,! ,fairy-,l& ( ,sci5ce ,arabella ,b4 ,buckley ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,lecture ,i ,! ,fairy-,l& ( ,sci5ce2 ,h[ to ,ent] ,x2 ,h[ to ,use ,x2 ,& ,h[ to ,enjoy ,x ,lecture ,,ii ,sunbeams1 & ! ,"w ,!y ,d ,lecture ,,iii ,! ,a]ial ,ocean 9 ,:i* ,we ,live ,lecture ,,iv ,a ,drop ( ,wat] on its ,travels ,lecture ,v ,! ,two ,great ,sculptors - ,wat] & ,ice ,lecture ,,vi ,! ,voices ( ,nature1 & ,h[ ,we ,he> ,!m ,lecture ,,vii ,! ,life ( a ,primrose ,lecture ,,viii ,! ,hi/ory ( a ,piece ( ,coal ,lecture ,,ix ,bees 9 ! ,hive ,lecture ,x ,bees & ,fl[]s ,week #a ,,lecture ,i ,,h[ ,,to ,,ent] ,,x2 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x2 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,enjoy ,,x ,i ,,h promis$ to introduce y today to ! fairy-l& ( sci5ce - a some:at bold promise1 see+ t mo/ ( y probably look ^u sci5ce z a bundle ( dry facts1 :ile fairy- l& is all t is beautiful1 & full ( poetry & imag9ation4 ,b ,i ?or\ghly believe myself1 & hope to prove to y1 t sci5ce is full ( beautiful pictures1 ( real poetry1 & ( wond]-work+ fairies2 & :at is m1 ,i promise y !y %all be true fairies1 :om y w love j z mu* :5 y are old & greyhead$ z :5 y are "y2 = y w be able to call !m up :]ev] y w&] by l& or by sea1 ?r\gh mead[ or ?r\gh wood1 ?r\gh wat] or ?r\gh air2 & ?\gh !y !mselves w always rema9 invisible1 yet y w see _! wond]ful poet at "w ev]y:]e ar\nd y4 ,let u fir/ see = a mom5t :at k9d ( tales sci5ce has to tell1 & h[ f> !y are equal to ! old fairy tales we all "k s well4 ,:o does n rememb] ! tale ( ! ,sleep+ ,beauty 9 ! ,wood1 & h[ "u ! spell ( ! angry fairy ! maid5 prick$ h]self ) ! sp9dle & slept a hundr$ ye>s8 ,h[ ! horses 9 ! /all1 ! dogs 9 ! c\rt-y>d1 ! doves on ! ro(1 ! cook :o 0 box+ ! scull]y boy's e>s 9 ! kit*51 & ! k+ & que5 ) all _! c\rti]s 9 ! hall rema9$ spell-b\nd1 :ile a ?ick h$ge grew up all r\nd ! ca/le & all )9 0 /ill z dea?4 ,b :5 ! hundr$ ye>s _h pass$ ! valiant pr9ce came1 ! ?orny h$ge op5$ be=e him be>+ beautiful fl[]s2 & he1 ent]+ ! ca/le1 rea*$ ! room :]e ! pr9cess lay1 & ) "o sweet kiss rais$ h] & all ar\nd h] to life aga94 ,c sci5ce br+ any tale to mat* ?is8 ,tell me1 is !re any?+ 9 ?is _w m busy & active ?an wat]1 z x ru%es along 9 ! swift brook1 or da%es ov] ! /ones1 or sp\ts up 9 ! f\nta91 or trickles d[n f ! ro(1 or %akes itself into ripples on ! surface ( ! pond z ! w9d bl[s ov] x8 ,b h y nev] se5 ?is wat] spell-b\nd & motionless8 ,look out ( ! w9d[ "s cold fro/y morn+ 9 w9t]1 at ! little brook :i* ye/]day 0 fl[+ g5tly pa/ ! h\se1 & see h[ /ill x lies1 ) ! /ones ov] :i* x 0 da%+ n[ held tightly 9 its icy grasp4 ,notice ! w9d-ripples on ! pond2 !y h become fix$ & motionless4 ,look up at ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,!re1 in/ead ( liv+ doves m]ely *>m$ to sleep1 we h runn+ wat] caught 9 ! v act ( fall+ & turn$ into transp>5t icicles1 decorat+ ! eaves ) a beautiful cry/al fr+e4 ,on e tree & bu% y w cat* ! wat]- drops napp+1 9 ! =m ( t9y cry/als2 :ile ! f\nta9 looks l a tree ( glass ) long d[n-hang+ po9t$ leaves4 ,ev5 ! damp ( y\r own brea? lies rigid & /ill on ! w9d[-pane froz5 into delicate patt]ns l f]n-leaves ( ice4 ,all ?is wat] 0 ye/]day fl[+ busily1 or fall+ drop by drop1 or float+ invisibly 9 ! air2 n[ x is all caught & spell-b\nd - by :om8 ,by ! en*antm5ts ( ! fro/-giant :o holds x fa/ 9 8 grip & w n let x g4 ,b wait a:ile1 ! deliv]] is com+4 ,9 a few weeks or days1 or x may be 9 a few h\rs1 ! brave sun w %9e d[n2 ! dull-grey1 lead5 sky w melt be=e 81 z ! h$ge gave way be=e ! pr9ce 9 ! fairy tale1 & :5 ! sunbeam g5tly kisses ! froz5 wat] x w be set free4 ,!n ! brook w fl[ rippl+ on aga92 ! fro/-drops w be %ak5 d[n f ! trees1 ! icicles fall f ! ro(1 ! moi/ure trickle d[n ! w9d[-pane1 & 9 ! bright1 w>m sun%9e all w be alive aga94 ,is n ?is a fairy tale ( nature8 & su* z ^! x is :i* sci5ce tells4 ,aga91 :o has n he>d ( ,catsk91 :o came out ( a holl[ tree1 br++ a walnut conta9+ ?ree beautiful dresses - ! fir/ gl[+ z ! sun1 ! second pale & beautiful z ! moon1 ! ?ird spangl$ l ! />-lit sky1 & ea* s f9e & delicate t all ?ree c\ld be pack$ into a walnut %ell2 & ea* "o ( ^! t9y /ructures is n ! m]e dress b ! home ( a liv+ animal4 ,x is a t9y1 t9y %ell-palace made ( ! mo/ delicate lacework1 ea* patt]n be+ m beautiful ?an ! la/2 & :at is m1 ! m9ute creature t lives 9 x has built x out ( ! foam ( ! sea1 ?\gh he himself is no?+ m ?an a drop ( jelly4 ,la/ly1 anyone :o has read ! ',wond]ful ,travell]s' mu/ recollect ! man ^: sight 0 s ke5 t he c\ld hit ! eye ( a fly sitt+ on a tree two miles away4 ,b tell me1 c y see gas be=e x is light$1 ev5 :5 x is com+ out ( ! gas-jet close to y\r eyes8 ,yet1 if y le>n to use t wond]ful in/rum5t ! spectroscope1 x w enable y to tell "o k9d ( gas f ano!r1 ev5 :5 !y are bo? n9ety-"o millions ( miles away on ! face ( ! sun2 nay m1 x w read = y ! nature ( ! diff]5t gases 9 ! f> di/ant />s1 billions ( miles away1 & actually tell y :e!r y c\ld f9d !re any ( ! same metals :i* we h on ! e>?4 ,we might f9d hundr$s ( su* fairy tales 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 b ^! ?ree w s]ve z examples1 & we mu* pass on to make ! acqua9tance ( ! sci5ce-fairies !mselves1 & see if !y are z real z our old fri5ds4 ,tell me1 :y d y love fairy-l&8 :at is its *>m8 ,is x n t ?+s happ5 s sudd5ly1 s my/]i\sly1 & )\t man hav+ any?+ to d ) x8 ,9 fairy-l&1 fl[]s bl[1 h\ses spr+ up l ,aladd9's palace 9 a s+le night1 & p are c>ri$ hundr$s ( miles 9 an in/ant by ! t\* ( a fairy w&4 ,& !n ?is l& is n "s di/ant c\ntry to :i* we c nev] hope to travel4 ,x is "h 9 ! mid/ ( u1 only our eyes mu/ be op5$ or we _c see x4 ,ariel & ,puck did n live 9 "s unkn[n region4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ariel's song is ,:]e ! bee sucks1 !re suck ,i2 ,9 a c[slip's bell ,i lie2 ,!re ,i c\* :5 owls d cry4 ,on ! bat's back ,i d fly1 ,aft] summ]1 m]rily4 ,! peasant falls asleep "s ev5+ 9 a wood & 8 eyes are op5$ by a fairy w&1 s t he sees ! little gobl9s & imps danc+ ar\nd him on ! gre5 sw>d1 sitt+ on mu%rooms1 or 9 ! heads ( ! fl[]s1 dr9k+ out ( acorn-cups1 fight+ ) blades ( grass1 & rid+ on gras%opp]s4 ,s1 too1 ! gallant knight1 rid+ to save "s poor oppress$ maid51 da%es across ! foam+ torr5t2 & j 9 ! middle1 z he is be+ swept away1 8 eyes are op5$1 & he sees fairy wat]-nymphs soo?+ 8 t]rifi$ horse & guid+ him g5tly to ! opposite %ore4 ,!y are close at h&1 ^! sprites1 to ! simple peasant or ! gallant knight1 or to anyone :o has ! gift ( ! fairies & c see !m4 b ! man :o sc(fs at !m1 & does n believe 9 !m or c>e = !m1 he nev] sees !m4 ,only n[ & !n !y play him an ugly trick1 lead+ him into "s trea*]\s bog & leav+ him to get out z he may4 ,n[1 exactly all ?is :i* is true ( ! fairies ( our *ildhood is true too ( ! fairies ( sci5ce4 ,!re are =ces ar\nd u1 & among u1 :i* ,i %all ask y to all[ me to call fairies1 & ^! are t5 ?\s& times m wond]ful1 m magical1 & m beautiful 9 _! "w1 ?an ^? ( ! old fairy tales4 ,!y1 too1 are invisible1 & _m p live & die )\t ev] see+ !m or c>+ to see !m4 ,^! p g ab\t ) _! eyes %ut1 ei!r because !y w n op5 !m1 or because no "o has taught !m h[ to see4 ,!y fret & worry ov] _! own little "w & _! own petty tr\bles1 & d n "k h[ to re/ & refre% !mselves1 by lett+ ! fairies op5 _! eyes & %[ !m ! calm sweet picture ( nature4 ,!y are l ,pet] ,bell ( :om ,wordswor? wrote3- ,a primrose by a riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m4 ,b we w n be l ^!1 we w op5 our eyes & ask1 ,:at are ^! =ces or fairies1 & h[ c we see !m8 ,j g out into ! c\ntry1 & sit d[n quietly & wat* nature at "w4 ,li/5 to ! w9d z x bl[s1 look at ! cl\ds roll+ ov]head1 & waves rippl+ on ! pond at y\r feet4 ,he>k5 to ! brook z x fl[s by1 wat* ! fl[]-buds op5+ "o by "o1 & !n ask y\rself1 ,h[ all ?is is done8 ,g out 9 ! ev5+ & see ! dew ga!r drop by drop ^u ! grass1 or trace ! delicate ho>-fro/ cry/als :i* bespangle e blade on a w9t]'s morn+4 ,look at ! vivid fla%es ( light5+ 9 a /orm1 & li/5 to ! peal+ ?und]3 & !n tell me1 by :at ma*9]y is all ?is wond]ful "w done8 ,man does none ( x1 nei!r c\ld he /op x if he 7 to try2 = x is all ! "w ( ^? invisible =ces or fairies ^: acqua9tance ,i wi% y to make4 ,day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 /orm or calm1 ^! fairies are at "w1 & we may he> !m & "k !m1 & make fri5ds ( !m if we w4 ,!re is only "o gift we mu/ h be=e we c le>n to "k !m - we mu/ h imag9ation4 ,i d n mean m]e fancy1 :i* creates unreal images & impossible mon/]s1 b imag9ation1 ! p[] ( mak+ pictures or images 9 our m9d1 ( t :i* is1 ?\gh x is invisible to u4 ,mo/ *ildr5 h ?is glori\s gift1 & love to picture to !mselves all t is told !m1 & to he> ! same tale ov] & ov] aga9 till !y see e bit ( x z if x 7 real4 ,?is is :y !y are sure to love sci5ce x its tales are told !m aright2 & ,i1 = "o1 hope ! day may nev] come :5 we may lose t *ildi% cle>ness ( vision1 :i* enables u ?r\gh ! temporal ?+s :i* are se51 to realize ^? et]nal tru?s :i* are unse54 ,if y h ?is gift ( imag9ation come ) me1 & 9 ^! lectures we w look = ! invisible fairies ( nature4 ,wat* a %[] ( ra94 ,:]e d ! drops come f8 & :y are !y r\nd1 or r slightly oval8 ,9 our f\r? lecture we %all se t ! little p>ticles ( wat] ( :i* ! ra9drops are made1 7 held ap>t & invisible 9 ! air by heat1 "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( our =ces99 or fairies1 till ! cold w9d pass$ by & *ill$ ! air4 ,!n1 :5 !re 0 no long] s mu* heat1 ano!r invisible =ce1 cohesion1 :i* is always ready & wait+1 seiz$ on ! t9y p>ticles at once1 & lock$ !m toge!r 9 a drop1 ! close/ =m 9 :i* !y c\ld lie4 ,!n z ! drops became l>g] & l>g] !y fell into ! grasp ( ano!r invisible =ce1 gravitation1 :i* dragg$ !m d[n to ! e>?1 drop by drop1 till !y made a %[] ( ra94 ,pause = a mom5t & ?9k4 ,y h surely he>d ( gravitation1 by :i* ! sun holds ! e>? & ! planets1 & keeps !m mov+ r\nd him 9 regul> ord]8 ,well1 x is ?is same gravitation :i* is a t "w also :5ev] a %[] ( ra9 falls to ! e>?4 ,:o c say t he is n a great invisible giant1 always sil5tly & invisibly toil+ 9 great ?+s & small :e!r we wake or sleep8 997,i am q aw>e ( ! dang] incurr$ by us+ ?is ^w =ce1 especially 9 ! plural2 & h[ ev5 ! mo/ mode/ little book may suff] at ! h&s ( sci5tific puri/s by employ+ x ra%ly4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! bett] t]m en]gy w\ld n s]ve "h1 ,i hope ,i may be =giv5 = reta9+ ! mu*- abus$ t]m1 especially z ,i s9 9 v good company47 ,n[ ! %[] is ov]1 ! sun comes out & ! gr\nd is soon z dry z ?\gh no ra9 _h fall54 ,tell me2 :at has become ( ! ra9-drops8 ,"p no d\bt h sunk into ! gr\nd1 & z = ! re/1 :y y w say ! sun has dri$ !m up4 ,yes1 b h[8 ,! sun is m ?an n9ety-"o millions ( miles away2 h[ has he t\*$ ! ra9-drops8 ,h y ev] he>d t invisible waves are travell+ e second ov] ! space betwe5 ! sun & u8 ,we %all see 9 ! next lecture h[ ^! waves are ! sun's mess5g]s to ! e>?1 & h[ !y te> asund] ! ra9-drops on ! gr\nd1 scatt]+ !m 9 t9y p>ticles too small = u to see1 & be>+ !m away to ! cl\ds4 ,"h are m invisible fairies work+ e mom5t ar\nd y1 & y _c ev5 look out ( ! w9d[ )\t see+ ! "w !y are do+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! day is cold & fro/y1 ! wat] does n fall 9 a %[] ( ra92 x comes d[n 9 ! %ape ( noiseless sn[4 ,g out aft] su* a sn[-%[]1 on a calm day1 & look at "s ( ! flakes :i* h fall52 y w see1 if y *oose good specim5s1 t !y are n m]e masses ( froz5 wat]1 b t ea* "o is a beautiful six-po9t$ cry/al />4 ,h[ h ^! cry/als be5 built up8 ,:at p[] has be5 at "w arrang+ _! delicate =ms8 ,9 ! f\r? lecture we %all see t up 9 ! cl\ds ano!r ( our invisible fairies1 :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 we call ! =ce ( cry/allization1 has caught hold ( ! t9y p>ticles ( wat] be=e cohesion _h made !m into r\nd drops1 & !re sil5tly b rapidly1 has m\ld$ !m into ^? delicate cry/al />ts "k z sn[flakes4 ,& n[1 suppose t ?is sn[-%[] has fall5 e>ly 9 ,febru>y2 turn aside = a mom5t f exam9+ ! flakes1 & cle> ! newly-fall5 sn[ f (f ! fl[]-b$ on ! lawn4 ,:at is ?is little gre5 tip peep+ up out ( ! gr\nd "u ! sn[y cov]+8 ,x is a "y sn[drop plant4 ,c y tell me :y x gr[s8 :]e x f9ds its food8 :at makes x spread out its leaves & add to its /alk day by day8 ,:at fairies are at "w "h8 ,fir/ !re is ! hidd5 fairy life1 & ( h] ev5 our wise/ m5 "k b little4 ,b !y "k some?+ ( h] way ( work+1 & 9 ,lecture ,,vii we %all le>n h[ ! invisible fairy sunbeams h be5 buy "h also2 h[ la/ ye>'s sn[drop plant caught !m & /or$ !m up 9 x's bulb1 & h[ n[ 9 ! spr+1 z soon z w>m? & moi/ure creep d[n into ! e>?1 ^! little imprison$ sun-waves beg9 to be active1 /irr+ up ! matt] 9 ! bulb1 & mak+ x swell & bur/ upw>ds till x s5ds out a little %oot ?r\gh ! surface ( ! soil4 ,!n ! sun-waves above-gr\nd take up ! "w1 & =m gre5 granules 9 ! t9y leaves1 help+ !m to take food out ( ! air1 :ile ! little rootlets bel[ are dr9k+ wat] out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! invisible life & invisible sunbeams are busy "h1 sett+ actively to "w ano!r fairy1 ! =ce ( *emical attraction1 & s ! little sn[drop plant gr[s & blossoms1 )\t any help f y or me4 ,week #b ,"o picture m1 & !n ,i hope y w believe 9 my fairies4 ,f ! cold g>d51 y run into ! h\se1 & f9d ! fire laid inde$ 9 ! grate1 b ! wood dead & ! coals black1 wait+ to be light$4 ,y /rike a mat*1 & soon !re is a blaz+ fire4 ,:]e does ! heat come f8 ,:y d ! coals burn & give out a gl[+ light8 ,h y n read ( gnomes buri$ d[n deep 9 ! e>?1 9 m9es1 & held fa/ !re till "s fairy w& has releas$ !m1 & all[$ !m to come to e>? aga98 ,well1 ?\s&s & millions ( ye>s ago1 ^? coals 7 plants2 & l ! sn[drop 9 ! g>d5 ( to-day1 !y caught ! sunbeams & work$ !m into _! leaves4 ,!n ! plants di$ & 7 buri$ deep 9 ! e>? & ! sunbeams ) !m2 & l ! gnomes !y lay imprison$ till ! coals 7 dug out by ! m9]s1 & br\ght to y\r grate2 & j n[ y y\rself took hold ( ! fairy w& :i* 0 to release !m4 ,y /ruck a mat*1 & its atoms cla%+ ) atoms ( oxyg5 9 ! air1 set ! invisible fairies heat & *emical attraction to "w1 & !y 7 soon busy )9 ! wood & ! coals caus+ _! atoms too to cla%2 & ! sunbeams1 s long imprison$1 leapt into flame4 ,!n y spread out y\r h&s & cri$1 ,oh1 h[ nice & w>m6 & little ?\ght t y 7 w>m+ y\rself ) ! sunbeams ( ages & ages ago4 ,?is is no fancy tale2 x is lit]ally true1 z we %all see 9 ,lecture ,,viii1 t ! w>m? ( a coal fire c\ld n exi/ if ! plants ( long ago _h n us$ ! sunbeams to make _! leaves1 hold+ !m ready to give up _! w>m? aga9 :5ev] ^? cru%$ leaves are consum$4 ,n[1 d y believe 91 & c>e =1 my fairy-l&8 ,c y see 9 y\r imag9ation fairy ',cohesion' ev] ready to lock atoms toge!r :5 !y draw v ne> to ea* o!r3 or fairy ',gravitation' dragg+ ra9-drops d[n to ! e>?3 or ! fairy ( ',cry/allization' build+ up ! sn[-flakes 9 ! cl\ds8 ,c y picture t9y sunbeam-waves ( light & heat travell+ f ! sun to ! e>?8 ,d y c>e to "k h[ ano!r /range fairy1 ',electricity1' fl+s ! lightn+ across ! sky & causes ! rumbl+ ?und]8 ,w\ld y l to le>n h[ ! sun makes pictures ( ! _w on :i* he %9es1 s t we c c>ry ab\t ) u photographs or sun-pictures ( all ! beautiful sc5]y ( ! e>?8 ,& h y any curiosity ab\t ',*emical action1' :i* works su* wond]s 9 air1 & l&1 & sea8 ,if y h any wi% to "k & make fri5ds ( ^! invisible =ces1 ! next "q is ,h[ are y to ent] ! fairy-l& ( sci5ce8 ,!re is b "o way4 ,l ! knight or peasant 9 ! fairy tales1 y mu/ op5 y eyes4 ,!re is no lack ( objects1 ev]y?+ ar\nd y w tell "s hi/ory if t\*$ ) ! fairy w& ( imag9ation4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght1 :5 see+ "s sickly *ild drawn along ! /reet1 ly+ on its back :ile o!r *ildr5 romp & play1 h[ mu* happ9ess might be giv5 to sick *ildr5 at home or 9 hospitals1 if only !y 7 told ! /ories :i* lie hidd5 9 ! ?+s ar\nd !m4 ,!y ne$ n ev5 move f _! b$s1 = sunbeams c fall on !m !re1 & 9 a sunbeam !re are /ories en\gh to occupy a mon?4 ,! fire 9 ! grate1 ! lamp by ! b$side1 ! wat] 9 ! tumbl]1 ! fly on ! ceil+ above1 ! fl[] 9 ! vase on ! table1 any?+1 ev]y?+1 has its hi/ory1 & c reveal to u nature's invisible fairies4 ,only y mu/ ) to see !m4 ,if y g ?r\gh ! _w look+ ^u ev]y?+ only z s mu* to eat1 to dr9k1 & to use1 y w nev] see ! fairies ( sci5ce4 ,b if y ask y\rself :y ?+s happ51 & h[ ! great ,god above u has made & gov]ns ?is _w ( ours2 ,if y li/5 to ! w9d1 & c>e to le>n :y x bl[s2 if y ask ! little fl[] :y x op5s 9 ! sun%9e & closes 9 ! /orm2 & if :5 y f9d que/ions y _c answ]1 y w take ! tr\ble to hunt out 9 books1 or make exp]im5ts to solve y\r own que/ions1 !n y w le>n to "k & love ^? fairies4 ,m9d1 ,i d n advise y to be con/antly ask+ que/ions ( o!r p2 = (t5 a "q quickly answ]$ is quickly =gott51 b a difficulty really hunt$ d[n is a triumph = ev]4 ,= example1 if y ask :y ! ra9 dries up f ! gr\nd1 mo/ likely y w be answ]$1 t ! sun dries x1 & y w re/ satisfi$ ) ! s\nd ( ! words4 ,b if y hold a wet h&k]*ief be=e ! fire & see ! damp ris+ out ( x1 !n y h "s real idea h[ moi/ure may be drawn up by heat f ! e>?4 ,a little =eign niece ( m9e1 only f\r ye>s old1 :o c\ld sc>cely speak ,engli% pla9ly1 0 /&+ "o morn+ ne> ! b$room w9d[ & %e notic$ ! damp trickl+ d[n ! w9d[-pane4 ,auntie1 %e said1 :at = x ra9 inside8 ,x 0 q useless to expla9 to h] 9 words1 h[ our brea? _h cond5s$ into drops ( wat] ^u ! cold glass2 b ,i wip$ ! pane cle>1 & brea!d on x sev]al times4 ,:5 new drops 7 =m$1 ,i said1 ,cissy & auntie h done l ?is all night 9 ! room4 ,%e nodd$ h] little head & amus$ h]self = a long "t brea?+ on ! w9d[-pane & wat*+ ! t9y drops2 & ab\t a mon? lat]1 :5 we 7 travell+ back to ,italy1 ,i saw h] foll[+ ! drops on ! c>riage w9d[ ) h] little f+]1 & he>d h] say quietly to h]self1 ,cissy & auntie made y4 ,_h n ev5 ?is little *ild "s real picture 9 h] m9d ( invisible wat] com+ f h] m\?1 & mak+ drops ^u ! w9d[-pane8 ,!n aga91 y mu/ le>n some?+ ( ! language ( sci5ce4 ,if y travel 9 a c\ntry ) no k ( its language1 y c le>n v little ab\t x3 & 9 ! same way if y are to g to books to f9d answ]s to y\r que/ions1 y mu/ "k some?+ ( ! language !y speak4 ,y ne$ n le>n h>d sci5tific names1 = ! be/ books h ! fewe/ ( ^!1 b y mu/ really und]/& :at is meant by ord9>y words4 ,= example1 h[ few p c really expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a solid1 su* z ! wood ( ! table2 a liquid1 z wat]2 & a gas1 su* z ,i c let (f f ?is gas-jet by turn+ ! tap4 ,& yet any *ild c make a picture ( ?is 9 8 m9d if only x has be5 prop]ly put be=e him4 ,all matt] 9 ! _w is made up ( m9ute p>ts or p>ticles2 9 a solid ^! p>ticles are lock$ toge!r s tightly t y mu/ te> !m =cibly ap>t if y ) to alt] ! %ape ( ! solid piece4 ,if ,i break or b5d ?is wood ,i h to =ce ! p>ticles to move r\nd ea* o!r1 & ,i h great difficulty do+ x4 ,b 9 a liquid1 ?\gh ! p>ticles are /ill held toge!r1 !y d n cl+ s tightly1 b are able to roll or glide r\nd ea* o!r1 s t :5 y p\r wat] out ( a cup on to a table1 x loses its cuplike %ape & spreads itself out flat4 ,la/ly1 9 a gas ! p>ticles are no long] held toge!r at all1 b !y try to fly away f ea* o!r2 & unless y %ut a gas 9 tightly & safely1 x w soon h spread all ov] ! room4 ,a solid1 !re=e1 w reta9 ! same bulk & %ape unless y =cibly alt] x2 a liquid w reta9 ! same bulk1 b no ! same %ape if x be left free2 a gas w n reta9 ei!r ! same bulk or ! same %ape1 b w spread ov] z l>ge a space z x c f9d :]ev] x c p5etrate4 ,su* simple ?+s z ^! y mu/ le>n f books & by exp]im5t4 ,!n y mu/ und]/& :at is meant by *emical attraction2 & ?\gh ,i c expla9 ?is r\ghly "h1 y w h to make _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts be=e y w really le>n to "k ?is wond]ful fairy p[]4 ,if ,i dissolve sug> 9 wat]1 ?\gh x disappe>s x /ill rema9s sug>1 & does n jo9 itself to ! wat]4 ,i h only to let ! cup /& till ! wat] dries1 & ! sug> w rema9 at ! bottom4 ,!re has be5 no *emical attraction "h4 ,b n[ ,i w put some?+ else 9 wat] :i* w call up ! fairy p[]4 ,"h is a little piece ( ! metal potassium1 "o ( ! simple sub/ances ( ! e>?2 t is to say1 we _c split x up into o!r sub/ances1 :]ev] we f9d x1 x is always ! same4 ,n[ if ,i put ?is piece ( potassium on ! wat] x does n disappe> quietly l ! sug>4 ,see h[ x rolls r\nd & r\nd1 fizz+ viol5tly ) a blue flame burn+ r\nd x1 & at la/ goes (f ) a pop4 ,:at has be5 happ5+ "h8 ,y mu/ fir/ "k t wat] is made ( two sub/ances1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 & ^! are n m]ely held toge!r1 b are jo9$ to completely t !y h lo/ !mselves & h become wat]2 & ea* atom ( wat] is made ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg54 ,n[ ! metal potassium is devot$ly fond ( oxyg51 & ! mom5t ,i ?rew x on ! wat] x call$ ! fairy *emical attraction' to help x1 & dragg$ ! atoms ( oxyg5 out ( ! wat] & jo9$ !m to itself4 ,9 do+ ?is x also caught "p ( ! hydrog51 b only half1 & s ! re/ 0 left out 9 ! cold4 ,no1 n 9 ! cold6 = ! potassium & oxyg5 made su* a great heat 9 cla%+ toge!r t ! re/ ( ! hydrog5 became v hot inde$1 & sprang into ! air to f9d "s o!r companion to make up = :at x _h lo/4 ,"h x f\nd "s free oxyg5 float+ ab\t1 & x seiz$ ^u x s viol5tly1 t !y made a burn+ flame1 :ile ! potassium ) its newly f\nd oxyg5 & hydrog5 sank d[n quietly into ! wat] z pota%4 ,& s y see we h got q a new sub/ance pota% 9 ! bas92 made ) a great deal ( fuss by *emical attraction draw+ diff]5t atoms toge!r4 ,:5 y c really picture ?is p[] to y\rself x w help y v mu* to und]/& :at y read & obs]ve ab\t nature4 ,next1 z plants gr[ ar\nd y on e side1 & are ( s mu* importance 9 ! _w1 y mu/ also le>n some?+ ( ! names ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a fl[]1 s t y may und]/& ^? books :i* expla9 h[ a plant gr[s & lives & =ms its se$s4 ,y mu/ also "k ! common names ( ! p>ts ( an animal1 & ( y\r own body1 s t y may be int]e/$ 9 und]/&+ ! use ( ! diff]5t organs2 h[ y brea!1 & h[ y\r blood fl[s2 h[ "o animal walks1 ano!r flies1 & ano!r swims4 ,!n y mu/ le>n some?+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 s t y may "k :at is meant by a riv]1 a pla91 a valley1 or a delta4 ,all ^! ?+s are n difficult1 y c le>n !m pleasantly f simple books on physics1 *emi/ry1 botany1 physiology1 & physical geography2 & :5 y und]/& a few pla9 sci5tific t]ms1 !n all by y\rself1 if y w op5 y\r eyes & e>s1 y may w&] happily 9 ! fairy-l& ( sci5ce4 ,!n :]ev] y g y w f9d ,tongues 9 trees1 books 9 ! runn+ brooks ,s]mons 9 /ones1 & good 9 ev]y?+4 ,& n[ we come to ! la/ "p ( our subject4 ,:5 y h rea*$ & ent]$ ! gates ( sci5ce1 h[ are y to use & enjoy ?is new & beautiful l&8 ,?is is a v important "q = y may make a tw(old use ( x4 ,if y are only ambiti\s to %9e 9 ! _w1 y may use x *iefly to get prizes1 to be at ! top ( y\r class1 or to pass 9 exam9ations2 b if y also enjoy discov]+ its secrets1 & desire to le>n m & m ( nature & to revel 9 dreams ( its beauty1 !n y w /udy sci5ce = its own sake z well4 ,n[ x is a good ?+ to w9 prizes & be at ! top ( y\r class1 = x %[s t y are indu/ri\s2 x is a good ?+ to pass well 9 exam9ations 1 = x %[ t y are accurate2 b if y /udy sci5ce = ?is reason only1 d n compla9 if y f9d x full1 & dry1 & h>d to ma/]4 ,y may le>n a great deal t is useful1 & nature w answ] y tru?fully if y ask y que/ions accurately1 b %e w give y dry facts1 j su* z y ask =4 ,if y d n love h] = h]self %e w nev] take y to h] he>t4 ,?is is ! reason :y s _m compla9 t sci5ce is dry & un9t]e/+4 ,!y =get t ?\gh x is necess>y to le>n accurately1 = s only we c arrive at tru?1 x is equally necess>y to love k & make x lovely to ^? :o le>n1 & to d ?is we mu/ get at ! _s :i* lies "u ! facts4 ,:at *ild :i* loves its "m's face is cont5t to "k only t %e has br[n eyes1 a /raight nose1 a small m\?1 & hair arrang$ 9 su* & su* a mann]8 ,no1 x kn[s t its "m has ! sweete/ smile ( any woman liv+2 t h] eyes are lov+1 h] kiss is sweet1 & t :5 %e looks grave1 !n some?+ is wrong :i* mu/ be put "r4 ,& x is 9 ?is way t ^? :o wi% to enjoy ! fairy-l& ( sci5ce mu/ love nature4 ,x is well to "k t :5 a piece ( potassium is ?r[n on wat] ! *ange :i* takes place is express$ by ! =mula ,k ,h#b,o ,,kho ,h4 ,b x is bett] /ill to h a m5tal picture ( ! t9y atoms clasp+ ea* o!r1 & m+l+ s z to make a new sub/ance1 & to feel h[ wond]ful are ! _m *ang+ =ms ( nature4 ,x is useful to be able to classify a fl[] & to "k t ! butt]cup belongs to ! ,family ,ranunculaceae1 ) petals free & def9ite1 /am5s hypogyn\s & indef9ite1 pi/il apoc>p\s4 ,b x is f> sweet] to le>n ab\t ! life ( ! little plant1 to und]/& :y its peculi> fl[] is useful to x1 & h[ x fe$s itself1 & makes its se$4 ,no "o c love dry facts2 we mu/ clo! !m ) real mean+ & love ! tru?s !y tell1 if we wi% to enjoy sci5ce4 ,let u take an example to %[ ?is4 ,i h "h a bran* ( :ite coral1 a beautiful1 delicate piece ( nature's "w4 ,we w beg9 by copy+ a description ( x f "o ( ^? class-books :i* suppose *ildr5 to le>n words l p>rots1 & to repeat !m ) j z little und]/&+4 ,coral is =m$ by an animal belong+ to ! k+dom ( ,radiates1 sub-k+dom ,polypes4 ,! s(t body ( ! animal is atta*$ to a support1 ! m\? op5+ upw>ds 9 a r[ ( t5tacles4 ,! coral is secret$ 9 ! body ( ! polyp out ( ! c>bonate ( lime 9 ! sea4 ,?us ! coral animalcule re>s its polypidom or rocky /ructure 9 w>m latitudes1 & con/ructs reefs or b>ri]s r\nd isl&s4 ,x is limit$ 9 rage ( dep? f #be to #cj fa?oms4 ,*emically consid]$1 coral is c>bonate ( l2 physiologically1 x is ! skeleton ( an animal2 geographically1 x is *>act]i/ic ( w>m latitudes1 especially ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is description is correct1 & ev5 fairly complete1 if y "k en\gh ( ! subject to und]/& x4 ,b tell me1 does x lead y to love my piece ( coral8 ,h y any picture 9 y\r m9d ( ! coral animal1 its home1 or its mann] ( work+8 ,b n[1 in/ead ( try+ to ma/] ?is dry1 h>d passage1 take ,mr4 ,huxley's p5ny lecture on ',coral & ,coral ,reefs1' & ) ! piece ( coral 9 y\r h& try really to le>n its hi/ory4 ,y w !n be able to picture to y\rself ! coral animal z a k9d ( sea-anemone1 some?+ l ^? :i* y h (t5 se51 l r$1 blue1 or gre5 fl[]s1 putt+ out feel]s 9 sea-wat] on our coa/s1 & draw+ 9 ! t9y sea-animals to dige/ !m 9 t bag ( fluid :i* s]ves ! sea-anemone z a /oma*4 ,y w le>n h[ ?is curi\s jelly animal c split itself 9 two1 & s =m two polyps1 or s5d a bud out ( its side & s gr[ up into a k9d ( tree or bu% ( polyps1 or h[ x c hat* little eggs inside x & ?r[ out "y ones f its m\?1 provid$ ) little hairs1 by means ( :i* !y swim to new re/+-places4 ,y w le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! animal :i* builds up ! r$ coral z its skeleton1 & ! gr\p ( animals :i* build up ! :ite2 & y w look ) new int]e/ on our piece ( :ite coral1 z y read t ea* ( ^? little sups on its /em ) delicate divisions l ! spokes ( a :eel has be5 ! home ( a sep>ate polyp1 & t f ! sea-wat] ea* little jelly animal has drunk 9 c>bonate ( lime z y dr9k 9 sug> dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & !n has us$ x gra9 by gra9 to build t delicate cup & add to ! coral tree4 ,we _c /op to exam9e all ab\t coral n[1 we are only le>n+ h[ to le>n1 b surely our specim5 is already beg9n+ to gr[ int]e/+2 & :5 y h foll[$ x out into ! great ,pacific ,ocean1 :]e ! wild waves da% re/lessly aga9/ ! coral trees1 & h se5 ^! t9y drops ( jelly conqu]+ ! sea & build+ huge walls ( /one aga9/ ! r\gh break]s1 y w h>dly re/ till y "k all _! hi/ory4 ,look at t curi\s circul> isl& 9 ! picture1 cov]$ ) palm trees2 x has a l>ge smoo? lake 9 ! middle1 & ! bottom ( ?is lake is cov]$ ) blue1 r$1 & gre5 jelly animals1 spread+ out _! feel]s 9 ! wat] & look+ l beautiful fl[]s1 & all r\nd ! outside ( ! isl& simil> animals are to be se5 wa%$ by ! sea waves4 ,su* isl&s z ?is h be5 build entirely by ! coral animals1 & ! hi/ory ( ! way 9 :i* ! reefs h sunk gradually d[n1 z ! t9y creatures add$ to !m in* by in*1 is z fasc9at+ z ! /ory ( ! build+ ( any fairy palace 9 ! days ( old4 ,read all ?is1 & !n if y h no coral ( y\r own to exam9e1 g to ! ,briti% ,museum & see ! beautiful specim5s 9 ! glass cases !re1 & ?9k t !y h be5 built up "u ! roll+ surf by ! t9y jelly animals2 & !n coral w become a real liv+ ?+ to y1 & y w love ! ?\ghts x awak5s4 ,b p (t5 ask1 :at is ! use ( le>n+ all ?is8 ,if y d n feel by ?is "t h[ delightful x is to fill y\r m9d ) beautiful pictures ( nature1 p]haps x w\ld be useless to say m4 ,b 9 ?is age ( ours1 :5 re/lessness & love ( excitem5t p]vade s _m lives1 is x no?+ to be tak5 out ( ourselves & made to look at ! wond]s ( nature go+ on ar\nd u8 ,d y nev] feel tir$ & out ( sorts1 & want to creep away f y\r companions1 because !y are m]ry & y are n8 ,!n is ! "t to read ab\t ! />ts1 & h[ quietly !y keep _! c\rse f age to age2 or to visit "s little fl[]1 & ask :at /ory x has to tell2 or to wat* ! cl\ds1 & try to imag9e h[ ! w9ds drive !m across ! sky4 ,no p]son is s indep5d5t z he :o c f9d int]e/ 9 a b>e rock1 a drop ( wat]1 ! foam ( ! sea1 ! spid] on ! wall1 ! fl[] und]foot or ! />ts ov]head4 ,& ^! int]e/s are op5 to ev]yone :o ent]s ! fairy-l& ( sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 we le>n f ?is /udy to see t !re is a law & purpose 9 ev]y?+ 9 ! ,univ]se1 & x makes u pati5t :5 we recognize ! quiet noiseless work+ ( nature all ar\nd u4 ,/udy light1 & le>n h[ all col\r1 beauty1 & life dep5d on ! sun's rays2 note ! w9ds & curr5ts ( ! air1 regul> ev5 9 _! app>5t irregul>ity1 z !y c>ry heat & moi/ure all ov] ! _w4 ,wat* ! wat] fl[+ 9 deep quiet /reams1 or =m+ ! va/ ocean2 & !n reflect t e drop is guid$ by invisible =ces work+ accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,see plants spr++ up "u ! sunlight1 le>n ! secrets ( plant life1 & h[ _! sc5ts & col\rs attract ! insects4 ,read h[ insects _c live )\t plants1 nor plants )\t ! flitt+ butt]fly or ! busy bee4 ,realize t all ?is is work$ by fix$ laws1 & t out ( x 7ev5 if sometimes 9 suff]+ & pa97 spr+s ! wond]ful univ]se ar\nd u4 ,& !n say1 c y fe> = y\r own little life1 ev5 ?\gh x may h its tr\bles8 ,c y help feel+ a "p ( ?is guid$ & gov]n$ nature8 or d\bt t ! p[] :i* fix$ ! laws ( ! />s & ( ! t9ie/ drop ( wat] - t made ! plant draw p[] f ! sun1 ! t9e coral animal its food f ! da%+ waves2 t adapt$ ! fl[] to ! insect & ! insect to ! fl[] - is also m\ld+ y\r life z "p ( ! great ma*9]y ( ! univ]se1 s t y h only to "w1 & to wait1 & to love8 ,we are all grop+ dimly = ! ,unse5 ,p[]1 b no "o :o loves nature & /udies x c ev] feel alone or unlov$ 9 ! _w4 ,facts1 z m]e facts1 are dry & b>r51 b nature is full ( life & love1 & h] calm unsw]v+ rule is t5d+ to "s great ?\gh hidd5 purpose4 ,y may call ?is ,unse5 ,p[] :at y w - may lean on x 9 lov+1 tru/+ fai?1 or b5d 9 rev]5t & sil5t awe2 b ev5 ! little *ild :o lives ) nature & gazes on h] ) op5 eye1 mu/ rise 9 "s s5se or o!r ?r\gh nature to nature's ,god4 ,week #c ,lecture ,,ii ,sunbeams & ,h[ ,!y ,"w ,:o does n love ! sunbeams1 & feel bright] & m]ri] z he wat*es !m play+ on ! wall1 sp>kl+ l diamonds on ! ripples ( ! sea1 or mak+ b[s ( col\r$ light on ! wat]fall8 ,is n ! sunbeam s de> to u t x has become a h\sehold ^w = all t is m]ry & gay8 & :5 we want to describe ! de>e/1 busie/ little sprite among/ u1 :o wakes a smile on all faces :]ev] %e goes1 d we n call h] ! sunbeam ( ! h\se8 ,& yet h[ little ev5 ! wise/ among u "k ab\t ! nature & "w ( ^! bright mess5g]s ( ! sun z !y d>t across space6 ,did y ev] wake q e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 x 0 pit*- d>k & y c\ld see no?+1 n ev5 y\r own h&2 & !n lie wat*+ z "t w5t on till ! light came gradually creep+ 9 at ! w9d[8 ,if y h done ?is y w h notic$ t y c at fir/ only j di/+ui% ! dim outl9e ( ! furniture2 !n y c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! :ite clo? on ! table & ! d>k w>drobe beside x2 !n by degrees all ! small] details1 ! h&les ( ! draw]1 ! patt]n on ! wall1 & ! diff]5t col\rs ( all ! objects 9 ! room become cle>] & cle>] till at la/ y see all di/9ctly 9 broad daylight4 ,:at has be5 happ5+ "h8 & :y h ! ?+s 9 ! room become visible by su* sl[ degrees8 ,we say t ! sun is ris+1 b we "k v well t x is n ! sun :i* moves1 b t our e>? has be5 turn+ sl[ly r\nd1 & br++ ! little spot on :i* we live face to face ) ! great fi]y ball1 s t 8 beams c fall ^u u4 ,take a small globe1 & /ick a piece ( black pla/] ov] ,engl&1 !n let a light$ lamp repres5t ! sun1 & turn ! globe sl[ly1 s t ! spot creeps r\nd f ! d>k side away f ! lamp1 until x cat*es1 fir/ ! rays :i* pass along ! side ( ! globe1 !n ! m direct rays1 & at la/ /&s fully 9 ! blaze ( ! light4 ,j ?is 0 happ5+ to our spot ( ! _w z y lay 9 b$ & saw ! light appe>2 & we h to le>n today :at ^? beams are :i* fall ^u u & :at !y d = u4 ,fir/ we mu/ le>n some?+ ab\t ! sun itself1 s9ce x is ! />t+-place ( all ! sunbeams4 ,if ! sun 7 a d>k mass in/ead ( a fi]y "o we %\ld h none ( ^! bright *e]+ mess5g]s1 & ?\gh we 7 turn$ face to face ) him e day we %\ld rema9 9 "o cold et]nal night4 ,n[ y w rememb] we m5tion$ 9 ! la/ lecture t x is heat :i* %akes ap>t ! little atoms ( wat] & makes !m gloat up 9 ! air to fall aga9 z ra92 & t if ! day is cold !y fall z sn[1 & all ! wat] is turn$ into ice4 ,b if ! sun 7 altoge!r d>k1 ?9k h[ bitt]ly cold x w\ld be2 f> cold] ?an ! mo/ w9try wea!r ev] kn[n1 because 9 ! bitt]e/ night "s w>m? comes out ( ! e>?1 :]e x has be5 /or$ f ! sunlight :i* fell dur+ ! day4 ,b if we nev] receiv$ any w>m? at all1 no wat] w\ld ev] rise up into ! sky1 no ra9 ev] fall1 no riv]s fl[1 & consequ5tly no plants c\ld gr[ & no animals live4 ,all wat] w\ld be 9 ! =m ( sn[ & ice1 & ! e>? w\ld be "o great froz5 mass ) no?