,,?9k+ ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce1 ,,by ,,h5ry     
,,hazlitt      ,,?9k+  ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce  
,,by  ,,h5ry ,,hazlitt   ,illu/ration   
,,new ,,york  ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton          
,,company  #fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue          
,copyright1 #aiaf  ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton
  ,,company     ,,cont5ts           ,i  
,! ,neglect ( ,?9k+  #a           ,,ii  
,?9k+ ,) ,me?od  #aa                    
,,iii  ,a ,few ,cautions  #ea           
,,iv  ,conc5tration  #fh       ,v       
,prejudice & ,unc]ta9ty  #ii       ,,vi 
,debate & ,conv]sation  #abi            
,,vii  ,?9k+ & ,read+  #ace      ,,viii 
,writ+ ,"o's ,?\ghts  #aia   ,,ix  ,?+s 
,wor? ,?9k+ ,ab\t  #bjg             ,x  
,?9k+ z an ,art  #bcg             ,,xi  
,books on ,?9k+  #bdh     ,,?9k+ ,,z ,a 
,,sci5ce  ,i  ,,! ,,neglect ,,( ,,?9k+  
,e man kn[s !re are evils 9 ! _w :i* ne$
 sett+ "r4 ,e man has pretty def9ite    
ideas z to :at ^! evils are4 ,b to mo/  
m5 "o 9 p>ticul> /&s out vividly4 ,to   
"s1 9 fact1 ?is /&s out ) su* />tl+     
vividness t !y lose sight ( o!r evils1  

or look ^u !m z ! natural consequ5ces ( 
_! own p>ticul> evil-9-*ief4  ,to !     
,sociali/ ?is evil is ! capitali/ic     
sy/em2 to ! prohibitioni/ x is          
intemp]ance2 to ! fem9i/ x is !         
subjection ( wom52 to ! cl]gyman x is ! 
decl9e ( religion2 to ,&rew ,c>negie x  
is w>2 to ! /aun* ,republican x is !    
,democratic ,p>ty1 & s on1 ad inf9itum4 
,i1 too1 h a pet little evil1 to :i* 9 m
 passionate mom5ts ,i am apt to         
attribute all ! o!rs4 ,?is evil is !    
neglect ( ?9k+4 ,& :5 ,i say ?9k+ ,i    
mean real ?9k+1 indep5d5t ?9k+1 h>d     
?9k+4  ,y prote/4 ,y say m5 are ?9k+ m  
n[ ?an !y ev] 74 ,y br+ out ! almanac to
 prove by /ati/ics t illit]acy is       
decl9+4 ,y po9t to our magnific5t       
libr>ies4 ,y po9t to ! multiplication ( 
books4 ,y %[ beyond a d\bt t p are read+
 m n[ ?an ev] be=e 9 all hi/ory4 4 4 4  
,v well1 exactly4 ,t is j ! tr\ble4 ,mo/
 p1 :5 confront$ ) a problem1 imm$iately
 acquire an inord9ate desire to         
8read-up0 on x4 ,:5 !y get /uck m5tally1

 ! fir/ ?+ su* p d is to run to a book4 
,confess x1 h y n (t5 be5 9 a wait+ room
 or a ,pullman1 notic$ p all ab\t y     
read+1 & f9d+ y\rself )\t any read+     
matt]1 h y n wi%$ t y _h "s8--some?+ to 
8occupy y\r m9d08 ,& did x ev] occur to 
y t y _h )9 y ! p[] to occupy y\r m9d1 &
 d x m pr(itably ?an all ^? assidu\s    
read]s8 ,briefly1 did x ev] occur to y  
to ?9k8  ,( c\rse y 8?\ght0--9 a s5se4  
,?9k+ means a v>iety ( ?+s4 ,y may h    
look$ out ( y\r tra9 w9d[ :ile pass+ a  
field1 & x may h occurr$ to y t t field 
w\ld make an excell5t baseball diamond4 
,!n y 8?\ght0 ( ! "t :5 y play$         
baseball1 8?\ght0 ( "s p>ticul> game    
p]haps1 8?\ght0 h[ y _h made a gr& /&   
play or a bad muff1 & h[ "o day x began 
to ra9 9 ! middle ( ! game1 & ! team    
took refuge 9 ! c>riage %$4 ,!n y       
8?\ght0 ( o!r ra9y days r5d]$ p>ticul>ly
 vivid = "s reason or o!r1 or p]haps y\r
 m9d came back to consid]+ ! pres5t     
wea!r1 & h[ long x 0 go+ to la/4 4 4 4  
,& ( c\rse1 9 "o s5se y 7 8?9k+40 ,b :5 

,i use ! ^w ?9k+1 ,i mean ?9k+ ) a      
purpose1 ) an end 9 view1 ?9k+ to solve 
a problem4 ,i mean ! k9d ( ?9k+ t is =c$
 on u :5 we are decid+ on a c\rse to    
pursue1 on a life "w to take up p]haps2 
! k9d ( ?9k+ t 0 =c$ on u 9 our y\ng]   
days :5 we _h to f9d a solution to a    
problem 9 ma!matics1 or :5 we tackl$    
psy*ology 9 college4 ,i d n mean 8?9k+0 
9 snat*es1 or hold+ petty op9ions on ?is
 subject & on t4 ,i mean ?\ght on       
significant que/ions :i* lie outside !  
b\nds ( y\r n>r[ p]sonal welf>e4 ,?is is
 ! k9d ( ?9k+ :i* is n[ s r>e--s sadly  
ne$$6  ,( c\rse be=e ?is c be reviv$ we 
mu/ ar\se a desire = x4 ,we mu/ ar\se a 
desire = ?9k+ = its own sake2 solv+     
problems = ! m]e sake ( solv+ problems4 
,b a m]e desire = ?9k+1 praisewor?y z x 
is1 is n en\gh4 ,we mu/ "k h[ to ?9k1 & 
to t end we mu/ se>* = ^? rules & me?ods
 ( proc$ure :i* w mo/ help u 9 ?9k+     
creatively1 orig9ally1 & n lea/ ( all   
surely1 correctly4  ,:5 !y ?9k at all1 !
 la/ ?+ m5 ?9k ab\t is _! own ?\ghts4 ,e

 s5sible man realizes t ! p]fection ( a 
me*anical in/rum5t dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u
 ! p]fection ( ! tools ) :i* x is made4 
,no c>p5t] w\ld expect a p]fectly smoo? 
bo>d aft] us+ a d5t$ or *ipp$ plane4 ,no
 gasol5e eng9e manufactur] w\ld expect  
to produce a good motor unless he _h !  
be/ la!s obta9able to help him turn out 
8 product4 ,no wat*mak] w\ld expect to  
con/ruct a p]fectly accurate timepiece  
unless he _h ! mo/ delicate & accurate  
tools to turn out ! cogs & screws4 ,be=e
 any speciali/ produces an in/rum5t he  
?9ks ( ! tools ) :i* he is to produce x4
 ,b m5 reflect cont9ually on ! mo/      
complex problems--problems ( vital      
importance to !m--& expect to obta9     
satisfactory solutions1 )\t once giv+ a 
?\ght to ! mann] 9 :i* !y g ab\t obta9+ 
^? solutions2 )\t a ?\ght to _! own m9d1
 ! tool :i* produces ^? solutions4      
,surely ?is des]ves at lea/ "s sy/ematic
 consid]ation4  ,"s rem>ks ( ,ella      
,:eel] ,wilcox "u ?is head w be> quot+3 
8,human ?9k+ is /ill 9 z great a /ate ( 

disord] & jumble z language 0 be=e !    
alphabet1 music be=e ! scale 0 discov]$1
 pr9t+ be=e ,gut5b]g1 or ma!matics be=e 
,py?agoras =mulat$ its laws40 8,?is     
sy/ematization ( all ?\ght10 %e tells u1
 w\ld be 8a m f> rea*+ improvem5t ?an   
all ! o!rs1 = x w d = education1 heal?1 
economics1 gov]nm5t1 etc41 :at !        
alphabet did = language1 movable type = 
pr9t+ & lit]ature1 ! scale = music1 & ! 
rules ( ari?metic = calculation4 ,be+ ! 
exact c\nt]p>t ( ^! 9 its p>ticul>      
field1 its mission1 l !irs1 w be to br+ 
ord] out ( *aos40  ,i believe ,miss     
,wilcox exagg]ates matt]s4 ,incid5tally 
,i = "o d n pret5d to h discov]$ any?+  
revolution>y4 ,b ! importance ( !       
subject w>rants its =mulation into z ne>
 sci5tific =m z we c br+ x4  ,i beg no  
"o to get fright5$4 ,sci5ce does n      
necess>ily mean te/ tubes & telescopes4 
,i mean sci5ce 9 its broade/ s5se2 & 9  
?is s5se x means no?+ m ?an organiz$ k4 
,if we are to f9d rules & me?ods (      
proc$ure1 ^! me?ods mu/ come f          

some:]e--mu/ be bas$ on c]ta9           
pr9ciples--& ^! pr9ciples c come only f 
close1 sy/ematic inve/igation4  ,x may  
inde$ be urg$ t we c ?9k be/ by         
disreg>d+ all 8rules10 by n pay+ any    
att5tion to me?od4 ,b ! man :o ma9ta9s  
?is mu/ give reasons2 & once he attempts
 ?is he himself is bord]+ closely on !  
sci5ce ( ! matt]4 ,9 %ort1 ! settlem5t (
 ev5 ?is "q is "p ( ! sci5ce ( ?9k+4  ,&
 :at is to be ! nature ( ?is sci5ce8  ,=
 our purposes1 all sci5ces may be divid$
 into two k9ds3 positive & normative4 ,a
 positive sci5ce inve/igates ! nature ( 
?+s z !y are4 ,x deals simply ) matt]s (
 fact4 ,su* a sci5ce is physics1        
*emi/ry1 psy*ology4 ,a normative sci5ce 
is "o :i* /udies ?+s z !y ought to be4  
,z ! "n implies1 x seeks to e/abli% a   
norm or patt]n :i* ought to be adh]$ to4
 ,x /udies means ( rea*+ desir$ ends4   
,to ?is class belong su* sci5ces z      
e?ics1 education1 agriculture4  ,n[ ^!  
normative sci5ces1 ) ! exception (      
e?ics1 are ne>ly always ref]r$ to ei!r z

 8arts0 or 8appli$ sci5ces40 ,to bo? (  
^! t]ms ,i te*nically b /r5u\sly object4
 ,i object to ! t]m 8art0 to designate  
any set ( organiz$ rules = do+ a ?+1    
because 8art0 also means ! actual do+ ( 
t ?+4 ,& ?is ?+ may be done1 & (t5 is   
done1 9 total ignorance ( ! rules gov]n+
 x4 ,a man may possess ! art (          
swimm+--he may be able to swim--)\t any 
previ\s in/ruction1 )\t any k ( h[ he   
ought to hold 8 body1 arms & legs2 j z a
 dog may d ! same ?+4  ,i object also to
 ! t]m 8appli$ sci5ce10 because to me   
?is t]m implies t ! sci5ce x ref]s to is
 bas$ on "o positive sci5ce only4 ,i c  
?9k ( no s-call$ appli$ sci5ce :i* is s 
bas$4 ,hygi5e1 n alone dep5d5t on       
physiology1 mu/ d]ive "s ( its rules f !
 *emi/ry ( foods1 z well z f ! sci5ces (
 sanitation & v5tilation1 !mselves      
normative4 ,agriculture is bas$ n only  
on biology & botany1 b on *emi/ry &     
meteorology4  ,! sci5ce ( ?9k+1 !n1 if  
su* a sci5ce !re be1 is normative4 ,its 
purpose is to f9d ^? me?ods :i* w help u

 to ?9k con/ructively & correctly4  ,"o 
m di/9ction & our prelim9>ies are ov]4  
,!re are two o!r sci5ces ) :i* ! sci5ce 
( ?9k+ is liable to become confus$2 "o  
positive1 ! o!r normative4  ,! positive 
sci5ce is t bran* ( psy*ology :i* deals 
) ! reason+ process & exam9es ! basis ( 
belief4 ,we %all make frequ5t use ( ?is 
sci5ce 9 try+ to f9d rules = ?9k+1 b x w
 n be ! only sci5ce we %all use1 nor w t
 sci5ce be ! subject ( ?is book4  ,!    
normative sci5ce ) :i* ! sci5ce ( ?9k+  
may become confus$ is logic4 ,inde$1    
logic has sometimes be5 call$ ! sci5ce (
 ?9k+4 ,n[ = our purposes logic is a "p 
( ! sci5ce ( ?9k+1 b x is n ! "p :i* we 
are prim>ily to consid]4 ,its function  
is m]ely negative2 x consi/s 9 lead+ u f
 error4 ,! "p ( ! sci5ce ( ?9k+ 9 :i* we
 are int]e/$ deals ) ^? positive rules  
:i* w help to make u creative ?9k]s4 4 4
 4  ,our %ip is head$ = ! port ,tru?4   
,our m9d is ! eng9e1 ! sci5ce ( ?9k+ !  
propell]1 & logic ! rudd]4 ,)\t our     
eng9e1 ! m9d1 ! propell] ( ! sci5ce (   

?9k+1 :i* trans=ms our m5tal en]gy mo/  
effectively into motion1 w\ld be        
useless4 ,)\t ! propell]1 :i* gives     
motion1 ! rudd] ( logic w\ld be useless4
 ,b all ?ree are ne$$ to rea* our goal4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,& n[ ,i mu/ bespeak a little pati5ce4  
,! next *apt]1 & ! "o foll[+ x1 are go+ 
to deal v l>gely ) me?od & me?ods4 ,!y w
 t\* on classification1 & a lot ( o!r   
?+s to :i* ! pla9 man has an av]sion2 to
 :i*1 at lea/1 he usually ev9ces no v   
active int]e/4 ,b x is necess>y to      
consid] ^! ?+s 9 ord] to make our /udy  
complete4     ,,ii  ,,?9k+ ,,) ,,me?od  
,mo/ ( u1 at ^? r>e int]vals :5 we ?9k  
at all1 d s 9 a slip%od sort ( way4 ,if 
we come across a m5tal difficulty we try
 to get rid ( x 9 almo/ any k9d ( hit or
 miss mann]4 ,ev5 ^? few ( u :o ?9k     
occasionally = ! m]e sake ( ?9k+1       
g5]ally d s )\t reg>d = me?od--inde$1   
are (t5 unconsci\s t me?od c\ld be      
appli$ to our ?\ght4 ,b :at is meant by 
me?od8 ,i may be/ expla9 by an example4 

,f some:]e or o!r1 a man gets hold ( !  
idea t ! prop] subjects are n be+ taught
 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,he asks      
himself :at ! prop] subjects w\ld be4   
,he consid]s h[ useless 8 k ( ,greek &  
,lat9 has be54 ,he decides t ^! two     
subjects %\ld be elim9at$4 ,!n he ?9ks  
h[ he w\ld h be5 help$ 9 bus9ess by a k 
( bookkeep+1 & he concludes t ?is       
subject des]ves a place 9 ! curriculum4 
,he has rec5tly receiv$ a lett] f a     
college fri5d conta9+ "s errors 9       
spell+4 ,he is conv9c$ t ?is bran* ( k  
is be+ left 9 undes]v$ neglect4 ,or he  
is impress$ by ! spread ( uns\nd !ories 
( money among ! poor] classes1 & he     
believes t ev]ybody %\ld receive a      
?or\gh c\rse 9 economics & f9ance4 ,& s 
he rambles on1 n[ on ?is subject1 n[ on 
t4  ,comp>e ?is haphaz>d1 aimless ?9k+ )
 t ( ! man ( me?od4 ,?is man is         
confront$ ) ! same g5]al situation z our
 fir/ ?9k]1 b he makes 8 problem a      
diff]5t "o4 ,he fir/ asks himself :at   
end he has 9 view4 ,he discov]s t he is 

prim>ily try+ to f9d out n s mu*--:at   
subjects %\ld be taught 9 ! s*ools8     
z--:at k is ( mo/ wor?8 ,he puts !      
problem def9itely be=e himself 9 ?is    
latt] =m4 ,he !n sees t ! problem--:at k
 is ( mo/ wor?81 implies t :at is desir$
 is n to f9d :at subjects are ( wor? &  
:at are n1 b :at is ! relative value (  
subjects4 ,8 next /ep1 obvi\sly1 is to  
discov] a /&>d by :i* ! relative value (
 subjects c be det]m9$2 & ?is1 let u    
say1 he f9ds 9 ! help a k ( ^! subjects 
gives to complete liv+4 ,hav+ decid$    
?is1 he next classifies 9 ! ord] ( _!   
importance ! activities :i* con/itute   
human life1 & foll[s ?is by classify+   
subjects z !y prep>e = ^! activities4#a 
,ne$less to say1 ! results obta9$ by ?is
 ?9k] w be inf9itely m satisfactory ?an 
^? arriv$ at by 8 unsy/ematic bro!r4    
,me?od1 !n1 is ess5tial4 ,b h[ are we to
 apply x 9 all cases8  ,n[ !re are      
me?ods )\t numb]1 & 9 _m cases a problem
 w require a me?od all its own2 b we "h 
purpose to take up only ^? mo/ g5]al 9  

application4  ,be=e consid]+ ^! me?ods (
 ?9k+1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be well to ask     
ourselves :at ?9k+ is4 ,z /at$ be=e1 !  
t]m is loosely us$ to cov] a wide range 
( m5tal processes4 ,^! processes we may 
r\ghly divide into memory1 imag9ation & 
reason+4 ,x is ! la/ only ) :i* we h to 
deal4 ,i admit t developm5t ( ! memory  
is desirable4 ,i admit t developm5t ( ! 
imag9ation is equally desirable4 ,b !y  
are n ! subject ( ?is book4 ,by 8?9k+0  
,i mean reason+4 ,& our pres5t purpose  
is to f9d ! nature ( ?is process4       
,mod]n psy*ologi/s tell u t all reason+ 
beg9s 9 p]plexity1 hesitation1 d\bt4 8,!
 process ( reason+ is "o ( problem      
solv+4 4 4 4 ,! occasion = ! reason+ is 
always a ?w>t$ purpose40#b  ,x is       
ess5tial we keep ?is 9 m9d4 ,x diff]s f 
! popul> conception ev5 m ?an may appe> 
at fir/ sight4 ,if a man 7 to "k ev]y?+ 
he c\ld n ?9k4 ,no?+ w\ld ev] puzzle    
him1 8 purposes w\ld nev] be ?w>t$1 he  
w\ld nev] exp]i5ce p]plexity or d\bt1 he
 w\ld h no problems4 ,if we are to      

conceive ( ,god z an ,all-,kn[]1 we _c  
conceive ( ,him z a ,?9k+ ,be+4 ,?9k+ is
 res]v$ = be+s ( f9ite intellig5ce4  ,7 
we to /udy ! orig9 & evolution ( ?9k+1  
we w\ld d\btless f9d t ?9k+ arose 9 j   
?is way--f ?w>t$ purposes4 ,if our lives
 & ! lives ( our animal ance/ors _h     
always run smoo?ly1 if our e desire 7   
imm$iately satisfi$1 if we nev] met an  
ob/acle 9 any?+ we tri$ to d1 ?9k+ w\ld 
nev] h appe>$ on ?is planet4 ,b adv]sity
 =c$ u to x4  ,tickle a frog's left leg1
 & 8 "r leg w imm$iately fly up & scrat*
 x4 ,! action is m]ely :at psy*ologi/s  
w\ld call a 8reflex40 ,absolutely no    
?9k+ takes place3 ! frog w\ld d ! same  
?+ if y remov$ its bra94 ,& if y tickle 
its "r leg its left leg w\ld fly up to  
scrat*4 ,b if y tickl$ bo? legs at once 
!y c\ld n bo? fly up & scrat* ea* o!r4  
,x w\ld be a physical impossibility4    
,"h1 !n1 is a difficulty4 ,! frog       
hesitates2 ?9k+ /eps ^u ! sc5e4 ,aft]   
mature delib]ation ! frog solves 8      
problem3 he holds 8 left leg /ill :ile  

he scrat*es x ) 8 "r1 !n he holds 8 "r  
leg /ill & scrat*es t ) 8 left4  ,we _c1
 !n1 ?9k on 8g5]al pr9ciples40 ,to try  
?is is l attempt+ to *ew laugh+ gas4 ,to
 ?9k at all requires a purpose1 no matt]
 h[ vague4 ,! be/ ?9k+1 h[ev]1 requires 
a def9ite purpose1 & ! m def9ite ?is    
purpose ! m def9ite w be our ?9k+4      
,!re=e 9 tak+ up any special l9e (      
?\ght1 we mu/ fir/ f9d j :at our end or 
purpose is1 & ?us get cle>ly 9 m9d :at  
our problems are4  ,advis+ a man to ask 
himself :at 8 problems are may seem     
absurd4 ,b x is j ?is confusion z to :at
 !y want to "k :i* has driv5 m5 into    
error "t & "t aga94 ,! hi/ory ( !       
nev]-end+ philosophical controv]sy      
betwe5 8mat]ialism0 & 8idealism0 is     
l>gely a hi/ory ( diff]5t ways ( /at+ ! 
issue2 ! progress made is ma9ly due to !
 increas+ def9it5ess ) :i* x has be5    
/at$4  ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t s\rces (     
confusion 9 /at+ que/ions is 9 failure  
to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is & :at ought to 
be4 ,consid]+ woman suffrage a man w ask

 himself 8,:at is woman's sph]e810 :5 he
 really wants to "k n :at woman's sph]e 
actually is1 b :at x ought to be4 ,our  
fir/ /ep1 !n1 is to get our problem or  
problems cle>ly 9 m9d1 & to /ate !m z   
def9itely z possible4 ,a problem prop]ly
 /at$ is a problem p>tly solv$4  ,:at we
 w d next dep5ds on ! nature ( ! "q4 ,9 
! example 8,:at k is ( mo/ wor?80 we    
proce$$ to look = a crit]ion ( wor?9ess4
 ,& ?is 0 really a re-/at+ ( ! "q4 ,=   
in/ead ( ask+ ourselves 8,:at k is ( mo/
 wor?810 we began ask+ 8,:at k be/      
prep>es = complete liv+80  ,our next    
move 0 to classify4 ,?is is ess5tial n  
only to sy/ematic reason+ b to ?9k+ (   
any k9d4 ,classification is ! process ( 
gr\p+ objects accord+ to common         
qualities4 ,b z almo/ all objects diff] 
9 "s qualities & almo/ all h "s         
qualities 9 common1 x foll[s t1 contr>y 
to common belief1 !re is no "o          
classification absolutely ess5tial to   
any gr\p ( objects4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( 
classifications may be made1 because e  

object has an inf9ite numb] (           
attributes1 dep5d+ on ! aspect we take (
 x4 ,nor is any "o aspect ( a ?+ 8tru]0 
?an any o!r4 ,! aspect we take dep5ds   
entirely on ! purpose we h 9 m9d or !   
problem we wi% to solve4 ,z ,william    
,james po9t$ out3  8,n[ t ,i am writ+ x 
is ess5tial t ,i conceive my pap] z a   
surface = inscription4 ,if ,i fail$ to d
 t ,i %\ld h to /op my "w4 ,b if ,i wi%$
 to light a fire & no o!r mat]ials 7 by1
 ! ess5tial way ( conceiv+ ! pap] w\ld  
be z combu/ible mat]ial2 & ,i ne$ !n h  
no ?\ght ( any ( its o!r de/9ations4 ,x 
is really all t x is3 a combu/ible1 a   
writ+ surface1 a ?9 ?+1 a               
hydroc>bonace\s ?+1 a ?+ eight in*es "o 
way & t5 ano!r1 a ?+ j "o furlong ea/ ( 
a c]ta9 /one 9 my neighbor's field1 an  
,am]ican ?+1 etc41 etc41 ad inf9itum40#c
  ,& if ! read] insi/ t ^! qualities are
 m]ely 8accid5tal10 & t :at ! ?+ really 
is1 is j pap] & no?+ else1 ! reply is t 
! read] is intellectually petrifi$2 t   
?\gh 8pap]0 may be our commone/ title = 

x & may sugge/ our usual purpose ) x1   
yet t purpose & ?is title & ! prop]ties 
:i* ?is title sugge/ h 9 reality no?+   
sacram5tal ab\t !m4  ,s because y h     
classifi$ some?+ f "o aspect d n imag9e 
t y are necess>ily preclud$ f classify+ 
x f any o!r4 ,a man :o is /udy+ ! !ory (
 money may divide ! m$ium ( ex*ange into
 /&>d money & cr$it curr5cy4 ,b ?is ne$ 
n keep him f view+ x z co9s1 gov]nm5t   
notes1 & bank curr5cy1 nor %\ld x prev5t
 him f classify+ x into1 say 7#a7       
h&-to-h& money1 7#b7 writt5 or pr9t$    
ord]s ( "o p>ty to pay specifi$ sums to 
ano!r1 & 7#c7 book acc\nts4#d ,all ^!   
classifications w be true2 all may be   
useful = a full compreh5sion4 ,e        
classification %\ld ( c\rse be logical2 
b x is f> m ess5tial t x be utilizable4 
,& :ile we are treat+ ( utility1 we     
might note t ?is pragmatic me?od c be   
appli$ ) pr(it to ne>ly all our positive
 problems4 ,be=e />t+ to solve a        
"q--:ile decid+1 = in/ance1 on !        
validity ( "s nice di/9ction 9 logic--we

 %\ld ask ourselves1 8,:at practical    
diff]5ce w x make if ,i hold "o op9ion  
or ! o!r8 ,h[ w my belief influ5ce my   
action80--7us+ ! ^w 8action0 9 its      
broade/ s5se74 ,?is may (t5 lead our l9e
 ( inquiry into m fruitful *annels1 keep
 u f mak+ f9e b ne$less di/9ctions1 help
 u to ^w our "q m relevantly1 & lead u  
to make di/9ctions :]e we really ne$ !m4
  ,we are n[ ready to consid] 9 ord] a  
numb] ( con/ructive me?ods 9 ?9k+4  ,"o 
me?od applicable to almo/ all problems  
is :at we may call ei!r ! d$uctive or ! 
priori me?od4 ,?is me?od rea*es a       
conclusion )\t obs]vation or exp]im5t4  
,x consi/s 9 reason+ f previ\s exp]i5ce 
or f e/abli%$ pr9ciples to p>ticul>     
facts4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be us$ to confirm 
obs]vation & exp]im5t z well z to take  
_! place4 ,take ! all important que/ions
 9 biology ( :e!r or n specific         
*>act]i/ics acquir$ by an animal dur+   
its life "t are inh]it$ by (fspr+4 ,! a 
priori me?od w\ld exam9e ! /ructures ( !
 body1 ! g]m plasm f :i* ! (fspr+       

develops1 & ! relation betwe5 !m1 & w\ld
 ask j h[ a specific *ange 9 ! body c\ld
 affect ! g]m4 ,if x 7 f\nd t ! tissues 
t are to cont9ue ! race 7 set (f s      
completely f ! /ructures ( ! body z to  
make inconceivable any mann] by :i* !y  
c\ld be influ5c$ by *anges 9 ^!         
/ructures1 !n ?is me?od w\ld decide t   
acquir$ *>act]i/ics are n transmitt$4   
,let u take ano!r example4 ,bo? !       
support]s & oppon5ts ( woman suffrage h 
(t5 decid$ ! "q )\t consult+ at all !   
actual results a*iev$ 9 ! ,/ates :]e    
wom5 vote4 ,!y h settl$ ! "q to _! own  
satisfaction m]ely on a priori gr\nds4  
,!y h consid]$ woman's suppos$ m5tal    
qualities z comp>$ ) man's1 & h decid$  
on h] fitness = ! ballot solely f ^!    
consid]ations4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1      
h[ev]1 t be=e wom5 7 admitt$ to suffrage
 any:]e1 d$uctive or a priori reason+ 0 
! only k9d possible4  ,x is (t5 helpful 
to look at a problem f ! viewpo9t (     
diff]5t sci5ces4 ,a problem 9 political 
sci5ce w v likely h an economic aspect1 

:e!r x conc]ns taxation1 t>iff1 tru/s or
 ! own]%ip ( l&1 & s we may look at ! "q
 solely f ! viewpo9t ( economics4 ,b !  
problem may also h an e?ical aspect4 ,if
 x is propos$ to pass a univ]sal        
prohibition law1 y may ask1 8,has !     
,gov]nm5t ! "r to int]f]e 9 ?is way )   
p]sonal lib]ty80 ,aga91 we c\ld take a  
psy*ological view3 we w\ld decide f our 
k ( human nature j :at ! effect ( an    
alcohol prohibition law w\ld be--:e!r x 
w\ld n drive m5 to ev5 m dang]\s drugs1 
su* z morph9e & opium4  ,& n[ we come to
 a :ole ho/ ( effective me?ods1 all (   
:i* may be class$ z comp>ative4 ,!      
comp>ative me?od is z old z ?\ght       
itself1 b x is /range t ev5 sci5ti/s did
 n beg9 to use x consci\sly & consi/5tly
 until almo/ ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,n[h]e  
is x bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 mod]n        
psy*ology4 ,mo/ ( ! s-call$ bran*es (   
psy*ology are m]ely diff]5t =ms ( !     
comp>ative me?od ( treatm5t4 8,abnormal 
psy*ology0 is m]ely a comp>ison (       
abnormal m5tal types ) normal m5tal     

types = ! light !y ?r[ on ea* o!r4      
8,*ild /udy0 is a comp>ison ( ! m9d ( ! 
*ild ) t ( ! adult4 8,animal psy*ology0 
is a comp>ison ( ! actions ( animals )  
ea* o!r & ) ^? ( man4 ,& none ( ^!      
me?ods is ( any value except 9 s f> z x 
makes use ( comp>ison4  ,(t5 consci\sly 
us$ 9 ! consid]ation ( problems is !    
s-call$ hi/orical me?od4 ,?is me?od1 z  
its "n implies1 consi/s 9 obta9+ k ( a  
?+ by consid]+ its pa/ record4 ,! ^w    
hi/ory is popul>ly us$ 9 s n>r[ a s5se1 
h[ev]1 be+ re/rict$ only to ! hi/ory (  
nations1 & (t5 m]ely to ! political     
hi/ory ( nations1 t we c avoid confusion
 by call+ ?is me?od ! evolution>y4 ,9 ! 
f9al analysis ! me?od is comp>ative1 = x
 really consi/s 9 comp>+ a ?+ at "o     
p]iod ( developm5t ) itself at ano!r    
p]iod4  ,let u take our example f       
political sci5ce4 ,! hi/orical me?od1 9 
its popul> s5se1 has be5 s mu* us$ "h1  
ev5 to ! exclusion ( o!r me?ods1 t x    
w\ld seem ne$less to speak ( x4 ,b (t5 !
 me?od has be5 abus$ & (t5 x has n be5  

giv5 broad en\gh treatm5t4 ,x traces !  
gr[? ( an in/itution1 or ( an           
idea--p]sonal lib]ty1 say1--?r\gh       
successive p]iods4 ,x notes :at ! pa?   
has be51 & judges ( ! probable future   
t5d5cy4 ,b a f> broad] outlook ?an we   
get f ?is n>r[ly conceiv$ 8hi/orical0   
me?od is furni%$ by evolution>y         
sociology4 ,"h we inquire into ! orig9 (
 society & ( ! v>i\s trades1 indu/ries1 
pr(essions & pursuits ( all k9ds1 & to d
 ?is we g f> into prehi/oric times4     
,n[h]e is ! evolution>y me?od m /rik+ly 
se5 ?an 9 biology4 ,s9ce ,d>w9's great  
!ory 0 promulgat$ ! sci5ce has gone =w>d
 by leaps & b\nds4 ,we h d]iv$ untold   
b5efit f a comp>ison ( man & animals 9 !
 light ( ?is hypo!sis2 ev5 /udy ( !     
developm5t ( individual man has be5     
aid$4 ,! discov]y ( ! fact ( evolution  
con/itut$ an incalculable advance1 b !  
me?od = /udy :i* x furni%$ 0 ( ev5      
great] importance4  ,i h spok5 ( !      
comp>ison ( man & animals 89 ! light (  
?is 7evolution>y7 hypo!sis40 ,?is br+s u

 to a po9t :i* mu/ be kept 9 m9d 9      
practically all obs]vation4 ,we are (t5 
exhort$ to 8obs]ve40 ,presumably we are 
to d ?is 8on g5]al pr9ciples40 ,su*     
advice is ab\t z fooli% z ask+ u to ?9k 
on g5]al pr9ciples4 ,imag9e = ! mom5t   
:at w\ld happ5 if y />t$ "r n[ to       
8obs]ve0 z mu* z y c\ld4 ,y might beg9 )
 ?is book & notice ! size ( ! type1 !   
am\nt ( m>g91 ! quality ( ! pap]1 !     
dim5sions ( ! page1 ! numb] ( pages4 ,b 
y h by no means exhau/$ ! numb] (       
prop]ties possess$ by ?is book4 ,y mu/  
obs]ve t x is also combu/ible1 t x is   
de/ructible1 t x is ma*9e made1 t x is  
,am]ican pr9t$1 t x is su* & su* a      
price1 t x weighs s _m ounces1 t x is   
flat1 t x is rectangul>1 t its ?ickness 
is s mu*4 4 4 4  ,! absurdity is obvi\s4
 ,if we />t$ out m]ely to obs]ve1 ) no  
def9ite purpose 9 m9d1 we c\ld keep x up
 =ev]4 ,& get n[h]e4 ,n9e out ( e t5    
obs]vations w\ld nev] be put to use4 ,we
 w\ld be s9fully wa/+ our "t4 ,to obs]ve
 mo/ pr(itably1 j z to ?9k mo/          

pr(itably1 we mu/ h a def9ite purpose4  
,?is purpose mu/ be to te/ ! tru? ( a   
supposition4 ,a concrete example w make 
?is cle>4  ,a man has be5 %ipwreck$ on  
an isl& & believes himself to be alone  
!re4 ,"o day1 z he is walk+ along !     
bea*1 he discov]s footpr9ts4 ,h[ did !y 
get !re8 ,8 fir/ assumption is t !y are 
8 own4 ,x occurs to him1 h[ev]1 t he _h 
n be5 ne> ?is spot = ov] a week1 & t    
ye/]day's /orm w\ld h wa%$ any footpr9ts
 away4 ,?is objection is confirm$ by    
mak+ a footpr9t himself & comp>+ x ) !  
"o obs]v$1 & notic+ t !y diff] m>k$ly4  
,! footpr9ts be+ ^? ( "s "o else1 h[ did
 ! man :o made !m get !re8 ,! fir/      
supposition is t he came 9 a boat4 ,!   
idea ( a small boat is dismiss$ because 
( ! assum$ great di/ance ( ?is isl& f   
o!r l&4 ,!re=e ! man mu/ h come 9 a l>ge
 vessel4 ,b ! footpr9ts lead to a wet "p
 ( ! s& & ! tide is j go+ d[n4 ,9 ?is   
case !y are v rec5t--made n m ?an a half
 h\r ago4 ,?is be+ s ! man :o made !m   
c\ld n h _h "t to get back to any %ip & 

sail out ( sight4 ,if he came 9 a %ip x 
%\ld be /ill 9 view4 ,! discov]] ( !    
footpr9ts climbs a tree f :i* he c view 
! sea ar\nd ! entire isl&4 ,he c sight  
no vessel4 ,! supposition or hypo!sis t 
! unkn[n came 9 a %ip is ab&on$4 ,!n !  
sugge/ion comes t ! unkn[n has be5 on ! 
isl& dur+ ! entire "t t ! %ipwreck$ man 
?\ght himself alone4 ,?is sugge/ion is  
te/$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! o!rs4 4 4 4  
,! example sums up r\ghly ! g5]al       
process ( all ?\ght1 & br+s out ! motive
 & value ( obs]vation4 ,let u analyze x4
  ,! fir/ ?+ to happ5 is ! ar\sal ( a   
feel+ ( p]plexity1 ! appe>ance ( a      
problem4 ,! man has be5 %ambl+ along1   
d\btless 8?9k+0 9 t loose s5se ref]r$   
to4 ,he has p]haps kick$ sev]al /ones   
loose t w\ld h set a geologi/ worry+1 & 
has pick$ bran*es f bu%es :i* w\ld h    
puzzl$ a botani/4 ,b ?is man has n _h 8 
curiosity ar\s$ until he has come to ^! 
footpr9ts4 ,8 ?9k+ />ts ) 8 p]plexity4  
,aft] ?is d\bt has be5 ar\s$ ! mo/      
obvi\s solution sugge/s itself--8my own 

footpr9ts40 ,b if true1 ?is sugge/ion   
involves ! co-exi/5ce ( o!r facts1 "s ( 
:i* are kn[n & "s ( :i* may be det]m9$4 
,?us1 if !y 7 8 own footpr9ts1 x mu/1   
among o!r ?+s1 necess>ily foll[ 7#a7 t  
he _h be5 at t spot be=e1 7#b7 t no?+ _h
 happ5$ s9ce t "t to remove ! pr9ts1    
7#c7 t ! footpr9ts correspond$ to 8 own4
 ,! fir/ consequ5ce involv$--t he _h be5
 !re be=e--0 a fact1 b ! o!rs 7 n1 & s !
 sugge/ion 0 dropp$4 ,!n a second       
hypo!sis occurr$--8! man came 9 a       
%ip0--& ?is 0 tri$ out 9 a simil> way4  
,notice t 9 ea* case ! consequ5ces      
dep5d5t on ! tru? ( ! sugge/ion are tri$
 out 7#a7 by memory1 7#b7 by obs]vation 
or exp]im5t4 ,memory came :5 he ?\ght ( 
! la/ "t he _h walk$ ne> ! bea* & (     
ye/]day's /orm4 ,obs]vation came :5 he  
comp>$ 8 footpr9t ) ! "o se51 :5 he     
foll[$ ! footpr9ts along ! s& & notic$  
:]e !y l$1 :5 he climb$ a tree & look$ =
 a %ip4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( o!r ?+s :i* he 
c\ld h obs]v$4 ,he might h notic$ !     
texture ( ! s&1 :at k9d ( a tree he 0   

climb+1 :at sort ( cl\ds 7 9 ! sky4 ,b  
he did n obs]ve ^! int]e/+ ?+s simply   
because !y w\ld ?r[ no light on ! tru?  
or falsity ( 8 supposition4 ,9 ano!r    
problem "o ( ^! facts might h be5 (     
value4  ,x is almo/ possible to sum up !
 :ole process ( ?9k+ z ! occurr5ce (    
sugge/ions = ! solution ( difficulties &
 ! te/+ out ( ^? sugge/ions4 ,!         
sugge/ions or suppositions are te/$ by  
obs]vation1 memory1 exp]im5t4           
,supposition & obs]vation alt]nate4 ,!  
fir/ facts obs]v$--9 ! case =ego+1 !    
footpr9ts--make ! problem1 !y sugge/ !  
supposition4 ,a supposition is t ! man  
came 9 a boat4 ,if ! man came 9 a boat  
su* & su* w\ld be ! case--! boat w\ld   
/ill be visible1 etc4 ,if ! boat is n   
visible ! supposition is giv5 up & ano!r
 "o made2 if ! boat is visible !        
supposition is confirm$4 ,?is is a case 
( simple & rudim5t>y ?9k+1 b x          
illu/rates r\ghly ! process ( ?\ght on  
ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ problems ( sci5ce4 
,! me?ods we h be5 discuss+ may all be  

consid]$ simply z means = help+ good    
sugge/ions occur to u4  ,let u illu/rate
 by consid]+ a few me?ods ( r re/rict$  
application4 ,we are (t5 aid$ 9 !       
solution ( a problem by ask+ its        
opposite4 ,if we ask ourselves 8,:at    
con/itutes gracefulness80 we may f9d    
ourselves at a loss = sugge/ions1       
because gracefulness always seems 8s    
natural40 ,b if we ask its opposite1    
8,:at con/itutes awkw>dness810          
sugge/ions are m apt to occur4 ,if we   
f9d1 = in/ance1 t awkw>dness consi/s 9  
undue bodily ef=t 9 mak+ a movem5t1 we  
may assume t gracefulness consi/s 9 ease
 ( movem5t4 ,9 ! same way ! "q ( :at    
makes u =get may be help$ by ask+       
ourselves :at makes u rememb]1 & light  
may be ?r[n on ! causes ( success 9     
bus9ess & 9 life by a /udy ( ! causes ( 
failure4  ,! me?od ( analogy likewise   
enc\rages sugge/ions4 ,analogy consi/s 9
 not+ c]ta9 lik5esses betwe5 ?+s1 &     
assum+ t !y also possess o!r common     
qualities4 ,/rik+ use ( analogy is made 

