domain material from the ,google ,books 
project47            ,,the ,,jew1 ,,the 
,,gypsy    and    ,,el ,,islam          
,illustration3 ,from the portrait by    
,lord ,leighton ,f4 ,jenkins ,imp4      
,paris   ,richard ,f4 ,burton   ,arabic3
  3 ,al-,hajj 'abd ,allah       ,the    
,jew1 ,the ,gypsy    and ,el ,islam     
,by the late ,captain    ,,sir ,,richard
 ,f4 ,,burton    ,k4,c4,m4,g4           
,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,etc    ,translator of    
8,the ,thousand and ,one ,nights10 and  
,author of 8,the   ,book of the ,sword10
 8,my ,pilgrimage to ,mecca10 etc4      
,edited with a ,preface and ,brief      
,notes    by    ,w4 ,h4 ,,wilkins       
,london    ,hutchinson  ,co             
,paternoster ,row    #ahih    ,printed  
by ,hazell1 ,watson1  ,viney1 ,ld41     
,london and ,aylesbury4     ,,preface   
8,good wine needs no bush10 and a good  
book needs no preface1 least of all from
 any but the author's pen4 ,this is a   
rule more honoured in the breach than   
the observance nowadays1 when many a    

classic appears weighed down and        
obscured by the unnecessary remarks and 
bulky commentaries of some unimportant  
editor4 ,for my part it will suffice to 
give as briefly as possible the history 
of the ,,mss4 now published for the     
first time in this volume4  ,sir        
,richard ,burton was a voluminous       
writer4 ,in addition to the forty-eight 
works published during his life1 there  
remained at his death twenty ,,mss41    
some long and some short1 in different  
stages of completion4 ,a few were ready 
for press2 others were finished to all  
intents and purposes1 and only required 
final revision or a few additions2 some 
were in a state of preparation merely1  
and for that reason may never see the   
light4 ,those in this volume belong to  
the second category4 ,that so many of   
,burton's ,,mss4 were unpublished at the
 time of his death arose from his habit 
of working at several books at a time4  
,in his bedroom1 which also served as   
his study1 at ,trieste were some ten or 

twelve rough deal tables1 and on each   
table were piled the materials and notes
 of a different book in a more or less  
advanced stage of completion4 ,when he  
was tired of one1 or when he came to a  
standstill for lack of material1 he     
would leave it for a time and work at   
another4 ,during the last few years of  
his life the great success which        
attended his ,arabian ,nights led him to
 turn his attention more to that phase  
of his work1 to the exclusion of books  
which had been in preparation for years4
 ,thus it came about that so many were  
unpublished when he died4  ,as it is    
well known1 he left his writings1       
published and unpublished1 to his widow1
 ,lady ,burton1 absolutely1 to do with  
as she thought best4 ,lady ,burton      
suppressed what she deemed advisable2   
the rest she brought with her to        
,england4 ,she published her ,life of   
,sir ,richard ,burton1 a new edition of 
his ,arabian ,nights1 also ,catullus and
 ,il ,pentamerone2 and was arranging for

 the publication of others when she died
 7,march1 #ahif74  ,her sister and      
executrix1 ,mrs4 ,fitzgerald 7to whom ,i
 should like to express my gratitude for
 the many facilities she has given me71 
thought fit to entrust me with the work 
of editing and preparing for publication
 the remaining ,,mss4 ,in the exercise  
of the discretion she was good enough to
 vest in me1 ,i determined to bring out 
first the three ,,mss4 which make up    
this book4  ,the first part--,the       
,jew--has a somewhat curious history4   
,burton collected most of the materials 
for writing it from #ahfi to #ahga1 when
 he was ,consul at ,damascus4 ,his      
intimate knowledge of ,eastern races and
 languages1 and his sympathy with       
,oriental habits and lines of thought1  
gave him exceptional facilities for     
ethnological studies of this kind4      
,disguised as a native1 and unknown to  
any living soul except his wife1 the    
,british ,consul mingled freely with the
 motley populations of ,damascus1 and   

inspected every quarter of the          
city--,muslim1 ,christian1 and ,jewish4 
,his inquiries bore fruit in material1  
not only for this general essay on the  
,jew1 but for an ,appendix dealing with 
the alleged rite of ,human ,sacrifice   
among the ,sephardm or ,eastern ,jews1  
and more especially the mysterious      
murder of ,padre ,tomaso at ,damascus in
 #ahdj4 ,there is little doubt that his 
inquiry into these subjects was one of  
the reasons which aroused the hostility 
of the ,damascus ,jews against him2 and 
that hostility was a powerful factor1   
though by no means the only one1 in his 
recall by ,lord ,granville in #ahga4    
,burton1 however1 had collected a mass  
of material before he left ,damascus1   
and in #ahgc1 the year after he had been
 appointed ,consul at ,trieste1 he began
 to put it into shape for publication4  
,it was his habit to collect for many   
years the material of a work1 to mark1  
learn1 and inwardly digest it1 and then 
write it in a few months4 ,this plan he 

pursued with ,the ,jew1 which1 with the 
,appendix before mentioned1 was finished
 and ready for publication towards the  
end of #ahgd4  ,in #ahge he came home   
from ,trieste on leave1 and brought the 
book with him1 intending to publish it  
forthwith4 ,but first he asked an       
influential friend1 who was highly      
placed in the official world1 to read   
the ,,ms41 and give him his opinion as  
to the expediency of publishing it4     
,that opinion was adverse1 owing to the 
anti-,semitic tendency of the book4     
,other friends also pointed out to      
,burton that1 so long as he remained in 
the service of the ,government of a     
country where the ,jews enjoy           
unprecedented power and position1 it    
would be unwise1 to say the least of it1
 for him to make enemies of them4 ,these
 arguments had weight with ,burton1 who 
was not as a rule influenced by anything
 but his own will1 and for once he      
deemed discretion the better quality1   
and returned with his ,,ms4 to ,trieste4

 ,there were other considerations too4  
,his wife had just brought out her      
,inner ,life of ,syria1 which was partly
 devoted to a defence of his action at  
,damascus in the matter of the ,jews4   
,it had met with a very favourable      
reception4 ,his friends were also       
endeavouring to obtain for him a        
,k4,c4,b4 and the post of ,tangier1     
,morocco--the one thing he stayed in the
 ,consular ,service in the hope of      
obtaining4 ,so the time 7#ahge7 was not 
deemed a propitious one for making      
enemies4  ,burton put his ,,ms4 on the  
shelf1 and waited for the promotion     
which never came4 ,it remained there    
until #ahhf1 when ,tangier1 which was as
 good as promised to ,burton1 was given 
by ,lord ,rosebery to ,sir ,william     
,kirby-,green4 ,then ,burton took down  
the ,,ms4 on ,the ,jew again1 and had it
 recopied4 ,but his wife1 who was       
endeavouring to obtain permission for   
him to retire on full pension1 pointed  
out to him that since it had waited so  

long it might as well wait until ,march1
 #ahia1 when1 his term of service being 
finished1 they would retire from        
official life and be free to publish    
what they liked4 ,moreover1 they        
numbered many friends among the wealthy 
,jews of ,trieste1 and had no wish to   
wound their susceptibilities4 ,burton   
reluctantly agreed to this1 but declared
 his determination of publishing the    
book as soon as he had retired from the 
,consular ,service4 ,five months before 
the date of his retirement he died4     
,lady ,burton had ,the ,jew next on her 
list for publication at the time of her 
death4 ,in publishing it now1 therefore1
 one is only carrying out her wishes and
 those of her husband4 ,but in the      
exercise of the discretion given to me1 
,i have thought it better to hold over  
for the present the ,appendix on the    
alleged rite of ,human ,sacrifice among 
the ,sephardm and the murder of ,padre  
,tomaso4 ,the only alternative was to   
publish it in a mutilated form2 and as  

,i hold strongly that no one has a right
 to mutilate the work of another writer1
 least of all of one who is dead1 ,i    
prefer to withhold it until a more      
convenient season4 ,i can do this with a
 clearer conscience1 because the        
,appendix has no direct bearing on the  
other part of the book1 and because the 
chapters on ,the ,jew which are retained
 are by far the more important4 ,the    
tone of even this portion is            
anti-,semitic2 but ,i do not feel       
justified in going contrary to the      
wishes of the author and suppressing an 
interesting ethnological study merely to
 avoid the possibility of hurting the   
susceptibilities of the ,hebrew         
community4 ,it has been truly said1     
8,every nation gets the ,jew it         
deserves10 and it may well be that the  
superstitions and cruelties of the      
,eastern ,jews have been generated in   
them by long centuries of oppression and
 wrong4 ,from these superstitions and   
cruelties the enlightened and highly    

favoured ,jews in ,england naturally    
shrink with abhorrence and repudiation2 
but it does not therefore follow they   
have no existence among their less      
fortunate ,eastern brethren4  ,the      
,gypsy has a far less eventful history1 
though the materials for its making were
 collected during a period of over      
thirty years1 and were gathered for the 
most part by personal research1 in ,asia
 mainly1 and also in ,africa1 ,south    
,america1 and ,europe4 ,burton's        
interest in the ,gypsies was lifelong2  
and when he was a lieutenant in the     
,bombay ,army and quartered in ,sindh1  
he began his investigations concerning  
the affinity between the ,jats and the  
,gypsies4 ,during his many travels in   
different parts of the world1 whenever  
he had the opportunity he collected     
fresh materials with a view to putting  
them together some day4 ,in #ahge his   
controversy with ,bataillard provoked   
him into compiling his long-contemplated
 work on the ,gypsies4 ,unfortunately   

other interests intervened1 and the work
 was never completed4 ,it was one of the
 many unfinished things ,burton intended
 to complete when he should have quitted
 the ,consular ,service4 ,he hoped1 for 
instance1 to make fuller inquiries      
concerning the ,gypsies in ,france1     
,germany1 and other countries of        
,europe1 and especially he intended to  
write a chapter on the ,gypsies in      
,england on his return home4 ,even as it
 stands1 however1 ,the ,gypsy is a      
valuable addition to ethnology2 for     
apart from ,burton's rare knowledge of  
strange peoples and tongues1 his        
connexion with the ,gypsies lends to the
 subject a unique interest4 ,there is no
 doubt that he was affiliated to this   
strange people by nature1 if not by     
descent4 ,to quote from the ,gypsy ,lore
 ,journal#a3  8,whether there may not be
 also a tinge of ,arab1 or perhaps of   
,gypsy blood in ,burton's race1 is a    
point which is perhaps open to question4
 ,for the latter suspicion an excuse may

 be found in the incurable restlessness 
which has beset him since his infancy1 a
 restlessness which has effectually     
prevented him from ever settling long in
 any one place1 and in the singular     
idiosyncrasy which his friends have     
often remarked--the peculiarity of his  
eyes4 #8,when it 7the eye7 looks at     
you1' said one who knows him well1 #8it 
looks through you1 and then1 glazing    
over1 seems to see something behind you4
 ,richard ,burton is the only man 7not a
 ,gypsy7 with that peculiarity1 and he  
shares with them the same horror of a   
corpse1 death-bed scenes1 and           
graveyards1 though caring little for his
 own life4' ,when to this remarkable    
fact be added the scarcely less         
interesting detail that #8,burton' is   
one of the half-dozen distinctively     
,romany names1 it is evident that the   
suspicion of ,sir ,richard ,burton      
having a drop of ,gypsy blood in his    
descent--crossed and commingled though  
it be with an ,english1 ,scottish1      

,french1 and ,irish strain--is not      
altogether unreasonable40  ,on this     
subject ,lady ,burton also wrote3  8,in 
the ,january number of the ,gypsy ,lore 
,journal a passage is quoted from #8a   
short sketch of the career' of my       
husband 7a little black pamphlet7 which 
half suspects a remote drop of ,gypsy   
blood in him4 ,there is no proof that   
this was ever the case2 but there is no 
question that he showed many of their   
peculiarities in appearance1            
disposition1 and speech--speaking       
,romany like themselves4 ,nor did we    
ever enter a ,gypsy camp without their  
claiming him3 #8,what are you doing with
 a black coat on8' they would say2 #8why
 don't you join us and be our ,king8'0#b
  ,whether the affinity was one of blood
 or of nature does not greatly matter2  
in either case it lends a special       
interest to ,burton's study of the      
gypsy4  ,of ,el ,islam2 or1 ,the ,rank  
of ,muhammadanism among the ,religions  
of the ,world there is little to be     

said4 ,it is one of the oldest of the   
,burton ,,mss42 and though it bears no  
date1 from internal evidence ,i judge it
 to have been written soon after his    
famous pilgrimage to ,mecca in #ahec4   
,it is1 in fact1 contemporary with his  
poem ,the ,kasdah1 though ,i know not   
why the poem was published and the essay
 withheld4 ,probably ,burton            
contemplated writing more fully on the  
subject4 ,muhammadanism in its highest  
aspect always attracted him4 ,so long   
ago as #ahdh we find him preparing for  
his ,mecca pilgrimage1 not only by      
learning the ,koran and practising rites
 and ceremonies1 but by 8a sympathetic  
study of ,sufi-ism1 the ,gnosticism of  
,el ,islam1 which would raise me high   
above the rank of a mere ,muslim40#c    
,lady ,burton writes3 8,this stuck to   
him off and on all his life02 and1 it   
may be added1 gave a colour to his      
writings4 ,since ,burton wrote this     
essay 7now published for the first time7
 a change has taken place among thinking

 men in the estimate of ,el ,islam among
 the religions of the world4 ,writers   
like ,lane ,poole1 ,isaac ,taylor1 and  
,bosworth ,smith1 to name no others1    
have cleared away many misconceptions   
concerning the 8,saving ,faith10 and    
have discussed its merits as a          
humanizing creed4 ,but the testimony of 
a man like ,burton1 who by personal     
observation studied thoroughly the      
8inner life of the ,muslim10 who        
absolutely lived the life of an ,arab   
pilgrim1 and penetrated to the ,holy of 
,holies1 of necessity carries peculiar  
weight4  ,i should like to say a few    
words concerning the author's ,,mss4 ,so
 many conflicting rumours have appeared 
with reference to the late ,sir ,richard
 ,burton's ,,mss41 that it is well to   
state that these are here reproduced    
practically as they left the author's   
hands4#d ,it has been my endeavour to   
avoid over-editing1 and to interfere as 
little as possible with the original    
text4 ,hence editorial notes1 always in 

square brackets1 are sparingly          
introduced4 ,it has not been found      
necessary to make any verbal changes of 
importance4 ,but the case is different  
with the spelling of proper names1 which
 were left in such a chaotic condition  
that a revision was found indispensable1
 so as to reduce them to some measure of
 uniformity4 ,the variants were so many 
and the ,,ms4 so difficult to decipher1 
that ,i am fain to crave indulgence for 
my performance of this somewhat         
troublesome task4  ,in conclusion1 ,i   
will only add that it has been my       
endeavour to give a full and accurate   
presentment of these hitherto           
unpublished ,,mss4 ,there are more to   
follow2 but these form a good sample of 
the work of the famous ,oriental        
traveller in fields which he made       
peculiarly his own4 ,they are eminently 
characteristic of the man4 ,they give   
glimpses of him once more as a bold and 
original thinker1 a profound student of 
men and things1 as a rare genius1 if a  

wayward one1 and as one of the most     
remarkable personalities of our day and 
generation4                             
,w4 ,h4 ,,wilkins4  ,,footnotes3  #a    
,january1 #ahia4  #b ,lady ,burton's    
life of ,her ,husband1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4    
#beb4  #c ,burton's ,reminiscences1     
written for ,mr4 ,hitchman in #ahhh4  #d
 ,in the case of the ,appendix on ,human
 ,sacrifice among the ,sephardm or      
,eastern ,jews and the murder of ,padre 
,tomaso1 ,i have 7as before stated7     
preferred to hold it over to publishing 
it in a mutilated form4     ,,contents  
,,chap4                                 
,,page    ,,preface                     
v    ,,contents                         
xvii     ,i4 ,,the ,,jew      ,i4       
,,general ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,jew    
#c      ,,ii4 ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,jew
 ,,in ,,england                         
#bj      ,,iii4 ,,the ,,jew ,,of ,,the  
,,holy ,,land ,,and ,,his ,,destiny     
#df      ,,iv4 ,,the ,,jew ,,and ,,the  
,,talmud                                

#gb      ,v4 ,,the ,,continuity ,,of    
,,tradition ,,in ,,the ,,east           
#aae     ,,ii4 ,,the ,,gypsy      ,part 
,i4 ,,notes ,,on ,,modern ,,studies ,,of
 8,,chinganology0        ,i4 ,,the      
,,indian ,,affinities ,,of ,,the        
,,gypsies                       #acf    
,,ii4 ,,the ,,claims ,,and ,,pretensions
 ,,of ,m4 ,,paul ,,bataillard           
#add        ,,iii4 ,a ,,review ,,of ,m4 
,,paul ,,bataillard',s ,,reviews        
#aeg           #a4 ,preliminaries       
#aeg           #b4 8,derniers ,travaux1 
etc40                               #agb
           #c4 8,origines1 etc40        
#ahc           #d4 8,notes et           
,questions1 etc410 8,sur le mot ,zagaie1
 etc40  #aig      ,part ,,ii4           
,,topographical ,,notes ,,on ,,the      
,,gypsies ,,and ,,the ,,jats            
,,iv4 ,,historical ,,survey ,,of ,,the  
,,gypsy ,,in ,,europe                   
#bjb        ,v4 ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in      
,,asia                                  
#baa           #a4 ,the ,panjabi ,jats  

#baa           #b4 ,the ,jats of        
,belochistan                            
#bae           #c4 ,the ,gypsies of     
,persia                                 
#bag           #d4 ,the ,gypsies of     
,syria                                  
#bai           #e4 ,the ,gypsies of the 
,haurn1 ,south-,eastern ,syria          
#bbh           #f4 ,the ,gypsies of     
,damascus                               
#bca        ,,vi4 ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in    
,,africa                                
#bcc           #a4 ,the ,egyptian       
,ghajar or ,ghagar                      
#bcc           #b4 ,the ,gzane of       
,algeria and ,morocco                   
#beh           #c4 ,the ,gypsies in     
,inner ,africa                          
#bfa        ,,vii4 ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in   
,,europe                                
#bfc           #a4 ,the ,gypsy in       
,hungary                                
#bfc           #b4 ,the ,gypsies of     
,spain                                  
#bfi        ,,viii4 ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in  

,,america                               
#bhb          ,the ,gypsies of the      
,brazil                                 
#bhb     ,,iii4 ,,el ,,islam   ,,or     
,,the ,,rank ,,of ,,muhammadanism       
,,among ,,the ,,religions ,,of ,,the    
,,world      ,,el ,,islam               
#bhi     ,,index                        
#cdg    ,,transcriber',s ,,note     ,i4 
,,the ,,jew     ,,chapter ,i  ,,general 
,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,jew   ,the       
history of the ,jew as well as his      
physiological aspect are subjects which 
still remain to be considered and       
carefully to be worked out from an      
,aryan point of view4 ,we have of late  
years seen books in plenty upon points  
of detail3 let us particularize ,the    
,physical ,history of the ,jewish ,race1
 by ,dr4 ,josiah ,clark ,nott#e         
7,charleston1 #ahej72 ,le ,juif1 par le 
,chevalier ,geargenot des ,monceseaux   
7,paris3 ,henri ,plon1 #ahga72 and      
,notices of the ,jews and their ,country
 by the ,classic ,writers of ,antiquity3

 being a ,collection of ,statements and 
,opinions translated from the ,works of 
,greek and ,latin ,heathen ,authors     
previous to ,a4,d4 #ejj1 by ,john ,gill 
7,london3 ,longmans1 #ahgb74 ,but in    
these1 as in other works1 we find       
wanting a practical and personal        
familiarity with the subject1 nor can we
 be surprised at its absence4 ,it is    
generally assumed that at the present   
moment there are six millions of ,jews  
scattered over the face of the earth4   
,some have exaggerated the total to nine
 millions and a half2 but even the      
former figure is a greater number1 says 
,m4 ,crmieux1 than the nation could     
boast of at any other period of its     
history1 ancient or modern4#f           
,throughout the world also the race     
increases with such marvellous rapidity 
as a rule1 which admits of few          
exceptions1 that philosophical inquirers
 are beginning to ask whether this      
immense fecundity1 taken in connexion   
with the exceptionally healthy and      

vigorous physique of the race1 its      
ubiquity and its cosmopolitanism1 does  
not point to a remarkable career in     
times to come4  ,the ethnologist and the
 student of general history are urgently
 invited to consider the annals and the 
physical and intellectual aspects of the
 children of ,israel1 perhaps the most  
interesting subject that can occupy     
their attention4 ,the ,jew1 like the    
,gypsy1 stands alone1 isolated by       
character1 if not by blessing4          
,traditionally1 or rather according to  
its own tradition1 the oldest family on 
earth1 it is at the same time that which
 possesses the most abundant vitality4  
,its indestructible and irrepressible   
life-power enables this nation without a
 country to maintain an undying         
nationality and to nourish a sentiment  
of caste with a strength and a          
pertinacity unparalleled in the annals  
of patriotism4 ,the people that drove   
the ,jews from ,juda1 the empires which 
effaced the kingdoms of ,israel and     

