submit to  
:at _c be avoid$4 ,! great necessity 9  
life mu/ be impr9t$ 9 *ildhood4 ,?is c  
be done )\t h>% means by tra9+ ! *ild1  
ev5 previ\s to 8 bir?1 by cultivat+ "o's
 self-control1 & aft] 8 bir? by nev]    
giv+ 9 to a *ild's caprices4  ,! rule   
is1 9 a few cases1 to "w 9 opposition to
 ! action ( ! *ild1 b 9 o!r cases "w    
con/ructively2 ,i mean provide ! *ild ) 
mat]ial to con/ruct 8 own p]sonality &  
!n let him d ?is "w ( con/ruction4 ,?is 
is1 9 brief1 ! art ( education4 ,! wor/ 
( all educational me?ods are ?reats4 ,! 
only effective admonitions are %ort &   
infrequ5t ones4 ,! greate/ skill 9 !    
educator is to be sil5t = ! mom5t & !n s
 reprove ! fault1 indirectly1 t ! *ild  
is br\ght to correct himself or make    
himself ! object ( blame4 ,?is c be done
 by ! in/ructor tell+ some?+ t causes ! 
*ild to comp>e 8 own conduct ) ! hateful
 or admirable types ( behavi\r ab\t :i* 

he he>s in=mation4 ,or ! educator may   
give an op9ion :i* ! *ild mu/ take to   
himself al?\gh x is n appli$ directly to
 him4  ,on _m occasions a =ceful display
 ( indignation on ! "p ( ! eld] p]son is
 an excell5t puni%m5t1 if ! indignation 
is res]v$ = ! "r mom5t4 ,i "k *ildr5 to 
:om no?+ 0 m frightful ?an _! fa!r's    
scorn2 ?is 0 dread$4 ,*ildr5 :o are     
delug$ ) directions & religi\s          
devotions1 :o receive an ounce (        
morality 9 e cup ( joy1 are mo/ c]ta9 to
 be ^? :o w revolt aga9/ all ?is4 ,ne>ly
 e ?9k+ p]son feels t ! deepe/          
educational influ5ces 9 8 life h be5    
indirect2 "s good advice n giv5 to him  
directly2 a noble de$ told )\t any      
direct ref]5ce4 ,b :5 p come !mselves to
 tra9 o!rs !y =get all _! own p]sonal   
exp]i5ce4  ,! /ronge/ con/ructive factor
 9 ! education ( a human be+ is !       
settl$1 quiet ord] ( home1 its peace1 & 
its duty4 ,op5he>t$ness1 indu/ry1       
/raight=w>dness at home develop         
goodness1 desire to "w1 & simplicity 9 !

 *ild4 ,examples ( arti/ic "w & books 9 
! home1 its cu/om>y life on ord9>y days 
& holidays1 its occupations & its       
pleasures1 %\ld give to ! emotions &    
imag9ation ( ! *ild1 p]iods ( movem5t & 
repose1 a sure cont\r & a ri* col\r4 ,! 
pure1 w>m1 cle> atmosph]e 9 :i* fa!r1   
"m1 & *ildr5 live toge!r 9 fre$om &     
confid5ce2 :]e none are kept isolat$ f !
 int]e/s ( ! o!rs2 b ea* possesses full 
fre$om = 8 own p]sonal int]e/2 :]e none 
tr5*es on ! rights ( o!rs2 :]e all are  
will+ to help "o ano!r :5 necess>y1--9  
?is atmosph]e egoism1 z well z altruism1
 c atta9 _! ri*e/ developm5t1 &         
individuality f9d its j fre$om4 ,z !    
evolution ( man's s\l advances to       
undream$-( possibilities ( ref9em5t1 (  
capacity1 ( pr(undity2 z ! spiritual    
life ( ! g5]ation becomes m manifold 9  
its comb9ations & 9 its di/9ctions2 ! m 
"t "o has = obs]v+ ! wond]ful & deep    
secrets ( exi/5ce1 beh9d ! visible1     
tangible1 _w ( s5se1 ! m w ea* new      
g5]ation ( *ildr5 %[ a m ref9$ & a m    

consi/5t m5tal life4 ,x is impossible to
 atta9 ?is result "u ! torture ( ! crude
 me?ods 9 our pres5t home & s*ool tra9+4
 ,we ne$ new homes1 new s*ools1 new     
m>riages1 new social relations1 = ^? new
 s\ls :o are to feel1 love1 & suff]1 9  
ways inf9itely num]\s t we n[ c n ev5   
"n4 ,?us !y w come to und]/& life2 !y w 
h aspirations & hopes2 !y w believe2 !y 
w pray4 ,! conceptions ( religion1 love1
 & art1 all ^! mu/ be revolutionis$ s   
radically1 t "o n[ c only surmise :at   
new =ms w be creat$ 9 future g5]ations4 
,?is trans=mation c be help$ by ! tra9+ 
( ! pres5t1 by ca/+ aside ! )]$ foliage 
:i* n[ cov]s ! budd+ possibilities (    
life4  ,! h\se mu/ once m become a home 
= ! s\ls ( *ildr51 n = _! bodies alone4 
,= su* homes to be =m$1 t 9 _! turn w   
m\ld *ildr51 ! *ildr5 mu/ be giv5 back  
to ! home4 ,in/ead ( ! /udy prep>ation  
at home = ! s*ool tak+ up1 z x n[ does1 
! be/ "p ( a *ild's life1 ! s*ool mu/   
get ! small] "p1 ! home ! l>g] "p4 ,!   
home w h ! responsibility ( s us+ ! free

 "t z well on ord9>y days z on holidays1
 t ! *ildr5 w really become a "p ( !    
home bo? 9 _! "w & 9 _! pleasures4 ,!   
*ildr5 w be tak5 f ! s*ool1 ! /reet1 !  
factory1 & re/or$ to ! home4 ,! "m w be 
giv5 back f "w outside1 or f social life
 to ! *ildr54 ,?us natural tra9+ 9 ! _s 
( ,r\sseau & ,sp5c] w be realis$2 a     
tra9+ = life1 by life at home4  ,su* 0 !
 tra9+ ( ,old ,sc&anavia2 ! direct %>e (
 ! *ild 9 ! "w ( ! adult1 9 real lab\rs 
& dang]s1 gave to ! life ( our          
,sc&anavian =efa!rs 7) :om ! boy began  
to be a man at twelve ye>s ( age71      
unity1 "*1 & /r5g?4 ,?+s specially made 
= *ildr51 ! anxi\s wat*+ ov] all _!     
und]tak+s1 support giv5 to all _! /eps1 
c\rses ( "w & pleasure specially prep>$ 
= *ildr51--^! are ! fundam5tal defects (
 our pres5t day education4 ,an          
eighte5-ye>-old girl said to me a %ort  
"t ago1 t %e & o!r girls ( ! same age 7 
s tir$ ( ! sy/em ( vigilance1           
protection1 amusem5t1 & pamp]+ at s*ool 
& at home1 t !y 7 det]m9$ to br+ up _!  

own *ildr5 9 hung]1 corporal discipl9e1 
& drudg]y4  ,"o c und]/& ?is un=tunate  
reaction aga9/ an artificial environm5t2
 ! environm5t 9 :i* *ildr5 & "y p ( !   
pres5t gr[ up2 an exi/5ce t evokes a    
passionate desire = ! realities ( life1 
= individual action at "o's own risk &  
responsibility1 in/ead ( be+1 z is n[ ! 
case1 at home & 9 ! s*ool1 ! object (   
ano!r's c>e4  ,:at is requir$1 above    
all1 = ! *ildr5 ( ! pres5t day1 is to be
 assign$ aga9 real home occupations1    
tasks !y mu/ d consci5ti\sly1 habits (  
"w arrang$ = week days & holidays )\t   
ov]sight1 9 e case :]e ! *ild c help    
himself4 ,in/ead ( ! mod]n s*ool *ild   
hav+ a "m & s]vants ab\t him to get him 
ready = s*ool & to help him to rememb]  
?+s1 he %\ld h "t e day be=e s*ool to   
arrange 8 room & bru% 8 clo!s1 & !re    
%\ld be no ef=t to make him rememb] :at 
is connect$ ) ! s*ool4 ,! home & ! s*ool
 %\ld comb9e toge!r sy/ematically to let
 ! *ild suff] = ! results ( 8 own       
neglig5ce4  ,j ! rev]se ( ?is sy/em     

rules to-day4 ,mo!rs le>n _! *ildr5's   
lessons1 inv5t plays = !m1 read _! /ory 
books to !m1 arrange _! rooms aft] !m1  
pick up :at !y h let fall1 put 9 ord] ! 
?+s !y h left 9 confusion1 & 9 ?is & 9  
o!r ways1 by protective pamp]+ &        
att5tion1 _! desire = "w1 _! endurance1 
! gifts ( inv5tion & imag9ation1        
qualities prop] to ! *ild1 become weak &
 passive4 ,! home n[ is only a          
prep>ation = s*ool4 ,9 x1 "y p gr[+ up1 
are accu/om$ to receive s]vices1 )\t    
p]=m+ any on _! "p4 ,!y are tra9$ to be 
always receptive in/ead ( giv+ some?+ 9 
return4 ,!n p are surpris$ at a y\?ful  
g5]ation1 selfi% & unre/ra9$1 press+    
=w>d %amelessly on all occasions be=e _!
 eld]s1 crudely unresponsive 9 respect (
 ^? att5tions1 :i* 9 e>li] g5]ations 7 a
 beautiful cu/om among ! "y4  ,to re/ore
 ?is cu/om1 all ! means usually adopt$  
n[ to protect ! *ild f physical &       
psy*ical dang]s & inconv5i5ces1 w h to  
be remov$4 ,?r[ ! !rmomet] out ( ! w9d[ 
& beg9 ) a s5sible c\rse ( t\gh5+2 tea* 

! *ild to "k & to be> natural pa94      
,corporal puni%m5t mu/ be done away ) n 
because x is pa9ful b because x is      
pr(\ndly immoral & hopelessly           
unsuitable4 ,repress ! egoi/ic dem&s ( !
 *ild :5 he int]f]es ) ! "w or re/ (    
o!rs2 nev] let him ei!r by c>esses or by
 nagg+ usurp ! rights ( gr[n p2 take c>e
 t ! s]vants d n "w aga9/ :at ! p>5ts   
are try+ to insi/ on 9 ?is & 9 o!r      
matt]s4  ,we mu/ beg9 9 do+ = ! *ild 9  
c]ta9 ways a ?\s& times m & 9 o!rs a    
hundr$ ?\s& times less4 ,a beg9n+ mu/ be
 made 9 ! t5d]e/ age to e/abli% ! *ild's
 feel+ = nature4 ,let him live ye> 9 &  
ye> out 9 ! same c\ntry home2 ?is is "o 
( ! mo/ significant & pr(\nd factors 9  
tra9+4 ,x c be held to ev5 :]e x is n[  
neglect$4 ,! same ?+ holds good ( mak+ a
 *oice libr>y1 comm5c+ ) ! fir/ ye>s (  
life2 s t ! *ild w h1 at diff]5t p]iods 
( 8 life1 suitable books = ea* age2 n z 
is n[ (t5 ! case1 get q spoilt by !     
con/ant *ange ( summ] excursions1 by    
wor?less *ildr5's books1 & co/ly toys4  

,!y %\ld nev] h any b ! simple/ books2 !
 s-call$ classical ones4 ,!y %\ld be    
amply provid$ ) means ( prep>+ _! own   
play?+s4 ,! wor/ feature ( our sy/em are
 ! play?+s :i* imitate ! luxury ( gr[n  
p4 ,by su* objects ! covet\s impulse ( !
 *ild = acquisition is increas$1 8 own  
capacity = discov]y & imag9ation limit$1
 or r1 x w\ld be limit$ if *ildr5 ) !   
s\nd in/9ct ( pres]vation1 did n happily
 sma% ! p]fect play?+s1 :i* give !m no  
creative opportunity1 & !mselves make   
new play?+s f fir cones1 acorns1 ?orns1 
& fragm5ts ( pott]y1 & all o!r sorts (  
rubbi% :i* c be trans=m$ into objects ( 
great price by ! p[] ( ! imag9ation4    
,to play ) *ildr5 9 ! "r way is also a  
great art4 ,x %\ld nev] be done if      
*ildr5 d n !mselves "k :at !y are go+ to
 d2 x %\ld always be a special treat =  
!m z well z _! eld]s4 ,b ! adults mu/   
always on su* occasions1 leave beh9d e  
k9d ( educational idea & g completely   
into ! *ild's _w ( ?\ght & imag9ation4  
,no attempt %\ld be made to tea* !m at  

^! times any?+ else b ! old satisfactory
 games4 ,! exp]i5ces d]iv$ f ^! games   
ab\t ! nature ( ! *ildr51 :o are        
/imulat$ 9 "o direction or ano!r by !   
game1 mu/ be kept = lat] use4  ,games 9 
?is way increase confid5ce betwe5 *ildr5
 & adults4 ,!y le>n to "k _! eld]s      
bett]4 ,b to all[ *ildr5 to turn all !  
rooms into places to play 91 & to dem&  
con/antly t _! eld]s %all int]e/        
!mselves 9 !m1 is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s    
species ( pamp]+ common to ! pres5t day4
 ,! *ildr5 become accu/om$ to selfi%ness
 & m5tal dep5d5ce4 ,besides ?is con/ant 
educational ef=t br+s ) x ! dull+ ( !   
*ild's p]sonality4 ,if *ildr5 7 free 9  
_! own _w1 ! nurs]y1 b out ( x _h to    
submit to ! /rict limits impos$ by !    
habits1 wills1 "w1 & repose ( p>5ts1 _! 
requirem5ts & _! wi%es1 !y w\ld develop 
into a /rong] & m consid]ate race ?an ! 
y\? ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is n s mu* talk+ 
ab\t be+ consid]ate1 b ! necessity (    
consid]+ o!rs1 ( really help+ oneself & 
o!rs1 t has an educational value4 ,9    

e>li] days1 *ildr5 7 quiet z mice 9 !   
pres5ce ( eld] p]sons4 ,in/ead (1 z !y d
 n[1 break+ into a gue/'s conv]sation1  
!y le>n$ to li/54 ,if ! conv]sation (   
adults is v>i$1 ?is c be call$ "o ( !   
be/ educational me?ods = *ildr54 ,!     
ord9>y life ( *ildr51 "u ! old sy/em1 0 
liv$ 9 ! nurs]y :]e !y receiv$ _! mo/   
important tra9+ f an old fai?ful s]vant 
& f "o ano!r4 ,f _! p>5ts !y receiv$    
corporal puni%m5t1 sometimes a c>ess4 ,9
 comp>ison ) ?is sy/em1 ! pres5t way (  
p>5ts & *ildr5 liv+ toge!r w\ld be      
absolute progress1 if p>5ts c\ld b ab/a9
 f expla9+1 advis+1 improv+1 influ5c+ e 
?\ght & e expression4 ,b all spiritual1 
m5tal1 & bodily protective rules make ! 
*ild n[ indirectly selfi%1 because      
ev]y?+ c5tres ab\t him & !re=e he is    
kept 9 a con/ant /ate ( irritation4 ,!  
six-ye>-old c di/urb ! conv]sation ( !  
adult1 b ! twelve-ye>-old is s5t to b$  
ab\t eight o'clock1 ev5 :5 he1 ) wide   
op5 eyes1 longs = a conv]sation t might 
be to him an inspir+ /imulus = life4    

,c]ta9ly "s simple habits s f> z conduct
 & ord]1 n\ri%m5t & sleep1 air & wat]1  
clo?+ & bodily movem5t1 are conc]n$1 c  
be made ! f\ndations = ! *ild's         
conceptions ( morality4 ,he _c be made  
to le>n soon en\gh t bodily heal? &     
beauty mu/ be reg>d$ z high e?ical      
*>act]i/ics1 & t :at is injuri\s to     
heal? & beauty mu/ be reg>d$ z a hateful
 act4 ,9 ?is sph]e1 *ildr5 mu/ be kept  
entirely indep5d5t ( cu/om by all[+ !   
exception to e rule to h its valid      
place4 ,! pres5t anxi\s solicitude t    
*ildr5 %\ld eat :5 ! clock /rikes1 t !y 
get c]ta9 food at fix$ meals1 t !y be   
clo!d accord+ to ! degree ( temp]ature1 
t !y g to b$ :5 ! clock /rikes1 t !y be 
protect$ f e drop ( unboil$ wat] & e    
extra piece ( c&y1 ?is makes !m n]v\s1  
irritable slaves ( habit4 ,a reasonable 
t\gh5+ process aga9/ ! inequalities1    
discom=ts1 & *ances ( life1 con/itutes  
"o ( ! mo/ important bases ( joy ( liv+ 
& ( /r5g? ( temp]4 ,9 ?is case too1 !   
behavi\r ( ! p]son :o gives ! tra9+1 is 

! be/ means ( tea*+ *ildr5 to smile at  
small contretemps1 ?+s :i* w\ld ?r[ a   
cl\d ov] ! sun1 if "o got into ! habit (
 treat+ !m z if !y 7 ( great importance4
 ,if ! *ild sees ! p>5t do+ readily an  
unpleasant duty1 :i* he hone/ly         
recognises z unpleasant2 if he sees a   
p>5t endure tr\ble or an unexpect$      
difficulty easily1 he w be 9 hon\r b\nd 
to d ! l4 ,j z *ildr5 )\t _m words le>n 
to practice good de$s :5 !y see good    
de$s practis$ ab\t !m2 le>n to enjoy !  
beauty ( nature & art :5 !y see t adults
 enjoy !m1 s by liv+ m beautifully1 m   
nobly1 m mod]ately1 we speak be/ to     
*ildr54 ,!y are j z receptive to        
impressions ( ?is k9d z !y are c>eless (
 ^? made by =ce4  ,s9ce ?is is my alpha 
& omega 9 ! art ( education1 ,i repeat  
n[ :at ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is book & 
half way ?r\gh x4 ,try to leave ! *ild 9
 peace2 int]f]e directly z seldom z     
possible2 keep away all crude & impure  
impressions2 b give all y\r c>e & en]gy 
to see t p]sonality1 life itself1       

reality 9 its simplicity & 9 its        
nak$ness1 %all all be means ( tra9+ !   
*ild4  ,make dem&s on ! p[]s ( *ildr5 & 
on _! capacity = self-control1          
proportionate to ! special /age ( _!    
developm5t1 nei!r great] nor less] dem&s
 ?an on adults4 ,b respect ! joys ( !   
*ild1 8 ta/es1 "w1 & "t1 j z y w\ld ^? (
 an adult4 ,education w ?us become an   
inf9itely simple & inf9itely h>d] art1  
?an ! education ( ! pres5t day1 ) its   
artificialis$ exi/5ce1 its d\ble entry  
morality1 "o morality = ! *ild1 & "o = !
 adult1 (t5 /rict = ! *ild & lax = !    
adult & vice v]sa4 ,by treat+ ! *ild e  
mom5t z "o does an adult human be+ we   
free education f t brutal arbitr>9ess1 f
 ^? ov]-indulg5t protective rules1 :i* h
 trans=m$ him4 ,:e!r p>5ts act z if     
*ildr5 exi/$ = _! b5efit alone1 or :e!r 
! p>5ts give up _! :ole lives to _!     
*ildr51 ! result is alike deplorable4 ,z
 a rule bo? classes "k equally little ( 
! feel+s & ne$s ( _! *ildr54 ,! "o class
 are happy :5 ! *ildr5 are l !mselves1 &

 _! highe/ ambition is to produce 9 _!  
*ildr5 a successful copy ( _! own       
?\ghts1 op9ions1 & ideals4 ,really x    
ought to pa9 !m v mu* to see !mselves s 
exactly copi$4 ,:at life expect$ f !m & 
requir$ f !m 0 j ! opposite--a ri*]     
comb9ation1 a bett] creation1 a new     
type1 n a reproduction ( t :i* is       
already exhau/$4 ,! o!r class /rive to  
model _! *ildr5 n accord+ to !mselves b 
accord+ to _! ideal ( goodness4 ,!y %[  
_! love by _! will+ness to ext+ui% _!   
own p]sonalities = _! *ildr5's sake4    
,?is !y d by lett+ ! *ildr5 feel t      
ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns !m /&s 9 ! =egr\nd4  
,?is %\ld be s1 b only indirectly4  ,!  
conc]ns ( ! :ole s*eme ( life1 ! ord]+ (
 ! home1 its habits1 int]c\rse1         
purposes1 c>e = ! ne$s ( *ildr51 & _!   
s\nd developm5t1 mu/ /& 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,b 
at pres5t1 9 mo/ cases1 *ildr5 ( t5d]   
ye>s1 z well z ^? :o are old]1 are      
sacrific$ to ! *aotic condition ( !     
home4 ,!y le>n self-w )\t possess+ real 
fre$om2 !y live "u a discipl9e :i* is   

spasmodic 9 its application4  ,:5 "o    
daught] aft] ano!r leaves home 9 ord] to
 make h]self indep5d5t !y are (t5 driv5 
to d x by want ( fre$om1 or by ! lack ( 
"* 9 family life4 ,9 bo? directions !   
girl sees h]self =c$ to become some?+   
diff]5t1 to hold diff]5t op9ions1 to ?9k
 diff]5t ?\ghts1 to act contr>y to !    
dictates ( h] own be+4 ,a "m happy 9 !  
fri5d%ip ( h] own daught]1 said n long  
ago t %e desir$ to erect an asylum =    
torm5t$ daught]s4 ,su* an asylum w\ld be
 z necess>y z a protection aga9/ pamp]+ 
p>5ts z aga9/ ^? :o are ov]be>+4 ,bo?   
alike1 torture _! *ildr5 ?\gh 9 diff]5t 
ways1 by n und]/&+ ! *ild's "r to h 8   
own po9t ( view1 8 own ideal ( happ9ess1
 8 own prop] ta/es & occupation4 ,!y d n
 see t *ildr5 exi/ z little = _! p>5t's 
sake z p>5ts d = _! *ildr5's sake4      
,family life w\ld h an intellig5t "* if 
ea* "o liv$ fully & entirely 8 own life 
& all[$ ! o!rs to d ! same4 ,none %\ld  
tyrannise ov]1 nor %\ld suff] tyranny f1
 ! o!r4 ,p>5ts :o give _! home ?is "* c 

ju/ly dem& t *ildr5 %all accommodate    
!mselves to ! habits ( ! h\sehold z long
 z !y live 9 x4 ,*ildr5 on _! "p c ask t
 _! own life ( ?\ght & feel+ %all be    
left 9 peace at home1 or t !y be treat$ 
) ! same consid]ation t w\ld be giv5 to 
a /rang]4 ,:5 ! p>5ts d n meet ^!       
conditions !y !mselves are ! great]     
suff]]s4 ,x is v easy to keep "o's son f
 express+ 8 raw views1 v easy to te> a  
daught] away f h] book & to br+ h] to a 
tea-p>ty by giv+ h] unnecess>y          
occupations2 v easy by a scornful ^w to 
repress "s p[]ful emotion4 ,a ?\s&      
simil> ?+s occur e day 9 good families  
?r\gh ! :ole _w4 ,b :5ev] we he> ( "y p 
speak+ ( _! intellectual homelessness & 
sadness1 we beg9 to und]/& :y fa!r & "m 
rema9 beh9d 9 homes f :i* ! daught]s h  
ha/5$ to dep>t2 :y *ildr5 take _! c>es1 
joys1 & ?\ghts to /rang]s2 :y1 9 a ^w1 !
 old & ! "y g5]ation are z mutually     
dep5d5t z ! roots & fl[]s ( plants1 s   
(t5 sep>ate ) mutual repulsion4  ,?is is
 z true ( highly cultivat$ fa!rs & mo!rs

 z ( simple b\rgeois or peasant p>5ts4  
,p]haps1 inde$1 x may be tru] ( ! fir/  
class2 ! latt] torm5t _! *ildr5 9 a nave
 way1 :ile ! =m] are inf9itely wise &   
me?odical 9 _! /upidity4 ,r>ely is a "m 
( ! upp] class "o ( ^? arti/s ( home    
life :o ?r\gh ! bli!ness1 ! goodness1 & 
joy\sness ( h] "*1 makes ! rhy?m (      
ev]yday life a dance1 & holidays into   
fe/ivals4 ,su* arti/s are (t5 simple    
wom5 :o h pass$ no exam9ations1 f\nd$ no
 clubs1 & writt5 no books4 ,! highly    
cultivat$ mo!rs & ! socially useful     
mo!rs on ! o!r h& are n seldom ^? :o    
call =? criticism f _! sons4 ,x seems   
almo/ an inv>iable rule t mo!rs %\ld    
make mi/akes :5 !y wi% to act = ! welf>e
 ( _! sons4 ,h[ inf9itely valuable1 say 
_! *ildr51 w\ld ,i h f\nd a "m :o c\ld h
 kept quiet1 :o w\ld h be5 pati5t ) me1 
:o w\ld h giv5 me re/1 keep+ ! out] _w  
at a di/ance f me1 ) k9dly soo?+ h&s4   
,oh1 w\ld t ,i _h _h a "m on ^: brea/ ,i
 c\ld h laid my head1 to be quiet &     
dream4  ,a di/+ui%$ woman writ] is      

surpris$ t all ( h] well-?\ght-out plans
 = h] *ildr5 fail--^? *ildr5 9 :om %e   
saw ! mat]ial = h] passion = gov]n+1 !  
clay t %e desir$ to m\ld4  ,! writ] j   
cit$ says v ju/ly t mat]nal unselfi%ness
 alone c p]=m ! task ( protect+ a "y be+
 ) wisdom & k9dl9ess1 by all[+ him to   
gr[ accord+ to 8 own laws4 ,! unselfi%  
"m1 %e says1 w joyfully give ! be/ ( h] 
life en]gy1 p[]s ( s\l & _s to a gr[+   
be+ & !n op5 all doors to him1 leav+ him
 9 ! broad _w to foll[ 8 own pa?s1 & ask
 = no?+1 nei!r ?anks1 nor praise1 nor   
remembrance4 ,b to mo/ mo!rs may be     
appli$ ! bitt] exclamation ( a son 9 !  
book j m5tion$1 ev5 a "m mu/ "k h[ %e   
tortures ano!r2 if %e has n ?is capacity
 by nature1 :y 9 ! _w %\ld ,i recognise 
h] z my "m at all4  ,c]ta9 mo!rs sp5d ! 
:ole day 9 keep+ _! *ildr5's n]v\s sy/em
 9 a /ate ( irritation4 ,!y make "w h>d 
& play joyless1 :5ev] !y take a "p 9 x4 
,at ! pres5t "t1 too1 ! s*ool gets      
control ( ! *ild1 ! home loses all !    
means by :i* =m]ly x m\ld$ ! *ild's s\l 

life & ennobl$ family life4 ,! s*ool1 n 
fa!r & "m1 tea*es *ildr5 to play1 !     
s*ool gives !m manual tra9+1 ! s*ool    
tea*es !m to s+1 to look at pictures1 to
 read al\d1 to w&] ab\t out ( doors2    
s*ools1 clubs1 sport & o!r pleasures    
accu/om y\? 9 ! cities m & m to outside 
life1 & a daily recreation t kills !    
true feel+ = holiday4 ,"y p1 (t51 h no  
o!r impression ( home ?an t x is a place
 :]e !y meet society :i* bores !m4      
,p>5ts surr5d] _! *ildr5 to s*ools 9 ^? 
ye>s 9 :i* !y %\ld influ5ce _! m9ds4 ,:5
 ! s*ool gives !m back !y d n "k h[ to  
make a fre% />t ) ! *ildr51 = !y        
!mselves h ceas$ to be "y4  ,b gett+ old
 is no necessity2 x is only a bad habit4
 ,x is v int]e/+ to obs]ve a face t is  
gett+ old4 ,:at "t makes out ( a face   
%[s bett] ?an any?+ else :at ! man has  
made out ( "t4 ,mo/ m5 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 
middle age are nei!r intellectually fat 
nor lean1 !y are h>d5$ or dri$ up4      
,naturally "y p look ^u !m ) unsympa!tic
 eyes1 = !y feel t !re is su* a ?+ z    

et]nal y\?1 :i* a s\l c w9 z a prize =  
its :ole "w ( inn] developm5t4 ,b !y    
look 9 va9 = ?is second et]nal y\? 9 _! 
eld]s1 fill$ ) worldly no?+nesses & ?+s 
( tempor>y importance4  ,) a sigh !y    
exclude ! old p f _! future plans & !y g
 out 9 ! _w 9 ord] to *oose _! spiritual
 p>5ts4  ,?is is tragic b j1 = if !re is
 a field on :i* man mu/ s[ a hundr$-fold
 9 ord] to h>ve/ t5fold x is ! s\ls (   
*ildr54  ,:5 ,i began at five ye>s ( age
 to make a rag doll1 t by its weight &  
size really gave ! illusion ( reality & 
be/[$ mu* joy on its "y "m1 ,i began to 
?9k ab\t ! education ( my future *ildr54
 ,!n z n[ my educational ideal 0 t !    
*ildr5 %\ld be happy1 t !y %\ld n fe>4  
,fe> is ! mis=tune ( *ildhood1 & !      
suff]+s ( ! *ild come f ! half-realis$  
opposition betwe5 8 unlimit$            
possibilities ( happ9ess & ! way 9 :i*  
^! possibilities are actually h&l$4 ,x  
may be said t life1 at e /age1 is cruel 
9 its treatm5t ( our possibilities (    
happ9ess4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! suff]+s

 ( ! adult f exi/5ce1 & ! suff]+s ( !   
*ild caus$ by adults1 is trem5d\s4 ,!   
*ild is unwill+ to resign himself to !  
suff]+s impos$ ^u him by adults & ! m   
impati5t ! *ild is aga9/ unnecess>y     
suff]+1 ! bett]2 = s mu* ! m c]ta9ly w  
he "s day be driv5 to f9d means to      
trans=m = himself & = o!rs ! h>d        
necessities ( life4  ,a poet1 ,rydb]g1 9
 our c\ntry :o _h ! deepe/ intuition    
into *ild's nature1 & !re=e _h ! deepe/ 
rev]5ce = x1 wrote z foll[s3 ,:]e we    
behold *ildr5 we suspect !re are pr9ces1
 b z to ! k+s1 :]e are !y8 ,n only      
life's tragic elem5ts dim9i% & dam up   
its vital en]gies4 ,equally de/ructive  
is a p>5t's want ( rev]5ce = ! s\rces ( 
life :i* meet !m 9 a new be+4 ,fa!rs &  
mo!rs mu/ b[ _! heads 9 ! du/ be=e !    
exalt$ nature ( ! *ild4 ,until !y see t 
! ^w *ild is only ano!r expression = !  
conception ( maje/y2 until !y feel t x  
is ! future :i* 9 ! =m ( a *ild sleeps 9
 _! arms1 & hi/ory :i* plays at _! feet1
 !y w n und]/& t !y h z little p[] or "r

 to prescribe laws = ?is new be+ z !y   
possess ! p[] or might to lay d[n pa?s =
 ! />s4  ,! "m %\ld feel ! same rev]5ce 
= ! unkn[n worlds 9 ! wide-op5 eyes ( h]
 *ild1 t %e has = ! worlds :i* l :ite   
blossoms are spr9kl$ ov] ! blue orb (   
heav52 ! fa!r %\ld see 9 8 *ild ! k+'s  
son :om he mu/ s]ve humbly ) 8 own be/  
p[]s1 & !n ! *ild w come to 8 own2 n to 
! "r ( ask+ o!rs to become ! play?+ ( 8 
caprices b to ! "r ( liv+ 8 full /rong  
p]sonal *ild's life along ) a fa!r & a  
"m :o !mselves live a p]sonal life1 a   
life f ^: s\rces & p[]s ! *ild c take ! 
elem5ts he ne$s = 8 own individual gr[?4
 ,p>5ts %\ld nev] expect _! own highe/  
ideals to become ! ideals ( _! *ild4 ,! 
free-?9k+ sons ( pi\s p>5ts & ! ,*ri/ian
 *ildr5 ( free?9k]s h become almo/      
prov]bial4  ,b p>5ts c live nobly & 9   
entire accordance to _! own ideals :i*  
is ! same ?+ z mak+ *ildr5 ideali/s4    
,?is c (t5 lead to a q diff]5t sy/em (  
?\ght f t pursu$ by ! p>5t4  ,z to      
ideals1 ! eld]s %\ld "h z else:]e1 (f] )

 timidity _! advice & _! exp]i5ce4 ,yes 
!y %\ld try to let ! "y p se>* = x z if 
!y 7 seek+ fruit hidd5 "u ! %ad[ (      
leaves4 ,if _! c\nsel is reject$1 !y mu/
 %[ nei!r surprise nor lack (           
self-control4  ,! qu]y ( a hum\ri/1 :y  
he %\ld d any?+ = po/]ity s9ce po/]ity  
_h done no?+ = him1 set me to ?9k+ 9 my 
e>ly y\? 9 ! mo/ s]i\s way4 ,i felt t   
po/]ity _h done mu* = its =efa!rs4 ,x _h
 giv5 !m an inf9ite horizon = ! future  
beyond ! b\nds ( _! daily ef=t4 ,we mu/ 
9 ! *ild see ! new fate ( ! human race2 
we mu/ c>efully treat ! f9e ?reads 9 !  
*ild's s\l because ^! are ! ?reads t "o 
day w =m ! wo( ( _w ev5ts4 ,we mu/      
realise t e pebble by :i* "o breaks into
 ! glassy dep?s ( ! *ild's s\l w ext5d  
its influ5ce ?r\gh c5turies & c5turies 9
 ev] wid5+ circles4 ,?r\gh our fa!rs1   
)\t our w & )\t *oice1 we are giv5 a    
de/9y :i* controls ! deepe/ f\ndation ( 
our own be+4 ,?r\gh our po/]ity1 :i* we 
ourselves create1 we c 9 a c]ta9        
measure1 z free be+s1 det]m9e ! future  

de/9y ( ! human race4  ,by a realisation
 ( all ?is 9 an entirely new way1 by    
see+ ! :ole process 9 ! light ( !       
religion ( developm5t1 ! tw5tie? c5tury 
w be ! c5tury ( ! *ild4 ,?is w come ab\t
 9 two ways4 ,adults w fir/ come to an  
und]/&+ ( ! *ild's "* & !n ! simplicity 
( ! *ild's "* w be kept by adults4 ,s ! 
old social ord] w be able to r5ew       
itself4  ,psy*ological p$agogy has an   
exalt$ ance/ry4 ,i w n g back to ^?     
arti/s 9 education call$ ,socrates &    
,jesus1 b ,i comm5ce ) ! mod]n _w4 ,9 ! 
h\rs ( its sunrise1 9 :i* we1 :o look   
back1 ?9k we see a futile ,r5aissance1  
!n z n[ ! spr+ fl[]s came up amid !     
decay+ foliage4 ,at ?is p]iod !re came a
 dem& = ! remodell+ ( education ?r\gh ! 
great figure ( mod]n times1 ,montaigne1 
t skeptic :o _h s deep a rev]5ce =      
realities4 ,9 8 ,essays1 9 8 ,lett]s to 
! ,c\ntess ( ,gurson1 are f\nd all ( !  
elem5ts = ! education ( ! future4 ,ab\t 
! great ,g]man & ,swiss speciali/s 9    
p$agogy & psy*ology1 ,com5ius1 ,bas$[1  