9 deal+ ) ! planet ,m>s4 ,at ea* pole   
!re are great :ite pat*es4 ,! size ( ^! 
v>ies m>k$ly ) ! seasons1 :i* sugge/s t 
l ! e>?1 ,m>s has great areas ( ice &   
sn[ at its two poles :i* melt & re-=m4  
,! g5]al surface is r$di%1 b ?ree-eigh?s
 ( x is cov]$ by blue-gre5 tracts1 & ^! 
are usually inf]r$ to be seas4 ,^! aga9 
are connect$ by an intricate sy/em (    
blue-gre5 l9es1 :i* "s sci5ti/s believe 
to be canals1 b on ?is !re is mu*       
controv]sy4 ,9 ,m>s we h at once an     
illu/ration ( ! possibilities & dang]s (
 analogy4  ,9 ! :ole discussion (       
con/ructive me?od ?us f>1 ,i h left out 
! two mo/ common & useful me?ods ( all4 
,! fir/ ( ^! we may designate by a      
some:at =midable title3 empirical       
obs]vation4 ,empirical1 at lea/ = our   
pres5t purposes1 means m]ely t :i* comes
 )9 exp]i5ce4 ,b ! t]m is g5]ally oppos$
 to sci5tific4 ,?us ,dewey gives an     
example3 8,a says1 #8,x w probably ra9  
to-morr[4' ,b asks1 #8,:y d y ?9k s8' ,&
 ,a replies1 #8,because ! sky 0 l[]+ at 

sunset4' ,:5 ,b asks1 #8,:at has t to d 
) x8' ,a responds1 #8,i d n "k1 b x     
g5]ally does ra9 aft] su* a sunset4' ,he
 does n p]ceive any connection betwe5 ! 
appe>ance ( ! sky & ! com+ ra92 he is n 
aw>e ( any cont9uity 9 ! facts          
!mselves--any law or pr9ciple1 z we     
usually say4 ,he simply1 f frequ5tly    
recurr+ conjunction ( ! ev5ts1 has      
associat$ !m s t :5 he sees "o he ?9ks (
 ! o!r40#e  ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n :at ,i    
mean to imply by ! t]m empirical        
obs]vation4 ,i mean r ?9k+ on ! basis   
m]ely ( facts :i* occur 9 ! natural     
c\rse ( ev5ts1 :i* h n be5 sy/ematically
 produc$ by ourselves or o!rs = !       
purpose ( solv+ a problem4 ,logicians   
usually call ?is me?od simply           
obs]vation1 & oppose x to exp]im5t4 ,b  
,i object to call+ ?is simply obs]vation
 because exp]im5t itself is really      
obs]vation1 only 9 "o case we obs]ve    
m]ely ev5ts :i* happ5 to occur1 & 9 !   
o!r we obs]ve ! results ( ev5ts :i* we h
 made occur4 ,! true way ( di/+ui%+ ^!  

two me?ods w\ld be to call "o empirical 
obs]vation1 & ! o!r exp]im5tal          
obs]vation4  ,?is empirical me?od--if   
inde$ ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 call+ x a         
me?od--is ! mo/ common 9 all ?9k+4 ,to  
give examples ( x w\ld be to %[ h[ m5   
g5]ally ?9k4 ,b ! me?od has real value1 
& may ev5 be ! mo/ important ( all1 = if
 we ?\ght )\t x our ideas w\ld d\btless 
be orig9al1 b v dang]\s4 ,let u apply x 
to "s ( ! problems consid]$ "u o!r      
me?ods4  ,empirical obs]vation is us$   
:]e exp]im5t is impossible--(t51        
un=tunately1 :]e exp]im5t is m]ely      
inconv5i5t4 ,9 political sci5ce !       
empirical me?od w\ld consi/ 9 not+ !    
effect ( c]ta9 laws1--e4g41 t>iffs (    
diff]5t c\ntries & ( ! same c\ntry at   
diff]5t p]iods--& not+ economic         
conditions at ! "t ! diff]5t t>iffs 7 9 
effect4 ,all[ance w\ld be made = o!r    
factors :i* c\ld influ5ce ! c\ntry's    
economic condition & ! effect ( ! t>iff 
c\ld !n be det]m9$4  ,! empirical me?od 
( deal+ ) meteorology1 ! sci5ce ( wea!r1

 w\ld consi/ 9 mak+ a /udy ( cl\d       
=mations1 w9d velocity1 moi/ure 9 ! air1
 temp]ature1 etc41 & not+ :at conditions
 usually or p]haps inv>iably foll[$     
c]ta9 ( ^! conditions4 ,f ?is1          
conclusions c\ld be drawn z to :at wea!r
 to expect foll[+ c]ta9 conditions4  ,b 
valuable z empirical obs]vation is1 &   
(t5 z we mu/ use x1 x %\ld nev] be      
employ$ :5 we c exp]im5t4 ,:5 !         
empirical me?od is rightly us$ all[ance 
always has to be made = c]ta9 irrelevant
 factors4 ,b 8mak+ all[ances0 is always 
%e] guess "w4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od       
consi/s n 9 mak+ all[ances = c]ta9      
factors1 b 9 elim9at+ ^? factors4 ,9 our
 example f political sci5ce exp]im5t is 
practically impossible1 because !       
factors :i* may influ5ce economic       
conditions are innum]able1 & ev5 7 !y   
few1 no c\ntry c\ld survive ! dang]s (  
be+ exp]im5t$ ^u--to say no?+ ( its     
p]mitt+ x4 ,exp]im5t is simil>ly        
impossible 9 deal+ ) wea!r conditions   
directly4 ,x is impossible 9 a/ronomy4  

,b x c\ld be appli$ q easily to mo/     
que/ions4 ,suppose y want$ to det]m9e   
beyond "q :i* ( two me?ods ( tea*+ a    
giv5 subject 0 ! bett]4 ,we %all assume 
= ! mom5t t y h unlimit$ "t & money to  
exp]im5t4 ,x may be ?\ght t we c\ld     
settle ?is simply by tea*+ "o p]son     
accord+ to "o me?od & ano!r p]son       
accord+ to ! o!r1 & t we c\ld det]m9e ! 
relative m]its ( ea* me?od f ! progress 
made by ea* pupil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be 
practically ( no use :atev]4 ,"o pupil  
might be naturally bright] ?an ! o!r1 & 
s w\ld naturally le>n quick]1 ev5 7 he  
taught by an inf]ior me?od4  ,to make ! 
exp]im5t ( any use we %\ld fir/ take two
 gr\ps ( pupils--! l>g] ! bett]4 ,= x is
 obvi\s t if we take a great numb] (    
pupils & place !m 9 two gr\ps !         
diff]5ces betwe5 ! individuals w t5d to 
(fset "o ano!r4 ,let u say ! subject is 
"o 9 :i* ! progress c be quantitatively 
measur$1 say typewrit+1 & let u suppose 
!re are fifty pupils 9 ea* gr\p4 ,if    
aft] a giv5 "t all ! pupils 9 "o gr\p _h

 atta9$ a great] spe$ ) accuracy ?an all
 ! pupils 9 ! o!r1 ! te/ w\ld be almo/  
unque/ionable4 ,?is w\ld be ev5 m       
conclusive if ! gr\ps 7 reasonably well 
balanc$4 ,= if all ( "o gr\p 7 m5 & all 
( ! o!r 7 boys1 ! m5 might make m rapid 
progress ?an ! boys ev5 ) a less        
effici5t sy/em4 ,b x %\ld be easy to    
divide classes & gr\ps s z to h a       
reasonable balance ( intellig5ce betwe5 
!m4 ,! probable result ( any exp]im5t   
w\ld be t 9 nei!r class w\ld all !      
pupils make m progress ?an all ! pupils 
( ! o!r1 ?\gh y might f9d t !           
prepond]at+ majority 9 "o class improv$ 
fa/] ?an ^? 9 ! o!r1 & ?is w\ld probably
 be suffici5t to indicate ! sup]iority (
 "o me?od1 ev5 ?\gh "o or two pupils 9 !
 second gr\p progress$ fa/] ?an "o or   
two 9 ! fir/4  ,i say 8probably0 because
 !re are /ill _m irrelevant factors :i* 
might influ5ce ! result4 ,= in/ance1 if 
y _h a diff]5t tea*] = ea* gr\p1 "o gr\p
 might make great] progress n because ( 
! me?od b because ( ! tea*]4 ,?is means 

ei!r t "o tea*] %\ld tea* bo? gr\ps1 or 
t we %\ld multiply ! numb] ( gr\ps & !  
numb] ( tea*]s1 & h half ! tea*]s tea*+ 
half ! gr\ps by "o me?od1 & ! o!r half  
tea*+ by ! o!r me?od4 ,( c\rse "h too ! 
m we c\ld multiply ! numb] ! bett] x    
w\ld be4 ,ev5 !n !re might be "s        
reasonable "q z to ! validity ( !       
exp]im5t1 = x might be t "o me?od w\ld  
t5d to enc\rage fa/] progress at !      
beg9n+1 b t ! o!r w\ld lead to great]   
progress 9 ! long run4 ,?is c\ld be     
det]m9$ only by c>ry+ our exp]im5t ov] a
 long p]iod4 ,& we might /ill h         
irrelevant factors1 = ! ma*9es on :i* "o
 gr\p le>nt to typewrite might be       
sup]ior to ^? on :i* ! o!r gr\p le>nt1 &
 ?is factor w\ld h to be elim9at$ 9 a   
simil> way to ! o!rs4  ,! exp]im5tal    
me?od has be5 well summ$ up by ,?omson &
 ,tait 9 _! ,natural ,philosophy3  8,9  
all cases :5 a p>ticul> ag5t or cause is
 to be /udi$1 exp]im5ts %\ld be arrang$ 
9 su* a way z to lead if possible to    
results dep5d+ on x alone2 or1 if ?is _c

 be done1 !y %\ld be arrang$ s z to     
increase ! effects due to ! cause to be 
/udi$ till ^! s f> exce$ ! unavoidable  
concomitants1 t ! latt] may be consid]$ 
z only di/urb+1 n ess5tially modify+ !  
effects ( ! pr9cipal ag5t40  ,9 all     
exp]im5ts "o mu/ ex]cise +5uity 9 f9d+  
o!r causes besides ! "o to be /udi$ :i* 
may possibly influ5ce a result1 & 9     
elim9at+ ^!4 ,x might b5efit ! read]    
consid]ably if he 7 to ?9k out = himself
 h[ he w\ld apply exp]im5t 9 its mo/    
?or\ghgo+ =m to solve a giv5 "q1 say !  
inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,i h n[ cit$ en\gh me?ods to at lea/    
indicate :at 8?9k+ ) me?od0 means4 ,to  
satisfy a c]ta9 human crav+ all ( ^! h  
be5 nam$1 ?\gh sometimes arbitr>ily4 ,( 
c\rse ea* may h to be modifi$ to "s     
ext5t to adju/ x to diff]5t problems4 ,i
 mu/ repeat3 !re are me?ods numb]less1 &
 "s problems w require me?ods all _!    
own4  ,b :at is important is t e problem
 %\ld be dealt ) by z _m me?ods z       

possible4 ,d\btless y h us$1 at "s "t or
 o!r 9 ! c\rse ( y\r ?9k+1 ne>ly e "o ( 
! me?ods ,i h s f> sugge/$4 ,b ! po9t is
 n t y h nev] us$ ^! me?ods at all1 b t 
y h n us$ !m (t5 en\gh4 ,y 7 unaw>e :at 
me?od y 7 us+4 ,consequ5tly y us$ x only
 occasionally4 ,y us$ x only :5 y /umbl$
 on x accid5tally4 ,to =mulate me?ods is
 to br+ !m to y\r att5tion1 s t y may   
use !m always1 ?or\ghly1 correctly1     
consi/5tly4  ,we h treat$ political     
sci5ce f mo/ angles4 ,we h appli$ m ?an 
"o me?od to sev]al o!r problems4 ,to    
/ill fur!r cl>ify1 exemplify & impress  
?is po9t1 ,i %all %[ ! application (    
me?od to "o m subject4  ,suppose y want$
 to inv5t a sy/em ( %or?&1 & want$ to   
make x z p]fect z possible4 ,h[ w\ld y g
 ab\t x8  ,y\r fir/ /ep %\ld be to      
re/ate y\r "q mo/ advantage\sly4 ,y want
 to create c]ta9 *>act]s or symbols1 :i*
 w 7#a7 take ! %orte/ "t to write1 7#b7 
w be easily recogniz$ by y\rself or     
o!rs1 ev5 if writt5 c>elessly1 & 7#c7   
:i* w n be s num]\s or s complex z to be

 difficult to le>n4 ,y may decide t su* 
symbols w\ld h ev5 fur!r requirem5ts4   
,next y %\ld decide on ! me?ods to use 9
 attack+ y\r problem--?is 9 ord] n to   
=get any4 ,n[ assume y h decid$ on ^!   
me?ods & t ! fir/ is ! a priori4 ,y\r   
conclusion might be t x w\ld be         
impossible to h a diff]5t symbol = e ^w1
 & t x is necess>y to h "s sort (       
alphabet4 ,%\ld ?is alphabet be bas$ on 
t us$ 9 longh&8 ,t is1 %\ld m]ely a     
simpl] symbol /& 9 place ( ea* lett]8   
,or %\ld a diff]5t symbol repres5t ea*  
s\nd8 ,or w\ld x be possible to h a     
diff]5t elem5t>y symbol = ea* syllable8 
,hav+ decid$ ! basis = y\r symbols or   
*>act]s1 y w "k at lea/ approximately ! 
numb] requir$4 ,y\r problem w !n become 
t ( mak+ ! *>act]s z simple z possible1 
s t !y may be writt5 mo/ quickly2 & yet 
z diff]5t f ea* o!r z possible s t if   
writt5 c>elessly 7z !y w be :5 writt5   
swiftly71 !y may be easily recogniz$4 ,y
 might try writ+ d[n all ! simple/      
symbols y c ?9k (4 ,or y might ask      

y\rself :e!r !re is any fundam5tal      
geometrical figure f :i* y c d]ive y\r  
symbols4 ,or y might /udy ! simple/ &   
easie/ movem5ts ( ! h&1 & base y\r      
*>act]s on ^!4  ,?is a priori me?od is  
mo/ apt ( all to provoke real ?9k+4 ,x  
%\ld !re=e be tak5 up be=e any ( ! o!rs4
 ,n only is x be/ = mak+ y ?9k deeply1 b
 x w be m likely ?an any ( ! o!rs to    
make y ?9k orig9ally4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r      
att5d$ by great or little success1 ?is  
me?od %\ld be foll[$ by o!rs4  ,n ! lea/
 fruitful ( ^! w\ld be ! evolution>y4   
,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld consi/ 9 /udy+ !    
hi/ory ( %or?&1 f9d+ out ! direction 9  
:i* x has be5 t5d+1 & ?us anticipat+ 9  
"s degree its future developm5t4 ,z ?is 
me?od is comp>ative we w\ld naturally be
 l$ f x to comp>+ ! %or?& sy/ems (      
to-day1 & assay+ ! good & bad qualities 
( ea*4 ,^! c\ld only be assay$ if we    
knew some?+ ( %or?& !ory1 & ?us our     
exp]i5ce ) ! d$uctive or a priori me?od 
w\ld be ( s]vice4  ,impli$ 9 "h is a    
me?od ( diff]5t nature ?an any we h yet 

discuss$1 b "o ( imm5se help4 ,9 turn+ f
 ! d$uctive me?od to a /udy ( %or?&     
sy/ems :i* o!rs h develop$1 y h an      
opportunity to comp>e ! results ( y\r   
own ?9k+ ) ^? obta9$ by o!rs4 ,if y h   
fail$ to solve ! "q 9 z good a mann] z  
^! o!rs1 y c ask y\rself :]e9 & :y y\r  
own reflections & +5uity fell %ort4 ,if 
y foll[ ?is me?od ) all problems--i4e41 
?9k+ a ?+ out = y\rself be=e look+ up   
:at o!rs h ?\ght--y w soon improve y\r  
?9k+ surpris+ly4 ,! me?od is capable (  
application 9 e problem1 f inv5t+ an    
add+ ma*9e to try+ to f9d h[ ! plumb]   
got t #c4df on ! bill4  ,b to return to 
%or?&4 ,we /ill h ! empirical &         
exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case 
! diff]5ce betwe5 !m w\ld be simply "o (
 degree4 ,we c\ld f9d1 = in/ance1 :at   
sy/ems 7 us$ by ! fa/e/ %or?& writ]s2 b 
we c\ld get no?+ conclusive f ?is1 = we 
w\ld h to make all[ance = ! natural     
ability & l5g? ( tra9+ ( ^! writ]s4 ,f  
m]ely look+ at two outl9es or *>act]s1 x
 is (t5 difficult to tell :i* c be      

writt5 fa/]4 ,?is c\ld only be te/$ by  
writ+ hundr$s 9 a r[ & f9d+ ! "t x took 
to write ! same numb] ( ea*4 ,( c\rse   
su* exp]im5t is capable ( indef9ite     
expansion4  ,9 deal+ ) me?od h]et(ore1  
,i h at times come dang]\sly ne> to mak+
 a false assumption4 ,i h be5 talk+ z if
 a man :o took up political sci5ce1     
%or?&1 or any o!r subject1 7 deal+ )    
only "o problem4 ,z a matt] ( fact he is
 deal+ ) a :ole s]ies ( problems4 ,j h[ 
_m x is difficult to say1 because no    
problem wor?y ( ! "n is an indivisible  
unit1 & may always be brok5 into small] 
problems4 ,! :ole sci5ce ( /hetics is   
includ$ 9 ! simple "q 8,:at is beauty801
 ! sci5ce ( e?ics is m]ely ! answ] to   
8,:at is "r conduct801 & metaphysics may
 be r$uc$ to ! problem 8,:at is         
reality80 ,b :5 we come to deal ) any ( 
^! we in/9ctively break !m up into      
small] & m concrete problems1 mak+ !    
treatm5t easi]1 j z a g5]al attempts to 
split 8 enemy's =ces1 s t he c          
annihilate "o section at a "t4 ,(t51    

inde$1 ! v division ( ! l>g] problem    
into small] problems con/itutes its     
solution1 = we f9ally come to a problem 
:i* practically answ]s itself1 & :i* we 
recognize z be+ includ$ 91 or a p>ticul>
 =m (1 "s m g5]al problem to :i* we     
already "k ! answ]4  ,a man sets be=e   
himself ! "q1 8,:at is ! prop] sph]e (  
,gov]nm5t80 ,p]haps he w fir/ ( all     
consid] c]ta9 diff]5t specific          
activities :i* might possibly be suppos$
 to come )9 ! sph]e ( gov]nm5tal        
int]f]5ce4 ,he might ask himself1 =     
in/ance1 8,%\ld ! ,gov]nm5t int]f]e )   
fre$om ( contract80 ,notice t he has "h 
tempor>ily made 8 problem n>r[]1 he has 
*os5 to break x up 9 ord] to deal ) x "p
 by "p4 ,b ev5 :5 he came to cope ) ?is 
small] problem he w\ld probably f9d x   
necess>y to break ?is up1 & he w\ld     
!re=e take a specific example4 ,suppose 
a man works = s mu* an h\r1 & t n9e     
h\rs' "w a day gives him ! m9imum am\nt 
on :i* he c live & support 8 family4    
,w\ld x be wise to limit ! legal work+  

day ( su* a man to eight h\rs8 ,?is     
problem practically answ]s itself1 & s  
fur!r division is unnecess>y4 ,( c\rse !
 answ] to ?is does n det]m9e ! answ] to 
! orig9al "q1 = o!r p>ts /ill rema9 to  
be consid]$4  ,9 fact1 mu* ( ! success (
 our ?9k+ w dep5d ^u j h[ we divide our 
big problems into subsidi>y problems1 & 
j :at our subsidi>y or subord9ate       
problems are4 ,?is w dep5d to "s ext5t  
on our own natural sagacity1 & to "s    
ext5t on m]e *ance4 ,no rigid rules c be
 laid d[n4 ,! only advice :i* c be (f]$ 
is t :5 a ?9k] breaks up a problem he   
%\ld d s ) an eye to utility &          
def9it5ess4  ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 an    
essay on ,j]emy ,b5?am1 po9t$ out t !   
secret ( ! latt]'s /r5g? & orig9ality ( 
?\ght lay 9 8 me?od1 :i* 8may be %ortly 
describ$ z ! me?od ( detail2 ( treat+   
:oles by sep>at+ !m into _! p>ts1       
ab/ractions by resolv+ !m into          
?+s1--classes & g5]alities by di/+ui%+  
!m into ! individuals ( :i* !y are made 
up2 & break+ e "q into pieces be=e      

attempt+ to solve x40 ,! me?od 0 n      
absolutely orig9al ) ,b5?am1 b 8:atev]  
orig9ality !re 0 9 ! me?od1 9 ! subjects
 he appli$ x to1 & 9 ! rigidity ) :i* he
 adh]$ to x1 !re 0 ! greate/40  ,!      
sy/ematic ?9k] is c>eful ( ! mann] 9 :i*
 he m>%als 8 difficulties4 ,he kn[s t   
c]ta9 problems %\ld prop]ly be consid]$ 
be=e c]ta9 o!rs1 & he saves himself     
labor & sometimes error by consid]+ !m 9
 t ord]4 ,be=e ask+ himself h[ ,gov]nm5t
 %\ld cure a giv5 social evil1 he fir/  
asks :e!r x is ! duty or ev5 ! "r ( !   
,/ate to att5d to t p>ticul> evil at    
all4 ,9 o!r words1 be=e ask+ :at ! ,/ate
 %\ld d 9 any p>ticul> case1 he consid]s
 fir/ :at ! prop] sph]e ( gov]nm5t is4  
,x mu/ be admitt$ t a previ\s "q (t5 _c 
be discov]$ until "o has actually       
attempt$ ! solution ( a problem4 ,9 !   
=ego+ in/ance1 x w\ld be difficult to   
det]m9e ! prop] sph]e ( gov]nm5t by any 
o!r me?od ?an a consid]ation ( p>ticul> 
cases :]e gov]nm5t int]f]5ce sugge/s    
itself4  ,9 fact1 x is only by deep     

reflection on a subject t we come to    
realize mo/ ( ! problems involv$4 ,y    
walk along ! road ) y\r fri5d ! botani/ 
& he /ops to pick :at looks to y to be a
 common wild fl[]4 8,hm10 he muses1 8,i 
wond] h[ t got 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry80 ,n[
 t is no problem to y1 simply because y 
d n happ5 to "k :y t p>ticul> fl[] %\ld 
n be !re--& :at m5 d n "k ab\t !y take =
 grant$4 ,k furni%es problems1 & !      
discov]y ( problems itself con/itutes an
 intellectual advance4  ,:5ev] y are    
?ra%+ out a subject1 write d[n e        
problem1 difficulty & objection t occurs
 to y4 ,:5 y get :at y consid] a        
satisfactory solution1 see :e!r or n x  
answ]s all ( !m4  ,i h /at$ t me?od is  
ess5tial to good ?9k+4 ,i h giv5 rules &
 examples ( me?odic ?9k+4 ,b ,i d n want
 to create a false impression4 ,if a man
 has n )9 him ! mat]ials ( a ?9k]1 no   
am\nt ( me?od c make him "o4 ,half !    
?9k+ process1 z po9t$ out1 dep5ds on !  
occurr5ce ( sugge/ions4 ,! occurr5ce (  
sugge/ions dep5ds on h[ ideas are       

associat$ 9 a man's m9d4 ,:ile ?is      
dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! education & !   
:ole pa/ life & environm5t ( !          
individual1 x dep5ds f> m on inborn     
m5tal qualities4 ,all me?od c d is to   
awak5 ! mo/ fruitful associations (     
ideas already 9 m9d4 ,h5ce ! m me?ods we
 adopt--! great] ! numb] ( views we take
 ( any problem--! m solutions w sugge/  
!mselves4  ,!re is "o fur!r reason :y we
 %\ld take z _m diff]5t viewpo9ts z     
possible4 ,9 our example ( ! inh]itance 
( acquir$ *>act]i/ics 9 animals1 if we  
_h be5 sure t ! results ( our d$uctive  
reason+ 7 correct1 x w\ld h be5 a s9ful 
wa/e ( "t to exp]im5t4 ,b :5 we attack a
 problem by sev]al me?ods we c comp>e ! 
results f ea*4 ,if ^! results agree we h
 good evid5ce t our solution is correct4
 ,b if we h adopt$ q a numb] (          
viewpo9ts1 & h n let ! results ( "o     
influ5ce ^? ( ! next1 !y are almo/ c]ta9
 to be at v>iance4 ,?is means t we h    
err$ 9 apply+ "o or sev]al me?ods4 ,h[  
are we to f9d :i* ( ! me?ods x 01 & h[  

are we to prev5t su* errors8  ,?is is ! 
subject ( our next *apt]4     ,,iii  ,a 
,,few ,,cautions   ,?us f> we h consid]$
 only positive & con/ructive ?9k+1 &    
means = obta9+ relevant sugge/ions4 ,we 
h _h almo/ no?+ to d ) cautions1 means =
 avoid+ fallacy & error1 & means = te/+ 
! tru? & value ( sugge/ions4 ,mo/ writ]s
 :o h discuss$ ?9k+ h dwelt s mu* on !  
negative aspect--s mu* on :at we %\ld n 
d--& h s slight$ ! "q ( :at we %\ld d1 t
 ,i h p]haps be5 l$ to adopt ?is ord]1 m
 f a feel+ ( revolt ?an because x is    
logically bett]4 ,b ,i believe ,i h     
logic on my side4 ,con/ructive me?ods   
make ?9k+ 8g02 cautions /e] x 9 ! "r    
pa?4 ,an automobile )\t a /e]+ ge> is   
almo/ z useless z "o )\t a motor4 ,b an 
automobile c g )\t be+ /e]$1 :]eas x _c 
be /e]$ unless x is go+4  ,b :ile )     
automobiles we c cle>ly divide mov+ f   
/e]+1 we _c d ?is ) ?9k+4 ,! two        
processes are s inextricably b\nd up1 t 
we _c engage 9 "o )\t engag+ 9 ! o!r2 we
 _c ev5 speak ( "o )\t imply+ ! o!r4 ,i 

h divid$ !m = conv5i5ce ( exposition4 ,b
 9 ! la/ *apt] we 7 =c$ to deal slightly
 ) cautions1 & "h we %all h to consid]  
con/ructive me?ods to "s ext5t4  ,a case
 9 po9t is classification4 ,9 tak+ ?is  
up f a con/ructive /&po9t1 ,i rem>k$ t  
all classifications ought to be logical4
 ,b ,i did n say :at ,i meant by        
logical1 nor did ,i tell h[ a logical   
classification c\ld be secur$4 ,! two   
mo/ prom95t errors made 9 classify+ are 
7#a7 n mak+ classifications mutually    
exclusive1 7#b7 n mak+ !m cov] all !    
objects or ph5om5a suppos$ to be        
classifi$4  ,! fir/ error is ! less     
common1 = ?\gh occurr+ among all ?9k]s1 
x is comp>atively infrequ5t among ^? :o 
proce$ ) caution4 ,x is1 moreov]1 m     
easily discov]$ ?an ! second4 ,consid] !
 classification ( con/ructive me?ods    
into comp>ison1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t4 
,x is app>5t t ^! me?ods ov]lap4 ,we _c 
comp>e )\t obs]v+1 mu* ( our obs]vation 
involves comp>ison1 :5 we exp]im5t we   
mu/ ( c\rse obs]ve ! results obta9$1 & !

 results are usually always comp>$4 ,all
 ?ree me?ods c\ld be class$ "u          
obs]vation4 ,x is well to rememb]1      
h[ev]1 t ! fir/ classification may be   
useful--ev5 m s ?an "o /rictly logical1 
& t ! nature ( a subject w (t5 make     
impracticable1 divisions :i* d n ov]lap 
9 "s degree4  ,! second error--t ( n    
mak+ a classification cov] all ! objects
 or ph5om5a x is suppos$ to cov]--is n s
 easy to detect4 ,x is "o to :i* !      
greate/ philosoph]s h be5 heir4 ,"s (   
our ,sociali/ fri5ds say !re are b two  
k9ds ( p3 capitali/s & labor]s1 8! p :o 
live on o!rs & ! p :o are liv$ on40 ,!y 
ov]look t class ( f>m]s :o own a little 
piece ( l& & d _! own till+4 ,ev5 if !y 
insi/ t su* a class 8is rapidly becom+  
ext9ct10 ! fact rema9s t x is /ill ) u &
 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4  ,all         
classifications are made ) a c]ta9 numb]
 ( facts 9 m9d1 & =tunate is he :o      
happ5s to h j ! "r facts4 ,we _c hold _m
 facts 9 m9d at once1 & we (t5 g5]alize 
^u ?\s&s ( ?+s by tak+ a suppos$ly      

repres5tative doz54 ,to avoid error all 
we c d is to keep con/antly on ! look\t 
= examples1 especially ^? :i* app>5tly w
 n fit into our g5]alization4 ,if !y g 9
 )\t /ra9+ any?+1 our classification    
receives add$ w>rant4 ,b sometimes y w  
f9d t :]e y h ?ree classes a new fact w 
necessitate a f\r?1 & t (t5 x w ov]turn 
y\r :ole beautiful /ructure4  ,!re is   
ano!r phase ( ?9k+1 :i* :ile *iefly     
caution>y1 is also 9 "p con/ructive4 ,we
 h s (t5 be5 w>n$ to 8avoid ! trea*]y ( 
words0 & to 8def9e all our t]ms0 t a    
repetition ( ! advice seems unnecess>y4 
,b we _c ov]look ! excell5t c\nsel (    
,blaise ,pascal4 ,he urges t we n only  
def9e our t]ms1 b t :5ev] we use !m we  
m5tally sub/itute ! def9ition4 ,h[ev]1  
?is ne$s to be qualifi$4 ,if e "t we us$
 a t]m we /opp$ to sub/itute its        
def9ition1 our ?\ght might be exact b   
w\ld h>dly move =w>d v rapidly4 ,x w    
usually be suffici5t simply to sub/itute
 ! def9ition a few times1 = aft] do+ ?is
 we %all gradually come to "k exactly   

:at we mean by a t]m1 & fur!r           
sub/itution w\ld m]ely wa/e "t4 ,(      
c\rse1 all ?is ne$ be appli$ only to    
t]ms new1 te*nical or equivocal2 or ^?  
us$ 9 a moot$ proposition4  ,i h spok5 (
 analogy z a con/ructive me?od4 ,?is1   
h[ev]1 %\ld be us$ only = sugge/ion1 = x
 is mo/ dang]\s4 ,(t5 we use an analogy 
& are q unaw>e ( x4 ,?us _m social &    
political ?9k]s h call$ society an      
8organism10 & h proce$$ to deal ) x z if
 x 7 a l>ge animal4 ,!y h ?\ght n 9 t]ms
 ( ! actual ph5om5a "u consid]ation1 b 9
 t]ms ( ! analogy4 ,9 s f> z ! t]ms ( ! 
analogy 7 m concrete ?an ^? ( ! ph5om5a1
 _! ?9k+ has be5 made easi]4 ,b no      
analogy w ev] hold good ?r\gh\t1 &      
consequ5tly ^! ?9k]s h (t5 fall5 into   
error4  ,! quicke/ way to detect error 9
 analogy is to c>ry x out z f> z x w    
g--& fur!r4 ,e analogy w break d[n      
some:]e4 ,any analogy if c>ri$ out f>   
en\gh becomes absurd4 ,we are mo/ likely
 to err :5 we c>ry an analogy too f>1 b 
n to ! po9t :]e ! absurdity is app>5t4  

,take ! analogy employ$ 9 our fir/      
*apt]1 comp>+ ?9k+ & a %ip4 ,= ! sake ( 
! image ,i %all make ?is a motor-boat4  
,we might c>ry ?is out fur!r4 ,we might 
comp>e ! effect on ! m9d ( books &      
exp]i5ce to ! fuel us$ = ! eng9e4 ,!    
bra91 trans=m+ outw>d exp]i5ce into     
?\ght1 might be p>allel$ ) a c>buretor  
trans=m+ fuel into usable =m4 ,an idea  
may be comp>$ to a sp>k4 ,all ?is is v  
fasc9at+4 ,x may ev5 lead to sugge/ions 
( real value4 ,b x is b\nd soon or late 
to develop into ! ludicr\s4 ,! analogy 9
 "q1 h[ev]1 does n ne$ to be develop$ to
 be confut$4 ,= unless a boat has a     
propell] & a rudd]1 its eng9e is        
useless4 ,a m9d is capable ( atta9+ tru?
 )\t ev5 be+ aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a sci5ce
 ( ?9k+ or ( logic4  ,ano!r way to f9d  
:e!r an analogy is fallaci\s is to see  
:e!r y c discov] a c\nt] analogy4       
,surely ?is is ! mo/ effective practice 
9 refut+ analogy 9 argum5t4 ,?is sugge/s
 ! case ( ! man :o _h a ticket f ,new   
,york to ,*icago1 & tri$ to use x f     

,*icago to ,new ,york4 ,! railroad      
refus$ to accept x1 :]eupon ! man br\ght
 suit4 ,! lawy] = ! def5dant1 9 ! heat (
 ! debate1 said1 8,:y1 a man might j z  
well pay = a b>rel ( potatoes & !n dem& 
a b>rel ( apples60 ,:]eupon ! attorney =
 ! pla9tiff repli$1 8,x w\ld be r l a   
groc] sell+ a man a b>rel ( potatoes &  
!n try+ to compel him to eat !m f ! top 
d[n1 refus+ to all[ him to turn ! b>rel 
upside d[n & beg9 eat+ !m f ! bottom    
up40 ,x is be/ to avoid analogy except =
 purposes ( sugge/ion1 or z a rhetorical
 device = expla9+ an idea already arriv$
 at by o!r means4  ,i h be5 =c$ to def5d
 my advice to take z _m viewpo9ts z     
possible1 by po9t+ out t ! conclusions  
obta9$ f ^! viewpo9ts might disagree2 9 
fact w\ld be almo/ sure to disagree4 ,( 
c\rse1 ?is disagreem5t might be avoid$  
if we all[$ ! conclusions rea*$ by "o   
me?od or viewpo9t to influ5ce our       
conclusions 9 ano!r4 ,b if we d ?is we  
give our problem m %all[ treatm5t1 & we 
are n s sure ( a result :5 we get x4 ,:5

 a ma!matician adds a column ( figures f
 ! top d[n1 he confirms by re-add+ f !  
bottom up4 ,he kn[s t if he add$ 9 !    
same mann] ! second "t he w\ld be liable
 to fall into ! same errors4 ,& 9 ?9k+1 
:5 we leave "o me?od & take up ano!r1 we
 %\ld try to =get entirely ! fir/       
conclusion & beg9 on ! problem z if we  
_h nev] tak5 x up be=e4 ,aft] we h tak5 
up all ! applicable me?ods1 !n1 & !n    
only1 %\ld we beg9 to comp>e            
conclusions4  ,"t =bids do+ ?is ) all   
problems4 ,"t =bids ev5 attack+ all     
problems f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,b !re 
are "s problems :]e ?is unque/ionably   
ought to be done4 ,! problem ( :e!r or n
 *>act]i/ics acquir$ dur+ ! life "t ( "o
 individual may be inh]it$ by 8 (fspr+1 
if dealt ) at all1 is too important to  
be left to ! a priori me?od alone4 ,?is 
problem asks :e!r ! *ildr5 ( educat$    
p>5ts w necess>ily be innately sup]ior  
to ! *ildr5 ( un$ucat$ p>5ts2 x asks    
:e!r ! man ( today is sup]ior to !      
anci5t ,greek1 or ev5 ! pres5t day      

savage2 or1 assum+ t ! negro race is    
inf]ior to ! :ite race1 x asks :e!r     
g5]ations ( education w br+ x to ! :ite 
race level or leave x un*ang$2 x asks   
:e!r ! hope ( improv+ ! human race lies 
9 education or eug5ics4 ,no "q c be m   
important ?an ?is 9 its practical be>+s4
 ,! answ] to x w pr(\ndly influ5ce our  
op9ions 9 education1 psy*ology1 e?ics1  
economics1 political sci5ce--ev5        
philosophy & metaphysics4 ,! answ] we   
obta9 to ?is "q f d$uctive reason+1 no  
matt] h[ unansw]able or conclusive x may
 seem1 %\ld be *eck$ up by no?+ %ort ( !
 mo/ ?or\ghgo+ exp]im5t4  ,un=tunately !
 exp]im5ts ne$$ = ?is p>ticul> "q _c be 
c>ri$ on by ! layman4 ,x is equally to  
be regrett$ t sci5ti/s h be5 none too   
?or\gh 9 c>ry+ !m out !mselves4 ,b we   
%\ld rememb] t any result we arrive at  
%\ld be subject to revision1 & t if we  
take up ?is problem at all1 we %\ld at  
lea/ make x our duty to read ab\t &     
criticise all ! exp]im5ts t come to our 
notice4  ,a "q has p]haps j occurr$ to !

 read]4 ,if ! d$uctive me?od is to be   
*eck$ up by exp]im5t1 & ! results ( !   
exp]im5t are always to be tak51 :y n    
exp]im5t fir/1 & omit !ory altoge!r8    
,leav+ aside ! fact t !ory is ! be/     
guide = exp]im5t--t 7 x n = !ory & !    
problems & hypo!ses t come out ( x1 we  
w\ld n "k ! po9ts we want$ to v]ify1 &  
h5ce w\ld exp]im5t aimlessly--a m s]i\s 
objection is t exp]im5t is seldom if ev]
 p]fect1 = x ne>ly always involves "s   
unv]ifi$ assumption4 ,i h ref]r$ to     
empirical obs]vation & exp]im5t z two   
diff]5t me?ods4 ,b ! diff]5ce is ma9ly1 
if n solely1 "o ( degree4 ,if we        
exp]im5t$ to f9d out :e!r acquir$       
*>act]i/ics 7 inh]it$1 x is obvi\s t our
 exp]im5ts w\ld h to be conf9$ to       
animals4 ,if we f\nd1 let u say1 t no   
acquir$ *>act]i/ic 0 ev] transmitt$ to  
(fspr+1 we c\ld n say t ?is w\ld be     
equally true ( man1 b w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 
conclud+ only t ! acquir$ *>act]i/ics ( 
animals are n transmitt$ to desc5dants4 
,nay1 we c\ld n g ev5 ?is f>4 ,we w\ld h

 to conf9e ourselves to ! /atem5t t     
c]ta9 acquir$ *>act]i/ics ( ! few score 
animals we _h exp]im5t$ ^u 7 n          
transmissible4 ,b ev5 ?is /atem5t w\ld  
involve assumption4 ,we c\ld say only t 
c]ta9 acquir$ *>act]i/ics ( ! few score 
animals we _h exp]im5t$ ^u _h n be5     
transmitt$ 9 ^! p>ticul> in/ances4 ,we  
w\ld h to limit ourselves to a b>e      
/atem5t ( fact2 we c\ld draw no         
conclusion :atev]4 ,b if we _h attack$  
?is problem f ! d$uctive /&po9t1 & _h   
conclud$ t ow+ to c]ta9 conditions hold+
 alike 9 all animals & 9 man1 acquir$   
*>act]i/ics c\ld n possibly be          
transmitt$1 we w\ld h suffici5t gr\nd = 
d]iv+ f our exp]im5ts a broad           
g5]alization4  ,exp]im5t & d$uction are 
n ! only me?ods :i* c be *eck$ up aga9/ 
ea* o!r4 ,we c d likewise ) ! comp>ative
 & ! exp]im5tal1 ! hi/orical & !        
!oretical--9 fact1 all viewpo9ts        
applicable to any "o problem4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,:5 y enc\nt] a "q ab\t :i* !re is a    

controv]sy1 & :]e ! adh]5ts ( bo? sides 
ne>ly equal ea* o!r 9 numb] &           
intellectual /atus1 y may be almo/ c]ta9
 t ea* side has caught sight ( "s tru?1 
b t nei!r has se5 ! :ole tru?2 & y %\ld 
endeavor to unite bo? sides by a broad] 
& deep] solution4 ,a classic            
philosophical example ( ?is me?od is    
,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s attempt to reconcile    
sci5ce & religion1 & 8 ef=t to unite !  
8intuitional0 & 8exp]i5tial0 s*ools (   
?\ght4 ,! intuitioni/s ma9ta9$ t ! m9d  
_h f bir? intuitions by :i* x knew c]ta9
 tru?s indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce4 ,su*     
tru?s z ! axiom t a /raight l9e is !    
%orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 or t x 
is morally wrong to d c]ta9 acts1 7     
reg>d$ z among ^! intuitions4 ,!        
8empirici/s0 or 8s5sationali/s10 on !   
o!r h&1 ma9ta9$ t all our k--ev5 ( su* a
 fact1 = in/ance1 z t two & two are f\r1
 :]e we _c conceive o!rwise--is le>n$   
solely f ! individual's exp]i5ce1 tak5 9
 its broade/ s5se4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ?\ght  
he recogniz$ "s tru? 9 bo? ^! doctr9es1 