,judah from the map of the world1 have  
utterly perished4 ,the descendants of   
the conquering ,romans are              
undistinguishable from the rest of      
mankind4 ,but1 eighteen hundred years   
after the ,fall of ,jerusalem1 the      
dispersed ,jewish people have a distinct
 existence1 are a power in every        
,european capital1 conduct the financial
 operations of nations and governments1 
and are to be found wherever            
civilization has extended and commerce  
has penetrated2 in fact1 it has made all
 the world its home4  ,one obstacle to a
 matured and detailed ethnological study
 of the ,jew is the difficulty of       
becoming familiar with a people         
scattered over the two hemispheres4     
,though the race is one1 the two great  
factors blood and climate have shown it 
to be anything but immutable1 either in 
physique or in character4 ,compare1 for 
instance1 the two extremes--the         
,tatar-faced ,karate of the ,crimea with
 the ,semitic features of ,morocco1 the 

blond lovelocks of ,aden and the fiery  
ringlets of ,germany with the greasy1   
black hair of ,houndsditch4 ,and as     
bodily form differs greatly1 there is   
perhaps a still greater distinction in  
mental characteristics3 we can hardly   
believe the peaceful and industrious    
,dutch ,jew a brother of the fanatic and
 ferocious ,hebrew who haunts the rugged
 ,highlands of ,safed in the ,holy      
,land4 ,yet though these differences    
constitute almost a series of sub-races1
 there is one essentially great quality 
which cements and combines the whole    
house of ,israel4  ,the vigour1 the     
vital force1 and the mental capacity of 
other peoples are found to improve by   
intermixture2 the more composite their  
character1 the greater their strength   
and energy4 ,but for generation after   
generation the ,jews have preserved1 in 
marriage at least1 the purity of their  
blood4 ,in countries where they form but
 a small percentage of the population   
the range of choice must necessarily be 

very limited1 and from the very         
beginning of his history the ,jew1 like 
his half-brother the ,arab1 always      
married1 or was expected to marry1 his  
first cousin4 ,a well-known traveller of
 the present day has proved that this   
can be done with impunity only by       
unmixed races of men1 and that the      
larger the amount of mixture in blood   
the greater will be the amount of       
deformity in physique and morale to be  
expected from the offspring4            
,consanguineous marriages are dangerous 
in ,england1 and far more dangerous1 as 
,de ,hone has proved1 in ,massachusetts4
 ,yet the kings of ,persia intermarried 
with their sisters1 and the ,samaritan  
branch of the ,jews is so closely       
connected that first cousins are almost 
sisters4  ,physically and mentally the  
,jewish man and woman are equal in all  
respects to their ,gentile neighbours1  
and in some particulars are superior to 
them4 ,the women of the better class are
 strongly and symmetrically shaped2 and 

although their beauty of feature is not 
that admired by the ,christian eye1     
debility and deformity are exceptionally
 rare4 ,in grace of form and in charm of
 manner they are far superior to their  
husbands and brothers1 and indeed this  
everywhere appears to be a              
sub-characteristic racial feature4 ,they
 are nowhere remarkably distinguished   
for chastity1 and in some places1       
,morocco for instance1 their immorality 
is proverbial4 ,their grand physique    
does not age like that of the natives of
 the strange countries which they       
colonize and where ,europeans readily   
degenerate1 they preserve youth for ten 
years longer than their rivals1 they    
become mothers immediately after        
puberty1 and they bear children to a far
 later age4 ,their customs allow them to
 limit the family1 not by deleterious   
drugs and dangerous operations1 but by  
the simple process of prolonging the    
period of lactation1 and barrenness is  
rare amongst them as in the days when it

 was looked upon as a curse4 ,there is  
scarcely any part of the habitable      
globe1 from the ,highlands of ,abyssinia
 to the ,lowlands of ,jamaica1 in which 
the ,jewish people cannot be            
acclimatized more readily and more      
rapidly than the other races of         
,europe--also the result of blood       
comparatively free from that            
intermixture which brings forward the   
inherent defects of both parents4  ,the 
,jews also enjoy a comparative immunity 
from various forms of disease which are 
the scourge of other races4 ,pulmonary  
and scrofulous complaints are rare      
amongst them2 leprosy and elephantiasis 
are almost extinct2 and despite their   
impurity in person and the exceptional  
filth of their dwelling-places1 they are
 less liable to be swept away by cholera
 and plague than the natives of the     
countries which are habitually ravaged  
by those epidemics4 ,they seldom suffer 
from the usual infectious results1 even 
where the women are so unchaste that    

honour seems as unknown to them as      
honesty to the men4  ,physiologists have
 asked1 ,how is this phenomenon to be   
accounted for8 ,why is the duration of  
life greater among the ,jews than among 
the other races of ,europe8 ,is it the  
result of superior organization or of   
obedience to the ceremonial law8 ,the   
researches of those who have made these 
questions their special study supply but
 one satisfactory or sufficient answer1 
and it may be summed up in six words--a 
prodigious superiority of vital power4  
,and all the laws attributed to the     
theistic secularism of ,moses were      
issued with one object--namely1 that of 
hardening and tempering the race to an  
extent which even ,sparta ignored4 ,the 
ancient ,jew was more than half a       
,bedawin1 and not being an equestrian   
race his annual journeys to and from    
,jerusalem were mostly made on foot4    
,his diet was carefully regulated1 and  
his year was a succession of fasts and  
feasts1 as indeed it is now1 but not to 

such an extent as formerly4 ,the results
 were simply the destruction of all the 
weaklings and the survival of the       
fittest4  ,thrice during the year1 by   
order of the ,torah 7,deut4 xvi4        
#af7--namely 7#a7 in the ,passover1 or  
feast of unleavened bread during the    
first ecclesiastical and the seventh    
civil month2 7#b7 at ,pentecost1 or     
,shebaoth 7weeks71 the feast of the     
wheat harvest in the third or the ninth 
month2 and 7#c7 at the ,feast of        
,tabernacles1 or the ingathering of the 
harvest in the seventh or the first     
month--the ,jew of old was religiously  
commanded to appear before the ,lord4   
,he was bound to leave his home1 which  
might be distant a hundred and fifty    
miles1 and travel up to ,jerusalem1     
where he led a camp life like his       
half-brothers in the ,desert4 ,this     
semi-nomad life was combined with a     
quasi-ascetic condition produced by the 
frequency and the severity of his fasts 
and by the austerities attending upon   

making ready for the ,sabbath1 that is  
to say1 the preparations of ,friday     
evening--some religious men even in the 
present age suffer nothing to pass their
 lips for seven consecutive days and    
nights4#g ,this afflicting the soul1 as 
it is called1 served to breed a race    
equally hard and hardy in frame and     
mind4 ,it embodied to perfection the    
idea of the sacrifice of personal will4 
,add to this the barbarous and ferocious
 nature of their punishments1 amongst   
which stoning by the congregation is    
perhaps the most classical1 and the     
perpetual bloodshed in the ,temple1     
which must have suggested a butcher's   
shambles4  ,again1 the history and      
traditions1 the faith and practice of   
the ,jew ever placed before his eyes the
 absolute and immeasurable superiority  
of his own caste1 the 8,peculiar        
,people1 the ,kingdom of ,priests1 the  
,holy ,nation40 ,this exaltation        
justified the ,hebrew in treating his   
brother-men as heathens barely worthy of

 the title of human4 8,lo1 the people   
shall dwell alone1 and shall not be     
reckoned among the nations0--an         
unfriendly separation and an            
estrangement between man and man equally
 injurious to the welfare of ,jew and   
,gentile4 ,it grew a rank crop of       
hideous crimes committed in the fair    
name of religion--what nation but the   
,hebrew could exult over a ,jephthah who
 8did with his daughter according to his
 own10 that is1 burnt her to death      
before the ,lord8 ,at the same time it  
inculcated a rare humanity amongst its  
own members unknown to all other peoples
 of antiquity3 for instance1 it allowed 
the coward to retire from the field     
before battle1 and1 strange to say1 it  
inculcated the very highest of moral    
dogmas4 ,in #bej ,b4,c4 ,sochus1 and    
after him the ,pharisees1 according to  
,josephus1 taught that ,god should be   
served1 not for gain1 but for love and  
gratitude3 hence his follower ,sadk     
forbade the looking forward to futurity1

 even as ,moses had neglected the       
doctrine with studious care4 ,even in   
the present age of the world such       
denegation of egotism would be a higher 
law4  ,all these specialities in        
combination urged the ,jews to dare and 
to do everything against all who were   
not of their own blood4 ,the inevitable 
conclusion of such a policy was that    
eventually they came into collision with
 all around them2 that they failed in   
the unequal combat with pagan ,rome and 
early ,christianity2 that they lost the 
birthplace of their nationality1 and    
were scattered far and wide over the    
surface of the earth4 ,and what has     
happened once may happen again4  ,the   
,greeks of earlier days1 who like the   
,hebrews had but one faith and one      
tongue1 also met periodically as a      
single family at ,delphi1 the centre of 
their racial area4 ,thus that gifted    
people without any inspiration          
effectually combined with grandeur in   
the worship of the gods the law of      

harmony which should preside over human 
society4 ,but the ,greeks were a        
sensuous and a joyous race1 walking     
under the free heavens in the glorious  
lights of poetry1 of art1 and of beauty1
 and could not fail to realize the truth
 that society based upon reciprocal     
benevolence means civilization and the  
highest stage of human                  
society--communion with the world4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,dr4 ,boudin1 the eminent physiologist  
and medical writer1 remarks that the    
,jew is governed by statistical laws of 
birth1 sickness1 and mortality          
completely different from those which   
rule the peoples amongst whom he lives4 
,this assertion is confirmed by the     
testimony of history4 ,during the       
,middle ,ages1 when the unclean capitals
 of ,europe and ,asia were periodically 
devastated by the plague1 the angel of  
death passed by the houses of the       
oppressed and despised ,jews1 although  
they were condemned by local regulations

 to occupy the worst quarters of the    
cities4 ,in speaking of the pestilence  
of ,a4,d4 #acde1 ,tschudi says that it  
nowhere attacked the ,jews4 ,frascator  
mentions that they completely escaped   
the typhus epidemic in ,a4,d4 #aeje2    
they were untouched by the intermittent 
fevers which reigned in ,rome in ,a4,d4 
#afia2 they were not subject to the     
dysentery which was so fatal at         
,nimeguen in ,a4,d4 #agcf2 and both in  
#ahcb and #ahdi it is stated upon       
excellent authority that they enjoyed   
comparative exemption from the cholera  
in ,london1 although during the         
last-named year the city numbered nearly
 thirteen thousand victims4#h  ,not less
 curious are the statistics showing the 
natural aptitude of the ,jewish people1 
at once so national in their sentiments 
and so cosmopolitan in their tendencies1
 for universal acclimatization4 ,the    
,jew and the ,christian will emigrate to
 a ,british or a ,french colony from the
 same birthplace2 and while1 owing to   

the uncongenial climate1 the ,christian 
settler with his family eventually dies 
out1 the ,jewish settler increases and  
multiplies4 ,in ,algeria1 for example1  
the ,french colonies would become       
extinct in a very short process of time 
were it not for the steady influx of    
immigrants1 whereas the ,jew takes deep 
root and throws out vigorous branches4  
,with respect to the superior longevity 
of the ,jews1 ,german sources supply    
some interesting particulars4 ,dr4 ,w4  
,c4 de ,neufville1#i of ,frankfort1 by  
the collection and collation of an      
immense mass of statistics1 has         
demonstrated the following facts3    #a4
 ,one-fourth of ,christian populations  
dies at the mean age of #f       years  
#aa months4    #b4 ,one-fourth of       
,jewish populations dies at the mean age
 of #bh years       #c months4    #c4   
,one-half of ,christian populations dies
 at the mean age of #cf       years #f  
months4    #d4 ,one-half of ,jewish     
populations dies at the mean age of #ec 

years #a       month4    #e4            
,three-fourths of ,christian populations
 die at the mean age of #ei       years 
#aj months4    #f4 ,three-fourths of    
,jewish populations die at the mean age 
of #ga       years4  ,it is found that  
in ,prussia the annual mortality among  
the ,jews is #afa per cent1 to #bjj     
among the rest of the population4 ,the  
annual rate of increase with the former 
is #agc per cent42 with the latter only 
#acf4aj ,in ,frankfort the mean duration
 of human life is #cf years #aa months  
among the ,christian population1 and #df
 years #i months among the ,jewish4  ,i 
will now quote at full length the       
favourable verdict usually offered in   
the case of the ,hebrews by the writers 
of ,europe3  8,if we trace the history  
of the ,israelitish race from the       
destruction of ,jerusalem to the time at
 which the prevalence of a more         
enlightened public opinion caused to be 
effaced from the ,statute ,books of     
,european nations the barbarous and     

cruel enactments against the ,jews1     
adopted in an epoch when bigotry1       
brutality1 and persecution were rampant1
 we shall be constrained to admit that  
there has been something little less    
than miraculous in the preservation of  
this people from utter extermination4   
,basnage#aa 7,histoire des ,juifs7      
calculates that #a1cch1dfj ,jews        
perished by fire and sword1 famine and  
sickness1 at and after the siege of the 
,holy ,city4 ,subsequently a host of    
unfortunate exiles became the objects of
 bitter and unrelenting persecution1    
fanaticism1 and tyranny in every country
 throughout ,christendom4 ,during the   
two years which preceded their final    
expulsion from ,juda1 #ehj1jjj ,jews    
were slaughtered by the ,romans2 and the
 gradual dispersion of the rest over the
 face of ,europe was the prelude for the
 perpetration upon them by              
#8,christians' of a series of atrocities
 almost unequalled for merciless        
savagery4 ,the functions they discharged

 in medival society were1 in reality1 of
 the most valuable kind2 but so dense   
was the ignorance1 and so inveterate    
were the prejudices of the age1 that    
towards the close of the thirteenth     
century upwards of #ac1jjj ,israelites  
were banished from ,england in one day2 
just as two hundred years later #ejj1jjj
 were expelled from ,spain1 #aej1jjj    
from ,portugal1 and an indefinite number
 were cast out of ,france4 ,for a period
 of three centuries successive          
sovereigns refused to accord permission 
to the ,jews to worship ,almighty ,god  
within the ,english realm2 nor was it   
until the ,protectorate of ,cromwell    
that a synagogue was allowed to be      
erected in ,london4  8,in works of      
fiction1 in the drama1 and in daily life
 the name of ,jew has become a byword   
and a reproach1 and an explanation of   
this is to be sought for rather in the  
malignity of religious prejudice than in
 the actual conduct of the people who   
have been visited with so much          

opprobrium4 ,their virtues are their    
own1 but their faults are the fruit of  
eighteen centuries of outlawry and      
oppression4 ,under such treatment       
archangels would have become depraved4  
,in the history of the whole world there
 is nothing which in any degree         
resembles the systematic persecutions1  
the barbarous cruelties1 the cowardly   
insults1 the debasing tyranny to which  
the ,jewish race has been exposed4 ,that
 it was not degraded to the level of the
 ,african negroes1 or absolutely        
obliterated from the face of the earth1 
is only another proof of its wonderful  
vitality and of the indestructible      
elasticity of the national character4#ab
 ,in spite of all these centuries of    
oppression and repression1 its          
representatives are still found1 not    
merely among the monarchs of finance1   
but among the royalties and             
aristocracies of genius4 ,every one must
 remember the passage in ,coningsby in  
which ,mr4 ,disraeli enumerates the     

illustrious ,jews who are occupying1 or 
have occupied1 the foremost rank in     
arts1 letters1 statesmanship1 and       
military science--,count ,cantemir in   
,russia1 ,senor ,mendizelal in ,spain1  
and ,count ,arnim in ,prussia2 ,marshals
 ,soult and ,massena1 ,professors       
,neander1 ,regius1 ,bearnary1 and ,wohl2
 the composers ,rossini1 ,mendelssohn1  
and ,meyerbeer 7not to mention          
,offenbach72 ,rachel the actress2       
,pasta1 ,grisi1 and ,braham the         
vocalists1 ,spinoza the philosopher1 and
 ,heine the poet2 to which list he might
 have added the names of some of the    
most distinguished of living ,french and
 ,english celebrities4#ac ,and though we
 have forgotten ,xapol and ,gondomar1   
,yahuda ,halevi1 and ,aviabron1 alias   
,solomon ben ,gabriel1 few of us can    
ignore the ,rothschilds and ,goldsmids1 
the ,ricardos1 ,rouhers1 and ,torlonias1
 now become household words in ,europe4 
8,that in all countries the ,jews1 on   
the other hand1 should evince a         

preference for sordid pursuits1 and     
follow them with an eagerness and       
tenacity worthy of employment in more   
generous and elevated callings1  must   
also be admitted4 ,william ,abbott1 in  
his outspoken and earnest  but          
narrow-minded way1 advanced this plea   
upon one occasion in the  ,house of     
,commons1 in resistance to a motion to  
relieve all persons  professing the     
,jewish religion in ,england from the   
civil disabilities  under which they    
then laboured4 ,he was replied to by    
,macaulay in a  speech as eloquent in   
terms as it was irresistible in logic4  
8#8,such1 sir1' said he1 #8has in every 
age been the reasoning of bigots4  ,they
 never fail to plead1 in justification  
of persecution1 the vices  which        
persecution has engendered4 ,england has
 been to the ,jews less  than half a    
country1 and we revile them because they
 do not feel for  ,england more than a  
half patriotism4 ,we treat them as      
slaves1 and  wonder that they do not    

regard us as brethren4 ,we drive them to
 mean  occupations1 and then reproach   
them for not embracing honourable       
professions4 ,we long forbade them to   
possess land1 and we complain  that they
 chiefly occupy themselves in trade4 ,we
 shut them out from  all the paths of   
ambition1 and then we despise them for  
taking refuge  in avarice4 ,during many 
ages we have in all our dealings with   
them  abused our immense superiority of 
force1 and then we are disgusted        
because they have recourse to that      
cunning which is the natural and        
universal defence of the weak against   
the violence of the strong4 ,but  were  
they always a mere money-changing1      
money-getting1 money-hoarding  race8    
,nobody knows better than my honourable 
friend1 the member for  the ,university 
of ,oxford1 that there is nothing in    
their national  character which unfits  
them for the highest duties of citizens4
 ,he  knows that in the infancy of      
civilization1 when our island was as    

savage as ,new ,guinea1 when letters and
 arts were still unknown to  ,athens1   
when scarcely a thatched hut stood on   
what was afterwards the  site of ,rome1 
this contemned people had their fenced  
cities and cedar  palaces1 their        
splendid ,temple1 their fleets of       
merchant ships1 their  schools of sacred
 learning1 their great statesmen and    
soldiers1 their  natural philosophers1  
their historians and poets4 ,what nation
 ever  contended more manfully against  
overwhelming odds for its independence  
and religion8 ,and if1 in the course of 
many centuries1 the oppressed           
descendants of warriors and sages have  
degenerated from the qualities  of their
 fathers--if while excluded from the    
blessings of law and  bound down under  
the yoke of slavery they have contracted
 some of  the vices of outlaws and      
slaves1 shall we consider this a matter 
of  reproach to them8 ,shall we not     
rather consider it a matter of shame    
and remorse to ourselves8 ,let us do    

justice to them4 ,let us open to  them  
every career in which ability and energy
 can be displayed4 ,till  we have done  
this1 let us not presume to say that    
there is no genius  among the countrymen
 of ,isaiah1 no heroism amongst the     
descendants of  the ,maccabees4'0  ,we  
have 8done this10 and the results have  
stultified all this nicely balanced     
rhetoric4 ,and the following pages may  
suggest that our ,european ancestors had
 other reasons for expelling the ,jews  
than the mere 8bigotry0 and 8brutality0 
so unphilosophically ascribed to them by
 ,lord ,macaulay4 ,,footnotes3  #e ,dr4 
,j4 ,c4 ,nott1 the well-known           
ethnologist4  #f ,the two great centres 
of ,jewish population are1 first1 the   
northern part of ,africa between        
,morocco and ,egypt1 especially the     
,barbary ,states1 where they form the   
chief element of the town population1   
and where a census is at present mere   
guesswork2 they spread gradually        
southwards1 and since #aheh a trading   

colony has occupied ,timbuctoo on the   
,niger4 ,the other families in ,africa  
are the ,falashas1 or ,black ,jews of   
,abyssinia1 mere proselytes like those  
of ,malabar1 and a few ,europeans at the
 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,the second great
 centre is that region of ,europe which 
extends from the ,lower ,danube to the  
,baltic2 and here there are about four  
millions who occupy the middle class    
among the ,sclavonic nationalities1     
while in the whole of ,western ,europe  
there are not a hundred and twenty      
thousand4 ,their descendants have       
followed the path of ,european          
migrations to ,america1 ,north and      
,south1 and to ,australia1 where the    
large commercial towns enable them to   
multiply as in the ,old ,world1 and much
 more rapidly than the ,christian       
population4 ,the other outlying colonies
 are in ,turkey1 ,european as well as   
,asiatic1 although the ,holy ,land now  
contains but a small proportion of their
 former numbers2 in ,yemen1 especially  

at ,sana and ,aden1 in ,nejern1 and     
other parts of ,arabia2 along the whole 
course of the ,euphrates1 in ,kurdistan1
 ,persia1 and ,india1 especially in     
,malabar1 where there are white and     
black ,jews2 in ,china and in ,cochin   
,china1 both colonies being also found2 
and in the ,turkoman countries4 ,here   
they inhabit the four fortresses of     
,shahr-i-sabz1 ,kulab1 ,shamatan1 and   
,urta ,kurgan1 with about thirty small  
villages2 they live in their own        
quarters1 and1 except having to pay     
higher taxes1 they are treated on an    
equal footing with the other            
inhabitants4  #g ,this terrible fast is 
called ,ha-frak4 ,old men have been     
known in ,syria and ,palestine to endure
 it twice a year1 in summer and in      
winter4 ,they sup on ,saturday evening1 
and till the sunset of the next         
,saturday they do not allow themselves  
to swallow even a drop of water or to   
touch a pinch of snuff4 ,the state of   
prostration towards the end of the term 