,pe/alozzi1 ,salzmann1 ,froebel1 ,h]b>t1
 ,i d n ne$ to speak4 ,i w only m5tion t
 ! greate/ m5 ( ,g]many1 ,less+1 ,h]d]1 
,goe!1 ,kant & o!rs1 took ! side (      
natural tra9+4 ,9 reg>d to ,engl& x is  
well kn[n t ,john ,locke 9 8 ,?\ghts on 
,education1 0 a wor?y pr$ecessor (      
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: book on education 9   
its intellectual1 moral1 & physical     
relations1 0 ! mo/ notewor?y book on    
education 9 ! la/ c5tury4  ,x has be5   
not$ t ,sp5c] 9 educational !ory is     
indebt$ to ,r\sseau2 & t 9 _m cases1 he 
has only said :at ! great ,g]man        
au?orities1 :om he c]ta9ly did n "k1    
said be=e him4 ,b ?is does n dim9i%     
,sp5c]'s m]it 9 ! lea/4 ,absolutely new 
?\ghts are v r>e4 ,tru?s :i* 7 once new 
mu/ be con/antly r5ew$ by be+ pron\nc$  
aga9 f ! dep? ( ! ard5t p]sonal         
conviction ( a new human be+4  ,t       
rational ?\ghts on ! subject ( p$agogy z
 on o!r subjects1 are con/antly express$
 & re-express$1 %[s among o!r ?+s t     
reasonable1 or practically untri$       

education has c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* are z 
axiomatic z ^? ( ma!matics4 ,e          
reasonable ?9k+ man mu/ z c]ta9ly       
discov] anew ^! p$agogical pr9ciples1 z 
he mu/ discov] anew ! relation betwe5 ! 
angles ( a triangle4 ,sp5c]'s book x is 
true has n laid aga9 ! f\ndation (      
education4 ,x c r be call$ ! cr[n ( !   
edifice f\nd$ by ,montaigne1 ,locke1    
,r\sseau1 & ! great ,g]man speciali/s 9 
p$agogy4 ,:at is an absolutely novel    
factor 9 our times is ! /udy ( !        
psy*ology ( ! *ild1 & ! sy/em (         
education t has develop$ f x4  ,9       
,engl&1 ?r\gh ! sci5ti/ ,d>w91 ?is new  
/udy ( ! psy*ology ( ! *ild 0           
inaugurat$4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,prey]          
contribut$ to its ext5sion4 ,he has done
 s p>tly by a compreh5sive /udy (       
*ildr5's language1 p>tly by collect+    
recollections ( *ildhood on ! "p ( !    
adult4 ,f9ally he exp]im5t$ directly on 
! *ild1 inve/igat+ 8 physical & psy*ical
 fatigue & endurance1 acut5ess (        
s5sation1 p[]1 spe$1 & exactness 9 c>ry+

 out physical & m5tal tasks4 ,he has    
/udi$ 8 capacity ( att5tion 9 emotions &
 9 ideas at diff]5t p]iods ( life4 ,he  
has /udi$ ! spee* ( *ildr51 association 
( ideas 9 *ildr51 etc4 ,dur+ ! /udy ( ! 
psy*ology ( ! *ild1 s*ol>s began to     
sub/itute = ?is t]m ! expression g5etic 
psy*ology4 ,= x 0 f\nd t ! bio-g5etic   
pr9ciple 0 valid = ! developm5t bo? ( ! 
psy*ic & ! physical life4 ,?is pr9ciple 
means t ! hi/ory ( ! species is repeat$ 
9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual2 a tru?       
sub/antiat$ 9 o!r sph]es2 9 philology = 
example4 ,! psy*ology ( ! *ild is ( !   
same significance = g5]al psy*ology z   
embryology is = anatomy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 description ( savage peoples1 ( peoples
 9 a natural condition1 su* z we f9d 9  
,sp5c]'s ,descriptive ,sociology or     
,weitz's ,an?ropology is extremely      
in/ructive = a "r conception ( !        
psy*ology ( ! *ild4  ,x is 9 ?is k9d (  
psy*ological inve/igation t ! greate/   
progress has be5 made 9 ?is c5tury4 ,9 !
 great publication1 ,zeits*rift fr      

psy*ologie1 etc41 !re began 9 #ahid a   
special dep>tm5t = ! psy*ology ( *ildr5 
& ! psy*ology ( education4 ,9 #ahih1 !re
 7 z _m z "o hundr$ & six essays devot$ 
to ?is subject1 & !y are con/antly      
increas+4  ,9 ! *ief civilis$ c\ntries  
?is inve/igation has _m di/+ui%$        
pione]s1 su* z ,pr(4 ,wundt1 ,pr(4 ,t4  
,h4 ,ribot1 & o!rs4 ,9 ,g]many ?is      
subject has its mo/ important organ 9 ! 
j\rnal m5tion$ above4 ,x numb]s among   
its collaborators "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$   
,g]man physiologi/s & psy*ologi/s4 ,z   
relat$ to ! same subject mu/ be m5tion$ 
,wundt's ,philosophis*5 ,/udi51 & p>tly 
! ,vi]teljahrs*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*ie 
,philosophie4 ,9 ,france1 !re 0 f\nd$ 9 
#ahid1 ! ,anne ,psy*ologique1 edit$ by  
,b9et & ,beaunis1 & also ! ,biblio!que  
de ,p$agogie et de ,psy*ologie1 edit$ by
 ,b9et4 ,9 ,engl& !re are ! j\rnals1    
,m9d & ,bra94  ,special laboratories =  
exp]im5tal psy*ology ) psy*ological     
app>atus & me?ods ( rese>* are f\nd 9 _m
 places4 ,9 ,g]many ! fir/ to be f\nd$ 0

 t ( ,wundt 9 ! ye> #ahgh at ,leipzig4  
,france has a laboratory = exp]im5tal   
psy*ology at ,p>is1 9 ! ,sorbonne1 ^:   
director is ,b9et2 ,italy1 "o 9 ,rome4  
,9 ,am]ica exp]im5tal psy*ology is      
zeal\sly pursu$4 ,z e>ly z #ahid1 !re 7 
9 t c\ntry tw5ty-sev5 laboratories =    
exp]im5tal psy*ology & f\r j\rnals4 ,!re
 %\ld also be m5tion$ ! societies = *ild
 psy*ology4 ,rec5tly "o has be5 f\nd$ 9 
,g]many2 o!rs be=e ?is "t h be5 at "w 9 
,engl& & ,am]ica4  ,a :ole s]ies (      
inve/igations c>ri$ out 9 ,kraepel9's   
laboratory 9 ,heidelb]g are ( ! greate/ 
value = det]m9+ :at ! bra9 c d 9 ! way (
 "w & impressions4  ,an ,engli%         
speciali/ has ma9ta9$ t ! future1 ?anks 
to ! mod]n s*ool sy/em1 w be able to get
 along )\t orig9ally creative m51       
because ! receptive activities ( mod]n  
man w absorb ! co-op]ative p[]s ( ! bra9
 to ! disadvantage ( ! productive p[]s4 
,& ev5 if ?is 7 n a univ]sally valid    
/atem5t b only express$ a physiological 
c]ta9ty1 p w "s day p]haps cease fil+   

d[n man's bra9 by t s&pap]+ process     
call$ a s*ool curriculum4  ,a *ampion ( 
! trans=mation ( p$agogy into a         
psy*o-physiological sci5ce is to be f\nd
 9 ,sw$5 9 ! p]son ( ,pr(4 ,hjalm>      
,oehrwal :o has discuss$ 9 8 essays     
native & =eign discov]ies 9 ! field (   
psy*ology4 ,"o ( 8 conclusions is t !   
s-call$ te*nical ex]cises1 gymna/ics1   
manual tra9+1 sloyd1 & ! l1 are n1 z !y 
are errone\sly call$1 a relaxation f    
m5tal ov]/ra9 by *ange 9 "w1 b simply a 
new =m ( bra9 fatigue4 ,all "w1 he f9ds1
 done "u conditions ( fatigue is        
uneconomic :e!r "o reg>ds ! quantity    
produc$ or its value z an ex]cise4 ,re/ 
%\ld be no?+ m ?an re/1--fre$om to d    
only :at "o wants to1 or to d no?+ at   
all4 ,z to fe>1 he proves1 foll[+       
,b9et's inve/igation 9 ?is subject1 h[  
corporal discipl9e1 ?reats1 & ridicule  
lead to c[>dice2 h[ all ( ^! me?ods are 
to be reject$ because !y are depress+ & 
t5d to a dim9ution ( en]gy4 ,he %[s1    
moreov]1 h[ fe> c be ov]come            

progressively1 by /r5g!n+ ! n]v\s sy/em 
& 9 t way /r5g!n+ ! "*4 ,?is result     
comes ab\t p>tly :5 all unnecess>y      
t]roris+ is avoid$1 p>tly :5 *ildr5 are 
accu/om$ to be> calmly & quietly !      
inevitable unpleasantnesses ( dang]4    
,pr(4 ,axel ,key's inve/igations on     
s*ool *ildr5 h won int]national         
recognition4 ,9 ,sw$5 !y h suppli$ ! mo/
 significant mat]ial up to ! pres5t "t =
 det]m9+ ! influ5ce ( /udies on physical
 developm5t & ! results ( intellectual  
ov]/ra94  ,x is to be hop$ t :5 ?r\gh   
empirical inve/igation we beg9 to get   
acqua9t$ ) ! real nature ( *ildr51 !    
s*ool & ! home w be fre$ f absurd       
notions ab\t ! "* & ne$s ( ! *ild1 ^?   
absurd notions :i* n[ cause pa9ful cases
 ( physical & psy*ical maltreatm5t1 /ill
 call$ by consci5ti\s & ?9k+ human be+s 
9 s*ools & 9 homes1 education4          
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,homelessness   ,f "t to 
"t ! pres5t age is criticis$1 z if its  
corruption contra/$ ) ! moral /rictness 
( e>li] p]iods4 ,su* *>ges are z crude &

 z gr\ndless z is mo/ ( ! same k9d (    
criticism t is common to e g5]ation (   
man's hi/ory4 ,!y h be5 repeat$ ev] s9ce
 man began to /rive consci\sly = o!r    
ends ?an ! mom5t>y gratification ( 8    
undiscipl9$ impulses4  ,"o ne$ only to  
consult ! m5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation & !    
/ill liv+ repres5tatives ( ! pa/        
g5]ation1 to be assur$ t bad conduct at 
s*ool is n *>act]i/ic ( our "t4 ,let any
 "o read ! acc\nt ( life at univ]sities 
9 e>li] p]iods :5 ! y\ng] /ud5ts 7 ( !  
same age z s*oolboys 9 high s*ools & x w
 soon be pla9 t ! cause ( ! evil is n   
mod]n lit]ature nor mod]n belief4  ,!   
really direct causes ( ?is difficulty   
mu/ be look$ = 9 human emotions4 ,?is   
side ( ! "q ,i d n int5d to discuss "h4 
,x c only be solv$ by an exp]t 9        
psy*ology & physiology2 by "o :o1 along 
) ?is capacity1 is a p$agogical g5ius4  
,!re might n be suffici5t mat]ial = su* 
a task1 ev5 if an individual c\ld be    
f\nd able to put toge!r ! orig9al       
elem5ts 9 ! sy/ems ( ,socrates1         

,r\sseau1 ,sp5c]1 & give !m life4 ,"u no
 o!r condition c\ld a real contribution 
be made adequate to meet ! requirem5ts (
 ! pres5t day 9 ! field ( education4 ,my
 int5tion is only to make "s rem>ks on !
 second>y cause ( ! evil1 = n suffici5t 
att5tion has be5 devot$ to ?is side ( ! 
problem4 ,! cause ,i h 9 view is !      
increas+ homelessness ( all bran*es (   
society4 ,liv+ ) "o's p>5ts z *ildr5 d  
:o g to s*ool 9 ! city is n ! same z    
liv+ at home4 ,family life 9 ! work+    
classes is unsettl$ by ! "m work+ out ( 
! h\se4 ,9 ! upp] classes ! same result 
is produc$ by ! con/antly increas+      
pressure ( social pleasures &           
obligations4  ,=m]ly x 0 only ! husb& & 
fa!r :om outside int]e/s took f ! home4 
,n[ ! home is des]t$ by ! wife & "m     
also1 n alone = social ga!r+s b = clubs 
= self-improvem5t1 meet+s1 lectures1    
committees2 "o ev5+ aft] ano!r1 j at !  
"t :i* %e %\ld be devot+ h]self to h]   
*ildr5 :o h be5 occupi$ 9 ! morn+ at    
s*ool4  ,! ev]-gr[+ social life1 !      

incessant ext5sion ( club & out-(-door  
life1 result 9 ! "m s5d+ h] *ildr5 z    
e>ly z possible to s*ool1 ev5 :5 !re is 
no?+ b ! conditions above m5tion$ to    
prev5t h] f giv+ ! *ildr5 _! fir/       
in/ruction h]self4 ,z a rule ! pres5t   
g5]ation ( mo!rs :o h _h s*ool tra9+    
c\ld d ?is q well1 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o 
d n ne$ ! social /imulus ( ! s*ool4     
,inde$ be=e ! s*ool "t beg9s1 & 9 ! h\rs
 out ( s*ool1 *ildr5 are z a rule tak5  
by a maid s]vant to walk or to skate & s
 on4 ,*ildr5 ( ! upp] classes 9 mo/     
cases receive j z mu*1 p]haps m1 ( _!   
education f ! nurs]y maid or f ! s*ool  
?an f ! "m4 ,! fa!r ne$ n be m5tion$ at 
all1 = z a rule he is an only occasional
 & uness5tial factor 9 ! education ( !  
*ild4  ,_m w say by way ( objection1 t  
at no "t has s mu* be5 done = !         
education ( *ildr5 z at pres5t2 t p>5ts 
7 nev] s wat*ful ov] ! physical &       
psy*ical ne$s ( ! *ildr52 t at no "t has
 ! int]c\rse betwe5 *ildr5 & p>5ts be5 s
 free2 at no "t h s*ools be5 s actively 

at "w4  ,?is is true b mu* ( ?is t5ds to
 increase ! homelessness ( :i* ,i am    
speak+4 ,! m ! s*ools develop ! m !y are
 burd5$ ) all ! in/ruction = *ildr51 ! m
 h\rs ( ! day !y require = _! dem&s4 ,! 
s*ool is expect$ to give in/ruction ev5 
9 su* simple matt]s z mak+ *ildr5       
acqua9t$ ) _! national lit]ature1 &     
h&work1 :i* mo!rs c\ld d p]fectly well1 
c]ta9ly z well z our gr&mo!rs4 ,! great]
 ! att5tion giv5 at s*ool to su*        
ess5tially good ?+s z gymna/ics1 h&work1
 & games1 ! m *ildr5 are )drawn f home4 
,& ev5 :5 at home1 !y are h9d]$ by      
lessons & writt5 ex]cises f be+ ) _!    
fa!r & "m1 on ^? exceptional occasions  
:5 ! p>5ts are at home4 ,if we take into
 consid]ation ! way 9 :i* ! mod]n s*ool 
sy/em uses up ! *ildr5's "t1 & pres5t   
social & club life take up ! "t ( p>5ts1
 we come to ! conclusion ,i began )1 t  
dome/ic life is m & m on ! decl9e4  ,!  
re=ms t mu/ be dem&$ f ! s*ools 9 ord]  
to re/ore ! *ildr5 to ! home _c be      
discuss$ n[1 s9ce x is my int5tion to   

deal "h only ) ^? matt]s :i* mu/ be     
re=m$ by ! family itself1 if re=ms at   
s*ool are to really b5efit ! "y4  ,re=ms
 ( ?is k9d h be5 made 9 s*ools b mo!rs  
compla9 t *ildr5 h too little "w at home
 or too few h\rs at s*ool2 t !y1 !      
mo!rs1 absolutely d n "k h[ !y c keep ! 
*ildr5 occupi$ 9 s mu* free "t4  ,:at   
may ju/ly be consid]$ ! great progress 9
 ! family life ( ! pres5t day1 !        
confid5tial int]c\rse betwe5 p>5ts &    
*ildr51 has n tak5 an entirely "r       
direction4 ,! result has be5 t *ildr5 h 
be5 p]mitt$ to behave l gr[n p1 %>+ !   
habits & pleasures ( _! p>5ts1 or t !   
p>5ts h ceas$ to live _! own life4 ,9   
nei!r ( ^! two ways c a deep & s\nd     
relation betwe5 *ildr5 & p>5ts be       
produc$4  ,we see on ! "o side a m9ority
 ( consci5ti\s mo!rs & fa!rs1 :o 9 a    
real s5se live only = ! *ildr54 ,!y m\ld
 _! :ole life = ! life ( ! *ildr52 & !  
*ildr5 get ! idea t !y are ! c5tral po9t
 ( exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r side1 we see      
*ildr5 :o take "p 9 all ! life &        

ov]-ref9em5ts ( ! home4 ,!y dem& l      
adults ! amusem5ts & elegancies ( life2 
!y ev5 give balls & supp]s at home or 9 
hotels = _! s*ool companions4 ,9 ^!     
social functions1 ! vanity & /upidity ( 
adults are consci5ti\sly imitat$4  ,!n  
we require f ^! boys & girls1 :5 !y rea*
 a "t ( life 9 :i* ! passions awake1 a  
self-control1 a capacity ( self-d5ial1 a
 /oicism t[>ds temptations to :i* !y h  
nev] be5 tra9$1 & :i* !y h nev] se5 _!  
p>5ts ex]cise4  ,mo/ homes ( ! upp]     
classes h n ! means to keep up ! life t 
is liv$ 9 !m4 ,by ! money ( cr$itors1 or
 by an exorbitant pr(it made at ! co/ ( 
work+ p1 or by c>eless consumption ( ! v
 necess>y sav+s to be laid by = h>d     
times1 or aga9/ ! dea? ( ! family       
provid]1 a luxuri\s /yle ( liv+ is      
ma9ta9$4 ,b ev5 :5 9 r>e cases !re is   
real ability to live 9 ?is way1 p>5ts   
w\ld n d x1 if ! be/ int]e/s ( ! *ildr5 
7 tak5 into acc\nt4  ,eld]s may speak ( 
indu/ry z mu* z !y l2 if ! fa!r's & "m's
 "w = *ildr5 has no reality ab\t x1 !   

p>5ts w\ld d be/ to be sil5t4 ,! same   
mu/ be said ( w>n+s & arbitr>y          
prohibitions to *ildr5 conc]n+ !        
satisfaction ( _! desire = enjoym5t1 if 
! p>5ts !mselves d n influ5ce ! *ildr5  
by _! own example4  ,on ! o!r h& !re are
 j z di/urb+ consequ5ces :5 indu/ri\s   
p>5ts conceal _! self-d5ial f _! *ildr51
 :5 !y deprive !mselves 9 ! ef=t to sp>e
 _! *ildr5 ! k t _! p>5ts are n 9 a     
position to clo! !m z well z _!         
companions or to give !m ! same         
pleasures4 ,lea/ ( all is home life     
successful 9 help+ *ildr5 ?r\gh !       
difficulties ( _! e>li] ye>s1 :5        
discipl9e has kill$ confid5ce betwe5 !m 
& _! p>5ts1 :5 !y become ins9c]e f want 
( c\rage & c>eless f want ( fre$om2 :5  
p>5ts pres5t !mselves to ! *ildr5 z     
exceptional be+s1 ask+ = bl9d rev]5ce & 
absolute subjection4 ,f su* homes 9 old 
days f9e m5 & wom5 c\ld proce$1 b n[    
extremely seldom4 ,"y p recognise 9 our 
days no su* requirem5ts2 confid5tial    
int]c\rse ) p>5ts has robb$ !m ( ?is    

nimbus ( infallibility4  ,homes :i* s5d 
out m5 & wom5 ) ! /ronge/ morality1 ) ! 
fre%e/ /imulus to "w1 are ^? :]e *ildr5 
& p>5ts are companions 9 lab\r1 :]e !y  
/& on ! same level1 :]e1 l a good eld]  
si/] or an eld] bro!r1 p>5ts reg>d !    
y\ng] memb]s ( ! h\sehold z _! equals2  
:]e p>5ts by be+ *ildr5 ) ! *ildr51 be+ 
y\?ful ) "y p1 help ^? :o are gr[+ up1  
)\t ! ex]cise ( =ce1 to develop into    
human be+s1 always treat+ !m z human    
be+s4 ,9 a home l ?is no?+ is especially
 arrang$ = *ildr52 !y are reg>d$ n z    
belong+ to "o k9d ( be+ :ile p>5ts      
repres5t ano!r1 b p>5ts ga9 ! respect ( 
_! *ildr5 by be+ true & natural2 !y live
 & conduct !mselves 9 su* a way t !     
*ildr5 ga9 an insight into _! "w1 _!    
ef=ts1 & z f> z possible into _! joys & 
pa9s1 _! mi/akes & failures4 ,su* p>5ts 
)\t artificial condesc5sion or previ\s  
consid]ation ga9 ! sympa?y ( *ildr5 &   
unconsci\sly educate !m 9 a free ex*ange
 ( ?\ght & op9ions4 ,"h *ildr5 d n      
receive ev]y?+ z a gift2 accord+ to !   

measure ( _! p[] !y mu/ %>e 9 ! "w ( !  
home2 !y le>n to take acc\nt ( _! p>5ts1
 ( s]vants1 & "o ano!r4 ,!y h duties &  
rights t are j z firmly fix$ z ^? ( _!  
p>5ts2 & !y are respect$ !mselves j z !y
 are taught to respect o!rs4 ,!y come   
into daily contact ) realities1 !y c d  
useful tasks1 n simply pret5d t !y are  
do+ !m2 !y c arrange _! own amusem5ts1  
_! own small money acc\nts1 _! own      
puni%m5ts ev51 by _! p>5ts nev] h9d]+ !m
 f suff]+ ! natural consequ5ces ( _! own
 acts4  ,9 su* a home a comm& is nev]   
giv5 unless accompani$ at ! same "t ) a 
reason = x1 j z soon z a reason c be    
und]/ood4 ,s ! feel+ ( responsibility is
 impress$ ^u ! *ildr5 f ! t5d]e/ age4 ,!
 *ildr5 are z seldom z possible told n  
to d ?+s1 b su* comm&s :5 giv5 are      
absolute because !y always re/ on good  
reasons1 n on a :im4 ,"m & fa!r are     
wat*ful1 b !y d n act z spies on _!     
*ildr54 ,p>tial fre$om tea*es *ildr5 to 
make use ( complete fre$om4 ,a sy/em (  
negative comm&s & ov]sight produces     

ins9c]ity & weakness4 ,an old illit]ate 
h\sekeep] :o e>n$ a liv+ by tak+ s*ool  
*ildr5 to bo>d 0 "o ( ! be/ educators ,i
 h ev] se54 ,h] me?od 0 lov+ "y p &     
believ+ 9 !m--a confid5ce t !y z a rule 
s\ght to des]ve4 ,moreov] a good home is
 always *e]ful1 its affection real1 n   
s5tim5tal4 ,no "t is wa/$ 9 x 9 prea*+  
ab\t petty details or pros+4 ,"m & si/]s
 d n look %ock$ :5 ! small boy tells a  
funny /ory or uses /rong language4 ,a   
joke is n reg>d$ z evid5ce ( moral      
corruption1 nor ke5 views z an          
indication ( depravity4 ,livel9ess1 want
 ( prudi%ness1 :i* c be comb9$1 s f> z !
 fem99e "p ( ! h\sehold is conc]n$1 )   
purity ( m9d & simple nobility1 are     
*>act]i/ics = :i* !re c be no           
sub/itutes4 ,9 su* a h\sehold concord   
prevails1 ! "y & old "w1 read1 & talk   
toge!r1 toge!r take common div]sions2   
sometimes ! "y p1 sometimes _! eld]s1   
take ! lead4 ,! h\se is op5 = ! fri5ds (
 ! *ildr52 !y are free to enjoy !mselves
 z completely z possible b 9 all        

naturalness )\t all[+ _! amusem5ts to   
*ange ! habits ( ! home4  ,x is told ( !
 *ildhood ( a great ,f9ni% poet1        
,runeb]g1 t 8 "m :5 %e invit$ ! "y gue/s
 ( h] son to dance z long z !y c\ld1    
add$1 ,:5 y are ?ir/y1 ! wat] cool] is  
!re1 & by x hangs ! cup2 & m delightful 
dances1 ! old lady :o told ! /ory nev]  
rememb]$ to h se54 ,?is old-fa%ion$     
di/9ction1 ! c\rage to %[ oneself z "o  
is1 is abs5t f mod]n homes1 & lack (    
c\rage has result$ 9 lack ( happ9ess4   
,! simple hospitable homely pleasures t 
h n[ be5 sup]s$$ by *ildr5's p>ties1    
lesson drudg]y1 & by p>5ts liv+ outside 
( ! home mu/ come back aga9 if :at is   
bad n[ is n to become worse4 ,evil is n 
to be expell$ by evil2 x is to be       
ov]come by good4 ,if ! home is n to be  
aga9 sunny1 quiet1 simple1 & lively1    
mo!rs may g out z mu* z !y l to discuss 
education & morality 9 ! ev5+4 ,!re w be
 no real *ange4 ,mo!rs mu/ s]i\sly      
p]ceive t no social activity has great] 
significance ?an education1 & t 9 ?is   

no?+ c replace _! own appropriate       
influ5ce 9 a home4 ,!y mu/ make up _!   
m9ds to real re=m1 su* re=ms z ^?       
introduc$ by a lady 9 ,/ockholm2 burd5$ 
?\gh %e 0 ) social engagem5ts & public  
obligations1 %e refus$ to accept any    
invitation except on "o day ( ! week1 9 
ord] to sp5d h] ev5+s quietly ) h]      
*ildr54 ,h[ long w ! majority ( mo!rs   
sacrifice *ildr5 to ! et]nal ennui &    
vacuity ( our mod]n social & club life8 
,!re is no int5tion "h to recomm5d t    
social life & public activities %all be 
depriv$ ( ! influ5ce ( exp]i5c$ & ?9k+  
mo!rs4 ,b ,i only wi% to po9t to ! cases
 ( ov]/ra9 n[ caus$ by ! /ress (        
excessive sociability & outside         
activity4 ,?is k9d ( ov]-ex]tion1 m     
especially1 injures ! home ?r\gh ! "m4  
,9 our day z 9 all o!r p]iods1 be our   
op9ions 9 o!r respects :at !y may1      
pagan1 ,*ri/ian1 ,jewi%1 or free ?9k+1 a
 good home is only creat$ by ^? p>5ts :o
 h a religi\s rev]5ce = ! hol9ess ( !   
home4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,s\l ,,murd] ,,9 

,,! ,,s*ools   ,any "o :o w\ld attempt !
 task ( fell+ a virg9 =e/ ) a p5knife   
w\ld probably feel ! same p>alysis (    
despair t ! re=m] feels :5 confront$ )  
exi/+ s*ool sy/ems4 ,! latt] f9ds an    
impassable ?icket ( folly1 prejudice1 & 
mi/akes1 :]e ea* po9t is op5 to attack1 
b :]e ea* attack fails because ( !      
inadequate means at ! re=m]'s comm&4  ,!
 mod]n s*ool has succe$$ 9 do+ some?+   
:i*1 accord+ to ! law ( physics1 is     
impossible3 ! annihilation ( once exi/5t
 matt]4 ,! desire = k1 ! capacity = act+
 by oneself1 ! gift ( obs]vation1 all   
qualities *ildr5 br+ ) !m to s*ool1 h1 z
 a rule1 at ! close ( ! s*ool p]iod     
disappe>$4 ,!y h n be5 trans=m$ into    
actual k or int]e/s4 ,?is is ! result ( 
*ildr5 sp5d+ almo/ ! :ole ( _! life f ! 
six? to ! eighte5? ye> at ! s*ool desk1 
h\r by h\r1 mon? by mon?1 t]m by t]m2   
tak+ doses ( k1 fir/ 9 teaspoonfuls1 !n 
9 dess]t-spoonfuls1 & f9ally 9          
tablespoonfuls1 absorb+ mixtures :i* !  
tea*] (t5 has comp\nd$ f f\r?- or       

fif?-h& recipes4  ,aft] ! s*ool1 !re (t5
 comes a fur!r p]iod ( /udy 9 :i* ! only
 di/9ction 9 me?od is1 t ! mixture is   
adm9i/]$ by ! ladleful4  ,:5 "y p h     
escap$ f ?is rgime1 _! m5tal appetite & 
m5tal dige/ion are s de/roy$ t !y = ev] 
lack capacity = tak+ real n\ri%m5t4 ,"s1
 inde$1 save !mselves f all ^!          
unrealities by gett+ 9 contact )        
realities2 !y ?r[ _! books 9 ! corn] &  
devote !mselves to "s sph]e ( practical 
life4 ,9 bo? cases ! /ud5t ye>s are     
practically squ&]$4 ,^? :o g fur!r      
acquire k ord9>ily at ! co/ ( _!        
p]sonality1 at ! price ( su* qualities z
 assimilation1 reflection1 obs]vation1 &
 imag9ation4 ,if any "o succe$s 9 escap+
 ^! results1 x happ5s g5]ally ) a loss (
 ?or\ghness 9 k4 ,a l[] grade (         
intellig5ce1 a l[] capacity = "w1 or a  
l[] degree ( assimilation1 ?an t be/[$  
^u ! s*ol> by nature1 is ord9>ily !     
result ( t5 or twelve s*ool ye>s4 ,!re  
is mu* common-s5se 9 ! ,fr5* hum\ri/'s  
rem>k4 ,y say t y h nev] gone to s*ool &

 yet y are su* an idiot4  ,! cases 9 :i*
 s*ool /udies are n injuri\s1 b p>tially
 useful1 are ^? :]e no regul> s*ool     
p]iod has be5 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,9 place (   
?is !re 0 a long p]iod ( re/1 or times (
 private in/ruction1 or absolutely no   
in/ruction at all1 simply /udy by       
oneself4 ,ne>ly e em95t woman 9 ! la/   
fifty ye>s has _h su* self-in/ruction1  
or 0 an irregul>ly in/ruct$ girl4 ,k s  
acquir$1 !re=e1 has _m s]i\s gaps1 b x  
has mu* m fre%ness & bread?4 ,"o c /udy 
) f> great] scope & apply :at "o /udies4
  ,yet x is /ill true to-day t1 h[ev]   
vehem5tly families compla9 ab\t s*ools1 
!y d n see t _! dem&s 9 g5]al education 
mu/ *ange1 be=e a reasonable s*ool      
sy/em1 a s*ool sy/em 9 all respects     
diff]5t f ! prevail+ "o1 c come into    
exi/5ce4 ,! private s*ools1 few 9 numb]1
 t diff] to a c]ta9 ext5t f ! ord9>y    
sy/em are swall[s t are v f> f mak+ a   
summ]4 ,r !y h met ! fate ( birds :o h  
come too e>ly on ! sc5e4  ,z long z     
s*ools repres5t an idea1 /& = an ab/ract

 conception1 l ! family & ! /ate1 s long
 w !y1 j z ! family & ! /ate1 oppress ! 
individuals :o belong to !m4 ,! s*ool no
 m ?an ! family & ! /ate repres5ts a    
high] idea or some?+ great] ?an j !     
numb] ( individuals out ( :i* x is =m$4 
,x1 l ! family & ! /ate1 has no o!r     
duty1 "r1 or purpose ?an to give to ea* 
sep>ate individual z mu* developm5t &   
happ9ess z possible4 ,to recognise ^!   
pr9ciples is to introduce reason into ! 
s*ool "q4 ,! s*ool %\ld be no?+ b !     
m5tal d9+-room 9 :i* p>5ts & tea*]s     
prep>e intellectual bills-(-f>e suitable
 = e *ild4 ,! s*ool mu/ h ! "r to       
det]m9e :at x c place on its bill-(-f>e1
 b ! p>5ts h ! "r to *oose1 f ! m5tal   
n\ri%m5t suppli$ by x1 ! food adapt$ to 
_! *ildr54 ,! phantom ( g5]al culture   
mu/ be driv5 f s*ool curricula & p>5ts' 
bra9s2 ! tra9+ ( ! individual mu/ be a  
reality sub/itut$ 9 its place2 o!rwise  
re=m plans w be drawn up 9 va94  ,b j z 
c]ta9 simple *emical elem5ts are conta9$
 9 all n\ri%m5t1 !re are c]ta9 simple   

elem5ts ( k t make up ! f\ndation ( all 
high] =ms ( le>n+4 ,read+ & writ+ "o's  
own language1 ! elem5ts ( numb]s1       
geography1 natural sci5ce1 & hi/ory1 mu/
 be requir$ by ! s*ools1 z ! obligatory 
basis = advanc$ indep5d5t /udy4  ,!     
elem5t>y s*ool beg9n+ ) ! age ( n9e to  
t5 ye>s1 ,i reg>d z ! real g5]al s*ool4 
,! sy/em ( in/ruction mu/ assume t !    
*ildr5 h bread?1 repose1                
compreh5siv5ess1 & capacity = individual
 action4 ,all ^! qualities are de/roy$  
by ! pres5t h>e & h\nd sy/em & by its   
endless ab/ractions4 ,su* are ! results 
( c\rse read+s1 multiplicity ( subjects1
 & =malism1 all defects t h pass$ f !   
boys' s*ools into ! girls' s*ools1 f !  
elem5t>y s*ools into ! p's s*ools4 ,!y  
too are burd5$ by all ^! faults1 :i*1   
?\gh deplor$ by mo/ p1 c only be cur$ by
 radical re=m4  ,! in/ruction mu/ be    
arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 c]ta9 subjects plac$   
among ! e>li] /ages ( /udy :ile o!rs are
 put aside = a lat] p]iod4 ,& 9 ?is     
connection x is n suffici5t to consid] !