+ mov+ ^u x4 ,s y see x becomes v int]e/+ = u to le>n :at ! sun is1 & h[ he s5ds u 8 beams4 ,h[ f> away f u d y ?9k he is8 ,on a f9e summ]'s day :5 we c see him cle>ly1 x looks z if we _h only to get into a balloon & rea* him z he sits 9 ! sky1 & yet we "k r\ghly t he is m ?an n9ety-"o millions ( miles di/ant f our e>?4 ,^! figures are s enorm\s t y _c really grasp !m4 ,b imag9e y\rself 9 an express tra91 travell+ at ! trem5d\s rate ( sixty miles an h\r & nev] /opp+4 ,at t rate1 if y wi%$ to arrive at ! sun today y w\ld h be5 oblig$ to />t #aga ye>s ago4 ,t is1 y mu/ h set (f 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 & y mu/ h gone on1 nev]1 nev] re/+1 ?r\gh ! reigns ( ,george ,i1 ,george ii1 & ! long reign ( ,george ,,iii1 !n ?r\gh ^? ( ,george ,,iv1 ,william ,,iv1 & ,victoria1 :irl+ on day & night at express spe$1 & at la/1 today1 y w\ld h rea*$ ! sun6 ,& :5 y arriv$ !re1 h[ l>ge d y ?9k y w\ld f9d him to be8 ,anaxagoras1 a le>n$ ,greek1 0 laugh$ at by all 8 fell[ ,greeks because he said t ! sun 0 z l>ge z ! ,peloponne-sus1 t is ab\t ! size ( ,middlesex4 ,h[ a/oni%$ !y w\ld h be5 if !y c\ld h kn[n t n only is he bigg] ?an ! :ole ( ,greece1 b m ?an a million times bigg] ?an ! :ole _w6 ,our _w itself is a v l>ge place1 s l>ge t our own c\ntry looks only l a t9y speck ^u x1 & an express tra9 w\ld take ne>ly a mon? to travel r\nd x4 ,yet ev5 our :ole globe is no?+ 9 size comp>$ to ! sun1 = x only measures #hjjj miles across1 :ile ! sun measures m ! #heb1jjj4 ,imag9e = a mom5t t y c\ld cut ! sun & ! e>? ea* 9 half z y w\ld cut an apple2 !n if y 7 to lay ! flat side ( ! half-e>? on ! flat side ( ! half sun x w\ld take #ajf su* e>?s to /ret* across ! face ( ! sun4 ,"o ( ^! #ajf r\nd spots on ! diagram repres5ts ! size :i* our e>? w\ld look if plac$ on ! sun2 & !y are s t9y comp>$ to him t !y look only l a /r+ ( m9ute beads /ret*$ across 8 face4 ,only ?9k1 !n1 h[ _m ( ^! m9ute dots w\ld be requir$ to fill ! :ole ( ! inside ( ,fig4 #d1 if x 7 a globe4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to =m an idea ( ! :ole size ( ! sun is to imag9e x to be holl[1 l an air-ball1 & !n see h[ _m e>?s x w\ld take to fill x4 ,y w\ld h>dly believe t x w\ld take "o million1 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o ?\s& globes ! size ( our _w squeez$ toge!r4 ,j ?9k1 if a huge giant c\ld travel all ov] ! univ]se & ga!r worlds1 all z big z ours1 & 7 to make fir/ a heap ( m]ely t5 su* worlds1 h[ huge x w\ld be6 ,!n he mu/ h a hundr$ su* heaps ( t5 to make a ?\s& _w2 & !n he mu/ collect aga9 a ?\s& times t ?\s& to make a million1 & :5 he _h /uff$ !m all into ! sun-ball he w\ld /ill h only fill$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( x6 ,aft] he>+ ?is y w n be a/oni%$ t su* a mon/] %\ld give out an enorm\s quantity ( light & heat2 s enorm\s t x is almo/ impossible to =m any idea ( x4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has1 inde$1 tri$ to picture x = u4 ,he f\nd t a ball ( lime ) a flame ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 play+ r\nd x 7su* z we use 9 magic lant]ns & call oxy- hydrog5 light7 becomes s viol5tly hot t x gives ! mo/ brilliant artificial light we c get - su* t y _c put y\r eye ne> x )\t injury4 ,yet if y want$ to h a light z /rong z t ( our sun1 x w\ld n be en\gh to make su* a lime-ball z big z ! sun is4 ,no1 y mu/ make x z big z #adf suns1 or m ?an #adf1jjj1jjj times z big z our e>?1 9 ord] to get ! "r am\nt ( light4 ,!n y w\ld h a tol]ably good artificial sun2 = we "k t ! body ( ! sun gives out an int5se :ite light1 j z ! lime- ball does1 & t 1 l x1 x has an atmosph]e ( gl[+ gases r\nd x4 ,b p]haps we get ! be/ idea ( ! mighty heat & light ( ! sun by rememb]+ h[ few ( ! rays :i* d>t out on all sides f ?is fi]y ball c rea* our t9y globe1 & yet h[ p[]ful !y are4 ,look at ! globe ( a lamp 9 ! middle ( ! room1 & see h[ its light p\rs out on all sides & into e corn]2 !n take a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 :i* w v well repres5t ! comp>ative size ( our e>?1 & hold x up at a di/ance f ! lamp4 ,h[ v few ( all ^? rays :i* are fill+ ! room fall on ! little mu/>d-se$1 & j s few does our e>? cat* ( ! rays :i* d>t out f ! sun4 ,& yet ?is small quantity 7#a_/bjjj-million? "p ( ! :ole7 does ne>ly all ! "w ( our _w4 7,^! & ! prec$+ num]ical /atem5ts w be f\nd work$ out 9 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's ',famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1' #ahfh1 f :i* _m ( ! facts 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! lecture are tak547 ,9 ord] to see h[ p[]ful ! sun's rays are1 y h only to take a magnify+ glass & ga!r !m to a po9t on a piece ( br[n pap]1 = !y w set ! pap] alight4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el tells u t at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ! heat 0 ev5 s great t he cook$ a beef/eak & roa/$ "s eggs by m]ely putt+ !m 9 ! sun1 9 a box ) a glass lid6 ,inde$1 j z we %\ld all be froz5 to dea? if ! sun 7 sold1 s we %\ld all be burnt up ) intol]able heat if 8 fi]ce rays fell ) all _! might ^u u4 ,b we h an invisible veil protect+ u1 made - ( :at d y ?9k8 ,( ^? t9y p>ticles ( wat] :i* ! sunbeams draw up & scatt] 9 ! air1 & :i*1 z we %all see 9 ,lecture ,,iv1 cut (f "p ( ! int5se heat & make ! air cool & pleasant = u4 ,week #d ,we h n[ le>nt some?+ ( ! di/ance1 ! size1 ! light1 & ! heat ( ! sun - ! great s\rce ( ! sunbeams4 ,b we are z yet no ne>] ! answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is a sunbeam8 h[ does ! sun t\* our e>?8 ,n[ suppose ,i ) to t\* y f ?is plat=m :]e ,i /&1 ,i c d x 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 ,i c ?r[ some?+ at y & hit y - 9 ?is case a ?+ w h pass$ across ! space f me to y4 ,or1 secondly1 if ,i c\ld make a viol5t movem5t s z to %ake ! floor ( ! room1 y w\ld feel a quiv]+ motion2 & s ,i %\ld t\* y across ! :ole di/ance ( ! room4 ,b 9 ?is case no ?+ w\ld h pass$ f me to y b a movem5t or wave1 :i* pass$ along ! bo>ds ( ! floor4 ,aga91 if ,i speak to y1 h[ does ! s\nd rea* y e>8 ,n by any?+ be+ ?r[n f my m\? to y\r e>1 b by ! motion ( ! air4 ,:5 ,i speak ,i agitate ! air ne> my m\?1 & t makes a wave 9 ! air beyond1 & t "o1 ano!r1 & ano!r 7z we %all see m fully 9 ,lecture ,,vi7 till ! la/ wave hits ! drum ( y\r e>4 ,?us we see !re are two ways ( t\*+ any?+ at a di/ance2 #a/1 by ?r[+ "s ?+ at x & hitt+ x2 #bnd1 by s5d+ a movem5t ( wave across to x1 z 9 ! case ( ! quiv]+ bo>ds & ! air4 ,n[ ! great natural philosoph] ,newton ?\ght t ! sun t\*$ u 9 ! fir/ ( ^! ways1 & t sunbeams 7 made ( v m9ute atoms ( matt] ?r[n out by ! sun1 & mak+ a p]petual cannonade on our eyes4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ?is w\ld make u see light & feel heat1 j z a bl[ 9 ! eye makes u see />ts1 or on ! body makes x feel hot3 & = a long "t ?is explanation 0 suppos$ to be ! true "o4 ,b we "k n[ t !re are _m facts :i* _c be expla9$ on ?is !ory1 ?\gh we _c g into !m "h4 ,:at we w d1 is to try & und]/& :at n[ seems to be ! true explanation ( ! sunbeam4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,newton wrote1 a ,dut*man1 nam$ ,huygh5s1 sugge/$ t light comes f ! sun 9 t9y waves1 travell+ across space mu* 9 ! same way z ripples travel across a pond4 ,! only difficulty 0 to expla9 9 :at sub/ance ^! waves c\ld be travell+3 n ?r\gh wat]1 = we "k t !re is no wat] 9 space - nor ?r\gh air1 = ! air /ops at a comp>atively %ort di/ance f our e>?4 ,!re mu/ !n be some?+ fill+ all space betwe5 u & ! sun1 f9] ?an ei!r wat] or air4 ,& n[ ,i mu/ ask y to use all y imag9ation1 = ,i want y to picture to y\rselves some?+ q z invisible z ! ,emp]or's new clo!s 9 ,&]s5's fairy-tale1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t our invisible some?+ is v active2 & ?\gh we c nei!r see x nor t\* x we "k x by its effects4 ,y mu/ imag9e a f9e sub/ance fill+ all space betwe5 u & ! sun & ! />ts4 ,a sub/ance s v delicate & subtle1 t n only is x invisible1 b x c pass ?r\gh solid bodies su* z glass1 ice1 or ev5 wood or brick walls4 ,?is sub/ance we call e!r4 ,i _c give y "h ! reasons :y we mu/ assume t x is ?r\gh\t all space2 y mu/ take ?is on ! ^w ( su* m5 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el or ,pr(essor ,cl]k-,maxwell1 until y c /udy ! "q = y\rselves4 ,n[ if y c imag9e ?is e!r fill+ e corn] ( space1 s t x is ev]y:]e & passes ?r\gh ev]y?+1 ask y\rselves1 :at mu/ happ5 :5 a great commotion is go+ on 9 "o ( ! l>ge bodies :i* float 9 x8 ,:5 ! atoms ( ! gases r\nd ! sun are cla%+ viol5tly toge!r to make all its light & heat1 d y n ?9k !y mu/ %ake ?is e!r all ar\nd !m8 ,& !n1 s9ce ! e!r /ret*es on all sides f ! sun to our e>? & all o!r planets1 mu/ n ?is quiv]+ travel to u1 j z ! quiv]+ ( ! bo>ds w\ld f me to y8 ,take a bas9 ( wat] to repres5t ! e!r1 & take a piece ( potassium l t :i* we us$ 9 our la/ lecture1 & hold x ) a pair ( nipp]s 9 ! middle ( ! wat]4 ,y w see t z ! potassium hisses & ! flame burns r\nd x1 !y w make waves :i* w travel all ov] ! wat] to ! edge ( ! bas911 & y c imag9e h[ 9 ! same way waves travel ov] ! e!r f ! sun to u4 ,/raight away f ! sun on all sides1 nev] /opp+1 nev] re/+1 b *as+ aft] ea* o!r ) m>vell\s quickness1 ^! t9y waves travel out into space by night & by day4 ,:5 our spot ( ! e>? :]e ,engl& lies is turn$ away f !m & !y _c t\* u1 !n x is night = u1 b directly ,engl& is turn$ s z to face ! sun1 !n !y /rike on ! l&1 & ! wat]1 & w>m x2 or ^u our eyes1 mak+ ! n]ves quiv] s t we see light4 ,look up at ! sun & picture to y\rself t in/ead ( "o great bl[ f a fi/ caus+ y to see />ts = a mom5t1 millions ( t9y bl[s f ^! sun-waves are /rik+ e in/ant on y eye2 !n y w easily und]/& t 8 w\ld cause y to see a con/ant blaze ( light4 ,b :5 ! sun is away1 if ! night is cle> we h light f ! />ts4 ,d ^! !n too make waves all across ! enorm\s di/ance betwe5 !m & u8 ,c]ta9ly !y d1 = !y too are suns l our own1 only !y are s f> (f t ! waves !y s5d are m feeble1 & s we only notice !m :5 ! sun's /rong] waves are away4 ,b p]haps y w ask1 if no "o has ev] se5 ^! waves n ! e!r 9 :i* !y are made1 :at "r h we to say !y are !re8 ,/range z x may seem1 ?\gh we _c see !m we h measur$ !m & "k h[ l>ge !y are1 & h[ _m c g into an in* ( space4 ,= z ^! t9y waves are runn+ on /raight =w>d ?r\gh ! room1 if we put some?+ 9 _! way1 !y w h to run r\nd x2 & if y let 9 a v n>r[ ray ( light ?r\gh a %utt] & put an upright wire 9 ! sunbeam1 y actually make ! waves run r\nd ! wire j z wat] runs r\nd a po/ 9 a riv]2 & !y meet beh9d ! wire1 j z ! wat] meets 9 a ,v %ape beh9d ! po/4 ,n[ :5 !y meet1 !y run up aga9/ ea* o!r1 & "h x is we cat* !m4 ,fir if !y meet com=tably1 bo? ris+ up 9 a good wave1 !y run on toge!r & make a bright l9e ( light2 b if !y meet higgl$y-piggl$y1 "o up & ! o!r d[n1 all 9 confusion1 !y /op ea* o!r1 & !n !re is no light b a l9e ( d>kness4 ,& s beh9d y\r piece ( wire y c cat* ! waves on a piece ( pap]1 & y w f9d !y make d>k & light l9es "o side by side ) ! o!r1 & by means ( ^! b&s x is possible to f9d out h[ l>ge ! waves mu/ be4 ,?is "q is too difficult = u to "w x out "h1 b y c see t l>ge waves w make broad] light & d>k b&s ?an small ones w1 & t 9 ?is way ! size ( ! waves may be measur$4 ,& n[ h[ l>ge d y ?9k !y turn out to be8 s v1 v t9y t ab\t fifty ?\s& waves are conta9$ 9 a s+le in* ( space6 ,i h drawn on ! bo>d ! l5g? ( an in*1 & n[ ,i w measure ! same space 9 ! air betwe5 my f+] & ?umb4 ,)9 ?is space at ?is mom5t !re are fifty ?\s& t9y waves mov+ up & d[n4 ,i promis$ y we w\ld f9d 9 sci5ce ?+s z wond]ful z 9 fairy tales4 ,are n ^! t9y invisible mess5g]s com+ incessantly f ! sun z wond]ful z any fairies8 & /ill m s :51 z we %all see pres5tly1 !y are do+ ne>ly all ! "w ( our _w4 ,we mu/ next try to realize h[ fa/ ^! waves travel4 ,y w rememb] t an express tra9 w\ld take #aga ye>s to rea* u f ! sun2 & ev5 a cannon-ball w\ld take f t5 to ?irte5 ye>s to come t di/ance4 ,well1 ^! t9y waves take only sev5 m9utes & a half to come ! :ole #ia millions ( miles4 ,! waves :i* are hitt+ y\r eye at ?is mom5t are caus$ by a movem5t :i* began at ! sun only #g #a_/b m9utes ago4 ,& rememb]1 ?is movem5t is go+ on incessantly1 & ^! waves are always foll[+ "o aft] ! o!r s rapidly t !y keep up a p]petual cannonade ^u ! pupil ( y\r eye4 ,s fa/ d !y come t ab\t #fjh billion waves ent] y\r eye 9 "o s+le second499 ,i d n ask y to rememb] ^! figures2 ,i only ask y to try & picture to y\rselves ^! inf9itely t9y & active invisible mess5g]s f ! sun1 & to ackn[l$ge t light is a fairy ?+4 799,light travels at ! rate ( #aij1jjj miles1 or #ab1afe1abj1jjj in*es 9 a second4 ,tak+ ! av]age numb] ( wave-l5g?s 9 an in* at #ej1jjj1 !n #ab1afe1abj1jjj ,x #ej1jjj #fjh1bef1jjj1jjj1jjj47 ,b we d n yet "k all ab\t our sunbeams4 ,see1 ,i h "h a piece ( glass ) ?ree sides1 call$ a prism4 ,if ,i put x 9 ! sunlight :i* is /ream+ ?r\gh ! w9d[1 :at happ5s8 ,look6 on ! table !re is a l9e ( beautiful col\rs4 ,i c make x long or %ort1 z ,i turn ! prism1 b ! col\rs always rema9 arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,"h at my left h& is ! r$1 beyond x orange1 !n yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo or deep blue1 & violet1 %ad+ "o into ! o!r all along ! l9e4 ,we h all se5 ^! col\rs danc+ on ! wall :5 ! sun has be5 %9+ brightly on ! cut-glass p5dants ( ! *&eli]1 & y may see !m /ill m di/9ctly if y let a ray ( light into a d>k5$ room1 & pass x ?r\gh ! prism z 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #g74 ,:at are ^! col\rs8 ,d !y come f ! glass8 ,no2 = y w rememb] to h se5 !m 9 ! ra9b[1 & 9 ! soap- bubble1 & ev5 9 a drop ( dew or ! scum on ! top ( a pond4 ,?is beautiful col\r$ l9e is only our sunbeam aga91 :i* has be5 split up into _m col\rs by pass+ ?r\gh ! glass1 z x is 9 ! ra9-drops ( ! ra9b[ & ! bubbles ( ! scum ( ! pond4 ,week #e ,till n[ we h talk$ ( ! sunbeam z if x 7 made ( only "o set ( waves ( diff]5t sizes1 all travell+ along toge!r f ! sun4 ,^! v>i\s waves h be5 measur$1 & we "k t ! waves :i* make up r$ light are l>g] & m lazy ?an ^? :i* make violet light1 s t !re are only ?irty-n9e ?\s& r$ waves 9 an in*1 :ile !re are fifty-sev5 ?\s& violet waves 9 ! same space4 ,h[ is x !n1 t if all ^! diff]5t waves mak+ diff]5t col\rs1 hit on our eye1 !y d n always make u see col\r$ light8 ,because1 unless !y are int]f]$ )1 !y all travel along toge!r1 & y "k t all col\rs1 mix$ toge!r 9 prop] proportion1 make :ite4 ,i h "h a r\nd piece ( c>dbo>d1 pa9t$ ) ! sev5 col\rs 9 succession sev]al times ov]4 ,:5 x is /ill y c di/+ui% !m all ap>t1 b :5 ,i :irl x quickly r\nd - see6 - ! c>dbo>d looks q :ite1 because we see !m all s in/antane\sly t !y are m+l$ toge!r4 ,9 ! same way light looks :ite to y1 because all ! diff]5t col\r$ waves /rike on y\r eye at once4 ,y c easily make on ( ^! c>d = y\rselves only ! :ite w always look dirty1 because y _c get ! col\rs pure4 ,n[1 :5 ! light passes ?r\gh ! ?ree-sid$ glass or prism1 ! waves are spread out1 & ! sl[1 heavy1 r$ waves lag beh9d & rema9 at ! l[] end ,r ( ! col\r$ l9e on ! wall 7,fig4 #g71 :ile ! rapid little violet waves are b5t m out ( _! road & run to ,v at ! f>!r end ( ! l9e2 & ! orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & indigo arrange !mselves betwe51 accord+ to ! size ( _! waves4 ,& n[ y are v likely eag] to ask :y ! quick waves %\ld make u see "o col\r1 & ! sl[ waves ano!r4 ,?is is a v difficult "q1 = we h a great deal /ill to le>n ab\t ! effect ( light on ! eye4 ,b y c easily imag9e t col\r is to our eye mu* ! same z music is to our e>4 ,y "k we c di/+ui% diff]5t notes :5 ! air-waves play sl[ly or quickly ^u ! drum ( ! e> 7z we %all see 9 ,lecture ,,vi7 & some:at 9 ! same way ! t9y waves ( ! e!r play on ! ret9a or curta9 at ! back ( our eye1 & make ! n]ves c>ry diff]5t messages to ! bra93 & ! col\r we see dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( waves :i* play ^u ! ret9a 9 a second4 ,d y ?9k we h n[ rightly answ]$ ! "q - ,:at is a sunbeam8 ,we h se5 t x is really a succession ( t9y rapid waves1 travell+ f ! sun to u across ! invisible sub/ance we call e!r1 & keep+ up a con/ant cannonade ^u ev]y?+ :i* comes 9 _! way4 ,we h also se5 t1 t9y z ^! waves are1 !y c /ill v>y 9 size1 s t "o s+le sunbeam is made up ( myriads ( diff]5t-siz$ waves1 :i* travel all toge!r & make u see :ite light2 unless = "s reason !y are scatt]$ ap>t1 s t we see !m sep>ately z r$1 gre51 blue1 or yell[4 ,h[ !y are scatt]$1 & _m o!r secrets ( ! sun-waves1 we _c /op to consid] n1 b mu/ pass on to ask - ,:at "w d ! sunbeams d = u8 ,!y d two ?+s - !y give u light & heat4 ,x is by means ( !m alone t we see any?+4 ,:5 ! room 0 d>k y c\ld n di/+ui% ! table1 ! *airs1 or ev5 ! walls ( ! room4 ,:y8 ,because !y _h no light-waves to s5d to y\r eye4 ,b z ! sunbeams began to p\r 9 at ! w9d[1 ! waves play$ ^u ! ?+s 9 ! room1 & :5 !y hit !m !y b\nd$ (f !m back to y\r eye1 z a wave ( ! sea b\nds back f a rock & /rikes aga9/ a pass+ boat4 ,!n1 :5 !y fell ^u y\r eye1 !y ent]$ x & excit$ ! ret9a & ! n]ves1 & ! image ( ! *air or ! table 0 c>ri$ to y\r bra94 ,look ar\nd at all ! ?+s 9 ?is room4 ,is x n /range to ?9k t ea* "o ( !m is s5d+ ^! invisible mess5g]s /raight to y\r eye z y look at x2 & t y see me1 & di/+ui% me f ! table1 entirely by ! k9d ( waves we ea* s5d to y8 ,"s sub/ances s5d back h>dly any waves ( light1 b let !m all pass ?r\gh !m1 & ?us we _c see !m4 ,a pane ( cle> glass1 = in/ance1 lets ne>ly all ! light-waves pass ?r\gh x1 & !re=e y (t5 _c see t ! glass is !re1 because no light-mess5g]s come back to y f x4 ,?us p h sometimes walk$ up aga9/ a glass door & brok5 x1 n see+ x 0 !re4 ,^? sub/ances are transp>5t :i*1 = "s reason unkn[n to u1 all[ ! e!r waves to pass ?r\gh !m )\t %ak+ ! atoms ( :i* ! sub/ance is made4 ,9 cle> glass1 = example1 all ! light- waves pass ?r\gh )\t affect+ ! sub/ance ( ! glass2 :ile 9 a :ite wall ! l>g] "p ( ! rays are reflect$ back to y\r eye1 & ^? :i* pass into ! wall1 by giv+ motion to its atoms lose _! own vibrations4 ,into poli%$ %9+ metal ! waves h>dly ent] at all1 b are ?r[n back f ! surface2 & s a /eel knife or a silv] spoon are v bright1 & are cle>ly se54 ,quicksilv] is put at ! back ( look+-glasses because x reflects s _m waves4 ,x n only s5ds back ^? :i* come f ! sun1 b ^?1 too1 :i* come f y\r face4 ,s1 :5 y see y\rself 9 a look+-glass1 ! sun-waves h fir/ play$ on y\r face & b\nd$ (f f x to ! look+-glass2 !n1 :5 !y /rike ! look+-glass1 !y are ?r[n back aga9 on to ! ret9a ( y\r eye1 & y see y\r own face by means ( ! v waves y ?rew (f f x an in/ant be=e4 ,b ! reflect$ light-waves d m = u ?an ?is4 ,!y n only make u see ?+s1 b !y make u see !m 9 diff]5t col\rs4 ,:at1 y w ask1 is ?is too ! "w ( ! sunbeams8 ,c]ta9ly2 = if ! col\r we see dep5ds on ! size ( ! waves :i* come back to u1 !n we mu/ see ?+s col\r$ diff]5tly accord+ to ! waves !y s5d back4 ,= in/ance1 imag9e a sunbeam play+ on a leaf3 "p ( its waves b\nd /raight back f x to our eye & make u see ! surface ( ! leaf1 b ! re/ g "r into ! leaf itself1 & !re "s ( !m are us$ up & kept prison]s4 ,! r$1 orange1 yell[1 blue1 & violet waves are all useful to ! leaf1 & x does n let !m g aga94 ,b x _c absorb ! gre5 waves1 & s x ?r[s !m back1 & !y travel to y\r eye & make y see a gre5 col\r4 ,s :5 y say a leaf is gre51 y mean t ! leaf does n want ! gre5 waves ( ! sunbeam1 b s5ds !m back to y4 ,9 ! same way ! sc>let g]anium rejects ! r$ waves2 ?is table s5ds back br[n waves2 a :ite tableclo? s5ds back ne>ly ! :ole ( ! waves1 & a black coat sc>cely any4 ,?is is :y1 :5 !re is v little light 9 ! room1 y c see a :ite tableclo? :ile y w\ld n be able to di/+ui% a black object1 because ! few fa9t rays t are !re1 are all s5t back to y f a :ite surface4 ,is x n curi\s to ?9k t !re is really no su* ?+ z col\r 9 ! leaf1 ! table1 ! coat1 or ! g]anium fl[]1 b we see !m ( diff]5t col\rs because1 = "s reason1 !y s5d back only c]ta9 col\r$ waves to our eye8 ,:]ev] y look1 !n1 & :atev] y see1 all ! beautiful t9ts1 col\rs1 lights1 & %ades ar\nd y are ! "w ( ! t9y sun-waves4 ,aga91 light does a great deal ( "w :5 x falls ^u plants4 ,^? rays ( light :i* are caught by ! leaf are by no means idle2 we %all see 9 ,lecture ,,vii t ! leaf uses !m to dige/ its food & make ! sap on :i* ! plant fe$s4 ,week #f ,we all "k t a plant becomes pale & sickly if x has n sunlight1 & ! reason is1 t )\t ^! light-waves x _c get food out ( ! air1 nor make ! sap & juices :i* x ne$s4 ,:5 y look at plants & trees gr[+ 9 ! beautiful mead[s2 at ! fields ( corn1 & at ! lovely l&scape1 y are look+ on ! "w ( ! t9y waves ( light1 :i* nev] re/ all ?r\gh ! day 9 help+ to give life to e gre5 ?+ t gr[s4 ,s f> we h spok5 only ( light2 b hold y\r h& 9 ! sun & feel ! heat ( ! sunbeams1 & !n consid] if ! waves ( heat d n d "w also4 ,!re are _m waves 9 a sunbeam :i* move too sl[ly to make u see light :5 !y hit our eye1 b we c feel !m z heat1 ?\gh we _c see !m z light4 ,! simple/ way ( feel+ heat-waves is to hold a w>m iron ne> y\r face4 ,y "k t no light comes f x1 yet y c feel ! heat-waves beat+ viol5tly aga9/ y\r face & scor*+ x4 ,n[ !re are _m ( ^! d>k heat- rays 9 a sunbeam1 & x is !y :i* d mo/ ( ! "w 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z !y come quiv]+ to ! e>?1 x is !y :i* %ake ! wat]-drops ap>t1 s t ^! are c>ri$ up 9 ! air1 z we %all see 9 ! next lecture4 ,& !n rememb]1 x is ^! drops1 fall+ aga9 z ra91 :i* make ! riv]s & all ! mov+ wat] on ! e>?4 ,s also x is ! heat-waves :i* make ! air hot & light1 & s cause x to rise & make w9ds & air-curr5ts1 & ^! aga9 give rise to ocean-curr5ts4 ,x is ^! d>k rays1 aga91 :i* /rike ^u ! l& & give x ! w>m? :i* enables plants to gr[4 ,x is !y also :i* keep up ! w>m? 9 our own bodies1 bo? by com+ to u directly f ! sun1 & also 9 a v r\ndab\t way ?r\gh plants4 ,y w rememb] t plants use up rays ( light & heat 9 gr[+2 !n ei!r we eat ! plants1 or animals eat ! plants & we eat ! animals2 & :5 we dige/ ! food1 t heat comes back 9 our bodies1 :i* ! plants fir/ took f ! sunbeam4 ,brea! ^u y\r h&1 & feel h[ hot y\r brea? is2 well1 t heat :i* y feel1 0 once 9 a sunbeam1 & has travell$ f x ?r\gh ! food y h eat51 & has n[ be5 at "w keep+ up ! heat ( y\r body4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r way 9 :i* ^! plants may give out ! heat-waves !y h imprison$4 ,y w rememb] h[ we le>nt 9 ! fir/ lecture t coal is made ( plants1 & t ! heat !y give out is ! heat ^! plants once took 94 ,?9k h[ mu* "w is done by burn+ coals4 ,n only are our h\ses w>m$ by coal fires & light$ by coal gas1 b our /eam-eng9es & ma*9]y "w entirely by wat] :i* has be5 turn$ into /eam by ! heat ( coal & coke fire2 & our /eamboats travel all ov] ! _w by means ( ! same p[]4 ,9 ! same way ! oil ( our lamps comes ei!r f olives1 :i* gr[ on trees2 or f coal & ! rema9s ( plants & animals 9 ! e>?4 ,ev5 our tall[ c&les are made ( mutton fat1 & %eep eat grass2 z s1 turn :i* way we w1 we f9d t ! light & heat on our e>?1 :e!r x comes f fires1 or c&les1 or lamps1 or gas1 & :e!r x moves ma*9]y1 or drives a tra91 or propels a %ip1 is equally ! "w ( ! invisible waves ( e!r com+ f ! sun1 :i* make :at we call a sunbeam4 ,la/ly1 !re are /ill "s hidd5 waves :i* we h n yet m5tion$1 :i* are n useful to u ei!r z light or heat1 & yet !y are n idle4 ,be=e ,i began ?is lecture1 ,i put a piece ( pap]1 :i* _h be5 dipp$ 9 nitrate ( silv]1 "u a piece ( glass2 & betwe5 x & ! glass ,i put a piece ( lace4 ,look :at ! sun has be5 do+ :ile ,i h be5 speak+4 ,x has be5 break+ up ! nitrate ( silv] on ! pap] & turn+ x into a deep br[n sub/ance2 only :]e ! ?reads ( ! lace 71 & ! sun c\ld n t\* ! nitrate ( silv]1 !re ! pap] has rema9$ light-col\r$1 & by ?is means ,i h a beautiful impression ( ! lace on ! pap]4 ,i w n[ dip ! impression into wat] 9 :i* "s hyposulphite ( soda is dissolv$1 & ?is w fix ! picture1 t is1 prev5t ! sun act+ ^u x any m2 !n ! picture w rema9 di/9ct1 & ,i c pass x r\nd to y all4 ,"h1 aga91 invisible waves h be5 at "w1 & ?is "t nei!r z light nor z heat1 b z *emical ag5ts1 & x is ^! waves :i* give u all our beautiful photographs4 ,9 any toy%op y c buy ?is prep>$ pap]1 & set ! *emical waves at "w to make pictures4 ,only y mu/ rememb] to fix x 9 ! solution aft]w>ds1 o!rwise ! *emical rays w g on work+ aft] y h tak5 ! lace away1 & all ! pap] w become br[n & y\r picture w disappe>4 ,& n[1 tell me1 may we n hone/ly say1 t ! invisible waves :i* make our sunbeams1 are wond]ful fairy mess5g]s z !y travel et]nally & unceas+ly across space1 nev] re/+1 nev] tir+ 9 do+ ! "w ( our _w8 ,little z we h be5 able to le>n ab\t !m 9 "o %ort h\r1 d !y n seem to y wor? /udy+ & wor? ?9k+ ab\t1 z we look at ! beautiful results ( _! "w8 ,! anci5t ,greeks wor%ipp$ ! sun1 & condemn$ to dea? "o ( _! greate/ philosoph]s1 nam$ ,anaxagoras1 because he d5i$ t x 0 a god4 ,we c sc>cely wond] at ?is :5 we see :at ! sun does = our _w2 b we "k t x is a huge globe made ( gases & fi]y matt] & n a god4 ,we are grateful = ! sun in/ead ( to him1 & surely we %all look at him ) new int]e/1 n[ t we c picture 8 t9y mess5g]s1 ! sunbeams1 flitt+ ov] all space1 fall+ ^u our e>?1 giv+ u light to see )1 & beautiful col\rs to enjoy1 w>m+ ! air & ! e>?1 mak+ ! refre%+ ra91 &1 9 a ^w1 fill+ ! _w ) life & gladness4 ,week #g ,,lecture ,,iii ,! ,a]ial ,ocean 9 ,:i* ,we ,live ,did y ev] sit on ! bank ( a riv] 9 "s quiet spot :]e ! wat] 0 deep & cle>1 & wat* ! fi%es swimm+ lazily along8 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild ?is 0 "o ( my fav\rite occupations 9 ! summ]time on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 & !re 0 "o "q :i* (t5 puzzl$ me greatly1 z ,i wat*$ ! m9n[s & gudgeon glid+ along ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:y %\ld fi%es live 9 some?+ & be (t5 buffet$ ab\t by waves & curr5ts1 :ile ,i & o!rs liv$ on ! top ( ! e>? & n 9 any?+8 ,i d n rememb] ev] ask+ anyone ab\t ?is2 & if ,i _h1 9 ^? days p did n pay mu* att5tion to *ildr5's que/ions1 & probably nobody w\ld h told me1 :at ,i n[ tell y1 t we d live 9 some?+ q z real & (t5 q z r\gh & /ormy z ! wat] 9 :i* ! fi%es swim4 ,! some?+ 9 :i* we live is air1 & ! reason t we d n p]ceive x1 is t we are 9 x1 & t x is a gas1 & invisible to u2 :ile we are above ! wat] 9 :i* ! fi%es live1 & x is a liquid :i* our eyes c p]ceive4 ,b let u suppose = a mom5t t a be+1 ^: eyes 7 s made t he c\ld see gases z we see liquids1 0 look+ d[n f a di/ance ^u our e>?4 ,he w\ld see an ocean ( air1 or a]ial ocean1 all r\nd ! globe1 ) birds float+ ab\t 9 x1 & p walk+ along ! bottom1 j z we see fi% glid+ along ! bottom ( a riv]4 ,x is true1 he w\ld nev] see ev5 ! birds come ne> to ! surface1 = ! highe/- fly+ bird1 ! condor1 nev] so>s m ?an five miles f ! gr\nd1 & our atmosph]e1 z we %all see1 is at lea/ #ajj miles high4 ,s he w\ld call u all deep-air creatures1 j z we talk ( deep-sea animals2 & if we c imag9e t he fi%$ 9 ?is air-ocean1 & c\ld pull "o ( u out ( x into space1 he w\ld f9d t we %\ld gasp & die j z fi%es d :5 pull$ out ( ! wat]4 ,he w\ld also obs]ve v curi\s ?+s go+ on 9 our air- ocean2 he w\ld see l>ge /reams & curr5ts ( air1 :i* we call w9ds1 & :i* w\ld appe> to him z ocean-curr5ts d to u1 :ile ne> d[n to ! e>? he w\ld see ?ick mi/s =m+ & !n disappe>+ aga91 & ^! w\ld be our cl\ds4 ,f !m he w\ld see ra91 hail & sn[ fall+ to ! e>?1 & f "t to "t bright fla%es w\ld %oot across ! air- ocean1 :i* w\ld be our lightn+4 ,nay ev5 ! brilliant ra9b[1 ! nor!rn aurora borealis1 & ! fall+ />s1 :i* seem to u s high up 9 space1 w\ld be se5 by him ne> to our e>?1 & all )9 ! a]ial ocean4 ,b z we "k ( no su* be+ liv+ 9 space1 :o c tell u :at takes place 9 our invisible air1 & we _c see x ourselves1 we mu/ try by exp]im5ts to see x ) our imag9ation1 ?\gh we _c ) our eyes4 ,fir/1 !n1 c we discov] :at air is8 ,at "o "t x 0 ?\ght t x 0 a simple gas & c\ld n be sep>at$ into m ?an "o k9d4 ,b we are n[ go+ to make an exp]im5t by :i* x has be5 %[n t air is made ( two gases m+l$ toge!r1 & t "o ( ^! gases1 call$ oxyg51 is us$ up :5 any?+ burns1 :ile ! o!r nitrog5 is n us$1 & only s]ves to dilute ! m9ute atoms ( oxyg54 ,i h "h a glass bell-j>1 ) a cork fix$ tightly 9 ! neck1 & ,i place ! j> ov] a pan ( wat]1 :ile on ! wat] floats a plate ) a small piece ( phosphorus ^u x4 ,y w see t by putt+ ! bell-j> ov] ! wat]1 ,i h %ut 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( air1 & my object n[ is to use up ! oxyg5 out ( ?is air & leave only nitrog5 beh9d4 ,to d ?is ,i mu/ light ! piece ( phosphorus1 = y w rememb] x is 9 burn+ t oxyg5 is us$ up4 ,i w take ! cork out1 light ! phosphorus1 & cork up ! j> aga94 ,see6 z ! phosphorus burns :ite fumes fill ! j>4 ,^! fumes are phosphoric acid :i* is a sub/ance made ( phosphor\s & ! oxyg5 ( ! air toge!r4 ,n[1 phosphoric acid melts 9 wat] j z sug> does1 & 9 a few m9utes ^! fumes w disappe>4 ,!y are beg9n+ to melt already1 & ! wat] f ! pan is ris+ up 9 ! bell-j>4 ,:y is ?is8 ,consid] = a mom5t :at we h done4 ,fir/1 ! j> 0 full ( air1 t is1 ( mix$ oxyg5 & nitrog52 !n ! phosphorus us$ up ! oxyg5 mak+ :ite fumes2 aft]w>ds1 ! wat] suck$ up ^! fumes2 & s1 9 ! j> n[ nitrog5 is ! only gas left1 & ! wat] has ris5 up to fill all ! re/ ( ! space t 0 once tak5 up ) oxyg54 ,we c easily prove t !re is no oxyg5 n[ 9 ! j>4 ,i take out ! cork & let a light$ tap] d[n into ! gas4 ,if !re 7 any oxyg5 ! tap] w\ld burn1 b y see x goes out directly prov+ t all ! oxyg5 has be5 us$ up by ! phosphor\s4 ,:5 ?is exp]im5t is made v accurately1 we f9d t = e p9t ( oxyg5 9 air !re are f\r p9ts ( nitrog51 s t ! active oxyg5-atoms are scatt]$ ab\t1 float+ 9 ! sleepy1 inactive nitrog54 ,x is ^! oxyg5-atoms :i* we use up :5 we brea!4 ,if ,i _h put a m\se "u ! bell-j>1 in/ead ( ! phosphorus1 ! wat] w\ld h ris5 j ! same1 because ! m\se w\ld h brea!d 9 ! oxyg5 & us$ x up 9 its body1 jo9+ x to c>bon & mak+ a bad gas1 c>bonic acid1 :i* w\ld also melt 9 ! wat]1 & :5 all ! oxyg5 0 us$1 ! m\se w\ld h di$4 ,d y see n[ h[ fooli% x is to live 9 rooms t are closely %ut up1 or to hide y\r head "u ! b$clo!s :5 y sleep8 ,y use up all ! oxyg5-atoms1 & !n !re are none left = y to brea!2 & besides ?is1 y s5d out ( y\r m\? bad fumes1 ?\gh y _c see !m1 & ^!1 :5 y brea! !m 9 aga91 poison y & make y ill4 ,p]haps y w say1 ,if oxyg5 is s useful1 :y is n ! air made entirely ( x8 ,b ?9k = a mom5t4 ,if !re 0 su* an imm5se quantity ( oxyg51 h[ fe>fully fa/ ev]y?+ w\ld burn6 ,our bodies w\ld soon rise above fev] heat f ! quantity ( oxyg5 we %\ld take 91 & all fires & lights w\ld burn furi\sly4 ,9 fact1 a flame once light$ w\ld spread s rapidly t no p[] on e>? c\ld /op x1 & ev]y?+ w\ld be de/roy$4 ,s ! lazy nitrog5 is v useful 9 keep+ ! oxyg5-atoms ap>t2 & we h "t1 ev5 :5 a fire is v l>ge & p[]ful1 to put x out be=e x has drawn 9 m & m oxyg5 f ! surr\nd+ air4 ,(t51 if y c %ut a fire into a clos$ space1 z 9 a closely-%ut room or ! hold ( a %ip1 x w g out1 because x has us$ up all ! oxyg5 9 ! air4 ,s1 y see1 we %all be "r 9 pictur+ ?is invisible air all ar\nd u z a mixture ( two gases4 ,b :5 we exam9e ord9>y air v c>efully1 we f9d small quantities ( o!r gases 9 x1 besides oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,fir/1 !re is c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is is ! bad gas :i* we give out ( our m\?s aft] we h burnt up ! oxyg5 ) ! c>bon ( our bodies inside our lungs2 & ?is c>bonic acid is also giv5 out f ev]y?+ t burns4 ,if only animals liv$ 9 ! _w1 ?is gas w\ld soon poison ! air2 b plants get hold ( x1 & 9 ! sun%9e !y break x up aga91 z we %all see 9 ,lecture ,,vii1 & use up ! c>bon1 ?r[+ ! oxyg5 back into ! air = u to use4 ,secondly1 !re are v small quantities ( ammonia1 or ! gas :i* almo/ *okes y 9 smell+-salts1 & :i*1 :5 liquid is commonly call$ spirits ( h>t%orn4 ,?is ammonia is useful to plants1 z we %all see by & by4 ,la/ly1 !re is a great deal ( wat] 9 ! air1 float+ ab\t z invisible vap\r or wat]-du/1 & ?is we %all speak ( 9 ! next lecture4 ,/ill1 all ^! gases & vap\rs 9 ! atmosph]e are 9 v small quantities1 & ! bulk ( ! air is compos$ ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,hav+ n[ le>n$ :at air is1 ! next "q :i* pres5ts itself is1 ,:y does x /ay r\nd our e>?8 ,y w rememb] we saw 9 ! fir/ lecture1 t all ! little atoms ( a gas are try+ to fly away f ea* o!r1 s t if ,i turn on ?is gas-jet ! atoms soon leave x1 & rea* y at ! f>!r end ( ! room1 & y c smell ! gas4 ,:y1 !n1 d n all ! atoms ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 fly away f our e>? into space1 & leave u )\t any air8 ,ah6 "h y mu/ look = ano!r ( our invisible =ces4 ,h y =gott5 our giant =ce1 gravitation1 :i* draws ?+s toge!r f a di/ance8 ,?is =ce draws toge!r ! e>? & ! atoms ( oxyg5 & nitrog52 & z ! e>? is v big & heavy1 & ! atoms ( air are light & easily mov$1 !y are drawn d[n to ! e>? & held !re by gravitation4 ,b = all t1 ! atmosph]e does n leave (f try+ to fly away2 x is always press+ upw>ds & outw>ds ) all its might1 :ile ! e>? is do+ its be/ to hold x d[n4 ,! effect ( ?is is1 t ne> ! e>?1 :]e ! pull d[nw>d is v /rong1 ! air-atoms are drawn v closely toge!r1 because gravitation gets ! be/ ( ! /ruggle4 ,b z we get f>!r & f>!r f ! e>?1 ! pull d[nw>d becomes weak]1 & !n ! air-atoms spr+ f>!r ap>t1 & ! air becomes ?9n]4 ,suppose t ! l9es 9 ?is diagram repres5t lay]s ( air4 ,ne> ! e>? we h to repres5t !m z ly+ closely toge!r1 b z !y rec$e f ! e>? !y are also f>!r ap>t4 ,b ! *ief reason :y ! air is ?ick] or d5s] ne>] ! e>?1 is because ! upp] lay]s press x d[n4 ,if y h a heap ( pap]s ly+ "o on ! top ( ! o!r1 y "k t ^? at ! bottom ( ! heap w be m closely press$ toge!r ?an ^? above1 & j ! same is ! case ) ! atoms ( ! air4 ,only !re is ?is diff]5ce1 if ! pap]s h la9 = "s "t1 :5 y take ! top ones (f1 ! "u ones rema9 close toge!r4 ,b x is n s ) ! air1 because air is ela/ic1 & ! atoms are always try+ to fly ap>t1 s t directly y take away ! pressure !y spr+ up aga9 z f> z !y c4 ,week #h ,i h "h an ord9>y pop-gun4 ,if ,i pu% ! cork 9 v tight1 & !n =ce ! pi/on sl[ly inw>ds1 ,i c compress ! air a good deal4 ,n[ ,i am =c+ ! atoms ne>] & ne>] toge!r1 b at la/ !y rebel s /rongly aga9/ be+ m cr[d$ t ! cork _c resi/ _! pressure4 ,out x flies1 & ! atoms spread !mselves out com=tably aga9 9 ! air all ar\nd !m4 ,n[1 j z ,i press$ ! air toge!r 9 ! pop-gun1 s ! atmosph]e high up above ! e>? presses on ! air bel[ & keeps ! atoms closely pack$ toge!r4 ,& 9 ?is case ! atoms _c =ce back ! air above !m z !y did ! cork 9 ! pop-gun2 !y are oblig$ to submit to be press$ toge!r4 ,ev5 a %ort di/ance f ! e>?1 h[ev]1 at ! top ( a high m\nta91 ! air becomes light]1 because x has less weight ( atmosph]e above x1 & p :o g up 9 balloons (t5 h great difficulty 9 brea?