is extreme1 and the first thing done1   
when the time has passed1 is to place   
the patient in a warm bath4 ,this is    
probably the severest fast known to the 
world1 unless it be rivalled by certain 
,hindu ascetics3 the ,greek and ,coptic 
,christians and the ,muhammadans have   
nothing to compare with it4  #h ,this we
 gather from the reports of the ,general
 ,board of ,health on the epidemic      
cholera4 ,in #ahcb only #d deaths were  
recorded out of the #c1jjj ,portuguese  
,jews1 and in #ahdi amongst the #bj1jjj 
then inhabiting ,london there were no   
more than #ac1 although the loss from   
cholera amounted to #ab1hcg4 ,this gives
 a proportion of #jf per #a1jjj1 whilst 
the superintendent registrar assigns #a3
 #a1jjj to ,hampstead1 #f3 #a1jjj to    
,whitechapel1 #g3 #a1jjj to the ,city of
 ,london1 #ai3 #a1jjj to ,shoreditch1   
and #bi3 #a1jjj to ,rotherhithe4 ,these 
figures are for the special cholera year
 #ahcb4 ,since then the visitations have
 been much less severe4  #i ,the work   

referred to is ,lebensdauer und         
,todesursachen #bb verschiedener ,stnde4
 ,frankfort1 #ahee4  #aj ,these figures 
are for average years1 and hence hold   
good now as then4  #aa ,author of the   
large history of the ,jews in #e vols4  
,rotterdam1 #agjg4  #ab ,there is       
another parasitic race1 also of pure    
blood1 but ,indo-,european1 not         
,semitic1 whose preservation appears    
almost as 8providential0 as that of the 
,jews1 and whose union is even more     
exceptional because it is not bound     
either by revelation or indeed by any   
form of faith--the ,gypsy4  #ac ,not to 
mention ,wolff and ,palgrave the        
travellers1 and ,monseigneur ,bauer1    
,pre ,hermann1 and ,pre ,marie de       
,ratisbonne1 the converts4     ,,chapter
 ,,ii  ,,opinion ,,of ,,the ,,jew ,,in  
,,england   ,of all ,europeans1 the     
,englishman1 who boasts of being a      
staunch friend to the people 8scattered 
and peeled10 and whose confident        
ignorance and indiscriminate            

philanthropy are bestowed upon them     
equally with the ,african negro1 knows  
least of the customs and habits of his  
protgs1 and especially of those of ,jews
 in foreign countries4 ,the neglect of  
things near to us must be the reason why
 we know so little of the inner life of 
,jewry3 there are1 however1 other       
concomitant causes4  ,in our native land
 the ,hebrew lives protected1 and       
honoured1 in fact1 as one of ourselves4 
,we visit him1 we dine with him1 and we 
see him at all times and places1 except 
perhaps at the ,sunday service4 ,we     
should enjoy his society but for a      
certain coarseness of manner1 and       
especially an offensive familiarity1    
which seems almost peculiar to him4 ,we 
marvel at his talents1 and we are struck
 by the adaptability and by the         
universality of his genius4 ,we admire  
his patience1 his steadfastness1 and his
 courage1 his military prowess1 and his 
successful career in every post and     
profession--,statesman and ,senior      

,wrangler1 ,poet and ,literato1 ,jurist1
 ,surgeon1 and ,physician1 ,capitalist1 
,financier1 and ,merchant1 ,philosopher 
and ,engineer1 in fact in everything    
that man can be4 ,when we compare the   
,semitic ,premier with his ,anglo-,saxon
 rival1 it is much to the advantage of  
the former3 while jesting about the     
8,asian mystery10 we cannot but feel    
that there is something in the ,asiatic 
which we do not expect1 which eludes our
 ken1 which goes beyond us4  ,those     
familiar with the annals of old families
 in ,england are aware of the extent to 
which they have been mixed with ,jewish 
blood1 even from the days when religious
 prejudice is mistakenly represented to 
have been most malign4 ,indeed1 of late 
centuries our nation has never prided   
itself1 like the ,portuguese and the    
,iberians generally1 in preserving its  
blood 8pure and free from taint of ,jew 
and ,infidel40 ,the cross perpetually   
reappears in outward form as well as in 
mental quality4 ,here and there an old  

country house produces a scion which to 
all appearance is more ,jewish than the 
,jews themselves4 ,a peculiar           
characteristic of the blood is an       
extreme fondness for show1 for colour1  
for splendour and magnificence in       
general4 ,the rich ,jew must display his
 wealth2 like the ,parsee1 he makes and 
spends whilst his rivals the ,greek and 
the ,armenian make and hoard4 ,in       
certain continental cities where he now 
reigns supreme he renders society       
impossible to the ,christian4 ,the      
,messrs4 ,g4 ,muir ,mackenzie and ,o4   
,p4 ,irby--,the ,turks1 the ,greeks1 and
 the ,slavons 7,london3 ,bell  ,daldy1  
#ahfg7--will show how at ,salonika#ad   
the ,french ,consul ,marquis de ----    
could not join in any of the            
festivities4 ,the dinner-table was not  
respected unless it glistened with gold 
and silver plate borrowed and lent for  
the occasion4 ,his wife could not appear
 without a new dress on every occasion1 
and therefore she stayed at home4 ,a    

toilette from ,paris twice a week not   
only ministers to the womanly enjoyment 
of the wearer1 and to the sensuous      
pleasures of the beholders1 but also    
shows that the house is wealthy and that
 the firm has spare money to throw away4
 ,it is1 in fact1 an advertisement of   
the most refined description4 ,ladies   
meeting in parties of three and four    
over what our grandmothers called 8a    
dish of tea0 must appear dcolletes and  
in diamonds4 ,the rivire must disfigure 
the beautiful neck and bosom of the     
bride4 ,at the theatre those boxes are  
most valued where the light falls       
strongest upon the precious stones1 and 
where costly textures and valuable laces
 stand out to the greatest advantage4   
,and behind this splendour of show lies 
cunning of a high order4 ,the grand     
liveries are used once a week upon      
,madame's 8day02 at other times the     
lackeys are en dshabille4 ,the costly   
carriage horses work till noon in carts 
and drays transporting the irritamenta  

malorum which support the equipage of   
the afternoon4 ,and so in everything4   
,the ,hebrew race is so marked in its   
characteristics that it has ever been   
the theme of over-praise or of undue    
blame1 like those individuals concerning
 whom society cannot be neutral2 and of 
late years the transitions of public    
opinion which usually moves slowly have 
been comically abrupt4  ,the ,jew of    
popular ,english fiction is no longer   
,moshesh1 a wretch who believes in one  
,god and in ,shent-per-,shent as his    
profit1 whose eyes1 unlike those of     
,banquo1 are brimming full with         
8speculation40 ,the ,fagin of young     
,dickens only a quarter of a century ago
 has now become the 8gentle ,jew ,riah0 
of old ,dickens1 a being remarkable for 
resignation and quiet dignity1 a living 
reproach to the ,christian heathenry    
that dwells about him4 ,the great       
feminine actresses of the world1 we are 
told by a charming authoress1 are all   
,jewesses4 ,tancred2 or1 the ,new       

,crusade1 to mention nothing of meaner  
note1 teaches us to admire and love the 
modern 8,roses of ,sharon10 those       
exquisite visions that are read to rest 
by attendants with silver lamps1 and who
 talk history1 philosophy1 and theology 
with the warmth of womanly enthusiasm1  
tempered by the pure belief of a bishop 
of the ,church of ,england1 the learning
 of a ,german professor1 and the grace  
of ,madame ,recamier4 ,miriam has       
become1 in fact1 a pet heroine with     
novel writers and novel readers1 and    
thrice happy is the fascinating young   
,christian who1 like 8that boy of       
,norcott's10 despite his manifold       
,christian disabilities1 can win her    
hand and heart4  ,of the middle and     
lower classes of ,jews the ,englishman  
only hears that they are industrious1   
abstinent1 and comparatively cleanly in 
person2 decent1 hospitable1 and as      
strict in keeping the ,sabbath as the   
strictest ,sabbatarians could           
desire--perhaps1 if he knew all1 he     

would not desire so much4 ,he is told   
that they are wondrous charitable in    
their dealings with those of the same   
faith1 always provided that some mite of
 a religious difference does not grow to
 mountain size4 ,the papers inform him  
how munificent and judicious is their   
distribution of alms1 how excellent are 
their arrangements for the support of   
their paupers1 who are never exposed to 
the horrors of the parish and the       
poor-house1 and who are maintained by   
their co-religionists1 though numbering 
in ,london at least #afej per cent4 out 
of a total exceeding thirty thousand    
souls4#ae ,and he everywhere reads of   
,charities1 public1 private1 and        
congregational2 of ,hospitals and       
,almshouses2 of ,orphanages1            
,philanthropic ,institutions2 of        
,pensioners' and ,widows' ,homes2       
,friendly ,societies2 of ,doles of      
,bread and ,coal and ,raiment2 of       
,lying-in ,houses and ,infant ,asylums2 
of ,burial ,societies1 male and female2 

of arrangements for supplying godfathers
 and godmothers managed by ,benevolent  
,societies1 ,boards1 ,institutions1     
,committees1 and ,consistories4 ,like   
their charities1 the educational system 
may be divided into three heads3        
,schools1 public and private2           
,rabbinical and ,theological            
,institutions2 and ,literary and        
,scientific ,associations4  ,he--the    
ordinary ,englishman--may be dimly      
conscious that the ,jew is the one great
 exception to the general curse upon the
 sons of ,adam1 and that he alone eats  
bread1 not in the sweat of his own face1
 but in the sweat of his neighbour's    
face--like the ,german cuckoo1 who does 
not colonize1 but establishes himself in
 the colonies of other natives4 ,he has 
perhaps been told that all the world    
over the ,jew spurns the honest toil of 
the peasant and the day labourer2 that  
in the new ,jewry of ,houndsditch and   
,petticoat ,lane1 in the ,marais1 in the
 ,ghetto1 in the ,juden ,strasse1 and in

 the ,hrat el ,yahd 7,jewish quarters7  
of ,mussulman cities1 his sole business 
is quocumque modo rem--sordid           
gains--especially by money-lending1 and 
by usury1 which may not be practised    
upon a fellow ,jew1 but which1 with the 
cleanest of consciences1 is applied to  
the ruin of the ,gentile4 ,he has heard 
that where ,saxon and ,celt ply pick and
 pan1 the ,hebrew broker and pedlar buy 
up their gains and grow rich where the  
working-men starve in the midst of gold4
 ,he sees that the 8,chosen ,people0    
will swarm over the world from          
,california to ,australia1 wherever     
greed of gain induces them to travel4   
8,to my mind10 says a popular writer1   
8there are few things so admirable and  
wonderful in this life as the #8getting 
on1' as it is vulgarly called1 of the   
,hebrew race4 ,for one of us who1 by    
means of infinite wriggling1 panting1   
toiling1 struggling1 and hanging on by  
his eyebrows1 so to speak1 to           
opportunity1 ambitious to emerge from   

obscurity1 and ascend to the topmost    
round of the ladder1 there seems to be  
at least five hundred ,caucasian ,arabs 
who attain the desired altitude2 ay1 and
 who manage to avoid turning giddy and  
toppling over4 ,most ,jews seem to rise1
 and the instances of a few going #8to  
the utter bad1' as the phrase runs1 seem
 equally as rare4 ,how often your       
successful ,nazarene comes to grief6 ,at
 the moment you think him ,lord of ,all 
he is ,master of ,nothing4444 ,jews     
appear to keep what they have gotten2   
and1 what is better1 to get more1 and   
keep that too4 ,they are not much given1
 ,i fancy1 to experience the pangs of   
remorse2 and ,i cannot well imagine a   
mad ,jew4 ,it must be something awful4  
,on the whole1 looking at the vast      
number of ,christians ,i have known who 
from splendour have subsided into       
beggary1 and the vast number of ,hebrews
 ,i have watched advancing1 not from    
mendicity--a ,jew never begs1 save from 
one of his own tribe1 and then ,i       

suppose the transaction is more of the  
nature of a friendly loan1 to be repaid 
with interest when brighter days        
arrive--but from extreme indigence to   
wealth and station1 ,i incline to the   
opinion that ,gentiles have a natural   
alacrity in sinking--look how heavy ,i  
can be--but that the ,chosen ,people    
have as natural a tendency towards      
buoyancy4 ,that young man with the      
banner in ,mr4 ,longfellow's ballad was1
 depend upon it1 an ,israelite of the   
,israelites2 only ,i think the poet was 
wrong1 as poets generally are1 in his   
climax4 ,the young man was not frozen to
 death4 ,he made an immense fortune at  
the top of ,mont ,blanc by selling      
#8,excelsior' penny ices40  ,the secret 
of this 8getting on0 is known to every  
expert4 ,the ,jewish boy begins from his
 earliest days with changing a few      
sovereigns1 and he pursues the path of  
lucre till the tomb opens to receive    
him4 ,he is utterly single-minded in    
this point2 he has but one idea1 and    

therefore he must succeed4 ,who does not
 remember the retort of the ,jewish     
capitalist to the ,christian statesman  
who1 impertinently enough1 advised him  
to teach his children something beyond  
mere trade8 8,my first wish10 answered  
the ,hebrew1 8is to see my boys become  
good men of business2 beyond            
that--nothing60  ,the average           
,englishman cannot help observing with  
,cobbett1 and despite ,lord ,macaulay1  
that the callings which the lower orders
 of ,jews especially prefer are those   
held mean or dishonourable by other men1
 such as demoralizing usury1 receiving  
stolen goods1 buying up old clothes1    
keeping gambling-houses and             
betting-cribs1 dealing in a literature  
calculated to pervert the mind of youth2
 combining1 as a person--afterwards sent
 to ,newgate--lately did1 the trade of a
 cosmetic artist with the calling of a  
procuress1 and supplying the agapemon of
 the world1#af while occasionally       
producing a sharp jockey or a           

hard-hitting prize-fighter4 ,he is not  
ignorant of their prodigious trickery1  
of their immense and abnormal powers of 
lying--the 8trifle tongue10 as they     
picturesquely call it--and their subtle 
art of winning their object by          
roundabout ways4 ,he cannot mistake     
their physical cowardice1 but he        
remembers that the ,jewish officers1    
once so numerous in the ,french army1   
were as brave as their ,christian       
brethren2 and again he recognizes the   
fact that lying and cowardice long      
continue to be the effects of           
oppression4 ,he smiles at their intense 
love of public amusements1 and their    
excessive fondness for display1 evinced 
by tawdry finery and mosaic gold4       
,knowing this1 however1 he supposes     
himself to know the worst4 ,he has heard
 little of the excessive optimism of the
 ,jew1 the ,greek3   3 panta kala lian1 
so strongly opposed to ,christianity1   
the 8religion of sorrow40 ,he knows     
nothing of the immense passions and     

pugnacity1 the eagerness and tenacity of
 ,lutheran rancour displayed against all
 who differ from some minuti of oral    
law4 ,he ignores the over-weening1      
narrow-minded pride of caste which makes
 the ,jew 8destined by ,god to be a     
kingdom of priests and a holy           
nation0--as one of their own race1      
,rabbi ,ascher 7initiator of youth71    
even now repeats4#ag ,he cannot realize 
the fact that the ferocity and terrible 
destructiveness which characterize the  
,jew and his literature1 from the days  
of the ,prophets to those of the        
,talmudists1 are present in his         
civilized neighbour1 whom he considers  
to be one of the best of men--a sleeping
 lion1 it is true1 but ready to awake   
upon the first occasion4 ,and he is     
ignorant of the ,eastern ,jews' love of 
mysticism and symbolism1 their various  
horrible and disgusting superstitions1  
and their devotion to magical charms and
 occult arts which lead to a variety of 
abominations4  ,this ignorance produces 

weak outbursts of lamentations that the 
,hebrews 8still cling with obstinate    
persistence to a hopeless hope10 ,hence 
we read in the pages of a modern        
traveller--,the ,rob ,roy on the        
,jordan1 p4 #bgd1 by ,j4 ,mac,gregor1   
,m4,a4 7,london3 ,murray1 #ahfi73       
8,here1 as well as some twenty years    
ago1 ,i heard men in ,palestine call    
their fellows #8,jew' as the lowest of  
all possible words of abuse4 ,when we   
recollect that the ,jews1 in this very  
land of their own1 were once the choice 
people of the world2 that now through   
the whole earth1 among the richest1 the 
bravest1 the cleverest1 the fairest1 the
 best at music and song1 at poetry and  
painting1 at art and science and        
literature1 at education1 philanthropy1 
statesmanship1 war1 commerce1 and       
finance1 in every sphere of life are    
,jews1--we may well remember the word of
 prophecy which told us long ago that   
the name of ,jew would be a #8byword and
 a reproach1' even in the ,jews' own    

land40 ,it is true that1 even in the    
,portuguese colonies1 where the ,jew is 
comparatively unknown1 his name is worse
 than at ,jerusalem1 ,bagdad1 and       
,damascus2 whilst 8,judear0--to play the
 ,jew--signifies the being capable of   
any villainy4 ,but how long will        
prophecy prove true8 ,in the coast towns
 of ,morocco1 a few years have sufficed 
to raise the ,hebrew from the lowest of 
stations to equality with1 and even     
superiority over1 his ,mussulman cousin4
 ,the ,jew may ere long make the        
,gentile a 8byword and a reproach40     
,but the ,english world never hears the 
fact that the ,jew of ,africa1 of       
,arabia1 of ,kurdistan1 of ,persia1 and 
of ,western ,asia generally1 is still   
the ,jew 8cunning and fierce0 of the    
thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries 
in ,europe2 that he is the ,jew of the  
,talmud1 of ,shammai1 and of ,rabbi     
,shalomon ,jarchi1 not of the           
,pentateuch1 of ,hillel1 and of         
,gamaliel2 that he sympathizes1 not with

 those staunch old conservatives and    
rationalists1 the ,sadducees1 now gone  
for ever1 nor with ,ezra and the        
,priests1 the ,levites and the          
,nethinm--men of the ,great             
,synagogue--nor with the ascetic        
,essenes1 prototypes of ,christian      
monkery2 but with the ,pharisees1 the   
,separatists1 and the ,puritans of his  
faith1 with the ,captains1 the          
,fanatics1 the ,zealots1 the ,sicarii1  
the ,swordsmen and the ,brigands of     
,john of ,giscala1 of ,eleazar son of   
,ananias1 and of those who worked all   
the civil horrors of our first century4 
,some distant or adventurous journey of 
,sir ,moses ,montefiore#ah or other     
philanthropists1 duly published with    
packed and partial comments in the      
papers of ,europe1 reveals to the lazy  
comprehension of the man of refinement  
that the ,hebrew in many parts of the   
semi-civilized world is still the object
 of suspicion1 fear1 and abhorrence4 ,he
 attributes the persecutions1 the       

avarice1 or the massacre to the         
pleasures of plunder1 to the barbarous  
bigotry1 and to the cruel fanaticism of 
bloodthirsty and cruel races1 who still 
look upon the present with the eyes of  
the past1 and who have seized an        
opportunity to glut their lust of spoil 
or to wreak an obsolete revenge because 
some eighteen centuries and             
three-quarters ago 8an aristocratic and 
unpopular high priest1 whom the people  
afterwards rose upon and murdered1 had  
for political reasons crucified our     
,lord10 or because in ,a4,d4 #gbiai a   
heroic ,jewess of ,khaibar poisoned a   
shoulder of lamb with the object of     
trying by a crucial test whether        
,muhammad was the ,prophet of ,allah1 or
 merely the ,sheikh of ,arab pillagers1 
the worthy confrre of ,msailamah the    
,liar4  ,we do not waste time upon      
thought or inquiry whether the          
persecution1 the avarice1 or the        
massacre may not be the direct result of
 some intolerable wrong1 of some        

horrible suspicion which has gradually  
assumed the form of certainty1 and which
 calls for the supreme judgment of the  
sword2 we do not reason that the cause  
which from ancient times has confined   
the ,jew to ,ghettos and to certain     
quarters in all great continental cities
 resulted1 not only from his naturally  
preferring the society of his           
co-religionists1 but also from the fact 
that his ,christian neighbours found it 
advisable to consult by such means their
 own safety and that of their families4 
,the disappearance of children was      
talked of at ,rome and in all the       
capitals of ,italy even throughout the  
early part of the present century1 when 
constitutional rule and the new police  
were unknown1 as freely and frequently  
as at ,salonika1 at ,smyrna1 and in all 
the cities of the ,levant during the    
year of grace #ahgc4  ,again1 we hardly 
reflect that1 as intolerance begets     
intolerance and injury breeds injury1 a 
trampled and degraded race will ever    

turn when it can upon the oppressor1 and
 that the revenge of the weak1 the      
slavish1 and the cowardly will be the   
more certain1 ruthless1 and terrible    
because it has a long score of insults  
and injuries to reckon up4 ,in the      
country towns of modern ,persia1 as in  
,turkey1 the ,jew is popularly believed 
to make away with children4 ,the        
,muhammadan boy1 meeting a ,hebrew in   
the streets1 will pluck his grey beard1 
taunt him with the ,b-e-,shimt--the rank
 odour which is everywhere supposed to  
characterize the race--tread upon his   
toes1 and spit upon his ,jewish         
gabardine4 ,in ,turkey there are still  
places where he would be expelled the   
,bazar with sticks and stones2 others   
where every outrage of language would be
 levelled against him1 including ,al    
,yahd ,msairj#bj--the ,jew smells of the
 lamp--alluding to his free culinary use
 of sesamum oil4 ,a ,jew passing through
 the square of the ,holy ,sepulchre at  
,jerusalem would infallibly be mobbed on

 all occasions1 and on certain ftes     
would be torn to pieces2 and the list of
 dangers and insults which he incurs    
both from ,muslims and ,christians might
 be indefinitely prolonged4  ,can we    
wonder then if the persecutor1 man or   
boy1 disappear1 should opportunity offer
 such tempting punishment for their     
barbarous fanaticism8 ,and will not this
 supposition explain the ,arabic        
proverb1 8,sup with the ,jews and sleep 
at the ,christians'10 and the fact that 
every mother teaches her boy from       
earliest youth to avoid the ,jewish     
quarter1 binding him by all manner of   
oaths8 ,finally1 is it surprising that  
amongst an ignorant and superstitious   
race of outcasts such random acts and   
outbreaks of vengeance1 pure and simple1
 should by human perversity pass1 after 
the course of ages1 into a              
semi-religious rite1 and be justified by
 men whose persecution has frenzied them
 as a protest and a memorial before the 
throne of the ,most ,high against the   

insults and injuries meted out by the   
,gentile to the children of ,abraham8   
,shakespeare may not have drawn ,shylock
 from a real character1 but his genius  
has embodied in the most lifelike form  
the ,jew's vengefulness and the causes  
that nourished it4 ,how many cities of  
the world there are where he might hear 
these words3 8,hath not a ,jew eyes8    
hath not a ,jew hands1 organs1          
dimensions1 senses1 affections1         
passions8 fed with the same food1 hurt  
with the same weapons1 subject to the   
same diseases1 healed by the same means1
 warmed and cooled by the same winter   
and summer1 as a ,christian is8 ,if you 
prick us1 do we not bleed8 if you tickle
 us1 do we not laugh8 if you poison us1 
do we not die8 and if you wrong us1     
shall we not revenge80  ,moreover1 in   
the course of our reading1 we           
,englishmen meet with nothing which     
points to the existence of cruel murders
 and similar horrors in any branch of   
the ,hebrew race4 ,popular books like   

