,,an ,,acc\nt   ,,(   ,,! ,,late        
,,improvem5ts   ,,9   ,,galvanism1   ,,)
 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,curi\s ,,& ,,int]e/+  
,,exp]im5ts   ,,p]=m$   ,,be=e ,,!      
,,commission]s ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,national
 ,,in/itute1   ,,& ,,repeat$ ,,lately   
,,9 ,,!   ,,anatomical ,,!atres ,,(     
,,london4    ,,by ,,john ,,ald9i1       
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,philosophy
 ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,bologna1     
,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,m$ical ,,& ,,galvanic 
,,societies ,,( ,,p>is1 ,,( ,,!         
,,m$ical ,,society ,,( ,,london1 ,,etc4 
,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,add$1   ,,an          
,,app5dix1   ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,au?or',s   
,,exp]im5ts   ,,on ,,! ,,body ,,( ,a    
,,malefactor ,,execut$ ,,at ,,newgate4  
c4 c4    ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,engrav+s4    
,illu/ration3 ,m$allions    ,,london3   
,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,cu!ll ,,& ,,m>t91         
,,middle-,,r[1 ,,holborn1   ,,& ,j4     
,,murray1 ,,no4 #cb1 ,,fleet-,,/reet1   
,,by ,,wilks ,,& ,,taylor1              
,,*anc]y-,,lane4   #ahjc4               
,,editor',s ,,preface4   ,few discov]ies

 9 mod]n times h excit$ s mu* curiosity 
z t ( ,galvanism4 ,ev] s9ce x 0 fir/    
made kn[n by its celebrat$ ,au?or1 x has
 engag$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ em95t        
philosoph]s 9 ,europe2 & v>i\s rese>*es 
h be5 und]tak5 to asc]ta9 ! pr9ciples on
 :i* x dep5ds2 & ! laws to :i* x is     
subject4  ,?\gh "s ( its s+ul> prop]ties
 are fully e/abli%$1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! 
discov]y is /ill 9 its infancy2 b en\gh 
( x is kn[n to prove its importance1 &  
to induce philosoph]s to cont9ue _!     
rese>*es1 :i* !re is e reason to suppose
 may lead to "s v curi\s results4  ,!   
exp]im5ts1 inde$1 :i* h already be5     
made1 seem to indicate t x may op5 a new
 field 9 ! heal+ art2 & x appe>s by a   
late report pres5t$ to ! ,class ( !     
,exact ,sci5ces ( ! ,academy ( ,tur91 t 
! m$ical application ( x has be5 att5d$ 
) ! mo/ b5eficial effects 9 a case (    
confirm$ hydrophobia4  ,:ile ,galvanism1
 indep5d5tly ( o!r advantages1 holds out
 su* hopes ( utility 9 reg>d to objects 
s int]e/+ to mank9d2 a "w conta9+ a full

 acc\nt ( ! late improvem5ts :i* h be5  
made 9 x1 illu/rat$ by a complete c\rse 
( exp]im5ts1 _c fail ( be+ acceptable to
 ! public 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> to      
m$ical m51 to ^: dep>tm5t1 9 "o po9t (  
view1 x m ess5tially belongs4  ,:5      
,pr(essor ,ald9i left ?is c\ntry1 !     
manuscript1 writt5 9 ,fr5*1 toge!r ) two
 pr9t$ ,lat9 ,diss]tations1 0 put into !
 ,editor's h&s1 9 ord] t !y might be    
prep>$ = ! press4 ,a translation ( ^!   
=ms ! pr9cipal "p ( ! "w3 & an ,app5dix 
has be5 add$1 conta9+ ! au?or's         
exp]im5ts on ! body ( a malefactor      
execut$ at ,newgate2 exp]im5ts ( a      
simil> k9d on ! bodies ( ?ree crim9als  
decapitat$ at ,bologna2 & an exp]im5t   
lately made at ,calais1 :i* seems to %[ 
t ,galvanism is susceptible ( be+       
convey$ to a v consid]able di/ance ?r\gh
 ! wat] ( ! sea4  ,! ,editor ?9ks x     
necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! pr9cipal        
exp]im5ts1 ( :i* an acc\nt is giv5 9 ?is
 "w1 are illu/rat$ by prop] engrav+s1 & 
t ! title page is embelli%$ ) a         

repres5tation ( ! gold m$al pres5t$ to !
 ,au?or1 z a m>k ( _! respect1 by !     
m$ical pr(essors & pupils ( ,guy's & ,/4
 ,?omas's ,hospitals4    ,,london1      
,may #ab?1 #ahjc4       ,,cont5ts4      
,,"p ,i4                                
,,page    ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,g5]al  
,,prop]ties ,,( ,,galvanism4            
,,proposition ,i4 ,muscul> contractions 
are excit$ by !     developm5t ( a fluid
 9 ! animal ma*9e1 :i* is     conduct$ f
 ! n]ves to ! muscles )\t !             
concurr5ce or action ( metals           
#c    ,,prop4 ,,ii4 ,! ,galvanism       
excit$1 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1     is n  
ow+ to ! communication nor to !         
transfusion (     ! g5]al electricity1 b
 to an electricity peculi> to           
animals1 :i* acts a v di/+ui%$ "p 9 !   
animal     economy                      
#f    ,,prop4 ,,iii4 ,galvanism develops
 itself 9 a p[]ful mann]1               
indep5d5tly ( metals1 by means ( ! human
 animal ma*9e  #h    ,,prop4 ,,iv4      
,muscul> contractions c be excit$1 "u   

c]ta9     conditions1 )\t e/abli%+ a    
cont9u$ arc f !     n]ves to ! muscles  
#aa    ,,prop4 ,v4 ,! effects (         
,galvanism1 9 ! prec$+     exp]im5ts1 d 
n dep5d on ! action ( any /imulant1     
:i* occurs 9 p]=m+ ! exp]im5ts1 & ought 
n to     be conf\nd$ ) ! effects ( t    
action                 #ab    ,,prop4   
,,vi4 ,galvanism is excit$ 9 ! animal   
ma*9e )\t     any int]m$iate body1 &    
m]ely by ! application ( !     n]ves to 
! muscles                               
#ad    ,,prop4 ,,vii4 ,! het]og5eity (  
metals contributes1 9 a great           
degree1 to excite muscul> contractions )
 m facility1     b is n absolutely      
necess>y to _! production           #ai 
,,prop4 ,,viii4 ,! ,leyd5 flask1 !      
,voltaic pile1 & animal     sub/ances1 h
 ! faculty ( absorb+ pr9ciples f !      
atmosph]ic air 9 an insulat$ pl5um      
#ba    ,,prop4 ,,ix4 ,flame prev5ts !   
action ( ! ,leyd5 flask1 z     well z t 
( ! pile1 & also muscul> contractions   
#bg    ,,prop4 ,x4 ,c]ta9 fluids1 appli$

 to ! :ole surface ( !     pile1 or (   
animal p>ts1 d n prev5t ! action (      
,galvanism                              
#bi    ,,prop4 ,,xi4 ,m]e electrization1
 by means ( ! common k9ds (             
app>atus1 does n increase ! action (    
,galvanism          #cb    ,,prop4      
,,xii4 ,! ,galvanic action is increas$  
by employ+ z     "p ( ! arc ! app>atus (
 ,volta1 or ! electrifi$     ,leyd5     
flask                                   
#cd    ,,prop4 ,,xiii4 ,galvanism1 9    
animals & 9 ! pile1 trav]ses     l>ge   
spaces ) ! same rapidity z ! electric   
fluid     #cf    ,,prop4 ,,xiv4 ,!      
muscul> contractions1 :i*1 accord+ to ! 
obs]vations ( ,galvani1 are produc$ by  
an electric     atmosph]e :e!r natural  
or artificial1 correspond entirely     )
 ^? produc$ by ! pile1 or by simil> k9ds
 (     app>atus                         
#cg    ,,prop4 ,,xv4 ,opium1 c9*ona1 &  
o!r /imulants ( a simil>     k9d1 :i*   
ex]cise a p[]ful action on ! animal     
ma*9e1     contribute also to excite !  

action ( ! pile              #da        
,,prop4 ,,xvi4 ,if ! g5]al relation     
betwe5 ,galvanism &     electricity be  
exam9$1 su* a correspond5ce w be f\nd   
betwe5 !m1 z t5ds to confirm ! analogy  
already /at$  #dd    ,,prop4 ,,xvii4 ,! 
hypo!sis ( an animal pile1 analog\s to  
t =m$ artificially1 seems well calculat$
 to expla9     ! s5sations &            
contractions 9 ! animal ma*9e           
#dg     ,,"p ,,! ,,second4    ,,on ,,!  
,,influ5ce ,,:i* ,,galvanism ,,has ,,on 
,,! ,,vital ,,p[]s         #ec          
,,section ,i4 ,galvanism appli$ to v>i\s
 quadrup$s1 birds1 &     o!r w>m-blood$ 
animals                                 
#ed    ,,section ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts made  
on human bodies aft] dea?       #fg     
,,"p ,,! ,,?ird4    ,,on ,,! ,,p[] ,,(  
,,galvanism ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,m$ic9e  
#ig    ,,sect4 ,i4 ,advantages :i* !    
m$ical adm9i/ration (     ,galvanism has
 ov] t ( common electricity             
#ii    ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,application (     
,galvanism to ! organs ( he>+     & (   

sight                                   
#aja    ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,application (   
,galvanism 9 cases ( asphyxia &         
dr[n+                                   
#aaj    ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,galvanism appli$ 
to ! cure ( melan*oly madness           
#aac    ,,sect4 ,v4 ,g5]al reflections  
on ! action & influ5ce :i*              
,galvanism1 consid]$ 9 a m$ical po9t (  
view1 ex]cises     on ! animal conomy   
#abc    ,,diss]tation on animal         
electricity1 read 9 ! ,in/itute (       
,bologna 9 ! ye> #agic                  
#acc    ,,second ,,diss]tation on animal
 electricity1 read 9 !     ,in/itute (  
,bologna 9 ! ye> #agid                  
#aee    ,conclusion                     
#ahf     ,,app5dix                      
#ahi    ,no4 ,i4 ,an acc\nt ( !         
exp]im5ts p]=m$1 by ,j4 ,ald9i1     on !
 body ( a malefactor execut$ at ,newgate
 ,jan4 #ag1     #ahjc                   
ib4    ,no4 ,,ii4 ,report pres5t$ to !  
,class ( ! ,exact ,sci5ces (     !      
,academy ( ,tur91 #ae? ,augu/ #ahjb1 9  

reg>d to !     ,galvanic exp]im5ts made 
by ,c4 ,,vassali-,,e&i1 ,,giulio1 &     
,,rossi1 on ! #aj? & #ad? ( ! same mon?1
 on ! bodies     ( ?ree m5 a %ort "t    
aft] _! decapitation4 ,by ,c4           
,,giulio                                
#bjd    ,no4 ,,iii4 ,acc\nt ( an        
exp]im5t made at ,calais1 on !          
transmission ( ,galvanism ?r\gh an arm (
 ! sea          #bag     ,,an ,,acc\nt  
,,( ,,! ,,late  ,,improvem5ts ,,9       
,,galvanism4   ,a j tribute ( applause  
has be5 be/[$ on ! celebrat$ ,pr(essor  
,volta = 8 late discov]y2 & ,i h no     
desire to deprive him ( any "p ( t hon\r
 to :i* he is s ju/ly entitl$2 b ,i am  
f> f ent]ta9+ an idea t we ought1 on ?is
 acc\nt1 to neglect ! fir/ lab\rs (     
,galvani4 ,?\gh ^! two philosoph]s      
pursu$ diff]5t r\tes1 !y concurr$ to ?r[
 consid]able light on ! same po9ts (    
sci5ce2 & ! "q n[ is1 to det]m9e :i* (  
!m d$uc$ ! mo/ j consequ5ces f ! facts  
he obs]v$2 & !n to asc]ta9 :e!r ! facts 
e/abli%$ by ,galvani lead to ! !ory (   

,volta1 or :e!r ^? discov]$ by ,volta   
are connect$ ) ! !ory ( ,galvani4 ,= my 
"p1 ,i am ( op9ion t ^! two !ories may  
s]ve 9 an em95t degree to illu/rate ea* 
o!r4  ,la/ ye> ,pr(essor ,volta ann\nc$ 
to ! public ! action ( ! metallic pile4 
,i "h propose to exhibit1 accord+ to !  
pr9ciples ( ,pr(essor ,galvani1 ! action
 ( ! animal pile4  ,su* is ! plan ,i h  
conceiv$ 9 ord] to reconcile ! sy/ems ( 
^! two illu/ri\s philosoph]s3 x =ms !   
object ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* is divid$ into
 ?ree p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ ,i %all exhibit ! 
action ( ,galvanism indep5d5tly (       
metals1 & expla9 "s ( its g5]al         
prop]ties4 ,! second w conta9 exp]im5ts 
on ! p[] ( ,galvanism to excite ! vital 
=ces4 ,9 ! ?ird ,i %all propose "s      
useful applications ( x to m$ic9e1 &    
expla9 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! new m$ical  
adm9i/ration ( ,galvanism is f\nd$4 ,to 
r5d] ! "w z me?odical z possible1 ,i h  
endeav\r$ to arrange ! exp]im5ts 9 su* a
 mann] t !y may s]ve z pro(s to a s]ies 
( g5]al propositions1 :i*1 x is hop$1 w 

be ( use to physiology & to ! doctr9e ( 
! animal economy4     ,,"p ,,! ,,fir/4  
,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,prop]ties
 ,,( ,,galvanism4     ,,proposition ,i4 
,muscul> contractions are excit$ by !   
developm5t ( a fluid 9 ! animal ma*9e1  
:i* is conduct$ f ! n]ves to ! muscles  
)\t ! concurr5ce or action ( metals4    
,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,hav+ provid$ ! head (  
an ox1 rec5tly kill$1 ,i ?ru/ a f+] ( "o
 ( my h&s1 moi/5$ ) salt wat]1 into "o (
 ! e>s 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #a471 at ! same 
"t t ,i held a prep>$ frog 9 ! o!r h&1 9
 su* a mann] t its sp9al m>r[ t\*$ !    
upp] "p ( ! tongue4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t 0
 made1 /rong convulsions 7 obs]v$ 9 !   
frog2 b on sep>at+ ! arc all !          
contractions ceas$4  ,?is exp]im5t w    
succe$ /ill bett] if ! arc be convey$ f 
! tongue ( ! ox to ! sp9al m>r[ ( !     
frog4 ,?is me?od 0 f\nd to be exce$+ly  
conv5i5t = try+ ! effect ( ,galvanism on
 sev]al calves4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4      
,hav+ provid$ ! trunk ( a calf1 ,i      
convey$ ! arc f ! muscles ( ! abdom5 to 

! sp9al m>r[ ( a frog1 prep>$ & arrang$ 
9 ! usual mann]4 ,! frog seem$ mu*      
affect$1 & ! contractions 7 exce$+ly    
viol5t :5 ! arc 0 compos$ ( a *a9 (     
diff]5t p]sons1 unit$ toge!r by ! h&s   
moi/5$ ) salt wat]4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4 
,i connect$1 by means ( "o *a9 (        
moi/ure1 ! heads ( two or ?ree calves1 &
 obs]v$ t by ?is comb9ation ! =ce ( !   
,galvanism 0 ex]t$ ) m en]gy3 a frog1   
:i* 0 n affect$ by t\*+ "o head1        
exp]i5c$ viol5t contractions :5 appli$  
to a s]ies ( sev]al heads connect$      
toge!r4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,i ?9k x    
prop] "h to m5tion a v curi\s obs]vation
 :i* ,i made lately at ,p>is1 9 company 
) pr(essor ,huzz>d1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( !   
,commission]s ( ! ,national ,in/itute4  
,on apply+ ! sp9al m>r[ ( a prep>$ frog 
to ! c]vical muscles ( a horse's head1  
sep>at$ f ! body1 no muscul> convulsions
 took place2 b if1 at ! same "t1 ano!r  
p]son t\*$ ) 8 h&1 moi/5$ by a solution 
( muriate ( soda1 ! sp9al m>r[ ( !      
horse1 convulsions 7 always produc$ 9 ! 

frog1 ?\gh !re 0 no communication betwe5
 ! p]sons1 except t =m$ by a floor on   
:i* !y /ood4     ,,proposition ,,ii4    
,! ,galvanism excit$1 9 ! prec$+        
exp]im5ts1 is n ow+ to ! communication  
nor to ! transfusion ( ! g5]al          
electricity1 b to an electricity peculi>
 to animals1 :i* acts a v di/+ui%$ "p 9 
! animal economy4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4      
,hav+ plac$ ! trunk ( a calf 7,plate ,i4
 fig4 #b47 on an insulat$ table1 ,i made
 a longitud9al incision 9 ! brea/1 9    
ord] to obta9 a long s]ies ( muscles    
uncov]$4 ,i !n arrang$ two insulat$     
p]sons 9 su* a mann] t ! "o ) a f+]1    
moi/5$ by salt wat]1 t\*$ ! sp9al m>r[ (
 ! calf1 :ile ! o!r appli$ ! sp9al m>r[ 
( a frog to ! muscles ( ! trunk4 ,e "t  
?is arc 0 =m$1 muscul> contractions 7   
produc$ 9 ! frog4 ,:5 ! two p]sons let g
 ea* o!r's h&s1 ! contractions ceas$4 ,i
 repeat$ ?is exp]im5t1 ) ! same success1
 on ! insulat$ head ( an ox1 convey+ !  
arc f ! sp9al m>r[ ( ! frog to ! tongue4
 ,frogs 7 z viol5tly affect$ :5 !       

exp]im5t 0 made ) ! insulat$ trunks (   
diff]5t k9ds ( birds4  ,?is exp]im5t1 9 
my op9ion1 af=ds a decisive pro( t !    
,galvanic fluid is peculi> to ! animal  
ma*9e1 indep5d5tly ( ! influ5ce (       
metals1 or ( any o!r =eign cause4 ,9 ^! 
exp]im5ts1 inde$1 we h "s animal ma*9es1
 s comb9$ t ! result is /rong           
contractions 9 ! frog4 ,all ! bodies 7  
insulat$2 &1 !re=e1 x _c be suppos$ t ! 
contractions 7 occasion$ by ! direct    
influ5ce ( t g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* p]vades
 e body 9 nature4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1    
:e!r x be ascrib$ to ! action ( ! animal
 *a91 =m$ by ! arms ( ! p]sons1 or to ! 
animal pile1 =m$ by ! trunk ( ! calf1 t 
we %all /ill be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge !   
action ( a pr9ciple :i* belongs to !    
organization ( ! animal ma*9e1 )\t hav+ 
any dep5d5ce on metals4         99      
99     99     99     99  ,to prove 9 !  
animal body ! exi/5ce ( a pr9ciple :i*  
philosoph]s c by c]ta9 means excite &   
direct at pleasure 9 _! exp]im5ts1 is a 
matt] ( ! greate/ importance2 ?\gh !    

mann] 9 :i* x is put 9 action by nature1
 h[ev] wond]ful1 is unkn[n to u4 ,"h !n 
we h develop$ a v en]getic fluid1       
capable ( transmission1 & d]iv+ its     
orig9 f ! action ( ! animal =ces2 s9ce !
 p>ts ( bodies sep>at$ f ! common       
res]voir ( g5]al electricity h /ill (   
!mselves ! faculty ( reproduc+ x1 & (   
caus+ x to circulate 9 a mann] prop] =  
excit+ muscul> contractions4            
,,proposition ,,iii4   ,galvanism       
develops itself 9 a p[]ful mann]1       
indep5d5tly ( metals1 by means ( ! human
 animal ma*9e4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,if y  
hold 9 y\r h&1 moi/5$ ) salt wat]1 !    
muscles ( a prep>$ frog1 & apply !      
crural n]ves to ! tip ( y\r tongue1 y w 
imm$iately see viol5t contractions      
produc$ 9 ! frog4 ,all suspicion ( any  
/imulant ex]t+ an action 9 ?is case1 may
 be remov$ by repeat+ ! exp]im5t ) !    
frog held 9 ! dry h&3 ! muscul>         
contractions w !n cease1 unless ! action
 ( ,galvanism 9 ! frog1 or 9 ! animal   
ma*9e1 be uncommonly p[]ful2 9 :i* case 

contractions may be produc$ )\t e/abli%+
 an arc f ! n]ves to ! muscles4         
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,i held ! muscles ( a 
prep>$ frog 9 "o ( my h&s1 moi/5$ by    
salt wat]1 & br\ght a f+] ( ! o!r h&1   
well moi/5$1 ne> to ! crural n]ves4 ,:5 
! frog possess$ a great deal ( vitality 
! crural n]ves gradually approa*$ my h&1
 & /rong contractions took place at !   
po9t ( contact4 ,?is exp]im5t proves !  
exi/5ce ( a v rem>kable k9d (           
attraction1 obs]v$ n only by myself1 b  
also by ^? :om ,i reque/$ to repeat !   
exp]im5t4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,! above 
exp]im5t requires great precision 9 !   
prep>ation1 & a consid]able degree (    
vital p[] 9 ! frog4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by   
,pr(essor ,fontana1 9 a lett] lately    
receiv$ f him1 t ?is phnom5on dep5ds on 
v delicate circum/ances1 :i* he proposes
 to expla94 ,he assures me1 at ! same   
"t1 t he has twice se5 ! n]ve attract$1 
9 ?is mann]1 by ! muscle4 ,be+ desir\s  
to r5d] ?is phnom5on m evid5t1 ,i =m$ ! 
arc1 by apply+ "o ( my h&s to ! sp9al   

m>r[ ( a w>m-blood$ animal1 :ile ,i held
 a frog 9 ! o!r1 9 su* a mann] t !      
crural n]ves 7 br\ght v ne> to !        
abdom9al muscles4 ,by ?is arrangem5t !  
attraction ( ! n]ves ( ! frog became v  
s5sible4 ,i p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t = ! fir/ 
"t1 at ,ox=d1 be=e ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,pegge
 & ,dr4 ,bancr(t1 & repeat$ x 9 !       
anatomical !atres ( ,/4 ,?omas's &      
,guy's hospitals4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,i
 made ! same obs]vations on ! body ( a  
man z ,i _h be=e made on ! head & trunk 
( an ox4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! body ( an       
execut$ crim9al1 ,i =m$ an arc f ! sp9al
 m>r[ to ! muscles1 a prep>$ frog be+   
plac$ betwe51 & always obta9$ /rong     
contractions )\t ! aid ( ! pile1 & )\t !
 lea/ influ5ce f metals4 ,i obta9$ !    
same result1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 f !      
bodies ( m5 :o _h di$ a natural dea?4   
,,exp]im5t ,v4  ,let f\r or m p]sons    
hold ea* o!r by ! h&s1 moi/5$ by a      
solution ( muriate ( soda1 s z to =m a  
long animal *a94 ,if ! fir/ hold 9 8 h& 
! muscles ( a prep>$ frog2 & if ! la/1  

at ! o!r end ( ! *a91 t\* ! sp9al m>r[  
or ! crural n]ves1 contractions w be    
produc$3 if ! animal *a9 be brok51 !    
contractions w imm$iately cease4 ,i     
p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t1 mak+ ! animal *a9 to
 consi/ ( two p]sons1 be=e ! ,galvanic  
,society at ,p>is1 & 9 ,mr4 ,wilson's   
anatomical !atre1 ,w9dmill-/reet4       
,,proposition ,,iv4   ,muscul>          
contractions c be excit$1 "u c]ta9      
conditions1 )\t e/abli%+ a cont9u$ arc f
 ! n]ves to ! muscles4   ,,exp]im5t4    
,hav+ obta9$ ! body ( an execut$        
crim9al1 ,i caus$ ! biceps muscle to be 
laid b>e1 & br\ght ne> to x ! sp9al m>r[
 ( a prep>$ frog4 ,by ^! means          
contractions 7 produc$ 9 x mu* /rong]   
?an ,i _h ev] obta9$ 9 w>m-blood$       
animals4 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 be+     
myself insulat$1 & obs]v$ no signs (    
contraction4 ,! same phnom5a 7 exhibit$ 
) ! head ( an ox1 :i* possess$ an       
extraord9>y degree ( vitality4          
,,proposition ,v4   ,! effects (        
,galvanism1 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 d n   

dep5d on ! action ( any /imulant1 :i*   
occurs 9 p]=m+ ! exp]im5ts1 & ought n to
 be conf\nd$ ) ! effects ( t action4    
,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,9 ! exp]im5t ( ! frog  
appli$ to ! uncov]$ biceps muscle ( !   
body ( ! malefactor1 if any o!r body be 
made to t\* ! frog x w rema9 motionless4
 ,?is proves t ! contractions produc$ 9 
! frog d n arise f ! impulse ( ! m]e    
contact ( ! sp9al m>r[ ) ! muscle ( !   
human animal ma*9e4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  
,to remove /ill fur!r all suspicion ( ! 
action ( /imulants1 9 ! prec$+          
exp]im5ts1 ,i prep>$ two frogs1 &       
connect$ ! extremities ( "o ) ! sp9al   
m>r[ ( ! o!r4 ,i !n held 9 my h& !      
extremities ( "o ( ! frogs1 & appli$ !  
sp9al m>r[ ( ! o!r to ! uncov]$ muscles 
( ! head ( an ox1 :i* possess$ a great  
degree ( vitality4 ,by ^! means         
contractions 7 produc$ 9 bo? ! frogs4 ,x
 is evid5t1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 t ! =ce ( ! 
/imulant1 if !re 7 any1 might act on !  
second frog1 b n on ! fir/4             
,,proposition ,,vi4  ,galvanism is      

excit$ 9 ! animal ma*9e )\t any         
int]m$iate body1 & m]ely by !           
application ( ! n]ves to ! muscles4     
,sev]al philosoph]s h endeav\r$ to obta9
 ?is int]e/+ result4 ,pr(essor ,volta1 9
 a lett] :i* he address$ to me1 9       
,brugnatelli's ,j\rnal1 obs]v$1 8t v>i\s
 p>ts ( animals c excite ,galvanism1    
indep5d5tly ( metals40 ,galvani1 a %ort 
"t be=e 8 dea?1 propos$ two +5i\s me?ods
 ( obta9+ ?is result1 & gave me a       
description ( !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has n be5
 able to de/roy ! incr$ulity ( "s       
philosoph]s1 :o hi!rto h conf\nd$       
,galvanism ) metallic electricity1 "u an
 idea t all contractions proce$ f       
irritation1 produc$ by ! action (       
metals4 ,= ?is reason ,i h1 ) confid5ce1
 ann\nc$ my me?od1 :i* enables any "o to
 obs]ve ?is important result4           
,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,hav+ prep>$ a frog 9 ! 
usual mann]1 ,i hold ! sp9al m>r[ 9 "o  
h& 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #c471 & ) ! o!r =m  
an angle ) ! leg & foot1 9 su* a mann] t
 ! muscles ( ! leg t\* ! crural n]ves4  

,on ?is contact /rong contractions1 =m+ 
a real electrico-animal al>um 7c>illon71
 :i* cont9ue long] or %ort] accord+ to !
 degree ( vitality1 are produc$ 9 !     
extremity left to itself4 ,9 ?is        
exp]im5t1 z well z 9 ! foll[+1 x is     
necess>y t ! frogs %\ld be /rong & full 
( vitality1 & t ! muscles %\ld n be     
ov]*>g$ ) blood4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,by
 obs]v+ ! directions already giv51 v    
/rong convulsions w be obta9$2 b !y mu/ 
n be ascrib$ to ! impulse produc$ by    
br++ ! n]ve into contact ) ! muscle4 ,if
 ! exp]im5t be repeat$1 cov]+ ! muscle1 
at ! place ( contact1 ) a non-conduct+  
sub/ance1 ! contractions w entirely     
cease2 b !y w be re-produc$ z soon z !  
n]ve is made to t\* ! muscul> sub/ance4 
,9 p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t1 9 public1 ,i     
obta9$ sev]al times m ?an two hundr$    
successive contractions2 b ?is 0 nev] ! 
case :5 ,i =m$ ! same contact ) ! muscle
 by means ( a conduct+ sub/ance1 & ev5 )
 a plate ( metal4  ,to ensure ! success 
( ?is int]e/+ exp]im5t1 ! n]ves mu/ be  

prep>$ z spe$ily z possible1 by dis5gag+
 !m f e =eign sub/ance4 ,x w be prop]   
also to apply ! n]ves n to "o b to      
sev]al po9ts ( ! muscle1 ?r\gh\t its    
:ole l5g?4 ,x is obs]v$1 t ! contact ( !
 n]ves ) ! t5d9\s p>ts :i* communicate )
 ! muscles1 (t5 s]ves to increase !     
muscul> contractions4 ,i p]=m$ ! above  
exp]im5t be=e sev]al able pr(essors1    
among :om 7 ! celebrat$ ,brugnatelli &  
,c>cano1 :o1 ) t mode/y peculi> to !m1  
made sev]al +5i\s obs]vations on !      
precision :i* might be giv5 to x4       
,pr(essor ,brugnatelli 0 appreh5sive t1 
z ,i _h accid5tally t\*$ "s metals be=e 
,i p]=m$ ! exp]im5t1 metallic p>ticles  
might h adh]$ to my f+]s1 & ?us h s]v$1 
9 "s measure1 z invisible arm+1         
suffici5t ( itself to excite muscul>    
contractions4 ,?is suspicion1 h[ev]1 ,i 
remov$1 by imm]s+ my h&s 9 wat]1 to     
deta* e =eign sub/ance4 ,he !n obs]v$ t 
animal moi/ure1 indep5d5tly ( !         
circulation ( ! ,galvanic fluid f !     
n]ves to ! muscles1 might also excite   

muscul> contractions2 & he reque/$ t !  
crural n]ves might be wa%$ 9 common     
wat]4 ,?is 0 accord+ly done2 & !        
humidity ( ! n]ves be+ ?us ext]nally    
remov$1 v /rong contractions 7 /ill     
produc$1 z ! pr(essor f\nd1 to 8 full   
conviction1 on repeat+ ! exp]im5t       
himself sev]al times#a4             #a  
,x may n be improp] "h to obs]ve1 t my  
me?od ( excit+ muscul> contractions1 )\t
           metals1 is v diff]5t f t     
propos$ by o!rs4           ,i d n "k t  
convulsions h ev] be5 obta9$           9
 cold-blood$ animals by means (         
w>m-blood$4 ,f           obs]vations ,i 
h made1 ,i flatt] myself ) !            
hope ( be+ able to obta9 contractions   
)\t           metals1 ev5 9 ! muscles ( 
w>m-blood$-animals4           ,b to     
ensure ! c]ta9ty ( ?is me?od w\ld       
require long practice1 & a prep>ation   
att5d$ )           consid]able          
difficulty4 ,i h[ev] propose to attempt 
x on my return to ,italy4 ,"s           
philosoph]s1 inde$1           _h        

conceiv$ ! idea ( produc+ contractions 9
 a           frog )\t metals2 & +5i\s   
me?ods propos$ by           my uncle    
,galvani induc$ me to pay att5tion to ! 
subject1 9 ord] t ,i might atta9 to     
great]           simplicity4 ,he made me
 s5sible ( ! importance (           !   
exp]im5t1 & !re=e ,i 0 long ago inspir$ 
) a desire ( discov]+ t int]e/+ process4
           ,x w be se5 9 ! ,opuscoli (  
,milan1 t ,i           %ew$ publicly1 to
 ! ,in/itute ( ,bologna1                
contractions 9 a frog )\t ! aid (       
metals1 s           f> back z ! ye>     
#agid4 ,! exp]im5t1 z describ$          
9 a memoir address$ to ,m4 ,amorotti1 is
 z foll[s3 8,i           imm]s$ a prep>$
 frog 9 a /rong solution (              
muriate ( soda4 ,i !n took x f !        
solution1 &1           hold+ "o         
extremity ( x 9 my h&1 ,i suff]$ !      
o!r to hang freely d[n4 ,:ile 9 ?is     
situation1 ,i           rais$ up ! n]ves
 ) a small glass rod1 9 su* a           
mann] t !y did n t\* ! muscles4 ,i !n   

sudd5ly remov$ ! glass rod1 & e "t t !  
sp9al m>r[ & n]ves t\*$ ! muscul> p>ts1 
contractions 7 excit$4 ,any idea ( a    
/imulus           aris+ ei!r f ! action 
( ! salt1 or f !           impulse      
produc$ by ! fall ( ! n]ves1 may be     
easily remov$4 ,no?+ w be necess>y b to 
apply           ! same n]ves to !       
muscles ( ano!r prep>$           frog1 n
 9 a ,galvanic circle2 =1 9 ?is case1   
nei!r ! salt1 nor ! impulse ev5 if m    
viol5t1           w produce muscul>     
motion4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,!         
,commission]s ( ! ,fr5* ,national       
,in/itute rem>k$1 t1 9 ord] to give !   
greate/ precision possible to ^!        
exp]im5ts1 x w\ld be necess>y to        
insulate entirely ! n]v\s & muscul>     
sy/ems4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i appli$ ^!    
p>ts to ea* o!r by means ( glass rods1 &
 ea* "t !y 7 br\ght into contact ,i     
obta9$ muscul> contractions4 ,! case 0 !
 same :5 an animal arc 0 appli$ to two  
insulat$ frogs3 contractions 7 produc$ 9
 !m bo?4 ,! app>atus employ$ = ?is      

purpose may be se5 9 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #e 
& #f4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,hav+ prep>$ a
 frog accord+ to ! usual me?od1 ,i cut  
"o ( its crural n]ves 9 su* a mann] t ! 
trunk 0 unit$ to ! sp9al m>r[ by means (
 ! o!r n]ve1 :i* rema9$ uncut1 & also by
 a blood-vessel contigu\s & p>allel to !
 cut n]ve4 ,i !n repeat$ ! above        
exp]im5t2 &1 ?\gh only "o n]ve 0 9      
contact ) ! muscles1 ,i obta9$ ! same   
results4   ,,exp]im5t ,v4  ,a ligature 0
 plac$ loosely ar\nd ! middle ( ! crural
 n]ves1 & "o ( ^! n]ves at ! ligature   
appli$ to ! correspond+ muscles3 /rong  
contractions ensu$2 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n   
take place1 :5 ! ligature 0 drawn tight1
 at ! ins]tion ( ! n]ves into ! muscles 
( ! ?igh4     ,,proposition ,,vii4  ,!  
het]og5eity ( metals contributes1 9 a   
great degree1 to excite muscul>         
contractions ) m facility1 b is n       
absolutely necess>y to _! production4   
,?is proposition ,i c\ld demon/rate 9 a 
direct mann]1 by means ( exp]im5ts1 :i* 
,i publi%$ =m]ly1 on ! contractions     

excit$ by v pure m]cury1 & :i* 7        
repeat$1 9 diff]5t ways1 by ! celebrat$ 
,humboldt4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 happy to h an  
opportunity ( exam9+ ! influ5ce ( arm+ )
 het]og5e\s sub/ances2 & ,i %all        
endeav\r to prove t x _c1 ( itself1     
produce ! effect ( muscul> contractions4
   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,if sev]al prep>$    
frogs1 t5 or m = example1 be plac$ on a 
table 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #g471 & arrang$  
p>allel to ea* o!r1 9 su* a mann] t !   
:ole sy/em ( ! n]ves %all be at "o end1 
& t ( ! muscles at ! o!r1--on apply+ two
 armatures & a metallic arc to ! fir/ ( 
^! frogs1 muscul> convulsions w be      
imm$iately excit$1 n only 9 ! fir/ frog1
 b 9 all ! re/4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,if 
! exp]im5t be repeat$ ) ! frogs arrang$ 
9 su* a mann] t ! sp9al m>r[ & muscles  
are n ea* at "o end 7,plate ,i4 fig4    
#h471 b dispos$ alt]nately s t ! sp9al  
m>r[ ( "o t\*es sometimes ! muscles (   
ano!r1 or vice v]sa1 convulsions w !n be
 produc$ only 9 "s ( ! frogs1 & n 9 !   
:ole s]ies4 ,?is exp]im5t proves t !    

effect does n1 9 any mann]1 dep5d on !  
action ( metals2 because metallic       
electricity 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t ought to  
ex]cise an action only on ! fir/ frog1 &
 n on ! re/2 &1 9 ! second1 ought to    
cause !m all to move toge!r1 or to leave
 !m motionless4  ,i %all n[ proce$ to ^?
 exp]im5ts :i* appe> to be be/ calculat$
 to support ! op9ion ( ! great analogy  
betwe5 electricity & ,galvanism4        
,,proposition ,,viii4  ,! ,leyd5 flask1 
! ,voltaic pile1 & animal sub/ances1 h !
 faculty ( absorb+ pr9ciples f !        
atmosph]ic air 9 an insulat$ pl5um4     
,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,by means ( a metallic  
po9t1 ,i electrifi$ ! int]ior side ( a  
glass j>1 :i* ,i inv]t$ & plac$ on a    
plate ( metal1 s z to =m an insulat$    
pl5um4 ,9 a little "t1 ,i saw ! wat]    
rise 9 ! glass sev]al l9es2 & ,i !n     
flatt]$ myself ) ! hopes ( obta9+ "s    
rem>kable effects by ano!r me?od4       
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,i provid$ = ?is      
exp]im5t a ,leyd5 flask1 sev5 in*es 9   
height & ab\t ?ree 9 diamet]1 coat$ 9 ! 

usual mann] ) t9 foil3 ! ext]ior end ( !
 wire t]m9at$ 9 a %>p po9t1 s t !       
electric fluid :i* escap$ f x c\ld      
easily comb9e ) ! pr9ciples ( !         
atmosph]ic air1 ) :i* x _h a great]     
aff9ity4 ,i !n electrifi$ ! j>1 & cov]$ 
x ) a glass receiv] ( su* a size t its  
electricity c\ld n be weak5$ by ! sides 
( ! latt]4 ,i ?us =m$ an insulat$ pl5um1
 & at ! end ( half an h\r ,i saw ! wat] 
asc5d 9 ! receiv] 9 a v s5sible mann]4  
,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,hav+ made ! wire to 
t]m9ate1 n 9 a po9t1 b 9 a metallic     
knob1 z usual1 ,i aga9 *>g$ ! j>1 & hav+
 plac$ x "u a common receiv]1 at ! end (
 ab\t half an h\r ,i f\nd t ! elevation 
( ! wat] 0 mu* great]4 ,to remove e     
suspicion t ?is might arise f ! wat]    
employ$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 to insulate
 ! pl5um1 ,i sub/itut$ m]cury 9 its     
/ead2 & ?\gh ! elevations 7 less1 !y 71 
h[ev]1 analog\s to ^? :i* _h be5 obs]v$ 
a little be=e ) wat]4 ,by repeat+ ?is   
exp]im5t ) a simil> j>1 n electrifi$1 "o
 may be easily conv9c$1 t ! elevation ( 

! wat] 9 ! bell ought n to be ascrib$ to
 a diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air )9 x4
   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,i plac$ "u a      
bell-glass1 =m+ an insulat$ pl5um1 a    
pile consi/+ ( fifty plates ( silv] &   
z9c4 ,next morn+ ,i obs]v$ t ! wat] _h  
ris5 "s in*es1 indicat+ t a great       
absorption ( air _h tak5 place4 ,hav+ !n
 introduc$ a tap] into ! receiv]1 x 0   
imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,! pile1 )\t be+   
arrang$ anew1 0 plac$ "u ! same receiv]2
 & on =m+ an insulat$ pl5um1 ,i obs]v$1 
aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs _h elaps$1 a s5sible
 absorption ( air4 ,a tap] 0 !n         
introduc$1 & ,i obta9$ ! same result4 ,i
 replac$ ! pile "u ! receiv]1 & f\nd1 on
 ! ?ird & foll[+ days1 t ! pile reta9$  
its moi/ure1 s t till ! t5? day x gave  
analog\s results4 ,i repeat$ ! same     
exp]im5t ) oxyg5 gas1 & f\nd1 six days  
aft]1 t ! wat] 9 ! bell _h ris5 a foot4 
,,exp]im5t ,v4  ,! same results may be  
obta9$ )\t employ+ l>ge piles & l>ge    
receiv]s4 ,9 g5]al1 x w be suffici5t to 
arrange1 9 alt]nate /rata1 "s plates (  

het]og5e\s metals4 ,if two plates (     
copp] & z9c be plac$ "u a bell an in* & 
a half 9 diamet]1 & ?ree in*es 9 height1
 & if an insulat$ pl5um be !n =m$1 two  
days aft] ! wat] w h ris5 ab\t half an  
in*4 ,hav+ repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) diff]5t 
metals1 ,i f\nd t a great] or less      
absorption ( air _h tak5 place1 accord+ 
to ! diff]5ce ( _! nature & comb9ation4 
,?is inspir$ me ) ! idea ( mak+ a s]ies 
( exp]im5ts ) diff]5t metals2 & ,i hope 
to be able1 at "s future p]iod1 to =m a 
table ( ! diff]5t heights ( ! fluid1 :i*
 may s]ve to det]m9e h[ f> !y are       
respectively susceptible ( oxidation4   
,h[ev]1 to asc]ta9 ! oxidation ( metals 
) precision1 pieces ( co9 mix$ ) alloy  
ought n to be employ$4 ,pure metals1 =m$
 into small piles1 mu/ be subject$ to   
obs]vation1 & ought to be plac$ "u equal
 bells1 at ! same temp]ature z t ( !    
atmosph]e4 ,until x be prov$ t !        
absorption ( oxyg5 9 ! above exp]im5ts  
is m]ely a *emical effect1 altoge!r     
unconnect$ ) ! action ( ,galvanism1 ,i  

?9k ,i may be all[$ to avail myself ( x 
to prove ! propos$ analogy4   ,,exp]im5t
 ,,vi4  ,! +5i\s !ory ( ,girtann]1 :o   
ascribes ! cause ( muscul> contractions 
to oxyg51 ! curi\s exp]im5ts by :i*     
,pr(essor ,humboldt revives ! muscul>   
=ce1 by means ( oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 
& ^? made by ! celebrat$ ,f\rcroy on !  
same subject1 induc$ me to exam9e !     
effect result+ f a comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) 
muscul> fibres1 9 a /ate ( ! greate/    
vitality4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i adapt$ to a
 bell-glass a b5t metallic wire1 f :i* 7
 susp5d$ f\rte5 frogs1 prep>$ ) ! utmo/ 
dispat*1 & almo/ at ! same in/ant1 by   
myself & sev]al ( my pupils2 & hav+ =m$ 
an insulat$ pl5um1 ,i f\nd1 at ! end (  
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 t ! wat] _h ris5 9 !    
bell to ! height ( ab\t half an in*4    
,,exp]im5t ,,vii4  ,i repeat$ ?is       
exp]im5t1 ) ! same success1 on          
w>m-blood$ animals4 ,i provid$1 = t     
purpose1 ! extremities ( diff]5t pullets
 f :i* ! crural n]ves _h be5 previ\sly  
sep>at$1 & f\nd t ! elevations ( ! wat]1

 9 ! insulat$ pl5um1 7 mu* less :5 ,i   
employ$ ! fibres ( ^! animals aft] _!   
vitality _h be5 weak5$4   ,,exp]im5t    
,,viii4  ,hav+ obta9$ ! bodies ( "s     
execut$ crim9als1 ,i expos$ to ! action 
( an insulat$ pl5um ! n]v\s & muscul>   
fibres1 & ! sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,!       
elevations ( ! wat] 7 rem>kable1 9      
consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t sub/ances        
subject$ to exp]im5t1 :i*1 accord+ to _!
 diff]5t *>act]s1 ex]cis$ a diff]5t     
action on ! oxyg54 ,?is fact ought to   
induce physiologi/s to und]take         
exp]im5ts ( a simil> k9d ) o!r gases1 to
 enable !m to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( !       
aff9ity ex]t$ by animal sub/ances to    
comb9e ) oxyg54   ,,exp]im5t ,,ix4  ,z  
fi%es1 & 9 p>ticul> ! torp$o1 furni% a  
l>ge quantity ( animal or ,galvanic     
electricity1 ,i 0 incl9$ to ?9k !y w\ld 
exhibit ! be=e-m5tion$ effects 9 a v    
/rik+ mann] 9 an insulat$ pl5um4 ,i     
m5tion$ to ,pr(essor ,mojon ( ,g5oa !   
exp]im5t ,i propos$ to make2 &1 9 a     
lett] :i* ,i lately receiv$ f him1 he   

in=m$ me ( ! result1 z foll[s3       8,i
 took a /rong torp$o1 &1 z soon z x 0   
dead1 arm$      its n]ves ) ! usual     
armature4 ,hav+ !n plac$ x on      an   
insulat+ /ool1 a little elevat$ above   
wat]1 ,i      cov]$ x ) a bell-glass !  
cont5t ( :i* 0 equal      to #dcb cubic 
in*es4 ,at ! end ( "s h\rs ,i obs]v$1   
) great surprise1 t ! wat] "u ! insulat$
      pl5um began to rise progressively 
dur+ ab\t t5 h\rs2      & at ! end (    
=ty-eight ,i f\nd t x _h ris5 an        
in*2 s t x occupi$ a n9? "p ( ! capacity
 (      ! bell1 t is to say1 =ty-eight  
cubic in*es4 ,i      analys$ ! rema9+   
air1 & f\nd t ! bell      conta9$ no m  
?an #hj cubic in*es ( oxyg5 gas1 &      
#cbd ( azotic gas2 & t1 dur+ ! above    
p]iod1 m      ?an two-fif?s ( ! oxyg5   
gas conta9$ 9 ! bell _h      be5        
absorb$40  ,i propose go+ to ! sea-coa/1
 9 ord] t ,i may repeat ! exp]im5t on ! 
torp$o )\t any armature2 & ,i %all      
embrace t opportunity ( mak+ v>i\s      
rese>*es 9 reg>d to ! new !ory (        

,galvanism4 ,i ?9k x necess>y1 9 g5]al1 
to submit to new exp]im5ts ! diff]5t    
animal p>ts imm]s$ 9 ! diff]5t ari=m    
fluids1 fix+ _! v>i\s comb9ations       
accord+ to ! degrees ( ,galvanic =ce :i*
 !y may possess4     ,,proposition ,,ix4
  ,flame prev5ts ! action ( ! ,leyd5    
flask1 z well z t ( ! pile1 & also      
muscul> contractions4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  
,i plac$ a light$ tap] on an insulat+   
/ool2 & hav+ made ! wire1 proce$+ f !   
int]ior coat+ ( a *>g$ ,leyd5 flask1 to 
pass ?r\gh ! flame1 ,i f\nd t1 )\t =m+  
an arc1 x lo/ a portion ( its           
electricity4 ,if ! exp]im5t be repeat$ 9
 su* a mann] t ! flame makes a "p ( !   
arc betwe5 ! two coat+s1 ! flask is     
entirely dis*>g$1 )\t ! arms ( ! p]son  
:o =ms "p ( ! arc exp]i5c+ ! lea/ %ock4 
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,i adapt$ to ! summit 
( ! pile a circul> brass vessel1 conta9+
 _s ( w9e4 ,by ^! means ! pile 0 made to
 t]m9ate 9 a /rong flame1 to :i* ,i     
appli$ a metallic conductor1 :ile ) !   
o!r h& ,i t\*$ ! bottom ( ! pile4 ,!    