+1 because ! air is s ?9 & light4 ,9 #ahjd a ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,gay-,lussac1 w5t up f\r miles & a half 9 a balloon1 & br\ght d[n "s air2 & he f\nd t x 0 mu* less heavy ?an ! same quantity ( air tak5 close d[n to ! e>?1 %[+ t x 0 mu* ?9n]1 or r>]1 z x is call$299 & :51 9 #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,glai%] & ,mr4 ,coxwell w5t up five miles & a half1 ,mr4 ,glai%]'s ve9s began to swell1 & 8 head grew dizzy1 & he fa9t$4 ,! air 0 too ?9 = him to brea! en\gh 9 at a "t1 & x did n press heavily en\gh on ! drums ( 8 e>s & ! ve9s ( 8 body4 ,he w\ld h di$ if ,mr4 ,coxwell _h n quickly let (f "s ( ! gas 9 ! balloon1 s t x sank d[n into d5s] air4 799#ajj cubic in*es ne> ! e>? weigh$ #ca gra9s1 :ile ! same quantity tak5 at f\r & a half miles up 9 ! air weigh$ only #ab gra9s1 or two- fif?s ( ! weight47 ,& n[ comes ano!r v int]e/+ "q4 ,if ! air gets less & less d5se z x is f>!r f ! e>?1 :]e does x /op altoge!r8 ,we _c g up to f9d out1 because we %\ld die long be=e we rea*$ ! limit2 & = a long "t we _h to guess ab\t h[ high ! atmosph]e probably 01 & x 0 g5]ally suppos$ n to be m ?an fifty miles4 ,b lately1 "s curi\s bodies1 :i* we %\ld h nev] suspect$ w\ld be useful to u 9 ?is way1 h let u into ! secret ( ! height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,^! bodies are ! meteors1 or fall+ />s4 ,mo/ p1 at "o "t or ano!r1 h se5 :at looks l a /> %oot "r across ! sky1 & disappe>4 ,on a cle> />light night y may (t5 see "o or m ( ^! bright lights fla% ?r\gh ! air2 = "o falls on an av]age 9 e tw5ty m9utes1 & on ! nights ( ,augu/ #i? & ,novemb] #ac? !re are numb]s 9 "o "p ( ! sky4 ,^! bodies are n really />s2 !y are simply /ones or lumps ( metal fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 & tak+ fire by cla%+ aga9/ ! atoms ( oxyg5 9 x4 ,!re are great numb]s ( ^! masses mov+ r\nd & r\nd ! sun1 & :5 our e>? comes across _! pa?1 z x does especially 9 ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 !y da% ) su* trem5d\s =ce ?r\gh ! atmosph]e t !y gr[ :ite-hot1 & give out light1 & !n disappe>1 melt$ into vap\r4 ,e n[ & !n "o falls to ! e>? be=e x is all melt$ away1 & ?us we le>n t ^! /ones conta9 t91 iron1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,x is :ile ^! bodies are burn+ t !y look to u l fall+ />s1 & :5 we see !m we "k t hey mu/ be da%+ aga9/ our atmosph]e4 ,n[ if two p /& a c]ta9 kn[n di/ance1 say fifty miles1 ap>t on ! e>? & obs]ve ^! meteors & ! direction 9 :i* !y ea* see !m fall1 !y c calculate 7by means ( ! angle betwe5 ! two directions7 h[ high !y are above !m :5 !y fir/ see !m1 & at t mom5t !y mu/ h /ruck aga9/ ! atmosph]e1 & ev5 travell$ "s way ?r\gh x1 to become :ite-hot4 ,9 ?is way we h le>nt t meteors bur/ into light at lea/ #ajj miles above ! surface ( ! e>?1 & s ! atmosph]e mu/ be m ?an #ajj miles high4 ,our next "q is z to ! weight ( our a]ial ocean4 ,y w easily und]/& t all ?is air weigh+ d[n ^u ! e>? mu/ be v heavy1 ev5 ?\gh x gr[s light] z x asc5ds4 ,! atmosph]e does1 9 fact1 weigh d[n ^u l& at ! level ( ! sea z mu* z if a #ae-p\nd weight 7 put ^u e squ>e in* ( l&4 ,?is little piece ( l95 pap]1 :i* ,i am hold+ up1 measures exactly a squ>e in*1 & z x lies on ! table1 x is be>+ a weight ( #ae lbs4 on its surface4 ,b h[1 !n1 comes x t ,i c lift x s easily8 ,:y am ,i n consci\s ( ! weight8 ,to und]/& ?is y mu/ give all y\r att5tion1 = x is important & at fir/ n v easy to grasp4 y mu/ rememb]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! air is heavy because x is attract$ to ! e>?1 & 9 ! second place1 t s9ce air is ela/ic all ! atoms ( x are pu%+ upw>ds aga9/ ?is gravitation4 ,& s1 at any po9t 9 air1 z = in/ance ! place :]e ! pap] n[ is z ,i hold x up1 ,i feel no pressure because exactly z mu* z gravitation is pull+ ! air d[n1 s mu* ela/icity is resi/+ & pu%+ x up4 ,s ! pressure is equal upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 & on all sides1 & ,i c move ! pap] ) equal ease any way4 ,ev5 if ,i lay ! pap] on ! table ?is is /ill true1 because !re is always "s air "u x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i c\ld get ! air q away f "o side ( ! pap]1 !n ! pressure on ! o!r side w\ld %[ itself4 ,i c d ?is by simply wett+ ! pap] & lett+ x fall on ! table1 & ! wat] w prev5t any air f gett+ "u x4 ,n[ see6 if ,i try to lift x by ! ?read 9 ! middle1 ,i h great difficulty1 because ! :ole #ae p\nds' weight ( ! atmosph]e is press+ x d[n4 ,a /ill bett] way ( mak+ ! exp]im5t is ) a piece ( lea!r1 su* z ! boys (t5 amuse !mselves ) 9 ! /reets4 ,?is piece ( lea!r has be5 well soak$4 ,i drop x on ! floor & see6 x requires all my /r5g? to pull x up4 7,9 fa/5+ ! /r+ to ! lea!r ! hole mu/ be v small & ! "k z flat z possible1 & x is ev5 well to put a small piece ( kid "u ! knot4 ,:5 ,i fir/ made ?is exp]im5t1 n hav+ tak5 ^! precautions1 x did n succe$ well1 ow+ to air gett+ 9 ?r\gh ! hole47 ,i n[ drop x on ?is /one weight1 & s heavily is x press$ d[n ^u x by ! atmosph]e t ,i c lift ! weight )\t its break+ away f x4 ,h y ev] tri$ to pick limpets (f a rock8 ,if s1 y "k h[ tight !y cl+4 ! limpet cl+s to ! rock j 9 ! same way z ?is lea!r does to ! /one2 ! little animal exhau/s ! air inside x's %ell1 & !n x is press$ aga9/ ! rock by ! :ole weight ( ! air above4 ,p]haps y w wond] h[ x is t if we h a weight ( #ae lbs4 press+ on e squ>e in* ( our bodies1 x does n cru% u4 ,&1 inde$1 x am\nts on ! :ole to a weight ( ab\t #ae tons ^u ! body ( a gr[n man4 ,x w\ld cru% u if x 7 n t !re are gases & fluids inside our bodies :i* press outw>ds & balance ! weight s t we d n feel x at all4 ,?is is :y ,mr4 ,glai%]'s ve9s swell$ & he grew giddy 9 ?9 air4 ,! gases & fluids inside 8 body 7 press+ outw>ds z mu* z :5 he 0 bel[1 b ! air outside did n press s heavily1 & s all ! natural condition ( 8 body 0 di/urb$4 ,i hope we n[ realize h[ heavily ! air presses d[n ^u our e>?1 b x is equally necess>y to und]/& h[1 be+ ela/ic1 x also presses upw>ds2 & we c prove ?is by a simple exp]im5t4 ,i fill ?is tumbl] ) wat]1 & keep+ a piece ( c>d firmly press$ aga9/ x1 ,i turn ! :ole upside- d[n4 ,:5 ,i n[ take my h& away y w\ld naturally expect ! c>d to fall1 & ! wat] to be spilt4 ,b no6 ! c>d rema9s z if glu$ to ! tumbl]1 kept !re entirely by ! air press+ upw>ds aga9/ x4 7,! engrav] has drawn ! tumbl] only half full ( wat]4 ,! exp]im5t w succe$ q z well 9 ?is way if ! tumbl] be turn$ ov] quickly1 s t "p ( ! air escapes betwe5 ! tumbl] & ! c>d1 & !re=e ! space above ! wat] is occupi$ by air less d5se ?an t outside47 ,& n[ we are almo/ prep>$ to und]/& h[ we c weigh ! invisible air4 ,"o m exp]im5t fir/4 ,i h "h :at is call$ a ,u tube1 because x is %ap$ l a l>ge ,u4 ,i p\r "s wat] 9 x till x is ab\t half full1 & y w notice t ! wat] /&s at ! same height 9 bo? arms ( ! tube1 because ! air presses on bo? surfaces alike4 ,putt+ my ?umb on "o end ,i tilt ! tube c>efully1 s z to make ! wat] run up to ! end ( "o arm1 & !n turn x back aga94 ,b ! wat] does n n[ return to its ev5 position1 x rema9s up 9 ! arm on :i* my ?umb re/s4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because my ?umb keeps back ! air f press+ at t end1 & ! :ole weight ( ! atmosph]e re/s on ! wat] at ! o!r end4 ,& s we le>n t n only has ! atmosph]e real weight1 b we c see ! effects ( ?is weight by mak+ x balance a column ( wat] or any o!r liquid4 ,9 ! case ( ! wett$ lea!r we felt ! weight ( ! air1 "h we see its effects4 ,n[ :5 we wi% to see ! weight ( ! air we consult a b>omet]1 :i* works really j 9 ! same way z ! wat] 9 ?is tube4 ,an ord9>y upright b>omet] is simply a /raight tube ( glass fill$ ) m]cury or quicksilv]1 & turn$ upside-d[n 9 a small cup ( m]cury4 ,! tube is a little m ?an #cj in*es long1 & ?\gh x is q full ( m]cury be=e x is turn$ up1 yet directly x /&s 9 ! cup ! m]cury falls1 till !re is a height ( ab\t #cj in*es betwe5 ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! cup1 & t ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube4 ,z x falls x leaves an empty space above ! m]cury :i* is call$ a vacuum1 because x has no air 9 x4 ,n[1 ! m]cury is "u ! same conditions z ! wat] 0 9 ! ,u tube1 !re is no pressure ^u x at ! top ( ! tube1 :ile !re is a pressure ( #ae lbs4 ^u x 9 ! b[l1 & !re=e x rema9s held up 9 ! tube4 ,week #i ,b :y w x n rema9 m ?an #cj in*es high 9 ! tube8 ,y mu/ rememb] x is only kept up 9 ! tube at all by ! air :i* presses on ! m]cury 9 ! cup4 ,& t column ( m]cury n[ balances ! pressure ( ! air outside1 & presses d[n on ! m]cury 9 ! cup at its m\? j z mu* z ! air does on ! re/4 ,s ?is cup & tube act exactly l a pair ( scales4 ,! air outside is ! ?+ to be weigh$ at "o end z x presses on ! m]cury1 ! column answ]s to ! lead5 weight at ! o!r end :i* tells y h[ heavy ! air is4 ,n[ if ! bore ( ?is tube is made an in* squ>e1 !n ! #cj in*es ( m]cury 9 x weigh exactly #ae lbs1 & s we "k t ! weight ( ! air is #ae lbs4 ^u e squ>e in*1 b if ! bore ( ! tube is only half a squ>e in*1 & !re=e ! #cj in*es ( m]cury only weigh #g #a_/b lbs4 in/ead ( #ae lbs41 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w also be halv$1 because x w only act ^u half a squ>e in* ( surface1 & = ?is reason x w make no diff]5ce to ! height ( ! m]cury :e!r ! tube be broad or n>r[4 ,b n[ suppose ! atmosph]e gr[s light]1 z x does :5 x has mu* damp 9 x4 ,! b>omet] w %[ ?is at once1 because !re w be less weight on ! m]cury 9 ! cup1 !re=e x w n keep ! m]cury pu%$ s high up 9 ! tube4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m]cury 9 ! tube w fall4 ,let u suppose t "o day ! air is s mu* light] t x presses d[n only ) a weight ( #ad #a_/b lbs4 to ! squ>e in* in/ead ( #ae lbs4 ,!n ! m]cury w\ld fall to #bi in*es1 because ea* in* is equal to ! weight ( half a p\nd4 ,n[1 :5 ! air is damp & v full ( wat]-vap\r x is mu* light]1 & s :5 ! b>omet] falls we expect ra94 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 o!r causes make ! air light1 & !n1 al?\gh ! b>omet] is l[1 no ra9 comes1 ,aga91 if ! air becomes heavi] ! m]cury is pu%$ up above #cj to #ca in*es1 & 9 ?is way we are able to weigh ! invisible air-ocean all ov] ! _w1 & tell :5 x gr[s light] or heavi]4 ,?is !n1 is ! secret ( ! b>omet]4 ,we _c speak ( ! !rmomet] today1 b ,i %\ld l to w>n y 9 pass+ t x has no?+ to d ) ! weight ( ! air1 b only ) heat1 & acts 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,& n[ we h be5 s long hunt+ out1 te/+ & weigh+ our a]ial ocean1 t sc>cely any "t is left u to speak ( its movem5ts or ! pleasant breezes :i* x makes = u 9 our c\ntry walks4 ,did y ev] try to run races on a v w9dy day8 ,ah6 !n y feel ! air /rongly en\gh2 h[ x beats aga9/ y\r face & *e/1 & bl[s d[n y\r ?roat s z to take y\r brea? away2 & :at h>d "w x is to /ruggle aga9/ x6 ,/op = a mom5t & re/1 & ask y\rself1 :at is ! w9d8 ,:y does x bl[ sometimes "o way & sometimes ano!r1 & sometimes n at all8 ,w9d is no?+ m ?an air mov+ across ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* z x passes along b5ds ! tops ( ! trees1 beats aga9/ ! h\ses1 pu%es ! %ips along by _! sails1 turns ! w9dmill1 c>ries (f ! smoke f cities1 :i/les ?r\gh ! keyhole1 & moans z x ru%es d[n ! valley4 ,:at makes ! air re/less8 :y %\ld x n lie /ill all r\nd ! e>?8 ,x is re/less because1 z y w rememb]1 its atoms are kept press$ toge!r ne> ! e>? by ! weight ( ! air above1 & !y take e opportunity1 :5 !y c f9d m room1 to spread out viol5tly & ru% into ! vacant space1 & ?is ru% we call a w9d4 ,imag9e a great numb] ( active s*oolboys all cr[d$ into a room till !y c sc>cely move _! arms & legs = ! cru%1 & !n suppose all at once a l>ge door is op5$4 ,w !y n all come tumbl+ out pell-mell1 "o ov] ! o!r1 into ! hall beyond1 s t if y /ood 9 _! way y w\ld mo/ likely be knock$ d[n8 ,well1 j ?is happ5s to ! air- atoms2 :5 !y f9d a space be=e !m into :i* !y c ru%1 !y come on helt]-skelt]1 ) su* =ce t y h great difficulty 9 /&+ aga9/ !m1 & cat* hold ( some?+ to support y = fe> y %\ld be bl[n d[n4 ,b h[ come !y to f9d any empty space to receive !m8 ,to answ] ?is we mu/ g back aga9 to our little active invisible fairies ! sunbeams4 ,:5 ! sun-waves come p\r+ d[n ^u ! e>? !y pass ?r\gh ! air almo/ )\t heat+ x4 ,b n s ) ! gr\nd2 !re !y pass d[n only a %ort di/ance & !n are ?r[n back aga94 ,& :5 ^! sun- waves come quiv]+ back !y =ce ! atoms ( ! air ne> ! e>? ap>t & make x light]2 s t ! air close to ! surface ( ! heat$ gr\nd becomes less heavy ?an ! air above x1 & rises j z a cork rises 9 wat]4 ,y "k t hot air rises 9 ! *imney2 = if y put a piece ( light$ pap] on ! fire x is c>ri$ up by ! draught ( air1 (t5 ev5 be=e x c ignite4 ,n[ j z ! hot air rises f ! fire1 s x rises f ! heat$ gr\nd up into high] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e4 & z x rises x leaves only ?9 air beh9d x1 & ?is _c resi/ ! /rong cold air ^: atoms are /ruggl+ & try+ to get free1 & !y ru% 9 & fill ! space4 ,"o ( ! simple/ examples ( w9d is to be f\nd at ! seaside4 !re 9 ! daytime ! l& gets hot "u ! sun%9e1 & heats ! air1 mak+ x gr[ light & rise4 ,mean:ile ! sun%9e on ! wat] goes d[n deep]1 & s does n s5d back s _m heat-waves into ! air2 consequ5tly ! air on ! top ( ! wat] is cool] & heavi]1 & x ru%es 9 f ov] ! sea to fill up ! space on ! %ore left by ! w>m air z x rises4 ,?is is :y ! seaside is s pleasant 9 hot wea!r4 ,dur+ ! daytime a light sea-breeze ne>ly always sets 9 f ! sea to ! l&4 ,:5 night comes1 h[ev]1 !n ! l& loses its heat v quickly1 because x has n /or$ x up & ! l&-air gr[s cold2 b ! sea1 :i* has be5 ho>d+ ! sun-waves d[n 9 its dep?s1 n[ gives !m up to ! atmosph]e above x1 & ! sea-air becomes w>m & rises4 ,= ?is reason x is n[ ! turn ( ! cold air f ! l& to spread ov] ! sea1 & y h a l&-breeze bl[+ (f ! %ore4 ,aga91 ! reason :y !re are su* /eady w9ds1 call$ ! trade w9ds1 bl[+ t[>ds ! equator1 is t ! sun is v hot at ! equator1 & hot air is always ris+ !re & mak+ room = cold] air to ru% 94 ,we h n "t to travel f>!r ) ! mov+ air1 ?\gh its j\rneys are extremely int]e/+2 b if1 :5 y read ab\t ! trade & o!r w9ds1 y w always picture to y\rselves w>m air made light by ! heat ris+ up into space & cold air exp&+ & ru%+ 9 to fill its place1 ,i c promise y t y w n f9d ! /udy ( a]ial curr5ts s dry z _m p imag9e x to be4 ,we are n[ able to =m "s picture ( our a]ial ocean4 ,we c imag9e ! active atoms ( oxyg5 float+ 9 ! sluggi% nitrog51 & be+ us$ up 9 e c&le-flame1 gas-jet & fire1 & 9 ! brea? ( all liv+ be+s2 & com+ out aga9 ti$ fa/ to atoms ( c>bon & mak+ c>bonic acid4 ,!n we c turn to trees & plants1 & see !m te>+ ^! two ap>t aga91 hold+ ! c>bon fa/ & s5d+ ! invisible atoms ( oxyg5 b\nd+ back aga9 into ! air1 ready to recomm5ce "w4 ,we c picture all ^! air-atoms1 :e!r ( oxyg5 or nitrog51 pack$ close toge!r on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ly+ gradually f>!r & f>!r ap>t1 z !y h less weight above !m1 till !y become s scatt]$ t we c only detect !m z !y rub aga9/ ! fly+ meteors :i* fla% into light4 ,we c feel ?is great weight ( air press+ ! limpet on to ! rock2 & we c see x press+ up ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] & s enabl+ u to measure its weight4 ,la/ly1 e brea? ( w9d t bl[s pa/ u tells u h[ ?is a]ial ocean is always mov+ to & fro on ! face ( ! e>?2 & if we ?9k = a mom5t h[ mu* bad air & bad matt] x mu/ c>ry away1 z x goes f cr[d$ cities to be purifi$ 9 ! c\ntry1 we c see h[1 9 ev5 ?is "o way alone1 x is a great bless+ to u4 ,yet ev5 n[ we h n m5tion$ _m ( ! beauties ( our atmosph]e4 ,x is ! t9y p>ticles float+ 9 ! air :i* scatt] ! light ( ! sun s t x spreads ov] ! :ole c\ntry & into %ady places4 ,! sun's rays always travel /raight =w>d2 & 9 ! moon1 :]e !re is no atmosph]e1 !re is no light any:]e except j :]e ! rays fall4 ,b on our e>? ! sun-waves hit aga9/ ! myriads ( p>ticles 9 ! air & glide (f !m into ! corn]s ( ! room or ! recesses ( a %ady lane1 & s we h light spread be=e u :]ev] we walk 9 ! daytime1 in/ead ( ^? deep black %ad[s :i* we c see ?r\gh a telescope on ! face ( ! moon4 ,aga91 x is electricity play+ 9 ! air-atoms :i* gives u ! beautiful lightn+ & ! gr& aurora borealis1 & ev5 ! tw9kl+ ( ! />ts is produc$ entirely by m9ute *anges 9 ! air4 ,if x 7 n = our a]ial ocean1 ! />s w\ld />e at u /]nly1 in/ead ( smil+ ) ! pleasant tw9kle-tw9kle :i* we h all le>n$ to love z little *ildr54 ,all ^! que/ions1 h[ev]1 we mu/ leave = ! pres5t2 only ,i hope y w be eag] to read ab\t !m :]ev] y c1 & op5 y\r eyes to le>n _! secrets4 ,= ! pres5t we mu/ be cont5t if we c ev5 picture ?is wond]ful ocean ( gas spread r\nd our e>?1 & "s ( ! "w x does = u4 ,we said 9 ! la/ lecture t )\t ! sunbeams ! e>? w\ld be cold1 d>k1 & fro/-ridd54 ,) sunbeams1 b )\t air1 x w\ld inde$ h burn+ heat1 side by side ) d>kness & ice1 b x c\ld h no s(t light4 our planet might look beautiful to o!rs1 z ! moon does to u1 b x c\ld h comp>atively few beauties ( its own4 ,) ! sunbeams & ! air1 we see x has mu* to make x beautiful4 ,b a ?ird work] is want$ be=e our planet c revel 9 activity & life4 ,?is work] is wat]2 & 9 ! next lecture we %all le>n some?+ ( ! beauty & ! usefulness ( ! drops ( wat] on _! travels4 ,week #aj ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,a ,,drop ,,( ,,wat] ,,on ,,its ,,travels ,we are go+ to sp5d an h\r to-day 9 foll[+ a drop ( wat] on its travels4 ,if ,i dip my f+] 9 ?is bas9 ( wat] & lift x up aga91 ,i br+ ) x a small gli/5+ drop out ( ! body ( wat] bel[1 & hold x be=e y4 ,tell me1 h y any idea :]e ?is drop has be58 :at *anges x has und]gone1 & :at "w x has be5 do+ dur+ all ! long ages t wat] has la9 on ! face ( ! e>?8 ,x is a drop n[1 b x 0 n s be=e ,i lift$ x out ( ! bas92 !n x 0 "p ( a %eet ( wat]1 & w be s aga9 if ,i let x fall4 ,aga91 if ,i 7 to put ?is bas9 on ! /ove till all ! wat] _h boil$ away1 :]e w\ld my drop be !n8 ,:]e w\ld x g8 ,:at =ms w x take be=e x reappe>s 9 ! ra9-cl\d1 ! riv]1 or ! sp>kl+ dew8 ,^! are que/ions we are go+ to try to answ] to-day2 & fir/1 be=e we c 9 ! lea/ und]/& h[ wat] travels1 we mu/ call to m9d :at we h le>nt ab\t ! sunbeams & ! air4 ,we mu/ h cle>ly pictur$ 9 our imag9ation ^? c\ntless sun-waves :i* are = ev] cross+ space1 & especially ^? l>g] & sl[] undulations1 ! d>k heat- waves2 = x is ^!1 y w rememb]1 :i* =ce ! air- atoms ap>t & make ! air light1 & x is also ^! :i* are mo/ busy 9 s5d+ wat] on its travels4 ,b n ^! alone4 ,! sun-waves might %ake ! wat]-drops z mu* z !y lik$ & turn !m into invisible vap\r1 b !y c\ld n c>ry !m ov] ! e>? if x 7 n = ! w9ds & curr5ts ( t a]ial ocean :i* be>s ! vap\r on its bosom1 & wafts x to diff]5t regions ( ! _w4 ,let u try to und]/& h[ ^! two invisible work]s1 ! sun-waves & ! air1 deal ) ! drops ( wat]4 ,i h "h a kettle 7,fig4 #ah1 p4 #gf7 boil+ ov] a _s-lamp1 & ,i want y to foll[ m9utely :at is go+ on 9 x4 ,fir/1 9 ! flame ( ! lamp1 atoms ( ! _s drawn up f bel[ are cla%+ ) ! oxyg5-atoms 9 ! air4 ,?is1 z y "k1 causes heat-waves & light-waves to move rapidly all r\nd ! lamp4 ,! light-waves _c pass ?r\gh ! kettle1 b ! heat-waves c1 & z !y ent] ! wat] inside !y agitate x viol5tly4 ,quick]1 & /ill m quickly1 ! p>ticles ( wat] ne> ! bottom ( ! kettle move to & fro & are %ak5 ap>t2 & z !y become light !y rise ?r\gh ! cold] wat] lett+ ano!r lay] come d[n to be heat$ 9 its turn4 ,! motion gr[s m & m viol5t1 mak+ ! wat] hott] & hott]1 till at la/ ! p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$ fly asund]1 & escape z invisible vap\r4 ,if ?is kettle 7 transp>5t y w\ld n see any /eam above ! wat]1 because x is 9 ! =m ( an invisible gas4 ,b z ! /eam comes out ( ! m\? ( ! kettle y see a cl\d4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because ! vap\r is *ill$ by com+ out into ! cold air1 & its p>ticles are drawn toge!r aga9 into t9y1 t9y drops ( wat]1 to :i* ,dr4 ,tyndall has giv5 ! sugge/ive "n ( wat]-du/4 ,if y hold a plate ov] ! /eam y c cat* ^! t9y drops1 ?\gh !y w run into "o ano!r almo/ z y are cat*+ !m4 ,! cl\ds y see float+ 9 ! sky are made ( exactly ! same k9d ( wat]-du/ z ! cl\d f ! kettle1 & ,i wi% to %[ y t ?is is also really ! same z ! invisible /eam )9 ! kettle4 ,i w d s by an exp]im5t sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,tyndall4 ,"h is ano!r _s-lamp1 :i* ,i w hold "u ! cl\d ( /eam - see6 ! cl\d disappe>s6 ,z soon z ! wat]-du/ is heat$ ! heat-waves scatt] x aga9 into invisible p>ticles1 :i* float away into ! room4 ,ev5 )\t ! _s-lamp1 y c conv9ce y\rself t wat]-vap\r may be invisible2 = close to ! m\? ( ! kettle y w see a %ort blank space be=e ! cl\d beg9s4 ,9 ?is space !re mu/ be /eam1 b x is /ill s hot t y _c see x2 & ?is proves t heat-waves c s %ake wat] ap>t z to c>ry x away invisibly "r be=e y\r eyes4 ,n[1 al?\gh we nev] see any wat] travell+ f our e>? up into ! skies1 we "k t x goes !re1 = x comes d[n aga9 9 ra91 & s x mu/ g up invisibly4 ,b :]e does ! heat come f :i* makes ?is wat] invisible8 ,n f bel[1 z 9 ! case ( ! kettle1 b f above1 p\r+ d[n f ! sun4 ,:]ev] ! sun-waves t\* ! riv]s1 ponds1 lakes1 seas1 or fields ( ice & sn[ ^u our e>?1 !y c>ry (f invisible wat]-vap\r4 ,!y d>t d[n ?r\gh ! top lay]s ( ! wat]1 & %ake ! wat]-p>ticles =cibly ap>t2 & 9 ?is case ! drops fly asund] m easily & be=e !y are s hot1 because !y are n kept d[n by a great weight ( wat] above1 z 9 ! kettle1 b f9d pl5ty ( room to spread !mselves out 9 ! gaps betwe5 ! air-atoms ( ! atmosph]e4 ,c y imag9e ^! wat]-p>ticles1 j above any pond or lake1 ris+ up & gett+ entangl$ among ! air-atoms8 ,!y are v light1 mu* light] ?an ! atmosph]e2 & s1 :5 a great _m ( !m are spread ab\t 9 ! air :i* lies j ov] ! pond1 !y make x mu* light] ?an ! lay] ( air above1 & s help x to rise1 :ile ! heavi] lay] ( air comes d[n ready to take up m vap\r4 ,9 ?is way ! sun-waves & ! air c>ry (f wat] ev]yday1 & all day long1 f ! top ( lakes1 riv]s1 pools1 spr+s1 & seas1 & ev5 f ! surface ( ice & sn[4 ,)\t any fuss or noise or sign ( any k9d1 ! wat] ( our e>? is be+ drawn up invisibly into ! sky4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 ! ,indian ,ocean ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( wat] is c>ri$ (f f ! surface ( ! sea 9 "o day & night2 s t z mu* z #bb feet1 or a dep? ( wat] ab\t twice ! height ( an ord9>y room1 is sil5tly & invisibly lift$ up f ! :ole surface ( ! ocean 9 "o ye>4 ,x is true ?is is "o ( ! hotte/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 :]e ! sun-waves are mo/ active2 b ev5 9 our own c\ntry _m feet ( wat] are drawn up 9 ! summ]-"t4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( all ?is wat]8 ,let u foll[ x z x /ruggles upw>ds to ! sky4 ,we see x 9 our imag9ation fir/ c>ry+ lay] aft] lay] ( air up ) x f ! sea till x rises f> above our heads & above ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,b n[1 call to m9d :at happ5s to ! air z x rec$es f ! e>?4 ,d y n rememb] t ! air-atoms are always try+ to fly ap>t1 & are only kept press$ toge!r by ! weight ( air above !m8 ,well1 s ?is wat]-lad5 air rises up1 its p>ticles1 no long] s mu* press$ toge!r1 beg9 to sep>ate1 & z all "w requires an exp5diture ( heat1 ! air becomes cold]1 & !n y "k at once :at mu/ happ5 to ! invisible vap\r1 -- x w =m into t9y wat]-drops1 l ! /eam f ! kettle4 ,& s1 z ! air rises & becomes cold]1 ! vap\r ga!rs into ! visible masses1 & we c see x hang+ 9 ! sky1 & call x cl\ds4 ,:5 ^! cl\ds are highe/ !y are ab\t t5 miles f ! e>?1 b :5 !y are made ( heavy drops & hang l[ d[n1 !y sometimes come )9 a mile ( ! gr\nd4 ,look up at ! cl\ds z y g home1 & ?9k t ! wat] ( :i* !y are made has all be5 drawn up invisibly ?r\gh ! air4 ,n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily "h 9 ,london1 = we h already se5 t air travels z w9d all ov] ! _w1 ru%+ 9 to fill spaces made by ris+ air :]ev] !y occur1 & s ^! cl\ds may be made ( vap\r collect$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 or 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico (f ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 or ev51 if ! w9d is f ! nor?1 ( *illy p>ticles ga!r$ f ! surface ( ,gre5l& ice & sn[1 & br\ght "h by ! mov+ curr5ts ( air4 ,only1 ( "o ?+ we may be sure1 t !y come f ! wat] ( our e>?4 ,sometimes1 if ! air is w>m1 ^! wat]-p>ticles may travel a long way )\t ev] =m+ into cl\ds2 & on a hot1 cl\dless day ! air is (t5 v full ( invisible vap\r4 ,!n1 if a cold w9d comes sweep+ along1 high up 9 ! sky1 & *ills ?is vap\r1 x =ms into great bodies ( wat]-du/ cl\ds1 & ! sky is ov]ca/4 ,at o!r times cl\ds hang lazily 9 a bright sky1 & ^! %[ u t j :]e !y are 7z 9 ,fig4 #ai7 ! air is cold & turns ! invisible vap\r ris+ f ! gr\nd into visible wat]-du/1 s t exactly 9 ^? spaces we see x z cl\ds4 ,su* cl\ds =m (t5 on w>m1 /ill summ]'s day1 & !y are %ap$ l masses ( wool1 end+ 9 a /raight l9e bel[4 ,!y are n m]ely hang+ 9 ! sky1 !y are really re/+ ^u a tall column ( invisible vap\r :i* /ret*es "r up f ! e>?2 & t /raight l9e "u ! cl\ds m>ks ! place :]e ! air becomes cold en\gh to turn ?is invisible vap\r into visible drops ( wat]4 ,week #aa ,& n[1 suppose t :ile ^! or any o!r k9d ( cl\ds are ov]head1 !re comes along ei!r a v cold w9d1 or a w9d full ( vap\r4 ,z x passes ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 x makes !m v full ( wat]1 =1 if x *ills !m1 x makes ! wat]- du/ draw m closely toge!r2 or1 if x br+s a new load ( wat]-du/1 ! air is full] ?an x c hold4 ,9 ei!r case a numb] ( wat]-p>ticles are set free1 & our fairy =ce cohesion seizes ^u !m at once & =ms !m into l>ge wat]-drops4 ,!n !y are mu* heavi] ?an ! air1 & s !y c float no long]1 b d[n !y come to ! e>? 9 a %[] ( ra94 ,!re are o!r ways 9 :i* ! air may be *ill$1 & ra9 made to fall1 z1 = example1 :5 a w9d lad5 ) moi/ure /rikes aga9/ ! cold tops ( m\nta9s4 ,?us ! ,khasia ,hills 9 ,india :i* face ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 *ill ! air :i* crosses !m on its way f ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! wet w9ds are driv5 up ! sides ( ! hills1 ! air exp&s1 & ! vap\r is *ill$1 & =m+ into drops1 falls 9 torr5ts ( ra94 ,sir ,j4 ,hook] tells u t z mu* z #ejj in*es ( ra9 fell 9 ^! hills 9 n9e mon?s4 ,t is to say1 if y c\ld measure (f all ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! ra9 fell1 & spread ! :ole n9e mon?s' ra9 ov] x1 x w\ld make a lake #ejj in*es1 or m ?an #dj feet deep6 ,y w n be surpris$ t ! c\ntry on ! o!r side ( ^! hills gets h>dly any ra91 = all ! wat] has be5 tak5 out ( ! air be=e x comes !re4 ,aga9 = example 9 ,engl&1 ! w9d comes to ,cumb]l& & ,we/morl& ov] ! ,atlantic1 full ( vap\r1 & z x /rikes aga9/ ! ,p5n9e ,hills x %akes (f its wat]y load2 s t ! lake di/rict is ! mo/ ra9y 9 ,engl&1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ,wales1 :]e ! high m\nta9s h ! same effect4 ,9 ?is way1 f diff]5t causes1 ! wat] ( :i* ! sun has robb$ our riv]s & seas1 comes back to u1 aft] x has travell$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 float+ on ! bosom ( ! air4 ,b x does n always fall /raight back into ! riv]s & seas aga91 a l>ge "p ( x falls on ! l&1 & has to trickle d[n slopes & into ! e>?1 9 ord] to get back to its natural home1 & x is (t5 caught on its way be=e x c rea* ! great wat]s4 ,g to any piece ( gr\nd :i* is left wild & unt\*$ y w f9d x cov]$ ) grass we$s1 & o!r plants2 if y dig up a small plot y w f9d innum]able t9y roots creep+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd 9 e direction4 ,ea* ( ^! roots has a sponge-l m\? by :i* ! plant takes up wat]4 ,n[1 imag9e ra9-drops fall+ on ?is plot ( gr\nd & s9k+ into ! e>?4 ,on e side !y w f9d rootlets ?ir/+ to dr9k !m 91 & !y w be suck$ up z if by t9y sponges1 & drawn into ! plants1 & up ! /ems to ! leaves4 ,"h1 z we %all see 9 ,lecture ,,vii41 !y are work$ up into food = ! plant1 & only if ! leaf has m wat] ?an x ne$s1 "s drops may escape at ! t9y op5+s "u ! leaf1 & be drawn up aga9 by ! sun-waves z invisible vap\r into ! air4 ,aga91 mu* ( ! ra9 falls on h>d rock & /one1 :]e x _c s9k 91 & !n x lies 9 pools till x is %ak5 ap>t aga9 into vap\r & c>ri$ (f 9 ! air4 ,nor is x idle "h1 ev5 be=e x is c>ri$ up to make cl\ds4 ,we h to ?ank ?is invisible vap\r 9 ! air = protect+ u f ! burn+ heat ( ! sun by day & intol]able fro/ by night4 ,let u = a mom5t imag9e t we c see all t we "k exi/s betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,fir/1 we h ! f9e e!r across :i* ! sunbeams travel1 beat+ d[n ^u our e>? ) imm5se =ce1 s t 9 ! s&y des]t !y are l a burn+ fire4 ,!n we h ! co>s] atmosph]e ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 atoms hang+ 9 ?is e!r1 & b5d+ ! m9ute sun- waves out ( _! direct pa?4 ,b !y d v little to h9d] !m on _! way1 & ?is is :y 9 v dry c\ntries ! sun's heat is s int5se4 ,! rays beat d[n m]cilessly1 & no?+ opposes !m4 ,la/ly1 9 damp c\ntries we h ! l>g] b /ill invisible p>ticles ( vap\r hang+ ab\t among ! air-atoms4 ,n[1 ^! wat]y p>ticles1 al?\gh !y are v few 7only ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? "p ( ! :ole atmosph]e71 d h9d] ! sun-waves4 ,= !y are v gre$y ( heat1 & ?\gh ! light-waves pass easily ?r\gh !m1 !y cat* ! heat-waves & use !m to help !mselves to exp&4 ,& s1 :5 !re is invisible vap\r 9 ! air1 ! sunbeams come to u depriv$ ( "s ( _! heat-waves1 & we c rema9 9 ! sun%9e )\t suff]+ f ! heat4 ,?is is h[ ! wat]-vap\r %ields u by day1 b by night x is /ill m useful4 ,dur+ ! day our e>? & ! air ne> x h be5 /or+ up ! heat :i* has be5 p\r$ d[n on !m1 & at night1 :5 ! sun goes d[n1 all ?is heat beg9s to escape aga94 ,n[1 if !re 7 no vap\r 9 ! air1 ?is heat w\ld ru% back into space s rapidly t ! gr\nd w\ld become cold & froz5 ev5 on a summ]'s night1 & all b ! mo/ h>dy plants w\ld die4 ,b ! vap\r :i* =m$ a veil aga9/ ! sun 9 ! day1 n[ =ms a /ill m p[]ful veil aga9/ ! escape ( ! heat by night4 ,x %uts 9 ! heat- waves1 & only all[s !m to make _! way sl[ly upw>ds f ! e>? - ?us produc+ = u ! s(t1 balmy nights ( summ] & prev5t+ all life be+ de/roy$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,p]haps y w\ld sc>cely imag9e at fir/ t x is ?is scre5 ( vap\r :i* det]m9es :e!r or n we %all h dew ^u ! gr\nd4 ,h y ev] ?\ght :y dew =ms1 or :at p[] has be5 at "w scatt]+ ! sp>kl+ drops ^u ! grass8 ,picture to y\rself t x has be5 a v hot summ]'s day1 & ! gr\nd & ! grass h be5 well w>m$1 & t ! sun goes d[n 9 a cle> sky )\t any cl\ds4 ,at once ! heat- waves :i* h be5 /or$ up 9 ! gr\nd1 b\nd back into ! air1 & "h "s are gre$ily absorb$ by ! vap\r1 :ile o!rs make _! way sl[ly upw>ds4 ,! grass1 especially1 gives out ^! heat-waves v quickly1 because ! blades1 be+ v ?91 are almo/ all surface4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is !y "p ) _! heat m quickly ?an !y c draw x up f ! gr\nd1 & become cold4 ,n[ ! air ly+ j above ! grass is full ( invisible vap\r1 & ! cold ( ! blades1 z x t\*es !m1 *ills ! wat]- p>ticles1 & !y are no long] able to hold ap>t1 b are drawn toge!r into drops on ! surface ( ! leaves4 ,we c easily make artificial dew = ourselves4 ,i h "h a bottle ( ice :i* has be5 kept outside ! w9d[4 ,:5 ,i br+ x into ! w>m room a mi/ =ms rapidly outside ! bottle4 ,?is mi/ is compos$ ( wat]-drops1 drawn out ( ! air ( ! room1 because ! cold glass *ill$ ! air all r\nd x1 s t x gave up its invisible wat] to =m dew-drops4 ,j 9 ?is same way ! cold blades ( grass *ill ! air ly+ above !m1 & /eal its vap\r4 ,b try ! exp]im5t1 "s night :5 a heavy dew is expect$1 ( spread+ a ?9 piece ( musl9 ov] "s "p ( ! grass1 support+ x at ! f\r corn]s ) pieces ( /ick s t x =ms an awn+4 ,?