,the ,british ,jew 7,rev4 ,john ,mills4 
,london3 ,hurlston  ,stoneman1 #ahed71  
for instance1 are mostly written in the 
apologetic tone2 they are advocates and 
missionaries1 not describers4 ,they     
enumerate the duties and ceremonies of  
the 8strict1 enlightened ,israelite0--a 
powerful majority amongst the           
thirty-five to forty thousand that have 
colonized the ,british                  
,islands--modified and transformed by   
the civilization of their surroundings4 
,they studiously avoid that part of the 
subject which would be most interesting 
to the ethnologist1 the various         
irregular practices of the people1      
because they would not 8crowd their     
pages with the superstitions of the     
ignorant02 and they probably have not   
defined to themselves the darker shades 
which the religious teaching of later   
centuries has diffused over the ,jewish 
mind1 and which linger even among the   
most advanced of modern communities4    
,the well-known volume of ,dr4          

,alexander ,mc,caul1 ,the ,old ,paths2  
or1 a ,comparison of the ,principles and
 ,doctrines of ,modern ,judaism with the
 ,religion of ,moses and the ,prophets  
7,london3 ,hubbard  ,son1 #ahed71 which 
has been translated into almost every   
,european language1 reveals but little1 
while professing to reveal much4 ,it is 
written in a purely apologetic spirit2  
and as it attacked the ,talmud1 but     
spared the ,jew1 who1 however1          
systematically destroys every copy1 it  
has lost for the general reader all its 
significance4 ,the celebrated article   
upon the ,talmud first published in the 
,quarterly ,review 7,october1 #ahfg71   
and afterwards owned to by the late ,m4 
,emanuel ,deutsch1 who began by denying 
the authorship1 greatly surprised the   
poco-curanti of ,great ,britain4 ,it was
 a triumph of special pleading4 ,it     
studiously ignored the fact that the    
,talmudic writers who flourished in the 
third and the sixth centuries of our era
 had evidently consulted the writings of

 the 8,school of ,galilee10#ba          
especially of the ,new ,testament1      
apocryphal as well as canonical4 ,it    
artfully opened to the admiring eye of  
ignorance a noble garden of             
time-honoured experience1 a goodly      
parterre of racial and social piety and 
benevolence1 a paradise of religious    
wisdom1 from which a few transplanted   
shoots would suffice to enrich and adorn
 a wilderness of rugged and neglected   
fields4 ,it concealed with equal skill  
the sinks and drains1 the shallows and  
quagmires which everywhere underlie the 
fair and flowery surface2 and it        
withdrew attention from the dark corners
 rank with poisonous weeds and overrun  
with trees bearing deadly fruit4 ,such  
art of manipulation would readily pick  
the ,sermon on the ,mount from the pages
 of the erotic poets of 8the ,east10    
perhaps the most materialistic and the  
most corrupt which the literature of the
 world has produced4  ,what then can the
 average ,englishman1 thus instructed1  

know about the ,hebrew at home8 how much
 of the ,hebrew abroad1 especially in   
,asia1 in ,africa1 and even in ,europe8 
,how is he fully to comprehend the      
reason why the name of ,jew is still a  
byword and a reproach8 or why the       
scrupulous ,british official--the late  
,consul ,brant1 ,c4,b41 the historical  
,consul of ,erzerum1 who revived the    
trade of ancient ,trebizond--who never  
allowed himself to use profane language1
 applied to ,christians and ,muslims the
 word 8,jew0 as the most insulting term 
that can be levelled at man8  ,the      
following article appeared in the       
,saturday ,review#bb as a comment upon a
 8recent outbreak of ,rumanian          
fanaticism against the ,jews at         
,ismail10 and explains at once the      
isolation and the great material success
 of the children of ,israel all the     
world over4 ,i quote it in extenso as it
 shows the general opinion of educated  
,englishmen and the unreality and       
shallowness of the treatment which views

 the world through glasses of ,british  
home-make3  8,there is no real          
difference between the ,rumanian ,jews  
and the ,jews of ,galicia or ,bohemia2  
nor can they in their turn be separated 
from the ,jews of ,germany1 of ,france1 
or of ,england4 ,the dirty1 greasy      
usurers of ,rumania are the humble      
brethren of the financiers of ,london   
and ,frankfort1 and that the ,jews are a
 great power in ,europe is              
incontestable4 ,what are1 it may be     
asked1 the secrets of their power8 ,they
 are religion1 the capacity for making  
money1 and internal union4 ,a           
ceremonial1 and therefore an exclusive  
religion1 a religion that binds together
 its members by rites that seem strange 
to the rest of the world1 has a strong  
hold upon those who are within the fold4
 ,they are like the tenants of a        
beleaguered fort cut off from the rest  
of mankind1 and obliged to protect      
themselves and help each other4 ,but    
religion is not enough to raise a race  

into eminence4 ,the ,jews and the       
,parsees are eminent1 not only because  
they circumcise their sons1 or light    
fires on the tops of their houses1 but  
because they make money4 ,the money they
 have gives them consequence2 but it is 
not only the money itself that does     
this2 it is the qualities that go to    
making money which raise them--the      
patience1 the good sense1 the capacity  
for holding on when others are          
frightened1 the daring to make a stroke 
when the risk is sufficient to appal4   
,and the ,jews are not only religious   
and rich2 they are bound together by    
intimate ties4 ,the inner world of      
,judaism is that of a democracy4 ,the   
millionaire never dreams of despising1  
or failing to aid1 his poorest and most 
degraded brother4 ,the kindness of ,jews
 for ,jews is unfailing1 spontaneous1   
and unaffected4 ,the shabbiest hat-buyer
 or orange-seller of ,houndsditch is as 
sure of having the means provided for   
him of keeping the sacred feast of the  

,passover as if he lived in a           
,piccadilly mansion4 ,to the eyes of the
 ,jews even the most degraded of ,jews  
do not seem so degraded as they do in   
the eyes of the outer world4 ,the       
poorest have perhaps possessions which  
redeem them in the eyes of their        
brethren2 and many of the lowest1       
greasiest1 and most unattractive        
,hebrews who walk about the streets in  
search of old clothes or skins are known
 by their co-religionists to be able to 
repeat by rote portions of the sacred   
volumes by the hour at a time4 ,to all  
these permanent causes of ,jewish       
eminence there must1 however1 be added  
one that has had only time to develop   
itself since extreme bigotry has died   
away1 and since in ,western ,europe the 
,jews have been treated1 first with     
contemptuous toleration1 then with cold 
respect1 and1 finally1 when they are    
very1 very rich1 with servile adoration4
  8,these people--so exclusive1 so      
intensely national1 so intimately linked

 together--have shown the most          
astonishing aptitude for identifying    
themselves with the several countries in
 which they have cast their fortunes4   
,an ,english ,jew is an ,englishman1    
admires ,english habits and ,english    
education1 makes an excellent           
magistrate1 plays to perfection the part
 of a squire1 and even exercises        
discreetly the power which1 with its    
inexhaustible oddity1 the ,english law  
gives him1 while it denies it to the    
members of the largest ,christian sect1 
and presents incumbents to livings so as
 to please the most fastidious bishops4 
,the ,french ,jews were stout friends of
 ,france during the war--served as      
volunteers in the defence of ,paris1 and
 opened their purses to the national    
wants1 and their houses to the suffering
 ,french4 ,the ,german ,jews were as    
stout ,germans in their turn2 and in    
war1 as in peace1 they are always ready 
to show themselves ,germans as well as  
,jews4 ,it is the combination of the    

qualities of both nations that is now   
raising the foremost of the ,german     
,jews to their high rank in the world of
 wealth4 ,in that world1 to be a ,german
 is to be a trader whom it is very hard 
to rival1 to be a ,jew is to be an      
operator whom it is impossible to beat2 
but to be a ,german ,jew is to be a     
prince and captain among the people4    
8,in this way the ,jews have managed to 
overcome much of the antipathy which    
would naturally attach to men of an     
alien race and an alien religion4 ,the  
,english ,jew is not seen to be standing
 aloof from ,england and ,englishmen4   
,but it is impossible there should not  
be some sort of social barrier between  
the ,jew and the ,christian4 ,they      
cannot intermarry except for special    
political or other cogent reasons1 and  
it necessarily chills the kindness and  
intimacy of family intercourse when all 
the young people know that friendship   
can never grow into anything else4 ,in  
order to overcome this obstacle many    

wealthy ,jews have chosen to abjure     
their religion and enrol their          
households in the ,christian communion4 
,but the more high-minded and           
high-spirited among them shrink from    
doing this1 and accept1 and even glory  
in1 the position into which they were   
born4 ,fortunately for himself and for  
,england1 a kind friend determined the  
religion of ,mr4 ,disraeli before he was
 old enough to judge for himself1 and in
 his maturer years he has been able     
conscientiously to adopt what he terms  
the doctrines of the ,school of         
,galilee4 ,if they are not decoyed into 
,christianity by their social           
aspirations1 ,jews are unassailable1 for
 the most part1 by the force of either  
persecution or argument2 and although   
there are some conversions to be        
attributed to ,christian reasoning or   
,christian gold1 they are probably      
counterbalanced by the accessions to    
,judaism of ,christian women who marry  
,jewish husbands4 ,the ,jews therefore  

lead1 and must lead1 on the whole a     
family life marked by something of      
reserve and isolation4 ,but the         
disadvantages they have thus to endure  
are not without their compensative      
advantages4 ,their family life by being 
secluded has gained in warmth and       
dignity4#bc ,in very few families is    
there so much thoughtfulness1           
consideration1 parental and fraternal   
affection1 reverence for age1 and care  
for the young as in ,jewish families4   
,the women too have been ennobled1 not  
degraded1 by being thrown on themselves 
and on their families for their sphere  
of thought and action4 ,they are almost 
always thoroughly instructed in         
business1 and capable of taking a part  
in great affairs2 for it has been the   
custom of their race to consider the    
wife the helpmate--the sharer in every  
transaction that establishes the        
position or enhances the comfort of the 
family4 ,leisure1 activity of mind1 and 
the desire to hand on the torch of      

instruction from the women of one       
generation to those of another1 inspire 
,jewesses with a zeal for education1 a  
love of refinement1 and a sympathy with 
art4 ,homes of the best type are of     
course to be taken as the standard when 
it is inquired what are the             
characteristics of a race as seen at its
 best2 and ,european family life has few
 things equal to show to the family life
 of the highest type of ,jews4 ,their   
isolation1 again1 makes most of the men 
liberal and free from the prejudices of 
class1 just as their connexion with     
their dispersed brethren relieves them  
from the pressure of insular narrowness4
 ,but1 as ,mr4 ,bright remarks1         
religious bigotry is slow to die away   
altogether2 and even in educated        
,english society there are few          
,christians who do not think themselves 
entitled to approach a ,jew with a sense
 of secret superiority4 ,if a ,jew is   
ostentatious or obtrudes his wealth1 if 
his women are loaded with jewellery1 if 

he talks the slang of the sporting world
 in order to show what a fine creature  
he is1 society is as right to put him   
down as to put down any ,christian like 
him4 ,but the philanthropists who       
invited ,mr4 ,bright to attend their    
meeting may be profitably invited to    
search their own hearts1 and ask        
themselves whether they are quite free  
from that feeling that the best ,jew is 
never the equal of the worst ,christian1
 which is at the root of the ,rumanian  
riots1#bd and which certainly is        
entirely out of keeping with the tenets 
and teaching of the ,school of          
,galilee40  ,,footnotes3  #ad ,here out 
of sixty thousand souls the ,jews number
 forty thousand1 but to prevent taxation
 they have arranged with the ,turkish   
authorities never to exceed eleven      
thousand five hundred4 ,since this was  
written 7#ahgc7 the whole population of 
,salonika has increased rapidly1 and now
 7#ahig7 numbers #aej1jjj1 of whom about
 #fj1jjj are ,jews1 #cj1jjj ,turks1     

#cj1jjj ,serbs1 #ae1jjj ,greeks1 and    
#d1jjj ,zinzers4  #ae ,no religious     
census has lately been taken in ,england
 and ,wales2 the above therefore is only
 a conjecture4 ,in #ahec the ,jews of   
,great ,britain were set down at        
#cj1jjj2 of these #be1jjj were resident 
in ,london1 and #e1jjj elsewhere4 ,the  
yearly deaths were #efj1 which at the   
average rate of mortality would give a  
maximum of #be1jjj4 ,of this total1     
#e1jjj belonged to the upper or educated
 class1 #h1jjj to the middle orders1 and
 #ab1jjj represented the lower ranks4   
,in #ahij the ,jews of ,great ,britain  
and ,ireland were estimated at over     
#ic1jjj1 of whom #fg1ejj were resident  
in ,london4 ,it may be of interest to   
add that in #ahif the entire ,jewish    
population was calculated at #f1eje1jjj1
 thus distributed over the globe3       
,europe #e1ejj1jjj2 ,asia #bfj1jjj2     
,africa #dcj1jjj2 ,america #cjj1jjj2    
,australia #ae1jjj4 ,see ,a4 ,h4 ,keane1
 ,population1 ,races1 and ,languages of 

the ,world1 in the ,church ,missionary  
,atlas1 ,new 7eighth7 edition4 ,london1 
#ahif4  #af ,at this moment there is a  
traffic far fouler and more terrible    
than any ,coolie-hunting in ,african    
slave-export--extending from ,lemberg to
 ,india and ,china4  #ag ,the essential 
superiority of the ,jew over ,nakhrm1 or
 strangers1 is carefully kept up by the 
,gavnm1 or luminaries1 of the ,jewish   
,law4 ,during the preparations for      
,sabbath one of the prayers is3         
8,blessed art ,thou1 ,o ,lord1 who hast 
made distinction between things sacred  
and profane1 between light and darkness1
 between ,israel and other nations40 ,on
 the ,new ,year's ,day 7,rosh           
ha-,shanah7 the housemaster says at     
supper3 8,blessed art ,thou1 ,o ,lord1  
who didst select us from all other      
people1 and exalt us above all other    
nations1 and sanctify us with ,thy      
commandments1 444 for ,thou didst select
 us1 and sanctify us from all other     
people4444 ,blessed art ,thou1 ,o ,lord1

 the ,sanctifier of ,israel10 etc4 ,at  
the ,passover they repeat the same1     
adding1 8,blessed art ,thou1 ,o ,lord1  
the ,sanctifier of ,israel and the      
times40 ,during the ,feast of ,pentecost
 they pray1 8,blessed art ,thou1 ,o     
,lord1 who hast selected us above all   
other people1 and exalted us above all  
other nations1 and sanctified us with   
,thy commandments4444 ,our ,lord is     
exalted--,he is the first and the last1 
,he desired and chose us1 and delivered 
to us the ,law40  ,such are a few of the
 passages which are still approved of by
 learned and reverend ,jews1 8the stars 
of the evening twilight of their race40 
,these pretensions are evidently        
misplaced at the end of the nineteenth  
century4 ,their effects are remarkable  
upon the feeble brains of certain       
,christians1 who1 in conversation and   
missionary matters1 have been thrown    
much in ,jewish society1 and who end by 
thoroughly believing all these absurd   
claims4 ,a ,gentile writes about them3  

8,in addressing the posterity of the    
,patriarchs on such a theme incredulity1
 well may ,i avail myself of the words  
held sacred by their fellow-citizens1   
not of their race1 while ,i repeat the  
assertion that a ,hebrew infidel--an    
infidel amongst the #8,israelites1 to   
whom appertained the adoption1 and the  
glory1 and the covenants1' and to whom  
were committed the oracles of ,god'--the
 only open eye of the world when all the
 rest of mankind had darkness for their 
portion1 or the light of dreams--is     
indeed a frightful1 a portentous        
phenomenon60 ,yet such as they are they 
number hundreds of thousands1 and the   
spread of absolute infidelity is        
enormously on the increase4  #ah ,the   
journey of this eminent philanthropist  
to ,alexandria in #ahdj was a very      
remarkable one1 all things considered4  
,in #ahee he again visited 8the ,east10 
with the especial object of ameliorating
 the condition of his co-religionists in
 the ,holy ,land2 and it is a favourite 

subject to conjecture how much1 or how  
little1 of the true state of things he  
was allowed to know4 ,he certainly      
learned nothing from his ,damascus host1
 the late ,ishak ,haim ,farkhi1 a ,jew  
under ,french protection4 ,nor is it    
believed that he gained much knowledge  
of the true state of affairs at         
,jerusalem4 ,for instance1 the          
almshouses built outside the city under 
his trusteeship are occupied by the     
friends of the ,scribes and those who   
pay court to them1 not by the destitute 
for whom they were intended4 ,when the  
venerable philanthropist paid his last  
visit1 a collection of the poorest and  
the most miserable of the community was 
hurriedly installed there1 and after his
 departure was as summarily ejected4    
,the public has not forgotten his trip  
to ,morocco1 which1 however1 if matters 
progress as they do now1 may eventually 
be regretted by his protgs4  #ai ,i have
 retained #gbi1 the date given by       
,burton1 although ,muhammad died in #gcb

 from the effects of the experiment4    
#bj ,upon the sanguineo-oleaginous      
expression of the ,jews and the         
consequent pendency of the epiglottis1  
see 8,a ,cause of ,diminished ,longevity
 among the ,jews10 by ,sir ,duncan      
,gibb1 ,bart1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 
,article #aj1 ,journal of ,anthropology1
 ,no4 #a1 ,july1 #ahgj1 pp4 #id-ig4 ,it 
exactly describes many of the ,jews of  
,syria and ,palestine4  #ba ,this is a  
complete misnomer applied to            
,christianity1 which it confuses with   
the ,rabbinical ,schools of ,tiberias   
and ,safed4  #bb ,the year would be     
#ahgc4  #bc ,the ,jewish family is still
 in ,england what it is all over the    
,east1 the chief defence of the         
individual against society4 ,hence the  
strong affections between relations4    
,and for the same reason ,jews are      
excellent parents--it can hardly be     
otherwise when the son is expected to   
liberate his father and mother from     
,sheol4  #bd ,this is a very small fibre

 of a very pretty root4     ,,chapter   
,,iii  ,,the ,,jew ,,of ,,the ,,holy    
,,land ,,and ,,his ,,destiny   ,in      
dealing with the ,jews of the ,holy     
,land1 it is well to remember that the  
two great branches of the ,hebrew race  
are the ,sephardm and the ,ashkenazm4   
,they are both equally orthodox1 and may
 intermarry when they please4 ,it is    
advisable to offer a few words          
concerning these great branches first4  
8,sepharad10 pronounced throughout 8the 
,east0 ,safard1 a word occurring only   
once in the ,old ,testament 78and the   
captivity of ,jerusalem1 which is in    
,sepharad10 ,obad4 ver4 #bj71 has been  
subjected to various interpretations4   
,enough to say the majority of ,jews    
following the ,targum ,jonathan and the 
,peshito1 or ,syriac version1 identify  
it with ,iberia1 modern ,spain and      
,portugal4 ,the ,sephardm claim descent 
from the royal tribe of ,judah1 which1  
like the children of ,benjamin1 was the 
last to disperse4 ,it contains the usual