,galvanic fluid /ill )/ood my ef=ts2 & !
 case 0 ! same :5 ,i sub/itut$ = ! _s ( 
w9e ! flame ( a common c&le4 ,x is prop]
 "h to rem>k1 t ! flame did n less5 !   
action ( ! ,galvanism :5 ! conductor1   
in/ead ( be+ appli$ to ! flame1 0 appli$
 to ! plate at ! summit ( ! pile4       
,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,i h already prov$ by
 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 address$ to ,c4   
,lacep$e1 t flame made to =m "p ( ! arc 
appli$ to ! n]ves & muscles ( a frog1   
prev5ts muscul> contractions4 ,i repeat$
 ! exp]im5t1 ) ! same result1 on sev]al 
w>m-blood$ animals4 ,i obs]v$ t ! flame 
int]pos$ 9 ! arc1 :i* t\*$ ! back &     
belly ( ! torp$o1 prev5t$ ! electric    
%ocks4     ,,proposition ,x4  ,c]ta9    
fluids1 appli$ to ! :ole surface ( !    
pile1 or ( animal p>ts1 d n prev5t !    
action ( ,galvanism4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4   
,two ye>s ago1 ,i made v>i\s exp]im5ts  
on ?is subject at ,flor5ce1 ) !         
celebrat$ ,fontana2 & we f\nd t a pile1 
compos$ ( a hundr$ plates ( z9c & silv]1
 aft] be+ imm]s$ "s "t 9 common wat]1   

/ill ex]cis$ a v /rong action4 ,pr(essor
 ,fontana in=ms me1 9 a lett]1 t he has 
p]=m$ ! same exp]im5t sev]al ways1 &    
always ) ! same success4   ,,exp]im5t   
,,ii4  ,be+ desir\s to exam9e ! nature (
 ! elem5t inhabit$ by ! num]\s family ( 
fi%es1 :i* are also subject to !        
influ5ce ( ! ,galvanic processes1 ,i    
fill$ ) sea-wat] ?irty e>!n vessels2 &  
hav+ =m$ a communication betwe5 !m1 by  
means ( het]og5e\s arcs1 compos$ ( brass
 & z9c1 ,i obta9$ a %ock1 :i* appe>$ to 
me /rong] ?an t obta9$ ) artificial salt
 wat]4 ,by e/abli%+ an arc ) only five (
 ^! vessels1 ! action 0 v s5sible4 ,a   
pile compos$ ( pieces ( pa/ebo>d1 moi/5$
 ) sea-wat]1 & entirely imm]s$ 9 ! same 
wat]1 gave1 :5 tri$1 v /rong %ocks4     
,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,i 0 able to prove ! 
action ( ! ,galvanic pile & ( metals "u 
wat]1 by ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t3 ,i   
plac$ a plate ( z9c at ! bottom ( a     
vessel fill$ ) salt wat]1 7,plate ,,ii4 
fig4 #f474 ,a p]son !n br\ght ! sp9al   
m>r[ ( a frog into contact ) ! surface (

 ! salt wat]2 & ano!r p]son1 absolutely 
insulat$1 t\*$ ) a silv]$ copp] wire !  
plate ( z9c4 ,e "t t ! wire 0 br\ght    
into contact ) ! z9c1 muscul>           
contractions took place4 ,i am well     
aw>e1 t ! advocates = metallic          
electricity w d$uce f ! pla9 /atem5t (  
?is fact1 an induction contr>y to       
,galvanism2 b my c&\r1 on ?is occasion1 
w %[ h[ mu* ,i am atta*$ to ! cause (   
tru?4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,among animal 
bodies1 ! torp$o is "o ( ^? :i* produce 
! mo/ p[]ful ,galvanic action4 ,9 !     
autumn ( #ahja1 ,i made "s exp]im5ts on 
?is animal at ,g5oa1 9 conjunction )    
,pr(essor ,mojon & 8 bro!r1 :o gave me e
 assi/ance 9 _! p[]4 ,:5 ,i t\*$ !      
torp$o1 "u wat]1 at ! mom5t :5 x gave ! 
%ock1 x contract$ itself1 & two jets (  
wat] proce$$ f ! two holes 9 its head4  
,to obta9 ! %ock1 x 0 n necess>y to t\* 
two di/9ct p>ts ( its body3 9 _m cases1 
! application ( ! h& to ! electric organ
 0 suffici5t4     ,,proposition ,,xi4   
,m]e electrization1 by means ( ! common 

k9ds ( app>atus1 does n increase !      
action ( ,galvanism4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4   
,artificial electricity 0 communicat$ to
 an app>atus1 compos$ ( a hundr$ cups1  
c>e be+ fir/ tak5 to insulate ! table & 
! p]sons :o 7 aft]w>ds to receive !     
action ( x4 ,if we suppose t !          
het]og5e\s arcs 7 *>g$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( 
electricity1 x w\ld seem t1 by          
communicat+ to !m any electricity1 !    
electricity ( ! :ole app>atus ought to h
 be5 r$uc$ to ! same k9d2 consequ5tly t 
no %ock ought to h be5 produc$4 ,!      
contr>y1 h[ev]1 0 ! case4 ,we exp]i5c$ v
 /rong %ocks1 v little diff]5t f ^? :i* 
w\ld h be5 obta9$ )\t artificial        
electricity4 ,i obs]v$ ! same result ) !
 pile4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,an insulat$ 
torp$o be+ electrifi$1 ! %ocks x gave 7 
n increas$4 ,! torp$o 0 kill$1 & !n     
arm$1 accord+ to ! me?od ( ,galvani1 = !
 purpose ( try+ :e!r metallic           
electricity1 9 ?is case1 w\ld h any     
influ5ce ov] x4 ,aft] ?is arrangem5t 0  
made1 e "t t ! conduct+ arc 0 appli$ to 

x /rong contractions 7 produc$2 b v     
little diff]5t f ^? rem>k$ 9 o!r        
animals4 ,?is obs]vation is agreeable to
 ^? made at ,naples by ! celebrat$      
,abilga>d1 :o1 hav+ subject$ ! torp$o to
 ! ,galvanic processes1 f\nd no         
extraord9>y contractions4               
,,proposition ,,xii4  ,! ,galvanic      
action is increas$ by employ+ z "p ( !  
arc ! app>atus ( ,volta1 or ! electrifi$
 ,leyd5 flask4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,9 !   
hall ( ! ,in/itute1 ,i plac$ on a l>ge  
table a hundr$ glass cups1 & arrang$ !m 
9 su* a mann] z to =m two rectangles1   
ea* compos$ ( fifty4 ,i e/abli%$ a      
communication betwe5 ! fir/ ( ^! cups & 
! app>atus ( ,volta1 by means ( a       
metallic wire1 :i* proce$$ f "o ( !     
int]ior *amb]s ( ! ,cab9et de ,physique1
 & t]m9at$ at ! place :]e ! exp]im5t 0  
p]=m$4 ,i !n tri$ ?is arrangem5t sev]al 
times2 &1 h[ev] diff]5t op9ions might be
 9 reg>d to ! precise increase ( !      
action ( ! ,galvanism1 all con/antly    
agre$ 9 consid]+ ! %ock z /rong]4 ,"s   

ev5 w5t s f> z to ass]t t x 0 increas$ a
 ?ird4  ,x gave me great satisfaction to
 be able1 on ?is occasion1 to confirm ! 
la/ discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,volta1 z well 
z "o ( ^? :i* he _h made be=e4 ,"o      
obs]vation1 well atte/$1 :i* t5ds to    
e/abli% ! tru? ( ?is proposition1 is1 t 
if a p]son t\* ! summit & base ( ! pile 
) two l>ge metallic conductors1 ! %ocks 
he receives w be mu* /rong]4            
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,electricity1         
conc5trat$ 9 ! ,leyd5 flask1 contributes
 also to increase ! action ( ,galvanism4
 ,hav+ prep>$ a pile1 compos$ ( fifty   
plates ( copp] & z9c1 ,i =m$ an arc by  
int]pos+ a *>g$ j>1 & obta9$ an         
explosion mu* /rong] ?an t obta9$ by !  
,leyd5 flask *>g$ ) an equal quantity ( 
! electric fluid1 & dis*>g$ indep5d5tly 
( ! pile4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,i took !
 same flask1 aft] x 0 dis*>g$1 & hav+   
=m$ a portion ( an arc1 appli$ to ! two 
extremities ( ! pile1 ,i obs]v$ t !     
,galvanism refus$ to pass ! ob/acle     
pres5t$ to x by ! /ratum ( glass        

int]pos$ betwe5 ! two coat+s2           
consequ5tly ,i receiv$ no %ock4         
,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,i repeat$ ! second   
exp]im5t1 insulat+ ! pile1 & at ! same  
"t ! p]son :o t\*$ ! pile ) ! *>g$      
flask4 ,by ^! means ,i obta9$ a mu*     
/rong] explosion ?an c\ld h be5 produc$ 
sep>ately by ! ,leyd5 flask or ! pile4  
,9 ?is exp]im5t ,i obs]v$ t ! repeat$   
passage ( ! electricity ( ! flask       
?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! pile1 did n    
deprive x ( ! prop]ty ( excit+          
,galvanism4     ,,proposition ,,xiii4   
,galvanism1 9 animals & 9 ! pile1       
trav]ses l>ge spaces ) ! same rapidity z
 ! electric fluid4   ,,exp]im5t4  ,i    
ext5d$ an iron wire1 two hundr$ & fifty 
feet 9 l5g?1 ar\nd my *amb]1 tak+ great 
c>e t x %\ld n any :]e t\* itself1 &    
made its extremities to t]m9ate at a    
table :i* ,i _h prep>$ = ! exp]im5t4 ,"o
 ( ^! extremities be+ br\ght into       
communication ) a pile compos$ ( fifty  
plates ( copp] & z9c1 ,i held ! o!r 9 my
 left h&1 & ) my "r t\*$ ! summit ( !   

pile4 ,! ,galvanism !n proce$$ f !      
bottom ( ! pile to ! summit1 trav]s+ a  
portion ( ! arc =m$ by ! animal ma*9e4  
,by ! effect ( ?is passage1 we may !re=e
 =m "s op9ion ( ! cel]ity ( ! ,galvanic 
curr5t4 ,its rapidity 0 su*1 t nei!r ,i 
nor any ( ^? :o repeat$ ! exp]im5t      
publicly1 7 able to det]m9e ! degree4 ,!
 tru? ( ?is proposition is confirm$ by  
exp]im5ts lately made by ! celebrat$    
,van ,m>um1 :o *>g$ l>ge batt]ies by    
means ( ,galvanism4     ,,proposition   
,,xiv4  ,! muscul> contractions1 :i*1   
accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,galvani1 are
 produc$ by an electric atmosph]e :e!r  
natural or artificial1 correspond       
entirely ) ^? produc$ by ! pile1 or by  
simil> k9ds ( app>atus4   ,:5 a *ange ( 
equilibrium takes place 9 ^? sy/ems (   
bodies :i* communicate ) ! n]ves & !    
muscles ( ! animal ma*9e1 x is always   
s5sible ( ?is *ange1 & muscul>          
contractions are produc$4   ,,exp]im5t  
,i4  ,x is curi\s to see an animal1     
plac$ at ! extremity ( an ap>tm5t1      

exp]i5ce a %ock1 :5 ! electric sp>k is  
extract$ at a consid]able di/ance4 ,i   
p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t sev]al times 9 !     
,cab9et de ,physique ( ! ,in/itute (    
,bologna1 by means ( a metal wire1 n    
insulat$1 :i* 0 at ! di/ance ( f\r feet 
f ! conductor ( a common electrical     
ma*9e4 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) crural   
n]ves1 hav+ a ligature 9 ! middle2 & on 
extract+ ! sp>k1 ,i obs]v$ viol5t       
contractions1 :i* ceas$ :5 ! ligature 0 
=m$ at ! place ( _! ins]tion into !     
muscles4 ,i !n p]=m$ ) ! new app>atus ( 
,volta ! exp]im5ts :i* ,galvani _h made 
) artificial electricity alone4 ,at fir/
 ,i employ$ sev]al glass cups & piles ( 
f "o to two hundr$ plates ( metal2 :i*  
prov$ to me t simil> results might be   
obta9$ ) ! foll[+ simple app>atus4      
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,hav+ plac$ ^u a table
 two glass vessels fill$ ) salt wat]1   
7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #e47 :i* ,i connect$ 
by means ( an arc compos$ ( brass & z9c1
 ,i appli$ to ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 "o (
 ! vessels1 ! sp9al m>r[ ( a prep>$     

frog1 ! correspond+ muscles ( :i* ,i    
held 9 "o ( my h&s4 ,ano!r p]son ) 8 h&1
 or a plate ( metal1 !n t\*$ ! wat]     
conta9$ 9 ! o!r vessel1 &1 at ea*       
contact1 ! muscles exp]i5c$ viol5t      
contractions4 ,to remove all idea ( !   
contractions be+ produc$ by ! action ( !
 salt wat]1 ,i connect$ ) ! sp9al m>r[ a
 "p ( ! muscles ( ano!r animal1 :i*1    
in/ead ( ! sp9al m>r[1 0 made to t\* !  
salt wat]1 & obta9$ ! same result4      
,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,! same app>atus be+ 
reta9$1 if ei!r ! p]son :o t\*es !      
surface ( ! wat] 9 ! fir/ glass vessel1 
or ! "p ( ! frog imm]s$ 9 ! second1 be  
insulat$1 no muscul> contractions are   
produc$2 b !y aga9 take place :5 !      
insulation is remov$4 ,! viol5ce ( !    
contractions is increas$ by increas+ !  
numb] ( ! glass vessels4 ,if ^! vessels 
are made to communicate by means ( arcs1
 =m$ ( "o homog5e\s metal1 ! results are
 n diff]5t f ^? obs]v$ :5 het]og5e\s    
metals are employ$4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  
,be+ desir\s to confirm ! !ory ( !      

,galvanic atmosph]e1 ,i plac$ 9 x ! body
 ( an execut$ crim9al4 ,i remov$ ! pile 
to ! di/ance ( a foot f ! trunk1 )\t !  
usual communication ( metallic arcs2 &  
hav+ made an incision 9 ea* ancle1 two  
p]sons held two frogs prep>$ 9 ! usual  
mann]1 9 su* a position t ! sp9al m>r[  
re/$ on ! incisions4 ,:5 matt]s 7 ?us   
arrang$1 e "t t a ?ird p]son t\*$ !     
summit ( ! pile1 bo? ! frogs exp]i5c$   
viol5t contractions1 & to su* a degree1 
t1 leav+ free "o ( ! extremities1 a real
 electrico-animal al>um 0 obta9$1       
p]fectly simil> 9 its effect & id5tity  
to t describ$ by ,galvani 9 8 ,comm5t>y4
 ,:5 ! metallic app>atus is employ$1 if 
"o ( ! p]sons :o holds a frog be        
insulat$1 ! frog w rema9 motionless1    
:ile ! o!r w exp]i5ce ! usual effect4 ,i
 _h an opportunity ( confirm+ ! tru? (  
?is obs]vation1 on ! trunk ( a dog1 dur+
 a c\rse ( exp]im5ts made 9 ! ,hpital de
 la ,*>it1 at ,p>is1 & at ,/4 ,?omas's  
,hospital1 ,london4     ,,proposition   
,,xv4  ,opium1 c9*ona1 & o!r /imulants (

 a simil> k9d1 :i* ex]cise a p[]ful     
action on ! animal ma*9e1 contribute    
also to excite ! action ( ! pile4       
,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,9 ! la/ sitt+ ( !      
,in/itute ( ,bologna1 at :i* ,i 0       
pres5t1 ,i con/ruct$ two piles1 ea*     
compos$ ( fifte5 pieces ( silv] & z9c1  
employ+ = ! "o an extract ( opium1 & = !
 o!r an infusion ( c9*ona 9 alcohol4 ,i 
cov]$ ! piles ) two equal receiv]s2 =m$ 
an insulat$ pl5um1 by p\r+ m]cury ar\nd 
! bottoms ( !m2 & plac$ weights on !    
receiv]s suffici5t to prev5t ! m]cury f 
rais+ !m4 ,at ! end ( "s h\rs1 ,i f\nd a
 rem>kable elevation ( ! surface ( !    
m]cury1 s t ! receiv]s rema9$ fix$ )\t  
requir+ any weight to keep !m d[n4 ,9 ! 
bell :i* cov]$ ! pile :]e extract (     
opium _h be5 employ$1 ! m]cury rose m   
?an an in*2 b 9 t cov]+ ! o!r1 :]e      
c9*ona _h be5 us$1 ! elevation ( !      
m]cury 0 sc>cely ?ree l9es4   ,,exp]im5t
 ,,ii4  ,hav+ successively introduc$ a  
tap] into ea* ( ! two receiv]s be=e     
m5tion$1 x 0 imm$iately ext+ui%$ 9 t    

conta9+ ! pile ) ! extract ( opium2 b 9 
! o!r conta9+ ! pile ) ! infusion (     
c9*ona1 x cont9u$ burn+ = "s "t4 ,i f\nd
 also t f\r ( ! plates1 at ! bottom ( ! 
pile :]e ,i employ$ opium1 _h suff]$ f !
 action ( ! m]cury2 & t "s o!rs1 to !   
height ( ab\t ?ree in*es & a half1      
exhibit$ a few globules ( t metal4 ,!   
pile 9 :i* ,i employ$ infusion ( c9*ona 
%[$ sc>cely any signs ( ! action ( !    
m]cury4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,z ,i      
conclud$ t ! pile 9 :i* ,i _h employ$ ! 
alcoholic extract ( opium possess$ m    
activity ?an ! o!r1 ,i exam9$ x = f\r or
 five days successively4 ,i tri$ ! flame
 ( a tap] ) ! same result z be=e1 &     
assur$ myself t ?is pile reta9$ !       
,galvanic p[]1 ?\gh a little weak5$1 ev5
 till ! eigh? day4 ,on ! o!r h&1        
tw5ty-f\r h\rs _h sc>cely elaps$1 :5 !  
pile 9 :i* alcohol & c9*ona _h be5      
employ$ exhibit$ no signs ( activity4   
,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,i con/ruct$ two      
piles1 9 ! same mann]1 ) pieces (       
pa/ebo>d int]pos$1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly 

moi/5$ ) /rong solutions ( camphor & (  
ca/or oil1 9 pure alcohol4 ,9 ^! two    
piles ! ,galvanic effects 7 mu* weak] 9 
e respect ?an ^? obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+      
exp]im5t2 =1 besides ! explosion be+    
less1 ! elevation ( wat] 9 ! insulat$   
pl5um 0 v small1 & ! alt]ation ( ! flame
 0 sc>cely s5sible4   ,,exp]im5t ,v4  ,i
 0 able to conv9ce myself t ! effects ( 
! two piles1 be=e m5tion$1 7 ! imm$iate 
result ( ! sub/ances dissolv$1 & n ( !  
alcohol2 =1 hav+ con/ruct$ a pile (     
?irty plates ( silv] & z9c1 ) pieces (  
pa/ebo>d int]pos$1 moi/5$ ) pure        
alcohol1 ,i obs]v$ no signs (           
,galvanism2 & ! case 0 ! same :5 ,i     
employ$ a pile ( z9c comb9$ ) copp] &   
o!r metals4     ,,proposition ,,xvi4    
,if ! g5]al relation betwe5 ,galvanism &
 electricity be exam9$1 su* a           
correspond5ce w be f\nd betwe5 !m1 z    
t5ds to confirm ! analogy already /at$4 
,to illu/rate ?is proposition1 ,i %all  
"h take a view ( ! p>ticul> prop]ties ( 
electricity & ,galvanism1 :i*1 if       

consid]$ sep>ately1 w\ld n be suffici5t 
= my object4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion1 t  
:5 comb9$ toge!r !y w s]ve to prove x 9 
a satisfactory mann]4  #a/1 ,galvanism1 
l artificial electricity1 emits sp>ks1  
fuses metals1 & c ev5 be employ$ to *>ge
 arm$ non-conduct+ bodies4 ,i h prov$ ! 
la/-m5tion$ prop]ty1 discov]$ by !      
celebrat$ ,van ,m>um1 ) a new app>atus1 
compos$ ( a pile ) a hole 9 ! middle1 9 
:i* ,i place ! flask ,i int5d to *>ge4  
#b;dly1 ,! influ5ce ( artificial        
electricity t5ds to accel]ate !         
putrefaction ( animal p>ts2 & ! same    
phnom5on may be produc$ by communication
 ) ! ,voltaic pile1 or by ! fir/        
processes ( ,galvani4  #c;dly1 ,!       
electricity ( ! ,leyd5 j> is r5ew$ 9 "p 
imm$iately aft] its dis*>ge4 ,a simil>  
phnom5on is exhibit$ by ! pile2 & x is  
obs]v$1 if ! common ,galvanic armatures 
be employ$1 t ! vital =ce 9 animals is  
almo/ reviv$1 :5 ! arcs are appli$      
diff]5t times4  #d?ly1 ,z ! action (    
common electricity & ( ! pile is        

susp5d$1 :5 ! comb9ation ( ! metallic   
pieces is *ang$2 9 l mann]1 9 a sy/em ( 
sev]al animal ma*9es1 if _! comb9ation  
be *ang$1 muscul> contractions entirely 
cease4  #e?ly1 ,wat] may be decompos$ by
 common electricity1 z well z by !      
,galvanic pile1 accord+ to ! +5i\s me?od
 propos$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,i lately   
saw1 ) ! greate/ pleasure1 exp]im5ts on 
?is subject p]=m$ by himself ) ! utmo/  
neatness & precision4 ,x is mu* to be   
wi%$1 t ! same result c\ld be obta9$ by 
animal ,galvanism alone2 z x might t5d  
to ?r[ great light on "s important po9ts
 9 physiology4 ,= my "p1 ,i ent]ta9 no  
d\bt t1 aft] repeat$ trials1 x may "o   
day be effect$1 by means ( l>ge animals 
possess+ a great abundance ( animal     
electricity4  ,to conclude3 ,i ?9k ,i   
may v5ture to ass]t1 t ! correspond5ce  
betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ,galvanism & common
 electricity might be c>ri$ to a mu*    
great] ext5t1 9 confirmation ( ! analogy
 :i* ,i propos$ to prove 9 ?is          
proposition4     ,,proposition ,,xvii4  

,! hypo!sis ( an animal pile1 analog\s  
to t =m$ artificially1 seems well       
calculat$ to expla9 ! s5sations &       
contractions 9 ! animal ma*9e4   ,x     
seems to be prov$ by ! obs]vations (    
,mr4 ,davy1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal        
,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 & ^? ( ,m4
 ,gau!rot at ,p>is1 t a pile may be     
compos$ )\t any metallic sub/ances      
:atev]4 ,we are !re=e naturally l$ to   
suppose1 t "o may be compos$ also (     
animal sub/ances alone4 ,?\gh ?is has   
nev] yet be5 obta9$ by art1 we behold x 
) admiration con/ruct$ by nature 9 v>i\s
 animals4 ,if we exam9e1 inde$1 !       
/ructure ( ! regul> bodies :i* succe$   
ea* o!r 9 ! torp$o1 ! electrical eel (  
,sur9am1 & 9 ! silurus1 we %all f9d !m  
to be real animal piles1 diff]5tly      
arrang$3 & if an animal pile1 exce$+ly  
/rong1 be capable ( communicat+ a %ock1 
:y %\ld n "o ( a m mod]ate nature excite
 t activity :i* is necess>y to produce  
muscul> convulsions8 ,i h already prov$1
 t ! sy/em ( ! n]ves & t ( ! muscles    

possess diff]5t ,galvanic p[]s1 or1 z x 
71 diff]5t k9ds ( electricity1 to :i* ! 
animal moi/ure s]ves z a conductor4 ,9  
?is po9t ( view1 ! discov]y ( ! pile ( !
 celebrat$ ,volta1 in/ead ( de/roy+ !   
pr9ciple ( ,galvanism1 t5ds r 9 a p[]ful
 mann] to support x4 ,! object (        
,galvani's sy/em is to prove ! exi/5ce (
 an animal electricity1 & !n to expla9  
h[ its action op]ates 9 produc+ muscul> 
s5sations & contractions4 ,! fir/ "p ( 8
 sy/em re/s ^u facts1 ! tru? ( :i* nei!r
 "t1 nor ! diff]5t exp]im5ts made by    
philosoph]s1 h be5 able to weak54 ,!    
second pres5ts an hypo!sis :i*1 p]haps1 
may be fur!r illu/rat$ :5 ! physiology (
 ! human body is bett] kn[n4 ,galvani1  
to expla9 ! activity ( animal           
electricity1 supposes ! n]ves & muscles 
to be l ! ,leyd5 j>2 & ?is idea ,i      
confid5tly adopt$4 ,b by ! expression   
#8,leyd5 flask' he meant no?+ else ?an t
 9 ! animal ma*9e !re are two opposite  
k9ds ( electricity1 result+ f ! n]v\s & 
! muscul> sy/ems1 to :i* animal moi/ure 

cont9ually s]ves z a vehicle4 ,x 0 9 ?is
 s5se t he ann\nc$ 8 !ory ( ! ,leyd5    
flask1 9 8 public lectures1 & 9 8 la/   
works4 ,no bett] comp>ison 0 !n kn[n1 9 
! language ( philosophy1 to express ?is 
action4 ,x h[ev] af=ds me great         
pleasure1 t ,i c n[ sub/itute = x ! pile
 discov]$ by ,volta1 :i* is p]fectly    
consi/5t ) ! sy/em ( ,galvani2 & s9ce ,i
 am ready to all[ t ! inv5tion ( !      
metallic pile gives ,volta a title to ! 
discov]y ( metallic electricity1 ,i hope
 ! discov]y ( animal electricity1       
prop]ly s call$1 w be all[$ to ,galvani1
 z simil> phnom5a are exhibit$ by !     
n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems1 indep5d5tly (   
common electricity4  ,b "s important    
que/ions 9 reg>d to ,galvanism /ill     
rema9 to be answ]$1 su* z ! foll[+3 :e!r
 ! action ( *emical comb9ations be !    
cause ( ,galvanism1 or :e!r ,galvanism  
be ! cause ( *emical comb9ations4 ,9 my 
op9ion1 we h n yet a suffici5t numb] (  
data to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,x may also be
 ask$1 :e!r ,galvanism be ( ! same      

nature z electricity1 b diff]5tly       
modifi$ by ! animal organization4 ,= my 
"p1 until _! id5tity be prov$ by fur!r  
rese>*es1 ,i %all be cont5t$ ) admitt+ t
 !re is a great analogy betwe5 !m4  ,b  
leav+ ^! que/ions1 ! discussion ( :i*   
might be premature1 x w be bett] to     
d$uce g5]al coroll>ies f ! s]ies (      
exp]im5ts already detail$4   ,,coroll>y 
,i4  ,x is f\nd t !re is a real         
attraction betwe5 c]ta9 p>ts ( animals2 
& ?is t5ds to confirm ! idea ( a sort ( 
atmosph]e peculi> to p>ts ( animals1 z  
has be5 sugge/$ by ,humboldt4 ,by ^!    
means x w p]haps be "o day possible to  
expla91 ) less difficulty1 !            
correspond5ce ( "s s5sations 9 ! animal 
ma*9e4   ,,coroll>y ,,ii4  ,! action (  
,galvanism on ! ari=m fluids may s]ve to
 expla9 its influ5ce ov] ! animal fluids
 by ! oxidation ( ! hum\rs1 & o!r       
phnom5a :i* hi!rto h be5 expla9$ only 9 
a hypo!tical mann]4   ,,coroll>y ,,iii4 
,fi%es1 & sev]al amphibi\s animals :i*  
live "u wat]1 sometimes approa* !       

surface on c]ta9 *anges ( ! atmosph]e4  
,:5 ! be=e-m5tion$ exp]im5ts on !       
,galvanic atmosph]e are consid]$1 we may
 easily expla91 :y ^? *anges :i* take   
place 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! atmosph]e are   
communicat$ to ! elem5t 9 :i* ^! animals
 reside4   ,,coroll>y ,,iv4  ,x has be5 
asc]ta9$1 t wat] saturat$ ) salts1 & 9  
p>ticul> ) muriate ( soda1 contributes a
 great deal to increase ! effects (     
,galvanism4 ,x is well kn[n also1 t     
fi%es1 z comp>$ ) o!r animals1 possess a
 v high degree ( vitality2 & h5ce we h  
reason to admire ! wisdom ( nature 9    
mak+ ! sea1 :i* is de/9$ = ! abode (    
fi%es1 to be abundantly saturat$ )      
muriate ( soda4   ,,coroll>y ,v4  ,z    
,galvanism possesses great activity 9   
*emical decompositions1 x _c rema9 9 a  
/ate ( inaction2 b mu/ necess>ily       
produce great *anges 9 ! animal fluids &
 functions4   ,,coroll>y ,,vi4  ,?is    
pr9ciple1 to :i* "s ( ! gr& op]ations ( 
nature h be5 entru/$1 is n hypo!tical2  
s9ce x has be5 prov$1 t z !re is a      

metallic arc & a metallic pile 9 ! m9]al
 k+dom1 !re is also an animal arc & an  
animal circle 9 ! animal k+dom2 :i* may 
"o day ?r[ great light on ! progress (  
m$ic9e1 & be productive ( consid]able   
b5efit to ! human race4     ,,"p ,,!    
,,second4  ,,on ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,:i*    
,,galvanism ,,has ,,on ,,! ,,vital      
,,p[]s4   ,to conduct an en]getic fluid 
to ! g5]al seat ( all impressions2 to   
di/ribute its influ5ce to ! diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems2 to cont9ue1
 revive1 &1 if ,i may be all[$ !        
expression1 to comm& ! vital p[]s2 su*  
are ! objects ( my rese>*es1 & su* !    
advantages :i* ,i purpose to d]ive f !  
action ( ,galvanism4  ,! discov]y ( !   
,galvanic pile by ! celebrat$ ,volta has
 s]v$ z a guide to enable me to obta9 ! 
mo/ int]e/+ results2 & to ^! ,i h be5   
conduct$ by num]\s rese>*es & a long    
s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,i h exam9$ ! :ole   
range ( nature1 & ! gr& family ( animals
 has af=d$ me ! means ( mak+            
obs]vations1 highly int]e/+ to          

physiology1 on ! :ole conomy ( ! vital  
p[]s4 ,my exp]im5ts on ?is subject ,i   
%all divide into two ,sections4         
,,section ,i4  ,galvanism appli$ to     
v>i\s quadrup$s1 birds1 & o!r w>m-blood$
 animals4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,! head ( an
 ox1 rec5tly kill$1 0 subject$ to !     
action ( a pile 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a47 
compos$ ( fifty plates ( copp] & z9c1   
sep>at$1 z usual1 by small pieces (     
pa/ebo>d moi/5$ ) a solution ( muriate (
 soda4 ,hav+ moi/5$ "o ( ! e>s ) ! same 
solution1 by means ( a syr+e1 ,i        
introduc$ into x "o extremity ( a       
metallic wire4 ,i !n =m$ an arc ) ?is   
wire to ! summit ( ! pile1 & by means ( 
ano!r wire made a communication betwe5 !
 bottom ( ! pile & ! no/rils4 ,:5 ?is   
app>atus 0 appli$1 ! eyes 7 se5 to op51 
! e>s to %ake1 ! tongue to be agitat$1 &
 ! no/rils to swell1 9 ! same mann] z ^?
 ( ! liv+ animal1 :5 irritat$ & desir\s 
( combat+ ano!r ( ! same species4  ,i !n
 moi/5$ bo? ! e>s ) salt wat]1 by ! same
 me?od z be=e1 & ins]t$ into ea* an     

extremity ( "o ( ! arcs4 ,:5 !          
,galvanism 0 communicat$1 ! movem5ts    
already describ$ 7 reproduc$2 b !y      
appe>$ to be mu* m viol5t4   ,,exp]im5t 
,,ii4  ,a pile compos$ ( a hundr$ pieces
 ( silv] & z9c 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #b47  
be+ employ$1 ! tongue issu$ f ! m\? f\r 
in*es1 & re-ent]$ x an in*1 on ea*      
application ( ! arc2 not)/&+ ! resi/ance
 oppos$ by ! tee? :i* press$ aga9/ x3 s 
t aft] f\r or five applications ( ! arc 
x 0 entirely re/or$ to its usual        
situation4  ,i repeat$ ?is curi\s       
exp]im5t sev]al times at ,bologna &     
,tur91 & lately at ,london be=e _!      
,royal ,highnesses ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! 
,duke ( ,york1 ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce1 & !   
,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 :o seem$ to be mu*    
int]e/$ 9 my rese>*es4 ,i %[$ !m t !    
tongue return$ )\t be+ t\*$1 m]ely by   
=m+ an arc betwe5 di/ant p>ts1 su* z !  
sp9al m>r[ & ! c]vical or nasal muscles4
 ,a p]son :o held ! extremity ( ! tongue
 ) a pair ( p9c]s felt ! ef=t x made to 
return e "t t ! ,galvanism 0 appli$4    

,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,) ! same app>atus ,i
 susp5d$ f ! extremity ( ! conduct+ arc 
! po/]ior half ( a frog1 by b5d+ ! iron 
wire at "r angles into a small elb[2 &  
!n1 in/ead ( mak+ ! tongue t\* !        
extremity ( ! arc1 ,i br\ght x into     
contact ) "o ( ! paws ( ! frog1 :ile !  
o!r extremity ( ! wire re/$ on ! summit 
( ! pile4  ,:5 ?is arrangem5t 0 made1 ,i
 n only obta9$ ! same contractions 9 !  
head ( ! ox1 b ,i obs]v$ also t :5 ! paw
 ( ! frog ceas$ to be 9 contact ) !     
tongue1 x 0 attract$ by ! latt]1 :i*    
produc$ 9 x oscillations1 s t x =m$ a   
k9d ( ,galvanomet]2 = ! ?ighs ( ! small 
animal div]g$ m or less accord+ to !    
int5sity ( ! fluid :i* pass$ ?r\gh !m1 &
 7 re/or$ to _! =m] position :5 ! paw ( 
! frog & ! tongue ( ! ox 7 aga9 br\ght  
into contact4 ,^! oscillations cont9u$  
ab\t six m9utes4  ,suspect+1 h[ev]1 t ! 
crural n]ves might h "s %>e 9 ^!        
phnom5a1 indep5d5tly ( ! pile1 ,i cut ^!
 n]ves1 & "u simil> conditions ,i obta9$
 ! same results4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4     

,be+ desir\s to repeat ! above exp]im5ts
 on ! heads ( o!r ox51 & on ^? ( %eep & 
lambs1 v>y+ ! pile1 bo? 9 reg>d to its  
nature & ! numb] ( pieces1 ,i con/ruct$ 
?ree piles ( tw5ty-five1 fifty1 & a     
hundr$ & tw5ty pieces ( silv] & z9c4 ,! 
results1 h[ev]1 diff]$ f ! prec$+ only 9
 ! great] or less int5sity ( !          
contractions1 accord+ z "o or ! o!r     
app>atus 0 appli$ to ! same animals4 ,i 
rem>k$ 9 p>ticul>1 t ! comb9ation mo/   
fav\rable to muscul> contractions is    
obta9$1 :5 ! arc is e/abli%$ f ! e>s to 
! sp9al m>r[4 ,9 ?is case ! eye is s mu*
 affect$1 t ! eye-lids op5 entirely :ile
 ! eye-ball turns r\nd1 & projects      
some:at f its socket1 z sometimes happ5s
 9 ! mo/ viol5t madness4   ,,exp]im5t   
,v4  ,hav+ provid$ an ox rec5tly kill$1 
! head ( :i* 0 n cut (f1 ,i =m$ an arc f
 "o e> to ! o!r1 int]pos+ ! pile4 ,!    
imm$iate result 0 a commotion s viol5t 9
 all ! extremities ( ! animal1 t sev]al 
( ! spectators 7 mu* al>m$1 & ?\ght x   
prud5t to retire to "s di/ance4 ,i !n   

cut (f ! head1 & =m$ an arc f ! sp9al   
m>r[1 fir/ to ! diaphragm1 & !n to !    
sph9ct] ani4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! diaphragm
 exp]i5c$ viol5t contractions2 9 ! o!r  
,i obta9$ a v /rong action on ! rectum1 
:i* ev5 produc$ an expulsion ( ! fces4  
,,exp]im5t ,,vi4  ,to give m ext5t to my
 exp]im5ts1 ,i ?\ght prop] to repeat !m 
on lambs1 *ick5s1 & o!r w>m-blood$      
animals2 & )\t enum]at+ su* phnom5a z   
are common1 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t !    
tongue1 :i* 0 project$ beyond ! lips1   
aga9 return$ into ! cavity ( ! m\?1 aft]
 sev]al applications ( ! arc1 z 0 ! case
 9 ! second exp]im5t4 ,! movem5ts ( !   
e>s & eye-lids 7 /rong] ?an 9 ! o!r     
p>ts4 ,comp>ative anatomy mu/ expla9 :y 
?is phnom5on1 s /rik+ 9 animals ( ?is   
k9d1 is n obs]v$ 9 man4   ,,exp]im5t    
,,vii4  ,! obs]vations :i* ,i _h made on
 ! ,galvanism ( ! pile excit$ my        
curiosity s mu*1 t ,i 0 induc$ to try "s
 comp>ative exp]im5ts by means ( common 
electricity4 ,) ?is view ,i plac$ an    
iron wire 9 ea* e> ( a lamb1 & dis*>g$  

?r\gh x twice 9 succession a ,leyd5     
flask1 ! two coat+s ( :i* 7 9           
communication ) ! wires appli$ to ! e>s4
 ,by ^! means ,i obta9$ contractions1 b 
weak] ?an ^? produc$ by ! pile2 & ,i    
always obs]v$ ! same result 9 o!r       
w>m-blood$ animals4   ,,exp]im5t ,,viii4
  ,hav+ repeat$ ! same exp]im5ts on live
 *ick5s1 ,i f\nd1 to my great surprise1 
not)/&+ ! weakness ( _! organization1 t 
!y su/a9$ ) firmness ! /ronge/ %ocks1   
communicat$ sev]al times1 ) a pile      
compos$ ( fifty plates ( silv] & z9c4   
,?\gh app>5tly deject$1 & almo/ on !    
po9t ( expir+1--z soon z ,i int]rupt$ ! 
action ( ! pile1 !y flutt]$ _! w+s1 &   
seem$ to congratulate !mselves on _!    
escape f dang]4  ,! curiosity natural to
 a philosoph] induc$ me to subject ^!   
birds to anatomical dissection1 t ,i    
might exam9e :at effects _h be5 produc$ 
on ! animal ma*9e by ^! convulsions4 ,! 
pr9cipal phnom5a :i* ,i obs]v$ 7        
extravasat$ blood 9 ! muscles2 a        
d]angem5t ( ! hum\rs 9 diff]5t p>ts2 !  

inte/9es remov$ f _! usual seat1 & ?r[n 
t[>ds ! pelvis4 ,at "s future p]iod1 ,i 
purpose to exam9e h[ long ^! animals are
 capable ( liv+ "u ! cont9u$ action (   
,galvanism1 appli$ to !m 9 diff]5t ways4
   ,,exp]im5t ,,ix4  ,i appli$ !        
,galvanic action to a pullet j kill$1   
=m+ an arc f "o ( ! e>s to ! o!r4 ,:5   
?is arrangem5t 0 made1 ,i obs]v$        
contractions n only 9 ! feet1 b also 9 !
 w+s & ! :ole animal ma*9e4 ,! same     
phnom5a 7 produc$ by ! same means 9 two 
o!r pullets4 ,i !n comb9$ ! diff]5t p>ts
 ( ^! ?ree pullets 9 su* a mann]1 t !   
head ( ! second 0 jo9$ to ! foot ( !    
fir/1 & ! head ( ! ?ird to ! head ( !   
second4 ,an arc be+ !n =m$ to ! two     
extremities ( ?is *a9 ( animal p>ts1 ,i 
0 mu* pleas$ to see ! ?ree pullets move 
_! w+s & _! feet at ! same "t4          
,,exp]im5t ,x4  ,! results ( ! prec$+   
exp]im5ts l$ me to exam9e ! p[] ( an arc
 =m$ by animal moi/ure4 ,= ?is purpose1 
hav+ connect$ ! heads ( two ox51 7,plate
 ,,ii4 fig4 #c47 by br++ ne> ea* o!r !  

