,,! ,,cab9etmak] 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg ,giv+ ,att5tion to ! ,city's *ief ,craftsm5 9 ! ,furniture ,way2 & to _! ,tools ,me?ods ( ,work+4 ,z int]pret$ by ,,johannes ,,heuvel ,ma/] ,cab9etmak] ( ,colonial ,williamsburg ,williamsburg ,craft ,s]ies ,,williamsburg ,publi%$ by ,colonial ,williamsburg ,,mcmlxix ,! ,cab9etmak] 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,t ,! mo/ hi/oric piece ( furniture 9 hi/oric ,williamsburg today is ! ?rone-l ,speak]'s ,*air t /&s 9 ! f> end ( ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses4 ,x is ! v same *air t /ood !re :5 ! portly ,peyton ,r&olph 0 speak] ( ! ,h\se1 & m5 l ,george ,mason & ,?omas ,jeff]son & ,patrick ,h5ry rais$ al(t 9 t *amb] ! bann] ( human lib]ty4 ,! same *air 0 probably !re 9 #agei1 too1 :5 a newly elect$ burgess /ood 9 8 place to receive ! plaudits ( ! ,h\se = 8 brav]y 9 ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>4 ,f x ,speak] ,john ,rob9son came to ! emb>rass$ "y man's rescue ) ! words3 ,sit d[n1 ,mr4 ,wa%+ton2 y\r mode/y is equal to y\r val\r1 & t surpasses ! p[] ( any language ,i possess4 ,p]haps ! ,speak]'s ,*air 0 among ! sev]al o!r ?+s t 7 sav$--along ) ! colony's records & ! portraits ( ! royal family--:5 flames gutt$ ! ,capitol 9 #agdg4 ,if s1 ?is *air may be ! v "o in/all$ :5 ! ,capitol build+ 0 fir/ complet$ 9 #agje4 ,! ,assembly _h specifi$ t ! burgesses' *amb] %\ld be furni%$ ) a l>ge ,arm$ ,*air = ! ,speak] to sit 91 & a cu%ion /uft ) hair ,suitable to x4 ,because ( ^! hi/oric associations ! ,speak]'s ,*air may seem a mo/ fitt+ key to op5 ?is acc\nt ( furniture mak+ 9 colonial ,williamsburg4 ,its true aptness to ! topic1 h[ev]1 lies 9 o!r circum/ances3 ,no "o kn[s :o made ! *air or :]e x 0 made or ev5 :5 x 0 made4 ,& ?is k9d ( unc]ta9ty p]vades ! entire subject ( cab9etmak+ 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,virg9ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,a sket* ( ! ,speak]'s ,*air1 reproduc$ full size f ! #aggg j\rnal ( ,eb5ez] ,haz>d1 a ,new ,engl& booksell]1 hi/orian1 & surveyor g5]al ( ! ,po/ ,(fice4 ,to cont9ue = a mom5t ) ! same example1 ! ,speak]'s ,*air has ! k9d ( scroll$ arms frequ5tly f\nd on ,william & ,m>y furniture--a /yle t 9 #agjj 0 pass+ out ( fa%ion 9 ,engl&4 ,its simple cabriole legs1 ) smoo? knees & r\nd feet1 are typical ( ! e>ly ,que5 ,anne /yle j !n com+ into ,engli% fa%ion4 ,! *air be>s an ov]all resemblance1 fur!rmore1 to ! "o t /ood 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 z %[n 9 contempor>y pr9ts4 ,f9ally1 a great _m items = ! con/ruction & furni%+ ( ! ,williamsburg ,capitol 7 ord]$ f ,london4 ,all ^! circum/ances give /rong reason to ?9k t ! *air came f ,engl&4 ,b !y d n prove t x did4 ,9 fact1 ! /yli/ic concepts & ! workman%ip are su* z might well h come f ! %op ( a ,williamsburg cab9etmak] endeavor+1 aft] ! fire ( #agdg1 to reproduce ! orig9al *air f memory4 ,! fact t x is con/ruct$ 9 "p ( ,am]ican black walnut might seem to prove t ! *air 0 made1 if n 9 ,williamsburg1 at lea/ 9 ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,un=tunately1 x proves no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,because1 among o!r reasons1 !y _h f\nd ! ,am]ican v>iety less susceptible to ! worm ?an ,engli% walnut1 ,engli% cab9etmak]s pref]r$ ! ,am]ican wood & us$ x ext5sively4 ,,goodly ,,tall ,,trees ,:]esoev] we l&$ ^u ?is ! ,james ,riv]1 wee saw ! goodlie/ ,woods z ,bee*1 ,oke1 ,c$>1 ,cypresse1 ,wal-nuts1 ,sassafras1 444 & o!r ,trees unkn[ne1 wrote ,george ,p]cy1 "o ( ! orig9al ,jame/[n coloni/s 9 #afjg4 ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 :o explor$ & mapp$ bo? ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl&1 record$ t all ! ,c\ntrey is ov]gr[ne ) trees4 ,indian cle>+s1 ev5 ^? made 9 ! c\rse ( fire-hunt+1 7 inf9itesimal 9 ! va/ ext5t ( ! woods4 ,! :ite man's ef=ts made a bigg] d5t1 b aft] a c5tury ( ,engli% settlem5t ! ,rev]5d ,hugh ,jones c\ld /ill report t ,virg9ia 0 "o cont9u\s =e/4 ,& ! same 0 true ( ! :ole ,atlantic coa/al area--to say no?+ ( ! wild]ness beyond ! m\nta9s4 ,! size ( ! individual trees 9 ?is primeval =e/ r>ely fail$ to excite comm5t1 beg9n+ ) ,george ,p]cy's m5tion ( ! goodly tall ,trees he saw ne> ,cape ,h5ry1 ! ,jame/[n settl]s' fir/ l&+ site4 ,) an unlimit$ supply ( v wide bo>ds to be _h = ! saw+1 sev5te5?- & eighte5?-c5tury colonial cab9etmak]s f\nd good use = !m 9 table tops & leaves1 & ! sides & tops ( *e/s4 ,bo>ds 7 (t5 #ah to #bj in*es wide1 & sometimes !y measur$ z mu* z two feet 9 wid?4 ,9 colonial days ev5 wild *]ry sometimes /ood #ajj feet tall & f\r feet ?ick4 ,up & d[n ! coa/ ( ,am]ica grew an enorm\s v>iety ( trees1 bo? ev]gre5 & decidu\s4 ,all ( !m f\nd "s use 9 ! colonial home1 f r\gh-hewn /ructural memb]s to f9ely craft$ furniture--& ev5 to common hairbru%es & combs4 ,9 #aggd ,william ,aylett ( ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 #ej miles f ,williamsburg1 adv]tis$3 ,,plank & ,,scantl+ to be sold by ! ,subscrib] at 8 ,saw ,mill ne> ,aylett's ,w>eh\se1 ,mattapony ,riv]1 ^u ! mo/ reasonable ,t]ms1 & ( ! foll[+ ,k9ds1 viz4 ,:ite ,oak1 ,black ,walnut1 ,sweet ,gum1 ,a%1 ,popl>1 ,bir* 7:i* makes elegant ,furniture7 be/ ,yell[ ,he>t ,p9e = ,floor+1 & cle> ( ,he>t & ,sap if requir$1 common high ,l& & ,sla% ,p9e = o!r ,uses4444 ,almo/ any?+ c\ld be made ( wood1 & almo/ ev]y?+ 01 includ+ _m ( ! articles we today are famili> ) 9 /eel1 iron1 copp]1 alum9um1 alloys1 pla/ics1 & rubb]4 ,pit*=ks1 tablew>e & kit*5 ut5sils1 :eels1 axles1 ge>s & be>+s1 tool h&les & sometimes ! bodies ( tools1 all 7 made1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ( wood4 ,,! ,,woodwork+ ,,crafts ,! v>iety ( woodwork+ crafts 0 almo/ z great z ! v>iety ( trees4 ,9 ,williamsburg alone--& ,williamsburg 0 by no means an important c5t] 9 ?is respect--m5tion has be5 f\nd ( all ! foll[+ dur+ colonial times3 cab9etmak] c>p5t] c>v] *airmak] *aisemak] *>iotmak] coa*mak] coop] gun/ock] jo9] millwright sawy] %ipwright :eelwright woodcutt] ,9 addition1 !re 7 su* relat$ crafts z uphol/]]1 lumb] m]*ant1 gild]1 japann]1 & coa* pa9t]4 ,eighte5?-c5tury ,williamsburg 0 n1 h[ev]1 q s cr[d$ ) woodwork+ craftsm5 z ?is li/ w\ld indicate4 ,= if ! guild traditions ( ! ,old ,_w requir$ t ea* op]ation be ! monopoly ( a specific craft1 9 ! ,new ,_w practical ne$s t5d$ to =ce a m]g+ ( relat$ crafts4 ,only 9 a few ( ! big colonial cities--,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 or ,*>le/on--0 dem& great en\gh to keep "s ( ! speciali/s go+4 ,else:]e ! craftsm5 ( t[n or village _h to be v]satile--or g hungry4 ,a ,williamsburg cab9etmak]1 ?us1 0 likely to be also jo9]1 c>v]1 & uphol/]]--& probably und]tak] z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is illu/ration f ,did]ot's fam\s eighte5?