& came =w>d ) ! !ory t !re are c]ta9    
tru?s :i* are intuitions s f> z !       
individual is conc]n$1 b t ^! intuitions
 h be5 inh]it$ f our ance/ors1 7        
orig9ally built up ?r\gh ! ages1 &      
repres5t ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! race4
 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ,sp5c]'s success
 9 ?is case1 ! value ( ! me?od itself is
 und\bt$4 ,x 0 frequ5tly us$ by ,kant1  
,hegel1 ,fi*te & o!r ,g]man philosoph]s4
  ,i h rem>k$ t x is almo/ possible to  
sum up ! entire process ( ?9k+ z !      
occurr5ce ( sugge/ions = ! solution (   
difficulties & ! te/+ out ( ^?          
sugge/ions4 ,! con/ructive me?ods       
discuss$ 7 call$ means = mak+ good      
sugge/ions occur to u4 ,f ?is /&po9t !  
cautions ) :i* we h j be5 deal+ may be  
consid]$ z te/s ( sugge/ions4  ,let u   
ref] back to ! analysis ( ?9k+ giv5 9 ! 
case ( ! man :o discov]$ footpr9ts on ! 
bea*4 ,ev5 !re1 9 ord] to give any      
adequate idea ( 8 ?\ght process1 ,i 0   
oblig$ to %[ t = v>i\s reasons he       
reject$ c]ta9 sugge/$ solutions4 ,b ?is 

negative me?od c\ld be m fully develop$4
 ,because ! man reject$ a c]ta9         
solution1 x does n foll[ t x 0          
necess>ily wrong4 ,suppose ! f9al       
sugge/ion--t ! unkn[n _h be5 on ! isl&  
all ! "t--7 to h be5 te/$ out1 & t c]ta9
 fur!r facts 7 discov]$ :i* t5d$ to     
disprove x2 ! man might f9d x necess>y  
to look = /ill ano!r solution4 ,b       
suppose ?is 7 n =?com+1 suppose t all ! 
possibilities _h be5 exhau/$4 ,x w\ld be
 necess>y to return to "s ( ! orig9al   
sugge/ions4 ,he w\ld h to see :e!r an   
error _h be5 made 9 te/+ !m4 ,9 reject+ 
! sugge/ion ( a small boat he may h     
ov]e/imat$ ! di/ance ( ?is isl& f o!r   
l&4 ,he may h und]e/imat$ ! difficulties
 t a man 9 a small boat is capable (    
surm\nt+4 ,9 reject+ ! supposition ( a  
%ip1 he may h err$ 9 8 judgm5t ( ! "t ! 
footpr9ts _h be5 on ! bea*1 or ( ! "t x 
w\ld take a l>ge vessel to get out (    
sight4  ,:at is ess5tial is t all       
sugge/ions be te/$ out1 ei!r by memory1 
obs]vation or exp]im5t1 9 all _!        

implications1 & t ! t5d5cy be resi/$ to 
accept ! fir/ solution t sugge/s itself4
 ,= ! uncritical ?9k] w always jump at !
 fir/ sugge/ion1 unless an objection    
actually =ces itself into view4 ,rema9+ 
9 a /ate ( d\bt is unpleasant4 ,! long] 
! d\bt rema9s ! m unpleasant x becomes4 
,b ! man :o is will+ to accept ?is      
unpleasantness1 ! man :o is will+       
c>efully to obs]ve1 or exp]im5t if ne$  
be1 to te/ ! validity ( 8 sugge/ions1 w 
f9ally arrive at a solution mu* deep]1 &
 "o :i* w give him f> m satisfaction1   
?an ! sup]ficial answ] obta9$ by ! man (
 c>eless habits ( ?\ght4  ,?omas ,a4    
,edison says he always rejects an easy  
solution ( any problem & looks = some?+ 
difficult4 ,b ! inv5tor has "o great    
advantage ov] any o!r k9d ( ?9k]4 ,he c 
te/ 8 conclusion 9 a tangible way4 ,if 8
 device works1 8 ?9k+ 0 "r2 if 8 device 
doesn't "w1 8 ?9k+ 0 wrong4 ,b !        
philosoph]1 ! sci5ti/1 ! social re=m]1  
has no su* satisfactory te/4 ,8 only    
satisfaction is ! feel+ t 8 results     

h>monize ) all 8 exp]i5ce4 ,! m critical
 he has be5 9 arriv+ at ^? results1 ! m 
deep & p]man5t w be t feel+1 ! m        
valuable w be 8 ?\ghts to himself & to !
 _w4 4 4 4  ,ev5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ,i      
intimat$ t logic w\ld con/itute a "p ( !
 sci5ce ( ?9k+4 ,i intimat$1 moreov]1 t 
x w\ld con/itute almo/ ! :ole ( :at may 
be call$ ! negative side ( ?9k+--^?     
rules :i* s]ve to /e] ?\ght aright4     
,?\gh caution>y1 ! advice giv5 9 ?is    
*apt] is n usually giv5 9 books on      
logic4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c ov]emphasize !     
importance ( a k ( logic1 ,i _c deal ) x
 "h4 ,! sci5ce c receive ju/ice only 9 a
 book devot$ entirely to x4  ,if he has 
n already done s ! w\ld-be ?9k] %\ld    
/udy a "w on logic1 = unless ! pres5t   
book is supplem5t$ by "s treatise on t  
sci5ce x _c be reg>d$ z complete4  ,9   
ord] n to confuse ! read] ,i %all       
recomm5d only "o book4 ,9 ord] to       
enc\rage him ,i %all recomm5d a small   
book1 "o n s deep z to be               
incompreh5sible or repulsive to !       

beg9n]1 b at ! same "t "o :i* is        
recogniz$ z a /&>d treatise3--,elem5t>y 
,lessons 9 ,logic1 by ,/anley ,jevons4  
,,iv  ,,conc5tration    ,:at is ! h>de/ 
task 9 ! _w8 ,to ?9k4--,,em]son4  ,we h 
be5 deal+ ) ! subject ( ?9k+4 ,we h     
consid]$ x f bo? a positive & negative  
side4 ,b :ile we h devot$ our att5tion  
to ?9k+1 we h neglect$ ! ?9k]4 ,9 m     
sci5tific t]ms1 we h treat$ ?\ght f !   
logical side2 we are n[ to treat x f !  
psy*ological4  ,few p w admit specific  
faults 9 !mselves ( any k9d1 especially 
if ^! happ5 to be intellectual4 ,b almo/
 any man is will+ to confess t he _c    
always 8conc5trate0 :5 he wants to1 9   
fact1 t he is "o ( ! c\ntless victims ( 
8m9d w&]+40  ,mo/ ( u imag9e we "k j :at
 we mean by bo? ^! t]ms4 ,b if we are to
 judge by mo/ ( :at has be5 writt51 no  
two t]ms are m misconceiv$4 ,be=e try+  
to f9d ! be/ means ( conc5trat+1 we mu/ 
fir/ f9d j :at we mean by conc5tration4 
,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i said t sugge/ions 
= solutions 8occurr$40 ,i did n say h[  

or :y4 ,to discov] ?is we mu/ ref] to ! 
fam\s psy*ological pr9ciple (           
association4  ,any tra9 ( ?\ght is made 
possible by previ\s connections ( ideas 
9 our m9ds4 ,:ile a girl sits at h] w9d[
 a p>ade passes along a ne>by /reet4 ,! 
b& is play+1 & ere ! tune is complet$ ! 
b& has gone s f> t ! music is no long]  
audible4 ,b ! tune /ill goes along 9 h] 
m9d1 & %e completes x h]self4 ,x sugge/s
 a dance %e _h be5 to :]e x 0 play$1 &  
?is sugge/s t %e danc$ ! two-/ep to x4  
,! two-/ep sugge/s ! m mod]n "o-/ep1 &  
?is leads h] to comp>e ! famili> danc+ (
 to-day ) ! di/ant & respectful m9uet4  
,?is is an example ( a r&om tra9 (      
ideas4 ,x is t loose 8?9k+0 ref]r$ to 9 
our fir/ *apt]4 ,b ev5 ?is is made      
possible only by ! connection ( ideas 9 
our m9d at "s previ\s p]iod4 ,no ?\ght c
 ent] our m9ds unless x is associat$ 9  
"s way ) ! previ\s ?\ght4 ,psy*ologi/s h
 traditionally classifi$ associations   
into f\r k9ds3 association by           
succession1 by contiguity1 by simil>ity 

& by contra/4 ,! example j giv5 involves
 all f\r4 ,association by succession    
means t :5 two ideas or impressions (   
objects h ent]$ ! m9d 9 succession1 !   
second is likely to be sugge/$ :5ev] !  
fir/ is ?\ght (4 ,a tune consi/s 9 a    
succession ( notes1 & :5 ! fir/ notes   
are br\ght to m9d1 z by a pass+ b&1 !   
re/ w foll[--sometimes 9 spite (        
ourselves4 ,association by contiguity   
means t :5 two objects or ideas h be5 9 
consci\sness toge!r1 "o is always likely
 to sugge/ ! o!r !reaft]4 ,?is 0 ! case 
) ! music & ! dance1 or ! music & !     
two-/ep4 ,association by simil>ity      
occurs :5 two ideas resemble ea* o!r 9  
"s p>ticul>4 ,!y ne$ n h occurr$ toge!r 
at any pa/ "t1 nor aft] ea* o!r4 ,! fact
 t !y h a common elem5t suffices to br+ 
up "o idea :5 ! o!r is 9 m9d3 ?us !     
two-/ep sugge/$ ! "o-/ep4 ,association  
by contra/ ne$s no explanation4 ,x is   
exemplifi$ :5 ! idea ( pres5t-day danc+ 
br+s up ! idea ( di/ant danc+4  ,any    
attempt to %[ :y ! m9d acts 9 ?is way1  

any explanation ( ! way 9 :i* ! diff]5t 
k9ds ( association are made possible1   
w\ld br+ u into physiological psy*ology1
 w\ld involve a /udy ( ! bra9 & ! n]v\s 
sy/em4 ,= our purposes x is suffici5t to
 keep 9 m9d t su* associations d take   
place4 ,)\t !m no idea c occur4 ,)\t !m 
?\ght is impossible4  ,! be>+ ( all ?is 
on conc5tration has yet to be made pla94
 ,we mu/ rememb] t e idea has m ?an "o  
associate2 9 fact t ea* idea g5]ally has
 a clu/] ( possible associates4 ,in/ead 
( sugge/+ ! m9uet1 ! "o-/ep may h made !
 fox trot or ! ?ree-/ep occur to ! "y   
lady4 ,x may h made h] ?9k ( a "y man ) 
:om %e danc$ x1 or ! tr\ble %e _h 9     
le>n+ x4 ,ea* ( ^! sugge/ions1 9 turn1  
w\ld also h pot5tial connections ) a    
clu/] ( ideas4 ,:5 we are ?9k+ at       
r&om--:5 we are day dream+1 z 9 !       
example giv5--! /ronge/ association1 or 
! fir/ to be ar\s$1 is ! "o we dwell ^u4
 ,b :5 we are ?9k+ ) a purpose1 9 a ^w1 
:5 we are reason+1 we reject all        
associations :i* h no be>+ on our       

purpose1 & select only ^? :i* s]ve x4   
,conc5tration does n1 z popul>ly        
suppos$1 mean keep+ ! m9d fa/5$ on "o   
object or idea or 9 "o place4 ,x consi/s
 9 hav+ a problem or purpose con/antly  
be=e "o4 ,x means keep+ our ?\ght mov+  
t[>d "o desir$ end4  ,conc5tration is   
(t5 reg>d$ z int5se or focus$ att5tion4 
,b ! fact is t all att5tion is focus$   
att5tion4 ,psy*ologi/s are fairly well  
agre$ t we c att5d to only "o ?+ at a   
"t4 ,m9d w&]+1 & s-call$ di/ribut$      
att5tion1 is really att5tion direct$    
fir/ to "o ?+1 !n to ano!r1 !n to ano!r2
 or fir/ to "o ?+1 !n to ano!r1 & !n    
back aga9 to ! orig9al object1 re/+ b a 
few mom5ts on ea* idea4  ,conc5tration  
may be/ be def9$ z prolong$ or su/a9$   
att5tion4 ,x means keep+ ! m9d on "o    
subject or problem = a relatively long  
p]iod1 or at lea/ cont9ually rev]t+ to  
"s problem :5ev] "o's ?\ghts mom5t>ily  
leave x4  ,hav+ decid$ j :at we mean by 
conc5tration1 our next /ep is to inquire
 :e!r conc5tration is wor? :ile4 ,!     

read] may smile at ?is "q or he may be  
%ock$1 accord+ to 8 temp]am5t4 ,b if mo/
 m5 7 s conv9c$ t conc5tration is su* an
 unque/ionable virtue1 !y w\ld practice 
x a little m4 ,at lea/ !y w\ld make     
great] ef=ts to practice x ?an !y d at  
pres5t4  ,! tru? is t conc5tration1 p]  
se1 is ( little value4 ,! value (       
conc5tration dep5ds almo/ entirely on ! 
subject conc5trat$ on4 ,almo/ any "o w  
agree t ev5 7 a man to all[ 8 m9d to    
dwell n[ on "o important problem & n[ on
 ano!r1 )\t /opp+ a v appreciable "t at 
any1 he might nev]!less be improv+ 8 "t 
f> m ?an a man :o conc5trat$ cont9ually 
on "s insignificant & inconsequ5tial "q4
  ,b ( c\rse ?is is n really an argum5t 
aga9/ conc5tration4 ,x has no           
application :5 y conc5trate on ! prop]  
subject4 ,= if y />t to conc5trate on "s
 "q :i* y h decid$ is really important1 
y %\ld keep at x1 all[+ no deviation4 ,x
 may be t dur+ ! c\rse ( y\r ?\ght      
associations w be ar\s$ :i* w sugge/ or 
be> ^u important problems1 problems m   

important p]haps ?an ! "o y orig9ally   
/>t$ to conc5trate on4 ,b if y          
imm$iately ab&on$ e problem y />t$ to   
?9k (1 :5ev] y came across "o :i* y     
imag9$ 0 j z important1 y w\ld probably 
nev] really solve any big "q4  ,our     
att5tion is guid$ by int]e/4 ,if a man  
m]ely all[s 8 ?\ghts to fl[ at r&om1    
?9k+ only ( ^? ?+s :i* spontane\sly     
ar\se 8 int]e/1 he may or may n att5d to
 ?+s wor? ?9k+ ab\t4 ,all w dep5d ^u !  
pa? 9 :i* 8 natural int]e/s run4 ,b !   
po9t is t if ! subject he ?9ks ab\t is  
valuable1 x w be s only by accid5t2 :e!r
 or n 8 ?9k+ is useful w dep5d ^u m]e   
*ance4 ,if h[ev] he consci\sly *ooses a 
subject--*ooses x because he believes x 
to be important--!n 8 ?9k+ w be wor?    
:ile4  ,b !re is ano!r reason :y        
conc5tration is necess>y4 ,suppose a man
 />t$ to put up a b>b$ wire f5ce1 got z 
f> z driv+ 9 all ! po/s1 !n lo/ int]e/ 9
 ! f5ces & decid$ to gr[ potatoes 9 8   
field1 pl[$ up ! gr\nd1 lo/ int]e/ 9 !  
field & neglect$ to plant ! se$s2 decid$

 to pa9t 8 h\se1 got ! por* done1 lo/   
int]e/ 4 4 4 ,t man might "w z h>d z any
 o!r man1 b he w\ld nev] get any?+ done4
 ,s ) ! m9d w&]] & ! conc5trator4 ,! m9d
 w&]] ?9ks ( a problem1 loses int]e/1 & 
ab&ons x4 ,! conc5trator /icks to x     
until x is solv$4  ,mu* ( our m9d w&]+  
is due to ! fact t we are n fully       
conv9c$ ( ! importance ( ! problem be+  
attack$1 or t we reg>d o!r problems or  
ideas z m important4 ,conc5tration      
consi/s 9 devot+ "o's m9d to ! solution 
( "o problem4 ,dur+ our tra9 ( ?\ght    
associations br+ up new ideas or sugge/ 
problems :i* d n be> on ! "q at h&4 ,n[ 
:5 we w&]1 :5 we foll[ up ^! irrelevant 
ideas or sugge/$ problems1 or :5 we     
happ5 to glance at some?+ or he> some?+ 
& beg9 to ?9k ( t1 we d s because ( a   
half-consci\s belief t ! new idea1      
problem or fact ne$s att5d+ to1 is      
important4 ,i h already po9t$ out t if  
?is new idea is important x w be s only 
by accid5t4 ,if we 7 consci\sly to ask  
ourselves :e!r any ( ^! irrelevant      

problems 7 z important z ! "o we 7      
conc5trat+ on1 or ev5 important at all1 
we w\ld f9d1 n9e times out ( t51 t !y 7 
n4  ,!re=e be=e beg9n+ to conc5trate y  
%\ld assure y\rself t ! problem y are   
ab\t to attack is "o wor? solv+1 or at  
lea/ devot+ a c]ta9 "t to4 ,& dur+ t "t 
y %\ld ?9k only ( t problem1 &          
unhesitat+ly ?r[ out all irrelevant     
sugge/ions com+ ei!r f y\r c\rse ( ?\ght
 or f ext]nal sights & s\nds4  ,"o      
qualification is necess>y4 ,sometimes an
 irrelevant sugge/ion occurs :i* is     
nev]!less really important & wor?       
develop+4 ,z ?is might be =gott51 & z x 
might nev] occur aga91 x w\ld be poor   
c\nsel inde$ to ask t x be ?r[n aside   
=ev]4 ,! be/ move 9 su* a case w\ld be  
to make writt5 note ( ! sugge/ion or    
problem1 s t x c\ld be ref]r$ to at "s  
future "t4 ,hav+ writt5 ! idea1 y w h x 
(f y\r m9d1 & w be able to cont9ue y\r  
l9e ( ?\ght )\t p]turbation4  ,x has be5
 sugge/$ t a great aid to conc5tration  
is writ+ "o's ?\ghts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ 

t ?is c]ta9ly helps "o to keep mu* clos]
 to a subject4 ,ord9>ily we w&] )\t be+ 
aw>e ( x1 & br+ our m9ds back to a      
subject only aft] sudd5 int]mitt5t      
realizations t we h gone a/ray4 ,:5 we  
write our ?\ghts1 h[ev]1 we d\bly secure
 ourselves aga9/ m9d w&]+4 ,all writ+   
requires a c]ta9 ef=t1 & ?is alone is   
suffici5t to keep mo/ ( u f writ+       
irrelevant ?\ghts1 or any?+ n directly  
be>+ ^u ! subject 9 h&4 ,:5 we write1   
too1 we capture our ?\ghts 9 tangible   
symbols2 we make !m less elusive ?an 9  
_! orig9al =m4 ,f9ally1 we keep our     
entire pa/ tra9 ( ?\ght 9 view4 ,l an   
o>sman1 :o _c look ahead1 b guides      
himself by ! objects he is con/antly    
leav+ fur!r beh9d1 we keep to our       
orig9al c\rse ( ?\ght by a survey ( !   
ideas already writt54  ,9 spite ( ^!    
great advantages1 writ+ has c]ta9 s]i\s 
h&icaps z a practical me?od =           
conc5trat+4 ,fir/ among ^! is its       
sl[ness4 ,?\ghts fla% ?r\gh our m9ds mu*
 fa/] ?an we c write !m4 ,we ei!r lose  

_m ideas by ! wayside1 or fail to g z f>
 9 our subject z we o!rwise w\ld4 ,ano!r
 disadvantage is t we are =c$ to give "p
 ( our att5tion to ! physical act (     
writ+1 & ?us _c conc5trate entirely on  
our subject4  ,!re are two me?ods (     
writ+ comp>atively free ( at lea/ "o (  
^! h&icaps4 ,bo? %or?& & typewrit+1 if  
ma/]$ to any degree1 are mu* fa/] ?an   
ord9>y writ+4 ,?is is especially true1 (
 c\rse1 ( %or?&4 ,b ev5 ) a good        
/5ograph] %or?& has s]i\s defects4      
,unless "o is q exp]t x requires ev5 m  
att5tion ?an longh&1 & at t is (t5      
unable to keep pace ) ?\ght4 ,typewrit+ 
requires almo/ no att5tion f a t\*      
op]ator1 b x too is op5 to ! *>ge (     
sl[ness1 com+ 9 ?is respect ab\t midway 
betwe5 %ort & longh&4  ,b to ^? s       
un=tunate z n to "k ei!r %or?& or       
typewrit+ ! necessity = /ill ano!r me?od
 is evid5t4 ,inde$1 ev5 ^? acqua9t$ ) ^!
 two arts _c always use !m4 ,if e "t we 
7 to ?9k we _h to h ) u a typewrit]1 or 
ev5 a p5cil & note-book1 we w\ld n      

engage 9 any too mu* reflection4        
,=tunately !re is "o me?od sup]ior to   
any yet nam$1 :i* requires no /udy be=e 
its application1 & no p>aph]nalia dur+  
x4 ,x consi/s 9 simply talk+ y\r ?\ghts 
z y ?9k !m4 ,"o :o has n tri$ ?is c h no
 idea ( its effect4 ,x possesses almo/  
all ! advantages ( writ+4 ,y _c w&] )\t 
realiz+ ! fact imm$iately4 ,x makes y\r 
?9k+ mu* less vague ?an if y ?\ght      
sil5tly1 increases y\r vocabul>y1 always
 keeps pace ) y\r ideas1 & requires     
practically no att5tion4  ,x may be     
object$ t sil5t ?9k+ itself is put 9    
unspok5 words4 ,b ?is is n true4 ,"p (  
sil5t ?9k+ consi/s ( unspok5 words1 b "p
 ( x consi/s ( images1 concepts &       
attitudes :i* pass ?r\gh our m9ds & :i* 
we d n take ! tr\ble to "n4 ,9 sil5t    
?9k+1 too1 !re are also :at appe> to be 
occasional dead /ops4 ,all ^! processes 
drift into ea* o!r indef9ably & are     
unrecognizable4 ,:5 we talk we realize  
:e!r our images or concepts are vague or
 def9ite by our ability to "n !m1 & we  

realize :5 our ?\ght comes to a 8dead   
/op0 by ! fact t we miss ! s\nd ( our   
own voice4  ,ano!r practice c be us$ )  
talk+4 ,! degree ( conc5tration we give 
to any subject dep5ds ^u ! degree (     
natural int]e/ we take 9 x4 ,m9d w&]+   
comes because we are also int]e/$ 9 o!r 
subjects4 ,no matt] h[ slight our int]e/
 9 a ?+1 we w\ld always conc5trate on x 
if we 7 int]e/$ 9 no?+ else4 ,to secure 
su/a9$ att5tion1 !n1 we %\ld 7#a7       
/imulate or increase int]e/ 9 problems  
we want to conc5trate on1 7#b7 decrease 
or remove tempor>ily any int]e/ 9 ! ?+s 
we d n want to ?9k ab\t4 ,m5 (t5 compla9
 t noises di/ract _! att5tion4 ,:ile n  
impossible1 x is inconv5i5t & unpleasant
 to %ut (f our e>s4 ,b m5 are f> m      
di/ract$ by sights ?an !y are by s\nds4 
,& !y nev] ?9k ( m]ely %utt+ _! eyes4 ,!
 next "t y attempt to                   
conc5trate--sil5tly or by talk+--try    
%utt+ y\r eyes & see :e!r or n y are    
help$4  ,talk+ has "o disadvantage--x _c
 always be us$4 ,to practice x1 y mu/   

ei!r lock y\rself up 9 y\r room1 or sit 
alone 9 a =e/ or field1 or walk along   
unfrequ5t$ /reets & by-ways4 ,y c by no 
means all[ any "o to he> or see y talk+ 
to y\rself4 ,if y are caught do+ ?is "s 
as99e idiot is sure to mi/ake y = "o4   
,we are br\ght back aga91 !n1 to !      
necessity ( occasionally ?9k+ 9 sil5ce4 
,!re is "o o!r reason :y we %all        
sometimes ne$ to d ?is4 ,?\ghts ( c]ta9 
k9ds are s elusive t to attempt to      
articulate !m is to sc>e !m away1 z a   
fi% is sc>$ by ! slighte/ ripple4 ,:5 ^!
 ?\ghts are 9 embryo1 ev5 ! inf9itesimal
 att5tion requir$ = talk+ _c be sp>$4 ,b
 lat]1 z !y take m def9ite & coh]5t =m1 
!y c & %\ld be put into words1 = o!rwise
 !y w be incommunicable & useless4  ,no 
def9ite rule c be laid d[n1 h[ev]1 z to 
:at %\ld be spok5 & :at ?\ght ( sil5tly4
 ,?is dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u !       
individual ?9k]4 ,"s w probably f9d t   
talk+ helps !m 9 almo/ all _! ?9k+1 o!rs
 t x is (t5 an actual h9drance4 ,! same 
is true ( clos+ "o's eyes4 ,if y d n "k 

:i* is bett] = y1 f9d out by exp]im5t4  
,at ^? times :5 y sudd5ly cat* y\rself  
w&]+1 x w\ld be a good plan to /op      
occasionally & trace back y\r tra9 (    
?\ght to ! po9t :]e x left its orig9al  
direction4 ,9 ?is way y w\ld get "s     
valuable insight into ! h[ & :y ( m9d   
w&]+2 y w\ld be help$ 9 recogniz+ its   
appe>ance soon] ! next "t x occurr$4    
,:5ev] a p]son is left alone = a %ort   
"t1 ) no "o to talk to & no 8read+      
matt]02 :5 = in/ance1 he is /&+ at a    
/ation wait+ = 8 tra91 or sitt+ at a    
re/aurant table wait+ = 8 ord]1 or hang+
 on a subway /rap :5 he has =gott5 to   
buy a newspap]1 8 8?\ghts0 t5d to run   
along ! tracks !y h habitually tak54 ,if
 a "y man usually all[s a popul> tune to
 float ?r\gh 8 head1 t w be mo/ likely  
to happ52 if he usually ?9ks ( t "y     
lady1 he w mo/ likely ?9k ( h] !n2 if he
 has (t5 imag9$ himself z "s great      
political orator mak+ a spee* amid !    
plaudits ( ! multitude1 he is likely to 
see a m5tal picture ( himself sw++ 8    

arms1 wav+ flags & gulp+ wat]4  ,! only 
way a man c put a /op to su* pleasant b 
un$ucative roam+s1 is to snap (f 8 tra9 
( day dream+ ! fir/ mom5t he becomes    
aw>e ( x1 & to address 8 m9d to "s      
useful s]i\s subject4 ,8 ?\ghts w be    
almo/ sure to leak away aga94 ,!y may d 
?is z (t5 z fifte5 times 9 half an h\r4 
,b ! second he becomes aw>e ( x he %\ld 
dam up ! /ream & s5d 8 ?\ghts along !   
*annel he has laid out = !m4 ,if he has 
nev] done ?is he w f9d ! ef=t great4 ,b 
if he m]ely resolves n[ t ! next "t 8   
m9d w&]s he w /op x 9 ?is mann]1 8      
resolve w t5d to make itself felt4 ,if  
he succe$s 9 foll[+ ?is practice once x 
w be mu* easi] a second "t4 ,e "t he    
does ?is x w become increas+ly easy1    
until he w h arriv$ at ! po9t :]e 8     
control ov] 8 ?\ghts w be almo/         
absolute4 ,n only w x be increas+ly easy
 = him to turn 8 m9d to s]i\s subjects4 
,x w become con/antly m pleasurable4    
,frivol\s & petty tra9s ( ?\ght w become
 m & m intol]able4  ,?is :ole idea ( =c+

 our ?\ght has be5 que/ion$ by no less a
 ?9k] ?an ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,let u he> :at 
he has to say reg>d+ 8 own practice3    
8,x has nev] be5 my way to set be=e     
myself a problem & puzzle out an answ]4 
,! conclusions at :i* ,i h f "t to "t   
arriv$1 h n be5 arriv$ at z solutions ( 
que/ions rais$2 b h be5 arriv$ at       
unaw>es--ea* z ! ultimate outcome ( a   
body ( ?\ghts :i* sl[ly grew f a g]m4   
,"s direct obs]vation1 or "s fact met ) 
9 read+1 w\ld dwell ) me3 app>5tly      
because ,i _h a s5se ( its significance4
 ,x 0 n t !re arose a di/9ct            
consci\sness ( its g5]al mean+2 b r t   
!re 0 a k9d ( in/9ctive int]e/ 9 ^?     
facts :i* h g5]al mean+s4 ,= example1 ! 
detail$ /ructure ( ?is or t species (   
mammal1 ?\gh ,i might will+ly read ab\t 
x1 w\ld leave little impression2 b :5 ,i
 met ) ! /atem5t t1 almo/ )\t exception1
 mammals1 ev5 z unlike z ! :ale & !     
giraffe1 h sev5 c]vical v]tebr1 ?is w\ld
 /rike me & be rememb]$ z sugge/ive4    
,apt z ,i ?us 0 to lay hold ( c>d9al    

tru?s1 x w\ld happ5 occasionally t "o1  
mo/ likely br\ght to m9d by an          
illu/ration1 & ga9+ f ! illu/ration fre%
 di/9ctiv5ess1 w\ld be contemplat$ by me
 = a :ile1 & its be>+s obs]v$4 ,a week  
aft]w>ds1 possibly1 ! matt] w\ld be     
rememb]$2 & ) fur!r ?\ght ab\t x1 might 
occur a recognition ( "s wid]           
application ?an ,i _h be=e p]ceiv$3 new 
in/ances be+ aggregat$ ) ^? already     
not$4 ,aga9 aft] an int]val1 p]haps ( a 
mon?1 p]haps ( half a ye>1 some?+ w\ld  
rem9d me ( t :i* ,i _h be=e rem>k$2 &   
m5tally runn+ ov] ! facts might be      
foll[$ by "s fur!r ext5sion ( ! idea4   
,:5 accumulation ( in/ances _h giv5 body
 to a g5]alization1 reflexion w\ld r$uce
 ! vague conception at fir/ fram$ to a m
 def9ite conception2 & p]haps           
difficulties or anomalies pass$ ov] = a 
:ile1 b ev5tually =c+ !mselves on       
att5tion1 might cause a ne$ful          
qualification & a tru] %ap+ ( ! ?\ght4  
,ev5tually ! gr[+ g5]alization1 ?us f>  
inductive1 might take a d$uctive =m3 be+

 all at once recogniz$ z a necess>y     
consequ5ce ( "s physical pr9ciple--"s   
e/abli%$ law4 ,& ?us1 little by little1 
9 unobtrusive ways1 )\t consci\s        
int5tion or appreciable ef=t1 !re w\ld  
gr[ up a coh]5t & organiz$ !ory4        
,habitually ! process 0 "o ( sl[ un=c$  
developm5t1 (t5 ext5d+ ov] ye>s2 & !    
?9k+ done w5t on 9 ?is gradual1 almo/   
spontane\s way1 )\t /ra94 4 4 40#f  ,b  
comp>e ?is me?od ) t ( ,john ,/u>t      
,mill2 :o speaks ( 8! m5tal habit to :i*
 ,i attribute all t ,i h ev] done1 or   
ev] %all d1 9 speculation2 t ( nev]     
ab&on+ a puzzle1 b aga9 & aga9 return+  
to x until x 0 cle>$ up2 nev] all[+     
obscure corn]s ( a subject to rema9     
unexplor$ because !y did n appe>        
important2 nev] ?9k+ t ,i p]fectly      
und]/ood any "p ( a subject until ,i    
und]/ood ! :ole40#g ,mill's me?od 01 9  
%ort1 8t ( consci\s & vehem5t ef=t      
direct$ t[>ds ! end he _h 9 view4 ,he   
solv$ 8 problems by labori\s application
 & /udy40#h  ,william ,m9to writes (    

,adam ,smi?3 8,8 intellectual proce$+s 7
 calm1 pati5t1 & regul>3 he ma/]$ a     
subject sl[ly & circumspectly1 & c>ri$ 8
 pr9ciples ) /eady t5acity ?r\gh        
multitudes ( details t w\ld h *eck$ _m  
m5 ( great] m5tal vigor un5d[$ ) ! same 
inv9cible p]si/5ce40  ,) su* ?9k]s      
diff]+ s m>k$ly 9 _! me?ods1 ! ord9>y   
man is left bewild]$4 ,he may inde$     
decide t ef=t or no ef=t makes little   
diff]5ce4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 look to !      
psy*ology ( ! "q1 & see :e!r we c f9d   
any guid+ pr9ciple4  ,sp5c]1 def5d+ 8   
me?od1 says3 8,a solution rea*$ 9 ! way 
describ$1 is m likely to be true ?an "o 
rea*$ 9 pursuance ( a det]m9$ ef=t to   
f9d a solution4 ,! det]m9$ ef=t causes  
p]v]sion ( ?\ght4 ,:5 endeavor+ to      
recollect "s "n or ?+ :i* has be5       
=gott51 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! "n or ?+ 
s\ght w n arise 9 consci\sness2 b :5    
att5tion is relax$1 ! miss+ "n or ?+ (t5
 sugge/s itself4 ,:ile ?\ght cont9ues to
 be =c$ d[n c]ta9 wrong turn+s :i* _h   
orig9ally be5 tak51 ! se>* is va92 b ) !

 cessation ( /ra9 ! true association (  
ideas has an opportunity ( ass]t+       
itself4 ,&1 simil>ly1 x may be t :ile an
 ef=t to arrive =?) at "s answ] to a    
problem1 acts z a di/ort+ factor 9      
consci\sness & causes error1 a quiet    
contemplation ( ! problem f "t to "t1   
all[s ^? proclivities ( ?\ght :i* h     
probably be5 caus$ unaw>es by exp]i5ces1
 to make !mselves felt1 & to guide ! m9d
 to ! "r conclusion40  ,sp5c]'s fir/    
argum5t1 t an ef=t to recollect some?+  
is (t5 )\t results1 :ile ! ?+ is        
rememb]$ lat] :5 we are n try+ to ?9k ( 
x1 is true z to fact4 ,b x does n %[ t !
 ef=t 0 unfruitful4 ,z po9t$ out 9 !    
discussion ( association1 "o idea is    
associat$ ) n only "o o!r idea b ) an   
entire gr\p4 ,?is may give a possible   
explanation ( :y x is s (t5 difficult to
 recollect any?+ :5 we make a det]m9$   
ef=t4 ,! attempt p>tly ar\ses a :ole    
clu/] ( ideas1 ea* ( :i* t5ds to return1
 b is prev5t$ f do+ s by all ! o!rs4 ,x 
is analog\s to a cr[d ( p all /ruggl+ to

 get ?r\gh a n>r[ doorway4 ,!y cause su*
 a jam t = a "t no "o succe$s4 ,:5 !    
pu%+ & jo/l+ cease "o p]son at a "t is  
able to pass ?r\gh4 ,:5 ef=t is ab&on$1 
probably all b "o ( ! associates become 
dormant1 & ?is "o slides into           
consci\sness at ! slighte/ provocation4 
,:e!r or n ?is explanation is true1 x is
 a fact t ?\gh an ef=t may n produce    
results at ! "t1 /ill if x _h n be5     
made1 ! associate :i* f9ally comes to   
m9d w\ld probably nev] h occurr$ at all4
 ,! read] has possibly f\nd t :5 le>n+  
"s skill$ movem5t1 su* z bicycle rid+1  
skat+ or swimm+1 8 fir/ attempts seem$  
)\t result1 b aft] an int]val ( a week  
or a mon?1 :5 try+ aga91 he sudd5ly     
discov]$ t he c\ld d :at he want$ f ! v 
/>t4 ,surely no "o w\ld cont5d t ?is    
c\ld happ5 )\t ! previ\s ef=t6  ,i mu/  
also "q ,sp5c]'s rem>k t 8) ! cessation 
( /ra9 ! true association ( ideas has an
 opportunity ( ass]t+ itself40 ,! bra9  
has no hidd5 me*anism by :i* x c sep>ate
 ! true f ! false4 ,to be sure1 if we   

use no ef=t ! mo/ usual & /ronge/       
associations w be m likely to ass]t     
!mselves1 & x may be t (t5 ^! w h m     
w>rant ?an unusual & weak] associations4
 ,outside ( ?is1 !re is no sup]iority4  
,b ! ma9 reason :y we _c foll[ ! me?od (
 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is t we are n all ,h]b]t 
,sp5c]s4 ,8 ?\ght naturally t5d$ to     
s]i\s & useful *annels4 ,consequ5tly he 
did n h to =ce x !re4 ,if ! read] is "o 
( ^? r>e & =tunate be+s ^: ?\ghts run   
only to useful subjects1 & :o always    
conc5trate f pure spontane\s int]e/1 ,i 
s9c]ely advise him n to =ce himself4 ,& 
if su* a be+ happ5s to be read+ ! pres5t
 *apt] ,i assure him he is crim9ally    
wa/+ 8 "t1 & t he %\ld drop ! book or   
turn to ! next *apt] ) all possible     
ha/e4 ,b if ! read] numb]s himself ) !  
mis]able majority ^: m9ds are ev] runn+ 
away ) !m1 he w f9d x necess>y to use   
ef=t 9 ?9k+--at lea/ = a :ile4  ,"o     
rem>k ( ,sp5c] is und\bt$ly true4 ,?is  
is 8t an ef=t to arrive =?) at "s answ] 
to a problem1 acts z a di/ort+ factor 9 

consci\sness & causes error40 ,& "h1    
/range to say1 8 practice is 9          
sub/antial agreem5t ) ! app>5tly        
opposite me?od ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,=  
note t ,mill speaks ( 8aga9 & aga9      
return+ to x a puzzle until x 0 cle>$   
up40  ,bo? imply _! agreem5t r ?an /ate 
x outright2 ,sp5c] by 8 use ( ! ^w 8=?)0
 & ,mill by 8 words 8aga9 & aga940 ,"h !
 practice ( bo? diff]s f t ( ! va/      
majority ( m54 ,yet nei!r ?9k] seem$ to 
be cle>ly consci\s h[ x diff]$4 ,!      
av]age man 7t my?ical creature67 :5 he  
has j be5 confront$ ) a problem1 may    
wre/le ) x ) all ! vigor ( a great ?9k]4
 ,b z he sees difficulties multiply+    
ab\t him1 he gradually becomes m & m    
disc\rag$4 ,f9ally he ?r[s up ! problem 
9 disgu/1 cont5t+ himself ) ! reflection
 t x _c be solv$1 or t x w take somebody
 :o kn[s m ?an he to solve x4  ,a real  
?9k]1 h[ev]1 if confront$ ) ! same      
problem1 w look = a solution f e        
possible viewpo9t4 ,b fail+ an answ] he 
w n give up4 ,in/ead he w let ! subject 

drop = a :ile1 say a c\ple ( weeks or   
p]haps long]1 & !n ref] to x aga94 ,?is 
"t he w f9d t c]ta9 obscurities h become
 a little cle>]2 t c]ta9 que/ions h be5 
answ]$4 ,he w aga9 attack 8 puzzle )    
en]gy4 ,& if he does n obta9 a complete 
solution he w once m put x aside1       
return+ to x aft] ano!r int]val1 until  
f9ally a satisfactory solution pres5ts  
itself4  ,y may fail to see any diff]5ce
 betwe5 ?9k+ = two h\rs sep>at$ by two  
weeks1 & ?9k+ = two consecutive h\rs4 ,z
 an exp]im5t1 !n1 ! next "t y come      
across a puzzle :i* y fail to solve at  
fir/ tilt1 write d[n all !              
unsatisfactory solutions sugge/$1 & all 
! que/ions1 difficulties & objections   
met )4 ,y may leave ?is = a few weeks4  
,:5 y return to x a few ( ! difficulties
 w look less =midable1 & "s ( ! que/ions
 w h practically answ]$ !mselves4 7,(   
c\rse "s ( ! difficulties may look m    
=midable1 & a few new que/ions may h    
aris547 ,if a solution is n f\nd at !   
second attempt1 ! problem may aga9 be   

s5t to y\r m5tal wait+ room4 ,b if x is 
only ( reasonable difficulty a solution 
is b\nd1 soon or late1 to be discov]$4  
,x is difficult to say j :at effects ?is
 *ange 9 ?\ght1 :5 app>5tly "o has      
engag$ 9 no reflection dur+ ! int]val4  
,! attempt$ solution probably gives a   
c]ta9 8set0 to our m9ds4 ,)\t be+ aw>e (
 x we obs]ve facts relat+ to our        
problem4 ,ideas :i* occur to u 9 o!r    
connections are unconsci\sly se5 9 _!   
be>+ on ! unsolv$ "q4 ,9 %ort1 8^?      
proclivities ( ?\ght :i* h probably be5 
caus$ unaw>es by exp]i5ce0 make !mselves
 felt4  ,x may be imag9$ t if we ?9k too
 mu* we w be liable p]man5tly to injure 
our mighty intellects4 ,?is has         
sometimes happ5$4 ,b !re is no s]i\s    
dang] ( x4 ,?9k+ on "o useful subject = 
a long :ile w n hurt y any m ?an ?9k+ on
 a ?\s& diff]5t useless subjects = !    
same p]iod4 ,b ( c\rse y %\ld n try to  
conc5trate :5 y are sleepy1 :5 y h a    
heada*e1 :5 "s o!r bodily pa9 di/racts  
y\r att5tion1 or :5 y\r m9d is 9 any way

 tir$4 ,if y attempt to conc5trate at ^!
 times y w endang] y\r m5tal & physical 
heal?4 ,n only ?is1 b ! ?9k+ done dur+  
su* p]iods w be ( su* poor quality t x w
 be practically useless if n h>mful4    
,?is applies ev5 to cases :]e m5tal     
fatigue is almo/ inappreciable4 ,?9k+   
done 9 ! ev5+ seldom approa*es 9        
efficacy ! ?9k+ done 9 ! fir/ h\rs ( !  
morn+4 ,b y %\ld always make sure y\r   
m9d is actually tir$4 ,x may m]ely be   
tir$ ( a p>ticul> subject4  ,an         
objection ( a diff]5t k9d may be rais$  
aga9/ conc5trat+ at e opportunity4 ,x   
has (t5 be5 notic$ t names h be5 recall$
 & problems solv$ :5 we 7 ?9k+ ( some?+ 
else4 ,x may be urg$ t su* solutions    
w\ld n h occurr$ :5 conc5trat+1 because 
! exact associations :i* l$ up to !m    
w\ld n h be5 pres5t4 ,?is is            
occasionally true4 ,b !re are /ill      
reasons :y ,i mu/ ma9ta9 my position4   
,no matt] h[ well a man may h tra9$     
himself to conc5trate1 !re w always be  
%ort p]iods :5 8 m9d w w&]1 & ^! w      

suffice = any accid5tal associations4   
,moreov]1 ! fact t ^! m9d w&]+ p]iods   
occasionally d good does n excuse _!    
exi/5ce4 ,! mo/ fallaci\s ideas1 ! mo/  
demoniacal practices1 ! mo/ despicable  
*>act]s ( hi/ory1 h occasionally done   
good4 ,! fact is t = e useful           
association :i* occurs dur+ m9d w&]+1 t5
 associations j z useful w occur dur+   
conc5tration4 ,! only reason useful m9d 
w&]+ associations appe> frequ5t is t !y 
are unexpect$1 !re=e m notic$ :5 !y     
come4  ,x has be5 frequ5tly said t _m ( 
! _w's greate/ inv5tions 7 due to       
accid5t4 ,9 a s5se ?is is true4 ,b !    
accid5t 0 prep>$ = by previ\s h>d ?9k+4 
,x w\ld nev] h occurr$ _h n ?is ?9k+    
tak5 place4 ,x is said t ! idea (       
gravitation came to ,newton because an  
apple fell on 8 head4 ,p]haps4 ,b apples
 _h be5 fall+ ev] s9ce !re 7 apple      
trees1 & _h probably be5 fall+ on m5's  
heads ev] s9ce m5 _h acquir$ ! habit (  
gett+ _! heads 9 ! way4 ,! idea ( ! /eam
 eng9e is suppos$ to h come to ,watt    