sections ( ! neck1 ,i e/abli%$ an arc f 
! summit ( ! pile to "o ( ! e>s ( "o    
head1 & ano!r f ! base ( ! pile to "o ( 
! e>s ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t 0     
made1 ,i obs]v$ t bo? ! heads exhibit$  
evid5t signs ( muscul> contractions4    
,,exp]im5t ,,xi4  ,! trunks ( two calves
 be+ unit$ by ! sections ( ! neck1 & an 
arc be+ e/abli%$ by ! int]position ( !  
pile f ! anus ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r1 bo? !
 trunks receiv$1 at ! same "t1 a        
commotion1 b n v viol5t4 ,i repeat$ ?is 
exp]im5t on ! trunks ( two lambs1 b ) a 
m /rik+ result1 z all ! extremities &   
muscles exp]i5c$ viol5t convulsions4 ,a 
glass vessel1 employ$ = ! exp]im5ts1 :i*
 /ood on ! table1 0 ov]turn$ by "o ( !  
extremities1 & ?r[n to ! di/ance ( ab\t 
two feet4 ,i tri$ o!r comb9ations1 b !  
contractions 7 weak]4   ,,exp]im5t      
,,xii4  ,hav+ sawn op5 ! skull1 ,i      
direct$ ! action ( ! pile to diff]5t    
p>ts ( ! bra91 9 ! same ord] z !y       
occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( anatomical          
dissection4 ,all ^! p>ts appe>$ to be   

affect$ by ! ,galvanic =ce2 b its action
 0 /rong] on ! corpus callosum & !      
c]ebellum4 ,! same result ne>ly 0       
obta9$1 :5 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t on !   
heads ( diff]5t calves & lambs4         
,,exp]im5t ,,xiii4  ,! he>t ( an ox1    
remov$ f ! body1 be+ expos$ to ! action 
( ,galvanism1 ?\gh ! pile 0 v p[]ful1   
exhibit$ no signs ( muscul> contraction4
 ,i repeat$ ! same exp]im5t on ! he>t ( 
an ox1 )\t remov+ x f ! body1 & on !    
he>ts ( sev]al dogs1 "o arc be+ appli$  
to ! sp9al m>r[1 :ile ! o!r t\*$        
sometimes ! surface ( ! he>t1 &         
sometimes p5etrat$ into its sub/ance2 b 
) ! same result3 no muscul> convulsions 
7 produc$4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xiv4  ,i      
prep>$ "s frogs2 & hav+ wait$ till !    
motion ( ! v5tricles ( ! he>t _h become 
v sl[1 & almo/ imp]ceptible1 ,i         
communicat$ to !m ! ,galvanic influ5ce1 
& x appe>$ to me t "s movem5ts 7 produc$
 9 ! v5tricles4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t 
lately on ! he>t ( a rabbit1 & ) ! same 
success4 ,hav+ tri$ ! he>ts ( sev]al    

calves & dogs1 ,i c\ld n obs]ve any     
decid$ motion 9 ! v5tricles2 b ,i rem>k$
 t ! ,galvanic p[] ex]cis$ a /rong      
action on ! auricles4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xv4
  ,)\t tak+ into consid]ation !         
diff]5ces 9 ! action ( ,galvanism on !  
he>t1 accord+ to ! diff]5t applications 
& ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals subject$ to  
exp]im5t1 ,i obs]v$1 t aft] ?is muscle  
has lo/ its susceptibility to ! action (
 ,galvanism1 ! o!r muscles /ill reta9 x 
9 a v high degree4 ,?is effect is v     
/rik+ 9 reg>d to ! he>t & ! muscles (   
ox5 & dogs2 & ?is corresponds ) :at has 
be5 /at$ by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,fr5*   
,national ,in/itute 9 _! ,report4       
,speak+ ( ! anomalies f\nd 9 ?is respect
 9 ! he>t1 !y conclude t x is at any    
rate c]ta9 t ?is organ loses1 9 a v %ort
 "t1 & mu* soon] ?an ! o!r muscles1 !   
faculty ( be+ agitat$ by ,galvanism4    
,,exp]im5t ,,xvi4  ,all ! obs]vations ,i
 0 able to make on ! involunt>y muscles 
w be f\nd 9 ! same ,report1 f :i* !     
foll[+ is an extract3 8,dr4 ,grap5giess]

 says1 t he saw ! v]micul> motion ( !   
inte/9es increas$ by ! action (         
,galvanism 9 a liv+ subject1 ^: l>ge    
inte/9es protrud$ beyond ! abdom51 9    
consequ5ce ( a scrotal h]nia4 ,pr(essor 
,ald9i made u obs]ve ! same effect on ! 
inte/9al canal ( a dog4 ,we p]ceiv$ also
 v evid5t contractions 9 a portion ( !  
/oma*1 sep>at$ f ! animal4 ,we saw !    
auricles ( ! he>t contract2 b nev] f\nd 
?is to be ! case ) ! v5tricles40        
,,exp]im5t ,,xvii4  ,z ,i f\nd x        
difficult1 9 ! c\rse ( my travels1 to   
obta9 l>ge animals = my exp]im5ts1 a    
desire ( prosecut+ my rese>*es induc$ me
 to be satisfi$ ) su* small animals z 7 
easie/ to be procur$4 ,i !re=e decl>$ w>
 aga9/ ! dogs1 :i* exhibit$ ! same      
phnom5a z ox51 & ) ! greate/ en]gy1 z   
may be se5 by ! foll[+ extract f !      
be=e-m5tion$ ,report ( ! ,commission]s (
 ! ,fr5* ,national ,in/itute3 8,! head (
 a dog be+ cut (f1 ,ald9i subject$ x to 
! action ( a /rong pile1 by :i* means ! 
mo/ frightful convulsions 7 produc$4 ,! 

m\? op5$1 ! tee? gna%$1 ! eyes roll$ 9  
_! orbits2 &1 if ! imag9ation _h n be5  
re/ra9$ by reason & reflection1 "o might
 h almo/ believ$ t ! animal 0 re/or$ to 
life1 & 9 a /ate ( agony40   ,,exp]im5t 
,,xviii4  ,! head & trunk ( a dog1      
sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & plac$ 9 su* a mann]
 z to leave an int]val ( ab\t a foot    
betwe5 !m 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #d471 7    
made to move simultane\sly by apply+ !  
,galvanic action to "o ( ! e>s1 & to a  
small incision made 9 "o ( ! extremities
 ( ! trunk4 ,i saw ! same effect produc$
 9 a public sitt+ held at ! ,hpital de  
la ,*>it at ,p>is4 ,9 ?is case1 !       
di/ance betwe5 ! head & trunk 0 a foot &
 a half4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xix4  ,9 !      
prec$+ exp]im5ts1 x is always necess>y t
 ! "p ( ! table :i* =ms ! int]val betwe5
 ! head & trunk %\ld be moi/5$ ) salt   
wat]1 or "s o!r conduct+ fluid4         
,consid]$ 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! head &   
trunk mutually =m an arc :i* conducts ! 
,galvanic action2 s t ! contractions    
excit$ at ! same "t d n dep5d on !      

p>ticul> organization ( ! animals       
subject$ to exp]im5t4 ,?is ,i confirm$  
by produc+ simultane\s contractions 9 ! 
trunk ( a dog comb9$ ) ! head ( a       
rabbit1 & vice v]sa4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xx4 
,at ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e at ,p>is1 9      
pres5ce ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,fr5*     
,national ,in/itute1 & ( ,pr(essor      
,huzz>d1 ,i tri$ ! action ( ,galvanism  
on a horse :i* _h be5 kill$ by !        
insufflation ( air into ! jugul> ve9s4  
,! trunk exhibit$ no extraord9>y motion2
 b ! head 0 viol5tly agitat$4 ,a v      
s5sible gna%+ ( ! tee? 0 produc$1 & all 
! muscles p]=m$1 9 a surpris+ mann]1 !  
same motion z is ex]t$ dur+ ! "t (      
ma/ication4 ,!re 0 ev5 a visible        
excretion ( ! saliva4 ,( all ! heads    
hi!rto tri$1 t ( ! horse exhibit$ ! mo/ 
viol5t motion by ! action ( ,galvanism4 
,,exp]im5t ,,xxi4  ,hav+ p]=m$ ?is s]ies
 ( exp]im5ts1 x 0 necess>y t a comp>ison
 %\ld be made1 ct]is p>ibus1 betwe5 !   
action ( ^? /imulants propos$ by !      
celebrat$ ,hall]1 & ! means "h us$ to   

excite ! action ( ,galvanism4 ,= ?is    
purpose ,i employ$ a head weak5$ to su* 
a degree t x 0 no long] s5sible to !    
action ( ! ,hall]ian /imulants appli$ to
 ! muscles & n]ves1 & !n to diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! bra9 laid b>e1 & sep>at$ "o f !    
o!r4 ,i tri$ ! action ( ! sulphuric &   
nitric acids1 & ! effect ( ! bi/\ri1 b  
)\t ev] produc+ ! smalle/ contraction 9 
w>m-blood$ animals3 on ! o!r h&1 !      
action ( ,galvanism1 on ^! p>ts1 9 !    
above /ate1 occasion$ v p[]ful muscul>  
contractions4     ,,section ,,ii4       
,exp]im5ts made on human bodies aft]    
dea?4   ,f ! exp]im5ts already describ$1
 "o might by analogy conjecture :at     
effect ! action ( ,galvanism w\ld       
produce on t noble be+ man1 ! sole      
object ( my rese>*es4 ,b to enable      
philosoph]s to judge ) m c]ta9ty        
respect+ ! effects ( ?is wond]ful ag5t1 
x 0 necess>y to adh]e to c]ta9          
conditions1 & to apply x imm$iately aft]
 dea?4 ,! bodies ( p]sons :o _h di$ (   
disease 7 n prop] = my purpose2 because 

x is to be presum$1 t ! developm5t ( !  
pr9ciple :i* occasions dea? de/roys !   
ela/icity ( ! fibres1 & t ! hum\rs are  
*ang$ f _! natural to a corrupt$ /ate4  
,x 0 !re=e necess>y to obta9 ! human    
body :ile x /ill reta9$1 aft] dea?1 !   
vital p[]s 9 ! highe/ degree (          
pres]vation2 & h5ce ,i 0 oblig$1 if ,i  
may be all[$ ! expression1 to place     
myself "u ! scaffold1 ne> ! axe (       
ju/ice1 to receive ! yet ble$+ bodies ( 
un=tunate crim9als1 ! only subjects     
prop] = my exp]im5ts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an
 application made = t purpose1 ,i obta9$
 f ,gov]nm5t ! bodies ( two brig&s1 :o 7
 decapitat$ at ,bologna 9 ! mon? (      
,janu>y #ahjb4 ,z bo? ^! individuals _h 
be5 v "y1 & ( a robu/ con/itution1 & z !
 p>ts exhibit$ ! utmo/ s\ndness1 ,i     
ent]ta9$ /rong hopes ( obta9+ ! happie/ 
results f my propos$ rese>*es4 ,?\gh    
accu/om$ to a m tranquil k9d ( op]ations
 9 my closet1 & little acqua9t$ )       
anatomical dissections1 ! love ( tru?1 &
 a desire to ?r[ "s light on ! sy/em (  

,galvanism1 ov]came all my repugnance1 &
 ,i proce$$ to ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4      
,,exp]im5t ,,xxii4  ,! fir/ ( ^!        
decapitat$ crim9als be+ convey$ to !    
ap>tm5t provid$ = my exp]im5ts1 9 !     
neighb\rhood ( ! place ( execution1 !   
head 0 fir/ subject$ to ! ,galvanic     
action4 ,= ?is purpose ,i _h con/ruct$ a
 pile consi/+ ( a hundr$ pieces ( silv] 
& z9c4 ,hav+ moi/5$ ! inside ( ! e>s )  
salt wat]1 ,i =m$ an arc ) two metallic 
wires1 :i*1 proce$+ f ! two e>s1 7      
appli$1 "o to ! summit & ! o!r to !     
bottom ( ! pile4 ,:5 ?is communication 0
 e/abli%$1 ,i obs]v$ /rong contractions 
9 all ! muscles ( ! face1 :i* 7 contort$
 9 s irregul> a mann] t !y exhibit$ !   
appe>ance ( ! mo/ horrid grimaces4 ,!   
action ( ! eye-lids 0 exce$+ly /rik+1   
?\gh less s5sible 9 ! human head ?an 9 t
 ( ! ox4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxiii4  ,hav+   
e/abli%$ an arc f ! top ( ! left e>1 &  
!n f ! bottom ( t e> to ! tongue1 drawn 
ab\t an in* )\t ! m\?1 contractions 7   
obs]v$ 9 ! face1 & ! tongue s5sibly     

return$ into ! m\?4 ,i !n t\*$ ! upp] or
 l[] lips1 & obta9$ contractions1 :i* 7 
rem>kable *iefly 9 all ! muscles ( !    
left "p ( ! face2 s t ! m\? appe>$ z if 
di/ort$ by a p>tial k9d ( palsy4 ,on !  
fir/ application ( ! arc1 a small       
quantity ( saliva 0 dis*>g$ f ! m\?4    
,,exp]im5t ,,xxiv4  ,i caus$ ! head to  
be %av$ exactly above ! p>ietal         
protub]ance on ! "r side2 & hav+ moi/5$ 
! integum5ts1 arm$ ) silv] & z9c1 ,i    
e/abli%$ a communication by means ( !   
pile betwe5 ! p>ietal bone & "o ( ! e>s4
 ,i obta9$ contractions1 b weak] ?an ^? 
obs]v$ :5 ! arcs 7 =m$ accord+ to !     
diff]5t me?ods already describ$4        
,,exp]im5t ,,xxv4  ,hav+ =m$ an arc f ! 
e>s to diff]5t p>ts ( ! face1 moi/5$ ) a
 solution ( muriate ( soda1 su* =       
example z ! nose & =ehead1 ,i always    
obs]v$ viol5t contractions4 ,b !        
contractions 7 /rong] :51 in/ead ( !    
fir/-m5tion$ pile1 ,i employ$ ano!r     
consi/+ ( fifty plates ( copp] & z9c4 ,i
 ev5 /ill decreas$ ! numb] ( plates1 9  

ord] t ,i might try1 9 ! c\rse ( ^!     
exp]im5ts1 ! diff]5t degrees ( activity 
:i* ! pile w\ld exhibit4   ,,exp]im5t   
,,xxvi4  ,! head ( ! o!r crim9al be+    
br\ght to me aft] ,i _h employ$ ab\t    
half an h\r 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i repeat$  
!m on ?is second head1 & f\nd ! results 
to be analog\s to ^? be=e obta9$4 ,b !  
contractions produc$ 9 ! second head 7  
/rong] 9 consequ5ce ( its great]        
vitality3 ! vitality ( ! fir/ seem$ to h
 be5 ne>ly exhau/$4   ,,exp]im5t        
,,xxvii4  ,be+ desir\s to exam9e1       
accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,galvani1 ! p[]
 ( an arc ( animal moi/ure 9 w>m-blood$ 
animals1 ,i recollect$ t ,i _h sev]al   
times obs]v$ simultane\s convulsions    
produc$ by ^! means 9 two frogs1 &      
rec5tly 9 ! heads ( two ox51 ! arc be+  
convey$ f ! "o to ! o!r 9 diff]5t ways4 
,i plac$ ! two heads 9 a /raight l9e on 
a table1 9 su* a mann] t ! sections ( ! 
neck 7 br\ght into communication m]ely  
by ! animal fluids4 ,:5 ?us arrang$1 ,i 
=m$ an arc f ! pile to ! "r e> ( "o     

head1 & to ! left e> ( ! o!r1 & saw )   
a/oni%m5t ! two heads make horrid       
grimaces2 s t ! spectators1 :o _h no    
suspicion ( su* a result1 7 actually    
fright5$4 ,x 0 h[ev] obs]v$1 t !        
convulsions excit$ 9 ! heads dispos$ 9  
?is mann]1 7 n s /rong z ^? produc$ :5  
,i p]=m$ ! exp]im5t on ea* head         
sep>ately4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 ?is         
exp]im5t1 ! arc ( animal moi/ure        
supplies ! place ( a cont9uation ( !    
n]v\s & muscul> fibres4   ,,exp]im5t    
,,xxviii4  ,hav+ tri$ ! effect (        
,galvanism on ! ext]ior "p ( ! head1 ,i 
proce$$ to exam9e ! phnom5a exhibit$ by 
! int]ior organs :5 treat$ 9 ! same     
mann]4 ,i !re=e remov$ ! upp] "p ( !    
cranium by a section p>allel to its     
base1 uncov]$ ! pia mat]1 & e/abli%$ an 
arc f "o ( ! e>s to ! m$ull>y sub/ance4 
,on ! application ( ! arc /rong         
convulsions 7 obs]v$ 9 ! face4 ,:ile    
prep>+ ! bra9 = my exp]im5ts1 ,i rem>k$ 
t1 9 divid+ ! muscles ( ! =ehead1 at ea*
 /roke ( ! dissect+ knife1 v /rong      

contractions1 :i* cont9u$ aft] !        
dissection 0 f9i%$1 7 excit$ 9 ! muscles
 ( ! face4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ?is is an       
uncommon phnom5on 9 anatomical          
dissections2 & !re=e ,i %all leave x to 
anatomi/s to det]m9e :e!r x 0 occasion$1
 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 by ! prec$+ action
 ( ! pile4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxix4  ,hav+  
!n sep>at$ ! lobes ( ! bra91 ,i appli$ !
 arc to ! corpus callosum1 to ! e>s or  
to ! lips1 & f\nd t ! :ole osse\s box & 
! muscles ( ! face 7 viol5tly agitat$4  
,"s ( ! spectators ev5 imag9$ t ! corpus
 callosum itself 0 affect$ by a peculi> 
convulsion2 b x is possible t ?is       
emotion 0 ow+ to a me*anical impulse :i*
 %ook ! :ole head4 ,new exp]im5ts w1    
!re=e1 be necess>y be=e any ?+ fur!r c  
be said 9 reg>d to ?is obs]vation4      
,,exp]im5t ,,xxx4  ,hav+ c>ri$ !        
dissection to ! olfactory n]ves1 & ev5  
to ! cross+ ( ! optic n]ves1 ,i =m$ an  
arc f ^! p>ts to ! lips & ! eyes1 &     
obta9$ contractions1 b v weak 9         
comp>ison ( ! prec$+4 ,i obs]v$ t on    

t\*+ ! optic n]ves ) "o ( ! arcs no     
s5sible convulsions 7 produc$ 9 !       
eye-lids4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxxi4  ,?is    
mutilat$ head1 :i* _h be5 s long !      
subject ( obs]vation1 0 unit$ by ! plane
 ( ! section to t ( ! o!r crim9al1 :i*  
_h n be5 subject$ to anatomical         
dissection4 ,i !n appli$ two arcs1 mak+ 
"o ( !m to communicate ) ! summit ( !   
pile & ! "r e> ( "o head1 & ! o!r ) !   
bottom ( ! pile & ! left e> ( ! second  
head4 ,bo? heads exp]i5c$ contractions  
simil> to ^? describ$ 9 ! #bg? exp]im5t2
 b 9 ! head :i* _h already be5 employ$  
!y appe>$ to be weak]4   ,,exp]im5t     
,,xxxii4  ,aft] ^! exp]im5ts on ! head1 
,i proce$$ to ! trunk ( ! second        
crim9al1 :i* ,i conceiv$ to be mo/ prop]
 = my purpose4  ,i ?9k x necess>y "h to 
obs]ve1 t ! body _h be5 expos$ = ab\t an
 h\r1 9 an op5 c\rt1 :]e ! temp]ature 0 
two degrees bel[ z]o4 ,! muscles ( !    
=e-arm & ! t5d9\s p>ts ( ! metac>pus be+
 laid b>e1 an arc 0 e/abli%$ f ^?       
muscles to ! sp9al m>r[4 ,9 consequ5ce (

 ?is arrangem5t1 ! =e-arm 0 rais$1 to ! 
great a/oni%m5t ( ^? :o 7 pres5t4       
,,exp]im5t ,,xxxiii4  ,hav+ e/abli%$ an 
arc betwe5 ! biceps muscle ( ea* arm1   
:i* ,i _h laid p]fectly b>e1 ,i obta9$  
simil> contractions1 b some:at weak] ?an
 9 ! prec$+ case4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxxiv4 
,hav+ laid b>e ! t5dons ( ! f+]s1 on !  
back ( ! h&1 ,i e/abli%$ an arc betwe5 t
 region & ! sp9al m>r[1 & obta9$ /rong  
contractions 9 ! f+]s & 9 ! :ole h&4    
,,exp]im5t ,,xxxv4  ,proce$+ to ! l[]   
extremities1 ,i =m$ an arc f ! sp9al    
m>r[ to ! va/us int]nus1 va/us ext]nus1 
s>torius1 & o!r muscles1 & obta9$ /rong 
contractions 9 all ^! muscles4 ,hav+    
remov$ ! arcs & ! pile1 ! muscles reta9$
 a small oscillatory motion1 :i* cont9u$
 = t5 m9utes4 ,i obs]v$ ! same phnom5on 
9 ! muscles ( ! neck1 :5 ,i e/abli%$ an 
arc betwe5 ! sp9al m>r[ & v>i\s o!r p>ts
 ( ! trunk4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxxvi4  ,hav+
 appli$ ! arc to ! sp9al m>r[ & !       
uncov]$ muscles ( ! "u "p ( ! t>sus ( ! 
"r foot1 ! ext5sor muscles ( all ! toes1

 & p>ticul>ly ( ! great toe1 exp]i5c$ v 
s5sible contractions4 ,i repeat$ !      
exp]im5t ) ! arc appli$1 n to ! sp9al   
m>r[1 b to ! uncov]$ muscles ( ! ?igh1  
employ$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 & f\nd !   
contractions excit$ to be mu* /rong]4 ,9
 l mann]1 ! muscles ( ! soles ( ! feet1 
:5 ,i e/abli%$ an arc betwe5 !m & !     
muscles ( ! ?igh1 manife/$ mu* /rong]   
contractions ?an :5 ! arc ext5d$ to any 
o!r di/ant "p4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxxvii4   
,hav+ exam9$ ! =ce ( ! contractions1 :5 
! arcs 7 appli$ to ! surface ( ! muscles
 ( ! extremities1 ,i tri$ :at effect    
w\ld be produc$ by introduc+ !m into _! 
sub/ance4 ,9 ?is case1 ! en]gy ( !      
contractions 0 mu* increas$4            
,,exp]im5t ,,xxxviii4  ,aft] try+ !     
action ( ,galvanism on ! extremities1 ,i
 resolv$ to exam9e ! trunk4 ,) ?is view1
 hav+ e/abli%$ an arc f ! sp9al m>r[ to 
! muscles ( ! diaphragm1 ,i obta9$ v    
s5sible contractions e "t ! arc 0       
appli$4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xxxix4  ,i !n    
caus$ ! ?orax to be op5$1 t ,i might try

 ! effects ( ,galvanism on ! mo/        
important ( all ! muscles1 ! he>t4 ,!   
p]ic>dium hav+ be5 deta*$1 ,i appli$ !  
conductor to ! pr9cipal organ ( life1 & 
,i ev5 caus$ x to be op5$1 to exam9e    
:e!r !re exi/$ 9 any ( its folds "s     
fibre susceptible ( oscillation2 b my   
rese>*es 7 fruitless4 ,?is ins5sibility 
ought1 p]haps1 to be ascrib$ to ! want (
 a c]ta9 degree ( heat & ( animal       
moi/ure1 n to be f\nd 9 a body two h\rs 
aft] dea?4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be prop] to     
repeat ?is exp]im5t1 tak+ c>e to obs]ve 
all ^? conditions :i* may be necess>y to
 ensure its success4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xl4 
,9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t ,i obs]v$ t !      
diaphragm contract$1 & t ! blood1 :i*   
aft] ?is phnom5on ,i suppos$ to be      
coagulat$1 fl[$ on ! contr>y f ! v5a    
cava inf]ior1 & ! jugul> ve9s1 ! mom5t !
 arc 0 appli$1 & appe>$ ( a bright r$   
col\r4 ,is !re reason to conjecture t1  
?\gh great contractions _c be produc$1 x
 is possible to excite 9 ! int]ior p>ts 
( ! he>t "s oscillations analog\s to ^? 

:i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ! muscles ( ! ?igh &    
neck8 ,?is "q c be det]m9$ only by new  
exp]im5ts4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xli4  ,i      
obs]v$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! m ! po9ts (  
contact ( ! arc ) ! biceps muscle 7     
multipli$1 ! m ! motion ( ! arm 0       
ext5d$2 especially :5 c>e 0 tak5 to     
insulate ! muscle by remov+ !           
integum5ts1 & surr\nd+ x ) ! wire b5t 9 
! =m ( a r+4 ,hav+ appli$ arcs to !     
biceps muscle ( ea* arm1 ,i 0 mu*       
surpris$ to see ! =e-arm & h& ( !       
extremity1 :]e ! be=e-m5tion$ r+ 0      
plac$1 rise quickly to ! height ( ab\t  
six in*es4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xlii4  ,i     
repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 =m+ ! arc f ! biceps
 muscle ( ! =e-arm to ! sp9al m>r[4 ,by 
^! means contractions s viol5t 7 excit$1
 t ! ant]ior "p ( ! arm1 ! :ole ( :i*   
lay ext5d$ 9 a horizontal position1 rose
 sev5 in*es above ! plane ( ! table4    
,hav+ plac$ on ! palm ( ! h& a metallic 
body1 su* z a piece ( money1 ! h& at    
fir/ support$ x = a little "t2 b at a   
c]ta9 degree ( elevation x project$ x to

 "s di/ance4 ,i !n sub/itut$ = ! piece (
 money a pair ( iron p9c]s1 ab\t half a 
p\nd 9 weight2 ! h& rose up & seem$ to  
seize !m2 b at ! highe/ degree (        
elevation ! contraction ceas$1 & ! p9c]s
 fell4 ,i obs]v$ t ! weight ) :i* ! h& 0
 load$1 dim9i%$ ! elevat+ p[] ( ! arm v 
little4 ,x may be prop] to rem>k1 t !   
la/ two exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ an h\r & a    
qu>t] aft] ! execution1 & ^? on ! l[]   
extremities almo/ two h\rs4  ,if ?is    
exp]im5t 7 spe$ily repeat$1 9 ord] to   
take advantage ( ! highe/ degree (      
vitality1 load+ ! h& ) diff]5t weights 9
 succession1 till ! motion ( ! h& %\ld  
be totally imp$$1 ,i am ( op9ion t an   
e/imate might be =m$ ( ! elevat+ =ce1   
accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( vitality4
  ,9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts ,i h omitt$     
c]ta9 obs]vations1 :i* did n agree ) ^? 
made on o!r w>m-blood$ animals4 ,b my   
sil5ce d]anges no !ory2 &1 besides1     
facts n suffici5tly confirm$ w\ld h l$  
me into physiological discussions (     
little utility1 z ^! po9ts c be det]m9$ 

only by new exp]im5ts4  ,x is pa9ful to 
a philosoph] to reflect1 t 8 d\bts _c be
 cle>$ up until new victims %all fall "u
 ! sword ( ju/ice2 b ! hope t 8 rese>*es
 may lead to "s new discov]y b5eficial  
to mank9d1 9 a physiological po9t (     
view1 less5s 9 a c]ta9 measure !        
disagreeable s5sations excit$ by ^!     
melan*oly sc5es4  ,an assass9 decapitat$
 at ,bologna1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #ahjb1 
af=d$ me an opportunity ( v]ify+ ! tru? 
( my =m] obs]vations4 ,9 my fir/        
exp]im5ts on ! human body1 ! dura & pia 
mat] _h be5 s little affect$1 t sev]al (
 ^? pres5t conclud$ t ^! p>ts 7         
absolutely ins5sible to ! action ( !    
,galvanic pile2 & ?is op9ion 0 /ill     
fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! au?ority ( sev]al    
able anatomi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m        
w>m-blood$ animals1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 
af=d$ contr>y results4 ,x is c]ta9 t    
nature1 :i* is always consi/5t ) itself 
9 ! action ( t g5]al pr9ciple :i*       
excites ! muscul> =ces1 ought to exhibit
 9 ! human body ! same phnom5a z ^? :i* 

con/antly occur 9 o!r w>m-blood$        
animals4 ,i m5tion$ ?is anomaly to      
sev]al ( my colleagues1 & p>ticul>ly to 
t able anatomi/ ,mond9i1 :o1 hav+ made  
rese>*es on ?is subject1 communicat$ to 
me ! result ( !m1 & direct$ all !       
prep>ations necess>y = ! foll[+         
exp]im5ts1 modifi$ accord+ to ! g5]al   
views collect$ 9 ! prec$+ obs]vations4  
,,exp]im5t ,,xliii4  ,! body ( ! crim9al
 hav+ be5 remov$ f ! place ( execution  
to a neighb\r+ ap>tm5t1 ! trunk 0 plac$ 
on "o table1 & ! head on ano!r4 ,on !   
latt] /ood a pile1 compos$ ( a hundr$   
plates ( z9c & copp]1 & on ! =m]1 a pile
 ( a hundr$ plates ( silv] & z9c4 ,?is  
app>atus t5d$ greatly to facilitate !   
rapid p]=mance ( ! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made
 at ! same "t on all ! p>ts ( ! body1 & 
enabl$ u to take advantage ( its great  
vitality4 ,i _h ) me a select company ( 
"y physicians & surgeons1 :o1 be+ mu*   
int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( ,galvanism1      
assi/$ me ) great ard\r4 ,!y 7 divid$   
into two p>ties1 ea* ( :i* 0 /ation$    

ar\nd "o ( ! tables1 9 ord] t !         
op]ations p]=m$ at ! "o might n int]rupt
 ^? at ! o!r4 ,to gratify ,pr(essor     
,mond9i1 :o 0 desir\s ( see+ ! muscul>  
action 9 ! :ole head1 an arc 0 e/abli%$ 
f ! sp9al m>r[ to "o ( ! e>s1 ! pile be+
 int]pos$ betwe5 !m1 & /rong            
contractions 7 produc$ 9 ! :ole face1 z 
_h be5 ! case 9 all ! o!r animals4      
,,exp]im5t ,,xliv4  ,hav+ sawn ?r\gh !  
scull ) e possible precaution1 & an arc 
be+ e/abli%$ f ! dura mat] to "o ( !    
e>s1 ! usual contractions ensu$4 ,! pia 
mat] 0 !n uncov]$1 &1 by employ+ ! same 
means1 ! same results & ! same effects 7
 produc$ z _h be5 obta9$ 9 o!r animals4 
,,exp]im5t ,,xlv4  ,! cortical sub/ance 
9 ! left hemisph]e 0 uncov]$1 & an arc  
be+ ext5d$ f x to ! "r e>1 ! movem5ts ( 
! face 7 exce$+ly s5sible 9 ! "p        
opposite to ! uncov]$ hemisph]e4 ,i     
repeat$ ! exp]im5t diff]5t ways ) ! same
 results1 & f\nd1 z ,i suspect$1 t ?is  
process put an end to ! anomaly obs]v$ 9
 reg>d to ! membranes & cortical        

sub/ance1 :i* at fir/ seem$ to )/& !    
g5]al action ( ! ,galvanic fluid1 ?\gh x
 produc$ an effect on ! o!r p>ts ( !    
bra94 ,dr4 ,mond9i took c>e to remove ! 
sup]flu\s moi/ure1 bo? f ! membranes &  
cortical sub/ance1 9 ord] to prev5t all 
suspicion t x might facilitate a        
communication1 9 any mann]1 ) ! m$ull>y 
sub/ance4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xlvi4  ,dr4    
,mond9i1 ) 8 usual ability1 hav+ expos$ 
9 ! bra9 ! m$ull>y sub/ance1 ! corpora  
/riata1 ! corpus callosum1 ! ?alami     
n]vorum opticorum1 & ! c]ebellum1 & an  
arc be+ =m$ ( all ^! p>ts1 we fully     
confirm$ ! results ( ! exp]im5ts :i* _h 
be5 be=e made on ! bodies ( o!r         
crim9als4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xlvii4  ,hav+  
obs]v$ ^! phnom5a 9 ! head1 we proce$$  
to ! trunk1 :i* gave u results no less  
int]e/+4 ,! body 0 s\nd & robu/1 &      
indicat$ a con/itution replete ) vital  
en]gy4 ,by =m+ an arc f ! sp9al m>r[ to 
! biceps muscle1 v /rong movem5ts 7     
produc$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole body1 &          
p>ticul>ly 9 ! arm1 :i* c\ld n be b5t   

)\t v great ex]tion4   ,,exp]im5t       
,,xlviii4  ,by aga9 apply+ ! arc1       
accord+ to ! me?od detail$ 9 ! #da/     
exp]im5t1 ! viol5ce ( ! contractions 0  
mu* increas$4 ,! trunk 0 ?r[n into /rong
 convulsions2 ! %\ld]s 7 elevat$ 9 a    
s5sible mann]2 & ! h&s 7 s agitat$ t !y 
beat aga9/ ! table :i* support$ ! body4 
,,exp]im5t ,,xlix4  ,a silv] probe 0    
ins]t$ into ! sp9al m>r[1 & "o ( ! h&s  
imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( soda4 ,i
 !n appli$ "o extremity ( ! arc to ! mo/
 di/ant "p ( ! probe1 & ! o!r to !      
surface ( ! wat]1 by :i* means !        
,galvanism 0 made to ex]cise its action 
)\t any imm$iate contact ( ! animal     
p>ts4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t 0 =m$1 ! arm1  
:i* hung ov] ! edge ( ! table1 mov$     
t[>ds ! brea/1 pass+ ov] ! space ( ab\t 
a foot & a half4 ,by employ+1 at ! same 
"t1 ! two piles compos$ ( a hundr$      
plates ( copp] & z9c1 ! contractions 7  
mu* increas$4 ,b ?is augm5tation ( =ce  
did n exactly foll[ ! ratio ( ! comb9$  
activity ( ! two piles unit$4           

,,exp]im5t ,l4  ,by =m+ an arc f ! feet 
to ! sp9al m>r[1 fir/ apply+ armatures1 
& !n employ+ a solution ( muriate ( soda
 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 ,i obta9$      
contractions1 b weak] ?an ^? 9 ! upp]   
extremities4 ,z !re 0 reason to suspect 
t ?is dim9ution arose 9 "p f ! position 
( ! trunk1 ,i plac$ ! body 9 su* a      
mann]1 t1 :ile ! ?ighs re/$ on ! edge ( 
! table1 ! legs1 :i* hung ov] x1 7 at   
full lib]ty to move4 ,?is diff]5ce 9    
position produc$ a diff]5ce 9 ! results2
 & ,i int5d to repeat ! exp]im5t1       
accord+ to ?is arrangem5t1 apply+ ! arc 
directly to ! crural n]ves4   ,,exp]im5t
 ,,li4  ,a small portion ( ! great      
pectoral muscle be+ deta*$ f ! ribs1 &  
expos$ to ! action ( ! pile1 exhibit$   
/rong contractions1 & ! motion ( !      
diaphragm 0 also v rem>kable4 ,! he>t   
alone1 ?\gh c>efully subject$ to all !  
op]ations detail$ 9 ! #dg? exp]im5t1    
rema9$ p]fectly motionless4   ,,exp]im5t
 ,,lii4  ,hav+ br\ght ! sep>at$ head ne>
 to ! neck ( ! trunk1 ,i e/abli%$ a     

communication betwe5 x & ! trunk by     
means ( ! animal moi/ure alone2 & an arc
 be+ !n =m$ f ! head to diff]5t p>ts ( !
 trunk1 s5sible contractions 7 produc$1 
& p>ticul>ly 9 ! latt]4 ,?is obs]vation 
seems /ill fur!r to prove t an arc (    
moi/ure has p[] to excite muscul>       
contractions4 ,9 ?is1 z well z 9 !      
prec$+ exp]im5ts1 if any ( ! spectators1
 :ile an arc 0 e/abli%$ by means ( !    
pile1 br\ght a frog prep>$ 9 ! usual    
mann] ne> to ! human body1 ! frog       
exp]i5c$ /rong contractions1 ?\gh at a  
di/ance f ! place to :i* ! action ( !   
,galvanism 0 det]m9$4   ,,exp]im5t      
,,liii4  ,aft] ?ree h\rs _h be5 employ$ 
9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i conceiv$ ! idea (    
try+ ! action ( ,galvanism on "s p>ts ( 
! body sep>at$ f ! trunk4 ,"o ( ! legs1 
!re=e1 0 amputat$ six in*es above ! jo9t
 ( ! knee2 & an arc be+ e/abli%$ f a    
po9t 9 ! plane ( ! section to ! knee1 ,i
 obta9$ contractions simil> to ^? :i* _h
 be5 produc$ be=e ! limb 0 sep>at$ f !  
body4 ,i !n =m$ an arc ( moi/ure1 by    

apply+ ! amputat$ limb to ! trunk2 &    
hav+ det]m9$ ! action ( ! pile to !     
sp9al m>r[ & ! foot1 ,i obta9$ v s5sible
 contractions4 ,i obs]v$1 on ?is        
occasion1 t a frog1 prep>$ "s "t be=e1 &
 :i* 0 accid5tally ly+ on ! table1 at   
ea* application ( ! metallic arcs mov$ l
 an electromet]1 & ?us confirm$ ! action
 ( an arc ( moi/ure4   ,,exp]im5t ,,liv4
  ,aft] a consid]able "t _h be5 employ$ 
9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 ,i endeav\r$ to    
revive ! action ( ! ,galvanism by moi/5+
 ! muscles ) a solution ( opium4 ,by ^! 
means ! contractions seem$ to be        
increas$2 & ! case 0 ! same 9 o!r       
w>m-blood$ animals4 ,a s]ies ( simil>   
exp]im5ts1 if c>efully made1 w\ld no    
d\bt be att5d$ ) important results2 z !y
 might enable u to asc]ta9 ! action ( ! 
diff]5t /imulants propos$ by ,dr4 ,br[n4
 ,b ,i mu/1 9 ! mean "t1 obs]ve1 t !    
be=e-m5tion$ effects ( opium fully      
correspond ) ^? long ago obs]v$ by      
,galvani4  ,x results1 9 g5]al1 f my    
exp]im5ts1 t moi/ure p]=ms a conspicu\s 

"p 9 produc+ contractions2 & t x is ev5 
( m importance ?an animal heat4 ,i inde$
 f9d t muscul> contractions may be      
obta9$ aft] ! body has ?r[n out a great 
deal ( its heat1 ev5 :5 x has cool$ =   
sev]al h\rs1 & :5 x has be5 expos$ to a 
temp]ature bel[ z]o2 =1 if ,galvanism be
 communicat$ to a body 9 t /ate1 muscul>
 contractions w be imm$iately excit$2 b 
!y soon cease by ! privation ( animal   
moi/ure4 ,if a muscle1 inde$1 :i* has   
be5 laid b>e resi/s ! ,galvanic         
influ5ce1 its action may be spe$ily     
r5ew$ by mak+ an incision into x1 or    
into "s ( ! muscles :i* surr\nd x4 ,i c 
ass]t1 t by ?is process p>tial          
contractions 7 produc$ 9 ! human body   
five h\rs aft] dea?1 e "t t ! arcs 7    
appli$ to ! muscul> fibres4  ,be+ worn  
out ) ?is long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ,i    
f\nd x necess>y to ab&on !m2 b1 f ! =ce 
( ! contractions1 x c\ld easily be se5 t
 !y might h be5 produc$ mu* long]4      
,hav+ communicat$ ^! results to !       
celebrat$ ,caldani1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy

 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 he reque/$ t  
,i w\ld confirm ! obs]vations ,i _h made
 by aga9 apply+ ,galvanism to !         
membranes & to ! cortical sub/ance ( !  
bra94 ,he 0 unwill+ to give up ! sy/em (
 ,hall] )\t v positive pro(s2 & 8 d\bts 
7 to me ( great utility1 z !y induc$ me 
to e/abli% ! action ( ,galvanism on ^!  
p>ts by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3   ,,exp]im5t
 ,,lv4  ,z ^! d\bts relat$ to a delicate
 po9t1 :i* w\ld h produc$ "s v>iation 9 
! !ory ( a celebrat$ physiologi/1 ,i    
repeat$ ! exp]im5t on ! head ( an ox    
newly kill$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pr(essor    
,mond9i1 :o made ! necess>y prep>ations4
 ,! dura mat] 0 laid b>e2 & ! action ( !
 ,galvanism be+ conduct$ to x1 /rong    
contractions 7 imm$iately produc$4 ,!   
same phnom5on took place :5 ! cortical  
sub/ance 0 br\ght into contact ) "o ( ! 
arcs4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ) ! same  
success on ! heads ( sev]al ox5 & lambs4
   ,,exp]im5t ,,lvi4  ,:5 ,i pass$ ?r\gh
 ,tur91 ,pr(essors ,vassalli1 ,giulio1 &
 ,rossi reque/$ me to p]=m1 9 _!        

pres5ce1 my pr9cipal exp]im5ts1 & ^? 9  
p>ticul> :i* relat$ to ! membranes & !  
cortical sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,!y obs]v$1 
at ! same "t1 t 9 uncov]+ ! bra9 ( an ox
 ) a cleav]1 "s d]angem5t1 9 consequ5ce 
( ! agitation1 might be effect$ 9 t     
organ1 :i* w\ld p]haps produce an       
alt]ation 9 ! results4 ,pr(essors       
,giulio & ,rossi propos$ !re=e to uncov]
 ! bra9 by ! trepan1 :i* gave a great]  
degree ( precision to ! exp]im5t4 ,!    
dura mat] ( an ox be+ uncov]$ 9 ?is     
mann]1 x 0 subject$ to ! action (       
,galvanism1 & ev5 ) ?is mode (          
prep>ation ! muscul> contractions e "t !
 arc 0 appli$ 7 pretty /rong4 ,! arc be+
 det]m9$ to ! cortical sub/ance1 ! =ce (
 ! contractions seem$ to be increas$2 & 
9 g5]al !y appe>$ to be m consid]able 9 
proportion z ! arc 0 plung$ to a great] 
dep? into ! sub/ance ( ! bra94  ,^!     
g5tlem51 9 ^: pres5ce ,i p]=m$ my       
pr9cipal exp]im5ts1 hav+ pursu$ my me?od
 aft] my dep>ture1 made "s obs]vations  
:i* may be ( great use to physiology4   

,!y _h be=e ent]ta9$ /rong d\bts :e!r ! 
he>t 0 susceptible ( ! ,galvanic action1
 by means ( simple armatures appli$ to !
 diff]5t p>ts ( t muscle2 & su*         
irregul>ity _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! results1 t
 x appe>$ difficult to det]m9e ! "q4 ,i 
0 !re=e exce$+ly happy t ,i _h _h an    
opportunity ( excit+ 9 o!rs a desire to 
make new rese>*es 9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 (
 s mu* importance4 ,pr(essors ,vassalli1
 ,giulio & ,rossi repeat$ & modifi$ my  
exp]im5ts on ! he>t 9 su* a mann]1 t !y 
obta9$ 9 man1 & w>m-blood$ animals1     
contractions simil> to ^? :i* ,i _h     
obs]v$ only 9 cold-blood$ animals4 ,i   
wait = a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 
z well z ( o!rs made on decapitat$      
crim9als#b1 :i* 7 subject$ to my        
processes4 ,! bodies 7 remov$ to ! l>ge 
hospital2 & not)/&+ ! long p]iod :i* _h 
elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( ! execution & t :5 
! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$1 !y obs]v$ almo/ !  
same phnom5a4  ,! obs]vation made on ?is
 crim9al1 t ! vital p[]s exi/ s long 9 !
 body aft] dea?1 induces me to hope t ,i

 %all be able to obta9 simil> results by
 ! application ( my me?od1 9 common     
cases ( susp5d$ animation4 ,b :5 employ$
 = ?is laudable purpose x %\ld be       
modifi$ 9 su* a mann] z to r5d]         
unnecess>y ^? op]ations :i* are s pa9ful
 to humanity4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,i h      
inv5t$ a me?od by :i* muscul>           
contractions may be produc$ )\t ! lea/  
incision or sep>ation ( ! muscles4 ,x is
 s comb9$1 t x _c be reject$ by ! mo/   
rigor\s m$ical jurisprud5ce4        #b  
,"s acc\nt ( ! latt]1 f ! ,j\rnal de    
,physique1 w be f\nd 9 !                
,app5dix4--,,trans4   ,,exp]im5t ,,lvii4
  ,9 ord] to try ! vital =ce exi/+ 9 !  
human body aft] dea?1 ,i imm]se ! h& 9 a
 solution ( muriate ( soda1 & e/abli% an
 arc1 "o ( ! extremities ( :i* is made  
to pass r\nd ! =e-arm1 :ile ! o!r is    
br\ght into contact ) ! bottom ( ! pile4
 ,i adapt to ! extremity ( ano!r arc an 
ela/ic probe1 :i* is appli$ to "o ( !   
e>s1 moi/5$ by means ( a syr+e ) ! same 
solution1 & connect ! o!r extremity ( ! 

arc ) ! summit ( ! pile4 ,by ?is        
arrangem5t v>i\s contractions1 accord+  
to ! diff]5t degrees ( vitality 9 !     
bodies1 are obs]v$1 sometimes 9 ! f+]s1 
sometimes 9 ! h&1 & sometimes 9 ! :ole  
arm4 ,! f+]s b5d1 & move 9 a s5sible    
mann]2 & sometimes ! :ole ( ! =e-arm    
proce$s t[>ds ! brea/4 ,! importance (  
?is me?od = det]m9+ ! duration ( ! vital
 p[]s aft] dea? may be readily          
compreh5d$4 ,%\ld means be f\nd h]eaft] 
to make fur!r discov]ies 9 reg>d to ?is 
int]e/+ po9t1 physiologi/s may !n be    
able to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ^? cases :5   
int]m5t ought to be ret>d$2 & ^? :]e !  
good ( society requires t e possible    
means ( resuscitation %\ld be employ$4  
,9 ! l>ge hospital ( ,bologna1 ,i made  
sev]al obs]vations on ?is subject2 &    
rem>k$ 9 p>ticul>1 h[ mu* ! nature ( !  
disease contributes1 ct]is p>ibus1 to   
produce a diff]5ce 9 ! duration ( !     
muscul> contractions4 ,i tri$ ! case (  
dea? produc$ by putrid fev]s1 by        
pleurisies1 by w\nds 9 ! p]ic>dium1 by !