 three orders3 7#a7 ,the ,cohen 7in     
,arabic ,khin71 the priest or ,levite of
 the house of ,aaron--a numerous body1  
as the ,cohens of ,england show4 ,though
 born an ecclesiastic1 he may now1 since
 the rite of ordination has become      
extinct1 pursue a purely laical trade4  
,whenever a ,jew slaughters an animal1  
the ,cohen claims the tongue1 one side  
of the face1 and one shoulder4#be ,so in
 the days of ,josephus 7,antiquities of 
the ,jews1 ,,iv4 iv4 #d7 the priest took
 the maw1 the cheek 7or breast71 and the
 right shoulder of the sacrifice        
privately killed for a festival4 7#b7   
,the ,levite or descendant of ,levi1 but
 not through the house of ,aaron2 like  
the ,cohen1 to whom he should pay the   
tithe of his tithes1 he must prove his  
genealogy1 which is often doubtful1 and 
he is known by taking the name of ,levi 
after his own and before that of his    
birthplace--e4g4 ,simeon ,levi          
,salonikli4 7#c7 8,the circumcision0 or 
,ammon ,israelite4  ,since the final    

destruction of the ,temple there are no 
,gentile ,proselytes of the ,covenant1  
that is1 circumcised strangers admitted 
to all the privileges of the children of
 ,abraham2 nor are there ,proselytes of 
the ,gate1 uncircumcised worshippers of 
,jehovah who keep the moral law4 ,the   
,ger1 or stranger1 may be received into 
the ,church under certain circumstances 
by purification and circumcision1 which 
latter1 unlike the law of ,muhammad1 is 
absolutely necessary4 ,judaism1 however1
 like ,hinduism and ,guebrism1 is       
essentially one of the old congenital   
creeds2 it never has been1 it is not1   
and it never will be a system of        
proselytizing4 ,as regards the tribes1  
,judah and ,levi are everywhere known4  
,benjamin1 ,ephraim1 and ,half ,manasseh
 are spoken of1 and tradition declares  
that ,asher exists in ,abyssinia with   
,karate peculiarities4 ,finally1 many   
,jews do not believe that the ,ten      
,tribes were ever lost4 ,they say that1 
during the ,great ,captivity1 when the  

faith became all but extinct1 they were 
mixed to such an extent that it was     
afterwards impossible to separate them4 
,the ,sephardm1 or ,southern ,jews1 are 
mostly the descendants of ,spanish and  
,portuguese ancestry1 and throughout the
 ,levant and the ,north ,african coast  
they speak ,spanish and read and write  
it in their own character4 ,those of the
 ,moroccan interior use ,arabic4 ,the   
dress is ,oriental1 and in the ,holy    
,land they still wear the black turban  
ordained by the sumptuary laws of ,el   
,hakim 7circa ,a4,d4 #ajjj74 ,in        
physical appearance they are somewhat   
more prepossessing than the ,ashkenazm1 
who are outnumbering them in ,syria and 
,palestine1 and are gradually ousting   
them4 ,officially they retain their     
position2 the ,hakhm ,bash1 or chief    
doctor1 is the only ,jewish official    
recognized by the ,turkish ,government  
and representing the community in the   
,majlis1 or town council4 ,in all       
matters which come before the tribunals 

the ,ashkenazm must be supported by the 
,hakhm ,bash1 while the doctors hear and
 decide all cases relating to the       
internal affairs of the community4 ,many
 of the ,sephardm are shopkeepers1      
trading chiefly in stuffs and hardwares4
 ,there are many minor differences      
between them and the ,ashkenazm1 such as
 the contents and the arrangement of    
their ritual1 the constitution of their 
meetings1 the mode of reading the       
service1 their music1 and even their    
cursive form of the square ,hebrew      
character4 ,the ,maghrabis1 or ,western 
,jews1 chiefly living in ,north-western 
,africa1 rank elsewhere as ,sephardm2 at
 ,jerusalem1 however1 they are          
considered a separate sect1 and have    
their own chief doctor4  ,thus the      
,sephardm are the ,southern1 opposed to 
the ,northern ,jews1 or ,ashkenazm4     
,these derive their name from ,ashkenaz1
 son of ,gomer1 and grandson of ,japhet 
7,gen4 x4 #c71 who is supposed to have  
peopled1 in ethnologic succession1      

,armenia 7,jer4 li4 #bg71 ,poland1      
,germany1 and ,scandinavia--the latter  
according to some derives from him its  
name4 ,the ,ashkenazm claim descent from
 ,benjamin1 and are generally supposed  
not to have been present at the second  
building of the ,temple by ,zorobabel   
7,b4,c4 #ebj71 as described in the ,book
 of ,ezra4  ,the ,ashkenazm of the ,holy
 ,land are chiefly ,germans1 ,poles1    
,muscovites1 and other ,northerners4 ,on
 ,january #bf1 #ahdi1 an order from the 
,russian ,consulate-,general of ,beyrut 
obliged them either to return home      
biennially in order to renew their      
passports or to give up their           
nationality4 ,they were then taken under
 the protecting wing of ,great ,britain 
by the immense exertions of their       
co-religionists in the 8,city of        
,refuge0 7,london7 and of other ,western
 powers4 ,this step can hardly be looked
 upon with satisfaction4 ,relying upon  
their new nationality1 they addict      
themselves openly to usury and to other 

transactions of a doubtful and often of 
a dishonourable character4 ,a           
determination to protect the whole      
community from religious persecution1   
allowing the ,sultan to treat their     
commercial and civic affairs on the same
 footing as all the rest of his         
subjects1 would be much more just1 and  
would probably remedy not a few evils4  
,in the year #ahdj the ,northern ,jews  
mustered few at ,damascus1 and even now 
they are not numerous2 among them may be
 mentioned old ,ab ,brahm1 a well-known 
cicerone at ,demitri ,cara's ,hotel1 who
 usually passed for a ,cohen4  ,the     
,ashkenazm speak a kind of ,jew-,german1
 garbled with ,hebrew and other foreign 
words4 ,their dress is a long robe like 
a dressing-gown1 and a low-crowned hat  
of felt or beaver2 the lank love-lock   
hanging down either cheek1 and the      
eccentrically clipped fur caps1 which1  
despite the burning sun1 they everywhere
 don for the ,sabbath and for           
feast-days1 make their appearance not a 

little comical4 ,in the ,holy ,land they
 are mostly petty traders and craftsmen1
 supported in part by the ,hallorkah1 or
 alms4 ,many ,jews who have neither the 
time nor the will to visit ,jerusalem   
pay considerable sums for vicarious     
prayers there offered by their          
co-religionists1 and the contributions  
are collected throughout ,europe by     
appointed emissaries like the begging   
friars of the ,catholic world4 ,this    
dole1 distributed alike and             
indiscriminately to all who occupy the  
four ,holy ,cities1 brings many idle and
 worthless persons together1 and        
promotes early and improvident          
marriages1 every child being a source of
 additional increase4 ,some steps should
 be taken to obviate the scandals of the
 ,hallorkah4 ,much vice1 misery1 and    
ill-feeling are engendered by the       
present system of bounty1 which leaves  
much behind when passing through the    
hands of doctors responsible to no one  
for the money they receive4 ,these men  

live in comfort and even luxury2 the    
terrorism1 physical as well as          
spiritual1 with which they inspire their
 congregations1 renders them absolutely 
unassailable4 ,knowing that his doctor  
can excommunicate him1 and1 what is more
 to the purpose1 starve him and his     
family1 not a ,jew dare object to1      
though he will loudly complain of1 a    
system of hypocrisy and peculation4 ,and
 as a rule the almsgiving of the        
,israelite1 so exceptionally liberal    
throughout ,western ,europe1 becomes    
mean and niggardly throughout the ,holy 
,land4 ,in the absence of coin          
sufficiently small1 the wealthy ,hebrews
 of ,jerusalem have invented a system of
 tin bits1 which the mendicant must     
collect till sufficiently numerous to be
 changed for currency4 ,whenever there  
is a famine in the country1 pauper ,jews
 receive probably the least assistance  
from their fellows dwelling within the  
same walls4  ,the ,ashkenazm are divided
 into religious sects and social        

communities4 ,the former are three in   
number--viz4 ,parushm1 ,khasidm1 and    
,khabad4 ,the ,parushm1 ,pharisees or   
,separatists1 follow the law as laid    
down in the commentary of the late ,r4  
,gaon#bf of ,wilna4 ,they consider the  
diligent study of the ,talmud an        
essential for every religious ,jew1 and 
they conduct their liturgy according to 
it1 respecting1 however1 the sense      
attached to various rites by the        
,cabalistic teachers4 ,they strictly    
observe the appointed times for prayer1 
but they do not consider it necessary to
 dip the body in water before ablution4 
,they neglect the second pair of        
phylacteries prescribed by ,rabbenu     
,tam4#bg ,they do not hold it unlawful  
to slaughter animals for food with a    
knife which is not very sharp1 provided 
that the edge has no notches4 ,they     
regard a ,passover cake as lawful1 even 
though it be made of any kind of wheat  
or flour4  ,the ,khasidm 7,cabalists71  
that most fanatical of ,jewish sects1   

are here for the most part unlearned4   
,their liturgy is according to ,rambni  
or ,maimonides 7,rabbi ,moshe ben       
,maimon71 a ,spaniard who flourished in 
the twelfth century1 and of whom it is  
said1 8,from ,moses to ,moses there was 
none like ,moses02 they interpret it1   
however1 in the ,cabalistic sense4      
,their favourite book is the ,holy ,ri2 
they pray whenever they feel bound to do
 so1 no matter whether the prescribed   
time has passed or not4 ,unlike the     
,parushm1 they believe in certain       
,sadikm1 or righteous men1 popularly    
called ,gute ,yaden 7,juden71 and regard
 them with a superstitious veneration   
which borders upon worship1 attributing 
to them supernatural powers1 and        
attaching some spiritual and symbolic   
meanings to their most trivial and      
insignificant actions4 ,whilst          
professing to be guided only by the     
,talmud1 they in reality follow the     
teaching of some chosen ,guter ,jude4   
,the ,khasidm are particular in the     

observance of ,jewish customs1          
especially such as relate to the        
,sabbath4 ,they shake themselves        
violently and cry aloud during prayers2 
at other times they are much addicted to
 dancing1 singing1 and deep drinking4   
,they dip themselves in water before    
devotions1 and use the second pair of   
phylacteries4 ,they deem it unlawful to 
slaughter animals with a knife which is 
not very sharp1 or to use any but a     
particular kind of wheat for the        
,passover cakes4 ,much importance is    
attached by this sect to works of       
charity2 in this way they are guided by 
the ,yad ha-,khazakah1 or 8strong hand0 
of ,maimonides1 who assigns eight steps 
or grades to the golden ladder of       
charity4 ,the ,parushm and ,khasidm     
combine in various proportions2 for     
instance1 in ,tiberias all are ,khasidm 
except the doctor1 who is a ,parushi4   
,the ,khabad1 or third sect1 suggests in
 name the ,ebionites1 or ,jewish        
,nazarenes1 who hold the 8great teacher 

of ,nazareth0 to be the ,messiah1 but   
merely human2 this sect1 however1 has   
apparently died out4 ,the modern ,khabad
 have a liturgy arranged from their old 
,rabbi ,zelmna4 ,they resemble the      
,khasidm1 having their own ,gute ,juden1
 but they are usually more learned and  
pious4 ,they are given to hospitality   
and charity1 and attach much importance 
to visiting the sick4 ,they dip         
themselves before prayers1 read and     
study much1 and meet together on        
,sabbath evenings to hear the ,law      
expounded by their principal teacher4   
,they keep as a feast the #aith day of  
,kislef1 the third civil and ninth      
ecclesiastical month 7about ,december72 
on that day ,r4 ,shalomon1 the founder  
of the sect1 was liberated from prison4 
,the ,ashkenazm are divided into social 
communities according to the ,european  
district or city whence they came1 and  
each section is presided over by a      
scribe or a layman of respectability and
 good standing4 ,the chief communities  

of ,parushm are the ,wilna1 ,grainer1   
,grodno1 ,minsk1 ,nassen1 ,warsaw1      
,zuolik1 and ,german4 ,those of the     
,khasidm are the ,volhynian1 the        
,hungaro-,austrian1 and the ,galician4  
,the ,khabad are a community by         
themselves4  ,the ,ashkenazm1 who are   
wrongly represented to be considered    
pariahs by the ,sephardm1 have brought  
from ,northern climates a manliness of  
bearing1 a stoutness of spirit1 and a   
physical hardness strongly contrasting  
with the cowardly and effeminate1 the   
despised and despicable ,sephardm 8,jew 
of ,israel's land40 ,if spoken to       
fiercely1 they will reply in kind2 if   
struck1 they will return the blow2 and  
they do not fear to mount a horse1      
unlike their ,southern brethren1 who    
prefer an ass1 or at most an ambling    
pony1 to the best of ,arab blood4 ,they 
will travel by night over difficult and 
dangerous paths1 whereas their congeners
 tremble to quit the city walls2 and    
they can endure extremes of heat and    

cold1 of hunger and thirst1 which might 
be fatal to any soft ,syrian who would  
imitate them4 ,the ,ashkenazm of the    
,holy ,land are in a word 8men02 the    
,sephardm are not4 8,the ,spanish and   
,portuguese ,jews are of far higher and 
more intellectual type than the ,english
 and ,german10 says ,dr4 ,linsdale4     
,possibly2 but in the matter of         
manliness there is no comparison4 ,and1 
as has been remarked1 the ,ashkenazi is 
8eating up0 the ,sephardi wherever they 
meet4  ,concerning the so-called        
unorthodox sects in the ,holy ,land a   
few brief details may be given4  ,the   
,karates 7,carates71 translated         
8,readers10 that is 8textualists10      
assign a literal sense to all ,holy     
,writ1 and reject every book posterior  
to the ,law and the ,prophets2 they are 
therefore considered pestilent heretics4
 ,these ,puritans1 claiming descent from
 the ,ten ,tribes who took no part in   
the ,crucifixion1 are scattered         
throughout ,arabia1 with ,bagdad for a  

centre2 and they are most numerous in   
,russia and ,poland1 where they could   
boast that for four centuries none of   
their number had ever been found guilty 
of a serious crime4 ,henderson the      
traveller numbers some four thousand of 
them in the ,crimea with their ,cohens1 
or priests4 ,at ,pentecost1 they read1  
we are told1 as ,ha-phatorah1 or        
conclusions of the day1 ,joel ii4       
#bh-cb1 whereas other ,jews stop at ver4
 #bg4 ,there is still a large colony at 
,aden1 where the ,english authorities   
have found nothing to complain of them4 
,formerly there were many at ,damascus2 
now they have left it en masse3 the     
,protestant cemetery occupies part of   
their old burial-ground1 whose          
gravestones are distinguished from those
 of the ,jews4 ,in ,syria they are      
mostly confined to ,jerusalem1 where    
till lately they numbered seven families
 7thirty-five souls74 ,their single1    
poor synagogue1 a small cellar-like     
chamber1 which dates back1 they say1 for

 many centuries1 lies opposite the big  
new building of the orthodox4 ,its sole 
object of attraction is one old         
manuscript of the ,pentateuch1 and the  
other ,jews so hate them that the       
stranger will not readily find his way  
to their place of worship4 ,in early    
#ahgb they were reinforced by an        
emigration from ,bagdad numbering forty 
souls1 who reported that many more were 
on the way4 ,these men all wore ,bedawin
 dresses1 which1 however1 they changed  
for the usual ,jewish garb when once    
settled in the city4  ,the ,samaritans  
are now found only at ,nabls1 the       
classical ,neapolis1 or new town4 ,they 
claim descent from ,ephraim and         
,manasseh1 whilst their ,cohens are of  
course ,levites2 the orthodox           
opprobriously call them ,kthm1 or       
,babylonians1 and despite physical      
evidence utterly deny their ,jewish     
consanguinity4 ,all contact with them is
 defiling1 as though they were          
,gentiles4 ,the total is now forty      

families1 or a hundred and thirty-five  
souls2 they will not intermarry with any
 but their own people2 the birth of     
males1 contrary to what might be        
expected1 outnumbers that of females in 
the proportion of eighty to fifty-five1 
and consequently the 8undying dogmatism0
 is threatened with dying out4 ,the     
little sect owes its fame in ,europe to 
the three well-known codices which every
 stranger hastens to inspect4 ,according
 to their ,hakhms1 whilst repeating the 
,talmud they study the ,targum of ,r4   
,levi4 ,they keep their ,passover by    
solar computation1 not lunar1 like the  
,hebrews2 for instance1 in #ahga the    
former held the feast on ,may #c1 and   
the latter on ,april #e4 ,moreover1 they
 still sacrifice and eat their ,paschal 
,lamb upon ,mount ,gerizim4  ,jerusalem 
is sometimes visited by some of the     
8,black ,jews0 of ,malabar and ,western 
,india1 concerning whom so much         
absurdity has been written4 ,the 8,white
 ,jews0 of ,india have a tradition      

according to which their ancestors1     
numbering ten thousand souls1 emigrated 
,eastward about ,a4,d4 #gj1 and settled 
about ,cranganore on the ,malabar coast4
 ,here they remained till ,a4,d4 #aefe1 
when they were driven into the interior 
by the ,portuguese4 ,as no synagogue can
 be founded without a minimum           
congregation of ten free and adult      
males1 the white ,jews when necessary   
simply bought back their nine ,hindu    
slaves1 manumitted them1 circumcised and
 bathed them1 and thus obtained their   
wishes4 ,the 8,reformed ,british ,jews10
 mostly ,ashkenazm1 who date from the   
#gth of ,elll1 ,a4,m4 #efja 7,august    
#bd1 #ahda71 and whose prayer-book is   
edited by their minister1 the ,rev4 ,mr4
 ,marks1 are hardly likely to make way  
in 8the ,east0 with such ultra-,karate  
doctrine as 8the sufficiency of the ,law
 of ,moses for the guidance of ,israel10
 and with their opposition to the       
divinity of the traditions contained in 
the ,mishnah2 and in the ,jerusalem and 

,babylonian ,talmuds they would only be 
included in the host      ,of petulant1 
capricious sects1     ,the maggots of   
corrupted texts4  ,there is little to   
say concerning the physical             
peculiarities of the ,eastern ,jew1 who 
in all the salient points of form and   
feature remarkably resembles his brother
 of ,houndsditch and the ,minories4     
,here and there the lines are less      
curved1 the profile is straight and     
high1 whilst there are a few local      
varieties like the fair hair and        
olive-coloured eyes of ,dalmatia4 ,the  
highest type contains a certain softness
 of expression1 with that decisive cast 
of mouth and chin which may be seen in  
the ,london policeman and in the        
backwoodsman of the ,far ,west4         
,although centuries of oppression have  
necessarily given to the many that      
cringing1 deprecating glance1 that      
shifting look which painfully suggests a
 tame beast expecting a blow1 yet we    
still find both amongst the ,ashkenazm  

and the ,sephardm red ,jews and black   
,jews2 fierce-eyed1 dark-browed1 and    
hollow-cheeked1 with piercing acuteness 
of glance1 and an almost reckless look  
of purpose4 ,greed and craft1 and even  
ferocity1 are to be read in such faces1 
but rarely weakness1 and never          
imbecility2 roughness1 unculture1 and   
coarseness are there1 not vulgarity1 nor
 want of energy2 and the ,christian     
physiognomy by their side looks         
commonplace when contrasted with those  
features so full of concentration and   
vigorous meaning4  ,these are the same  
men as those who under happier auspices 
organize such worldwide institutions as 
the ,alliance ,isralite ,universelle1   
with its heart in ,paris and its limbs  
extending far and wide on the earth1    
whilst increasing organization proposes 
to extend them farther and wider4 ,its  
object is simply to promote concerted   
action amongst the ,jews scattered about
 both hemispheres2 to effect unity and  
community in all matters interesting to 

the ,jewish body politic2 to forward the
 interest of its friends1 and to effect 
the ruin of its enemies4 ,thus it will  
eventually absorb by taking under its   
charge such detached institutions as the
 ,khagal1 or ,communal ,government of   
the ,hebrews in ,russia4 ,it is the     
fashion to praise the organization of   
the ,jesuits1 the ,freemasons1 the      
,carbonari1 the ,mormons1 and other     
bodies1 who have an esoteric system     
underlying the exoteric form4 ,as far as
 my knowledge goes1 none can be compared
 with that of the ,jews1 because those  
are local and partial1 whereas these are
 all but universal4  ,such men easily   
become the warriors of commerce1        
bringing to the battle of interests1 the
 campaign of life1 all that boldness and
 resolution1 that persistence and       
heroism1 that subtlety and              
unscrupulousness which the ,patriarchs  
and the ,maccabees carried out into the 
personal conflict of sword and spear4   
,they become the great potentates of    

finance and capital1 who have agents and
 reporters in every chief centre of the 
world2 who know every project1 what is  
to flourish and what is to founder2 what
 enterprise is to be effectual1 and what
 is to fail4 ,if a seaport want a dock1 
a city require a bulwark1 or a country  
demand a railway or a loan1 they are    
ever ready to furnish each and all4 ,and
 as a rule they are not unfair1 they are
 not mean2 indeed there is often a      
certain generosity in their conditions4 
,but they always bargain for something  
besides money4 ,they stipulate1 for     
instance1 that this man should be       
allowed to participate in these profits1
 that another should be excluded from   
those advantages2 their interests are so
 various and so widespread that they    
need political power everywhere1 and as 
they must have it so they will have it4 
,one offence1 one deadly sin1 never     
forgiven1 never forgotten1 is           
insubordination in the ranks1 however   
trifling4 ,let a secondary firm attempt 

to throw off the yoke by launching out1 
for instance1 into an enterprise        
unauthorized by the ,great ,house2      
straightway its credit is assailed1 its 
acceptances are dishonoured1 its ruin is
 assured4 ,such are the arts which have 
enabled the ,jew to arrive at his       
present position4 ,and he may           
confidently look forward to the time    
when the whole financial system1 not    
only of ,europe from one end to the     
other1 but of the whole world1 will be  
in the hands of a few crafty            
capitalists1 whose immense wealth shall1
 with a few pulsations of the telegraph1
 unthrone dynasties and determine the   
destinies of nations4  ,it remains now  
only to touch upon the future prospects 
of the ,jewish race4 ,this important    
consideration is still subject to two   
widely different opinions4  ,the first1 
which may be called the vapid utterance 
of the so-called ,liberal ,school1      
speaks as follows3 8,in this century we 
are battering down the ponderous walls  

of prejudice which nations and sects    
have erected in past times1 for the     
separation of themselves from their     
neighbours1 or as a coign of vantage    
from which to hurl offensive weapons at 
them4 ,roman ,catholic and ,jewish      
emancipation have been conceded1 though 
tardily1 and we may fairly hope that in 
the next generation our political1      
social1 and commercial relations with   
our fellow-men will be conducted without
 regard to their religious belief or    
their ethnological origin40 ,the        
trifling objection to this 8harmonious  
and tolerant state of things0 is that1  
though the ,christian may give up his   
faith and race1 the ,jew1 however       
readily he may throw overboard the      
former1 will cling to the latter with   
greater tenacity1 as it will be the very
 root and main foundation of his power4 
,the second is the ,judophobic or ,roman
 ,catholic view of the supremacy of     
,jewish influence in the governments and
 the diplomacy of ,europe4 ,it openly   

confesses its dread of ,judaic          
encroachments1 and it goes the full     
length of declaring that1 unless the    
course of events be changed by some     
quasi-miraculous agency1 the triumph of 
the ,israelite over ,christian          
civilization is inevitable--in fact1    
that ,judaism1 the oldest and exclusive 
form of the great ,semitic faith1 will  
at least outlive1 if it does not subdue 
and survive1 ,christianity1 whose       
triumph has been over an alien race of  
,aryans4 8,gold10 it argues1 8is the    
master of the world1 and the ,jewish    
people are becoming masters of the gold4
 ,by means of gold they can spread      
corruption far and wide1 and thus       
control the destinies of ,europe and of 
the world40 ,for the last quarter of a  
century the dominant ,church in ,france 
seems to have occupied itself in        
disseminating these ideas1 and the      
number of books published by the        
alarmists and replied to by ,jewish     
authors is far from inconsiderable4     