:ile obs]v+ a tea kettle4 ,b h[ _m ?\s&s
 be=e him _h n se5 /eam com+ out (      
kettles8 ,! idea ( ! p5dulum = regulat+ 
"t occurr$ to ,galileo f obs]v+ a sw++  
lant]n 9 a ca!dral4 ,?9k h[ _m o!rs mu/ 
h se5 t lant]n sw++6 ,x is probable t 9 
all ^! cases ! inv5tion or idea _h be5  
prep>$ =1 _h be5 all b =m$1 by d[nright 
h>d ?9k+ 9 previ\s p]iods (             
conc5tration4 ,all t 0 ne$$ 0 ! slighte/
 unusual occurr5ce to make ! idea       
complete & consci\s4 ,! unusual         
occurr5ce1 ! accid5t1 :i* has s (t5     
receiv$ ! cr$it = ! inv5tion or ! idea1 
m]ely made x come soon]1 = ) ! ?9k+ ^!  
m5 did1 x 0 b\nd to come ev5tually4 4 4 
4  ,( c\rse ,i really d n s]i\sly expect
 anybody to conc5trate at e opportunity4
 ,i don't myself4 ,i m]ely want$ to     
e/abli% ! fact t x's ! be/ ?+4 ,b e man1
 ev5 ! tir$ bus9ess v>iety1 %\ld set    
aside at lea/ half an h\r a day1 or ?ree
 & a half h\rs a week4 ,i realize :at a 
great h>d%ip x is = "s p to devote      
"o-=ty-eigh? ( _! "t to su* a useless   

pa/ime z ?9k+4 ,b if !y w make !        
sacrifice = sev5 consecutive days !y w  
f9d !mselves be>+ up nobly at ! end4    
,!re is ev5 a possibility t !y may be   
enc\rag$ to ext5d ! "t4     ,v          
,,prejudice ,,& ,,unc]ta9ty   8,f "t to 
"t !re returns ^u ! cauti\s ?9k]1 !     
conclusion t1 consid]$ simply z a "q (  
probabilities1 x is decid$ly unlikely t 
8 views ^u any debatable topic are      
correct4 #8,"h1' he reflects1 #8are     
?\s&s ar\nd me hold+ on ?is or t po9t   
op9ions diff]+ f m9e--:olly 9 mo/ cases2
 p>tially 9 ! re/4 ,ea* is z confid5t z 
,i am ( ! tru? ( 8 convictions4 ,_m ( !m
 are possess$ ( great intellig5ce2 &1   
rank myself high z ,i may1 ,i mu/ admit 
t "s are my equals--p]haps my sup]iors4 
,yet1 :ile e "o ( u is sure he is "r1   
unque/ionably mo/ ( u are wrong4 ,:y    
%\ld n ,i be among ! mi/ak58 ,true1 ,i  
_c realize ! likelihood t ,i am s4 ,b   
?is proves no?+2 = ?\gh ! majority ( u  
are necess>ily 9 error1 we all labor "u 
! inability to ?9k we are 9 error4 ,is x

 n !n fooli% ?us to tru/ myself8 ,:5 ,i 
look back into ! pa/1 ,i f9d nations1   
sects1 philosoph]s1 *]i%+ beliefs 9     
sci5ce1 morals1 politics1 & religion1   
:i* we decisively reject4 ,yet !y held  
!m ) a fai? q z /rong z ours2           
nay--/rong]1 if _! intol]ance ( diss5t  
is any crit]ion4 ,( :at little wor?1    
!re=e1 seems ?is /r5g? ( my conviction t
 ,i am "r8 ,a l w>rant has be5 felt by  
m5 all ! _w ?r\gh2 &1 9 n9e cases out ( 
t51 has prov$ a delusive w>rant4 ,is x n
 !n absurd 9 me to put s mu* fai? 9 my  
judgm5ts8' 0#i  ,i tru/ ! read] w p>don 
?is second r ext5d$ quotation f ,h]b]t  
,sp5c]1 b ! ?\ght express$ mu/ be kept 9
 m9d if we are to approa* our pres5t    
subject 9 ! prop] _s4 4 4 4  ,our       
subject is prejudice4 ,our object is to 
free ourselves z mu* z possible f our   
own prejudices4 ,b be=e we c get rid ( a
 ?+ x is fir/ necess>y to recognize t ?+
 :5 we see x4  ,prejudice is (t5 confus$
 ) intol]ance4 ,!y are n ! same4 ,a man 
may be prejudic$ & n intol]ant4 ,y may  

?9k t y\r alma mat]1 y\r city1 or y\r   
c\ntry1 is ! greate/ 9 ! _w1 = little   
o!r reason ?an simply t x is y\rs4 ,y\r 
op9ion is prejudic$4 ,b y may n prote/  
if any o!r man ?9ks t 8 alma mat]1 or 8 
city1 or 8 c\ntry1 is ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,9  
fact y may n h mu* respect = him if he  
doesn't ?9k s4 ,& y\r op9ion is tol]ant4
  ,on ! o!r h&1 a man may be intol]ant &
 n prejudic$4 ,y may decide1 solely on !
 evid5ce & on gr\nds ( pure reason1 t   
pap] money--fiat money--is always a     
h>mful =m ( curr5cy1 & y may be ju/ly   
wra?ful aga9/ ! man :o advocates x4 ,y  
may ev5 wi% him suppress$4 ,yet y may be
 able to answ] all 8 argum5ts4 ,b y fe> 
t if he is all[$ to air 8 views !y w    
take hold on m9ds z %all[ z 8 own4 ,y   
fe> t once !y h tak5 root x w be        
difficult to dislodge !m1 & t 9 !       
mean:ile !y may d h>m by be+ put into   
practice4 ,y are intol]ant4 ,b y are n  
prejudic$4 ,x is well to rememb] ?is    
di/9ction :5 accusations ( prejudice are
 fly+ ?r\gh ! ozone4  ,"o ?+ m mu/ be   

kept 9 m9d4 ,prejudice has less         
connection ) tru? & falsity ?an is      
g5]ally suppos$4 ,! fact t a man is     
unprejudic$ does n make 8 op9ion "r4 ,& 
! fact t a man is prejudic$ does n      
necess>ily make 8 op9ion wrong2 ?\gh x  
mu/ be admitt$ t if x is "r x w be s    
only by accid5t4  ,x is (t5 ?\ght t     
prejudice c be imm$iately recogniz$4    
,locke says1 8,e "o is =w>d to compla9 (
 ! prejudices t mislead o!r m5 or       
p>ties1 z if he 7 free & _h none ( 8    
own4 4 4 4 ,?is is ! mote :i* e "o sees 
9 8 bro!r's eye1 b nev] reg>ds ! beam 9 
8 own40#aj ,h[ev]1 slight consid]ation w
 conv9ce u t because "o man accuses     
ano!r ( prejudice1 x does n foll[ t !   
accus$ is guilty4 ,! g5]al practice is  
to accuse ( prejudice any "o ^: views   
happ5 to diff] f our own4  ,let u       
consid] a =mal diction>y def9ition (    
prejudice3 8,judgm5t =m$ )\t due        
exam9ation2 op9ion adv]se to any?+1 )\t 
j gr\nds or suffici5t k40 ,?is is n     
altoge!r satisfactory4 ,a man may =m a  

judgm5t )\t suffici5t k & /ill be       
unprejudic$4 ,he may be p]fectly op5    
m9d$ & will+ to *ange 8 op9ion if o!r   
evid5ce is adduc$4 ,b ev5 if ! =mation (
 a judgm5t )\t suffici5t k is prejudice1
 x is (t5 ju/ifi$4 ,at all ev5ts1 e "o w
 agree t ! =ego+ def9ition helps u      
little 9 discov]+ our own prejudices4   
,all ( u1 = in/ance1 believe our judgm5t
 on any giv5 "q has be5 =m$ ) due       
exam9ation1 ea* be+ 8 own judge ( :at   
con/itutes 8due40  ,x is difficult to   
f9d any satisfactory def9ition4 ,p]haps 
! be/ ,i c d is to po9t out v>i\s       
specific =ms ( prejudice & _! causes4 ,!
 fir/ =m ( prejudice ,i %all "n consi/s 
9 a love =1 & a desire to hold1 "s      
op9ion4 ,we may r\ghly ascribe ?is      
desire to ?ree causes3  7#a7 ,we desire 
an op9ion to be "r because we w\ld be   
p]sonally b5efit$ if x 74 ,promise a man
 t if he inve/s 8 money 9 ! ,lookgood   
,gold ,m9e he w receive divid5ds ( ov]  
#dj p] c5t4 annually1 & he is 9 dang] ( 
becom+ extremely gullible4 ,he %irks    

look+ up ! previ\s record ( ! promot]s  
or directors because he has a secret &  
indef9$ fe> t if he does he w f9d _!    
pictures 9 ! ,rogues' ,gall]y4 ,adv]tise
 9 a magaz9e t any ?9 man c ga9 sev5 to 
f\rte5 p\nds a week by dr9k+ ,fattilac &
 y w receive hundr$s ( answ]s enclos+ ! 
fifty c5ts = a trial bottle4 ,n "o      
desp]ately slim man 9 t5 w /op to ask   
himself h[ ! miracle c be p]=m$4 ,9     
fact1 he w d 8 wor/ to argue himself    
into ! matt]4 ,he w tell himself t !    
adv]tisem5t is 9 a reliable magaz9e1 t !
 company w\ld n d>e to make an ass]tion 
l t unless x c\ld make good1 t 4 4 4  ,b
 we may pass ov] ! m obvi\s b5efits1 &  
proce$ to ^? causes ( prejudice less    
consci\sly selfi% or directly b5eficial4
 ,if an economi/ 7 to write a book      
attempt+ to prove t bank]s 7 really     
unnecess>y & c\ld be disp5s$ )1 x is a r
 sure guess t a bank] w\ld n reg>d v    
highly ! intellectual p[]s ( t economi/4
 ,if he consid]$ 8 argum5ts at all1 x   
w\ld be only ) ! view ( refut+ !m4 ,9 an

 ev5 less consci\s way1 a ri* man is    
likely to oppose socialism or communism1
 n s mu* because he has evid5ce (       
intr9sic wor? aga9/ !m1 b because he    
fe>s t if su* sy/ems ( society 7 put    
into effect he w\ld lose mo/ ( 8 weal?4 
,! man :o has no?+ is likely to look )  
favor ^u ^! s*emes1 because !y (f] him  
promise ( bett] ?+s4  ,! m]e fact t we  
are ignorant ( a c]ta9 ?+ w prejudice u 
aga9/ x1 :ile k ( x w prepossess u 9 its
 favor4 ,t5 *ances to "o a p]son :o has 
be5 taught ,esp]anto w favor ! adoption 
( an int]national language--& ! adoption
 ( ,esp]anto 9 p>ticul>4 ,mo/ ( ! rem>ks
 on ! uselessness ( ! classics come f ^?
 ignorant ( !m2 :ile ^? :o1 9 ord] to   
get a college degree or = "s l reason1 h
 be5 =c$ to /udy ,greek & ,lat91 w      
g5]ally always exagg]ate _! importance4 
,mo/ ( ! opposition to simplifi$ spell+ 
is due to ! fact t hav+ tak5 ! "t & toil
 to ma/] our atroci\sly inconsi/5t      
spell+1 p h a vague fe> t if a phonetic 
sy/em 7 adopt$1 *ildr51 ! ignorant      

classes & p]sons ( poor memories w\ld be
 able to spell j z well z !y1 )\t "o    
qu>t] ! tr\ble ( le>n+4 ,n t !y are     
consci\s ( ?is *ildi% & unwor?y         
attitude1 = usually !y are n1 b ! motive
 is op]ative none ! less4  ,( c\rse 9   
all ! =ego+ cases ( prejudice1 z 9 ^? to
 foll[1 none ( ! victims ev] uses any ( 
8 real reasons 9 argum5t1 ?\gh he w br+ 
=w>d ne>ly e o!r reason on e>? to ju/ify
 8 belief4 ,& to d him ju/ice1 x mu/ be 
admitt$ t he is (t5 unaw>e ( ! true     
cause ( 8 incl9ation to "o side r ?an   
ano!r4  ,?\gh x is less directly selfi%1
 ! patriotic bias may fairly be class$ )
 ! prejudices we h j be5 consid]+4 ,at  
?is "t ! mo/ /up5d\s w> ( all hi/ory is 
rag+4 ,b ,i "k ( no ,g]man or ,au/rian  
or ,turk or ,bulg>ian :o has s f>       
admitt$ t ! ,briti% or ! ,fr5* or !     
,russians or ! ,italians or ! ,belgians 
or ! ,s]vians or ! ,mont5egr9s or !     
,japanese c by any possibility h "r on  
_! side1 nor d ,i "k ( any ,japanese or 
,mont5egr9 or ,s]vian or ,belgian or    

,italian or ,russian or ,fr5*man or     
,engli%man :o believes t ! ,bulg>ians or
 ! ,turks or ! ,au/rians or ! ,g]mans   
are 9 ! "r4 ,philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce  
are no exception2 ,mn/]b]g1 ,euck5 &    
,haeckel write publicly 9 favor (       
,g]many & fifty ( ,engl&'s =emo/ au?ors 
unanim\sly sign a pronunciam5to 9       
support ( _! native c\ntry--yet nobody  
is surpris$4  7#b7 ,ano!r reason :y we  
desire an op9ion to be "r is because we 
already happ5 to hold x4 ,z "o writ]    
expresses x1 8,we (t5 =m our op9ions on 
! slighte/ evid5ce1 yet we are incl9$ to
 cl+ to !m ) grim t5acity40 ,!re are two
 reasons = ?is4  ,:5 we h =m$ an op9ion 
on any?+1 ! *ances are t we h           
communicat$ x to "s "o1 & h !reby       
committ$ ourselves to t side4 ,n[ to    
rev]se an op9ion is to confess t we 7   
previ\sly wrong4 ,to rev]se an op9ion is
 to lay ourselves op5 to ! *>ge (       
inconsi/5cy4 ,to be inconsi/5t--to admit
 t our judgm5ts are human &             
fallible--?is is ! la/ ?+ we c ev] ?9k  

(4 8,inconsi/5cy10 said ,em]son1 8is !  
hobgobl9 ( little m9ds40 ,& if by ?is he
 meant inconsi/5cy 9 ! s5se ( *ang+     
op9ions already =m$1 we mu/ agree ) him4
  ,! hypo!sis mak] has a specific =m (  
?is fe> ( inconsi/5cy4 ,?is type ( !ori/
 makes a supposition to acc\nt = c]ta9  
facts4 ,:5 he meets ) c]ta9 alli$ facts 
= :i* ! supposition app>5tly does n     
acc\nt1 he ei!r ignores said facts1 or  
cuts & trims !m1 or bullies !m into 8   
!ory4 ,hypo!ses p] se h nev] done any   
h>m4 ,9 fact !y are indisp5sable 9 all  
?\ght1 especially z an aid to           
obs]vation4 ,b x is ! desire to prove an
 hypo!sis correct1 simply because x is  
our hypo!sis1 or because x is a fasc9at+
 hypo!sis1 :i* has done h>m4 ,d>w9 says 
t he _h made x a habit 8:5ev] a publi%$ 
fact1 a new obs]vation or ?\ght came    
across me1 :i* 0 oppos$ to my g5]al     
results1 to make a memor&um ( x )\t fail
 & at once2 = ,i _h f\nd by exp]i5ce t  
su* facts & ?\ghts 7 f> m apt to escape 
f ! memory ?an favorable ones40  ,!     

second reason = desir+ to cl+ to an     
op9ion because we already hold x is "o  
:i* c\ld probably be/ be expla9$ by     
physiological psy*ology & a /udy ( !    
bra94 ,we feel almo/ a physical pa9 :5 a
 t5et we h long *]i%$ is torn up &      
expos$4 ,! long] we hold an op9ion1 !   
h>d] x is = u to get rid ( x4 ,9 ?is    
respect x is simil> to habit4 ,nor is ! 
comp>ison an analogy m]ely4 ,an op9ion  
is a habit ( ?\ght4 ,x has ! same basis 
9 ! bra91 & is subject to ! same laws1 z
 a habit ( action4 ,x is well kn[n t !  
op9ions ( a man ov] =ty are pretty well 
set4 ,! old] a man gr[s1 ! h>d] x is =  
him to *ange an op9ion--or = o!rs to    
*ange x = him4  ,! side ( a controv]sy  
we see fir/ is usually ! side we see    
la/4 ,?is is because ! argum5ts we meet 
d n h to %ake up or dislodge any?+ 9 our
 bra9 7unless we are v critical1 & we   
g5]ally ar5't74 ,b once let an op9ion   
ga9 entrance1 & any op9ion contr>y to x 
w h to dislodge ! old "o be=e x c f9d a 
place = itself4  ,& z ,m>k ,twa9 has    

rem>k$1 8,:5 ev5 ! brighte/ m9d 9 our _w
 has be5 tra9$ f *ildhood 9 a sup]/ition
 ( any k9d1 x w nev] be possible = t    
m9d1 9 its maturity1 to exam9e s9c]ely1 
dispassionately1 & consci5ti\sly any    
evid5ce or any circum/ance :i* %all seem
 to ca/ a d\bt ^u ! validity ( t        
sup]/ition40 ,( c\rse ,m>k ,twa9 0      
wrong4 ,( c\rse we are ,! ,reason+      
,race1 z he cynically intimates we are  
n4 ,to religion1 = in/ance1 ! mo/       
important "q :i* c engage our und]/&+1  
ea* ( u always gives indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,x
 is a m]e accid5t1 ( c\rse1 t almo/ all 
( ! #djj1jjj1jjj ,*9am5 are ,buddhi/s4  
,x is a m]e accid5t t ! ov]:elm+ mass ( 
,ea/ ,indians are ,brahmans4 ,x is only 
by *ance t practically all ,turks1      
,p]sians & ,arabians are ,mohamm$ans4 ,&
 x m]ely happ5$ to happ5 t ,engl& is    
,prote/ant & ,irel& is ,ca?olic4 4 4 4  
,b x is unsafe to br+ ?is "q ( religion 
too ne> home4  ,we n[ come to our ?ird  
cause ( desire3  7#c7 ,we desire an     
op9ion to be wrong because we w\ld be   

=c$ to *ange o!r op9ions if x 7 n2 or we
 desire an op9ion to be "r because !n we
 w\ld be able to reta9 our o!r op9ions4 
,?is is a mo/ widespread =m ( prejudice4
 ,b ,i believe x is1 =tunately1 ! mo/   
def5sible4 ,its def5sibility1 h[ev]1    
dep5ds ma9ly on ! op9ions we fe> to     
*ange4 ,^! we may divide into two k9ds3 
7a7 ,^? :i* h be5 =m$ )\t ?\ght2 borr[$ 
op9ions1 etc4 ,! greate/ opposition to !
 !ory ( evolution came f ^? cons]vative 
,*ri/ians :o saw t x und]m9$ any lit]al 
int]pretation ( ,g5esis4 ,if ^!         
,*ri/ians _h inve/igat$ ! s\rces ( t    
book1 _h consid]$ its probable au?ority1
 _h giv5 ?\ght to ! possibility (       
inspir$ writ+1 & _h f9ally decid$ 9     
favor ( ! ,biblical n>rative2 !n--"r or 
n--_! opposition to ,d>w9's !ory w\ld h 
be5 free at lea/ f ?is sort ( prejudice4
 ,b mo/ ( ?is opposition _h come f      
p]sons :o _h n ?\ght ( ,g5esis1 b _h    
accept$ x f ! fir/1 because x _h be5    
dogmatically hamm]$ into _! heads s9ce  
*ildhood4 ,h5ce x 0 prejudice1 pure &   

simple4  7b7 ,! second k9d ( op9ions we 
fe> to *ange are ^? re/+ ma9ly ^u       
evid5ce4 ,william ,james gives an       
example3  8,:y d s few #8sci5ti/s' ev5  
look at ! evid5ce = telepa?y1 s-call$8  
,because !y ?9k1 z a lead+ biologi/1 n[ 
dead1 once said to me1 t ev5 if su* a ?+
 7 true1 sci5ti/s ought to b& toge!r to 
keep x suppress$ & conceal$4 ,x w\ld    
undo ! uni=mity ( nature1 & all sorts ( 
o!r ?+s )\t :i* sci5ti/s _c c>ry on _!  
pursuits40#aa ,d>w9 writes t :5 a y\? he
 told ,s$gwick ! geologi/ ( h[ a        
tropical ,volute %ell _h be5 f\nd 9 a   
gravel pit ne> ,%rewsbury4 ,s$gwick     
repli$ t "s "o mu/ h ?r[n x !re1 & add$ 
t if x 7 8really imb$d$ !re1 x w\ld be !
 greate/ mis=tune to geology1 z x w\ld  
ov]?r[ all t we "k ab\t ! sup]ficial    
deposits ( ! ,midl& ,c\nties0--:i*      
belong$ to ! glacial p]iod4#ab  ,"s     
read]s may object to call+ ! la/ case   
prejudice4 ,!y may say t ,s$gwick 0     
p]fectly ju/ifi$4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n !     
pres5t "q4 ,prejudice itself may        

sometimes be ju/ifi$4 ,b ,s$gwick       
tacitly admitt$ t he n only believ$ !   
%ell _h n be5 imb$d$1 he actually desir$
 t x _h n be54 ,& our desires always    
det]m9e1 to a great ext5t1 ! tr\ble we  
take to get evid5ce1 & ! importance we  
atta* to x aft] we h x4  ,em]son's      
rem>k1 t inconsi/5cy is ! hobgobl9 (    
little m9ds1 is true 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,= 
n only is x h>mful to fe> to *ange an   
op9ion :i* we h ent]ta9$1 x is ev5      
h>mful at times to fe> to hold          
simultane\sly two op9ions incongru\s )  
"o ano!r4 ,if a ?\ght spr+s up 9 y\r    
m9d1 & y come to see aft] a "t t x is   
inconsi/5t ) ano!r ?\ght1 d n imm$iately
 try to ?r[ out "o or ! o!r4 ,in/ead1   
?9k ! new ?\ght out 9 all its be>+s &   
implications1 j z if y _h nev] _h !     
fir/4 ,p]haps foll[ ! same practice ) ! 
fir/ idea4 ,by & by "o w reveal its     
falsity & ! o!r its tru?4 ,or m likely y
 w f9d t !re 0 "s tru? 9 ea* idea1 & y w
 reconcile ! two 9 a tru? high]1 deep]1 
or m compreh5sive4         99       99  

99       99       99  ,i h set d[n ^!   
?ree cases ( prejudice to help ! read] 9
 recogniz+ ! same or simil> prejudices 9
 himself4 ,& ! m]e recognition (        
prejudices z prejudices w d mu* t[>d _! 
elim9ation4 ,b ?\gh we all /r5u\sly     
ma9ta9 our anxiety to get rid (         
prejudices1 ! real reason mo/ ( u h !m  
is t we d n want to get rid ( !m4 ,we   
are all will+ to get rid ( prejudice 9 !
 ab/ract4 ,b :5 "s "o tr\bles himself to
 po9t out any p>ticul> concrete         
prejudice ( ours we def5d x & cl+ to x l
 a dog to 8 bone4 ,! only way we c get  
rid ( ?is desire to cl+ to our          
prejudices1 is ?or\ghly to conv9ce      
ourselves ( ! sup]iority ( ! tru?2 to   
leave n ! slighte/ d\bt 9 our own m9ds z
 to ! value ( look+ ) p]fect indiff]5ce 
on all que/ions2 to see t ?is is m      
advantage\s ?an believ+ 9 t op9ion :i*  
w\ld b5efit u mo/ if true1 m important  
?an 8be+ consi/5t10 m to be *]i%$ ?an ! 
com=table feel+ ( c]ta9ty4 ,:5 we really
 d desire to get rid ( our prejudices we

 w put ourselves on ! pa? ( gett+ rid ( 
!m4 ,& n be=e !n4  ,"o m prejudice has  
yet to be consid]$4 ,?is may be call$ ! 
prejudice ( imitation4 ,we agree ) o!rs1
 we adopt ! same op9ions ( ! p ar\nd u1 
because we fe> to disagree4 ,we fe> to  
diff] ) !m 9 ?\ght 9 ! same way t we fe>
 to diff] ) !m 9 dress4 ,9 fact ?is     
p>allel betwe5 /yle 9 ?\ght & /yle 9    
clo?+ seems to hold ?r\gh\t4 ,j z we fe>
 to look diff]5t f ! p ar\nd u because  
we w be consid]$ freaki%1 s we fe> to   
?9k diff]5tly because we "k we w be     
look$ ^u z 8que]40 ,if we h a numb] (   
su* diss5t+ op9ions we w be reg>d$ z    
any?+ f a m]e crank to a fanatic or "o )
 a 8screw loose40 ,:5 our backs are     
turn$ p w wisely po9t _! index f+]s to  
_! temples & move !m ar\nd 9 little     
circles4  ,our fe> ( freak op9ions is   
only equall$ by our dread ( ideas       
old-fa%ion$4 ,a little :ile ago x 0     
consid]$ popul> to laugh at !           
suffragettes4 ,& ev]ybody laugh$4 ,n[ x 
is gett+ to be popul> to laugh at !     

anti-suffragettes4 ,a little :ile ago x 
0 consid]$ q comme il faut to fe>       
socialism4 ,n[ x is becom+ prop] to     
rem>k1 8,!re is really q a good deal (  
tru? 9 _! !ories40 ,& soon we %all      
d\btless all be out & out sociali/s4    
,nor is ! prejudice ( imitation conf9$  
to ! layman4 ,if any?+1 x is ev5 m      
common among s-call$ 8?9k]s40 ,i rememb]
 quot+ "s rem>k ( ,sp5c] to an          
acqua9tance1 & gett+ ?is3 8,yes1 b isn't
 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s philosophy consid]$    
dead80 ,?is same acqua9tance also in=m$ 
me t ,john ,/u>t ,mill _h be5 8sup]s$$40
 ,he c&idly admitt$--9 fact seem$ r pr\d
 ( ! fact--t he _h read practically no?+
 ( ei!r philosoph]4 ,i am n try+ to     
def5d ,sp5c] or ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 nor  
am ,i attempt+ to b>k at ! heels ( any (
 our pres5t-day philosoph]s4 ,b ,i am   
will+ to wag] t mo/ ( ^! same p n[ s    
di?yrambic 9 _! praise ( ,james1        
,b]gson1 ,euck5 & ,russell w tw5ty-five 
ye>s h5ce be a%am$ to m5tion ^? names1 &
 w be devot+ !mselves solely to         

,po/-ne(uturism1 or :atev] else happ5s  
to be ! pass+ fadosophy ( ! mom5t4  ,if 
?is is ! mo/ preval5t =m ( prejudice x  
is also ! mo/ difficult to get rid (4   
,?is requires moral c\rage4 ,x requires 
! r>e/ k9d ( moral c\rage4 ,x requires j
 z mu* c\rage = a man to /ate & def5d an
 idea oppos$ to ! "o 9 fa%ion z x w\ld =
 a city man to dress coolly on a swelt]+
 day1 or = a "y society woman to att5d a
 sm>t affair 9 "o ( la/ ye>'s g[ns4 ,!  
man :o possesses ?is moral c\rage is    
bless$ beyond k+s1 b he mu/ pay ! fe>ful
 price ( ridicule or contempt4  ,!re is 
ano!r =m ( ?is prejudice ( imitation    
radically oppos$ to ?is4 ,j z ) fa%ions 
9 clo!s !re are p :o /rive to imitate   
o!rs1 s !re are p :o devote !mselves    
entirely to be+ 8diff]5t40 ,_! greate/  
fe> is t !y w be tak5 = 8"o ( ! mob40   
,!y dress !mselves z uniquely z possible
 9 ord] to acquire 8individuality40 ,we 
h ^! same p 9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,!y are 9
 con/ant trepidation le/ !y say some?+ t
 ev]ybody else says4 ,!y say ?+s n = !  

sake ( tru? b = humor or p>adox4 ,_!    
great delight is to affirm or def5d     
some?+ 8new0 reg>dless ( its tru?2      
some?+ delici\sly radical :i* w %ock    
ev]ybody else & />tle ev5 !mselves4 ,!  
wor/ "p ( ?is is t ^! p gradually come  
to reg>d _! propositions z true1 j z a  
li> f9ally comes to believe 8 own lies4 
,! only cure = su* a m5tal condition is 
a con/ant s9c]ity 9 e op9ion we advance4
 ,p are (t5 l$ into ! fault by a motive 
n incomm5dable 9 itself--! desire =     
orig9ality4 ,b !y *oose ! wrong pa? to  
_! goal4 ,if y make orig9ality &        
radicalness y\r aim1 y w atta9 nei!r    
tru? nor orig9ality4 ,b if y make tru?  
y\r aim y w v likely get tru?1 &        
orig9ality w come ( itself4  ,!re are   
hundr$s ( prejudices1 hundr$s ( =ms (   
prejudice4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 !        
prejudice ( cons]vatism1 :i* manife/s   
itself 9 a vague fe> t if ! pres5t ord] 
7 *ang$ 9 any p>ticul>--if wom5 7 giv5 !
 vote1 if socialism 7 to triumph1 if a  
new fil+ sy/em 7 to be in/all$ at !     