\gh !re may be pl5ty ( dew on ! grass all r\nd1 yet "u ?is awn+ y w f9d sc>cely any4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! musl9 *ecks ! heat-waves z !y rise f ! grass1 & s ! grass-blades are n *ill$ en\gh to draw toge!r ! wat]-drops on _! surface4 ,if y walk out e>ly 9 ! summ] morn+s & look at ! f9e cobwebs flung across ! h$ges1 y w see pl5ty ( drops on ! cobwebs !mselves sp>kl+ l diamonds2 b und]nea? on ! leaves !re w be none1 = ev5 ! delicate cobweb has be5 /rong en\gh to %ut 9 ! heat-waves & keep ! leaves w>m4 ,aga91 if y walk (f ! grass on to ! gravel pa?1 y f9d no dew !re4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because ! /ones ( ! gravel c draw up heat f ! e>? bel[ z fa/ z !y give x out1 & s !y are nev] cold en\gh to *ill ! air :i* t\*es !m4 ,on a cl\dy night also y w (t5 f9d little or no dew ev5 on ! grass4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! cl\ds give back heat to ! e>?1 & s ! grass does n become *ill$ en\gh to draw ! wat]-drops toge!r on its surface4 ,b aft] a hot1 dry day1 :5 ! plants are ?ir/y & !re is little hope ( ra9 to refre% !m1 !n !y are able 9 ! ev5+ to draw ! little drops f ! air & dr9k !m 9 be=e ! ris+ sun comes aga9 to c>ry !m away4 ,b our ra9-drop und]goes o!r *anges m /range ?an ^!4 ,till n[ we h be5 imag9+ x to travel only :]e ! temp]ature is mod]ate en\gh = x to rema9 9 a liquid /ate z wat]4 ,b suppose t :5 x is drawn up into ! air x meets ) su* a cold bla/ z to br+ x to ! freez+ po9t4 ,if x falls into ?is bla/ :5 x is already a drop1 !n x w freeze into a hail/one1 & (t5 on a hot summ]'s day we may h a sev]e hail/orm1 because ! ra9-drops h cross$ a bitt]ly cold w9d z !y 7 fall+1 & h be5 froz5 into r\nd drops ( ice4 ,b if ! wat]-vap\r rea*es ! freez+ air :ile x is /ill an invisible gas1 & be=e x has be5 drawn into a drop1 !n its hi/ory is v diff]5t4 ,! ord9>y =ce ( cohesion has !n no p[] ov] ! p>ticles to make !m into wat]y globes1 b its place is tak5 by ! fairy process ( cry/allization1 & !y are =m$ into beautiful :ite flakes1 to fall 9 a sn[-%[]4 ,i want y to picture ?is process to y\rselves1 = if once y c take an int]e/ 9 ! wond]ful p[] ( nature to build up cry/als1 y w be a/oni%$ h[ (t5 y w meet ) in/ances ( x1 & :at pleasure x w add to y\r life4 ,! p>ticles ( ne>ly all sub/ances1 :5 left free & n hurri$1 c build !mselves into cry/al =ms4 ,if y melt salt 9 wat] & !n let all ! wat] evaporate sl[ly1 y w get salt-cry/als2 -- beautiful cubes ( transp>5t salt all built on ! same patt]n4 ,! same is true ( sug>2 & if y w look at ! spikes ( an ord9>y /ick ( sug>-c&y1 su* z ,i h "h1 y w see ! k9d ( cry/als :i* sug> =ms4 ,y may ev5 pick out su* %apes z ^! f ! common cry/alliz$ br[n sug> 9 ! sug> bas91 or see !m ) a magnify+ glass on a lump ( :ite sug>4 ,b x is n only easily melt$ sub/ances su* z sug> & salt :i* =m cry/als4 ,! beautiful /alactite grottos are all made ( cry/als ( lime4 ,diamonds are cry/als ( c>bon1 made inside ! e>?4 ,rock-cry/als1 :i* y "k probably "u ! "n ( ,iri% diamonds1 are cry/alliz$ qu>tz2 & s1 ) slightly diff]5t col\r+s1 are agates1 opals1 jasp]1 onyx1 cairngorms1 & _m o!r preci\s /ones4 ,iron1 copp]1 gold1 & sulphur1 :5 melt$ & cool$ sl[ly build !mselves into cry/als1 ea* ( _! own peculi> =m1 & we see t !re is "h a wond]ful ord]1 su* z we %\ld nev] h dreamt (1 if we _h n prov$ x4 ,if y possess a microscope y may wat* ! gr[? ( cry/als y\rself by melt+ "s common p[d]$ nitre 9 a little wat] till y f9d t no m w melt 9 x4 ,!n put a few drops ( ?is wat] on a w>m glass slide & place x "u ! microscope4 ,z ! drops dry y w see ! long transp>5t ne$les ( nitre =m+ on ! glass1 & notice h[ regul>ly ^! cry/als gr[1 n by tak+ food inside l liv+ be+s1 b by add+ p>ticle to p>ticle on ! outside ev5ly & regul>ly4 ,week #ab ,c we =m any idea :y ! cry/als build !mselves up s sy/ematically8 ,dr4 ,tyndall says we c1 & ,i hope by ! help ( ^! small b> magnets to %[ y h[ he expla9s x4 ,^! little pieces ( /eel1 :i* ,i hope y c see ly+ on ?is :ite c>dbo>d1 h be5 rubb$ along a magnet until !y h become magnets !mselves1 & ,i c attract & lift up a ne$le ) any "o ( !m4 ,b if ,i try to lift "o b> ) ano!r1 ,i c only d x by br++ c]ta9 ends toge!r4 ,i h ti$ a piece ( r$ cotton 7c1 ,fig4 #ba7 r\nd "o end ( ea* ( ! magnets1 & if ,i br+ two r$ ends toge!r !y w n cl+ toge!r b roll ap>t4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,i put a r$ end aga9/ an end :]e !re is n cotton1 !n ! two b>s cl+ toge!r4 ,?is is because e magnet has two poles or po9ts :i* are exactly opposite 9 "*1 & to di/+ui% !m "o is call$ ! positive pole & ! o!r ! negative pole4 ,n[ :5 ,i br+ two r$ ends1 t is1 two positive poles toge!r1 !y drive ea* o!r away4 ,see6 ! magnet ,i am n hold+ runs away f ! o!r4 ,b if ,i br+ a r$ end & a black end1 t is1 a positive & a negative end toge!r1 !n !y are attract$ & cl+4 ,i w make a triangle 7,a1 ,fig4 #ba7 9 :i* a black end & a r$ end always come toge!r1 & y see ! triangle holds toge!r4 ,b n[ if ,i take (f ! l[] b> & turn x 7,b1 ,fig4 #ba7 s t two r$ ends & two black ends come toge!r1 !n ?is b> actually rolls back f ! o!rs d[n ! c>dbo>d4 ,if ,i 7 to break ^! b>s into a ?\s& pieces1 ea* piece w\ld /ill h two poles1 & if !y 7 scatt]$ ab\t ne> ea* o!r 9 su* a way t !y 7 q free to move1 !y w\ld arrange !mselves always s two diff]5t poles came toge!r4 ,n[ picture to y\rselves t all ! p>ticles ( ^? sub/ances :i* =m cry/als h poles l our magnets1 !n y c imag9e t :5 ! heat :i* held !m ap>t is )drawn & ! p>ticles come v ne> toge!r1 !y w arrange !mselves accord+ to ! attraction ( _! poles & s build up regul> & beautiful patt]ns4 ,s1 if we c\ld travel up to ! cl\ds :]e ?is fairy p[] ( cry/allization is at "w1 we %\ld f9d ! p>ticles ( wat]-vap\r 9 a freez+ atmosph]e be+ built up into m9ute solid cry/als ( sn[4 ,if y g out aft] a sn[-%[] & se>* c>efully1 y w see t ! sn[-flakes are n m]e lumps ( froz5 wat]1 b beautiful six-po9t$ cry/al />s1 s :ite & pure t :5 we want to speak ( any?+ be+ spotlessly :ite1 y say t x is :ite z sn[4 ,"s ( ^! cry/als are simply flat slabs ) six sides1 o!rs are />s ) six rods or spikes spr++ f ! c5tre1 o!rs ) six spikes ea* =m$ l a delicate f]n4 ,no less ?an a ?\s& diff]5t =ms ( delicate cry/als h be5 f\nd among sn[flakes1 b ?\gh !re is su* a great v>iety1 yet !y are all built on ! six-sid$ & six-po9t$ plan1 & are all r5d]$ dazzl+ly :ite by ! reflection ( ! light f ! faces ( ! cry/als & ! t9y air-bubbles built up )9 !m4 ,?is1 y see1 is :y1 :5 ! sn[ melts1 y h only a little dirty wat] 9 y\r h&2 ! cry/als are gone & !re are no m air-bubbles held prison]s to act z look+-glasses to ! light4 ,ho>-fro/ is also made up ( t9y wat]-cry/als1 & is no?+ m ?an froz5 dew hang+ on ! blades ( grass & f ! trees4 ,b h[ ab\t ice8 ,"h1 y w say1 is froz5 wat]1 & yet we see no cry/als1 only a cle> transp>5t mass4 ,"h1 aga91 ,dr4 ,tyndall helps u4 ,he says 7& z ,i h prov$ x true1 s may y = y\rselves1 if y w7 t if y take a magnify+ glass1 & look d[n on ! surface ( ice on a sunny day1 y w see a numb] ( d>k1 six-sid$ />s1 look+ l flatt5$ fl[]s1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ea* a bright spot4 ,^! fl[]s1 :i* are se5 :5 ! ice is melt+1 are our old fri5ds ! cry/al />s turn+ into wat]1 & ! bright spot 9 ! middle is a bubble ( empty space1 left because ! wat]y fl[] does n fill up z mu* room z ! ice ( ! cry/al /> did4 ,& ?is leads u to notice t ice always takes up m room ?an wat]1 & t ?is is ! reason :y our wat]-pipes bur/ 9 sev]e fro/s2 = z ! wat] freezes x exp&s ) great =ce1 & ! pipe is crack$1 & !n :5 ! ?aw comes on 1 & ! wat] melts aga91 x p\rs ?r\gh ! crack x has made4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& :y ice %\ld take m room2 = we "k t if we 7 to try to arrange bricks end to end 9 />-l %apes1 we mu/ leave "s spaces betwe51 & c\ld n pack !m s closely z if !y lay side by side4 ,& s1 :5 ?is giant =ce ( cry/allization con/ra9s ! atoms ( froz5 wat] to gr[ into />-l =ms1 ! solid mass mu/ fill m room ?an ! liquid wat]1 & :5 ! /> melts1 ?is space reveals itself to u 9 ! bright spot ( ! c5tre4 ,we h n[ se5 our drop ( wat] "u all its v>i\s =ms ( invisible gas1 visible /eam1 cl\d1 dew1 ho>-fro/1 sn[1 & ice1 & we h only "t %ortly to see x on its travels1 n m]ely up & d[n1 z hi!rto1 b r\nd ! _w4 ,we mu/ fir/ g to ! sea z ! di/ill]y1 or ! place f :i* wat] is drawn up invisibly1 9 its pure/ /ate1 into ! air2 & we mu/ g *iefly to ! seas ( ! tropics1 because "h ! sun %9es mo/ directly all ! ye> r\nd1 s5d+ heat-waves to %ake ! wat]-p>ticles asund]4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t1 9 ord] to turn #a lb4 ( wat] into vap\r1 z mu* heat mu/ be us$ z is requir$ to melt #e lbs4 ( iron2 & if y consid] = a mom5t h[ difficult iron is to melt1 & h[ we c keep an iron pok] 9 a hot fire & yet x rema9s solid1 ?is w help y to realize h[ mu* heat ! sun mu/ p\r d[n 9 ord] to c>ry (f su* a con/ant supply ( vap\r f ! tropical seas4 ,n[1 :5 all ?is vap\r is drawn up into ! air1 we "k t "s ( x w =m into cl\ds z x gets *ill$ high up 9 ! sky1 & !n x w p\r d[n aga9 9 ^? trem5d\s floods ( ra9 :i* occur 9 ! tropics4 ,b ! sun & air w n let x all fall d[n at once1 & ! w9ds :i* are bl[+ f ! equator to ! poles c>ry l>ge masses ( x away ) !m4 ,!n1 z y "k1 x w dep5d on _m ?+s h[ f> ?is vap\r is c>ri$4 ,"s ( x1 *ill$ by cold bla/s1 or by /rik+ on cold m\nta9 tops1 z x travels nor?w>ds1 w fall 9 ra9 9 ,europe & ,asia1 :ile t :i* travels s\?w>ds may fall 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 or ,new ,zeal&1 or be c>ri$ ov] ! sea to ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,:]ev] x falls on ! l& z ra91 & is n us$ by plants1 x w d "o ( two ?+s2 ei!r x w run d[n 9 /reams & =m brooks & riv]s1 & s at la/ f9d its way back to ! sea1 or x w s9k deep 9 ! e>? till x comes ^u "s h>d rock ?r\gh :i* x _c get1 & !n1 be+ h>d press$ by ! wat] com+ on beh9d1 x w rise up aga9 ?r\gh cracks1 & come to ! surface z a spr+4 ,^! spr+s1 aga91 fe$ riv]s1 sometimes above- gr\nd1 sometimes = long di/ances "u-gr\nd2 b "o way or ano!r at la/ ! :ole dra9s back into ! sea4 ,b if ! vap\r travels on till x rea*es high m\nta9s 9 cool] l&s1 su* z ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&2 or is c>ri$ to ! poles & to su* c\ntries z ,gre5l& or ! ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 !n x w come d[n z sn[1 =m+ imm5se sn[- fields4 ,& "h a curi\s *ange takes place 9 x4 ,if y make an ord9>y sn[ball & "w x firmly toge!r1 x becomes v h>d1 & if y !n press x =cibly into a m\ld y c turn x into transp>5t ice4 ,& 9 ! same way ! sn[ :i* falls 9 ,gre5l& & on ! high m\nta9s ( ,switz]l& becomes v firmly press$ toge!r1 z x slides d[n into ! valleys4 ,x is l a cr[d ( p pass+ f a broad ?or\ghf>e into a n>r[ /reet4 ,z ! valley gr[s n>r[] & n>r[] ! great mass ( sn[ 9 front _c move d[n quickly1 :ile m & m is pil$ up by ! sn[fall beh9d1 & ! cr[d & cru% gr[ d5s] & d5s]4 ,9 ?is way ! sn[ is press$ toge!r till ! air t 0 hidd5 9 its cry/als1 & :i* gave x its beautiful :it5ess1 is all press$ out1 & ! sn[-cry/als !mselves are squeez$ into "o solid mass ( pure1 transp>5t ice4 ,!n we h :at is call$ a glaci]1 or riv] ( ice1 & ?is solid riv] comes creep+ d[n till1 9 ,gre5l&1 x rea*es ! edge ( ! sea4 ,!re x is pu%$ ov] ! br9k ( ! l&1 & l>ge pieces snap (f1 & we h iceb]gs4 ,^! iceb]gs - made1 rememb]1 ( ! same wat] :i* 0 fir/ draw up f ! tropics - float on ! wide sea1 & melt+ 9 its w>m curr5ts1 topple ov] & ov]99 7,a float+ iceb]g mu/ h ab\t eight times z mu* ice "u ! wat] z x has above1 & !re=e1 :5 ! l[] "p melts 9 a w>m curr5t1 ! iceb]g loses its balance & tilts ov]1 s z to re>range itself r\nd ! c5tre ( gravity47 till !y disappe> & mix ) ! wat]1 to be c>ri$ back aga9 to ! w>m ocean f :i* !y fir/ />t$4 ,9 ,switz]l& ! glaci]s _c rea* ! sea1 b !y move d[n into ! valleys till !y come to a w>m] region1 & !re ! end ( ! glaci] melts1 & fl[s away 9 a /ream4 ,! ,rhone & _m o!r riv]s are f$ by ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps2 & z ^! riv]s fl[ into ! sea1 our drop ( wat] aga9 f9ds its way back to its home4 ,b :5 x jo9s itself 9 ?is way to its companions1 f :om x 0 p>t$ = a "t1 does x come back cle> & transp>5t z x left !m8 ,f ! iceb]g x does inde$ return pure & cle>2 = ! fairy ,cry/allization w h no impurities1 n ev5 salt1 9 h] ice-cry/als1 & s z !y melt !y give back no?+ b pure wat] to ! sea4 ,yet ev5 iceb]gs br+ d[n e>? & /ones froz5 into ! bottom ( ! ice1 & s !y fe$ ! sea ) mud4 ,b ! drops ( wat] 9 riv]s are by no means z pure z :5 !y rose up into ! sky4 ,we %all see 9 ! next lecture h[ riv]s c>ry d[n n only s& & mud all along _! c\rse1 b ev5 solid matt] su* z salt1 lime1 iron1 & fl9t1 dissolv$ 9 ! cle> wat]1 j z sug> is dissolv$1 )\t our be+ able to see x4 ,! wat]1 too1 :i* has sunk d[n into ! e>?1 takes up mu* matt] z x travels along4 ,y all "k t ! wat] y dr9k f a spr+ is v diff]5t f ra9-wat]1 & y w (t5 f9d a h>d cru/ at ! bottom ( kettles & 9 boil]s1 :i* is =m$ ( ! c>bonate ( lime :i* is driv5 out ( ! cle> wat] :5 x is boil$4 ,! wat] has become h>d 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ pick$ up & dissolv$ ! c>bonate ( lime on its way ?r\gh ! e>?1 j 9 ! same way z wat] w\ld become sweet if y p\r$ x ?r\gh a sug>-cask4 ,y w also h he>d ( iron-spr+s1 sulphur-spr+s1 & salt-spr+s1 :i* come out ( ! e>?1 ev5 if y h nev] ta/$ any ( !m1 & ! wat] ( all ^! spr+s f9ds its way back at la/ to ! sea4 ,& n[1 c y und]/& :y sea-wat] %\ld ta/e salt & bitt]8 ,e drop ( wat] :i* fl[s f ! e>? to ! sea c>ries some?+ ) x4 ,g5]ally1 !re is s little ( any sub/ance 9 ! wat] t we _c ta/e x1 & we call x pure wat]2 b ! pure/ ( spr+ or riv]-wat] has always "s solid matt] dissolv$ 9 x1 & all ?is goes to ! sea4 ,n[1 :5 ! sun-waves come to take ! wat] out ( ! sea aga91 !y w h no?+ b ! pure wat] itself2 & s all ^! salts & c>bonates & o!r solid sub/ances are left beh9d1 & we ta/e !m 9 sea-wat]4 ,"s day1 :5 y are at ! seaside1 take "s extra wat] & set x on ! hob till a great deal has simm]$ g5tly away1 & ! liquid is v ?ick4 ,!n take a drop ( ?is liquid1 & exam9e x "u a microscope4 ,z x dries up gradually1 y w see a numb] ( cry/als =m+1 "s squ>e - & ^! w be cry/als ( ord9>y salt2 "s oblong - ^! w be cry/als ( gypsum or alaba/]2 & o!rs ( v>i\s %apes4 ,!n1 :5 y see h[ mu* matt] f ! l& is conta9$ 9 sea-wat]1 y w no long] wond] t ! sea is salt2 on ! contr>y1 y w ask1 ,:y does x n gr[ salt] e ye>8 ,! answ] to ?is sc>cely belongs to our hi/ory ( a drop ( wat]1 b ,i mu/ j sugge/ x to y4 ,9 ! sea are numb]s ( s(t-bodi$ animals1 l ! jelly animals :i* =m ! coral1 :i* require h>d mat]ial = _! %ells or ! solid bran*es on :i* !y live1 & !y are gre$ily wat*+ = ^! atoms ( lime1 ( fl9t1 or magnesia1 & ( o!r sub/ances br\ght d[n into ! sea4 ,x is ) lime & magnesia t ! t9y *alk-build]s =m _! beautiful %ells1 & ! coral animals _! skeletons1 :ile ano!r class ( build]s use ! fl9t2 & :5 ^! creatures die1 _! rema9s g to =m fre% l& at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & s1 ?\gh ! e>? is be+ wa%$ away by ! riv]s & spr+s x is be+ built up aga91 out ( ! same mat]ials1 9 ! dep?s ( ! great ocean4 ,& n[ we h rea*$ ! end ( ! travels ( our drop ( wat]4 ,we h se5 x drawn up by ! fairy heat1 invisible into ! sky2 !re fairy cohesion seiz$ x & =m$ x into wat]-drops & ! giant1 gravitation1 pull$ x d[n aga9 to ! e>?4 ,or1 if x rose to freez+ regions1 ! fairy ( cry/allization built x up into sn[-cry/als1 aga9 to fall to ! e>?1 & ei!r to be melt$ back into wat] by heat1 or to slide d[n ! valleys by =ce ( gravitation1 till x became squeez$ into ice4 ,we h detect$ x1 :5 invisible1 =m+ a veil r\nd our e>?1 & keep+ (f ! int5se heat ( ! sun's rays by day1 or %utt+ x 9 by night4 ,we h se5 x *ill$ by ! blades ( grass1 =m+ sp>kl+ dew-drops or cry/als ( ho>-fro/1 gli/5+ 9 ! e>ly morn+ sun2 & we h se5 x 9 ! d>k und]gr\nd1 be+ drunk up gre$ily by ! roots ( plants4 ,we h />t$ ) x f ! tropics1 & travell$ ov] l& & sea1 wat*+ x =m+ riv]s1 or fl[+ und]gr\nd 9 spr+s1 or mov+ onw>ds to ! high m\nta9s or ! poles1 & com+ back aga9 9 glaci]s & iceb]gs4 ,?r\gh all ?is1 :ile x is be+ c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r by invisible p[]1 we f9d no trace ( its becom+ worn out1 or likely to re/ f its lab\rs4 ,ev] onw>ds x goes1 up & d[n1 & r\nd & r\nd ! _w1 tak+ _m =ms1 & p]=m+ _m wond]ful feats4 ,we h se5 "s ( ! "w t x does1 9 refre%+ ! air1 fe$+ ! plants1 giv+ u cle>1 sp>kl+ wat] to dr9k1 & c>ry+ matt] to ! sea2 b besides ?is1 x does a wond]ful "w 9 alt]+ all ! face ( our e>?4 ,?is "w we %all consid] 9 ! next lecture1 on ,! two great ,sculptors - ,wat] & ,ice4 ,week #ac ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,two ,,great ,,sculptors - ,,wat] ,,& ,,ice4 ,9 our la/ lecture we saw t wat] c exi/ 9 ?ree =ms3-- #a/1 z an invisible vap\r2 #bnd1 z liquid wat]2 #crd1 z solid sn[ & ice4 ,to-day we are go+ to take ! two la/ ( ^! =ms1 wat] & ice1 & speak ( !m z sculptors4 ,to und]/& :y !y des]ve ?is "n we mu/ fir/ consid] :at ! "w ( a sculptor is4 ,if y g into a /atu>y y>d y w f9d !re l>ge blocks ( granite1 m>ble1 & o!r k9ds ( /one1 hewn r\ghly into diff]5t %apes2 b if y pass into ! /udio1 :]e ! sculptor himself is at "w y w f9d beautiful /atues1 m or less f9i%$2 & y w see t out ( r\gh blocks ( /one he has be5 able to cut images :i* look l liv+ =ms4 ,y c ev5 see by _! faces :e!r !y are int5d$ to be sad1 or ?\ghtful1 or gay1 & by _! attitude :e!r !y are wri?+ 9 pa91 or danc+ ) joy1 or re/+ peacefully4 ,h[ has all ?is hi/ory be5 work$ out f ! %apeless /one8 ,x has be5 done by ! sculptor's *isel4 ,a piece *ipp$ (f "h1 a wr9kle cut !re1 a smoo? surface r\nd$ (f 9 ano!r place1 s z to give a g5tle curve2 all ^! t\*es gradually %ape ! figure & m\ld x out ( ! r\gh /one1 fir/ into a rude %ape & aft]w>ds1 by delicate /rokes1 into ! =m ( a liv+ be+4 ,n[1 j 9 ! same way z ! wr9kles & curves ( a /atue are cut by ! sculptor's *isel1 s ! hills & valleys1 ! /eep slopes & g5tle curves on ! face ( our e>?1 giv+ x all its beauty1 & ! v>i$ l&scapes we love s well1 h be5 cut out by wat] & ice pass+ ov] !m4 ,x is true t "s ( ! great] wr9kles ( ! e>?1 ! l(ty m\nta9s1 & ! high masses ( l& :i* rise above ! sea 1 h be5 caus$ by e>?quakes & %r9k+ ( ! e>?4 ,we %all n speak ( ^! to-day1 b put !m aside z belong+ to ! r\gh "w ( ! /atu>y y>d4 ,b :5 once ^! l>ge masses are put ready = wat] to "w ^u1 !n all ! re/ ( ! rugg$ wr9kles & g5tle slopes :i* make ! c\ntry s beautiful are due to wat] & ice1 & = ?is reason ,i h call$ !m sculptors4 ,g = a walk 9 ! c\ntry1 or notice ! l&scape z y travel on a railway j\rney4 ,y pass by hills & ?r\gh valleys1 ?r\gh n>r[ /eep gorges cut 9 h>d rock1 or ?r\gh wild rav9es up ! sides ( :i* y c h>dly scramble4 ,!n y come to grassy slopes & to smoo? pla9s across :i* y c look = miles )\t see+ a hill2 or1 :5 y arrive at ! sea%ore1 y clamb] into caves & grottos1 & along d>k n>r[ passages lead+ f "o bay to ano!r4 ,all ^! - hills1 valleys1 gorges1 rav9es1 slopes1 pla9s1 caves1 grottos1 & rocky %ores - h be5 cut out by ! wat]4 ,day by day & ye> by ye>1 :ile ev]y?+ seems to u to rema9 ! same1 ?is indu/ri\s sculptor is *ipp+ away1 a few gra9s "h1 a corn] !re1 a l>ge mass 9 ano!r place1 till he gives to ! c\ntry its own peculi> sc5]y1 j z ! human sculptor gives expression to 8 /atue4 ,our "w to-day w consi/ 9 try+ to =m "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* wat] ?us c>ves out ! surface ( ! e>?1 & we w beg9 by see+ h[ mu* c be done by our old fri5ds ! ra9-drops be=e !y become runn+ /reams4 ,ev]yone mu/ h notic$ t :5ev] ra9 falls on s(t gr\nd x makes small r\nd holes 9 :i* x collects1 & !n s9ks into ! gr\nd1 =c+ its way betwe5 ! gra9s ( e>?4 ,b y w\ld h>dly ?9k t ! beautiful pill>s 9 ,fig4 #bd h be5 made entirely 9 ?is way by ra9 beat+ ^u & soak+ into ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ^! pill>s /& !re 0 once a solid mass ( clay & /ones1 into :i* ! ra9-drops crept1 loos5+ ! e>?ly p>ticles2 & !n :5 ! sun dri$ ! e>? aga9 cracks 7 =m$1 s t ! next %[] loos5$ x /ill m1 & c>ri$ "s ( ! mud d[n into ! valley bel[4 ,b "h & !re l>ge /ones 7 buri$ 9 ! clay1 & :]e ?is happ5$ ! ra9 c\ld n p5etrate1 & ! /ones became ! tops ( tall pill>s ( clay1 wa%$ into %ape by ! ra9 beat+ on its sides1 b escap+ ! g5]al de/ruction ( ! re/ ( ! mud4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole valley has be5 c>v$ out into f9e pill>s1 "s /ill hav+ capp+-/ones1 :ile o!rs h lo/ !m1 & ^! la/ w soon be wa%$ away4 ,we h no su* valleys ( e>?-pill>s "h 9 ,engl&1 b y may sometimes see t9y pill>s "u bridges :]e ! dripp+s h wa%$ away ! e>? betwe5 ! pebbles1 & su* small examples :i* y c obs]ve = y\rselves are q z in/ructive z m important ones4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* ra9 *anges ! surface ( ! e>? is by s9k+ d[n ?r\gh loose soil f ! top ( a cliff to a dep? ( _m feet till x comes to solid rock1 & !n ly+ spread ov] a wide apace4 ,"h x makes a k9d ( wat]y mud1 :i* is a v unsafe f\ndation = ! hill ( e>? above x1 & s aft] a "t ! :ole mass slips d[n & makes a fre% piece ( l& at ! foot ( ! cliff4 ,if y h ev] be5 at ! ,isle ( ,wight y w h se5 an undulat+ /rip ( gr\nd1 call$ ! ,und]cliff1 at ,v5tnor & o!r places1 /ret*+ all along ! sea bel[ ! high cliffs4 ,?is l& 0 once at ! top ( ! cliff1 & came d[n by succession ( l&slips su* z we h be5 describ+4 ,a v great l&slip ( ?is k9d happ5$ 9 ! memory ( liv+ p1 at ,lyme ,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire1 9 ! ye> #ahci4 ,y w easily see h[ 9 =m+ e>?-pill>s & caus+ l&slips ra9 *anges ! face ( ! c\ntry1 b ^! are only r>e effects ( wat]4 ,x is :5 ! ra9 collects 9 brooks & =ms riv]s t x is mo/ busy 9 sculptur+ ! l&4 ,look out "s day into ! road or ! g>d5 :]e ! gr\nd slopes a little1 & wat* :at happ5s dur+ a %[] ( ra94 ,fir/ ! ra9-drops run toge!r 9 e little holl[ ( ! gr\nd1 !n ! wat] beg9s to fl[ along any ruts or *annels x c f9d1 ly+ "h & !re 9 pools1 b always mak+ its way gradually d[n ! slope4 ,mean:ile f o!r p>ts ( ! gr\nd little rills are com+1 & ^! all meet 9 "s l>g] ruts :]e ! gr\nd is l[e/1 mak+ "o great /ream1 :i* at la/ empties itself into ! gutt] or an area1 or f9ds its way d[n "s grat+4 ,n[ j ?is1 :i* we c wat* :5ev] a heavy %[] ( ra9 comes d[n on ! road1 happ5s also all ov] ! _w4 ,up 9 ! m\nta9s1 :]e !re is always a great deal ( ra91 little rills ga!r & fall ov] ! m\nta9 sides1 meet+ 9 "s /ream bel[4 ,!n1 z ?is /ream fl[s on1 x is f$ by _m runnels ( wat]1 :i* come f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 trickl+ along ruts1 & fl[+ 9 small brooks & rivulets d[n ! g5tle slope ( ! l& till !y rea* ! big /ream1 :i* at la/ is important en\gh to be call$ a riv]4 ,sometimes ?is riv] comes to a l>ge holl[ 9 ! l& & !re ! wat] ga!rs & =ms a lake2 b /ill at ! l[] end ( ?is lake out x comes aga91 =m+ a new riv]1 & gr[+ & gr[+ by receiv+ fre% /reams until at la/ x rea*es ! sea4 ,! ,riv] ,?ames1 :i* y all "k1 & ^: c\rse y w f9d cle>ly describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,huxley's ',physiography1' dra9s 9 ?is way no less ?an "o-sev5? ( ! :ole ( ,engl&4 ,all ! ra9 :i* falls 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,middlesex1 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,surrey1 ! nor? ( ,wilt%ire & nor?-we/ ( ,k5t1 ! s\? ( ,buck+ham%ire & ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 f9ds its way into ! ,?ames2 mak+ an area ( #fafj squ>e miles ov] :i* e rivulet & brook trickle d[n to ! "o great riv]1 :i* be>s !m to ! ocean4 ,& s ) e o!r area ( l& 9 ! _w !re is "s "o *annel t[>ds :i* ! gr\nd on all sides slopes g5tly d[n1 & into ?is *annel all ! wat] w run1 on its way to ! sea4 ,b :at has ?is to d ) sculpture or cutt+ out ( valleys8 ,if y w only take a glass ( wat] out ( any riv]1 & let x /& = "s h\rs1 y w soon answ] ?is "q = y\rself4 ,= y w f9d t ev5 f riv] wat] :i* looks q cle>1 a ?9 lay] ( mud w fall to ! bottom ( ! glass1 & if y take ! wat] :5 ! riv] is swoll5 & muddy y w get q a ?ick deposit4 ,?is %[s t ! brooks1 ! /reams1 & ! riv]s wa% away ! l& z !y fl[ ov] x & c>ry x f ! m\nta9s d[n to ! valleys1 & f ! valleys away out into ! sea4 ,b besides e>?ly matt]1 :i* we c see1 !re is mu* matt] dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( riv]s 7z we m5tion$ 9 ! la/ lecture71 & ?is we _c see4 ,if y use wat] :i* comes out ( a *alk c\ntry y w f9d t aft] a "t ! kettle 9 :i* y h be5 9 ! habit ( boil+ ?is wat] has a h>d cru/ on its bottom & sides1 & ?is cru/ is made ( *alk or c>bonate ( lime1 :i* ! wat] took out ( ! rocks :5 x 0 pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,pr(essor ,bis*(f has calculat$ t ! riv] ,rh9e c>ries pa/ ,bonn e ye> en\gh c>bonate ( lime dissolv$ 9 its wat] to make #ccb1jjj million oy/]-%ells1 & t if all ^! %ells 7 built into a cube x w\ld measure #efj feet4 ,week #ad ,imag9e to y\rselves ! :ole ( ,/4 ,paul's *ur*y>d fill$ ) oy/]-%ells1 built up 9 a l>ge squ>e till !y rea*$ half z high aga9 z ! top ( ! ca!dral1 !n y w h "s idea ( ! am\nt ( *alk c>ri$ invisibly pa/ ,bonn 9 ! wat] ( ! ,rh9e e ye>4 ,s9ce all ?is matt]1 :e!r br\ght d[n z mud or dissolv$1 comes f "o "p ( ! l& to be c>ri$ else:]e or out to sea1 x is cle> t "s gaps & holl[s mu/ be left 9 ! places f :i* x is tak54 ,let u see h[ ^! gaps are made4 ,h y ev] clamb]$ up ! m\nta9side1 or ev5 up "o ( ^? small rav9es 9 ! hillside1 :i* h g5]ally a little /ream trickl+ ?r\gh !m8 ,if s1 y mu/ h notic$ ! numb] ( pebbles1 l>ge & small1 ly+ 9 pat*es "h & !re 9 ! /ream1 & _m pieces ( brok5 rock1 :i* are (t5 scatt]$ along ! sides ( ! rav9e2 & h[1 z y climb1 ! pa? gr[s /eep]1 & ! rocks become rugg$ & /ick out 9 /range %apes4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is rav9e w tell u a great deal ab\t ! c>v+ ( wat]4 ,once x 0 no?+ m ?an a little furr[ 9 ! hillside d[n :i* ! ra9 f\nd its way 9 a ?9 ?read-l /ream4 ,b by & by1 z ! /ream c>ri$ d[n "s ( ! e>?1 & ! furr[ grew deep] & wid]1 ! sides began to crumble :5 ! sun dri$ up ! ra9 :i* _h soak$ 94 ,!n 9 w9t]1 :5 ! sides ( ! hill 7 moi/ ) ! autumn ra9s1 fro/ came & turn$ ! wat] to ice1 & s made ! cracks /ill l>g]1 & ! swoll5 /eam ru%+ d[n1 caught ! loose pieces ( rock & wa%$ !m d[n into its b$4 ,"h !y 7 roll$ ov] & ov]1 & grat$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & 7 gr\nd away till !y became r\nd$ pebbles1 su* z lie 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture 7,fig4 #be72 :ile ! grit :i* 0 rubb$ (f !m 0 c>ri$ f>!r d[n by ! /ream4 ,& s 9 "t ?is became a little valley1 & z ! /ream cut x deep] & deep]1 !re 0 room to clamb] along ! sides ( x1 & f]ns & mosses began to cov] ! nak$ /one1 & small trees root$ !mselves along ! banks1 & ?is beautiful little nook sprang up on ! hill-side entirely by ! sculptur+ ( wat]4 ,%all y n feel a fre% int]e/ 9 all ! little valleys1 rav9es1 & gorges y meet ) 9 ! c\ntry1 if y c picture !m be+ =m$ 9 ?is way ye> by ye>8 ,!re are _m curi\s diff]5ces 9 !m :i* y c /udy = y\rselves4 ,"s w be smoo?1 broad valleys & "h ! rocks h be5 s(t & easily worn1 & wat] trickl+ d[n ! sides ( ! fir/ valley has cut o!r *annels s z to make small] valleys runn+ across x4 ,9 o!r places !re w be n>r[ rav9es1 & "h ! rocks h be5 h>d1 s t !y did n we> away gradually1 b broke (f & fell 9 blocks1 leav+ high cliffs on ea* side4 ,9 "s places y w come to a beautiful wat]fall1 :]e ! wat] has tumbl$ ov] a /eep cliff1 & !n eat5 its way back1 j l a saw cutt+ ?r\gh a piece ( wood4 ,!re are two ?+s 9 p>ticul> to notice 9 a wat]fall l ?is4 ,fir/1 h[ ! wat] & spray da% aga9/ ! bottom ( ! cliff d[n :i* x falls1 & gr9d ! small pebbles aga9/ ! rock4 ,9 ?is way ! bottom ( ! cliff is und]m9$1 & s great pieces tumble d[n f "t to "t1 & keep ! fall upright in/ead ( its be+ slop$ away at ! top1 & becom+ a m]e /eam4 ,secondly1 y may (t5 see curi\s cup-%ap$ holes1 call$ pot-holes1 9 ! rocks on ! sides ( a wat]fall1 & ^! also are conc]n$ 9 its =mation4 ,9 ^! holes y w g5]ally f9d two or ?ree small pebbles1 & y h "h a beautiful example ( h[ wat] uses /ones to gr9d away ! face ( ! e>?4 ,^! holes are made entirely by ! fall+ wat] eddy+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a small holl[ ( ! rock1 & gr9d+ ! pebbles :i* x has br\ght d[n1 aga9/ ! bottom & sides ( ?is holl[1 j z y gr9d r\nd a pe/le 9 a mort>4 ,by degrees ! hole gr[s deep] & deep] & ?\gh ! fir/ pebbles are probably gr\nd d[n to p[d]1 o!rs fall 91 & s 9 "t !re is a great hole p]=at$ "r ?r\gh1 help+ to make ! rock break & fall away4 ,9 ?is & o!r ways ! wat] works its way back 9 a surpris+ mann]4 ,! ,isle ( ,wight gives u "s good in/ances ( ?is2 ,alum ,bay ,*9e & ! celebrat$ ,blackgang ,*9e h be5 entirely cut out by wat]falls4 ,b ! be/ "k & mo/ rem>kable example is ! ,niag>a ,falls1 9 ,am]ica4 ,"h1 ! ,riv] ,niag>a fir/ w&]s ?r\gh a flat c\ntry1 & !n rea*es ! great ,lake ,erie 9 a holl[ ( ! pla94 ,aft] t1 x fl[s g5tly d[n = ab\t fifte5 miles1 & !n ! slope becomes great] & x ru%es on to ! ,falls ( ,niag>a4 ,^! falls are n ne>ly s high z _m p imag9e1 be+ only #afe feet1 or ab\t half ! height ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 b !y are #bgjj feet or ne>ly half-a-mile wide1 & no less ?an #fgj1jjj tons ( wat] fall ov] !m e m9ute1 mak+ magnific5t cl\ds ( spray4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :5 he 0 at ,niag>a1 came to ! conclusion t1 tak+ "o ye> ) ano!r1 ^! falls eat back ! cliff at ! rate ( ab\t "o foot a ye>1 z y c easily imag9e !y w\ld d1 :5 y ?9k ) :at =ce ! wat] mu/ da% aga9/ ! bottom ( ! falls4 ,9 ?is way a deep cleft has be5 cut "r back f ,que5/[n = a di/ance ( sev5 miles1 to ! place :]e ! falls are n[4 ,?is helps u a little to und]/& h[ v sl[ly & gradually wat] cuts its way2 = if a foot a ye> is ab\t ! av]age ( ! wa/e ( ! rock1 x w h tak5 m ?an ?irty-five ?\s& ye>s = t *annel ( sev5 miles to be made4 ,b ev5 ?is *asm cut by ! falls ( ,niag>a is no?+ comp>$ ) ! canyons ( ,col>ado4 ,canyon is a ,spani% ^w = a rocky gorge1 & ^! gorges are inde$ s gr&1 t if we _h n se5 9 o!r places :at wat] c d1 we %\ld nev] h be5 able to believe t x c\ld h cut out ^! gigantic *asms4 ,= m ?an ?ree hundr$ miles ! ,riv] ,colorado1 com+ d[n f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 has eat5 its way ?r\gh a c\ntry made ( granite & h>d b$s ( lime/one & s&/one1 & x has cut d[n /raight ?r\gh ^! rocks1 leav+ walls f half-a-mile to a mile high1 /&+ /raight up f x4 ,! cliffs ( ! ,great ,canyon1 z x is call$1 /ret* up = m ?an a mile above ! riv] :i* fl[s 9 ! gorge bel[6 ,fancy y\rselves = a mom5t 9 a boat on ?is riv]1 z %[n 9 ,figure #bg1 & look+ up at ^! gigantic walls ( rock t[]+ above y4 ,ev5 half-way up !m1 a man1 if he c\ld get !re1 w\ld be s small y c\ld n see him )\t a telescope2 :ile ! op5+ at ! top betwe5 ! two walls w\ld seem s n>r[ at su* an imm5se di/ance t ! sky above w\ld h ! appe>ance ( no?+ m ?an a n>r[ /reak ( blue4 ,yet ^! huge *asms h n be5 made by any viol5t break+ ap>t ( ! rocks or convulsion ( an e>?quake4 ,no1 !y h be5 gradually1 sil5tly1 & /eadily cut ?r\gh by ! riv] :i* n[ glides quietly 9 ! wid] *asms1 or ru%es rapidly ?r\gh ! n>r[ gorges at _! feet4 ,no description1 says ,lieut5ant ,ives1 "o ( ! fir/ explor]s ( ?is riv]1 c convey ! idea ( ! v>i$ & maje/ic gr&eur ( ?is pe]less wat]way4 ,:]ev] ! riv] turns1 ! entire panorama *anges4 ,/ately facades1 augu/ ca!drals1 amphi!atres1 rotundas1 ca/ellat$ walls1 & r[s ( "t-/a9$ ru9s1 surm\nt$ by e =m ( t[]1 m9>et1 dome & spire1 h be5 m\ld$ f ! cyclopean masses ( rock t =m ! mighty defile4 ,:o w say1 aft] ?is1 t wat] is n ! gr&e/ ( all sculptors1 z x cuts ?r\gh hundr$s ( miles ( rock1 =m+ su* magnific5t granite gr\ps1 n only unsurpass$ b unequall$ by any ( ! works ( man8 ,b we mu/ n look ^u wat] only z a cutt+ in/rum5t1 = x does m ?an m]ely c>ve out l& 9 "o place1 x also c>ries x away & lays x d[n else:]e2 & 9 ?is x is m l a modell] 9 clay1 :o smoo?s (f ! mat]ial f "o "p ( 8 figure to put x ^u ano!r4 ,runn+ wat] is n only always c>ry+ away mud1 b at ! same "t lay+ x d[n "h & !re :]ev] x fl[s4 ,:5 a torr5t br+s d[n /ones & gravel f ! m\nta9s1 x w dep5d on ! size & weight ( ! pieces h[ long !y w be 9 fall+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,if y take a h&ful ( gravel & ?r[ x into a glass full ( wat]1 y w notice t ! /ones 9 x w fall to ! bottom at once1 ! grit & co>se s& w take long] 9 s9k+1 & la/ly1 ! f9e s& w be an h\r or two 9 settl+ d[n1 s t ! wat] becomes cle>4 ,n[1 suppose t ?is gravel 7 s9k+ 9 ! wat] ( a riv]4 ,! /ones w\ld be buoy$ up z long z ! riv] 0 v full & fl[$ v quickly1 b !y w\ld drop ?r\gh soon] ?an ! co>se s&4 ,! co>se s& 9 its turn w\ld beg9 to s9k z ! riv] fl[$ m sl[ly1 & w\ld rea* ! bottom :ile ! f9e s& 0 /ill borne on4 ,la/ly1 ! f9e s& w\ld s9k ?r\gh v1 v sl[ly1 & only settle 9 comp>atively /ill wat]4 ,f ?is x w happ5 t /ones w g5]ally lie ne> to ! bottom ( torr5ts at ! foot ( ! banks f :i* !y fall1 :ile ! gravel w be c>ri$ on by ! /ream aft] x leaves ! m\nta9s4 ,?is too1 h[ev]1 w be laid d[n :5 ! riv] comes into a m level c\ntry & runs m sl[ly4 ,or x may be left toge!r ) ! f9] mud 9 a lake1 z 9 ! lake ( ,g5eva1 into :i* ! ,rhone fl[s lad5 ) mud & comes out at ! o!r end cle> & pure4 ,b if no lake lies 9 ! way ! f9] e>? w /ill travel on1 & ! riv] w take up m & m z x fl[s1 till at la/ x w leave ?is too on ! pla9s across :i* x moves sluggi%ly along1 or w deposit x at its m\? :5 x jo9s ! sea4 ,week #ae ,y all "k ! hi/ory ( ! ,nile2 h[1 :5 ! ra9s fall v heavily 9 ,m>* & ,april 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia1 ! riv] comes ru%+ d[n & br+s ) x a load ( mud :i* x spreads out ov] ! ,nile valley 9 ,egypt4 ,?is annual lay] ( mud is s ?9 t x takes a ?\s& ye>s = x to become #b or #c feet ?ick2 b besides t :i* falls 9 ! valley a great deal is tak5 to ! m\? ( ! riv] & !re =ms new l&1 mak+ :at is call$ ! ,delta ( ! ,nile4 ,alex&ria1 ,rosetta1 & ,damietta1 are t[ns :i* are all built on l& made ( ,nile mud :i* 0 c>ri$ d[n ages & ages ago1 & :i* has n[ become firm & h>d l ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,y w easily rememb] o!r deltas m5tion$ 9 books1 & all ^! are made ( ! mud c>ri$ d[n f ! l& to ! sea4 ,! delta ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra 9 ,india1 is actually z l>ge z ! :ole ( ,engl& & ,wales1 7#eh1caa squ>e miles47 & ! ,riv] ,mississippi 9 ,am]ica dra9s su* a l>ge tract ( c\ntry t its delta gr[s1 ,mr4 ,geikie tells u1 at ! rate ( #hf y>ds 9 ye>4 ,all ?is new l& laid d[n 9 ,egypt1 9 ,india1 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 o!r places1 is ! "w ( wat]4 ,ev5 on ! ,?ames y may see mud-banks1 z at ,graves5d1 :i* are made ( e>? br\ght f ! int]ior ( ,engl&4 ,b at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames ! sea wa%es up v /rongly e tide1 & s x c>ries mo/ ( ! mud away & prev5ts a delta gr[+ up !re4 ,if y w look ab\t :5 y are at ! seaside1 & notice :]ev] a /ream fl[s d[n into ! sea1 y may ev5 see little m9iature deltas be+ =m$ !re1 ?\gh ! sea g5]ally wa%es !m away aga9 9 a few h\rs1 unless ! place is well %elt]$4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at becomes ( ! e>? c>ri$ d[n by riv]s4 ,ei!r on pla9s1 or 9 lakes1 or 9 ! sea1 x falls d[n to =m new l&4 ,b :at becomes ( ! dissolv$ *alk & o!r sub/ances8 ,we h se5 t a great deal ( x is us$ by riv] & sea animals to build _! %ells & skeletons1 & "s ( x is left on ! surface ( ! gr\nd by spr+s :5 ! wat] evaporates4 ,x is ?is c>bonate ( lime :i* =ms a h>d cru/ ov] any?+ ^u :i* x may happ5 to be deposit$1 & !n ^! ?