 scurvy1 & by ! consequ5ces (           
p>turition2 & ,i f\nd a great diff]5ce 9
 ! degrees ( vitality1 accord+ to !     
circum/ances ( ! disease1 ! age &       
temp]am5t ( ! individual2 :i* confirms  
me 9 ! op9ion ,i ent]ta91 t ^!          
exp]im5ts1 if long cont9u$ )\t          
int]mission by able physiologi/s1 might 
be ( ! greate/ b5efit to m$ic9e4  ,^!   
rese>*es are n an object ( m]e          
curiosity2 !y seem to op5 an ext5sive   
field = promot+ ! welf>e ( ! human race1
 & may be ( s]vice 9 cases ( app>5t     
dea?1 occasion$ by an alt]ation ( !     
bra91 & sometimes 9 cases ( asphyxia4   
,v>i\s le>n$ academies are entitl$ to   
great praise = hav+ turn$ _! att5tion to
 ?is subject1 & = hav+ already recomm5d$
 diff]5t /imulants z prop] = be+ us$ on 
su* occasions4 ,b ,i mu/ take ! lib]ty (
 reque/+ t 9 simil> cases ! action (    
,galvanism maybe tri$1 by employ+ ! new 
me?od "h propos$4 ,x is ( great         
importance t ! means ( af=d+ relief to !
 suff]+s ( mank9d %\ld be multipli$1 &  

especially 9 cases 9 :i* ! old sy/em (  
m$ic9e pres5ts to u s few res\rces4 ,9 !
 mean "t ,i conceive x may be useful to 
make "s trials on animals ?r[n into a   
/ate ( asphyxia diff]5t ways4 ,^!       
rese>*es may lead to valuable           
discov]ies1 & produce "s light to direct
 u 9 our attempts to save ! lives ( m54 
,if ! enc\ragem5t ,i h receiv$ f !      
m$ical & philosophical _w1 9 g5]al1     
induce o!rs to pursue ! same pa?1 x w   
give me great satisfaction4 ,galvanism  
is yet 9 its infancy2 & :5 we reflect on
 ! sl[ progress :i* _m o!r bran*es (    
sci5ce h made1 & h[ long !y rema9$ almo/
 /ation>y be=e ! full importance ( !m 0 
kn[n1 x w\ld be presumption to set b\nds
 to t :i* is ! subject ( ! pres5t "w4 ,=
 my "p1 ,i sp>$ no pa9s dur+ my %ort /ay
 at ,p>is to exhibit my me?od1 & to make
 x publicly kn[n4 ,dr4 ,p9el assi/$ at  
my exp]im5ts ) ! utmo/ zeal1 & 0 witness
 to muscul> contractions excit$ 9 ! body
 ( an old woman1 :o _h di$ ( a malignant
 putrid fev]4 ,! int]e/ :i* he took 9 my

 rese>*es induc$ me to communicate to   
him sev]al plans ,i _h =m$ = giv+ relief
 to "s ( ^? un=tunate be+s committ$ to 8
 skill & b5efic5t c>e 9 ! ,hpital des   
,f\x4 ,i po9t$ out to him "s p>ticul>   
cases :]e ! individuals1 9 consequ5ce ( 
a deep root$ melan*oly1 7 r$uc$ almo/ to
 a /ate ( idiotism1 & 9 :i* ,galvanism  
seem$ likely to be att5d$ ) ! greate/   
b5efit4 ,9 ! la/ public sitt+ ( !       
,in/itute ( ,bologna1 at :i* ,i 0       
pres5t1 ,i ann\nc$ ! complete cure ( two
 lunatics p]=m$ 9 ! ,public ,hospital1 9
 ! pres5ce ( _m ( ! m$ical pupils1 & ) !
 assi/ance ( ! pr(essors :o sup]9t5d t  
e/abli%m5t1 & :o are n[ employ$ 9       
confirm+ my me?od on o!r pati5ts4 ,i am 
well aw>e t two cures are n suffici5t to
 make op]ations ( ?is k9d be admitt$ z  
g5]al rem$ies2 b !y ought to enc\rage   
physicians to prosecute ?is subject 9   
ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> ,galvanism c be   
consid]$ z ( utility 9 su* cases1 & to  
endeav\r by _! lab\rs to fill up !      
vacuity :i* /ill exi/s 9 ?is "p (       

m$ic9e4 ,i am ready to ackn[l$ge t great
 caution ought to be employ$ 9 p]=m+ su*
 exp]im5ts2 & = ?is reason ,i purpose1 9
 ! ?ird "p ( ! pres5t "w1 to lay be=e ! 
read] ! reflections & obs]vations (     
v>i\s +5i\s m5 :o h made ?is dep>tm5t ( 
,galvanism an object ( _! rese>*es4  ,b 
be=e ,i proce$ fur!r1 ,i ?9k x necess>y 
to d$uce f :at has be5 already said a   
few g5]al coroll>ies4   ,,coroll>y ,i4  
,! muscles are affect$ by ! action ( !  
pile 9 a mu* m p[]ful mann] :5 !y are   
laid entirely b>e1 & :5 ! arc is made to
 p5etrate to a consid]able dep? 9 _!    
sub/ance4   ,,coroll>y ,,ii4  ,^!       
convulsions are increas$ 9 proportion to
 ! numb] ( ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 !   
arc & ! muscle4   ,,coroll>y ,,iii4  ,9 
_m cases1 muscul> contractions are      
obta9$ by =m+ an arc f "o muscle to     
ano!r4   ,,coroll>y ,,iv4  ,muscul>     
contractions are almo/ always spe$ily   
obta9$ by ! pile1 ev5 :5 ! means propos$
 by ,hall] fail to produce !m4          
,,coroll>y ,v4  ,! he>t1 :i*1 accord+ to

 ,hall]'s pr9ciple1 is ! fir/ muscle t  
receives life & ! la/ to lose x1 9      
comp>ison ( ! o!r muscles1 c )          
difficulty be made to feel ! influ5ce ( 
! ,galvanic action2 :ile ! o!r muscles  
always reta91 a long "t aft] dea?1 t    
vital =ce :i* x has nev] be5 f\nd       
possible to excite b by ! impulse (     
,galvanism4   ,,coroll>y ,,vi4  ,!      
p>tisans ( ,hall]1 to excite ^!         
contractions1 (t5 employ /imulants1 :i* 
alt] ! texture ( ! muscul> fibre1 &     
de/roy its cont9uity2 an inconv5i5ce :i*
 may be avoid$ by apply+ ,galvanism4    
,,coroll>y ,,vii4  ,z ! k9ds ( app>atus 
be=e m5tion$ are n appli$ to ! sp9al    
m>r[ alone1 b to ! diff]5t n]ves ( !    
animal ma*9e1 !y may af=d to ! anatomi/ 
an exp]im5tal myology2 by means ( :i* he
 c r5d] s5sible to ! eye ! fix$ &       
moveable po9ts ( ! muscles1 & ! real    
ext5t ( _! action4   ,,coroll>y ,,viii4 
,! exp]im5ts made on ! bodies ( p]sons  
:o di$ a natural dea?1 are ( ! greate/  
importance to physiology4 ,i am /rongly 

incl9$ to ?9k t1 by pursu+ ^! rese>*es m
 9 detail1 !y w "o day make u bett]     
acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! vital p[]s1 & !     
diff]5ce ( _! duration1 accord+ to      
div]sity ( sex1 age1 temp]am5t &        
disease1 & ev5 accord+ to div]sity (    
climate & to ! nature ( ! atmosph]e4    
,,"p ,,! ,,?ird4  ,,on ,,! ,,p[] ,,(    
,,galvanism ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,m$ic9e4 
,if ! doctr9e ( ,galvanism h ?r[n       
consid]able light on v>i\s p>ts (       
philosophy & *emi/ry1 x gives u reason  
to hope t x may also be ( b5efit to     
m$ic9e4 ,! lab\rs inde$ ( ,galvani1 ^:  
mo/ ard5t desire 0 t 8 discov]y might be
 r5d]$ useful to mank9d1 7 at l5g?      
direct$ to ?is object1 & 8 wi%es n[ beg9
 to be realiz$2 b ,i mu/ reque/ ! read] 
n to be too sangu9e 9 8 expectations1 or
 to imag9e t ,i "h mean to ent]ta9 him )
 a long s]ies ( wond]ful or extraord9>y 
cures p]=m$ by means ( ,galvanism4 ,i h 
no int5tion to decorate ! discov]y ( my 
late uncle ) false glory4 ,?\gh ,i      
possess nei!r ! same dep? ( k1 nor !    

same sup]iority ( tal5ts1 ,i h always   
endeav\r$ to imitate 8 mod]ation &      
prud5ce 9 ! application ( 8 !ory4 ,i am 
fully conv9c$ t mu* /ill rema9s to be   
done1 9 ord] to discov] ! be/ me?ods (  
employ+ ?is new ag5t2 & t ! facts       
respect+ x1 ?\gh num]\s1 h n be5 r$uc$  
to pr9ciples suffici5tly c]ta9 &        
satisfactory4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 "s   
results & obs]vations exce$+ly curi\s1  
:i*1 if confirm$ by new exp]im5ts &     
rese>*es1 may enable u to obta9 conv9c+ 
pro(s ( its utility4 ,new facts1 h[ev]  
surpris+1 are n to be despis$ m]ely on  
acc\nt ( _! be+ diff]5t f any be=e      
obs]v$4 ,^? :o reject !m1 z "s h done1  
ought fir/ to %[ t !y are inconsi/5t ) !
 pr9ciples ( s\nd philosophy4 ,guid$ by 
^! reflections1 & desir\s ( contribut+1 
z f> z possible1 t[>ds ! illu/ration ( a
 new & v obscure subject1 ,i %all lay   
be=e ! read] ! result ( my rese>*es 9 ! 
foll[+ articles4     ,,section ,i4      
,advantages :i* ! m$ical adm9i/ration ( 
,galvanism has ov] t ( common           

electricity4   ,sev]al reasons h induc$ 
me to pref] ! m$ical adm9i/ration (     
,galvanism by means ( ! pile1 to t (    
artificial electricity4 ,9 reg>d to !   
action ( ! common electric ma*9e1 !     
difficulty ( call+ x =? prop]ly dur+    
damp wea!r2 ! "t requir$ = excit+ x2 !  
necessity ( *>g+ ! j> e "t x is appli$  
to ! pati5t1 are s _m ob/acles :i* r5d] 
! adm9i/ration ( common electricity     
inconv5i5t2 & on ?is acc\nt x is n[ mu* 
less us$ ?an =m]ly4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pile1
 accord+ to ! obs]vations :i* ,i h _h an
 opportunity ( mak+1 acts 9 a uni=m     
mann]2 is n s5sible to ! effects (      
moi/ure2 & =ms a sort ( ,leyd5 flask1   
:i* has a cont9u$ action t may be a long
 "t employ$4 ,x may be consid]$ z an    
app>atus1 :i* 9 itself conta9s a s]ies (
 j>s *>g$ 9 succession ) diff]5t degrees
 ( electricity4  ,i might "h enum]ate _m
 diff]5ces :i* are f\nd betwe5 !        
adm9i/ration ( ,galvanism & t (         
electricity4 ,if electricity be adm9i/]$
 to a pati5t directly f ! conductor1 he 

receives v little ( its action2 if a    
%ock be giv5 ) ! ,leyd5 flask1 ! action 
is exce$+ly /rong1 b n p]man5t4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 ! pile has a /rong & cont9u$    
action1 & occasions a p[]ful circulation
 ( ! ,galvanic matt]1 :i* aft] "s "t    
produces v /rik+ effects on ! animal    
fluids4 ,i might "h ref]1 by way (      
example1 to ! exp]im5ts made )          
,galvanism on ! blood1 ! bile1 & ! ur9e1
 :i* gave results ,i 0 nev] able to     
obta9 by common electricity4 ,i %all    
m5tion1 9 ! la/ place1 ! great conv5i5ce
 ( ! pile1 & ! %ort space ( "t 9 :i*    
,galvanism may be adm9i/]$ by x to a    
great numb] ( p]sons2 & ?is advantage is
 suffici5t1 ct]is p>ibus1 to r5d] x     
pref]able 9 ?is respect to common       
electricity4     ,,section ,,ii4        
,application ( ,galvanism to ! organs ( 
he>+ & ( sight4   ,by apply+ ,galvanism 
to diff]5t p>ts ( ! face1 a fla% ( light
 is excit$ 9 ! eyes1 :i* is /rong] or   
weak] accord+ to ! nature ( ! p>ts to   
:i* x is direct$4 ,^! organs1 ?\gh      

delicate1 are always affect$ 9 su* a    
mann] t ! me*anism ( ! eye su/a9s no    
injury f ! metallic arcs :5 !y are made 
to communicate ) only two plates (      
diff]5t metals4 ,i receiv$ an acc\nt (  
?is phnom5on at ,milan1 sev]al ye>s ago1
 f ! celebrat$ ,volta1 :o produc$ x by  
apply+ a conductor ( z9c 9 su* a mann]1 
t "o end ( x t\*$ ! bulb ( ! eye1 & !   
o!r ! tip ( ! tongue arm$ ) a plate (   
t94 ,9 adm9i/]+ ,galvanism = diseases ( 
! eyes1 x is mu* bett] to employ ! pile4
 ,to excite ! appe>ance ( a fla% (      
light1 x is n necess>y t ! eyes %\ld be 
op52 x takes place ev5 if !y are %ut1 & 
cov]$ ) a b&age 9 a d>k5$ ap>tm5t4 ,"s (
 ! p>tisans ( ,eul]1 p]haps1 may "h     
ma9ta91 t ?is phnom5on ( ,galvanism is a
 deception1 & t no light c be really    
excit$ 9 su* cases1 z ! production (    
light dep5ds on ! emanation ( rays f a  
lum9\s body :i* p5etrate into ! int]ior 
"p ( ! eye4 ,b )\t ent]+ into !         
exam9ation ( ?is "q1 :i* is =eign to my 
pr9cipal object1 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t 

long be=e ! !ory ( ,galvanism 0 kn[n1 ! 
celebrat$ ,d>w9 _h f\nd t :5 ! eyes are 
%ut1 !re are c]ta9 int]nal /imulants :i*
 are capable ( produc+ ! appe>ance (    
light & ( col\rs4  ,9 no case is !      
diff]5ce betwe5 ,galvanism & electricity
 m app>5t ?an 9 ! application ( ! =m] to
 ! sight4 ,v little b5efit _h be5 obta9$
 by means ( a metallic po9t inclos$ 9 a 
glass tube1 :i* direct$ ! electric *>ge 
f a j> to ! cornea2 & besides1 ! %ock ( 
a ,leyd5 j> appli$ directly to s        
delicate an organ z ! eye c\ld n b be   
att5d$ ) dang]4 ,galvanism appli$ to !  
ext]ior "p ( ! eye1 9 ! same place :]e a
 /ream ( electricity w\ld h _h no       
influ5ce :atev]1 has always produc$ a   
c]ta9 effect on ! organ ( sight1 z is   
prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4            
,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,if y t\* ) "o h& !     
bottom ( ! pile1 & at ! same "t apply to
 ! summit diff]5t p>ts ( ! face moi/5$ )
 salt wat]1 a fla% ( light w be excit$ 9
 ! eyes4 ,! same result w be obta9$1 if 
in/ead ( t\*+ ! bottom ( ! pile ) ! h& y

 t\* x ) ! sole ( y\r foot4 ,no fla% (  
light is obs]v$ :5 ! ,leyd5 flask is    
employ$ 9 ! same mann]4   ,,exp]im5t    
,,ii4  ,hav+ obs]v$ ! prec$+ phnom5on 9 
myself1 & excit$ x 9 o!rs1 ,i 0 desir\s 
( prov+ x 9 reg>d to sev]al p]sons at ! 
same "t dur+ ! c\rse ( my public        
lectures1 & = t purpose ,i made use ( ! 
foll[+ app>atus4 ,i arrang$ two metallic
 plates 9 a horizontal position1 at !   
di/ance ( n9e in*es f ea* o!r1 s t six  
p]sons ) _! h&s dipp$ 9 salt wat] c\ld  
t\* ! l[] plate1 & ! upp] "o ) ! tips ( 
_! tongue4 ,a *>g$ ,leyd5 flask plac$   
betwe5 ! two plates be+ !n dis*>g$1 !   
:ole ( ! p]sons exp]i5c$ a viol5t %ock1 
b p]ceiv$ no fla% ( light4 ,x is well   
kn[n h[ev] t1 :5 a simil> arc is =m$ ) !
 int]position ( a v /rong pile1 a fla% (
 light is con/antly obs]v$2 ?\gh ! =ce 9
 ! second case is mu* less ?an t excit$ 
by ! explosion ( ! ,leyd5 flask4 ,! same
 result w be obta9$ by br++ ! upp] plate
 into contact ) ! nose4   ,,exp]im5t    
,,iii4  ,z my pupils took mu* int]e/ 9  

?is rese>*1 "s ( !m suspect$ t ! light (
 ! ap>tm5t might p]haps h effac$ t      
excit$ by ! electricity4 ,i !re=e made !
 ap>tm5t entirely d>k2 & "o ( !m tak+ a 
,leyd5 flask appli$ x to ! po9t ( ! nose
 ( ano!r p]son ) :om he 0 9             
communication1 by lay+ hold ( him ) !   
o!r h&4 ,by ^! means a v /rong %ock 0   
giv51 b no fla% ( light 0 obs]v$4 ,?is  
exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 mak+ ! p]son :o     
receiv$ ! %ock ( ! ,leyd5 flask to rema9
 "s "t be=e 9 ! d>k1 t 8 eyes might be  
bett] enabl$ to p]ceive any fa9t light t
 might be excit$3 b ! result 0 /ill !   
same4 ,to ^? :o ref] ,galvanism to !    
common laws ( electricity1 x w be       
difficult to compreh5d ! cause ( !      
diff]5t action ex]cis$ by ! latt] on !  
organ ( sight4 ,b z x is n my int5tion  
at pres5t to ent] into any discussion on
 ?is subject1 ,i %all leave x to        
philosoph]s to assign a reason = ?is    
phnom5on1 & only obs]ve1 t ! prop]ties  
above indicat$ w be suffici5t to        
au?orize m$ical practition]s to pref]1 9

 c]ta9 cases1 ! adm9i/ration (          
,galvanism by ! pile to t ( common      
electricity4  ,be=e ,i proce$ directly  
to ! m$ical adm9i/ration ( ,galvanism to
 ! organ ( sight1 ,i ?9k x necess>y to  
di/+ui% f\r classes ( bl9d p]sons ^:    
cases ought to be consid]$ sep>ately4   
,! fir/ belongs to ^? :o f _! bir? h be5
 depriv$ ( ! valuable bless+ ( sight4   
,! second compreh5ds ^? become bl9d 9   
consequ5ce ( "s great lsion1 or "s      
d]angem5t 9 ! solids or 9 ! fluids :i*  
con/itute ! me*anism ( ! eye4  ,! ?ird1 
^? :o h become bl9d by "s morbid action1
 ?\gh ! me*anism ( ! eye has be5 little 
affect$1 & ?\gh no imp$im5t has occurr$ 
b 9 reg>d to ! action ( ! optic n]ve4   
,! f\r? class compreh5ds ^? :o1 ?\gh n  
actually depriv$ ( sight1 h x mu* weak5$
 9 consequ5ce ( disease1 or ( "s o!r    
cause4  ,! adm9i/ration ( ,galvanism    
does n hold =? mu* hope ( a cure to     
p]sons belong+ to ! fir/ two classes4 ,i
 h[ev] resolv$ to attempt "s exp]im5ts  
on ?is subject at ,bologna2 b ?\gh !re 7

 a great _m bl9d 9 t city1 ,i f\nd t !y 
_h become s by ! malignant influ5ce ( ! 
small pox4 ,?is obs]vation w1 ,i hope1  
be ( s]vice to ! pursuits ( ! celebrat$ 
,dr4 ,j5n]1 & ( all ^? :o ex]t !mselves 
to promote ! b5eficial practice ( vacc9e
 inoculation4  ,be+ depriv$1 at         
,bologna1 ( any opportunity ( try+ !    
effects ( ,galvanism 9 cases ( p]sons   
born bl9d1 ,i galvanis$ sev]al :o _h lo/
 _! sight at a v e>ly age4 ,i fir/      
appli$ ! ,galvanism to ! arms ( five    
bl9d p]sons1 "s ( :om _h lo/ _! sight   
?irty1 & o!rs =ty ye>s & ev5 m4 ,by ?is 
me?od !y 7 famili>is$ ) ! idea ( its    
me*anical action1 & le>n$ to di/+ui% x f
 e o!r s5sation4 ,i !n appli$ ,galvanism
 to ! lips1 & to ! tip ( ! nose1 9 a    
d>k5$ ap>tm5t2 b 9 ?ree in/ances only ! 
pati5ts _h a real p]ception ( light1 to 
:i* !y _h be5 s long /rang]s4 ,i !n     
appli$ x to cases ( amaurosis1 & at fir/
 _h confid5t expectation ( effect+ a    
p]fect cure4 ,"o ( my pati5ts 0 a woman1
 :om ?is disord] _h depriv$ ( ! sight ( 

"o eye1 :ile t ( ! o!r 0 mu* weak5$4    
,aft] adm9i/]+ ! ,galvanism diff]5t     
ways1 ,i obs]v$ t ! eye totally bl9d    
began to h a p]ception ( light1 & t !   
sight ( ! "o :i* 0 weak5$ became mu*    
/rong]4 ,i !n took a book1 :i* ,i held  
at a consid]able di/ance f h]2 & remov+ 
x gradually fur!r z ! ,galvanism 0      
adm9i/]$1 ,i obs]v$1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is 
me?od1 t ! pati5t's sight daily improv$4
 ,b ,i mu/ freely confess t ! success   
obta9$1 ?\gh at fir/ flatt]+1 0 n ( long
 duration2 & t :5 ! ,galvanism 0        
discont9u$ a great deal ( ! b5efit :i*  
_h be5 obta9$ 0 aga9 lo/4 ,on ?is       
acc\nt1 ,i 0 disc\rag$ f adm9i/]+       
,galvanism any m 9 su* cases4 ,i am     
h[ev] ( op9ion1 t by v>y+ ! me?od (     
adm9i/ration x may be att5d$ ) "s       
utility4 ,i %all "h obs]ve1 t hav+ once 
_h occasion to adm9i/] common           
electricity 9 a simil> case ( amaurosis1
 ,i 0 nev] able to excite ! p]ception ( 
a fla% 9 ! eyes ( ! pati5t1 ?\gh !      
electricity 0 appli$ directly to ! eye  

itself4  ,i h _h few opportunities (    
apply+ ,galvanism 9 diseases ( ! organs 
( he>+4 ,besides1 ,i ?\ght x almo/      
ne$less to try a me?od :i* _h be5       
already br\ght to a /ate ( p]fection by 
"s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pr(essors ( ,g]many
 & ,b]l94 ,i admir$ 9 p>ticul> a v +5i\s
 ma*9e1 inv5t$ = t purpose by a ,g]man  
philosoph]1 & lately con/ruct$ 9 ,engl& 
by ,mr4 ,john ,cu?b]tson1 an em95t      
philosophical & ma!matical in/rum5t     
mak]1 & celebrat$ = hav+ con/ruct$ !    
l>ge electrical ma*9e ( ,h>lem4 ,!      
app>atus consi/s ( a metal lev]1 :i* by 
means ( c]ta9 :eels & ma*9]y rises &    
falls e m9ute or second1 & at ea* "t (  
fall+ =ms a communication betwe5 c]ta9  
p>ts ( ! pati5t & ! pile4 ,9 consequ5ce 
( ?is arrangem5t1 ! int]rupt$ action ( !
 ,galvanism is r5ew$ e "t t !           
communication betwe5 ! pati5t & ! pile  
is re-e/abli%$4 ,be=e my dep>ture f     
,london1 ,i made sev]al *anges &        
improvem5ts 9 ! usual con/ruction ( ?is 
app>atus1 9 ord] to give x z mu*        

simplicity z possible4 ,! foll[+ is !   
mann] 9 :i* ,i caus$ x to be con/ruct$  
lately = my own use4 ,"o extremity ( !  
lev] :i* =ms ! communication 7,plate    
,,iii4 fig4 #a471 is fix$ to ! base or  
negative end ( ! pile1 & ! o!r t]m9ates 
9 a small hamm]1 s plac$ z to /rike a   
bell1 :i* by means ( a bason ( wat] is 9
 communication ) c]ta9 p>ts ( ! pati5t1 
:ile an arc ext5ds f ! pati5t to !      
summit or positive end ( ! pile4 ,9     
consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 e "t t !   
small hamm] /rikes ! bell ! ,galvanic   
action ( ! pile is repeat$4 ,9 cases (  
deafness1 ,i cause ! pati5t to hold 9 "o
 h& an insulat$ metallic arc1 "o end (  
:i* is br\ght into contact ) ! affect$  
e>1 & ! o!r ) ! positive end ( ! pile2 &
 to imm]se ! o!r h& 9 a bason ( salt    
wat] plac$ above ! bell4 ,:5 ?is        
disposition has be5 made1 ! :eel-"w is  
turn$ r\nd1 :i* gives motion to ! lev]2 
& e "t t ! hamm] /rikes ! bell1 a       
communication is =m$ betwe5 ! positive &
 negative ends ( ! pile3 consequ5tly !re

 w !n be a circulation ( ! fluid1 & !   
,galvanism w ex]cise a direct action on 
! organ ( he>+4 ,! app>atus1 con/ruct$ 9
 ?is mann]1 appe>s to me to be r$uc$ to 
great simplicity3 & !re=e ,i propose to 
ext5d ! use ( x1 by employ+ x to adm9i/]
 m$ical ,galvanism to o!r diseas$ p>ts (
 ! body4  ,be=e ,i conclude ?is article1
 ,i mu/ sugge/ a h9t respect+ !         
application ( ,galvanism to diseases ( !
 tee?1 f\nd$ on in=mation communicat$ to
 me on ?is subject by ,mr4 ,f[l]1 an    
em95t d5ti/ ( ,london4 ,:5 ! c>ies is   
conceal$ f ! sight1 ,mr4 ,f[l] employs !
 foll[+ me?od to discov] ! affect$ too?4
 ,he fir/ insulates ! pati5t2 & hav+ put
 into 8 h& ! electric *a91 he applies a 
small piece ( wire to ! d5s sapi5ti1    
draw+ x gradually ov] its surface3 he !n
 applies x to ! next too?1 repeat+ !    
op]ation1 & proce$s 9 l mann] ) ! re/   
till he comes to ! diseas$ too?1 :i*    
discov]s itself by a viol5t pa9 produc+ 
an involunt>y commotion 9 ! body4 ,x is 
always rem>k$1 t :5 ?is too? is extract$

 x exhibits a c>i\s "p n be=e visible4  
,?is me?od1 !re=e1 is ( great           
importance1 z x frequ5tly happ5s 9 su*  
cases t ! d5ti/1 n be+ able to di/+ui% !
 diseas$ too? f ! re/1 is oblig$ to draw
 "s t are s\nd be=e he c discov] x4     
,,section ,,iii4  ,application (        
,galvanism 9 cases ( asphyxia & dr[n+4  
,i m5tion$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w !     
great influ5ce :i* ,galvanism has 9     
cases ( asphyxia1 & ! pref]5ce :i* ought
 to be giv5 to x 9 comp>ison ( o!r      
/imulants4 ,?\gh ! obs]vations (f]$ 9 t 
"p are suffici5t to prove my            
proposition1 ,i %all add to !m ! foll[+ 
exp]im5ts3   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,"s dogs & 
cats 7 imm]s$ 9 a l>ge pond till !y gave
 no ext]nal signs ( respiration1 or (   
muscul> motion2 & ,galvanism be+        
imm$iately adm9i/]$ to !m1 accord+ to ! 
me?ods already describ$1 !y 7 sometimes 
re/or$ to life4 ,i make use ( ! t]m     
#8sometimes1' because1 if animals are   
imm]s$ 9 wat] = a long] p]iod ?an _!    
organization c be>1 & if ! vital p[]s   

are really de/roy$1 x is evid5t t x w be
 impossible to re/ore !m to life by any 
physical process :atev]4 ,i obta9$ !    
same results f to animals ?r[n into a   
/ate ( asphyxia 9 diff]5t ways4         
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,hav+ appli$          
,galvanism to ! trunk ( a dog1 9 !      
,hpital de la ,*>it at ,p>is1 air seem$ 
to escape f ! tra*eal art]y on e        
application ( ! arc4 ,be+ reque/$ to    
repeat & confirm ?is int]e/+ exp]im5t1  
,i f\nd myself "u ! necessity (         
sacrific+ a new victim to my ,galvanic  
rese>*es4 ,z x 0 necess>y to exam9e !   
phnom5on :ile ! body 0 9 t /ate (       
vitality mo/ prop] = ! obs]vation1 ,i   
expos$ ! trunk ( ano!r dog rec5tly kill$
 to ! ,galvanic action2 & hav+ plac$ a  
tap] ne> to ! tra*eal art]y1 x 0        
ext+ui%$ twice 9 succession by two      
applications ( ,galvanism4 ,by repeat+  
?is exp]im5t1 9 ,mr4 ,wilson's          
anatomical !atre1 ,great ,w9dmill-/reet1
 & 9 ! !atres ( ,guy's & ,/4 ,?omas's   
,hospital1 ,london1 ,i f\nd t ! tap]    

c\ld be ext+ui%$ a great] numb] ( times4
  ,^! exp]im5ts give me suffici5t reason
 to hope t ,galvanism may be adm9i/]$ ) 
"s advantage 9 cases ( dr[n+4 ,b z ,i   
nev] _h an opportunity ( try+ ! effects 
( ?is /imulant 9 su* cases1 ,i h reque/$
 sev]al m$ical practition]s to pay      
att5tion to ?is application (           
,galvanism1 :i* may be ( ! utmo/        
importance to ! cause ( humanity4 ,i h  
already m5tion$ t ! me?od :i* ,i propose
 is exce$+ly simple2 t no anatomical    
op]ation :atev] is requir$2 t x is      
att5d$ ) no dang]2 & t ! possibility (  
sav+ ! life is 9 e case respect$4 ,no?+ 
is necess>y b to imm]se 9 salt wat] "o (
 ! h&s ( ! p]son subject$ to ! op]ation1
 & !n to apply ! ,galvanic curr5t to "o 
( ! e>s & to ! surface ( ! salt wat]4   
,dr4 ,lettsom1 a v zeal\s memb] ( !     
,humane ,society1 hav+ be5 pres5t at "s 
( my exp]im5ts1 ,i reque/$ t he w\ld    
recomm5d ! application ( ,galvanism 9   
cases ( dr[n+4 ,he assur$ me t he w\ld  
use 8 endeav\rs to cause my me?od to be 

tri$1 & ,i _h sev]al conf]5ces ) him on 
! subject1 t ,i might communicate to him
 su* in=mation z might t5d to facilitate
 ! application ( x4 ,z ! ,galvanism 9   
su* cases ought to be adm9i/]$ ) great  
promptitude1 we agre$ t ! app>atus ( !  
tr\gh is pref]able to t ( ! pile2 & we  
contriv$ ! plan ( a portable box to     
conta9 a tr\gh1 two arcs1 & a solution (
 common salt4 ,su* an app>atus w be     
exce$+ly conv5i5t1 & may easily be      
employ$ 9 all cases ( dr[n+ & (         
asphyxia4     ,,section ,,iv4           
,galvanism appli$ to ! cure ( melan*oly 
madness4   ,hospitals = lunatics pres5t 
a spectacle :i* mu/ excite compassion 9 
e brea/ n void ( humanity1 z !y are 9   
g5]al cr[d$ ) un=tunate be+s1 useless to
 !mselves & dang]\s to o!rs2 :ile little
 hope is left ( _! be+ ev] re/or$ to    
society4 ,?is is ! case 9 p>ticul> )    
p]sons subject to melan*oly madness2 on 
"s ( :om ,i tri$ la/ ye> ! effects (    
,galvanism4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a long s]ies
 ( pa9ful & disagreeable exp]im5ts made 

on myself1 ,i 0 induc$ to ent]ta9 great 
hopes f ?is rem$y4 ,i appli$ x to my e>s
 & to diff]5t p>ts ( ! head1 9 ord] t ,i
 might =m a j e/imation ( its p[] &     
influ5ce on ! bra94 ,x is well kn[n t ! 
/r5g? & en]gy ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d     
dep5d on ! /ate ( ! functions ( ! bra94 
,x is well kn[n also1 t a viol5t fall1  
or /rong impression on ! head1 has (t5  
occasion$ great v>iations 9 !           
intellectual faculties4 ,by su* accid5ts
 "s h entirely lo/ ! p[] ( imag9ation2  
:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "s h acquir$ v great 
tal5ts1 or em]g$ f a /ate ( complete    
/upidity4 ,^! consid]ations gave me     
reason to hope t ! p[] ( ,galvanism     
might p]haps be able to produce a       
salut>y *ange 9 ! bra9 9 cases (        
melan*oly madness4 ,i communicat$ my    
?\ghts on ?is subject to ! physicians :o
 sup]9t5d ! hospital = lunatics at      
,bologna4 ,!y approv$ ( my ideas1 & gave
 me e assi/ance 9 _! p[] to enable me to
 prosecute my rese>*es4 ,9 _! pres5ce1 &
 "u _! direction1 ,i adm9i/]$ ,galvanism

 to sev]al lunatics1 apply+ x diff]5t   
ways2 & ! result 0 ! complete cure ( two
 :o _h lab\r$ "u melan*oly madness4 ,z !
 me?od ,i foll[$ 9 bo? cases 0 ne>ly !  
same1 ,i %all "h give a description ( x1
 z x may s]ve z a g5]al rule = !        
adm9i/ration ( ?is rem$y "u simil>      
circum/ances4  ,l\is ,lanz>9i1 ( a      
phlegmatic temp]am5t1 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( 
age1 & a f>m] by pr(ession1 fell into a 
/ate ( deep melan*oly1 :i* fir/ ann\nc$ 
itself by an attack ( fev]2 9 consequ5ce
 ( :i* he 0 convey$ to ! public hospital
 ( ,/4 ,ursula on ! #ag? ( ,may #ahja4  
,:5 he arriv$ !re1 he began to compla9 (
 ! treatm5t he _h receiv$1 & to %[ great
 uneas9ess2 by :i* means 8 melan*oly    
increas$ s mu*1 t x at l5g? deg5]at$    
into real /upidity4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate1   
,pr(essors ,g5tilli & ,palazzi 7 s k9d z
 to all[ me to adm9i/] ,galvanism to    
him2 :i* ,i did 9 ! pres5ce ( ^!        
physicians1 & ( sev]al m$ical /ud5ts :o 
att5d$ ! hospital4  ,i _h provid$ = ?is 
purpose a pile compos$ ( eighty pieces (

 silv] & z9c1 & ,i at fir/ adm9i/]$ !   
,galvanism gradually1 =m+ ! arc by means
 ( ! h&s4 ,lanz>9i1 9 a /ate ( ! utmo/  
dejection1 view$ ! app>atus & ! company 
pres5t ) 8 eyes fix$ & motionless4 ,:5  
int]rogat$ by ! physicians & myself 9   
reg>d to ! orig9 ( 8 malady1 he gave    
laconic & confus$ answ]s1 :i* seem$ to  
indicate a great degree ( /upidity &    
d]angem5t4 ,i fir/ moi/5$ 8 h&s1 & =m$  
an arc ) ! pile at diff]5t heights1 to  
accu/om him to endure ! action ( !      
app>atus4 ,no *ange1 h[ev]1 0 produc$ 9 
! pati5t by ?is op]ation4 ,i !n repeat$ 
! exp]im5t1 plac+ 8 h&s1 moi/5$ ) salt  
wat]1 at ! bottom ( ! pile2 & convey+ an
 arc f ! summit ( ! pile to diff]5t p>ts
 ( 8 face1 moi/5$ ) ! same solution4 ,a 
*ange 0 soon obs]v$ 9 ! pati5t's        
c\nt5ance1 & 8 :ole demean\r seem$ to   
indicate t ! degree ( 8 melan*oly 0     
some:at less5$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$   
sev]al times ) ! same success2 :i* seems
 to prove t ,galvanism absolutely       
ex]cises an action 9 su* diseases4 ,!   

pati5t be+ int]rogat$ next day1 ass]t$ t
 he _h felt no inconv5i5ce f !          
application ( ! ,galvanism2 & ?is acc\nt
 0 confirm$ by ! keep]s1 :o _h be5      
desir$ to give a report ( ! lea/ *ange t
 might take place4 ,simil> results 7    
obta9$ by gradually adm9i/]+ ! action ( 
! pile ) great] =ce = sev]al days       
successively1 & we soon began to obs]ve 
t x produc$ a v /rik+ effect4 ,! pati5t1
 on t\*+ ! app>atus1 seem$ to acquire   
new spirits2 a smile appe>$ on 8        
c\nt5ance1 & a complete *ange took place
 9 8 eyes z well z 9 e feature ( 8 face4
 ,in/ead ( %[+ any av]sion to ! pile1 he
 readily obey$ :5ev] he 0 call$ to      
und]go ! op]ation2 & 8 :ole conduct     
indicat$ t he f\nd relief f ! influ5ce (
 ! unkn[n ag5t :i* x excit$4 ,he began  
to conv]se ) m read9ess1 sometimes      
respect+ ! ma*9e1 & sometimes on ! fla% 
( light :i* appe>$ 9 8 eyes :5 ! arc 0  
appli$2 & on t acc\nt we conceiv$ ! mo/ 
flatt]+ hopes ( a complete cure4 ,!     
result ( ?is op]ation induc$ me to      

adm9i/] ! ,galvanism ev5 to ! sub/ance (
 ! bra92 be+ conv9c$1 z ,i h already    
rem>k$1 t ! ,galvanic fluid by ?is me?od
 ( application ex]cises its action )    
great] en]gy4 ,i communicat$ my design  
to ! ,pr(essors ( ! hospital1 & ) _!    
approbation began to try ! effects ( a  
pile compos$ ( fifte5 plates ( copp] &  
z9c4 ,i =m$ an arc f "o ( ! h&s to "o ( 
! e>s1 & !n f "o e> to ano!r1 hav+ fir/ 
moi/5$ !m ) a solution ( muriate ( soda4
 ,i increas$ ! numb] ( plates ( :i* !   
pile 0 compos$1 & f\nd t ! pati5t 0     
always m or less affect$ ) a mom5t>y    
impression exce$+ly pa9ful1 :i* h[ev]   
seem$ 9 ! end to produce a good effect4 
,:5 ,galvanism 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ?is mann]1  
,i did n neglect to cont9ue !           
application ( ! o!r me?od at ! same "t2 
& ,i f\nd t ! progress ( ! cure became m
 rapid4 ,b z ,i obs]v$ t ! action (     
,galvanism on ! e>s 0 sometimes too     
viol5t1 we ?\ght prop] to apply x 9 a m 
mod]ate & less dang]\s mann]4 ,sev]al   
p]sons hav+ be5 induc$ ?r\gh curiosity  

to try ?is action1 ! result1 besides a  
viol5t commotion ( ! :ole sub/ance ( !  
bra9 aga9/ ! skull1 0 a /ate (          
wat*fulness :i* cont9u$ sev]al days     
runn+1 & :i* ,i exp]i5c$ myself z well z
 o!rs4 ,we !n conceiv$ ! idea ( %av+ !  
head above ! suture ( ! p>ietal bone    
7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #c472 & hav+ moi/5$ 
! %av5 "p ) salt wat]1 a piece ( gold or
 silv] co9 0 plac$ ov] x4 ,! pati5t !n  
t\*$ ) "o ( 8 h&s ! bottom ( ! pile1 &  
at ! same "t an arc 0 e/abli%$ f !      
summit ( ! pile to ! metallic armature  
plac$ on ! head4 ,by ?is arrangem5t !   
action ( ! ,galvanism 0 r5d]$ m mod]ate2
 ! pati5t endur$ x = a long "t1 & seem$ 
to be greatly reliev$ by x4 ,i h always 
unit$ ?is me?od ) ext]nal application to
 diff]5t p>ts ( ! face1 & h obs]v$ su*  
sudd5 *anges 9 ! looks z seem$ to       
ann\nce a consid]able abatem5t ( !      
disease4 ,"s ( ! physicians ( ,bologna1 
,pr(essors ,brugnatelli & ,zola (       
,pavia1 & sev]al o!r =eign]s1 exam9$ &  
confirm$ ! p]man5cy ( ?is effect4 ,!    

pati5t1 !re=e1 n only got ! bett] ( 8   
melan*oly1 b began to reli% 8 food1 & at
 l5g? recov]$ s mu* /r5g? t ! physicians
 ( ! hospital ?\ght no?+ fur!r 0        
necess>y to complete ! cure4  ,no o!r   
rem$y besides ,galvanism 0 adm9i/]$ to  
him1 le/ ! effects %\ld be s conf\nd$ z 
to r5d] x impossible to tell to :i* !   
cure ought to be ascrib$4 ,two days1    
h[ev]1 be=e he left ! hospital a little 
blood 0 tak5 f him2 z x 0 conceiv$ t ?is
 op]ation might contribute to r5d] !    
cure m c]ta94  ,on 8 leav+ ! hospital ,i
 c>ri$ him to my h\se1 t he might be    
fitt$ by prop] n\ri%m5t = resum+ 8 =m]  
occupations4 ,he rema9$ ) me eight days 
9 ! quality ( a dome/ic1 dur+ :i* "t he 
0 exce$+ly tractable1 & p]=m$ 8 duty )  
great c>e & att5tion4 ,i _h sev]al      
conv]sations ) him1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i  
le>n$ t 8 fa!r1 ,fabian ,lanz>9i1 _h be5
 attack$ by ! same disease1 & t he _h   
be5 admitt$ into ! same hospital1 :]e he
 di$ on ! #ab? ( ,june #agij4 ,by       
inspect+ ! regi/]s ( ! hospital1 ,i f\nd

 ?is acc\nt to be p]fectly correct4     
,agreeably to ! pr9ciples already       
e/abli%$1 9 reg>d to ! treatm5t (       
madness1 ,i advis$ ,lanz>9i to sp5d !   
re/ ( 8 life at a di/ance f 8 native    
c\ntry1 le/1 hav+ cont9ually be=e 8 eyes
 ^? objects :i* _h occasion$ 8 disease1 
x might recur ) d\ble viol5ce4 ,b ?\gh  
he _h giv5 me sev]al pro(s ( 8 docility1
 ,i f\nd x impossible to p]suade him to 
make ?is sacrifice4 ,a k9d ( no/algia1  
p]haps1 atta*$ him to 8 =m] ma/]1 to :om
 he return$1 aft] pay+ a visit to ! cur 
( ! p>i%4 ,! latt]1 :5 he fir/ saw him1 
imag9$ he _h run away f ! hospital2 b by
 8 conv]sation he 0 soon conv9c$ ( 8 be+
 completely cur$4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 ,i   
obta9$ a regul> report respect+ 8       
behavi\r & ! /ate ( 8 heal?1 f ! above  
cur1 & f ! p]son :o _h paid all !       
exp5ses ( 8 resid5ce 9 ! hospital2 & ,i 
le>n$1 ) great satisfaction1 t he       
cont9u$ to enjoy good heal?1 & to       
ex]cise 8 usual employm5t4  ,by ! same  
treatm5t ,i cur$1 ( a simil> disord]1   

,*>les ,bell9i1 a lab\r]1 :o 0 re/or$ to
 society 9 a %ort] space ( "t1 because !
 affection 0 n s viol5t z 9 ! prec$+    
case4 ,! phnom5a :i* took place :5 !    
pati5t 0 subject$ to ! action ( ! pile1 
:5 ! ,galvanism 0 appli$ to ! bra91 &   
dur+ ! :ole progress ( ! cure1 7 ne>ly !
 same4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 freely ackn[l$ge1 
t two cures are n suffici5t to e/abli% !
 application ( ,galvanism z an univ]sal 
rem$y 9 su* cases4 ,b on ?is acc\nt x   
ought n to be reject$3 at any rate x    
des]ves fur!r exam9ation2 = x is well   
kn[n t all rem$ies require c]ta9        
conditions be=e !y c p]=m _! effect4 ,i 
h !re=e sev]al times f\nd x impossible  
to obta9 ! same result 9 o!r pati5ts    
afflict$ ) melan*oly madness1 to :om ,i 
adm9i/]$ ,galvanism2 & 9 cases ( rav+   
madness ,i h ev5 f\nd x dang]\s4 ,9 "s  
in/ances1 melan*oly madness d]ives its  
orig9 f a c]ta9 g5]al con/itution ( !   
animal ma*9e1 or f "s great alt]ation 9 
! bra92 & x is evid5t t 9 su* cases !   
action ( ,galvanism w\ld be ( no avail4 