 psy*ological developm5t ( ! *ild4      
,c]ta9 subjects mu/ be assign$ to c]ta9 
times ( ! ye>4  ,! c\rses 9 ^! s*ools   
mu/ come to an end at ab\t ! age (      
fifte5 or sixte54 ,f !m our "y p c pass 
ei!r into practical life1 or g on to    
s*ools ( cont9uation & application4 ,x  
w\ld be desirable to adopt ! plan       
recomm5d$ by ,grundtvig1 t "o or m      
vacation ye>s %\ld foll[1 be=e /udies   
are tak5 up aga94 ,girls1 especially1   
w\ld !n come back to _! /udies ) /r5g!n$
 bodily p[]s & an increas$ desire = k4  
,x is n[ a common exp]i5ce t ! desire to
 le>n1 ev5 9 ! case ( tal5t$ "y p1      
becomes quiesc5t1 if !y g on cont9u\sly 
) _! /udies1 z !y (t5 d1 f ! six? to !  
tw5tie? ye> & long]4  ,to m>k out !     
c\rses ( su* a s*ool w\ld (f] trem5d\s  
difficulties4 ,b ^! difficulties w n be 
f\nd insup]able1 aft] p h agre$ t ! s\ls
 ( *ildr5 require m consid]ation ?an a  
s*ool programme4  ,among objections com+
 f p>5ts1 may be he>d ! foll[+3 ,t :ile 
! /ate refuses to take initiative 9     

s*ool re=m1 no "o w\ld d>e to emb>k on a
 road :i* makes ! future ( _! *ildr5 s  
unc]ta94 ,9 ! meantime *ildr5 mu/ be    
all[$ to le>n :at all o!rs le>n4 ,:5 !  
/ate has tak5 ! fir/ /ep1 ! p>5ts w\ld  
be will+ !y say to foll[ ) rem>kable    
eag]ness4  ,:at1 ,i ask1 has be5 always 
! "r way to c>ry out re=ms8 ,!re mu/ be 
fir/ an active revolt aga9/ exi/+ evils4
 ,?is p>ticul> revolt is yet n          
suffici5tly support$1 especially on ! "p
 ( p>5ts4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves h begun to 
feel ! ne$ ( prote/1 &1 if n e>li]1 ,i  
hope t :5 ! pres5t g5]ation ( s*ool     
*ildr5 become fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & tea*]s1 a 
re=m w come ab\t4  ,no "o c expect a    
sy/em to be *ang$1 until ^? :o          
disapprove ( x %[ t !y are 9 e>ne/1 %[ t
 !y are tak+ ^u !mselves ! sacrifices   
necess>y to protect !mselves f ! unhappy
 results ( ! sy/em4 ,families compla9 ( 
! excessive aggregation ( subjects1 &   
yet !y con/antly burd5 ! s*ool ) new    
subjects1 ev5 :5 ^! subjects are ?+s !  
family c und]take itself4 ,:ile families

 compla9 ( ov]/ra91 b make no use ( !   
elective sy/em 9 s*ools1 :]e x has be5  
introduc$1 :ile p>5ts are will+ to risk 
no?+ to realise _! pr9ciples1 we _c     
wond] t ! /ate does n emb>k on re=ms (  
any k9d4  ,!re is an old p$agogical     
maxim1 ,man le>ns = life n = s*ool4     
,:ile1 = a great "p ( _! "t1 ! sexes are
 sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 boys /udy+ by      
!mselves & ! girls by !mselves1 ! tra9+ 
= _! future life is a bad "o--a life 9  
:i* ! common "w & co-op]ation betwe5 man
 & woman is1 accord+ to nature's        
ord9ance1 ! normal ?+4 ,s long z ! g5]al
 s*ool is a s*ool = a special class1 & n
 = ev]ybody1 x is no g5]al s*ool 9 !    
high s5se ( ! ^w1 & besides no s*ool 9  
:i* p le>n = life4  ,i h !re=e always   
w>mly held t ! s*ool %\ld be no boys'1  
no girls' s*ool1 no elem5t>y & no p's   
s*ool1 b %\ld be a real g5]al or public 
s*ool z 9 ,am]ica1 :]e bo? sexes1 !     
*ildr5 ( all grades ( society1 w le>n t 
mutual confid5ce1 respect1 und]/&+1 by  
:i* _! effici5t co-op]ation 9 ! family &

 /ate may be made possible4 ,! common   
s*ool1 s arrang$1 is p]haps ! mo/       
important means to solve def9itely !    
problem ( morality1 ! woman "q1 !       
m>riage "q1 ! lab\r "q1 9 less "o-sid$ &
 m human ways4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! common s*ool is mu* m ?an
 a p$agogical "q2 x is ! vital "q ( our 
social ord]4  ,m5 & wom51 upp] & l[]    
classes1 are walk+ on diff]5t sides ( a 
wall4 ,!y c /ret* _! h&s ov] x2 !       
important ?+ to be done is to break !   
wall d[n4 ,! s*ool1 z describ$ above1 is
 ! fir/ brea* 9 ?is wall4  ,a s*ool l   
?is w\ld be l leav54 ,! _m nev] re=m !  
few2 x is ! few :o gradually introduce  
re=ms = ! _m4 ,because ! few h /rong    
en\gh dissatisfaction ) pres5t defects1 
c\rage great en\gh to %[ _! disgu/1 a   
belief 9 ! new tru?s real en\gh1 !y are 
ready to prep>e ! gr\nd = ! future4     
,su* a s*ool mu/ be guid$ by ! same     
pr9ciple :i* has humanis$ morality & law
 9 o!r sph]es4 ,x mu/ consid] individual
 peculi>ities4 ,p]sonal fre$om w ?us h z

 few h9drances z possible to ob/ruct x4 
,! rights ( o!rs mu/ n be approa*$ too  
close4 ,! limits1 :]e ! rights ( o!rs c 
be affect$1 mu/ be ma9ta9$1 ev5 enl>g$4 
,?is humanis+ process w be introduc$    
into ! s*ools1 :5 s*ol>s are no long]   
reg>d$ z classes1 b ea* individual =    
himself4 ,! s*ools w !n comm5ce to      
fulfil "o ( ! _m conditions necess>y to 
give "y p real n\ri%m5t & s develop !m &
 make !m happy4  ,su* a s*ool life w    
make its fir/ aim to discov] 9 e>ly ye>s
 uncommon tal5t1 to direct su* tal5t to 
special /udies4  ,secondly1 = ^? :o lack
 def9ite tal5t1 a plan ( /udy w be      
arrang$1 9 :i* _! individuality too c be
 develop$1 & _! intellectual t5sion     
increas$4 ,?is condition is1 if         
possible1 m important ?an ! fir/1 =     
unusual tal5ts are accompani$ by great] 
p[] ( self-cons]vation4 ,ord9>y or less]
 tal5t$ p1 i4e41 ! l>g] majority1 are r 
confus$ by a plurality ( /udies & are   
mu* easi] impair$1 z p]sonalities1 by ! 
uni=mity ( ! prevail+ sy/em4  ,! rights 

( unusually gift$ p1 & ^? ( o!r classes 
too1 c be consid]$ :51 z m5tion$ above1 
! s*ool curriculum is s arrang$1 t c]ta9
 subjects are /udi$ dur+ "p ( ! s*ool   
ye>1 ano!r class ( subjects dur+ ano!r  
"p4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 subjects are to be  
/udi$ at diff]5t times1 n f9i%$ once =  
all4  ,! in/ruction mu/ be s arrang$ t  
real indep5d5t /udy1 "u ! direction ( ! 
tea*]1 w be ! ord9>y me?od4 ,!          
pres5tation ( ! subject by ! tea*] w be 
! exception1 a treat = holidays1 n = e  
day4  ,! in/ruction too mu/ take ! s*ol>
 to ! real ?+1 z f> z possible1 n direct
 him to report ab\t ! ?+4 ,su* a s*ool  
mu/ break up absolutely ! :ole sy/em (  
lectur+1 arrang$ 9 conc5tric circles4 ,9
 c]ta9 cases1 x mu/ return to ! me?ods (
 ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool1 :i* conc5trat$ its
 att5tion on humani/ic /udy4 ,b dead    
languages %\ld n be ! subjects ar\nd :i*
 its /udies %\ld c5tre4  ,e>ly          
specialisation mu/ be all[$1 :]e !re are
 di/9ct individual t5d5cies = su* "w2   
,conc5tration on c]ta9 subjects at c]ta9

 po9ts ( "t2  ,indep5d5t "w dur+ ! :ole 
p]iod ( s*ool2  ,contact ) reality 9 !  
:ole s*ool curriculum2--^! mu/ be ! f\r 
corn]-/ones ( ! new s*ool4  ,b ! "t is  
f> di/ant /ill1 :5 gov]nm5t s*ools w    
beg9 to build on ?is basis4 ,:at foll[s 
is meant1 !re=e1 to apply1 n to ! great 
revolutions ( s*ool sy/ems indicat$     
above1 b deals ) improvem5ts to take    
place at pres5t4  ,le>n+ lessons %\ld be
 assign$ to s*ool h\rs z 9 ,france4     
,*ildr5 %\ld h an entirely free day 9 ! 
week2 /udy at home %\ld be conf9$ to !  
read+ ( lit]>y works1 tales ( travel1 & 
! l1 :i* tea*]s c recomm5d 9 comb9ation 
) ! /udies pursu$ at s*ool4  ,tasks done
 at home are inconv5i5t2 !y d n increase
 ! indep5d5ce ( ! s*ol>2 !y are prep>$ z
 a rule ) excessively free & (t5 unwise 
help f ! p>5ts4 ,at s*ool su* "w w\ld be
 done z a rule )\t help2 besides1 x is  
individual & quickly f9i%$4  ,9 ! s*ool1
 "t c be tak5 = /udy select$ at !       
s*ol>'s free *oice4 ,x c be arrang$ = 9 
! foll[+ way4 ,take a class ( ab\t      

twelve s*ol>s2 9 l>g] classes no        
reasonable or p]sonal me?od ( in/ruction
 is possible4 ,!re may be ?ree s*ol>s ) 
di/9ct ta/es1 "o = hi/ory1 "o =         
languages1 "o = ma!matics4 ,!re may be  
two )\t any di/9ct tal5t = ma!matics or 
languages4 ,! o!r sev5 may h ord9>y     
capacities4 ,! fir/ ?ree mu/1 dur+ !    
:ole t]m1 apply !mselves specially 9    
c]ta9 h\rs1 set aside = indep5d5t /udy1 
ea* 9 8 *os5 subject4 ,! fir/ w read "s 
hi/orical "w on ! p]iods tak5 up 9 !    
hi/ory class2 ! second w devote ?is "t  
to ma!matics2 ! ?ird w read ! books 9   
=eign languages1 m5tion$ 9 ! language   
c\rse4 ,! o!r sev5 ) ord9>y gifts c     
devote ?is "t to ord9>y read+ & h&work4 
,9 ?is way all w get "s portion (       
hi/ory1 ma!matics1 & languages1 b ^? :o 
are specially int]e/$ w h ! opportunity 
( go+ deep] into ! subject4 ,if "o ( !  
?ree gift$ s*ol>s %[s a great incl9ation
 = & a ready compreh5sion ( all ?ree    
subjects1 he %\ld /udy by himself at    
home1 provid$ ! m ?or\gh /udy ( "o      

subject does n impair "w on ! o!r4 ,!   
two :o h special difficulty 9 ma!matics 
or languages c\ld ei!r sub/itute "o     
subject :olly = ! o!r1 or 9 ^? p]iods   
rema9 away f s*ool1 or1 f9ally1 ! h\rs  
us$ by gift$ s*ol>s = individual /udy   
beyond ! requirem5ts ( ! common c\rse   
c\ld be devot$ by ^! to "w1 "u ! tea*]'s
 sup]vision1 9 ! c\rse common to ! :ole 
class4  ,to c>ry out ?is plan1 !re is   
ne$ ( su* conc5tration ( subjects z ,i h
 m5tion$2 !re %\ld be nev] m ?an "o or  
at mo/ two ma9 subjects--hi/ory1        
geography1 natural sci5ce--/udi$ at     
once4 ,moreov] no m ?an "o language %\ld
 be /udi$ at ! same "t2 practice 9 ^?   
already le>nt is to be acquir$ by lit]>y
 read+s1 writt5 rsums1 & conv]sation4   
,ano!r k9d ( conc5tration is necess>y4  
,n e subject %\ld be split up into      
subdivisions b hi/ory %\ld be made to   
include lit]>y hi/ory1 *ur* hi/ory1 etc4
 ,9 geography at ! e>ly /age1 a "p (    
natural sci5ce %\ld be includ$1 & !     
hi/ory ( art comb9$ ) bo?4 ,ano!r n less

 important me?od impli$ 9 conc5tration  
is 9 all g5]al c\rses to direct "o's    
att5tion to ! ma9 que/ions1 & to        
sacrifice ! mass ( details4 ,detail$ "w 
%\ld n h be5 incorporat$1 z indisp5sable
 = g5]al culture 7f g5]ation to         
g5]ation71 dur+ ! con/ant gr[? ( !      
cont5ts ( k4  ,9 reg>d to in/ruction1   
me?ods n[ popul> %\ld be =c$ out ( !    
field4 ,! two obligatory features1 !    
c>eful he>+ ( lessons by ! tea*]1 & !   
equally c>eful prep>ation ( ! next      
lesson1 mu/ be *ang$ = o!r me?ods       
accord+ to ! age ( ! s*ol>1 ! special "*
 ( ! subject1 & ( ! s*ol> himself2 or   
accord+ to ! p>ticul> /age ( ! subject4 
,at "o "t ! tea*] %\ld give an          
attractive1 compreh5sive acc\nt ( a     
p]iod1 a "*1 a l&1 a natural ph5om5on4  
,ano!r "t x w be en\gh to give a simple1
 introductory ref]5ce to ! read+ ( "o or
 m works on ! subject1 be/ ( all an     
orig9al au?ority4 ,sometimes he %\ld    
require an oral acc\nt ( :at he has     
said1 or :at has be5 read2 sometimes ?is

 %\ld be done 9 writ+4 ,:5 ! lesson is  
fill$ ) _m facts ! s*ol> %\ld write !m  
d[n 9 ! h\r2 ano!r "t he %\ld summ>ise  
!m f memory4 ,an assign$ am\nt too c be 
gone ?r\gh along ) ! tea*]'s            
explanation2 on ano!r occasion1 !       
assignm5t ne$ n be gone ov] at all1 b ! 
s*ol>s c\ld %[ _! capacity to und]/& x &
 compreh5d x )\t assi/ance4             
,occasionally ! task might be done 9 a  
%ort "t f "o day to ano!r1 sometimes x  
might take a long] p]iod4  ,b ?is "w    
w\ld1 z has be5 said1 take place        
ord9>ily 9 ! s*ool4 ,purely lit]>y      
read+s & books ( a simil> type mu/ be   
assign$ = "w at home1 to be done dur+ a 
consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,= we all "k t ! 
read+ :i* has made a deep impression on 
u 0 only :at 0 read freely2 read+ = :i* 
we ourselves c\ld set ! "t1 place1 &    
incl9ation4 ,& s9ce1 9 ?is case1 !      
important ?+ is ! impression1 n ! k1    
fre$om is m important ?an 9 o!r         
subjects4 ,individual initiative c be   
fur!r$ by hav+ ! tea*]1 z is done 9     

,france1 expla9 9 pass+ all words &     
subjects 9 a poem difficult to und]/&4  
,! tea*] too %\ld n[ & !n1 by read+     
poetry al\d1 /imulate ! desire ( ! s*ol>
 to le>n m ( ! same poet4 ,a poem has ! 
greate/ effect :5 x is pres5t$          
unexpect$ly4 ,:5 a hi/ory lesson is end$
 !re %\ld be read al\d a passage f an   
hi/orical poem4 ,s*ol>s d n =get ei!r ! 
poem1 or ! episode h&l$ 9 x1 ev5 if !y  
=get ev]y?+ else4 ,b te/ que/ions1 us$ 9
 ! p]iod ( lit]ature-/udy1 g 9 at "o e> 
& out at ! o!r4  ,a tea*] :o wi%es to   
use ?is conc5trat$ sy/em 9 detail1 t    
re/s on ! intellig5t co-op]ation ( !    
s*ol>1 w naturally f9d t ! me?od is to  
be d]iv$ f ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]       
himself4 ,i ?9k ! tea*] ( hi/ory %\ld n 
take up ! prehi/oric p]iod1 b %\ld give 
! s*ol> "s good popul> "w on x & let him
 g to a museum2 he %\ld !n require a    
writt5 essay1 to be illu/rat$ by ! s*ol>
 ) draw+s ( *>act]i/ic types (          
ar*ological specim5s4 ,9 ! same way1 he 
c\ld give a comp>ative view ( ! same    

p]iod among o!r p4 ,!n1 if !re 7 a s*ol>
 especially anxi\s to le>n1 he c\ld put 
9 8 h&s a "w ab\t ! primitive condition 
( man4 ,e tea*]1 man or woman1 c easily 
?9k out1 = ! subjects !y tea*1 analog\s 
me?ods4 ,! tea*] ( geography :o is talk+
 ab\t ,sib]ia c give "s good g5]al      
description ( x to all ! s*ol>s = _!    
private /udy4 ,^? p>ticul>ly int]e/$    
w\ld be recomm5d$ to read a n>rative (  
travels 9 ,sib]ia1 ,do/ojewsky's ,out ( 
! ,dead ,h\se1 & s on4 ,if ! tea*] (    
hi/ory 7 tak+ up ,napoleon1 he c\ld read
 9 ! ,fr5* h\r a "w l ,vigny's ,s]vitude
 et ,gr&eur ,militaire4 ,= ! ,dut* ,w> (
 ,indep5d5ce1 ,motley's hi/ory1 ,goe!'s 
,egmont1 & ,s*ill]'s ,don ,c>los c\ld be
 read4 ,a :ole book c\ld be writt5 on   
plans l ^!1 ) indications h[ ! diff]5t  
fields ( k c\ld supplem5t "o ano!r1 h[  
hi/ory1 geography1 lit]ature1 & art c\ld
 be int]tw9$ j z on ! o!r side geography
 & natural sci5ce4 ,simil>ly x w\ld %[  
h[ diff]5t tea*]s c\ld be ( use to "o   
ano!r 9 communicat+ to _! s*ol>s a full]

 k4  ,i %\ld l to propose an hypo!sis = 
discussion & exam9ation t ,i h =mulat$1 
aft] a wide exp]i5ce 9 /ory-tell+1 bo? z
 a li/5] & z a n>rator4 ,if ,i might put
 toge!r 9 a /atem5t1 )\t int5d+ to prove
 x1 ! result ( my exp]i5ce 9 ! subject  
nam$1 ,i %\ld say t ! m5tal food :i* is 
mo/ attractive = ! *ild1 also gives !   
mo/ n\ri%m5t4 ,?is is ! fact t !        
physiology ( our day has prov$ 9 ! case 
( ! organic exi/5ce ( ! *ild4 ,p$agogy  
is beg9n+1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1  
to apply x to ! m5tal sph]e1 yet )\t d>+
 to hold t nature is s simple1 t ne$ &  
incl9ation c be s ne>ly relat$4         
,naturally1 x _c be ma9ta9$ t :at is mo/
 attractive = *ildr5's /ories %\ld      
con/itute _! :ole tra9+1 z physiology   
ma9ta9s t :at ta/es mo/ agreeable to !  
*ild1 = example sug>1 %\ld =m 8 sole    
n\ri%m5t4  ,:at e /ory-tell] f9ds z     
specially attractive to *ildr51 is !    
epic smoo?ness1 ! cle> compreh5siv5ess (
 ! tale1 its consi/5t objectivity4 ,e   
n>rative :i* w w9 ! att5tion ( ! *ild1  

:e!r x be f ,sc&9avian1 classical1 or   
biblical hi/ory1 mu/ h ^! *>act]i/ics ( 
! tale4 ,!re are h>dly any /ory-tell]s  
:o s completely absorb *ildr5 z old     
nurses4 ,!y nev] =get any picturesque   
trait 9 ! tale1 !y always give ! same   
broad1 full n>rative4 ,!y tell _! /ories
 )\t explanations & )\t applications1 ) 
! real direct feel+ ( ! *ild = grasp+ ! 
subject4 ,ev]y?+ :i* di/urbs ! smoo? fl[
 ( ! n>rative1 above all1 :5 ! n>rator  
puts himself outside ( x by indulg+ 9 a 
joke1 /rikes ! *ild z a pr(\nd          
incongruity4 ,*ildr5 are always m or    
less arti/ic 9 _! nature1 9 ! s5se t !y 
desire to receive an impression 9 its   
purity1 n z a means to some?+ else4 ,!y 
wi% ?r\gh ! /ory to g ?r\gh a real      
exp]i5ce2 at ! same "t !y w say ,no1 if 
!y are ask$ :e!r !y w\ld pref] to he> a 
real hi/ory to a /ory4 ,?is app>5t      
contradiction c be expla9$ 9 ?is way3 ! 
tale pres5ts reality1 z reality is      
conceiv$ ( by ! nave fancy ( e>ly ages1 
& is 9 j ! =m 9 :i* ! imag9ation ( !    

*ild c receive x4  ,9 tell+ /ories1 we  
f9d1 besides1 t :at attracts *ildr5 is !
 n>rative ( actions2 9 ?is r\ndab\t way 
!y get hold ( emotions & s5tim5ts4 ,!   
developm5t ( ! *ild--?is is a tru? :i*  
has to be work$ out be=e x c really be  
tak5 9--answ]s 9 m9iature to !          
developm5t ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,& x      
foll[s f ?is t *ildr5 comb9e idealism & 
realism1 z epic national poetry does4   
,great1 good1 h]oic1 sup]natural traits 
affect !m mo/2 b only 9 a concrete %ape 
s5sibly p]ceiv$1 ) ! ri*ness ( ! p[] :i*
 comes f life1 )\t any adaptation to our
 pres5t conceptions4  ,we c te/ ?is by  
tell+ a real folk-lore tale1 & ,&]son's 
v]sion ( x4 ,) a few exceptions *ildr5  
are unanim\s 9 call+ ! fir/ type ! mo/  
beautiful4  ,besides :at is attractive =
 lively *ildr51 ) s\nd appetites1 is    
quantity1 b 9 no way multiplicity4      
,fir/ ( all !y ask :e!r ! /ory is long  
aft] !y h begun to hope t x is          
beautiful4 ,!y are glad to he> ! same   
/ory innum]able times2 !y h an          

unconsci\s ne$ = ?or\gh assimilation1 j 
z soon z :at is giv5 to !m h>monises )  
_! /age ( developm5t4 ,?is is true ( all
 subjects4 ,i "k *ildr5 :o dete/ ! *oice
 /ories f ! ,bible1 ) :i* _! morn+      
pray]s are comm5c$1 b :o read ! ,new    
,te/am5t z a /ory-book4 ,9 ?is respect1 
all small *ildr5 are l great ones1 !    
arti/s4 ,! imag9ation ( *ildr5 requires 
full1 entire1 deep impressions1 z       
mat]ial = _! en]gies t are incessantly  
creat+ & recon/ruct+4 ,& if _! s\nd     
feel+ has n be5 di/urb$ by a dualism    
=eign to !m x br+s !m ) rem>kably sure  
in/9ct to *oose ! s\nd1 pure1 &         
beautiful1 & to reject ! uns\nd1        
hateful1 & crude4 ,f9ally1 we f9d 9     
/ory-tell+ t *ildr5 mu* pref] cont9uity 
( impressions ?\gh !y are said to       
express pref]5ce = *ange4 ,we nev] he>  
*ildr5 say1 ,n[ tell a funny /ory1 ! "o 
be=e 0 too gloomy4 ,b if we comm5ce     
tell+ gloomy /ories !y want "o aft]     
ano!r ( ! same type4 ,if we _h begun    
tell+ amus+ /ories1 !y nev] tire (      

laugh+4 ,! *angeabl5ess ( *ildr5 9      
play+1 read+1 & work+ is n s g5]al a    
*>act]i/ic ( *ildi% nature z is believ$4
 ,x is true only ( *ildr5 ^: read+s &   
games are n adapt$ to _! nature &       
incl9ations4 ,*angeabl5ess is1 9 a c]ta9
 way1 nature's self-def5ce aga9/ :at is 
unconsci\sly injuri\s4  ,z to comic     
n>ratives1 x is f\nd 9 /ory-tell+ t !   
*ild has ! mo/ ke5 s5se = ! hum\r ( a   
situation4 ,on ! o!r h& !y h h>dly a    
trace ( feel+ = ! hum\r t re/s on deep  
intellectual contra/s1 lea/ ( all =     
hum\r ( ! ironical type4 ,if a n>rative 
out ( _! own _w is really to make       
impression on !m1 x mu/ be l a tale1    
full ( life1 ) action & surprises1 broad
 & nave 9 its /yle1 )\t any noticeable  
aim4 ,all ! *ildr5's books :i* *ildr5   
?r\gh _! life recollect & by :i* !y are 
impress$1 are ^? t at lea/ 9 "o way or  
ano!r fulfil ^! conditions4 ,! re/ give 
o!r impressions1 b ev5 s !y become no m 
h>mless ?an ars5ic wall-pap] cov]$ by   
fre% undy$ lay]s4 ,z to ! hum\r (       

*ildr51 x c be easily te/$4 ,we c tell  
!m ! mo/ comic psy*ological *ildr5's    
/ories2 n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ !y w   
decl>e to be t]ribly /upid1 :ile a      
simple hi/ory pres5t+ a funny situation 
d\bles !m up ) laught]4  ,*ildr5 d n    
feel drawn to ab/ract ?+s2 ?is is an old
 tru?1 ^: correctness is e/abli%$ be/ by
 /ory-tell+4 ,all virtues & qualities1  
no matt] h[ well conceal$ !y may be1 are
 v quickly pron\nc$ /upid by *ildr54 ,= 
fables1 *ildr5 h seldom any ta/e1 lea/ (
 all = essays4 ,! introduction ( a fox  
or a be> into ! /ory or 9 a real        
adv5ture makes ! /ory-tell] ! de>e/     
fri5d ( *ildr54 ,b ! mo/ lively & *ildi%
 essay on ! be> or ! fox leaves !m cold1
 unless x is made real by "s p]sonal    
exp]i5ce 9 ! c\ntry or by a visit to a  
zological g>d54 ,?is tru? is s recognis$
 & prov$ f s _m po9ts ( view1 t ,i w    
simply say "h t exp]i5ce 9 /ory-tell+   
gives additional evid5ce ( x4 ,*ildr5   
%[1 9 li/5+ to /ories1 a f9ely develop$ 
s5sitiv5ess to all attempts to desc5d   

to1 or to adopt1 ! /&po9t ( ! *ild1 to  
ev]y?+ t is artificial 9 ! n>rative4 ,9 
int]c\rse ) *ildr51 especially ) ^? :o  
repres5t progressive me?ods1 c be se5 h[
 ! reaction aga9/ ! old lesson &        
hideb\nd me?ods has produc$ an          
artificial navet1 a ri*ness (           
illu/rations1 & a livel9ess t *ildr5    
soon feel z some?+ specially prep>$ =   
!m1 some?+ n q real4 ,?is way ( p>tially
 giv+ to *ildr5 _! own imag9ative p[]   
puts !m to sleep1 ev5 :5 x succe$s at   
fir/ 9 giv+ !m a good ent]ta9m5t 9 _!   
lessons4 ,= ! illu/rations & comp>isons1
 z well z ! consequ5ces :i* ano!r has   
?\ght out = !m1 ob/ruct ! initiative ( !
 *ild2 besides !y are all soon =gott54  
,x is ! same ) play?+s2 ^? !y make      
!mselves give inexhau/ible pleasure1    
:ile ^? t are ready made only conf] joy 
once or twice4 ,!y are %[n & !n brok5 9 
pieces 9 ord] to extract ! clockwork1 = 
?is is ! only possible way = ! *ild to d
 some?+ ) x himself4 ,in/ruction is     
beg9n+ to resemble *ildr5's play?+s &   

*ildr5's books2 x is too complete1 too  
ri*ly illu/rat$4 ,x h9d]s individual    
free voyages ( discov]y ( ! imag9ation4 
,ev5 good illu/rations are (t5 injuri\s2
 b we d n int5d to speak at l5g? on ?is 
subject4 ,z a matt] ( fact *ildr5 (t5   
feel !mselves deceiv$ by illu/rations4  
,! res]ve 9 a /ory is also a prop]ty t  
attracts ! *ild4 ,its pictures are      
indicat$ ) a few def9ite b repeat$      
details4 ,! imag9ation is all[$ to fill 
! picture ) col\rs4 ,! uni=mity1 !      
rhy?m1 & ! symmetry1 all qualities      
belong+ to ! folk-lore tale1 are = !    
*ild extremely absorb+4 ,!y enjoy su*   
repetitions z ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ye>
 & s on1 q l ! refra9 9 rhyme & poetry4 
,b all ^! obs]vations lead to a f9al    
result4 ,! pres5t read+-book sy/em is   
nei!r ! mo/ attractive = *ildr51 nor    
does x be/ supply !m ) :at !y want4     
,in/ead ( epic smoo?ness & unity1       
read+-books br+ a confus$ mixture ( all 
k9ds1 nurs]y rhymes1 religi\s tea*+1    
poetry1 natural hi/ory1 & hi/ory4       

,occasionally !re comes a tale or a real
 poem1 /&+ ap>t di/9ctly f its          
neighb\rs1 9 tone & 9 compreh5siv5ess4  
,in/ead ( cle> impressions1 *ildr5 get  
?r\gh ! read+-book a di/urb+ jumble2    
in/ead ( objectivity1 !y get in/ructive 
*ildr5's /ories2 in/ead ( poetry1 edify+
 v]sification2 in/ead ( action1         
reflection2 in/ead ( mu* ( "o ?+1 a     
little ( ev]y?+2 in/ead ( cont9uity (   
impressions1 con/ant *ange2 in/ead (    
concrete impressions ( life1 essays2    
in/ead ( nave tales1 ?+s writt5 d[n to  
_! level4  ,i ask :at is ! result ( ?is 
read+-book sy/em on ! developm5t ( !    
*ild f six to sixte5 ye>s old8  ,:at1 9 
g5]al1 is ! result on ! developm5t ( "* 
:5 "o flits f impression to impression1 
nipp+ 9 flight at diff]5t ?+s1 lett+ "o 
picture aft] ano!r slip away1 mak+ no   
halt any:]e8  ,z to ! effect on adults1 
imm$iate answ]s c be giv54 ,^! answ]s   
are s unfav\rable t !y d n ne$ to be    
repeat$4 ,b1 %\ld a pr9ciple :i* applies
 to ! adult be less suitable = ! *ild8  