+s are call$ petrifi$4 ,b x is 9 ! caves & holl[s ( ! e>? t ?is dissolv$ matt] is built up into ! mo/ beautiful =ms4 ,if y h ev] be5 to ,buxton 9 ,d]by%ire1 y w probably h visit$ a cav]n call$ ,poole's ,cav]n1 n f> f !re1 :i* :5 y ent] x looks z if x 7 built up entirely ( rods ( beautiful transp>5t :ite glass1 hang+ f ! ceil+1 f ! walls1 or ris+ up f ! floor4 ,9 ?is cav]n1 & _m o!rs l x1997,see ! picture at ! head ( ! lecture47 wat] comes dripp+ ?r\gh ! ro(1 & z x falls c>bonate ( lime =ms itself into a ?91 :ite film on ! ro(1 (t5 mak+ a complete circle1 & !n1 z ! wat] drips f x day by day1 x goes on gr[+ & gr[+ till x =ms a long ne$le-%ap$ or tube-%ap$ rod1 hang+ l an icicle4 ,^! rods are call$ /alactites1 & !y are s beautiful1 z _! m9ute cry/als gli/5 :5 a light is tak5 into ! cav]n1 t "o ( !m ne> ,t5by is call$ ! ,fairy ,*amb]4 ,mean:ile1 ! wat] :i* drips on to ! floor also leaves "s c>bonate ( lime :]e x falls1 & ?is =ms a pill>1 gr[+ up t[>ds ! ro(1 & (t5 ! hang+ /alactites & ! ris+ pill>s 7call$ /alagmites7 meet 9 ! middle & =m "o column4 ,& ?us we see t und]gr\nd1 z well z abovegr\nd1 wat] m\lds beautiful =ms 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,at ,adelsb]g1 ne> ,trie/e1 !re is a magnific5t /alactite grotto made ( a numb] ( *amb]s "o foll[+ ano!r1 ) a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh !m2 & ! fam\s ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 m ?an t5 miles long1 is ano!r example ( ^! wond]ful lime/one cav]ns4 ,b we h n yet spok5 ( ! sea1 & ?is surely is n idle 9 alt]+ ! %ape ( ! l&4 ,ev5 ! waves !mselves 9 a /orm wa% aga9/ ! cliffs & br+ d[n /ones & pieces ( rock on to ! %ore bel[4 ,& !y help to make cracks & holes 9 ! cliffs1 = z !y da% ) =ce aga9/ !m !y compress ! air :i* lies 9 ! jo9ts ( ! /one & cause x to =ce ! rock ap>t1 & s l>g] cracks are made & ! cliff is ready to crumble4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! /ones & s& & pieces ( rock ly+ at ! foot ( ! cliff :i* are mo/ active 9 we>+ x away4 ,h y nev] wat*$ ! waves break+ ^u a bea* 9 a heavy /orm8 ,h[ !y cat* up ! /ones & hurl !m d[n aga91 gr9d+ !m aga9/ ea* o!r6 ,at high tide 9 su* a /orm ^! /ones are ?r[n aga9/ ! foot ( ! cliff1 & ea* bl[ does some?+ t[>ds knock+ away "p ( ! rock1 till at la/1 aft] _m /orms1 ! cliff is und]m9$ & l>ge pieces fall d[n4 ,^! pieces are 9 _! turn gr\nd d[n to pebbles :i* s]ve to batt] aga9/ ! rema9+ rock4 ,pr(essor ,geikie tells u t ! waves beat 9 a /orm aga9/ ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se ) z mu* =ce z if y da%$ a weight ( #c tons aga9/ e squ>e in* ( ! rock1 & ,/ev5son f\nd /ones ( #b tons' weight :i* _h be5 ?r[n dur+ /orms "r ov] ! l$ge ( ! ligh?\se4 ,?9k :at =ce !re mu/ be 9 waves :i* c lift up su* a rock & ?r[ x1 & su* =ce z ?is beats ^u our sea-coa/s & eats away ! l&4 ,fig4 #bh is a sket* on ! %ores ( ,arbroa? :i* ,i made "s ye>s ago4 ,y w n f9d x difficult to picture to y\rselves h[ ! sea has eat5 away ^! cliffs till "s ( ! /ronge/ pieces :i* h resi/$ ! waves /& out by !mselves 9 ! sea4 ,t cave 9 ! left-h& corn] ends 9 a n>r[ d>k passage f :i* y come out on ! o!r side ( ! rocks into ano!r bay4 ,su* caves z ^! are made *iefly by ! =ce ( ! waves & ! air1 br++ d[n pieces ( rock f "u ! cliff & s mak+ a cavity1 & !n z ! waves roll ^! pieces ov] & ov] & gr9d !m aga9/ ! sides1 ! hole is made l>g]4 ,!re are _m places on ! ,engli% coa/ :]e l>ge pieces ( ! road are de/roy$ by ! crumbl+ d[n ( cliffs :5 !y h be5 und]m9$ by cav]ns su* z ^!4 ,?us1 y see1 ! :ole ( ! beautiful sc5]y ( ! sea - ! %ores1 ! /eep cliffs1 ! quiet bays1 ! creeks & cav]ns - are all ! "w ( ! sculptor wat]2 & he works be/ :]e ! rocks are h>de/1 = !re !y (f] him a good /\t wall to batt]1 :]eas 9 places :]e ! gr\nd is s(t x wa%es d[n into a gradual g5tle slope1 & s ! waves come fl[+ smoo?ly 9 & h no p[] to eat away ! %ore4 ,& n[1 :at has ,ice got to d ) ! sculptur+ ( ! l&8 ,fir/1 we mu/ rememb] h[ mu* ! fro/ does 9 break+ up ! gr\nd4 ,! f>m]s "k ?is1 & always pl\gh aft] a fro/1 because ! moi/ure1 freez+ 9 ! gr\nd1 has brok5 up ! clods1 & done half _! "w = !m4 ,b ?is is n ! *ief "w ( ice4 ,y w rememb] h[ we le>nt 9 our la/ lecture t sn[1 :5 x falls on ! m\nta9s1 gradually slides d[n into ! valleys1 & is press$ toge!r by ! ga!r+ sn[ beh9d until x becomes m\ld$ into a solid riv] ( ice 7see ,fig4 #bi1 ,frontispiece74 ,9 ,gre5l& & 9 ,norway !re are enorm\s ice-riv]s or glaci]s1 & ev5 9 ,switz]l& "s ( !m are v l>ge4 ,! ,alets* glaci]1 9 ! ,alps1 is fifte5 miles long1 & "s are ev5 long] ?an ?is4 ,!y move v sl[ly - on an av]age ab\t #bj to #bg in*es 9 ! c5tre1 & #ac to #ai in*es at ! sides e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ! summ] & autumn4 ,h[ !y move1 we _c /op to discuss n[2 b if y w take a slab ( ?9 ice & re/ x ^u its two ends only1 y c prove to y\rself t ice does b5d1 = 9 a few h\rs y w f9d t its own weight has drawn x d[n 9 ! c5tre1 s z to =m a curve4 ,?is w help y to picture to y\rselves h[ glaci]s c adapt !mselves to ! w9d+s ( ! valley1 creep+ sl[ly onw>ds until !y come d[n to a po9t :]e ! air is w>m en\gh to melt !m1 & !n ! ice fl[s away 9 a /ream ( wat]4 ,x is v curi\s to see ! numb] ( little rills runn+ d[n ! great masses ( ice at ! glaci]'s m\?1 br++ d[n ) !m gravel1 & e n[ & !n a l>ge /one1 :i* falls spla%+ into ! /ream bel[4 ,if y look at ! glaci] 9 ! ,frontispiece1 y w see t ^! /ones come f ^? long l9es ( /ones & b\ld]s /ret*+ along ! sides & c5tre ( ! glaci]4 ,x is easy to und]/& :]e ! /ones at ! side come f2 = we h se5 t damp & fro/ cause pieces to break (f ! surface ( ! rocks1 & x is natural t ^! pieces %\ld roll d[n ! /eep sides ( ! m\nta9s on to ! glaci]4 ,b ! middle r[ requires "s explanation4 ,look to ! back ( ! picture1 & y w see t ?is l9e ( /ones is made ( two side r[s1 :i* come f ! valleys above4 ,two glaci]s1 y see1 h !re jo9$ into "o1 & s made a heap ( /ones all along _! l9e ( junction4 ,^! /ones are be+ cont9ually1 ?\gh sl[ly1 convey$ by ! glaci]1 f all ! m\nta9s along its sides1 d[n to ! place :]e x melts4 ,"h x lets !m fall1 & !y are gradually pil$ up till !y =m great walls ( /one1 :i* are call$ mora9es4 ,"s ( ! mora9es left by ! l>g] glaci]s ( old5 "t1 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,tur91 =m high hills1 ris+ up ev5 to #aejj feet4 ,!re=e1 if ice did no m ?an c>ry ^! /one blocks1 x w\ld alt] ! face ( ! c\ntry2 b x does mu* m ?an ?is4 ,z ! glaci] moves along1 x (t5 cracks = a consid]able way across its surface1 & ?is crack wid5s & wid5s1 until at la/ x becomes a great gap+ *asm1 or crevasse z x is call$1 s t y c look d[n x "r to ! bottom ( ! glaci]4 ,into ^! crevasses l>ge blocks ( rock fall1 & :5 ! *asm is clos$ aga9 z ! ice presses on1 ^! masses are froz5 firmly into ! bottom ( ! glaci]1 mu* 9 ! same way z a /eel cutt] is fix$ 9 ! bottom ( a plane4 ,& !y d j ! same k9d ( "w2 = z ! glaci] slides d[n ! valley1 !y scrat* & gr9d ! rocks und]nea? !m1 rubb+ !mselves away1 x is true1 b also scrap+ away ! gr\nd ov] :i* !y move4 ,9 ?is way ! glaci] becomes a cutt+ in/rum5t1 & c>ves out ! valleys deep] & deep] z x passes ?r\gh !m4 ,y may always "k :]e a glaci] has be51 ev5 if no trace ( ice rema9s2 = y w see rocks ) scrat*es along !m :i* h be5 cut by ^! /ones2 & ev5 :]e ! rocks h n be5 gr\nd away1 y w f9d !m r\nd$ l ^? 9 ! left-h& ( ! ,frontispiece1 %[+ t ! glaci]- plane has be5 ov] !m4 ,^! r\nd$ rocks are call$ ro*es m\tonnees1 because at ! di/ance !y look l %eep ly+ d[n4 ,y h only to look at ! /ream fl[+ f ! m\? ( a glaci] to see :at a quantity ( soil x has gr\nd (f f ! bottom ( ! valley2 = ! wat] is ?ick1 & col\r$ a deep yell[ by ! mud x c>ries4 ,?is mud soon rea*es ! riv]s into :i* ! /reams run2 & su* riv]s z ! ,rhone & ! ,rh9e are ?ick ) matt] br\ght d[n f ! ,alps4 ,! ,rhone leaves ?is mud 9 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 fl[+ out at ! o!r end q cle> & pure4 ,a mile & a half ( l& has be5 =m$ at ! head ( ! lake s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans by ! mud ?us br\ght d[n f ! m\nta9s4 ,?us we see t ice1 l wat]1 is always busy c>v+ out ! surface ( ! e>?1 & s5d+ d[n mat]ial to make new l& else:]e4 ,we "k t 9 pa/ ages ! glaci]s 7 mu* l>g] ?an !y are 9 our "t2 = we f9d traces ( !m ov] l>ge p>ts ( ,switz]l& :]e glaci]s d n n[ exi/1 & huge blocks :i* c\ld only h be5 c>ri$ by ice1 & :i* are call$ erratic blocks1 "s ( !m z big z cottages1 h be5 left scatt]$ ov] all ! nor!rn "p ( ,europe4 ,^! blocks 7 a great puzzle to sci5tific m5 till1 9 #ahdj1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz %[$ t !y mu/ h be5 br\ght by ice all ! way f ,norway & ,russia4 ,9 ^? anci5t days1 !re 7 ev5 glaci]s 9 ,engl&2 = 9 ,cumb]l& & 9 ,wales y may see _! "w1 9 scrat*$ & r\nd$ rocks1 & ! mora9es !y h left4 ,llanb]is ,pass1 s fam\s = its beauty1 is cov]$ ) ice-scrat*es1 & blocks are scatt]$ all ov] ! sides ( ! valley4 ,!re is "o block high up on ! "r-h& slope ( ! valley1 z y ent] f ! ,b$dgel]t side1 :i* is exactly pois$ ^u ano!r block1 s t x rocks to & fro4 ,x mu/ h be5 left ?us balanc$ :5 ! ice melt$ r\nd x4 ,y may easily see t ^! blocks 7 c>ri$ by ice1 & n by wat]1 because _! edges are %>p1 :]eas if !y _h be5 roll$ 9 wat]1 !y w\ld h be5 smoo!d d[n4 ,we _c "h g into ! hi/ory ( t great ,glacial ,p]iod long ago1 :5 l>ge fields ( ice cov]$ all ! nor? ( ,engl&2 b :5 y read x = y\rselves & und]/& ! *anges on ! e>?'s surface :i* we c see be+ made by ice n[1 !n su* gr& sc5]y z ! rugg$ valleys ( ,wales1 ) l>ge angul> /one blocks scatt]$ ov] !m1 w tell y a wond]ful /ory ( ! ice ( bygone times4 ,& n[ we h t\*$ lightly on ! *ief ways 9 :i* wat] & ice c>ve out ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we h se5 t ra91 riv]s1 spr+s1 ! waves ( ! sea1 fro/1 & glaci]s all d _! "p 9 *isell+ out rav9es & valleys1 & 9 produc+ rugg$ peaks or undulat+ pla9s - "h cutt+ ?r\gh rocks s z to =m precipit\s cliffs1 !re lay+ d[n new l& to add to ! flat c\ntry - 9 "o place gr9d+ /ones to p[d]1 9 o!rs pil+ !m up 9 gigantic ridges4 ,we _c g a /ep into ! c\ntry )\t see+ ! "w ( wat] ar\nd u2 e little gully & rav9e tells u t ! sculpture is go+ on2 e /ream1 ) its burd5 ( visible or invisible matt]1 rem9ds u t "s e>? is be+ tak5 away & c>ri$ to a new spot4 ,9 our little lives we see inde$ b ! v small *anges1 b by ^! we le>n h[ great] ones h be5 br\ght ab\t1 & h[ we owe ! outl9e ( all our beautiful sc5]y1 ) its hills & valleys1 its m\nta9s & pla9s1 its cliffs & cav]ns1 its quiet nooks & its gr& rugg$ precipices1 to ! "w ( ! ,two great sculptors1 ,wat] & ,ice4 ,week #af ,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,voices ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,h[ ,,we ,,he> ,,!m ,we h rea*$ to-day ! middle po9t ( our c\rse1 & "h we w make a new />t4 ,all ! wond]ful hi/ories :i* we h be5 /udy+ 9 ! la/ five lectures h _h little or no?+ to d ) liv+ creatures4 ,! sunbeams w\ld /rike on our e>?1 ! air w\ld move re/lessly to & fro1 ! wat]-drops w\ld rise & fall1 ! valleys & rav9es w\ld /ill be cut out by riv]s 1 if !re 7 no su* ?+ z life ^u ! e>?4 ,b )\t liv+ ?+s !re c\ld be none ( ! beauty :i* ^! *anges br+ ab\t4 ,)\t plants1 ! sunbeams1 ! air & ! wat] w\ld be q unable to clo! ! b>e rocks1 & )\t animals & man !y c\ld n produce light1 or s\nd1 or feel+ ( any k9d4 ,9 ! next five lectures1 h[ev]1 we are go+ to le>n some?+ ( ! use liv+ creatures make ( ! e>?2 & to- day we w beg9 by /udy+ "o ( ! ways 9 :i* we are affect$ by ! *anges ( nature1 & he> h] voice4 ,we are all s accu/om$ to tru/ to our sight to guide u 9 mo/ ( our actions1 & to ?9k ( ?+s z we see !m1 t we (t5 =get h[ v mu* we owe to s\nd4 ,& yet ,nature speaks to u s mu* by h] g5tle1 h] t\*+1 or h] awful s\nds1 t ! life ( a deaf p]son is ev5 m h>d to be> ?an t ( a bl9d "o4 ,h y ev] amus$ y\rself ) try+ h[ _m diff]5t s\nds y c di/+ui% if y li/5 at an op5 w9d[ 9 a busy /reet8 ,y w probably be able to recognize easily ! jolt+ ( ! heavy wagon or dray1 ! rumble ( ! omnibus1 ! smoo? roll ( ! private c>riage & ! rattle ( ! light but*]'s c>t2 & ev5 :ile y are li/5+ = ^!1 ! crack ( ! c>t]'s :ip1 ! cry ( ! co/]mong] at 8 /all1 & ! voices ( ! pass]s-by w /rike ^u y e>4 ,!n if y give /ill m close att5tion y w he> ! doors op5 & %ut along ! /reet1 ! foot/eps ( ! pass5g]s1 ! scrap+ ( ! %ovel ( ! mud-c>ts2 nay1 if he happ5 to /& ne>1 y may ev5 he> ! j+l+ ( ! %oeblack's p5ce z he plays pit* & toss ^u ! pavem5t4 ,if y ?9k = a mom5t1 does x n seem wond]ful t y %\ld he> all ^! s\nds s t y c recognize ea* "o di/9ctly :ile all ! re/ are go+ on ar\nd y8 ,b suppose y g into ! quiet c\ntry4 ,surely !re w be sil5ce !re4 ,try "s day & prove x = y\rself1 lie d[n on ! grass 9 a %elt]$ nook & li/5 att5tively4 ,if !re be ev] s little w9d /irr+ y w he> x ru/l+ g5tly ?r\gh ! trees2 or ev5 if !re is n ?is1 x w be /range if y d n he> "s w&]+ gnat buzz+1 or "s busy bee humm+ z x moves f fl[] to fl[]4 ,!n a gras%opp] w set up a *irp )9 a few y>ds ( y1 or1 if all liv+ creatures are sil5t1 a brook n f> (f may be fl[+ along ) a rippl+ musical s\nd4 ,^! & a hundr$ o!r noises y w he> 9 ! mo/ quiet c\ntry spot2 ! l[+ ( ! cattle1 ! song ( ! birds1 ! squeak ( ! field-m\se1 ! croak ( ! frog1 m+l+ ) ! s\nd ( ! woodman's axe 9 ! di/ance1 or ! da% ( "s riv] torr5t4 ,& beside ^! quiet s\nds1 !re are /ill o!r occasional voices ( nature :i* speak to u f "t to "t4 ,! h[l+ ( ! tempe/u\s w9d1 ! ro> ( ! sea-waves 9 a /orm1 ! cra% ( ?und]1 & ! mighty noise ( ! fall+ avalan*e2 su* s\nds z ^! tell u h[ great & t]rible nature c be4 ,n[1 has x ev] occurr$ to y to ?9k :at s\nds is1 & h[ x is t we he> all ^! ?+s8 ,/range z x may seem1 if !re 7 no creature t c\ld he> ^u ! e>?1 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z s\nd1 ?\gh all ^! movem5ts 9 nature 7 go+ on j z !y are n[4 ,try & grasp ?is ?or\ghly1 = x is difficult at fir/ to make p believe x4 ,suppose y 7 /one-deaf1 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z s\nd to y4 ,a heavy hamm] fall+ on an anvil w\ld inde$ %ake ! air viol5tly1 b s9ce ?is air :5 x rea*$ y\r e> w\ld f9d a useless in/rum5t1 x c\ld n play ^u x4 & x is ?is play on ! drum ( y\r e> & ! n]ves )9 x speak+ to y\r bra9 :i* make s\nd4 ,!re=e1 if all creatures on or ar\nd ! e>? 7 )\t e>s or n]ves ( he>+1 !re w\ld be no in/rum5t on :i* to play1 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z s\nd4 ,?is proves t two ?+s are ne$$ 9 ord] t we may he>4 ,fir/1 ! outside movem5t :i* plays on our he>+ in/rum5t2 &1 secondly1 ! he>+ in/rum5t itself4 ,fir/1 !n1 let u try to und]/& :at happ5s outside our e>s4 ,take a pok] & tie a piece ( /r+ to x1 & hold+ ! ends ( ! /r+ to y\r e>s1 /rike ! pok] aga9/ ! f5d]4 ,y w he> a v l\d s\nd1 = ! bl[ w set all ! p>ticles ( ! pok] quiv]+1 & ?is movem5t w pass "r along ! /r+ to ! drum ( y\r e> & play ^u x4 ,n[ take ! /r+ away f y e>s1 & hold x ) y\r tee?4 ,/op y\r e>s tight1 & /rike ! pok] once m aga9/ ! f5d]4 ,y w he> ! s\nd q z l\dly & cle>ly z y did be=e1 b ?is "t ! drum ( y\r e> has n be5 agitat$4 ,h[1 !n1 has ! s\nd be5 produc$8 ,9 ?is case1 ! quiv]+ movem5t has pass$ ?r\gh y\r tee? into ! bones ( y\r he>1 & f !m into ! n]ves1 & s produc$ s\nd 9 y\r bra94 ,& n[1 z a f9al exp]im5t1 fa/5 ! /r+ to ! mantelpiece1 & hit x aga9 aga9/ ! f5d]4 ,h[ mu* feebl] ! s\nd is ?is "t1 & h[ mu* soon] x /ops6 ,yet /ill x rea*es y1 = ! movem5t has come ?is "t across ! air to ! drums ( y\r e>4 ,"h we are back aga9 9 ! l& ( invisible work]s6 ,we h all be5 li/5+ & he>+ ev] s9ce we 7 babies1 b h we ev] made any picture to ourselves ( h[ s\nd comes to u "r across a room or a field1 :5 we /& at "o end & ! p]son :o calls is at ! o!r8 ,s9ce we h /udi$ ! a]ial ocean1 we "k t ! air fill+ ! space betwe5 u1 ?\gh invisible1 is some?+ v real1 & n[ all we h to d is to und]/& exactly h[ ! movem5t crosses ?is air4 ,?is we %all d mo/ readily by means ( an exp]im5t made by ,dr4 ,tyndall 9 8 lectures on ,s\nd4 ,i h "h a numb] ( boxwood balls re/+ 9 a wood5 tray :i* has a bell hung at ! end ( x4 ,i am go+ to take ! end ball & roll x %>ply aga9/ ! re/1 & !n ,i want y to notice c>efully :at happ5s4 ,see6 ! ball at ! o!r end has fl[ (f & hit ! bell1 s t y he> x r+4 ,yet ! o!r balls rema9 :]e !y 7 be=e4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x is because ea* ( ! balls1 z x 0 knock$ =w>ds1 _h "o 9 front ( x to /op x & make x b\nd back aga91 b ! la/ "o 0 free to move on4 ,:5 ,i ?rew ?is ball f my h& aga9/ ! o!rs1 ! "o 9 front ( x mov$1 & hitt+ ! ?ird ball1 b\nd$ back aga92 ! ?ird did ! same to ! f\r?1 ! f\r? to ! fif?1 & s on to ! end ( ! l9e4 ,ea* ball ?us came back to its place1 b x pass$ ! %ock on to ! la/ ball1 & ! ball to ! bell4 ,if ,i n[ put ! balls close up to ! bell1 & repeat ! exp]im5t1 y /ill he> ! s\nd1 = ! la/ ball %akes ! bell z if x 7 a ball 9 front ( x4 ,n[ imag9e ^! balls to be atoms ( air1 & ! bell y\r e>4 ,if ,i clap my h&s & s hit ! air 9 front ( !m1 ea* air-atom hits ! next j z ! balls did1 & ?\gh x comes back to its place1 x passes ! %ock on along ! :ole l9e to ! atom t\*+ ! drum ( y\r e>1 & s y receive a bl[4 ,b a curi\s ?+ happ5s 9 ! air :i* y _c notice 9 ! balls4 ,y mu/ rememb] t air is ela/ic1 j z if !re 7 spr+s betwe5 ! atoms z 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ca1 & s :5 any %ock knocks ! atoms =w>d1 sev]al ( !m c be cr[d$ toge!r be=e !y pu% on ^? 9 front4 ,!n1 z soon z !y h pass$ ! %ock on1 !y reb\nd & beg9 to sep>ate aga91 & s sw+ to & fro till !y come to re/4 mean:ile ! second set w g ?r\gh j ! same movem5ts1 & w spr+ ap>t z soon z !y h pass$ ! %ock on to a ?ird set1 & s y w h "o set ( cr[d$ atoms & "o set ( sep>at$ atoms alt]nately all along ! l9e1 & ! same set w nev] be cr[d$ two in/ants toge!r4 ,y may see an excell5t example ( ?is 9 a luggage tra9 9 a railway /ation1 :5 ! trucks are left to bump ea* o!r till !y /op4 ,y w see ?ree or f\r trucks knock toge!r1 !n !y w pass ! %ock on to ! f\r 9 front1 :ile !y !mselves b\nd back & sep>ate z f> z _! *a9s w let !m3 ! next f\r trucks w d ! same1 & s a k9d ( wave ( cr[d$ trucks passes on to ! end ( ! tra91 & !y bump to & fro till ! :ole comes to a /&/ill4 ,try to imag9e a movem5t l ?is go+ on 9 ! l9e ( air- atoms1 ! drum ( y\r e> be+ at ! end4 ,^? :i* are cr[d$ toge!r at t end w hit on ! drum ( y\r e> & drive ! membrane :i* cov]s x inw>ds2 !n in/antly ! wave w *ange1 ^! atoms w b\nd back1 & ! membrane w recov] itself aga91 b only to receive a second bl[ z ! atoms are driv5 =w>ds aga91 & s ! membrane w be driv5 9 & out till ! air has settl$ d[n4 ,?is y see is q diff]5t to ! waves ( light :i* moves 9 cre/s & holl[s4 ,inde$1 x is n :at we usually und]/& by a wave at all1 b a set ( cr[d+s & p>t+s ( atoms ( air :i* foll[ ea* o!r rapidly across ! air4 ,a cr[d+ ( atoms is call$ a cond5sation1 & a p>t+ is call$ a r>efaction1 & :5 we speak ( ! l5g? ( a wave ( s\nd1 we mean ! di/ance betwe5 two cond5sations1 or betwe5 two r>efactions4 ,al?\gh ea* atom ( air moves a v little way =w>ds & !n back1 yet1 z a long r[ ( atoms may be cr[d$ toge!r be=e !y beg9 to "p1 a wave is (t5 v long4 ,:5 a man talks 9 an ord9>y bass voice1 he makes s\nd-waves f #h to #ab feet long2 a woman's voice makes %ort] waves1 f #b to #d feet long1 & consequ5tly ! tone is high]1 z we %all pres5tly expla94 ,& n[ ,i hope t "s "o is anxi\s to ask :y1 :5 ,i clap my h&s1 anyone beh9d me or at ! side1 c he> x z well or ne>ly z well z y :o are 9 front4 ,?is is because ,i give a %ock to ! air all r\nd my h&s1 & waves g out on all sides1 mak+ z x 7 gloves ( cr[d+s & p>t+s wid5+ & wid5+ away f ! clap z circles wid5 on a pond4 ,?us ! waves travel beh9d me1 above me1 & on all sides1 until !y hit ! walls1 ! ceil+1 & ! floor ( ! room1 & :]ev] y happ5 to be1 !y hit ^u y\r e>4 ,week #ag ,if y c picture to y\rself ^! waves spread+ out 9 all directions1 y w easily see :y s\nd gr[s fa9t] at ! di/ance4 ,j close r\nd my h&s :5 ,i clap !m1 !re is a small quantity ( air1 & s ! %ock ,i give x is v viol5t1 b z ! s\nd-waves spread on all sides !y h m & m air to move1 & s ! air-atoms are %ak5 less viol5tly & /rike ) less =ce on y\r e>4 ,if we c prev5t ! s\nd-wave f spread+1 !n ! s\nd is n weak5$4 ,! ,fr5*man ,biot f\nd t a l[ :isp] c\ld be he>d di/9ctly = a di/ance ( half a mile ?r\gh a tube1 because ! waves c\ld n spread beyond ! small column ( air4 ,b unless y speak into a small space ( "s k9d1 y _c prev5t ! waves go+ out f y 9 all directions4 ,try & imag9e t y see ^! waves spread+ all r\nd me n[ & hitt+ on y\r e>s z !y pass1 !n on ! e>s ( ^? beh9d y1 & on & on 9 wid5+ globes till !y rea* ! wall4 ,:at w happ5 :5 !y get !re8 ,if ! wall 7 ?91 z a wood5 p>tition is1 !y w\ld %ake x1 & x aga9 w\ld %ake ! air on ! o!r side1 & s anyone 9 ! next room w\ld h ! s\nd ( my voice br\ght to _! e>4 ,b some?+ m w happ54 ,9 any case ! s\nd-waves hitt+ aga9/ ! wall w b\nd back f x j z a ball b\nds back :5 ?r[n aga9/ any?+1 & s ano!r set ( s\nd-waves reflect$ f ! wall w come back across ! room4 ,if ^! waves come to y\r e> s quickly t !y mix ) direct waves1 !y help to make ! s\nd l\d] 9 ?is room ?an y w\ld 9 ! op5 air1 = ! ,ha f my m\? & a second ,ha f ! wall come to y\r e> s in/antane\sly t !y make "o s\nd4 ,?is is :y y c (t5 he> bett] at ! f> end ( a *ur* :5 y /& aga9/ a scre5 or a wall1 !n :5 y are half-way up ! build+ ne>] to ! speak]1 because ne> ! wall ! reflect$ waves /rike /rongly on y\r e> & make ! s\nd l\d]4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! s\nd comes f a great explosion1 ^! reflect$ waves are s /rong t !y are able to break glass4 ,9 ! explosion ( gunp[d] 9 ,/4 ,john's ,wood1 _m h\ses 9 ! back /reets _h _! w9d[s brok52 = ! s\nd-waves b\nd$ (f at angles f ! walls & /ruck back ^u !m4 ,n[ suppose ! wall 7 s f> beh9d y t ! reflect$ s\nd-waves only hit ^u y\r e> aft] ^? com+ /raight f me _h di$ away2 !n y w\ld he> ! s\nd twice1 ,ha f me & ,ha f ! wall1 & "h y h an e*o1 ,ha1 ha4 ,9 ord] = ?is to happ5 9 ord9>y air1 y mu/ be /&+ at lea/ #ef feet away f ! po9t f :i* ! waves are reflect$1 = !n ! second bl[ w come "o-t5? ( a second aft] ! fir/ "o1 & t is long en\gh = y to feel !m sep>ately499 ,miss ,c4 ,a4 ,m>t9eau tells a /ory ( a dog :i* 0 t]ribly fright5$ by an e*o4 ,?9k+ ano!r dog 0 b>k+1 he ran =w>d to meet him1 & 0 v mu* a/oni%$1 :51 z he came ne>] ! wall1 ! e*o ceas$4 ,i myself once knew a case ( ?is k9d1 & my dog1 :5 he c\ld f9d no enemy1 ran back b>k+1 till he 0 a c]ta9 di/ance (f1 & !n ! e*o ( c\rse began aga94 ,he grew s furi\s at la/ t we _h great difficulty 9 prev5t+ him f fly+ at a /range man :o happ5$ to be pass+ at ! "t4 799,s\nd travels #aabj feet 9 a second1 9 air ( ord9>y temp]ature1 & !re=e #aab feet 9 ! t5? ( a second4 ,!re=e ! j\rney ( #ef feet beyond y to rea* ! wall & #ef feet to return1 w occupy ! s\nd-wave "o-t5? ( a second & sep>ate ! two s\nds47 ,sometimes1 9 ! m\nta9s1 walls ( rock rise at "s di/ance "o beh9d ano!r1 & !n ea* "o w s5d back its e*o a little lat] ?an ! rock be=e x1 s t ! ,ha :i* y give w come back z a peal ( laught]4 ,!re is an e*o 9 ,wood/ock ,p>k :i* repeats ! ^w tw5ty times4 ,aga9 sometimes1 z 9 ! ,alps1 ! s\nd-waves com+ back reb\nd f m\nta9 to m\nta9 & are driv5 backw>ds & =w>ds1 becom+ fa9t] & fa9t] till !y die away2 ^! e*oes are v beautiful4 ,if y are n[ able to picture to y\rselves "o set ( waves go+ to ! wall1 & ano!r set return+ & cross+ !m1 y w be ready to und]/& some?+ ( t v difficult "q1 ,h[ is x t we c he> _m diff]5t s\nds at "o "t & tell !m ap>t8 ,h y ev] wat*$ ! sea :5 its surface is mu* ruffl$1 & notic$ h[1 besides ! big waves ( ! tide1 !re are numb]less small] ripples made by ! w9d bl[+ ! surface ( ! wat]1 or ! o>s ( a boat dipp+ 9 x1 or ev5 ra9- drops fall+8 ,if y h done ?is y w h se5 t all ^! waves & ripples cross ea* o!r1 & y c foll[ any "o ripple ) y eye z x goes on its way undi/urb$ by ! re/4 ,or y may make beautiful cross+ & recross+ ripples on a pond by ?r[+ 9 two /ones at a little di/ance f ea* o!r1 & "h too y c foll[ any "o wave on to ! edge ( ! pond4 ,n[ j 9 ?is way ! waves ( s\nd1 9 _! mann] ( mov+1 cross & recross ea* o!r4 ,y w rememb] too1 t diff]5t s\nds make waves ( diff]5t l5g?s1 j z ! tide makes a long wave & ! ra9-drops t9y ones4 ,!re=e ea* s\nd falls ) its own peculi> wave ^u y\r e>1 & y c li/5 to t p>ticul> wave j z y look at "o p>ticul> ripple1 & !n ! s\nd becomes cle> to y4 ,all ?is is :at is go+ on outside y\r e>1 b :at is happ5+ 9 y\r e> itself8 ,h[ d ^! bl[s ( ! air speak to y\r bra98 ,by means ( ! foll[+ diagram1 ,fig4 #cc1 we w try to und]/& r\ghly our beautiful he>+ in/rum5t1 ! e>4 ,fir/1 ,i want y to notice h[ beautifully ! outside %ell1 or con*a z x is call$1 is curb$ r\nd s t any movem5t ( ! air com+ to x f ! front is caught 9 x & reflect$ into ! hole ( ! e>4 ,put y\r f+] r\nd y\r e> & feel h[ ! gri/ly "p is curv$ t[>ds ! front ( y\r head4 ,?is con*a makes a curve mu* l ! curve a deaf man makes ) 8 h& beh9d 8 e> to cat* ! s\nd4 ,animals (t5 h to raise _! e>s to cat* ! s\nd well1 b ours /& always ready4 ,:5 ! air-waves h pass$ 9 at ! hole ( y\r e>1 !y move all ! air 9 ! passage1 :i* is call$ ! auditory1 or he>+1 canal4 ,?is canal is l9$ ) little hairs to keep out insects & du/1 & ! wax :i* collects 9 x s]ves ! same purpose4 ,b is too mu* wax collects1 x prev5ts ! air f play+ well ^u ! drum1 & !re=e makes y deaf4 ,across ! end ( ?is canal1 a membrane or sk9 call$ ! tympanum is /ret*$1 l ! p>*m5t ov] ! head ( a drum1 & x is ?is membrane :i* moves to & fro z ! air-waves /rike on x4 ,a viol5t box on ! e> w sometimes break ?is delicate membrane1 or injure x1 & !re=e x is v wrong to hit a p]son viol5tly on ! e>4 ,on ! o!r side ( ?is membrane1 inside ! e>1 !re is air1 :i* fills ! :ole ( ! inn] *amb] & ! tube1 :i* runs d[n into ! ?roat beh9d ! nose1 & is call$ ! ,eu/a*ian tube aft] ! man :o discov]$ x4 ,?is tube is clos$ at ! end by a valve :i* op5s & %uts4 ,if y brea! out /rongly1 & !n %ut y\r m\? & swall[1 y w he> a little click 9 y\r e>4 ,?is is because 9 swall[+ y draw ! air out ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube & s draw 9 ! membrane1 :i* clicks z x goes back aga94 ,b unless y d ?is ! tube & ! :ole *amb] cavity beh9d ! membrane rema9s full ( air4 ,n[1 z ?is membrane is driv5 to & fro by ! s\nd-waves1 x naturally %akes ! air 9 ! cavity beh9d x1 & x also sets mov+ ?ree mo/ curi\s little bones4 ,! fir/ ( ! bones is fa/5$ to ! middle ( ! drumhead s t x moves to & fro e "t ?is membrane quiv]s4 ,! head ( ?is bone fits into a hole 9 ! next bone1 ! anvil1 & is fa/5$ to x by muscles1 s z to drag x along ) x2 b1 ! muscles be+ ela/ic1 x c draw back a little f ! anvil1 & s give x a bl[ ea* "t x comes back4 ,?is anvil is 9 its turn v firmly fix$ to ! little bone1 %ap$ l a /irrup1 :i* y see at ! end ( ! *a94 ,?is /irrup re/s ^u a curi\s body :i* looks 9 ! diagram l a snail-%ell ) tubes com+ out ( x4 ,?is body1 :i* is call$ ! labyr9?1 is made ( bone1 b x has two little w9d[s 9 x1 "o cov]$ only by a membrane1 :ile ! o!r has ! head ( ! /irrup re/+ ^u x4 ,n[1 ) a little att5tion y w und]/& t :5 ! air 9 ! canal %akes ! drumhead to & fro1 ?is membrane mu/ drag ) x ! hamm]1 ! anvil1 & ! /irrup4 ,ea* "t ! drum goes 91 ! hamm] w hit ! anvil1 & drive ! /irrup aga9/ ! little w9d[2 e "t x goes out x w draw ! hamm]1 ! anvil1 & ! /irrup out aga91 ready = ano!r bl[4 ,?us ! /irrup is always play+ ^u ?is little w9d[4 ,mean:ile1 inside ! bony labyr9? !re is a fluid l wat]1 & along ! little passages are v f9e hairs1 :i* wave to & fro l re$s2 & :5ev] ! /irrup hits at ! little w9d[1 ! fluid moves ^! hairs to & fro1 & !y irritate ! ends ( a n]ve1 & ?is n]ve c>ries ! message to y\r bra94 ,!re are also "s curi\s little /ones call$ otoli?s1 ly+ 9 "s p>ts ( ?is fluid1 & !y1 by _! roll+ to & fro1 probably keep up ! motion & prolong ! s\nd4 ,y mu/ n imag9e we h expla9$ "h ! _m intricacies :i* occur 9 ! e>2 ,i c only hope to give y a r\gh idea ( x1 s t y may picture to y\rselves ! air-waves mov+ backw>ds & =w>d 9 ! canal ( y\r e>1 !n ! tympanum vibrat+ to & fro1 ! hamm] hitt+ ! anvil1 ! /irrup knock+ at ! little w9d[1 ! fluid wav+ ! f9e hairs & roll+ ! t9y /ones1 ! ends ( ! n]ve quiv]+1 & !n 7h[ we "k n7 ! bra9 he>+ ! message4 ,is n ?is wond]ful1 go+ on z x does at e s\nd y he>8 ,& yet 8 is n all1 = inside t curl$ "p ( ! labyr9?1 :i* looks l a snail-%ell & is call$ ! co*lea1 !re is a mo/ wond]ful app>atus ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& f9e /ret*$ filam5ts or ?reads1 & ^! act l ! /r+s ( a h>p1 & make y he> diff]5t tones4 ,if y g ne> to a h>p or a piano1 & s+ any p>ticul> note v l\dly1 y w he> ?is note s\nd+ 9 ! in/rum5t1 because y w set j t p>ticul> /r+ quiv]+1 :i* gives ! note y sang4 ,! air-waves set go+ by y\r voice t\* t /r+1 because x c quiv] 9 "t ) !m1 :ile none ( ! o!r /r+s c d s4 ,n[1 j 9 ! same way ! t9y in/rum5t ( ?ree ?\s& /r+s 9 y\r e>1 :i* is call$ ,corti's organ1 vibrates to ! air-waves1 "o ?read to "o set ( waves1 & ano!r to ano!r1 & accord+ to ! fibre t quiv]s1 w be ! s\nd y he>4 ,"h !n at la/1 we see h[ nature speaks to u4 ,all ! movem5ts go+ on outside1 h[ev] viol5t & v>i$ !y may be1 _c ( !mselves make s\nd4 ,b "h1 9 ! little space beh9d ! drum ( our e>1 ! air-waves are sort$ & s5t on to our bra91 :]e !y speak to u z s\nd4 ,week #ah ,b :y !n d we n he> all s\nds z music8 ,:y are "s m]e noise1 & o!rs cle> musical notes8 ,?is dep5ds entirely ^u :e!r ! s\nd-waves come quickly & regul>ly1 or by an irregul> succession ( %ocks4 ,= example1 :5 a load ( /ones is be+ %ot out ( a c>t1 y he> only a long1 cont9u\s noise1 because ! /ones fall irregul>ly1 "s quick]1 "s sl[]1 "h a numb] toge!r1 & !re two or ?ree /raggl]s by !mselves2 ea* ( ^! diff]5t %ocks comes to y\r e> & makes a confus$1 noisy s\nd4 ,b if y run a /ick v quickly along a pal+1 y w he> a s\nd v l a musical n4 ,?is is because ! rods ( ! pal+ are all at equal di/ances "o f ano!r1 & s ! %ocks fall quickly "o aft] ano!r at regul> int]vals ^u y\r e>4 ,any quick & regul> succession ( s\nds makes a note1 ev5 ?\gh x may be an ugly "o4 ,! squeak ( a slate p5cil along a slate1 & ! %riek ( a railway :i/le are n pleasant1 b !y are real notes :i* y c\ld copy on a viol94 ,i h "h a simple app>atus :i* ,i h _h made to %[ y t rapid & regul> %ocks produce a natural musical note4 ,?is :eel 7,fig4 #cd7 is mill$ at ! edge l a %ill+1 & :5 ,i turn x rapidly s t x /rikes aga9/ ! edge ( ! c>d fix$ beh9d x1 ! not*es /rike 9 rapid succession1 & produce a musical s\nd4 ,we c also prove by ?is exp]im5t t ! quick] ! bl[s are1 ! high] ! note w be4 ,i pull ! /r+ g5tly at fir/1 & !n quick] & quick]1 & y w notice t ! note gr[s %>p] & %>p]1 till ! movem5t beg9s to slack51 :5 ! note goes d[n aga94 ,?is is because ! m rapidly ! air is hit1 ! %ort] are ! waves x makes1 & %ort waves give a high note4 ,let u exam9e ?is ) two tun+-=ks4 ,i /rike "o1 & x s\nds ,d1 ! ?ird space 9 ! treble2 ,i /rike ! o!r1 & x s\nds ,g1 ! fir/ leg] l9e1 five notes above ! ,c4 ,i h drawn on ?is diagram 7,fig4 #ce71 an imag9>y picture ( ^! two sets ( waves4 ,y see t ! ,g =k makes ?ree waves1 :ile ! ,c =k makes only two4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because ! prong ( ! ,g =k moves ?ree times backw>ds & =w>ds :ile ! prong ( ! ,c =k only moves twice2 !re=e ! ,g =k does n cr[d s _m atoms toge!r be=e x draws back1 & ! waves are %ort]4 ,^! two notes1 ,c & ,g1 are a fif? ( an octave ap>t2 if we _h two =ks1 ( :i* "o w5t twice z fa/ z ! o!r1 mak+ f\r waves :ile ! o!r made two1 !n t note w\ld be an octave high]4 ,s we see t all ! s\nds we he>1 - ! w>n+ noises :i* keep u f h>m1 ! beautiful musical notes ) all ! tunes & h>monies t delight u1 ev5 ! p[] ( he>+ ! voices ( ^? we love1 & le>n+ f "o ano!r t :i* ea* c tell1 - all ^! dep5d ^u ! invisible waves ( air1 ev5 z ! pleasures ( light dep5d on ! waves ( e!r4 ,x is by ^! s\nd-waves t nature speaks to u1 & 9 all h] movem5ts !re is a reason :y h] boice is %>p or t5d]1 l\d or g5tle1 awful or lov+4 ,take = in/ance ! brook we spoke ( at ! beg9n+ ( ! lecture4 ,:y does x s+ s sweetly1 :ile ! wide deep riv] makes no noise8 ,because ! little brook eddies & purls r\nd ! /ones1 hitt+ !m z x passes2 sometimes ! wat] falls d[n a l>ge /one1 & /rikes aga9/ ! wat] bel[2 or sometimes x grates ! little pebbles toge!r z !y lie 9 its b$4 ,ea* ( ^! bl[s makes a small globe ( s\nd-waves1 :i* spread & spread till !y fall on y\r e>1 & because !y fall quickly & regul>ly1 !y make a l[1 musical note4 ,we might almo/ fancy t ! brook wi%$ to %[ h[ joyfully x fl[s along1 recall+ ,%elley's beautiful l9es3- ,sometimes x fell ,among ! moss ) holl[ h>mony1 ,d>k & pr(\nd2 n[ on ! poli%$ /ones ,x danc$2 l *ildhood laugh+ z x w5t4 ,! broad deep riv]1 on ! contr>y1 makes none ( ^! cascades & commotions4 ,! only places aga9/ :i* x rubs are ! banks & ! bottom2 & "h y c sometimes he> x grat+ ! p>ticles ( s& aga9/ ea* o!r if y li/5 v c>efully4 ,b !re is ano!r reason :y fall+ wat] makes a s\nd1 & (t5 ev5 a l\d ro>+ noise 9 ! cat>act & 9 ! break+ waves ( ! sea4 ,y d n only he> ! wat] da%+ aga9/ ! rocky l$ges or on ! bea*1 y also he> ! bur/+ ( innum]able little bladd]s ( air :i* are conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 ,z ea* ( ^! bladd]s is da%$ on ! gr\nd1 x explodes & s5ds s\nd-waves to y\r e>4 ,li/5 to ! sea "s day :5 ! waves are high & /ormy1 & y _c fail to be /ruck by ! irregul> bur/s ( s\nd4 ,! waves1 h[ev]1 d n only ro> z !y da% on ! gr\nd2 h y nev] notic$ h[ !y seem to scream z !y draw back d[n ! bea*8 ,t5nyson calls x1 ,! scream ( ! madd5'd bea* dragg$ d[n by ! wave2 & x is caus$ by ! /ones grat+ aga9/ ea* o!r z ! waves drag !m d[n4 ,dr4 ,tyndall tells u t x is possible to "k ! size ( ! /ones by ! k9d ( noise !y make4 ,if !y are l>ge1 x is a confus$ noise1 :5 small]1 a k9d ( scream2 :ile a gravelly bea* w produce a m]e hiss4 ,:o c\ld be dull by ! side ( a brook1 a wat]fall1 or ! sea1 :ile he c li/5 = s\nds l ^!1 & picture to himself h[ !y are be+ made8 ,y may discov] a numb] ( o!r causes ( s\nd made by wat]1 if y once pay att5tion to !m4 ,nor is x only wat] t s+s to u4 ,li/5 to ! w9d1 h[ sweetly x sighs among ! leaves4 ,!re we he> x1 because x rubs ! leaves toge!r1 & !y produce ! s\nd-waves4 ,b walk aga9/ ! w9d "s day & y c he> x :i/l+ 9 y\r own e>1 /rik+ aga9/ ! curv$ cup1 & !n sett+ up a succession ( waves 9 ! he>+ canal ( ! e> itself4 ,:y %\ld x s\nd 9 "o p>ticul> tone :5 all k9ds ( s\nd-waves mu/ be surg+ ab\t 9 ! di/urb$ air8 ,?is glass j> w answ] our "q r\ghly4 ,if ,i /rike my tun+-=k & hold x ov] ! j>1 y _c he> x1 because ! s\nd is feeble1 b if ,i fill ! j> g5tly ) wat]1 :5 ! wat] rises to a c]ta9 po9t y w he> a l\d cle> note1 because ! waves ( air 9 ! j> are exactly ! "r l5g? to answ] to ! note ( ! =k4 ,if ,i n[ bl[ across ! m\? ( ! j> y he> ! same note1 %[+ t a cavity ( a p>ticul> l5g? w only s\nd to ! waves :i* fit x4 d y see n[ ! reason :y pan-pipes give diff]5t s\nds1 or ev5 ! hole at ! end ( a common key :5 y bl[ across x8 ,"h is a subject y w f9d v int]e/+ if y w read ab\t x1 = ,i c only j sugge/ x to y "h4 ,b n[ y w see t ! canal ( y\r e> also answ]s only to c]ta9 waves1 & s ! w9d s+s 9 y\r e> ) a real if n a musical note4 ,aga91 on a w9dy night h y n he>d ! w9d s\nd+ a wild1 sad note d[n a valley8 ,:y d y ?9k x s\nds s mu* l\d] & m musical "h ?an :5 x is bl[+ across ! pla98 ,because air 9 ! valley w only answ] to a c]ta9 set ( waves1 &1 l ! pan-pipe1 gives a p>ticul> note z ! w9d bl[s across x1 & ^! waves g up & d[n ! valley 9 regul> pulses1 mak+ a wild h[l4 ,y may he> ! same 9 ! *imney1 or 9 ! keyhole2 all ^! are waves set up 9 ! hole across :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,ev5 ! music 9 ! %ell :i* y hold to y\r e> is made by ! air 9 ! %ell pulsat+ to & fro4 ,& h[ d y ?9k x is set go+8 ,by ! ?robb+ ( ! ve9s 9 y\r own e>1 :i* causes ! air 9 ! %ell to vibrate4 ,ano!r gr& voice ( nature is ! ?und]4 ,p (t5 h a vague idea t ?und] is produc$ by ! cl\ds knock+ toge!r1 :i* is v absurd1 if y rememb] t cl\ds are b wat]-du/4 ,! mo/ probable explanation ( ?und] is mu* m beautiful ?an ?is4 ,y w rememb] f ,lecture ,,iii t heat =ces ! air-atoms ap>t4 ,n[1 :5 a fla% ( lightn+ crosses ! sky x sudd5ly exp&s ! air all r\nd x z x passes1 s t globe aft] globe ( s\nd-waves is =m$ at e po9t across :i* ! lightn+ travels4 ,n[ light1 y rememb]1 travels s wond]fully rapidly 7#aib1jjj miles 9 a second7 t a fla% ( lightn+ is se5 by u & is ov] 9 a second1 ev5 :5 x is two or ?ree miles long4 ,b s\nd comes sl[ly1 tak+ five seconds to travel half a mile1 & s all ! s\nd-waves at ea* po9t ( ! two or ?ree miles fall on our e> "o aft] ! o!r1 & make ! roll+ ?und]4 ,sometimes ! roll is made ev5 long] by ! e*o1 z ! s\nd-waves are reflect$ to & fro by ! cl\ds on _! road2 & 9 ! m\nta9s we "k h[ ! peals e*o & re-e*o till !y die away4 ,we might fill up f> m ?an an h\r 9 speak+ ( ^? voices :i* come to u z nature is at "w4 ,?9k ( ! patt] ( ! ra91 h[ ea* drop z x hits ! pavem5t s5ds circles ( s\nd-waves out on all sides2 or ! l\d report :i* falls on ! e> ( ! ,alp9e travell] z ! glaci] cracks on its way d[n ! valley2 or ! mighty boom ( ! avalan*e z ! sn[ slides 9 huge masses (f ! side ( ! l(ty m\nta94 ,ea* & all ( ^! create _! s\nd-waves1 l>ge or small1 l\d or feeble1 :i* make _! way to y\r e>1 & become conv]t$ into s\nd4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 only "t n[ j to glance at life-s\nds1 ( :i* !re are s _m ar\nd u4 ,d y "k :y we he> a buzz+1 z ! gnat1 ! bee1 or ! cock*af] fly pa/8 ,n by ! beat+ ( _! w+s aga9/ ! air1 z _m p imag9e1 & z is really ! case ) humm+ birds1 b by ! scrap+ ( ! "u-"p ( _! h>d w+s aga9/ ! edges ( _! h9d legs1 :i* are too!d l a saw4 ,! m rapidly _! w+s move ! /rong] ! grat+ s\nd becomes1 & y w n[ see :y 9 hot1 ?ir/y wea!r ! buzz+ ( ! gnat is s l\d1 = ! m ?ir/y & ! m eag] he becomes1 ! wild] 8 movem5ts w be4 ,"s insects1 l ! drone-fly 7,eri/alis t5ax71 =ce ! air ?r\gh ! t9y air-passages 9 _! sides1 & z ^! passages are clos$ by little plates1 ! plates vibrate to & fro & make s\nd-waves4 ,aga91 :at are ^? curi\s s\nds y may he> sometimes if y re/ y\r head on a trunk 9 ! =e/8 ,!y are made by ! timb]-bor+ beetles1 :i* saw ! wood ) _! jaws & make a noise 9 ! _w1 ev5 ?