,b if ! d]angem5t ( ! intellectual      
functions dep5d only on "s hum\r        
int]cept$ betwe5 ! membranes & o!r p>ts 
( ! bra91 !re is reason to hope t       
,galvanism1 if prud5tly adm9i/]$1 may be
 att5d$ ) great b5efit4 ,! real cases 9 
:i* x may be adm9i/]$ ) success1 c be   
asc]ta9$ only by exp]i5ce4 ,i mu/ obs]ve
 also1 t ! me?od ( adm9i/]+ x is n yet  
r$uc$ to t /ate ( simplicity1 :i* is    
necess>y be=e x c be br\ght into regul> 
use 9 l>ge hospitals4 ,! physicians1 "u 
^: c>e !y are plac$1 h 9 g5]al a great  
deal ( private practice1 & _c conv5i5tly
 att5d to op]ations :i* require a       
cont9u$ lab\r = sev]al mon?s4 ,besides1 
! novelty ( ! rem$y is suffici5t to     
excite a clam\r aga9/ x1 & to awak5 !   
prejudice ( ! assi/ants1 :o w ev5 wi% to
 proscribe x be=e x has be5 tri$4 ,= ?is
 reason1 ,i ?9k x necess>y "h to reque/1
 t ^? :o preside ov] e/abli%m5ts de/9$ =
 ! reception ( su* pati5ts w\ld turn _! 
att5tion to ?is subject1 & endeav\r to  
r$uce ! me?od ( apply+ ,galvanism to !  

utmo/ simplicity ( :i* x is susceptible1
 9 ord] t x may be fit = be+ introduc$  
into l>ge hospitals4 ,z ! pati5t (t5 %[s
 an av]sion to ?is /range rem$y1 x w be 
necess>y to enc\rage him by e means     
possible4 ,sometimes on obs]v+ ! fla% ( 
light1 :5 ! ,galvanism is communicat$1  
he cries out & is fright5$2 imag9+ t he 
sees a dev\r+ fire ready to consume him1
 & on ?is acc\nt refuses to submit aga9 
to ! op]ation4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be prop] to 
conceal f him ! app>atus1 or to make a  
p]son %[ him ! pile "s "t be=e z an     
object ( amusem5t1 & 9 ?is mann] to     
prep>e him = receiv+ its action4 ,x w be
 ( b5efit also sometimes to modify !    
action ( ! pile1 & to r5d] x m mod]ate  
by a diff]5t me?od ( application4 ,9 !  
case ( female pati5ts ,i h f\nd ! result
 ! same1 :5 ! ,galvanism1 in/ead ( be+  
appli$ directly to ! int]ior "p ( ! e>s1
 0 direct$ ext]nally to ! gold p5d5ts   
7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #d474  ,by consid]+ 
! c\rse g5]ally pursu$ 9 cur+ melan*oly 
madness1 h9ts may be sugge/$ = an useful

 application ( ,galvanism 9 t disease1 &
 data may be obta9$ suffici5t to e/abli%
 ! diff]5t modes ( application be/ fitt$
 to ! diff]5t cases4 ,^! ideas h engag$ 
a good deal ( my att5tion2 & :5 ,i h    
f9i%$ ! obs]vations ,i h be5 = "s "t    
collect+1 ,i flatt] myself t ,i %all be 
able to communicate to ! public "s      
int]e/+ in=mation on ! subject4  ,9 "s  
cases ( madness1 z ,i f\nd x impossible 
to apply ,galvanism to ! h&s1 :i* 7     
conf9$1 ,i employ$ ! action ( an arc    
direct$ to ! m\? 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4    
#b471 :ile ano!r proce$$ to "o ( ! e>s2 
or ,i appli$ a piece ( money to ! head1 
& communicat$ ! ,galvanism by ! me?od   
already describ$ 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4    
#c474  ,x w ev5 be necess>y to try !    
effect ( ! ,galvanic curr5t1 sometimes  
cont9u$1 & sometimes int]rupt$ by means 
( ! app>atus employ$ = diseases ( !     
organs ( he>+4 ,x w be prop]1 9 _m      
cases1 to comb9e moral ) physical       
treatm5t1 & n to neglect ! o!r me?ods   
already kn[n & practis$1 :i* may be us$ 

z v conv5i5t auxili>ies4     ,,section  
,v4  ,g5]al reflections on ! action &   
influ5ce :i* ,galvanism1 consid]$ 9 a   
m$ical po9t ( view1 ex]cises on ! animal
 conomy4   ,i %all n "h speak ( !       
v>iation 9 ins5sible p]spiration1 & ( ! 
increase ( circulation1 :i*1 accord+ to 
! obs]vations ( sev]al physicians1 are  
f\nd to be produc$ by ,galvanism4       
,simil> phnom5a1 z is well kn[n1 take   
place dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( common      
electricity4 ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself
 to ^? effects :i* hi!rto h be5 produc$ 
only by ! action ( ,galvanism4 ,i %all  
obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,galvanism1 z  
already %[n 9 ! ,exp]im5ts detail$ 9 !  
,second ,"p1 is capable ( effect+ a     
sep>ation ( ! fluids1 & ev5 sometimes ( 
protrud+ ! fcal matt]s f ! body4 ,9 !   
case ( ! decapitat$ malefactor1 ,i f\nd 
t :5 ! arc 0 appli$ to "o e> & to !     
lips1 a v s5sible portion ( saliva 0    
dis*>g$ f ! m\?4 ,?is obs]vation 0      
confirm$ at ,g5oa on ! head ( an ox1 & 9
 sev]al o!r places on ! heads ( %eep4 ,!

 phnom5on ( ! extrusion ( ! fcal matt]s 
f ! trunk ( an ox1 by means (           
,galvanism1 0 obs]v$ also by ,pr(essor  
,mojon ( ,g5oa1 & 8 bro!r1 to take place
 9 human bodies4 ,consid]+ ! animal     
fluids sep>ately1 ,i h f\nd t v great   
v>iations are produc$ 9 !m by           
,galvanism4 ,b be=e ,i give an acc\nt ( 
! exp]im5ts :i* ,i made on ?is subject1 
,i %all describe ! app>atus ,i employ$4 
,! animal fluid de/9$ to be expos$ to ! 
action ( ,galvanism is put into a glass 
vessel 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #f47 cov]$ by
 a wood5 lid1 hav+ 9 x two holes equally
 di/ant f ! c5tre4 ,two wires1 "o (     
brass & ! o!r ( plat$ copp]1 ! upp]     
extremities ( :i* are b5t into ! =m ( a 
hook1 pass ?r\gh ^! holes 9 su* a mann]1
 t ! l[] extremities ( !m rea* ne>ly to 
! bottom ( ! vessel1 :]e !y are b5t at  
"r angles1 s t only a v small int]val is
 left betwe5 !m4 ,! upp] extremity ( "o 
is made to communicate ) ! bottom ( !   
pile1 & ! o!r ) ! summit4 ,9 consequ5ce 
( ?is arrangem5t ! ,galvanic fluid is   

oblig$ to trav]se ! animal fluid1 by :i*
 means x ex]cises an action on x accord+
 to ! di/ance ( ! wires1 & by its action
 sep>ates f its diff]5t /rata sometimes 
"o pr9ciple & sometimes ano!r2 & ?is    
secretion w be effect$ ) m ease & 9     
great] abundance1 accord+ z ! action ( !
 pile is /rong]1 & ! capacity ( !       
conductors m consid]able4   ,,exp]im5t  
,i4  ,hav+ put into glass vessels f\r   
ounces ( blood rec5tly drawn f ! ve9 ( a
 p]son 9 good heal?1 ,i left "o ( !m    
expos$ to ! contact ( ! atmosph]ic air1 
& subject$ ! o!r to ! action ( ! pile4  
,9 bo? ^! portions ,i obs]v$ a spe$y    
coagulation ( ! crassam5tum1 & at ! end 
( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! s]\s "p 0 sep>at$4 ,!
 blood expos$ to ! action ( ! pile adh]$
 s /rongly to ! two wires imm]s$ 9 x1 t 
x 0 difficult to sep>ate !m f ! clot :i*
 0 ?us susp5d$ 9 ! aque\s fluid1 b 9 !  
o!r vessel ! clot rema9$ at ! bottom4   
,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,i put two equal      
portions ( bile1 /ill w>m1 tak5 f !     
gall-bladd] ( an ox1 into two glass     

vessels1 expos$ "o ( !m to ! contact ( !
 air1 & subject$ ! o!r to ! action ( !  
pile4 ,aft] t5 h\rs _h elaps$1 ,i obs]v$
 t ! bile 9 ! latt] _h become s opake z 
no long] to af=d a passage to ! light2  
:ile ! o!r portion1 expos$ to !         
atmosph]e1 reta9$ its transp>5cy &      
col\r4 ,i obs]v$ also a consid]able     
dis5gagem5t ( air1 ! nature ( :i* ,i h n
 yet _h an opportunity ( exam9+4        
,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,i took f\r ounces ( 
ur9e1 void$ by a man 9 good heal?1      
expos$ x to ! action ( ! pile1 & at !   
end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs f\nd t ! great] "p 
( its con/itu5t pr9ciples 0 sep>at$4 ,a 
portion ( !m 0 collect$ ar\nd ! wires 9 
su* a mann] z to =m cyl9dric bodies ( a 
consid]able diamet]1 ( :i* ! wires 7 !  
axes4 ,z ! mass ( ! attract$ matt]s     
increas$1 a portion fell to ! bottom by 
its own weight4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 soon       
entirely de/roy$1 & ! sub/ances :i* =m$ 
!m 7 precipitat$ by ! lea/ %ock giv5 to 
! vessel4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t lately
 9 ,mr4 ,wilson's anatomical !atre 9    

,w9dmill-/reet2 & ,i obs]v$1 at ! end ( 
eighte5 h\rs1 a great quantity ( !      
molecul furni%$ by ! ur9e adh]+ to ! two
 wires4 ,b at l5g?1 n be+ able to )/& ! 
effect ( its gravitation1 x began to    
fall d[n1 =m+ a sort ( w$ge1 ! apex (   
:i* 0 at ! surface ( ! ur9e1 & ! base at
 ! bottom ( ! vessel4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4
  ,in/ead ( putt+ ! ur9e into a common  
app>atus1 if a glass syphon ) two plat9a
 wires be employ$ 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4   
#e471 ! ur9e becomes limpid on ! "o     
side1 & turbid on ! o!r4 ,! sub/ance    
deta*$ f ! ur9e aft]w>ds appe>s 9 ! =m (
 flakes1 :i* are attract$ by ! plat9a   
wires4 ,i obs]v$ ?is phnom5on = ! fir/  
"t 9 ! company ( ^? celebrat$ *emi/s    
,f\rcroy & ,vauquel91 :ile !y 7 p]=m+   
,galvanic exp]im5ts 9 _! own laboratory4
   ,,exp]im5t ,v4  ,! sub/ance above    
m5tion$1 :i* 0 precipitat$ to ! bottom1 
:5 sep>at$ by filtration & dri$1 weigh$ 
ab\t ! f\r? ( a gra91 & ! fluid sep>at$ 
f x 0 ( a gre5i% col\r4 ,on exam9+ !    
e>?y deposit ( ?is ur9e1 we obta9$      

sulphate ( lime by add+ to x sulphuric  
acid4   ,,exp]im5t ,,vi4  ,hav+ expos$  
to ! action ( ! pile1 9 ! same mann]1   
f\r ounces ( ur9e void$ by a p]son )    
jaundice1 ,i obta9$ an e>?y s$im5t1 !   
weight ( :i* 0 ne>ly equal to t above   
m5tion$4 ,! liquor sep>at$ f x 0        
transp>5t1 incl9+ a little to black4 ,by
 ! same *emical process ,i obta9$       
sulphate ( lime1 ?\gh ! s$im5t ( ! ur9e 
0 some:at d>k1 & af=d$ a portion ( c>bon
 & bile :i* inflam$ 9 ! fire4           
,,exp]im5t ,,vii4  ,hav+ repeat$ ! above
 exp]im5ts ) diff]5t k9ds ( ur9e1 ,i    
obs]v$ 9 g5]al1 t ,galvanism1 by a      
peculi> attraction1 sep>ates f ur9e !   
sulphates & muriates unit$ to a portion 
( ! bile1 & also to c>bon1 :i* 9 a great
 "p are precipitat$ to ! bottom ( !     
vessel3 ! o!r "p1 :i* rema9s atta*$ to !
 wires1 exhibits a regul> sal9e         
cry/allization1 ( s s+ul> a =m t x seems
 wor?y ( becom+ an object ( fur!r rese>*
 to *emi/s4  ,! exam9ation ( ur9e void$ 
by p]sons lab\r+ "u diff]5t k9ds (      

disease1 seems to be an object suffici5t
 to excite ! curiosity ( physicians4 ,to
 expose to ! action ( ,galvanism        
artificial ari=m fluids1 analog\s to ^? 
:i* act a "p 9 ! animal conomy1 might   
also be att5d$ ) advantage4 ,= ?is      
purpose x w be conv5i5t to employ !     
app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 
#g1 :i* 0 lately con/ruct$1 ) great     
precision1 by ,m4 ,dum\ti] at ,p>is4 ,! 
:ole artifice consi/s 9 a v]tical metal 
tube1 :i* c be rais$ up or pu%$ d[n4 ,x 
is furni%$ ) a /op-cock1 & ! tub 9 :i* !
 app>atus is plac$ has ano!r4 ,if !     
inv]t$ bell be fill$ ) wat]1 & connect$1
 by means ( ! v]tical tube1 ) ! app>atus
 :i* is to supply ! gas1 on op5+ ! l[]  
cock1 ! wat] w desc5d 9 ! bell1 & its   
place be suppli$ by ! gas int5d$ to be  
subject$ to exp]im5t4  ,f all !         
obs]vations hi!rto made1 !re seems to be
 reason to conclude1 t ! effects produc$
 on ! animal conomy by common           
electricity & by ! ,galvanic pile are   
diff]5t4 ,! phnom5a ( artificial        

,galvanism give u "s "r to suppose1 t a 
simil> action is ex]cis$ by ! ,galvanic 
fluid circulat+ 9 ! fluids & 9 ! organs 
( liv+ animals4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view      
,galvanic rese>*es may "o day ?r[ great 
light on ! nature ( secretion2 & x may  
p]haps be f\nd necess>y1 :5 rem$ies are 
adm9i/]$1 to take its influ5ce into     
consid]ation3 = x is possible t ! action
 ( ^! rem$ies 9 ! animal conomy may     
dep5d on ! e/abli%m5t ( su* an arc      
betwe5 ! sy/em ( ! n]ves & t ( !        
muscles1 z may n alt] ! natural /ate ( !
 ,galvanic fluid prop] = ! con/itution (
 ! individual to :om ^! rem$ies are     
adm9i/]$4 ,all ?is h[ev] is m]e         
conjecture1 & mu/ be class$ ) _m o!r ?+s
 9 ! !ory ( ,galvanism :i* are /ill     
involv$ 9 obscurity1 & :i* we c hope to 
see expla9$ only by new rese>*es & new  
exp]im5ts4  ,tak+ a g5]al view ( ?is    
,?ird ,"p1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t !            
adm9i/ration ( ,galvanism1 :5 ! above   
exp]im5ts are c>efully exam9$1 seems to 
appe> 9 a mu* m advantage\s po9t ( view 

?an be=e4 ,i h inde$ prov$3  #a/4 ,t    
,galvanism1 on _m occasions1 ex]cises an
 influ5ce diff]5t f t ( common          
electricity1 & t x may be adm9i/]$ 9    
v>i\s cases ) great ease & safety4      
#b;d4 ,t ! action ( ,galvanism manife/s 
itself by a s5sible attraction betwe5 ! 
n]v\s & muscul> p>ts2 :i* seems to      
confirm ! hypo!sis ( ,humboldt1 :o      
supposes a ,galvanic atmosph]e peculi>  
to ^! p>ts :5 9 a /ate ( p]fect         
vitality4  #c;d4 ,t ! /rong impression  
made by ,galvanism on ! bra9 seems to   
expla9 its p[] on ! organ ( he>+2 &     
!re=e ! physicians ( ,b]l91 & o!r p>ts (
 ,g]many1 are entitl$ to great praise = 
_! rese>*es on ?is subject4  #d?4 ,t    
?\gh m$ic9e is capable ( af=d+          
consid]able aid 9 cases ( dr[n+ & (     
asphyxia1 x pres5ts u ) no means s      
p[]ful z ,galvanism4 ,! exp]im5ts made  
at ,london1 ,jan4 #ag1 #ahjc1 on ! body 
( ,=/]1 execut$ = murd]1 h fully conv9c$
 me ( ! activity ( ?is /imulant4  #e?4  
,t 9 cases ( melan*oly madness1 :5 o!r  

rem$ies fail1 ,galvanism may be employ$ 
) ! greate/ hopes ( success1 provid$ !  
disease does n proce$ f a vitiat$       
con/itution1 or a g5]al d]angem5t 9 !   
animal ma*9e4  #f?4 ,t ! curr5t ( !     
,galvanic fluid produces a great        
alt]ation 9 ! animal fluids2 sep>ates a 
great _m ( _! pr9ciples1 & produces ?is 
effect 9 a p>ticul> mann] 9 ur9e4  ,x is
 h[ev] mu* to be wi%$1 t 9 addition to !
 k already acquir$ 9 reg>d to           
,galvanism1 "s conv5i5t me?od c\ld be   
discov]$ ( increas+ or less5+ its action
 on ! animal fluids2 by :i* means !     
advantages ( ! m$ical adm9i/ration ( ?is
 subtle ag5t w\ld be r5d]$ m c]ta9 & m  
effectual4     ,,diss]tation  ,,on      
,,animal ,,electricity3  ,,read ,,9 ,,! 
,,in/itute ,,( ,,bologna1  ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>
 #agic1c  ,,by ,j4 ,,ald9i4   ,i4 ,:ile 
our ,academy 0 congratulat+ itself on ! 
progress made by ! doctr9e ( animal     
electricity1 its exultation 0 9 "s      
measure *eck$ by an objection br\ght    
aga9/ x1 :i* did n attack any "o "p ( x1

 b ! :ole !ory4 ,if ! contractions 9    
animal bodies1 said its oppon5ts1 are   
produc$ m]ely by ! electricity ( metals1
 h[ degrad$ is t electricity :i* at fir/
 0 suppos$ to reside 9 animal bodies1   
s9ce x is n[ f\nd to be subs]vi5t to !  
electricity borr[$ f metals6 ,i he>d    
repeat$ objections ( ?is k9d :ile lab\r+
 "u a sev]e indisposition2 b be+ re/or$ 
to heal? by ! skill & att5tion (        
,galvani1 ,i took ! e>lie/ opportunity  
to inquire aft] ! success ( 8 animal    
electricity1 & at ! same "t promis$ him 
e assi/ance 9 my p[] 9 ! prosecution ( 8
 rese>*es1 = :i* ,i always ent]ta9$ a   
great fondness4 ,he accept$ my (f]2 & z 
,i _h n[ recov]$ my =m] /r5g? & vig\r1  
,i 0 anxi\sly desir\s to def5d ! cause (
 animal electricity1 attack$ & almo/    
explod$1 amid/ a v>iety ( contradictory 
op9ions1 & ) ?is view to und]take a new 
s]ies ( exp]im5ts4  ,,ii4 ,! !ory (     
animal electricity _h sc>cely be5       
propos$1 :5 a suspicion 0 ent]ta9$ t x  
might be produc$ by "s ext]nal ag5t     

excit$ by ! arm+ or by ! arc4 ,?is      
suspicion ,galvani endeav\r$ to obviate 
9 v>i\s ways4 ,by us+ an insulat$ arc1 x
 0 impossible t ! p]son :o p]=m$ !      
exp]im5t c\ld communicate any ( 8       
electricity to ! animals4 ,9 prep>+ !   
frogs he employ$ no conduct+ bodies2 he 
nei!r t\*$ !m ) 8 f+]s nor ) a knife2 he
 uncov]$ ! muscles & n]ves )            
idio-electric bodies1 & /ill ! usual    
contractions took place4 ,nay1 ,galvani 
c>ri$ 8 att5tion s f> z to exclude ev5 !
 air4 ,hav+ imm]s$ a frog ) an insulat$ 
arc 9 a glass vessel fill$ ) oil1 & hav+
 made a communication by means ( an arc 
betwe5 ! muscles & n]ves1 muscul>       
contractions 7 imm$iately produc$4 ,?is 
electricity1 ! animal be+ ?us surr\nd$  
by idio-electric bodies1 c\ld n c]ta9ly 
be furni%$ by ! atmosph]e1 f :i* x 0    
entirely sep>at$4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ^!     
exp]im5ts1 ! celebrat$ ,spallanzani     
/opp$ a few days at ,bologna on 8 way to
 ,pavia1 & dur+ a %ort conv]sation :i*  
he _h ) ,galvani on 8 new sy/em1        

express$ "s suspicion t ! electricity   
obs]v$ 9 animals might be acquir$ f     
ext]nal bodies4 ,aft] "s discussion     
h[ev] on ?is subject1 ,spallanzani      
ackn[l$g$ t ! exp]im5t made on ! frog   
imm]s$ 9 oil 0 s conclusive1 t no?+ c\ld
 be bett] calculat$ to satisfy all 8    
d\bts4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance1       
because ! approbation ( s em95t a man 0 
( ! utmo/ importance to ! cause ( ! !ory
 ( animal electricity4  ,,iii4 ,hav+    
propos$ ! be=e-m5tion$ s]ies (          
exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 l$ into v>i\s           
reflections on ?is subject4 ,z ! same   
electricity ex]cises an ext5sive action 
9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( animals--"s becom+   
electric ?r\gh an excess1 & o!rs ?r\gh a
 defici5cy ( x--,i c\ld n compreh5d :y  
!re %\ld n be an electrical movem5t ev5 
:5 ! end ( a v long arc 0 cov]$ by a    
non-conduct+ body2 & :y ! same arc t\*$ 
by ! same p]son1 9 ! same atmosph]e1    
%\ld sometimes become *>g$ ) a v small  
quantity ( electricity1 only capable (  
excit+ motion 9 ! legs ( a frog1 &      

sometimes ) a l>ge quantity suffici5t to
 produce contractions 9 ! leg ( a lamb  
or a calf4 ,?is circum/ance appe>$ to me
 to be involv$ 9 a consid]able degree ( 
obscurity4 ,i conjectur$ also t int]nal 
electricity might h be5 implant$ 9      
animal bodies = ! purpose ( def5d+ !    
animal conomy1 & protect+ x aga9/ any   
injury :i* x might su/a9 f an excess ( !
 ext]nal atmosph]ic electricity4 ,7 n   
?is ! case1 !re might be reason to      
appreh5d t ! electricity ( ! cl\ds1 9 ! 
"t ( /orms1 might attack ! human body & 
de/roy x4  ,,iv4 ,b ?\gh ! suspicion (  
electricity be+ communicat$ f ! air1 or 
f ! p]son :o p]=m$ ! exp]im5t1 0 less5$ 
or remov$1 !re 7 /ill "s :o ?\ght t !   
objection 9 reg>d to metals c\ld n be   
obviat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! idea g5]ally 
ent]ta9$1 t all ! contractions ascrib$  
to animal electricity 7 to be ascrib$   
only to ext]nal electricity1 proce$+ f !
 armatures1 & n to any electric virtue 9
 ! animals1 seem$ to be /r5g!n$4        
,c>radori1 :o _h made ?is objection1    

aft]w>ds alt]$ 8 op9ion1 & became a     
/r5u\s advocate = animal electricity2 b 
! celebrat$ ,volta /ill ent]ta9$ great  
d\bts4 ,^! he communicat$ to me 9 a long
 lett]1 & !y 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 !     
,pavian ,j\rnals4 ,all 8 d\bts 7 f\nd$  
on ?is circum/ance3 het]og5e\s metals   
are requir$ to produce contractions2 "o 
( :i* becomes *>g$ positively & ! o!r   
negatively2 & x is only 9 ! act ( re/or+
 an equilibrium betwe5 !m t muscul>     
contractions are excit$4  ,v4 ,?is      
simple & +5i\s idea 0 no d\bt highly    
captivat+2 b ! exp]im5ts made by        
,galvani & by myself prev5t$ me f adopt+
 x entirely2 = x is evid5t f ,galvani's 
,diss]tation1 & f my own obs]vations1 t 
if ! muscles & n]ves ( a frog be imm]s$ 
9 two vessels fill$ ) wat]1 contractions
 w be produc$ on ! application ( a      
metallic arc4 ,"h !n we h muscul>       
contractions ) "o arc & ) "o metal4     
,liv+ frogs subject$ to ! action (      
r>efi$ or ( cond5s$ air1 & aft]w>ds     
dissect$ 9 ! usual mann]1 exhibit       

contractions )\t any armature1 & m]ely  
by a silv] arc appli$ to ! muscles &    
n]ves2 & ?is is always ! case1 :e!r !   
frogs be l>ge & /rong1 or small & weak4 
,:ile engag$ ) ^! exp]im5ts1 ,galvani   
in=m$ our academy t he _h obta9$        
contractions 9 l>ge & vigor\s frogs1 :i*
 _h be5 rec5tly dissect$1 )\t ! help ( !
 air pump & )\t armatures1 m]ely by !   
application ( an arc4 ,! same ?+ occurr$
 to ,c>radori1 :o1 ?\gh he at fir/      
ent]ta9$ d\bts on ?is subject1 0        
aft]w>ds conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! phnom5on4 
,x /ill h[ev] appe>$ to me1 not)/&+ !   
results obta9$ by ,galvani & ,c>radori1 
t ! animal electricity ( frogs 0 excit$ 
9 m abundance by ! action ( ! air pump1 
ev5 )\t ! application ( armatures4      
,,vi4 ,b t ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,i _h    
und]tak5 might be bett] calculat$ to    
e/abli% ! !ory ( animal electricity1 & z
 x 0 difficult to f9d any ( ! solid     
metals homog5e\s ?r\gh\t1 ,i _h rec\rse 
to m]cury1 :i*1 by ! help ( *emi/ry1 may
 be br\ght to a v consid]able degree (  

purity4 ,= ! great] conv5i5ce 9 !       
employm5t ( ?is sub/ance1 ,i inv5t$ !   
foll[+ app>atus3--,two glass vessels are
 s arrang$ 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a47 t !  
"o /&s above ! o!r3 ! upp] "o is fill$ )
 m]cury1 & ! sp9al m>r[ ( a prep>$ frog 
is plac$ 9 x2 & by means ( a hole 9 !   
bottom ( x1 :i* may be op5$ at pleasure1
 ! m]cury c be made to fall on any "p ( 
! muscles ( ! same animal plac$ 9 ! l[] 
vessel4 ,! /ream ( m]cury occasions     
convulsive movem5ts to take place 9 !   
muscles2 & yet 9 ?is case ! m]cury =ms  
bo? ! armature & ! arc3 consequ5tly !   
electricity 9 bo? is ! same1 & c ex]cise
 no action4 ,:5 contractions !re=e take 
place1 !y _c be ascrib$ to ! electricity
 ( ! metal4 ,%\ld x be said t ! m]cury z
 x runs d[n may excite electricity f !  
sides ( ! glass vessel1 z is ! case ) ! 
m]cury 9 ! upp] "p ( a b>omet]1 :i*1 :5 
9 ! lea/ agitat$1 %9es ) an electric    
light1 any d\bt on ?is subject may be   
easily remov$ by sub/itut+ vessels (    
wood in/ead ( ^? ( glass4  ,,vii4 ,:5 ^!

 vessels are us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to pay
 att5tion to "o circum/ance1 :i* may    
prev5t ! success ( ! exp]im5t4 ,z !     
sp9al m>r[ is exce$+ly light1 x w float 
on ! surface ( ! m]cury2 :]eas x ought  
to be imm]s$ 9 t metal4 ,x w be necess>y
 !re=e to press d[n ! sp9al m>r[ bel[ ! 
surface ( ! m]cury1 by means ( a glass  
rod1 or any o!r non-conduct+ body1 s t x
 may be entirely imm]s$2 o!rwise "s     
irregul>ity may take place1 & ! exp]im5t
 fail4 ,to p]=m x ) ! greate/ conv5i5ce1
 provide a glass vessel consi/+ ( two   
bran*es 9 ! =m ( a syphon1 z repres5t$ 9
 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #b41 "o ( :i* is     
wide1 & has its edges reflect$ inw>ds1 s
 z to =m an inv]t$ cone1 end+ 9 an      
ap]ture t c be op5$ & %ut at pleasure4  
,if m]cury be p\r$ into ! n>r[] bran*1 s
 z to fill ! int]ior "p ( ! vessel ar\nd
 ! inv]t$ cone1 x w n be able to rise up
 into ! latt]1 until ! ap]ture 9 its    
apex be op5$4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t has be5
 made1 imm]se ! sp9al m>r[ ( a frog 9 ! 
m]cury conta9$ 9 ! small] bran* ( !     

vessel1 & place ! muscles 9 ! conical   
"p1 :i* is empty3 if ! ap]ture be !n    
op5$1 ! m]cury1 endeav\r+ to br+ itself 
into a /ate ( equilibrium1 w come 9     
contact ) ! muscles1 & contractions w be
 produc$2 z an arc ( quicksilv] w ?us be
 spe$ily =m$ betwe5 ! n]ves & ! muscles4
  ,,viii4 ,b ! exp]im5t may be p]=m$ 9 a
 mann] /ill m simple4 ,provide a glass  
vessel 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #aj47 fill$ ) 
m]cury1 & let ! muscles ( a prep>$ frog 
be laid to float on ! surface ( ! metal2
 !n susp5d ! sp9al m>r[ by a silk ?read 
9 su* a mann]1 t by lett+ d[n ! ?read ! 
m>r[ c be made to t\* ! m]cury at       
pleasure4 ,z soon z ! sp9al m>r[ is     
br\ght into contact ) ! surface ( !     
metal1 contractions w take place 9 !    
muscles2 & ! same w be obs]v$ if a plate
 ( gold or silv] be sub/itut$ 9 ! room (
 ! m]cury4 ,?is phnom5on w be exhibit$ n
 only by a :ole frog1 b by half a frog  
divid$ longitud9ally2 :i*1 z soon z x   
t\*es ! m]cury1 by ! me?od above        
describ$1 w be viol5tly convuls$4 ,hav+ 

m5tion$ ^! exp]im5ts to ,galvani1 to :om
 ,i (t5 _h rec\rse = in/ructions1 he    
regrett$ t ,i _h conf9$ my rese>*es to  
frogs only1 & advis$ me to try          
w>m-blood$ animals4 ,i !re=e took ! leg 
( a lamb or a *ick51 & hold+ x 9 my h& 9
 a v]tical position1 9 su* a mann] t !  
b>e muscles 7 9 communication ) !       
m]cury1 ,i !n rais$ ! crural n]ve )\t   
any armature1 s t1 by be+ left to       
itself1 x c\ld be made to t\* ! m]cury  
at pleasure4 ,z soon z x did s1 ,i      
obs]v$ a viol5t agitation & contraction 
9 ! :ole limb1 & likewise :5 ,i us$ !   
be=e describ$ app>atus1 ,plate ,,iv4    
fig4 #b4  ,,ix4 ,:ile ,i made ^!        
exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 well aw>e t !           
contractions produc$ 9 ! limb might by  
"s be ascrib$ to ! impulse ( ! m]cury1  
act+ on x l a k9d ( /imulus1 or to      
electricity receiv$ f ! surr\nd+ bodies1
 r ?an to ! innate electricity (        
animals4 ,i w\ld advise ^? :o ent]ta9   
su* an op9ion to hold ! h9d legs ( a    
frog 9 _! h&1 9 a v]tical position1 & to

 press only ! sp9al m>r[ aga9/ ! surface
 ( ! m]cury4 ,let !m imm]se also ! sp9al
 m>r[ 9 salt wat]1 or 9 v9eg>3 no       
contraction w take place1 ?\gh 9 ?is    
case !re is /ill a me*anical impulse2 & 
?\gh ! sal9e or acid quality ( ^!       
liquids is exce$+ly prop] = act+ z a    
/imulus4 ,to ?is ,i may add1 t 9 !      
app>atus already describ$ 7,plate ,,iv4 
fig4 #b47 !re is no impulse f ! m]cury1 
:i* acquires only t g5tle motion        
necess>y to enable x to put itself into 
a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i h     
obs]v$ 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a47 t :5 bo? 
! upp] & l[] vessels are fill$ ) m]cury1
 if ! ap]ture be op5$ s t ! metal :i*   
falls d[n %all n /rike aga9/ ! muscles2 
yet ! same contractions take place3 :i* 
inde$ ought to s]ve z a pro( t me*anical
 impulse has no %>e 9 produc+ ! effect4 
,x4 ,b ,i _h no reason to appreh5d !    
action ( any /imulus1 z ,i _h be=e f\nd 
by exp]i5ce1 t a v /rong impulse appli$ 
to ! n]ves or to ! muscles excit$ no    
contractions4 ,i made exp]im5ts = ?is   

purpose1 n on liv+ b on dead animals1 :5
 ! irritability 0 feeble & almo/ ext9ct2
 & ,i f\nd t x c\ld be excit$ nei!r by  
prick+ ) a ne$le1 by acids1 nor by ! mo/
 p[]ful /imulants4 ,x seem$ to be       
entirely dead2 b ,i obs]v$ bo? 9 cold & 
9 w>m-blood$ animals1 provid$ ! exp]im5t
 0 p]=m$ )9 a c]ta9 p]iod1 t !          
irritability 0 always ob$i5t to ! p[] ( 
! ,galvanic arc1 ?\gh no effect 0       
produc$ by any me*anical impulse4 ,z    
frogs 7 mo/ conv5i5t = my exp]im5ts1 ,i 
tri$ !m ) e possible k9d ( me*anical    
/imulants4 ,i imm]s$ ! sp9al m>r[ or !  
n]ves 9 acids2 pi]c$ !m ) a ne$le2 cut !
 n]ves1 & ev5 sometimes scoop$ out !    
:ole m$ull>y sub/ance f ! v]tebral      
canal2 /ill no motion 0 produc$4 ,b !   
same n]ves & muscles :i* _h )/ood su*   
p[]ful me*anical /imulants1 :5 metallic 
armatures & an arc 7 appli$ 9 ! g5tle/  
mann]1 imm$iately exhibit$ contractions4
  ,,xi4 ,hav+ obviat$ e objection t     
might be made 9 reg>d to ! action (     
/imulants1 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to remove

 any d\bt t may rema9 ( ext]nal         
electricity4 ,provide a glass cyl9d]    
t]m9at+ 9 a neck1 & introduce into x a  
prep>$ frog ) a little m]cury2 incl9e ! 
cyl9d] 9 su* a mann]1 t ! m]cury may    
occupy ! l[] "p ( x1 & =m an armature to
 ! muscles4 ,if ! extremity ( ! neck ( !
 cyl9d] be appli$ to an enamell]'s lamp1
 & seal$ h]metically1 all communication 
betwe5 ! inclos$ frog & ! ext]nal air w 
be cut (f4 ,n[1 if ! cyl9d] be remov$ f 
its incl9$ to a horizontal position1 !  
m]cury1 :i* 0 9 contact only ) !        
muscles1 mu/ t\* also ! sp9al m>r[2 & a 
m]curial arc be+ ?us =m$1 contractions w
 imm$iately foll[4 ,if ! exp]im5t be    
repeat$ ) ! glass cyl9d] imm]s$ 9 oil1 !
 same contractions w take place2 b 9 ?is
 case x w be necess>y to remove ! imm]s$
 cyl9d] a little f its position by means
 ( a silk ?read1 9 ord] t y may be      
enabl$ to make ! m]cury fl[ f ! n]ves to
 ! muscles at pleasure4  ,,xii4 ,!re is 
no reason1 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 = ascrib+ 
! contractions ei!r to ! arc or to !    

armatures1 :i*1 z !y consi/ ( m]cury    
alone1 _c produce ! two k9ds (          
electricity necess>y = excit+           
contractions4 ,b ev5 if we %\ld all[1 ) 
^? :o =m ! mo/ absurd suppositions1 t   
m]cury alone possesses bo? k9ds (       
electricity1 "o contraction only c\ld be
 expect$1 & n sev]al 9 succession4 ,9 a 
^w1 !re is no reason to appreh5d t any  
ext]nal electricity is obta9$ ei!r f !  
glass vessel :i* receives ! m]cury1 or f
 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 :i* is sep>at$ f 
! sp9al m>r[ by ?ree /rata (            
non-conduct+ bodies2 namely1 air1 glass1
 & oil4 ,! simplicity ( ?is process may 
n be fully app>5t to ! read]2 b ,i c )  
tru? ass]t1 t simplicity 0 an object :i*
 ,i _h always 9 view4 ,hav+ prep>$ a    
frog1 ,i laid x to float 9 m]cury imm]s$
 9 oil1 & !n endeav\r$ to excite        
contractions by ! application ( an      
insulat$ arc4 ,ow+ to "s inaccuracy 9 ! 
exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 x did n succe$2 & my   
atta*m5t to simplicity1 :ile endeav\r+  
to discov] ! lea/ complex me?od ( excit+

 contractions1 0 ! cause ( my n obta9+ !
 desir$ result4 ,?is want ( success 0   
p]haps ow+ to ! m]cury n be+ 9 prop]    
contact ) ! n]ves1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oil 
adh]+ to !m4 ,t ,i might exclude all    
suspicion ( atmosph]ic air hav+ any %>e 
9 ! phnom5on1 ,i 0 oblig$ to adopt t    
me?od ( p]=m+ ! exp]im5t :i* ,i h       
already describ$4  ,,xiii4 ,i h[ev]     
readily =esaw1 t ! advocates ( ext]nal  
metallic electricity might object1 t no 
contractions 7 obta9$ b by ! application
 ( armatures1 or1 :5 armatures 7        
exclud$1 by us+ 9 _! /ead an arc1 :i* is
 itself an armature4 ,& ,i mu/ inde$    
ackn[l$ge t we are z yet acqua9t$ ) no  
sub/ances b metals capable ( excit+     
animal electricity1 ?\gh nature1 s      
abundant 9 res\rces1 may no d\bt furni% 
a great _m#d4 ,b ,i %all "h obs]ve t    
metals are n ! cause ( ! contractions   
produc$ 9 animal bodies1 b m]ely a      
condition requisite = call+ =? ! lat5t  
innate animal electricity :i* exi/s 9   
!m4 ,= ?\gh armatures are necess>y to   

r5d] non-conduct+ bodies electric1 !re  
is no reason :y ! %ock giv5 by ! ,leyd5 
flask %\ld be ascrib$ to ! arc or to !  
armatures2 z a *>g$ magic squ>e1 or a   
,leyd5 flask1 :5 fre$ f ! armatures1    
exhibits a great quantity ( electricity4
 ,if y *>ge a ,leyd5 flask fill$ ) wat]1
 p\r ! wat] f x1 !n p\r 9 o!r wat]1 & =m
 a communication by an arc betwe5 !     
opposite surfaces1 y w exp]i5ce a %ock4 
,?is v simple exp]im5t agrees ) "s made 
by ,mr4 ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,cavallo1 & o!rs4 
,armatures1 !re=e1 h a p[]ful effect 9  
attract+ electricity1 & conf9+ x 9      
non-conduct+ bodies2 b !y d n supply    
electricity !mselves4  ,,xiv4 ,if ?is   
mode ( reason+ be admitt$ 9 reg>d to    
common electricity1 x ought n to be     
reject$ :5 appli$ to ! phnom5a ( animal 
electricity4 ,=1 z an explosion is      
produc$ by a magic squ>e1 or ,leyd5     
flask1 ev5 :5 ! armatures are remov$1 ! 
case is ! same 9 reg>d to ! contractions
 9 animals4 ,b to prove 9 a m evid5t    
mann] t metals h no action 9 su* cases1 

! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made4 ,an insulat$  
p]son1 hold+ 9 8 h& a metallic arc1 & a 
prep>$ frog1 furni%$ ) het]og5e\s       
armatures1 0 electrifi$1 z well z e ?+  
ab\t him1 by means ( an electrical      
ma*9e4 ,! p]son1 ! frog1 ! armatures1 & 
! arc1 be+ all electrifi$ positively1   
none ( ! metals employ$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 
z _! electricity 0 r$uc$ to a /ate (    
equilibrium1 c\ld produce contractions4 
,z ^! are produc$ only by apply+ ! arc  
to ! armatures1 !y _c be ascrib$ to     
ext]nal electricity1 b to ! innate      
electricity ( ! frog4 ,if only "o ( !   
armatures be t\*$1 no contractions take 
place2 b if ! arc be appli$ to bo?1 !y  
are imm$iately produc$2 :i* is a /rong  
pro( t ! arc possesses ! p[] ( excit+ ! 
electricity inh]5t 9 animal bodies4 ,^? 
philosoph]s w\ld reason v incongru\sly  
:o %\ld ascribe ! cause ( ^!            
contractions to electricity communicat$ 
f ! p]son1 s9ce !y w\ld ?us all[ to !   
p]son t animal electricity :i* !y d5y to
 ! frog2 a conclusion :i* few w admit4  

,b 9 attempt+ to remove e suspicion (   
communicat$ electricity1 x 0 necess>y t 
! exp]im5ts und]tak5 %\ld be free f all 
influ5ce ( artificial electricity4      
,,xv4 ,i !re=e endeav\r$ to obta9 an    
equilibrium 9 ! armatures by mutual     
contact4 ,?is simple me?od 0 borr[$ f ! 
pr9ciples adopt$ by philosoph]s1 :o1    
:ile !y endeav\r to produce an          
equilibrium1 are accu/om$ to apply a    
body electric by excess to "o 9 a       
contr>y /ate4 ,imm]se 9 wat] ! sp9al    
m>r[ ( a prep>$ frog1 )\t armature1 &   
let ! muscles re/ on a non-conduct+     
body4 ,! vessel mu/ be some:at 9 ! =m ( 
a syphon1 & ! sp9al m>r[ introduc$ into 
! small] bran* mu/ n float on ! liquid1 
b be totally imm]s$ 9 x3 ?is arrangem5t 
is ( great importance 9 reg>d to !      
success ( ! exp]im5t3 a small piece ( t9
 foil mu/ be made to float on ! surface 
( ! wat] at a consid]able di/ance f !   
sp9al m>r[3 if y !n t\* ! muscles ) "o (
 y\r h&s moi/5$ a little ) wat]1 & ) !  
o!r apply a silv] arc to ! t9 foil1 a   

contraction w imm$iately take place4    
,:ile /ruck ) ! con/ancy ( ?is phnom5on1
 ,i c\ld n help reason+ 9 ! foll[+      
mann]3 ,muscul> motion is produc$ ?\gh !
 frog is 9 contact ) no metallic body3 e
 ?+ metallic is sep>at$ f ! frog2 & ev5 
if x possess$ contr>y k9ds (            
electricity1 !y are 9 a /ate (          
equilibrium4 ,:at !n is ! ext]nal ag5t  
:i* produces contractions 9 ! frog8     
,?\gh ! metals1 :ile !y acquire an      
equilibrium1 come into contact1 :i* is  
foll[$ by contractions1 !re c]ta9ly c be
 no fe> ( ext]nal electricity f !m4 ,?is
 is suffici5tly prov$ by ! metals       
!mselves be+ br\ght into equilibrium    
be=e ! contractions take place4 ,if y   
t\* ! muscles ) "o h& moi/5$ ) wat]1 & )
 ! o!r imm]se into wat] a piece ( gold  
co91 a small "p ( :i* is cov]$ ) t9     
foil1 contractions w imm$iately ensue4  
,yet bo? ! metals1 be=e ! contraction1 7
 br\ght to a /ate ( equilibrium by be+ 9
 contact3 !y c !re=e h no %>e 9 !       
contractions1 :i* mu/ arise f innate    

electricity4 ,if salt wat]1 milk1 s]um1 
or ! crassam5tum ( ! blood1 be sub/itut$
 = common wat]1 !re w /ill be           
contractions2 & ! case w be ! same if a 
bit ( gold1 silv]1 or brass1 or ev5     
iron1 cov]$ ) t9 foil be employ$4 ,"h !n
 we h t9 br\ght into a /ate (           
equilibrium ) v>i\s metals be=e !       
contractions take place1 )\t ^!         
contractions be+ imp$$4 ,nor is x ( any 
consequ5ce t ! metals be t\*$ ) ! h&4   
,=1 if ! t9 foil be appli$ to ! tip ( ! 
tongue1 or to ! lips1 & if a piece (    
silv] wire be made to t\* ! t9 foil on !
 "o side1 & ! sp9al m>r[ cov]$ by no    
metal on ! o!r1 contractions w be       
produc$ z (t5 z an arc is made to !     
muscles by means ( ! moi/5$ h&4  ,,xvi4 
,! object ( our rese>*es hi!rto has be5 
muscul> motion2 we %all n[ direct !m to 
! phnom5a ( ! s5ses4 ,let an insulat$   
p]son be electrifi$ by means ( a common 
electrical ma*9e1 & let him apply a     
silv] arc to ! tip ( 8 tongue cov]$ ) t9
 foil4 ,! armature & ! arc w bo? become 

electrifi$ by ?is new accession (       
electric matt]4 ,we _c !re=e suppose "o 
armature to be positively & ! o!r       
negatively s2 & = ?is reason no         
transmission ( electricity1 & no        
s5sation ( ta/e1 c be expect$4 ,z !     
tongue1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ces a s5sation (   
acidity1 x mu/ h be5 excit$ n by !      
armatures or by ! arc1 b by ! innate    
electricity ( ! muscles & n]ves4 ,b !   
necessity ( an int]nal arc1 :i* appe>s 9
 ! above phnom5a1 is an argum5t 9 fav\r 
( innate electricity4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to
 excite ! ta/e by animal electricity1 ! 
application ( diff]5t metals to ! tongue
 is n suffici5t3 ! arc mu/ be convey$ to
 ! muscles ( ! tongue1 or to o!rs at a  
di/ance f x4 ,:5 ,i fir/ made ?is       
exp]im5t1 x gave me no small pleasure to
 f9d t x 0 confirm$ & enri*$ ) new      
obs]vations by ! celebrat$ ,volta#e4    
,,xvii4 ,t ! phnom5a already m5tion$    
arise f an int]ior arc1 w be prov$1 9 my
 op9ion1 by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,if an   
insulat$ metallic arc1 or a piece (     