,x really applies mu* m to ! *ild4      
,adults g5]ally h "s "w1 "s occupation1 
"s "o c5tre ar\nd :i* !y c arrange      
manifold ev5ts1 *ange may (t5 be        
advantage\s = !m2 b ! :ole s*ool day ( !
 *ild is *ange2 ! way ! *ild absorbs k  
is by ! teaspoonful4 ,is n ?is condition
 en\gh to urge u to "w ) all our might  
aga9/ ! sy/em ( diffusion :]ev] x is    
unnecess>y8  ,9 read+-books diffusion is
 n necess>y2 9 =eign languages1 z 9 8   
own tongue1 ! int]e/ ( ! *ild is mu* m  
/imulat$ by a book ?an by a read]2 8    
vocabul>y is increas$4 ,b ev5 if ?is 7 n
 ! case1 :at ! *ild ga9s ?r\gh          
read+-books1 9 quick read9ess 9 ! "m    
tongue or 9 =eign languages1 does n     
comp5sate = ! loss _! use signifies 9   
developm5t 9 ! way already m5tion$4  ,! 
s*ools deal improp]ly ) ! m5tal p[]s (  
y\?1 ?r\gh _! lack ( specialis+1 (      
conc5tration1 9 _! depreciation (       
initiative1 9 _! be+ out ( t\* )        
reality4  ,high s*ools & colleges are   
absolutely de/ructive to p]sonality4    

,"h1 :]e only oral exam9ations %\ld take
 place f "t to "t1 :]e all /udies %\ld  
t5d to be individual1 ! hung] ( ! s*ol> 
= reality is h>dly satisfi$ 9 any       
direction4 ,no?+ is done to help 8 long+
 to see = himself1 to read1 to judge1 to
 get impressions at fir/-h&1 n f        
second-h& reports4  ,c]ta9ly "h1 too1 ! 
direction ( ! tea*] is necess>y4 ,he c  
economise sup]flu\s "w by cl>ify+       
g5]alisations2 he c criticise a "o-sid$ 
acc\nt 9 ord] to complete ! picture     
fully himself4 ,(t5 ! tea*] mu/ excite  
int]e/ by a vigor\s acc\nt f 8 own po9t 
( view2 by a f9e psy*ological /udy1 he c
 illu/rate a complex hi/orical picture4 
,he w help ! s*ol> to f9d laws1 gov]n+ !
 ph5om5a :i* he has come to "k by 8 own 
exp]im5ts1 or he c sugge/ comp>isons :i*
 lead to su* exp]im5ts4 ,"h1 also1 oral 
& writt5 ex]cise mu/ h great weight4  ,b
 ! end ( all in/ruction 9 college1 z 9 !
 s*ool1 %\ld n consi/ 9 exam9ations &   
diplomas2 ^! mu/ be oblit]at$ f ! face (
 ! e>?4 ,! aim %\ld be t ! s*ol>s       

!mselves1 at fir/ h&1 %\ld acquire _! k1
 %\ld get _! impressions1 %\ld =m _!    
op9ions1 %\ld "w _! way ?r\gh to        
intellectual ta/es1 n z !y n[ d1 tak+ no
 tr\ble !mselves1 b be+ suppos$ to      
acquire ^! gifts ?r\gh int]e/+ lectures 
giv5 by ! tea*] on five diff]5t         
subjects1 he>d e morn+ :ile ! /ud5ts are
 doz+1 & soon =gott54 ,facts slip away f
 e "o's memory1 quicke/ f ! memory ( ^? 
:o h le>n$ accord+ to ! dose &          
teaspoonful sy/em4 ,b education happily 
is n simply ! k ( facts1 x is1 z an     
admirable p>adox has put x1 :at is left 
ov] aft] we h =gott5 all we h le>nt4  ,!
 ri*] "o is 9 su* p]man5t acquisitions1 
! great] ! pr(it ( /udy4 ,! m subjective
 pictures we h2 ! m num]\s our vibrat+  
emotions & associations ( ideas are2 ! m
 we are fill$ ) sugge/ively active      
impressions2--s mu* ! m developm5t we h1
 won by /udy = our p]sonality4 ,! fact t
 our /ud5ts acquire s little1 ev5 if !y 
h pass$ ?r\gh e s*ool ) excell5t m>ks1  
is a s]i\s inju/ice !y feel dur+ _! :ole

 life4 ,! beautifully sy/ematis$1       
ticket$1 *eck]bo>d k giv5 by exam9ations
 soon disappe>s4 ,! p]son :o has kept 8 
desire = k & 8 capacity = "w by 8 free  
*oice & by 8 indep5d5t labor c easily   
fill out ! gaps left by ?is me?od ( /udy
 9 ! k he has acquir$4  ,only ! p]son :o
 by k has obta9$ a view ( ! great       
connect$ sy/em ( exi/5ce1 ! connection  
betwe5 nature & man's life1 betwe5 !    
pres5t & ! pa/1 betwe5 peoples & ideas1 
_c lose 8 education4 ,only ! p]son :o1  
?r\gh ! m5tal n\ri%m5t he has receiv$1  
sees m cle>ly1 feels m ard5tly1 has     
absorb$ completely ! weal? ( life1 has  
be5 really educat$4 ,?is education c be 
ga9$ 9 ! mo/ irregul> way1 p]haps ar\nd 
! he>? or 9 ! field1 on ! sea%ore or 9 !
 wood2 x c be acquir$ f old tatt]$ books
 or f nature itself4 ,x c be t]ribly    
incomplete1 v "o-sid$1 b h[ real1       
p]sonal1 & ri* x appe>s to ^? :o = !    
p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s 9 s*ool h gr\nd out 
! :eat on /range fields1 l ox5 ) muzzl$ 
m\?s6 ,our age cries = p]sonality2 b x w

 ask 9 va91 until we let our *ildr5 live
 & le>n z p]sonalities1 until we all[ !m
 to h _! own w1 ?9k _! own ?\ghts1 "w   
out _! own k1 =m _! own judgm5ts2 or1 to
 put ! matt] briefly1 until we cease to 
suppress ! raw mat]ial ( p]sonality 9   
s*ools1 va9ly hop+ lat] on 9 life to    
revive x aga94     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,!    
,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,future   ,i %\ld l to 
set d[n "h briefly my dreams ( a future 
s*ool1 9 :i* ! p]sonality may receive a 
free & complete self-developm5t4 ,i     
purposely say dreams1 because ,i d n    
want any "o to believe t ,i am pret5d+ 9
 ! foll[+ outl9e to give a re=m$        
programme = ! pres5t "t4  ,my fir/ dream
 is t ! k9d]g>t5 & ! prim>y s*ool w be  
ev]y:]e replac$ by in/ruction at home4  
,und\bt$ly a great influ5ce has proce$$ 
f t :ole movem5t :i* has result$1 among 
o!r ?+s1 9 ! ,pe/alozzi-,froebel        
k9d]g>t5s1 & 9 in/itutions modell$ aft] 
!m4 ,bett] tea*]s h be5 produc$ by x2 b 
:at ,i reg>d z a great mis=tune1 is !   
increas+ incl9ation to look ^u ! cr*e1 !

 k9d]g>t51 & ! s*ool z ! ideal s*eme (  
education4 ,e discussion deal+ ) !      
possibilities ( wom5 work+ 9 public life
 exalts ! advantage ( free+ ! "m f ! c>e
 ( *ildr51 emancipat+ *ildr5 f ! improp]
 c>e ( _! mo!rs1 & giv+ wom5            
possibilities ( "w outside ( ! home4    
,mrs4 ,p]k9s ,/etson proposes z a       
compromise1 t e "m1 p$agogically        
qualifi$1 %all take c>e ( a gr\p (      
*ildr5 along ) h] own4 ,b :at h] own    
*ildr5 w receive "u su* conditions is   
suffici5tly %[n 9 ! case ( ^? poor      
*ildr5 :o gr[ up 9 educational          
in/itutions presid$ ov] by _! p>5ts2 &  
also by ! exp]i5ce ( ! poor p>5ts :o are
 n able "u ^! conditions to look aft] _!
 own *ildr54  ,! cr*e & ! k9d]g>t5 7 &  
cont9ue to be a bless+ und\bt$ly = ^?   
innum]able mo!rs :o "w outside ( _!     
homes & are badly prep>$ = _! duties4   
,"s type ( k9d]g>t5 w p]haps be necess>y
 "u p>ticul> circum/ances z a p>tial    
sub/itute = ! home1 z1 = example1 :5 a  
*ild has no companions to play )1 or :5 

! "m h]self is dis9cl9$ or n able to    
educate ! *ild4 ,?is incapacity is      
ord9>ily ! result ( an extremely n]v\s  
temp]am5t1 caus$ by weak w or           
depression4  ,m>y ,woll/onecraft's      
rem>ks1 made m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1   
/ill call = our approval4 ,if *ildr5 are
 n physically murd]$ by _! ignorant     
mo!rs1 !y are ru9$ psy*ically by !      
inability ( ! "m to br+ !m up4 ,mo!rs1 9
 ^? fir/ six ye>s t det]m9e ! :ole      
developm5t ( ! *ild's "*1 turn !m ov] to
 ! h&s ( s]vants1 ^: au?ority is (t5    
und]m9$ by ! way 9 :i* !y are treat$4   
,!n *ildr5 are pass$ on to s*ool to     
control ! bad behavi\r :i* ! vigilance (
 ! "m c\ld h prev5t$1 & :i* %e controls 
) means t become ! basis = all k9ds (   
vices4 ,b because su* cases are /ill    
frequ5t & because !re w always be mo!rs 
incapable ( br++ _! *ildr5 up1 x w\ld be
 a premature assumption to believe t !  
majority ( wom5 _c be tra9$ to become   
p>5ts1 if ! developm5t ( ! woman has ?is
 end 9 view4 ,"o ( ! tasks ( ! future is

 ! creation ( a g5]ation ( tra9$ mo!rs1 
:o among o!r ?+s w emancipate *ildr5 f !
 k9d]g>t5 sy/em4 ,*ildr5 are h&l$ 9     
cr[ds f two & ?ree ye>s up1 !y are made 
to appe> be=e ! public 9 cr[ds1 made to 
"w on ! "o plan1 made to d ! same petty1
 idiotic1 & useless tasks4 ,9 ?is way1  
we believe at ! pres5t "t t we are =m+  
m51 :ile actually we are only tra9+     
units4 ,any "o :o rememb]s h[1 z a *ild1
 he play$ on ! bea* or 9 ! wood1 9 a big
 nurs]y or 9 an old-fa%ion$ attic1 or   
has se5 o!r *ildr5 play+ 9 ^! surr\nd+s1
 w "k h[ su* unre/ra9$ play deep5s !    
s\l1 increases ! capacity = inv5tion1 & 
/imulates ! imag9ation a hundr$fold m   
?an *ildr5's games & occupations devis$ 
by ! arrangem5t1 & promot$ by !         
int]f]5ce1 ( eld] p]sons4 ,adults are   
accu/om$ to amuse *ildr5 9 cr[ds1 a     
cu/om :i* comes f intellectual vulg>ity1
 in/ead ( leav+ !m alone to amuse       
!mselves4 ,besides ?is sy/em enc\rages  
*ildr5 to produce :at !y d n ne$1 &     
leads !m to imag9e t !y are work+ by s  

do+4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught to despise  
all ! num]\s unnecess>y ?+s :i* put life
 on a false level & make x artificial4  
,!y %\ld be taught to try to simplify x1
 to aim = its supreme values2 ?is %\ld  
be ! end ( education4 ,! k9d]g>t5 sy/em 
is1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! mo/ effective  
means to produce ! weak dilletante & !  
self-satisfi$ av]age man4  ,if !re is   
any fur!r ne$ = ! k9d]g>t5 9 ! ne> or   
di/ant future1 let x be a place :]e     
*ildr5 may h ! same fre$om z cats or    
dogs1 to play by !mselves1 & = !mselves1
 to ?9k out some?+ ( _! own1 :]e !y c be
 provid$ ) means to c>ry out _! own     
plans1 :]e !y h companions to play ) !m4
 ,a s5sible woman may be ne> at h& to   
look on or to sup]vise1 b only to       
int]f]e :5 ! *ildr5 are likely to hurt  
!mselves4 ,let h] draw some?+ = !m      
occasionally1 tell !m a /ory1 or tea* !m
 an amus+ game1 b o!rwise let h] be     
app>5tly q passive & yet untir+ly active
 9 ! obs]vation ( ! traits ( "* & (     
disposition :i* play ( ?is free type    

reveals4 ,9 l mann] ! "m %\ld obs]ve !  
play ( *ildr51 _! treatm5t ( _!         
companions at play1 _! incl9ations1 &   
collect z mu* mat]ial z %e c b int]f]e z
 little directly z possible4 ,! "m      
f9ally by ?is con/ant1 _m-sid$1 /r5u\s1 
yet passive k9d ( obs]vation gets a k ( 
! *ild t is p>tially exact4 ,"o be+ nev]
 le>ns to "k ano!r be+ entirely1 n ev5  
:5 t be+ has receiv$ its life f ! o!r1 n
 ev5 :5 t life is daily r5ew$ by ! o!r  
be+1 9 ord] to rea* ! full happ9ess (   
spiritual mo!rhood4 ,x has be5 well said
 t z p reg>d ! bir? ( a *ild z ! sign ( 
physical maturity1 ! education ( a *ild 
is reg>d$ z a sign ( psy*ical maturity4 
,b ?r\gh lack 9 psy*ological insight1   
mo/ p>5ts rema9 _! :ole life immature4  
,!y c h ! be/ pr9ciples1 ! mo/ zeal\s   
fidelity to duty1 comb9$ ) absolute     
bl9dness to ! nature ( *ildr51 ! real   
causes ( _! actions1 & ! diff]5t        
comb9ations ( diff]5t *>act]i/ics4      
,take "s examples ( ! wor/ blund]s ( ?is
 type2 ! small *ild is (t5 call$ va9 :o 

/udies1 full ( int]e/1 8 own id5tity 9 !
 glass2 ! *ild :o1 f fe> or confusion at
 a h>d or incompreh5sible "q1 does n    
answ] or obey is call$ /ubborn2 ! *ild t
 _c expla9 8 actions 9 ^? small ?+s :i* 
adults e day entirely =get is look$ ^u z
 ly+2 & ev5 be=e ! *ild has a conception
 ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 :5 he pilf]s1 he is  
call$ ?ievi%4 ,! *ild :o says t he kn[s 
t he is naughty1 & wants to be naughty1 
is call$ obdurate & imp]t95t1 :ile ?is  
/atem5t is really a self-confession &   
%[s a "* to :i* "o may appeal ) ! be/   
results4 ,! *ild1 sunk 9 ?\ght1 :o =gets
 ! small ?+s ( daily life1 p call       
?\ghtless4 ,ev5 :5 a *ild is really     
selfi% & is really ly+ or lazy1 ^!      
*>act]i/ics are treat$ z if !y 7 some?+ 
individual1 :ile actually !y are caus$  
(t5 by "s s]i\s fault :i* mu/ be dealt  
)4 ,^! *>act]i/ics c proce$ f a good    
quality :i* may be de/roy$1 if ! fault  
is n treat$ suitably4  ,b ev5 p>5ts :o  
n[ obs]ve _! *ildr5 ) m psy*ological    
insight ?an 0 us$ 9 e>li] times are n   

able to /udy !m1 if _! *ildr5 g to s*ool
 & k9d]g>t5 at an e>ly age4 ,?is want ( 
insight produces mi/akes :i* (t5 cause  
deep antagonisms betwe5 *ildr5 & _!     
p>5ts1 ! sort ( ?+ :i* n[ embitt]s s _m 
h\seholds4 ,only fa!rs & mo!rs :o       
rev]5ce ! individuality ( _! *ildr51 &  
comb9e ) ?is feel+ a c>eful obs]vation (
 !m ?r\gh _! :ole life1 are able to     
avoid ?is typical fault ( our own "t4 ,p
 expect to ga!r grapes f ?i/les1 in/ead 
( be+ satisfi$ ) haws4 ,p>5ts mu/ see t 
!y _c create :]e !re is no mat]ial to be
 creat$4 ,b !y mu/ be capable ( develop+
 ! *>act]i/ics :i* !y discov] 9 ! nature
 ( _! *ildr54 ,?is "w !y mu/ und]take ) 
optimism & resignation1 = x repres5ts ! 
tea*+ ( real psy*ological /udy4 ,?is w  
/op ^? ef=ts1 pa9ful alike = *ildr5 &   
p>5ts1 t are appli$ 9 directions :i* (f]
 no rew>d to ef=t4  ,b ! /udy ( !       
psy*ology ( ! *ild1 begun at its bir?1  
cont9u$ 9 its play1 its "w1 its re/1    
means a daily comp>ative /udy1 &        
requires ! undivid$ att5tion ( "o p]son4

 ,x c only be done by a p]son :o has    
*>ge ( b a few *ildr52 9 a cr[d x is    
impossible4 ,x is all ! m impossible    
because *ildr5 9 a cr[d resemble "o     
ano!r m or less2 & ?is makes obs]vation 
m difficult4  ,! k9d]g>t5 is only a     
factory4 ,*ildr5 le>n 9 x to model1     
in/ead ( mak+ mud pies accord+ to _! own
 ta/e4 ,?is process is typical ( :at ^! 
small atoms ( humanity g ?r\gh !mselves4
 ,f ! fir/ floor ( ! factory ! objects t
 h be5 turn$ out !re are s5t to ! next  
floor above1 ! s*ool2 & f ?is !y !n g   
out put up 9 packages4  ,! aim ( s*ool  
tra9+ is to c>ry out1 ) all its might1  
production by quantities t expresses !  
dem&s ( our "t 9 all sph]es4 ,! inv5tion
 ( individual s*ool me?ods may r$uce !  
influ5ce ( cann$ education4  ,z long z  
!re are l>ge cities1 poor *ildr5 9 !m   
mu/ be able to obta9 ! possibilities (  
c\ntry *ildr54 ,_! play?+s mu/ be made  
out ( ! _w :i* surr\nds !m4 ,!          
obligations ( _! own home mu/ supply !m 
) "w4 ,?is is altoge!r diff]5t f ! play 

"w ( ! k9d]g>t5 t has no connection ) ! 
s]i\sness ( reality4 ,a wise "m or tea*]
 w adopt f ! k9d]g>t5 sy/em j s mu* z w 
enable h] to tea* *ildr5 to obs]ve      
nature & _! surr\nd+s2 w take f x :at   
enables h] to make !m comb9e _! activity
 ) "s useful end2 _! amusem5t ) "s k9d (
 k4  ,! ,froebel dictum1 ,let u live = !
 *ildr51 mu/ be *ang$ into a m          
significant phrase1 ,let u all[ ! *ildr5
 to live4 ,?is1 among o!r ?+s1 means let
 !m be emancipat$ f ! burd5 ( le>n+ by  
he>t1 f ! =ms ( sy/em1 f ! pressure ( ! 
cr[d1 9 ^? ye>s :ile ! quiet1 secret "w 
( ! s\l is z vital = !m z ! gr[+ ( ! se$
 9 ! e>?4 ,! k9d]g>t5 sy/em is oppos$ to
 ?is2 x is =c+ up ! se$ to life on a    
plate1 :]e x looks v pretty1 b only = ! 
"t be+4  ,! s*ool ) its esprit de corps 
op5s ! way public lack ( consci5ce4     
,mod]n society manages ?us to reproduce 
! crimes ( e pa/ p]iod2 manages too1 to 
reproduce !m ?r\gh m5 :o are consci5ti\s
 9 _! own private life4 ,= ^? )\t       
consci5ces1 :o lead crim9al movem5ts1   

w\ld nev] be able to put ! masses ( p 9 
motion1 unless !y 7 j masses & no?+ m2  
unless !y 7 made to foll[ collective    
laws ( hon\r1 collective patriotic      
feel+s1 collective conceptions ( duty4  
,! *ild le>ns to be ob$i5t to 8 s*ool1  
to be loyal to 8 comrades1 j z lat] on 9
 life he le>ns ^! qualities z !y are    
pres5t$ 9 8 univ]sity1 8 /ud5t society1 
& 8 pr(ession4 ,all ( ?is he le>ns soon]
 ?an to rev]5ce 8 consci5ce1 8 feel+ (  
"r1 8 individual impulse4 ,he le>ns to  
w9k at1 p>don1 & disguise ! s9s committ$
 by 8 own circle ( companions1 8 own    
club1 & 8 own c\ntry4  ,?is is ! way !  
_w produces its ,dreyfus ,affairs1 its  
,transvaal ,w>s4 ,if ! aim is to create 
m5 & n masses1 we %\ld foll[ !          
educational programme ( ! great /atesman
 ,/e9--to develop all ^? impulses on :i*
 ! value & /r5g? ( mank9d dep5d4 ,?is is
 only possible :5 ! *ild is taught1 at !
 e>lie/ age1 ! fre$om & dang] ( 8 own   
*oice1 ! "r & responsibility ( 8 own w1 
! conditions & duties ( be+ put to ! te/

 himself4 ,all ( ^! elem5ts ( "* are    
unconsci\sly oppos$ by ! k9d]g>t52 !    
home alone c develop !m4 ,! highe/      
result ( education is to br+ !          
individual into contact ) 8 own         
consci5ce4 ,?is does n mean t !         
individual _c exp]i5ce by degrees !     
happ9ess & ! necessity ( be+ a factor 9 
! s]vice ( ! :ole1 fir/ 9 8 home1 !n    
among 8 companions & 9 8 c\ntry1 &      
f9ally 9 ! _w4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is3 9 !  
fir/ case ! man is a liv+ cell1         
co-op]at+ & build+ up liv+ =ms2 9 ! o!r 
he is a piece ( cut /one us$ 9          
artificial con/ruction4  ,bo? = !       
developm5t ( individuality1 z well z = !
 cultivation ( ! emotions1 ! home is to 
be pref]r$ to ! k9d]g>t5 & to ! s*ool4  
,9 ! limit$ small circle ( ! home !     
emotional elem5t c be deep5$ & t5d]ness 
c be develop$1 by ! acts call$ = 9 !    
realities ( dome/ic life4 ,! k9d]g>t5   
fir/1 & !n ! s*ool1 free *ildr5 f _!    
natural individual obligations & put 9  
_! place dem&s t c only be fulfill$ en  

masse4 ,! *ild ent]s into a numb] (     
sup]ficial relations4 ,?is situation    
t5ds to make 8 emotions sup]ficial2 "h  
is ! great dang] ( beg9n+ s*ool life at 
a t5d] age4 ,on ! o!r h& a "o-sid$ home 
life br+s ) x ! dang] ( conc5trat+ !    
emotions to an excess4 ,education at    
home 9 ! ye>s :5 ! emotions become      
h>moni\s & receive _! decisive tra9+ is 
j z important = ! *ild z is lat] on a   
pleasant sociable life ) o!rs ( ! same  
age1 aft] ! twelf? ye> is pass$4 ,all   
intellectual cultivation done accord+ to
 ! mo/ excell5t me?od1 all social       
feel+s1 are wor?less unless !y h z _!   
basis an individual developm5t ( !      
emotions4 ,some:]e 9 our body we mu/ h a
 he>t1 to act z a real balance aga9/ our
 head4 ,only ! man :o has le>nt to love 
a few1 deep en\gh to die = !m1 is able  
to live pr(itably = ! _m4  ,i %\ld l to 
see n only ! k9d]g>t5 b ! prep>atory    
s*ool transf]r$ to ! home4 ,!re ?+s c be
 consid]$ t are nev] tak5 into acc\nt 9 
a g5]al s*ool4 ,! *ild ne$ n h !        

n\ri%m5t he does n want1 & :i* he does n
 ne$1 at ! "t he n[ g5]ally receives x4 
,9 ! home s*ool1 "o *ild c put (f read+ 
to a lat] age1 ano!r c be taught read+  
e>ly4 ,! desire = action 9 "o *ild c be 
satisfi$2 ! book-hung] ( ! o!r enc\rag$4
 ,bodily developm5t1 ! desire to make a 
real acqua9tance ) ext]nal nature c be  
consid]$ 9 home "w1 play1 & out-(-door  
activities4 ,!n we c beg9 to tea* :5 !  
*ild himself asks = tea*+2 t is1 :5 he  
wi%es to he> or d some?+ 9 :i* k alone c
 assi/ him4 ,! *ild c twice z easily    
le>n at t5 ye>s1 "u ^! conditions1 :at  
he n[ le>ns at eight2 at eight :at he n[
 le>ns at six1 if he comes to 8 /udy )  
develop$ p[]s ( obs]vation & an eag]    
desire = action4 ,s*ools c nev] atta9 a 
full insight into ! peculi> "* (        
p]sonality1 into ! ways 9 :i* k mu/ be  
plac$ be=e diff]5t individuals1 into !  
"r "t = tak+ a subject or giv+ x up4 ,! 
home s*ool mu/ be consid]$ ! ideal me?od
 :]e ! *ild /udies ) a small gr\p (     
well-select$ companions4 ,individuality 

c be consid]$1 plans ( /udy & c\rses c  
be neglect$4 ,?r\gh su* neglect only1 is
 a real liv+ in/ruction possible4 ,!    
advantages ! mod]n s*ool has ov] ! home 
are h>dly wor? discuss+4 ,! ord] ( !    
s*ool1 its me?od1 sy/em1 & discipl9e1 s 
mu* prais$ by its advocates z           
advantages1 are1 f my po9t ( view1 no?+ 
b disadvantages4 ,habits ( fulfill+     
duties1 or "w1 ord]ly & punctual        
activity1 t belong to a s\nd education1 
c be atta9$ 9 ! home s*ool ?r\gh f> less
 artificial means4 ,( c\rse x is urg$ z 
ano!r advantage ( ! s*ool t ! s*ool *ild
 becomes a memb] ( a small community :]e
 he le>ns social duties4 ,b ! home is ! 
natural community :]e ! *ild1 9 full    
s]i\sness1 le>ns ! real social duties ( 
read9ess to help1 & read9ess to act1    
:ile ! pres5t-day s*ool artificially    
replaces t dome/ic social education1 (  
:i* ! *ild is n[ robb$ by /udies at     
s*ool & prep>ation at home4 ,! real     
value ( s*ool life among companions c be
 _h f ! home s*ool )\t its ord9>y       

dang]s4 ,^! dang]s are n only evil      
influ5ces1 b1 m ?an any?+ else1 t       
collective process ( rea*+ a /&>d (     
/upidity1 due to ! pressure ( public    
op9ion t comes f association 9 masses4  
,! fe> ( common op9ion1 ( be+ laugh$ at1
 is creat$ 9 ! receptive ye>s (         
*ildhood1 s op5 to su* influ5ces4 ,!    
slighte/ deviation 9 dress1 or ta/e1 is 
criticis$ unsp>+ly4 ,if an inve/igation 
7 conduct$ on ! suff]+s ( *ildr5 ?r\gh !
 tyranny ( _! fell[s1 a tyranny :i*     
sometimes takes h>%]1 sometimes mild]   
=ms1 x w\ld upset ! prejudice t !       
usefulness ( ! s*ool 9 ?is respect _c be
 replac$4  ,besides !re is ! levell+    
pressure ( a uni=m discipl9e1 :i* /unts 
p]sonality f above1 :ile life ) s*ool   
companions re/ricts x on all sides4 ,e  
criticism on ?is =mal p$antry is met ) !
 answ]1 ,9 a s*ool x is absolutely      
impossible to p]mit *ildr5 to d :at c be
 done 9 ! h\sehold2 only fancy if all   
*ildr5 9 ! s*ool 7 to %>p5 _! lead      
p5cils or erase words 9 _! ex]cises4    

,!re is no ne$ to insi/ fur!r on ?is    
po9t4 ,hundr$s ( petty rules mu/ exi/1  
we are told1 = ! sake ( discipl9e4 ,&   
ev5 if ! rules c\ld be r$uc$ to a f\r? (
 _! pres5t cubic cont5ts1 ev5 ! be/     
s*ools w\ld /ill feel ! pressure (      
uni=mity4 ,! m ?is pressure is resi/$ by
 individuals1 s mu* ! bett]4  ,education
 9 ! fir/ ye>s mu/ aim to /r5g!n        
individuality4 ,! :ole ( biographical   
lit]ature supplies an almo/ uni=m pro( (
 ! importance ( n comm5c+ too e>ly !    
levell+ social education ( ! s*ool4     
,e>ly att5dance at s*ool is "o ( !      
reasons :y we s frequ5tly meet1 z ,dumas
 says1 s _m clev] *ildr51 & s _m /upid  
adults4  ,almo/ all great m5 & wom51 :o 
h ?\ght & creat$ = !mselves1 h receiv$  
ei!r no education 9 s*ool at all1 or h  
gone to s*ool at a r lat] p]iod1 ) long]
 or %ort] int]ruptions1 or h be5 tra9$ 9
 diff]5t s*ools4 ,9 mo/ cases x 0 an    
accid5t1 "s liv+ po9t ( view1 a book    
read 9 secret1 a p]sonal *oice ( subject
 t gave ^! exceptional be+s _! tra9+4 ,9

 ?is respect ,goe!'s education 0 ideal1 
consid]$ ap>t f "s p$antry due to 8     
fa!r's influ5ce4 ,at 8 "m's "w-table he 
le>nt to "k ! ,bible2 ,fr5* he le>nt f a
 !atrical company2 ,engli% f a language 
ma/]1 9 company ) 8 fa!r2 ,italian1     
because he he>d 8 si/] be+ taught !     
language2 ma!matics f a fri5d 9 !       
h\sehold1 a /udy :i* ,goe! appli$       
imm$iately1 fir/ 9 c>dbo>d diagrams1    
lat] 9 ar*itectural draw+s4 ,8 essays he
 prep>$ 9 ! =m ( a correspond5ce 9      
diff]5t languages betwe5 diff]5t        
relatives1 scatt]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 
,geography he eag]ly /udi$ 9 books (    
travel 9 ord] to be able to give 8      
n>rative local col\r4 ,he knock$ ab\t ) 
8 fa!r1 le>nt to obs]ve diff]5t k9ds (  
h&work1 & also to try himself small     
exp]im5ts ( 8 own skill4  ,b "s "o may  
say1 all m5 are n g5iuses1 & accord+ly !
 majority )\t di/9ct tal5t ne$ ! s*ool4 
,is x possible t ! connection betwe5    
orig9ality & irregul> att5dance at s*ool
 is m]ely accid5tal8 ,h[ (t5 does !     