(fice--all w\ld be lo/4 ,b ,i _c deal   
adequately ) all ! =ms ( bias :i* flock 
to m9d4  ,! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! great ?9k]s
 ( ! ages 0 _! comp>ative fre$om f !    
prejudices ( _! "t & community4 ,9 ord] 
to avoid ^! prejudices "o mu/ be        
con/antly & uncompromis+ly s\nd+ 8 own  
op9ions4 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( 
an op5 m9d4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,prejudice is n !   
only dang] :i* lies 9 wait = ! w\ld-be  
?9k]4 ,9 8 v ef=ts to get rid (         
prejudice he is liable to fall into an  
ev5 great] intellectual s94 ,?is s9 is  
unc]ta9ty4  ,z unc]ta9ty & d\bt are     
ne>ly synonym\s1 ! read] w probably be  
surpris$ at ?is /atem5t because ( !     
praise ,i h hi!rto accord$ to ! d\btful 
attitude4 ,b ! d\btful attitude1        
necess>y & praisewor?y z x is1 %\ld n be
 ma9ta9$ always4 ,we ?9k 9 ord] to h    
op9ions4 ,we h op9ions 9 ord] to guide  
action2 9 ord] to act ^u %\ld occasion  
require4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ev5 aft] 8      
rem>ks quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1   

:i* imply ! ne$ ( extreme caution1 adds1
 84 4 4 ,9 daily life we are con/antly  
oblig$ to act out our inf]5ces1 tru/less
 z !y may be-- 4 4 4 9 ! h\se1 9 !      
(fice1 9 ! /reet1 !re h\rly arise       
occasions on :i* we may n hesitate2 see+
 t if to act is dang]\s1 nev] to act at 
all is fatal4 4 4 40  ,!re are o!r      
reasons :y we _c af=d to keep ! d\btful 
attitude4 ,if our lives 7 int]m9able1 if
 we _h limitless "t = ?9k+1 we c\ld af=d
 to rema9 9 d\bt indef9itely4 ,b life is
 fleet+4 ,s if y h exam9$ facts         
obta9able on su* a "q z psy*ic ph5om5a1 
h kept y\r m9d op5 = a c]ta9 "t1 & h    
decid$ t communication ) ! dead is      
impossible1 y are ju/ifi$ 9 discont9u+  
to look = evid5ce on t "q4 ,e h\r devot$
 to exam9+ su* evid5ce w\ld be an h\r   
tak5 away f ?\ght on "s o!r subject1 & !
 law ( dim9i%+ returns is j z applicable
 9 ?9k+ z 9 economics4  ,ano!r tr\ble ) 
! attitude ( d\bt is t :5 n prop]ly     
utiliz$ x h9d]s r ?an aids ! acquisition
 ( tru?4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 x 

takes ! =m ( fe> ( prejudice4 ,if guid$ 
by ?is fe>1 9 our anxiety n to          
discrim9ate 9 favor ( "o side ( a "q we 
are apt to discrim9ate 9 favor ( ! o!r4 
,9 an attempt to give an oppos+ argum5t 
due consid]ation1 we are liable to give 
x undue consid]ation4 ,in/ead ( remov+  
prejudice ) reason we may be try+ to    
balance "o prejudice ) a c\nt]          
prejudice4 ,:5 a p]son disagrees ) him1 
a v consci5ti\s ?9k]1 fe>+ t he may be  
prejudic$1 & 9 ord] to prove himself    
broad-m9d$1 w (t5 say reg>d+ an         
objection1 8,well1 !re may be some?+ 9  
t40 ,n[ y\r only excuse = ev] say+1     
8,!re may be some?+ 9 t10 w be z an     
attitude to assume 9 exp]im5t+ or       
obs]v+1 or look+ up mat]ial or argum5ts 
to f9d :e!r !re actually is any?+ 9 x4  
,!n1 if y d n f9d any?+ 9 x y are       
ju/ifi$ 9 say+ s--& y ought to4  ,x is  
useless to /imulate d\bt unless y int5d1
 on gr\nds ( reason1 to settle ! d\bt4  
,! d\btful attitude %\ld be ma9ta9$ only
 s long z y are actively se>*+ = evid5ce

 be>+ on a "q4 ,ma9ta9$ at any o!r "t or
 us$ 9 any o!r way x means m]ely        
unc]ta9ty1 indef9it5ess1 vagu5ess1 &    
leads n[h]e4  ,x is important t we be   
unprejudic$4 ,x is ev5 m important t our
 views be def9ite4 ,& if our def9ite    
views are wrong8 4 4 4 ,b ! words (     
,?omas ,huxley on ?is subject _c be     
improv$3  8,a great lawy]-/atesman &    
philosoph] ( a =m] age--,i mean ,francis
 ,bacon--said t tru? came out ( error   
mu* m rapidly ?an x came out (          
confusion4 ,!re is a wond]ful tru? 9 t  
say+4 ,next to be+ "r 9 ?is _w1 ! be/ ( 
all ?+s is to be cle>ly & def9itely     
wrong1 because y w come out some:]e4 ,if
 y g buzz+ ab\t betwe5 "r & wrong1      
vibrat+ & fluctuat+1 y come out n[h]e2 b
 if y are absolutely & ?or\ghly &       
p]si/5tly wrong1 y mu/1 "s ( ^! days1 h 
! extreme good =tune ( knock+ y\r head  
aga9/ a fact1 & t sets y all /raight    
aga940#ac  ,:5 y f9d y\rself fluctuat+  
back & =? betwe5 two op9ions y might f9d
 x helpful to hold an int]nal debate4   

,/ate to y\rself z /rongly z possible ! 
case = ! affirmative1 & !n put z        
conv9c+ly z possible ! case = !         
negative1 hold+ a refutation if         
necess>y4 ,y may ev5 elaborate ?is by   
writ+ ! argum5ts = bo? sides 9 p>allel  
columns4 ,( c\rse y %\ld nev] use an    
argum5t :i* y c see on its face to be   
fallaci\s1 nor a /atem5t :i* repres5ts  
m]ely a prejudice & no?+ m4 ,y %\ld use 
only su* argum5ts z y ?9k a s9c]e debat]
 w\ld consci5ti\sly employ4 ,by ?us mak+
 y\r reasons articulate y w (t5 f9d t   
!re is really no t5able case at all = "o
 side1 & y w seldom fail to rea* a      
def9ite conclusion4 ,?is me?od ( arriv+ 
at a decision may be vot$ *ildi% & ev5  
artificial1 b no?+ is to be despis$ :i* 
c r5d] intellectual help4  ,"o ^w m on  
?is4 ,!re is a type ( individual1 mo/   
(t5 met ) among writ]s1 :o fe>s to make 
a /atem5t ( 8 ?\ght def9ite1 because he 
has a fa9t suspicion t x may be wrong4  
,he wi%es to all[ himself pl5ty (       
loopholes to slip out ( an intellectual 

position 9 case any "o %\ld attack x4   
,h5ce he nev] says outright1 8,su* & su*
 is ! case40 ,in/ead1 8 talk or writ+ is
 gu>d$ on all sides by su* expressions z
 8,x is probable t10 8x is possible t10 
8! facts seem to indicate t02 or 8su* & 
su* is p]haps ! case40 ,n satisfi$ ) ?is
 he makes 8 /atem5t less positive by    
prec$+ x ) an 8,i believe10 or worse    
yet1 ) an 8,i am incl9$ to believe40    
,?is is (t5 done "u ! impression t x is 
some?+ noble1 t x signifies             
broadm9d$ness1 lack ( dogmatism1 &      
mode/y4 ,x may4 ,if x does1 s mu* !     
worse = broadm9d$ness1 lack ( dogmatism1
 & mode/y4 ,nev] yield to ! temptation  
to ^w y\r ?\ghts 9 ?is mann]4 ,if y     
truly & firmly believe t 8su* & su* is !
 case0 say 8su* & su* is ! case02 n 8x  
is possible t su* & su* is ! case10 or  
8su* & su* is p]haps ! case10 or 8x is  
my belief t su* & su* is ! case40 ,p w  
assume t x is y\r belief & n somebody   
else's4  ,suppose y h made a positive   
/atem5t4 ,& suppose y lat] f9d x to be  

wrong8 ,well !n1 ackn[l$ge t x is wrong4
 ,ackn[l$ge t y h done some?+ human2 t y
 h done some?+ :i* e man be=e y has     
done2 t y h made a mi/ake4 ,i realize   
su* a confession is h>d4 ,x is ! sev]e/ 
bl[ y c deal to y\rself1 & few p w ?9k !
 bett] ( y = do+ x4 ,mo/ ( !m w say1    
8,see1 he ackn[l$ges himself t he 0     
wrong40 ,& ) ^! p1 bo? y & y\r !ory w be
 f> m discr$it$ ?an if y _h clung to x  
until ! end ( y\r life1 no matt] h[     
obvi\sly1 h[ flagrantly1 x oppos$ itself
 to facts4 ,b a few p w appreciate y\r  
sacrifice4 ,a few p w admire y\r        
bigness4 ,& y w gr[4 ,y w gr[ z a ?9k]4 
,:at is m1 y w gr[ morally4 ,& ! "t w   
come :5 y w h few] & few] occasions to  
rev]se y\rself1 = y w le>n to ?9k long] 
be=e y advocate an op9ion4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,! "q ( !
 avoidance ( prejudice & ! necessity (  
break+ (f d\bt1 rema9s /ill unsettl$4   
,!re c be no d\bt t ! two desid]atums   
conflict2 t to cut (f d\bt1 or ev5 to   
refra9 f /imulat+ x1 is to enc\rage by s

 mu* ! dom9ance ( prejudice4  ,! answ]  
to ?is "q w dep5d entirely ^u ! p>ticul>
 problem "u consid]ation4 ,no rules c be
 laid d[n4 ,ev]y?+ w dep5d ^u !         
importance ( ! "q1 ^u ! possibility or  
frequ5cy ( occasions :5 we may be call$ 
to act ^u ! answ]1 & ^u ! way 9 :i* !   
answ] w affect conduct :5 we d act ^u x4
 ,:]e ! importance ( ! "q is trifl+1 x  
w\ld be fooli% to s\nd our prejudices   
too deeply1 or to g to any elaborate    
pa9s to collect evid5ce4 ,:]e imm$iate1 
unhesitat+ action is requir$1 rema9+ 9  
d\bt might be fatal4 ,any decision w\ld 
be bett] ?an no decision4 ,:5 !         
importance ( ! "q is vital1 or :5 !     
possibility ( hav+ to act on ! answ] is 
di/ant1 we c af=d to pres]ve our d\bts1 
to susp5d f9al judgm5t1 = ye>s--p]haps  
dur+ our entire life2 & we %\ld sp>e no 
pa9s to inve/igate fully all t relates  
to ! "q4  ,j h[ mu* tr\ble to take1 h[  
long to keep alive ! attitude ( d\bt 9  
any p>ticul> "q1 w h to be decid$ by !  
individual4 ,8 own judgm5t mu/ be ! sole

 crit]ion4     ,,vi  ,,debate ,,&       
,,conv]sation   ,! m9d engages 9 _m     
activities :i* h p[] ei!r = evil or     
good4 ,j :at influ5ce !y w ex]t dep5ds  
on h[ we use !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important (
 ^! activities is debate4  ,debate br+s 
9 t unequal$ =m ( inc5tive = all action 
:i* psy*ologi/s call 8social pressure0 &
 :i* "h means no?+ m ?an ! desire to    
excel a fell[-be+ 9 "s l9e ( endeavor4  
,:5 debat+ we conc5trate1 & we d s )\t  
consci\s ef=t4 ,we are too int]e/$ 9    
defeat+ our oppon5t to w&] f ! subject4 
,we are =c$ to ?9k rapidly4 ,n lea/ (   
all1 we are compell$ to ?9k             
articulately4  ,b ) all its advantages1 
debate is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t s\rces (     
prejudice4 ,9 ! heat ( controv]sy1 we   
adopt any & e argum5t t comes h&y4 ,e   
/atem5t ( our oppon5t is consid]$ only 9
 ! light ( h[ x c be refut$4 ,we are    
will+ to use almo/ any objection aga9/  
him1 s long z we believe he w see no    
flaw 9 x4 ,x is ( utmo/ importance t we 
f9d h[ to avoid ^! pitfalls4  ,! fir/ ?+

 we mu/ d is to adopt a complete *ange (
 attitude t[>d an oppon5t's argum5ts4   
,:5ev] we meet ) a fact :i* we w\ld n l 
to cite 9 a debate2 because1 to put x   
mildly1 x w\ld n help our side2 we %\ld 
c>efully inve/igate t fact4 ,we %\ld    
consid] :e!r if true x *anges ! aspect (
 ?+s4 ,we %\ld get rid ( ! idea t 9 ord]
 to v9dicate our side we mu/ answ] e    
cont5tion our oppon5t advances4 ,= ?is  
oppon5t ( ours w v likely be a man 9    
full possession ( 8 s5ses2 at lea/ "s ( 
8 argum5ts w be rational4 ,:5 !y are1 we
 %\ld be will+ to ackn[l$ge x4 ,_! tru? 
does n necess>ily make 8 side "r4 ,8    
argum5ts may be irrelevant2 !y may be   
outbalanc$ by "s o!r reason or reasons4 
,attempts to prove too mu* are liable to
 put u into ! position ( ! lawy] ^:     
cli5t is alleg$ to h be5 su$ = putt+ a  
hole 9 a borr[$ umbrella4 ,! lawy] prov$
 fir/1 t 8 cli5t did n borr[ ! umbrella2
 second1 t !re 0 a hole 9 x :5 he got x2
 ?ird1 t !re 0 no?+ ! matt] ) x :5 he   
return$ x4  ,aft] y h _h a fri5dly      

argum5t ) an acqua9tance1 y take leave  
ei!r ) ! satisfaction t y h be/$ him1 or
 ) a vague consci\sness t ?\gh y 7 "r1  
he 0 j a trifle m skillful at br++ =w>d 
argum5ts4 ,b hav+ ?is satisfaction or   
dissatisfaction1 y seldom ?9k any m ( ! 
matt] until ! next "t y meet him4 ,n[   
?is practice is helpful nei!r to y\r    
debat+ nor y\r ?9k+4 ,aft] y h tak5     
leave ( y\r acqua9tance1 & are left to !
 quietude ( y\r own ?\ghts1 y %\ld      
m5tally run ov] y\r controv]sy4 ,y %\ld 
dispassionately consid] ! be>+ & weight 
( 8 argum5ts2 & !n1 review+ y\r own1 ask
 y\rself :i* 7 valid & relevant & :i* 7 
n4 ,if y f9d y h us$ a sophism y %\ld   
resolve nev] to use x aga91 ev5 ?\gh y\r
 oppon5t may h be5 unable to answ] x4 ,!
 "q ( morals aside1 ?is is poor practice
 if y ev] hope to become a ?9k]4 ,9 !   
end1 x w tell aga9/ y ev5 z a debat]4   
,y c use y\r debates = con/ructive      
mat]ial z well z = criticism4 ,aft] a   
controv]sy y c g ov] ! argum5ts ( y\r   
oppon5t :i* y c\ld n refute1 or refut$ b

 lamely1 & ?9k ( ! answ]s y might h     
giv54 ,( c\rse y %\ld take c>e t ^!     
answ]s are n sophi/ical4 ,! "q w v      
likely come up aga92 if n ) ! same      
fri5d1 !n ) ano!r1 & :5 x does y w f9d  
y\rself prep>$4  ,b ! be/ debat]1 or at 
lea/ he :o gets ! mo/ f debat+1 is ! man
 :o looks = evid5ce & ?9ks n = debate1 b
 to obta9 a correct conclusion4 ,aft] he
 has rea*$ a conclusion 9 ?is mann]1 he 
does n advance e possible reason to     
support x4 ,he does n ev5 utilize !     
reasons on :i* o!rs base a simil>       
belief1 if he does n himself accept ^!  
reasons4 ,he /ates m]ely t evid5ce & ^? 
reasons :i* h l$ him to accept 8        
conclusion1 no?+ m4  ,:ile we are       
consid]+ debate1 ,i may well say a few  
words ab\t conv]sation 9 g5]al4 ,we d n 
& _c always argue ) our fri5ds1 ev5 ?\gh
 we scorn ! dictums ( =mal etiquette4 ,b
 because we d n argue1 x does n foll[ t 
we ga9 no?+4 ,9 fact1 ord9>y conv]sation
 has advantages num]\s ov] debate1 n !  
lea/ ( :i* is ! comp>ative fre$om x     

gives f prejudice4 ,b ! value (         
conv]sation dep5ds bo? on :at we talk   
ab\t1 & :om we talk )4 ,too mu* ( our   
talk is on petty matt]s1 is un$ucative4 
,& ev5 if we conv]se on wor?y topics1 x 
w pr(it u little if we d n talk ) wor?y 
p4 ,:5 we commune ) a dull m9d1 our     
?\ghts are =c$1 9 "s degree1 d[n to !   
level ( t m9d4 ,b dull p d n usually    
talk ( weighty matt]s1 nor d active     
intellects dwell long on trifles4 ,!re=e
 if we rightly *oose our companion we c 
consci5ti\sly leave our pa? (           
conv]sation to *oose itself4  ,"o aspect
 ( conv]sation rema9s to be treat$--its 
corrective p[]4 8,!re is a sort ( m5tal 
exposure 9 talk+ to a companion2 we drag
 our ?\ghts out ( _! hid+-places1 nak$ z
 x 71 & occasionally we are n a little  
/>tl$ at ! exhibition4 ,unexpress$ ideas
 are (t5 c>efully *]i%$ until1 plac$    
be=e o!r eyes z well z our own1 we see  
!m z !y really are40#ad     ,,vii       
,,?9k+ ,,& ,,read+   ,up to n[ ,i h     
dealt ) ?9k+ almo/ z if x c\ld be c>ri$ 

on )\t ext]nal aid4 ,z ) caution>y &    
con/ructive ?\ght1 ,i h p]haps be5 l$ to
 d ?is because ( a reaction f ! usual   
insi/5ce ^u read+ z indisp5sable to     
m5tal improvem5t1 & ! correspond+       
neglect ( ! ne$ = indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,m5   
?\ght be=e !re 7 books1 & m5 c /ill ?9k 
)\t read+1 b !y _c4 4 4 4 ,i 0 ab\t to  
rem>k t !y c\ld n read )\t ?9k+1 b on   
second ?\ght ,i am incl9$ to d\bt x4    
,h[ev]1 we h clung to ! natural ord]1 = 
we fir/ consid]$ unaid$ ?9k+1 !n ! help 
giv5 by conv]sation & dispute1 & f9ally 
we are to exam9e ! aid r5d]$ by read+4  
,!re c be no d\bt t ?is ord] foll[s !   
developm5t ( ?\ght bo? 9 ! individual & 
9 ! human race4  ,:ile no compla9t c be 
made ( lack ( quantity 9 :at has be5    
writt5 on read+1 mo/ ( x has n tak5 up !
 subject f ! prop] /&po9t2 /ill less has
 dealt ) x 9 ! "r mann]4 ,!re has be5   
c\nsel galore urg+ p to read2 & rec5tly 
!re has be5 a great deal ( advice on :at
 to read4 ,b comp>atively v little has  
be5 said on h[ to read4 ,at "o "t read+ 

0 reg>d$ an unta9t$ virtue1 lat] x 0 se5
 t x did u no good unless we read good  
books1 & n[ !re is a dawn+ consci\sness 
t ev5 if we read good books !y w b5efit 
u little unless we read !m 9 ! "r way4  
,b ev5 :]e ?is consci\sness has be5     
felt1 little attempt has be5 made to    
solve ! problem sy/ematically4          
,leisurely disc\rses1 pretty aphorisms1 
& dogmatic rules h be5 ! =ms 9 :i* ! "q 
has be5 dealt )4 ,su* conflict+ adages z
 8,a good book %\ld be read ov] & ov]   
aga902 & 8,! art ( read+ is ! art (     
skipp+10 are n v s]viceable4 ,!         
necessity ( "s sort ( ord]ly treatm5t is
 evid5t4  ,be=e we consid] h[ to read1  
"s que] p]son may ask u to put ! previ\s
 "q1 8,%\ld we read at all80 ,n[ ! value
 ( read+ has1 9 times pa/1 be5 s]i\sly  
d\bt$ by ?9k]s & non-?9k]s4 ,!          
philosoph] ,democritus put out 8 eyes s 
t1 ceas+ to read1 he might ?9k4 ,we are 
n go+ to foll[ 8 example4 ,b we c       
readily sympa?ize ) him :5 we ?9k ( ! _m
 le>n$ m5 :o h read !mselves into dreamy

 /upidity2 m5 :o "k :at ev]ybody else   
?\ght1 b :o nev] h any ?\ghts ( _! own4 
,we mu/ admit t ! argum5ts ( ^! cranks  
are at lea/ good m$ic9e = ! preval5t    
belief t ! m a man reads ! m he w "k & !
 bett] ?9k] he w become4  ,le>n+ to ?9k 
by read+ is l le>n+ to draw by trac+4 ,9
 ea* case we make ! "w ( ano!r man our  
basis1 in/ead ( obs]v+ directly f       
,nature4 ,! practice has its value1 x is
 true2 b no man ev] became a great arti/
 by trac+1 & no man w ev] become a great
 ?9k] by read+4 ,x c nev] become a      
sub/itute = ?\ght4 ,at be/1 z ,john     
,locke says1 8,read+ furni%es ! m9d only
 ) mat]ials ( k1 x is ?9k+ makes :at we 
read ours40#ae  ,our problem may be     
divid$ 9 two p>ts3 7#a7 ,:at ratio %\ld 
our read+ be> to indep5d5t ?9k+1 & 7#b7 
h[ %\ld we read :5 we d read8  ,x may be
 ?\ght t we c le>n some?+ ab\t ! fir/ "q
 by inve/igat+ ! practice ( great ?9k]s4
 ,b ! outcome ( su* an inve/igation is  
likely to be disappo9tm5t4 ,kant1 =     
in/ance1 0 an omnivor\s read]2 s 7      

,huxley & ,sir ,william ,hamilton2 &    
outside ! circle ( philosoph]s1 m5 z    
unlike z ,gibbon1 ,macaulay1 ,milton &  
,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sp5c]
 seldom ev] read1 & ,hobbes is fam\s = 8
 rem>k t if he _h read z mu* z o!r m5 he
 w\ld h kn[n z little4 ,augu/e ,comte 0 
unique 9 t he read copi\sly until he    
conceiv$ 8 ,positive ,philosophy1 & !n  
h>dly at all until ! end ( 8 life4  ,ev5
 7 x f\nd t mo/ great ?9k]s adh]$ to    
ne>ly ! same practice1 x w\ld prove     
little2 = h[ c\ld we tell :e!r !y 7 good
 ?9k]s on acc\nt (1 or 9 spite ( x8  ,we
 c agree a priori1 h[ev]1 ) ! rem>k (   
,s*op5hau] t 8! safe/ way to h no ?\ghts
 ( "o's own is to take up a book e mom5t
 "o has no?+ else to d40 ,& we may agree
 ) him fur!r3 8,a man %\ld read only :5 
8 ?\ghts /agnate at _! s\rce1 :i* w     
happ5 (t5 en\gh ev5 ) ! be/ ( m9ds4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 to take up a book = ! purpose 
( sc>+ away "o's own orig9al ?\ghts is a
 s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is l runn+    
away f ,nature to look at a museum (    

dri$ plants1 or gaze at a l&scape 9     
copp]-plate40#af  ,x w\ld be folly to   
lay d[n any fix$ ma!matical ratio betwe5
 ! "t we %\ld devote to read+ & ! "t we 
%\ld give to ?9k+4 ,b "o h\r giv5 to    
read+ plus "o h\r giv5 to ?9k+ w\ld be  
c]ta9ly m b5eficial ?an two h\rs devot$ 
entirely to read+4  ,y c f9d q a numb] (
 s]i\s-m9d$ m5 :o put by a c]ta9 p]iod  
ea* day = read+4 ,b h[ _m ( !m put by   
any "t at all = ?9k+8 ,x w\ld be unju/  
to say !y d n ?9k4 ,b at be/ _! ?9k+ is 
m]ely accid5tal--& app>5tly consid]$ s4 
,surely x is z important t we lay aside 
a def9ite p]iod ea* day = ?9k+ z x is t 
we lay aside "s "t = read+4 ,b h[ mu*   
?is "t %\ld be & :e!r x %\ld be> any    
specific ratio to ! "t giv5 to read+ c  
be/ be decid$ aft] a consid]ation ( !   
problem ( h[ to read4  ,?is problem has 
un=tunately be5 mu* misconceiv$4 ,^? :o 
h laid /ress on ! maxim1 8,a good book  
%\ld be read ov] & ov] aga910 h done s 9
 ! belief t ?is is ! be/ way to get !   
mo/ out ( a p>ticul> book4 ,b ! object (

 read+ is n to get ! be/ out ( any "o   
book1 b out ( read+ 9 g5]al4 ,a         
realization ( ?is end w *ange our       
problem some:at4  ,x w br+ u to a       
consid]ation1 = example1 ( ! law (      
dim9i%+ returns4 ,:ile ! m we re-read a 
book ! m we get out ( x1 x mu/ be       
rememb]$ t ) a few possible exceptions1 
e "t we re-read x we add less to our k  
?an we did ! previ\s "t4 ,?is means t we
 c usually make mu* fa/] progress by    
read+ o!r books1 9 :i* case we d n m]ely
 read ov] :at we already "k = ! mo/ "p4 
,:e!r re-read+ is ev] ju/ifi$1 & :51 is 
a "q :i* w be consid]$ a little lat]4   
,! law ( dim9i%+ returns applies to an  
entire subject z well z to a s+le book4 
,t is to say1 pa/ a c]ta9 po9t1 e book  
we read on a p>ticul> subject1 :ile x w 
probably add to our k1 w n yield z mu*  
return z a book ( equal m]it on ano!r   
subject1 new to u4  ,! problem ( read+  
asks h[ we c acquire ! greate/ numb] (  
ideas1 & h[ we c arrive at tru? r ?an ! 
v]dict ( an au?or4 ,x assumes a limit$  

"t & asks h[ we c use t "t mo/          
pr(itably4 ,n lea/ ( all1 x asks h[ we c
 be/ comb9e our read+ ) orig9al ?\ght4  
,f ! rem>ks already made1 x is evid5t t 
we _c prescribe any "o me?od = deal+ )  
all books4 ,ev5 works ( simil> nature & 
m]it w be treat$ 9 diff]5t ways1 dep5d+ 
on ! ord] 9 :i* we read !m1 & l         
conditions4 ,! ma/]y ( any book w n be  
an end 9 itself4 ,x w be subord9at$ to !
 l>g] end ( obta9+ ! be/ f read+ z a    
:ole4 ,b = ! sake ( cle>ness1 ,i %all = 
! pres5t consid] our end z ! ma/]y ( "s 
p>ticul> subject1 & %all indicate a plan
 ( read+ to be/ s]ve t end4 ,ne$ful     
qualifications w come lat]4  ,i %all    
fir/ outl9e a typical plan ( /udy1 & !n 
review & expla9 x 9 detail4  ,assum+ y h
 *os5 a subject1 y\r fir/ /ep %\ld be to
 d a little unaid$ ?9k+ on x4 ,next ,i  
w\ld advise ! selection ( a compreh5sive
 text book4 ,?is %\ld be read critically
 & writt5 note made ( ! problems tak5 up
 :i* y d n believe h be5 adequately     
treat$1 or ! solutions ( :i* are 9 any  

way unsatisfactory4 ,^! y %\ld ?9k out =
 y\rself4 ,a second book may 9 "s cases 
be read 9 ! same ?or\gh mann] z ?is fir/
 "o1 & ! problems record$ 9 ! same way4 
,aft] t all books on t subject may be   
read 8hop1 skip & jump0 fa%ion1 = ! new 
problems or solutions !y sugge/4  ,i d n
 expect ! =ego+ plan to be /rictly adh]$
 to1 = ! nature ( ! subject /udi$ w make
 c]ta9 *anges necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 x dem&s 
m detail$ explanation & p]haps def5se4  
,let u take up ! fir/ /ep advis$--giv+ a
 little unaid$ ?\ght to ! subject4 ,my  
only reason = advis+ 8a little0 ?9k+1 is
 t ,i "k if ,i ask$ m ! read] w\ld      
probably d no?+ at all4 ,inde$ _m read]s
 w fail to see ! necessity ( ?9k+ ab\t a
 subject be=e /udy+ x4 ,_m may ev5 "q ! 
possibility ( do+ s4 8,h[ is a man to   
?9k ab\t a subject on :i* he kn[s no?+80
 y ask4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 consid]4  ,! v   
fact t y want to /udy a subject implies 
t ! ph5om5a ) :i* x deals are n cle> to 
y4 ,y desire to /udy economics1 =       
in/ance1 because y feel t y d n und]/&  

ev]y?+ y %\ld ab\t ! production1        
di/ribution & consumption ( weal?4 ,9   
o!r words1 some?+ ab\t ^! ph5om5a       
puzzles y--y h "s unsolv$ problems4 ,v  
well4 ,^! problems are y\r mat]ials4    
,try to solve !m4  8,b h[ c ,i solve !m 
:5 ,i "k no?+ ( economics80  ,k9dly     
consid] :at a sci5ce is4 ,a sci5ce is   
no?+ m ?an ! organiz$ solution ( a numb]
 ( relat$ problems4 ,^! problems & _!   
answ]s h be5 *ang$ & add$ to ! ages     
?r\gh4 ,b :5 ! sci5ce fir/ />t$ !re 0 no
 lit]ature on x4 ,x orig9at$ f !        
attempts ( m5 to solve ^? problems :i*  
spontane\sly occurr$ to !m4 ,be=e !y    
/>t$ ?9k+ ^! m5 knew no?+ ( ! sci5ce4 ,!
 m5 :o came aft] !m avail$ !mselves ( ! 
?\ghts ( ^? be=e1 & add$ to ^!4 ,! :ole 
process has be5 "o ( ?\ght add$ to      
?\ght4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is1 p /ill cl+  
to ! belief1 ev5 if !y d n op5ly av[ x1 
t we nev] c make any headway by ?9k+1 b 
t 9 ord] to be educat$1 or cultur$1 or  
to h any k1 we mu/ be read+1 read+1     
read+4#ag  ,i almo/ blu% = ?is elaborate

 def5se4 ,ev]ybody w admit ! necessity =
 ?9k+--9 ! ab/ract4 ,b h[ d we reg>d x 9
 ! concrete8 ,:5 we see a man read+ a   
good book1 we ?9k ( him z educat+       
himself4 ,:5 we p]ceive a man )\t a     
book1 ev5 ?\gh we may happ5 to "k t he  
is engag$ 9 reflection1 we d n look ^u  
him z educat+ himself1 ?\gh we may reg>d
 him z intellig5t4 ,9 %ort1 our habitual
 idea ( ?\ght is t x is a process (     
review+ :at we already "k1 b n ( add+   
any?+ to our k4 ,( c\rse no "o w\ld     
op5ly av[ ?is op9ion1 b x is ! common   
act+ belief none ! less4 ,! objections  
to ?\ght are in>ticulate &              
half-consci\s4 ,i am try+ to make !m    
articulate 9 ord] to answ] !m4  ,to     
return1 !n1 to ! rem>k t we %\ld use z  
mat]ials = unaid$ ?9k+ ! problems :i*   
occur spontane\sly4 ,y w f9d :5 y beg9  
to solve ^! t o!r problems w arise1 & t 
up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! deep] y g into a  
subject--! m critical y are 9 y\r       
?9k+--! m problems w occur4 ,p]haps x   
w\ld be too mu* to ask y to solve all ( 

^!4 ,yet ev5 a little ( ?is prelim9>y   
?9k+ w be ( imm5se help 9 read+4 ,x w   
give y a f> bett] s5se ( ! importance ( 
diff]5t problems :i* a book consid]s1 & 
y w n judge _! significance m]ely by !  
space x devotes to !m4 ,an au?or may    
inde$ br+ be=e u c]ta9 problems :i* _h n
 hi!rto occurr$1 & /imulate 9 u a s5se (
 _! importance4 ,b ?is artificial       
/imulation c nev] take ! place ( natural
 & spontane\s wond]4 ,once we h obta9$ a
 solution ( a problem :i* has aris5     
spontane\sly & f )91 we d n easily =get 
x4 ,our indep5d5t ?9k+1 too1 w h giv5 u 
an idea ( ! difficulties pres5t$ by     
problems1 & w make u m critical 9 read+ 
& m appreciative ( ! solutions ( an     
au?or4 ,n lea/ ( all1 if we read fir/ we
 are extremely liable to fall into !    
r\t9e & traditional ways ( consid]+ a   
subject1 :]eas if we fir/ ?9k1 we are m 
likely 9 our insophi/ication to hit ^u  
an idea ( real orig9ality4  ,"o la/     
objection to ?9k+ be=e read+ rema9s4    
,s*op5hau] has answ]$ x 9 8 =cible      

mann]3  8,a man may h discov]$ "s       
portion ( tru? or wisdom aft] sp5d+ a   
great deal ( "t & tr\ble 9 ?9k+ x ov] = 
himself1 add+ ?\ght to ?\ght2 & x may   
sometimes happ5 t he c\ld h f\nd x all  
ready to h& 9 a book & sp>$ himself !   
tr\ble4 ,b ev5 s x is a hundr$ times m  
valuable1 = he has acquir$ x by ?9k+ x  
out = himself4 ,= x is only :5 we ga9   
our k 9 ?is way t x ent]s z an integral 
"p1 a liv+ memb]1 into ! :ole sy/em (   
our ?\ght2 t x /&s 9 complete & firm    
relation ) :at we "k1 t x is und]/ood ) 
all t und]lies x & foll[s f x1 t x we>s 
! color1 ! precise %ade1 ! di/+ui%+ m>k1
 ( our own way ( ?9k+1 t x comes exactly
 at ! "r "t1 j z we felt ! ne$ = x2 t x 
/&s fa/ & _c be =gott540#ah  ,despite ! 
/rong case t ,s*op5hau] makes out1 ,i am
 satisfi$ ) my =m] advice--t a little   
?9k+ w suffice4 ,n only because1 z      
already said1 ! read] w probably d no?+ 
if advis$ to d m2 b because aft] a c]ta9
 am\nt ( ?9k+ has be5 done1 x is m      
pr(itable to avail ourselves ( ! wisdom 

( ! ages1 /or$ 9 books1 & to d our ?9k+ 
aft] we h acquir$ ! ma9 outl9es ( ?is   
wisdom4 ,= :5 we ?9k a problem out1 ) ! 
feel+ t ev5 aft] we h obta9$ a solution 
we %all probably f9d x 9 a book lat]1 we
 h n ! inc5tive t we h :5 we feel we h  
cov]$ mo/ ( ! old gr\nd & t ?9k+ may br+
 u into new t]ritory4  ,! practice (    
,gibbon rema9s to be consid]$3 8,aft]   
glanc+ my eye ov] ! design & ord] ( a   
new book1 ,i susp5d$ ! p]usal until ,i  
_h f9i%$ ! task ( self-exam9ation2 till 
,i _h revolv$ 9 a solit>y walk all t ,i 
knew or believ$1 or _h ?\ght on !       
subject ( ! :ole "w1 or ( "s p>ticul>   
*apt]4 ,i 0 !n qualifi$ to disc]n h[ mu*
 ! au?or add$ to my orig9al /ock1 & ,i 0
 sometimes satisfi$ by ! agreem5t1      
sometimes arm$ by ! opposition ( our    
ideas40#ai  ,! tr\ble ) ?is me?od is t x
 is n critical en\gh2 t is1 critical 9 !
 prop] s5se4 ,x almo/ am\nts to mak+    
sure :at y\r prejudices are1 & !n tak+  
c>e to use !m z spectacles ?r\gh :i* to 
read4 ,we always d judge a book m or    

less by our previ\s prejudices &        
op9ions4 ,we _c help x4 ,b our          
ju/ification lies 9 ! mann] we h obta9$ 
^! op9ions2 :e!r we h infect$ !m f our  
environm5t1 or h held !m because we     
want$ !m to be true1 or h arriv$ at !m f
 sub/antial evid5ce & s\nd reason+4 ,if 
,gibbon _h tak5 a critical attitude t[>d
 8 =m] k & op9ions to make sure !y 7    
correct1 & _h !n appli$ !m to 8 read+1 8
 c\rse w\ld h be5 m ju/ifiable &        
pr(itable4  ,9 c]ta9 subjects1 h[ev]1   
,gibbon's is ! only me?od :i* c ) pr(it 
be us$4 ,9 ! /udy ( geography1 gramm>1 a
 =eign language1 or ! facts ( hi/ory1 x 
is well1 be=e read+1 simply to review   
:at we already "k4 ,"h we _c be critical
 because !re is really no?+ to reason   
ab\t4 ,:e!r ,george ,wa%+ton ought to h 
cross$ ! ,delaw>e1 :e!r 8%all0 & 8w0    
ought to be us$ z !y are 9 ,engli%1 :e!r
 ! v]b 8avoir0 ought to be p>s$ z x is1 
or :e!r ,hobok5 ought to be 9 ,new      
,j]sey1 are que/ions :i* might          
reasonably be ask$1 b :i* w\ld be       

ne$less1 because = ! purposes we w\ld   
mo/ likely h 9 m9d 9 read+ su* facts x  
w\ld be suffici5t to "k t ^! ?+s are s4 
,we might include ma!matics among !     
subjects to be treat$ 9 ?is fa%ion4     
,?\gh x is a rational sci5ce1 !re is su*
 unanimity reg>d+ its propositions t !  
critical attitude is almo/ a wa/e (     
m5tal en]gy4 ,9 ma!matics1 to und]/& is 
to agree4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,we come to ! second /ep   
outl9$ 9 our plan ( /udy--! selection ( 
a compreh5sive text book4  ,e l>ge      
subject has ga!r$ ab\t x a va/          
lit]ature1 m ?an "o man c ev] hope to   
cov] completely4 ,?is lit]ature may be  
said to consi/ :olly ( two ?+s3         
in=mation z to facts1 & op9ions on ^?   
facts4 ,9 o!r words1 any book y read on 
t subject w probably conta9 "s facts new
 to y & w conta9 also ! ?\ghts &        
reflections ( ! au?or4 ,( c\rse y %\ld  
endeavor to le>n z _m facts z possible4 
,b x is n necess>y to "k all t has be5  
?\ght ab\t ! subject4 ,y are suppos$ to 

h a m9d ( y\r own2 y are suppos$ to d "s
 ?9k+ = y\rself4 ,b ?\gh x is n necess>y
 t y "k all t has be5 ?\ght1 x is well t
 y "k at lea/ "p ( :at has be5 ?\ght1 & 
s f> z possible1 ! be/ "p4 ,= z j po9t$ 
out1 if y attempt to ?9k out an entire  
subject = y\rself y w exp5d great en]gy 
& "t 9 arriv+ at conclusions :i* h      
probably already be5 arriv$ at dur+ !   
g5]ations t ! subject has _h its be+4   
,!re=e y %\ld endeavor to get1 9 z %ort 
a "t z possible1 ! greate/ numb] (      
important facts & ! ma9 outl9es ( ! be/ 
t has be5 ?\ght4  ,s if y s9c]ely int5d 
to ma/] any subject1 ! be/ way to beg9  
is by ! selection ( ! mo/ compreh5sive &
 au?oritative "w y c secure4  ,! man :o 
desires to /udy any subject is commonly 
advis$ to read fir/ a small             
8introductory0 book1 !n a l>g] "o1 &    
f9ally ! l>ge/ & mo/ au?oritative       
volumes4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is practice is t y
 w h to /udy ea* book 9 turn4 ,if y take
 up ! mo/ ?or\gh book fir/ y ne$ m]ely  
glance ?r\gh ! small] books1 = ! *ances 

are t !y w conta9 little t is new to y1 
unless !y happ5 to be m rec5t4 ,! only  
ju/ification = read+ a small book fir/  
is t ! l>g] books are apt to be te*nical
 & to assume a c]ta9 k ( ! subject4     
,h[ev]1 ! au?oritative treatise or      
treatises on a subject usually ref] f>  
less to ! small] books ?an ! small]     
books d to !m4 ,any great] dep? ( ?\ght 
:i* ! l>g] works may possess c be made  
up = by increas$ conc5tration on ! "p ( 
! read]4 ,( c\rse if a man does n int5d 
to ma/] a subject ?or\ghly1 b only to   
get "s idea ( its broad outl9es1 ! case 
is diff]5t4 ,he w\ld !n be ju/ifi$ 9    
read+ a small "w4  ,ano!r advantage (   
beg9n+ a subject ) ! /udy ( a           
compreh5sive & au?oritative volume or   
ma9 textbook1 is t y avoid confusion4 ,!
 man :o has ma/]$ "o =eign language1 say
 ,fr5*1 w always f9d 8 k ( great b5efit 
to him = ! /udy ( ano!r language1 su* z 
,spani%4 ,b any "o :o has begun at ab\t 
! same "t ! /udy ( two or m =eign       
languages mu/ rememb] 8 confusion1 & h[ 

8 vague k ( "o tongue h9d]$ him 9 !     
acquisition ( ! o!r4  ,s ) read+4 ,:5 we
 p]use a book 9 ! usual casual way we d 
n ma/] x4 ,& :5 we read a book on ! same
 subject imm$iately aft] x1 ! diff]5t   
viewpo9t is liable to cause bewild]m5t &
 make u worse (f ?an be=e ! second book 
0 />t$4 ,we d n l to devote a lot ( "t  
to "o book1 b w\ld r run ?r\gh sev]al   
books 9 ! same "t1 believ+ t we !reby   
ga9 m ideas4 ,we are j z mi/ak5 z a     
beg9n] 9 swimm+ :o w\ld attempt to le>n 
sev]al /rokes be=e hav+ ma/]$ "o well   
en\gh to keep afloat4  ,a ma9 text be+ (
 su* importance1 its *oice involves     
responsibility4 ,b h[ are we to "k :e!r 
"o book is sup]ior to ano!r until we h  
read bo?8 ,& if we are confront$ ) ?is  
difficulty ev5 :5 famili> ) a subject1  
h[ mu* great] mu/ be our task :5 we "k  
no?+ ( x8 ,^! difficulties d n appe> s  
=midable 9 practice4  ,fail+ o!r means1 
! be/ me?od ( select+ a ma9 text is by  
reputation4 ,if we d n ev5 "k :at book  
has ! be/ reputation1 we c easily f9d   

out by ref]r+ to s ackn[l$g$ an au?ority
 z ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 &        
consult+ ! bibliography 9 ! article on !
 subject4  ,b reputation does n furni% !
 only means ( select+4 ,by m]ely glanc+ 
?r\gh a book1 /opp+ "h & !re to read    
entire p>agraphs--a task ( t5 or fifte5 
m9utes--we c =m an e/imate :i* lat]     
read+ w usually ju/ify4 ,= an au?or     
betrays himself 9 e l9e he writes2 e    
slighte/ rem>k reveals 9 "s mann] !     
bread? & dep? ( 8 ?\ght4 ,b j h[ well we
 c judge a book 9 ?is way dep5ds bo? on 
our own ability & on ! "t we devote to  
glanc+ ?r\gh x4  ,a few g5]al           
requirem5ts 9 a ma9 text h be5 impli$ 9 
/at+ ! purpose ( hav+ "o4 ,! book ) !   
be/ reputation is n necess>ily ! be/ =  
y4 ,9 economics ,adam ,smi?'s ,weal? (  
,nations1 ?\gh easily ! mo/ fam\s book  
on ! subject1 w\ld h>dly be suitable z a
 ma9 text because x has be5 sup]s$$4 ,b 
?\gh rec5cy is always an asset1 ?is does
 n mean t ! mo/ rec5t book is always or 
ev5 usually ! be/4 ,! common idea1 ?\gh 

x is usually b vaguely =mulat$1 is t !  
writ] ( ! m rec5t book has _h all !     
previ\s books to draw ^u1 & has !re=e   
be5 able to extract ! be/ f all ( !m &  
add to ?is 8 own ?\ghts4 ,! fallacy (   
?is has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! tr5*ant       
language ( ,s*op5hau]3  8,! writ] ( !   
new book (t5 does n und]/& ! old books  
?or\ghly1 & yet he is unwill+ to take _!
 exact words2 s he bungles !m & says 9 8
 own bad way t :i* has be5 said v mu*   
bett] & m cle>ly by ! old writ]s1 :o    
wrote f _! own lively k ( ! subject4 ,! 
new writ] frequ5tly omits ! be/ ?+s !y  
say1 _! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations1 _!      
happie/ rem>ks1 because he does n see _!
 value or feel h[ pregnant !y are4 ,!   
only ?+ t appeals to him is :at is %all[
 & insipid40  ,! value ( rec5cy w dep5d 
on ! subject2 :ile x w\ld be ess5tial 9 
aviation1 its importance w\ld be f> less
 9 e?ics4  ,x is n well to take z y\r   
ma9 text a book pres5t+ a numb] (       
diff]5t & conflict+ viewpo9ts4 ,"o      
purpose ( a ma9 text is to avoid        

confusion4 ,d n />t ! /udy ( psy*ology1 
= in/ance1 by read+ a hi/ory ( ! subject
 giv+ ! views ( diff]5t ?9k]s4 ,beg9 by 
tak+ up "o def9ite sy/em4  ,f9ally1 be  
sure to select a book cov]+ ! entire    
field4 ,d n1 = in/ance1 take a volume on
 ! t>iff to beg9 ! /udy ( economics4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,we pass n[ to ! ?ird /ep advis$--to    
read critically4 ,by ?is ,i d n mean t  
we %\ld read skeptically or to confute  
ev]y?+ an au?or says4 ,i mean simply t  
we %\ld resi/ our natural t5d5cy to h   
our m9ds sway$ by e op9ion he expresses4
 ,i mean t be=e all[+ an idea to slip   
into our m9ds we %\ld fir/ *all5ge its  
tru?2 we %\ld exam9e its evid5ce4       
,p]haps y h li/5$ to a debate4 ,aft] !  
affirmative _h made 8 impassion$ plea y 
7 all = ! affirmative4 ,:5 ! negative   
came =w>d & pres5t$ 8 case1 y f\nd      
y\rself favor+ him4 4 4 4 ,:y d debat]s 
always try to get ! la/ say8 ,:y is x t 
9 a =mal debate1 ! affirmative1 :i*     
usually has ! la/ say1 is mo/ (t5 ! side

 t w9s8 ,i c\ld /ate ! reason bluntly4  
,b if ,i did ! honorable judges ( su*   
controv]sies w\ld n feel t _! critical  
p[]s _h be5 complim5t$4  ,! t5d5cy to   
absorb ! op9ions ( o!rs manife/s itself 
to j z great a degree 9 read+4 ,i h held
 debat+ up z an example m]ely because x 
br+s out m /rongly1 m /rik+ly1 ! effects
 ( su* a t5d5cy4 ,b h[ c x be resi/$8   
,if we h ?\ght out a subject ?or\ghly1  
if we h acquir$ a /ock ( cle> & def9ite 
ideas on x1 criticism 9 read+ w l>gely  
take c>e ( itself4 ,by d9t ( our own    
?9k+ we w "k :at is relevant & :at is n2
 we %all be able to judge ! tru? &      
importance ( ! v>i\s argum5ts (f]$4 ,!  
*ances are1 h[ev]1 t we %all n h giv5   
mu* previ\s ?9k+ to ! subject1 & t ev5  
if we h we %all n h gone z f> z ! au?or1
 :o d\btless avail$ himself ( o!r books4
 ,consequ5tly c]ta9 problems :i* he     
takes up w n ev5 h occurr$ to u1 & h5ce 
w n h receiv$ our consid]ation4  ,b :]e 
our ?9k+ has n help$ u1 & ev5 :]e x has1
 we %\ld look critically ^u e /atem5t ( 

an au?or1 in/ead ( lazily acquiesc+ 9 x4
 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 critical & ord9>y   
read+1 is t 9 ! =m] we look =           
objections1 9 ! latt] we wait until !y  
happ5 to occur to u4 ,ev5 !n we d n hold
 our objections /eadily 9 m9d2 we are z 
likely z n to accept lat] argum5ts bas$ 
^u "o we h previ\sly object$ to4 ,9 ord]
 to avoid ?is p]haps ! be/ we c d :5 we 
object to any /atem5t or believe we h   
f\nd a fallacy1 is to make writt5 note (
 x 9 ! m>g94 ,to "s ext5t ?is w prev5t  
=gett+ x4 ,too few or too _m m>g9al     
notes are bo? extremes to be %unn$4 ,if 
we make too _m we %all be apt to lose a 
true s5se ( proportion & fail to di/+ui%
 ess5tial criticisms f noness5tials4 ,! 
only way we c keep cle> ( ?is extreme is
 to avoid quibbl+ & hair-splitt+1 mak+  
only su* writt5 criticisms z we feel we 
c\ld unblu%+ly def5d be=e ! au?or       
himself4 ,(t5 h[ev] we may feel t a     
/atem5t is untrue1 or t an argum5t is   
fallaci\s1 & yet be unable to po9t out j
 :]e or h[ x is s4 ,9 ?is case p]haps ! 