,witness the names of ,,mm4 ,tousseuel1 
,bdarride1 ,th4 ,halliz1 ,rev4 ,p4      
,ratisbonne1 and ,a4 ,c4 de ,medelsheim1
 without specifying the contributors to 
the ,union ,isralite and the ,archives  
,isralites of ,paris--a sufficient proof
 of the interest which this question has
 excited1 and of the ability with which 
it has been discussed in ,france4  ,but 
these are generalisms which require the 
specification of particulars4 ,where1   
however1 the field is so extensive1 we  
must limit ourselves to the most running
 survey of ,europe and the ,holy ,land4 
,throughout this continent the career of
 the ,jew is at once thriving and       
promising4 ,the removal of ,jewish      
disabilities in ,england and the almost 
universal spread of constitutionalism   
throughout ,europe have told mightily in
 favour of the ,jews4 ,an essential     
condition of all reform is that the     
reformer never can say1 8,thus far will 
,i go1 and no farther40 ,in sporting    
parlance1 he took off the weight from a 

dark horse1 and the latter is everywhere
 winning in a canter4 ,the father kept a
 little shop in the ,ghetto2 the son has
 palaces and villas1 buys titles1       
crosses1 and other graven images utterly
 unknown to the ,mosaic ,law1 and       
intermarries with the historic          
,christian families of the land4 ,the   
great1 if not the only1 danger is that  
in the outlying parts of ,europe1 where 
men are not thoroughly tamed1 and where 
the sword is still familiar to the hand1
 the ,jew advances far too fast2 nor is 
it easy to see how his career can be    
arrested before it hurries him over the 
precipice4 ,at this moment ,hungary is a
 case in point4 ,the ,magnate1 profuse  
in hospitality1 delighting in display1  
careless of expenditure1 and            
contemptuous of economy1 sees all his   
rich estates1 with their flocks and     
herds1 their crops and mines1 passing   
out of his own hands1 and contributing  
to swell the bottomless pocket of the   
,jewish usurer4 ,but the ,magyar is a   

fiery race2 and if this system of legal 
robbery be allowed to pass a certain    
point1 which1 by-the-bye1 is not far    
distant1 the ,jews must prepare         
themselves for another disaster right   
worthy of the ,middle ,ages4 ,and they  
will have deserved it4  ,as regards the 
restoration of ,israel to the ,holy     
,land1 that favourite theme of prophecy 
and poetry1 that day-dream of the ,jew1 
at least until he found a country and a 
home in the far happier regions beyond  
his ancient seats1 no supernatural gift 
is required to point out the natural    
course of events4 ,though the recovery  
of ,jerusalem is the subject of eternal 
supplication throughout the ,jewish     
world1 wealthy and prosperous ,jews     
openly declare that they take no        
personal interest in the matter4 ,the   
prayer1 in fact1 has become a mere      
formula4#bh ,still1 with six millions of
 souls1 which will presently become     
nine1 there can be no difficulty in     
finding volunteers like those who now   

garrison the four ,holy                 
,cities--,jerusalem and ,hebron1        
,tiberias and ,safed4 ,a single million 
of souls would give the ,israelite      
complete command over the ,land of      
,promise in the widest acceptation of   
the term1 and it will not be long before
 this number can be contributed4  ,the  
,jews might readily return to ,juda2 but
 there is a lion in the path4 ,russia   
cares little for ,constantinople1 which 
will fall to her in the fulness of time 
when the fruit is ripe4 ,but she will   
brook no interference with the ,holy    
,land1 except for her own benefit4 ,this
 power1 half ,european and half         
,asiatic1 greatly indebted withal for   
her success in life to the mixture which
 she despises1 has the immense advantage
 of a peculiar and homogeneous creed1 in
 which she believes with childish ardour
 and which she preaches with virile     
energy4 ,to her1 conquest is not mere   
increase of area1 of physical growth4   
,it is extending the field of           

proselytism1 of religion2 and this view 
of national progress and of racial duty 
is at once her strength and her         
weakness1 her glory and her shame4 ,she 
finds the headquarters of ,christianity 
necessary to the full development of her
 religious superiority1 and in the      
ever-increasing weakness of the ,latin  
,church she descries her best           
opportunity4  ,thus1 as modern          
travellers assure us1 ,russia is quietly
 absorbing the ,holy ,places in ,syria  
and ,palestine4 ,a bran-new ,jerusalem  
of church1 convent1 and hospice1 which a
 few days' work would convert into forts
 and barracks1 has lately risen outside 
the grey old walls and towers of ,jebus1
 concealing them from the ardent gaze of
 the pilgrim as he tops the last hill   
leading to the ,jaffa ,gate4 ,at ,hebron
 the ,muscovite was not allowed to buy  
building-ground within the settlement2  
he bought the oak which passes itself   
off for ,abraham's terebinth1 and here  
again will be a church1 convent1 and    

hospice4 ,jacob's ,well at ,shechem has 
shared the same fate1 and even ,tiberias
 is threatened with a fourth church1    
convent1 and hospice4 ,the so-called    
,greeks1#bi whose ,muscovite sympathies 
are well known1 were granted such boons 
as the monopoly of ,mount ,tabor1 whose 
classic and ,saracenic ruins were       
ruthlessly pulled down to build a       
cockney church and convent4 ,this       
usurpation became so intolerable1 that  
in the summer of #ahgb the ,latin monks 
attacked the intruders1 seized vi et    
armis a part of the mountain to which   
they laid claim1 and enclosed their     
conquest with a wall4 ,on the other     
hand1 when the ,latins proved an        
undoubted right to their ancestral      
chapel at ,kefr ,kenna 7,cana in        
,galilee71 the ,greeks were instructed  
to set up a rival claim1 and both were  
formally dismissed with the oyster      
shell1 the oyster having been pronounced
 ,wukf1 or mosque endowment4  ,this     
,russian pre-emption of the ,holy ,land 

is a benefit to the ,jew1 although the  
latter may not recognize it4 ,but for   
this he would hasten to fulfil the      
prophecy2 he would buy up the country1  
as indeed he is now doing at            
,jerusalem2#cj he would conquer the     
people by capital1 and he would once    
more form a nation4  ,but here the      
question obtrudes itself3 8,if ,judaism 
should again prevail--indeed its        
advocates say it shall prevail          
universally--how long could it endure80 
,those who know the codes of the ,talmud
 and of the ,safed ,school1 which are   
still1 despite certain petty struggles1 
the life-light of ,judaism1 will have no
 trouble in replying4 ,a people whose   
highest ideas of religious existence are
 the superstitious sanctification of    
,sabbath1 the washing of hands1 the     
blowing of ram's horns1 the saving rite 
of circumcision1 and the thousand       
external functions compensating for     
moral delinquencies1 with ,abraham      
sitting at the gate of ,hell to keep it 

closed for ,jews2 a community which     
would declare marriage impossible to    
some twelve millions of ,gentiles1      
forbid them the ,sabbath1 and sentence  
to death every 8stranger0 reading an    
,old ,testament2 which would have all   
the ,ger who are not idolaters without  
religion1 whilst forbidding those whom  
it calls 8idolaters0 7the ,christians7  
to exercise the commonest feelings of   
humanity2 which would degrade and insult
 one-half of humanity1 the weaker sex1  
and which would sanction slavery1 and at
 the same time oppress and vilify its   
slaves by placing them on a level with  
oxen and asses2 a faith which1 abounding
 in heathen practices1 would encourage  
the study of the ,black ,art1 would     
loosen every moral obligation1 would    
grant dispensations to men's oaths1 and 
would sanction the murder of the        
unlearned2 a system of injustice1 whose 
,sanhedrins1 at once heathenish and     
unlawful1 have distinguished themselves 
only for force and fraud1 for           

superabundant self-conceit1 for         
cold-blooded cruelty1 and for           
unrelenting enmity to all human         
nature1--such conditions1 it is evident1
 are not calculated to create or to     
preserve national life4 ,the civilized  
world would never endure the presence of
 a creed which says to man1 8,hate thy  
neighbour unless he be one of ye10 or of
 a code written in blood1 not in ink1   
which visits the least infractions of   
the ,rabbinical laws with exorcism and  
excommunication1 with stoning and       
flogging to death4#ca ,a year of such   
spectacles would more than suffice to   
excite the wrath and revenge of outraged
 humanity2 the race1 cruel1 fierce1     
dogged1 and desperate as in the days of 
,titus and ,hadrian1 would defend itself
 to the last2 the result would be       
another siege and capture of ,jerusalem1
 and the 8,chosen ,people0 would once   
more lie prostrate in their blood and be
 stamped out of the ,holy ,land4        
,briefly1 it is evident that nothing but

 ,russian preponderance in ,syria and   
,palestine prevents its being reoccupied
 by its old intolerant and persecuting  
owners1#cb and that to these the        
greatest possible misfortune would be   
the granting of their daily1 weekly1 and
 yearly prayer--                  ,next 
year may we meet at ,jerusalem4         
,,footnotes3  #be ,in consequence of the
 accident which occurred to ,jacob      
7,gen4 xxxii47 his descendants still    
abstain from the hind-quarters of the   
few beasts left to them by ,leviticus   
xv4  #bf ,gaon means a learned man3 had 
he not some other name8  #bg ,rabbenu   
,tam was the most distinguished disciple
 of the renowned ,r4 ,rashi 7#ajdj-aaje 
,a4,d474  #bh ,the formula1 however1 is 
still perpetually repeated4 ,on the     
,sabbaths preceding the new moons       
,jehovah is adjured to 8gather the      
dispersed1 the united people of ,israel 
from the four corners of the earth40    
,the sunset devotions1 the ,yom         
ha-,kippur1 or ,great ,day of           

,atonement1 concludes with1 8,next year 
we shall be in ,jerusalem40 ,at the     
,passover feast before the fourth cup   
the ,lord is blessed1 and all say1 as   
they have been saying during the last   
eighteen centuries1 8,the year that     
approaches we shall be in ,jerusalem40  
,the burden of the ,musaph concluding   
the ,sabbath services is that ,god may  
be pleased to return ,his people from   
their dispersions1 and restore them to  
the possession of ,jerusalem and the    
,temple4  #bi ,not to be confounded with
 ,hellenes4 ,these ,greeks are ,syrian  
and ,christian peasants 7fellhn71       
without a drop of ,greek blood in their 
veins1 but belonging to the so-called   
,greek ,church4  #cj ,in #ahgc the      
population of the ,holy ,city is        
generally laid down as3            ,jews
         #i1ejj           ,christians   
#e1cjj           ,muslims      #e1jjj   
------           ,total       #ai1hjj   
,owing to the recent immigration        
especially of ,russian ,jews1 and to the

 opening of the railway to the coast of 
,jaffa1 these figures have been more    
than quadrupled4 ,in #ahif the whole    
population was estimated at over        
#hj1jjj1 of whom nearly #dj1jjj were    
,jews1 #be1jjj ,christians of all       
denominations1 and #ae1jjj ,muhammadans1
 chiefly ,turks and ,arabs4  #ca ,it has
 been well remarked that no ,hebrew     
citizen was ever condemned to exile4 ,if
 guilty1 he was punished1 but not made  
an outcast and infamous1 forced to sin  
by dwelling beyond the holy soil of     
their own land in the impure and        
accursed rest of earth4  #cb ,it is     
interesting to read what the inspired   
,jew ,spinoza wrote upon the ,jews3     
8,the rite of circumcision1 ,i am fain  
to persuade myself1 is of such moment in
 this matter 7i4e4 of isolating nations7
 that it alone1 methinks1 were enough to
 preserve this people distinct for ever2
 indeed1 unless the fundamentals of     
their religion bring upon them          
effeminacy of mind and character1 ,i am 

inclined to believe that1 with the      
opportunity afforded1 since human       
affairs are notoriously changeable1 they
 may again recover their empire1 and    
,god elect them to ,himself anew4444 ,to
 conclude1 were any one disposed to     
maintain that the ,jews1 for the cause  
assigned1 or for any other cause        
whatsoever1 had been especially chosen  
by ,god to all eternity1 ,i should not  
gainsay him1 provided he allowed that   
this choice was most in respect of      
nothing but empire and personal         
advantages 7in which only one nation can
 be distinguished from another71 for as 
regards understanding and true virtue no
 nation is more remarkable than another1
 and so cannot on such grounds be looked
 on as elected by ,god0 7,tractatus     
,theologico-,politicus1 chap4 iii474    
,it is instructive to compare with the  
sage's text two commentaries of his     
editions4 ,one of them assures us that1 
no longer persecuted by ,pope and       
,kaiser or ,christian community1 8with  

no mark of civic distinction denied the 
,jews1 they will soon become absorbed   
into the larger ,christian communities1 
surrounded by whom they now dwell in all
 the countries of ,europe2 they will    
finally disappear1 and leave only       
historical records of their existence40 
,at present1 however1 ,judaism bids fair
 to rise above and to survive           
,christianity4 ,in ,b4 ,auerbach's      
,leben ,spinozas we are told that the   
immediate cause which to ,spinoza       
suggested this 8curious persuasion0 7the
 restoration of the ,jews7 may have been
 this1 that a certain ,sabbathai        
,zewi1#cc who had lately appeared in    
,greece1 caused such a commotion amongst
 his co-religionists as at one time to  
make their regeneration and             
reconstitution into a sovereignty appear
 not impossible4  #cc ,better known     
under the popular form ,cevi4           
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,the ,,jew ,,and ,,the 
,,talmud   ,the present chapter contains
 many an assertion which will make the  

expert ,talmudist smile4 ,it will1      
however1 serve one most useful          
purpose--namely1 to show what the       
,christians and ,muslims of the ,east   
hold to be the belief of the ,hebrew    
race and the practices of men dwelling  
within the same walls as themselves4    
,that this hostility to the ,eastern    
,jews is no mere unreasoning prejudice1 
but is founded in some sort on fact1 the
 following brief survey of the          
,rabbinical and ,talmudic writings will 
show4 ,a people which has such a        
vindictive ,oral ,law is sure to excite 
the spirit of retaliation1 for obviously
 the ,law exists not merely in letter1  
but in the spirit4  ,in a notorious     
trial in ,damascus within living memory1
 which roused the anti-,jewish feeling  
in that city and indeed throughout      
,syria to a frenzy1 certain learned     
doctors brought into court as evidence a
 number of manuscripts and printed      
books4 ,it was remarked that the texts  
were full of lacun4 ,this was explained 

by the fact that they are so written1   
since ,europe began to read the         
,rabbinical and ,talmudic writings1 for 
the purpose of concealing what might    
excite odium4 ,the divines supply the   
omissions by inserting them in writing1 
or preferably by committing them to     
memory4 ,thus they suppress offensive   
sectarian words1 such as ,goi 7plural   
,goym71 the wicked1 the forgetful of    
,god--that is to say1 ,gentiles in      
general1 including ,christians and      
,muslims2 ,minm1 or ,karate ,jews2      
,kuthim1 ,samaritans2 ,nakhrm1 strangers
 or infidels1 corresponding with the    
,arabic ,kfirin1 or the ,turkish        
,giaour2 and ,ndoyym1 or ,mesmedm1 in   
,arabic ,mahrmn or ,murtaddn1 the       
excommunicated4 ,and it is evident that 
they had good reasons for this prudence2
 the ,seder ,adarhout1 for instance1    
enumerates with the object of refuting  
them many foul crimes attributed to the 
,jews4  ,the most important and pregnant
 tenet of modern ,jewish belief is that 

the ,ger1 or stranger1 in fact all those
 who do not belong to their religion1   
are brute beasts1 having no more rights 
than the fauna of the field4 ,thus in   
,lucio ,ferraris 7,prompta ,bibliotheca1
 ,vol4 ,,iii41 sub lit4 ,e and ,h1      
,order #d1 ,tract #h7 we read3          
8,prcipitur omnibus ,judis ut           
,christianes omnes loco brutorum        
habeant1 nec aliter eos tractent quam   
bruta animalia40 ,the argument from     
which this abominable belief is derived 
appears to be as follows3 8,when        
,abraham was ordered to offer up ,isaac 
7,gen4 xxii471 he saddled his ass1 and  
took two of his young men with him4 ,but
 when he saw the place of sacrifice1#cd 
he said unto his young men1 #8,abide ye 
here with the ass2 and ,i and the lad   
will go yonder and worship1 and come    
again to you4'0 ,the ,talmud declares   
that ,abraham1 who had seen ,god1 asked 
his servants if they had likewise done  
so2 and on their replying in the        
negative1 he said to them1 8,abide ye   

here with the ass10 meaning that they   
were animals like the ass4 ,but this is 
by no means contrary to ,scripture      
doctrine2 for instance1 ,jeremiah 7x4   
#h7 calls the votaries of false religion
 8altogether brutish and foolish40 ,thus
 the ,law and the ,prophets belong      
exclusively to the ,jews2 the ,gentile  
reading or even buying a copy should be 
put to death4 ,all the books of other   
faiths must be burnt1 even though they  
contain the name of ,jehovah2 and if any
 but a ,hebrew write the name of ,god in
 a ,bible which is not a ,jewish        
manuscript1 the volume must also be     
burnt4  ,the ,jew who does not keep the 
,sabbath 7,saturday7#ce according to    
,rabbinical ,law must suffer excision1  
be stoned to death1 or incur the        
flogging of rebellion1 that is1 he must 
be 8beaten until his soul go out10 like 
all those who transgress affirmative    
commandments4 ,some ,rabbis hold that a 
,hebrew1 hearing the sound of the       
trumpet1 should stand or sit in the same

 position until the evening of the ,holy
 ,day4 ,all manner of work is absolutely
 forbidden to the ,jew3 he is guilty of 
capital crime if he carry a snuff-box or
 a pocket-handkerchief2 he may not light
 a fire to cook his meals1 nor          
extinguish it to prevent his house being
 burnt down4 ,until the days of the     
,maccabees he could not defend his life 
against an enemy2 and when ,strabo      
informs us that ,pompey 7,b4,c4 #fc7    
stormed ,jerusalem 8by waiting for the  
day of fast1 on which the ,jews were in 
the habit of abstaining from all work10 
he evidently alludes to the ,saturday4  
,the modern ,jew in ,syria and          
,palestine can walk only two thousand   
paces upon the ,sabbath1 except when    
travelling through the dangerous        
desert4#cf ,he will not receive money on
 that day1 or transact any business1    
however profitable2 it is moreover the  
fashion to keep a grave face1 and to    
speak as little as possible4 ,yet he is 
not the strictest of ,sabbatarians1 and 