*>coal1 be appli$ to ! tip ( ! tongue ) 
! moi/5$ h&1 no ta/e w be produc$2 b if 
! same h& be appli$ to ! same metallic  
arc or *>coal1 a ta/e w be exp]i5c$4 ,9 
bo? cases ( ?is exp]im5t dissimil>      
armatures 7 br\ght into contact1 & r$uc$
 to t /ate ( equilibrium to :i* !y t5d$4
 ,:y !n %\ld ! result ( ! exp]im5t be s 
diff]5t8 ,:5 ! metals or *>coal t\* !   
moi/5$ h&1 a spe$y & un9t]rupt$         
communication is =m$ ev5 betwe5 ! remote
 muscles & ! n]ves ( ! tongue1 :i* :5   
int]cept$ by ! non-conduct+ body prev5ts
 all s5sation ( ta/e4 ,x may !re=e be   
e/abli%$ z a pr9ciple1 t to excite a    
s5sation ( ta/e1 x is necess>y besides !
 application ( ext]nal armatures to h an
 int]nal arc1 :i* may br+ ! int]nal     
electricity to a /ate ( equilibrium4    
,?is obs]vation is confirm$ by          
,c>radori1 :o1 :ile endeav\r+ to excite 
a s5sation ( ta/e 9 two p]sons at ! same
 "t1 f\nd t x 0 necess>y to e/abli% an  
arc betwe5 !m1 ei!r by mak+ !m jo9 h&s1 
or by moi/5+ ! plane on :i* !y /ood#f4  

,,xviii4 ,i %all conclude ?is           
diss]tation ) an acc\nt ( "s lat]       
exp]im5ts on ?is subject4 ,volta1 9 a   
lett] :i* ,i receiv$ f him1 reque/$ ,i  
w\ld try to produce contractions )\t any
 metallic application1 & recomm5d$      
*>coal1 :i* 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts he _h    
f\nd to be ! be/ armature = animal      
electricity4 ,i !re=e took ! e>lie/     
opportunity ( attempt+ to produce       
contractions 9 ! be=em5tion$ mann] )\t !
 aid ( metals4 ,i 0 enc\rag$ 9 ?is      
design by ,aloysius ,laghi1 pr(essor (  
*emi/ry2 :o hav+ analys$ our fossil coal
 9 consequ5ce ( a public decree = t     
purpose1 0 desir\s t *emical processes  
might be made subs]vi5t to my rese>*es4 
,x 0 well kn[n1 t e k9d ( vegetable     
*>coal =m$ ! be/ armature1 s t :5 ?is   
coal 0 us$ !re 0 no ne$ = metallic      
armatures4 ,h5ce1 9 t ,galvanic exp]im5t
 call$ ! animal al>um1 a *>coal plane   
sub/itut$ = "o ( silv] produc$ ! same   
effect3 *>coal arcs also 7 us$ in/ead ( 
metallic4 ,! coal employ$ 9 ?is mann] 0 

vegetable coal3 b ! ,engli% fossil coal1
 & t dug up 9 our t]ritories1 did n     
produce ! same effect4 ,i employ$ !     
diff]5t pr9ciples extract$ f our fossil 
coal1 namely1 calc>e\s e>? saturat$ ) ! 
acet\s acid1 silice\s e>? semi-vitrifi$ 
by fix$ alkali1 & argillace\s e>?4 ,all 
^!1 h[ev]1 =m$ bad armatures = animal   
electricity2 & ! case 0 ! same ) ! a%es 
( our fossil coal1 & ( ! ,engli% coal4  
,,xix4 ,none ( ^! phnom5a1 h[ev]1 af=d$ 
any gr\nds = object+ aga9/ ! !ory (     
electricity 9 g5]al2 z t bitum9\s       
sub/ance :i* is always f\nd comb9$ )    
fossil coal1 deprives x ( ! p[] ( be+ a 
conductor ( animal electricity4 ,?is    
conjecture 0 confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 =1   
hav+ employ$ our own fossil coal & !    
,engli% 9 ! /ate ( coke1 !y =m$ excell5t
 armatures1 z by ! action ( ! fire !y _h
 be5 fre$ f ^? idio-electric pr9ciples  
:i* oppos$ ! developm5t ( animal        
electricity1 ,a phnom5on 9 ! mean "t    
occurr$1 :i* t5d$ to ?r[ great light on 
! nature ( ?is electricity4 ,hav+ plac$ 

! sp9al m>r[ ^u a piece ( coke1 & =m$ an
 arc f ! muscles to ! coke1 contractions
 always took place 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 :ile 9 
o!rs !re 0 no appe>ance ( !m4 ,! reason 
( ?is seem$ to be1 t ! action ( ! fire  
_h made "s p>ts ( ! same coal           
conductors1 & left o!rs idio-electric1 9
 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge quantity ( !       
bitum9\s pr9ciple :i* !y conta9$4 ,b    
?\gh torrifi$ fossil coal acquir$ a     
conduct+ prop]ty1 vegetable *>coal 0    
/ill f\nd to be mu* fitt] = convey+     
animal electricity4 ,h5ce ,i conceiv$ a 
hope1 t ,i %\ld be able to excite       
contractions1 9 ! mann] be=e describ$1  
)\t any metallic arc1 & by ! application
 ( *>coal alone4 ,= ^! new exp]im5ts1 ,i
 employ$ ! l>ge/ frogs1 & ,i select$ on 
purpose su* pieces ( *>coal z seem$ !   
lea/ fitt$ = be+ conductors ( animal    
electricity4 ,i plac$ ! prep>$ muscles (
 a frog on ! *>coal1 & susp5d$ ! un>m$  
sp9al m>r[1 by a silk ?read1 9 su* a    
mann] t ! m>r[ c\ld be made to t\* !    
*>coal at pleasure4 ,:5 l>ge frogs 7    

employ$1 contractions always took place2
 & ,galvani f\nd ! case to be same 9 8  
exp]im5ts4 ,"h !n we h contractions     
produc$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( any metallic 
sub/ances3 :y !n ascribe to ! diff]5t   
p[] ( metals1 effects :i* c be produc$  
by bodies :i* c]ta9ly h no?+ ( !        
metallic quality8 ,if ! sp9al m>r[ or   
muscles be made to communicate sep>ately
 ) ! *>coal1 !re w be no contraction2 & 
x appe>s t to produce contractions1 !   
arc & ! armature mu/ consi/ ( homog5e\s 
*>coal4 ,hav+ giv5 an acc\nt ( my       
exp]im5ts1 x rema9s t ,i %\ld collect 9 
a few words ! inf]5ces :i* may be d$uc$ 
f !m4  ,,xx4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is c]ta9
 t to produce contractions x is n       
necess>y to employ two diff]5t k9ds (   
metal1 & t "o is suffici5t4 ,9 vigor\s  
animals ?is result may be obta9$ by     
silv]1 & p>ticul>ly by gold4  #b;d4 ,if 
any suspicion ( het]og5eity %\ld arise1 
9 reg>d to ! solid metals1 ?is          
difficulty may be easily obviat$ by     
employ+ a fluid metal1 t is to say1     

m]cury purifi$ by *emical means4  #c;d4 
,contractions are excit$ :5 "o ( !      
armatures & ! arc consi/ ( m]cury1 by   
mak+ ! m]cury to run d[n on ! muscles   
plac$ bel[ x4 ,!re is no reason "h to   
suspect t ! /imulus produc$ by ! impulse
 ( ! m]cury has any %>e 9 ! phnom5on1 z 
x is suffici5tly prov$ by exp]im5ts t   
?is is n ! case4  #d?4 ,t :5 !re is no  
reason to suppose a want ( equilibrium 9
 ! electricity ( ! armatures & ( ! arc1 
animal electricity is excit$1 & produces
 contractions4  #e?4 ,t :5 ! armatures &
 arc are =m$ ( *>coal1 ! same results w 
be obta9$2 :i* evid5tly proves t !      
animal electricity is n produc$ by !    
metals4        #c ,! title ( ! "w f :i* 
?is & ! foll[+      diss]tation are     
translat$ is1 ,joannis ,ald9i de        
,animali      ,electricitate            
,diss]tationes du4 ,bononi #agid4       
#d ,!re seems "h to be "s mi/ake1 z !   
au?or says1      t[>ds ! end ( ?is      
,diss]tation1 t he produc$              
contractions 9 a frog by employ+ coals1 

bo? z an arc      & z armature4 ,t4     
#e ,! celebrat$ ,volta1 9 a lett] :i* ,i
 receiv$ f      him1 ann\nc+ t he _h    
obs]v$ ! same phnom5a z      ^? describ$
 9 my ,diss]tation1 publi%$ ! prec$+    
ye>1  xxii4 p4 #ai4 add$ ! foll[+       
rem>ks3 8,! be/      & easie/ me?od (   
p]=m+ ?is exp]im5t1 is to      imm]se 9 
a l>ge e>!n or glass vessel1 fill$ )    
wat]1 a silv] di%1 9 su* a mann] t a "p 
( x      rema9s above ! surface ( !     
wat]2 to apply to ! tip      ( ! tongue 
a small bit ( t9 foil1 s t "p ( x       
%all hang out ( ! m\?2 to br+ ?is t9    
foil into      contact ) ! silv] vessel1
 ei!r imm$iately or by      means ( a   
?ird piece ( metal2 la/ly1 to imm]se !  
h&      9 ! same wat] gradually1 if y   
are desir\s (      p]ceiv+ gradually on 
! tongue ! acid ta/e2 or      sudd5ly1 &
 at once1 if y are desir\s ( p]ceiv+ x  
at once & 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,a silv]   
spoon half      imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 or     
in/ead ( ! di%1 if n too      small1 w  
produce ne>ly ! same effect z ,i h      

already      m5tion$4 ,! case is n !    
same ) a sl5d] silv]      rod or wire1  
:i* if gradually imm]s$ w sc>cely       
produce any ta/e at all4 ,if ! vessel   
:i* conta9s !      wat] be itself (     
silv]1 a di% or spoon w !n be           
unnecess>y4 ,?is vessel =ms ! be/       
armature = !      wat]2 & to p]ceive !  
ta/e v /rongly1 x w be      suffici5t to
 imm]se ! h& 9 ! wat]1 or to br+ !      
t9 foil :i* hangs f ! m\? into contact )
 !      vessel4       #f ,z convulsions 
are excit$ 9 two frogs1 :5 "o end (     
an arc is made to t\* ! uncov]$ crural  
n]ves ( !      "o1 :ile ! o!r end ( !   
arc is appli$ to ! crural      n]ves ( !
 o!r1 cov]$ by an armature2 ,i h obs]v$ 
t ! s5sation ( two ta/es1 "o acid & !   
o!r      alkal9e1 c be excit$ at ! same 
"t 9 ! tongues (      two p]sons1 "o (  
:i* is arm$ ) t9 foil1 & !      o!r )   
silv]1 if a communication be =m$ betwe5 
!      two armatures4 ,x is necess>y1   
h[ev]1 t a      communication also %\ld 
exi/ betwe5 ! two p]sons4 ,if      !    

floor on :i* !y /& be wet1 & _! %oes    
moi/1      ?is w be suffici5t4 ,sig4    
,dottore ,giova*9o ,c>radori            
,lett]a qu9ta sull ,ellettricit         
,animale1 diretta al      ,*i>issimo    
,sig4 ,cav4 ,felice ,fontana4           
,,second ,,diss]tation  ,,on  ,,animal  
,,electricity3  ,,read ,,9 ,,!          
,,in/itute ,,( ,,bologna1  ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>
 #agid1  ,by ,j4 ,,ald9i4   ,i4 ,!      
philosoph]s ( ! pres5t p]iod are s      
sangu9e 9 _! expectations1 t :5 a new   
!ory is propos$1 unless x be pres5t$ to 
!m p]fect & fully prov$1 !y ei!r attack 
x 9 "p1 or entirely reject x4 ,su* has  
be5 ! case ) animal electricity1        
discov]$ by ,galvani4 ,x is urg$ aga9/ x
 by its oppon5ts1 t x is subject to     
v>iations2 & because !y d n f9d x ob$i5t
 to all ^? laws e/abli%$ by ! labori\s  
rese>*es ( a ,frankl91 a ,becc>ia & an  
p9us1 !y ass]t ei!r t x has no          
f\ndation1 or t x is contr>y to nature4 
,x has !re=e be5 conceiv$ t an accurate 
comp>ison ( animal & common electricity1

 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !re be any      
diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 might be ! be/ means
 ( obviat+ su* objections4 ,= ?is       
purpose ,i made v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 animal
 electricity "u ! air pump1 employ+     
prop] conductors1 & ,i comp>$ its       
phnom5a ) ^? exhibit$ by ! ,leyd5 flask4
 ,9 a ^w1 :ile ,i endeav\r$ to pursue my
 rese>*es agreeably to ! g5]al !ory (   
common electricity1 my pr9cipal object 0
 to prove ! con/ancy ( animal           
electricity1 by discov]+1 if possible1  
an agreem5t 9 ! physical laws ( bo?4    
,,ii4 ,z x _h be5 prov$ by a great _m   
exp]im5ts1 t common electricity c\ld be 
obta9$ f non-conduct+ bodies 9 ! mo/    
p]fect vacuum possible to be =m$ by     
means ( an air pump1 exp]im5ts 7        
und]tak5 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! same  
phnom5on 0 common also to animal        
electricity1 & ) ?is view attempts 7    
made to excite ! latt] 9 vacuo#g4       
,muscati inde$ _h depriv$ animals ( life
 9 vacuo1 & aft]w>ds f\nd !m susceptible
 ( ,galvanism 9 ! op5 air2 b he made no 

attempt to det]m9e :e!r ! animal        
electricity c\ld be manife/$ 9 vacuo4 ,i
 employ$ = my exp]im5ts a glass vessel2 
,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f41 furni%$ ) a      
metallic rod1 :i* c\ld be1 rais$ up or  
pu%$ d[n at pleasure4 ,to ! extremity ( 
! rod1 )9 ! receiv]1 0 affix$ at "r     
angles a metallic wire1 f "o end ( :i*  
an arm$ frog 0 susp5d$ by ! muscles1 & f
 ! o!r a small metallic *a9 a little    
long] ?an ! frog1 a plate ( silv] be+   
plac$ bel[ bo? ! frog & ! *a94 ,:5 z    
p]fect a vacuum z possible _h be5       
obta9$1 ! metallic rod 0 pu%$ d[n1 s t !
 small *a9 & ! sp9al m>r[ ( ! susp5d$   
frog 7 made to t\* ! silv] plate1 & by  
^! means ! latt] =m$ an arc 9 ! exhau/$ 
receiv]4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! p[] (       
,galvanism 0 f\nd to be ! same z 9 ! op5
 air1 s t z (t5 z ! rod 0 pu%$ d[n      
contractions 7 excit$ 9 ! frog4 ,by ?is 
me?od x 0 easy to asc]ta9 :at repeat$   
contact c\ld produce by =m+ new arcs3 = 
?\gh ! small *a9 & ! extremity ( ! sp9al
 m>r[ t\*$ ! silv] plate2 yet1 :5 remov$

 f t position ev] s little1 by mov+ !   
rod new contractions took place1 :i*    
c\ld n h be5 expect$ unless new contact 
on mov+ ! rod _h produc$ z x 7 new arcs4
 ,?is k9d ( app>atus seem$ ! mo/        
conv5i5t = p]=m+ 9 vacuo all ^?         
exp]im5ts :i* ,galvani _h p]=m$ 9 ! op5 
air4  ,,iii4 ,b x 0 z yet difficult to  
det]m9e1 :e!r ! contractions :i* took   
place 7 /rong] 9 r>efi$ ?an 9 common    
air2 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! electricity 0
 s small1 t x 0 impossible to say :i* 0 
! m p[]ful4 ,i !re=e resolv$ to cle> up 
?is po9t by o!r exp]im5ts4 ,= ?is       
purpose1 hav+ cut 9 two a prep>$ frog1  
,i plac$ 9 vacuo "o "p ( x1 by means ( !
 above app>atus1 & aft] a %ort p]iod    
drew x out1 & comp>$ x ) ! half :i* _h n
 be5 subject$ to ! action ( a vacuum4   
,on apply+ an arc1 ! "o exhibit$ /rong &
 ! o!r fa9t contractions2 f :i* x appe>$
 t ! vacuum _h occasion$ "s loss ( !    
animal electricity2 z ! muscul> & n]v\s 
p>ts subject$ to exp]im5t belong$ to !  
same frog1 ?is evid5tly %[$ t ! :ole    

diff]5ce arose f ! action ( ! vacuum4   
,,iv4 ,x is well kn[n t a vacuum absorbs
 common electricity2 & !re=e x ne$ n    
excite any wond] t 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t x
 %\ld h disp]s$ "s ( ! animal           
electricity4 ,z ?is loss took place by  
ins5sible degrees1 /rong contractions 7 
n to be expect$2 & ! case is ne>ly !    
same 9 a ,leyd5 flask load$ ) aque\s    
vap\rs1 :i* produces no rem>kable       
explosion4 ,b ?\gh conv9c$ ( ! tru? (   
?is circum/ance1 ,i resolv$ to confirm x
 by a new exp]im5t4 ,i !re=e *>g$ two   
,leyd5 flasks arm$ 9 ! same mann]1      
apply+ !m at ! same "t to ! same        
conductor1 & by ! same numb] ( turns ( !
 ma*9e4 ,"o ( ^! flasks 0 introduc$ into
 ! glass receiv] ( ! air-pump1 & ! o!r 0
 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,at ! end ( five
 m9utes aft] ! air _h be5 exhau/$ z mu* 
z possible1 ! flask 9 ! receiv] 0 tak5  
out1 &1 be+ dis*>g$ by a metallic arc1  
emitt$ a weak sp>k1 :ile ! o!r flask    
exhibit$ /rong signs ( electricity4 ,i  
aga9 *>g$ two flasks by ! same turns ( !

 ma*9e till ! electromet] indicat$ 9 bo?
 ! same degree ( electricity1 & kept "o 
( !m = half an h\r b5ea? ! receiv]4 ,:5 
! latt] 0 tak5 out1 x af=d$ a weak &    
almo/ exhau/$ sp>k2 :ile ! o!r1 :i* _h  
rema9$ 9 ! op5 air1 emitt$ a /rong "o4  
,_h ! fir/ flask rema9$ long] "u !      
receiv]1 x w\ld no d\bt h entirely lo/  
its electricity2 :ile ! o!r )\t ! ma*9e 
reta9$ t ) :i* x 0 *>g$4  ,v4 ,9 ?is    
exp]im5t e possible c>e 0 tak5 to obs]ve
 ! v>iations produc$ by ! vacuum4 ,!    
receiv] :i* cov]$ ! ,leyd5 flask 0 ( a  
l>ge size1 & ! flask1 be+ plac$ 9 !     
middle ( x1 0 at a consid]able di/ance f
 its sides3 ! receiv] 0 well fitt$ to ! 
plate ( ! ma*9e1 & n by means ( moi/    
lea!r1 z is usual1 s t all communication
 ) ! ext]nal air 0 prev5t$2 & !re=e !re 
is no reason to suppose t any aque\s    
vap\r introduc$ into ! ma*9e1 :5 !      
pressure ( ! air 0 )drawn1 c\ld p]=m !  
(fice ( an arc4 ,t ! electricity might n
 imm$iately br+ itself to a /ate (      
equilibrium1 ! conductor ( ea* flask    

t]m9at$ 9 a ball3 _h n ?is be5 ! case1 !
 :ole electricity w\ld soon h be5       
disp]s$2 =1 :5 ! conductors t]m9ate 9 a 
po9t1 if ! *amb] be d>k5$1 coruscations 
( light w e :]e be se5 on ! glass       
receiv]1 & af=d a mo/ agreeable         
spectacle4 ,a conductor t]m9at+ 9 a ball
 seem$ !re=e to be mo/ conv5i5t = my    
purpose1 t1 by r5d]+ x m difficult = !  
electricity to br+ itself to an         
equilibrium1 ,i might be able to produce
 a great] imitation ( ! intimate mann] 9
 :i* animal electricity adh]es to !     
animals4 ,b ?\gh 9 ! above exp]im5ts ,i 
ascribe "s "p ( ! phnom5a to ! animal   
electricity be+ weak5$ 9 vacuo1 ,i am ( 
op9ion t m is to be ascrib$ to ! viol5t 
p]turbation ( ! pr9ciples :i* ! vacuum  
mu/ h excit$ 9 ! muscul> & n]v\s p>ts4  
,,vi4 ,z x 0 n[ e/abli%$1 t animal      
electricity c\ld be excit$ 9 vacuo1 ,i  
endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r t excit$ )\t !
 vacuum1 & convey$ to ! receiv]1 c\ld be
 made to pass ?r\gh a v small space 9   
vacuo4 ,= ?is purpose ,i plac$ !        

metallic rod at a small di/ance f a     
silv] plate re/+ on ! bottom ( ! air    
pump3 ! limbs ( a *ick5 or lamb1 prep>$ 
9 ! usual mann]1 7 !n deposit$ ne> x2 & 
! muscles1 by means ( a metallic *a91 7 
made to communicate ) ! plate ( ! ma*9e1
 :ile an arm$ n]ve 0 made to communicate
 by means ( an insulat$ arc ) ! metallic
 rod4 ,! air be+ exhau/$1 ! rod 0 pu%$  
d[n1 & gradually br\ght z ne> z possible
 to ! plate )\t com+ into actual contact
 ) x4 ,9 ?is /ate no contractions 7     
produc$2 b !y imm$iately took place :5 !
 rod 0 br\ght into contact ) ! plate4 ,x
 appe>s !re=e t animal electricity is   
consid]ably imp$$ 9 its progress by a   
vacuum2 & t1 l artificial electricity1 x
 does n readily suff] itself to be      
dissipat$1 unless transmitt$ ?r\gh good 
conduct+ bodies4 ,=1 :5 a small quantity
 ( ! electric fluid is accumulat$ 9 !   
,leyd5 flask1 ei!r none ( x proce$s f ! 
metallic wire to a less p]fect          
conductor1 or1 if any is transmitt$1 x  
mu/ be ) difficulty1 & ) great viol5ce4 

,common electricity1 inde$1 is se5 to   
pass quietly ?r\gh metals or wat]       
sep>ately2 b a /rong electric sp>k1 9   
proce$+ f "o metallic conductor to      
ano!r1 if x pass ?r\gh wat] int]pos$    
betwe5 !m1 does s ) su* viol5ce1 t !    
glass vessel :i* conta9s ! wat] is 9    
dang] ( be+ brok5 to pieces4 ,t         
electricity1 !re=e1 may be convey$ f a  
conduct+ body1 to "o less end[$ ) t     
prop]ty1 x mu/ be 9 su* abundance z to  
be able to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! body 
?r\gh :i* x has to pass3 h5ce1 x ne$    
excite no surprise1 t ! small quantity (
 electricity :i* produces contractions  
%\ld n be able to pass ov] a v small    
space 9 vacuo4 ,"h !n we h a pro( t     
animal electricity is n only subject to 
! laws ( non-conduct+ bodies1 b t x is  
affect$ diff]5t ways by ! smalle/       
ob/acles ( conduct+ bodies1 & by diff]5t
 k9ds ( !m4 ,x is inde$ s evid5t t a    
vacuum f its nature is unfit = convey+  
electricity1 t1 ev5 if "o be produc$1 n 
by ! usual me?od1 :i* is always att5d$ )

 "s defects1 b 9 ! mo/ accurate mann]   
possible1 x is totally improp] = be+ a  
conductor ( ! electric fluid4 ,?is is   
suffici5tly prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t (
 ,wal%3 ,if two b>omet]s be jo9$1 & !   
upp] "p or b5d be c>efully depriv$ (    
air1 :5 "o ( ^! b>omet]s is electrifi$1 
! electric fluid w n be communicat$ to !
 o!r1 9 consequ5ce ( ! resi/ance oppos$ 
by ! int]v5+ vacuum4 ,adams1 h[ev]1     
exhibit$ by means ( a s+le b>omet] !    
same phnom5on z ,wal% did ) a d\ble     
"o#h2 =1 hav+ extract$ ! air entirely f 
! upp] "p ( ! b>omet]1 no electric light
 0 obs]v$2 b on introduc+ a v small     
quantity ( air ! :ole b>omet] became    
lum9\s4 ,^! obs]vations are suffici5t to
 %[ t animal electricity1 9 reg>d to !  
prop]ty ( n be+ able to pass ?r\gh a    
small space 9 vacuo1 is subs]vi5t to !  
g5]al laws ( common electricity4 ,b let 
u proce$ to o!r phnom5a respect+ animal 
electricity excit$ 9 vacuo4  ,,vii4 ,if 
a prep>$ frog1 furni%$ ) two armatures1 
be plac$ 9 a horizontal position on a   

non-conduct+ body1 "u a glass receiv]1  
7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #aa47 & if an arc be 
=m$ by pu%+ d[n a rod1 s z to jo9 bo? ! 
armatures )\t t\*+ ! frog1 contractions 
w imm$iately take place2 b if ! smalle/ 
non-conduct+ body int]v5e1 none w be    
produc$4 ,i f\nd x no v difficult matt] 
to exhibit 9 vacuo1 by an app>atus      
some:at simil>1 :at may be call$ an     
animal al>um4 ,a horizontal arm fix$ to 
a v]tical moveable rod 7,plate ,,iv4    
fig4 #e47 0 adapt$ to ! inside ( a glass
 receiv]1 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 ! receiv] 
0 exhau/$1 any body re/+ on ! horizontal
 arm c\ld be made to fall d[n4 ,! leg ( 
a prep>$ frog 0 !n fix$ to ! v]tical    
rod2 :ile ! o!r re/$ on ! horizontal    
arm1 & ! sp9al m>r[1 ) an armature ( t9 
foil1 t\*$ a silv] plate 9 ! bottom ( ! 
receiv]4 ,! horizontal arm be+ turn$    
r\nd a little1 by means ( ! v]tical rod1
 ! leg ( ! frog re/+ on ! arm fell d[n  
on ! plate bel[3 an arc be+ ?us =m$1    
contractions imm$iately took place1 & 7 
incessantly repeat$1 until all ! animal 

electricity 0 re/or$ to an equilibrium4 
,,viii4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made on dead    
frogs2 b ,i %all "h %[ t liv+ ones also 
may be made to exhibit signs (          
electricity "u ! same circum/ances4 ,a  
piece ( t9 foil 0 appli$ to ! back ( a  
frog ti$ to a silv] plate by means (    
silk /r+s1 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d47 & two
 metallic *a9s 7 susp5d$ 9 su* a mann]1 
t by pu%+ d[n ! rod ! extremity ( ! "o  
*a9 c\ld be made to t\* ! silv] plate1 &
 ! extremity ( ! o!r ! t9 armature3 :5  
an arc 0 by ^! means =m$1 contractions  
in/antly took place4 ,! frog began to   
brea! ) difficulty1 to be agitat$ )     
convulsive movem5ts1 & to be seiz$ ) an 
univ]sal tremor1 s t its la/ mom5t seem$
 to be approa*+2 b on air be+ admitt$   
into ! receiv]1 x recov]$ & appe>$ z    
lively & active z be=e4 ,on exam9+ m    
closely ! *anges :i* _h tak5 place 9 !  
animal :ile 9 ?is /ate1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly   
contr>y to nature1 ,i f\nd ! muscles r$ 
) a sup]abundance ( blood3 b :5 dissect$
 9 ! usual mann]1 !y exhibit$ /rong     

signs ( animal electricity2 =1 on apply+
 an arc to ! n]ves or muscles1 )\t any  
armature1 viol5t contractions 7 produc$1
 & cont9u$ = a long "t1 provid$ c>e 0   
tak5 t !re %\ld be no defici5cy ( animal
 moi/ure4 ,t su* a quantity (           
electricity %\ld be excit$1 w n seem    
a/oni%+ to ^? :o h se5 m viol5t electric
 commotions excit$ 9 ! animal ma*9e by !
 action ( a ne$le4 ,?is inde$ has be5   
plac$ beyond all d\bt by an obs]vation (
 ,g>d9i1 :o says 8t hav+ made "s        
exp]im5ts ) a l>ge torp$o1 he rem>k$ t  
/rong] convulsions 7 produc$ :5 ! animal
 0 subject$ to great pa9 by any means1  
su* z prick+ x ) a ne$le#i40 ,! phnom5a 
exhibit$ by a vacuum or r>efi$ air1 7   
exhibit$ also by cond5s$ air1 s t v     
p[]ful contractions 7 produc$ by "o     
homog5e\s arc4 ,=1 if ! same app>atus   
describ$ 9 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d4 be     
adapt$ to a cond5s+ ma*9e1 a dead frog  
introduc$ into x w readily be contract$4
 ,live frogs also1 aft] be+ kept = half 
an h\r or a :ole h\r 9 air twice z d5se 

z t ( ! atmosph]e1 exhibit$ /rong signs 
( electricity )\t any armature1 & m]ely 
by ! application ( a silv] arc to !     
n]ves & muscles4  ,,ix4 ,hav+ made ^!   
exp]im5ts 9 vacuo & cond5s$ air1 x 0 (  
"s importance to try also :at effect    
w\ld be produc$ on animal electricity by
 ! action ( ! ari=m fluids4 ,! app>atus 
employ$ = ?is purpose 0 z foll[s3 ,i    
provid$ a glass vessel 7,plate ,,iv4    
fig4 #c471 t]m9at+ at ! upp] extremity 9
 a neck1 to :i* c\ld be closely fitt$1  
:5 necess>y1 a metallic cov]1 hav+ a    
p]=ation 9 ! c5tre to receive a moveable
 rod1 :i* 0 connect$ ) a transv]se metal
 conductor support+ a frog prep>$ 9 !   
usual mann]4 ,hav+ fill$ ! vessel )     
wat]1 or m]cury1 :i* 0 /ill bett]1 ,i   
plac$ x on ! %elf ( a pneumatic tub1 &  
introduc$ into x1 accord+ to ,prie/ley's
 me?od1 any p>ticul> gas4 ,"s wat] or   
m]cury 0 put into ! di% to :i* x 0      
aft]w>ds remov$2 & ! metal cov]1 hav+ a 
frog susp5d$ f x1 be+ !n fitt$ to ! neck
 ( ! vessel1 ! frog by means ( ?is      

app>atus c\ld be imm]s$ at pleasure 9   
c>bonic acid gas1 hydrog51 or any o!r   
k9d ( gas2 s t ! con/ancy ( animal      
electricity might be tri$ 9 ei!r4 ,x is 
evid5t t1 by lett+ d[n ! sp9al m>r[ ( ! 
frog1 & ! end ( ! conductor to ! surface
 ( ! wat] or m]cury1 by means ( ! rod1  
an arc w be =m$1 & t muscul>            
contractions mu/ !n be produc$4 ,! same 
exp]im5t may be p]=m$ by means ( a      
bottle 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f47 furni%$ )
 a cov] l ! =m]4 ,aft] be+ fill$ ) wat] 
or m]cury1 x is inv]t$ on ! %elf ( !    
pneumatic tub1 & ! gas is !n introduc$ 9
 ! usual mann]2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to  
displace ! :ole ( ! wat] or m]cury1 z a 
portion mu/ be left to cov] ! bottom :5 
! j> is turn$ up4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i tri$ 
only ) oxyg5 gas1 res]v+ ! o!r k9ds (   
air till a m conv5i5t opportunity4  ,x4 
,to give m weight to ^! exp]im5ts 9     
vacuo1 ,i endeav\r$ to prev5t all ^?    
errors :i* arose1 or might be suspect$  
to arise1 f ! introduction ( air2 = ,i  
suppos$ t "s oppon5t ( ! !ory ( animal  

electricity1 :ile endeav\r+ to f9d out  
objections aga9/ x1 s9ce !re 0 no       
f\ndation = ass]t+ t ! vacuum af=d$ any 
electricity to ! animals1 might pret5d  
t1 ! plate ( ! pneumatic ma*9e be+      
metal1 accord+ to cu/om1 "s electricity 
f ! atmosph]e might be attract$ by x1 & 
be ?us convey$ ev5 ?r\gh a vacuum to !  
animals4 ,on ?is acc\nt x 0 necess>y t a
 vacuum %\ld be =m$1 )\t plac+ ! receiv]
 on a metallic plate2 )\t ! contact (   
any conduct+ bodies1 & 9 su* a mann] z  
to %[ t ! electricity excit$ 0 t really 
exi/+ 9 ! animals4 ,i !re=e employ$ a   
glass receiv] 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #i47   
cut into two p>ts above its middle1     
betwe5 :i* 0 plac$ a horizontal         
p>tition1 9 ord] t ! upp] "p might be   
fill$ ) oil1 or "s non-conduct+ body4 ,!
 p>tition 0 p]=at$ ) a l>ge ap]ture1 !  
sup]ior edges ( :i* project$ a little   
upw>ds2 & ! l[]1 project+ d[nw>ds1 7    
furni%$ ) small circul> grooves1 s t !  
hole c\ld be %ut by a piece ( bladd] ti$
 ov] x ) ?read4 ,a %>p-po9t$ rod 0 plac$

 ov] ! hole1 s t1 be+ let d[n by a      
non-conduct+ h&le1 x c\ld be made to    
pi]ce ! bladd]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 to be    
done only :5 ! l[] "p ( ! receiv] 0     
exhau/$ ( air2 = ! oil1 :5 ! air is     
)drawn1 spe$ily falls d[n3 by ^! means a
 vacuum is =m$ 9 ! upp] "p1 &1 9        
consequ5ce ( ! int]pos$ /ratum ( ! oil1 
rema9s insulat$1 z x c receive no       
electricity f ! metallic plate ( !      
ma*9e1 nor f o!r conduct+ bodies4 ,b x w
 be 9 va9 to attempt to =m a vacuum 9   
?is mann]1 unless ! p>ts ( ! cut glass  
be s fitt$ z to prev5t entirely !       
admission ( ext]nal air4 ,a v simple &  
+5i\s app>atus1 = ! same purpose1 0     
inv5t$ by ,f4 ,borelli3 9 ord] to /op ! 
efflux ( ! oil at pleasure1 he adapt$ to
 ! hole a glass cone1 by :i* means he 0 
enabl$ to produce an insulat$ vacuum (  
great] or less capacity 9 ! upp] "p ( ! 
receiv]4 ,"h !n ,i _h a vacuum e :]e    
surr\nd$ ) non-conduct+ bodies1 s t1 if 
animal electricity 7 excit$ 9 x1 !re    
c\ld be no reason = ascrib+ x to        

electricity borr[$ f ! atmosph]e4  ,,xi4
 ,i adapt$ to a glass rod1 9 a          
longitud9al direction1 a metallic plate1
 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #g47 :i* at ! upp]  
extremity 0 b5t into a "r angle1 &      
support$ ! sp9al m>r[ ( a frog1 s t x   
might be consid]$ z a l5g!n$ conductor (
 ! n]ves4 ,?is plate 0 ins]t$ into a    
glass receiv]1 s z to move 9 x ) ease2 &
 by means ( a screw c\ld be fix$ at any 
altitude :atev]4 ,an accurate           
repres5tation ( ?is app>atus1 ) ! glass 
rod annex$1 is se5 9 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4  
#h4 ,iron hooks fix$ to ! feet ( !      
susp5d$ frog act$ ! "p ( a conductor to 
! muscles2 & ! upp] "p ( ! receiv] be+  
exhau/$ ( air1 z above describ$1 a      
/ratum ( oil 0 /ill left to sep>ate !   
frog f ! p>tition4 ,to gu>d aga9/ all   
dang] f ! action ( any int]nal metallic 
body1 a /rong magnet 0 appli$ to ! iron 
conductor ( ! muscles1 :i*1 imm$iately  
obey+ ! p[] ( attraction1 fell ^u !     
conductor ( ! n]ves2 & ?us a circuit (  
animal electricity f ! muscles to !     

n]ves be+ spe$ily effect$#aj1           
contractions 7 imm$iately produc$4 ,:5  
,i communicat$ ?is exp]im5t to !        
,in/itute1 ,i 0 extremely desir\s t !   
app>atus ,i _h "h inv5t$ = ! purposes ( 
animal electricity might be ( "s        
advantage to ! sci5ce ( philosophy 9    
g5]al1 ( :i* ,i 0 always fond1 & :i* =m$
 ! *ief object ( my /udy4 ,b x is       
necess>y t ,i %\ld m5tion to :at ,i m   
p>ticul>ly allude4  ,,xii4 ,su* bodies z
 _h hi!rto be5 put into ! air pump 7    
gradually subject$ to ! action ( a      
vacuum4 ,h5ce x appe>$ t ! app>atus     
above describ$ might be att5d$ ) a      
consid]able degree ( utility2 z 9       
future1 any body :atev]1 :e!r solid or  
fluid1 might be subject$ to ?is action  
at once4 ,=1 ! l[] "p ( ! receiv] be+   
depriv$ ( its int]nal air1 if ! bladd]  
be bur/ by means ( ! glass rod1 ! fluid 
w run d[n & occupy ! space empti$ ( air1
 leav+ a vacuum 9 ! upp] "p4 ,:5 ! fluid
 has ?us fall5 to ! l[] "p ( ! receiv]1 
solid bodies ev51 if any 7 imm]s$ 9 x   

:ile 9 ! upp] "p ( ! receiv]1 w also    
exp]i5ce ! action ( ! vacuum4 ,b liquid 
bodies are ( su* a nature1 t !y h unit$ 
) !m c]ta9 ari=m fluids1 :i*1 :5 !      
pressure ( ! air is remov$1 readily     
exp&4 ,a fluid1 !re=e1 :5 x has fall5 to
 ! l[] "p ( ! receiv]1 be+ agitat$ &    
?r[n into a /ate ( p]turbation by !     
motion1 its mo/ subtle pr9ciples w be   
extricat$1 & fill ! capacity ( ! bell4  
,! vacuum w !n be di/urb$ by !          
evaporation1 :i*1 act+ on ! m]cury 9 !  
b>omet] connect$ ) ! air pump1 w cause x
 to fall4 ,b e "o acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples
 ( philosophy mu/ "k1 t ! depression ( !
 m]cury 9 ! b>omet] w be great]1 accord+
 z a great] quantity ( ari=m fluids has 
be5 dis5gag$ 9 ! receiv]2 & if ! degree 
( pressure 9 ! b>omet] v>ies accord+ to 
! v>iety ( ari=m pr9ciples1 x may be    
readily se51 t ?is me?od may be employ$ 
to det]m9e ! quantity ( !m1 or _!       
ela/icity1 s9ce !y are cut (f f all     
communication ) ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1   
?\gh x /ill ex]cises its pressure ^u !m4