-c5tury encyclop$ia ( ! arts & sci5ces %[s ! int]ior & lumb] y>d ( a l>ge ,european jo9]y4 ,work]s inside ! %op are mak+1 c>v+1 & fitt+ v>i\s elem5ts ( panel+4 ,outside1 to ! "r1 two o!rs are ripp+ a l5g? ( scantl+ ) a pit saw4 ,"r "h x may be well to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 jo9]y & cab9etmak+ z crafts1 always rememb]+ t 9 ,williamsburg & 9 mo/ ( colonial ,am]ica bo? might be practic$ by ! same craftsm54 ,jo9]y involv$ ! mak+ & in/all+ ( panel+1 mold+1 mantel-pieces1 /aircases1 & simil> int]ior trim 9 h\ses4 ,a jo9] might also make furniture ( ! pla9] sort4 ,cab9etmak+ dem&$ skills ( a high] ord] to create furniture hav+ su* ref9em5ts z curv$ surfaces1 dovetail jo9ts1 cabriole legs1 c>v$ ornam5tation1 v5e]$ or inlaid surfaces1 & uphol/]+4 ,jo9] & cab9etmak] 7 bo? conc]n$ basically ) fitt+ toge!r pieces ( wood to make a :ole /ructure4 ,! pieces or p>ts _h to be %ap$1 ( c\rse2 & x 0 9 ! %ap+ processes--saw+1 plan+1 & *isel+--t ! work]'s real skill %[$ up4 ,pieces prop]ly =m$ w fit toge!r neatly & endur+ly1 :ile no am\nt ( glue w make a s\nd jo9t ( pieces t d n fit4 ,two crafts always prom95t 9 ,europe are noticeably abs5t f ! li/ ( ,williamsburg woodwork+ crafts4 ,m>quetry1 ! intricate inlay+ ( patt]ns 9 contra/+ woods1 seems n to h be5 mu* practic$ any:]e on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic2 probably ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s 7 r>ely1 if ev]1 call$ on = inlay "w4 ,! abs5ce ( turn]y f ! li/1 h[ev]1 does n mean x 0 unkn[n "h b only t ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s cu/om>ily did _! own la! "w in/ead ( s5d+ x out to a speciali/4 ,"h1 too1 may be ! be/ place to make fir/ acqua9tance ( ! f\r ,williamsburg practition]s ab\t :om mo/ in=mation survives4 ,!y--& ! p]iods ( _! kn[n activity z cab9etmak]s 9 ,williamsburg--are3 ,pet] ,scott1 #agcb-ge1 :o liv$ across ! /reet f ,bruton ,p>i% ,*ur* & _h 8 %op some:]e ne>by1 & :o 01 = =ty ye>s1 a memb] ( ,williamsburg's common c\ncil2 ,an?ony ,hay1 #agea-fg1 ^: l>ge ,cab9et ,mak]'s ,%op has be5 re-creat$ on its orig9al ,ni*olson ,/reet site1 :o turn$ innkeep] z ho/ ( ! ,raleigh ,tav]n1 & ^: son ,george1 z ,unit$ ,/ates attorney1 prosecut$ ,a>on ,burr = treason2 ,edmund ,dick9son1 #agfd-gh1 :o probably work$ 9 ,hay's %op & ev5tually occupi$ x z 8 own ma/]2 & ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t1 #agff-gh1 ^: fun]al side l9e became ! *ief bus9ess ( 8 po/]ity 9 ,williamsburg = sev]al g5]ations4 ,,prime ,,furniture ,,woods ,:5 ,an?ony ,hay di$ 9 #aggj1 8 executors adv]tis$ = sale 8 two lots on ,ni*olson ,/reet includ+ a dwell+ h\se1 %op1 & ,timb] ,y>d4 ,! read] %\ld n assume f ! words timb] y>d t ,hay 7& 8 successors at ! same location on ,ni*olson ,/reet1 ,bucktr\t & ,dick9son7 suppli$ lumb] to ! t[n's o!r us]s4 ,probably x 0 /ock$ only = ! proprietor's own use4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! k9ds ( raw mat]ial t w\ld h be5 pil$ 9 ,hay's y>d c be guess$ fairly easily4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 no surviv+ piece ( eighte5?-c5tury furniture c be positively trac$ to ,hay or any o!r ,williamsburg mak]4 ,b e piece hav+ a possible claim to local orig91 includ+ ! ,speak]'s ,*air1 conta9s ei!r walnut or mahogany z ! prim>y wood4 ,simil>ly1 few docum5t>y records survive to tell ab\t ! furniture actually made 9 ,williamsburg %ops & !y d n always m5tion ! k9ds ( wood us$4 ,:]e !y d1 h[ev]1 walnut & mahogany are inv>iably specifi$4 ,f9ally1 ar*aeological excavation at ! site ( ! ,hay cab9et %op turn$ up a r\gh$-out table leg dat+ probably f ,dick9son's occupancy4 ,q well pres]v$ 9 ! damp silt ( ! /ream b$1 x 0 easily id5tifi$ z walnut4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 !re=e1 ,hay's timb] y>d w\ld surely h conta9$ ample supplies ( bo? walnut & mahogany4 ,am]ican black walnut1 kn[n 9 ,engl& z ,virg9ia walnut1 _h be5 ! mo/ important ( native woods to ! colonial cab9etmak] s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,/rong1 durable1 h>d en\gh to resi/ surface m>r+ 9 daily use b /ill easy to "w & c>ve1 x %[s a h&some gra91 has a lovely color1 & takes an excell5t f9i%4 ,kn[n & infrequ5tly us$ e>li]1 mahogany began to arrive 9 quantity bo? 9 ! colonies & ! "m c\ntry ab\t #agbe4 ,9 ,engl&1 by ! middle ( ! c5tury1 x _h pu%$ aside walnut z a furniture wood4 ,mahogany nev] rose to ! same pre-em95ce 9 ! colonies because o!r f9e woods 7 s readily available4 ,mahogany 0 import$ f ,jamaica & ,honduras legally1 f ,santo ,dom+o & ,cuba illicitly via ,jamaica4 ,! wood f ea* s\rce diff]$ v>i\sly 9 its *>act]i/ic gra9+1 color1 /r5g?1 h>dness1 & workability4 ,t f ,santo ,dom+o1 kn[n z ,spani% mahogany1 0 consid]$ mo/ desirable4 ,! wood ( ! wild black *]ry 0 a favorite among ,connecticut cab9etmak]s1 z x 0 f>!r s\? too1 because ( its natural /r5g?1 close gra91 w>m color1 & resi/ance to splitt+ & w>p+4 ,pet] ,kalm1 ! ,sw$i% botani/ :o visit$ ,philadelphia 9 #agdh1 wrote3 ,! ,jo9]s say t among ! trees ( ?is c\ntry !y *iefly use ! wild *]ry trees1 & ! curl$ maple4444 ,! wood ( ! wild *]ry-trees 7,prunus ,virg9iana7 is v good1 & looks exce$+ly well1 x has a yell[ color1 & ! old] ! furniture is1 ( :i* is made ( x1 ! bett] x looks4 ,b x is already difficult to get at x1 = !y cut x ev]y:]e1 & plant x n[h]e4 ,hay's y>d might well h _h "s *]ry 9 its piles ( lumb]1 ?\gh probably n 9 great quantity4 ,x might also h includ$ a bit ( maple--a prim>y favorite 9 ,new ,engl&--p]haps 9 "s *oice pieces %[+ ! bird's eye1 curly1 wavy1 bli/]1 or quilt$ gra9 patt]ns t (t5 occur 9 ?is wood4 ,9 addition1 c$>1 hickory1 a%1 bee*1 bir*1 oak1 elm1 locu/1 apple1 holly1 & o!r h>d woods might h be5 pres5t 9 ! ,ni*olson ,/reet timb] y>d 9 small am\nts4 ,all c\ld h f\nd appropriate use 9 "s k9d ( cab9etry4 ,,second>y ,,mat]ials ,a piece ( furniture ne$ n be made entirely ( prime wood1 & r>ely 04 ,9 ! p>lor ( ! ,bru%-,ev]>d ,h\se 9 ,williamsburg1 = example1 /&s a s(a made 9 ,philadelphia ab\t #aggj2 x has eight legs t %[1 made ( mahogany1 & a frame t does n %[1 con/ruct$ ( *e/nut1 maple1 p9e1 & tulip popl>4 ,n e article c boa/ s _m second>y woods1 ?\gh ! colonial cab9etmak] _h a wide *oice4 ,! secret>y-bookcase 9 ! libr>y ( ! same h\se 0 possibly made 9 ,williamsburg & %[s ! m usual comb9ation ( walnut & p9e z prim>y & second>y woods4 ,colonial cab9etmak]s cu/om>ily select$ a second>y wood t answ]$ ! con/ruction requirem5ts ( ! article 9 "q & t 0 locally available & !re=e *eap4 ,! second>y wood 9 a piece ( colonial furniture is (t5 ! be/ clue to ! place :]e x 0 made4 ,yell[ p9e & tulip popl> 7 mo/ (t5 us$ 9 ,virg9ia & ! o!r s\!rn colonies2 ,hay & 8 successors w\ld d\btless h /ock$ goodly am\nts ( bo?1 & v likely also "s :ite c$> & cypress4 ,probably no li/ ( ! mat]ials t might h be5 us$ 9 colonial cab9etry c hope to be complete4 ,none1 c]ta9ly1 c\ld pret5d to complet5ess t did n include a ^w ab\t nails1 screws1 glue1 & cab9et h>dw>e4 ,! colonial cab9etmak] us$ heat$ animal glue regul>ly4 ,x 0 indisp5sable = v5e]+2 = atta*+ c>v$ surfaces & ornam5ts to _! pla9 f\ndations x 0 almo/ z important2 & any jo9t1 h[ev] c>efully made1 0 /\t] = a bit ( adhesive4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury uphol/]]1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n h done 8 "w )\t brass tacks1 & quantities ( !m h be5 f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ar*aeological excavation at ! site ( ! ,hay-,bucktr\t-,dick9son