\gh !y h no voice4 ,all ^! life-s\nds are made by creatures :i* d n s+ or speak2 b ! sweete/ s\nds ( all 9 ! woods are ! voices ( ! birds4 ,all voice-s\nds are made by two ela/ic b&s or cu%ions1 call$ vocal *ords1 /ret*$ across ! end ( ! tube or w9dpipe ?r\gh :i* we brea!1 & z we s5d ! air ?r\gh !m we tight5 or loos5 !m z we w1 & s make !m vibrate quickly or sl[ly & make s\nd-waves ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,b if y w try "s day 9 ! woods y w f9d t a bird c beat y ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! l5g? ( 8 note2 :5 y are out ( brea? & =c$ to /op he w g on ) 8 m]ry trill z fre% & cle> z if he _h only j begun4 ,?is is because birds c draw air into ! :ole ( _! body1 & !y h a l>ge /ock laid up 9 ! folds ( _! w9dpipe1 & besides ?is ! air-*amb] beh9d _! ela/ic b&s or vocal *ords has two comp>tm5ts :]e we h only "o1 & ! second comp>tm5t has special muscles by :i* !y c op5 & %ut x1 & s prolong ! trill4 ,only ?9k :at a rapid succession ( waves mu/ quiv] ?r\gh ! air z a t9y l>k agitates 8 little ?roat & p\rs =? a volume ( song6 ,! next "t y are 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! spr+1 sp5d half an h\r li/5+ to him1 & try & picture to y\rself h[ t little be+ is mov+ all ! atmosph]e r\nd him4 ,!n dream = a little :ile ab\t s\nd1 :at x is1 h[ m>vell\sly x works outside 9 ! _w1 & inside 9 y\r e> & bra92 & !n1 :5 y g back to "w aga91 y w h>dly d5y t x is well wor? :ile to li/5 sometimes to ! voices ( nature & pond] h[ x is t we he> !m4 ,week #ai ,,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,primrose ,:5 ! dre>y days ( w9t] & ! e>ly damp days ( spr+ are pass+ away1 & ! w>m bright sun%9e has begun to p\r d[n ^u ! grassy pa?s ( ! wood1 :o does n love to g out & br+ home posies ( violets1 & bluebells1 & primroses8 ,we w&] f "o plant to ano!r pick+ a fl[] "h & a bud !re1 z !y ne/le among ! gre5 leaves1 & we make our rooms sweet & gay ) ! t5d] & lovely blossoms4 ,b tell me1 did y ev] /op to ?9k1 z y add$ fl[] aft] fl[] to y\r nosegay1 h[ ! plants :i* be> !m h be5 build+ up _! gre5 leaves & _! fragile buds dur+ ! la/ few weeks8 ,if y _h visit$ ! same spot a mon? be=e1 a few 7(7 la/ ye>'s leaves1 )]$ & dead1 w\ld h be5 all t y w\ld h f\nd4 ,& n[ ! :ole wood is c>pet$ ) delicate gre5 leaves1 ) nodd+ bluebells1 & pale-yell[ primroses1 z if a fairy _h t\*$ ! gr\nd & cov]$ x ) fre% "y life4 ,& our fairies h be5 at "w "h2 ! fairy ,life1 ( :om we "k s little1 ?\gh we love h] s well & rejoice 9 ! beautiful =ms %e c produce2 ! fairy sunbeams ) _! invisible influ5ce kiss+ ! t9y %oots & w>m+ !m into vig\r & activity2 ! g5tle ra9-drops1 ! balmy air1 all ^! h be5 work+1 :ile y or ,i pass$ he$lessly by2 & n[ we come & ga!r ! fl[]s !y h made1 & too (t5 =get to wond] h[ ^! lovely =ms h sprung up ar\nd u4 ,our "w dur+ ! next h\r w be to consid] ?is "q4 ,y 7 ask$ la/ week to br+ ) y to-day a primrose- fl[]1 or a :ole plant if possible1 9 ord] ! bett] to foll[ out ) me ! ,life ( a ,primrose4 7,to enjoy ?is lecture1 ! read] ought to h1 if possible1 a primrose- fl[]1 an almond soak$ = a few m9utes 9 hot wat]1 & a piece ( orange47 ,?is is a v diff]5t k9d ( subject f ^? ( our =m] lectures4 ,!re we took _w- wide hi/ories2 we travell$ up to ! sun1 or r\nd ! e>?1 or into ! air2 n[ ,i only ask y to fix y\r att5tion on "o little plant1 & inquire into its hi/ory4 ,!re is a beautiful little poem by ,t5nyson1 :i* says - ,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies2 ,hold y "h1 root & all1 9 my h&1 ,little fl[]2 b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,we _c le>n all ab\t ?is little fl[]1 b we c le>n en\gh to und]/& t x has a real sep>ate life ( its own1 well wor? kn[+4 ,= a plant is born1 brea!s1 sleeps1 fe$s1 & dige/s j z truly z an animal does1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way4 ,x works h>d bo? = itself to get its food1 & = o!rs 9 mak+ ! air pure & fit = animals to brea!4 ,x (t5 lays by provision = ! w9t]4 ,x s5ds "y plants out1 z p>5ts s5d _! *ildr51 to fight = !mselves 9 ! _w2 & !n1 aft] liv+ sometimes to a good old age1 x dies1 & leaves its place to o!rs4 ,we w try to foll[ out some?+ ( ?is life to-day2 & fir/1 we w beg9 ) ! se$4 ,i h "h a packet ( primrose-se$s1 b !y are s small t we _c exam9e !m2 s ,i h also _h giv5 to ea* "o ( y an almond-k]nel1 :i* is ! se$ ( ! almond- tree1 & :i* has be5 soak$1 s t x splits 9 half easily4 ,f ?is we c le>n ab\t se$s 9 g5]al1 & !n apply x to ! primrose4 ,if y peel ! two sk9s (f y\r almond-se$ 7! ?ick1 br[n1 outside sk91 & ! ?91 transp>5t "o "u x71 ! two halves ( ! almond w slip ap>t q easily4 ,"o ( ^! halves w h a small d5t at ! po9t$ end1 :ile 9 ! o!r half y w see a little lump1 :i* fitt$ into ! d5t :5 ! two halves 7 jo9$4 ,?is little lump 7a b1 ,fig4 #cg7 is a "y plant1 & ! two halves ( ! almond are ! se$ leaves :i* hold ! plantlet1 & fe$ x till x c fe$ itself4 ,! r\nd$ end ( ! plantlet 7b7 /ick+ out ( ! almond1 is ! beg9n+ ( ! root1 :ile ! o!r end 7a7 w 9 "t become ! /em4 ,if y look c>efully1 y w see two little po9ts at ?is end1 :i* are ! tips ( future leaves4 ,only ?9k h[ m9ute ?is plantlet mu/ be 9 a primrose1 :]e ! :ole se$ is sc>cely l>g] ?an a gra9 ( s&6 ,yet 9 ?is t9y plantlet lies hid ! life ( ! future plant4 ,:5 a se$ falls into ! gr\nd1 s long z ! e>? is cold & dry1 x lies l a p]son 9 a trance1 z if x 7 dead2 b z soon z ! w>m1 damp spr+ comes1 & ! busy little sun-waves pi]ce d[n into ! e>?1 !y wake up ! plantlet & make x be/ir itself4 ,!y agitate to & fro ! p>ticles ( matt] 9 ?is t9y body1 & cause !m to seek out = o!r p>ticles to seize & jo9 to !mselves4 ,b ^! new p>ticles _c come 9 at ! roots1 = ! se$ has none2 nor ?r\gh ! leaves1 = !y h n yet gr[n up2 & s ! plantlet beg9s by help+ itself to ! /ore ( food laid up 9 ! ?ick se$-leaves 9 :i* x is buri$4 ,"h x f9ds />*1 oils1 sug>1 & sub/ances call$ album9oids1 -- ! /icky matt] :i* y notice 9 :eat-gra9s :5 y *ew !m is "o ( ! album9oids4 ,?is food is all ready = ! plantlet to use1 & x sucks x 91 & works itself into a "y plant ) t9y roots at "o end1 & a gr[+ %oot1 ) leaves1 at ! o!r4 ,b h[ does x gr[8 ,:at makes x become l>g]8 ,to answ] ?is y mu/ look at ! second ?+ ,i ask$ y to br+ - a piece ( orange4 ,if y take ! sk9 (f a piece ( orange1 y w see inside a numb] ( long-%ap$ transp>5t bags1 full ( juice4 ,^! we call cells1 & ! fle% ( all plants & animals is made up ( cells l ^!1 only ( v>i\s %apes4 ,9 ! pi? ( eld] !y are r\nd1 l>ge1 & easily se5 7a1 ,fig4 #ci72 9 ! /alks ( plants !y are long1 & lap ov] ea* o!r 7b1 ,fig4 #ci71 s z to give ! /alk /r5g? to /& upright4 ,sometimes _m cells gr[+ "o on ! top ( ! o!r break into "o tube & make vessels4 ,b :e!r l>ge or small1 !y are all bags gr[+ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,9 ! orange-pulp ^! cells conta9 only sweet juice1 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! orange-tree or any o!r plant !y conta9 a /icky sub/ance ) little gra9s 9 x4 ,?is sub/ance is call$ protoplasm1 or ! fir/ =m ( life1 = x is alive & active1 & "u a microscope y may see 9 a liv+ plant /reams ( ! little gra9s mov+ ab\t 9 ! cells4 ,n[ we are prep>$ to expla9 h[ our plant gr[s4 ,imag9e ! t9y primrose plantlet to be made up ( cells fill$ ) active liv+ protoplasm1 :i* dr9ks 9 />* & o!r food f ! se$-leaves4 ,9 ?is way ea* cell w gr[ too full = its sk91 & !n ! protoplasm divides into two p>ts & builds up a wall betwe5 !m1 & s "o cell becomes two4 ,ea* ( ^! two cells aga9 breaks up into two m1 & s ! plant gr[s l>g] & l>g]1 till by ! "t x has us$ up all ! food 9 ! se$-leaves1 x has s5t roots cov]$ ) f9e hairs d[nw>ds into ! e>?1 & a %oot ) beg9n+s ( leaves up into ! air4 ,sometimes ! se$-leaves !mselves come above ! gr\nd1 z 9 ! mu/>d-plant1 & sometimes !y are left empty beh9d1 :ile ! plantlet %oots ?r\gh !m4 ,& n[ ! plant c no long] af=d to be idle & live on prep>$ food4 ,x mu/ "w = itself4 ,until n[ x has be5 tak+ 9 ! same k9d ( food t y & ,i d2 = we too f9d _m se$s v pleasant to eat & useful to n\ri% u4 ,b n[ ?is /ore is exhau/$4 ,^u :at !n is ! plant to live8 ,x is clev]] ?an we are 9 ?is1 = :ile we _c live unless we h food :i* has once be5 alive1 plants c fe$ ^u gases & wat] & m9]al matt] only4 ,?9k ov] ! sub/ances y c eat or dr9k1 & y w f9d !y are ne>ly all made ( ?+s :i* h be5 alive3 meat1 vegetables1 bread1 be]1 w9e1 milk2 all ^! are made f liv+ matt]1 & ?\gh y d take 9 su* ?+s z wat] & salt1 & ev5 iron & phosphorus1 ^! w\ld be q useless if y did n eat & dr9k prep>$ food :i* y\r body c "w into liv+ matt]4 ,b ! plant z soon z x has roots & leaves beg9s to make liv+ matt] out ( matt] t has nev] be5 alive4 ,?r\gh all ! little hairs ( its roots x sucks 9 wat]1 & 9 ?is wat] are dissolv$ m or less ( ! salts ( ammonia1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 iron1 lime1 magnesia1 & ev5 silica1 or fl9t4 ,9 all k9ds ( e>? !re is "s iron1 & we %all see pres5tly t ?is is v important to ! plant4 ,suppose1 !n1 t our primrose has begun to dr9k 9 wat] at its roots4 ,h[ is x to get ?is wat] up into ! /em & leaves1 see+ t ! :ole plant is made ( clos$ bags or cells8 ,x does x 9 a v curi\s way1 :i* y c prove = y\rselves4 ,:5ev] two fluids1 "o ?ick] ?an ! o!r1 su* z treacle & wat] = example1 are only sep>at$ by a sk9 or any por\s sub/ance1 !y w always mix1 ! ?9n] "o ooz+ ?r\gh ! sk9 into ! ?ick] "o4 ,if y tie a piece ( bladd] ov] a glass tube1 fill ! tube half-full ( treacle1 & !n let ! cov]$ end re/ 9 a bottle ( wat]1 9 a few h\rs ! wat] w get 9 to ! treacle & ! mixture w rise up 9 ! tube till x fl[s ov] ! top4 ,n[1 ! saps & juices ( plants are ?ick] ?an wat]1 s1 directly ! wat] ent]s ! cells at ! root x oozes up into ! cells above1 & mixes ) ! sap4 ,!n ! matt] 9 ^? cells becomes ?9n] ?an 9 ! cells above1 s x too oozes up1 & 9 ?is way cell by cell ! wat] is pump$ up into ! leaves4 ,:5 x gets !re x f9ds our old fri5ds ! sun-beams h>d at "w4 ,if y h ev] tri$ to gr[ a plant 9 a cell>1 y w "k t 9 ! d>k its leaves rema9 :ite & sickly4 ,x is only 9 ! sunlight t a beautiful delicate gre5 t9t is giv5 to !m1 & y w rememb] f ,lecture ,,ii4 t ?is gre5 t9t %[s t ! leaf has us$ all ! sun-waves except ^? :i* make y see gre52 b :y %\ld x d ?is only :5 x has gr[n up 9 ! sun%9e8 ,! reason is ?is3 :5 ! sunbeam d>ts into ! leaf & sets all its p>ticles quiv]+1 x divides ! protoplasm into two k9ds1 collect$ into diff]5t cells4 ,"o ( ^! rema9s :ite1 b ! o!r k9d1 ne> ! surface1 is alt]$ by ! sunlight & by ! help ( ! iron br\ght 9 by ! wat]4 ,?is p>ticul> k9d ( protoplasm1 :i* is call$ *lorophyll1 w h no?+ to d ) ! gre5 waves & ?r[s !m back1 s t e little gra9 ( ?is protoplasm looks gre5 & gives ! leaf its gre5 col\r4 ,x is ^! little gre5 cells t by ! help ( ! sun-waves dige/ ! food ( ! plant & turn ! wat] & gases into useful sap & juices4 ,we saw 9 ,lecture ,,iii4 t :5 we brea!-9 air1 we use up ! oxyg5 9 x & s5d back out ( our m\?s c>bonic acid1 :i* is a gas made ( oxyg5 & c>bon4 ,n[1 e liv+ ?+s wants c>bon to fe$ ^u1 b plants _c take x 9 by itself1 because c>bon is solid 7! blacklead 9 y\r p5cils is pure c>bon71 & a plant _c eat1 x c only dr9k-9 fluids & gases4 ,"h ! little gre5 cells help x out ( its difficulty4 ,!y take 9 or absorb out ( ! air c>bonic acid gas :i* we h giv5 out ( our m\?s & !n by ! help ( ! sun-waves !y te> ! c>bon & oxyg5 ap>t4 ,mo/ ( ! oxyg5 !y ?r[ back into ! air = u to use1 b ! c>bon !y keep4 ,if y w take "s fre% laurel-leaves & put !m into a tumbl] ( wat] turn$ upside-d[n 9 a sauc] ( wat]1 & set ! tumbl] 9 ! sun%9e1 y w soon see little bright bubbles ris+ up & cl++ to ! glass4 ,^! are bubbles ( oxyg5 gas1 & !y tell y t !y h be5 set free by ! gre5 cells :i* h torn f !m ! c>bon ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! wat]4 ,b :at becomes ( ! c>bon8 ,& :at use is made ( ! wat] :i* we h kept wait+ all ?is "t 9 ! leaves8 ,wat]1 y already "k1 is made ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 b p]haps y w be surpris$ :5 ,i tell y t />*1 sug>1 & oil1 :i* we get f plants1 are no?+ m ?an hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 diff]5t quantities jo9$ to c>bon4 ,x is v difficult at fir/ to picture su* a black ?+ z c>bon mak+ "p ( delicate leaves & beautiful fl[]s1 & /ill m ( pure :ite sug>4 ,b we c make an exp]im5t by :i* we c draw ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 out ( common loaf sug>1 & !n y w see ! c>bon /& out 9 all its blackness4 ,i h "h a plate ) a heap ( :ite sug> 9 x4 ,i p\r ^u x fir/ "s hot wat] to melt & w>m x1 & !n "s /rong sulphuric acid4 ,?is acid does no?+ m ?an simply draw ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 out4 ,see6 9 a few mom5ts a black mass ( c>bon beg9s to rise1 all ( :i* has come out ( ! :ite sug> y saw j n[4 997,! common dilute sulphuric acid ( comm]ce is n /rong en\gh = ?is exp]im5t1 b pure sulphuric acid c be secur$ f any *emi/4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 us+ x1 z x burns ev]y?+ x t\*es47 ,y see1 !n1 t f ! :ite/ sub/ance 9 plants we c get ?is black c>bon2 & 9 tru?1 "o-half ( ! dry "p ( e plant is compos$ ( x4 ,n[ look at my plant aga91 & tell me if we h n already f\nd a curi\s hi/ory8 ,fancy t y see ! wat] creep+ 9 at ! roots1 ooz+ up f cell to cell till x rea*es ! leaves1 & !re meet+ ! c>bon :i* has j come out ( ! air1 & be+ work$ up ) x by ! sun-waves into />*1 or sug>1 or oils4 ,b mean:ile1 h[ is new protoplasm to be =m$8 = )\t ?is active sub/ance none ( ! "w c g on4 ,"h comes into use a lazy gas we spoke ( 9 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,!re we ?\ght t nitrog5 0 ( no use except to float oxyg5 9 ! air1 b "h we %all f9d x v useful4 ,s f>1 z we "k1 plants _c take up nitrog5 out ( ! air1 b !y c get x out ( ! ammonia :i* ! wat] br+s 9 at _! roots4 ,ammonia1 y w rememb]1 is a /rong-smell+ gas1 made ( hydrog5 & nitrog51 & :i* is (t5 almo/ /ifl+ ne> a manure-heap4 ,:5 y manure a plant y help x to get ?is ammonia1 b at any "t x gets "s f ! soil & also f ! ra9-drops :i* br+ x d[n 9 ! air4 ,out ( ?is ammonia ! plant takes ! nitrog5 & works x up ) ! ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 to make ! sub/ances call$ album9oids1 :i* =m a l>ge "p ( ! food ( ! plant1 & x is ^! album9oids :i* g to make protoplasm4 ,y w notice t :ile ! />* & o!r sub/ances are only made ( ?ree elem5ts1 ! active protoplasm is made ( ^! ?ree add$ to a f\r?1 nitrog51 & x also conta9s phosphorus & sulphur4 ,& s h\r aft] h\r & day aft] day our primrose goes on pump+ up wat] & ammonia f its roots to its leaves1 dr9k+ 9 c>bonic acid f ! air1 & us+ ! sun-waves to "w !m all up into food to be s5t to all p>ts ( its body4 ,9 ?is way ^! leaves act1 y see1 z ! /oma* ( ! plant1 & dige/ its food4 ,sometimes m wat] is drawn up into ! leaves ?an c be us$1 & !n ! leaf op5s ?\s&s ( little m\?s 9 ! sk9 ( its "u surface1 :i* let ! drops out j z drops ( p]spiration ooze ?r\gh our sk9 :5 we are ov]heat$4 ,^! little m\?s1 :i* are call$ /omates 7a1 ,fig4 #db7 are made ( two flatt5$ cells1 fitt+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! air is damp & ! plant has too mu* wat] ^! lie op5 & let x out1 b :5 ! air is dry1 & ! plant wants to keep z mu* wat] z x c1 !n !y are closely %ut4 ,!re are z _m z a hundr$ ?\s& ( ^! m\?s "u "o apple-leaf1 s y may imag9e h[ small !y (t5 are4 ,plants :i* only live "o ye>1 su* z mignonette1 ! sweet pea1 & ! poppy1 take 9 j en\gh food to supply _! daily wants & to make ! se$s we %all speak ( pres5tly4 ,!n1 z soon z _! se$s are ripe _! roots beg9 to %rivel1 & wat] is no long] c>ri$ up4 ,! gre5 cells c no long] get food to dige/1 & !y !mselves are brok5 up by ! sunbeams & turn yell[1 & ! plant dies4 ,b _m plants are m indu/ri\s ?an ! /ock & mignonette1 & lay by /ore = ano!r ye>1 & our primrose is "o ( ^!4 ,look at ?is ?ick solid mass bel[ ! primrose leaves1 out ( :i* ! roots spr+4 7,see ! plant 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! head+ ( ! lecture47 ,?is is really ! /em ( ! primrose hidd5 und]gr\nd1 & all ! />*1 album9oids1 c41 :i* ! plant c sp>e z x gr[s1 are s5t d[n into ?is und]gr\nd /em & /or$ up !re1 to lie quietly 9 ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! long w9t]1 & !n :5 ! w>m spr+ comes ?is /em beg9s to s5d out leaves = a new plant4 ,week #ba ,we h n[ se5 h[ a plant spr+s up1 fe$s itself1 gr[s1 /ores up food1 )]s1 & dies2 b we h said no?+ yet ab\t its beautiful fl[]s or h[ x =ms its se$s4 ,if we look d[n close to ! bottom ( ! leaves 9 a primrose root 9 spr+-"t1 we %all always f9d ?ree or f\r little gre5 buds ne/l+ 9 among ! leaves1 & day by day we may see ! /alk ( ^! buds l5g!n+ till !y rea* up into ! op5 sun%9e1 & !n ! fl[] op5s & %[s its beautiful pale- yell[ cr[n4 ,we all "k t se$s are =m$ 9 ! fl[]1 & t ! se$s are necess>y to gr[ into new plants4 ,b d we "k ! hi/ory ( h[ !y are =m$1 or :at is ! use ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bud8 ,let u exam9e !m all1 & !n ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t ?is is n ! lea/ wond]ful "p ( ! plant4 ,rememb] t ! se$ is ! "o important ?+ & !n notice h[ ! fl[] protects x4 ,fir/1 look at ! outside gre5 cov]+1 :i* we call ! calyx4 ,see h[ closely x fits 9 ! bud1 s t no insects c creep 9 to gnaw ! fl[]1 nor any h>m come to x f cold or blight4 ,!n1 :5 ! calyx op5s1 notice t ! yell[ leaves :i* =m ! cr[n or corolla1 are ea* alt]nate ) "o ( ! calyx leaves1 s t any?+ :i* got pa/ ! fir/ cov]+ w\ld be /opp$ by ! second4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! delicate corolla has op5$ out1 look at ^? curi\s yell[ bags j at ! top ( ! tube 7b1#b1 ,fig4 #dc74 ,:at is _! use8 ,b ,i fancy ,i see two or ?ree little que/ion+ faces :i* seem to say1 ,i see no yell[ bags at ! top ( ! tube4 ,well1 ,i _c tell :e!r y c or n 9 ! specim5 y h 9 y\r h&2 = "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ?+s ab\t primrose fl[]s is1 t "s ( !m h ^! yell[ bags at ! top ( ! tube & "s ( !m hidd5 d[n "r 9 ! middle4 ,b ?is ,i c tell y3^? ( y :o h got no yell[ bags at ! top w h a r\nd knob !re 7,i a1 ,fig4 #dc71 & w f9d ! yell[ bags 7b7 buri$ 9 ! tube4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o h ! yell[ bags 7#b b1 ,fig4 #dc7 at ! top w f9d ! knob 7a7 half-way d[n ! tube4 ,n[ = ! use ( ^! yell[ bags1 :i* are call$ ! an!rs ( ! /am5s1 ! /alk on :i* !y gr[ be+ call$ ! filam5t or ?read4 ,if y c manage to split !m op5 y w f9d t !y h a yell[ p[d] 9 !m1 call$ poll51 ! same z ! p[d] :i* /icks to y\r nose :5 y put x into a lily2 & if y look ) a magnify+ glass at ! little gre5 knob 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]1 y w probably see "s ( ?is yell[ du/ /ick+ on x 7,a1 ,fig4 #dc74 ,we w leave x !re = a "t1 & exam9e ! body call$ ! pi/il1 to :i* ! knob belongs4 ,pull (f ! yell[ corolla 7:i* w come (f q easily71 & turn back ! gre5 leaves4 ,y w !n see t ! knob /&s on ! top ( a column1 & at ! bottom ( ?is column !re is a r\nd ball 7s v71 :i* is a vessel = hold+ ! se$s4 ,9 ?is diagram 7,a1 ,fig4 #dc7 ,i h drawn ! :ole ( ?is curi\s ball & column z if cut 9 half1 s t we may see :at is 9 x4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ball1 9 a clu/]1 !re are a numb] ( r\nd transp>5t little bodies1 look+ some?+ l r\nd gre5 orange-cells full ( juice4 ,!y are really cells full ( protoplasm1 ) "o little d>k spot 9 ea* ( !m1 :i* by-&-by is to make our little plantlet t we f\nd 9 ! se$4 ,^!1 !n1 are se$s1 y w say4 ,n yet2 !y are only ovules1 or little bodies :i* may become se$s4 ,if !y 7 left z !y are !y w\ld all )] & die4 ,b ^? little gra9s ( poll51 :i* we saw /ick+ to ! knob at ! top1 are com+ d[n to help !m4 ,z soon z ^! yell[ gra9s t\* ! /icky knob or /igma1 z x is call$1 !y ?r[ out tubes1 :i* gr[ d[n ! column until !y rea* ! ovules4 ,9 ea* "o ( ^! !y f9d a t9y hole1 & into ?is !y creep1 & !n !y p\r into ! ovule all ! protoplasm f ! poll5-gra9 :i* is /ick+ above1 & ?is enables x to gr[ into a real se$1 ) a t9y plantlet inside4 ,?is is h[ ! plant =ms its se$ to br+ up new little ones next ye>1 :ile ! leaves & ! roots are at "w prep>+ ! necess>y food4 ,?9k sometimes :5 y walk 9 ! woods1 h[ h>d at "w ! little plants & big trees are1 all ar\nd y4 ,y brea! 9 ! nice fre% oxyg5 !y h be5 ?r[+ out1 & little ?9k t x is !y :o are mak+ ! c\ntry s fre% & pleasant1 & t :ile !y look z if !y 7 do+ no?+ b enjoy+ ! bright sun%9e1 !y are really fulfill+ _! "p 9 ! _w by ! help ( ?is sun%9e2 e>n+ _! food f ! gr\nd work+ x up2 turn+ _! leaves :]e !y c be/ get light 7& 9 ?is x is *iefly ! violet sun-waves t help !m71 gr[+1 ev5 at night1 by mak+ new cells out ( ! food !y h tak5 9 ! day2 /or+ up = ! w9t]2 putt+ out _! fl[]s & mak+ _! se$s1 & all ! :ile smil+ s pleasantly 9 quiet nooks & sunny dells t x makes u glad to see !m4 ,b :y %\ld ! primroses h su* gold5 cr[ns8 pla9 gre5 ones w\ld protect ! se$ q z well4 ,ah6 n[ we come to a secret well wor? kn[+4 ,look at ! two primrose fl[]s1 #a & #b1 ,fig4 #dc1 p4 #afc1 & tell me h[ y ?9k ! du/ gets on to ! top ( ! /icky knob or /igma4 ,no4 #b seems easy en\gh to expla91 = x looks z if ! poll5 c\ld fall d[n easily f ! /am5s on to ! knob1 b x _c fall up1 z x w\ld h to d 9 ,no4 #a4 ,n[ ! curi\s tru? is1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has %[n1 t nei!r ( ^! fl[]s c get ! du/ easily = !mselves1 b ( ! two ,no4 #a has ! lea/ difficulty4 ,look at a )]$ primrose1 & see h[ x holds its head d[n1 & aft] a little :ile ! yell[ cr[n falls (f4 ,x is j ab\t z x is fall+ t ! an!rs or bags ( /am5s bur/ op51 & !n1 9 ,no4 #a 7,fig4 #dd71 !y are dragg$ ov] ! knob & "s ( ! gra9s /ick !re4 ,b 9 ! o!r =m ( primrose1 ,no4 #b1 :5 ! fl[] falls (f1 ! /am5s d n come ne> ! knob1 s x has no *ance ( gett+ any poll52 & :ile ! primrose is upright ! tube is s n>r[ t ! du/ does n easily fall4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 nei!r k9d gets x v easily1 nor is x good = !m if !y d4 ,! se$s are mu* /rong] & bett] if ! du/ or poll5 ( "o fl[] is c>ri$ away & left on ! knob or /igma ( ano!r fl[]2 & ! only way ?is c be done is by insects fly+ f "o fl[] to ano!r & c>ry+ ! du/ on _! legs & bodies4 ,if y suck ! end ( ! tube ( ! primrose fl[] y w f9d x ta/es sweet1 because a drop ( honey has be5 ly+ !re4 ,:5 ! insects g 9 to get ?is honey1 !y bru% !mselves aga9/ ! yell[ du/-bags1 & "s ( ! du/ /icks to !m1 & !n :5 !y g to ! next fl[] !y rub x (f on to its /icky knob4 ,look at ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b 7,fig4 #dc7 & y w see at once t if an insect goes into ,no4 #a & ! poll5 /icks to him1 :5 he goes into ,no4 #b j t "p ( 8 body on :i* ! poll5 is w t\* ! knob2 & s ! fl[]s become :at we call cross$1 t is1 ! poll5-du/ ( ! "o fe$s ! ovule ( ! o!r4 ,& j ! same ?+ w happ5 if he flies f ,no4 #b to ,no4 #a4 ,!re ! du/ w be j 9 ! position to t\* ! knob :i* /icks out ( ! fl[]4 ,!re=e1 we c see cle>ly t x is good = ! primrose t bees & o!r insects %\ld come to x1 & any?+ x c d to entice !m w be useful4 ,n[1 d y n ?9k t :5 an insect once knew t ! pale-yell[ cr[n %[$ :]e honey 0 to be f\nd1 he w\ld soon spy ^! cr[ns out z he flew along8 or if !y 7 beh9d a h$ge1 & he c\ld n see !m1 w\ld n ! sweet sc5t tell him :]e to come & look = !m8 ,& s we see t ! pretty sweet-sc5t$ corolla is n only delightful = u to look at & to smell1 b x is really v useful 9 help+ ! primrose to make /rong heal?y se$s out ( :i* ! "y plants are to gr[ next ye>4 ,& n[ let u see :at we h le>nt4 ,we began ) a t9y se$1 ?\gh we did n !n "k h[ ?is se$ _h be5 made4 ,we saw ! plantlet buri$ 9 x1 & le>nt h[ x f$ at fir/ on prep>$ food1 b soon began to make liv+ matt] = itself out ( gases tak5 f ! wat] ?r\gh ! cells to its /oma* - ! leaves6 ,& h[ m>vell\sly ! sun-waves ent]+ !re =m$ ! little gre5 granules1 & !n help$ !m to make food & liv+ protoplasm6 ,at ?is po9t we might h gone fur!r1 & /udi$ h[ ! fibres & all ! diff]5t vessels ( ! plant are =m$1 & a wondr\s hi/ory x w\ld h be54 ,b x 0 too long = "o h\r's lecture1 & y mu/ read x = y\rselves 9 books on botany4 ,we _h to pass on to ! fl[]1 & le>n ! use ( ! cov]+ leaves1 ! gaily col\r$ cr[n attract+ ! insects1 ! du/-bags hold+ ! poll51 ! little ovules ea* ) ! g]m ( a new plantlet1 ly+ hidd5 9 ! se$- vessel1 wait+ = ! poll5-gra9s to gr[ d[n to !m4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! poll5 crept 9 at ! t9y op5+ we le>nt t ! ovule _h n[ all x want$ to gr[ into a p]fect se$4 ,& s we came back to a primrose se$1 ! po9t f :i* we />t$2 & we h a hi/ory ( our primrose f its bir? to ! day :5 its leaves & fl[]s )] away & x dies d[n = ! w9t]4 ,b :at fairies are !y :i* h be5 at "w "h8 ,fir/1 ! busy little fairy ,life 9 ! active protoplasm2 & secondly1 ! sun-waves4 ,we h se5 t x 0 by ! help ( ! sunbeams t ! gre5 granules 7 made1 & ! wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & nitrog5 work$ up into ! liv+ plant4 ,& 9 do+ ?is "w ! sun-waves 7 caught & _! /r5g? us$ up1 s t !y c\ld no long] quiv] back into space4 ,b are !y gone = ev]8 ,s long z ! leaves or ! /em or ! root ( ! plant rema9 !y are gone1 b :5 ^? are de/roy$ we c get !m back aga94 ,take a h&ful ( dry )]$ plants & light !m ) a mat*1 !n z ! leaves burn & are turn$ back aga9 to c>bonic acid1 nitrog51 & wat]1 our sunbeams come back aga9 9 ! flame & heat4 ,& ! life ( ! plant8 ,:at is x1 & :y is ?is protoplasm always active & busy8 ,i _c tell y4 ,/udy z we may1 ! life ( ! t9y plant is z mu* a my/]y z y\r life & m9e4 ,x came1 l all ?+s1 f ! bosom ( ! ,great ,fa!r1 b we _c tell h[ x came nor :at x is4 ,we c see ! active gra9s mov+ "u ! microscope1 b we _c see ! p[] t moves !m4 ,we only "k x is a p[] giv5 to ! plant1 z to y & to me1 to enable x to live its life1 & to d its useful "w 9 ! _w4 ,week #bb ,,lecture ,,viii ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,coal ,i h "h a piece ( coal 7,fig4 #de71 :i*1 ?\gh x has be5 cut ) "s c>e s z to h a smoo? face1 is really 9 no o!r way diff]5t f any ord9>y lump :i* y c pick = y\rself out ( ! coal-scuttle4 ,our "w to-day is to relate ! hi/ory ( ?is black lump2 to le>n :at x is1 :at x has be51 & :at x w be4 ,x looks un9t]e/+ en\gh at fir/ sight1 & yet if we exam9e x closely we %all f9d "s que/ions to ask ev5 ab\t its appe>ance4 ,look at ! smoo? face ( ?is specim5 & see if y c expla9 ^? f9e l9es :i* run across s close toge!r z to look l ! edges ( ! leaves ( a book4 ,try to break a piece ( coal1 & y w f9d t x w split mu* m easily along ^? l9es ?an across ! o!r way ( ! lump2 & if y wi% to light a fire quickly y %\ld always put ?is l9$ face d[nw>ds s t ! heat c =ce its way up ?r\gh ^! cracks & gradually split up ! block4 ,!n aga9 if y break ! coal c>efully along "o ( ^! l9es y w f9d a f9e film ( *>coal ly+ 9 ! crack1 & y w beg9 to suspect t ?is black coal mu/ h be5 built up 9 v ?9 lay]s1 ) a k9d ( black du/ betwe5 !m4 ,! next ?+ y w call to m9d is t ?is coal burns & gives flame & heat1 & t ?is means t 9 "s way sunbeams are imprison$ 9 x2 la/ly1 ?is w lead y to ?9k ( plants1 & h[ !y "w up ! /r5g? ( ! sunbeams into _! leaves1 & hide black c>bon 9 ev5 ! pure/ & :ite/ sub/ance !y conta94 ,is coal made ( burnt plants1 !n8 ,n burnt ones1 = if s x w\ld n burn aga92 b y may h read h[ ! mak]s ( *>coal take wood & bake x )\t lett+ x burn1 & !n x turns black & w aft]w>ds make a v good fire2 & s y w see t x is probable t our piece ( coal is made ( plants :i* h be5 bak$ & alt]$1 b :i* h /ill mu* sunbeam /r5g? bottl$ up 9 !m1 :i* c be set free z !y burn4 ,if y w take an imag9>y j\rney ) me to a coal-pit ne> ,newca/le1 :i* ,i visit$ _m ye>s ago1 y w see t we h v good evid5ce t coal is made ( plants1 = 9 all coal-m9es we f9d rema9s ( !m at e /ep we take4 ,let u imag9e t we h put on old clo!s :i* w n spoil1 & h /epp$ into ! iron basket 7see ,fig4 #df7 call$ by ! m9]s a cage1 & are be+ let d[n ! %aft to ! gall]y :]e ! m9]s are at "w4 ,mo/ ( !m w probably be 9 ! gall]y b1 because a great deal ( ! coal 9 a has be5 already tak5 out4 ,b we w /op 9 a because !re we c see a great deal ( ! ro( & ! floor4 ,:5 we l& on ! floor ( ! gall]y we %all f9d ourselves 9 a k9d ( tunnel ) railway l9es laid along x & trucks lad5 ) coal com+ t[>ds ! cage to be drawn up1 :ile empty ones are runn+ back to be load$ :]e ! m9]s are at "w4 ,tak+ lamps 9 our h&s & keep+ out ( ! way ( ! trucks1 we w fir/ ?r[ ! light on ! ro(1 :i* is made ( %ale or h>d5$ clay4 ,we %all n h gone _m y>ds be=e we see impressions ( plants 9 ! %ale1 l ^? 9 ?is specim5 7,fig4 #dg71 :i* 0 tak5 out ( a coal-m9e at ,nea? 9 ,glamorgan%ire1 a few days ago1 & s5t up = ?is lecture4 ,y w recognize at once ! m>ks ( f]ns 7a71 = !y look l ^? y ga!r 9 ! h$ges ( an ord9>y c\ntry lane1 & t long /rip$ bran* 7b7 does n look unlike a re$1 & inde$ x is some?+ ( ?is k9d1 z we %all see by-&-by4 ,y w f9d pl5ty ( ^! impressions ( plants z y g along ! gall]y & look up at ! ro(1 & ) !m !re w be o!rs ) spott$ /ems1 or ) /ems hav+ a curi\s diamond patt]n ^u !m1 & _m f]ns ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,next look d[n at y\r feet & exam9e ! floor4 ,y w n h to se>* long be=e y w almo/ c]ta9ly f9d a piece ( /one l t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dh1 :i* has also come f ,nea? ,colli]y4 ,?is fossil1 :i* is ! ca/ ( a piece ( a plant1 puzzl$ ^? :o f\nd x = a v long "t4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,b9ney f\nd ! specim5 gr[+ to ! bottom ( ! trunk ( "o ( ! fossil trees ) spott$ /ems1 call$ ,sigill>ia2 & s prov$ t ?is curi\s pitt$ /one is a piece ( fossil root1 or r und]gr\nd /em1 l t :i* we f\nd 9 ! primrose1 & t ! little pits or d5ts 9 x are sc>s :]e ! rootlets once 7 giv5 (f4 ,:ole masses ( ^! root-/ems1 ) ribbon-l roots ly+ scatt]$ ne> !m1 are f\nd buri$ 9 ! lay] ( clay call$ ! und]clay :i* makes ! floor ( ! coal1 & !y prove to u t ?is und]clay mu/ h be5 once ! gr\nd 9 :i* ! roots ( ! coal-plants grew4 ,y w feel /ill m sure ( ?is :5 y f9d t !re is n only "o /raight gall]y ( coal1 b t gall]ies bran* out "r & left1 & t ev]y:]e y f9d ! coal ly+ l a s&wi* betwe5 ! floor & ! ro(1 %[+ t q a l>ge piece ( c\ntry mu/ be cov]$ by ^! rema9s ( plants all root$ 9 ! und]clay4 ,b h[ ab\t ! coal itself8 ,x seems likely1 :5 we f9d roots bel[ & leaves & /ems above1 t ! middle is made ( plants1 b c we prove x8 ,we %all see pres5tly t x has be5 s cru%$ & alt]$ by be+ buri$ deep 9 ! gr\nd t ! traces ( leaves h almo/ be5 de/roy$1 ?\gh p :o are us$ to exam9+ ) ! microscope1 c see ! cru%$ rema9s ( plants 9 ?9 slices ( coal4 ,b =tunately = u1 p]fect pieces ( plants h be5 pres]v$ ev5 9 ! coal-b$ itself4 ,d y rememb] our le>n+ 9 ,lecture ,,iv1 t wat] ) lime 9 x petrifies ?+s1 t is1 leaves c>bonate ( lime to fill up gra9 by gra9 ! fibres ( an animal or plant z ! liv+ matt] decays1 & s keeps an exact repres5tation ( ! object8 ,n[1 x s happ5s t 9 a coal-b$ at ,s\? ,ouram1 ne> ,halifax1 z well z 9 "s o!r places1 c>bonate ( lime trickl$ 9 be=e ! plants 7 turn$ into coal1 & made "s r\nd nodules 9 ! plant-b$1 :i* look l cannon- balls4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 all ! re/ ( ! b$ 0 turn$ into coal1 ^! r\nd balls rema9$ cry/alliz$1 & by cutt+ ?9 transp>5t slices across ! nodule we c di/9ctly see ! leaves & /ems & curi\s little r\nd bodies :i* make up ! coal4 ,sev]al su* sections may be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & :5 we comp>e ^! fragm5ts ( plants ) ^? :i* we f9d above & bel[ ! coal-b$1 we f9d t !y agree1 ?us prov+ t coal is made ( plants1 & ( ^? plants ^: roots grew 9 ! clay floor1 :ile _! heads rea*$ up f> above :]e ! ro( n[ is4 ,! next "q is1 :at k9d ( plants 7 ^!8 ,h we any?