s*ool s9 9 its wat]+ d[n ( orig9ality6  
,z = unorig9al p1 ! argum5t urg$ "h is  
an application ( ! biblical axiom1 t f  
him :o has no?+ ev5 ! little w be tak5  
away4 ,i mean ! individual :o has no    
di/9ct p]sonality w be =c$ 9 ! s*ool to 
give up ! little t he c call 8 own4 ,!  
old-fa%ion$ s*ool :]e a few subjects 7  
le>nt by he>t1 :]e ! tea*]s 7 (t5 badly 
prep>$1 :]e ! /ud5ts c\ld g to sleep or 
pret5d to le>n1 :]e ! c\rses 7 simple & 
att5tion conc5trat$ on ,lat91 seems     
b>b>\s to u4 ,b x _h less dang] = !     
p]sonality ?an ! pres5t-day s*ool ) its 
?or\gh prep>ation1 its int]e/ 9 read+s1 
its p]fect$ me?ods1 its capital         
in/ructors :o take e little /one out ( !
 /ud5t's road1 & prep>e z mu* delightful
 intellectual n\ri%m5t z possible1      
sometimes ev5 9 a cook$-up =m4 ,?is good
 s*ool ) its ov]-insi/5ce on v]satility 
is responsible = ! n]v\sness ( our day4 
,its g5]al intellectual apa?y has caus$ 
! negativ5ess ( our times4  ,! quiete/1 
mo/ ob$i5t *ild is ?\ght ! be/ pupil1 t 

is1 ! mo/ imp]sonal individual is !     
model4 ,s we see h[ ! s*ool confuses its
 conception ( values4 ,! m ! s\l & body 
are passive1 are will+ to be controll$ &
 receptive1 s mu* ! bett] are ! results 
f ! s*ool /&po9t4 ,mis*iev\s *ildr51    
ob/9ate *>act]s1 "o-sid$ & orig9al      
natures1 are always m>tyrs at s*ool     
because ( _! desire = action1 _! _s (   
opposition1 _! s-call$ /upidity4 ,only !
 easy-go+1 amiable1 commonly end[$      
natures c keep "s ( _! own individual   
t5d5cies1 slip ?r\gh ! s*ool1 & at !    
same "t get good c]tificates ( indu/ry1 
moral "*1 ord]1 & progress4 ,9 !        
fir/-class mod]n s*ool1 ! mobile        
/ructure ( p]sonality is =c$ into       
%ape--or r x is knock$ ab\t by w9d &    
waves1 l a pebble on ! sea%ore4 ,x is   
/ruck by "o wave aft] ano!r1 day by day1
 t]m by t]m2 on !y come--=ty-five m9utes
 = religi\s in/ruction1 ! same p]iod =  
hi/ory1 !n ,fr5*1 !n sloyd1 !n natural  
hi/ory2 ! next day new subjects 9 new1  
small doses4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 !re is      

prep>ation at home1 & writ+ ex]cises1   
previ\sly arrang$ & m>k$ out1 !n        
correct$ ) c>e1 & ! prep>$ read+s made !
 basis ( que/ion+ by ! mo/ approv$      
me?ods1 ! "m hav+ at home fir/ gone ov] 
!m ) ! *ild4 ,^! p[]ful bill[s /upefy ! 
bra91 & take ! edge (f ! s\ls ( bo?     
tea*] & s*ol>4 ,ev5 ! mo/ active tea*]s 
move along fett]$ by requirem5ts &      
prejudices1 unconditional necessities & 
me?odical pr9ciples4 ,only occasionally 
is a s\l sav$ f ?is fate by total       
skepticism4 ,"s exalt ?is pettifogg+    
pr(essionalism to a plan ( salvation1   
o!rs are untir+ly busy 9 *ang+ details1 
9 discuss+ m9or improvem5ts4 ,e real    
?or\ghgo+ re=m affect+ ! pr9ciple1 n !  
me?ods alone1 goes to pieces1 because x 
conflicts ) ! sy/em support$ by ! /ate4 
,x fails1 ?r\gh ! ob$i5t acceptance ( ! 
sy/em on ! "p ( p>5ts1 ?r\gh !          
incapacity ( tea*]s to look at ! :ole   
results ( ! sy/em1 ?r\gh _! dis9cl9ation
 to all radical me?ods ( improvem5t4  ,!
 s*ool1 l ! home & society1 9 g5]al %\ld

 aim to fight m vigor\sly & m           
successfully ! influ5ces belittl+ life1 
& %\ld fur!r its developm5t t[>ds ev]   
high] =ms4 ,?is end is oppos$ by ! mod]n
 s*ools4 ,x is a gross mi/ake to hold up
 _! excell5t mat]ial & _! numb] z pro(s 
( popul> culture4 ,h[ ! p are educat$ 9 
! s*ools1 h[ ! mat]ial is us$1 :at      
subjects are pursu$ 9 !m are ! mom5t\s  
que/ions4  ,goe!'s say+ t =tune is !    
developm5t ( our capacities is z        
applicable to *ildr5 z to adults4 ,:at  
^! capacities are c be det]m9$ soon 9 ! 
case ( ! tal5t$ *ild2 8 future c be     
secur$ by obta9+ = him ! possibility (  
su* a developm5t4 ,b !re are common     
capacities1 prop] to e normal human be+1
 & f _! developm5t1 =tune too c be !    
outcome4 ,among su* capacities is       
memory1 :i* mod]n man has ne>ly de/roy$4
 ,we ?r[ a%es1 says ,max ,mull]1 e day  
on ! gl[+ coals ( memory :ile m5 ( pa/  
ages c\ld reta9 9 _! m9ds ! treasures ( 
our pres5t lit]ature4 ,to ^! capacities 
belong1 among o!rs1 p[] ( ?\ght1 n 9 !  

s5se ( philosophic ?9k+1 b 9 ! simpl]   
use ( ! ^w1 gifts ( obs]vation1 ability 
to draw conclusions & to ex]cise        
judgm5t4 ,( ! common univ]sal human     
faculties ! emotions suff] mo/ at ! h& (
 ! mod]n s*ool4  ,"o ( ! fundam5tally   
wrong p$agogical assumptions1 is t      
ma!matics & gramm> develop ! und]/&+4   
,?is is only true aft] a high] /age is  
rea*$ 9 ^! c\rses4 ,b !re is no "o :o   
s]i\sly ma9ta9s t1 s f> z nature or man 
is conc]n$1 he has us$ directly or      
indirectly1 9 a s+le obs]vation1        
conclusion1 or ex]cise ( judgm5t1 !     
!ses1 hypo!ses1 /atem5ts1 problems1 !   
rules & exceptions1 ( ma!matics &       
gramm>1 ) :i* 8 *ildi% bra9 0 burd5$4 ,i
 h he>d f ma!maticians & philologians ! 
same h]esy t ,i am proclaim+1 t         
ma!matics & gramm>1 :5 !y are n pursu$ z
 sci5ces1 mu/ be r$uc$ to a m9imum4     
,provid$ a p]son has ma!matical tal5t1 !
 /udy ( ma!matics is naturally          
agreeable1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a       
capacity 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,if "o has

 ! gift = languages1 ! same is true (   
l+ui/ic /udy4 ,b )\t su* special tal5t1 
^! subjects h no educational value1     
because ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 draw+      
conclusions1 ex]cis+ judgm5t1 are j z   
undevelop$ z !y 7 be=e ! ma!matical     
problem 0 solv$ or ! grammatical rules  
le>n$4  ,life--! life ( nature & (      
man--?is alone is ! prep>ation = life4  
,:at ! _w ( nature & ! _w ( man (f]s 9 !
 way ( liv+ =ms1 objects ( beauty1 types
 ( "w1 processes ( developm5t1 c1 by    
natural hi/ory1 geography1 hi/ory1 art1 
& lit]ature1 give real value to memory2 
c tea* ! und]/&+ to obs]ve1 to judge &  
di/+ui%2 c tra9 ! feel+ to become       
int5se1 & ?r\gh its int5sity comb9e !   
v>y+ mat]ial 9 t unity :i* alone is     
education4 ,9 brief1 real ?+s are :at ! 
home & s*ool %\ld (f] *ildr5 9 broad1   
ri*1 & w>m /reams4 ,b ! /reams %\ld n be
 tak5 (f 9 canals & damm$ up by me?ods1 
sy/ems1 divisions ( c\rses1 &           
exam9ations4  ,i nev] read a p$agogical 
discussion )\t ! f9e words              

self-activity1 individual developm5t1   
fre$om ( *oice1 sugge/+ to me ! music   
:i* accompanies ! sacrificial fea/s (   
cannibals4 ,! mom5t ^! words are us$1   
limitations & res]vations are introduc$ 
by _! advocates4 ,_! propos$ application
 is ludicr\sly insignificant1 9 contra/ 
) ! great pr9ciple 9 ! "n ( :i* !y urge 
^! *anges4 ,& s ! pupil cont9ues to be  
sacrific$ to educational ideals1        
p$agogical sy/ems1 & exam9ation         
requirem5ts1 t !y refuse to ab&on4 ,!   
ev]la/+ s9 ( ! s*ool aga9/ *ildr5 is to 
be always talk+ ab\t ! *ild4  ,! sloyd  
sy/em 7manual dext]ity1 h&work1 arti/ic 
production7 has c]ta9 good results on   
*ildr54 ,accord+ly ! sloyd mu/ be       
introduc$ into ! s*ool1 & all mu/ be    
made to %>e ! advantages ( ?is tra9+2 b 
!re are *ildr5 = :om ! sloyd is z       
inappropriate & z useless a requirem5t z
 le>n+ ,lat94 ,! *ild :o wants to devote
 himself to 8 books %\ld be no m =c$ to 
take up ! sloyd1 ?an ! *ild :o is happy 
) 8 plan+ table %\ld be dragg$ to       

lit]ature4  ,all talk ab\t h>moni\s     
tra9+ mu/ be giv5 ! place :]e x         
belongs--9 ! p$agogical cul9>y sci5ce4  
,c]ta9ly h>moni\s developm5t is ! f9e/  
result ( man's tra9+1 b x is only to be 
atta9$ by 8 own *oice4 ,x implies a     
h>mony betwe5 ! real capacities ( !     
individual1 n a h>mony work$ up f a     
p$agogical =mula4 ,! results f ! s*ool  
knead+ tr\gh ) its m9ce-meat processes  
are some?+ q diff]5t4  ,isolat$ re=ms 9 
! mod]n s*ool h no significance2 !y w   
cont9ue to h none1 until we prep>e = !  
great revolution1 :i* w sma% to pieces !
 :ole pres5t sy/em & w leave n "o /one (
 x ^u ano!r4 ,und\bt$ly a ,deluge (     
p$agogy mu/ come1 9 :i* ! ark ne$ only  
conta9 ,montaigne1 ,r\sseau1 ,sp5c]1 & !
 mod]n lit]ature ( ! psy*ology ( ! *ild4
 ,:5 ! ark comes to dry l& man ne$ n    
build s*ools b only plant v9ey>ds :]e   
tea*]s w be employ$ to br+ ! ripe grapes
 to ! *ildr51 :o n[ get only a ta/e ( ! 
juice ( culture 9 a ?9 wat]y mixture4   
,! s*ool has only "o great end1 to make 

itself unnecess>y1 to all[ life & =tune1
 :i* is ano!r way ( say+ self-activity1 
to take ! place ( sy/em & me?od4  ,f !  
k9d]g>t5 p]iod on ! *ild is n[1 z has   
be5 said1 a mat]ial m\ld$1 sometimes by 
ho/ile1 sometimes by fri5dly h&s4 ,!    
milde/1 ! app>5tly free/ me?ods produce 
uni=mity by insi/+ on ! same "w1 ! same 
impression1 ! same regulations1 day by  
day1 ye> by ye>4 ,besides 9 ! s*ool1    
classes are nev] arrang$ accord+ to !   
*ild's temp]am5t & t5d5cy1 b accord+ to 
8 age & k4 ,s he is condemn$ 9 deadly   
t$i\sness to wa/e an inf9ite am\nt ( "t 
:ile he is wait+ = o!rs4  ,! v e>lie/   
p]iod ( in/ruction %\ld use ! p[] ! *ild
 has = obs]vation & "w4 ,^! capacities  
%\ld be made ! means ( 8 education1 !   
/&>d = us+ 8 own obs]vation4 ,if ! p[] (
 obs]vation is vigor\s1 no g5]al rules  
are to be drawn1 b only p>ticul> ones4  
,"o *ild mu/ read1 play1 or d h&work 9 a
 diff]5t degree to ano!r4 ,"o c at an   
e>ly age1 ! o!r only at a lat] p]iod1   
take advantage ( ! education to be      

obta9$ f go+ to museums or f travel 7!  
be/ ( all travel is tramp+74 ,!         
indisp5sable elem5ts w be r$uc$ to _!   
l[e/ measure2 = :at any "o man ne$s to  
be able to d1 9 ord] to f9d himself at  
home 9 life1 is n consid]able4 ,! m9imum
 is to read well1 to spell prop]ly1 to  
write ) bo? h&s1 to copy simple objects1
 s t "o le>ns picture writ+ j z alphabet
 writ+4 ,?is skill is q diff]5t f       
arti/ic gifts4 ,besides !re mu/ be      
in/ruction 9 look+ at ?+s geometrically1
 ! f\r simple rules ( ari?metic &       
decimal fractions1 z mu* geography z w  
help "o to use a map & a "t-table1 z mu*
 k ( nature z w give "o a fundam5tal    
conception ( ! simple/ requirem5ts (    
hygi5e2 & f9ally1 ! ,engli% language1 9 
ord] to put "o 9 t\* ) ! increas+       
int]c\rse 9 ! great _w4 ,?r\gh ^!       
requirem5ts ! *ild w be end[$ ) :at he  
ne$s1 9 ord] to f9d himself at home 9 ! 
_w ( books & ( life4 ,let !re be add$ to
 ^! ! ability to d>n a /ock+1 sew on a  
button1 & ?read a ne$le4  ,only !       

indisp5sable %\ld be ! obligatory       
f\ndation ( fur!r culture1 :i* is only !
 trimm+ on a simple g>m5t4 ,! trimm+    
receives its entire value because !     
individual has prep>$ x himself2 x mu/ n
 be made by a ma*9e accord+ to a model  
prep>$ 9 a factory4  ,:at is m5tion$ "h 
supplies ! same basis = all1 b *ildr5   
%\ld be able to ?r[ !mselves into !     
pa/oral life ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 into !  
life ( ! ,greek & ,sc&9avian gods &     
h]oes1 into ! life ( popul> leg5ds &    
national hi/ory2 b ?is %\ld be done only
 ?r\gh ! books :i* !y get = _! amusem5t4
 ,at ! pres5t "t all ( ^! ?+s are made  
pure subjects ( /udy6  ,assume1 !n1 t   
?is f\ndation is laid4 ,! s*ool ( !     
future1 :i* w be a s*ool = all1 w       
advance g5]al education1 b ! plan x     
foll[s w be adapt$ to e individual4 ,9 !
 s*ool ( my dreams !re w be no report   
books1 no rew>ds1 no exam9ations2 at    
graduation "t exam9ations w be arrang$ =
 b !y w be oral4 ,9 !m detail$ k w n be 
consid]$2 education z a :ole w det]m9e !

 decision ( ! exam9]s1 :o w p]sonally   
accompany ! *ildr5 9 ! op5 air 9 ord] to
 become quietly acqua9t$ ) :at !y "k (  
mank9d1 ( pa/ & pres5t hi/ory4  ,& !    
education :i* w make ! tra9+ aim at ?is 
end w be diametrically oppos$ to t giv5 
by ! tea*] ( ! pres5t day4 ,! tea*] w be
 requir$ to make 8 own obs]vations1 he w
 guide ! s*ol> 9 ! *oice ( books1 & %[  
him h[ to "w4 ,b he w n give fir/ 8 own 
obs]vation1 judgm5t1 & k 9 ! =m (       
lectures1 prep>ations1 & exp]im5ts4     
,occasionally he w )\t giv+ notice ask =
 an oral or writt5 acc\nt ( "w1 & s     
asc]ta9 h[ ?or\ghly ! s*ol> has gone    
into ! subject4 ,at ano!r "t1 :5 he kn[s
 t ! s*ol> is prep>$ = x1 he w give a   
g5]al treatm5t1 a compreh5sive review ( 
! subject1 a /imulat+ & /irr+           
impression1 z a rew>d = indep5d5t "w4   
,f9ally1 :5 ! s*ol> wi%es x1 he w exam9e
 him =mally1 b 8 real "w w be to tea* ! 
s*ol> to make 8 own obs]vations1 to     
solve 8 own problems1 to f9d 8 own aids 
to /udy 9 books1 diction>ies1 maps1     

etc41 to fight 8 way ?r\gh 8 own        
difficulties to victory & s rea* ! only 
moral rew>d = 8 tr\ble ) broad5$ insight
 & increas$ /r5g?4  ,! s*ol> :o sits d[n
 & li/5s to1 or looks at1 ! demon/ration
 or exp]im5t ( ! tea*] does n le>n to   
obs]ve1 nor does he ^: ex]cise book is  
correct$ ) pa9ful accuracy le>n to      
write2 nor does ! "o :o p$antically     
c>ries out ! sy/em ( models 9 ! sloyd   
sy/em le>n to make articles fit = e-day 
use4 ,! /ud5t mu/ make 8 inve/igations  
himself1 he mu/ f9d ! mi/akes himself :5
 _! pres5ce is indicat$ to him1 he mu/  
himself ?9k out ! objects br\ght be=e   
him4 ,above all1 ! sep>ate errors mu/ n 
be correct$ except :5 !y are s con/ant &
 s]i\s t !y wa/e "t4 ,b ! s*ol> himself 
mu/ try to f9d out ! correct & complete 
me?od ( "w & ( expression4 ,?is is :at  
tra9+1 :at education is4  ,text-books w 
be attractive & virile1 ! ,read] w      
disappe>1 ! complete books 9 ! orig9al  
7! text may be revis$ if x is fill$ )   
confus+ details7 w be plac$ 9 ! h&s (   

*ildr54 ,! s*ool libr>y w be ! l>ge/1   
mo/ beautiful1 & important room2 l5d+   
books 9 ! s*ools w be an ess5tial "p ( !
 curriculum4  ,! future s*ool ( my      
dreams w be surr\nd$ by l>ge g>d5s1 :]e1
 z 9 already-exi/+ s*ools 9 "s places1 !
 feel+ = beauty w be directly enc\rag$4 
,! individual s*ol>s w arrange ! fl[]s 9
 ! s*ool & at home4 ,!y w take !m home 9
 ord] to adorn ! w9d[ g>d51 & e         
s*oolroom 9 w9t] w h a g>d5 ( ?is k9d4  
,?is w be ! natural me?od ( mak+ !      
simple/ ( all e/hetic enjoym5ts a       
univ]sal ne$4 ,b ta/e mu/ n be develop$ 
by in/ruction 9 ! art ( arrang+ fl[]s2  
?is is to be atta9$ only by po9t+ out ^?
 t h be5 arrang$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful way4 
,9 ?is z 9 all o!r ?+s1 self-help is    
ess5tial4  ,natural dext]ity w be atta9$
 by book-b9d+1 turn+1 & o!r k9ds (      
h&work1 also by g>d5+ & play4 ,su* tra9+
 has f> great] educational value ?an !  
sy/ematic types4 ,! purposelessness & ! 
uni=mity ( ^! are ! t]ror ( y\?4        
,gymna/ics %\ld only be us$ on days :5 !

 wea!r makes bodily ex]cise 9 ! op5 air 
impossible2 !y c c]ta9ly be made m liv+ 
by be+ connect$ ) physiology & hygi5e1 j
 z ma!matics c be made real by be+      
comb9$ ) h&work & draw+4 ,b no?+ c equal
 ! value ( movem5t 9 ! op5 air4         
,besides its g>d51 ! future s*ool w h   
its hall4 ,outside x w h a playgr\nd =  
danc+ & really free play--,i mean ! k9d 
( play :]e *ildr51 aft] !y h le>nt !    
game1 are left to !mselves4 ,games      
con/antly accompani$ by a tea*] make    
play a p>ody4  ,! developm5t ( beauty w 
become ! aim ( physical in/ruction z x  
once 0 ) ! ,greeks1 n simply physical   
/r5g?4  ,?r\gh diff]5t k9ds ( h& & g>d5 
"w1 ! *ild w be sp>$ f a numb] (        
requirem5ts 9 ma!matics & physics1      
because he w 9 _m ?+s make discov]ies   
himself4 ,9 ! me?ods ( s*ool drudg]y !  
*ild le>ns t a se$ gr[s by w>m? &       
moi/ure4 ,9 real tra9+1 ! *ild himself  
s[s ! se$ & sees :at happ5s to x2 ?is   
sy/em is foll[$ ,i believe 9 _m s*ools1 
b only z pro(s ( a giv5 ab/ract /atem5t4

 ,! mi/ake ( ! mod]n s*ool is really j  
"h2 x illu/rates its c\rse ( in/ruction 
by1 z x 71 ov]-*>g+ ! *ild's att5tion1  
in/ead ( giv+ him "t & opportunity to   
orig9ate = himself4  ,9 ! future        
s*ool-build+1 !re w be no class-rooms at
 all1 b diff]5t halls ) ample mat]ial   
provid$ = diff]5t subjects1 &1 by ! side
 ( !m1 rooms = "w :]e ea* s*ol> w h a   
place assign$ to him = private /udy4    
,common exam9ations w only take place :5
 sev]al s*ol>s are ready & will+1 anxi\s
 to be exam9$ on ! same subject2 & ea*  
/ud5t c ask = ! exam9ation indep5d5t ( !
 re/4  ,9 e room1 on ! outside ( !      
build+1 ar*itecture & decoration w =m a 
beautiful :ole2 & ! arti/ic objects1    
deta*$ f ! build+1 = ! adornm5t ( !     
s*ool w be p>tly orig9als1 p>tly ca/s & 
copies ( fam\s orig9als4  ,! s5se = art 
w n be awak5$ by direct arti/ic         
in/ruction1 ei!r 9 ! s*ool or :5 visit+ 
museums4 ,classes c p]haps get su* k :5 
tak5 ar\nd museums2 b love = art c only 
be ga9$ :5 ! s*ol> is surr\nd$ by art2  

:5 he c absorb x 9 peace & fre$om4 ,let 
?is quiet progress be anticipat$ by     
in/ruction--,i don't mean ! admir+      
criticism ( ! tea*] himself1 :i* he 9   
pass+ expresses )\t explanation or      
que/ion+--& ! inevitable result is      
tr\bl+ ! wat] ( a liv+ well4 ,int]f]5ce 
"h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 de/roys !        
individual pleasure ( discov]y4         
,con/antly be+ tak5 ab\t really impairs 
! capacity = see+ = oneself4 ,9 art1 9  
lit]ature1 & 9 religion1 all in/ruction 
is a mi/ake until ! "y m9d has *os5 "s  
"p ( x z an object to be kn[n4 ,k       
de/roys1 feel+ creates1 life4 ,b ! roots
 ( feel+ are easily injur$4  ,z to      
visits to museums "u ! direction ( a    
tea*]1 !y are only ( use :5 ! s*ol> has 
previ\sly made1 on 8 own acc\nt1 8 own  
discov]ies4 ,to ^! he %\ld be /imulat$  
by ! tea*]4 ,:5 occupi$ 9 ! /udy (      
,greek hi/ory1 he w be ask$ = a         
description ( ,greek sculpture t is to  
be f\nd 9 su* & su* a museum4 ,:5       
lectures are giv5 on ! ,dut* ,w> (      

,indep5d5ce1 ,dut* pictures w be        
describ$4 ,only aft] ! s*ol> has us$ 8  
own eyes1 & =m$ 8 own judgm5ts1 w a     
syn!sis ( 8 exp]i5ces "u ext]nal        
guidance be ( use4 ,! same holds good ( 
natural-hi/ory1 hi/orical1 &            
e?nographical museums4 ,tak+ *ildr5     
ar\nd 9 h]ds produces v slight results  
unless !y h be5 put 9 ! way ( notic+ ?+s
 by !mselves4  ,among ! books ( ! s*ool1
 ! be/ lit]ature 9 ! orig9al & 9 good   
accessible translations %\ld be f\nd4   
,works %\ld be at h& capable ( giv+ aid 
to ^? :o h arti/ic int]e/s4 ,!re is no  
great] fault 9 mod]n education ?an ! c>e
 sp5t 9 select+ books = diff]5t ages4   
,?is is ess5tially an individual matt]1 
& c only be decid$ by ! *oice ( ! *ild  
himself4 ,a g5]al crusade aga9/ all     
*ildr5's books1 & fre$om = ! "y to read 
great lit]ature1 is ess5tial to ! s\nd  
developm5t ( ! mod]n *ild4 ,:at is too  
old = him may be set aside accord+ to ! 
ta/e ( ! *ild himself4 ,suppose at ! age
 ( t5 ye>s1 ! *ild is absorb$ 9 ,fau/   

7,i "k su* cases72 ! *ild !n gets at ?is
 age an impression = life t does n      
prev5t him receiv+ f ! same poem ano!r  
impression at tw5ty ye>s1 or aga9 ano!r 
at ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,! s-call$ dang]s 
9 /&>d lit]ature are1 = ! *ild1 almo/   
nil4 ,incid5ts t excite adults1 8 calm  
feel+s pass ov] entirely4 ,& ev5 if     
*ildr5 rea* ! emotional p]iod ( y\?1    
only r>ely does ! pla9 d[nright         
expression ( a great m9d ab\t natural   
?+s /a9 ! imag9ation1 falsify reality1 &
 spoil ta/e4 ,x is ! mod]n romance1     
wom5's novels1 j z mu* z ,fr5* novels1 t
 d ?is4  ,*ildr5 _c 9 ^! days1 ev5 if   
p>5ts are unreasonable en\gh to wi% x1  
be kept 9 ignorance4 ,crude or /ol5     
impurity gets a great] p[] ov] a m9d t  
has n absorb$ respect = ! absolute      
s]i\sness ( natural processes4 ,?is     
rev]5ce is sure to come f education1 &  
?r\gh ! impressions ( /&>d lit]ature &  
fir/-class art4  ,veil+ ?is subject is  
apt to lead a/ray & to vulg>ise4 ,to ^? 
:o c be h>m$ 9 ?is way ! ,bible is z    

sugge/ive z any ( ! crudities ( mod]n   
lit]ature4 ,9 ! temp]am5t :i* quietly   
accepts natural ?+s z a matt] ( c\rse1  
is laid ! f\ndation ( real purity1 &    
only ?r\gh real purity c life1 l art &  
lit]ature1 become great & s\nd4  ,9 !   
works ( great m9ds1 "o meets an inf9ite 
_w 9 :i* ! erotic elem5t is only "o     
factor4 ,?is gives !m great repose4     
,moreov] imag9ation mu/ h n\ri%m5t      
outside ( itself2 o!rwise x w live ^u   
its own product4 ,its n\ri%m5t %\ld be  
:at is mo/ readable4 ,! *ild's m9d %\ld 
be fir/ f$ on leg5ds & !n on great      
lit]ature4 ,?is %\ld be all ! m insi/$  
on because great lit]ature (t5 rema9s   
unread1 :5 mod]n lit]ature 9 its v>i$   
types beg9s lat] on to be absorb+4  ,to 
be able to use "o's eyes 9 ! worlds (   
nature1 man1 & art1 to be able to read  
good ?+s--^! are ! two great ends to :i*
 home & s*ool education %\ld direct _!  
c\rse4 ,if ! *ild has ^! capacities1 he 
c le>n almo/ ev]y?+ else himself4 ,i may
 rem>k 9 pass+1 t a s\nd developm5t ( ! 

imag9ation has n only an /hetic b an    
e?ical significance4 ,x is really !     
f\ndation = active sympa?y all r\nd4    
,num]\s cruelties are committ$ n[ by p  
:o h n suffici5t imag9ation to see h[ _!
 acts affect o!rs4  ,9 my dream$-(      
s*ool1 f\nd$ along ^! l9es1 !re is      
p]fect fre$om 9 select+ subjects4 ,!    
s*ool (f]s ! subjects1 b x =ces no "o to
 take !m4 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1       
natural sci5ce1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 &    
geography are taught4 ,! "m tongue is   
practic$ flu5tly 9 speak+1 read+1 &     
writ+4 ,b 9 ?is case gramm> is sup]flu\s
 bo? = g5]al education & = us+ a        
language2 x belongs to sci5tific /udy1 n
 to g5]al culture4 ,gramm> %\ld be      
appli$ 9 ! case ( =eign languages1 only 
s f> z x is absolutely necess>y to      
appreciate ! lit]ature4 ,?is is ! sole  
aim g5]al culture has 9 view4 ,^? :o wi%
 to speak ! languages flu5tly1 & write  
!m correctly1 mu/ atta9 facility by     
cont9ual /udy4 ,^? :o h ma/]$ !         
lit]ature v easily le>n ! re/4 ,^? :o   

are famili> ) ! lit]ature ( a =eign     
language1 write x1 ev5 ) ! mi/akes !y   
make1 bett] ?an ! p]son :o has put      
toge!r a p]fectly correct composition   
accord+ to grammatical rules4 ,aft] !   
*ild1 9 8 language /udy1 has made en\gh 
progress to und]/& a fairly easy book1  
he ought to "w ?r\gh "o book aft] ano!r1
 ) ! help ( a diction>y & expla9 9 8 own
 language extempore :at he reads4 ,9 ?is
 way is laid ! f\ndation ( a k (        
lit]ature1 n ! ready-made op9ions ( !   
hi/ories ( lit]ature4 ,bo? 9 _! own & 9 
=eign lit]atures1 ! "y mu/ be lead to   
reality1 n1 z n[1 to its copy2 to ! sea1
 n to ! wat] pipe4 ,:ile ! tea*] is     
direct+ ! /udy ( language1 he %\ld try  
at ! same "t to help ! s*ol> to a       
def9ite *oice ( books1 & 8 *oice %\ld if
 possible be br\ght into relation ) o!r 
subjects4 ,s he w recomm5d lit]ature    
connect$ ) hi/orical1 sci5tific1 or     
geographical /udy4 ,aft]w>ds he w give a
 g5]al analysis1 & w read a passage     
al\d1 or w enc\rage ! s*ol> to read "s  

favorite poem4 ,b all poetry mong]+--su*
 z hack+ a poem to pieces by divisions  
into /rophies & sections--is to be      
=bidd54  ,s9ce *ildhood is ! be/ "t =   
secur+ ! famili> use ( languages1 aft]  
p>5ts & tea*]s agree :i* s*ol>s %all    
take up languages1 *ildr5 s select$ w   
/udy ,engli% & ,fr5*1 ea* = two ye>s    
successively1 !n let !m h two ye>s (    
,g]man1 or rev]se ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is
 way a language w always be /udi$ ) o!r 
subjects1 nev] ?ree languages toge!r4 ,x
 is really only possible to take 9 a    
language1 z a possession to be kept     
?r\gh ! future1 & nev] lo/1 by giv+ to x
 alone two ye>s ( really ?or\gh /udy4   
,s*ol>s :o want to cont9ue _! draw+ or  
le>n any k9d ( h&work1 c comb9e x ) !   
/udy ( ! ma9 subjects4 ,*orus s++ %\ld  
be practis$ e day = ! :ole ye>1 indoors 
& 9 ! op5 air4 ,x %\ld be treat$ z a    
means ( express+ ! feel+s1 n z an       
introduction = develop+ musical         
capacities1 ?\gh = t matt] s++ c give a 
lead to ! discov]y ( musical tal5t4  ,z 

to ! f\r pr9cipal subjects1 hi/ory1     
geography1 natural sci5ce1 & ma!matics1 
!y %\ld n be /udi$ at ! same "t4 ,!     
%all[ multiplicity ( ! pres5t sy/em is a
 burd5 to all2 x works l ! wat] torture 
on tal5t$ individuals4 ,x we>s out _!   
desire to le>n1 _! initiative1 _!       
individuality1 _! joy ( liv+4 ,^? "u ?is
 torture nev] get a brea?+ spell1 are   
nev] able to d ?or\gh "w1 & s become    
sup]ficial4  ,9 my ideal s*ool1         
ma!matics w be le>nt 9 w9t]1 z x is     
suitable = ! cold & cle> w9t] air4 ,9   
spr+ & 9 autumn1 nature1 out ( doors1 9 
nature itself1 w be /udi$1 n ea*        
dep>tm5t ( nature z a special subject4  
,an insight into geology1 botany1 & !   
animal _w w be atta9$ 9 _! close natural
 union4 ,! s*ol> w le>n sep>ate objects 
?r\gh ! actual obs]vation ( life4 ,9 !  
text-book ( life !y w ga9 9 its broad   
outl9es a comb9$ sket* ( :at !y h       
acquir$ ?r\gh intellectual processes4   
,on ra9y days !y w con/ruct = !mselves 9
 writ+ & 9 draw+ a g5]al sket* ( :at !y 

h se54 ,g5]al culture does n mean kn[+ !
 numb] ( /am5s or ! numb] (             
articulations ( a hundr$ fl[]s or       
skeletons4 ,:at educates & acts on !    
feel+s & imag9ation1 on ?\ght & "*1 too1
 = t matt]1 is obs]v+ & comb9+ natural  
ph5om5a2 ! ability to foll[ ! laws (    
life & developm5t 9 ! natural _w ab\t u4
 ,! la/ memb] 9 ! s*eme ( developm5t is 
man4 ,s ! /udy ( man f ! /&po9t (       
physiology & hygi5e1 %\ld come la/2     
consid]ation = ! psy*ology ( ! *ild1    
urges too1 t ! f\ndation = ! k ( organic
 nature1 physics1 & *emi/ry1 %\ld       
complete ! educational /ructure4  ,z 9  
natural sci5ces we are beg9n+ to give up
 false me?ods1 & make ! /ud5t return to 
! same subject1 ) a broad] po9t ( view1 
9 ! same way ! *ild %\ld at c]ta9 p]iods
 devote 8 att5tion to hi/ory &          
geography1 & !n leave !m entirely alone4
 ,! endless circle1 ! drudg]y1 !        
repetitions1 all look+ to exam9ations z 
! end1 w ) ! exam9ations be aboli%$4 ,x 
is a matt] ( exp]i5ce t ! small details 