cab9et %op on ,ni*olson ,/reet4 ,! colonial cab9etmak] sometimes us$ small nails = su* special purposes z atta*+ draw] guides4 ,b he w\ld no m h nail$ toge!r a piece ( furniture ?an w\ld 8 mod]n c\nt]p>t4 ,screws he did use1 = atta*+ cleats1 braces1 h+es1 or o!r h>dw>e4 ,he us$ z few z possible1 h[ev]1 s9ce all screws 7 h&made1 probably import$1 & c]ta9ly n *eap4 ,if a jo9t ne$$ to be re9=c$1 he us$ wood5 pegs1 n screws4 7,tre5ails1 us$ 9 h\se fram+1 7 simply l>ge pegs47 ,ev5 ! simple/ piece ( case furniture--su* z a *e/1 press1 bookcase1 clock case1 dress+ table1 or sidebo>d--ne$$ at lea/ "o lock & possibly a set ( h+es be=e x c\ld leave ! cab9etmak]'s h&s z a f9i%$ article4 ,^! items ( h>dw>e c\ld be ( iron on ! crud] examples ( cab9et "w or ( brass on ! bett] ones4 ,! door h&les1 draw] pulls1 escut*eon plates1 & o!r visible h>dw>e on f9] pieces 7 almo/ sure to be ( brass1 to be design$ = ornam5t z well z utility1 & to be import$4 ,a numb] ( brass h>dw>e items--:ole & cut-d[n h+es & escut*eon plates 9 p>ticul>--h be5 excavat$ at ! site ( ! ,hay %op1 mo/ ( !m 9 gr\nd levels associat$ ) ,dick9son's t5ure4 ,^! seem to say t ,dick9son 0 accu/om$ to work+ ) f9e furniture4 ,,scraps ,,( ,,evid5ce ,a great deal ( au!ntic eighte5?-c5tury furniture--bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican 9 orig9--has be5 assembl$ = display 9 ! ,exhibition ,build+s ( re/or$ ,williamsburg4 ,! collection is ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,un=tunately1 x conta9s n "o /ick ( furniture t c be positively id5tifi$ z com+ f ! h& ( a ,williamsburg cab9etmak]4 ,we d h1 h[ev]1 _m bits & pieces ( docum5t>y evid5ce ab\t v>i\s ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s ( ! colonial era & ab\t ! k9d ( "w !y did4 ,a numb] ( !m1 = example1 adv]tis$ _! s]vices 9 ! columns ( ! ,virg9ia ,gazette f "t to "t4 ,practition]s ( o!r crafts (t5 li/$ at great l5g? ! w>es !y made & sold2 b ! cab9etmak]s usually ann\nc$ only t !y /ood ready to make to ord] any k9d ( furniture4 ,!y 7 confid5tly v]satile1 x w\ld seem2 t !y kept busy mak+ & do+ all sorts ( ?+s is corroborat$ by o!r scraps ( writt5 & pr9t$ in=mation4 ,jo%ua ,k5dall1 :5 he set up %op 9 ,williamsburg1 (f]$ to make ,v5etian ,,sun ,,bl9ds = w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,v5etian bl9ds 7 widely made & us$ 9 bo? ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new4 ,?is h[-to-d-x illu/ration also comes f ,did]ot's encyclop$ia4 ,9 #agee ,pet] ,scott ann\nc$ t he int5d$ to leave = ,engl& & w\ld sell 8 h\se & lots1 ,two ,negroes1 br$ to ! ,bus9ess ( a ,cab9et-,mak]1 & sundry ,pieces ( ,cab9et ,"w1 ( ,mahogany & ,walnut1 consi/+ ( ,desks1 ,book-,cases1 ,tables ( v>i\s ,sorts1 ,tools1 & "s ,mat]ials4 ,app>5tly 8 plan did n mat]ialize1 = :5 he di$ #bj ye>s lat] 8 e/ate includ$ ,a great v>iety ( cab9et mak]s tools1 ,mahogany1 ,walnut1 ,p9e ,plank1 l wise new walnut book cases1 desks1 tables1 c4 ,f p]sonal acc\nt books ( ,john ,m]c]1 lawy]1 & ,rob]t ,c>t] ( ,nom9i ,hall1 plant] & c\ncilor1 we "k t ,scott made a set ( book %elves = ! =m] & twice repair$ tables = him1 & t he made two c>d tables1 "o sidebo>d1 & f\r picture frames = ! latt]4 ,9 #aggb ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t submitt$ a bill = s]vices to ! same ,rob]t ,c>t] ( ,nom9i ,hall4 ,x is wor? quot+ 9 full3 #aggb s d ,june #ae ,to m5d+ a ,meusick ,/& #j #a #f ,octbr4 #bf ,to #h ,mahogy4 ,*>es ,/uf$ ov] ! ,rails #af #ac #h ) ,brass nails #be_/pr doz4 ,to #d ,elb[ ,*>es #ee_/ #aa #j #j ,decemr4 #bi ,to #fe feet ( p9e d #a #h #c ,to #aej #h;d nails = a pack+ ,case = #ab #j ,h>psecord #b_/ make+ & pack+ d4 #aj_/ #bh #ae #e ,?ree ye>s lat] ,edmund ,dick9son r5d]$ a simil> /atem5t3 ,! ,e/ate ,colo ,john ,pr5tis ,to ,edmund ,b4 ,dick9son ,dr ,novr #bc;d #aggc sett+ up b$/$ #b_/f ,july #i? m5d3 #a #b #f ,clean+ up #f *airs #ae? put+ lock on closet #b #f #ai c(f9 = 8 ,son ,william ) ,nails c #b #ae - & att5dance #aggd ,jany #c;d to #g pulleys #ag_/f ,janu>y #ba sett+ #a - - up b$ at ,mrs ,hay's #b_/f ,april #be take+ d[n b$/$ #b_/f #b #f #agge ,june #ad m5d3 b$/$ #a_/c augt #bc;d put+ #c #c lock on ,room case #b_/ ,sept #f? m5d3 ,mahogany table #b #f #be putt+ up b$/$ ,curta9s #b #f ,novr #d to a ,c(f9 l9$ ?r\gh\t = #e #ae #j himself my ,att5dance #aa #e #i ,putt+ toge!r ^! & o!r bits & pieces1 sev]al conclusions seem w>rant$3 ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s made furniture n only to ord] b = op5 sale 9 _! %ops2 !y probably sp5t m "t repair+ furniture ?an 9 mak+ x2 !y 7 by no means too pr\d to und]take su* incid5tal jobs z putt+ up & tak+ d[n b$/eads & curta9s4 ,f9ally1 !y 7 capable ( produc+ any & all ( ! major items ( furniture3 *airs1 b$s1 *e/s1 desks1 bookcases1 clo!s & *9a presses1 tables1 & c&le/&s4 ,:ile p]haps n all ( !m w\ld h _h occasion to make e v>iety ( ! less common articles1 "s d\btless 7 call$ on = sp9n+ :eels1 bootjacks1 b[ls & tr5*]s1 cradles1 toys1 tools1 c(f9s1 spice *e/s1 fire scre5s1 music /&s1 trunks1 cell>ettes1 look+-glass frames1 & s on & on4 ,,! ,,late/ ,,london ,,/yles ,e sw+ 9 ,london fa%ions 9 clo?+1 music1 wigs1 & ! decorative arts 0 normally e*o$ a few ye>s lat] by a simil> b mut$ sw+ 9 colonial fa%ions4 ,9 ea* case ! peak ( ! vogue 7n necess>ily ! fir/ evid5ce ( x7 9 ! colonies came a decade or two aft] ! same /yle _h rea*$ its height 9 ,london4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( furniture design 9 ,engl&4 ,! decorative ta/es ( ! ,re/oration & ( ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y set ! /age = ! appe>ance at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury ( ! curvace\s /yle kn[n z ,que5 ,anne4 ,!re foll[$ a succession ( p>tly ov]lapp+1 sometimes ill-def9$ & sometimes di/9ct /yles 9 ,engli% furniture design & int]ior design4 ,^! succe$+ fa%ions h s9ce become kn[n by ! names ( reign+ mon>*s or ( m5 ^: books ( collect$ designs set or summ>iz$ ! pr$om9ant ta/e ( ! ye>s 9 "q4 ,we "k ^! /yles1 & /yle p]iods1 z e>ly & late ,georgian1 ,*ipp5dale1 ,adam1 ,hepple:ite1 & ,%]aton4 ,9 ! ,am]ican colonies ! ,que5 ,anne /yle did n come into full fl[] until #agbe or !reab\ts4 ,! decorat$ ,que5 ,anne or e>ly ,georgian sub/yles _c be cle>ly disc]n$ 9 colonial furniture be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ipp5dale influ5ce1 ab\t #agej1 swept all be=e x4 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale's fam\s ,g5tleman & ,cab9et-,mak]'s ,director1 publi%$ 9 #aged1 0 b "o ( a numb] ( books ( designs issu$ 9 ,london & widely us$ 9 colonial cab9etmak+ %ops4 ,x 0 =emo/ among !m1 h[ev]4 ,& ev5 if su* *>act]i/ic features ( colonial ,*ipp5dale z ! claw-&-ball foot1 = example1 d n appe> 9 ,*ipp5dale's book1 8 "n has become a label--p]haps ill-fitt+--= ! :ole middle p]iod ( colonial furniture mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,*airs4 ,?ree design *airs--! "o to ! "r (f]+ alt]native treatm5ts ( c]ta9 details--f ,*ipp5dale's ,g5tleman & ,cab9et-,mak]'s ,director3 ,be+ a l>ge ,collection ( ! ,mo/ ,elegant & ,useful ,designs ( ,h\sehold ,furniture1 9 ! ,mo/ ,fa%ionable ,ta/e4 7,?ird edition1 ,london1 #agfb7 ,?is p]iod la/$ ?r\gh ! ,revolution2 ! w>time brea* ( relations ) ,engl& all b cut (f ! transf] to ,am]ica ( ! ,adam /yle t 0 ! rage ( ,london 9 ! #aggj's4 ,aft] ! ,revolution ! designs ( ,george ,hepple:ite &1 late 9 ! c5tury1 ,?omas ,%]aton foll[$ ! usual r\te across ! ,atlantic4 ,?r\gh\t ! c5tury1 too1 "s regional diff]5ces c be disc]n$4 ,new ,engl& foll[$ old ,engl& 9 social cu/oms & ta/es b ) a t+e ( /atel9ess & a re/ra9t ( design 9 furniture t may h _h di/ant ,puritan ance/ry4 ,9 ,new ,york1 c]ta9ly1 ! ideas ( ! orig9al ,dut* settl]s p]si/$ 9 color+ lat] ,engli% influ5ces 9 matt]s ( ta/e4 ,g]man immigrants to ,p5nsylvania br\ght /urdy non-,engli% pref]5ces to ! areas !y settl$ outside ,philadelphia4 ,! city itself1 ( c\rse1 always rema9$ a cosmopolitan c5t]--if a some:at sob] "o--^: furniture %[$ ! ,engli% orig9s ( _m ( its *ief mak]s4 ,! s\!rn colonies1 & p>ticul>ly ,virg9ia1 7 m closely ti$ to ! "m c\ntry 9 s5tim5t & economy ?an 7 ! o!rs4 ,virg9ians1 !re=e1 probably mirror$ ,engli% ta/es m fai?fully ?an _m ( _! compatriots4 ,,apron-,,/r+ ,,effects ,engli% products 7 s mu* admir$ 9 ,virg9ia1 9 fact1 & s easily obta9$ by ^? :o c\ld af=d *oice ?+s1 t ! local artisan _h little *ance to compete4 ,:e!r cause or consequ5ce ( ?is lack ( dem& = _! s]vices1 ,virg9ia cab9etmak]s appe> to h be5 less highly skill$ & less highly s*ool$ 9 ! craft ?an _! colleagues 9 ,london & 9 a numb] ( l>ge colonial cities4 ,!re 0 no s*ool ( cab9etry 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,williamsburg su* z develop$ 9 ,philadelphia1 ,newport1 ,*>le/on1 & else:]e4 ,a ,virg9ian :o want$ f9e furniture might ord] x f "o ( ^! cities4 ,m likely1 he w\ld buy x at a sale ( v5ture furniture made 9 a nor!rn or middle colony & %ipp$ s\? to be sold = ! be/ price x w\ld br+4 ,or1 he c\ld s5d to ,engl& = 8 wants4 ,?is 0 n s difficult a transaction z might at fir/ appe>4 ,tobacco 0 ! s\rce ( ,virg9ia's weal?1 & tobacco _h to be %ipp$ to ,engl& = sale4 ,! typical l>ge ,tidewat] plant] consign$ 8 annual crop to an ,engli% m]*ant :o receiv$1 h&l$1 & sold x4 ,aft] exp5se d$uctions1 ! balance 9 ! m]*ant's h&s repres5t$ ! plant]'s pr(its4 ,:at 0 m natural ?an to sp5d x "r !re 9 ,engl&8 ,articles ( ,engli% make 7 ?\ght 7usually ) reason7 to be ( bett] mat]ial & workman%ip ?an c\ntry made pieces1 & !y 7 und5iably m 9 fa%ion4 ,! tobacco %ips 7 return+ to ,virg9ia anyway1 ne$$ freight = _! holds1 & c\ld unload almo/ at ! plant]'s front door4 ,z a result ( ^! circum/ances1 x 0 cu/om>y to s5d ) ea* %ipm5t ( tobacco an ord] = goods to be s5t back4 ,?is dep5d5ce on ! ,engli% m>ket did n prevail--at lea/ to ! same ext5t--outside ( ! ,*esapeake ,bay area4 ,9 consequ5ce1 cab9etmak]s z f> ap>t z ,bo/on & ,*>le/on produc$ to ord] "s v f9e pieces ( furniture4 ,"s few examples be> ! mak]'s signature or %op label2 o!rs c be id5tifi$ ) confid5ce because ( *>act]i/ic traits 9 _! design or execution4 ,cab9etmak]s ( ! ,t[ns5d-,godd>d dyna/y 9 ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1 produc$ block-front$ & %ell-c>v$ case pieces t sp>kle 9 _m museums today4 ,?omas ,affleck1 ,jona?an ,go/el[e1 ,b5jam9 ,r&olph1 & o!rs 9 ,philadelphia made t city a c5t] ( pre-,revolution>y cab9etry1 & creat$ ! ,philadelphia ,*ipp5dale s*ool ( furniture design4 ,virg9ia cab9etmak]s1 too1 r>ely label$ or sign$ _! products2 or if !y did1 ! products h n surviv$ 9 m ?an a v few examples4 ,:at is kn[n to be ( ,virg9ia orig9 is r>ely ornate4 ,! examples to be se5 9 ,williamsburg today1 = in/ance1 are truly prov9cial3 /urdy1 g5]ally well-proportion$1 capably made1 & incl9$ to be simple 9 decoration4 ,,made ,,9 ,,williamsburg8 ,9 two ( ! b$rooms at ! ,bru%-,ev]>d ,h\se 9 ,williamsburg & 9 "o at ! ,raleigh ,tav]n /& commodi\s pieces ( furniture t today w\ld probably h to be call$ cupbo>ds4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury h\sewife call$ !m clo!s presses1 & !y s]v$ h] z a place to keep ! family's entire supply ( b$d+ & clo?+ n 9 daily use4 ,two ( ^! pieces are extremely simple 9 design1 s simple t !y may be said to lack any consci\s design at all4 ,"s two hundr$ ye>s ( use te/ify to ! /urd9ess ( _! con/ruction2 b !y 7 cle>ly n made = %[4 ,! ?ird--! "o 9 ! gr\nd floor b$room ( ! ,bru%-,ev]>d ,h\se--is m sophi/icat$4 ,x is ( mahogany & s\!rn p9e r ?an ( walnut & p9e z are ! o!r two4 ,x has ogee-curv$ bracket feet in/ead ( /raight bracket feet4 ,& x boa/s a nicely made fretwork cornice4 ,^! t\*es d n make x a di/+ui%$ piece ( furniture or an ov]ly beautiful "o4 ,h[ev]1 ! importance ( ^! ?ree pieces lies n 9 _! appe>ance1 b r 9 ! fact t all ?ree h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 ! ,galt family ( ,williamsburg & are believ$ to h be5 made by "o ( ! t[n's eighte5?-c5tury cab9etmak]s4 ,samuel ,galt foll[$ ! wat*mak+ & silv]smi?+ craft 9 ,williamsburg f #agej until 8 dea?4 ,8 old] son1 ,james1 0 also a silv]smi? until he became1 9 #aggj1 ! fir/ keep] ( ! ,lunatick ,hospital 9 ,williamsburg4 ,! y\ng] son1 ,john ,m9son ,galt1 acquir$ a m$ical education 9 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 !n became a p>tn] 9 ,dr4 ,james ,pa/eur's apo!c>y & *irurgical e/abli%m5t 9 ,williamsburg4 ,un=tunately ! ,galt family tradition does n say :i* ( ,williamsburg's eighte5?-c5tury craftsm5 creat$ ! articles 9 "q4 ,! mo/ prom95t pre-,revolution>y cab9etmak]s 7 all active dur+ "s "p ( ! p]iod :5 ! ,galts1 fa!r & sons1 7 f\nd+ ! family's "n & fame4 ,x is possible1 judg+ f appe>ance alone1 t ! two simpl] pieces c\ld h be5 made = ! e>lie/ ,galt by ! e>lie/ 7kn[n7 cab9etmak]1 ,pet] ,scott1 :ile ! ?ird 0 con/ruct$ = a lat] & m pret5ti\s h\sehold by a lat] craftsman1 p]haps ,edmund ,dick9son4 ,dick9son 0 well equipp$ to make bett] furniture ?an any ( ^! ?ree clo!s presses4 ,an appr5tice 9 ,an?ony ,hay's cab9et %op on ,ni*olson ,/reet1 he may h /ay$ on z j\rneyman dur+ ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t's proprietor%ip ( ! %op & timb] y>d4 ,9 any case1 he became ma/] ( ! e/abli%m5t himself 9 #agga4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]1 s]v+ z an (fic] 9 ! ,revolution>y army1 he 0 kill$ at ! ,battle ( ,monm\?4 ,! apprais]s ( ,dick9son's e/ate--"o ( !m 0 ,bucktr\t--valu$ 8 possessions at ! respectable total ( #afd #fs4 #f;d4 ,ab\t #bj ( ?is repres5t$ ,dick9son's libr>y ( #dj volumes4 ,"s ( ^! _h probably be5 ga!r$ by ,hay 9 ! fir/ place1 b x 0 /ill a l>ge & wide-rang+ collection ( books = a craftsman4 ,9 addition to a copy ( ,*ipp5dale's ,designs valu$ by itself at #f1 !re 7 books ( poetry & hi/ory1 ,engli% & ,fr5* diction>ies1 & _m volumes ( ! ,tatl]1 ! ,spectator1 & ! ,connoisseur4 ,,! ,,compleat ,,tool ,,*e/ ,ano!r section ( ! ,dick9son inv5tory dem&s p>ticul> att5tion "h3 ! li/ ( ! cab9etmak]'s tools4 ,^! 