his women rather enjoy being called upon
 between the services#cg in order to    
display their dresses and jewellery4 ,of
 course there are many 8guiles10        
technically so called1 in order to elude
 restrictions which savour of the       
degrading spirit peculiar to the ,oral  
,law1 which is little more than the     
,rabbinical ,criminal ,code intended to 
raise and provide for an aristocracy of 
savants4 ,for instance1 most wealthy    
families1 forgetting that he who hires a
 man to murder a third person is really 
the murderer1 habitually keep ,muslim   
servants1 who can boil coffee and serve 
pipes to ,gentile friends4 ,and the     
latter must by no means join in         
honouring the day4 ,according to the    
,talmud 7chap1 iv41 ,sanhedrin1 of the  
fourth ,mishnic ,section1 or order      
,seder ,nezikin71 the ,gentile          
sanctifying the ,sabbath must be put to 
death without asking questions1 even as 
the ,lord said to him1 8,thou shalt not 
rest day nor night40#ch  ,the ,oral ,law

 is superior in dignity to all          
others4#ci ,in the ,prompta ,bibliotheca
 we find 7p4 #big1 ,order #d1 ,tract #d1
 ,dist4 #aj73 8,gravius plectendos esse 
qui contradicunt verbis ,scribarum quam 
verbis ,mosaic ,legis1 quibus qui       
contradixerit1 morte moriatur40 ,and he 
must die by the flogging of rebellion1 a
 ,rabbinical practice utterly unknown to
 the ,pentateuch1 which ordered forty   
stripes1 whereas in the ,new            
,dispensation the offender must be      
flogged without intermission till he    
expires4 ,thus the ,scribes and         
,pharisees still sit in ,moses' seat4   
,the modern ,jew follows the creed of   
,maimonides 7twelfth century71 which    
contains thirteen fundamental articles1 
the last being the resurrection of the  
dead4 ,the ancient ,jew obeyed the      
,twelve ,commandments without a word    
about the resurrection4 ,the sojourning 
proselyte who would be saved must become
 a ,noahite1 and obey the ,seven        
,commandments assured to the ,noachid2  

the ,hakhm ,ab'l ,afya gave them as     
follows3    #a4 ,thou shalt not worship 
planets1 stars1 or idols4    #b4 ,thou  
shalt not fornicate nor commit adultery4
    #c4 ,thou shalt not slay 7man74     
#d4 ,thou shalt not steal4#dj    #e4    
,thou shalt not eat in the street the   
flesh of a lamb4    #f4 ,thou shalt not 
castrate the sons of ,abraham1 mankind1 
or any       other animal4    #g4 ,thou 
shalt not join the several races of     
animals4#da  ,more correctly speaking1  
this code given to the ,noachid1 or     
,noahites1 commands them to abstain from
 the ,seven ,deadly ,sins3 7#a7         
idolatry2 7#b7 irreverence to ,god2 7#c7
 homicide2 7#d7 robbery1 fraud1 and     
plunder--generally1 not only of a       
co-religionist2 7#e7 adultery2 7#f7     
disobedience and misrule2 and 7#g7      
eating part of an animal still living1  
or the blood of the dead4 ,the latter   
was added 7,gen4 ix4 #d7 to the ,six    
,sins forbidden to ,adam--namely1       
idolatry1 blasphemy1 shedding of blood1 

incest1 robbery1 and injustice4  ,but   
the sojourning proselyte#db receives    
scant consolation1 as he may not be     
received when the ,jubilee cannot be    
observed 7,hilchoth ,issure ,biah1 xiv4 
#g1 #h72 and this ceased after ,reuben1 
,gad1 and half ,manasseh were led away  
captive1 or in ,b4,c4 #hhd1 according to
 common chronology4 ,add to this #a1hgc1
 and we have #b1geg years since the last
 feast of the kind1 and we have         
twenty-seven centuries and a half since 
any ,gentiles were converted from the   
errors of idolatry to the religion of   
the sons of ,noah4  ,those who          
transgress any of the ,commandments     
transgress them all4#dc ,the goods of   
,gentiles who have not conformed to the 
,noahite code1 that is to say1 all now  
living1 are lawful to the ,hebrews4     
,this right was first conferred by      
,jehovah during the ,exodus from ,egypt1
 and it was confirmed to the descendants
 of the wanderers by the ,talmud 7,baba 
,masiaah1 or ,middle ,gate1 second of   

the fourth order1 and ,abodah ,zarah1   
eighth of the same74  ,rabbinical       
religion is rampant in the kitchen4     
,blood first forbidden to ,noah 7,gen4  
ix4 #d71 and afterwards to all the sons 
of ,abraham 7,lev4 iii4 #ag and vi4     
#cj7--;because it was supposed to       
contain the vital principle which it    
does not--must be drained out of the    
meat before this can be eaten4 ,the     
usual practice is by macerating it in   
water for thirty minutes1 and leaving it
 in salt for an hour4 ,it is then taken 
out and washed again1 a peculiar wooden 
tub and sieve being used for the        
purpose4 ,in ,morocco the ,jews also    
pound the flesh till the fibre is       
broken1 and thus it becomes more tender 
and less able to be kept--this1 however1
 is a local practice unknown to the     
,jews elsewhere4 ,the ,talmud declares  
that there are two kinds of blood       
pleasing to the ,lord--viz4 7#a7 that of
 the ,paschal holocaust2 7#b7 that of   
circumcision4 ,in the books of ,moses we

 find that blood is used as a purifier4 
,for instance1 the ,lawgiver 7,exod4    
xxiv4 #f-h7 took half of the blood      
drained from victims and put it in      
basins1 with which he sprinkled the     
people to cleanse them from the         
abominations of the ,egyptians1 and the 
other half he sprinkled upon the altar4 
,human blood is not used by us in its   
pure state2 nor can we#dd call it human1
 for the ,gentiles are mere vermin1 and 
of their daughters it is said1 8,cursed 
be he that lieth with any beast40 ,it   
must also mostly undergo through        
manipulation a change of essence4#de    
,nor is it administered                 
indiscriminately1 but only to the most  
zealous4 ,on the eve of the ,passover   
the chief ,scribe attends the oven1 and 
mixes what he pleases with the cakes1   
which are then sent round to the        
congregation4  ,a ,jew abandoning the   
faith of ,israel must die the death2    
also he should be surely slain for all  
such breaches of the ,law as committing 

adultery4 ,all who admit the doctrine of
 the ,trinity1 whether they be ,jewish  
perverts1 ,christians1 ,muslims1 or     
,pagans2 all ,hebrews who have violated 
the secrets of the ,synagogue2#df and   
all those especially who speak against  
or who injure a co-religionist1 have    
forfeited their lives4 ,in these days   
minor offenders are usually             
excommunicated2#dg but those who have   
been informers or who proved themselves 
hostile to ,israel must be killed at all
 risks1 either by the ,jews themselves1 
or1 better still1 through the local     
authorities4 ,this is an invariable     
rule4#dh  ,we read in the tract         
,sanhedrin 7fourth of fourth order1 p4  
#eh7 that the ,gentile who strikes a    
,jew has committed a capital offence2   
this ordinance is as old as the sojourn 
of ,moses in ,egypt4 ,he who strikes a  
,jew strikes the ,deity4 ,the 8sons of  
,noah0 may be slain by the sentence of a
 single ,rabbi1 or upon the testimony of
 a solitary witness1 although the latter

 be a relation4 ,a descendant of the    
,hebrews who1 learning the true ,god in 
the days of ,abraham1 thereby separated 
themselves from and exalted themselves  
above the rest of humanity1 may not be  
put to death but by the decision of     
twenty ,rabbis and on the testimony of  
two witnesses4 ,a ,gentile forfeits life
 if he cause a pregnant ,jewess or her  
fruit to perish2 a ,jew is not to be    
punished capitally for such crime1 but  
he must pay for the loss of the child   
7p4 #eg74 ,the 8son of ,noah0 who       
blasphemes the ,holy ,name1 who has     
committed adultery with or who has slain
 a co-religionist1 ceases to merit death
 by becoming a sojourning proselyte2 but
 he must not be suffered to escape if he
 has slain a ,jew1 or if he has         
committed adultery with a ,jewess 7p4   
#ga74 ,the ,jew must not contract       
friendship with ,gentiles1 lest1 an oath
 being necessary1 he be compelled to    
swear by an idol 7p4 #fc74 ,he may not  
eat bread prepared by the heathen1 for  

fear of undue intimacy being the result4
 ,market bread may be bought and eaten1 
but on condition that it was made for   
sale1 not for private use and then      
sold--it is usual to burn a bit of such 
bread before using it4 ,a ,jew may not  
eat victuals cooked by ,gentiles1       
although vessels from a ,jewish house   
were used in the presence of ,jews--this
 extends even to a roasted egg4  ,the   
tract ,abodah ,zarah1 before alluded to1
 asserts 7p4 #d7 that all the           
commandments kept by ,jews#di shall bear
 friendly and favourable witness in     
heaven before all the assembled souls of
 men1 and to the confusion of every     
other faith4 ,hebrews dwelling out of   
the four ,holy ,cities are as           
idol-worshippers1 but without blame4 ,a 
,jew going to a ,gentile marriage feast 
eats impure food1 although the meats be 
cooked by ,jews and served by ,jews in  
the presence of ,jews2 he even commits a
 sin if he enters the house within      
thirty days of the coming ceremony 7p4  

#h74 ,gentiles should be prevented as   
much as possible purchasing immovable   
property4 ,it is not allowed to speak   
well of a ,gentile1 man or woman1 and it
 is a sin to make a present to them 7p4 
#bj71 to greet or to approach them2 and 
the ,jew becomes as ceremonially impure 
by handling anything touched by them1 by
 drinking out of the same cup1 or by    
sleeping under the same roof1 as if     
eating with them4 ,hebrews should never 
tether their beasts in places not       
belonging to them1 at least without     
locking them up1 lest the heathen       
plunder or pollute them4 ,gentiles      
preferred the ,jews' beasts to their own
 women1 because evil entered into ,eve  
on the day when the serpent 7demon7     
committed adultery with her4 ,a ,jewess 
may not live amongst the heathen1       
because possibly the latter do not hold 
adultery to be a sin2 a ,jew should also
 beware for fear of their killing him1  
as they probably will do4 ,israel was   
purified of every sin upon ,mount       

,sinai2 but the descendants of the      
peoples not present there preserve their
 perversity 7p4 #bb74 ,if a ,hebrew     
wayfarer meet a ,gentile armed with a   
sword 7worn on the left71 he should pass
 on the other's right side1 and vice    
versa if the stranger has only a staff1 
so that the arm can be seized before the
 weapon can be used2 he must also name a
 distant place when asked his journey's 
end1 in order that the ,gentile may     
defer slaying him till too late 7p4     
#be74ej ,the better to prevent all      
intimacy1 the ,jew must not buy wine or 
vinegar from a ,gentile1 who also may   
perhaps have used it in pagan rites4 ,if
 a ,christian1 a ,muslim1 or an idolater
 touch a cup containing wine1 the       
,jewish owner must throw away the wine  
or sell it to the heathen1 and cleanse  
the cup4 ,the same is the case with     
grapes4 ,the ,law forbids the           
,israelites to marry the daughters of   
the ,seven ,tribes that held the land   
before the conquest--namely1 the        

,hittites1 ,girgashites1 ,amorites1     
,canaanites1 ,perizzites1 ,hivites1 and 
,jebusites4 ,this1 say the writers of   
and commentators on the ,talmud1 arose  
from the fact of these women being      
impure from their childhood upwards4    
,others1 however1 whilst including all  
,gentiles in these ,seven ,tribes1      
assert that the prohibition was not on  
account of any special impurity1 such   
women being vermin or brute beasts not  
subject to the normal feminine          
infirmities4 ,thus the learned restrain 
their weaker brethren who might suppose 
that an impure ,gentile woman is pure to
 them1 and who might even extend it to  
the case of a ,jewess4 ,hence again the 
deduction that only the ,hebrews are    
human beings 7p4 #ce74ea  ,tract ,arubim
 7second of the second order1 ,seder    
,moed1 ,of ,appointed ,seasons7 declares
 7p4 #fb7 that if a ,jew live under the 
same roof with a ,gentile who breaks the
 ,sabbath 7,saturday71#eb the former1   
lest he be robbed1 should drive out the 

latter by hiring the whole house4 ,but  
he may expel the heathen as he can or as
 he pleases2 all tenements inhabited by 
others than ,jews are dens of beasts    
which cannot become householders4 ,the  
8son of ,noah0 who steals even a        
farthing should be put to death--one of 
ten commandments given by ,god in ,his  
covenant with ,noah--and he cannot be   
pardoned unless he restore the stolen   
goods4 ,but ,god enjoined this          
restitution only upon ,gentiles becoming
 ,israelites 7i4e4 sojourning           
proselytes72 all other thieves must be  
instantly and pitilessly slain4  ,in    
tract ,ohaleth 7second of the sixth     
order1 called ,seder ,taharoth1 or ,of  
,purification7 we read 7 #f7 that the   
graves of ,gentiles cannot be held      
impure because they are not tenanted by 
human beings1 and that when the law     
declares sitting upon tombs a cause of  
defilement it alludes only to those of  
,jews4 ,chapter ,baba ,bathra 7third    
tract of the fourth order7 declares 7   

,i1 p4 #aj1 also repeated in another    
part of the same tract7 that all alms   
given by ,jews are acceptable to ,god1  
whereas those of the ,gentiles are so   
many sins because their objects are     
ostentation and the preservation of     
their children4 ,if1 however1 the ,jew  
declare that his alms-deeds are meant to
 save his family and to win ,paradise1  
still they are grateful to ,jehovah--a  
privilege allowed only to the children  
of ,israel4 ,in the same tract we are   
also informed that ,esau1 the son of    
,isaac1 sinned five times in one day1 by
 committing adultery with a heathen1 by 
slaying his neighbour1 by profaning the 
name of his ,god1 by insulting the      
resurrection of the dead at the coming  
of the ,messiah1 and by degrading the   
rights of primogeniture4#ec ,rabbi      
,shalomon argues1 from the fact of      
,ishmael laughing when his brother      
,isaac was born1 that ,sarah concluded  
therefrom1 either that he held her to be
 an adulteress1 or that she saw him     

commit a murder2 thus he draws the      
deduction that ,ishmael had broken the  
,seven ,commandments1 and that          
consequently his descendants cannot bear
 witness against ,jews 7p4 #af74  ,tract
 ,bechoroth 7on ,primogeniture1 fourth  
of the fifth order1 ,seder ,kodashim1   
,of ,holy ,things7 gives 7i4 #ag7 the   
formula of the ,scribes' prayers1 and   
tells us that there are two things which
 hinder men from keeping the law of     
,god--the action of demons and          
dependence upon ,gentiles4 ,the ,lord   
explains to the angels that usury is    
permitted only to the ,hebrews1 who1    
being ordered to give thanks after food1
 praise their ,creator even when they   
have eaten only an egg or an olive 7p4  
#bj74 ,a ,jew may not pray before a     
naked ,gentile1 though the latter be in 
the category of a wild beast 7p4 #be74  
,this tract relates that a ,jew1 beaten 
by a ,scribe when detected in adultery  
with an ,egyptian woman1 complained to a
 ,gentile ruler that the law had been   

taken into private hands4 ,the ,scribe  
pleaded that he had surprised the       
criminal with a she-ass1 and called the 
prophet ,elijah to bear witness4 8,why  
didst thou not slay him80 asked the     
magistrate4 ,the reply was that1 since  
the children of ,israel had been driven 
from their own country1 such a          
punishment could not be inflicted by    
them1 but that the judge could do as he 
pleased4 ,when both left the court1 the 
,jew charged the ,scribe with having    
called ,elijah as a witness to a lie4   
8,wretch60 exclaimed the learned man1   
8and are they not the same as           
she-asses80 ,but as the ,jew was about  
to return and report this explanation1  
the ,scribe slew him with his staff 7i41
 p4 #eh74 ,hence it appears that this   
tenet is a religious secret whose       
violation merits death4 ,when a ,jew    
looks upon the grave of a brother ,jew1 
he must say3 8,blessed is ,he who hath  
created us by law1 who has promised to  
raise us again by law1 and who knoweth  

our number2 blessed is ,he who revives  
the dead40 ,but if the tomb be that of a
 ,gentile1 he must say3 8,shame upon thy
 mother1 cursed be she that bare thee2  
for the end of the heathen shall be dry 
and desolate as the soil of the desert0 
7p4 #eh74 ,it also explains earthquakes 
by the lamentations of the ,lord1 who   
bewails the miseries of the ,jews 7p4   
#ei74 ,if a ,jew find an object lost1 we
 will say1 by a ,muslim1 he must not    
restore it1 even though he knew the     
proprietor4 ,also1 if a ,gentile make   
any mistake in accounting with the ,jew1
 or leave property in his house1 the    
latter1 when not in fear of the         
authorities1 must rob him4 ,at all      
times1 in fact1 the ,jew should spoil   
the ,gentile as much as possible4 ,if   
one ,jew injure another1 though even his
 personal enemy and the greatest villain
 in the world1 especially if such injury
 be to the advantage of a ,gentile1 the 
,jew shall surely die 7chap4 #chh of the
 ,khalehah ,orah ,ham ,meshat1 one of   

the most accredited parts of the ,oral  
,law74 ,all those present are bound to  
put the denouncer to death before he can
 do the deed2 and if he has done it1    
they must remove him from this world1   
every ,israelite in the place           
contributing to pay the assassin4 ,the  
oath of a ,gentile or a ,samaritan      
cannot be taken in evidence against a   
,jew4 ,if a dispute occurs between two  
,israelites1 they must go before their  
own judge4#ed ,it is sinful to have     
recourse to foreign tribunals1 and all  
the decisions of the latter1 when       
adverse to ,jews1 must be quashed4      
,although the heathen court pass        
sentence according to ,hebrew ,law1 the 
plaintiff or denouncer becomes impious1 
sacrilegious1 and religiously           
excommunicated1 whilst the ,rabbi is    
bound to make him lose his cause by     
every possible contrivance1 even by     
suborning false witnesses against him4  
,and at last due punishment must be     
dealt out4 ,the latter is not a         

,biblical command1 but it results from  
the commentaries on the ,talmuds4 ,when 
these works were written ,muhammadanism 
did not exist2 ,muslims therefore are   
now included amongst the ,gentiles4     
,they are not1 however1 like the        
,christian idolaters4  ,in tract        
,keritoth 7or ,excision1 the seventh of 
the fifth order1 ,kodashim7 the learned 
,r4 ,moshe ,meimunah1 after describing a
 fight between two bulls1#ee the one    
belonging to a ,jew1 the other to an    
,egyptian1 declares 7p4 #cf7 that1 in   
case of a dispute between men of these  
different races1 the ,hebrew1 if in the 
right1 should go to the local authority 
and say1 8,see1 such is the ,law60 ,but 
he must not do so if he prefer the      
,jewish tribunal4 ,the ,rabbi adds that 
no one should be astonished at such a   
condition1 for all who do not keep the  
revealed commandments are not men1 but  
beings whose sole purpose upon earth is 
to serve men4 ,tract ,muad ,katon       
7,little ,feast1 eleventh of the second 

order7 forbids ,jews to salute ,gentiles
 unless in fear of them1 and even then  
never twice4 ,when it was observed to   
the author that many ,scribes had so    
done1 he replied that doubtless it was  
with some such mental reservation as    
this1 8,i salute thee1 ,a41 son of ,b410
 meaning the ,rabbi who had taught the  
speaker to read the ,scriptures 7p4     
#fb74 ,el ,ruzich1 in his commentaries  
on the ,talmudic tract ,abodah ,zarah1  
speaking of ,hebrew accusers of ,hebrews
 and eaters of flesh not ceremonially   
killed1 declares their death to be a    
necessity4  ,at this point it may be    
advisable to offer a short view of the  
two ,great ,schools of the ,holy ,land  
which have influenced ,jewish thought in
 ,christian times4 ,these are1 first1   
that of ,tiberias1 whence issued the    
,talmud of ,jerusalem1 followed by the  
,talmud of ,babylon2 and1 second1 the   
,school of ,safed1 which rendered itself
 remarkable by the extreme opinions of  
its commentaries and glossaries4#ef  ,we

 read in a ,jewish writer 7,m4 ,j4      
,cohen on the authority of the ,talmud1 
,archives ,isralites1 #ahda7eg3 8,when  
after two hundred years of energetic    
struggles against an empire which was   
fated to be universal the ,hebrew race  
found its political nationality in      
peril1 the first want felt was to       
lighten1 as much as possible1 the bonds 
of personality1 so as morally to        
preserve by identity of belief that     
unity which dispersion was about to     
dissolve4 ,and the plan which at once   
suggested itself was to determine1 by an
 invariable method1 the principles of   
the ,mosaic ,law1 to develop their      
sense1 and to fix their interpretation4 
8,but in those times1 if ,i may so      
speak1 the lights of ,israel were       
eclipsed2 ages had elapsed since the    
voices of the prophets had delivered to 
this people the ,oracles of ,god2 and   
divine inspiration1 the heightening of  
the national faculties by supernatural  
means1 seemed to have returned to its   