( all subjects slip f ! memory two mon?s
 aft] exam9ations4 ,mo/ educat$ m5 h no 
recollection ( ! detail$ k !y acquir$ 9 
s*ool1 :ile ! g5]al impressions ( t     
p]iod /ill influ5ce s\l1 he>t1 "*1 & w4 
,?is exp]i5ce w be us$1 n z is done n[1 
simply recognis$ z a common "o4  ,9 my  
s*ool ! s*ol> int]e/$ 9 hi/ory w apply  
himself to x 9 ! w9t] mon?s2 w read     
works ab\t x1 :ile o!rs are devot+      
!mselves to ma!matics or geography4 ,9  
spr+ ^! two classes ( /ud5ts c %>e 9 !  
excursions )\t active p>ticipation 9 !  
/udies1 :ile ^? :o are incl9$ to natural
 sci5ce w draw1 make collections1 & use 
! microscope4 ,"o gr\p c by /udy+       
geography br+ !mselves into contact ) ! 
life ( nature & ! life ( man4 ,s !y w be
 l$ next ye> to /udy hi/ory 9 w9t] & to 
take "p 9 sci5ce /udy dur+ ! spr+ &     
autumn4 ,all ^! diff]5t comb9ations are 
to be ?\ght out by p>5ts1 tea*]s1 &     
s*ol>s2 !y c only be indicat$ "h4 ,!    
f9al pr9ciple is t only two subjects c  
be /udi$ at ! same "t4 ,aft] ! s*ol> has

 acquir$ f ^! all ! education he c      
absorb at ?is /age1 ^! subjects w be    
dismiss$ & tak5 up aga9 by ^? :o wi% to 
specialise 9 "o direction or ! o!r4     
,in/ead ( ! sep>ation ( subjects t      
divides int]e/ & /r5g? 9 our pres5t     
s*ools1 9 ! new ones ! *ief aim w be    
conc5tration4 ,9 hi/ory1 ! space devot$ 
to "w w be limit$ to ! am\nt dem&$ by   
pres5t-day culture4 ,hi/ory w !n be !   
only subject suitable = g5]al           
intellectual tra9+1--! hi/ory ( man's   
developm5t4 ,x w br+ out ! great        
pr9ciples ( e?nography & sociology1 (   
political economy1 ! lives ( great m51 !
 hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 art1 & lit]ature4 ,9  
sci5tific /udy & 9 tea*+ ma!matics1 ! m5
 prom95t 9 sci5ce & 9 discov]y w f9d a  
place4 ,geography br+s up po9ts ( view  
relat$ to almo/ e /udy1 & exp]i5ce      
already acquir$ gives good reason = mak+
 ?is subject ! c5tre ( all in/ruction4  
,:at are ! results ( ! pres5t-day s*ool8
 ,exhau/$ bra9 p[]1 weak n]ves1 limit$  
orig9ality1 p>alys$ initiative1 dull$   

p[] ( obs]v+ surr\nd+ facts1 idealism   
blunt$ "u ! fev]i% zeal ( gett+ a       
position 9 ! class--a wild *ase 9 :i*   
p>5ts & *ildr5 reg>d ! loss ( a ye> z a 
great mis=tune4 ,aft] ! exam9ations h   
be5 pass$ & ! ye> gone by1 ! be/ /ud5ts 
realise ! ne$ ( beg9n+ _! /udies 9 a    
liv+ way at almo/ e po9t4 ,! majority ( 
/ud5ts are unable to read ev5 a pap] )  
any real pr(it1 & ^? :o are giv5 a book 
9 a =eign language to :i* !y h devot$   
innum]able h\rs1 v seldom und]/& x      
completely1 unless ! language in/ruction
 ( ! s*ool has be5 supplem5t$ at home4  
,! incapacity to obs]ve = "o's self1 to 
get at ! bottom ( :at is obs]v$ &       
reflect ^u x1 is con/antly m rem>kable1 
z a result ( ! prep>ation sy/em at      
s*ool1 ev5 :5 ?is is aid$ by ! mo!rs    
he>+ lessons at home4 ,! late ,pr(essor 
,key said t x 0 8 exp]i5ce1 z tea*] 9 a 
m$ical in/itution1 t s*ol>s 9 s*ool 7   
incapable ( see+1 ?9k+1 or work+4 ,i h  
he>d ! same obs]vation made 9 ,/ockholm 
lately 9 a gov]nm5t (fice1 t ! "y m5 7  

incapable ( tak+ up practical duties 9  
:i* !y %\ld h %[n ! k !y 7 suppos$ to h 
aft] ! f9e exam9ation !y _h pass$4 ,!   
sy/em !n does n s]ve ev5 second>y ends2 
to all ! high] aims ( human exi/5ce x is
 directly oppos$4  ,9 ! c\rse ( a hundr$
 ye>s or s1 exp]i5ce ( ?is sort w cause 
! d[nfall ( ! sy/em4 ,!n1 p]haps1 ^!    
dream$-( s*ools w arise4 ,9 !m1 ! y\? w 
le>n fir/ ( all to obs]ve & to love     
life1 & _! own p[]s w be consci\sly     
cultivat$ z ! highe/ values 9 life4 ,by 
mix+ *ildr5 ( all classes toge!r1 ! upp]
 class1 provid$ x /ill exi/s1 w get t   
col\r+ ( e>ne/ "* :i* x n[ lacks1 z     
,almqui/ said long ago2 ! l[] classes w 
get ! poli%1 t g5]al cultivation !y n[  
lack4 ,?r\gh ^! s*ools1 :]e common tra9+
 is giv5 to all1 ! natural circulation  
betwe5 all classes w be fur!r$4 ,!      
ari/ocrat's son & ! work+man's son w    
*ange places1 if nature has made ! fir/ 
adapt$ = ! position ( ! second1 & vice  
v]sa4 ,?r\gh ^! s*ools ! c\ntry *ild w  
always be able to gr[ up 9 ! c\ntry1 &  

ne$ n be s5t = educational purposes into
 ! city1 provid$ !re are /ill great     
cities4 ,f9ally boys & girls w enjoy 9  
!m all ! advantages ( co-education1 )\t 
! p>ticul> capacities ( ea* be+ =c$ into
 ! uni=mity ( a common exam9ation sy/em4
  ,aft] ! *ildr5 all ov] ! c\ntry h be5 
educat$ to ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age1 9 su*
 real common s*ools1 "s work+ m ) !     
bra91 o!rs ) _! h&s1 ! application      
s*ools w beg9--s*ools = classical       
/udies1 = exact1 = social or /hetic     
sci5ces2 = h&icrafts & h&work2 = diff]5t
 pr(essions & /ate positions2 s*ools )  
diff]5t pr9ciples & me?ods1 s*ools :i* c
 produce manifold diff]+ =ms ( tra9+ &  
individuality4 ,education !n1 in/ead (  
be+ z n[1 ! creator ( s]vile s\ls1 !    
devotees ( =malism1 or ( *>act]s :o hate
 all =ms 9 a _s ( revolt1 w br+ fre%    
p]sonal p[]s to intellectual & mat]ial  
culture alike1 to ! sci5ces & ! inv5tive
 faculties1 to arti/ic tal5t & to ! :ole
 art ( life4 ,x w awak5 & enc\rage      
capacity to f9d out new sci5tific       

me?ods1 to ?9k y\?ful ?\ghts1 to make   
clev] discov]ies4 ,educat$ human be+s w 
apply to ! :ole sph]e ( culture _!      
exp]i5ce 9 _! own exp]im5ts1 _! own     
activity1 _! own ef=ts2 = all ( :i* !   
s*ool & ! home w h already laid !       
f\ndation4  ,9 ! s*ool1 ! pa9ful        
re/lessness ( ! pres5t to get some:]e w 
disappe> entirely4 ,9 ! calm1 pr(\nd    
atmosph]e ( my s*ool1 ! "y g5]ation w be
 tra9$ to believe t ! mo/ important ?+ =
 man is n to d some?+1 b to be some?+4  
,x may be h>% to say t common natures   
are reckon$ by :at !y d1 noble natures  
by :at !y are2 yet x is a deep tru?1    
=gott5 9 ?is c5tury ( activity1 9 ?is   
age ( woman4 ,b x is b\nd to be rememb]$
 9 ! c5tury ( contemplation1 9 ! c5tury 
( ! *ild4  ,^! pr9ciples w be appli$1   
too1 p]haps1 9 ! field ( practical "w4  
,ma*9es & electricity accompli% "w t c  
give no creative enjoym5t2 h&work w be  
aga9 a portion ( man's happ9ess2 we %all
 live ?r\gh a second ,r5aissance1 !     
r5ewal ( ! p]sonal joy :i* ! man ( e>li]

 times exp]i5c$ :5 ! arti/ic m\ld+1 :5 !
 ri*1 col\r$ tape/ry1 ! beautiful piece 
( c>v+ came f 8 own h&4 ,! pres5t s*ool 
sy/em leads to ! fabrication (          
unnecess>y articles by ! doz54 ,x does n
 lead to a true love & appreciation (   
pr(essional "w1 t love & appreciation f 
:i*1 9 ! great p]iod ( art1 arti/ic     
production organically arose4  ,! pres5t
 sy/em1 9 all fields ( /udy1 limits !   
natural capacity ( ! *ild 9 !           
conc5tration1 ! comb9ation1 & developm5t
 ( its p[]s4 ,:5 x produces its be/     
results1 x turns *ildr5 at ! close ( _! 
s*ool ye>s into pocket encyclop$ias1    
repres5t+ humanity's progress & k4 ,only
 :5 su* results z ^! cease to be call$ a
 h>moni\s developm5t1 w x be conc$$ t ! 
s*ool c & %\ld h no o!r mean+ ?an to    
give ! *ild a prep>ation = cont9u+1     
?r\gh 8 :ole life1 ! "w ( tra9+ &       
education4 ,only !n w ! s*ool become a  
place :]e individuals get le>n+ to la/ a
 lifetime1 n z n[1 ev5 :5 ! be/ face is 
put ^u x--:]e !y are impov]i%$ = life4  

,?r\gh ! victory ( ^! convictions alone 
w ea* individual get 8 rights at s*ool2 
bo? ! p]son :o does n want to /udy1 z   
well z ! "o :o does4 ,consid]ation w be 
giv5 to ! individual :o has to h books z
 means ( tra9+ & to ! o!r case :]e !    
activity ( ! eye & h& is requir$ z a    
means to ! same end4 ,x w be a place = !
 p]son ) practical tal5t & = ! !ori/1 = 
! reali/ z well z = ! ideali/4 ,bo?     
classes c freely d :at !y c d be/2 !    
memb]s ( ea* class w (t5 feel tempt$ to 
te/ _! p[]s by do+ :at ! o!r class is   
able to d4 ,"o-sid$ness w be correct$   
naturally1 n1 z x is n[1 m]cilessly     
flatt5$ out ?r\gh ! /eam-roll] me?ods ( 
! h>moni\s ideal ( tra9+4  ,to supply   
work]s 9 ^! future s*ools1 new normal   
s*ools mu/ be provid$4 ,pat5t$ p$agogy w
 give place to a type ( tea*+ :i*       
consid]s ! individual4 ,only ! p]son :o 
naturally or by tra9+ c play ) *ildr51  
live ) *ildr51 le>n f *ildr51 is fond ( 
*ildr51 w be plac$ 9 ! s*ool to develop 
!re = himself 8 individual me?ods4      

,positions w be giv5 only aft] a ye>'s  
trial4 ,:5 ?is p]iod is pass$ ! tea*]s w
 n be te/$ by ! exam9] alone1 "o :o has 
foll[$ ! in/ruction giv5 by !m dur+ !   
ye>1 b ! *ildr5 !mselves w also be he>d 
f on ?is "q4 ,( c\rse1 no absolute value
 c be assign$ to ! judgm5t ( *ildr51 b  
nev]!less x has a really great          
importance4 ,! in/9ct ( ! *ild *ooses ) 
a/oni%+ accuracy :at is fir/-class4 ,b  
:at1 9 ! case ( ! *ild1 has ?is "*8 ,?is
 "q has be5 answ]$ by ,goe!1 ,! greate/ 
=tune ( ! e>?'s *ildr5 is p]sonality    
alone4  ,at ! pres5t "t objectivity 9   
in/ruction is exalt$1 b e great educator
 has a*iev$ success by be+ entirely     
subjective4 ,! tea*] %\ld be a lov] (   
tru?4 ,!re=e he %\ld nev] =ce a resi/+  
object to s]ve 8 own views4 ,z a result 
( ?is attitude1 ! m subjective he is1 ! 
bett]4 ,! full] & ri*] he communicates  
to ! *ildr5 ! ess5ce & p[] ( 8 own view 
( life & 8 own "*1 s mu* ! m w he =w>d  
_! real developm5t1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t he
 does n =ce ^u !m 8 op9ions ) ! claim ( 

infallibility4 ,9 ?is z 9 all o!r       
matt]s1 ! "y %\ld be all[$ to ex]cise   
free *oice4  ,! tea*]s ( bo? sexes 9 my 
s*ool w h %ort h\rs ( "w1 a long "t to  
re/1 & a l>ge sal>y2 t is1 !y w h !     
possibility ( a cont9u\s developm5t4 ,! 
limit ( _! s]vice w be tw5ty ye>s4 ,aft]
 ?is p]iod1 !y w become memb]s ( a s*ool
 jury compos$ ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 or !y w 
assi/ 9 f9al exam9ations1 z c5sors4 ,^! 
w be conduct$ z indicat$ above1 9 su* a 
way t ea* c5sor %all pass a summ] ei!r  
at home or abroad1 9 company ) "y p1 n m
 ?an five 9 numb]4 ,by liv+ ) !m ! c5sor
 w be able to measure _! capacity =     
absorb+ an education2 he c direct !m 9 !
 *oice ( a pr(ession4 ,by a ,socratic   
communication ( practical wisdom1 he w  
supply a sub/itute = ! ,confirmation    
,in/ruction :i* w no long] be giv54 ,!  
psy*ological value ( ?is in/ruction is n
 to be actually f\nd 9 :at "o le>ns f x1
 b 9 ! direction ( ! m9d to ! s]i\s     
que/ions & pursuits ( life1 9 ! awak5+ (
 e?ical self-developm5t1 :i* is ! factor

 ( supreme importance 9 pass+ f *ildhood
 to y\?4 ,9 ?is way ! "y w be initiat$  
into ! art ( life4 ,i mean by ?is ! art 
( mak+ "o's own p]sonality1 "o's own    
exi/5ce1 an object ( arti/ic int]e/ &   
pursuit4 ,! initiation w be conduct$ by 
a wise man1 or by a woman :o has kept h]
 y\?fulness1 s t %e und]/&s ! joys &    
pa9s ( ! "y1 _! play & _! s]i\sness1 _! 
dreams & aspirations1 _! faults & _!    
dang]s--lead]s :o c give indirect       
sugge/ions h[ "y p %\ld play _! own     
melodies 9 ! or*e/ra ( life4  ,my s*ool 
w n come into exi/5ce :ile gov]nm5ts    
make _! greate/ sacrifices = milit>ism4 
,only :5 ?is t5d5cy is ov]come1 a po9t 9
 developm5t w be rea*$1 :]e "o c see t !
 de>e/ s*ool programme is also ! *eape/4
 ,p w realise t /rong manly bra9s & he>t
 h ! greate/ social value4 ,i h already 
said t ?is is no re=m plan = ! pres5t t 
,i am outl9+ "h1 only a dream = !       
future4 ,b 9 our wond]ful exi/5ce dreams
 are becom+ at la/ actual realities4#a  
,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ,i wrote ! above1   

!re h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 also 
9 ,norway1 re=m$ s*ools1 work+ m or less
 9 ! direction ,i h outl9$4     ,,*apt] 
,,vii  ,,religi\s ,,in/ruction   ,at !  
pres5t mom5t ! mo/ demoralis+ factor 9  
education is ,*ri/ian religi\s          
in/ruction4 ,:at ,i mean by ?is is      
pr9cipally cate*ism1 ,scripture hi/ory1 
!ology1 & *ur* hi/ory4 ,ev5 e>ne/       
,*ri/ians h said1 reg>d+ ! ord9>y       
in/ruction 9 ^! subjects1 t no?+ %[s    
bett] h[ deeply religion is root$ 9     
man's nature ?an ! fact t religi\s      
education is n able to de/roy religion4 
,b beside ?is1 ,i believe t ev5 a m     
liv+1 a m actual in/ruction 9           
,*ri/ianity injures ! *ild4 ,*ildr5 %\ld
 br+ !mselves by !mselves to live 9 !   
patri>*al _w ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 inde$1 9
 ! _w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z well4 ,?is c  
be done be/ 9 ! =m ( *ildr5's ,bibles4  
,^! works w be treasur$ by *ildr52 !y w 
f9d 9 !m inf9ite mat]ial = n\ri%+ !     
imag9ation & ! emotions4 ,b ?is c only  
be done by all[+ *ildr5 to read ! ,bible

 undi/urb$1 )\t ! ne$ ( p$agogical or   
dogmatic explanation4 ,at home ?is book1
 l o!r *ildr5's books1 %\ld be only     
talk$ ab\t & expla9$ :5 ! *ild reque/s  
x4 ,x %\ld nev] be treat$ z a s*ool book
 or appe> on ! s*ool desk4 ,if ! *ild   
gets impressions 9 ?is way f ! ,bible1  
fre$ f all o!r au?ority1 ap>t f !       
subjective "o ( ! impressions !mselves1 
! my?s ( ! ,bible w no m contradict !   
re/ ( 8 in/ruction1 ?an ! ,sc&9avian    
/ory ( creation or ! ,greek leg5ds ( !  
gods4  ,b ! mo/ dang]\s ( all           
educational mi/akes 9 influ5c+ humanity1
 is due to ! fact1 t *ildr5 are n[      
taught ! ,old ,te/am5t acc\nt ( ! _w z  
absolute tru?1 al?\gh x :olly           
contradicts _! physical & hi/orical     
in/ruction4 ,besides *ildr5 le>n to     
reg>d ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z    
absolutely b9d+1 :ile its comm&s are    
ev]y:]e se5 to be transgress$ by ! *ild1
 ! mom5t he takes 8 fir/ /ep into life4 
,our :ole indu/rial & capitali/ic       
society re/s on a contradiction ( !     

,*ri/ian comm& to love "o's neighb\r z  
"o's self4 ,! capitali/ic axiom is t e  
man is ne>e/ neighb\r to himself4  ,!   
eyes ( *ildr5 are "h & 9 simil> cases1  
cle>-sight$ 9 _! simplicity4 ,at a t5d] 
age !y are able to obs]ve :e!r _!       
surr\nd+s are 9 liv+ accord ) ,*ri/ian  
tea*+4 ,f a f\r-ye>-old *ild1 ) :om ,i 0
 talk+ ab\t ,jesus' comm&m5t to love "o 
ano!r1 ,i receiv$ ! reply1 ,if ,jesus   
really said s1 ,papa is no ,*ri/ian4    
,be=e long ! *ild gets into conflict ) 8
 in/ructors & ) ! comm&s ( ,*ri/ianity4 
,a small *ild 9 a ,sw$i% city took ! ^w 
( ,jesus ab\t *>ity to he>t4 ,n only 8  
play?+s1 b 8 clo!s he gave to ! poor2 8 
p>5ts cur$1 by corporal puni%m5t1 ?is   
practical type ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a tea*]  
:o 0 impress+ on a small girl 9 a ,f9ni%
 city ! comm&m5t to love "o's enemies1  
receiv$ z an answ] t ?is 0 impossible1 =
 no "o 9 ,f9l& c\ld love ,bobrik(f4  ,i 
"k ! sophism us$ 9 bo? cases to ov]come 
! invuln]able logic ( ! *ild2 b ,i also 
"k h[ ^! sophisms make hypocrisy s      

natural among ,*ri/ians1 t x is n[      
unconsci\s4 ,x w\ld take a new          
,kirkega>d to %ake up our consci5ces4   
,ev]y:]e ,r\sseau's words hold true1 ,! 
*ild gets high pr9ciples to direct him1 
b he is =c$ by 8 surr\nd+s to act       
accord+ to petty pr9ciples1 e "t he     
wi%es to put ! high ones into practice4 
,he goes on to say p h innum]able ifs & 
buts1 by :i* ! *ild has to le>n t great 
pr9ciples are only words1 t ! reality ( 
life is some?+ q diff]5t4  ,! dang]\s ?+
 is n t ! ideal ( ,*ri/ianity is high2 x
 comes f ! fact t e ideal 9 its ess5ce  
is unatta9able4 ,! ne>] we get to x ! m 
l(ty x is4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic ( e     
ideal4 ,b ! demoralis+ feature 9        
,*ri/ianity z an ideal is1 t x is       
pres5t$ z absolute1 :ile man z a social 
be+ is oblig$ to transgress x e day4    
,besides he is taught 9 8 religi\s      
in/ruction1 t z a fall5 be+ he _c 9 any 
case atta9 ! ideal1 al?\gh ! only       
possibility ( 8 liv+ righte\sly 9       
temporal ?+s1 & happily 9 ! _w to come1 

dep5ds on 8 capacity = realis+ x4  ,9   
?is net ( unsolvable contradictions1    
g5]ation aft] g5]ation has se5 its ideal
 ( belief obscur$4 ,gradually ea* new   
g5]ation has le>n$ n to take its new    
ideal s]i\sly4 ,z to ! c[>dly or bragg>t
 concessions to ! idiocies ( fa%ion1 & !
 follies by :i* p are ru9$ 9 ord] to    
live accord+ to _! position1 among o!r  
psy*ological gr\nds = man's lack (      
/ead9ess mu/ be plac$1 z its ultimate   
cause1 ! foll[+3 ,! *ild1 along )       
religion1 has brea!d 9 ! conviction t   
op9ions are "o ?+1 actions ano!r4 ,?is  
exp]i5ce goes ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 ev5 9
 ! case ( ^? :o h lo/ ! conviction t !  
,*ri/ian religion is absolute4 ,!       
free-?9k] is m>ri$1 has 8 *ildr5        
baptis$1 & all[s !m to be confirm$1 )\t 
consid]+ :e!r he is =c$ to x by 8 own   
wi%1 or ! wi% ( do+ l o!r p4 ,!         
republican s+s ! royal hymn1 s5ds loyal 
salutations by telegraph1 accepts       
decorations1--b ,i mu/ break (f1 o!rwise
 ,i %\ld h to enum]ate all ! small acts 

( ins9c]ity to "o's self1 ( :i* ! daily 
life ( mo/ p consi/s1 & :i* are def5d$  
"u ! "n ( non-ess5tials2 ,i c\ld nev]   
get to ! end4 ,?is is n ! way ! ,*ri/ian
 m>tyrs ?\ght :o might h fre$ !mselves f
 dea? by ca/+ a few gra9s ( inc5se on ! 
emp]or's alt>4 ,two gra9s ( inc5se1--:at
 an unimportant matt]1 ?9ks ! mod]n man1
 & ) quiet consci5ce he daily sacrifices
 to _m gods 9 :om he does n believe4    
,h[ illogical ,prote/antism is too1 &   
yet = s long x possess$ a spiritually   
educative p[]1 :ile its dualism 0       
unsuspect$1 :ile "o ) full s9c]ity gave 
to holiday & "w day its due %>e4 ,b n[ t
 a new ,prote/antism is come to life )9 
! fold ( ,prote/antism1 ?is me?od (     
speak+ 9 two voices is deeply           
demoralis+4  ,piece by piece has be5    
torn d[n t sy/em ( tea*+ :i* ! ,ca?olic 
*ur* built up1 s wond]fully adapt$ to ! 
psy*ological ne$s ( ! majority ( p4 ,x  
=m$ its fundam5tal cre$s1 j z !y /ill   
rema91 on ! deepe/ exp]i5ces ( mank9d4  
,b ,prote/antism is ev] look+ back f !  

results ( its own h&iwork4  ,9 home1 9 !
 s*ool1 9 ! high s*ool1 dur+ milit>y    
s]vice1 9 (fice "w1 ev]y:]e passive     
dep5d5ce is insi/$ on "u ! "n (         
discipl9e1 discretion1 fai?fulness to   
duty4 ,& l all ! f9e words1 by :i* !    
liv+ s\ls ( m5 are turn$ into ! slaves (
 discipl9e1 ^! t]ms exalt esprit de     
corps1 & pass ov] really s]i\s faults4  
,discipl9e means subord9at+ "o's self to
 e crude =ce4 ,only :5 all ,prote/ants  
really become actual ,prote/ants1 &     
refuse to receive ! greate/ good ( life1
 _! religion1 ?r\gh au?ority1 w !y beg9 
ev5 9 social & political que/ions to    
atta9 an indep5d5t op9ion ( _! own4 ,z  
tea*]s & lead]s1 !y w secure = s*ool    
*ildr51 & = /ud5ts1 = (fic]s & =        
(ficials1 ! fre$om 9 ^w & de$ t is ! "r 
( ! citiz5 & ! man4 ,m5 & wom51 :o 9 _! 
private life are /rictly hon\rable1 h   
le>nt1 9 g5]al que/ions1 to put _!      
?\ghts1 _! acts1 "u ! comm& ( a lead]1 &
 above all !y h le>nt to d ?is 9 ! "n ( 
religi\s belief4  ,! c\rage to con/ruct 

"o's own op9ion 9 ev]y?+ t makes !      
ess5tial wor? ( life1 b *iefly 9 "o's   
religi\s belief1 ! p[] to express x1 ! w
 ( mak+ "s sacrifice = x1 all ^! give   
man a new %>e ( civilisation & culture4 
,z long z education & social life d n   
consci\sly =w>d ?is k9d ( c\rage1 p[]1 &
 w1 ! _w w rema9 z x is1 a p>ade gr\nd (
 /upidity1 crud5ess1 =ce1 & selfi%ness1 
no matt] :e!r radicals or cons]vatives1 
! democratic or ari/ocratic elem5ts1 h !
 upp] h&4  ,! mo/ demoralis+ ( all      
pr9ciples ( belief 0 ! disc\rag+ tea*+ t
 human nature 0 fall5 & incapable (     
rea*+ hol9ess by its own ef=t--! tea*+ t
 "o c\ld only come ?r\gh grace &        
=giv5ess ( s9s into a prop] relation )  
temporal & et]nal ?+s4 ,= ^? bel[ !     
ord9>y level1 ?is position ( grace      
produc$ spiritual /agnation1 n to speak 
( ! bus9ess p1 :o daily all[$ ! blood ( 
,jesus to wipe out _! day's debit 9 !   
score ( morality4 ,only ^? :o 7         
naturally sup]ior increas$ 9 hol9ess on 
be+ conv9c$ t !y 7 *ildr5 ( ,god 9      

,*ri/4 ,mank9d1 on ! :ole1 %[$ ! deep   
demoralisation ( a d\ble morality4 ,?is 
dualism comm5c$ z soon z ! fir/         
,*ri/ians ceas$ to expect ! return (    
,jesus1--an expectation :i* br\ght _!   
life into real unity ) 8 tea*+4 ,b ?is  
d\ble morality has = n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s 
reta9$ man's s\l & ! social ord] 9      
practical hea!nism4 ,al?\gh "s pure &   
great spirits really receiv$ aid f      
,*ri/ianity 9 _! long+s = inf9ity1 &    
al?\gh 9 ! ,middle ,ages _m /rong he>ts 
tri$ s]i\sly to realise its tea*+1 yet !
 majority ( mank9d liv$ & lives /ill 9  
wav]+ irresolution4 ,?is is ! result (  
hav+ no place to an*or to :ile ! citiz5s
 ( antiquity _h an e?ic1 :i* c\ld be    
translat$ into reality & c\ld turn !m   
into s9c]e1 /eadfa/ p]sonalities4  ,s9ce
 n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s h prov$ t !re is no 
possibility1 9 a humanly con/ruct$      
society1 ( liv+ accord+ to ! tea*+ (    
,jesus1 z a practical1 infallible rule (
 hol9ess1 man c escape ?is immoral      
duplicity only 9 "o way3 ! way already  

travell$ ov] by _m sep>ate individuals1 
:o ) ,prome!us cry out1 ,ha/ ?\ n1      
?yself1 complet$ all1 ,o holy gl[+ he>t6
 ,9 o!r words1 ^! individuals h become  
conv9c$ t ,*ri/ianity is ! product (    
humanity4 ,j z little z any o!r product 
( humanity does x exhau/ absolute &     
et]nal tru?4  ,:5 m5 cease to tea* _!   
*ildr5 belief 9 an et]nal provid5ce1 )\t
 ^: w no sp>r[ falls f ! ro(1 !y w be   
able1 in/ead ( ?is1 to impr9t on ! m9ds 
( *ildr5 ! new religi\s conception ( !  
div9ity ( a _w1 proce$+ accord+ to law4 
,! new morality w be built on ?is new   
religi\s idea4 ,x w be fill$ ) rev]5ce =
 ! absolute conjunction ( cause &       
effect--a connection :i* no grace c     
remove4 ,man's actions w really be      
direct$ by ?is c]ta9ty4 ,he w n rock    
himself to sleep 9 any sort ( hope1 bas$
 on provid5ce or a reconciliation1 able 
to def] surely fix$ effects4 ,?is new   
morality1 /r5g!n$ by ! realities ( life1
 admits ( logical consequ5ces4 ,no s+le 
comm& ( ?is tea*+ ne$s to rema9 an empty

 phrase4 ,9 its sy/em1 too1 !re w be a  
place to apply all ! et]nal pr(\nd words
 utt]$ by ,jesus or by o!r great human  
s\ls4 ,^! words w ev] furni% fur!r      
mat]ial = application1 :i* is ! same z  
say+ mat]ial = self-application4 ,yet ! 
application w be work$ out 9 complete   
fre$om4 ,ea* ^w w be us$ z furni%+ !    
mat]ial j suit$ to t /yle :i* m5 wi% to 
apply to ! ar*itecture ( _! p]sonality4 
,yet nei!r ! words nor ! examples ( "o  
or ! o!r tea*] w be taught z absolutely 
b9d+4  ,! s\l ( ! *ild w n be /a9$ by   
te>s ( rep5tance = s9s nor by ! fe> (   
hell4 ,x w n be /a9$ by a realism )\t   
ideas & )\t ideals1 by ! contemptu\s    
mi/ru/1 :i* ! m\ld]+ effects ( f9e words
 leave beh9d1 l cold damp spots4 ,!     
weak1 z well z ! /rong1 w progress 9 !  
happy & responsible belief 9 _! own     
p]sonality1 z _! only s\rce ( help4 ,!  
pulse ( _! purpose w be /rong & w>m ) r$
 blood4 ,!y w n be =c$ to humility2 !y w
 n accept ev5 equality ) all o!rs1 or ) 
any o!r "o4 ,on ! contr>y !y w be       

/r5g!n$ 9 _! "r1 to give _! own         
individual /amp to _! joys1 _! suff]+s1 
& _! works4 ,!y w be w>n$ to d _! be/   
because x is _! own2 to seek _! highe/  
good1 by draw+ _! own b\nd>ies at !     
place :]e ! rights ( o!rs beg94  ,:ile !
 home & ! s*ool make compromises betwe5 
two oppos$ views ( life1 p obta9 f nei!r
 ( !m any real good = ! education (     
*ildr54 ,i h already %[n h[ 9 "o & !    
same s*ool religi\s in/ruction & a c]ta9
 am\nt ( k & love = nature z well z     
hi/ory c be communicat$4 ,9 "o & ! same 
s*ool ! c\rse ( natural developm5t &    
hi/ory c be taught 9 connection )       
in/ruction 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,9 ?is    
in/ruction ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity w     
receive ! fir/ place4 ,s ! rev]5ce &    
love *ildr5 7 wont to acquire = !       
p]sonality & morality ( ,jesus1         
previ\sly obta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 c be       
increas$4 ,guid$ by s9c]e & s]i\s       
purposes "o c select ei!r plan4 ,b1 dur+
 religi\s in/ruction1 to make ,moses &  
,*ri/ ! absolute tea*]s ( tru?1 & 9 !   

h\rs devot$ to natural hi/ory1 to exp\nd
 ,d>w9ism1 cause m ?an any?+ else t want
 ( logic1 t moral laxity & flaccidity t 
c effect no?+ & want no?+4 ,ev]y?+ ,i h 
le>nt1 s9ce ^! words 7 writt51 has      
/r5g!n$ a hundr$ fold my previ\s        
convictions t ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ is n1   
:at k9d ( view ( life we h--?is may be  
important en\gh too--b t we h en\gh     
capacity ( fai? to appropriate =        
ourselves "s view ( life1 en\gh =ce to  
br+ x to reality 9 life4 ,b no?+ works m
 depress+ly on ! e?ical en]gy ( gr[+    
g5]ations ?an ! duali/ic view ( life1   
receiv$ at ! pres5t "t at s*ool4 ,!     
s*ool too mu/ ex]cise its *oice2 !re mu/
 be no compromise betwe5 two s*emes (   
education & two views ( life1 if ! /r5g?
 ( w & ! p[] ( fai? 9 "y p is n to be   
brok54 ,! "q ( a compromise is 9 ?is    
case n a "q ( application2 x is a mo/   
important "q ( pr9ciple 9 education4    
,s9ce ,i set d[n ^! words1 _m po9ts (   
view h be5 br\ght out 9 ?is connection4 
,"o :i* made a s5sation :5 x 0 publi%$1 