be/ plan w\ld be m]ely to put a "q m>k 9
 ! m>g9 9 ord] to rem9d ourselves t !   
/atem5t has n be5 fully accept$4  ,we   
ought to make sure :at we object to     
because x is a peculi>ity ( ! human m9d 
t x does n require evid5ce = a /atem5t  
be=e accept+ x2 x g5]ally accepts any   
/atem5t :i* has no evid5ce aga9/ x4     
,unless we reject a /atem5t & "k :y we h
 done s1 x is liable to ins9uate itself 
9 our reason+1 & ! long] x rema9s ! m   
difficult x is to get rid ( x4 ,?is is  
:y x is s important to avoid z _m       
pitfalls z possible at ! beg9n+ ( a     
subject4  ,! read] may f9d t ev5 :5 he  
reads critically he w accept a c]ta9    
/atem5t at ! "t2 & !n p]haps mu* lat]1  
say a mon?1 an objection to t /atem5t w 
occur to him1 or he w see t x at lea/   
ought to be qualifi$4 ,= an explanation 
( ?is we mu/ g back to an analysis ( !  
?9k+ process4 ,e idea :i* ent]s ! m9d1  
ei!r f indep5d5t ?9k+ or f read+1 is    
accept$ z true if x is 9 full con=mity )
 our pa/ exp]i5ce z we rememb] x4 ,9 all

 ?9k+ or read+1 ! new idea ar\ses       
associates on its entrance4 ,an hypo!sis
 or pr9ciple1 = in/ance1 ar\ses 9 our   
m9ds pa/ exp]i5ces ( p>ticul> in/ances4 
,if all ^! con=m x is accept$4 ,b 9     
ord9>y uncritical read+ or ?9k+1 only a 
few associates are ar\s$4 ,9 critical   
read+1 we look = z _m associates z      
possible1 especially ^? :i* d n con=m4  
,x is ?is purpose kept 9 m9d :i* helps  
to recall & awak5 ^! associates4 ,no    
matt] h[ critical our attitude1 h[ev]1  
we _c at any giv5 "t recall e relevant  
associate1 ?\gh lat] a 8non-con=m+0     
associate is likely to occur to u by    
pure accid5t4  ,:ile y are criticis+ a  
book l9e by l9e1 & aft] y h f9i%$ read+ 
x1 y %\ld note ! importance & relevancy 
( ! argum5ts accept$ & reject$4 ,:ile an
 au?or may make a /atem5t ) :i* y       
disagree1 its tru? or falsehood may n   
affect ! re/ ( :at he has to say1 or x  
may affect m]ely a few coroll>ies drawn 
f x4 ,9 o!r cases ! tru? ( 8 entire     
conclusion may dep5d ^u x4 ,aga91 an    

au?or may incontrov]tibly prove         
some?+--:i* is entirely )\t be>+ on !   
subject4 ,?is means t y %\ld keep !     
precise "q con/antly be=e y\r m9d4  ,(t5
 y w f9d an au?or mak+ a /atem5t :i*    
really am\nts to no?+ m ?an a m]e air+ (
 8 prejudices1 or at be/ ! b>e /atem5t (
 a conclusion4 ,if he says1 8,socialism 
is ! greate/ m5ace ( our civilization10 
& leaves x g at t1 n tell+ h[ or :y1 y  
%\ld m5tally note ?is z a /atem5t1 z a  
/atem5t m]ely2 y %\ld n all[ x to       
influ5ce y\r op9ion ei!r way4 ,f9ally1  
rememb] t ?\gh y may be able to refute e
 argum5t an au?or br+s =w>d 9 support ( 
a conclusion1 8 conclusion may /ill be  
correct4 ,x is possible = a man to be "r
 = ! wrong reasons4  ,:ile ,i believe   
all ! =ego+ sugge/ions are judici\s &   
necess>y1 ,i am will+ to admit t _!     
wisdom may reasonably be d\bt$4 ,b !re  
is "o practice ab\t :i* !re c be no     
controv]sy--t ( mak+ sure y ?or\ghly    
und]/& e idea ( an au?or4 ,:ile mo/ p w 
n v]bally contradict ?is advice1 _!     

actual practice may be a cont9ual       
contradiction ( x4 ,!y w be 9 su* ha/e  
to f9i% a book t !y w n /op to make sure
 !y really und]/& ! m difficult or      
obscure passages4 ,j :at !y hope to ga9 
x is difficult to say4 ,if !y ?9k x is  
wa/+ "t to try to und]/& e idea1 x is   
surely a great] wa/e ( "t to read an    
idea )\t und]/&+ x4 ,to be sure1 !      
difficulty ( und]/&+ may be ! fault ( ! 
au?or4 ,x may be due to 8 involv$ &     
muddl$ way ( express+ himself4 ,x may be
 ! vagu5ess ( ! idea itself4 ,b if any?+
 ?is is all ! great] reason :y y %\ld   
attempt to und]/& x4 ,x is ! only way y 
c f9d :e!r or n ! au?or himself really  
knew :at he 0 talk+ ab\t4 ,to und]/&    
?or\ghly ! ?\ght ( ano!r does n         
necess>ily mean to sympa?ize ) x2 x does
 n mean to ask h[ t o!r came by x4 ,x   
means m]ely to sub/itute z f> z possible
 concrete m5tal images = ! words he     
uses1 & analyze ^? images to discov] to 
:at ext5t !y agree ) facts4  ,bett] to  
c>ry ?is out1 y might foll[ ano!r       

practice ( imm5se value4 ,:5ev] y are   
puzzl$ z to an au?or's mean+1 or :5ev] y
 d n c>e to accept 8 solution ( a       
problem b are undecid$ z to :at !       
solution is1 or :5ev] y want to c>ry an 
idea fur!r ?an he has1 or above all1    
:5ev] an orig9al & important relevant   
?\ght is sugge/$ to y1 y %\ld take y\r  
eyes f y\r book--%ut x if necess>y--&   
let y\r ?9k+ fl[ on2 give x fair play1  
ev5 if x takes an h\r be=e y\r ve9 (    
sugge/$ ?\ght exhau/s itself4 ,( c\rse  
?is practice w prev5t y f f9i%+ a book z
 soon z y o!rwise w\ld4 ,& if f9i%+ a   
book be y\r aim1 ,i h no?+ to say4 ,b if
 y\r end is to atta9 true1 s\nd k1 k :i*
 y w reta92 if y\r object is to become a
 ?9k]1 ! practice w prove ( unspeakable 
b5efit4 ,x w n int]f]e ) conc5tration4  
,rememb] y\r object is to conc5trate    
prim>ily on ! subject1 n on ! book2 y   
int5d to become a ?9k]1 n an int]pret]  
or a comm5tator or a disciple ( any     
au?or4  ,& !re are two reasons :y ?is   
?9k+ %\ld n be put (f until aft] y h    

f9i%$ a book4 ,! fir/ & m important is t
 aft] y h f9i%$ read+1 mo/ ( ! ideas w h
 unrecallably dropp$ out ( m9d4 ,!      
second is t :5 y are undecid$ ab\t !    
solution ( a problem1 y w (t5 f9d lat]  
argum5ts dep5d+ ^u t solution4 ,unless  
its tru? or falsity is decid$ 9 y\r own 
m9d y w n "k h[ to deal ) ^! lat]       
argum5ts4  ,i h spok5 ( feel+ t an      
argum5t is fallaci\s1 & ( be+ unable to 
po9t out j :]e x is s4 ,to cease read+ =
 a :ile1 & to endeavor to make ^!       
in>ticulate objections articulate1 is   
excell5t practice = tra9+ analytic p[]s 
& develop+ cle>ness ( ?\ght4  ,ano!r way
 ( read+ a book is :at ,i may call !    
anticipat+ me?od4 ,:5ev] a writ] has    
/>t$ to expla9 some?+1 or :5ev] y see t 
he is ab\t to1 /op read+ & try to ?9k   
out ! explanation = y\rself4 ,sometimes 
su* ?9k+ w anticipate only a p>agraph1  
at o!r times an entire *apt]4 ,s*ool &  
college text-books1 & 9 fact =mal       
text-books g5]ally1 (t5 conta9 li/s (   
que/ions at ! end ( ! *apt]s4 ,:]e y f9d

 ^!1 read !m be=e y read ! *apt]1 & :]e 
possible try to answ] !m by y\r own     
?9k+4 ,?is practice w make y und]/& an  
explanation mu* m easily4 ,if y\r ?9k+  
agrees ) ! au?or's explanation x w give 
y self-confid5ce4 ,x w make y realize   
:e!r or n y und]/& an explanation4 ,if y
 7 n able to ?9k ! ?+ out = y\rself y w 
appreciate ! au?or's explanation4 ,if   
y\r ?9k+ disagrees ) t ( ! au?or y w h  
an opportunity to correct him--or be    
correct$4 ,9 ei!r case y\r op9ion w re/ 
on firm] gr\nds4 ,n lea/ ( all y w be   
gett+ practice 9 self-?9k+4  ,aft] read+
 & criticis+ a book1 x is a good        
practice to /udy "o tak+ a diff]5t      
viewpo9t1 or writt5 ev5 9 direct        
opposition4 ,y w d\btless f9d t x po9ts 
out _m fallacies & controv]ts _m        
/atem5ts 9 ! fir/ book1 :i* y all[$ to  
pass un*all5g$4 ,ask y\rself :at !      
tr\ble 04 ,0 y\r attitude too receptive8
 ,did y swall[ words )\t sub/itut+ cle> 
m5tal images8 ,did y fail to trace out !
 consequ5ces ( a /atem5t8 ,all ^!       

que/ions w help y d bett] ! next "t4    
,because ( y\r ignorance ( ! facts1 y\r 
failure to refute a conclusion w        
sometimes n be y\r fault4 ,b ev5 "h1    
?\gh y _c contradict an au?or's /atem5t 
( facts1 y c criticise conclusions drawn
 f ^? facts4  ,take an in/ance4 ,9 mak+ 
an inquiry into ! causes ( fatigue1     
,pr(essor ,mosso ( ,tur9 select$ two    
dogs z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,"o he   
kept ti$1 & ! o!r he ex]cis$ until x 0  
?or\ghly tir$4 ,he !n transfus$ blood ( 
! tir$ dog into ! ve9s ( ! re/$ "o1 &   
produc$ 9 ! latt] e sign ( fatigue4 ,f  
?is he conclud$ t fatigue 0 due to c]ta9
 poisons 9 ! blood4  ,n[ we _c          
contradict ! fact ( ?is exp]im5t3 t !   
re/$ animal 0 made to look tir$4 ,b we c
 "q ! inf]5ce drawn4 ,! tru? ( !        
conclusion aside1 0 ! evid5ce suffici5t 
to e/abli% x8 ,might n1 = in/ance1      
simil> results h be5 produc$ ^u ! re/$  
dog if blood ( ano!r re/$ dog _h be5    
transfus$ into x8 ,_h ,mosso made su* an
 exp]im5t8 ,o!r objections %\ld easily  

occur to "o4  ,que/ions :i* admit (     
treatm5t by /udy+ bo? sides are too     
num]\s to m5tion4 ,! lit]ature (        
philosophy furni%es p>ticul>ly good     
mat]ial4 ,examples :i* at pres5t occur  
to me are ,sir ,william ,hamilton's     
philosophy v]sus ,mill's ,exam9ation (  
,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 &
 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples v]sus 
,william ,james' essay1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s 
,autobiography & ,h5ri ,b]gson's        
criticism ( ,sp5c] 9 8 ,creative        
,evolution4  ,uncritical /ud5ts ( !     
hi/ory ( philosophy (t5 f9d !mselves    
agree+ ) ea* ?9k] 9 turn1 no matt] h[   
mu* he contradicts previ\s ?9k]s1 & end 
by acquiesc+ 9 ! la/ sy/em !y read ab\t4
 ,i rememb] a philosophy class :i*      
complet$ its /udies ) ,pragmatism4 ,(   
c\rse x 0 m]ely a co9cid5ce1 b at ! end 
( ! c\rse fully n9e-t5?s ( ! /ud5ts     
decl>$ !mselves ,pragmati/s6  ,x is     
almo/ ne$less to rem>k t an au?or :o    
pret5ds to po9t out fallacies 9 ano!r is
 n necess>ily "r4 ,!re are m5 :o pride  

!mselves on 8read+ bo? sides ( a        
subject02 b unless !y h be5 critical1 _!
 k is n half z cle> or z likely to be   
true z t ( a man :o has read only "o    
side1 b :o has read x critically4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,we h n[ to consid] ! next /ep outl9$ 9 
! sugge/$ plan ( read+--8writt5 note    
%\ld be made ( ! problems tak5 up :i* y 
d n believe h be5 adequately treat$1 or 
! solutions ( :i* are 9 any way         
unsatisfactory4 ,^! y %\ld ?9k out =    
y\rself40  ,:5 read+ a book y w (t5 come
 across a /atem5t1 p]haps an entire     
*apt]1 ) :i* y disagree4 ,?is           
disagreem5t %\ld be record$ 9 ! =m ( a  
"q2 z = in/ance1 8,is su* & su* ! case80
 ,y may d\bt :e!r an au?or's explanation
 really expla9s4 ,y may h a vague       
in>ticulate suspicion t he is slid+ ov] 
facts1 or t 8 solution is too           
sup]ficial4 ,?is suspicion %\ld also be 
record$ 9 ! =m ( a "q4 ,(t5 aga91 :ile  
read+1 a problem connect$ ) ! subject w 
occur to y :i* ! au?or has n ev5        

consid]$4 ,?is too %\ld be record$4     
,all ^! que/ions %\ld unfail+ly be      
writt51 ei!r 9 ! m>g9 or on a piece (   
pap] or notebook kept always at h&4 ,y  
%\ld !n set aside a def9ite "t = ?9k+ & 
attempt to solve ! que/ions = y\rself4  
,& 9 ?9k+ = y\rself y %\ld n make !     
au?or's rem>ks ! basis ( y\r ?9k+4 ,y   
%\ld deal ) a problem almo/ z if x _h   
nev] occurr$ to any "o else b y4 ,simply
 because somebody else has be5 satisfi$ 
) a c]ta9 solution1 t is no reason :y y 
%\ld be4 ,y %\ld deal directly ) !      
facts1 data & ph5om5a "u consid]ation2 n
 ) ! op9ions ( o!rs ab\t ^? facts1 data 
& ph5om5a4 ,y %\ld n ask y\rself :e!r ! 
pragmati/s are "r1 or :e!r ! nom9ali/s  
are "r1 or ! sociali/s1 or !            
evolutioni/s1 or ! ,democrats1 or !     
,presbyt]ians1 or ! h$oni/s1 or :at n4  
,y %\ld n ask y\rself :i* 8s*ool0 ( ?9k+
 y ought to belong to4 ,y %\ld ?9k a    
problem out = y\rself1 9 e way t phrase 
implies4 ,at ! end y may1 incid5tally1  
f9d y\rself agree+ 9 ! ma9 ) "s s*ool ( 

?\ght4 ,h[ev]1 ?is w be only accid5tal1 
& y\r ?\ght w be mu* m likely to be     
true4 ,b y %\ld nev] agree ) a s*ool (  
?\ght any m ?an indep5d5t ?9k+ leads y  
to4  ,( problems dealt ) 9 ?is mann]1 "s
 w take t5 m9utes1 o!rs a week4 ,if y   
enc\nt] a p>ticul>ly ob/9ate problem x  
may be be/ to leave x = a :ile1 say a   
week or two or ev5 long]1 & g on ) o!r  
problems4 ,:5 problems are ?us          
recurr5tly treat$ x may take mon?s1 ev5 
ye>s1 be=e a satisfactory solution is   
rea*$4 ,9 su* cases y %\ld be will+ to  
give mon?s & ev5 ye>s to _! solution4   
,if a problem is n important en\gh to   
devote s mu* "t to y may be =c$ to ab&on
 x2 b y %\ld con/antly keep 9 m9d ! fact
 t y h n solv$ x1 & y %\ld be will+ to  
admit to o!rs t y h n solv$ x4 ,nev]    
all[ m]e intellectual laz9ess to /ifle  
y\r d\bts & make y ?9k y h solv$ a      
problem1 :5 y "k 9 y\r he>t ( he>ts t y 
h work$ y\rself into ! /ate ( belief    
m]ely to save y\rself m5tal discom=t4   
,:5 mo/ ( y\r problems h be5 solv$ & y\r

 views made def9ite y may resume y\r    
read+4 ,y may proce$ to o!r books on !  
subject4  ,z to ! sugge/ion t ano!r book
 on ! subject might be dealt ) 9 ! same 
mann] z ?is fir/ "o3 ?is w dep5d l>gely 
on ! individual subject4 ,x w dep5d on j
 :at books h be5 writt5 on t subject4   
,if none completely or adequately cov]s 
! field1 or if !re are two or m good    
books repres5t+ radically diff]5t       
viewpo9ts1 m ?an "o book probably ought 
to be /udi$ 9 ?is compreh5sive mann]4 ,b
 ?is mu/ be left to ! read]'s           
discretion4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,we come n[ to ! la/
 "p ( our plan--8aft] t all books may be
 read #8hop1 skip & jump' fa%ion1 = !   
new problems or solutions !y sugge/40   
,i h already impli$ ! necessity = ?is 9 
=mulat+ ! law ( dim9i%+ returns4 ,aft]  
we h read sev]al books on a subject x   
w\ld be manife/ly fooli% to cont9ue     
read+ books on t same subject 9 toto4   
,we w\ld m]ely be go+ ov] aga9 k already
 9 our possession1 in/ead ( us+ our "t m

 pr(itably by ent]+ new t]ritory4 ,b any
 good book w conta9 some?+ unique2 "s   
facts or pr9ciples to be f\nd n[h]e     
else2 or p]haps m]ely an unusually cle> 
way ( expla9+ "s old pr9ciple1 or a new 
light on x4 ,?is we %\ld endeavor to get
 )\t wa/+ our "t by pl[+ ?r\gh ! entire 
volume4  ,!oretically our problem is    
difficult2 on its face x w\ld seem      
impossible4 ,we are to read all !       
important p>ts ( a book2 t is1 ! p>ts   
mo/ important = u1 & no?+ b ! important 
p>ts4 ,b until we read x h[ are we to "k
 :e!r any giv5 "p ( a book is important8
 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 our difficulty is n
 s =midable4  ,we c elim9ate ! great]   
mass ( ! relatively useless "p ( a book 
by a glance at its table ( cont5ts4 ,if 
we see !re titles :i* sugge/ subjects or
 aspects ( subjects 9 :i* we are n      
int]e/$1 or t we feel we already "k     
en\gh ab\t1 or t are simply outside !   
p>ticul> purpose we h 9 consult+ t book 
at all1 we c omit ^? *apt]s & conf9e    
ourselves to ! o!rs4 4 4 4  ,:5 we 7    

*ildr5 fir/ le>n+ to read we _h to look 
at e lett] 9 a ^w1 !n spell x out4      
,f9ally its mean+ dawn$ ^u u4 ,z we     
became m pr(ici5t we did n h to look at 
e lett]2 we c\ld read words z :oles ) ! 
same rapidity z ! sep>ate lett]s4       
,accurate psy*ological te/s h det]m9$ t 
a man c read su* words z 8&0 & 8!0 ) ev5
 great] rapidity ?an any s+le lett]     
compos+ !m4 ,we f9ally rea* ! po9t :]e  
we c read %ort phrases at ! same rate z 
we =m]ly c\ld s+le words4  ,b ! secret (
 ! s*ol> :o c cov] effici5tly mu* m     
gr\nd ?an ord9>y m5 is n s mu* t he     
reads fa/]1 z t he reads less4 ,9 o!r   
words1 in/ead ( read+ e ^w he glances   
d[n a page & sees c]ta9 8cue0 words or r
 8cue0 phrases1 = ! eye & m9d take 9    
phrases z :oles4 ,if he is famili> ) !  
subject 7& he is n to employ ?is me?od  
unless & until he is7 he kn[s           
imm$iately1 by 8a sort ( in/9ct0 z      
,buckle call$ x1 :e!r any new or        
valuable ?\ght is on t page4 ,:5 he f9ds
 t !re is he involunt>ily slack5s 8 pace

 & reads t ?\ght at ord9>y read+ pace or
 ev5 sl[]4 ,sometimes inde$ he w read   
:ole *apt]s sl[ly1 ^w = ^w1 if ! cont5ts
 are suffici5tly novel & important to   
w>rant x4  ,read by ?is 8hop1 skip &    
jump0 fa%ion a book ! size ( ! pres5t   
volume might take an h\r or ev5 less4 ,b
 x is almo/ impossible to give ev5 an   
approximate e/imate ( ! "t su* read+    
ought to take4 ,( c\rse ! long] y sp5d !
 m y w get out ( a book1 b ! return p]  
"t inve/$ w be less & less4 ,on ! o!r h&
 if y read ! book too fa/ y may be wa/+ 
y\r "t altoge!r2 y may end by und]/&+   
no?+ at all4 ,mu* w dep5d ^u !          
orig9ality & dep? ( ! book1 ^u ! read]'s
 famili>ity ) ! subject1 & ^u 8 native  
m5tal qualities4  ,_m may object to     
practic+ ! =ego+ me?od because !y h a   
vague feel+ t x is _! duty to read e ^w 
9 a book4 ,i suspect t ! real reason =  
?is is simply s t :5 ask$ !y c          
consci5ti\sly say !y h read ! book4     
,:]eas if !y _h foll[$ ?is skipp+ me?od 
!y w\ld be able to say only t !y _h     

8glanc$ ?r\gh x0 or at be/ t !y _h 8read
 p>ts ( x40 ,to ?is objection ,i h no?+ 
to say1 = ,i am conf9+ my rem>ks to ^? 9
 se>* ( tru? & k r ?an conv]sation & !  
good op9ion ( ^? :o believe t read+ f   
cov] to cov] is ! only pa? to wisdom4 ,i
 might po9t out 9 pass+1 h[ev]1 t if we 
d foll[ ?is me?od !re w be a half doz5  
books :i* we c say we h 8glanc$ ?r\gh0  
to "o :i* we w\ld o!rwise h be5 able to 
say we _h 8read40  ,?is way ( deal+ ) a 
book is con/ructive & positive z oppos$ 
to ! negative me?od ( critical read+4 ,=
 we read = sugge/ion only2 we c>ry =w>d 
"s l9e ( ?\ght ( an au?or1 :i* is bett] 
= intellectual developm5t ?an try+ to   
f9d if he 0 wrong & :]e he 0 wrong4 ,n  
only is ?is positive me?od m int]e/+2 9 
"s respects x is bett] ev5 = criticism4 
,= 9 c>ry+ =w>d an au?or's l9e ( ?\ght1 
not+ its consequ5ces & implications &   
consid]+ diff]5t cases :]e x applies1 we
 f9d :e!r or n x leads to absurd        
conclusions2 :e!r or n all concrete     
in/ances con=m ) x4 ,x %\ld be kept 9   

m9d t ?is me?od is n to be foll[$ until 
! ma9 text-book has be5 /udi$4          
,consequ5tly :5 x is foll[$ y\r m9d w h 
be5 =tifi$ by previ\s read+ & ?9k+2     
valuable ?\ghts ( an au?or w t5d to     
impress y & be rememb]$1 :ile 8 trite or
 errone\s ideas w t5d to be ignor$4  ,b 
aft] all1 :at is important is n y\r     
attitude or me?od at ! "t ( read+ a     
book1 b ! ?9k+ done lat]4 ,! critical   
attitude has its %ortcom+s1 = :5 we are 
on ! look\t = an au?or's mi/akes we (t5 
miss ! full significance ( 8 tru?s4 ,on 
! o!r h& :5 8read+ = sugge/ion0 we may  
too (t5 all[ an error to pass           
unque/ion$4 ,b bo? ^! disadvantages may 
be ov]come if we d en\gh ?9k+ aft]w>d4  
,only "o ?+ ,i mu/ insi/ on3 make sure y
 und]/& e s5t5ce ( a book4 ,d n 8guess0 
y und]/& x4 ,d n slide ov] x 9 ! hope t 
! au?or w expla9 x lat]4 ,d n "w y\rself
 into ! belief t aft] all x is n really 
important4 ,r ?an ?is1 bett] by f> d n  
read ! book at all4 ,n only w y get     
little or no?+ f x b y w be =m+ ! wor/ (

 intellectual habits--t ( ?9k+ y und]/& 
:5 y d n4 ,if y h made e reasonable ef=t
 to und]/& an au?or & !n h n succe$$1   
write 9 ! m>g9 8,i d n und]/& ?is10 or  
draw a l9e alongside ! s5t5ce or        
passage4 ,if y h to d ?is too (t5 y %\ld
 put ! volume aside = a "t4 ,x is ei!r  
too advanc$ = y or x is n wor? read+4   
,z to ! ?9k+ y d aft] read+4 ,(t5       
problems connect$ ) ! subject ( a book y
 h read may arise spontane\sly 9 m9d1 or
 an objection to a /atem5t may sudd5ly  
occur to y :5 ?9k+ on "s o!r topic4 ,(  
c\rse :5 ?is happ5s y %\ld n /ifle y\r  
?\ghts4 ,b besides ?is1 def9ite p]iods  
%\ld be put aside = ?9k+ on :at y h read
 & on ! problems y h writt54 ,i _c insi/
 on ?is too /r5u\sly or too (t54  ,a    
good task to set be=e y\rself is to take
 e idea y agree ) 9 a book & try to     
treat x z a 8g]m40 ,tell y\rself t y w  
develop x beyond ! po9t :]e ! au?or left
 (f4 ,( c\rse ?is w n always be         
possible4 ,y w seldom succe$4 ,b !re is 
no?+ l hit*+ y\r wagon to a />1 & x w d 

no h>m to set ?is up z an ideal4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,a few miscellane\s problems rema9 to be
 consid]$4  ,h[ %\ld we deal ) au?ors ) 
:om we disagree fundam5tally8 ,h]b]t    
,sp5c] relates t he twice />t$ ,kant's  
,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 b disagree+  
fundam5tally ) ! fir/ & ma9 proposition 
he ceas$ read+4 ,n[ to d ?is is to give 
an au?or too mu* cr$it = consi/5cy4 ,=  
ev5 if e o!r proposition he sets =? is  
o/5sibly a coroll>y f 8 lead+ "o1 "s (  
!m w conta9 mu* tru?4 ,x is impossible  
to be consi/5tly wrong4 ,add to ?is !   
possibility t ! au?or may be "r on 8    
fir/ proposition aft] all4 ,h[ev]1 no   
book ) a viewpo9t radically diff]5t f   
our own %\ld be us$ z a ma9 text1 = we  
w\ld get little b5efit f x4 ,if ! book  
is by an obscure au?or we may safely lay
 x aside altoge!r4 ,b if x is by s fam\s
 & s beprais$ a philosoph] z ,kant we   
%\ld at lea/ glance ?r\gh ! entire      
volume = sugge/ions4  ,h[ _m times ought
 we to read a book8 ,i h already p>tly  

answ]$ ?is 9 =mulat+ ! law ( dim9i%+    
returns4 ,few books are wor? re-read+4  
,r ?an read "o book twice on any giv5   
subject x w mo/ (t5 be m pr(itable to   
read ano!r book on x4 ,= ! second w n   
only s]ve z a review ( previ\s k1 b w   
furni% y ) new ideas1 diff]5t aspects & 
new problems4  ,c]ta9 books1 h[ev]1 c   
nev] be replac$ by o!rs4 ,!y occupy ?is 
position ei!r because !y deal ) a       
subject n else:]e dealt ) or because !y 
take an entirely novel aspect1 or solely
 because !y are ! works ( supreme g5ius1
 = :ile ! ma9 conclusions rea*$ 9 works 
( ?is la/ type may be f\nd else:]e1 !   
mann] ( ?9k+ c nev] be4 ,^! books %\ld  
be read twice4 ,! ma9 text-book select$ 
on any subject w usually be *os5 because
 x is ! be/ & mo/ compreh5sive "w on t  
subject4 ,= ?is reason x %\ld be read a 
second "t ev5 if su* read+ is only ( !  
hop1 skip & jump v>iety4  ,we %\ld n    
re-read a book imm$iately ^u ! fir/     
completion b %\ld always all[ a long    
int]val to elapse4 ,!re are sev]al      

reasons = ?is4 ,aft] an int]val we      
acquire p]spective2 we are 9 a position 
to "k :e!r a book has done u any good & 
j ab\t h[ mu*4 ,we may f9d aft] ?is     
int]val t a "w ( :i* we ?\ght q highly  
at ! "t ( read+ has really n help$ u    
appreciably ei!r 9 ?\ght or action4 ,we 
may f9d t we h outgr[n ! ne$ ( x4 ,ev5  
if we f9ally decide to re-read we %all  
f9d ! wait ( imm5se help to our memory4 
,if we re-read a book aft] an int]val ( 
six mon?s1 ?ree ye>s aft] our second    
read+ we w rememb] its cont5ts mu* bett]
 ?an if we _h read x ?ree times 9       
unbrok5 succession4 ,add to ?is t 9 !   
lapse ( "t we %all h =gott5 mo/ ( ! "w1 
& %all !re=e approa* x ! second "t )    
great] int]e/ ?an if x 7 /ill fre% 9    
m9d2 t our exp]i5ce1 read+ & ?9k+ 9 !   
meantime w make u see e s5t5ce 9 a      
diff]5t light1 enabl+ u to judge our own
 m>g9al criticisms 7if we h made any7 z 
well z ! book1 & ! advantage ( wait+ _c 
be d\bt$4 ,i d n believe x w ev] be     
necess>y to read a book m ?an twice1 t  

is1 s f> z ?\ght & k are conc]n$4 ,)    
books read = _! /yle or = m]e amusem5t !
 case is diff]5t4  ,h[ long %\ld "o read
 at a sitt+8 ,"s m5 f9d t _! ?\ght is   
*ok$ by read+4 ,"s f9d x /imulat$4 ,b   
results v>y accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t read+
 is c>ri$ on4 ,read+ = v long p]iods at 
a /ret* (t5 dead5s orig9al ?\ght4 ,!    
writ] f9ds t he ne>ly always d]ives     
b5efit f read+ = %ort p]iods1 say t5 or 
fifte5 m9utes4 ,?is is 9 "s measure due 
to ! increas$ conc5tration :i* %ort     
p]iods all[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s p f9d t a 
c]ta9 mom5tum is acquir$ dur+ long read+
 p]iods4 ,! read] c only exp]im5t to f9d
 h[ long a p]iod be/ suits 8 individual 
case4  ,h[ ab\t conc5tration8 ,?is has  
be5 consid]$ 9 relation to indep5d5t    
?9k+1 b 9 read+ ! problem is some:at    
diff]5t4 ,9 ?9k+ our task is to *oose   
relevant associates4 ,9 read+ !         
associates are *os5 = u4 ,our task is to
 /ick to !m1 in/ead ( foll[+ !          
associates :i* occur to u ei!r f :at we 
read or f sights & s\nds ab\t u4 ,b     

associates :i* occur to u f :at we read 
are ( two k9ds3 relevant & irrelevant1 &
 ! =m] %\ld ( c\rse be foll[$ out4 ,?is 
h[ev] %\ld be done delib]ately1 9 !     
mann] ,i h previ\sly indicat$1 & :5 !   
ve9 ( sugge/$ ?\ght has be5 exhau/$ we  
%\ld br+ att5tion back to our book4 ,!  
problem ( conc5tration is n a v s]i\s "o
 9 read+4 ,x may sometimes be difficult 
to conc5trate on a book4 ,b x is        
inf9itely easi] ?an conc5trat+ on a     
problem by unaid$ indep5d5t ?\ght4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,! plan ( read+ ,i h laid out is m]ely  
sugge/ive4 ,:at ,i *iefly want$ to %[ 0 
t all books _c be treat$ alike1 t we _c 
lay d[n dogmatic inflexible rules to    
apply to e volume4 ,our me?od ( read+ w 
v>y ) ! nature ( a book or ( ! subject x
 treats4 ,x w dep5d ^u ! books we h     
already read & ev5 ^u ! books we        
contemplate read+ lat]4  ,! good y get  
out ( read+ w dep5d entirely on h[ y    
all[ x to affect y4 ,if e book y read   
sugge/s m problems1 gives y wor?-:ile   

que/ions & topics to ?9k ab\t 9 sp>e    
mom5ts1 enri*es y\r intellectual life & 
/imulates y\r ?\ght1 x is p]=m+ its     
prop] function4 ,b if y read solely to  
answ] problems y _c answ] = y\rself1 if 
e "t y are puzzl$ ab\t any?+ y run to a 
book to h x expla9$1 & accept )\t "q !  
explanation !re giv52 9 %ort1 if y use  
y\r read+ to save y\rself f ?9k+1 y _h  
bett] /op read+ altoge!r4 ,smok+ is a f>
 less h>mful =m ( dissipation4  ,i h n  
yet def9itely indicat$ ! ratio :i* "t   
giv5 to read+ %\ld be> to "t devot$ to  
?9k+4 ,i h avoid$ ?is because ( ! _m    
factors to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b if ! 
read] happ5s to h a sp>e h\r to devote  
to ! improvem5t ( 8 m9d1 he w n g v f>  
wrong if he gives ?irty m9utes to read+ 
& ?irty m9utes to ?9k+4 ,8 ?9k+ may be  
on ! subject he has read1 or "p ( x may 
be on o!r problems4 ,t is n s important4
 ,b ! read] mu/ n imag9e t 8 ?9k+ ne$ be
 re/rict$ to ^! ?irty m9utes or any o!r 
?irty m9utes4 ,! glori\s advantage (    
?9k+ is t x c be fitt$ 9 at any odd     

mom5t4 ,! entire app>atus = c>ry+ x on  
is always ) y4 ,y d n ev5 ne$ a book =  
x4 ,i rem9d ! read] ( ?is at ! risk (   
repeat+ myself4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,x 0 po9t$ out at 
! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t ! read+ ( any    
book is n an end 9 itself1 b %\ld be    
subord9at$ to ! l>g] end ( obta9+ ! be/ 
f read+ 9 g5]al4 ,b = ! sake ( cle>ness 
our end 0 tempor>ily consid]$ z ! ma/]y 
( "s p>ticul> subject4 ,i indicat$ a    
plan ( read+ to be/ s]ve t end4 ,i also 
promis$ t ne$ful qualifications w\ld    
come lat]4  ,9 /at+ ! law ( dim9i%+     
returns x 0 po9t$ out t x appli$ to :ole
 subjects z well z to books1 t 8pa/ a   
c]ta9 po9t e book we read on a subject1 
:ile x w probably add to our k1 w n     
yield z mu* return z a book ( equal m]it
 on ano!r subject new to u40  ,:ile ?is 
is true x applies to b a small ext5t :5 
subjects are read by ! me?od j outl9$1 =
 :ile we d n get z mu* out ( any book z 
we w\ld out ( "o ( equal m]it on ano!r  
subject1 we read x s mu* fa/] t ! return

 p] "t & en]gy exp5d$ is practically z  
great4 ,?is fa/ read+ is made possible  
by our previ\s k on ! old subject4 ,if !
 book on ! new subject 7 read 9 ! same  
mann]1 we might get little or no?+ f x4 
,) ?is objection out ( ! way ,i sugge/ t
 ! read] get a specialty4 ,books read 9 
! ord9>y unsy/ematic fa%ion1 n[ on ?is  
subject & n[ on t1 leave little p]man5t 
impression4 ,ev5 if !y d1 we feel t ?\gh
 our range ( read+ may be wide we h at  
be/ b a smatt]+ ( _m ?+s4 ,9 ! f9al     
analysis a smatt]+ ( k is 9 mo/ cases ( 
no m use ?an total ignorance4 ,bett] by 
f> be ignorant ( _m ?+s & "k "o ?+ well1
 ?an "k _m ?+s badly4  ,besides !       
utility ( hav+ a specialty is ! pleasure
 we d]ive4 ,!re is always an int5se     
satisfaction 9 feel+ t "o is an 8exp]t10
 an 8au?ority0 9 "s subject4 ,:5 "s     
,congressman makes an inaccurate rem>k  
:i* trespasses on y\r specialty y c     
write a lett] to ! ,times or ! ,sun     
expla9+ ! error ( 8 ways1 & incid5tally 
exhibit+ y\r own limitless erudition4   