+ l !m liv+ 9 ! _w n[8 ,y might p]haps ?9k t x w\ld be impossible to decide ?is "q f m]e petrifi$ pieces ( plants4 ,b _m m5 h sp5t _! :ole lives 9 deciph]+ all ! fragm5ts t c\ld be f\nd1 & ?\gh ! section giv5 9 ,fig4 #di may look to y q incompreh5sible1 yet a botani/ c re$ x z we read a book4 ,= example1 at ,s & ,l1 :]e /ems are cut across1 he c le>n exactly h[ !y 7 build up inside1 & comp>e !m ) ! /ems ( liv+ plants1 :ile ! fruits cc & ! little r\nd spores ly+ ne> !m1 tell him _! hi/ory z well z if he _h ga!r$ !m f ! tree4 ,9 ?is way we h le>nt to "k v fairly :at ! plants ( ! coal 7 l1 & y w be surpris$ :5 ,i tell y t ! huge trees ( ! coal-=e/s1 ( :i* we sometimes f9d trunks 9 ! coal-m9es f t5 to fifty feet long1 are only repres5t$ on ! e>? n[ by small insignificant plants1 sc>cely ev] m ?an two feet1 & (t5 n _m in*es high4 ,h y ev] se5 ! little club moss or ,lycopodium :i* gr[s all ov] ,engl&1 b *iefly 9 ! nor?1 on hea?s & m\nta9s8 ,at ! end ( ea* ( its bran*es x be>s a cone made ( scaly leaves2 & fix$ to ! inside ( ea* ( ^! leaves is a case call$ a sporangium1 full ( little spores or moss-se$s1 z we may call !m1 ?\gh !y are n exactly l true se$s4 ,9 "o ( ^! club-mosses call$ ,selag9ella1 ! cases ne> ! bottom ( ! cone conta9 l>ge spores1 :ile ^? ne> ! top conta9 a p[d]y du/4 ,^! spores are full ( res91 & !y are collect$ on ! ,cont95t = mak+ artificial lightn+ 9 ! !atres1 because !y fl>e :5 light$4 ,n[ ?is little ,selag9ella is ( all liv+ plants ! "o mo/ l "s ( ! gigantic trees ( ! coal-=e/s4 ,if y look at ?is picture ( a coal-=e/ 7,fig4 #ea71 y w f9d x difficult p]haps to believe t ^? great trees1 ) diamond m>k+s all up ! trunk1 hang+ ov] f ! "r to ! left ( ! picture1 & cov]+ all ! top ) _! b\ghs1 c\ld be 9 any way relations ( ! little ,selag9ella2 yet we f9d bran*es ( !m 9 ! b$s above ! coal1 be>+ cones l>g] b j l ,selag9ella cones2 & :at is mo/ curi\s1 ! spores 9 ^! cones are ( exactly ! same k9d & n any l>g] ?an ^? ( ! club-mosses4 ,^! trees are call$ by botani/s ,lepidod5drons1 or scaly trees2 !re are numb]s ( !m 9 all coal-m9es1 & "o trunk has be5 f\nd #di feet long4 ,_! bran*es 7 divid$ 9 a curi\s =k$ mann] & bore cones at ! ends4 ,! spores :i* fell f ^! cones are f\nd flatt5$ 9 ! coal1 & !y may be se5 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! coal-ball4 ,week #bc ,ano!r fam\s tree :i* grew 9 ! coal-=e/s 0 ! "o ^: roots we f\nd 9 ! floor or und]clay ( ! coal4 ,x has be5 call$ ,sigill>ia1 because x has m>ks l seals 7sigillum1 a seal7 all up ! trunk1 due to ! sc>s left by ! leaves :5 !y fell f ! tree4 ,y w see ! ,sigill>ias on ! left-h& side ( ! coal-=e/ picture1 hav+ ^? curi\s tufts ( leaves spr++ out ( !m at ! top4 ,_! /ems make up a great deal ( ! coal1 & ! b>k ( _! trunks is (t5 f\nd 9 ! clays above1 squeez$ flat 9 l5g?s ( #cj1 #fj1 or #gj feet4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( be+ flat ! b>k is /ill 9 ! %ape ( a trunk1 & ! int]ior is fill$ ) sane2 & !n ! trunk is v heavy1 & if ! m9]s d n prop ! ro( up well x falls d[n & kills ^? b5ea? x4 ,/igm>ia is ! root ( ! ,sigill>ia1 & is f\nd 9 ! clays bel[ ! coal4 ,botani/s are n yet q c]ta9 ab\t ! se$-cases ( ?is tree1 b ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs believes t !y grew inside ! base ( ! leaves1 z !y d 9 ! quillwort1 a small plant :i* gr[s at ! bottom ( our m\nta9 lakes4 ,b :at is t curi\s re$-l /em we f\nd 9 ! piece ( %ale 7see ,fig4 #dg78 ,t /em is v important1 = x belong$ to a plant call$ a ,calamite1 :i*1 z we %all see pres5tly1 help$ to sift ! e>? away f ! coal & keep x pure4 ,?is plant 0 a ne> relation ( ! horsetail1 or ,equisetum1 :i* gr[s 9 our m>%es2 only1 j z 9 ! case ( ! o!r trees1 x 0 enorm\sly l>g]1 be+ (t5 #bj feet high1 :]eas ! little ,equisetum1 ,fig4 #eb1 is seldom m ?an a foot1 & nev] m ?an #d feet high 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh 9 tropical ,s\? ,am]ica !y are mu* high]4 ,/ill1 if y h ev] ga!r$ horsetails1 y w see at once t ^? trees 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture 7,fig4 #ea71 ) leaves arrang$ 9 />s r\nd ! bran*es1 are only l>g] copies ( ! little m>%-plants2 & ! se$-vessels ( ! two plants are almo/ exactly ! same4 ,^! great trees1 ! ,lepidod5drons1 ! ,sigill>ias1 & ! ,calamites1 toge!r ) l>ge tree-f]ns1 are ! *ief plants t we "k ( 9 ! coal-=e/s4 ,x seems v /range at fir/ t !y %\ld h be5 s l>ge :5 _! desc5dants are n[ s small1 b if y look at our *ief plants & trees n[1 y w f9d t ne>ly all ( !m be> fl[]s1 & ?is is a great advantage to !m1 because x tempts ! insects to br+ !m ! poll5-du/1 z we saw 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,n[ ! ,lipidod5drons & _! companions _h no true fl[]s1 b only ^! se$-cases :i* we h m5tion$2 b z !re 7 no fl[]+ plants 9 _! "t1 & !y _h ! gr\nd all to !mselves1 !y grew f9e & l>ge4 ,by-&-by1 h[ev]1 :5 ! fl[]+ plants came 91 ^! began to cr[d out ! old giants ( ! coal-=e/s1 s t !y dw9dl$ & dw9dl$ f c5tury to c5tury till _! great-great- gr&*ildr51 ?\s&s ( g5]ations aft]1 only lift up _! t9y heads 9 m>%es & on hea?s1 & tell u t !y 7 big once ^u a "t4 ,& inde$ !y mu/ h be5 magnific5t 9 ^? old5 days1 :5 !y grew ?ick & tall 9 ! lonely m>%es :]e plants & trees 7 ! *ief inhabitants4 ,we f9d no traces 9 ! clay-b$s ( ! coal to lead u to suppose t m5 liv$ 9 ^? days1 nor lions1 nor tig]s1 nor ev5 birds to fly among ! trees2 b ^! gr& =e/s 7 almo/ sil5t1 except :5 a huge animal some?+ l a gigantic newt or frog w5t croak+ ?r\gh ! m>%1 or a k9d ( gras%opp] *irrup$ on ! l&4 ,b ^! =ms ( life 7 few & f> betwe51 comp>$ to ! huge trees & tangl$ masses ( f]ns & re$s :i* cov]$ ! :ole gr\nd1 or 7 reflect$ 9 ! bosom ( ! l>ge pools & lakes r\nd ab\t :i* !y grew4 ,& n[1 if y h "s idea ( ! plants & trees ( ! coal1 x is "t to ask h[ ^! plants became buri$ 9 ! e>? & made pure coal1 in/ead ( decay+ away & leav+ beh9d only a mixture ( e>? & leaves8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 ,i mu/ ask y to take ano!r j\rney ) me across ! ,atlantic to ! %ores ( ,am]ica1 & to l& at ,norfolk 9 ,virg9ia1 because !re we c see a /ate ( ?+s some?+ l ! m>%es ( ! coal-=e/s4 ,all r\nd ab\t ,norfolk ! l& is l[1 flat1 & m>%y1 & to ! s\? ( ! t[n1 /ret*+ f> away into ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 is a l>ge1 desolate swamp1 no less ?an =ty miles long & tw5ty-five broad4 ,! :ole place is "o enorm\s quagmire1 ov]gr[n ) wat]-plants & trees4 ,! soil is z black z ink f ! old1 dead leaves1 grasses1 roots1 & /ems :i* lie 9 x2 & s s(t1 t ev]y?+ w\ld s9k into x1 if x 7 n = ! matt$ roots ( ! mosses1 f]ns1 & o!r plants :i* b9d x toge!r4 ,y may dig d[n = t5 or fifte5 feet1 & f9d no?+ b peat made ( ! rema9s ( plants :i* h liv$ & di$ !re 9 succession = ages & ages1 :ile ! black trunks ( ! fall5 trees lie "h & !re1 gradually be+ cov]$ up by ! dead plants4 ,! :ole place is s /ill1 gloomy1 & desolate1 t x goes by ! "n ( ! ,great ,dismal ,swamp1 & y see we h "h :at might well be ! beg9n+ ( a b$ ( coal2 = we "k t peat :5 dri$ becomes firm & makes an excell5t fire1 & t if x 7 press$ till x 0 h>d & solid x w\ld n be unlike coal4 ,if1 !n1 we c expla9 h[ ?is peaty b$ has be5 kept pure f e>?1 we %all be able to und]/& h[ a coal-b$ may h be5 =m$1 ev5 ?\gh ! plants & trees :i* gr[ 9 ?is swamp are diff]5t f ^? :i* grew 9 ! coal-=e/s4 ,! explanation is n difficult2 /reams fl[ con/antly1 or r ooze into ! ,great ,dismal ,swamp f ! l& t lies to ! we/1 b in/ead ( br++ mud 9 ) !m z riv]s br+ to ! sea1 !y br+ only cle>1 pure wat]1 because1 z !y filt] = miles ?r\gh ! d5se jungle ( re$s1 f]ns1 & %rubs :i* gr[ r\nd ! m>%1 all ! e>? is sift$ out & left beh9d4 ,9 ?is way ! spongy mass ( dead plants rema9s free f e>?y gra9s1 :ile ! wat] & ! %ade ( ! ?ick =e/ ( trees prev5t ! leaves1 /ems1 etc41 f be+ decompos$ by ! air & sun4 ,& s ye> aft] ye> z ! plants die !y leave _! rema9s = o!r plants to take root 91 & ! peaty mass gr[s ?ick] & ?ick]1 :ile tall c$> trees & ev]gre5s live & die 9 ^! va/1 swampy =e/s1 & be+ 9 loose gr\nd are easily bl[n d[n by ! w9d1 & leave _! trunks to be cov]$ up by ! gr[+ moss & we$s4 ,n[ we "k t !re 7 pl5ty ( f]ns & ( l>ge ,calamites gr[+ ?ickly toge!r 9 ! coal-=e/s1 = we f9d _! rema9s ev]y:]e 9 ! clay1 s we c easily picture to ourselves h[ ! d5se jungle =m$ by ^! plants w\ld fr+e ! coal-swamp1 z ! pres5t plants d ! ,great ,dismal ,swamp1 & w\ld keep out all e>?y matt]1 s t ye> aft] ye> ! plants w\ld die & =m a ?ick b$ ( peat1 aft]w>ds to become coal4 ,week #bd ,! next ?+ we h to acc\nt = is ! b$ ( %ale or h>d5$ clay cov]+ ov] ! coal4 ,n[ we "k t f "t to "t l& has gone sl[ly up & d[n on our globe s z 9 "s places to c>ry ! dry gr\nd "u ! sea1 & 9 o!rs to raise ! sea-b$ above ! wat]4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t ! great ,dismal ,swamp 0 gradually to s9k d[n s t ! sea wa%$ ov] x & kill$ ! re$s & %rubs4 ,!n ! /reams f ! we/ w\ld n be sift$ any long] b w\ld br+ d[n mud1 & leave x1 z 9 ! delta ( ! ,nile or ,mississippi1 to make a lay] ov] ! dead plants4 ,y w easily und]/& t ?is mud w\ld h _m pieces ( dead trees & plants 9 x1 :i* 7 /ifl$ & di$ z x cov]$ !m ov]2 & ?us ! rema9s w\ld be pres]v$ l ^? :i* we f9d n[ 9 ! ro( ( ! coal-gall]ies4 ,b /ill !re are ! ?ick s&/ones 9 ! coal-m9e to be expla9$4 ,h[ did !y come !re8 ,to expla9 !m1 we mu/ suppose t ! gr\nd w5t on s9k+ till ! sea cov]$ ! :ole place :]e once ! swamp _h be51 & !n sea-s& w\ld be ?r[n d[n ov] ! clay & gradually press$ d[n by ! weight ( new s& above1 till x =m$ solid s&/one & our coal-b$ became buri$ deep] & deep] 9 ! e>?4 ,at la/1 aft] long ages1 :5 ! ?ick mass ( s&/ones above ! b$ b 7,fig4 #df7 _h be5 laid d[n1 ! s9k+ mu/ h /opp$ & ! l& h ris5 a little1 s t ! sea 0 driv5 back2 & !n ! riv]s w\ld br+ d[n e>? aga9 & make ano!r clay-b$4 ,!n a new =e/ w\ld spr+ up1 ! f]ns1 ,calamites1 ,lepidod5drons1 & ,sigill>ias w\ld gradually =m ano!r jungle1 & _m hundr$ ( feet above ! buri$ coal-b$ b1 a second b$ ( peat & vegetable matt] w\ld beg9 to accumulate to =m ! coal-b$ a4 ,su* is ! hi/ory ( h[ ! coal :i* we n[ dig out ( ! dep?s ( ! e>? once grew z beautiful plants on ! surface4 ,we _c tell exactly all ! gr\nd ov] :i* ^! =e/s grew 9 ,engl&1 because "s ( ! coal !y made has be5 c>ri$ away s9ce by riv]s & cut d[n by ! waves ( ! sea1 b we c say t :]ev] !re is coal n[1 !re !y mu/ h be5 !n4 ,try & picture to y\rselves t on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 :]e all is n[ black ) coal- du/1 & grimy ) ! smoke ( furnaces2 & :]e ! noise ( hamm]s & /eam-eng9es1 & ( c>ts & trucks hurry+ to & fro1 makes ! c\ntry re-e*o ) ! s\nd ( lab\r2 !re ages ago 9 ! sil5t swamp %ad$ ) mon/] trees1 "o ?9 lay] ( plants aft] ano!r 0 =m$1 ye> aft] ye>1 to become ! coal we n[ value s mu*4 ,9 ,lanca%ire1 busy ,lanca%ire1 ! same ?+ 0 happ5+1 & ev5 9 ! middle ( ,york%ire & ,d]by%ire ! sea mu/ h come up & wa%$ a sil5t %ore :]e a va/ =e/ spread out ov] at lea/ #gjj or #hjj squ>e miles4 ,9 ,/af=d-%ire1 too1 :i* is n[ almo/ ! middle ( ,engl&1 ano!r small coal-field tells ! same /ory1 :ile 9 ,s\? ,wales ! deep coal-m9es & numb] ( coal-seams rem9d u h[ = c5turies & c5turies =e/s mu/ h fl\ri%$ & h disappe>$ ov] & ov] aga9 "u ! s& ( ! sea4 ,b :at is x t has *ang$ ^! b$s ( dead plants into h>d1 /ony coal8 ,9 ! fir/ place y mu/ rememb] !y h be5 press$ d[n "u an enorm\s weight ( rocks above !m4 ,we c le>n some?+ ab\t ?is ev5 f our common lead p5cils4 ,at "o "t ! graphite or pure c>bon1 ( :i* ! blacklead 7z we wrongly call x7 ( our p5cils is made1 0 dug solid out ( ! e>?4 b s mu* has n[ be5 us$ t !y are oblig$ to collect ! graphite du/1 & press x "u a heavy weight1 & ?is makes su* solid pieces t !y c cut !m into leads = ord9>y c$> p5cils4 ,n[ ! pressure :i* we c ex]t by ma*9]y is absolutely no?+ comp>$ to ! weight ( all ^? hundr$s ( feet ( solid rock :i* lie ov] ! coal-b$s1 & :i* has press$ !m d[n = ?\s&s & p]haps millions ( ye>s2 & besides ?is1 we "k t p>ts ( ! inside ( ! e>? are v hot1 & _m ( ! rocks 9 :i* coal is f\nd are alt]$ by heat4 ,s we c picture to ourselves t ! coal 0 n only squeez$ into a solid mass1 b (t5 mu* ( ! oil & gas :i* 7 9 ! leaves ( ! plants 0 driv5 out by heat1 & ! :ole bak$1 z x 71 into "o sub/ance4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 coal :i* flames & coal :i* burns only ) a r$ heat1 is *iefly t "o has be5 bak$ & cru%$ m ?an ! o!r4 ,coal :i* flames has /ill got 9 x ! t> & ! gas & ! oils :i* ! plant /or$ up 9 its leaves1 & ^! :5 !y escape aga9 give back ! sunbeams 9 a bright flame4 ,! h>d /one coal1 on ! contr>y1 has lo/ a great "p ( ^! oils1 & only c>bon rema9s1 :i* seizes hold ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air & burns )\t flame4 ,coke is pure c>bon1 :i* we make artificially by driv+ out ! oils & gases f coal1 & ! gas we burn is "p ( :at is driv5 out4 ,we c easily make coal-gas "h 9 ?is room4 ,i h br\ght a tobacco-pipe1 ! b[l ( :i* is fill$ ) a little p[d]$ coal1 & ! broad end cem5t$ up ) ,/\rbridge clay4 ,:5 we place ?is b[l ov] a _s-lamp & make x v hot1 ! gas is driv5 out at ! n>r[ end ( ! pipe & lights easily 7see ,fig4 #ec74 ,?is is ! way all our gas is made1 only t furnaces are us$ to bake ! coal 91 & ! gas is pass$ into l>ge res]voirs till x is want$ = use4 ,y w f9d x difficult at fir/ to und]/& h[ coal c be s full ( oil & t> & gases1 until y h tri$ to ?9k ov] h[ mu* ( all ^! !re is 9 plants1 & especially 9 se$s - ?9k ( ! oils ( almonds1 ( lav5d]1 ( cloves1 & ( c>aways2 & ! oils ( turp5t9e :i* we get f ! p9es1 & out ( :i* t> is made4 ,:5 y rememb] ^! & _m m1 & also h[ ! se$s ( ! club-moss n[ are l>gely *>g$ ) oil1 y w easily imag9e t ! l>ge masses ( coal-plants :i* h be5 press$ toge!r & brok5 & cru%$1 w\ld give out a great deal ( oil :i*1 :5 made v hot1 rises up z gas4 ,y may (t5 y\rself see t> ooz+ out ( ! lumps ( coal 9 a fire1 & mak+ little black bubbles :i* bur/ & burn4 ,x is f ?is t> t ,james ,"y fir/ made ! p>aff9 oil we burn 9 our lamps1 & ! _s b5zol9e comes f ! same s\rce4 ,f b5zol9e1 aga91 we get a liquid call$ anil9e1 f :i* are made s _m ( our beautiful dyes - mauve1 mag5ta1 & violet2 & :at is /ill m curi\s1 ! bitt] almonds1 pe>- drops1 & _m o!r sweets :i* *ildr5 l to well1 are actually flav\r$ by ess5ces :i* come out ( coal-t>4 ,?us f coal we get n only ne>ly all our heat & our light1 b beautiful col\rs & pleasant flav\rs4 ,we spoke j n[ ( ! plants ( ! coal z be+ )\t beautiful fl[]s1 & yet we see t long1 long aft] _! dea? !y give u lovely col\rs & t9ts z beautiful z any 9 fl[]-_w n[4 ,?9k1 !n1 h[ mu* we owe to ^! plants :i* liv$ & di$ s long ago6 ,if !y _h be5 able to reason1 p]haps !y might h said t !y did n seem ( mu* use 9 ! _w4 ,!y _h no pretty fl[]s1 & !re 0 no "o to admire _! beautiful gre5 foliage except a few croak+ reptiles1 & little crickets & gras%opp]s2 & !y liv$ & di$ all on "o spot1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 )\t seem+ to d mu* good to any?+ or anybody4 ,!n !y 7 cov]$ up & put out ( sight1 & d[n 9 ! d>k e>? !y 7 press$ all out ( %ape & lo/ _! beauty & became only black1 h>d coal4 ,!re !y lay = c5turies & c5turies1 & ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & /ill no "o seem$ to want !m4 ,at la/1 "o day1 long1 long aft] man _h be5 liv+ on ! e>?1 & _h be5 burn+ wood = fires1 & s gradually us+ up ! trees 9 ! =e/s1 x 0 discov]$ t ?is black /one w\ld burn1 & f t "t coal has be5 becom+ e day m & m useful4 ,)\t x n only %\ld we h be5 )\t w>m? 9 our h\ses1 or light 9 our /reets :5 ! /ock ( =e/-wood 0 us$ up2 b we c\ld nev] h melt$ l>ge quantities ( iron-/one & extract$ ! iron4 ,we h pro( ( ?is 9 ,sussex4 ,! :ole c\ntry is full ( iron-/one1 & ! rail+s ( ,/4 ,paul's *ur*y>d are made ( ,sussex iron4 ,iron-f\ndries 7 at "w !re z long z !re 0 wood en\gh to supply !m1 b gradually ! works fell into disuse1 & ! la/ furnace 0 put out 9 ! ye> #ahji4 ,s n[1 because !re is no coal 9 ,sussex1 ! iron lies idle1 :ile 9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! iron-/one is ne> ! coal- m9es1 hundr$s ( tons are melt$ out e day4 ,aga91 )\t coal we c\ld h _h no eng9es ( any k9d1 & consequ5tly no l>ge manufactories ( cotton goods1 l95 goods1 or cutl]y4 ,9 fact1 almo/ ev]y?+ we use c\ld only h be5 made ) difficulty & 9 small quantities2 & ev5 if we c\ld h made !m x w\ld h be5 impossible to h s5t !m s quickly all ov] ! _w )\t coal1 = we c\ld h _h no railways or /eam%ips1 b mu/ h c>ri$ all goods along canals1 & by sl[ sail+ vessels4 ,we ourselves mu/ h tak5 days to p]=m j\rneys n[ made 9 a few h\rs1 & mon?s to rea* our colonies4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is we %\ld h rema9$ a v poor p4 ,)\t manufactories & indu/ries we %\ld h _h to live *iefly by till+ ! gr\nd1 & ev]yone be+ oblig$ to toil = daily bread1 !re w\ld h be5 mu* less "t or opportunity = anyone to /udy sci5ce1 or lit]ature1 or hi/ory1 or to provide !mselves ) com=ts & ref9em5ts ( life4 ,all ?is !n1 ^? plants & trees ( ! f>-(f ages1 :i* seem$ to lead su* useless lives1 h done & are do+ = u4 ,!re are _m p 9 ! _w :o compla9 t life is dull1 t !y d n see ! use ( x1 & t !re seems no "w specially = !m to d4 ,i w\ld advise su* p1 :e!r !y are gr[n up or little *ildr51 to read ! /ory ( ! plants :i* =m ! coal4 ,^! saw no results dur+ _! own %ort exi/5ces1 !y only liv$ & enjoy$ ! bright sun%9e1 & did _! "w1 & 7 cont5t4 ,& n[ ?\s&s1 probably millions1 ( ye>s aft] !y liv$ & di$1 ,engl& owes h] greatness1 & we mu* ( our happ9ess & com=t1 to ! sunbeams :i* ^? plants wove into _! lives4 ,!y bur/ =? aga9 9 our fires1 9 our brilliant lights1 & 9 our eng9es1 & d ! great] "p ( our "w2 tea*+ u ,t no?+ walks ) aimless feet ,t n "o life %all be de/roy$1 ,or ca/ z rubbi% to ! void1 ,:5 ,god ha? made ! pile complete4 ,9 ,memoriam ,week #be ,lecture ,,ix ,bees 9 ! ,hive ,i am go+ to ask y to visit ) me to-day "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful cities ) no human be+s 9 x1 & yet x is d5sely populat$1 = su* a city may conta9 f tw5ty ?\s& to sixty ?\s& inhabitants4 ,9 x y w f9d /reets1 b no pavem5ts1 = ! inhabitants walk along ! walls ( ! h\ses2 :ile 9 ! h\ses y w see no w9d[s1 = ea* h\se j fits its own]1 & ! door is ! only op5+ 9 x4 ,?\gh made )\t h&s ^! h\ses are mo/ ev5ly & regul>ly built 9 ti]s "o above ! o!r2 & "h & !re a few royal palaces1 l>g] & m spaci\s ?an ! re/1 cat* ! eye conspicu\sly z !y /& out at ! corn]s ( ! /reets4 ,"s ( ! ord9>y h\ses are us$ to live 91 :ile o!rs s]ve z /oreh\ses :]e food is laid up 9 ! summ] to fe$ ! inhabitants dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 !y are n all[$ to g outside ! walls4 ,n t ! gates are ev] %ut3 t is n necess>y1 = 9 ?is wond]ful city ea* citiz5 foll[s ! laws2 go+ out :5 x is "t to g out1 com+ home at prop] h\rs1 & /ay+ at home :5 x is 8 or h] duty4 ,& 9 ! w9t]1 :5 x is v cold outside1 ! inhabitants1 hav+ no fires1 keep !mselves w>m )9 ! city by clu/]+ toge!r1 & nev] v5tur+ out ( doors4 ,"o s+le que5 reigns ov] ! :ole ( ?is num]\s population1 & y might p]haps fancy t1 hav+ s _m subjects to "w = h] & wait ^u h]1 %e w\ld d no?+ b amuse h]self4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e too obeys ! laws laid d[n = h] guidance1 & nev]1 except on "o or two /ate occasions1 goes out ( ! city1 b works z h>d z ! re/ 9 p]=m+ h] own royal duties4 ,f sunrise to sunset1 :5ev] ! wea!r is f9e1 all is life1 activity1 & bu/le 9 ?is busy city4 ,?\gh ! gates are s n>r[ t two inhabitants c only j pass ea* o!r on _! way ?r\gh !m1 yet ?\s&s g 9 & out e h\r ( ! day2 "s br++ 9 mat]ials to build new h\ses1 o!rs food & provisions to /ore up = ! w9t]2 & :ile all appe>s confusion & disord] among ?is rapidly mov+ ?rong1 yet 9 reality ea* has h] own "w to d1 & p]fect ord] reigns ov] ! :ole4 ,ev5 if y did n already "k f ! title ( ! lecture :at city ?is is t ,i am describ+1 y w\ld no d\bt guess t x is a beehive4 ,= :]e 9 ! :ole _w1 except inde$ ^u an an?ill1 c we f9d s busy1 s indu/ri\s1 or s ord]ly a community z among ! bees8 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 a bl9d naturali/1 ,francois ,hub]1 set himself to /udy ! habits ( ^! wond]ful insects & ) ! help ( 8 wife & an intellig5t mans]vant manag$ to le>n mo/ ( _! secrets4 ,be=e 8 "t all naturali/s _h fail$ 9 wat*+ bees1 because if !y put !m 9 hives ) glass w9d[s1 ! bees1 n lik+ ! light1 clos$ up ! w9d[s ) cem5t be=e !y began to "w4 ,b ,hub] inv5t$ a hive :i* he c\ld op5 & close at w1 putt+ a glass hive inside x1 & by ?is means he 0 able to surprise ! bees at _! "w4 ,?anks to 8 /udies1 & to ^? ( o!r naturali/s :o h foll[$ 9 8 /eps1 we n[ "k almo/ z mu* ab\t ! home ( bees z we d ab\t our own2 & if we foll[ out to-day ! build+ ( a bee-city & ! life ( its inhabitants1 ,i ?9k y w ackn[l$ge t !y are a wond]ful community1 & t x is a great complim5t to anyone to say t he or %e is z busy z a bee4 ,9 ord] to beg9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory1 let u suppose t we g into a c\ntry g>d5 "o f9e morn+ 9 ,may :5 ! sun is %9+ brightly ov]head1 & t we see hang+ f ! b\gh ( an old apple-tree a black object :i* looks v mu* l a l>ge plum-pudd+4 ,on approa*+ x1 h[ev]1 we see t x is a l>ge clu/] or sw>m ( bees cl++ to ea* o!r by _! legs2 ea* bee ) its two =e-legs cl++ to ! two h9d] legs ( ! "o above x4 ,9 ?is way z _m z #bj1jjj bees may be cl++ toge!r1 & yet !y hang s freely t a bee1 ev5 f q ! c5tre ( ! sw>m1 c dis5gage h]self f h] neighb\rs & pass ?r\gh to ! outside ( ! clu/] :5ev] %e wi%es4 ,if ^! bees 7 left to !mselves1 !y w\ld f9d a home aft] a "t 9 a holl[ tree1 or "u ! ro( ( a h\se1 or 9 "s o!r cavity1 & beg9 to build _! honeycomb !re4 ,b z we d n wi% to lose _! honey we w br+ a hive1 &1 hold+ x "u ! sw>m1 %ake ! b\gh g5tly s t ! bees fall into x1 & cl+ to ! sides z we turn x ov] on a piece ( clean l951 on ! /& :]e ! hive is to be4 ,& n[ let u suppose t we are able to wat* :at is go+ on 9 ! hive4 ,be=e five m9utes are ov] ! indu/ri\s little insects h begun to disp]se & to make arrangem5ts 9 _! new home4 ,a numb] 7p]haps ab\t two ?\s&7 ( l>ge1 lumb]+ bees ( a d>k] col\r ?an ! re/1 w x is true1 w&] aimlessly ab\t ! hive1 & wait = ! o!rs to fe$ !m & h\se !m2 b ^! are ! drones1 or male bees 7#c1 ,fig4 #ed71 :o nev] d any "w except dur+ "o or two days 9 _! :ole lives4 ,b ! small] work+ bees 7#a1 ,fig4 #ed7 beg9 to be busy at once4 ,"s fly (f 9 se>* ( honey4 ,o!rs walk c>efully all r\nd ! inside ( ! hive to see if !re are any cracks 9 x2 & if !re are1 !y g (f to ! horse-*e/nut trees1 popl>s1 hollyhocks1 or o!r plants :i* h /icky buds1 & ga!r a k9d ( gum call$ propolis1 ) :i* !y cem5t ! cracks & make !m air-tight4 ,o!rs aga91 clu/] r\nd "o bee 7#b1 ,fig4 #ed7 black] ?an ! re/ & hav+ a long] body & %ort] w+s2 = ?is is ! que5-bee1 ! "m ( ! hive1 & %e mu/ be wat*$ & t5d$4 ,b ! l>ge/ numb] beg9 to hang 9 a clu/] f ! ro( j z !y did f ! b\gh ( ! apple tree4 ,:at are !y do+ !re8 ,wat* = a little :ile & y w soon see "o bee come out f among its companions & settle on ! top ( ! inside ( ! hive1 turn+ h]self r\nd & r\nd1 s z to pu% ! o!r bees back1 & to make a space 9 :i* %e c "w4 ,!n %e w beg9 to pick at ! "u "p ( h] body ) h] =e-legs1 & w br+ a scale ( wax f a curi\s sort ( pocket "u h] abdom54 ,hold+ ?is wax 9 h] claws1 %e w bite x ) h] h>d1 po9t$ upp] jaws1 :i* move to & fro sideways l a pair ( p9c]s1 !n1 moi/5+ x ) h] tongue into a k9d ( pa/e1 %e w draw x out l a ribbon & pla/] x on ! top ( ! hive4 ,aft] t %e w take ano!r piece2 = %e has eight ( ^! little wax-pockets1 & %e w g on till !y are all exhau/$4 ,!n %e w fly away out ( ! hive1 leav+ a small lump on ! hive ceil+ or on ! b> /ret*$ across x2 !n h] place w be tak5 by ano!r bee :o w g ?r\gh ! same manoeuvres4 ,?is bee w be foll[$ by ano!r1 & ano!r1 till a l>ge wall ( wax has be5 built1 hang+ f ! b> ( ! hive z 9 ,fig4 #ee1 only t x w n yet h cells fa%ion$ 9 x4 ,mean:ile ! bees :i* h be5 ga!r+ honey out ( doors beg9 to come back lad54 ,b !y _c /ore _! honey1 = !re are no cells made yet to put x 92 nei!r c !y build combs ) ! re/1 = !y h no wax 9 _! wax-pockets4 ,s !y j g & hang quietly on to ! o!r bees1 & !re !y rema9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t !y dige/ ! honey !y h ga!r$1 & "p ( x =ms wax & oozes out f ! scales "u _! body4 ,!n !y are prep>$ to jo9 ! o!rs at "w & pla/] wax on to ! hive4 ,week #bf ,& n[1 z soon z a r\gh lump ( wax is ready1 ano!r set ( bees come to d _! "w4 ,^! are call$ ! nurs+ bees1 because !y prep>e ! cells & fe$ ! "y ones4 ,"o ( ^! bees1 /&+ on ! ro( ( ! hive1 beg9s to =ce h] head into ! wax1 bit+ ) h] jaws & mov+ h] head to & fro4 ,soon %e has made ! beg9n+ ( a r\nd holl[1 & !n %e passes on to make ano!r1 :ile a second bee takes h] place & enl>ges ! fir/ "o4 ,z _m z tw5ty bees w be employ$ 9 ?is way1 "o aft] ano!r1 ^u ea* hole be=e x is l>ge en\gh = ! base ( a cell4 ,mean:ile ano!r set ( nurs+ bees h be5 work+ j 9 ! same way on ! o!r side ( ! wax1 & s a s]ies ( holl[s are made back to back all ov] ! comb4 ,!n ! bees =m ! walls ( ! cells & soon a numb] ( six-sid$ tubes1 ab\t half an in* deep1 /& all along ea* side ( ! comb ready to receive honey or bee-eggs4 ,y c see ! %ape ( ^! cells 9 c1d1 ,fig4 #ef1 & notice h[ closely !y fit into ea* o!r4 ,ev5 ! ends are s %ap$ t1 z !y lie back to back1 ! bottom ( "o cell 7,b1 ,fig4 #ef7 fits into ! space betwe5 ! ends ( ?ree cells meet+ x f ! opposite side 7,a1 ,fig4 #ef71 :ile !y fit into ! spaces ar\nd x4 ,^u ?is plan ! clev] little bees fill e atom ( space1 use ! lea/ possible quantity ( wax1 & make ! cells lie s closely toge!r t ! :ole comb is kept w>m :5 ! "y bees are 9 x4 ,!re are "s k9ds ( bees :o d n live 9 hives1 b ea* "o builds a home ( its own4 ,^! bees - su* z ! uphol/]] bee1 :i* digs a hole 9 ! e>? & l9es x ) fl[]s & leaves1 & ! mason bee1 :i* builds 9 walls - d n make six-sid$ cells1 b r\nd ones1 = room is no object to !m4 ,b nature has gradually taught ! little hive-bee to build its cells m & m closely1 till !y fit p]fectly )9 ea* o!r4 ,if y make a numb] ( r\nd holes close toge!r 9 a s(t sub/ance1 & !n squeeze ! sub/ance ev5ly f all sides1 ! r\nds w gradually take a six-sid$ =m1 %[+ t ?is is ! close/ %ape into :i* !y c be compress$4 ,al?\gh ! bee does n "k ?is1 yet z gnaws away e bit ( wax t c be sp>$ %e br+s ! holes into ?is %ape4 ,z soon z "o comb is f9i%$1 ! bees beg9 ano!r by ! side ( x1 leav+ a n>r[ lane betwe51 j broad en\gh = two bees to pass back to back z !y crawl along1 & s ! "w goes on till ! hive is full ( combs4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z a l5g? ( ab\t five or six in*es ( ! fir/ comb has be5 made into cells1 ! bees :i* are br++ home honey no long] hang to make x into wax1 b beg9 to /ore x 9 ! cells4 ,we all "k :]e ! bees g to fet* _! honey1 & h[1 :5 a bee settles on a fl[]1 %e ?ru/s into x h] small tongue-l proboscis1 :i* is really a l5g!n$ "u-lip1 & sucks out ! drop ( honey4 ,?is %e swall[s1 pass+ x d[n h] ?roat into a honey-bag or fir/ /oma*1 :i* lies betwe5 h] ?roat & h] real /oma*1 & :5 %e gets back to ! hive %e c empty ?is bag & pass honey back ?r\gh h] m\? aga9 into ! honey-cells4 ,b if y wat* bees c>efully1 especially 9 ! spr+-"t1 y w f9d t !y c>ry (f some?+ else besides honey4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! dew is on ! gr\nd1 or lat] 9 ! day1 9 moi/ %ady places1 y may see a bee rubb+ itself aga9/ a fl[]1 or bit+ ^? bags ( yell[ du/ or poll5 :i* we m5tion$ 9 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,:5 %e has cov]$ h]self ) poll51 %e w bru% x (f ) h] feet1 &1 br++ x to h] m\?1 %e w moi/5 & roll x into a little ball1 & !n pass x back f ! fir/ pair ( legs to ! second & s to ! ?ird or h9d] pair4 ,"h %e w pack x into a little hairy groove call$ a basket 9 ! jo9t ( "o ( ! h9d legs1 :]e y may see x1 look+ l a swell$ jo9t1 z %e hov]s among ! fl[]s4 ,%e (t5 fills bo? h9d legs 9 ?is way1 & :5 %e arrives back at ! hive ! nurs+ bees take ! lumps =m h]1 & eat x !mselves1 or mix x ) honey to fe$ ! "y bees2 or1 :5 !y h any to sp>e1 /ore x away 9 old honey-cells to be us$ by-&-by4 ,?is is ! d>k1 bitt] /uff call$ bee- bread :i* y (t5 f9d 9 a honeycomb1 especially 9 a comb :i* has be5 fill$ late 9 ! summ]4 ,:5 ! bee has be5 reliev$ ( ! bee-bread %e goes (f to "o ( ! clean cells 9 ! new comb1 &1 /&+ on ! edge1 ?r[s up ! honey f ! honey-bag into ! cell4 ,"o cell w hold ! cont5ts ( _m honey-bags1 & s ! busy little work]s h to "w all day fill+ cell aft] cell1 9 :i* ! honey lies uncov]$1 be+ too ?ick & /icky to fl[ out1 & is us$ = daily food - unless !re is any to sp>e1 & !n !y close up ! cells ) wax to keep = ! w9t]4 ,mean:ile1 a day or two aft] ! bees h settl$ 9 ! hive1 ! que5-bee beg9s to get v re/less4 ,%e goes outside ! hive & hov]s ab\t a little :ile1 & !n comes 9 aga91 & ?\gh g5]ally ! bees all look v closely aft] h] to keep h] indoors1 yet n[ !y let h] d z %e likes4 ,aga9 %e goes out1 & aga9 back1 & !n1 at la/1 %e so>s up into ! air & flies away4 ,b %e is n all[$ to g alone4 ,all ! drones ( ! hive rise up aft] h]1 =m+ a gu>d ( hon\r to foll[ h] :]ev] %e goes4 ,9 ab\t half-an-h\r %e comes back aga91 & !n ! work+ bees all ga!r r\nd h]1 kn[+ t n[ %e w rema9 quietly 9 ! hive & sp5d all h] "t 9 lay+ eggs2 = x is ! que5-bee :o lays all ! eggs 9 ! hive4 ,?is %e beg9s to d ab\t two days aft] h] flight4 ,!re are n[ _m cells ready besides ^? fill$ ) honey2 &1 escort$ by sev]al bees1 ! que5-bee goes to "o ( ^!1 &1 putt+ h] head into x rema9s !re a second z if %e 7 exam9+ :e!r x w\ld make a good home = ! "y bee4 ,!n1 com+ out1 %e turns r\nd & lays a small1 oval1 blui%-:ite egg 9 ! cell4 ,aft] ?is %e takes no m notice ( x1 b goes on to ! next cell & ! next1 do+ ! same ?+1 & lay+ eggs 9 all ! empty cells equally on bo? sides ( ! comb4 ,%e goes on s quickly t %e sometimes lays z _m z #bjj eggs 9 "o day4 ,!n ! "w ( ! nurs+ bees beg9s4 ,9 two or ?ree days ea* egg has become a t9y maggot or l>va1 & ! nurs+ bees put into its cell a mixture ( poll5 & honey :i* !y h prep>$ 9 _! own m\?s1 ?us mak+ a k9d ( sweet ba? 9 :i* ! l>va lies4 ,9 five or six days ! l>va gr[s s fat ^u ?is t x ne>ly fills ! cell1 & !n ! bees seal up ! m\? ( ! cell ) a ?9 cov] ( wax1 made ( little r+s & ) a t9y hole 9 ! c5tre4 ,z soon z ! l>va is cov]$ 91 x beg9s to give out f its "u-lip a :iti%1 silk5 film1 made ( two ?reads ( silk glu$ toge!r1 & ) ?is x sp9s a cov]+ or cocoon all r\nd itself1 & s x rema9s = ab\t t5 days m4 ,at la/1 j tw5ty-"o days aft] ! egg 0 laid1 ! "y bee is q p]fect1 ly+ 9 ! cell z 9 ,fig4 #eg1 & %e beg9s to eat h] way ?r\gh ! cocoon & ?r\gh ! wax5 lid1 & scrambles out ( h] cell4 ,!n ! nurses come aga9 to h]1 /roke h] w+s & fe$ h] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & aft] t %e is q ready to beg9 "w1 & flies out to ga!r honey & poll5 l ! re/ ( ! work]s4 ,by ?is "t ! numb] ( work+ bees 9 ! hive is becom+ v great1 & ! /or+ ( honey & poll5-du/ goes on v quickly4 ,ev5 ! empty cells :i* ! "y bees h left are clean$ out by ! nurses & fill$ ) honey2 & ?is honey is d>k] ?an t /or$ 9 clean cells1 & :i* we always call virg9 honey because x is s pure & cle>4 ,at la/1 aft] six weeks1 ! que5 leaves (f lay+ work]- eggs1 & beg9s to lay1 9 "s r l>g] cells1 eggs f :i* drones1 or male bees1 w gr[ up 9 ab\t tw5ty days4 ,mean:ile ! work]-bees h be5 build+ on ! edge ( ! cones "s v curi\s cells 7q1 ,fig4 #eg7 :i* look l ?imbles hang+ ) ! op5 side upw>ds1 & ab\t e ?ree days ! que5 /ops 9 lay+ drone-eggs & goes to put an egg 9 "o ( ^! cells4 ,notice t %e waits ?ree days betwe5 ea* ( ^! peculi> lay+s1 because we %all see pres5tly t !re is a good reason = h] do+ s4 ,! nurs+ bees take great c>e ( ^! eggs1 & in/ead ( putt+ ord9>y food into ! cell1 !y fill x ) a sweet1 pung5t jelly1 = ?is l>va is to become a pr9cess & a future que5 bee4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x seems to be ! peculi> food & ! size ( ! cell :i* makes ! l>va gr[ into a "m-bee :i* c lay eggs1 = if a hive has ! mis=tune to lose its que51 !y take "o ( ! ord9>y work]-l>vae & put x into a royal cell & fe$ x ) jelly1 & x becomes a que5-bee4 ,z soon z ! pr9cess is %ut 9 l ! o!rs1 %e beg9s to sp9 h] cocoon1 b %e does n q close x z ! o!r bees d1 b leaves a hole at ! top4 ,week #bg ,at ! end ( sixte5 days aft] ! fir/ royal egg 0 laid1 ! elde/ pr9cess beg9s to try to eat h] way out ( h] cell1 & ab\t ?is "t ! old que5 becomes v uneasy1 & w&]s ab\t di/ract$ly4 ,! reason ( ?is is t !re c nev] be two que5-bees 9 "o hive1 & ! que5 kn[s t h] daught] w soon be com+ out ( h] cradle & w try to turn h] (f h] ?rone4 ,s1 n wi%+ to h to fight = h] k+dom1 %e makes up h] m9d to seek a new home & take a numb] ( h] subjects ) h]4 ,if y wat* ! hive ab\t ?is "t y w notice _m ( ! bees clu/]+ toge!r aft] !y h br\ght 9 _! honey1 & hang+ pati5tly1 9 ord] to h pl5ty ( wax ready to use :5 !y />t1 :ile ! que5 keeps a %>p look-out = a bright1 sunny day1 on :i* !y c sw>m3 = bees w nev] sw>m on a wet or d\btful day if !y c possibly help x1 & we c easily und]/& :y1 :5 we consid] h[ ! ra9 w\ld clog _! w+s & spoil ! wax "u _! bodies4 ,mean:ile ! "y pr9cess gr[s v impati5t1 & tries to get out ( h] cell1 b ! work]-bees drive h] back1 = !y "k !re w\ld be a t]rible fight if ! two que5s met4 ,s !y close up ! hole %e has made ) fre% wax aft] hav+ put 9 "s food = h] to live ^u till %e is releas$4 ,at la/ a suitable day arrives1 & ab\t t5 or elev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! old que5 leaves ! hive1 tak+ ) h] ab\t #bjjj drones & f #ab1jjj to #bj1jjj work]-bees1 :i* fly a little way clu/]+ r\nd h] till %e alights on ! b\gh ( "s tree1 & !n !y =m a compact sw>m ready = a new hive or to f9d a home ( _! own4 ,leav+ !m to g _! way1 we w n[ return to ! old hive4 ,"h ! lib]at$ pr9cess is reign+ 9 all h] glory2 ! work]-bees cr[d r\nd h]1 wat* ov] h]1 & fe$ h] z ?