  ,,xiii4 ,! vacuum "h obta9$ 9 ! upp]  
"p ( ! bell1 seems to be f> sup]ior to t
 produc$ 9 ! l[] "p1 accord+ to ! usual 
me?od4 ,= x has long be5 a compla9t     
among philosoph]s1 t by work+ ! air pump
 ! air is only r>efi$1 till x no long]  
possesses ela/icity capable ( rais+ !   
valve1 s t x is impossible to produce a 
complete vacuum by ?is me?od4 ,if we c  
cr$it ! foll[]s ( ,eul]1 t subtle fluid1
 :i* !y call e!r1 & :i* p]meates e ?+1  
/ill rema9s2 =1 adopt+ ! op9ion ( !     
anti5t ,p]ipatetics1 !y consid] a vacuum
 z b5ea? ! dignity ( nature4 ,b1 sett+  
aside ?is "q1 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t if 
a vacuum be =m$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! receiv]1
 by ! me?od above describ$1 x does n    
appe> t x c be di/urb$ by any ?+ f )\t1 
& ! gravity ( ! fall+ fluid w n suff]   
itself to be ov]come by ! subtle e!r1 if
 any really exi/s4 ,%\ld x be appreh5d$ 
t ! air conta9$ 9 ! oil may be dis5gag$1
 & di/urb ! vacuum1 y may sub/itute 9   
its /ead m]cury or wat]1 :i* c be       
depriv$ ( air ei!r by boil+ or by long  

exposure to ! action ( a vacuum4 ,b be=e
 any ?+ c]ta9 on ?is subject c be said1 
new & repeat$ exp]im5ts w be necess>y4  
,z e objection t c\ld be made 9 reg>d to
 a vacuum seems n[ to be obviat$1 s9ce a
 space p]fectly free f common air c be  
produc$1 & cut (f f all communication ) 
! atmosph]e1 or ) conduct+ bodies1 ,i   
%all return to animal electricity1 f :i*
 ,i 0 l$ by a desire ( contribut+ t[>ds 
! improvem5t ( natural philosophy 9     
g5]al4  ,,xiv4 ,^? :o attempt to det]m9e
 ! velocity ( ! n]v\s fluid 9 a giv5 "t1
 und]take a matt] ( great difficulty1   
respect+ :i* no?+ c]ta9 c be kn[n4      
,hall] reject$ ! suppositions ( ^? :o1  
comp>+ ! t5uity ( ! n]v\s tubes ( ! he>t
 ) ! l>ge bran* ( ! aorta1 7 ( op9ion1 t
 ! velocity ( ! n]v\s fluid mu/ be two  
?\s& eight hundr$ & eighty times great] 
?an t ( ! blood4 ,?is celebrat$         
physician1 di/ru/+ hypo!sis1 _h rec\rse 
to exp]im5t1 & f\nd t ! velocity ( !    
n]v\s fluid w\ld be no less ?an n9e ?\s&
 feet 9 ! fir/ m9ute4 ,b 9 ?is          

det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( ! n]v\s fluid
 !re seems to be "s difficulty1 :i*     
p]haps ought to be ascrib$ r to ! p]iod 
:5 t celebrat$ man liv$1 ?an to 8 want (
 sagacity or accuracy4 ,_h ,hall]       
possess$ ! means ( convey+ ! n]v\s fluid
 ) 8 own h&s to diff]5t p>ts at         
pleasure1 he w\ld no d\bt h giv5 u "s m 
c]ta9 ideas respect+ its rapid motion4  
,i resolv$1 !re=e1 n to neglect ^?      
advantages ) :i* ! mod]n philosophy has 
be5 enri*$1 & to employ v long metallic 
arcs1 by :i* ,i c\ld direct ! animal    
electricity z ,i pleas$4 ,a /aircase :i*
 rea*$ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! h\se1 )  
_m w9d+s1 pres5t$ me ) an iron plate1   
exce$+ly conv5i5t = ! transmission (    
animal electricity4 ,a metal wire1      
br\ght d[n f ! top ( ! /aircase1 0      
connect$ ) ! iron plate1 & by ^! means  
,i obta9$ an arc1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 above  
"o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,:5 ?is         
arrangem5t 0 made1 ! two extremities (  
?is v long arc 7 appli$ to ! arm$ n]ves 
& muscles ( a frog2 & ! animal          

electricity be+ ?us excit$1 in/antly    
proce$$ ) s mu* velocity f ! "o         
extremity ( ! arc to ! o!r1 t no        
diff]5ce c\ld be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! "t :5 
! frog t\*$ ! arc1 & t :5 x began to be 
agitat$4 ,b to %[ t ?is result 0 n ow+  
entirely to ! metallic conductor1 ,i    
employ$ long ropes dipp$ 9 salt wat]1 & 
always ) ! same effect4 ,?is circum/ance
 seems to prove1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 a     
great simil>ity betwe5 ! n]v\s fluid &  
common electricity1 & to ov]turn !      
op9ion ( ,hall]1 :o1 accord+ to 8       
calculations1 makes ! n]v\s fluid       
require a second = pass+ ov] ! space (  
#aej feet4  ,,xv4 ,accord+ to ,becc>ia1 
a celebrat$ obs]v] ( ! propagation ( !  
electric fluid1 !re are two ways ( its  
be+ transmitt$2 "o :5 x fl[s ?r\gh      
conduct+ bodies only1 & ! o!r :51 be+   
collect$ 9 non-conduct+ bodies1 x       
proce$s f ! coat+ electric by excess to 
t :i* is 9 ! contr>y /ate4 ,9 ! "o case1
 ,becc>ia e/abli%es a c]ta9 "t = its    
passage2 9 ! o!r he all[s none4 ,?is    

celebrat$ man obs]v$1 t ! electric matt]
 0 convey$ f ! conductor ( a ma*9e1     
along a metallic wire #ejj feet 9 l5g?1 
9 ! c\rse ( a second2 9 its passage     
along a hemp5 rope ( ! same l5g?1 x     
employ$ sev5 seconds2 b :5 ! rope 0     
moi/5$ ) wat]1 x requir$ only two or    
ne>ly ?ree vibrations ( a p5dulum4 ,:5  
he dis*>g$ a ,leyd5 flask by ! longe/   
conductor1 he 0 nev] able to obs]ve !   
lea/ int]val ( "t4 ,! same ?+ 0 rem>k$  
by ,jallab]t1 ,sigaud de la ,fond1 & o!r
 philosoph]s1 :o p]=m$ _! exp]im5ts1 n 9
 an ap>tm5t b 9 ! op5 air2 & convey$ !  
electric fluid 9 ?is mann] = a          
consid]able di/ance along ! banks ( l>ge
 riv]s4 ,monni] ext5d$ two iron wires#aa
 9 an op5 field1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 = !
 di/ance ( #eajg feet2 & a man plac$    
betwe5 !m held 9 8 h&s ! extremity ( !  
conductors1 keep+ !m at a little di/ance
 f 8 body4 8,b ! man1 :o 0 9 ! middle ( 
! arc10 says ! au?or1 8:ile he saw !    
sp>k issue f ! j>1 receiv$ ! %ock3 he   
c\ld h di/+ui%$ ! smalle/ int]val ( "t  

betwe5 ! explosion & ! %ock2 & if x _h  
am\nt$ to ! f\r? "p ( a second1 x c\ld h
 easily be5 rem>k$40  ,,xvi4 ,:ile      
reflect+ on ^! facts1 ,i =m$ a          
conjecture f ! great cel]ity ) :i*      
animal electricity is convey$1 respect+ 
! mann] 9 :i* x is evolv$4 ,if ! animal 
electricity 7 convey$ f a muscle to a   
n]ve1 or vice v]sa1 9 ! same mann] z !  
common electric fluid is convey$ f !    
ma*9e by ! *a91 x w\ld h be5 obs]v$ to  
employ "s "t1 h[ev] small1 9 its        
passage4 ,z ,i at fir/ ascrib$ ?is to ! 
%ortness ( ! conductor ,i _h us$1 ,i    
ext5d$ x to m ?an #bej ,p>isian feet1 & 
appli$ ! n]ves & muscles ( a frog to ?is
 new conductor 9 ! mann] above describ$1
 )\t obs]v+ ! lea/ ob/acle to ! passage 
( ! electric fluid4 ,z ?is arc =m$ a    
half ( t employ$ by ,becc>ia1 ! space ( 
half a second w\ld h be5 requir$1 if we 
consid] 9 ?is passage only "o k9d (     
electricity4 ,b ! half second requir$   
accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,becc>ia 0 n 
obs]v$3 x !re=e appe>s1 t ?is           

propagation ( animal electricity ought n
 to be ref]r$ to ! fir/-m5tion$ case1 b 
to t :]e equilibrium is re/or$ betwe5 ! 
negative & positive /ate4  ,,xvii4 ,?is 
rapid conveyance ( animal electricity1  
h[ev]1 is entirely /opp$1 if ! metallic 
arc be int]cept$1 n only by non-conduct+
 b by c]ta9 conduct+ bodies4 ,"h !n we h
 aga9 occasion = ! action ( two contr>y 
k9ds ( electricity4 ,= ! electric matt]1
 :e!r positive or negative1 :5 convey$ f
 ! ma*9e to ! *a91 p]vades all bodies 9 
! same mann]1 provid$ !y be conductors4 
,?us ! metallic conductor ( ! ma*9e1 !  
insulat$ p]son1 & all o!r bodies t may  
be connect$ ) x1 become electric 9 !    
same mann]4 ,b ! same electric matt]    
collect$ 9 non-conduct+ bodies requires1
 be=e x c be dis*>g$1 c]ta9 conditions 9
 ! conduct+ bodies by :i* x is dis*>g$4 
,:5 ! metallic arc is int]rupt$ by a    
little wat]1 ! ,leyd5 flask1 if x conta9
 a mod]ate quantity ( electricity1 _c be
 dis*>g$2 = ! two contr>y k9ds (        
electricity to be dis*>g$ require t e "p

 ( ! arc %\ld be equally end[$ ) !      
prop]ty necess>y = conduct+ ! electric  
fluid4 ,b 9 ! case ( only "o k9d (      
electricity1 x w\ld pass ) great        
read9ess ei!r ?r\gh wat] or metal4 ,let 
u n[ apply ^! phnom5a ( g5]al           
electricity to ! !ory ( animal          
electricity4 ,9 ! exp]im5t m5tion$ 9 !  
six? section1 if only "o k9d (          
electricity proce$$ f ! n]ves or !      
muscles1 x w\ld be imm$iately convey$ f 
! n]ve to ! metal1 !n to ! vacuum back  
to ! metal1 & !nce to ! muscle1 z be+ ! 
place f :i* x issu$4 ,besides1 !        
electricity propagat$ 9 ?is mann] w\ld h
 produc$ contractions1 :i* h[ev] 7 n    
obs]v$4 ,! progress ( ! animal          
electricity1 !re=e1 exp]i5c$ consid]able
 ob/acles1 n only f non-conduct+ b also 
f conduct+ bodies2 :i* af=ds a /rong    
pro( t electricity exi/s & is collect$ 9
 ! muscul> fibre1 9 ! same mann] z 9    
non-conduct+ bodies4 ,b ! rem>kable     
quickness ( ! progress ( animal         
electricity leads me to ! ,leyd5 flask2 

& !re=e ,i %all "h say a few words      
respect+ ! analogy betwe5 ! phnom5a x   
exhibits1 & ^? ( animal electricity2 &  
give an acc\nt ( ! reasons :i* fir/     
induc$ me to ent] on ?is comp>ison4     
,,xviii4 ,:5 public meet+s 7 held at !  
h\se ( ,galvani1 = ! purpose ( discuss+ 
! !ory ( animal electricity1 great d\bts
 7 ent]ta9$ respect+ two contr>y k9ds ( 
electricity act+ 9 animals4 ,! reason+  
on ?is subject1 :i* displays acut5ess & 
+5uity1 0 z foll[s3 ,if two k9ds (      
electricity1 "o positive & ! o!r        
negative1 prevail$ 9 ! n]ves & muscles (
 animals1 on apply+ ! muscles ( "o frog 
to ! arm$ n]ve ( ano!r1 we %\ld obs]ve  
contractions2 :i* h[ev] is n f\nd to be 
! case4 ,! propos$ d\bt1 h[ev]1 gave me 
consid]able uneas9ess1 z ! dispute on t 
subject seem$ to lay a f\ndation = _m   
objections aga9/ ! !ory ( animal        
electricity4 ,b ! novelty ( ?is ev5t w  
excite no a/oni%m5t 9 ^? :o consid] !   
subject ) att5tion3 nay1 x w\ld r seem  
a/oni%+ if ! matt] 7 o!rwise4 ,! phnom5a

 9 ! above exp]im5t are p]fectly        
agreeable to ! laws ( g5]al electricity1
 & to ! !ory ( ! new animal ,leyd5      
flask4 ,=1 if we suppose ! muscles ( !  
frog furni%$ ) n]ves to repres5t s _m   
,leyd5 flasks1 no contractions ought to 
be expect$ f !m1 9 circum/ances "u :i*  
,leyd5 flasks !mselves w\ld produce no  
explosion4 ,?is we always obs]ve 9 two  
electric j>s1 nei!r ( :i* is dis*>g$ :5 
! arc is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ext]ior coat+
 ( ! "o & ! int]ior coat+ ( ! o!r4 ,if !
 muscles1 !re=e1 9 ! above exp]im5t1    
repres5t ,leyd5 flasks1 9 cases 9 :i* no
 explosion c\ld take place 9 ! latt] no 
contractions c be obs]v$ 9 ! =m]4       
,,xix4 ,= ! sake ( illu/rat+ ! propos$  
analogy1 x w be prop] t ,i %\ld "h      
expla9 ! conditions "u :i* contractions 
are produc$ by ! application ( two frogs
 to ea* o!r1 & comp>e !m ) ! phnom5a ( !
 ,leyd5 flasks4 ,i %all !re=e %[1 9 a   
few words1 ! diff]5t me?ods 9 :i* sev]al
 frogs are made to contract at ! same   
"t1 & 9 :i* ,leyd5 j>s are dis*>g$4     

,place on a glass plate two frogs1 "o ( 
:i* has its sp9al m>r[ arm$1 & let a    
communication be e/abli%$ betwe5 its    
muscles & ! sp9al m>r[ ( ano!r frog1 by 
means ( a small metallic *a94 ,if ! arc 
be =m$ f ! arm$ sp9al m>r[ ( ! "o frog  
to ! muscles ( ! o!r1 contractions w be 
produc$ 9 bo?4 ,let u n[ apply to ,leyd5
 flasks ! arrangem5t foll[$ ) ! frogs4  
,if two electric ,leyd5 j>s /& on a     
glass plate1 :5 an arc is appli$1 "s    
electricity w be elicit$2 b an absolute 
explosion w nev] be produc$4 ,if "o     
extremity ( a metallic wire1 h[ev]1 be  
br\ght 9 contact ) ! inside ( "o ( !    
,leyd5 j>s1 & ! o!r ) ! ext]ior coat+ ( 
! o!r1 on apply+ an arc to ! o!r two    
coat+s1 :i* h no communication ) !      
metallic wire t has be5 add$1 an        
explosion w take place1 & bo? ! j>s w be
 dis*>g$4 ,b ! above contractions may be
 produc$ 9 a mann] /ill simpl]4 ,if !   
sp9al m>r[ ( "o frog be unit$ to !      
muscles ( ano!r1 z soon z an arc is =m$ 
f ! sp9al m>r[ ( ! arm$ frog to ! remote

 muscles ( ! o!r1 /rong contractions w  
be produc$ 9 bo?4 ,! analogy betwe5     
animal & artificial electricity1 :i* is 
! object ( our rese>*1 w always be      
app>5t 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,two *>g$ ,leyd5 
flasks1 susp5d$ 9 su* a mann] f !       
conductor ( ! ma*9e t ! ext]ior coat+ ( 
! "o is connect$ ) ! int]ior coat+ ( !  
o!r1 =m a v happy repres5tation ( !     
frogs2 =1 ! same arc be+ appli$1 & 9 !  
same mann]1 bo? to ! frogs & ! ,leyd5   
flasks1 :5 an explosion is produc$ by ! 
latt] contractions w take place 9 ! =m]4
  ,,xx4 ,hi!rto ! contractions h be5    
produc$ by e/abli%+ ! arc f ! n]ve ( "o 
frog to ! muscles ( ano!r3 b            
contractions w take place 9 bo?1 if !   
arc be convey$ f ! arm$ sp9al m>r[ ( !  
"o to ! arm$ sp9al m>r[ ( ! o!r1 provid$
 c>e be tak5 t correspond+ muscles      
communicate alt]nately ) ! conduct+     
body4 ,b x is mu* m difficult to        
reconcile ?is phnom5on ?an ! =m] to !   
g5]al laws ( electricity4 ,?is          
difficulty1 h[ev]1 may be obviat$1 if we

 suppose t ! "o frog1 9 consequ5ce ( its
 natural moi/ure1 =ms an arc to ! o!r4  
,?is inde$ 0 fir/ confirm$ by !         
exp]im5ts ( ,galvani2 =1 hav+ divid$ a  
frog l5g?wise1 bo? p>ts 7 connect$ m]ely
 by _! moi/ure#ab4 ,yet1 :5 ! arc t\*$  
"o ( ! sep>at$ p>ts1 ! o!r 0 imm$iately 
contract$4 ,z ?is explanation is s      
obvi\s1 no?+ fur!r ne$s be said on !    
subject4 ,b ,i 0 unwill+ to leave 9 a   
/ate ( unc]ta9ty ! analogy betwe5 !     
phnom5a ( animal electricity & ^? ( !   
,leyd5 flask1 ! wond]ful agreem5t ( :i* 
_h s mu* excit$ my a/oni%m5t3 & inde$ ,i
 _h no cause to rep5t ( my p]sev]ance2  
=1 ?\gh x did n enable me to atta9 to   
:at ,i propos$1 x conduct$ me to "s     
g5]al phnom5a ( electricity1 :i* no "o  
p]haps _h be=e made an object ( rese>*4 
,i discov]$ t "o ,leyd5 flask may be    
appli$ z an arc to ano!r4 ,i provid$ two
 insulat$ ,leyd5 j>s ( ! same capacity1 
"o ( !m *>g$ & ! o!r un*>g$1 & e/abli%$ 
a communication betwe5 ! ext]ior coat+ (
 bo?1 by means ( a conduct+ body2 & hav+

 !n =m$ an arc f ! int]ior coat+ ( ! "o 
to t ( ! o!r1 !re 0 an imm$iate         
transmission ( ! electricity ) an       
explosion2 & at ! same "t ! flask :i* at
 fir/ 0 un*>g$ became *>g$4 ,if ,i =m$  
an arc ) my arms & h&s1 ,i exp]i5c$ a   
consid]able %ock dur+ ! passage ( !     
electric fluid4 ,:5 ,i obs]v$ ?is       
effect1 ,i conceiv$ x 0 n contr>y to !  
pr9ciples ( philosophy to suppose t ! "o
 frog1 9 respect to ! o!r1 repres5t$ a  
,leyd5 flask1 & at ! same "t act$ ! "p (
 an arc4  ,,xxi4 ,"s1 p]haps1 w object  
to ?is analogy1 t 9 ! above exp]im5ts ! 
flask de/itute ( electricity =ms ! arc2 
:ile1 on ! contr>y1 bo? flasks ought to 
be *>g$ to repres5t prop]ly ! muscles & 
n]ves ( frogs1 :i* bo? possess          
electricity4 ,b ! v same phnom5on is    
obs]v$ 9 two *>g$ flasks1 provid$ "o (  
!m is *>g$ ) m electricity ?an ! o!r4   
,h5ce1 9 support ( our analogy1 we ne$  
only assume1 t ! quantity ( electricity 
9 ! "o frog is a little diff]5t f t ( ! 
o!r2 a supposition :i*1 9 =m+ an        

hypo!sis1 ! sev]e/ philosoph] may all[4 
,i %all say no?+ ( ! great v>iety &     
connection ( ! elem5ts ( :i* animal     
bodies are compos$1 & :i* on ?is acc\nt 
require a diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( !     
animal electricity4 ,x appe>s by "s late
 exp]im5ts ( ,valli#ac1 t animal        
electricity is dis*>g$ 9 ! same mann] z 
t :i* is collect$ 9 non-conduct+ bodies4
 ,x is likewise prov$1 t ! same arc & ! 
same armatures1 accord+ to ! v>i\s      
cons5sus & connection ( ! n]ves1 &      
accord+ to ! diff]5t positions 9 :i* !y 
are appli$1 elicit a l>g] or small]     
quantity ( electricity1 & sometimes none
 at all4 ,^? inde$ :o consid] ^!        
obs]vations w h>dly ?9k x possible1 :5  
animal ,leyd5 flasks consi/ ( s _m      
diff]5t p>ts1 t !re %\ld n be "s        
diff]5ce 9 ! electricity collect$4 ,b   
!re is no ne$ ( employ+ conjecture 9    
reg>d to a po9t1 :i* is confirm$ n only 
9 reg>d to animals1 b 9 all conduct+    
bodies1 by ! +5i\s obs]vations (        
,c\lomb#ad2 = x is fully e/abli%$ t !   

electric matt] is communicat$ &         
accumulat$ diff]5t ways on ! surface (  
conduct+ bodies4 ,b if ?is phnom5on     
takes place 9 conduct+ bodies ! p>ts (  
:i* are homog5e\s1 !re is no reason to  
d5y t x may appe> 9 animals 9 :i*       
provid5t nature has s int]mix$ conduct+ 
) non-conduct+ p>ts1 9 ord] t ! action (
 animal electricity might n be %ort &   
transi5t1 b con/ant & durable4  ,,xxii4 
,b if ! div]sity 9 ! /ructure ( animal  
bodies require t ! =ce & p[] ( ! animal 
electricity1 collect$ 9 ! correspond+   
muscles1 %\ld be diff]5t1 a s+ul>       
agreem5t w appe> betwe5 ! phnom5a ( !   
,leyd5 flask & ^? ( animal electricity4 
,if an insulat$ p]son t\* two flasks    
conta9+ equal quantities ( electricity1 
h[ev] great1 he w exp]i5ce no %ock2 b if
 "o ( ! flasks conta9 a great] *>ge ?an 
! o!r1 he w receive a %ock accord+ to ! 
ratio ( ! diff]5ce ( ! electricity ( !  
flasks4 ,?\gh ! frogs !re=e repres5t two
 ,leyd5 flasks1 "o ( !m may act ! "p (  
an arc1 & produce an equilibrium1       

provid$ x be all[$ t !re is a diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! quantities ( ! electricities   
collect$4 ,i h "h endeav\r$ to e/abli% !
 propos$ analogy1 n because ,i suppose !
 muscles to be s _m ,leyd5 flasks1 su* z
 !y are exhibit$ to u by ! +5uity (     
philosoph]s1 b 9 ord] to %[ t _m phnom5a
 are common to bo?2 nor h ,i appli$     
animal electricity to expla9 all !      
phnom5a ( muscul> motion1 ) a view (    
obta9+ applause f ^? :o are zeal\s      
advocates = ?is !ory4 ,i mu/ also       
obs]ve1 t if 9 ! prosecution ( ?is      
object ,i h met ) any anomalies1 ,i d n 
on t acc\nt despise ! agreem5t ( ! laws 
( philosophy :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by s mu*
 lab\r4 ,sev]al ( ! phnom5a obs]v$ by   
,galvani & o!rs h s]v$ me z a f\ndation 
= ! propos$ analogy1 & induc$ me to     
ext5d1 if possible1 its b\nd>ies4 ,b go+
 back to ! orig9 ( animal electricity1  
s9ce x belongs to ! subject1 ,i %all "h 
take a g5]al view ( ! :ole1 & express ! 
sub/ance ( x 9 a few coroll>ies4        
,,xxiii4 ,! coroll>ies ,i propose w     

foll[ ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* !y arose1 &     
!re=e w express ! gradual improvem5t (  
animal electricity4  #a4 ,animal        
electricity passes freely ?r\gh bodies  
:i* possess ne>ly ! same degree (       
conduct+ p[]1 b x does n pass ?r\gh     
non-conduct+ bodies4  #b4 ,x is affect$ 
by ! ob/acles :i* occur1 n only 9       
non-conduct+ b 9 conduct+ bodies1 z well
 z by _! v>ieties2 & if ^! ob/acles be  
num]\s1 its passage is /opp$3 b if x be 
possible to ov]come !m1 ! imp$im5t      
causes x to make a m p[]ful ef=t to     
atta9 to a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,h5ce1   
unlike armatures & arcs are ( great     
effect 9 excit+ a mod]ate degree (      
electricity1 :5 ! same electricity      
resi/s ! p[] ( a homog5e\s metal4  #c4  
,animal electricity obeys ! law (       
equilibrium2 =1 :5 ! muscles h be5      
br\ght to a /ate ( equilibrium ) !      
correspond+ n]ves1 no contractions are  
produc$ by ! application ( an arc2 b if 
t :i* produces ! equilibrium be remov$1 
! contractions imm$iately take place4   

#d4 ,poisons1 mephitic air1 ari=m       
fluids1 & cond5s$ air1 d n prev5t animal
 electricity f be+ excit$4  #e4 ,!      
influ5ce ( a vacuum on animal           
electricity is v>i\s4 ,9 dead animals1  
if kept a long "t 9 vacuo1 ! animal     
electricity is weak5$3 9 liv+ animals x 
is consid]ably increas$4  #f4 ,?\gh a   
vacuum does n prev5t ! electricity f be+
 excit$1 x w n s]ve z a conductor ( x :5
 x has be5 excit$3 if an arc f ! n]ves  
to ! muscles be int]cept$ by ! smalle/  
vacuum1 no contractions take place4  #g4
 ,z metallic armatures are ( great      
effect 9 attract+ & collect+ artificial 
electricity1 ! case is ! same ) animal  
electricity2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to     
ascribe to !m t electricity :i* !       
muscles naturally possess4  #h4 ,?\gh   
unlike armatures h a great effect 9     
call+ =? animal electricity1 we h reason
 to conclude f sev]al exp]im5ts1 t !y d 
n conta9 two k9ds ( electricity capable 
( produc+ muscul> motion4  #i4 ,z       
natural electricity issues ) great =ce f

 %>p-po9t$ bodies1 & proce$s to !m m    
readily ?an to o!rs1 ! case is ! same 9 
reg>d to animal electricity1 z x issues 
m readily f ! po9t$ p>ts ( ! metallic   
arm+ appli$ to ! n]ves & muscles4  #aj4 
,! n]vo-electric fluid is propagat$ ) t 
rapidity :i* is requir$ 9 re/or+ to an  
equilibrium two opposite k9ds (         
electricity4  #aa4 ,! same conditions   
:i* cause two flasks to be dis*>g$ :5 an
 arc is e/abli%$ f ! ext]ior coat+ ( !  
"o to ! int]ior coat+ ( ! o!r1 excite   
contractions 9 two frogs1 :5 an arc is  
=m$ f ! n]ve ( "o to ! muscles ( ! o!r4 
#ab4 ,! arc appli$ z above m5tion$ to ! 
int]ior coat+ ( two phials1 & to ! n]ves
 ( two frogs1 seems to give m =ce to !  
propos$ analogy2 = ! electric explosions
 h a great simil>ity to ! muscul>       
motions excit$ 9 ! frogs4  ,i might h   
enl>g$ ! numb] ( ^! coroll>ies1 _h n !  
well-kn[n fate ( v>i\s op9ions1 n[      
consign$ to oblivion1 r5d]$ me m timid 9
 haz>d+ conjectures4 ,i1 h[ev]1 did n   
all[ myself to ?9k t ,i ought s f> to   

give way to my timidity z to *eck ! _s (
 inquiry1 or to ab&on ! hope ( "o day   
atta9+ to ! tru?4 ,b x w\ld be          
unreasonable to expect 9 animal         
electricity1 :i* is yet 9 its infancy1 t
 precision & ^? satisfactory results :i*
 c be ! "w only ( "t1 & ( ! cont9u$     
lab\r ( philosoph]s4        #g ,z ?is   
t]m is improp]ly us$ by philosoph]s1 ,i 
mu/      "h obs]ve1 t ,i %all 9 future  
und]/& by x air      highly r>efi$ by ! 
usual means4       #h ,9 ! description (
 a new air-pump ( 8 inv5tion1      :]e  
he %[s t electricity _c pass ?r\gh a    
vacuum1 he adds3 8,!re c be little d\bt1
 f ! above      exp]im5t1 ( !           
non-conduct+ p[] ( a p]fect vacuum2     
& ?is fact is /ill m /rongly confirm$ by
 !      phnom5a1 :i* appe> ^u !         
admission ( a v m9ute      p>ticle ( air
 into ! inside ( ! gauge4 ,9 ?is case1  
! :ole becomes imm$iately lum9\s ^u !   
slighte/      application ( electricity2
 & a *>ge takes place1 :i*      cont9ues
 to gr[ m & m p[]ful1 9 proportion z    

fre% air is admitt$1 till ! d5sity ( !  
conduct+      m$ium arrives at its      
maximum4 ,an ,essay on ,electricity1    
expla9+ ! ,!ory & ,practice ( t useful  
,sci5ce4      ,?ird edit4 ,london1      
#aghg4       #i ,josephi ,g>d9i de      
,electrici ,ignis ,natura ,diss]tatio1  
,regi ,sci5ti>um ,academi ,mantuan      
exhibita1 ,mantu #agib1      p4 #ajj4   
#aj ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 a mu* m    
simple mann]1      )\t ! aid ( a magnet1
 by connect+ a wire ) !      l[] "p ( ! 
n]ves1 & apply+ ! wire to !      muscles
 by turn+ ! rod r\nd4       #aa ,prcis  
hi/orique et exprim5tal des ,phnomnes   
lectriques1 p> ,m4 ,sigaud de la ,fond1 
,p>is #agha1 sect4 i4      art4 #d4     
#ab ,aloysii ,galvani de ,viribus       
,electricitatis 9 ,motu      muscul>i   
,comm5t>ius1 ,mut9 it]um editus1 p4 #bi4
       #ac ,m4 ,valli ,c9quime et       
,huitime ,lettre sur l',electricit      
,animale1 dans ,obs]vations sur la      
,physique1 p> ,m4 l',abb      ,rozi]1   
tom4 xlii4 ,p>is1 #agib4       #ad      

,re*]*es sur la ,di/ribution de ,fluide 
,electrique      entre plusieurs ,corps 
,conducteurs1 et la ,dt]m9ation de la   
,d5sit ,electrique dans les diffr5s     
,p>ties de la ,surface      de ces      
,corps4 ,mem4 de l',acad4 ,royale des   
,sci5ces1 ,an4      #aghh4              
,,conclusion4   ,i publi% my exp]im5ts  
respect+ muscul> contractions produc$ by
 "o metal ) ! great] confid5ce1 z !y 7  
repeat$ diff]5t ways by ! celebrat$     
,humboldt1 :o has adopt$ my op9ion4 ,9 8
 "w on ,galvanism1 "u ! head :i* he     
entitles 8,answ] to ! ,objections made  
by ,volta to ! ,exp]im5ts ( ,ald9i10 he 
says1 8,j4 ,ald9i ( ,bologna inv5t$ a v 
+5i\s app>atus1 by means ( :i* he 0     
enabl$ to refute ! supposition (        
,pr(essor ,volta4 ,= ?is purpose he _h  
rec\rse to m]cury3 e ?+ relat+ to 8     
exp]im5ts is v well repres5t$ 9 ! plate 
:i* accompanies 8 memoir4 ,volta1 9     
reply to ^! exp]im5ts1 obs]ves1 t !y c  
impose only on ^? :o h n ?or\ghly exam9$
 !m4 ,he d5ies ! facts relat$ by ,ald9i1

 & p]si/s 9 8 op9ion t ! phnom5a (      
,galvanism may all be ref]r$ to ! laws (
 het]og5eity4 ,9 reg>d to ! exp]im5ts   
made ) m]cury1 he says t !re is a great 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! surface ( ?is metal & 
! int]ior ( its mass2 because ! surface 
becomes oxidat$ by ! contact ( !        
atmosph]ic air2 t consequ5tly1 9 !      
exp]im5t ( ,ald9i1 ! conduct+ arc is n  
really b app>5tly homog5e\s1 ! organs   
be+ imm]s$ to diff]5t dep?s 9 ! metal3  
besides1 t ! m]cury 9 ^! exp]im5ts      
produces a %ock2 & t1 z ?is %ock is n ! 
same at bo? extremities ( ! arc1 !      
result is an unequal developm5t (       
electricity4 ,volta1 !re=e1 opposes to !
 phnom5a describ$ by ,ald9i no?+ b      
hypo!sis4 ,we might reply 9 ! same      
mann]2 b z x is mu* bett] 9             
philosophical disputes to h rec\rse to  
exp]im5ts1 ,i und]took "s rese>*es = !  
purpose ( remov+ all d\bt 9 reg>d to ?is
 subject4       8,i purifi$ m]cury by   
all ! kn[n means employ$ = t            
purpose4 ,i /ra9$ x sev]al times ?r\gh a

 piece (      *amois lea!r2 ,i wa%$ x ) 
wat] & soap1 )      v9eg> & ) alcohol4  
,x appe>$ to me t x      conta9$ nei!r  
lead nor t92 & t x 0 free f      oily   
p>ticles & du/3 x 0 p]fectly fluid1 &   
divid$      itself into small1 v r\nd   
globules1 :i* did n adh]e      to ea*   
o!r1 & :i* left beh9d !m no traces4 ,its
      surface 0 z brilliant z t ( glass1
 )\t any      pellicle or spot2 & a     
small quantity ( x be+ /irr$      9 a   
mort> ) wat]1 did n communicate to x any
      s5sible col\r4 ,x dissolv$ 9      
nitric acid )\t      s5sible            
eff]vesc5ce1 & )\t giv+ any precipitate4
      ,a l>ge quantity ( m]cury ?us     
purifi$ 0 p\r$ into      ?ree porcela9  
vessels2 & z ,i 0 aw>e t1 if ,i         
p]=m$ sev]al exp]im5ts ) ! same quantity
 (      m]cury1 x might be object$1 t ! 
metal _h contract$      "s impurity by !
 m]e contact ( ! animal sub/ances1      
,i made only "o exp]im5t ) ! m]cury 9   
ea* ( !      vessels4       8,i prep>$  
sev]al legs ( frogs 9 su* a mann] t a   

portion ( ! crural n]ve & a "p ( !      
muscle ( !      same l5g? 7 left        
dep5d5t4 ,i plac$ a glass tube 9 a      
horizontal direction above a vessel     
conta9+ m]cury2 made      fa/ to x two  
silk ?reads1 & susp5d$ f x ! ?igh      (
 ! leg 9 su* a mann] t ! n]ve & muscle  
c\ld      be made to desc5d at pleasure4
 ,i br\ght ! leg ( !      frog )9 two   
l9es ( ! vessel1 & !n l5g!n$ !          
?read till ! n]ve t\*$ ! surface ( !    
metal4 ,no      contractions took place2
 b z soon z ! n]ve also 0      br\ght   
into contact ) ! metal1 by l5g!n+ ! silk
      ?read1 ! :ole limb exp]i5c$ a     
convulsive %ock4 ,i      repeat$ ?is    
exp]im5t ) ! same precaution1 employ+   
! two o!r vessels1 & ! same results 7   
obta9$4       8,! muscle & n]ve t\*$ !  
m]cury only at !      surface2 !y 7 9 no
 mann] imm]s$ 9 ! metal2 &      c>e _h  
be5 tak5 to l[] !m s g5tly1 t x 0       
impossible to suspect !re c\ld be any   
impulse1 z 9 !      exp]im5t :]e ,ald9i 
_h caus$ ! m]cury to fl[ d[n      by    

employ+ a vessel %ap$ some:at l a       
syphon40     ,,app5dix4     ,no4 ,i4    
,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,exp]im5ts p]=m$ by ,j4 
,ald9i on ! ,body (      a ,malefactor  
execut$ at ,newgate ,jan4 #ag? #ahjc4   
,,introduction4  ,! un5light5$ "p (     
mank9d are apt to ent]ta9 a prejudice   
aga9/ ^?1 h[ev] laudable _! motives1 :o 
attempt to p]=m exp]im5ts on dead       
subjects2 & ! vulg> 9 g5]al ev5 atta* a 
sort ( odium to ! common practice (     
anatomical dissection4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an 
incontrov]tible fact1 t su* rese>*es 9  
mod]n times h prov$ a s\rce ( ! mo/     
valuable in=mation1 9 reg>d to po9ts    
highly int]e/+ to ! k ( ! human frame1 &
 h contribut$ 9 an em95t degree to !    
improvem5t ( physiology & anatomy4      
,enlight5$ legislators h be5 s5sible (  
?is tru?2 & !re=e x has be5 wisely      
orda9$ by ! ,briti% laws1 :i* are f\nd$ 
on ! basis ( humanity & public b5efit1 t
 ! bodies ( ^? :o dur+ life violat$ "o (
 ! mo/ sacr$ rights ( mank9d1 %\ld aft] 
execution be devot$ to a purpose :i*    

might make "s atonem5t = _! crime1 by   
r5d]+ _! rema9s b5eficial to t society  
:i* !y (f5d$4  ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is      
regulation1 ,i lately _h an opportunity 
( p]=m+ "s new exp]im5ts1 ! pr9cipal    
object ( :i* 0 to asc]ta9 :at op9ion    
ought to be =m$ ( ,galvanism z a mean ( 
excitem5t 9 cases ( asphyxia & susp5d$  
animation4 ,! p[] :i* exi/s 9 ! muscul> 
fibre ( animal bodies "s "t aft] all o!r
 signs ( vitality h disappe>$1 _h be=e  
be5 exam9$ accord+ to ! illu/ri\s       
,hall]'s doctr9e ( irritability2 b x    
appe>$ to me t muscul> action might be  
excit$ 9 a mu* m efficaci\s mann] by !  
p[] ( ! ,galvanic app>atus4  ,9 p]=m+ ^!
 exp]im5ts1 ,i _h ano!r object 9 view4  
,be+ fav\r$ ) ! assi/ance & support (   
g5tlem5 em95tly well skill$ 9 ! art (   
dissection1 ,i propos$1 :5 ! body %\ld  
be op5$1 to p]=m "s new exp]im5ts :i* ,i
 nev] be=e attempt$1 & to confirm o!rs  
:i* ,i _h made above a ye> ago on !     
bodies ( two robb]s decapitat$ at       
,bologna4  ,to enl>ge on ! utility ( su*

 rese>*es1 or to po9t out ! advantages  
:i* may result f !m1 is n my object at  
pres5t4 ,i %all "h only obs]ve1 t z !   
bodies ( valuable memb]s ( society are  
(t5 f\nd "u simil> circum/ances1 & ) !  
same symptoms z ^? obs]v$ on execut$    
crim9als2 by subject+ ! latt] to prop]  
exp]im5ts1 "s spe$i] & m efficaci\s     
means ?an any hi!rto kn[n1 ( giv+ relief
 9 su* cases1 may1 p]haps1 be discov]$4 
,9 a comm]cial & m>itime c\ntry l       
,brita91 :]e s _m p]sons1 9 consequ5ce (
 _! occupations at sea1 on canals1      
riv]s1 & 9 m9es1 are expos$ to dr[n+1   
suffocation1 & o!r accid5ts1 ?is object 
is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 a public view1
 & is entitl$ to e enc\ragem5t4  ,=/]1  
on ^: body ^! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$1 0      
tw5ty-six ye>s ( age1 seem$ to h be5 ( a
 /rong1 vigor\s con/itution1 & 0 execut$
 at ,newgate on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y #ahjc4 
,! body 0 expos$ = a :ole h\r 9 a       
temp]ature two degrees bel[ ! freez+    
po9t ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 at ! end (
 :i* long int]val x 0 convey$ to a h\se 

n f> di/ant1 &1 9 pursuance ( ! s5t5ce1 
0 deliv]$ to ! ,college ( ,surgeons4    
,mr4 ,keate1 ma/] ( t respectable       
society1 hav+ be5 s k9d z to place x "u 
my direction1 ,i readily embrac$ t      
opportunity ( subject+ x to ! ,galvanic 
/imulus1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 tri$ on   
p]sons put to dea? 9 a simil> mann]3 & !
 result ( my exp]im5ts ,i n[ take !     
lib]ty ( submitt+ to ! public4   ,be=e  
,i conclude ?is %ort introduction1 ,i   
consid] x z my duty to ackn[l$ge my     
obligations to ,mr4 ,,c>pue1 lectur] on 
anatomy1 & ,mr4 ,,hut*9s1 a m$ical      
pupil1 = ! assi/ance !y af=d$ me 9 !    
dissection4 ,i 0 also mu* indebt$ to    
,mr4 ,,cu?b]tson1 an em95t ma!matical   
in/rum5t mak]1 :o direct$ & arrang$ !   
,galvanic app>atus4 ,enc\rag$ by ! aid (
 ^! g5tlem51 & ! polite att5tion ( ,mr4 
,,keate1 ,i attempt$ a s]ies (          
exp]im5ts1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief    
acc\nt4   ,,exp]im5t ,i4  ,"o arc be+   
appli$ to ! m\?1 & ano!r to ! e>1 wett$ 
) a solution ( muriate ( soda 7common   

salt71 ,galvanism 0 communicat$ by means
 ( ?ree tr\ghs comb9$ toge!r1 ea* ( :i* 
conta9$ =ty plates ( z9c1 & z _m (      
copp]4 ,on ! fir/ application ( ! arcs !
 jaw began to quiv]1 ! adjo9+ muscles 7 
horribly contort$1 & ! left eye actually
 op5$4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ii4  ,on apply+ ! 
arc to bo? e>s1 a motion ( ! head 0     
manife/$1 & a convulsive action ( all ! 
muscles ( ! face3 ! lips & eyelids 7    
also evid5tly affect$2 b ! action seem$ 
mu* increas$ by mak+ "o extremity ( !   
arc to communicate ) ! no/rils1 ! o!r   
cont9u+ 9 "o e>4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iii4  ,!
 conductors be+ appli$ to ! e>1 & to !  
rectum1 excit$ 9 ! muscles contractions 
mu* /rong] ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts4 ,! 
action ev5 ( ^? muscles fur!/ di/ant f !
 po9ts ( contact ) ! arc 0 s mu*        
increas$ z almo/ to give an appe>ance ( 
re-animation4   ,,exp]im5t ,,iv4  ,9 ?is
 /ate1 wi%+ to try ! p[] ( ord9>y       
/imulants1 ,i appli$ volatile alkali to 
! no/rils & to ! m\?1 b )\t ! lea/      
s5sible action3 on apply+ ,galvanism    

great action 0 con/antly produc$4 ,i !n 
adm9i/]$ ! ,galvanic /imulus & volatile 
alkali toge!r2 ! convulsions appe>$ to  
be mu* increas$ by ?is comb9ation1 &    
ext5d$ f ! muscles ( ! head1 face1 &    
neck1 z f> z ! deltoid4 ,! effect 9 ?is 
case surpass$ our mo/ sangu9e           
expectations1 & vitality might1 p]haps1 
h be5 re/or$1 if _m circum/ances _h n   
r5d]$ x impossible4   ,,exp]im5t ,v4  ,i
 next ext5d$ ! arc f "o e> to ! biceps  
flexor cubiti1 ! fibres ( :i* _h be5    
laid b>e by dissection4 ,?is produc$    
viol5t convulsions 9 all ! muscles ( !  
arm1 & especially 9 ! biceps & ! coraco 
bra*ialis ev5 )\t ! int]v5tion ( salt   
wat]4   ,,exp]im5t ,,vi4  ,an incision  
hav+ be5 made 9 ! wri/1 among ! small   
filam5ts ( ! n]ves & cellul> membrane1  
on br++ ! arc into contact ) ?is "p1 a v
 /rong action ( ! muscles ( ! =e-arm &  
h& 0 imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 !  
la/ exp]im5t1 ! animal moi/ure 0        
suffici5t to conduct ! ,galvanic /imulus
 )\t ! int]v5tion ( salt wat]4          

,,exp]im5t ,,vii4  ,! %ort muscles ( !  
?umb 7 dissect$1 & submitt$ to ! action 
( ! ,galvanic app>atus1 :i* induc$ a    
=cible ef=t to cl5* ! h&4   ,,exp]im5t  
,,viii4  ,! effects ( ,galvanism 9 ?is  
exp]im5t 7 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r /imulants4 
,= ?is purpose1 ! po9t ( ! scalpel 0    
appli$ to ! fibres1 & ev5 introduc$ into
 ! sub/ance ( ! biceps flexor cubiti )\t
 produc+ ! slighte/ motion4 ,! same     
result 0 obta9$ f ! use ( cau/ic        
volatile alkali & conc5trat$ sulphuric  
acid4 ,! latt] ev5 corrod$ ! muscle1 )\t
 br++ x into action4   ,,exp]im5t ,,ix4 
,hav+ op5$ ! ?orax & ! p]ic>dium1 expos+
 ! he>t 9 situ1 ,i endeav\r$ to excite  
action 9 ! v5tricles1 b )\t success4 ,! 
arc 0 fir/ appli$ ^u ! surface1 !n 9 !  
sub/ance ( ! fibres1 to ! c>ne column1  
to ! septum v5triculorum1 & la/ly1 9 !  
c\rse ( ! n]ves by ! coron>y art]ies1   
ev5 ) salt wat] int]pos$1 b )\t !       
slighte/ visible action be+ induc$4     
,,exp]im5t ,x4  ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! arc 0 
convey$ to ! "r auricle1 & produc$ a    

consid]able contraction1 )\t !          
int]v5tion ( salt wat]1 b especially 9 t
 "p call$ ! app5dix auricul>is3 9 ! left
 auricle sc>cely any action 0 exhibit$4 
,,exp]im5t ,,xi4  ,conductors be+ appli$
 f ! sp9al m>r[ to ! fibres ( ! biceps  
flexor cubiti1 ! gluteus maximus1 & !   
ga/rocnemius1 sep>ately1 no consid]able 
action 9 ! muscles ( ! arm & leg 0      
produc$4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xii4  ,! sciatic
 n]ve be+ expos$ betwe5 ! great tro*ant]
 ( ! femur & ! tub]osity ( ! is*ium1 & !
 arc be+ e/abli%$ f ! sp9al m>r[ to !   
n]ve dive/$ ( its !ca1 we obs]v$1 to our
 a/oni%m5t1 t no contraction :atev]     
ensu$ 9 ! muscles1 al?\gh salt wat] 0   
us$ at bo? extremities ( ! arc4 ,b !    
conductor be+ made to communicate ) !   
fibres ( ! muscles & ! cellul> membrane1
 z /rong an action z be=e 0 manife/$4   
,,exp]im5t ,,xiii4  ,by mak+ ! arc to   
communicate ) ! sciatic n]ve & !        
ga/rocnemius muscle1 a v feeble action 0
 produc$ 9 ! latt]4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xiv4 
,conductors be+ appli$ f ! sciatic to ! 