7 valu$ by ! apprais]s at close to #ej1 & includ$ #ha planes ( diff]5t sorts1 #aa saws1 "o /ock or brace & #bj bits1 #fc *isels & g\ges1 f\r clamps & a b5* vise1 a doz5 miscellane\s items1 & a tool box4 ,illu/ration3 ,a cab9etmak]'s workb5* & a v>iety ( woodwork+ tools ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,among !m may be se5 sev]al b5* planes1 two k9ds ( frame saw1 an assortm5t ( *isels1 "s measur+ & m>k+ tools1 a brace & bit1 gimlets1 etc4 ,?is illu/ration is tak5 f ,joseph ,moxon's ,me*anick ,ex]cises1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afhc4 ,no d\bt mo/ ( ^! tools 7 made 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ! inv5tory does n say s4 ,p]haps all ( !m 74 ,?ree ye>s be=e ,dick9son became ma/] ( 8 %op--j ab\t ! "t he w\ld h be5 acquir+ _m ( 8 tools--,john ,blair1 ! act+ gov]nor ( ! colony1 report$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 ,london t3 ,our pig-iron & "s b>-iron is *iefly %ipp$ to ,brita94 ,we d n make a saw1 augur1 gimlet1 file or nails1 nor /eel2 & mo/ tools 9 ! c\ntry are import$ f ,brita94 ,! inv5tory does n li/ hamm]s1 files1 or rasps ( any k9d1 :i* is surpris+ z !y w\ld h be5 normal & necess>y equipm5t 9 any woodwork+ %op--& a numb] ( ! latt] h be5 f\nd at ! site ( ! ,hay-,dick9son %op4 ,p]haps ! apprais]s ov]look$ !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! inv5tory does n li/ workb5*es or la!s ei!r1 :i* is ! m surpris+4 ,a workb5* is an absolute necessity = cab9et "w1 a la! only a little less s1 & nei!r is likely to be ov]look$4 ,x may be t ! apprais]s did n li/ !m z tools because !y 7 deem$ to be p]man5t %op fixtures4 ,at any rate1 :ile we h no pro( t ,dick9son own$ ei!r a b5* or a la!1 reason says he w\ld h _h at lea/ "o ( ea*4 ,mat!w ,tuell1 a c>p5t]1 own$ a :eel la! & turn+ tools2 & ! p>tn]%ip ( ,honey ,h>rocks own$ la!s1 did _! own turn+1 & possibly turn$ = o!r cab9etmak]s4 ,eighte5?-c5tury la!s 7 ma*9e tools ( a sort b n p[] tools s9ce human muscle provid$ _! motive =ce4 ,?ree v>ieties c be se5 9 ! recon/ruct$ cab9et %op 9 ,williamsburg3 ! b[ la!1 ! treadle la!1 & ! great :eel la!4 ,! la/ nam$ is ! mo/ impressive & ! mo/ effective1 turn+ up "s #gjj rpm on ! sp9dle ) a good /rong appr5tice crank+ ! l>ge :eel4 ,! p[] woodwork+ la! today is a consid]ably m complicat$ ma*9e1 b ! fundam5tal pr9ciples involv$ 9 wood turn+ h n *ang$4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! o!r great category ( woodwork+ tools--h& tools--ea* sep>ate op]ation is accompli%$ 9 precisely ! same way by tools t are basically ! same z !y 7 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 or ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,turn]4 ,a turn]1 ^: treadle la! sp9s at diff]5t spe$s accord+ to :i* sp9dle pulley is us$ = ! drive belt4 ,?is picture is tak5 f ,! ,book ( ,trades or ,libr>y ( ,useful ,arts1 fir/ ,am]ican edition1 publi%$ by ,jacob ,johnson & sold 9 8 book/ores 9 ,philadelphia & ,ri*mond 9 #ahjg4 ,c\rtesy1 ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,) obvi\s exceptions1 all woodwork+ tools are int5d$ prim>ily to remove small am\nts ( mat]ial by "s k9d ( cutt+ or te>+ action4 ,) ?is simple fact 9 m9d1 x is no surprise to le>n t saws1 planes1 *isels1 & bor+ tools f\nd 9 anci5t ,egyptian tombs1 or depict$ by arti/s ( t "t1 7 n significantly diff]5t f ^? ( ! eighte5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 7,examples ( furniture made 9 anci5t ,egypt1 incid5tally1 /ill exi/1 ! olde/ kn[n articles be+ /ools dat+ at lea/ f ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y--#cejj ,b4,c467 ,nor %\ld x be surpris+ to f9d t ! colonial cab9etmak]'s tools1 al?\gh crud] & less conv5i5t ?an ^? sold 9 a mod]n h>dw>e /ore1 7 fundam5tally ! same & did ! same jobs 9 ! same ways4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ craftsman ! eighte5?-c5tury tools p]=m$ _! assign$ tasks e bit z well z d _! tw5tie?-c5tury c\nt]p>ts4 ,,pla9 ,,planes ,,& ,,fancy ,,ones ,if x appe>s t ,dick9son's #ha planes 7 f> m ?an any cab9etmak] ne$$1 ! numb] is easily expla9$ by ! likelihood t only a few 7 b5* planes1 ! re/ be+ fitt+-planes or specially %ap$ mold+ planes4 ,!n z n[ ! b5* plane category includ$ a gr\p ( flat-bottom$ planes us$ = smoo?+1 level+1 & squ>+ pieces ( wood4 ,v>y+ 9 l5g? f ! smoo?+ plane ( ab\t #f in*es to ! jo9t] ( p]haps #cj in*es1 ! gr\p includ$ also ! try+ plane1 long plane1 =e plane1 jack plane1 & /rike block4 ,fitt+ planes 7 ^?--ea* design$ = a p>ticul> purpose--us$ to prep>e pieces ( wood = fitt+ toge!r4 ,?is gr\p includ$ planes = mak+ rabbets1 tongues1 grooves1 & simil> %apes1 & hav+ su* names z ! pl\gh1 mat*1 filli/]1 & mov+ filli/]4 ,! la/ 0 ess5tially a rabbet plane ) an adju/able f5ce to guide ! wid? ( its cut1 (t5 an adju/able /op to regulate ! dep? ( cut1 & sometimes a r\t+ bit or too? j ahead ( ! lead+ edge ( ! ma9 blade4 ,! ?ird & l>ge/ gr\p 9 any eighte5?-c5tury tool collection includ$ ! mold+ planes = produc+ ornam5tal trim 9 an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( %apes4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ma*9e-made millwork 9 /ock sizes & pr(iles1 ! colonial woodwork] _h to produce 8 own4 ,9 "s in/ances1 he may ev5 h made 8 own mold+ planes fir/4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury plane 0 a simple b effective device4 ,x _h only ?ree basic p>ts3 a body1 an iron1 & a w$ge4 ,! body or /ock 0 a rectangul> block ( bee* 7or "s o!r h>d wood7 ) a %ap$ v]tical op5+ ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,! iron1 ins]t$ into ?is op5+1 0 held at ! prop] pit* & blade exposure by tapp+ ! w$ge tightly into position4 ,h&les 7 usually atta*$ to ! l>g] planes4 ,on a b5* plane ! bottom or sole ( ! /ock 0 flat1 ( c\rse1 & ?is 0 p>ticul>ly important = a jo9t]1 ^: sole _h to be p]fectly true4 ,b ! sole ( a mold+ plane 0 %ap$ to fit ! curve or angle or comb9ation ( surfaces its blade w\ld produce4 ,s9ce ev5 a simple qu>t]-r\nd mold+ might on occasion be ne$$ 9 sev]al diff]5t sizes = diff]5t uses1 ! well-equipp$ cab9etmak] w\ld ne$ p]haps n9e planes "r !re4 ,george ,wa%+ton's well-kn[n ord] ( goods f ,london = ! furni%+ ( ,m\nt ,v]non 9 #agei includ$ 9 a long li/ ( tools n only a consid]able numb] ( b5* & fitt+ planes1 b ab\t #ej mold+ planes3 #aj pr ,holl[s ,r\nds1 #d two ,squ>e ,a/icles a/ragals1 #f ,ogees1 #a ,snipes ,bill1 #d ,qu>t] ,r\nds1 #d ,sa% ,pla9s1 #c ,bead ,ditto1 #f ,ovelos4 ,to ^! a cab9etmak] w\ld h add$ ogive1 re$1 flute1 bead$ flute1 fillet & fascia comb9ations1 & o!r mold+ pr(iles favor$ on eighte5?-c5tury furniture4 ,rememb]+ t a numb] ( ^! %apes too1 might h be5 ne$$ 9 m ?an "o size1 ,dick9son's #ha planes beg9 to seem h>dly en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,sev]al %apes ( mold+ planes1 ) ! irons ( correspond+ pr(ile2 also a mov+ filli/] 9 ! l[] "p ( ! picture4 ,?is illu/ration & ! two t foll[ x are tak5 f a ?ree-volume eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* manual on woodwork+ by ,&re-,jacob ,r\bo4 ,,big ,,saws ,,& ,,little ,,*isels ,! famili> c>p5t]'s h&saw1 ) a blade wide & /iff en\gh to cut on ! pu% /roke1 0 n unkn[n 9 colonial times & ,dick9son app>5tly _h "o4 ,b v>i\s k9ds ( frame & back saws 7 mu* m common4 ,dick9son _h "o l>ge frame saw--its valuation at #e indicates x mu/ h be5 ( good quality z well z good-siz$--t 0 probably a pit saw4 ,?is 0 a two-man affair = ripp+ logs into bo>ds4 ,a :ip saw 7"o ( ^! 