\gh !y c\ld n d en\gh to %[ h] hon\r4 ,b /ill %e is n happy4 ,%e is re/less1 & runs ab\t z if look+ = an enemy1 & %e tries to get at ! rema9+ royal cells :]e ! o!r "y pr9cesses are /ill %ut 94 ,b ! work]s w n let h] t\* !m1 & at la/ %e /&s /ill & beg9s to beat ! air ) h] w+s & to tremble all ov]1 mov+ m & m quickly1 till %e makes q a l\d1 pip+ noise4 ,h>k6 ,:at is t note answ]+ h]8 ,x is a l[1 ho>se s\nd1 & x comes f ! cell ( ! next elde/ pr9cess4 ,n[ we see :y ! "y que5 has be5 s re/less4 ,%e kn[s h] si/] w soon come out1 & ! l\d] & /rong] ! s\nd becomes )9 ! cell1 ! soon] %e kn[s ! fight w h to beg94 ,& s %e makes up h] m9d to foll[ h] "m's example & to lead (f a second sw>m4 ,b %e _c always /op to *oose a f9e day1 = h] si/] is gr[+ v /rong & may come out ( h] cell be=e %e is (f4 ,& s ! second1 or aft] sw>m1 gets ready & goes away4 ,& ?is expla9s :y pr9cesses' eggs are laid a few days ap>t1 = if !y 7 laid all on ! same day1 !re w\ld be no "t = "o pr9cess to g (f ) a sw>m be=e ! o!r came out ( h] cell4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! work]s are n wat*ful en\gh1 two que5s d meet1 & !n !y fight till "o is kill$2 or sometimes !y bo? g (f ) ! same sw>m )\t f9d+ ea* o!r out4 ,b ?is only delays ! fight till !y get into ! new hive2 soon] or lat] "o mu/ be kill$4 ,& n[ a ?ird que5 beg9s to reign 9 ! old hive1 & %e is j z re/less z ! prec$+ ones1 = !re are /ill m pr9cesses to be born4 ,b ?is "t1 if no new sw>m wants to />t1 ! work]s d n try to protect ! royal cells4 ,! "y que5 d>ts at ! fir/ %e sees1 gnaws a hole ) h] jaws1 &1 ?ru/+ 9 h] /+ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! cocoon1 kills ! "y bee :ile x is /ill a prison]4 ,%e !n goes to ! next1 & ! next1 & nev] re/s till all ! "y pr9cesses are de/roy$4 ,!n %e is cont5t$1 = %e kn[s no o!r que5 w come to de?rone h]4 ,aft] a few days %e takes h] flight 9 ! air ) ! drones1 & comes home to settle d[n 9 ! hive = ! w9t]4 ,!n a v curi\s sc5e takes place4 ,! drones are no m use1 = ! que5 w n fly out aga91 & ^! idle bees w nev] d any "w 9 ! hive4 ,s ! work]-bees beg9 to kill !m1 fall+ ^u !m1 & /++ !m to dea?1 & z ! drones h no /+s !y _c def5d !mselves1 & 9 a few days !re is n a drone1 nor ev5 a drone-egg1 left 9 ! hive4 ,?is massacre seems v sad to u1 s9ce ! poor drones h nev] done any h>m beyond be+ hopelessly idle4 ,b x is less sad :5 we "k t !y c\ld n live _m weeks1 ev5 if !y 7 n attack$1 &1 ) w9t] com+1 ! bees _c af=d to fe$ useless m\?s1 s a quick dea? is probably happi] = !m ?an />vation4 ,& n[ all ! rema9+ inhabitants ( ! hive settle d[n to fe$+ ! "y bees & lay+ 9 ! w9t]'s /ore4 ,x is at ?is "t1 aft] !y h be5 toil+ & sav+1 t we come & take _! honey2 & f a well-/ock$ hive we may ev5 take #cj lbs4 )\t />v+ ! indu/ri\s little inhabitants4 ,b !n we mu/ (t5 fe$ !m 9 return & give !m sweet syrup 9 ! late autumn & ! next e>ly spr+ :5 !y _c f9d any fl[]s4 ,al?\gh ! hive has n[ become comp>atively quiet & ! "w goes on )\t excitem5t1 yet e s+le bee is employ$ 9 "s way1 ei!r out ( doors or ab\t ! hive4 ,besides ! honey collectors & ! nurses1 a c]ta9 numb] ( bees are told (f to v5tilate ! hive4 ,y w easily und]/& t :]e s _m insects are pack$ closely toge!r ! heat w become v great1 & ! air impure & un:olesome4 ,& ! bees h no w9d[s t !y c op5 to let 9 fre% air1 s !y are oblig$ to fan x 9 f ! "o op5+ ( ! hive4 ,! way 9 :i* !y d ?is is v int]e/+4 ,"s ( ! bees /& close to ! entrance1 ) _! faces t[>ds x1 & op5+ _! w+s1 s z to make !m into fans1 !y wave !m to & fro1 produc+ a curr5t ( air4 ,beh9d ^! bees1 & all ov] ! floor ( ! hive1 !re /& o!rs1 ?is "t ) _! backs t[>ds ! entrance1 & fan 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 ?is way air is s5t into all ! passages4 ,ano!r set ( bees clean out ! cells aft] ! "y bees are born1 & make !m fit to receive honey1 :ile o!rs gu>d ! entrance ( ! hive to keep away ! de/ructive wax-mo?1 :i* tries to lay its eggs 9 ! comb s t its "y ones may fe$ on ! honey4 ,all indu/ri\s p h to gu>d _! prop]ty aga9/ ?ieves & vagabonds1 & ! bees h _m intrud]s1 su* z wasps & snails & slugs1 :i* creep 9 :5ev] !y get a *ance4 ,if !y succe$ 9 escap+ ! s5t9el bees1 !n a fight takes place )9 ! hive1 & ! invad] is /ung to dea?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 aft] !y h kill$ ! enemy1 ! bees _c get rid ( 8 body1 = a snail or slug is too heavy to be easily mov$1 & yet x w\ld make ! hive v unheal?y to all[ x to rema94 ,9 ?is dilemma ! +5i\s little bees fet* ! gummy propolis f ! plant-buds & cem5t ! intrud] all ov]1 ?us embalm+ 8 body & prev5t+ x f decay+4 ,& s ! life ( ?is wond]ful city goes on4 ,build+1 h>ve/+1 /or+1 nurs+1 v5tilat+ & clean+ f morn till night1 ! little work]-bee lives = ab\t eight mon?s1 & 9 t "t has done q h] %>e ( "w 9 ! _w4 ,only ! "y bees1 born late 9 ! season1 live on till ! next ye> to "w 9 ! spr+4 ,! que5-bee lives long]1 probably ab\t two ye>s1 & !n %e too dies1 aft] hav+ _h a family ( _m ?\s&s ( *ildr54 ,we h already po9t$ out t 9 our fairy-l& ( nature all ?+s "w toge!r s z to br+ ord] out ( app>5t confusion4 ,b ?\gh we %\ld naturally expect w9ds & curr5ts1 riv]s & cl\ds1 & ev5 plants to foll[ fix$ laws1 we %\ld sc>cely h look$ = su* regul>ity 9 ! life ( ! active1 indep5d5t busy bee4 ,yet we see t %e1 too1 has h] own appo9t$ "w to d1 & does x regul>ly & 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,9 ?is lecture we h be5 speak+ entirely ( ! bee )9 ! hive1 & notic+ h[ m>vell\sly h] in/9cts guide h] 9 h] daily life4 ,b )9 ! la/ few ye>s we h le>nt t %e p]=ms a mo/ curi\s & wond]ful "w 9 ! _w outside h] home & t we owe to h] n only ! sweet honey to eat1 b ev5 9 a great degree ! beauty & gay col\rs ( ! fl[]s :i* %e visits :5 collect+ x4 ,?is "w w =m ! subject ( our next lecture1 & :ile we love ! little bee = h] con/ant indu/ry1 pati5ce1 & ord] )9 ! hive1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 m>vel at ! wond]ful law ( nature :i* guides h] 9 h] unconsci\s mission ( love among ! fl[]s :i* gr[ ar\nd x4 ,week #bh ,lecture ,x ,,bees ,,& ,,fl[]s ,:atev] ?\ghts ea* "o ( y may h br\ght to ! lecture to-day1 ,i want y to ?r[ !m all aside & fancy y\rself to be 9 a pretty c\ntry g>d5 on a hot summ]'s morn+4 ,p]haps y h be5 walk+1 or read+1 or play+1 b x is gett+ too hot n[ to d any?+2 & s y h *os5 ! %adie/ nook "u ! old walnut-tree1 close to ! fl[]-b$ on ! lawn1 & w\ld almo/ l to g to sleep if x 7 n too e>ly 9 ! day4 ,z y lie !re ?9k+ ( no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 except h[ pleasant x is to be idle n[ & !n1 y notice a g5tle buzz+ close to y1 & y see t on ! fl[]-b$ close by1 sev]al bees are work+ busily among ! fl[]s4 ,!y d n seem to m9d ! heat1 nor to wi% to re/2 & !y fly s lightly & look s happy ov] _! "w t x does n tire y to look at !m4 ,t great humble-bee takes x leisurely en\gh z %e goes lumb]+ along1 pok+ h] head into ! l>kspurs1 & rema9+ s long 9 ea* y might almo/ ?9k %e _h fall5 asleep4 ,! br[n hive-bee on ! o!r h&1 moves busily & quickly among ! /ocks1 sweet peas1 & mignonette4 ,%e is evid5tly out on active duty1 & means to get all %e c f ea* fl[]1 s z to c>ry a good load back to ! hive4 ,9 "s blossoms %e does n /ay a mom5t1 b draws h] head back directly %e has popp$ x 91 z if to say ,no honey !re4 ,b ov] ! full blossoms %e l+]s a little1 & !n scrambles out aga9 ) h] drop ( honey1 & goes (f to seek m 9 ! next fl[]4 ,let u wat* h] a little m closely4 ,!re are pl5ty ( diff]5t plants gr[+ 9 ! fl[]-b$1 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 %e does n g fir/ to "o k9d & !n to ano!r2 b keeps to "o1 p]haps ! mignonette1 ! :ole "t till %e flies away4 ,r\se y\rself up to foll[ h]1 & y w see %e takes h] way back to ! hive4 ,%e may p]haps /op to visit a /ray plant ( mignonette on h] way1 b no o!r fl[] w tempt h] till %e has tak5 h] load home4 ,!n :5 %e comes back aga9 %e may p]haps g to ano!r k9d ( fl[]1 su* z ! sweet peas1 = in/ance1 & keep to !m dur+ ! next j\rney1 b x is m likely t %e w be true to h] old fri5d ! mignonette = ! :ole day4 ,we all "k :y %e makes s _m j\rneys betwe5 ! g>d5 & ! hive1 & t %e is collect+ drops ( honey f ea* fl[]1 & c>ry+ x to be /or$ up 9 ! honeycomb = w9t]'s food4 ,h[ %e /ores x1 & h[ %e also ga!rs poll5-du/ = h] bee-bread1 we saw 9 ! la/ lecture2 to-day we w foll[ h] 9 h] "w among ! fl[]s1 & see1 :ile !y are s useful to h]1 :at %e is do+ = !m 9 return4 ,we h already le>nt f ! life ( a primrose t plants c make bett] & /rong] se$s :5 !y c get poll5-du/ f ano!r plant1 ?an :5 !y are oblig$ to use t :i* gr[s 9 ! same fl[]2 b ,i am sure y w be v mu* surpris$ to he> t ! m we /udy fl[]s ! m we f9d t _! col\rs1 _! sc5t1 & _! curi\s %apes are all s _m baits & traps set by nature to entice insects to come to ! fl[]s1 & c>ry ?is poll5-du/ f "o to ! o!r4 ,s f> z we "k1 x is entirely = ?is purpose t ! plants =m honey 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! fl[]1 sometimes 9 little bags or gl&s1 z 9 ! petals ( ! butt]cup fl[]1 sometimes 9 cle> drops1 z 9 ! tube ( ! honeysuckle4 ,?is food !y prep>e = ! insects1 & !n !y h all sorts ( contrivances to entice !m to come & fet* x4 ,y w rememb] t ! plants ( ! coal _h no bright or conspicu\s fl[]s4 ,n[ we c und]/& :y ?is 01 = !re 7 no fly+ insects at t "t to c>ry ! poll5- du/ f fl[] to fl[]1 & !re=e !re 0 no ne$ ( col\r$ fl[]s to attract !m4 ,b little by little1 z flies1 butt]flies1 mo?s & bees began to live 9 ! _w1 fl[]s too began to appe>1 & plants hung out ^! gay- col\r$ signs1 z mu* z to say1 ,come to me1 & ,i w give y honey if y w br+ me poll5-du/ 9 ex*ange1 s t my se$s may gr[ heal?y & /rong4 ,we _c /op to inquire to-day h[ ?is all gradually came ab\t1 & h[ ! fl[]s gradually put on gay col\rs & curi\s %apes to tempt ! insects to visit !m2 b we w le>n some?+ ab\t ! way !y attract !m n[1 & h[ y may see x = y\rselves if y keep y\r eyes op54 ,= example1 if y wat* ! diff]5t k9ds ( grasses1 s$ges & ru%es1 :i* h su* t9y fl[]s t y c sc>cely see !m1 y w f9d t no insects visit !m4 ,nei!r w y ev] f9d bees buzz+ r\nd oak-trees1 nut-trees1 will[s1 elms or bir*es4 ,b on ! pretty & sweet-smell+ apple- blossoms1 or ! /rongly sc5t$ lime-trees1 y w f9d bees1 wasps1 & pl5ty ( o!r insects4 ,! reason ( ?is is t grasses1 s$ges1 ru%es1 nut-trees1 will[1 & ! o!rs we h m5tion$1 h all ( !m a great deal ( poll5-du/1 & z ! w9d bl[s !m to & fro1 x wafts ! du/ f "o fl[] to ano!r1 & s ^! plants d n want ! insects1 & x is n wor? _! :ile to give out honey1 or to h gaudy or sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s to attract !m4 ,b :]ev] y see bright or conspicu\s fl[]s y may be q sure t ! plants want ! bees or "s o!r w+$ insect to come & c>ry _! poll5 = !m4 ,sn[drops hang+ _! :ite heads among _! gre5 leaves1 crocuses ) _! violet & yell[ fl[]s1 ! gaudy poppy1 ! l>ge- fl[]$ hollyhock or ! sunfl[]1 ! flaunt+ d&elion1 ! pretty p9k will[-h]b1 ! clu/]$ blossoms ( ! mu/>d & turnip fl[]s1 ! bright blue =get-me-n & ! delicate little yell[ trefoil1 all ^! are visit$ by insects1 :i* easily cat* sight ( !m z !y pass by & ha/5 to sip _! honey4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock has %[n t bees are n only attract$ by bright col\rs1 b t !y ev5 "k "o col\r f ano!r4 ,he put "s honey on slips ( glass ) col\r$ pap]s "u !m1 & :5 he _h accu/om$ ! bees to f9d ! honey always on ! blue glass1 he wa%$ ?is glass clean1 & put ! honey on ! r$ glass in/ead4 ,n[ if ! bees _h foll[$ only ! smell ( ! honey1 !y w\ld h fl[n to ! r$ glass1 b !y did n4 ,!y w5t fir/ to ! blue glass1 expect+ to f9d ! honey on ! usual col\r1 & x 0 only :5 !y 7 disappo9t$ t !y w5t (f to ! r$4 ,is x n beautiful to ?9k t ! bright pleasant col\rs we love s mu* 9 fl[]s1 are n only ornam5tal1 b t !y are useful & do+ _! "p 9 keep+ up heal?y life 9 our _w8 ,nei!r mu/ we =get :at sweet sc5ts c d4 ,h y nev] notic$ ! delici\s smell :i* comes f b$s ( mignonette1 ?yme1 rosem>y1 m9t1 or sweet alyssum1 f ! small hidd5 bun*es ( lauru/9us blossom1 or f ! t9y fl[]s ( ! privet8 ,^! plants h f\nd ano!r way ( attract+ ! insects2 !y h no ne$ ( bright col\rs1 = _! sc5t is q z true & c]ta9 a guide4 ,y w be surpris$ if y once beg9 to c\nt !m up1 h[ _m :ite & dull or d>k- look+ fl[]s are sweet-sc5t$1 :ile gaudy fl[]s1 su* z tulip1 foxglove & hollyhock1 h little or no sc5t4 ,& !n1 j z 9 ! _w we f9d "s p :o h ev]y?+ to attract o!rs to !m1 beauty & g5tl5ess1 clev]ness1 k9dl9ess1 & lov+ sympa?y1 s we f9d "s fl[]s1 l ! beautiful lily1 ! lovely rose1 & ! delicate hyac9?1 :i* h col\r & sc5t & graceful %apes all comb9$4 ,b we are n yet ne>ly at an end ( ! contrivances ( fl[]s to secure ! visits ( insects4 ,h y n obs]v$ t diff]5t fl[]s op5 & close at diff]5t times8 ,! daisy receives its "n day's eye1 because x op5s at sunrise & closes at sunset1 :ile ! ev5+ primrose 7,a5o!ra bi5nis7 & ! night campion 7,sil5e noctiflora7 spread out _! fl[]s j z ! daisy is go+ to b$4 ,:at d y ?9k is ! reason ( ?is8 ,if y g ne> a b$ ( ev5+ primroses j :5 ! sun is sett+1 y w soon be able to guess1 = !y w !n give out su* a sweet sc5t t y w n d\bt = a mom5t t !y are call+ ! ev5+ mo?s to come & visit !m4 ,! daisy op5s by day1 because x is visit$ by day insects1 b ^? p>ticul> mo?s :i* c c>ry ! poll5-du/ ( ! ev5+ primrose1 fly only by night1 & if ?is fl[] op5$ by day o!r insects might /eal its honey1 :ile !y w\ld n be ! "r size or %ape to t\* its poll5-bags & c>ry ! du/4 ,x is ! same if y pass by a honeysuckle 9 ! ev5+2 y w be surpris$ h[ mu* /rong] its sc5t is ?an 9 ! day- "t4 ,?is is because ! sph9x hawk-mo? is ! fav\rite visitor ( t fl[]1 & comes at nightfall1 guid$ by ! /rong sc5t1 to suck out ! honey ) its long proboscis1 & c>ry ! poll5-du/4 ,aga91 "s fl[]s close :5ev] ra9 is com+4 ,! pimp]nel 7,anagallis arv5sis7 is "o ( ^!1 h5ce its "n ( ! ,%eph]d's ,wea!r-glass4 ,?is little fl[] closes1 no d\bt1 to prev5t its poll5-du/ be+ wa%$ away1 = x has no honey2 :ile o!r fl[]s d x to protect ! drop ( honey at ! bottom ( _! corolla4 ,look at ! daisies = example :5 a /orm is com+ on2 z ! sky gr[s d>k & heavy1 y w see !m %r9k up & close till ! sun %9es aga94 ,!y d ?is because 9 ea* ( ! little yell[ florets 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[] !re is a drop ( honey :i* w\ld be q spoil$ if x 7 wa%$ by ! ra94 ,& n[ y w see :y cup-%ap$ fl[]s s (t5 droop _! heads - ?9k ( ! h>ebell1 ! sn[drop1 ! lily-(-!- valley1 ! campanula1 & a ho/ ( o!rs2 h[ pretty !y look ) _! bells hang+ s mode/ly f ! sl5d] /alk6 ,!y are b5d+ d[n to protect ! honey-gl&s )9 !m1 = if ! cup became full ( ra9 or dew ! honey w\ld be useless1 & ! insects w\ld cease to visit !m4 ,week #bi ,b x is n only necess>y t ! fl[]s %\ld keep _! honey = ! insects1 !y also h to take c>e & keep x = ! "r k9d ( insect4 ,ants are 9 _m cases great enemies to !m1 = !y l honey z mu* z bees & butt]flies d1 yet y w easily see t !y are s small t if !y creep into a fl[] !y pass ! an!rs )\t rubb+ aga9/ !m1 & s take ! honey )\t do+ any good to ! plant4 ,!re=e we f9d numb]less contrivances = keep+ ! ants & o!r creep+ insects away4 ,look = example at ! hairy /alk ( ! primrose fl[]2 ^? little hairs are l a =e/ to a t9y ant1 & !y protect ! fl[] f 8 visits4 ,! ,spani% cat*fly 7,sil5e otites71 on ! o!r h&1 has a smoo?1 b v gummy /em1 & on ?is ! insects /ick1 if !y try to climb4 ,slugs & snails too w (t5 attack & bite fl[]s1 unless !y are kept away by ?orns & bri/les1 su* z we f9d on ! teazel & ! burdock4 ,& s we are gradually le>n+ t ev]y?+ :i* a plant does has its mean+1 if we c only f9d x out1 & t ev5 v insignificant hair has its own prop] use1 & :5 we are once aw>e ( ?is a fl[]-g>d5 may become q a new _w to u if we op5 our eyes to all t is go+ on 9 x4 ,b z we _c w&] among _m plants to-day1 let u take a few :i* ! bees visit1 & see h[ !y contrive n to give up _! honey )\t gett+ help 9 return4 ,we w />t ) ! blue wood-g]anium1 because f x we fir/ began to le>n ! use ( insects to fl[]s4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago a "y ,g]man botani/1 ,*ri/ian ,conrad ,spr5gel1 notic$ "s s(t hairs gr[+ 9 ! c5tre ( ?is fl[]1 j r\nd ! /am5s1 & he 0 s sure t e "p ( a plant is useful1 t he set himself to f9d out :at ^! hairs meant4 ,he soon discov]$ t !y protect$ "s small honey-bags at ! base ( ! /am5s1 & kept ! ra9 f wa%+ ! honey away1 j z our eyebr[s prev5t ! p]spiration on our faces f runn+ into our eyes4 ,?is l$ him to notice t plants take great c>e to keep _! honey = insects1 & by degrees he prov$ t !y did ?is 9 ord] to tempt ! insects to visit !m & c>ry (f _! poll54 ,! fir/ ?+ to notice 9 ?is little g]anium fl[] is t ! purple l9es :i* ornam5t x all po9t directly to ! place :]e ! honey lies at ! bottom ( ! /am5s1 & actually s]ve to lead ! bee to ! honey2 & ?is is true ( ! ve9s & m>k+ ( ne>ly all fl[]s except ( ^? :i* op5 by night1 & 9 ^! !y w\ld be useless1 = ! insects w\ld n see !m4 ,:5 ! g]anium fir/ op5s1 all its t5 /am5s are ly+ flat on ! corolla or col\r$ cr[n1 z 9 ! left-h& fl[] 9 ,fig4 #eh1 & !n ! bee _c get at ! honey4 ,b 9 a %ort "t five /am5s beg9 to raise !mselves & cl+ r\nd ! /igma or knob at ! top ( ! se$-vessel1 z 9 ! middle fl[]4 ,n[ y w\ld ?9k !y w\ld leave _! du/ !re4 ,b no6 ! /igma is clos$ up s tight t ! du/ _c get on to ! /icky "p4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! bee c get at ! honey-gl&s on ! outside ( ! rais$ /am5s2 & z he sucks x1 8 back t\*es ! an!rs or du/-bags1 & he c>ries (f ! poll54 ,!n1 z soon z all _! du/ is gone1 ^! five /am5s fall d[n1 & ! o!r five spr+ up4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! /igma rema9s clos$1 & ! poll5 ( ^! /am5s1 too1 may be c>ri$ away to ano!r fl[]4 ,at la/ ^! five also fall d[n1 & !n1 & n till !n1 ! /igma op5s & lays out its five /icky po9ts1 z y may see 9 ! "r-h& fl[]1 ,fig4 #eh4 ,b its own poll5 is all gone1 h[ !n w x get any8 ,x w get x f "s bee :o has j tak5 x f ano!r & y\ng] fl[]2 & ?us y see ! blossom is prev5t$ f us+ its own poll51 & made to use t ( ano!r blossom1 s t its se$s may gr[ heal?y & /rong4 ,! g>d5 na/urtium1 into ^: blossom we saw ! humble-bee pol+ 8 head1 takes /ill m c>e ( its poll5-du/4 ,x hides its honey d[n at ! end ( its long spur1 & only s5ds out "o /am5 at a "t in/ead ( five l ! g]anium2 & !n1 :5 all ! /am5s h _h _! turn1 ! /icky knob comes out la/ = poll5 f ano!r fl[]4 ,all ?is y may see = y\rselves if y f9d g]aniums99 9 ! h$ges1 & na/urtiums 9 y g>d54 ,b ev5 if y h n ^!1 y may le>n ! hi/ory ( ano!r fl[] q z curi\s1 & :i* y c f9d 9 any field or lane ev5 ne> ,london4 ,! common dead-nettle 7,fig4 #ei7 takes a great deal ( tr\ble 9 ord] t ! bee may c>ry (f its poll54 ,:5 y h f\nd "o ( ^! plants1 take a fl[] f ! r+ all r\nd ! /alk & te> x g5tly op51 s t y c see d[n its ?roat4 ,!re1 j at ! v bottom1 y w f9d a ?ick fr+e ( hairs1 & y w guess at once t ^! are to protect a drop ( honey bel[4 ,little insects :i* w\ld creep into ! fl[] & rob x ( its honey )\t t\*+ ! an!rs ( ! /am5s _c get pa/ ^! hairs1 & s ! drop is kept till ! bee comes to fet* x4 799,! sc>let & o!r bright g]aniums ( our fl[]-g>d5s are n true g]aniums1 b pel>goniums4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 wat* all ^! peculi>ities 9 !m if y _c procure ! true wild g]anium47 ,n[ look = ! /am5s2 !re are f\r ( !m1 two long & two %ort1 & !y are q hidd5 "u ! hood :i* =ms ! top ( ! fl[]4 ,h[ w ! bee t\* !m8 ,if y 7 to wat* "o1 y w\ld f9d t :5 ! bee alights on ! broad lip & ?ru/s h] head d[n ! tube1 %e fir/ ( all kn[s h] back aga9/ ! little =k$ tip4 ,?is is ! /icky /igma1 & %e leaves !re any du/ %e has br\ght f ano!r fl[]2 !n1 z %e mu/ pu% f> 9 to rea* ! honey1 be=e %e comes out aga9 has c>ri$ away ! yell[ p[d] on h] back1 ready to give x to ! next fl[]4 ,d y rememb] h[ we notic$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! lecture t a bee always likes to visit ! same k9d ( plant 9 "o j\rney8 ,y see n[ t ?is is v useful to ! fl[]s4 ,if ! bee w5t f a dead-nettle to a g]anium1 ! du/ w\ld be lo/1 = x w\ld be ( no use to any o!r plant b a dead- nettle4 ,b s9ce ! bee likes to get ! same k9d ( honey ea* j\rney1 %e goes to ! same k9d ( fl[]s1 & places ! poll5-du/ j :]e x is want$4 ,!re is ano!r fl[]1 call$ ! ,salvia1 :i* belongs to ! same family z our dead-nettle1 & ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t its way ( du/+ ! bee's back is mo/ clev]4 ,! ,salvia 7,fig4 #fj7 is %ap$ j l ! dead-nettle1 ) a hood & a broad lip1 b in/ead ( f\r /am5s x has only two1 ! o!r two be+ %rivell$ up4 ,! two t are left h a v /range %ape1 = ! /alk or filam5t ( ! /am5 is v %ort1 :ile ! an!r1 :i* is 9 mo/ fl[]s two little bags /uck toge!r1 has "h gr[n out into a long ?read1 ) a little du/-bag at "o end only4 ,9 #a1 ,fig4 #fj1 y only see "o ( ^! /ems1 because ! fl[] is cut 9 half1 b 9 ! :ole fl[]1 "o /&s on ea* side j )9 ! lip4 ,n[1 :5 ! bee puts h] head into ! tube to rea* ! honey1 %e passes "r betwe5 ^! two sw++ an!rs1 & knock+ aga9/ ! end pu%es x be=e h] & s br+s ! du/-bag plump d[n on h] back1 scatt]+ ! du/ !re6 y c easily try ?is by ?ru/+ a p5cil into any ,salvia fl[]1 & y w see ! an!r fall4 ,y w notice t all ?is "t ! be does n t\* ! /icky /igma :i* hangs high above h]1 b aft] ! an!rs are empty & %rivell$ ! /alk ( ! /igma gr[s long]1 & x falls l[] d[n4 ,by-&-by ano!r bee1 hav+ poll5 on h] back1 comes to look = honey1 & z %e goes into ,no4 #c1 %e rubs aga9/ ! /igma & leaves ^u x ! du/ f ano!r fl[]4 ,tell me1 has n ! ,salvia1 :ile rema9+ s mu* ! same %ape z ! dead-nettle1 devis$ a wond]ful contrivance to make use ( ! visits ( ! bee8 ,! common sweet violet 7,viola odorata7 or ! dog violet 7,viola can9a71 :i* y c ga!r 9 any mead[1 give up _! poll5-du/ 9 q a diff]5t way f ! ,salvia1 & yet x is equally +5i\s4 ,ev]yone has notic$ :at an irregul> %ape ?is fl[] has1 & t "o ( its purple petals has a curi\s spur /ick+ out beh9d4 ,9 ! tip ( ?is spur & 9 ! spur ( ! /am5 ly+ 9 x ! violet hides its honey1 & to rea* x ! bee mu/ press pa/ ! curi\s r+ ( orange-tipp$ bodies 9 ! middle ( ! fl[]4 ,^! bodies are ! an!rs1 ,fig4 #fa1 :i* fit tightly r\nd ! /igma1 s t :5 ! poll5-du/1 :i* is v dry1 comes out ( ! bags1 x rema9s %ut 9 by ! tips z if 9 a box4 ,two ( ^! /am5s h spurs :i* lie 9 ! col\r$ spur ( ! fl[]1 & h honey at ! end ( !m4 ,n[1 :5 ! bee %akes ! end ( ! /igma1 x p>ts ! r+ ( an!rs1 & ! f9e du/ falls ?r\gh ^u ! insect4 ,let u see = a mom5t h[ wond]fully ?is fl[] is arrang$ to br+ ab\t ! c>ry+ ( ! poll51 z ,spr5gel po9t$ out ye>s ago4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x hangs on a ?9 /alk1 & b5ds its head d[n s t ! ra9 _c come ne> ! honey 9 ! spur1 & also s t ! poll5-du/ falls =w>d into ! front ( ! little box made by ! clos$ an!rs4 ,!n ! poll5 is q dry1 in/ead ( be+ /icky z 9 mo/ plants4 ,?is is 9 ord] t x may fall easily ?r\gh ! cracks4 ,!n ! /yle or /alk ( ! /igma is v ?9 & its tip v broad1 s t x quiv]s easily :5 ! bee t\*es x1 & s %akes ! an!rs ap>t1 :ile ! an!rs !mselves fold ov] to make ! box1 & yet n s tightly b t ! du/ c fall ?r\gh :5 !y are %ak54 ,la/ly1 if y look at ! ve9s ( ! fl[]1 y w f9d t !y all po9t t[>ds ! spur :]e ! honey is to be f\nd1 s t :5 ! sweet smell ( ! fl[] has br\ght ! bee1 %e _c fail to g 9 at ! "r place4 ,two m fl[]s /ill ,i want u to exam9e toge!r1 & !n ,i hope y w c>e to look at e fl[] y meet1 to try & see :at insects visit x1 & h[ its poll5-du/ is c>ri$4 ,^! two fl[]s are ! common ,bird's-foot trefoil 7,lotus corniculatus71 & ! ,e>ly ,or*is 7,or*is mascula71 :i* y may f9d 9 almo/ any moi/ mead[ 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,! ,bird's-foot trefoil1 ,fig4 #fb1 y w f9d almo/ any:]e all ?r\gh ! summ]1 & y w "k x f o!r fl[]s v l x by its leaf1 :i* is n a true trefoil1 = beh9d ! ?ree usual leaflets ( ! clov] & ! %amrock leaf1 x has two small leaflets ne> ! /alk4 ,! fl[]1 y w notice1 is %ap$ v l ! fl[] ( a pea1 & inde$ x belongs to ! same family1 call$ ! ,papilionaceae or butt]fly family1 because ! fl[]s look some?+ l an insect fly+4 ,9 all ^! fl[]s ! top petal /&s up l a flag to cat* ! eye ( ! insect1 & = ?is reason botani/s call x ! /&>d4 ,bel[ x are two side-petals call$ ! w+s1 & if y pick ^! (f y w f9d t ! rema9+ two petals are jo9$ toge!r at ! tip 9 a %ape l ! keel ( a boat4 ,= ?is reason !y are call$ ! keel4 ,notice z we pass t ^! two la/ petals h 9 !m a curi\s little holl[ or depression1 & if y look inside ! w+s y w notice a little knob t fits into ?is holl[1 & s locks ! two toge!r4 ,we %all see by-&-by t ?is is important4 ,week #cj ,next let u look at ! half-fl[] :5 x is cut op51 & see :at !re is inside4 ,!re are t5 /am5s 9 all1 enclos$ ) ! /igma 9 ! keel2 n9e are jo9$ toge!r & "o is by itself4 ,! an!rs ( five ( ^! /am5s bur/ op5 :ile ! fl[] is /ill a bud1 b ! o!r /am5s g on gr[+1 & pu% ! poll5-du/1 :i* is v moi/ & /icky1 "r up into ! tip ( ! keel4 ,"h y see x lies "r r\nd ! /igma1 b z we saw be=e 9 ! g]anium1 ! /igma is n ripe & /icky yet1 & s x does n use ! poll5 gra9s4 ,n[ suppose t a bee comes to ! fl[]4 ,! honey %e has to fet* lies inside ! tube1 & ! "o /am5 be+ loose %e is able to get h] proboscis 94 b if %e is to be ( any use to ! fl[] %e mu/ uncov] ! poll5-du/4 ,see h[ cunn+ly ! fl[] has contriv$ ?is4 ,9 ord] to put h] head into ! tube ! bee mu/ /& ^u ! w+s1 & h] weight b5ds !m d[n4 b !y are lock$ to ! keel by ! knob fitt+ 9 ! hole1 & s ! keel is pu%$ d[n too1 & ! /icky poll5- du/ is uncov]$ & comes "r aga9/ ! /oma* ( ! bee & /icks !re6 ,z soon z %e has done fe$+ & flies away1 up g ! w+s & ! keel ) !m1 cov]+ up any poll5 t rema9s ready = next "t4 ,!n :5 ! bee goes to ano!r fl[]1 z %e t\*es ! /igma z well z ! poll51 %e leaves "s ( ! =eign du/ ^u x1 & ! fl[] uses t r ?an its own1 because x is bett] = its se$s4 ,if h[ev] no bee happ5s to come to "o ( ^! fl[]s1 aft] a "t ! /igma becomes /icky & x uses its own poll53 & ?is is p]haps "o reason :y ! bird's-foot trefoil is s v common1 because x c d its own "w if ! bee does n help x4 ,n[ we come la/ly to ! ,or*is fl[]4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has writt5 a :ole book on ! _m curi\s & wond]ful ways 9 :i* or*ids tempt bees & o!r insects to f]tilize !m4 ,we c only take ! simple/1 b ,i ?9k y w say t ev5 ?is blossom is m l a conjuror's box ?an y w\ld h suppos$ x possible t a fl[] c\ld be4 ,let u exam9e x closely4 ,x has sic deep-r$ cov]+ leaves1 ,fig4 #fb1 ?ree belong+ to ! calyx or out] cup1 & ?ree belong+ to ! corolla or cr[n ( ! fl[]2 b all six are col\r$ alike1 except t ! l>ge on 9 front1 call$ ! lip1 has spots & l9es ^u x :i* w sugge/ to y at once t !y po9t to ! honey4 ,b :]e are ! an!rs1 & :]e is ! /igma8 ,look j "u ! ar* made by ^? ?ree b5d+ fl[]-leaves1 & !re y w see two small slits1 & 9 ^! "s little club-%ap$ bodies1 :i* y c pick out ) ! po9t ( a ne$le4 ,"o ( ^! enl>g$ is %[n4 ,x is compos$ ( /icky gra9s ( poll5 held toge!r by f9e ?reads on ! top ( a ?9 /alk2 & at ! bottom ( ! /alk !re is a little r\nd body4 ,?is is all t y w f9d to repres5t ! /am5s ( ! fl[]4 ,:5 ^! masses ( poll51 or poll9ia z !y are call$1 are )9 ! fl[]1 ! knob at ! bottom is cov]$ by a little lid1 %utt+ !m 9 l ! lid ( a box1 & j bel[ ?is lid y w see two yell[i% lumps1 :i* are v /icky4 ,^! are ! top ( ! /igma1 & !y are j above ! se$-vessel1 :i* y c see 9 ! l[e/ fl[] 9 ! picture4 ,n[ let u see h[ ?is fl[] gives up its poll54 ,:5 a bee comes to look = honey 9 ! or*is1 %e alights on ! lip1 & guid$ by ! l9es makes /raight = ! op5+ j 9 front ( ! /igmas4 ,putt+ h] head into ?is op5+ %e pu%es d[n into ! spur1 :]e by bit+ ! inside sk9 %e gets "s juicy sap4 ,notice t %e has to bite1 :i* takes "t4 ,y w see at once t %e mu/ t\* ! /igmas 9 go+ 91 & s give !m any poll5 %e has on h] head4 b %e also t\*es ! little lid & x flies in/antly op51 br++ ! gl&s at ! end ( ! poll5-masses aga9/ h] head4 ,^! gl&s are moi/ & /icky1 & :ile %e is gnaw+ ! inside ( ! spur !y dry a little & cl+ to h] head & %e br+s !m out ) h]4 ,d>w9 once caught a bee ) z _m z sixte5 ( ^! poll5-masses cl++ to h] head4 ,b if ! bee w5t into ! next fl[] ) ^! poll9ia /ick+ upright1 %e w\ld simply put !m into ! same slits 9 ! next fl[]1 %e w\ld n t\* !m aga9/ ! /igma4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has provid$ aga9/ ?is4 ,z ! bee flies along1 ! gl&s /ick+ to its head dry m & m1 & z !y dry !y curl up & drag ! poll5-masses d[n1 s t in/ead ( /&+ upright1 z 9 #a1 ,fig4 #fc1 !y po9t =w>ds1 z 9 #b4 ,& n[1 :5 ! bee goes into ! next fl[]1 %e w ?ru/ !m "r aga9/ ! /icky /igmas1 & z !y cl+ !re ! f9e ?reads :i* hold ! gra9s toge!r break away1 & ! fl[] is f]tiliz$4 ,if y w ga!r "s ( ^! or*ids dur+ y\r next spr+ walk 9 ! woods1 & w put a p5cil d[n ! tube to repres5t ! head ( ! bee y may see ! little box op51 & ! two poll5-masses cl+ to ! p5cil4 ,!n if y draw x out y may see !m gradually b5d =w>ds1 & by ?ru/+ y\r p5cil into ! next fl[] y may see ! gra9s ( poll5 bread away1 & y w h foll[$ out ! "w ( a bee4 ,d n su* wond]ful contrivances z ^! make u long to "k & und]/& all ! hidd5 "w t is go+ on ar\nd u among ! fl[]s1 ! insects1 & all =ms ( life8 ,i h be5 able to tell y b v little1 b ,i c promise y t ! m y exam9e1 ! m y w f9d m>vell\s hi/ories su* z ^! 9 simple field-fl[]s4 ,long z we h kn[n h[ useful honey 0 to ! bee1 & h[ x c\ld only get x f fl[]s1 yet x 0 n till q lately t we h le>n$ to foll[ out ,spr5gel's sugge/ion1 & to trace ! use :i* ! bee is to ! fl[]4 ,b n[ t we h once _h our eyes op5$1 e fl[] tea*es u some?+ new1 & we f9d t ea* plant adapts itself 9 a mo/ wond]ful way to ! insects :i* visit x1 bo? s z to provide !m ) honey1 & at ! same "t to make !m unconsci\sly d x good s]vice4 ,& s we le>n t ev5 among insects & fl[]s1 ^? :o d mo/ = o!rs1 receive mo/ 9 return4 ,! bee & ! fl[] d n ei!r ( !m reason ab\t ! matt]1 !y only g on liv+ _! little lives z nature guides !m1 help+ & improv+ ea* o!r4 ,?9k = a mom5t h[ x w\ld be1 if a plant us$ up all its sap = its own life1 & did n give up any to make ! drop ( honey 9 its fl[]4 ,! bees w\ld soon f9d out t ^! p>ticul> fl[]s 7 n wor? visit+1 & ! fl[] w\ld n get its poll5-du/ c>ri$1 & w\ld h to d its own "w & gr[ weakly & small4 ,or suppose on ! o!r h& t ! bee bit a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! fl[]1 & s got at ! honey1 z inde$ !y sometimes d2 !n %e w\ld n c>ry ! poll5-du/1 & s w\ld n keep up ! heal?y /rong fl[]s :i* make h] daily food4 ,b ?is1 z y see1 is n ! rule4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fl[] fe$s ! bee1 & ! bee q unconsci\sly helps ! fl[] to make its heal?y se$4 ,nay m2 :5 y are able to read all t has be5 writt5 on ?is subject1 y w f9d t we h good reason to ?9k t ! fl[]less plants ( ! ,coal ,p]iod h gradually put on ! beautiful col\rs1 sweet sc5t1 & graceful %apes ( our pres5t fl[]s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! necessity ( attract+ insects1 & ?us we owe our lovely fl[]s to ! mutual k9dl9ess ( plants & insects4 ,& is !re no?+ beyond ?is8 ,surely !re is4 ,fl[]s & insects1 z we h se51 act )\t ?\ght or k ( :at !y are do+2 b ! law ( mutual help :i* guides !m is ! same :i* bids y & me be k9d & good to all ^? ar\nd u1 if we w\ld lead useful & happy lives4 ,& :5 we see t ! ,great ,p[] :i* rules ov] our univ]se makes ea* "w = ! good ( all1 ev5 9 su* humble ?+s z bees & fl[]s2 & t beauty & lovel9ess come out ( ! /ruggle & /riv+ ( all liv+ ?+s2 !n1 if our own life be sometimes difficult1 & ! /ruggle h>d to be>1 we le>n f ! fl[]s t ! be/ way to meet our tr\bles is to lay up our little drop ( honey = o!rs1 sure t :5 !y come to sip x !y w1 ev5 if unconsci\sly1 give u new vig\r & c\rage 9 return4 ,& n[ we h arriv$ at ! end ( ^? subjects :i* we select$ out ( ! ,fairy-l& ( ,sci5ce4 ,y mu/ n = a mom5t imag9e1 h[ev]1 t we h 9 any way exhau/$ our fairy doma92 on ! contr>y1 we h sc>cely explor$ ev5 ! outskirts ( x4 ,! ,hi/ory ( a ,gra9 ( ,salt1 ,a ,butt]fly's ,life1 or ,! ,lab\rs ( an ,ant1 w\ld introduce u to fairies & wond]s q z int]e/+ z ^? ( :i* we h spok5 9 ^! ,lectures4 ,:ile ,a ,fla% ( ,lightn+1 ,an ,explosion 9 a ,coal-m9e1 or ,! ,eruption ( a ,volcano1 w\ld br+ u into ! pres5ce ( t]rible giants kn[n & dread$ f "t immemorial4 ,b at lea/ we h pass$ ?r\gh ! gates1 & h le>nt t !re is a _w ( wond] :i* we may visit if we w2 & t x lies q close to u1 hidd5 9 e dewdrop & gu/ ( w9d1 9 e brook & valley1 9 e little plant or animal4 ,we h only to /ret* out our h& & t\* !m ) ! w& ( inquiry1 & !y w answ] u & reveal ! fairy =ces :i* guide & gov]n !m2 & ?us pleasant & happy ?\ghts may be conjur$ up at any "t1 :]ev] we f9d ourselves1 by simply call+ ^u nature's fairies & ask+ !m to speak to u4 ,is x n /range1 !n1 t p %\ld pass !m by s (t5 )\t a ?\ght1 & be cont5t to gr[ up ignorant ( all ! wond]ful p[]s ev] active 9 ! _w ar\nd !m8 ,nei!r is x pleasure alone :i* we ga9 by a /udy ( nature4 ,we _c exam9e ev5 a t9y sunbeam1 & picture ! m9ute waves ( :i* x is compos$1 travell+ incessantly f ! sun1 )\t be+ fill$ ) wond] & awe at ! m>vell\s activity & p[] display$ 9 ! inf9itely small z well z 9 ! inf9itely great ?+s ( ! univ]se4 ,we _c become famili> ) ! facts ( gravitation1 cohesion1 or cry/allization1 )\t realiz+ t ! laws ( nature are fix$1 ord]ly1 & con/ant1 & w repay u ) failure or success accord+ z we act ignorantly or wisely2 & ?us we %all beg9 to be afraid ( lead+ c>eless1 useless1 & idle lives4 ,we _c wat* ! work+ ( ! fairy life 9 ! primrose or ! bee1 )\t le>n+ t liv+ be+s z well z inanimate ?+s are gov]n$ by ^! same laws ( nature2 nor c we contemplate ! mutual adaptation ( bees & fl[]s )\t ackn[l$g+ t x tea*es ! tru? t ^? succe$ be/ 9 life :o1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 d _! be/ = o!rs4 ,& s our w&]+s 9 ! ,fairy-l& ( ,sci5ce w n be wa/$1 = we %all le>n h[ to guide our own lives1 :ile we _c fail to see t ! =ces ( nature1 :e!r !y are app>5tly me*anical1 z 9 gravitation or heat2 or intellig5t1 z 9 liv+ be+s1 are "o & all ! voice ( ! ,great ,creator1 & speak to u ( ,8 ,nature & ,8 ,w4