,:5 y\r fri5ds get into an argum5t on "s
 "q )9 y\r *os5 field !y w rem>k1 8,ask 
,john ,jones4 ,he ought to "k40 ,& ev5  
:5 y h to confess abysmal ignorance on  
"s "q outside ( y\r doma9s1 y may /ill h
 ! satisfaction ( believ+ t p are excus+
 y )9 !mselves ) an 8,oh1 well1 b he    
kn[s a lot ab\t someology40  ,"o writ]  
e/imates t 8fifte5 m9utes a day or a    
half h\r ?ree days a week devot$ to "o  
def9ite /udy w make "o a ma/] 9 t field 
9 a doz5 ye>s40#bj ,?is /atem5t %\ld    
int]e/ ^? p :o 8hav5't ! "t0 to take up 
any specialty outside _! own bus9ess1 b 
:o sp5d at lea/ half an h\r e day 9     
newspap] or magaz9e read+--) no?+ to %[ 
= x at ! end ( tw5ty ye>s4  ,j :at      
subject y make y\r specialty ,i am n at 
pres5t conc]n$4 ,x may be a]onautics1   
a/ronomy1 bank+1 ,greek hi/ory1         
diff]5tial calculus1 social psy*ology1  
electricity1 music1 philosophy ( law1   
subm>9es1 soap manufacture1 religion1   
metaphysics1 sun-motors1 education1     
lit]>y /yle or ! moon4 ,b :atev] x is1 x

 ought to be a subject 9 :i* y are      
int]e/$ = its own sake--:i* mo/         
frequ5tly means "o :i* y d n make y\r   
vocation4 ,if y get tir$ ( x1 drop x &  
take up some?+ 9 :i* y are int]e/$4 ,y\r
 ?9k+ & /udy %\ld be pursu$ z a         
pleasure--n z a duty4  ,if y\r subject  
is a n>r[ "o1 if let u say x is m]ely a 
bran* ( :at is g5]ally consid]$ a       
sci5ce1 y %\ld fir/ get a cle> idea ( ! 
broad outl9es ( ! sci5ce be=e tak+ !    
specialty up4 ,%\ld y1 = in/ance1 select
 ! t>iff1 beg9 y\r /udy by us+ z y\r ma9
 text a book on g5]al economics4  ,ev5  
if y make y\r specialty an entire sci5ce
 y w d]ive great help by read+ 9 o!r    
sci5ces4 ,9 e?ics1 = in/ance1 a k (     
psy*ology1 biology & sociology w prove (
 surpris+ value4 ,?is means t = ! sake (
 kn[+ ! specialty itself1 if = no?+     
else1 y %\ld n pursue x exclusively4 ,if
 ev] y f9d y\rself 9 dang] ( do+ ?is x  
w\ld be well to lay d[n a rule t e ?ird 
or f\r? book y read mu/ be "o :i* does n
 deal ) ! subject y h *os5 z y\r own4   

,,viii  ,,writ+ ,,"o',s ,,?\ghts        
,read+ make? a full man1 conf]5ce a     
ready man1 & writ+ an  exact            
man4--,,bacon4  ,any attempt to =mulate 
a sci5ce or art ( ?9k+ w\ld n be        
complete )\t at lea/ "s discussion (    
writ+4 ,inde$ writ+ is s closely b\nd up
 ) ?9k+ t ,i h be5 compell$ to ref] to x
 sev]al times 9 ! discussion ( ?\ght &  
read+4  ,i h already spok5 ( writ+ z an 
aid to conc5tration4 ,i 0 wont to       
depreciate x on acc\nt ( its sl[ness4 ,b
 ?is is practically its only fault4     
,?\ghts come to u :5 writ+ :i* we get 9 
no o!r way4 ,"o is (t5 surpris$1 :5     
read+ some?+ "o has writt5 at a previ\s 
"t1 at "s ( ! rem>ks made4 ,we seem to h
 tempor>ily gr[n wis] ?an ourselves4  ,b
 ! great advantage ( writ+ is t x       
pres]ves ?\ght4 ,:at pr9t+ has done =   
humanity 9 pres]v+ ! k ( ! ages1 writ+ w
 d = ! individual 9 pres]v+ 8 own       
reflections4  ,:5 "s ?\ght has occurr$  
to u we believe at ! "t we are ?9k+ x t 
x is ours =ev]4 ,we _c conceive t x %all

 ev] be =gott54 ,p]i% t belief6 ,i h    
sometimes _h an idea occur to me        
7really671 & h believ$ x absolutely new1
 at lea/ s f> z ,i 0 conc]n$4 ,b on     
look+ ov] ?+s writt5 be=e1 ,i h f\nd t  
,i _h _h almo/ id5tically ! same ?\ght  
at ano!r "t4 ,n only did ,i =get ! idea2
 ,i did n ev5 recognize x at its second 
appe>ance4 ,to be sure1 9 ^! cases !    
?\ghts came a second "t4 ,b ?\ghts are  
seldom s oblig+4  ,!re=e :5 an idea     
occurs or :5 y h solv$ a problem1 ev5 a 
problem sugge/$ by a book1 y %\ld       
imm$iately put ! idea or solution 9     
writ+4 ,y may ( c\rse wait until ! end (
 ! day4 ,b ! safe/ way ( captur+ an idea
 is to write x ! m9ute aft] x fla%es    
?r\gh y\r bra91 or x may be lo/ =ev]4 ,x
 0 ) ?is 9 m9d t 9 ! *apt] on read+ ,i  
advis$ imm$iately writ+ n only ideas b  
problems :i* occurr$ to "o4 ,! discov]y 
( a new problem is j z important &      
necess>y = intellectual advance z !     
solution ( an old "o4 ,if we d n write  
our problems we are apt to =get !y exi/2

 we put ourselves 9 dang] ( assum+ )\t  
"q "s proposition :i* is n true4  ,to   
facilitate ! writ+ ( y\r ?\ghts &       
m$itations ,i sugge/ a notebook kept    
specially = t purpose4 ,9 addition to   
?is y %\ld always c>ry ab\t ) y "s blank
 pap] & a p5cil1 s z to be ev] ready to 
jot d[n any?+4 ,to write an idea does n 
( c\rse imply t y _c lat] reject x1 or  
*ange x1 or develop x fur!r4  ,!        
elusiv5ess ( ?\ghts is mo/ /rik+ly      
br\ght out :5 writ+ !m d[n4 ,:5 we are  
writ+ a long s5t5ce we h 9 m9d ! exact  
words ) :i* we are go+ to f9i% x4 ,b our
 att5tion is call$ = ! mom5t to !       
physical act ( writ+1 & pre/o6--! words 
are gone2 we are compell$ to end our    
s5t5ce 9 a diff]5t way4 ,i h m5tion$ !  
advantages ( %or?& & typewrit+ = keep+  
pace ) ?\ght4 ,i ne$ m]ely repeat my    
advice to use ^! acquirem5ts if y h !m4 
,?\ghts1 ,i mu/ repeat1 are fleet+4 ,no 
device = trapp+ !m %\ld be despis$4  ,n 
lea/ among ! advantages ( a notebook 9  
:i* to write ?\ghts is ! p]man5t        

hi/orical record x gives4 ,e ?\ght we   
write %\ld be dat$1 day1 mon? & ye>1 l a
 lett]4 ,:5 we come to read ov] ideas   
jott$ d[n f "t to "t 9 ?is mann]1 we    
%all see be=e u an intellectual         
autobiography4 ,we %all see h[ our rec5t
 ?\ghts comp>e ) ^? writt5 sometime ago4
 ,we %all see j :at our op9ions 7 at    
c]ta9 times1 & h[ !y h *ang$4 ,& we %all
 see :e!r our m5tal progress has be5    
m>k$1 or :e!r we h be5 /&+ /ill4  ,x may
 be consid]$ absurd to sugge/ t e ?\ght 
y write 9 y\r note-book be put 9 ! be/  
/yle y c comm&4 ,we are wont to         
diff]5tiate 8/yle0 & 8matt]40 ,x is     
d\btful :e!r ?is di/9ction is q valid4  
,x is d\btful :e!r we "k j :at we mean  
:5 we make x4 ,inde$ ,arnold ,b5nett    
goes s f> z to say3  8,/yle _c be       
di/+ui%$ f matt]4 ,:5 a writ] conceives 
an idea he conceives x 9 ! =m ( words4  
,t =m ( words con/itutes 8 /yle1 & x is 
absolutely gov]n$ by ! idea4 ,! idea c  
only exi/ 9 words1 x c only exi/ 9 "o =m
 ( words4 ,y _c say exactly ! same ?+ 9 

two diff]5t ways4 ,slightly alt] !      
expression1 & y slightly alt] ! idea4   
,surely x is obvi\s t ! expression _c be
 alt]$ )\t alt]+ ! ?+ express$6 ,!      
writ]1 hav+ conceiv$ & express$ an idea1
 may1 & probably w1 #8poli% x up4' ,b   
:at does he poli% up8 ,to say t he      
poli%es up 8 /yle is m]ely to say t he  
poli%es up 8 idea1 t he has discov]$    
faults & imp]fections 9 8 idea1 & is    
p]fect+ x4 ,! idea exi/s 9 proportion z 
x is express$2 x exi/s :5 x is express$1
 & n be=e4 ,x expresses itself4 ,a cle> 
idea is express$ cle>ly & a vague idea  
vaguely40#ba  ,mr4 ,b5nett1 ,i suspect1 
is a victim ( exagg]ation4 ,b ?is mu* is
 true3 ,?\ght & /yle are mutually       
dep5d5t to a f> great] degree ?an is    
g5]ally suppos$4 ,n only w an improvem5t
 9 a ?\ght improve its word+2 an        
improvem5t 9 word+ w improve ! ?\ght4   
,n[ z to ! application ( ?is4 ,i h      
ref]r$ to ! occurr5ce 9 read+ (         
8in>ticulate0 objections4 ,! sole reason
 ^! are in>ticulate is because !        

objection is too vague ev5 to f9d       
expression4 ,9 a case l ?is we %\ld ^w  
our objection ! be/ we c1 no matt] h[   
ridicul\s or indef5sible x at fir/      
s\nds4 ,b we %\ld ^w x 9 z _m ways z    
possible2 we %\ld say x 9 all diff]5t   
sorts ( ways2 we %\ld write x 9 e       
diff]5t k9d ( way4 ,gradually our       
objection w become def9ite1 cle>1       
=ceful4 ,9 %ort1 we %all n only h       
improv$ our way ( /at+ our ?\ght2 we    
%all h improv$ ! ?\ght itself4 ,to /udy 
cle>ness ( /atem5t or acquisition (     
vocabul>y is to /udy means ( improv+    
?\ght4 ,y\r notebook %\ld n be us$      
solely = ! entry ( 8?\ghts0 z su*1 b any
 /rik+ way ( word+ a ?\ght :i* occurs to
 y %\ld likewise be imm$iately writt54  
,b :ile !re is "s tru? 9 ,arnold        
,b5nett's /atem5t t ! word+ is ! ?\ght1 
f ano!r po9t ( view its v opposite is   
true4 ,! word+ is nev] ! ?\ght4 ,/rictly
 speak+1 8?\ght0 is some?+ :i* c exi/   
only 9 ! m9d4 ,x c nev] be transf]r$ to 
pap]4 ,:at !n is x t we write8 ,if words

 & s5t5ces are n ?\ght1 :at are !y8 ,if 
!y are n ?\ght h[ is x possible to      
transf] ?\ght ?r\gh ! m$ium ( writ+8  ,!
 fact is t words1 ?\gh !y are n ?\ght1  
are ! associates ( ?\ght4 ,y he> ! ^w   
8horse40 ,v likely ! visual image ( a   
horse arises 9 m9d4 ,?is image1 idea1   
notion1 8concept10 w dep5d on y\r       
exp]i5ce ( p>ticul> horses4 ,x w nev] be
 a logical ab/ract ( ^!4 ,x w nev] be a 
horse )\t color1 p>ticul> size1 sex or  
bre$1 z is sometimes ?\ght4 ,x may h[ev]
 h diff]5t elem5ts 9 x f diff]5t horses 
y h se54 ,x may be ! image ( j "o       
p>ticul> horse y rememb]4 ,b no su* ?+ z
 a g5]al concept exi/s 9 ! m9d4 ,we h a 
p>ticul> image :i* /&s = all horses4 ,! 
"n ( c\rse is g5]al4 ,x--or its         
def9ition--may be call$ ! logical       
concept4 ,b ! "n itself is n us$ 9      
?\ght4 ,x is an arbitr>y symbol :i*     
s]ves m]ely to ar\se a p>ticul> image   
associat$ ) x1 & ?is image is dealt ) z 
if g5]al4 ,?is image we %all call !     
concept4 ,x is ! work+ concept3 !       

psy*ological z oppos$ to ! logical      
concept4  ,z y\r concept ( a horse w    
dep5d on y\r exp]i5ce ( p>ticul> horses1
 ano!r p]son's concept w dep5d on 8     
exp]i5ce ( t animal4 ,& z 8 exp]i5ce c  
nev] be exactly ! same z y\rs1 8        
concept1 ?\gh x may be simil> to y\rs1 w
 n be ! same4 ,n only w no "o else h !  
same m5tal image or concept z y b y     
y\rself w nev] h exactly ! same image   
twice4 ,?is image w v>y ) ! sett+ 9 :i* 
x occurs--) ! associates :i* happ5 to   
ar\se x4 ,if y are read+ ab\t a great   
battle & ! ^w 8horse0 is m5tion$1 a     
c]ta9 k9d ( horse w sugge/ itself to y4 
,if y are read+ ab\t a groc]y wagon &   
see ! ^w 8horse0 ano!r k9d w sugge/     
itself4 ,?is :e!r ! animal is describ$  
by adjectives or n4 ,at "o "t y may ?9k 
( ! horse z 9 motion1 at ano!r "t z at  
re/4  ,un=tunately _m s-call$           
psy*ologi/s seem to consid] ! concept1  
ev5 ?is image-concept1 z some?+ fix$ 9 !
 individual1 or at be/ z only *ang+ )   
actual exp]i5ce ( ! ?+ conceiv$4 ,! tru?

 is t ! image or images ar\s$ on he>+   
any ^w are n ! same = two seconds at a  
"t4 ,!y are fluid1 dynamic2 nev] /atic1 
immobile4 ,!y are associates ( ! words 9
 a con/ant /ate ( flux4#bb ,:5 ! concept
 ( "o individual v>ies f "o mom5t to !  
next1 h[ mu/ ! concepts ( diff]5t       
individuals diff] f ea* o!r6  ,i h      
in/anc$ ! idea ( a horse because x is s 
simple & concrete4 ,9 actual ?9k+ we    
nev] meet ) a simple sep>at$ concept or 
) a s+le ^w2 we deal ) at lea/ an entire
 s5t5ce4 ,?is means t our images v>y ev5
 m widely at diff]5t times ?an 0 ! case 
9 ! example4 ,x means t ! images ( o!r p
 are at a correspond+ly great] v>iance f
 ours4  ,z to ! application ( all ?is to
 writ+4 ,we h an idea2 ?9k+ x important 
we decide to jot x d[n4 ,n[ we _c jot   
d[n ! idea1 b only words associat$ ) x4 
,we _c ev5 write all ! words associat$ )
 x1 = !re are too _m4 ,s we write a     
comp>ative few2 & we say we h writt5 !  
idea4 ,b all we h really writt5 is      
some?+ associat$ ) ! idea4 ,:5 we read  

?is ov] at a lat] "t we %all n h ! same 
ideas ar\s$ z 7 9 m9d orig9ally1 b at   
be/ only simil> ideas4 ,= ! associates (
 words1 l all associates1 are con/antly 
*ang+2 & ?anks to ! frailties ( human   
memory exactly ! same associates are    
nev] ar\s$ twice4 ,s aft] a long int]val
 !y w be mu* diff]5t ?an at ! "t we     
wrote4 ,! read] w (t5 h ! exp]i5ce (    
8writ+ a ?\ght0 & ?9k+ x v important1 b 
on read+ x at ano!r "t he w fail to see 
:y he ev] consid]$ x wor? putt+ on pap]4
 ,! tru? is t at ! "t he wrote ! idea x 
probably 0 important1 because he _h ! "r
 concepts4 ,b :5 he came back to ! words
 he _h writt5 !y fail$ to re-sugge/ !   
=m] concepts & associates4  ,?is        
diff]5ce betwe5 words & ?\ght is ev5 m  
/rik+ly br\ght out :5 ! writt5 ?\ght is 
read by "s o!r p]son ?an ! writ]4 ,!    
writ] is likely at lea/ to h            
approximately ! same concepts z at ! "t 
( writ+4 ,& he is greatly aid$ by 8     
memory 9 recall+ ! concepts & associat$ 
ideas previ\sly 9 m9d1 ! words sugge/+  

^!4 ,b :5 a p]son reads :at "s "o else  
has writt51 he translates ! words into !
 concepts previ\sly connect$ ) !m 9 8   
own m9d4 ,?us an au?or c nev] lit]ally  
transf] an idea4 ,he c m]ely put d[n    
c]ta9 arbitr>y symbols1 :i* w s]ve to   
ar\se a simil> ?\ght 9 8 read]s4 ,h[    
greatly ! read]'s ?\ght diff]s f !      
au?or's x is difficult if n impossible  
to det]m9e1 = m9ds c only communicate by
 words4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce 9 associat$  
concept :i* (t5 makes a read] fail to   
appreciate ! pr(\nde/ ?\ghts ( an au?or1
 & ev51 on ! o!r h&1 occasionally to see
 dep? :]e x does n exi/4  ,we come n[ to
 ! solution ( ! problem to :i* ?is r    
ext5d$ discussion has be5 prep>atory4   
,h[ is an au?or to convey1 z ne>ly z    
possible1 8 actual idea8 ,& ! answ] is3 
he %\ld ^w x 9 z _m diff]5t ways z      
possible4  ,if a p]son _h nev] be5 to a 
city & y want$ to give him an idea ( x1 
y w\ld %[ him photographs tak5 f diff]5t
 viewpo9ts4 ,"o photograph w\ld correct 
& supplem5t ! o!r4 ,& ! m photographic  

viewpo9ts he saw ! m complete & accurate
 w\ld be 8 idea--! m 8 concept w\ld     
approximate ! actual city4 ,b he c\ld   
nev] m ?an approximate2 he c\ld nev]    
obta9 ! idea ( a man :o _h visit$ t     
city4  ,an au?or's language is a        
photograph ( 8 ?\ght4 ,he c nev]        
actually transf] an idea1 b by word+ x 9
 diff]5t ways he c %[ diff]5t           
photographs ( x4  ,if1 = example1 a     
second word+ does n con=m ) ! fir/      
concept :i* a read] has =m$1 ! read] w  
be oblig$ to modify t concept4 ,& if !  
idea is repeat$ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways
 he w h to modify 8 concept s mu* t he w
 gradually m & m approximate ! idea ( ! 
au?or4  ,i rememb] ! /ory 9 "s          
educational treatise ( an inspector :o  
ent]$ a s*ool room1 ask$ ! tea*] :at %e 
_h be5 giv+ h] class1 & f9ally took up a
 book & ask$ ! foll[+ "q1 8,if y 7 to   
dig a hole ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( feet deep1   
w\ld x be cool] ne> ! bottom or ne> !   
top1 & :y80 ,n a *ild answ]$4 ,f9ally ! 
tea*] said1 8,i'm sure !y "k ! answ] b  

,i don't ?9k y put ! "q 9 ! "r way40 ,s 
tak+ ! book %e ask$1 8,9 :at /ate is !  
c5t] ( ! e>?80 ,imm$iately came ! reply 
f ! :ole class 9 *orus1 8,! c5t] ( ! e>?
 is 9 a /ate ( igne\s fusion40 4 4 4    
,!re is1 & has be5 = ! pa/ g5]ation1 a  
great cry 9 educational circles t we    
%\ld tea* ?+s1 n words4 ,9 "s in/ances  
?is is inadvisable1 ev5 impracticable4  
,b if ! tea*] 9 ! =ego+ /ory _h tak5 !  
tr\ble to ^w h] idea 9 at lea/ m ?an "o 
way1 %e might h implant$ a real idea 9  
h] pupils4 ,%e w\ld at lea/ h f\nd t z x
 0 !y _h none4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,"o m "q rema9s4  
,if y are writ+ a composition1 a lett]1 
an essay1 or ev5 a book1 :at is ! be/   
way to get d[n all y\r ?\ghts1 )\t los+ 
any ( value2 to get !m d[n 9 ! be/ ord] 
& 9 ! be/ /yle8 ,9 o!r words :at is !   
pa? ( greate/ effici5cy 9 transf]r+     
?\ghts f y\r m9d to pap]8  ,we h already
 consid]$ su* devices z %or?&4 ,( c\rse 
dictation1 :]e x is possible1 is an     
obvi\s advantage4 ,b ,i mean "h to      

consid] ! aspects ( ! problem :i* apply 
m especially to compositions ( "s l5g?4 
,x is relat$ ( ,augu/e ,comte t he      
compos$ 8 books by ?9k+ !m ov] d[n to ! 
m9ute/ details1 d[n to ! v phraseology (
 ! s5t5ces1 be=e p5n+ a s+le ^w1 b t :5 
he came to writ+ he c\ld turn out an    
a/\nd+ am\nt ( "w 9 a giv5 "t4 ,unless a
 p]son h a rem>kable memory1 h[ev]1 he w
 =get mo/ ( :at he has ?\ght by ! "t he 
comes to writ+ x4 ,comte's me?od might  
nev]!less be pr(itably appli$ to %ort   
sections ( compositions4 ,& :]e         
concis5ess or p]spicuity are desir$1 x w
 (t5 be f\nd useful to ?9k out an entire
 s5t5ce be=e writ+ a ^w ( x4  ,p]haps ! 
be/ way ( ensur+ effici5cy 9 writ+ is by
 ! c>d sy/em4 ,?is consi/s 9 writ+ on a 
sep>ate c>d e valuable idea t occurs to 
y1 imm$iately aft] x occurs4 ,:5 y      
f9ally come to writ+ y c arrange ^! c>ds
 9 any ord] desir$1 ?r[+ out ! ideas y  
no long] consid] important1 & add+ ^?   
:i* are necess>y to complete or r\nd out
 ! "w4     ,,ix  ,,?+s ,,wor? ,,?9k+    

,,ab\t    ,! man :o _c wond]1 :o does n 
habitually wond]1 is b a  pair (        
spectacles beh9d :i* !re is no          
eye4--,,c>lyle4  ,up to n[ ,i h treat$  
exclusively ( h[ to ?9k1 b h made no    
m5tion ( :at to ?9k4 ,i h treat$ ( ! be/
 me?ods ( deal+ ) diff]5t subjects &    
que/ions2 ,i h n consid]$ :at subjects  
or problems are mo/ wor? deal+ )4  ,(   
c\rse ! important ?+ is t y d ?9k4 ,x is
 n absolutely ess5tial t ! results ( y\r
 ?9k+ are results :i* c be directly made
 use (4 ,?9k+ is an end 9 itself4 ,mo/  
m5 imag9e t 8?9k+ = ! sake ( ?9k+0 may  
appeal to philosoph]s1 b means no?+ to  
!m1 z !y l to ?9k only :5 by s do+ !y c 
=w>d "s practical end4 ,^! p d !mselves 
an inju/ice4  ,p]haps y1 ,o read]1 are  
among !m4 ,if s1 let me appeal to y\r   
p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,h y ev] tri$ to solve
 a toy puzzle1 tri$ to take ! two wire  
hooks ap>t )\t b5d+ !m8 ,or h y ev]     
/opp$ to tackle a problem on ! family   
page ( y\r ev5+ or ,sunday newspap]8 8,a
 groc] buys fifte5 doz5 eggs1 he        

sells--0 y "k :at ,i mean4 ,y admit t y 
h4 ,exactly4 ,y h be5 ?9k+ = ! m]e sake 
( ?9k+4  ,if y prote/ t y didn't c>e    
ab\t ! ?9k+1 t y took no pleasure 9 !   
?9k+1 :i* 0 m]ely incid5tal1 b t :at    
really urg$ y on & gave y pleasure 0 !  
solution ( ! puzzle1 y are aga9 deceiv+ 
y\rself4 ,! ?9k+ 0 n incid5tal4 ,?9k+ & 
problem solv+ are id5tical4 ,! fact is t
 y set y\rself to solv+ a problem1 to   
remov+ a m5tal h9drance1 = ! m]e sake ( 
gett+ ! answ]1 ) absolutely no ?\ght (  
:at y 7 go+ to d ) ! answ] :5 y got x4  
,b if y c d]ive s mu* pleasure f ?9k+   
:i* y _c put to use1 h[ mu* great] %\ld 
be y\r pleasure :5 y\r conclusions c be 
utiliz$8 ,= :5 y ?9k ( some?+ useful1 y 
h n only ! pres5t pleasure ( solv+ y\r  
problem1 b ! ult]ior pleasure ( apply+  
y\r solution to action1 or to ! solution
 ( "s fur!r problem4 ,& :ile ,i aga9    
admit t ?9k+ is an end 9 itself1 ?is    
does n prev5t x f be+ at ! same "t a    
means to "s fur!r end4 ,aft] all is said
 !re is really no reason :y we %\ld be  

prejudic$ aga9/ problems or subjects t  
are useful4  ,! m]e decision t we %\ld  
?9k ( useful que/ions is insuffici5t4 ,v
 few que/ions are )\t "s use4 ,ev5 !    
solution ( ! family page puzzle might "s
 day be useful 9 solv+ a simil> problem 
aris+ 9 y\r own bus9ess2 & ev5 if ?is   
nev] came to pass y might spr+ ! puzzle 
on y\r fri5ds1 & make y\rself socially m
 int]e/+4 ,?\ght giv5 to a "q 9 a debat+
 book n[ be=e me1 8,resolv$1 t ,f]oci\s 
,wild ,bea/s are m to be dread$ ?an     
,v5om\s ,reptiles10 might result 9 k :i*
 w\ld come h&y 9 select+ equipm5t if "o 
decid$ to j\rney to ! wild]ness ( ,s\?  
,am]ica4 ,b !re are millions ( problems 
( z mu* use z ^!2 & x is n )9 ! p[] ( "o
 lone mortal1 ( ye>s ?ree score & t51 to
 compass ev5 a corn] ( !m4 ,our "q is   
n--:at problems are ( use81 b--( h[ mu* 
use are c]ta9 problems81 or /at$ 9 ano!r
 way1--:at is ! relative utility (      
problems8  ,any adequate consid]ation ( 
?is "q w\ld involve ! selection ( "s    
crit]ion = utility1 & ! te/+ (          

individual problems by t crit]ion4 ,b to
 treat su* a "q ) any?+ l ju/ice is     
beyond ! scope ( ?is book2 x w\ld       
require almo/ a volume 9 itself4 ,x is  
almo/ ! same z ! problem1 ,:at k is (   
mo/ wor?81 & ! mo/ ma/]ly treatise on t 
"q :i* has ev] be5 writt5 c be f\nd 9   
,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s epo*-mak+ little "w1    
,education4 ,i s9c]ely hope t ! read]   
/udy ?is4 ,b ,i hope ev5 m e>ne/ly t    
be=e he does s he fir/ ?9k ! problem out
 indep5d5tly1 = x is "o ( ! mo/         
important he c put be=e himself4  ,b our
 pres5t "q--t ( ! relative importance ( 
problems--is slightly diff]5t f t ( !   
relative importance ( k4 ,! fir/ deals )
 ?\ght & ! second ) in=mation1 or !     
mat]ials ( ?\ght2 ! fir/ ) a process (  
gett+ k & ! second ) k itself4  ,i      
believe = example t a k ( 8 own body & (
 ! laws ( heal? is ! mo/ valuable a man 
c h1 b !re are few problems conc]n+ !   
body :i* ,i w\ld include 9 ! fir/ rank4 
,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 :ile x may be true t su*        

que/ions tak5 z a :ole are m important  
?an any o!r class ( que/ions1 tak5      
sep>ately !y are relatively m9or2 !re   
are no "o or two que/ions (             
all-encompass+ importance to :i* all !  
o!rs are subsidi>y4 ,moreov]1 su*       
que/ions1 :ile !y und\bt$ly require     
?\ght = _! solution1 dep5d to a         
relatively great ext5t on obs]vation &  
exp]im5t4 ,no sane m$ical /ud5t w\ld sit
 d[n & foll[ out a l5g?y c\rse ( reason+
 z to :]e ! he>t is2 he w\ld m]ely      
obs]ve or dissect1 or consult ! book ( a
 man :o _h dissect$1 & save m5tal       
fatigue4 ,n lea/ ( all1 que/ions (      
physiology require ext5sive1 highly     
te*nical & detail$ in=mation--in=mation 
:i* requires ye>s ( special /udy to     
acquire--be=e any ?9k+ t is at all safe 
c be put ^u !m4 ,s 9 e/imat+ ! relative 
value ( problems1 !re are o!r           
consid]ations besides ! value ( k4  ,b x
 is n my purpose "h to discuss ! g5]al  
pr9ciples ^u :i* ! selection ( wor?-:ile
 que/ions %\ld be made4 ,t task ,i leave

 to ! read]4 ,i h *os5 r ! concrete pa? 
( sugge/+ a li/ ( que/ions :i* ,i       
consid] ( great import4 ,i believe t no 
matt] h[ mu* ?\ght ! read] gives to any 
"o ( !m he w n be los+ 8 "t4  ,i h      
else:]e po9t$ out t ! m k a man has ! m 
problems he w h4 ,x is equally true t   
unless a man has "s k on a subject he w 
n be able to appreciate or ev5 und]/& "s
 ( its mo/ important problems4 ,x is    
only :5 we beg9 to ?9k ( subjects t we  
discov] problems & realize _!           
significance4 ,9 /at+ mo/ ( ! foll[+    
problems1 !re=e1 ,i h (t5 ?\ght x       
necess>y to add a few s5t5ces 9         
explanation1 & h sometimes /at$ a "q 9 a
 v>iety ( =ms 9 ord] to m cle>ly convey 
! ?\ght4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,are specific *>act]i/ics1 
acquir$ dur+ ! lifetime ( an individual1
 inh]it$ by 8 (fspr+8 ,i h ref]r$ s (t5 
to ?is problem & its importance t fur!r 
explanation is h>dly necess>y4          
8,*>act]i/ics0 ( c\rse ref] to          
intellectual & moral z well z physical  

*>act]i/ics4  ,:at is ! influ5ce ( !    
individual m9d on society & ( social    
environm5t on ! individual8  ,does ! =m 
( gov]nm5t det]m9e ! "* ( a p1 or does !
 "* ( a p det]m9e _! =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,or 
d gov]nm5t & "* react on ea* o!r1 & h[8 
,! same "q may be ask$ ( all o!r social 
in/itutions4 ,does ! religion ( a p     
det]m9e _! "*1 or does ! "* ( a p       
det]m9e _! religion8 ,?is :ole problem  
is some:at simil> to t imm$iately       
prec$+1 reg>d+ ! int]action ( !         
individual & ! social m9d4  ,is society 
= ! b5efit ( ! individual or is !       
individual = ! b5efit ( society8  ,%\ld 
! jurisdiction ( ! gov]nm5t be ext5d$ or
 curtail$8 ,or %\ld x be ext5d$ 9 "s    
directions & curtail$ 9 o!rs8 ,does !   
answ] to ?is problem dep5d on ! answ] to
 ! previ\s "o8 ,ano!r =m ( ! same       
problem is3 ,:at is ! prop] sph]e (     
gov]nm5t8  ,%\ld ! gov]nm5t grant       
monopolies8 ,pat5ts1 = example8  ,:at   
w\ld be ! mo/ practicable plan = aboli%+
 or m9imiz+ w>8 ,^? :o d n wi% to beg ! 

previ\s "q may fir/ ask :e!r x is always
 desirable to prev5t w>1 :e!r w> is     
always an evil4 ,:at is ! effect ( w> on
 ! physical future ( ! race8 on national
 & individual "*8 on gov]nm5t8 on       
national lib]ty8 on p]sonal lib]ty8 ,:at
 are ! e?ics ( w>8 = aggression8 =      
t]ritorial conque/8 = 8national honor08 
= def5se ( a weak] nation8 = def5se     
aga9/ invasion8 ,:at is ! effect (      
prep>$ness8 ( univ]sal prep>$ness8 (    
prep>$ness ( an individual nation8 ,9   
ea* case :at are ! pr9ciples on :i* !   
ext5t ( prep>$ness %\ld be det]m9$8 ,:at
 are ! fundam5tal causes ( w>8 ,h[ c !y 
be remov$8 ,is x possible to remove all 
( !m8  ,:i* is ! rightful own] ( l&1 !  
community or ! individual8 ,to /ate !   
problem 9 ano!r =m3 ,%\ld private l&    
own]%ip be aboli%$8  ,:o %\ld be entitl$
 to vote8 ,?is ( c\rse is a "q simil> to
 woman suffrage1 b x is mu* broad]4 ,x  
deals n only ) ! qualification ( sex1 b 
( age4 ,%\ld any "o "u tw5ty-"o h !     
vote8 ,! validity ( prop]ty &           

educational qualifications %\ld also be 
consid]$4  ,h[ %\ld ! relations ( !     
sexes be regulat$8 ,put 9 slightly n>r[]
 & p]haps less objectionable =m3 ,:at   
w\ld be j laws gov]n+ m>riage & divorce8
  ,:at is ! effect ( attempt$ ,/ate     
int]f]5ce ) ! law ( supply & dem&8 ,does
 ! unre/rict$ work+ out ( ?is law =w>d  
ultimate ju/ice8 ,j :at is ! validity & 
! mean+ ( ! expression 8,! law ( supply 
& dem&08 ,! "q c\ld be tak5 up 9        
connection ) m9imum wage laws1 railroad 
rate regulations1 8extra crew0 laws1    
etc4  ,:i* is ! be/ policy3 free trade1 
rev5ue t>iff1 or protective t>iff8 ,or  
"u :at conditions is ea* be/8 ,) :at    
classes ( commodities8  ,:at w\ld be an 
equitable & s\nd curr5cy sy/em8 ,?is "q 
is some:at te*nical1 & w\ld h to be     
consid]$ 9 ! =m ( a numb] ( subsidi>y   
problems4 ,ought money to h an intr9sic 
value8 ,:at is ! effect ( 8fiat0 pap]   
curr5cy on money ( intr9sic value & on  
prices8 ,! effect ( cr$it8 ,! effect (  
fluctuations 9 ! supply ( gold8 ,ought  

!re be a d\ble /&>d or a multiple /&>d8 
etc4  ,%\ld conduct be judg$ by !       
pleasure or happ9ess x yields8 ,/at$ 9  
ano!r =m1 almo/ a diff]5t problem3 ,is  
utility a good moral guide8  ,%\ld      
conduct be judg$ by its t5d5cy to       
produce individual well-be+1 or %\ld x  
be judg$ by its t5d5cy to produce !     
well-be+ ( all humanity1 or ( all s5ti5t
 be+s8 ,?is problem _c be lightly       
dismiss$ 9 favor ( univ]sal well-be+4   
,?is becomes app>5t :5 we attempt to    
give an undogmatic & non-"q-begg+ answ] 
to ! qu]y3 ,:y %\ld a man act = ! b5efit
 ( o!rs8  ,no sci5ce is m provocative ( 
?\ght ?an e?ics4 ,! "q ( :e!r acts %\ld 
be decl>$ good or bad z !y t5d to       
produce pleasure or happ9ess1 ei!r      
individual or 9 humanity z a :ole1 or   
:e!r 8virtue0 or 8morality0 is an end 9 
itself1 is "o ( ! mo/ subtle & elusive  
we c attempt to solve2 no matt] :i*     
answ] we give we are br\ght into logical
 & psy*ological dilemmas f :i* x seems  
impossible to escape4 ,?is is also true 

( ! problem ( :e!r our k ( :at          
con/itutes "r & wrong comes f exp]i5ce  
or f intuition4  ,! broade/ =m ( !      
e?ical problem1 :i* includes ! two      
prec$+ italiciz$ problems1 is3  ,:at is 
! prop] crit]ion = det]m9+ "r & wrong   
conduct8 ,or ev5 less dogmatic3 ,c !re  
be a crit]ion = det]m9+ "r & wrong      
conduct1 & :at is x8  ,some:at alli$ ) !
 e?ical problem is t problem ( problems3
 h[ to live8 ,by ?is is meant h[ to put 
! mo/ into life & get ! mo/ out ( x2 :at
 vocation to foll[2 :at hobbies1        
amusem5ts1 avocations to take up2 h[ to 
plan "t by mon?s1 by weeks1 by days1 by 
h\rs4 ,h[ mu* "t & en]gy d c]ta9        
activities des]ve8 ,h[ mu* c we af=d to 
give !m8 ,re/at$3 :at activities are (  
mo/ wor?8  ,( c\rse e "o does ?9k (     
problems connect$ ) ! art ( liv+4 ,b he 
?9ks ( !m z little unconnect$ que/ions4 
,b>ely inde$ does any "o g ab\t !       
solution ( ! g5]al problem ( liv+ 9 an  
ord]ly1 sy/ematic mann]4 ,to insi/ ^u ! 
broad practical be>+s ( ! problem w\ld  

be unnecess>y1 absurd4 ,by its v nature 
x is ! mo/ 8practical0 "q we c ask4 ,any
 p>ticul> solution or treatm5t may be   
impractical1 b ?is does n affect ! "q   
itself4  ,:at are ! respective influ5ces
 ( environm5t 7education1 exp]i5ce1     
etc47 & innate t5d5cies 9 det]m9+ "*8   
,:i* is ! great] det]m9ant8  ,does      
pleasure dep5d ^u ! satisfaction (      
in/9ctive desires1 or d desires = c]ta9 
activities dep5d ^u ! pleasure          
accompany+ ! previ\s p]=mance ( su*     
activities8 ,does an activity or !      
possession ( an object give u pleasure  
because we h previ\sly desir$ x1 or d we
 desire an activity or an object because
 we h previ\sly obta9$ pleasure f x8 ,or
 d pleasure & desire int]act1 & j h[8 ,!
 solution ( ?is psy*ological problem is 
( trem5d\s importance 9 e?ics4  ,does ! 
m9d dep5d entirely on ! bra98 ,t is1 are
 all ?\ghts1 emotions1 feel+s1 due to   
mat]ial *anges 9 ! bra98 ,! answ] we    
give to ?is problem may det]m9e our     
answ] to ! "q ( immortality4  ,:at k is 

( mo/ wor?8 ,i h s fully discuss$ !     
importance ( ?is "q & ! me?od ( proce$+ 
) its solution t fur!r explanation is   
ne$less4  ,"o sph]e ( ?\ght :]e ! ?9k]  
is compell$ to be orig9al2 :]e x is     
practically impossible = him to fall    
into beat5 tracks1 is inv5tion4 ,b !re  
is useless z well z useful inv5tion4 ,a 
man's ambition may range all ! way f    
inv5t+ a ma*9e to h>ness directly !     
limitless p[] ( ! sun1 d[n to devis+ a  
t5aci\s tip = %oelaces4 ,b he %\ld be   
c>eful ab\t inv5t+ some?+ already       
pat5t$4 ,he %\ld be ev5 m c>eful to     
avoid inv5t+ some?+ = :i* !re is no     
dem&4 ,"o ( ,edison's fir/ pat5ts 0 = a 
ma*9e to regi/] quickly ! votes (       
legislative assemblies4 ,& x work$4 ,b !
 legislative assemblies didn't want x1  
because !y didn't want _! votes quickly 
regi/]$4 ,t w\ld h end$ good old        
filibu/] me?ods4 ,ano!r inv5tion ( great
 uselessness :i* has be5 sev]al times   
attempt$ is a ma*9e to write words j l !
 human h& writes !m4 ,!re are really s  