0 also li/$7 0 l a mod]n two-man crosscut saw4 ,dick9son also possess$ a small frame saw1 a b[ saw1 a t5ant 7t5on7 saw1 a panel saw1 a sa% saw1 & ?ree dovetail saws4 ,! latt] ?ree1 call$ dovetail$ 9 ! inv5tory1 7 back saws ) %ort blades & v f9e tee?4 ,! t5on saw might h be5 ei!r a back or a frame saw1 z bo? v>ieties 7 us$ 9 cutt+ ! t5ons = mortise jo9ts4 ,vag>ies 9 craft nom5clature leave u 9 d\bt ab\t ! precise appe>ance ( _m tools1 includ+ ,dick9son's panel & sa% saws4 ,except t x 0 d\btless made ( wood r ?an /eel & _h a some:at diff]5t *uck1 ,dick9son's bit /ock w\ld h resembl$ ! bor+ brace 9 any mod]n tool box4 ,8 #bj bitts1 h[ev]1 probably lack$ ! spiral %ank ( _! pres5t desc5dants & ?us requir$ consid]ably m skill on ! "p ( ! us] to bore a /raight hole4 ,*isels & g\ges1 ( :i* ,dick9son _h a total ( #ec1 h n *ang$ 9 appe>ance or /ructure ov] _m c5turies4 ,l o!r tools1 !y come 9 diff]5t %apes & sizes & "s possess special designs = special purposes4 ,( ,dick9son's collection1 #dg 7 c>v+ *isels & g\ges1 :i* argues t he did 8 own c>v+4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( ! two c>v]s kn[n to h work$ 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,williamsburg 0 ,george ,hamilton1 a j\rneyman 9 ,dick9son's %op 9 #aggd4 ,! o!r1 ,james ,wilson1 work$ ) or = ,an?ony ,hay "s tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,dick9son's #f ,mortice+ ,*issels--along ) 8 t5ant saw & fitt+ planes--s]ve z rem9d]s t ! basic te*niques ( cab9etmak+ h likewise *ang$ little ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,9 ! mak+ ( an article ( furniture ! compon5t pieces mu/ be atta*$ to ea* o!r at v>i\s po9ts3 sometimes side-by-side ) gra9 runn+ p>allel1 sometimes end to end1 or end into side1 or cross+ "o ano!r4 ,at ea* juncture ! cab9etmak] _h 8 *oice ( a numb] ( jo9ts t 7 appropriate 9 su* a situation4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury craftsman knew !m all & 0 skill$ 9 ! mak+ ( all ^? us$ today3 butt1 lap1 rabbet1 tongue & groove1 mortise & t5on1 mitre1 dado1 dovetail1 & _! num]\s comb9ations & v>iations4 ,9 cab9etmak+ ! mo/ useful jo9ts are und\bt$ly ! mortise & t5on & ! dovetail1 ! =m] = jo9+ /ructural memb]s at "r angles1 ! latt] = hold+ toge!r adjac5t sides ( draw]s1 *e/s1 boxes1 & ! l4 ,bo? k9ds ( jo9ts are v /rong if well made1 weak if poorly fitt$4 ,skill & exp]i5ce1 ?us1 7 7& are7 pr]equisite to good furniture mak+4 ,,on ,,! ,,surface ,"s v5e]+ appe>$ on colonial furniture at lea/ by ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b x 0 n widely practic$1 9 "p because f9e cab9et woods 7 relatively *eap & 9 "p1 no d\bt1 because mak+ v5e] by h& requir$ a good deal ( skill$ "w & labor 0 relatively exp5sive4 ,9 any case1 x 0 ! l>ge & o!rwise unadorn$ surfaces ( ,hepple:ite & ,%]aton furniture t invit$ mat*$ v5e]+4 ,s9ce ^! fa%ions came to ,am]ica aft] ! ,revolution & aft] ,williamsburg _h pass$ its apogee1 ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s probably did little if any v5e]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,two m5 ) a good-siz$ b f9e-too!d frame saw "h cut a log into ?9 slices ( v5e]4 ,,r\bo ,apply+ a f9i% to woodwork is an anci5t art & has always s]v$ two purposes3 to give ! wood a protective coat+ & to enhance its appe>ance4 ,by ! eighte5? c5tury ! te*niques = apply+ sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( f9i% 7 well und]/ood & widely us$ 9 ! colonial cab9et %op4 ,pa9t+1 g5]ally limit$ to ! *eape/ sort ( furniture1 0 little practic$ by quality cab9etmak]s4 ,! imitation ( ori5tal lacqu] call$ japann+ 0 n common 9 ! colonies1 & 9 any case 0 ! prov9ce ( ! japann]4 ,! cab9etmak] favor$ oil1 wax1 or v>ni% f9i%es to produce a h>d1 transp>5t1 & glassy-smoo? surface4 ,to prep>e ! surface ( ! wood1 colonial cab9etmak]s _h planes1 scrap]s1 glasspap]1 & s&pap]--! latt] two available by ! late eighte5? c5tury & probably mu* be=e t4 ,/a9s 7 us$ to enri* ! natural color & emphasize ! gra9 ( ! wood1 & pulv]iz$ *alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 or ! l 0 us$ to fill ! pores ( co>se-gra9$ woods4 ,wax1 usually beeswax melt$ & mix$ ) turp5t9e1 0 *eap1 easy to apply1 & easy to r5ew4 ,rubb$ on1 all[$ to dry1 & poli%$ ) a clo?--& repeat$ by g5]ations ( indu/ri\s h\sewives or s]vants--wax produc$ a beautiful f9i%1 especially on mahogany or *]ry4 ,l9se$ oil ?9n$ ) turp5t9e 0 frequ5tly ! only f9i% appli$ on ^! & o!r h>d1 close-gra9$ woods4 ,! mixture 0 appli$ g5]\sly1 all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs1 & wip$ (f4 ,! surface 0 !n rubb$ = h\rs ) ! b>e h& or a piece ( clo? or felt1 & ! process 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 until ! wood %[$ a f9e ri* %e54 ,z ! wood absorb$ ! oil its gra9 rose slightly & _h to be smoo!d d[n aga9 betwe5 coats4 ,%]aton advocat$ a te*nique t comb9$ fill+1 oil+1 & smoo?+ 9 "o op]ation3 ! oil 0 p\r$ on & all[$ to /&1 !n spr9kl$ ) f9e brick du/ & rubb$ ) a clo?4 ,! brick du/ fill$ ! gra9 & comb9$ ) ! oil to =m a putty t 0 mildly abrasive & w\ld1 ,%]aton said1 secure a f9e poli% by cont9u$ rubb+4 ,eighte5?-c5tury cab9etmak]s employ$ bo? oil v>ni%es & _s v>ni%es4 ,! =m] 0 made by dissolv+ a natural res9--copal 0 "o ( ! mo/ commonly us$--9 hot oil & ?9n+ ) turp5t9e4 ,! only _s v>ni% ( importance 0 t made ( lac--9 ! =m ( /ick lac1 se$ lac1 or %ell lac--dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 7,lac is ! res9\s secretion ( an insect encru/$ on ! twigs ( c]ta9 ,ea/ ,indian trees47 ,! application ( a v>ni% requir$ less labor ?an wax or oil b m skill4 ,x 0 fl[$ on1 all[$ to dry1 & rubb$ d[n ) a f9e abrasive4 ,?is 0 repeat$ ) z _m coats z might be necess>y1 & wax appli$ z a f9al coat4 ,eighte5?-c5tury ,anglo-,am]ican cab9etmak]s seem to h pref]r$ lac v>ni%es1 p>ticul>ly %ellac1 = walnut furniture1 wax & oil f9i%es = mahogany4 ,,williamsburg ,,work%ops ,! elegant gr\nds ( ! ,gov]nor's ,palace 9 ,williamsburg seem at fir/ glance a mo/ unlikely site = a cab9etmak]'s %op1 especially 9 ! "t ( ,"l ,dunmore4 ,8 ,maje/y's la/ & unlam5t$ vic]oy 9 ,virg9ia 0 no basem5t d-x-y\rself]4 ,b aft] ! ,revolution 8 claim = ! value ( lo/ possessions includ$ ,a quantity ( ,mahogany & o!r ,woods2 ) tools = f\r ,cab9et ,mak]s4 ,al?\gh ,dunmore's tools & lumb] 7 probably de/9$ = ! plantation he 0 seat+ ne> ,w>m ,spr+s z a private v5ture1 ! possibility _c be dismiss$ t "s furniture "w 0 done at ! ,palace4 ,at "o spot on ! gr\nds sev]al items ( cab9et h>dw>e h be5 excavat$4 ,& ! am\nt ( furniture 9 an e/abli%m5t z big z ! ,palace c\ld no d\bt h kept a man busy j repair+ ! ev]yday we> & te>4 ,:atev] ! situation "u ! royal gov]nors1 h[ev]1 ! practice 9 #aggf 0 to h su* "w done 9 ! %ops ( ! t[n's private entrepr5eurs4 ,:5 ,patrick ,h5ry 0 ab\t to take up resid5ce z ! indep5d5t commonweal?'s fir/ *ief executive1 ! /ate gov]nm5t issu$ w>rants to sev]al ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s = mak+ or repair+ ,palace furniture4 ,honey & ,h>rocks receiv$ a little m ?an #ai = m5d+ #bh *airs !re2 #ba w5t to a c]ta9 ,ri*>d ,book] 7ab\t ^: id5tity !re rema9s great unc]ta9ty7 = mak+ "s *airs2 & our fri5d ,edmund ,dick9son took 9 #ib = furniture furni%$ ! ,pallace4 ,judg+ by ,bucktr\t's *>ge ( #be p] doz5 = /raight *airs & #af = a mahogany desk & bookcase1 ,dick9son 0 deal+ ) some?