9 #ahij1 0 ,pr(essor ,dodel's book1     
,moses or ,d>w98 ,! au?or %[$ h[ deeply 
,d>w9ism 0 implant$ 9 sci5ce & 9        
civilisation2 h[ popul> education 0     
re/rict$1 because x 0 kept remote f !   
sci5tific views ( ! pres5t day & =c$    
into ! circle ( ecclesia/ical ideas4    
,religi\s in/ruction is simply a crime  
aga9/ ! psy*ological law ( developm5t4  
,= *ildr5 are taught by a !ological     
sy/em to ?9k ab\t ab/ract conceptions1  
:ile !y are 9 no condition to d x4 ,!   
wor/ is1 he said1 t 9 high s*ools ! !ory
 ( developm5t is n[ taught z sci5tific  
tru?1 :ile 9 ! common s*ools1 built &   
ma9ta9$ by ! same gov]nm5t1 ! my? ( !   
,mosaic /ory ( creation cont9ues to be  
taught1 9 ! %>pe/ contra/ ) :at sci5ce &
 liv+ nature tea* ! *ild4 ,?is is an    
immoral & di%one/ /ate ( affairs t mu/  
be br\ght to an end4  ,x is my deepe/   
conviction t man1 )\t religion 9 !      
emotional elem5t ( 8 nature1 c pursue no
 ideal ends1 _c see beyond 8 own p]sonal
 int]e/1 _c realise great purposes1 _c  

be ready to sacrifice himself4 ,religi\s
 en?usiasm broad5s our s\l1 b9ds u to ! 
acts we hold z ideals4 ,b because       
,*ri/ianity weighs ^u ! s\l & c no long]
 be ! connect+ l9k ( all factors 9 our  
conduct1 e>ne/ m5 are ab&on+ x m & m1   
influ5c$ by purely religi\s reasons4    
,su* m5 %\ld n h _! *ildr5 br\ght up z  
,*ri/ians1 "u ! excuse t ! *ild requires
 ,*ri/ianity4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r cases1 9 :i* 
adults are n agre$ ab\t :at ! *ild ne$s1
 we %\ld try to get1 n f adults b f     
*ildr5 !mselves1 "s in=mation ab\t _!   
real ne$s4 ,9 ?is way we c le>n t ! *ild
 himself beg9s at a v e>ly p]iod to be  
conc]n$ ) ! et]nal riddles ( mank9d1 to 
be tr\bl$ ) ! que/ions ( :5ce & :i!r4   
,at ! same "t "o discov]s t ! s9c]e &   
hone/ *ildi% nature is oppos$ to !      
,*ri/ian explanation ( ! _w1 until !    
*ild's s9c]ity is dull$ & he ei!r takes 
)\t "q :at is taught1 or 9 8 own s\l    
d5ies :at 8 lips mu/ repeat1 or f9ally  
all[s 8 he>t to be possess$ by ! only   
n\ri%m5t (f]$ to 8 religi\s ne$s4  ,my  

own recollections ( *ildhood caus$ me to
 make obs]vations ( ! religi\s ideas (  
*ildr5 at an e>ly p]iod4 ,i h n[ be=e me
 compreh5sive acc\nts ( ?is             
inve/igation1 go+ back tw5ty-five ye>s4 
,i recollect my own fi]ce hate aga9/    
,god1 :5 ,i1 at ! age ( six ye>s1 he>d (
 ! dea? ( ,jesus be+ caus$ by ,god's    
dem& = an atonem5t1 & at t5 ye>s ,i     
recall my d5ial ( ,god's provid5ce1 :5 a
 "y workman di$ f> away f 8 wife & 8    
five *ildr51 to :om 8 exi/5ce 0 s       
necess>y4 ,my brood+ ab\t ! exi/5ce (   
,god took on ?is occasion ! =m ( a      
*all5ge4 ,i wrote 9 ! s&1 ,god is dead4 
,9 do+ s ,i ?\ght1 ,if !re is a ,god1 he
 w kill me n[ ) a ?und]bolt4 ,b s9ce !  
sun cont9u$ to %9e1 ! "q 0 answ]$ = ! "t
 be+2 b x soon turn$ up aga94 ,i _h no  
o!r religi\s in/ruction ?an read+ !     
,bible on ,sunday1 prea*+ on ,sunday1 & 
read+ f ! cate*ism1 :i*1 by ! way1 0    
nev] expla9$4 ,yet ! ,new ,te/am5t      
belong$ to my play books2 ,i le>nt 9 x  
to love ,jesus z pr(\ndly z o!r great   

p]sonalities ( :om ,i read4 ,b dur+ !   
confirmation p]iod1 ,i receiv$          
explanations ( ! ,bible2 9 !m e po9t1 e 
"n 9 ! ,gospel 0 expla9$1 e s5t5ce made 
! basis ( hair-splitt+ di/9ctions1 to %[
 ! fulfilm5t ( prophecies & ! edify+    
hidd5 mean+ ( e ^w1 t =m]ly seem$ s     
simple4 ,! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity = example 0
 %[n to be conta9$ 9 ! second v]se (    
,g5esis4 ,?is 0 a t]ribly sad discov]y =
 me1 t ! liv+ book ( my *ildi% he>t & my
 *ildi% imag9ation c\ld be s /one dead4 
,t religi\s indiff]5ce is a frequ5t     
result ( religi\s in/ruction1 t         
spiritual maladies come f ! desire to   
conv]t ! s\ls ( *ildr51 num]\s pro(s c  
be giv54 ,i h he>d *ildr5 ( six ye>s    
speak ) holy horror ( _! f\r-ye>-old    
bro!r :o dug ) a spade on ,sunday4 ,on !
 o!r h& ,i h he>d a six-ye>-old *ild :o 
0 dragg$ 9 "o day to ?ree *ur* s]vices  
ask aft] reflection :e!r x 0 n m        
tol]able to g to hell imm$iately4  ,!   
,judaic ,*ri/ian conception ( a creative
 & su/a9+ provid5ce1 :i* gives ! fulle/ 

p]fection to all ?+s1 is s absolutely   
oppos$ to all t exp]i5ce & evolution    
tea*es u ab\t exi/5ce1 t "o _c ev5      
conceive ( ! possibility ( hold+ bo?    
ideas !oretically at ! same "t4 ,mu*    
less c "o practically unite !m by ! pa/e
 ( compromise4 ,! *ild ) %>p-sight$     
simplicity does n all[ himself to be    
deceiv$4 ,if we d n wi% to speak ! tru? 
!n let u n speak to *ildr5 ab\t life at 
all--life 9 its unity & div]sity1 its   
manifold creative acts1 its process (   
cont9u\s creation1 its et]nal div9e     
subjection to law4  ,b ?is means t x is 
impossible to save ! ,*ri/ian ,god =    
*ildr51 aft] ! *ild beg9s to ?9k ab\t   
?is ,god1 9 :om he is taught bl9d       
confid5ce4 ,nor c ! *ild be prep>$ 9 ?is
 way = ! new conception ( ,god ) its    
religi\s1 its unit+ & elevat+ p[]1 ,i   
mean = ! conception ( a ,god ^: reveal$ 
book is ! />ry heav5s1 & ^: prophetic   
sight is 9 ! unfa?omable sea1 & 9 !     
deeps ( man's he>t1 ! ,god :o is 9 life 
& is life4 ,no?+ %[s bett] h[ imp]fect  

is ! real belief ( mod]n ?9k]s1 ?an !   
fact t !y always tea* _! *ildr5 a sy/em 
:i* !y d n wi% to live by spiritually   
!mselves1 b :i* !y hold z indisp5sable =
 ! moral & social future ( ! *ild4  ,:5 
we pass f ! conception ( provid5ce to ! 
conception ( s91 we f9d 9 *ildr5 ! same 
natural logic4 ,a small girl1 an only   
*ild1 ask$3 ,h[ c\ld ,god all[ 8 only   
*ild to be kill$8 ,y c\ld n h done x to 
me6 ,& a small boy said1 ,x is a v good 
?+ = u t ! ,jews crucifi$ ,*ri/1 s t    
no?+ happ5$ to u4 ,^! are bo? poles ( an
 emotional & a practical way ( look+ at 
! ,atonem5t4 ,)9 !m all simil>          
circumf]5ces are drawn4 ,to a m comic & 
nave sph]e ( ideas belongs ! proposal ( 
a small girl to call ! ,virg9 ,m>y      
,god's wife4 ,also !re is ! /ory ( a boy
 :o spoke 9 s*ool ( ,our ,"l & ! two o!r
 ,lords1 mean+ ! ,tr9ity4  ,f ! classes 
9 ,bible hi/ory & cate*ism1 !re are     
innum]able examples ( *ildr5 read+ !    
words incorrectly1 & misund]/&+ ! ideas 
!y /& =4 ,a boy1 w>n$ to keep ! lamps   

burn+1 answ]$ cont5t$ly1 ,we h petroleum
 gratis4 ,ano!r1 ask$ :e!r he w\ld l to 
be born aga91 said1 ,no1 ,i might be    
turn$ into a girl4 ,^! are typical      
examples4 ,!re is an anecdote ( a *ild1 
:o1 on be+ consol$ ) ! /atem5t t ,god 0 
9 ! d>k ne> h]1 ask$ h] "m to put ,god  
out & light ! lamp4 ,ano!r *ild1 see+ ! 
pictures ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs 9 ! ar5a1  
cri$ out sympa!tically1 ,look at t poor 
tig]2 he hasn't got a ,*ri/ian4 ,^! are 
a few out ( a mass ( examples1 typical (
 ! explanation giv5 by *ildr5 to !      
religi\s ideas !y receive1 notions =c+  
!m into a _w ( ideas :i* !y ei!r accept 
9 a mat]ial s5se1 or by :i* !y are      
absolutely nonpluss$4  ,! *ildi% circle 
( ideas is reveal$ by anecdotes ( ?is   
k9d1 or by ! comm5t ( a small girl :o   
ask$ :5 %e he>d t %e _h be5 born ab\t   
elev5 o'clock at night1 ,h[ c\ld ,i h   
rema9$ out s late8 ,^! examples %[ t su*
 conceptions z orig9al s91 ! fall ( man1
 reg5]ation & salvation1 are fir/       
necess>ily mean+less words1 & aft]w>ds  

t]ribly difficult words4 ,9 my :ole life
 fe> ( hell nev] absorb$ my att5tion =  
five m9utes1 b ,i "k *ildr5 & gr[n p :o 
are m>tyrs to ?is t]ror4 ,i "k *ildr5   
too :o1 :5 belief 9 hell 0 pres5t$ to !m
 9 s*ool z absolutely necess>y1 bewail$ 
t _! "m _h said %e did n believe 9 hell1
 & !re=e ?\ght %e mu/ be v wick$4  ,we  
are c]ta9ly a long way (f f ^? times :51
 to use ! picturesque expression ( an   
hi/orian ( civilisation1 ,! fe> ( !     
devil con/antly d>k5$ ! life ( m51 z !  
%ad[ ( ! sails ( a w9dmill d>k5s ! w9d[s
 ( ! mill]2 f> f ! times1 too1 :5 div9e 
p]sons con/antly reveal$ !mselves to !  
believ]1 & :5 miracles belong$ j z      
really to ! daily habits ( ?\ght z      
to-day !y are disreg>d$ ev5 by !        
believ]4 ,b s long z belief 9 ! devil1  
provid5ce & miracles is upheld 9        
religi\s in/ruction1 x w be impossible =
 ! sun%9e ( ! civilis$ view1 :i* is !   
sci5tific z oppos$ to ! sup]/iti\s view1
 to p5etrate ! d>kness :]e ! bacilli (  
cruelty & insanity are nurtur$4  ,!     

ideas *ildr5 =m ( heav5 are g5]ally f9e 
examples ( *ildi% realism4 ,a *ild ?\ght
 8 bro!r c\ld n be 9 heav51 because he  
w\ld h to climb a ladd]1 & s w\ld be    
disob$i5t1 = he _h be5 =bidd5 to climb  
"o4 ,a girl ask$1 :5 %e he>d t h]       
gr&mo!r 0 9 heav51 :e!r ,god 0 sitt+ !re
 & hold+ h] f fall+ out4 ,^! are a few (
 ! _m pro(s ( ! *ild's s5se ( reality1 t
 leads to mi/ak5 answ]s "h1 z 9 s _m o!r
 in/ances4 ,if x is said by way ( prote/
 t ! *ildi% imag9ation ne$s my?s &      
symbolism1 ! answ] is an easy "o4 ,we _c
 & %\ld n rob ! *ild ( ! play (         
imag9ation1 b play %\ld n be tak5 9     
e>ne/4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t *ildr5 
con/ruct = !mselves reali/ic ideas ab\t 
spiritual ?+s4 ,?is practice is no m to 
be oppos$1 ?an any ( ! o!r expressions (
 ! life ( ! *ild's s\l4 ,b :5 ^! false  
ideas are pres5t$ z ! highe/ tru? (     
life1 !y mu/ di/urb ! sacr$ simplicity (
 ! *ild4  ,i "k *ildr5 9 :om ! orig9 (  
unbelief is to be trac$ to ! words (    
,jesus1 t ev]y?+ ask$ = by ! believ+    

he>t w be receiv$4 ,a small *ild1 lock$ 
up 9 a d>k room1 pray$ t ,god might %[ p
 h[ badly he 0 be+ treat$1 by caus+ a   
lamp ( preci\s /ones to be lit 9 ! d>k4 
,ano!r ask$ to h a sick "m sav$2 ano!r  
pray$ by ! side ( a dead companion t %e 
might rise aga94 ,= all ^! ?ree1 !      
exp]i5ce ( hav+ _! mo/ believ+1 mo/     
f]v5t pray] unansw]$1 0 ! great turn+   
po9t 9 _! spiritual life4 ,i c          
au!nticate f my own exp]i5ce & !        
exp]i5ces ( o!rs ! e?ical revolt :i* !  
cases ( inju/ice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--=   
example ,god's pref]5ce ( ,jacob ov]    
,esau--occasion 9 a heal?y *ild4 ,!     
explanations (f]$ 9 ?is case & 9 o!rs l 
x fill ! *ild ) sil5t contempt4 ,:5 !   
*ild ends 9 f9d+ t adults !mselves d n  
believe ! religion !y tea*1 ! *ildi%    
in/9ct = belief & = rev]5ce1 t capacity 
:i* is ! real gr\nd = all religi\s      
feel+1 is injur$ = life4  ,i w say no?+ 
( ! h]oes & h]o9es ( ! pi\s lit]ature   
writt5 = *ildr51 ) _! /ories ( conv]sion
 & hol9ess4 ,p>5ts are able to protect  

_! *ildr5 f !m4 ,i speak "h only ( t way
 ( look+ at ! _w1 :i* is =c$ on *ildr5 )
 or aga9/ ! w ( _! p>5ts4 ,?is degrades 
_! conceptions ( ,god1 ( ,jesus1 (      
nature4 ,^! conceptions1 ! *ild if left 
to himself c develop simply or p[]fully4
 ,x is ?is way ( look+ at ! _w t causes 
unnecess>y suff]+ & dang]\s prejudices4 
,! incl9ation ( ! *ild to deep religi\s 
feel+1 s\nd fai?1 & ard5t zeal = hol9ess
 w be /r5g!n$ by an ability to draw !   
/&>ds ( life z freely f ! ,bible z f !  
_w's lit]ature4 ,! same result w be     
produc$ by books on o!r religions1 l    
,buddhism1 f ! great religi\s           
p]sonalities :o illu/rate ! /ruggle = an
 ideal1 & f su* *ildr5's books z %[ l   
ef=ts 9 a heal?y =m4 ,no *ild has !     
slighte/ ne$ ( ! cate*ism or !ology = 8 
religion or = 8 tra9+2 no o!r *ur*      
hi/ory is ne$$ ?an t connect$ ) ! g5]al 
hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is la/ /udy ! *ief   
/ress %\ld be laid 9 tea*+ on ! errors1 
9 ord] to impress on ! "y ! conviction1 
t all new tru?s are call$ by _!         

contempor>ies errors4 ,9 o!r words ^!   
errors are ! be/ negative mat]ial man   
has = discov]+ ! tru?4  ,work+ ov] &    
expla9+ ! contradictions met ) by ! *ild
 9 su* religi\s in/ruction1 z ,i am     
outl9+ "h1 belongs to ! prep>ation = a  
true life1 9 :i* p h to put up )        
innum]able contradictions4 ,b ?is       
p]sonal "w injures nei!r ! piety nor !  
s\ndness ( ! *ild's s\l4 ,su* injuries  
come r f irritat+ pietism or va9        
hypocrisy1 f spiritual fanaticism1 f    
deceits ( ! reason1 b>r5ness ( s\l1 or  
p]v]t$ feel+ ( "r1 all ( :i* are !      
notori\s results ( ,*ri/ian tra9+ &     
,*ri/ian in/ruction1 giv5 accord+ to !  
usual me?ods ( ! pres5t day4 ,= ! pres5t
 z well z = ! future1 a *ild w be able  
to solve m easily ^! spiritual problems 
if 8 f9e feel+ = "r & 8 quick logic h n 
be5 dull$ by ! dogmatic answ]s to ^?    
et]nal problems1 t place him 9 z mu*    
difficulty z ! ?9k]4  ,kant expos$ long 
ago ! mo/ s]i\s injuries ( ! k9d (      
religi\s in/ruction :i* /ill prevails4  

,he %[$ t by mak+ ! *ur*'s tea*+ ! basis
 ( morality1 improp] motives 7 assign$  
to action4 ,a ?+ mu/ be avoid$1 n       
because ,god has =bidd5 x1 b because x  
is 9 & = itself wrong4 ,man mu/ aim at  
good1 n because heav5 or hell awaits !  
good or ! bad1 b because good has a     
high] value ?an evil4 ,to ?is po9t (    
view ( ,kant !re mu/ be add$ ! tru?1 t a
 position is e?ically weak5+1 :5 man is 
pres5t$ z incapable ( do+ good by 8 own 
p[]4 ,s he is told 9 ?is z 9 all o!r    
cases1 he mu/ be humble & tru/ 9 ,god's 
help4 ,confid5ce 9 our /r5g? & ! feel+ (
 our own responsibility h a /rong moral 
influ5ce4 ,! belief t man is s9-lad51   
)\t *ance ( *ange1 has l$ him to rema9  
:]e he is4  ,if ! future g5]ation is to 
gr[ up ) upright s\ls1 ! fir/ condition 
( su* gr[? is to oblit]ate f ! exi/5ce (
 *ildr5 & "y p1 by a mighty scrat* ( !  
p51 ! cate*ism1 ,bible hi/ory1 !ology & 
*ur* hi/ory4  ,we mu/ b[ d[n be=e !     
inf9ities & my/]ies ( our e>?ly exi/5ce 
& ( ! _w beyond4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 

& select real e?ical values2 we mu/ be  
conv9c$ ( ! solid>ity ( mank9d1 ( man's 
individual duty1 to con/ruct = ! b5efit 
( ! :ole race a ri* & /rong p]sonality4 
,we mu/ look to great models4 ,we mu/   
rev]5ce ! div9e & ! regul> 9 ! c\rse ( !
 _w1 9 ! processes ( developm5t ( man's 
m9d4 ,^! are ! new l9es ( m$itation1 !  
new religi\s feel+s ( rev]5ce & love1 t 
w make ! *ildr5 ( ! new c5tury /rong1   
s\nd1 & beautiful4  ,^! *anges w de/roy 
t idea ( ,god t comb9es ,god help u )   
our victories1 t has increas$ ! national
 lu/ = conque/1 ! passion = ma/]y1 !    
in/9ct ( ga94 ,x w be felt t mix+ up    
,god 9 ! /&>ds ( human passions is      
blasphem\s4 ,p w see1 t patriotism1     
n\ri%$ on egoism & ambition1 is ! mo/   
godless ?+ because ! mo/ inhuman ( all !
 life-p]v]t+ s9s ) :i* man outrages !   
hol9ess ( life4  ,intellects :i* c n[   
pass ov] ! contradiction betwe5         
,*ri/ianity & w>1 :i* c ev5 d]ive /r5g? 
& consolation f !m1 h be5 deprav$ by !  
ideas =c$ ^u mank9d ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s4 

,no?+ m c be expect$ f m5 ( su* bra9s1  
?an t !y %\ld die 9 ! wild]ness1 )\t ev]
 obta9+ a sight ( ! promis$ l&4  ,b !   
bra9s ( *ildr5 c be protect$ f ! mo/    
unholy ( all m5tal misconceptions1 f !  
sup]/ition t ! patriotism1 & !          
nationalism1 :i* injures ! rights (     
o!rs1 h some?+ 9 common ) ideas ab\t    
,god4  ,let *ildr5 be taught t national 
*>act]i/ics1 ! use ( =ce1 ! "r (        
indep5d5t action1 is z ess5tial = a p z 
= an individual1 t x is wor? e          
sacrifice4 ,let !m be taught t1 on _!   
appreciation ( ! nature ( _! c\ntry1 (  
its life 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! pres5t1 dep5ds _!
 own developm5t4 ,let !m be taught to   
dream beautiful inspir+ dreams ( !      
future ( _! c\ntry1 ( _! own "w1 z !    
necess>y f\ndation ( ?is future4  ,!y   
%\ld be taught at an e>ly age to und]/& 
! deep gulf betwe5 patriotic feel+ & !  
egoism :i* is call$ patriotism4 ,?is is 
! patriotism 9 ^: "n small c\ntries are 
oppress$ by great c\ntries1 9 ^: "n     
n9ete5?-c5tury ,europe has arm$ itself  

"u ! /imulus ( rev5ge1 9 ^: "n ! close (
 ! c5tury witness$ ! ext5sion ( viol5ce 
9 nor? & s\?1 9 we/ & ea/4  ,milit>ism &
 cl]icalism1 bo? pr9ciples pres5t+      
au?ority z oppos$ to individual /&>ds ( 
"r1 are ev] closely comb9$2 b !y are n  
:at !y are call$4 ,!y are n patriotism &
 religion4 ,^! two words involve a s5se 
( common citiz5%ip1 ( fre$om1 ( ju/ice1 
exalt$ above ! n>r[ sph]e ( !           
individual1 ( ! int]e/s ( class1 ( !    
int]e/s ( "o's own c\ntry4 ,su* are !   
pr9ciples :i* unite diff]5t gr\ps )9 a  
l& 9 great int]e/s common to all1 j z !y
 unite diff]5t peoples 9 great vital    
que/ions common to all4 ,b milit>ism &  
cl]icalism oppress fre$om by ! pr9ciples
 ( au?ority1 oppress ! idea ( individual
 developm5t1 by t ( discipl9e1 oppress !
 feel+ ( common weal by ! desire = glory
 & w>1 oppress ! feel+ = "r by ! feel+ =
 milit>y hon\r4 ,9 ,g]many "u ! badge ( 
,*ri/ianity & milit>ism1 ! civil rights 
( ! citiz51 8 claims = social fre$om1 h 
be5 s]i\sly m5ac$4 ,hypnotis$ by ^!     

pr9ciples _m memb]s ( ! ,russian1 ,fr5*1
 & ,engli% nations1 respectable z !y are
 individually1 h gloat$ ov] ! de$s (    
unrighte\sness committ$ by _! respective
 gov]nm5ts4  ,all ?is w g on2 p w       
cont9ue to be burd5$ to ! gr\nd by ev]  
increas+ milit>y prep>ations4 ,! rights 
( ! small nations w be con/antly        
encroa*$ ^u by ! l>g] ones1 ev5 aft] !  
pres5t _w p[]s1 l ^? t h prec$$ !m1 h   
brok5 d[n "u ! burd5 ( _! own expansion4
 ,x w cont9ue to be s1 until mo!rs      
implant 9 ! s\ls ( _! *ildr5 ! feel+ =  
humanity be=e ! feel+ = _! c\ntry2 until
 !y /rive to exp& ! sympa?ies ( _!      
*ildr5 to embrace all liv+ ?+s1 plants1 
animals1 & m52 until !y tea* !m to see1 
t sympa?y involves n only suff]+ ) o!rs 
b rejoic+ ) o!rs1 & t ! individual      
increases 8 own emotional capacity1 :5  
he le>ns to feel ) o!r individuals & )  
o!r peoples4 ,x w g on1 z x is n[1 until
 mo!rs implant 9 ! s\ls ( _! *ildr5 !   
c]ta9ty1 t ! patriotism :i*1 9 ! "n (   
national int]e/s1 treads "u foot !      

rights ( o!r p1 is to be condemn$4 ,!   
mom5t *ildr5 und]take to act z adults1  
we %all see a h>mony betwe5 ideas s     
taught & facts4 ,:5 ! conception (      
nationalism 9 ! *ild's m9d is fre$ f    
inju/ice & arrogance2 :5 ! idea ( ,god  
is fre$ f its debas$ union ) a selfi%   
patriotism1 !n ! idea ( ! soldi] w be   
ennobl$4 ,x w no long] be id5tifi$ )    
bl9d ob$i5ce & limit$ class c\rage4 ,!  
^w w come to mean a man & a fell[-citiz5
 ) ! same civilis$ int]e/s1 ! same      
conception ( law1 ! same ne$ ( fre$om1 !
 same feel+ = hon\r1 z all o!r          
fell[-citiz5s4 ,! soldi] w be a def5d] (
 8 fa!rl&1 ^: "* w h no o!r w>like      
traits1 ?an ^? call$ =? = ! protection (
 sacr$ human & civil rights4            
,self-def5se1 p]sonal or national1 w be 
impr9t$ on ! *ild z ! fir/ ( duties1 n z
 x is repres5t$ 9 ! comm&s (            
,*ri/ianity4 ,or to speak m accurately !
 *ild has ?is in/9ctive feel+2 all t ne$
 be done is n to confuse ?is in/9ct4 ,! 
*ild und]/&s q well1 t evil m51 :5 n    

resi/$1 become lords ov] ! prop]ty (    
o!rs4 ,he kn[s t ! l[ & ! unrighte\s get
 ! victory1 & t "r-?9k+ & high-m9d$ p   
are sacrific$ by unrighte\s & l[-?9k+ p4
 ,! impulse to resi/ance is ! fir/ g]m (
 ! social feel+ = righte\sness1 & by ?is
 feel+ w ! unreflect+ judgm5t ( ! *ild  
be l$ also 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,! *ild   
nev] d\bts t ,william ,tell 0 "r1 ev5   
:51 9 8 in/ruction 9 religion1 he has   
be5 def9itely taught ob$i5ce to ! p[]s t
 be1 t come f ,god4 ,e /raight *ildi%   
s\l applauds ,&reas ,h(]1 despite 8     
uncompromis+ conflict ) lawful au?ority4
 ,) 8 natural directness ! *ild cuts (f 
all sophisms2 at lea/ all *ildr5 d :o   
are n irrevocably /upefi$ by ,*ri/ian   
pr9ciples4  ,to conclude :at ,i h said  
aga9/ religi\s in/ruction1 ,i w add a   
/atem5t ( a t5-ye>-old *ild1 made aft]  
?ree ye>s /ruggl+ ) ! cate*ism &        
biblical hi/ory3 ,i d n believe any (   
?is1 b ,i hope1 :5 m5 are "s day wise   
en\gh1 ea* p]son may h 8 own belief1 j z
 ea* "o has 8 own face4  ,?is small     

philosoph] 9 ^! words hit unconsci\sly  
^u ! mo/ s]i\s spiritual injury done by 
religi\s in/ruction4 ,x =ces on man's   
m9d a special view ( ! _w1 l a          
conv5tional mask on a man's face4 ,b    
fre$om & ! rights ( ! s\l's life c only 
be secur$ by its own reflections4 ,! s\l
 itself mu/ "w out t assurance ( belief 
9 :i* man c live & die4 ,= g5]ations !  
great spiritual dang]s ( mank9d h be5   
caus$ by look+ backw>ds to f9d ! ideal &
 ! tru?1 by reg>d+ bo? z once = all     
giv51 z absolutely limit$4  ,z soon z a 
*ild becomes consci\s ( himself he %\ld 
feel t he is a discov]] ) inf9ities be=e
 him4 ,! k+'s son1 9 ! realm ( life1 w  
no long] d m5ial s]vice z a prodigal son
 9 a =eign l&4 ,) ! :ole p[] ( 8 w1 he c
 repeat ^? old words1 ,i w arise & g to 
my fa!r4  ,:5 ,jaqu9o di ,fiori 9 !     
,middle ,ages prea*$ ( ! ,k+dom ( !     
,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 till 8  
hair became z silv]y grey z ! leaves ( !
 olive tree1 he comp>$ ^! ?ree realms ) 
! nettle1 ! rose1 & ! lily1 ! light ( ! 

/>s1 ! sunlight1 & ! sun4  ,9 all ! ends
 ( ! _w ?is prea*+ is be+ he>d n[4 ,b t 
dream ( a ,?ird ,k+dom1 pure z ! lily1  
w>m z ! sun1 c only be realis$ 9 ! temp]
 ( ! *ild :o looks = life & happ9ess1 :o
 bru%es away joy\sly & frankly ! cl\ds (
 man's fall & man's humiliation4  ,)\t  
becom+ z little *ildr51 m5 _c ent] into 
! ,?ird ,k+dom1 ! ,k+dom ( ! ,holy      
,gho/1 ! ,k+dom ( ! human _s4           
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,*ild ,,lab\r ,,& ,,!  
,,crimes ,,( ,,*ildr5   ,leav+ aside    
que/ions ( h]$ity & k9dr$ topics1 &     
consid]+ only ! conditions "u :i* ! *ild
 is born1 develop$1 & re>$1 x is t]rible
 to contemplate ! mis=tunes :i* happ5 to
 *ildr5 ?r\gh lack ( insight on ! "p (  
_! mo!rs4 ,doctors are nev] tir$ ( tell+
 :at mal=mations tight-lac+ causes4 ,h[ 
_m *ildr5 9 ! fir/ ye> ( _! life become 
bl9d ?r\gh neglect4 ,we only m5tion "h  
"s ( ! tr\bles :i* crude ignorance or   
lack ( consci5ce on ! "p ( ! mo!rs      
inflict on !mselves or on _! *ildr54    
,!re mu/ be notic$ too ! unc]ta9ty & !  