_m useful ?+s :i* d n exi/ & = :i* !re  
is a dem&1 t x seems q a pity n9e out ( 
t5 pat5ts 9 ! files at ,wa%+ton are =   
?+s inutile4 ,if ! w\ld-be inv5tor _c   
himself ?9k ( some?+ really ne$$1 almo/ 
any big pat5t attorney h\se w s5d him an
 entire book ( sugge/ions on 8,:at to   
,inv5t40  ,inv5tion usually requires    
highly te*nical k1 n to speak (         
facilities = exp]im5t & a well-suppli$  
purse4 ,b no?+ gives m solid            
satisfaction to its creator ?an a       
successful appliance4 ,:ile !           
consci5ti\s philosoph] is con/antly     
h>ass$ by d\bts z to :e!r1 aft] all1 he 
has discov]$ tru?2 ! inv5tor ne$ n      
worry4 ,8 ma*9e ei!r works or x does n  
"w1 & he kn[s ! tru? ( 8 ?\ght !reby4   
,on ! o!r h& ! philosoph] w always h "s 
?\ghts4 ,be !y true or n !y may at lea/ 
be int]e/+ & wor? record+1 :]eas !      
inv5tor may toil on = ye>s & ye>s )     
absolutely no?+ to %[ = 8 ex]tion at !  
end4 4 4 4  ,!re are a numb] ( problems 
t are n ( great 8practical0 importance1 

b ^: !oretic value is s transc5d5t z to 
compel att5tion4 ,among ^! are c]ta9    
problems 9 psy*ology1 b m especially 9  
metaphysics1 philosophy & ev5 religion1 
ins(> z religion c be said to h         
problems4  ,is !re a ,god & is x        
possible = man to le>n any?+ ( ,8       
nature8 ,"s read]s may object to ! fir/ 
"p ( ?is "q4 ,b ,i /ate x because ,i am 
anxi\s to avoid dogmatism4  ,is ! s\l   
immortal8 ,:at d we mean by ! s\l8 ,does
 sci5ce disprove ! life aft] dea?8  ,:at
 is ! te/ ( tru?8 ,h[ %all we "k tru? :5
 we h x8 ,:at aft] all is 8tru?08  ,are 
our wills free1 or are our actions      
pr$et]m9$8 ,"s may object to ?is way (  
/at+ ! "q4 ,mu* confusion exi/s z to !  
mean+ ( ! problem4 ,a diff]5t way ( /at+
 x w\ld lead to diff]5t treatm5t4 ,:at  
is ! 8w08 ,:at d we mean by 8free08 ,:at
 d we mean by 8pr$et]m9$08  ,! problem (
 exi/5ce4 ,h[ did ! univ]se come into   
be+8 ,?is is ! la/ problem 9 :i* int]e/ 
c be /imulat$ f )\t4 ,no matt] 9 h[ _m  
diff]5t ways he phrases x1 a writ] _c   

convey ?is s5se ( my/]y to ano!r4 ,x mu/
 arise f )94 ,mo/ ( ! "t we accept1 we  
take = grant$1 ! univ]se & ! exi/5t ord]
 ( ?+s1 & x requires ! greate/ ef=t to  
keep alive our my/ification & d\bt = ev5
 %ort p]iods4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,! li/ ( que/ions 
=ego+ is ( c\rse m]ely sugge/ive4 ,x is 
impossible to select1 say tw5ty-five    
que/ions1 & pron\nce !m ! tw5ty-five mo/
 important t c be ask$4 ,i fully realize
 !re are que/ions ( great] importance   
?an "s ,i h prop\nd$4 ,b ,i h n gone s  
f> z to advise t e "o ( ^! %\ld be ?\ght
 ov]4 ,! li/ has be5 giv5 m]ely = ?\ght 
/imulation1 & to indicate :at is meant  
by 8wor? :ile0 que/ions4  ,un=tunately  
,i h n be5 able to expla9 :y mo/ ( ^!   
are s important4 ,to h done s w\ld h    
requir$ too mu* "t = ea* individual     
problem4 ,x w\ld h drawn u too f> out ( 
our subject4 ,! read] mu/ f9d out or    
s5se ! importance = himself4            
,practically all ( ! problems giv5 9 !  
li/ come "u "o ( ! sci5ces1 especially  

if we c\nt metaphysics or philosophy z a
 sci5ce1 :i* x is 9 s f> z x is organiz$
 k4 ,?is may seem some:at n>r[4 ,n[ ,i  
admit !re are important problems :i* are
 n includ$ 9 any sci5ce4 ,b !re are v   
few4 ,z soon z deep ?\ght is giv5 to a  
problem its treatm5t becomes sy/ematic4 
,x ei!r falls into "o ( ! sci5ces or a  
new sci5ce evolves ab\t x4 ,john ,/u>t  
,mill once />t$ a j\rnal 9 :i* he       
promis$ himself to put "o ?\ght a day1 b
 he did n p]mit himself to record !re   
any ?\ght on a problem fall+ )9 "o ( !  
special sci5ces4 ,none ( ! ?\ghts he put
 9 ! j\rnal is ( any great value4 ,x    
came to an abrupt end 9 ab\t two mon?s4 
,x may be object$ t ?\gh ! que/ions     
select$ are mo/ important 9 !mselves1   
!re are o!r ?+s m wor? ?9k+ ab\t1       
because ( ! m5tal discipl9e !y yield4   
,n[ putt+ aside ! fact t que/ions       
important 9 !mselves %\ld be dealt )    
ultimately--t m5tal discipl9e w\ld be   
useless unless appli$ to important      
problems--,i mu/ voice my suspicion t ! 

mo/ useful que/ions are also ! be/ =    
tra9+ ! m9d4 ,x may be true t pun*+ !   
bag w help a prizefight] 9 box+4 ,b o!r 
?+s equal1 a man :o has sp5t "o week 9  
actual box+ is bett] prep>$ to ent] !   
prize r+ ?an "o :o has devot$ a mon? to 
bag pun*+4 ,! be/ practice = box+ is    
box+4 ,! be/ practice = solv+ important 
que/ions is solv+ important que/ions4   
,nor d ,i admit ! cont5tion is valid t  
"o problem r ?an ano!r %\ld be ?\ght (  
because x is 8deep]40 ,we _c tru?fully  
say t psy*ology is a 8deep]0 sci5ce ?an 
e?ics1 or t metaphysics is deep] ?an    
psy*ology1 or vice v]sa4 ,mo/ subjects &
 mo/ problems are j z deep z we c>e to  
make !m4 ,_! dep? dep5ds entirely on h[ 
deep we g into !m4 ,?is applies         
especially to ! s-call$ philosophical   
sci5ces4 ,we may give !m %all[ treatm5t 
or we may give !m pr(\nd treatm5t4 ,b we
 %all usually f9d t ! deepe/ que/ions   
are ! mo/ important que/ions4 ,= ! mo/  
important que/ions h g5]ally attract$ ! 
greate/ m9ds2 consequ5tly !y h be5 giv5 

! deepe/ treatm5t2 & :5 a man reads !   
attempt$ solutions ( ^! great m9ds 8    
?\ghts t5d t[>d ?is deep] plane4 ,(     
c\rse c]ta9 problems1 especially 9      
ma!matics1 c be dealt ) by only "o      
me?od4 ,9 ?is case we may prop]ly speak 
( "s problems be+ objectively deep] or  
at lea/ m difficult ?an o!rs4  ,"s      
objections may be (f]$ to sev]al ( !    
que/ions 9 my li/1 on ! gr\nd t !y are  
invalid4 ,su* problems z ! immortality (
 ! s\l & ! problem ( exi/5ce may be     
decl>$ inscrutable1 unsolvable4 ,su* a  
problem z 8,is society = ! b5efit ( !   
individual or is ! individual = ! b5efit
 ( society80 may be said to imply t     
society is some?+ :i* has be5 volunt>ily
 =m$ l ! ,/ate4 ,x may be decl>$ t ?is  
is n ! case2 x may be object$ t ?is "q  
is mean+less4 ,all ^! objections may be 
ju/ifi$4 ,b _! tru? _c be det]m9$ until 
we actually attempt a solution4 ,!      
det]m9ation ( ! validity ( a problem is 
"p ( ! problem4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,we come n[ to !  

"q ( :at is mo/ wor? read+4 ,! simple/  
answ] is t t is mo/ wor? read+ :i* is   
mo/ wor? ?9k+ ab\t1 & !re=e we %\ld read
 ^? books :i* deal ) su* problems z ,i h
 indicat$4 ,b ?is c\nsel ne$s to be     
supplem5t$4  ,a cons]vative e/imate     
places ! numb] ( books 9 ! _w at        
#d1ejj1jjj4 7,?is e/imate 0 made be=e ! 
w> broke out1 & ! w>-books by n[ h      
d\btless br\ght ! numb] to #e1jjj1jjj47 
,?is does n mean books z collections (  
pr9t$ %eets ( pap] b\nd toge!r--books z 
physical objects--= if x did ! numb]    
w\ld be imm5sely great]4 ,x means       
#d1ejj1jjj 7or m7 sep>ate & di/9ct      
treatises4 ,if y 7 to read "o book e two
 weeks1 y w\ld read ab\t tw5ty-five a   
ye>1 & if y read = fifty ye>s y w\ld    
cov] #a1bej4 ,"o book 9 e ?ree ?\s& six 
hundr$6 7#c1fjj67  ,f ?is x is app>5t t 
ev5 ! mo/ omnivor\s read]1 ev5 ! read]  
:o c cov] a book swiftly by effici5t    
skipp+1 w at lea/ h to ask himself be=e 
beg9n+ a volume1 8,is ?is a book 9 a    
?\s&8 ,c ,i af=d to read ?is at ! co/ ( 

miss+ n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e o!rs80 ,&  
mo/ m5 :o ask ?is "q w h to sub/itute ! 
numb] five ?\s&1 or ev5 t5 ?\s&4        
,n9e-t5?s ( our read+ is on m]e *ance   
recomm5dation1 pass+ :im or by %e]      
accid5t4 ,we cat* sight ( a book on a   
libr>y table4 ,hav+ no?+ bett] to d we  
pick x up2 we />t p]us+ x4 ,e book read 
9 ?is way means a s9ful wa/e ( "t4 ,to  
be sure1 a book read 9 ?is *ance mann]  
might 7accid5tally7 be v good--ev5 bett]
 ?an "s y w\ld h plann$ =2 b ?is w happ5
 seldom1 & is nev] a ju/ification ( !   
practice4 ,by go+ a r\nd ab\t way to a  
place a man might /umble across a lo/   
pocketbook1 b ?is w\ld n ju/ify tak+    
r\nd ab\t ways4  ,! fir/ ?+ ne$$1 !n1 is
 t we %\ld plan our read+4 ,p]haps ! be/
 way to d ?is w\ld be to make out a li/ 
( ! books we int5d to read = ! com+ ye>1
 or say a li/ ( f a doz5 to tw5ty-five  
volumes1 & !n read !m 9 ! ord] li/$4    
,ano!r good plan is to jot d[n ! title (
 e book we int5d to read1 & keep ! li/  
ab\t ) u4 ,!n :5 we meet ) a book :i* we

 ?9k w\ld be good to read1 or :i* we    
feel we simply mu/ read1 we c be=e />t+ 
x glance at our li/4 ,! =midable array  
we f9d !re w probably induce u ei!r to  
give up entirely our int5tion to read ! 
book be=e u1 or at lea/ to put x some:]e
 on ! li/ :i* w all[ m important books  
to be read fir/4  ,"s p _c endure plann+
 _! read+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x grates on !m  
to ?9k !y are ti$ d[n to any sort (     
program2 x seems to deprive !m ( !      
advantages ( spontane\s int]e/4 ,well1  
if y _c plan y\r read+ prospectively1 at
 lea/ plan x retrospectively4 ,if y _c  
keep a li/ ( books y int5d to read1 at  
lea/ keep a li/ ( books y h read4 ,ref] 
to ?is f "t to "t4 ,see :e!r y h be5    
read+ uni=mly good lit]ature4 ,see :e!r 
y h be5 read+ too mu* on "o topic & n   
en\gh on ano!r1 & :at topics y h be5    
long neglect+4 ,b at be/ ?is me?od is a 
poor sub/itute = plann+ y\r read+       
prospectively4  ,we %\ld plan n only )  
reg>d to topics & subjects1 b ) reg>d to
 au?ors4 ,obvi\sly if two m5 ( equal    

ability bo? /udy ! same subject1 "o w   
get m out ( 8 /udy ?an ! o!r if he reads
 au?ors :o treat ! subject on a deep]   
plane--provid$ ( c\rse he und]/&s !m4   
,:e!r consci\sly or n1 we t5d to imitate
 ! au?ors we read4 ,if we read %all[    
books we are =c$1 :ile read+ !m1 to d   
%all[ ?9k+4 ,our plane ( ?\ght t5ds t[>d
 ! plane ( ?\ght ( ! au?ors we /udy2 we 
acquire ei!r habits ( c>eful critical   
?9k+1 or ( dogmatic lack ( ?9k+4  ,?is  
emphasizes ! importance ( read+ ! be/   
books1 & only ! be/ books4 ,our plane ( 
?9k+ is det]m9$ n alone by ! good books 
we read1 b by all ! books we read2 x    
t5ds t[>d ! av]age4 ,mo/ m5 imag9e t :5 
!y read a good book !y get a c]ta9 am\nt
 ( good out ( x1 & t ?is good w /ay ) !m
 undim9i%$4 ,provid$ !y read a c]ta9    
numb] ( s]i\s books1 !y see no reason :y
 !y %\ld n read any numb] ( sup]ficial  
or useless books1 or any am\nt (        
ephem]al magaz9e or newspap] lit]ature4 
,!y expect ! s]i\s read+ to b5efit !m4  
,!y d n expect ! %all[ read+ to h>m !m4 

,?is is j z if !y 7 to buy & eat        
unnutriti\s & indige/ible food1 & excuse
 !mselves on ! gr\nd t !y ate n\ri%+ &  
dige/ible food along ) x4  ,! analogy   
may be c>ri$ fur!r4 ,z x is ! av]age ( !
 physical food y dige/ :i* ultimately   
det]m9es ! con/itution ( y\r body1 s x  
is ! av]age ( ! m5tal food y absorb :i* 
det]m9es ! con/itution ( y\r m9d4 ,"o   
good meal w n (fset a week ( bad ones2  
"o good book w nev] (fset any numb] (   
poor books4 ,fur!r1 z no "o has a p]fect
 memory1 y d n reta9 all y read any m   
?an y reta9 all y eat4 ,!re=e if y d n  
want y\r m9d to retrogress1 y %\ld n re/
 satisfi$ ) books already read1 b %\ld  
cont9ue to read books at lea/ z good z  
any previ\s4 ,z at any giv5 "t y\r      
bodily heal?--s f> z x dep5ds on        
food--is ma9ly det]m9$ by ! meals ( !   
la/ few days or weeks1 s is y\r m5tal   
heal? dep5d5t on ! la/ few books y h    
read4  ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s we %\ld look to 
9 select+ books is _! compreh5siv5ess4  
,to quote ,arnold ,b5nett3 8,unless &   

until a man has =m$ a s*eme ( k1 be x b 
a m]e skeleton1 8 read+ mu/ necess>ily  
be unphilosophical4 ,he mu/ h atta9$ to 
"s notion ( ! int]relations ( ! v>i\s   
bran*es ( k be=e he c prop]ly compreh5d 
! bran* ( k 9 :i* he specializes40#bc ,z
 an aid 9 =m+ ?is s*eme ( k1 ,mr4       
,b5nett sugge/s ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,fir/   
,pr9ciples4 ,i he>tily endorse 8 *oice4 
,i w\ld add to x ! essay on ,!          
,classification ( ! ,sci5ces by ! same  
au?or4  ,^! works are classics1 & "o ( !
 mo/ regrettable ( difficulties is t (  
gett+ p to read ! classics4 ,m5tion to a
 man ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species or       
,desc5t ( ,man1 & he w reply1 8,oh1 yes1
 t's ! !ory t says m5 desc5d$ f         
monkeys40 ,satisfi$ t he kn[s all !re is
 to "k ab\t x1 he nev] reads any (      
,d>w9's works4 ,n[ pass+ ov] ! fact t ! 
!ory does n ass]t t man desc5d$ f       
monkeys & nev] int5d$ to ass]t x2--:at a
 complim5t to ,d>w9's ?\ght & brevity to
 assume t all 8 books c be summ$ up 9 a 
phrase6 ,b ,d>w9 is n ! only suff]]4 ,if

 we come across ! title ( a classic (t5 
en\gh1 & he> a lot ( talk 8ab\t x &     
ab\t0 & a few quotations f x1 we        
gradually come to believe we "k all !   
cont5ts wor? kn[+4 ,?is is :y           
,%akespe>e1 & 9 fact mo/ ( ! classics1  
are s seldom actually read1 & :y we g = 
our s]i\s read+ to a book on 8,h[ to    
,read ,"* f ,h&writ+0 or to a s5sational
 volume on pro/itution by "o ( our mod]n
 8sociologi/s40 ,! only way we c keep   
ourselves f su* /uff is to lay out "s   
def9ite end1 "s big objective1 to be    
atta9$2 & be=e read+ a book we %\ld ask 
h[ t helps u to atta9 x4  ,i h n giv5 a 
=mal li/ ( books wor? read+1 nor d ,i   
int5d to2 "o ( ! reasons be+ t ! "w has 
be5 done s well by o!rs4 ,ev] s9ce ,sir 
,john ,lubbock publi%$ 8 li/ ( "o hundr$
 be/ books1 ! numb] ( selections has be5
 legion4 ,*>les ,eliot's selection = 8  
,five ,foot ,%elf is to be comm5d$1 & a 
little volume by ,frank ,p>sons ,! ,_w's
 ,be/ ,books4 ,( c\rse our purpose is   
special3--to f9d ! be/ books = mak+     

?9k]s2 b ! rem>ks already made %\ld aid 
! read] suffici5tly 9 mak+ 8 own        
selection f ^! li/s4 ,z previ\sly po9t$ 
out1 if ! read] is /udy+ a specialty he 
c usually f9d a fairly well select$     
bibliography at ! end ( ! article on t  
specialty 9 any /&>d encyclop$ia4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,! read] probably sees cle>ly by n[ t x 
is impossible to d 8 own ?9k+ 9 e case2 
t if he is to h s\nd k on important     
que/ions he mu/ h ! c\rage to be        
ignorant ( _m ?+s4 ,h[ mu* tr\ble to g  
to 9 any p>ticul> case x is difficult to
 say4  ,we c lay x d[n z a g5]al        
pr9ciple t que/ions ( ! highe/          
importance1 su* z ^? ( :i* ,i h giv5 a  
sugge/ive li/--que/ions :i* deal ) facts
 kn[n or easily asc]ta9able1 & :i* dep5d
 = _! "r solution m on ?9k+ ?an on any?+
 else--a man %\ld solve = himself1 &    
%\ld take ! greate/ caution 9 s do+4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 que/ions ( ! highe/          
importance :i* dep5d = _! solution ma9ly
 on full & detail$ k ( highly te*nical  

facts :i* lie outside ( "o's specialty1 
%\ld be dealt ) by consult+ au?orities &
 tak+ _! ^w = x4  ,!re /ill rema9s !    
great mass ( que/ions :i* are relatively
 unimportant1 b cont9ually com+ up 9 our
 daily life1 ! answ]s to :i* greatly    
influ5ce our conduct4 ,"t =bids u n only
 f ?9k+ ^! out = ourselves1 b ev5 f     
consult+ an au?ority--= ! selection ( an
 au?ority (t5 involves almo/ z mu*      
intellectual responsibility z self-?9k+4
 ,! only ?+ we c d is to accept ! v]dict
 ( popul> op9ion4  ,cu/om1 conv5tion &  
popul> belief1 no matt] h[ _m times !y h
 be5 ov]?r[n1 h fairly reliable         
f\ndations4 ,popul> ideas1 to be sure1  
are products ( m]e unorganiz$ exp]i5ce4 
,!y are empirical2 seldom if ev]        
sci5tific4 ,b ?\gh !y are f\nd$ on      
exp]i5ce :i* is unorganiz$1 !y are f\nd$
 on s mu* ( x t !y are wor?y ( respect4 
,society c\ld n long exi/ if x p]si/$ 9 
act+ on beliefs altoge!r wrong1 ?\gh x  
is safe to say t popul> ideas are nev] m
 ?an approximately "r4 ,b unless & until

 y h ei!r ?or\ghly ?\ght ov] a "q =     
y\rself or h consult$ an ackn[l$g$ &    
tru/wor?y au?ority1 x is be/ t5tatively 
to accept & act on common belief4 ,to   
?9k & act diff]5tly1 m]ely = ! sake (   
be+ diff]5t1 is unpr(itable & dang]\s1  
all que/ions ( e?ics aside4     ,x      
,,?9k+ ,,z ,,an ,,art    ,i discov]$1   
?\gh unconsci\sly & ins5sibly1 t !      
pleasure  ( obs]v+ & reason+ 0 a mu*    
high] "o ?an t ( skill  &               
sport4--,,d>w9',s ,autobiography4  ,to  
"k is "o ?+2 to d ano!r4 ,to "k ! sci5ce
 ( ?9k+ is n to possess ! art ( ?9k+4   
,yet ,i d\bt n t !re are read]s :o hav+ 
f9i%$1 w\ld deem x suffici5t t !y _h !  
k1 & w\ld feel !y _h gott5 all ! good or
 h>m out ( ?is book t !re is 9 x4 ,!y   
w\ld put x aside4 ,!y w\ld ?9k no m ( x4
  ,! tr\ble ) ^! good p 7un=tunately ,i 
speak ( ! ov]:elm+ majority7 is t !y    
expect in=mation to apply itself4 ,!y   
expect t once !y h le>nt a ?+ !y w act  
accord+ to _! k4 ,?is is ! v la/ ?+ a   
normal human be+ does4  ,! only way we c

 ev] get ourselves to apply k is to d s 
by :at w at fir/ be a consci\s ef=t4 ,we
 %all h to devote mu* att5tion to x4    
,old e/abli%$ cu/om w h to be brok54 ,we
 d n act accord+ to k2 we act accord+ to
 habit4 ,ev5 aft] we h decid$1 =        
in/ance1 t we ought to give a little    
indep5d5t ?9k+ to a subject be=e read+  
ab\t x1 we %all v likely cont9ue to read
 books )\t previ\s ?\ght4  ,"s p may    
imag9e t ! reason we d n practice :at we
 le>n is t we d n rememb] :at we le>n4  
,!y are mi/ak54 ,:5 le>n+ ,g]man1 ,i _h 
mu* difficulty 9 kn[+ :at prepositions  
requir$ ! g5itive1 dative or accusative 
cases4 ,i f9ally le>nt all ( !m         
alphabetically 9 _! respective gr\ps1 & 
c\ld rattle !m (f at a rate :i* w\ld    
make mo/ native ,g]mans blu% = envy4 ,! 
only tr\ble 0 t :5 ,i came to an actual 
s5t5ce requir+ "o ( ^! prepositions ,i  
cont9ually =got to apply my k4 ,"s "o   
w\ld h to po9t an error out to me be=e x
 w\ld occur to me to d s4 ,ev5 !n ,i    
w\ld h to ?9k long be=e ! prop] case    

occurr$4  ,b :ile x is n true t we fail 
to practice a ?+ m]ely because we fail  
to rememb] x1 x is true t if we d n     
practice we are n v likely to rememb] x4
 ,! only way we c\ld rememb] w\ld be by 
con/ant re-read+1 = k unus$ t5ds to drop
 out ( m9d4 ,k us$ does n ne$ to be     
rememb]$2 practice =ms habits & habits  
make memory unnecess>y4 ,! rule is no?+2
 ! application is ev]y?+4  ,practice be+
 ! ?+ ne$ful1 x is ess5tial t we put    
aside a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t = x4 ,unless y 
lay out a def9ite program1 unless y put 
aside1 say1 "o-half h\r e day1 = pure   
d[nright indep5d5t ?9k+1 y w probably   
neglect to practice at all4 ,"o-half h\r
 out ( e tw5ty-f\r seems little en\gh4  
,y may ?9k y c fit x 9 ) no tr\ble4 ,b  
no matt] h[ %amelessly y h be5 putt+ 9  
y\r "t1 y h be5 do+ some?+ ) x4 ,9 ord] 
to get 9 y\r ?irty m9utes ( ?9k+1 y w h 
to put aside some?+ :i* has be5         
habitually tak+ up a half h\r ( y\r day4
 ,y _c expect simply to add ?9k+ to y\r 
o!r activities4 ,"s o!r activity mu/ be 

cut d[n or cut out4#bd  ,y may ?9k me q 
l5i5t 9 advis+ only "o-half h\r a day4  
,y may ev5 g s f> z to say t "o-half h\r
 a day is n en\gh4 ,p]haps x isn't4 ,b  
,i am p>ticul>ly anxi\s to h "s ( !     
advice 9 ?is book foll[$4 ,& ,i greatly 
fe> t if ,i advis$ m ?an a half h\r mo/ 
read]s w\ld s]5ely neglect my advice    
altoge!r4 ,aft] y h be5 able = a mon? to
 devote at lea/ "o-half h\r a day to    
?9k+1 y may !n1 if y *oose1 ext5d ! "t4 
,b if y attempt to d too mu* at once1 y 
may f9d x s inconv5i5t1 if n            
impracticable1 t y may give up attempt+ 
altoge!r4 ,?r\gh\t ! book ,i h con/antly
 kept 9 m9d t ,i wi% my advice foll[$4  
,i h !re=e laid d[n rules :i* may       
reasonably be adh]$ to by an av]age     
human1 rules :i* d n require a h>d5$    
asceticism to apply1 & rules :i* h      
occasionally be5 foll[$ by ! au?or      
himself4 ,9 ?is la/ respect1 ,i flatt]  
myself1 ! pres5t diff]s f mo/ books (   
advice4  ,above all ,i urge ! read] to  
avoid fall+ into t habit s preval5t & at

 ! same "t s detrim5tal to              
"*3--acquiesc+ 9 advice & n foll[+ x4 ,y
 %\ld view critically e s5t5ce 9 ?is    
book4 ,:]ev] y f9d any advice :i* y ?9k 
ne$less1 or :i* requires unnecess>y     
sacrifice to put into practice1 or is   
wrong1 y %\ld s m>k x4 ,& y %\ld ?9k out
 = y\rself :at w\ld be ! be/ practice to
 foll[4 ,b :5 y agree ) any advice y see
 "h1 y %\ld make x y\r bus9ess to foll[ 
x4 ,! fact t "p ( ! advice may be wrong 
is no reason :y y %\ld n foll[ ! "p t is
 "r4  ,mo/ p hone/ly int5d to foll[     
advice1 & actually />t to d x1 b 4 4 4  
,!y try to practice ev]y?+ at once4 ,z a
 result !y end by practic+ no?+4 ,!     
secret ( practice is to le>n ?or\ghly "o
 ?+ at a "t4 ,z already /at$1 we act    
accord+ to habit4 ,! only way to break  
an old habit or to =m a new "o is to    
give our :ole att5tion to ! process4 ,! 
new action w soon require less & less   
att5tion1 until f9ally we %all d x      
automatically1 )\t ?\ght--9 %ort1 we    
%all h =m$ ano!r habit4 ,?is accompli%$ 

we c turn to /ill o!rs4  ,z an example  
let u take ! diff]5t me?ods ( look+ at  
que/ions consid]$ 9 ! second *apt]4 ,mo/
 read]s w glance ov] ^! me?ods1 & agree 
t !y are v helpful--& ! next problem :i*
 p]plexes !m w probably be solv$ by no  
me?od at all1 or w be look$ at f "o     
/&po9t only4  ,ab\t ! be/1 p]haps ! only
 way by :i* ! read] c\ld get himself to 
use habitually e valuable me?od         
possible1 w\ld be to take "o ( ! me?ods1
 say ! evolution>y1 & consci\sly apply  
x1 or attempt to apply x1 to a :ole li/ 
( problems4 ,9 ?is way he c\ld le>n !   
possibilities & limits ( t p>ticul>     
me?od4 ,aga91 he c\ld take an individual
 problem & consci\sly attempt to apply e
 possible me?od to its solution4 ,he    
c\ld cont9ue su* practice until he _h s 
=m$ ! habit ( us+ me?od t x w\ld be     
employ$ almo/ unconsci\sly4             
,conc5tration1 me?od 9 book read+1 & all
 ! o!r practices "h advocat$ %\ld be    
le>n$ 9 ! same consci\s1 pa9/ak+ way1 "o
 ?+ at a "t1 until ?or\ghly +ra9$4 ,x   

mu/ be left to ! read]'s own +5uity to  
devise ! be/ me?ods ( acquir+ ea*       
p>ticul> habit4  ,( c\rse x is possible 
to d a ?+ well--x is possible to foll[ !
 rule = do+ x--)\t kn[+ ! rule4 ,if a   
man take a live int]e/ 9 a subject he w 
naturally t5d to look at x f a numb] (  
diff]5t viewpo9ts4 ,if he be et]nally on
 ! look\t = errors & fallacies 9 8 own  
?9k+ he w gradually evolve a logic ( 8  
own4 ,& ?is logic w be concrete1 n      
ab/ract2 x w be some?+ built into1 an   
integral "p (1 concrete ?\ght1 & he w be
 con/antly /r5g!n+ ! habit ( us+ x4     
,comp>$ ) ! logic ( ! books x may be    
crude1 b x w n consi/ ( m]e rules1 :i* c
 be recit$ b :i* are seldom appli$4  ,s 
) gramm>4 ,in/ance ! writ]'s exp]i5ce ) 
,g]man4 ,few native ,g]mans c\ld recite 
(fh& :at prepositions gov]n ! g5itive1  
dative & accusative1 ev5 if !y knew :at 
0 meant by ^! t]ms4 ,b !y w\ld 7mo/ (   
!m7 use ^! cases correctly1 & )\t ! lea/
 ?\ght4 ,! educat$ ,engli%man or        
,am]ican flatt]s himself t 8 correct    

spee* is due to 8 /udy ( gramm>4 ,?is is
 f> f true4 ,8 spee* is due to          
unconsci\s imitation ( ! language ( ! p 
) :om he comes into contact1 & ( ! books
 he reads4 ,& ne$less to say1 !         
cultivat$ man comes into contact ) o!r  
cultivat$ m5 & ) good lit]ature2 !      
ignoramus does n4  ,mo/ ( our ?9k+ is   
influ5c$ 9 ?is way4 ,! great ?9k]s ( !  
pa/ improv$ _! innate p[]s n by ! /udy (
 rules = ?9k+1 b by read+ ! works ( o!r 
great ?9k]s1 & unconsci\sly imitat+ _!  
habitual me?od & caution4  ,! fact to   
rememb] is t a rule is some?+ t has be5 
=mulat$ aft] ! ?+ :i* x rules4 ,x is    
m]ely an ab/ract ( curr5t practice or ( 
good practice4 ,rules are ne$ful because
 !y tea* 9 little "t :at w\ld o!rwise   
require mu* exp]i5ce to le>n1 or :i* we 
might nev] discov] = ourselves at all4  
,!y help u to le>n ?+s "r 9 ! beg9n+2 !y
 prev5t u f fall+ into wrong habits4 ,! 
tr\ble ) unsupplem5t$ imitation1        
consci\s or unconsci\s1 is t we t5d to  
imitate ano!r's faults along ) 8        

virtues4 ,rules enable u to di/+ui%1    
especially if we h le>n$ ! reason = !   
rules4  ,b practice & rules %\ld n be   
comp>$ z if !y 7 oppos$4 ,! true road is
 pl5ty ( practice ) consci5ti\s reg>d to
 rule4 ,x may be insi/$ t ?is has its   
limits2 t !re is a po9t beyond :i* a man
 _c improve himself4 ,i admit t practice
 has its limits4 ,x may be true t !re is
 a po9t beyond :i* a man _c advance4 ,b 
nobody kn[s ^? limits & no "o c say :5 t
 po9t has come4  ,no two individuals    
pr(it 9 ! same degree by ! same         
practice4 ,) a giv5 am\nt "o man w      
always improve fa/] ?an ano!r4 ,b ! sl[]
 man may keep up ) 8 m spe$y bro!r by m 
practice4 ,i %all n repeat "h ! fable ( 
! h>e & ! tortoise4 ,b any "o :o has    
discov]$ a flaw 9 8 m5tal make-up1 any  
"o :o believes t he _c conc5trate1 or t 
8 memory is poor1 & t !re=e he c nev]   
become a ?9k]1 %\ld f9d consolation 9 ! 
words ( ,william ,james3  8,dep5d ^u x1 
no "o ne$ be too mu* ca/ d[n by !       
discov]y ( 8 defici5cy 9 any elem5t>y   

faculty ( ! m9d4 4 4 4 ,! total m5tal   
effici5cy ( a man is ! resultant ( all 8
 faculties4 ,he is too complex a be+ =  
any "o ( !m to h ! ca/+ vote4 ,if any "o
 ( !m d h ! ca/+ vote1 x is m likely to 
be ! /r5g? ( 8 desire & passion1 ! /r5g?
 ( ! int]e/ he takes 9 :at is propos$4  
,conc5tration1 memory1 reason+ p[]1     
inv5tiv5ess1 excell5ce ( ! s5ses--all   
are subsidi>y to ?is4 ,no matt] h[      
scatt]-bra9$ ! type ( a man's successive
 fields ( consci\sness may be1 if he    
really c>e = a subject1 he w return to x
 incessantly f 8 incessant w&]+s1 & fir/
 & la/ d m ) x1 & get m results f x1 ?an
 ano!r p]son ^: att5tion may be m       
cont9u\s dur+ a giv5 int]val1 b ^:      
passion = ! subject is ( a m languid &  
less p]man5t sort40#be     ,,xi  ,,books
 ,,on ,,?9k+   ,! read] :o desires to   
/udy fur!r on ! subject ( ?9k+ w f9d a  
wide field be=e him--b he w h to se>* 9 
cosmopolitan qu>t]s4 ,:ile mu* has be5  
writt5 on ?9k+1 x has be5 9 an incid5tal
 mann]1 & has f\nd its way into books   

writt5 ma9ly to illum9ate o!r subjects4 
,among ! few books or essays devot$     
exclusively or ma9ly to ?9k+ may be     
m5tion$3--,john ,locke1 ,! ,conduct ( ! 
,und]/&+2 ,isaac ,watts1 ,! ,improvem5t 
( ! ,m9d2 ,arnold ,b5nett1 ,m5tal       
,effici5cy2 ,t4 ,%>p] ,kn[lson1 ,! ,art 
( ,?9k+2 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]1 ,on ,?9k+ = 
,oneself1 9 8 ,essays4 ,! la/ is        
especially recomm5d$4 ,x is only ab\t a 
doz5 pages long1 & is ! mo/ /imulat+    
essay writt5 on ! subject4 ,?is1 toge!r 
) ,john ,locke's ,conduct 7:i*1 by !    
way1 is also fairly %ort7 may be        
consid]$ ! two 8classics0 9 ! meag]     
lit]ature on ?9k+4  ,!re is an ext5sive 
lit]ature on ! psy*ology ( reason+1 on !
 8positive0 sci5ce ( ?9k+4 ,! be/ s+le  
"w on ?is subject is ,john ,dewey's ,h[ 
,we ,?9k4 ,william ,james' *apt] on     
,reason+ 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology    
might also be consult$ ) pr(it4 ,s4 ,s4 
,colv9's1 ,! ,le>n+ ,process conta9s "s 
int]e/+ *apt]s be>+ on ?\ght4  ,on      
me?od1 ! am\nt ( lit]ature is ev5 m     

impos+ ?an t on ! psy*ology ( reason+4  
,probably ! mo/ ?or\gh book is ,/anley  
,jevon's ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 ?\gh  
?is1 consi/+ ( two volumes1 w require q 
"s ambition to attack4 ,a good rec5t    
%ort "w is ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson1             
,introduction to ,sci5ce4 ,h]b]t        
,sp5c]'s %ort essay1 ,an ,elem5t 9      
,me?od1 9 8 ,v>i\s ,fragm5ts might also 
be m5tion$4 ,( ^? works treat+ me?od    
ma9ly f a corrective /&po9t1 ,i h       
already m5tion$ ,jevon's ,elem5t>y      
,lessons 9 ,logic4 ,! au?oritative & mo/
 compreh5sive book on logic is /ill     
,john ,/u>t ,mill's great tome4 ,( c\rse
 ?is li/ ( books on me?od1 z well z t on
 ! psy*ology ( reason+1 _c pret5d to be 
m ?an m]ely sugge/ive4 ,if ! read]      
desires an ext5sive bibliography 9 ei!r 
( ^! subjects he w probably f9d x 9 "o (
 ! books m5tion$4  ,on d\bt & belief1   
,william ,clif=d1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,belief1 &
 ,william ,james1 ,! ,w to ,believe1    
might be read4 ,! viewpo9ts ( ! two     
essays are 9 almo/ direct contradiction4

  ,on read+1 ,alex&] ,ba9's ,! ,art (   
,/udy1 9 8 ,practical ,essays1 w be f\nd
 useful4 ,bacon's essay ,on ,/udies1 :i*
 is n m ?an a c\ple pages long1 conta9s 
m conc5trat$ wisdom on ! subject ?an is 
to be f\nd any:]e4  ,on subjects mo/    
wor? ?9k+ ab\t1 ! read] _c d bett] ?an  
read ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s essay ,:at ,k is ( 
,mo/ ,wor?8 9 8 ,education4 ,z to books 
mo/ wor? read+1 consult ! li/s ( ,john  
,morley1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 & ,fr$]ic 
,h>rison2 ,sonn5s*e9's ,be/ ,books 79   
two volumes72 ,baldw9's ,! ,book ,lov]2 
,dr4 ,eliot's ,five ,foot ,%elf & ,frank
 ,p>son's ,! ,_w's ,be/ ,books1         
previ\sly ref]r$ to4  ,on ! art (       
liv+--! art ( plann+ "t s z to h room = 
?9k+1 z well z valuable h9ts z to h[ t  
?9k+ is to be c>ri$ out--consult ,arnold
 ,b5nett1 ,h[ to ,live on ,tw5ty-f\r    
,h\rs a ,day1 & ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs1 ,! ,use
 ( ! ,m>g9 7bo? v1 v small books74      
,f9ally1 !re is mu* useful mat]ial1 z   
well z incalculable inspiration1 to be  
obta9$ f ! intellectual & lit]>y        

biographies ( great ?9k]s4 ,especially  
is ?is true ( autobiography4 ,among o!rs
 may be m5tion$ ! autobiographies (     
,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & an 
autobiographical fragm5t by ,*>les      
,d>w94     ,,footnotes3   #a ,see ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]1 ,education4   #b ,pillsbury1   
,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology4   #c ,pr9ciples
 ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ccb4   #d
 ,see ,william ,a4 ,scott1 ,money4   #e 
,h[ ,we ,?9k4   #f ,autobiography1 ,vol4
 ,i1 p4 #dfc4   #g ,autobiography4   #h 
,hugh ,elliot1 ,! ,lett]s ( ,john ,/u>t 
,mill4   #i ,essay1 ,ov]-,legislation4  
#aj ,! ,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+4  #aa ,! ,w
 to ,believe4  #ab ,autobiography4  #ac 
,sci5ce & ,education4  #ad ,t4 ,%>p]    
,kn[lson1 ,! ,art ( ,?9k+4  #ae ,!      
,conduct ( ! ,und]/&+4  #af ,on ,?9k+ = 
,oneself4  #ag ,?is may seem unju/ifi$4 
,witness1 h[ev]1 ?is rem>kable /atem5t 9
 a prospectus ( ,*>les ,eliot's 8,five  
,foot ,%elf03 8 4 4 4 ,! man :o has n   
read ! #8,weal? ( ,nations' is h>dly    
qualifi$ to speak or ev5 ?9k wisely on  

^! vital subjects40 ,if ?is be true1    
,adam ,smi? himself 0 h>dly qualifi$    
because he c]ta9ly c\ld n h read 8 own  
book be=e he _h writt5 x6  #ah ,essay   
,on ,?9k+ = ,oneself4  #ai              
,autobiography4  #bj ,edw>d ,griggs1 ,! 
,use ( ! ,m>g94  #ba ,lit]>y ,ta/e4  #bb
 ,! mo/ advanc$ & sev]e psy*ologi/s may 
object to "s /atem5ts 9 ?is exposition4 
,i admit t a ^w may be us$ z ! concept1 
b only provid$ x is accompani$ by a     
8fr+e0 ( pot5tial associates4 ,i also   
admit t 9 ord] to be dealt ) z if g5]al1
 ! visual image mu/ be accompani$ by su*
 a 8fr+e40 ,b ,i d insi/ t ?is fr+e     
itself is 9 a con/ant /ate ( flux4 ,t is
 ! important po9t = our pres5t purposes4
  #bc ,lit]>y ,ta/e4  #bd ,& consult    
,arnold ,b5nett's ,h[ to ,live on #bd   
,h\rs a ,day4  #be ,talks to ,tea*]s4   
,,! ,,end     ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3   
,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally  
reta9$4 ,orig9al small caps are n[      
upp]case4 ,italics look l ?is4          
,footnotes h be5 relabel$ #a-be & mov$  

to ! end ( ! book4 ,! transcrib] produc$
 ! cov] image & h]eby assigns x to !    
public doma94 ,orig9al page images are  
available f ar*ive4org--se>* =          
8cu#caibdjcajadhfg04