+ on ! ord] ( #ce *airs or _! equival5t 9 o!r k9ds ( furniture4 ,x w\ld appe> t 8 %op1 ! same "o :]e ,an?ony ,hay & ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t _h e>li] pli$ _! craft1 0 ! l>ge/ su* e/abli%m5t 9 ,williamsburg at ! "t4 ,x has n[ be5 recon/ruct$1 its dim5sions precisely fix$ by surviv+ f\ndations1 & furni%$ z an op]at+ craft %op accord+ to indications ( ! ,dick9son inv5tory1 ar*aeological f9d+s on ! site1 & o!r in=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is eighte5?-c5tury woodwork]'s b5* resembles its tw5tie?-c5tury c\nt]p>t 9 e ess5tial feature ( con/ruction & equipm5t1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 v>i\s details4 ,,r\bo ,! orig9al %op 0 built ab\t #agej on ! bank ( ! small /ream t /ill fl[s ?r\gh ! ,ni*olson ,/reet prop]ty4 ,hay b\ght x 9 #agef & "s t5 ye>s lat] built an addition on pi]s ov] ! /ream4 ,8 reason = ?is seem+ly awkw>d arrangem5t _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,no evid5ce indicates t he ev] in/all$ a wat] :eel1 & 9 any ev5t ! /ream's fl[ c\ld h op]at$ a la! only 9 ! v wette/ wea!r4 ,x's an ill wat]way1 h[ev]1 t fl[s nobody good6 ,?is "o s]v$ a d\ble end4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x provid$ a conv5i5t place = ! cab9etmak]s' appr5tices to dump ! tra% t accumulat$ 9 ! %op4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ! damp silt ( ! /ream b$ effectively pres]v$ t tra% aga9/ decay1 trans=m+ x into a tw5tie?-c5tury treasure trove = today's ar*aeologi/s4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! woodwork+ tools & fragm5ts ( cab9et h>dw>e excavat$ at ! site ( ! %op4 ,digg]s also f\nd a few compon5t pieces ( a table & *airs4 ,inde$ ! ,an?ony ,hay %op1 h\se1 kit*51 & well h prov$ to be ! ri*e/ ar*aeological dig 9 ,williamsburg4 ,besides cab9et items1 ! colonial artifacts include dome/ic glass & c]amic w>es1 h>ness h>dw>e1 %oe buckles1 g>d5 tools1 table ut5sils1 & a l>ge numb] ( gun fl9ts4 ,! la/1 along ) bits ( sev]al weapons1 recall ! p]iod dur+ ! ,revolution :5 ! %op 0 conv]t$ into an armory4 ,,work]s ,,9 ,,! ,,%op ,! =mal duties ( an appr5tice & 8 ma/] t[>d ea* o!r 7 spell$ out 9 an ind5ture sign$ by ea* :5 ! appr5tice%ip began4 ,dick9son 0 probably an appr5tice to ,hay & may h be5 a j\rneyman employee ( ,bucktr\t 9 ! same %op be=e himself becom+ its ma/]4 ,9 turn1 ,dick9son took on an appr5tice by ! "n ( ,james ,tyrie :o w\ld help him & be taught ! cab9etmak+ craft4 ,9 ! agreem5t betwe5 !m ! ma/] und]took t3 444 8 said ,appr5tice 9 ! same art ( a ,cab9et ,mak] :i* he use? by ! be/ means t he c %all tea* & in/ruct or cause to be taught & in/ruct$ f9d+ unto ! said ,appr5tice suffici5t ,meat ,dr9k ,wa%+ ,lodg+ c dur+ ! said t]m ( five ye>s4 ,= 8 "p1 ,tyrie pl$g$ t he3 444 8 said ,ma/] %all fai?fully s]ve 8 secrets keep 8 lawful comm&s e :]e gladly d1 he %all d no damage to 8 said ,ma/] nor see to be done ( o!rs1 b t he to 8 p[] %all let or =? ) give w>n+ to 8 said ,ma/] ( ! same he %all n wa/e ! ,goods ( 8 said ,ma/] nor l5d !m unlawfully to any he %all n commit =nication nor contract ,matrimony )9 ! said t]m ,he %all n play at ,c>ds ,dice ,tables or any o!r unlawful ,games :]eby 8 said ,ma/] may h any loss1 ) 8 own ,goods or o!rs dur+ ! said t]m1 )\t ,lic5ce ( 8 said ,ma/] ,he %all nei!r buy nor sell ,he %all n ,haunt ,tav]ns nor ,play ,h\ses nor abs5t himself f 8 said ,ma/]s ,s]vice ,day nor ,night unlawfully ,b 9 all ?+s z a fai?ful ,appr5tice he %all ,behave himself t[>ds 8 said ,ma/] & all 81 dur+ ! said t]m4 ,:at happ5$ to ,tyrie we d n "k4 ,p]haps ! com+ ( ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce holds ! key to 8 de/9y2 p]haps he1 l _m ano!r appr5tice1 ran away f 8 ma/]4 ,"o ( ,bucktr\t's appr5tices1 ,david ,davis1 took (f "o day we>+ a :ole new suit ( clo?+ & new %oes4 ,! important circum/ance1 h[ev]1 0 t an appr5tice%ip ( up to sev5 ye>s 0 ! normal--inde$ ! only--way = a boy to ga9 entry into ! bus9ess _w4 ,x 0 also ! normal s\rce to ! ma/] ( a con/antly r5ew$ supply ( *eap1 unskill$ labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,artifacts f ! site ( ,an?ony ,hay's cab9etmak+ %op3 7#a7 unf9i%$ table leg1 walnut2 7#b7 fragm5t ( an oboe1 boxwood ) brass /ops2 7#c7 cre/ rail ( a *air 9 ! ,*ipp5dale /yle2 7#d to #ab7 cab9et fitt+s1 brass1 includ+ ornam5tal column base f a tall case clock 7#f7 & a *air ca/] 7#g72 & 7#ac to #ah7 c>p5t]'s tools1 all ( iron & heavily encru/$ ) ru/4 ,r$rawn f photographs4 ,?ree o!r s\rces ( help 7 available to him3 wage-e>n+ j\rneym51 ind5tur$ s]vants1 & slaves--all ( :om might be skill$ work]s 9 ! craft4 ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s adv]tis$ f "t to "t 9 ! ,virg9ia ,gazette = ! s]vices ( capable j\rneym51 a circum/ance t argues bo? ! ne$ ( ! proprietors = help & ! availability ( pot5tial help]s4 ,z to any specific work]s !y may h acquir$ 9 ?is category1 ! record is sil5t4 ,o!r adv]tisem5ts li/$ jo9]s & cab9etmak]s among ! c>goes ( %ips br++ ind5tur$ pass5g]s ^: s]vices = a p]iod 7 to be auction$ (f to ! highe/ bidd] or sold = a fix$ fee4 ,b no evid5ce has be5 f\nd t any ,williamsburg cab9etmak] augm5t$ 8 "w =ce ) ind5tur$ s]vants4 ,=mal appr5tice%ip ( ,negro slaves 0 n uncommon1 & _m examples c be cit$ ( ,negroes :o became skill$ work]s ev5 )\t ! =mality4 ,! l>ge/ numb] 9 & ar\nd ,williamsburg seem to h be5 c>p5t]s1 b o!r crafts _h skill$ & semi-skill$ practition]s :o 7 slaves4 ,pet] ,scott1 = example1 own$ two ,negroes1 br$ to ! ,bus9ess ( a ,cab9et-mak]1 & ,an?ony ,hay own$ a v good slave cab9etmak] ev5 aft] he turn$ f t trade to innkeep+4 ,h[ev]1 no in/ance has come to light f colonial ,virg9ia ( a ,negro1 ev5 a fre$man1 :o became a j\rneyman or ma/] ( any craft4 ,,gre5] ,,grass ,z we h se51 ,virg9ians :o want$ f9e furniture probably ord]$ x f ,engl&4 ,b competition f across ! ,atlantic 0 n ! local cab9etmak]'s only burd54 ,a v l>ge am\nt ( furniture left ! busy %ops ( ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & ,philadelphia 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 consign$ to s\!rn ports or ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,no precise figure c be /at$ = ! size or importance ( ?is coa/wise trade1 or = its importance 9 ! life ( ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s2 x c\ld n h made ?