want ( sy/em 9 ! c>e ( *ildr5 t come f  
su* ignorance4 ,a ?or\gh improvem5t 9   
all ^! ?+s is n to be expect$ until wom5
 h secur$ univ]sal suffrage1 & until !y1
 at ! same age 9 :i* m5 s]ve _! ye>s (  
milit>y s]vice1 are legally oblig$ to   
pass ?r\gh a p]iod ( tra9+ la/+ j z     
long1 devot+ !mselves to ! c>e ( *ildr51
 hygi5e1 & sick nurs+4 ,no o!r          
exceptions mu/ be made1 except ^? :i*   
exempt a man f milit>y s]vice4 ,su*     
duties done = "o's c\ntry w\ld come = _m
 wom5 j at ! "t 9 :i* _! int]e/ 9 !     
subject is awak5$ by m>ry+ or ! ?\ght ( 
m>ry+4 ,?is tra9+ w\ld give a pr(\nd]   
mean+ to _! ?\ghts on ?is subject4 ,b   
ev5 wom5 :o nev] become mo!rs !mselves  
w\ld 9 ?is way le>n c]ta9 g5]al         
pr9ciples ( psy*ology1 hygi5e1 & c>e ( !
 sick1 t !y might make use ( aft]w>ds 9 
e /ation ( life4 ,fur!r1 ,i look =      
increas+ limitations ( ! "r ( p>5ts ov] 
*ildr54 ,su* limitations ,i mean z ^?   
:i* h =bidd5 ! exposure ( *ildr51 h     
impos$ p5alties = *ild murd]1 = cruelty 

t[>ds *ildr51 & ! laws :i* h en=c$      
obligatory att5dance at s*ool4 ,9 ,engl&
 !re are organisations :i* inve/igate ! 
treatm5t ( *ildr5 at home & :i* prev5t  
cruelties aga9/ !m4 ,mo!rs :o =get _!   
duties c be report$ & puni%$ )          
imprisonm5t2 neglectful fa!rs c be made 
to support _! *ildr51 etc42 & :]e p>5ts 
%[ !mselves hopelessly incompet5t *ildr5
 c be tak5 f !m by law4 ,9 ! diff]5t    
/ates ( ,g]many !re are also laws :i*   
all[ *ildr5 to be tak5 f p>5ts :o1 ?r\gh
 misuse ( t relation%ip1 injure ! *ild's
 spiritual or bodily welf>e4 ,*ildr5    
receive ?is s-call$ compulsory tra9+ 9  
cases1 too1 :]e x is necess>y to pres]ve
 !m f moral de/ruction4 ,! compulsory   
tra9+ may be c>ri$ out ei!r 9 a suitable
 family or 9 in/itutions2 x cont9ues up 
to ! eighte5? ye>4 ,a notable provision 
is t :i* places ! sup]vision ov] su*    
*ildr51 9 ! h&s ( wom54  ,an increas$   
ext5sion ( ! "r ( society 9 ?is         
direction is "o ( its mo/ important     
provisions = self-protection1 & is j z  

legitimate a limitation ( individual    
fre$om1 z ! laws to prev5t ! ext5sion ( 
contagi\s diseases4 ,un=tunately su*    
regulations are (t5 made ineffective by 
r$ tape4 ,! p>5ts or gu>dians ( !       
neglect$ *ild mu/ be admoni%$2 ! unruly 
*ild mu/ be w>n$1 & if ?is is n         
suffici5t1 ! law provides t x mu/ be    
discipl9$4 ,all ( ^! provisos are       
absolutely s5seless 9 su* cases4 ,by su*
 w>n+s bad p>5ts are n in/ruct$ 9 ! art 
( tra9+ _! *ildr51 nor is an            
incorrigible *ild to be l$ by           
admonitions to *ange its "*1 if he is   
left 9 ! surr\nd+s :i* h caus$ 8        
deg5]ation4 ,by corporal puni%m5t       
adm9i/]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1 a *ild
 already accu/om$ to cuffs & bl[s is    
made m h>d5$ & %ameless4 ,a p]son ) only
 a sup]ficial k ( ! subject1 en\gh to   
und]/& ! causes :i* produce su* p>5ts & 
su* *ildr51 soon realises t he is       
conc]n$ 9 ea* detail ) ! inf9ite horizon
 ( ! social "q4 ,x is cle> = example t  
l[ wages1 comb9$ ) ! "w ( wom5 & *ildr51

 are ! ma9 factors 9 poor dwell+s1      
insuffici5t food1 & bad clo?+4 ,! fact t
 ! wife works out ( ! h\se causes !     
neglect ( ! *ildr5 & ! home4 ,!         
lodg+-h\se sy/em is ! result ( ! lack ( 
dwell+s2 want ( com=t at home causes !  
husb& to frequ5t saloons & public h\ses4
 ,all ^! factors1 tak5 toge!r1 cause    
immorality & intemp]ance2 ^! la/ aga9   
produce ^? physical & m5tal diseases to 
:i* *ildr5 are (t5 heirs at _! bir?4    
,leav+ out ( discussion ! notion t by   
,god's help ! battlefields are cov]$ )  
torn1 maim$ be+s1 ) ^: de/roy$ bra9s    
innum]able ?\ghts & feel+s are ext+ui%$ 
:i* c\ld h enri*$ humanity1 ,i "k no m  
abnormal idea ?an ! cu/om ( p speak+ ( a
 gu>dian angel :5 a *ance has kept two  
*ildr5 f an accid5t4 ,:]e is ?is gu>dian
 angel 9 ! innum]able o!r cases (       
mis=tune3 :5 *ildr5 rema9 alone because 
_! "m mu/ g to "w & !y fall out ( ! w9d[
 or into ! fire8 ,:5 !y lose _! eyesight
 9 d>k cell>s8 ,:5 !y are press$ to dea?
 because 9 mis]able lodg+s !y h to %>e a

 b$ ) _! p>5ts8 ,:5 ! p>5ts are drunk & 
! *ildr5 lose _! lives8 ,:]e is ?is     
gu>dian angel :5 p>5ts murd] _! *ildr51 
f religi\s fanaticism or disgu/ ( life3 
:5 ! *ildr5 !mselves1 tir$ ( life or    
?r\gh fe> ( p>5tal cruelty1 take _! own 
lives8 ,:]e are ^! protective angels on 
! occasions :5 !y are mo/ want$8--9 !   
n>r[ /reets ( great cities1 9 ! great   
indu/rial c5tres :]e lack ( sunlight1 ( 
pure air1 & ( all ! o!r prim>y          
conditions = ! developm5t ( s\l & body1 
und]m9es ! bodily /r5g? & effici5cy (   
*ildr5 be=e _! bir?8  ,to see ! h& (    
,provid5ce 9 an accid5tal case (        
pres]vation1 :ile ! same ,provid5ce is  
releas$ f all %>e 9 natural occurr5ces1 
f all "p 9 ! t]rible ph5om5a ( society1 
t fill e second ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce )     
t]ror1 is a relic ( sup]/ition to be    
ov]come if man is to be fill$ ) a s5se (
 obligation to conditions he mu/ ma/] & 
m\ld4 ,mod]n man is ev] becom+ m & m 8  
own ,provid5ce2 he has already protect$ 
himself aga9/ fire by fire eng9es & fire

 insurance2 aga9/ ! sea by life-sav+    
/ations2 aga9/ smallpox & *ol]a1        
diph!ria & tub]culosis1 he has f\nd o!r 
means ( def5ce4 ,! bl9d belief t dea? is
 dep5d5t on ,god's w man is los+ by !   
witness ( /ati/ics :i* decl>e t duration
 ( life increases ) improv$ sanit>y     
condition2 :i* %[ t :5 disease or summ] 
heat m[s d[n ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 9 d>k    
t5em5ts ! ri* man c pres]ve 8 own *ildr5
 9 8 heal?y1 light dwell+4  ,e man :o   
has 8 he>t 9 ! "r spot does n wait = an 
angel1 b ru%es to save a *ild f dang]4  
,b ! sup]/iti\s belief ( ! majority ( p 
9 ,god's ,provid5ce p]haps w cause !    
same man to reg>d ) complete apa?y      
conditions by :i* millions & millions ( 
*ildr5 are ye>ly sacrific$4 ,doctors "k 
t ! de/ruction caus$ by bact]ia is      
insignificant1 z comp>$ ) paup]ism z a  
cause ( disease4 ,mo!rs :o h ov]-ex]t$  
!mselves1 drunk5 fa!rs1 bad dwell+s1 l  
^? :]e ! poor dry out newly built h\ses 
= ! ri*1 induc$ by ! l[ rate ( r5ts1    
insuffici5t n\ri%m5t1 inh]it$ diseases1 

especially syphilis1 too e>ly "w1--all  
?is %[s its result 9 ! emaciat$1        
%rivell$1 ulc]at$ bodies ( *ildr5 :o    
occasionally are cur$ ( _! mom5t>y      
disease 9 hospitals1 b _c be fre$ f !   
results ( ! conditions ( life "u :i* !y 
7 born & br\ght up4 ,! ef=ts ( doctors w
 be 9 va9 :ile !y1 l ! o!r factors 9    
society1 d n devote _! :ole en]gy to    
avoid+ diseases1 in/ead ( heal+ !m4 ,:at
 !y c n[ d 9 ! way ( prev5tion is b a   
palliative 9 comp>ison ) ! incurable    
evil :i* fl\ri%es 9 abundance4 ,!       
situation w rema9 z x is s long z hygi5e
 does n receive ! same att5tion 9       
society z ! s\l4 ,?is solicitude may    
take ! =m ( religi\s edification1 or    
intellectual enlight5m5t1 b x rema9s    
no?+ b a cut fl[]1 /uck 9 a du/ heap4   
,x is possible1 ) suffici5t c]ta9ty1 to 
%[ f crim9al /ati/ics t deg5]ate *ildr5 
are ! creation ( society itself4 ,by    
all[+ !m to be =c$ into ! pa? ( virtue1 
by puni%m5t1 society behaves l a tyrant1
 :o has put out a man's eyes & !n beats 

him because he _c by himself f9d 8 road4
  ,! categorical imp]ative = ! social   
consci\sness at ! pres5t mom5t1 is an   
effective legislation = ! protection (  
*ildr5 & wom54  ,:]ev] indu/ry is       
develop$1 ! woman is tak5 away f ! home1
 ! *ild f play & s*ool4 ,9 ! p]iod (    
guilds1 wom5 & *ildr5 work$ 9 ! h\se1 & 
9 ! work%op ( ! husb&4 ,b s9ce ! factory
 sy/em has con/antly re/rict$ ! h\sehold
 "w ( woman1 indu/rial occupations on ! 
scale ( mod]n capitalism c satisfy its  
ne$s = *eap] "w by woman's "w4 ,?is l   
*ildr5's "w has =c$ d[n 9 _m places !   
pay ( adult workm54 ,! pay ) :i* a m>ri$
 man c c>e = 8 family by 8 "w is n[     
divid$ among sev]al memb]s ( ! family4  
,z long z special "w requir$ great      
p]sonal bodily /r5g? or develop$ manual 
dext]ity1 x fell z a rule to ! m51 n to 
wom5 or *ildr54 ,b ! natural protection 
( wom5 & *ildr5 disappe>$ ) !           
introduction ( ma*9]y4 ,9 _m cases work+
 a ma*9e requir$ nei!r /r5g? nor        
dext]ity4 ,9 o!r cases1 l cotton sp9n+  

or m9+1 delicate f+]s 7 m valu$ because 
!y 7 m adaptable1 t5d] bodies m         
desirable because !y 7 small]4  ,9      
,engl& ! "w ( wom5 & *ildr5 fir/ rea*$  
its highe/ po9t4 ,! poorh\ses s5t cr[ds 
( *ildr5 to ! wool weav+ indu/ry 9      
,lanca%ire1 *ildr5 :o work$ 9 %ifts at !
 same ma*9e & slept 9 ! same dirty b$s4 
,! population 9 ! indu/rial di/ricts p9$
 away1 z ! result2 diseases unkn[n be=e 
came into exi/5ce2 ignorance & r\ghness 
increas$4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 f f\r to five  
ye>s old work$ f\rte5 to eighte5 h\rs4  
,! report ( ! inve/igations made on ?is 
subject caus$ ,elizabe? ,b>rett to write
 h] poem1 ,! ,cry ( ! ,*ildr5 t made !  
employ]s ( *ildr5 s indignant1 b :i*    
help$ to produce ! ,t5 ,h\r bill4 ,?is  
bill laid d[n t wom51 *ildr51 & "y      
p]sons %\ld n "w m ?an t5 h\rs a day 9  
textile factories4 ,?is law 0 succe$$ by
 o!rs ( ! same type4 ,simil> conditions 
9 o!r l&s h produc$ simil> legislation4 
,9 ,saxony1 ,belgium1 ,alsace1 & ! ,rh9e
 ,prov9ces ! results ( ! sy/em seem$ to 

be j z frightful z 9 ,engl&4 ,on !      
,rh9e1 z e>ly z ! ye> #ahch1 a ,prussian
 army (fic] notic$ t ! numb] ( ^? able  
to be> arms _h dim9i%$ z a result ( !   
deg5]at+ influ5ce ( woman & *ild lab\r4 
,b not)/&+ ! introduction ( ?is         
legislation g5]ally1 ! lab\r ( wom5 &   
*ildr5 cont9ues4 ,x takes ! mo/         
de/ructive =ms 9 ^? occupations :i* lie 
outside ( ! sph]e ( legislation4 ,!re   
are places 9 :i* *ild lab\r is z %ock+ z
 x 0 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdh4 ,9 ,russia1 9 !  
,ba/mat weav+ indu/ry1 *ildr5 ( ?ree or 
f\r ye>s h be5 f\nd at "w2 & masses (   
*ildr5 "u t5 work+ z mu* z eighte5 h\rs 
a day4 ,9 ,g]many ! toy indu/ry c %[ z  
cruel figures 9 connection ) *ildr5's   
"w1 all ! m cruel because 9 ord] to     
provide enjoym5t = happy *ildr5 ! liv+  
en]gy ( o!rs is =c$ out ( exi/5ce4      
,indu/rial "w at home is done by *ildr5 
f\r to five ye>s old1 :ile ! age limit =
 *ild lab\r 9 factories1 bo? 9 ,g]many &
 9 ,switz]l&1 is f\rte5 ye>s4 ,!        
gov]nm5t ( ,d5m>k has propos$ ! same    

limit ( age4 ,9 ,italy mo/ ( ! crippl$  
"y *ildr5 7 br\ght up 9 ! sulphur       
di/ricts ( ,sicily1 cr[d$ toge!r 9 l[   
gall]ies1 burd5$ ) heavy sacks at an age
 at :i* _! t5d] limbs "u su* conditions 
mu/ inevitably & incurably be contort$4 
,z e>ly z twelve & ?irte5 ye>s old _m ( 
!m are incapable ( "w4 ,9 ! magnesium   
m9es ( ,spa91 quantities ( *ildr5 six to
 eight ye>s old are kept at "w2 ?r\gh ! 
poison\s od\rs !y fall victims to sev]e 
diseases4 ,o!r *ildr5 c>ry+ heavy pit*]s
 on _! head are employ$ to wat] dry     
places4 ,! *ild is a *eap] means (      
transportation ?an ! ass4  ,despite     
protective legislation ! av]age ( height
 & weight 9 ! ,lanca%ire *ildr5 is &    
cont9ues to be l[] ?an any:]e else4 ,( !
 two ?\s& *ildr5 inve/igat$ 9 ?is       
di/rict only "o hundr$ & fifty-"o 7     
really s\nd & /rong2 "o hundr$ &        
n9ety-eight 7 s]i\sly crippl$2 ! re/ m  
or less "u ! /&>d ( good heal?4 ,all "w 
9 ! cotton indu/ry done f six o'clock 9 
! morn+ till five 9 ! ev5+ *anges1 s ?is

 doctor says1 ! hopeful t5-ye>-old *ild 
into ! ?9 pallid ?irte5-ye>-old boy4    
,?is deg5]ation ( ! population 9        
indu/rial di/ricts is becom+ a s]i\s    
dang] = ,engl&'s future4  ,aft] p are   
conv9c$ t all civilis$ nations are      
expos$ to ?is same dang]1 indu/rial &   
/reet "w ( *ildr5 w be ev]y:]e =bidd54  
,?is w be a victory = ! pr9ciple ( *ild 
protection1 :i*1 9 ?is z 9 o!r l sph]es1
 0 oppos$ at fir/ on bo? economic &     
indu/rial gr\nds4 ,among ^! 0 !         
unconte/$ "r ( fa!rs to decide on ! "w (
 _! *ildr54  ,x is n alone ! "q ( *ild  
lab\r t reveals ! l[ /&po9t tak5 by !   
civil au?orities ( ,europe1 b x is prov$
 also by ! introduction ( corporal      
puni%m5t4 ,corporal puni%m5t is z       
humiliat+ = him :o gives x z = him :o   
receives x2 x is ineffective besides4   
,nei!r %ame nor physical pa9 h any o!r  
effect ?an a h>d5+ "o1 :5 ! bl[ is      
deliv]$ 9 cold blood long aft] ! act    
occasion+ x has be5 done4 ,mo/ ( !      
victims are s accu/om$ to bl[s already t

 ! physical effect is little or no?+1 b 
!y awak5 feel+s ( dete/ation aga9/ a    
society :i* s av5ges its own faults4 ,if
 ! s\l ( ! *ild is s5sitive1 corporal   
puni%m5t c produce deep spiritual       
torm5t1 z 0 ! case ) ,l>s ,kruse1 ! h]o 
( ,skag51 :o "s ye>s ago met 8 dea? by  
dr[n+4 ,ev]ybody kn[s 8 /ory f ! f9e    
acc\nt ( him by ! ,dani% poet1          
,dra*mann4 ,l>s1 9 8 *ildhood1 _h tak5 a
 plank1 a piece ( driftwood1 & sold x4  
,= ?is he 0 condemn$ to be puni%$4 ,till
 late 9 life1 :at he _h suff]$ 0 ev]    
pres5t ) him4 ,he 0 n a%am$ ( 8 action b
 ( 8 puni%m5t--a puni%m5t :i* embitt]$ !
 :ole life ( a really great "*4  ,! bl[s
 adm9i/]$ by society are inflict$ on    
*ildr5 ^: pov]ty & neglect$ education   
are 9 mo/ cases responsible = _! faults4
 ,! victims1 (t5 emaciat$ by hung]1 &   
trembl+ ) %ame or t]ror1 c exp]i5ce no  
spiritual emotion fit to be ! basis (   
moral %ame4  ,if ! /ati/ics ( !         
life-hi/ory ( ^? :o are s discipl9$ 7   
reveal$1 we %\ld f9d t ! majority come  

f1 & return to1 a home :]e ! "m1 z a    
result ( work+ out ( ! home1 is h9d]$ f 
c>+ = h] *ildr54 ,!y h suff]$ f ! cu/om 
( sleep+ toge!r1 ! result ( ov]cr[d$    
dwell+s1 ) its demoralis+ influ5ce4 ,x  
may be ! *ild has comm5c$ to make 8 liv+
 on ! /reet z mess5g]1 cig> pick]1 or   
newspap] boy1 or has be5 engag$ 9 su* l 
occupations1 & s 9 8 imm$iate           
neighb\rhood has se5 ! luxuri\s liv+ ( !
 upp] classes1 :i* he /rives to imitate4
 ,h>dly a week passes t ! /reet y\ng/]  
does n read ab\t ! embezzlem5ts1        
fraudul5t acts 9 ! capitali/ic classes1 
frequ5tly committ$ by grey-head$ m51 ^: 
*ildi% impressions g back to ! good old 
"t1 on :om ! lax education ( ! pres5t   
c\ld n h any influ5ce4 ,no day passes 9 
:i* he does n see h[ ! repres5tatives ( 
! upp] classes1 old & "y alike1 satisfy 
_! desires = pleasure4 ,b f ! *ild ( !  
t5em5t & ! /reet1 p expect ,sp>tan      
virtue or try to ?ra% x into him4 ,x is 
h>d to say :i* is great] "h1 /upidity or
 savag]y4  ,:ile ! upp] classes %[ t !y 

are crude1 immod]ate1 lazy1 devot$ to   
enjoy+ !mselves2 :ile ! majority are    
aim+ at gett+ & sp5d+ money2 :ile s _m  
are able to eat )\t work+1 & s few c f9d
 "w :o look = x2 :ile c>eless luxury    
lives side by side ) c>eless necessity1 
! upp] class has n ! %ad[ ( "r to expect
 an improv$ l[] class4 ,! society ( !   
pres5t day creates & ma9ta9s a social   
sy/em ^: effects are notori\s 9 !       
economic crimes ( ! upp] & l[] class    
alike4 ,x is n surpris+ t great cities  
are full ( tramps & /reet ur*9s1 l a    
spoilt *eese full ( maggots4  ,a de/roy$
 home life1 an idiotic s*ool sy/em1     
premature "w 9 ! factory1 /upefy+ life 9
 ! /reets1 ^! are :at ! great city gives
 to ! *ildr5 ( ! "u classes4 ,x is m    
a/oni%+ t ! bett] in/9cts ( human nature
 g5]ally are victori\s 9 ! l[] class1   
?an ! fact t ?is result is occasionally 
rev]s$4  ,!re is ano!r argum5t aga9/    
*ild lab\r1 to be f\nd 9 its imm$iate   
effect on indu/ry itself4  ,work+ m5    
tra9$ 9 ! s*ools are ev]y:]e notori\sly 

mo/ effici5t2 ev5 9 ,russia1 :]e popul> 
education is /ill s defective1 ?is      
exp]i5ce has be5 not$4 ,! work+ man able
 to read & to write receives )\t        
exception on t acc\nt a high] pay ?an ! 
illit]ate ones :o c be only us$ = !     
co>se/ k9d ( "w4 ,! pres5t developm5t ( 
,g]man indu/ry1 z comp>$ ) ,engli%1 is  
to be ascrib$ among o!r ?+s to ! sup]ior
 educational tra9+ ( ! ,g]man p4 ,!     
int5sive & intellig5t "w ( ! ,am]ican   
work+ man has app>5tly ! same cause4 ,b 
:5 *ildr5 made sleepy by "w 9 ! factory 
ent] ev5+ s*ools1 or :5 *ildr5 are tak5 
too e>ly f s*ool1 !y lose "u cont9u\s   
h>d "w ! desire & possibility ( adapt+  
!mselves to a high] education2 !y become
 organic ma*9es :i* fe$ ! inorganic     
ones4 ,?is mu/ cause ! value ( _! "w to 
decl9e4 ,^! organic ma*9es are passive1 
!y d n try to improve _! condition (    
life1 z d ! high] workm54 ,besides liv+ 
ma*9es _c increase ! product ( lab\r4   
,intellig5t work+ m5 :o wat* ov] _! own 
rights & increase !m are also ^? :o le>n

 easie/ new me?ods ( "w1 discov] new    
inv5tions :i* are ( advantage to _! l9e 
( "w1 & s increase ! value ( _! product4
 ,x is only by ! gr[? ( ?is class (     
workm51 t any c\ntry to-day c /& !      
pressure ( =eign competition4 ,b ! *ief 
condition ( ?is gr[? is t ! bodily &    
m5tal p[]s ( ! *ild %all be us$ = 8 own 
developm5t 9 s*ool games & play2 at !   
same "t 8 capacity = "w mu/ be tra9$ by 
occupation at home & 9 ! te*nical s*ool1
 n by "w 9 a factory4  ,"s ye>s ago1 a  
poem creat$ a furore ov] ! :ole civilis$
 _w1 f ,canada to ! isl&s ( ,polynesia4 
,! au?or ( ?is poem1 ,edw9 ,m>kham1 0   
inspir$ by ,millet's simple & wond]ful  
picture1 ,! ,man ) ! ,hoe4 ,an          
agricultural lab\r] ) b[$ back /&s !re1 
"o h& fold$ on ! o!r1 support$ on ! h&le
 ( ! hoe4 ,millet 9 him has et]nalis$ ! 
expression s (t5 obs]v$ 9 old workm51   
especially 9 ^? :o are worn out by day  
lab\r4 ,! man's face is empty1 says     
no?+1 e human aspect has disappe>$2 we  
only see 9 8 face ! look ( ! pati5t bea/

 ( burd54 ,= :ile mod]ate "w ennobles ! 
animal 9 man1 immod]ate "w kills        
humanity 9 ! bea/4  ,millet's picture 0 
to ! poet1 :o 0 once himself a slave to 
bodily labor1 a revelation1 ! et]nal    
arti/ic type ( ! g5]ation ( man b[$ d[n 
f *ildhood "u ! yoke ( lab\r4 ,9 "o     
/rophe aft] ano!r ( t f9ely conceiv$    
poem he pictures ?is be+ t does n sorr[1
 & nev] hopes1 8 de/roy$ s\l = :i*      
,plato & ! ,pleiades1 ! sunrise & !     
rose1 all ! treasures ( m9d & nature1   
are no?+4 ,! poet asks sov]eigns1 ma/]s1
 & gov]nors h[ !y w re/ore to ?is ?+ a  
s\l1 h[ !y w give x music & dreams4     
,:at1 he asks1 w become ( ! p :o h made 
?is be+ :at x is n[2 :5 aft] a ?\s&     
ye>s' sil5ce ,god's t]rible "q is       
answ]$1--,:at has become ( 8 s\l4  ,_m  
su* employ]s ( lab\r g to *ur*1 !y he>  
explanations ( texts l ^!1 ,inasmu* z ye
 did x unto 444 ev5 ! lea/ ( ^!1 444 ye 
did x unto me4 ,all t ye wi% o!rs %\ld d
 to y1 t d to !m4 ,x does n occur to !m 
to ?9k h[ ,jesus1 ! mo/ inconsid]ate (  

m51 at ! "r place1 w\ld h *>act]is$ _!  
dem&s to h small *ildr5 employ$ 9 glass 
works at t5 ye>s ( age4 ,x nev] occurs  
to !m to ask :e!r !y w\ld l to see _!   
own *ildr5 9 ^! factories or o!rs l !m4 
,?is complete dualism betwe5 life &     
tea*+ 9 our pres5t-day society w cont9ue
 to exi/ until p realise t ! op9ions    
ab\t life :i* are express$ by ! lips1 b 
are d5i$ by de$s1 %\ld no long] be      
proclaim$ z an absolute explanation (   
life & rule ( life4 ,! p]man5t elem5t 9 
,*ri/ianity c only be realis$ ?r\gh !   
conviction t mank9d is ma/] (           
,*ri/ianity j z x is ov] all its o!r    
creations4 ,! ard5t idea ( ! ,galilean  
c>p5t]1 frat]nity among m51 w give man  
no re/ until man has wip$ out ! la/     
trace ( inju/ice 9 8 social relations4  
,b ! ?\ght w n be realis$ by ^? ideals  
reg>d$ by ,jesus z absolute4 ,?is is !  
po9t ( view :i* has crippl$ man's       
consci5ce & x applies equally to !      
realisation ( ?is & all o!r ideals4 ,an 
ideal impossible to c>ry out "u ! ord9>y

 assumptions ( human life1 yet to :i* m5
 h giv5 ! au?ority ( a div9e revelation1
 & :i* !y conceive ( z absolute1 ?is is 
! ma9 cause = ! demoralisation :i* has  
gone on = n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,! hi/ory 
( humanity has really reveal$ to m5 h[  
?is absolute ideal ( !irs has be5       
betray$4 ,! cause ( ?is demoralisation  
mu/ cease be=e exi/5ce c be remodell$   
s]i\sly by ^? :o are conv9c$ t ideals c 
really be b9d+4  ,p w !n n d z !y d n[1 
misuse ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 :om ,jesus has   
taught m5 to proclaim ) _! lips1 w n    
murd] "o ano!r en masse on !            
battlefield1 to solve political &       
economic que/ions ( supremacy4 ,a       
society :i* calls itself ,*ri/ian w no  
long] tol]ate capital puni%m5t1         
pro/itution1 /ock ex*ange gambl+1 & *ild
 slav]y4 ,m5 w n !n z !y d n[1 le>n on  
_! "m's brea/ to love _! neighb\rs z    
!mselves1 & !n tread 9 ! foot/eps ( _!  
fa!rs1 trampl+ "o ano!r d[n 9 ! /ruggle 
= bread4  ,our rev]5ce = ,god w !n be   
f\nd 9 our capacity to humanise exi/5ce 

by humanis+ ! human race4  ,! y\? ( our 
day h n always successfully pass$ out ( 
! ,*ri/ian circles ( ideals into ano!r  
circle4 ,! successful me?od w\ld be to  
face imm$iately new purposes & aims t   
are really believ$1 & = :i* m5 wi% to   
live4 ,b _m ( our "y g5]ation "k ( no   
new purposes & aims 9 :i* !y c believe4 
,h5ce comes t spiritual apa?y :i* has   
ma/]$ a great "p ( ! "y g5]ation4 ,)\t  
und]valu+ ! influ5ces ( environm5t1 ,i  
/ill believe t "y p :o h lo/ _! ideals  
)\t gett+ new ones 9 _! place are to be 
piti$4 ,! "y :o are n mak+ ideals out ( 
_! own s\ls w h no o!r "t ?an ?is to f9d
 ideals4 ,a g5]ation ( "y m5 ( ?is type 
laugh$ at ,socrates4 ,!y w\ld h nail$   
,jesus ( ,naz>e? to ! ,cross1 ) a %rug (
 ! %\ld]s2 !y w\ld h become1 und\bt$ly1 
9 #aghi1 emigrs ) ! ,b\rbons4  ,:5 ! y\?
 ( any p]iod rema9s )\t ideals1 we pass 
?r\gh a f9 de sicle p]iod no matt] :at !
 exact date may be4 ,b :5 ! "y g5]ation 
is inspir$ ) ! feel+ ( hav+ great acts  
to d1 a new c5tury beg9s4 ,x is always !

 =tunate "r ( "y p to /imulate          
individualism be=e ev]y?+ else4 ,?is is 
done e "t a "y p]son full ( s\nd egoism 
develops 8 own p]sonality completely &  
p[]fully1 ?r[s himself ke5ly into !     
/ruggle = 8 own =tune4 ,any "o :o takes 
8 individual developm5t s]i\sly w f9d t 
x is h>d to become an indep5d5t1 noble1 
& exalt$ p]sonality by tread+ und]foot  
o!r individuals4 ,he w moreov] see t x  
makes m dem&s on 8 p]sonal p[]s to try  
to create new values by new means1 to   
devote 8 y\?ful en]gy to new tasks1 ?an 
to look back to ideas t are already     
exhau/$4 ,!re is ano!r tru? ! "y man w  
soon f9d to be valid4 ,if an individual 
?r[s himself into ! /ruggle ( life )\t  
consid]ation = any "o else1 he is all ! 
m likely to get hurt 9 ! /ruggle4 ,! m  
develop$1 too1 an individual is1 ! m    
assailable po9ts !re are ab\t him to be 
w\nd$4 ,great pa91 z well z great       
happ9ess1 is = great m5 a "p ( ! fulness
 ( life4 ,failures ( a p]sonality are   
(t5 bett] pro(s t x is above ! av]age   

?an its victories4 ,b failures1 ev5 if  
!y frequ5tly leave our inn]mo/          
p]sonality %att]$1 c be borne1 :5 we h  
le>nt t !re is a b&age to heal our own  
w\nds1 ! b&age1 ,i mean1 t we lay on !  
w\nds ( o!rs4  ,no real man ne$s to wait
 until life has taught him1 to sympa?ise
 ) o!rs4 ,! inspir+ age ( y\? may       
exp]i5ce ?is1 z well z ! /rong          
individual feel+ ( p[]4 ,9 ?is s5se1 _m 
rema9 ev] "y1 always able to pass ?r\gh 
inspir$ mom5ts1 su* mom5ts :5 a great   
action1 a great tru?1 a great &         
beautiful ?+1 or great good =tune1      
absorbs our :ole exi/5ce2 mom5ts :5 our 
eyes fill ) te>s1 :5 our arms /ret* out 
to embrace ! _w & ! ?\ghts :i* x        
conta9s4 ,su* mom5ts include ! mo/      
int5sive emotion ( our own p]sonality2  
at ! same "t !y br+ ! fulle/ absorption 
9 ! common feel+ ( exi/5ce z a :ole4 ,a 
great life means giv+ cont9uity ( action
 to su* inspir$ mom5ts4  ,!re are "y p  
:o c look back on no su* mom5ts1 :o     
arrogantly look d[n on ! problems ( _!  

times f ! height ( _! sup]man !ories or 
f _! sup]ior le>n+2 :o measure !m by !  
iron law ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,at all
 times !re h be5 su* p4 ,!re is no "q 9 
:i* x is m fatal = "y p to isolate      
!mselves1 ?an t :i* deals ) social      
conflicts4 ,?is age requires ! "y above 
all o!rs to te/ ?is "q f all po9ts (    
view1 to inve/igate all o!r ideas 9     
connection ) x4 ,e re=m plan mu/ be     
inve/igat$ 9 connection ) its influ5ce  
on ! problems ( individualism &         
socialism4 ,f y\? we h a "r to expect   
some?+ = ! future4 ,?is hope implies t  
y\?1 9 approa*+ x1 9 ?9k+ & act+ = ! _m 
^: lot x is ! imm$iate task ( ! future  
to improve1 adopt z _! own ! words (    
,walt ,:itman1 ,i d n ask :e!r my w\nd$ 
bro!r suff]s2 ,i w myself be ?is w\nd$  
bro!r4     ,,adv]tisem5ts   ,a          
,selection f ! ,catalogue (  ,g4 ,p4    
,,putnam',s ,,sons  ,complete           
,catalogues s5t on application   ,clev]1
 orig9al1 & fasc9at+   ,! ,lo/ ,art (   
,read+  ,m\nt ,tom ,edition  ,new       

,edition 9 ,two ,volumes  ,i4 ,! ,*ild &
 ! ,book  ,a ,manual = ,p>5ts & =       
,tea*]s 9 ,s*ools & ,colleges  ,,ii4 ,! 
,lo/ ,art ( ,read+  or1 ,! ,man & ,!    
,book  ,two ,volumes1 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,sold 
sep>ately4  ,ea* net1 #a4ej  ,by ,g]ald 
,/anley ,lee  ,i mu/ express ) y\r      
connivance ! joy ,i h _h1 ! en?usiasm ,i
 h felt1 9 gloat+ ov] e page ( :at ,i   
believe is ! mo/ brilliant book ( any   
season s9ce ,c>lyle's & ,em]son's p5s 7 
laid aside4 ,! title does n h9t at any m
 ?an a fraction ( ! cont5ts4 ,x is a    
highly orig9al critique ( phili/9ism &  
gradgr9dism 9 education1 libr>y sci5ce1 
sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & life 9 g5]al4 ,x is   
full ( humor1 ri* 9 /yle1 & ecc5tric 9  
=m & all suffus$ ) ! p]f]vid g5ius ( a  
man :o is n m]ely a ?9k] b a =ce4 ,e    
s5t5ce is t+l+ly alive1 & z if furni%$ )
 long ant5n ( sugge/iv5ess4 ,i d n "k :o
 ,mr4 ,lee is1 b ,i "k ?is--t if he goes
 on z he has be51 we ne$ no long] :9e t 
we h no wor?y successors to ! old       
,brahm9ical writ]s ( ,new ,engl&4  ,i h 

be5 read+ ) wond] & laught] & ) l\d     
*e]s4 ,x is ! ^w ( all words t ne$$ to  
be spok5 j n[4 ,x makes me believe t    
aft] all we hav5't a great k9d]g>t5 ab\t
 u 9 au?or%ip1 b t !re is virtue1 race1 
sap 9 u yet4 ,i c conceive t ! date ( ! 
publication ( ?is book may well be !    
date ( ! moral & intellectual r5aissance
 = :i* we h long be5 scann+ !           
horizon4--,,wm4 ,,sloane ,,k5n$y 9      
,bo/on ,transcript4  ,new ,york--,g4 ,p4
 ,,putnam',s ,,sons--,london   ,a ,book 
= ,p>5ts & ,tea*]s   ,up ,?r\gh         
,*ildhood  ,a ,/udy ( ,"s ,pr9ciples (  
,education 9 ,relation to ,fai? &       
,conduct  ,by  ,george ,all5 ,hubbell1  
,ph4,d4 7,columbia7  ,vice-,presid5t (  
,b]ea ,college  ,) ,introduction by     
,dr4 ,frank ,m4 ,mc,murray  ,tea*]s     
,college1 ,n4 ,y4  #abmo4 #a4be net4 ,by
 mail1 #a4dj  ,! book is divid$ into f\r
 p>ts3 ,"p ,i41 deal+ ) ! ,s*ool (      
,life1 9 :i* are discuss$ 7#a7 life z   
opportunity1 7#b7 t aim ( education :i* 
w make x possible to use ?is opportunity

 aright1 & 7#c7 ! in/itutions (         
education :i*1 z environm5t1 contribute 
to ! unfold+ & in/ruction ( ! *ild4 ,"p 
,,ii4 deals ) ! tea*] 9 relation to 8 "w
 z a quick5]1 & !n passes to ! tea*]'s  
prep>ation1 8 relation to ! ,bible1 &   
la/ & be/ 8 relation to ! *ild4 ,"p     
,,iii4 deals ) ! "y be+ 9 all /ages ( 8 
gr[? f bir? to adult life1 fir/ tak+ up 
! broad "q ( man's place 9 nature1 &    
deal+ ) t z fundam5tal to all fur!r     
int]pretation4 ,! o!r topics conc]n     
!mselves ) man's reaction on environm5t1
 ) ! developm5t ( ! m5tal p[]s & ! plac+
 ( ^! 9 due relation to ea* o!r1 ) !    
tra9+ ( ! *ild's fai?1 ) ! specific     
consid]ation ( ! boy's & girl's         
exp]i5ces to adult life1 & ) ! r\nd$    
life4  ,new ,york--,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s  
,,sons--,london