p]onal n]ve1 sc>cely any motion 0 excit$
 9 ! muscles4   ,,exp]im5t ,,xv4  ,!    
sciatic n]ve be+ divid$ ab\t ! middle ( 
! ?igh1 on apply+ ! conductors f !      
biceps flexor cruris to ! ga/rocnemius1 
!re ensu$ a p[]ful contraction ( bo?4 ,i
 mu/ "h obs]ve t ! muscles cont9u$      
excitable = sev5 h\rs & a half aft] !   
execution4 ,! tr\ghs 7 frequ5tly r5ew$1 
yet t[>ds ! close !y 7 v mu* exhau/$4   
,no d\bt1 ) a /rong] app>atus we might h
 obs]v$ muscul> action mu* long]2 =1    
aft] ! exp]im5ts _h be5 cont9u$ = ?ree  
or f\r h\rs1 ! p[] ( a s+le tr\gh 0 n   
suffici5t to excite ! action ( !        
muscles3 ! assi/ance ( a m p[]ful       
app>atus 0 requir$4 ,?is %[s t su* a    
long s]ies ( exp]im5ts c\ld n h be5     
p]=m$ by ! simple application ( metallic
 coat+s4 ,i am ( op9ion t1 9 g5]al1 ^!  
coat+s1 inv5t$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by      
,galvani1 are passive4 ,!y s]ve m]ely to
 conduct ! fluid pre-exi/5t 9 ! animal  
sy/em2 :]eas1 ) ! ,galvanic batt]ies (  
,volta1 ! muscles are excit$ to action  

by ! influ5ce ( ! app>atus itself4      
99     99     99     99     99  ,f !    
above exp]im5ts !re is reason to        
conclude3   ,i4  ,t ,galvanism ex]ts a  
consid]able p[] ov] ! n]v\s & muscul>   
sy/ems1 & op]ates univ]sally on ! :ole (
 ! animal conomy4   ,,ii4  ,t ! p[] (   
,galvanism1 z a /imulant1 is /rong] ?an 
any me*anical action :atev]4   ,,iii4   
,t ! effects ( ,galvanism on ! human    
frame diff] f ^? produc$ by electricity 
communicat$ ) common electrical ma*9es4 
,,iv4  ,t ,galvanism1 :e!r adm9i/]$ by  
means ( tr\ghs1 or piles1 diff]s 9 its  
effects f ^? produc$ by ! simple        
metallic coat+s employ$ by ,galvani4    
,v4  ,t :5 ! surfaces ( ! n]ves &       
muscles are arm$ ) metallic coat+s1 !   
influ5ce ( ! ,galvanic batt]ies is      
convey$ to a great] numb] ( po9ts1 &    
acts ) consid]ably m =ce 9 produc+      
contractions ( ! muscul> fibre4   ,,vi4 
,t ! action ( ,galvanism on ! he>t is   
diff]5t f t on o!r muscles4 ,=1 :5 !    
he>t is no long] susceptible ( ,galvanic

 influ5ce1 ! o!r muscles rema9 /ill     
excitable = a c]ta9 "t4 ,x is also      
rem>kable t ! action produc$ by         
,galvanism on ! auricles is diff]5t f t 
produc$ on ! v5tricles ( ! he>t1 z is   
demon/rat$ 9 ,exp]im5t ! t5?4   ,,vii4  
,t ,galvanism af=ds v p[]ful means (    
resuscitation 9 cases ( susp5d$         
animation "u common circum/ances4 ,!    
rem$ies already adopt$ 9 asphyxia1      
dr[n+1 c4 :5 comb9$ ) ! influ5ce (      
,galvanism1 w produce mu* great] effect 
?an ei!r ( !m sep>ately4         99     
99     99     99     99  ,to conclude   
?is subject1 x may be acceptable to !   
read] to h a %ort b accurate acc\nt ( ! 
appe>ances exhibit$ on ! dissection ( ! 
body1 :i* 0 p]=m$ ) ! greate/ c>e &     
precision by ,mr4 ,c>pue4       8,!     
blood 9 ! head 0 n extravasat$1 b sev]al
      vessels 7 prodigi\sly swell$1 & ! 
lungs entirely      depriv$ ( air2 !re 0
 a great inflammation 9 !      inte/9es1
 & ! bladd] 0 fully di/5d$ ) ur9e4      
,9 g5]al1 ^u view+ ! body1 x appe>$ t   

dea?      _h be5 imm$iately produc$ by a
 real suffocation40  ,x may be obs]v$1  
if cr$it c be giv5 to "s loose reports1 
:i* hi!rto x has n be5 9 our p[] to     
sub/antiate1 t aft] ?is man _h be5 = "s 
"t susp5d$1 means 7 employ$ ) a view to 
put an end to 8 suff]+s4  ,f ! prec$+   
n>rative x w be easily p]ceiv$1 t our   
object 9 apply+ ! treatm5t "h describ$ 0
 n to produce re-animation1 b m]ely to  
obta9 a practical k h[ f> ,galvanism    
might be employ$ z an auxili>y to o!r   
means 9 attempts to revive p]sons "u    
simil> circum/ances4  ,9 cases :5       
susp5d$ animation has be5 produc$ by    
natural causes1 x is f\nd t ! pulsations
 ( ! he>t & art]ies become totally      
imp]ceptible2 !re=e1 :5 x is to be      
re/or$1 x is necess>y to re-e/abli% !   
circulation ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em4 ,b ?is
 _c be done )\t re-e/abli%+ also !      
muscul> p[]s :i* h be5 susp5d$1 & to ^! 
! application ( ,galvanism gives new    
en]gy4  ,i am f> f wi%+ to raise any    
objections aga9/ ! adm9i/ration ( ! o!r 

rem$ies :i* are already kn[n1 & :i* h   
long be5 us$4 ,i w\ld only recomm5d     
,galvanism z ! mo/ p[]ful mean hi!rto   
discov]$ ( assi/+ & increas+ ! efficacy 
( e o!r /imulant4  ,volatile alkali1 z  
already obs]v$1 produc$ no effect :atev]
 on ! body :5 appli$ alone2 b1 be+ us$  
conjo9tly ) ,galvanism1 ! p[] ( ! latt] 
ov] ! n]v\s & muscul> sy/em 0 greatly   
increas$3 nay1 x is possible t volatile 
alkali1 ow+ to its active p[]s alone1   
might convey ! ,galvanic fluid to ! bra9
 ) great] facility1 by :i* means its    
action w\ld become mu* m p[]ful 9 cases 
( susp5d$ animation4 ,! well kn[n me?od 
( inject+ atmosph]ic air ought n to be  
neglect$2 b "h1 likewise1 9 ord] t !    
lungs may be prep>$ = its reception1 x  
w\ld be prop] previ\sly to use          
,galvanism1 to excite ! muscul> action1 
& to assi/ ! :ole animal sy/em to resume
 its vital functions4 ,"u ?is view1 !   
exp]im5ts ( :i* ,i h j giv5 an acc\nt1  
may be ( great public utility4  ,x is ) 
he>tfelt gratitude t ,i recall to m9d ! 

polit5ess & lively int]e/ %[n by !      
memb]s ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons 9 !     
prosecution ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,keate1
 ! ma/]1 9 p>ticul> propos$ to make     
comp>ative exp]im5ts on animals1 9 ord] 
to give support to ! d$uctions result+ f
 ^? on ! human body4 ,mr4 ,blicke obs]v$
 t on simil> occasions x w\ld be prop]  
to imm]se ! body 9 a w>m salt ba?1 9    
ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> x might promote ! 
action ( ,galvanism on ! :ole surface ( 
! body4 ,dr4 ,pe>son recomm5d$ oxyg5 gas
 to be sub/itut$ in/ead ( ! atmosph]ic  
air bl[n into ! lungs4 ,x gives me great
 pleasure to h an opportunity (         
communicat+ ^! obs]vations to ! public1 
9 ju/ice to ! em95t *>act]s :o sugge/$  
!m1 & z an inducem5t to physiologi/s n  
to ov]look ! m9ute/ circum/ance :i* may 
t5d to improve exp]im5ts t promise s    
greatly to relieve ! suff]+s ( mank9d4  
,no4 ,,ii4    ,report pres5t$ to !      
,class ( ! ,exact ,sci5ces ( ! ,academy 
( ,tur91 #ae? ,augu/ #ahjb1 9 reg>d to !
 ,galvanic ,exp]im5ts      made by ,c4  

,,vassali-,,e&i1 ,,giulio1 & ,,rossi1 on
 ! #aj? &      #ad? ( ! same ,mon?1 on !
 ,bodies ( ?ree ,m5 a %ort ,"t      aft]
 _! ,decapitation4 ,by ,c4 ,,giulio4    
,! ,fir/ ,consul1 9 a lett] to ,*aptal1 
9 :i* he ann\nc$ to t m9i/] ! two prizes
 he _h f\nd$ to enc\rage philosoph]s to 
make new rese>*es 9 reg>d to ,galvanism1
 says1 8,galvanism1 9 my op9ion1 w lead 
to great discov]ies40 ,?is obs]vation 0 
j & pr(\nd3 great discov]ies h already  
be5 made2 ,galvani & ,volta h           
immortaliz$ _! names1 & sev]al celebrat$
 philosoph]s & physiologi/s h r5d]$     
!mselves illu/ri\s 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce1
 s abundant 9 a/oni%+ phnom5a3 yet x is 
only 9 its infancy1 & !re c be no d\bt t
 _m important discov]ies /ill rema9 to  
be made4  ,vassali1 ,rossi1 & myself1 h 
= sev]al ye>s be5 employ$ 9 rese>*es on 
?is subject4 ,:ile ! fir/ exam9$ !      
,galvanic fluid 9 e po9t ( view1 = !    
purpose ( illu/rat+ its nature by means 
( a great numb] ( +5i\s exp]im5ts1 p]=m$
 ) t c>e & exactness = :i* he is        

di/+ui%$1 ,rossi & ,i attempt$ to expla9
 ! action ( ! ,galvanic fluid on !      
diff]5t organs ( ! animal conomy4       
,sometimes ,i 0 oblig$ to int]rupt my   
rese>*es by un=tunate circum/ances1 & at
 o!rs by my adm9i/rative functions3 b ,i
 h n[ resum$ !m2 & ?\gh success has n   
yet cr[n$ our ef=ts by any brilliant    
discov]y1 we tru/1 & ) confid5ce1 t we  
%all be able to add "s valuable facts to
 ! hi/ory ( ! animal conomy2 to rectify 
o!rs2 to confirm facts already receiv$2 
& to ext5d ! doma9 ( an inexhau/ible    
ag5t f]tile 9 wond]s4  ,volta _h ann\nc$
 t ! involunt>y organs1 su* z ! he>t1 ! 
/oma*1 ! inte/9es1 ! bladd] & vessels1  
are ins5sible to ! ,galvanic action#ae3 
b we h fully refut$ ?is great           
physiological error4 ,un=tunately1      
h[ev]1 ! ,lat9 memoir conta9+ ! decisive
 exp]im5ts :i* we made on cold-blood$ & 
w>m-blood$ animals 9 #agib1 pres5t$ to !
 ,academy soon aft]1 & :i*1 accord+ to  
,sue1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,galvanism#af1 8are 
curi\s1 & conta9 v int]e/+ obs]vations10

 did n appe> till #ahja1 :5 x 0 pr9t$ 9 
! la/ volume ( ! ,transactions ( !      
,academy4  ,9 t int]val ,grap5giess]    
f\nd1 z we _h done1 t ,galvanism1 by    
means ( z9c & silv]#ag1 has an influ5ce 
on ! p]i/altic motion4 ,humboldt        
asc]ta9$ ! ,galvanic action on ! he>ts (
 frogs1 liz>ds1 toads1 & fi%es4 ,smu*   
obs]v$ ! excitability ( ! he>t by !     
,galvanic fluid2 & ,f[l] *ang$ !        
pulsations ( ! he>t )\t ! imm$iate      
application to x ( armatures1 & only by 
adapt+ !m 9 w>m-blood$ animals to !     
recurr5t n]ve by means ( ! sympa!tic#ah4
  ,x is *iefly 9 reg>d to ! exp]im5ts ( 
^! le>n$ ,g]mans t ! hi/orian (         
,galvanism /ates#ai1 t ! involunt>y     
v]micul> motion ( ! inte/9es1 accord+ to
 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( all physiologi/s1 obeys
 metallic irritation2 :5ce x foll[s1    
says he1 t ! ,italian philosoph]s h     
advanc$ an error :5 !y said t ,galvanism
 ex]cises no action b on ! muscles1 :i* 
dep5d on ! w4 ,z an accurate & imp>tial 
hi/orian1 h[ c ,sue accuse ! ,italian   

philosoph]s indiscrim9ately ( su* an    
error1 s9ce he _h our memoir be=e him :5
 employ$ on ! second volume ( 8 ,hi/ory 
( ,galvanism1 & s9ce he gave a %ort     
acc\nt ( my exp]im5ts 9 8 fir/ volume8  
,nay1 ,i gave an acc\nt ( my exp]im5ts 9
 a small "w publi%$ 9 ,italian 9 #agib4 
,b z ,italian works are n mu* read 9    
,france1 & 7 less s at t p]iod1 ,i %\ld 
n h reproa*$ ,c4 ,sue ) ?is act (       
inju/ice1 & 8 incorrectness 9 reg>d to !
 ,italian philosoph]s1 _h n my ,lat9    
memoir be5 kn[n to him1 z x _h appe>$ 9 
! ,transactions ( ! ,academy4  ,?\gh we 
made a great _m exp]im5ts be=e we       
attempt$ to combat a philosoph] s ju/ly 
celebrat$ z ,volta1 & to e/abli% !      
influ5ce ( ,galvanism on ! involunt>y   
organs2 & ?\gh ,grap5giess]1 ,humboldt1 
,smu*1 ,f[l]1 c4 asc]ta9$ ?is influ5ce 9
 c]ta9 cold-blood$ & ev5 w>m-blood$     
animals2 an object ( s mu* importance to
 physiology requir$ to be ext5d$ &      
confirm$1 especially 9 man1 by new      
exp]im5ts4 ,we h be5 ! m s5sible ( !    

necessity ( e/abli%+ ?is fact 9 an      
inconte/able mann]1 ei!r 9 reg>d to !   
involunt>y organs 9 g5]al1 or m         
p>ticul>ly ! he>t1 z ! celebrat$ ,ald9i1
 pr(essor at ,bologna1 9 an ,italian "w 
replete ) new facts & valuable exp]im5ts
 made on ! bodies ( decapitat$ crim9als1
 has be5 oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t he 0 n   
able to obta9 any contraction 9 t organ 
by means ( ! electro-motor ( ,volta1 :i*
 is s p[]ful4  ,we %all give an acc\nt1 
9 p>ticul> memoirs1 ( ! exp]im5ts we h  
already made1 & ( ^? :i* we propose to  
p]=m4 ,9 reg>d to ! /oma*1 ! l>ge & !   
small inte/9es1 & ! bladd]1 we %all say 
only1 9 a g5]al mann]1 t by armature ( !
 diff]5t n]v\s bran*es we obta9$        
contractions analog\s to ^? describ$ 9  
reg>d to animals4 ,! ,galvanic action on
 ! he>t & art]ies is ! object ( ! pres5t
 pap]1 z x is ( ! utmo/ importance to   
physiology1 & des]ves1 "u e po9t ( view1
 to excite our att5tion & occupy our    
reflections4  ,our exp]im5ts on !       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! head & trunk ( !       

decapitat$ crim9als 7 begun1 on ! #aj? (
 ,augu/1 9 a hall ( ! l>ge hospital (   
,/4 ,john1 & resum$ & cont9u$ ye/]day 9 
! anatomical !atre ( ! univ]sity1 be=e a
 great numb] ( spectators4  ,we tri$ !  
influ5ce ( ,galvanism on ! he>t 9 ?ree  
diff]5t ways3  #a/1 ,9 arm+ ! sp9al m>r[
 by means ( a cyl9d] ( lead introduc$   
into ! canal ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 & !n   
convey+ "o extremity ( a silv] arc ov] !
 surface ( ! he>t1 & ! o!r to ! arm+ ( !
 sp9al m>r[4 ,! he>t ( ! fir/ individual
 subject$ to our exp]im5ts imm$iately   
exhibit$ v visible & v /rong            
contractions4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made )\t !
 int]v5tion ( any k9d ( pile1 & )\t any 
armature appli$ to ! he>t4 ,x is v      
rem>kable1 t :5 ! =m] is t\*$ fir/1 & !n
 ! arm+ & sp9al m>r[1 ! contractions ( !
 he>t :i* foll[ are m in/antane\s1 &    
/rong]1 ?an :5 ! arm+ ( ! sp9al m>r[ is 
fir/ t\*$1 & !n ! he>t4 ,9 a memoir on  
,galvanism1 read 9 ! la/ public sitt+ ( 
! academy1 ,i gave an acc\nt ( a great  
numb] ( exp]im5ts1 made especially on   

frogs1 :i* exhibit$ a simil> phnom5on4  
,9 ^! animals ,i obs]v$1 a great numb] (
 times1 t :5 ! arm+ ( ! crural n]ves 0  
t\*$ fir/1 & !n ! muscles ( ! ?igh1 !re 
7 no contractions1 or ! contractions 7  
exce$+ly weak2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t :5 !   
muscles ( ! ?ighs 7 fir/ t\*$1 & !n !   
arm+ ( ! crural n]ves1 z long z ! lea/  
vitality rema9$ 9 ! organs1 !           
contractions ( ! muscles 7 con/ant &    
viol5t4 ,9 ! memoir already m5tion$ ,i h
 endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ?is phnom5on1 to 
:i* ,i %all recur1 :5 x has be5 asc]ta9$
 by a suffici5t numb] ( trials1 t x is z
 g5]al 9 m5 z ,i f\nd x 9 frogs & o!r   
cold-blood$ animals4  ,! second mann] 9 
:i* we tri$ ! influ5ce ( ,galvanism on !
 he>t 0 by arm+ ! p> vagum & ! great    
sympa!tic n]ve4 ,! object ( ^! exp]im5ts
 w be readily compreh5d$ by anatomi/s   
acqua9t$ ) ! details ( neurology4 ,9 ^!1
 z well z 9 ! fir/ & o!r exp]im5ts :]e  
we arm$ ! c>diac n]ves !mselves1 we     
obta9$ contractions 9 ! he>t4 ,9 ?is1 z 
9 ! =m] case1 ! contractions took place 

:5 ! he>t 0 fir/ t\*$1 & !n ! arm+ ( !  
n]ves1 7 mu* /rong] ?an :5 ! arm+ ( !   
n]ves 0 t\*$ fir/1 & !n ! he>t4 ,9 ?is  
me?od we ev5 obs]v$ t ! ,galvanic       
exp]im5ts sometimes fail$4  ,! ?ird k9d 
( exp]im5ts on ! he>t 7 p]=m$ by means (
 ! pile4 ,! pile employ$ on ! #aj? (    
,augu/1 = ! exp]im5ts on ! fir/         
decapitat$ crim9al1 0 compos$ ( fifty   
plates ( silv] & z _m ( z9c1 ) pa/ebo>d 
moi/5$ by a /rong solution ( muriate (  
soda4 ,! silv] 0 mix$ ) a t5? "p (      
copp]4 ,?is is ! proportion :i* we f\nd 
mo/ fav\rable to ! int5sity ( ! signs ( 
,galvanism3                             
,metre4   ,! diamet] ( ! silv] plates 0 
#jjcf   ,_! ?ickness                    
#jjjae    ,! dim5sions ( ! pieces (     
pa/ebo>d 7 ! same4                      
,metre4   ,! diamet] ( ! z9c plates 0   
#jjdb   ,_! ?ickness                    
#jjjce  ,! pile employ$ = ! exp]im5ts on
 ! #ae? ( ,augu/ 0 compos$ ( fifty      
plates ( pure silv]1 & twice t numb] (  
plates ( z9c & pieces ( pa/ebo>d2 !     

latt] moi/5$ 9 a solution ( muriate (   
soda4                                   
,metre4   ,! diamet] ( ! silv] plates 0 
#jjch   ,_! ?ickness                    
#jjja    ,! dim5sions ( ! pieces (      
pa/ebo>d 7 ! same4                      
,metre4   ,! diamet] ( ! z9c plates 0   
#jjd   ,_! ?ickness                     
#jjja  ,by mak+ ! negative extremity ( !
 pile to communicate1 by means (        
respective conductors1 ) ! sp9al m>r[1  
or m]ely ) ! muscles ( ! back or brea/1 
laid b>e1 & ! positive extremity        
imm$iately ) ! he>t1 in/antane\s &      
viol5t contractions 7 obta9$2 & !       
contractions 7 produc$ also :5 ! he>t 0 
made to communicate ) ! negative        
extremity ( ! pile1 & ! sp9al m>r[ ) !  
positive extremity4  ,we %all obs]ve1 9 
reg>d to contractions ( ! he>t1 t ( all 
its p>ts ! apex is ! mo/ susceptible (  
motion1 & ! mo/ s5sible to ! ,galvanic  
influ5ce3 we mu/ obs]ve also1 t !       
contractions produc$ by communication ) 
! pile 7 n only /rong1 b t !y cont9u$ a 

long "t ev5 aft] ! communication 0      
de/roy$4  ,a v rem>kable circum/ance is1
 t ! he>t1 :i* ( all ! muscles reta9s   
longe/1 9 g5]al1 its contractility 9    
reg>d to me*anical /imulants1 is ! fir/ 
to become ins5sible to ! ,galvanic      
influ5ce4 ,! muscles ( ! arms1 & ^? ( ! 
back & brea/1 cont9ue to be excitable by
 ,galvanism = :ole h\rs2 & ! he>t _h lo/
 its excitability ab\t =ty m9utes aft]  
dea?4   ,! exp]im5ts made ye/]day 9 !   
anatomical !atre exhibit$ ne>ly ! same  
results 9 reg>d to ! he>t z ^? already  
m5tion$4 ,! great art]ies1 su* z ! aorta
 & "s ( its bran*es1 be+ inject$ ) wat] 
rais$ ne>ly to ! same temp]am5t z t ( ! 
blood 9 ! liv+ individual1 & subject$ to
 ! ,galvanic action1 exhibit$           
contractions4 ,b x is probable t !y w   
appe> /rong] :5 trials ( ?is k9d %all be
 made on bodies end[$ ) a high] degree (
 vitality ?an ^? ( ye/]day1 & :5 !      
int]val betwe5 ! p]iod ( decapitation & 
t ( ! exp]im5ts %all be less4 ,) ?is    
view1 inde$1 we h provid$ a hall mu*    

ne>] to ! place ( execution2 = ! results
 :i* we obta9$ 9 ! man decapitat$ on !  
#aj? ( ,augu/1 9 :i* case ! exp]im5ts 7 
begun five m9utes aft] ! decapitation1 7
 all comp>atively m /rik+1 & /rong]1 ?an
 ^? obta9$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ye/]day1 :i* 
7 begun m ?an tw5ty m9utes aft]         
decapitation1 & :i* 7 p]=m$1 z appe>s1  
on bodies end[$ ) a mu* less degree (   
vitality4  ,9 ! exp]im5ts made on !     
art]ies1 we arm$ ! n]v\s plexuses1 :i*  
envelop ! trunks ( ! cliac & mes5t]ic   
art]ies1 sev]al bran*es ( :i* are ev5   
int]wov5 ar\nd ! aorta3 a communication 
0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! positive or negative
 extremity ( ! pile & ! aortic art]y    
itself4 ,x 0 by ^! means t we obta9$    
visible contractions4  ,if ! effects (  
,galvanism on art]ial contractions be   
con/ant1 z ,i suppose !m to be1 all ^?  
discussions :i* h be5 agitat$ s long1 & 
) s mu* viol5ce1 9 reg>d to !           
irritability ( ! art]ies1 :i* does n    
manife/ itself by ! action ( diff]5t    
me*anical & *emical /imulants1 w at l5g?

 be t]m9at$ 9 a positive & irrefragable 
mann]2 all d\bts w at l5g? be remov$2 & 
we %all be indebt$ to ! ,galvanic fluid1
 :i* is ! mo/ en]getic ( all ag5ts      
appli$ to ! animal fibre1 = hav+ fix$ ! 
op9ions ( physiologi/s on a po9t ( s mu*
 importance to ! animal conomy4  ,:5ce  
comes x t ,ald9i1 ev5 ) ! help ( ! mo/  
p[]ful electro-motors1 0 n able to obta9
 contractions 9 ! he>t ( man1 :i* we s  
evid5tly obta9$ by ! same means :i*     
always )/ood 8 ef=ts8 ,h[ happ5s x t we 
obta9$ contractions by means mu* weak]8 
,! fir/ exp]im5ts ( ,ald9i on ! human   
he>t 7 begun an h\r & a half aft]       
dea?#bj4 ,! trunk _h be5 expos$ a long  
"t to ! op5 air1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 no
 m ?an  #b4 ,x is probable t ! cold1 & !
 long int]val betwe5 ! p]iod ( dea? & t 
( ! exp]im5t1 _h already annihilat$ !   
irritability ( ! he>t#ba4 ,9 !          
fifty-?ird exp]im5t1 ! he>t ( ano!r     
execut$ crim9al con/antly rema9$        
motionless & ins5sible to ! ,galvanic   
curr5t4 ,b 9 ?is exp]im5t1 be=e try+ !  

he>t1 a consid]able "t 0 employ$ 9 mak+ 
trials on ! volunt>y organs1 !          
s5sibility ( :i* to ,galvanism _h       
already be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,b ! v rev]se (  
?is me?od ought to be foll[$2 = ,i w "h 
repeat1 t excitability1 by means ( !    
,galvanic fluid1 is ext+ui%$ 9 ! he>t a 
long "t be=e x becomes ext9ct 9 !       
volunt>y muscles4 ,?is is s c]ta91 t    
:ile no "p ( ! he>t1 tri$ ext]nally &   
int]nally1 pres5t$ any sign (           
contractions1 ! diaphragm1 & ! muscles (
 ! upp] & l[] extremities1 gave v /rong 
ones4  ,9 our exp]im5ts :i* 7 begun five
 m9utes aft] dea?1 ! he>t ceas$ to be   
s5sible to ! ,galvanic ag5t ab\t ! =tie?
 m9ute2 & ?is 0 ! case 9 ! temp]ature ( 
#be2 :ile ! volunt>y muscles reta9$ _!  
,galvanic excitability = h\rs4 ,9 o!r   
exp]im5ts made by ,ald9i1 !             
contractility ( ! volunt>y muscles exi/$
 ?ree h\rs1 & ev5 five h\rs1 aft] dea?4 
,9 ! ox5 subject$ to ,galvanic exp]im5ts
 by ,ald9i1 ! excitability ( ! he>t mu/ 
h be5 ext+ui%$ soon]1 s9ce ! action ( ! 

,galvanic fluid ( ! pile produc$ no     
contractions1 ?\gh appli$ imm$iately    
aft] dea?4  ,if contractions 7 obs]v$ 9 
! volunt>y muscles "u ! same            
circum/ances1 x 0 because ^! muscles1   
:i* lose mu* soon] ?an ! he>t _!        
excitability 9 reg>d to me*anical       
/imulants1 reta9 x mu* long] ?an t organ
 9 reg>d to ! ,galvanic ag5t4 ,:at !n is
 ! cause ( ?is div]sity1 :i* seems      
contr>y to e analogy1 & :i*1 h[ev]1 is  
prov$ by facts8 ,x is /ill involv$ 9 mu*
 obscurity3 b x is n yet "t to te> ! d>k
 veil :i* conceals x2 we are n yet      
enlight5$ by a suffici5t numb] ( facts2 
& ! few scatt]$ data :i* we h be5 able  
to collect1 _c yet be connect$ 9 a mann]
 capable ( enc\rag+ u to attempt to r5d 
! veil at pres5t4  ,we %all n "h speak (
 ! a/oni%m5t ) :i* ! spectators 7 /ruck 
:5 !y saw ! contractions ( ! frontal    
muscles1 ^? ( ! eye-lids1 ! face1 ! l[] 
jaw1 & ! tongue2 :5 !y beheld !         
convulsions ( ! muscles ( ! arms1 !     
brea/1 & ( ! back1 :i* rais$ ! trunk "s 

in*es f ! table2 ! contractions ( !     
pectoral muscles1 & ! ext]ior & int]ior 
int]co/al muscles1 :i* dim9i%$ !        
int]vals betwe5 all ! ribs1 & made !m   
approa* ea* o!r ) viol5ce1 rais+ !      
inf]ior ones t[>ds ! sup]ior1 & ! latt] 
t[>ds ! fir/ rib & ! clavicle2 !        
contractions ( ! arms1 :i*1 :5 ! uncov]$
 biceps muscle 0 t\*$1 z well z its     
t5don1 7 s spe$y & viol5t1 t complete   
flexion ( ! =e-arm on ! arm took place1 
& t ! h& rais$ weights ( "s p\nds fifty 
m9utes aft] decapitation4 ,simil>       
exp]im5ts may be se5 9 ! "w ( ,ald9i3   
our object 9 ?is report 0 m]ely to speak
 ( ! ,galvanic influ5ce on ! he>t &     
art]ies ( man1 :i* _h n yet be5 obs]v$4 
,^! new & important results1 :i* we     
obta9$ 9 reg>d to ! he>t & art]ies (    
man1 w be confirm$ by o!r trials4 ,we   
%all repeat our exp]im5ts z soon z an   
opportunity occurs1 & we %all take c>e  
to give y an e>ly acc\nt ( ! mo/        
rem>kable obs]vations we %all make4     
#ae ,mezz9i1 ,volta1 ,valli1 ,kle91     

,pfaff1 ,b]h5ds1 h      d5i$ t ! he>t   
c\ld be mov$ by ! ,galvanic fluid4      
,hi/4 du ,galvanisme1 "p i4 p4 #ade4    
,bi*at c\ld obta9      no contractions  
ei!r 9 ! he>t ( man or t ( !      dog4  
,see ,r*]*es ,physiologiques sur la ,vie
 et la ,mort4       #af ,t[>ds ! end ( !
 ,fir/ ,"p4       #ag ,see ,hi/oire du  
,galvanisme1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ha4       #ah 
,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #hd4       #ai ,vol4 
ii4 p4 #hc4       #bj ,saggio di        
,sp]i5ze sul ,galvanismo di ,giovani    
,ald9i2      ,bolonia #ahjb1 p4 #ad1    
esp4 #bh4       #ba ,if ! celebrat$     
,bi*at fail$ 9 8 exp]im5ts on      !    
human he>t1 z well z ,ald9i1 x 01       
p]haps1 ow+      to ! same causes4 ,!   
temp]ature 0 cold1 & !      int]val     
betwe5 ! "t ( execution & t ( !         
exp]im5t too long4 8,i 0 au?oriz$10 says
 ,bi*at1 89      ! w9t] ( ! ye> #g1 to  
make v>i\s trials on !      bodies (    
un=tunate p]sons :o _h be5 guillot9$4 ,i
      _h !m at my disposal f ?irty to   
=ty m9utes aft]      execution4 ,x 0    

always impossible = me to produce !     
lea/ motion by arm+ ei!r ! sp9al m>r[ & 
!      he>t1 or ! latt] organ & ! n]ves 
:i* x receives      f ! ganglions by !  
sympa!tic1 or f ! bra9 by      ! p>     
vagum40     ,no4 ,,iii4    ,acc\nt ( an 
exp]im5t made at ,calais1 on !          
transmission (      ,galvanism ?r\gh an 
arm ( ! sea4 ,by ,j4 ,,ald9i4   ,!      
exp]im5ts made at ! ,lake ( ,g5eva by   
,mr4 de ,luc & 8 bro!r1 & ^? made 9     
,engl& on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 by :i* x  
has be5 prov$ t common electricity is   
susceptible ( transmission ?r\gh a      
consid]able space ( wat]1 induc$ me to  
try "s analog\s exp]im5ts 9 reg>d to    
,galvanism by endeav\r+ to make x       
trav]se a c]ta9 ext5t ( sea4  ,"s       
philosoph]s1 to :om ,i communicat$ ?is  
project1 seem$ to ent]ta9 d\bts on !    
subject1 z !y conceiv$ t a consid]able  
ext5t ( sea wat] might p]haps de/roy or 
imp$e ! action ( ! ,galvanic fluid4 ,my 
late passage at ,calais af=d$ me an     
opportunity ( remov+ all ^! d\bts by an 

exp]im5t :i* 0 att5d$ ) complete        
success4  ,m4 ,sept-,fonta9es1 di/+ui%$ 
by 8 philosophical k1 0 desir\s ( assi/+
 me 9 my propos$ rese>*es2 ,m4 ,*eely1  
*emi/ ( ! milit>y hospital1 prep>$ !    
necess>y in/rum5ts2 & ,m4 ,debaudre1 !  
port eng9e]1 conduct$ ! arrangem5t ( !  
,galvanic arcs4  ,on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 
! sky be+ s]5e1 & ! sea calm1 e ?+ seem$
 to be fav\rable = ! exp]im5t4 ,a g5tle 
s\?-we/ w9d prevail$ at ! "t2 !         
temp]ature ( ! wat] ( ! sea 0 #dgd (    
,fahr5heit1 t ( ! atmosph]e #did1 & !   
b>omet] /ood at #cjcg in*es4  ,=t ,r\ge 
& ! ,we/ ,mole af=d$ me two fix$ po9ts  
prop] = my purpose4 ,a ,galvanic pile   
consi/+ ( eighty plates ( silv] & z9c 0 
con/ruct$ on ! ,we/ ,mole on an insulat$
 /ool1 & ! animals de/9$ to be expos$ to
 ! ,galvanic action 7 plac$ at ,=t      
,r\ge4 ,! ,galvanic *a9 0 compos$ ( !   
arm ( ! sea :i* sep>ates ,=t ,r\ge f !  
,we/]n ,mole1 & ( ?ree wires dispos$ 9 !
 foll[+ mann]4  ,! fir/ wire proce$$ f !
 base ( ! pile1 &1 be+ support$ by an   

insulator1 fell v]tically into ! sea to 
! dep? ( ab\t ?ree fa?oms4  ,! second   
wire1 insulat$ 9 ! same mann]1 proce$$ f
 ! summit ( ! pile1 & 0 convey$ 9 a     
horizontal direction at ! height ( f six
 to n9e feet above ! surface ( ! sea1 z 
f> z ! plat=m ( ,=t ,r\ge4  ,a ?ird     
wire1 also insulat$1 & plac$ at "o corn]
 ( ! plat=m1 desc5d$ p]p5dicul>ly into !
 sea 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/4  ,:5 ?is  
arrangem5t 0 made1 if a p]son on !      
plat=m t\*$ ! extremities ( ! second &  
?ird wires1 & ?us complet$ ! ,galvanic  
circle1 he always exp]i5c$ a %ock2 & :5 
animals rec5tly kill$ 7 sub/itut$ 9 !   
room ( ! p]son1 !y 7 ?r[n into /rong    
convulsions4 ,we !re=e conclud$ t !     
portion ( sea wat] betwe5 ! pile & !    
animal subject$ to its action =m$ a "p (
 ! ,galvanic circle3 su* 0 ! consequ5ce 
we ?\ght ourselves au?oris$ to d$uce f  
?is exp]im5t4 ,! bread? ( ! wat] 0 ab\t 
#bjj feet4  ,i mu/ freely confess1 t 9  
repeat+ ^! exp]im5ts1 we f\nd1 t to     
receive ! %ock1 x 0 n absolutely        

necess>y t ! p]son %\ld hold 9 8 h&s !  
two conductors1 & t x 0 suffici5t to t\*
 ! wire alone :i* proce$$ f ! summit ( !
 pile4 ,?is app>5t anomaly d]ang$ at    
fir/ ! result ( my rese>*es2 & we       
suspect$ t ! %ocks be=e receiv$ _h be5  
transmitt$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! wat] ( !
 sea4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y t ?is d\bt    
%\ld be cle>$ up by new obs]vations4  ,i
 tri$ sep>ately1 on ! plat=m1 ! action (
 ! two conduct+ wires1 & f\nd t by t\*+ 
! wire :i* fell into ! sea no %ock 0    
produc$4 ,i !n took 9 my h& ! o!r wire1 
:i* proce$$ f ! summit ( ! pile2 & hav+ 
?us br\ght its action into equilibrium1 
,i exp]i5c$ a %ock3 :i* %[s t !         
,galvanic fluid took its c\rse f !      
bottom ( ! pile trav]s+ ! sea4 ,m4      
,sept-,fonta9es propos$ t we %\ld l[] to
 ! level ( ! sea ! wire :i* proce$$ f ! 
summit ( ! pile1 & :i* 0 ext5d$ to ,=t  
,r\ge4 ,! action ( ! ,galvanism 0 !n    
*eck$1 b 0 imm$iately re/or$ by plac+ ! 
conductor 9 its =m] position4 ,?us1     
not)/&+ ! l>ge ext5t ( wat] by :i* !    

metallic conductors 7 sep>at$2 & not)/&+
 ! agitation produc$ by ! sea1 !        
,galvanism f\nd no ob/acle to its       
propagation1 & pursu$ its usual         
direction4  ,h5ce x may be readily      
p]ceiv$1 t ?\gh ! exp]im5ts "h describ$ 
are analog\s to ^? =m]ly made ) ! ,leyd5
 flask on lakes & riv]s1 !y are new ( _!
 k9d1 & may contribute to e/abli% !     
simil>ity betwe5 ! prop]ties ( common   
electricity & ( ,galvanism4 ,i w ev5    
v5ture to ass]t1 t ^! exp]im5ts1 if     
pursu$ & v>i$1 may lead to "s int]e/+   
discov]ies 9 natural philosophy4  ,aft] 
mak+ ^! obs]vations at ,=t ,r\ge1 ,i    
repair$ 9 company ) ,m4 ,sept-,fonta9es 
to ! ,we/ ,mole1 to try ! p[] ( ! pile  
unconnect$ ) ! sea4 ,hav+ =m$ an arc1 we
 f\nd t ! action ( ! pile1 9 ?is case1 0
 /rong]2 :i* induc$ u to conclude1 t !  
,galvanic p[] 9 trav]s+ ! sea _h be5 9  
"s measure weak5$4 ,!re is reason to    
suppose1 t by transmitt+ ! ,galvanic    
influ5ce gradually to great] di/ances   
?r\gh ! sea1 ! po9t ( ! m9imum ( its    

action1 t is1 a di/ance at :i* x w no   
long] be s5sible1 may be discov]$4 ,?is 
di/ance rema9s to be det]m9$1 & also !  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! propagation ( common  
electricity 9 fre% wat]1 & t (          
,galvanism 9 salt wat]4  ,i obs]v$ t !  
sea %ore1 /ill moi/ aft] ! wat] retires 
9 consequ5ce ( ! reflux1 is end[$ ) !   
p[] ( convey+ ,galvanism to v great     
di/ances4 ,i made sev]al exp]im5ts on   
?is subject ) ,m4 ,ba/ide1 physician (  
,calais1 :o ackn[l$g$ t he _h receiv$ v 
/rong %ocks1 ! effects ( :i* 7 s5sible !
 day foll[+4   ,,! ,,end4       ,wilks &
 ,taylor1   ,pr9t]s1 ,*anc]y-lane4      
,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a  ,illu/ration3    
,pl4 #b4  ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4        
,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #d4     ,,books      
,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,& ,,sold ,,by  ,,cu!ll ,,&
 ,,m>t91  ,,holborn4   ,,la ,,grange',s 
7,pr(essor 9 ! ,c5tral ,s*ools ( ,p>is1 
c47 ,manual ( a ,c\rse ( ,*emi/ry1 or a 
,s]ies ( ,exp]im5ts & ,illu/rations1    
necess>y to =m a complete ,c\rse ( t    
,sci5ce1 #b vols4 #hvo4 illu/rat$ ) #ag 

,plates by ,l[ry1 #ahs4 9 bo>ds4        
,brisson's 7,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 !    
,c5tral ,s*ools ( ,p>is7 ,physical      
,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 to :i* is add$ a 
%ort ,app5dix by ! ,translator1         
illu/rat$ ) ,sev5 l>ge ,engrav+s by     
,l[ry1 #a vol4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 bo>ds4 
,morgagni on ,diseases1 translat$ by    
,alex&]1 #c vols4 #dto4 bo>ds1 #al4     
#afs4  ,monro's 7,dr4 ,alex4 s5ior7     
,works1 ) 8 ,life1 & ,portrait by       
,basire1 #dto4 bo>ds1 #al4 #as4         
,gell]t's ,metallurgic ,*ymi/ry1 be+ a  
,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy 9 g5]al1 & ( all !   
,arts aris+ f ?is ,sci5ce1 to ! great   
,improvem5t ( ,manufactures1 & ! mo/    
capital ,bran*es ( ,trade & ,comm]ce1   
,!oretical & ,practical4 ,translat$ f ! 
,g]man1 #hvo4 ) #d ,plates1 bo>ds1 #fs4 
,gillespie's ,obs]vations on ! ,diseases
 :i* prevail$ on bo>d a ,"p ( 8         
,maje/y's ,squadron on ! ,leew>d ,isl&  
,/ation1 betwe5 ,novemb] #agid & ,april 
#agif1 #hvo4 bo>ds1 #es4  ,fontana's    
,treatise on ! ,v5om ( ! ,vip]1 on !    

,am]ican ,poisons1 & on ! ,*]ry ,laurel1
 & "s o!r ,vegetable ,poisons1 to :i*   
are annex$ ,obs]vations on ! primitive  
,/ructure ( ! ,animal ,body1 diff]5t    
,exp]im5ts on ! ,reproduction ( !       
,n]ves1 & a ,description ( a new ,canal 
( ! ,eye1 ) ,t5 descriptive ,plates4    
,translat$ by ,sk9n]1 #b vols4 #abs4    
bo>ds4  ,f\rcroy's ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,k1
 ) ! ,synoptic ,tables ( ,*emi/ry1      
translat+ by ,ni*olson1 #aa vols4       
#hvo4--,! ,synoptic ,tables are already 
pr9t$1 ,price #al4 #as4 bo>ds4  ,hall]'s
 ,fir/ ,l9es ( ,physiology1 a new       
,edition1 to :i* is add$1 a ,translation
 ( ! ,index compos$ = ! ,ed9burgh       
,edition pr9t$ "u ! ,inspection ( ,dr4  
,william ,cull51 neatly pr9t$ 9 #hvo4   
bo>ds1 #ajs4 #f;d4  ,sw$iaur's          
,practical ,obs]vations on ,v5]eal      
,compla9ts1 to :i* are add$1 ,an ,acc\nt
 ( a new ,v5]eal ,disease :i* has lately
 appe>$ 9 ,canada2 & ,a ,ph>macopia     
,syphilitica1 #hvo4 bo>ds1 #ds4  ,! same
 ,book on f9e pap]1 bo>ds1 #es4  ,%aw's 

,essays = ! ,improvem5t ( ,arts1        
,manufactures1 & ,comm]ce1 by ,means (  
,*emi/ry1 #hvo4 bo>ds1 #es4  ,bu*an's   
,dome/ic ,m$ic9e4 ,a new ,edition is 9 !
 ,press1 & w %ortly appe>4  ,cl>k's     
,treatise on ! ,prev5tion ( ,diseases   
incid5t to ,horses1 to :i* are subjo9$  
,obs]vations on "s ( ! ,surgical &      
,m$ical ,bran*es ( ,f>ri]y1 a new       
,edition1 9 #a vol4 #hvo4 bo>ds1 #hs4   
,coop]'s ,complete ,di/ill]1 conta9+ !  
,me?od ( p]=m+ ! v>i\s ,processes (     
,di/illation1 ) ,descriptions ( ! sev]al
 ,in/rum5ts1 c4 ) a ,plate1 bo>ds1 #cs4 
#f;d4  ,*emical ,vocabul>y & ,tables ( !
 ,old & ,new ,nom5clature1 by ,de       
,morveau1 ,lavoisi]1 ,b]?ollet1 &       
,f\rcroy1 bo>ds1 #ds4  ,b]gman's        
,physical & ,*emical ,essays1 translat$ 
f ! orig9al ,lat91 ) ,notes &           
,illu/rations by ,dr4 ,cull51 ( ,dubl91 
#c vols4 #hvo4 ) ,plates1 #ahs4 bo>ds4  
,bell's 7,b5jam97 ,sy/em ( ,surg]y1 a   
new ,edition1 #g vols4 #hvo4 ) _m       
,plates1 #cl4 #cs4 bo>ds4  ,bell's      

7,b5jam97 ,treatise on ! ,hydrocele1 on 
,s>cocele1 on ,canc]1 & o!r ,diseases ( 
! ,te/es1 #hvo4 ) f\r ,plates1 #ds4     
bo>ds4  ,)]+'s ,sy/ematic ,arrangem5t ( 
,briti% ,plants1 ) an easy ,introduction
 to ! ,/udy ( ,botany1 illu/rat$ by     
,copp]-plates1 #d vols4 #hvo4 bo>ds1    
#bl4 #bs4     ,transcrib]'s ,note3      
,words & phrases 9 italics are surr\nd$ 
by und]scores1 l ?is4 ,dialect1 obsolete
 & alt]native spell+s 7 left un*ang$4   
#8,economy' is spell$ )\t an  twice 9 ! 
,cont5ts2 else:]e x appe>s z #8conomy4' 
,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ sequ5tially & mov$ 
to ! end ( ! section 9 :i* relat$ an*ors
 occur4  ,obvi\s pr9t+ errors1 su* z    
backw>ds1 upside d[n1 unpr9t$1 or       
p>tially pr9t$ lett]s1 7 correct$4 ,f9al
 /ops miss+ at ! end ( abbreviations &  
s5t5ces 7 add$4  ,! foll[+ items 7      
*ang$3    ,add$ miss+ page numb] 7#c7 to
 fir/ entry ( ,table ( ,cont5ts4   ,add$
 miss+ close quote to footnote #ba4     
,*ang$ comma to /op #8444pr9t$ 9 #hvo4  
bo>ds1444'