+s easi] = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,! int]ior ( an eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* m>quetry e/abli%m5t1 ) ! work]s us+ v>i\s tools4 ,at ! left is a type ( vise call$ a donkey2 aga9/ ! wall may be se5 a l>ge cab9et bookcase1 a slant-top desk1 & a *e/ ( draw]s4 ,^! w\ld h be5 made 9 a cab9et %op & br\ght "h = inlay decoration4 ,,did]ot ,:e!r outside competition 0 ! cause1 or simply ! n>r[ness ( ! ,virg9ia m>ket 9 ! fir/ place1 ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s--l ! practition]s ( o!r crafts--f\nd ways to augm5t _! incomes4 ,an?ony ,hay became proprietor ( ! ,raleigh ,tav]n & ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t turn$ /orekeep] & /ate function>y4 ,! *ange 9 ,hay's case 0 cle>ly n motivat$ by pov]ty2 he mu/ h be5 well-to-d or at any rate well respect$ to h acquir$ back+1 p]haps to ! ext5t ( #djjj1 to buy ! ,raleigh--& )\t sell+ 8 h\se1 cab9et %op1 & timb] y>d4 ,c(f9-mak+ 0 a normal "p ( ! cab9etmak]'s bus9ess1 & _m cab9etmak]s took :at 0 ! logical next /ep ( s]v+ also z fun]al directors4 ,:5 ! popul> ,"l ,botet\rt1 ,gov]nor ,dunmore's pr$ecessor1 di$ 9 ,williamsburg1 two ( ! t[n's cab9etmak]s 7 involv$ 9 ! burial4 ,jo%ua ,k5dall made ! ?ree ne/$ c(f9s1 & ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t provid$ ! he>se & f\r days wor? ( att5dance 9 connection ) ! c]emonies4 ,bucktr\t 0 "o ( ! sev]al ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s :o did uphol/]+2 he also sold uphol/]y mat]ials 9 8 %op on ,francis ,/reet4 ,by #aggd t %op _h become a /ore--/ock$ ) be]1 *eese1 spices1 wool5s & cottons1 hats1 boots1 wom5's & *ildr5's %oes1 gloves1 guns1 pi/ols1 saddles1 :ips1 & a numb] ( o!r ?+s--& ,bucktr\t _h to adv]tise t he /ill did cab9et "w4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 ,bucktr\t seems to h ab&on$ 8 own bus9ess to put all 8 "t & ef=t into s]v+ z purveyor to ! public hospitals ( ! /ate4 ,a p[d] mill he devis$ & erect$ 9 or ne> ,williamsburg e>ly 9 ! ,revolution did n function = lack ( saltpet]1 & ,bucktr\t's ef=ts to ga9 comp5sation or subsidy f ! ,assembly 7 9 va94 ,:e!r or n he turn$ ,tory 9 #aggi--;& !re is "o accusation on record to t effect--he 0 back 9 ,williamsburg soon aft] ! defeat ( ,cornwallis1 & rema9$ a resid5t ( ! t[n = ano!r #cj ye>s4 ,9 #ahjd he 0 appo9t$ t[n surveyor1 !reby capp+ a c>e] t = v]satility 0 mat*$ by its virility4 ,! wid[] ,bucktr\t mu/ h be5 ab\t #fj ye>s old :51 9 #agig1 he took to wife a "y girl by ! "n ( ,m>y ,bruce4 ,be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahab %e bore him f\r *ildr51 ! second receiv+ ! "n ,horatio4 ,a c5tury & a qu>t] lat]--9 #aibh--;ano!r ,horatio ,bucktr\t sold ! family und]tak+ e/abli%m5t & ?us br\ght to an end ! ,bucktr\t saga 9 ,williamsburg4 ,! /ory ( cab9etmak+ z an active eighte5?-c5tury craft 9 ,williamsburg _h end$ long be=e1 ( c\rse4 ,,williamsburg ,,cab9etmak]s ,9 addition to ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t1 ,edmund ,dick9son1 ,an?ony ,hay1 & ,pet] ,scott--all ( :om h be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! prec$+ pages--! foll[+ are believ$ to complete ! li/ ( kn[n ,williamsburg cab9etmak]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ri*>d ,book]4 ,a cab9etmak] 9 ,williamsburg 9 #aggc1 & = ?ree or f\rs ye>s !reaft]1 & aga9 or /ill 9 #agib4 ,! records are full ( m5 by t "n1 & _! id5tities are difficult to sort out4 ,john ,crump4 ,0 associat$ 9 #agge ) ,ri*>d ,book]1 9 :at capacity is n kn[n4 ,ri*>d ,h>rocks4 ,_h a %op 9 #aggf & #aggg1 "p ( ! "t 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,james ,honey4 ,james ,honey 7di$ #aghg74 ,0 a h\se jo9] r ?an cab9etmak]1 b 0 briefly 9 ! cab9etmak+ bus9ess ) ,ri*>d ,h>rocks4 ,william ,k5n$y4 ,9 #agfi 0 briefly a p>tn] ( ,bucktr\t2 !n _h 8 own bus9ess 9 ! ,pelham %op on ,francis ,/reet1 b 8 activities !re are unkn[n4 ,mat!w ,moody1 ,jr4 ,_h cab9etmak+ bus9ess ar\nd #agfd or #agfe & lat] 0 a c>p5t]4 ,john ,orme/on4 ,0 9 ,williamsburg f #agfc to #agff2 may h be5 a cab9etmak] or a rid+-*air mak] or bo?4 ,?omas ,orton 7di$ #aggh74 ,8 "n appe>s 9 ! records once ) ! ^w cab9etmak] app5d$ to x4 ,james ,spi]s4 ,coa*mak]1 cab9etmak]1 uphol/]] f #agdd to ab\t #agee2 8 %op may h be5 ne> t ( ,scott4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+s ,! numb] ( books 9 pr9t on h[ to make furniture is almo/ endless2 ! det]m9$ d-x-y\rself antique-mak] w want to />t ) ,joseph ,moxon1 ,me*anick ,ex]cises 7,london1 #afhc72 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale1 ,g5tleman & ,cab9et-,mak]'s ,director 7,london1 #aged72 & ,?omas ,%]aton1 ,! ,cab9et ,diction>y 7,london1 #ahjc74 ,among m rec5t publications1 space p]mits m5tion ( ?ree--n necess>ily ! be/ or mo/ complete1 b at lea/ repres5tative3 ,f4 ,e4 ,ho>d & ,a4 ,w4 ,m>l[1 ,! ,cab9etmak]'s ,treasury 7,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aieb72 ,le/] ,m>gon1 ,con/ruction ( ,am]ican ,furniture ,treasures 7,new ,york1 ,home ,craftsman1 #aidi72 & ,raymond ,f4 ,yates1 ,antique ,reproductions = ! ,home ,craftsman 7,new ,york1 ,:ittlesey ,h\se1 #aiej74 ,! la/ nam$ includes a discussion ( old-"t h& tools & te*niques2 al?\gh n /rictly conc]n$ ) cab9etmak+ tools1 ,h5ry ,d4 ,m]c]1 ,anci5t ,c>p5t]s' ,tools 7,doyle/[n1 ,pa41 ,doyle/[n ,hi/4 ,soc41 #aibi7 is v in=mative4 ,on ! hi/orical aspects ( furniture & fa%ion !re are1 aga91 a multitude ( books2 a good />t c be made ) ,frank ,davis1 ,a ,picture ,hi/ory ( ,furniture 7,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aieh7 & ,h]mann ,s*mitz1 editor1 ,! ,encyclop$ia ( ,furniture 7,new ,york1 ,praeg]1 #aieg1 new edition74 ,on ,engli% sev5te5?- & eighte5?-c5tury /yles ,ralph ,edw>ds & ,l4 ,g4 ,g4 ,ramsey1 editors1 ,connoisseur ,p]iod ,guides 7,london1 ,! ,connoisseur1 #aief et seq47 & ,rob]t ,w4 ,symonds1 ,furniture ,mak+ 9 ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,engl& 7,london1 ,! ,connoisseur1 #aiee7 are indisp5sable4 ,joseph ,d[ns1 ,am]ican ,furniture1 ,que5 ,anne & ,*ipp5dale ,p]iods 7,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aieb7 & ,alb]t ,sack1 ,f9e ,po9ts ( ,furniture 7,new ,york1 ,cr[n1 #aiej7 are ess5tial = ! colonial /ory 9 furniture design4 ,local developm5ts--,virg9ia & else:]e--w be f\nd 9 ! article by ,hel5 ,com/ock1 ,furniture ( ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,k5tucky1 9 ,antiques ,magaz9e1 ,,lxi 7,janu>y1 #aieb74 ,t magaz9e's rec5t compilation entitl$ ,! ,antiques ,treasury 7,new ,york1 ,dutton1 #aiei7 has useful in=mation & _m illu/rations ( furniture & o!r furni%+s 9 ,williamsburg & 9 a numb] ( o!r ,am]ican museums & re/orations4 ,z to ! craftsm5 !mselves & _! life 9 colonial times1 ! fir/ place to look is ,e!l ,hall ,bj]koe1 ,! ,cab9etmak]s ( ,am]ica 7,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 ,d\bl$ay1 #aieg72 & = light on ! g5]al1 social1 & economic /atus ( craft work]s ,c>l ,brid5baugh1 ,! ,colonial ,craftsman 7,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,univ4 ,press1 #aiej7 w be f\nd helpful4 ,seat ( ,empire1 by ! same au?or2 ,hunt] ,d4 ,f>i%1 editor1 ,! ,j\rnal 444 ( ,philip ,vick]s ,fi?ian2 & ,edmund ,s4 ,morgan1 ,virg9ians at ,home 7all publi%$ by ,colonial ,williamsburg1 9 #aiej1 #aieh1 & #aieb respectively7 w provide lively backgr\nd = ! local phases ( ! picture4 ,! ,cab9etmak] 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg is bas$ l>gely on an unpubli%$ monograph by ,mills ,br[n1 =m]ly ( ! ,colonial ,williamsburg rese>* /aff4 ,x has be5 prep>$ ) ! assi/ance ( ,?omas ,k4 ,=d1 editor1 ,colonial ,williamsburg publications dep>tm5t4 ,b5jam9 ,bucktr\t's bill to ,rob]t ,c>t] ( ,nom9i ,hall1 quot$ on page #ab1 is pr9t$ by p]mission ( ! ,virg9ia ,hi/orical ,society4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4