home in heaven4 ,moreover1 after the    
destruction of ,jerusalem and the       
expulsion of the ,jews1 all authority   
had disappeared with national power1    
and1 social organization no longer      
existing1 man could not magisterially   
impose his opinion upon others4 ,the    
only rational step in this state of     
things was to assemble all the          
,israelites1 or those who represented   
them1 and to form a sovereign synod40   
,the ,jewish ,senate1 ,sanhedrin        
7,greek3 3 ,synedrion71#eh or national  
council1 was first transferred from the 
ruins of the ,holy ,city to ,javneh1 and
 after many removes to ,saffrah1#ei the 
,sephores which in the days of ,josephus
 was ever faithful to the ,romans4      
,finally1 about the middle of the second
 century1 during the reign of ,antoninus
 ,pius 7,a4,d4 #ach-afa71 it was        
transferred to ,tiberias1 another city  
of ,galilee4 ,rabbi ,yahda1 universally 
known as ha-,kodesh1 or the saint1 was  
the ,nashi 7,prince7 of his nation and  

the ,president of the ,sanhedrin4 ,he   
lived at ,saffrah1 where there is a cave
 through which the ,roman ,emperor1     
whose reign in history is almost a      
blank1 used to visit him from ,tiberias2
 this tunnel is now blocked up4 ,the    
modern ,jews residing in ,galilee are   
not agreed whether the ,great ,rabbi    
died at ,saffrah1 or at ,trean1 a       
neighbouring village1 where two large   
caves exist2 but neither of them shows  
traces of a tomb4 ,when this ,prince of 
,israel died1 it was ,friday evening1   
and the sun stood still whilst his      
corpse was carried to its distant grave1
 lest even the body might break the     
,sabbath4#fj  8,the work of this        
,sanhedrin consisted in committing to   
paper that which had before been        
entrusted to memory and had perpetuated 
itself by tradition--the jurisprudence  
of the ,jews1 the various               
interpretations of the ,law by the      
principal doctors1 and the rules of     
man's duty2 in other words1 all that was

 called the ,oral ,law4 ,thus the ,synod
 began by transgressing a principle of  
,israelitism1 which until those days had
 decreed that the supplementary code    
should never be written1 and hence      
indeed its vulgar name4 ,in this point  
the cumenical ,council followed the     
example of ,hadrian 7,a4,d4 #aag-ach71  
the adopted father of ,antoninus ,pius1 
who also commanded the jurist ,salvius  
,julianus to draw up the ,edictum       
,perpetuum1 or fixed code1 and the      
,responsa ,prudentium1 which before his 
time formed an unwritten corps of       
doctrine embodying legal decisions and  
precedents4 ,the book1 which was        
compiled by ,r4 ,yahda1 with the        
adhesion of the ,jewish majority1       
received the name of ,mishnah1          
#8doubling1' or repetition of the ,law1 
and its principles became obligatory    
upon all men40 ,the great work was      
completed1 according to some1 about     
,a4,d4 #aai2 ,david ,ganz prefers ,a4,d4
 #bai1 or a short time before the       

compiler's death2 whilst others contend 
that ,r4 ,yahda collected the principles
 of the code1 and that the nation       
accepted it by order of ,gamaliel1 his  
son1 and successor in the princely      
dignity of ,nashi and presidency of the 
,sanhedrin2#fa 8and others again make it
 of still later date4 ,at all events1 it
 is the most ancient composition known  
to the ,jews after the ,law and the     
,prophets40  ,by almost imperceptible   
degrees the notes and commentaries upon 
this text grew to formidable            
proportions1 and became a special       
science1 whose technical name1 found in 
the ,book of ,chronicles 7#b xiii4 #bb  
and xxiv4 #bg71 is ,midrash1 from       
darash2 in ,arabic1 dars1 a lesson4 ,of 
the innumerable methods of studying     
these ,holy ,writs1 the three principal 
are embodied in the ,persian ,parads1   
the ,arabic ,firdaus1 and the ,greek    
,greek3 3 ,paradeisos1 written          
,semitically without vowels ,,prds1 and 
the mysterious letters were assumed     

mneumonically as the initial of a       
technical word4 ,thus ,p 7,peshat1 the  
simple rendering of words7 recorded the 
elementary law of ,talmudic exegesis1   
8,no verse of ,scripture practically    
admits any sense but the literal        
sense10#fb although in a different or   
familiar signification it may be        
explained in a host of ways4 ,r 7,remiz1
 the ,arabic ,ramz1 a secret1           
intimation1 insinuation1 or suggestion  
of meaning7 illustrates certain letters 
and signs apparently superfluous and    
explained only by tradition2 in a more  
general manner1 it gave rise to a       
memoria technica and a stenography      
resembling the ,roman ,notaricon4       
,points and notes were added to the     
margins of manuscripts1 and thus was    
founded the ,massorah 7tradition71 or   
diplomatic conservation of the text1    
intended to preserve its purity4 ,d     
7,derush1 illustration7 was the familiar
 application of historical1 traditional1
 anecdotical1 allegorical1 and          

prophetical sayings to the actual state 
of events2 it was a sermon aided by     
ethics1 logic1 poetry1 parable1 proverb1
 apologue1 and the vast mass of         
legendary lore known as the ,hagadah    
7plural ,hagadoth71 as opposed to the   
,halakah1#fc or dogmatic part--perhaps  
it was suggested by the ,new ,testament4
 ,finally1 the fourth and last1 ,s      
7,sod1 secret1 mystery71 included the   
mystical and esoterical sciences of     
theosophy1 metaphysics1 angelology1 and 
a host of supernatural visions1         
brilliant and fantastic4 ,it borrowed   
with impartial hand from the magic of   
,egypt1 the myths of ,hermes            
,trismegistos1 the works of the         
,platonists and ,neo-,platonists1 and   
the labours of the ,christian ,gnostics4
 ,few were initiated into 8the          
,creation10 or 8the ,chariot10 as it was
 called1 alluding to the vision of      
,ezekiel2 yet its attractions were such 
that at last 8,paradise0 was confined to
 this special branch of esoteric        

science1 even as later in ,gnosticism it
 came to signify the ,spiritual ,christ4
  ,yet the ,talmudic authors lay down   
the principle that their decisions are  
in no wise absolute1 but can always be  
modified by a power equal to that which 
lay them down4#fd ,their sole object was
 to fix the sense and the rules of      
,written ,law2 for as ,mose de ,coucy   
says in his ,s'mag1 or ,great ,book of  
,precepts3 8,if the interpretation of   
the ,oral ,law had not been added to the
 ,written ,law1 the whole code would    
have been obscure and unintelligible1   
because ,holy ,writ is full of passages 
which seem to oppose and contradict one 
another40 ,rambni ,maimonides of        
,cordova declares 7,introduction to his 
,guide1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bi73 8,thus we   
find continually written in the ,talmud1
 #8,the beginning of the chapter differs
 from the end'2 and the explanation is  
given1 #8,because the first part        
emanates from such-and-such a doctor1   
and the last from another4'             

,furthermore1 we read1 #8,rabbi ,yahda  
the ,holy approved the opinion of that  
doctor in that case1 and merely records 
the opinions of this doctor in this     
case1 without even naming him4'0 ,the   
following formulas are also frequent3   
8,to whom belongs this anonymous        
assertion80 ,r4 8,to ,a4 ,b41 the       
doctor60 and1 8,to whom belongs our     
paragraph of the ,mishnah80 ,r4 8,to    
such-and-such a person60  ,to resume the
 history of the ,talmud4  ,some years   
after the publication of the ,mishnah in
 the third century 7,a4,d4 #bcj-bgj71   
,r4 ,yochanan1 who for eighty years had 
been ,president of the ,sanhedrin1      
undertook a commentary on the text like 
the ,sharh1 which accompanies the       
,arabic ,matu4 ,aided1 it is said1 by   
,rab and ,samuel1 the disciples of      
,gamaliel1 son of ,r4 ,yahda1 he        
produced about ,a4,d4 #cij a book which1
 united with the ,mishnayoth1 received  
the title ,talmud 7doctrine or learning7
 of ,jerusalem1 though written at       

,tiberias4 ,the product of the ,schools 
of ,palestine1 it was composed in the   
,west ,araman tongue2 and it calls the  
,mishnic text by the simple name of     
,halakah 7rule71 or dogmatic part4 ,the 
,school of ,tiberias flourished         
apparently in the days of ,st4 ,jerome1 
and passed into oblivion during the     
fourth and early fifth centuries4  ,in  
,a4,d4 #cfg ,askhi1 ,president of the   
,babylonian ,sanhedrin1 whilst teaching 
the ,mishnah1 annually commented upon   
two tracts of that work1 which1 being   
concise1 and as it were axiomatic1 like 
all books that announce legislative     
principles1 required explanation of the 
author's exact intention4 ,he was aided 
by the opinions of many doctors omitted 
in the ,mishnah1 either those who died  
before ,r4 ,yahda the ,holy had finished
 his labours1 or the many who followed  
during the ensuing years4 ,in order that
 his learning might not be lost to the  
world1 he compiled and transcribed      
thirty-five tracts1 and died ,a4,d4     

#dbg4 ,his son ,mar and ,marimon his    
disciple continued the work1 and after  
seventy-three years appeared the        
,gemara1 complement or conclusion4 ,it  
was written in the ,eastern ,araman     
tongue1 and it corresponds with the     
,hasheyah of ,arabic standard works4    
,the ,mishnah and the ,gemara1 now      
forming a single code1 became known to  
history as the ,talmud ,babli 7of       
,babylon72 and when the ,talmud is      
mentioned1 the second work1 being the   
fuller and the more minute1 is always   
meant4#fe ,presently the ,talmudists    
separated into two great and rival      
schools in ante-,christian times3 that  
of ,hillel1#ff remarkable for his       
learning1 his humility1 and his charity1
 extending even so far as to forbid     
usury 7,tract ,baba ,metzin1 folio      
#ag;b72 and that of ,shammai1 inflexible
 in principles and often inclining to   
severity4  ,both of these voluminous    
compositions are essentially a corpus   
juris1 to be compared with the ,edictum 

,perpetuum and ,responsa ,prudentium1   
with the ,pandects1 the ,novell1#fg and 
the ,institutes4 ,they form an          
encyclopdia of ,judan ,law1 divine and  
human1 national and international1      
laical and ecclesiastic1 civil and      
criminal2 a doctrinal1 judicial1 and    
sentential digest1 dealing in exegesis  
and hermeneutics2 a huge compilation of 
what ,muslim divines call ,fatw1 or     
decisions upon legal subjects2 and a    
thesaurus of ceremonial observances     
borrowed from the ,oral ,law and the    
traditions of the heads of schools from 
,rabbi ,gamaliel downwards4#fh ,composed
 in the ,east1 that classic land of the 
supernatural1 they abound in ,hagadistic
 matter1 wild and picturesque legends   
sometimes inculcating moral lessons1    
like the four nocturnal spectres ,lilth1
 ,naama1 ,aguerith1 and ,mahala1#fi at  
other times puerile tales of the great  
angels ,patspatsiah1 ,tashbach1         
,hadarniel1 ,enkatham1 ,pastam1         
,sandalphon1 ,shamsiel1 and ,prasta4    

,its historical1 topographical1         
ethnographical1 and geographical        
information must be received with the   
greatest reserve1 coming from authors of
 different ages and of several values4  
,for instance1 the ,gemara 7,sanhedrin1 
vi4 #b7 informs us that our ,lord1      
having vainly endeavoured during forty  
days to find an advocate1 was sentenced1
 and on the #adth of ,nisan was stoned  
and afterwards hanged4 ,it is a         
storehouse of curious allusions to the  
products of various countries1 the      
occupations of races1 agriculture1      
gardening1 professions and trades1 arts 
and sciences1 connubial relations1      
manners and customs1 the interiors of   
houses1 and even dress4 ,it portrays the
 cosmopolitanism and the luxury of ,rome
 in her later days1 thereby filling up  
the somewhat meagre sketches of the     
post-classical school4 ,we find in the  
,mishnah allusions to the fish of       
,spain1 the apples of ,crete1 the cheese
 of ,bithynia1 the zythus1#gj lentils1  

and beans of ,egypt1 the citrons of     
,greece1 the wines of ,italy1 the beer  
of ,media1 the garments of ,india and   
,pelusium1 the shirts of ,cilicia1 and  
the veils of ,arabia4  8,at five years  
of age10 says the ,mishnah1 8let the    
child begin to study the ,scriptures2   
let him continue so doing till the age  
of ten1 when he may begin to study the  
,mishnah2 at the age of fifteen let him 
begin the ,gemara0 7,t4 ,aboth1 chap4   
v474 ,this passage in the 8vast work or 
ocean of learning10 as some call it1    
could not but be distasteful to         
,christianity4 ,the tone adopted in     
speaking of the ,almighty is            
anthropomorphic and anthropocentric in  
the extreme4#ga ,god spends a fourth    
part of the day in studying the ,law4   
,at every watch of the night ,he sits   
and roars like a lion1 saying1 8,woe is 
,me that ,i have laid desolate ,my house
 and burned ,my sanctuary1 and sent ,my 
children into captivity among the       
nations of the world0 7,berachoth74 ,he 

plays for three hours every day with the
 leviathan4 ,and bear in mind there are 
far more objectionable representations  
than these in the writings of the       
,rabbis4 ,it revels more than any known 
faith in the degradation of women2 the  
,rabbinic court declares women          
8disqualified by the ,law from giving   
testimony02 the ,talmud excludes them   
from the public worship of ,god1 and    
teaches that they are under no          
obligation to learn the revealed will of
 their ,creator1--peculiarly            
antipathetic doctrines to those who     
believe in an ,immaculate ,virgin and in
 a ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,moreover1 the 
large space given to cursing the ,jew   
and the non-,jew1 and to the unhallowed 
practices of magic and necromancy1 the  
summoning and conversing with devils and
 spirits1 the advocacy of astrology1    
charms1 and philters1 served as a       
pretext for ,pope and ,inquisition to   
attack it4 ,in ,a4,d4 #eec ,justinian   
proscribed it by ,novella #adf as a     

8tissue of puerilities1 of fables1 of   
iniquities1 of insults1 of imprecations1
 of heresies1 and of blasphemies02 it   
was destroyed by ,gregory ,,ix4 in      
,a4,d4 #abcj2 it was burnt in ,paris by 
,innocent ,,iv4 7,a4,d4 #abdd72 and it  
was proscribed by ,clement ,,iv41 by    
,honorius#gb ,,iv41 and by ,john ,,xxii4
 ,the first printed edition 7,venice1   
#aebj7 saved it1 and not until the third
 had appeared 7,basle1 #aegh7 did it    
come under the eye of the censor4  ,in  
#aeec and #aeee ,julius ,,iii4          
promulgated a proclamation against what 
he called grotesquely the ,talmud       
,gulnaroth2 and this proceeding was     
repeated by ,paul ,,iv4 in #aeei1 by    
,pius ,v4 in #aeff1 and by ,clement     
,,viii4 in #aeib and #aeii4  ,a         
well-known anti-,talmudical writer      
remarked in #ahcf3 8,the promised       
,german translation of the ,talmud1 if  
ever completed1 must without any        
discussion overthrow ,talmudism4 ,its   
exhibition in any ,european language is 

the most fatal attack that can be made  
on its authority40 ,this is utterly     
unphilosophical2 the ,book of ,mormon1  
with all its ,americanisms and its      
internal evidences of futile forgery1   
confirmed instead of destroying         
,mormonism4 ,the ,mishnah was translated
 into ,latin by ,surenhusius            
7,amsterdam1 three vols4 #do7 as early  
as #afih-agjc1 and into ,german by the  
,chaplain ,j4 ,j4 ,rabi 7,onolzbach     
,ansbach1 first to sixth part1 #do7 in  
#agfj-agfc4 ,without any knowledge of   
,hebrew or ,araman1 those who read      
,latin1 ,french and ,italian1 ,german   
and ,english1 will find in any great    
library--that of the ,british ,museum   
for instance--a translation of almost   
every part1 and they may be assured that
 the small remnant still untranslated   
contains nothing of importance4 ,the    
modern verdict is that the ,talmuds are 
a 8spotted orb10 and that they contain  
two distinct elements--the sacred light 
in the true interpretation of the word  

of ,god1 and the purely human darkness  
in its folly and infirmity4 ,but it does
 not confirm the following assertion of 
the ,initiation of ,youth 7,rabbi       
,ascher73 8,the ,talmudical writers     
enjoin upon us to treat ,christians as  
our own brethren in every social        
matter40#gc  ,the second great          
,rabbinical ,school arose at ,safed1    
also a city of ,galilee1 and rising     
within sight of ,tiberias4 ,benjamin of 
,tudela 7,a4,d4 #aafc7 visited the tombs
 of ,hillel and ,shammai1 8near ,mern1  
which is ,maron10 supposed to be the    
,beth-maron of the ,talmud2 but he says 
nothing about ,jews being in ,safed1    
then a fortress held by the ,templars4  
8,the city set upon a hill0 is also     
ignored by travellers of the next three 
hundred years1 and appears in history   
only about the sixteenth century4#gd ,it
 then became the great centre of ,jewish
 learning--in fact1 another ,jerusalem4 
,the children of ,israel dwelt there in 
great numbers1 and had a vast ,khan1 a  

square lead-roofed fortress1 where many 
of them lived1 and which contained a    
fine synagogue4 ,besides the schools in 
which the sciences were taught1 they    
counted eighteen synagogues1            
distinguished by the names of the       
several nations which possessed them1 as
 the ,portuguese1 ,spanish1 ,italian1   
and others4 ,the printing-press1 of     
which there are remnants at the         
north-eastern village ,ein el ,zeitn1   
issued many volumes1 now becoming       
exceedingly rare because so much in     
request amongst ,european bibliophiles4 
,the ,college 7,madrsh7 of the ,rabbis  
still remains1 a two-arched hall1 of    
which no part is ancient except the     
eastern side4 ,all the rest has been    
shaken down by earthquakes1 which are   
supposed to destroy the city as each    
,sabbatical year comes round4 ,in the   
cemetery below the settlement are the   
whitewashed graves of ,joseph ,caro1 of 
,shalomon ,alkabez1 and of other        
notables4  ,the peculiar ferocity of the

 ,safed ,school resulted partly from the
 domination of the sons of ,ishmael1    
which1 however mild1 is everywhere      
distasteful to the children of          
,israel4#ge ,if 8,esau hateth ,jacob    
because of the blessing wherewith his   
father blessed him10 ,jacob returns the 
hate with at least equal heat1 adding   
fear and contempt--he would willingly1  
to use the words of ,rashi1 8blot out   
,esau and his seed40 ,but doubtless the 
harshness and cruelty which             
distinguished its doctors must be       
explained by the nature of the place and
 its surroundings4 ,situated in the     
bleak and windswept1 the stony and      
barren highlands of ,upper ,galilee1    
shaken by earthquakes1 and exposed to   
terrible storms1 ,safed is one of the   
least amene sites in the whole of       
,syria4 ,the climate is ever in         
extremes1 the water is hard and full of 
constipating lime1 the earth is cold and
 fruitless1 and the people are crafty   
and cruel as ,simeon and ,levi4 ,after a

 few days' residence1 strangers complain
 of sickness1 cramps1 and malaise1 and  
their only desire is to escape from the 
gloom and seclusion of this town upon   
the hillside4 ,even the ,muhammadans    
contrast the facile manners of their own
 women at soft and low-lying ,tiberias  
with the asperity and the violence of   
those who inhabit the upland settlement4
 8,safad fasad0 7,safed ever giveth     
trouble7 is the jingling saw of the     
neighbourhood1 and it contains abundant 
truth4 ,the amount of intrigue and      
plotting is excessive even in a ,syrian 
settlement1 the charges bandied about by
 men against one another are            
atrocious--this doctor is a murderer1   
that scribe is an adulterer1 and the    
third is a swindler and a thief4 ,if the
 visitor were to believe half what he   
hears1 he would find himself in a den of
 brigands4 ,that not a few of these     
charges are founded on fact may be      
gathered from what travellers have      
printed concerning certain sons of this 

,holy ,city1 some of which are too      
revolting for publication4 ,the rich    
divines are accused of shamelessly      
embezzling the ,halkah1 large sums sent 
from ,europe for the maintenance of the 
community2 and the poor are ready with  
complaints upon the most trivial        
occasions--the breaking of a hen's leg  
sends them on a hurried official visit  
to their ,vice-,consuls4 ,it is not too 
much to say that if ,safed again        
produced a theological school1 it would 
rival in its narrow bigotry and peculiar
 ferocity that which disgraced the      
sixteenth century4  ,the ,talmud had    
spoken its last upon the interpretation 
of the ,torah1 it had closed the        
discussions which arose from the sacred 
text1 and it had exhausted the          
traditional lore and the rules          
established by the ,rabbis of ,palestine
 and ,babylon till the fifth century    
after the ,christian era4 ,still1 the   
,talmud itself required after the course
 of ages to be interpreted1 and this    

gave rise to a variety of medival       
abridgments and to a vast series of     
glosses and commentaries4 ,the more     
modern ,rabbis especially resolved that 
no uncertainty should rest upon the     
,halakah1 or doctrinal part of the work1
 and they strictly applied themselves to
 codify the whole body of the ,talmud4  
,to cite only the best-known names4 ,we 
have to begin with ,rabbi ,ishaz al     
,fasi1 who first resumed the ,talmud1   
and who had the boldness to expel from  
the text everything not strictly bearing
 upon the discussion4 ,then came the    
celebrated ,maimonides of ,cordova      
7,a4,d4 #aaej71 whose ,yad ha-,hazaka   
7,hand of ,power7 is a compendium of    
,talmudic lore valued almost as highly  
as the original4 ,he was followed by    
,ascheri1 a powerful dialectician1 who  
knew how to conciliate with the         
,talmudic argument the observations of  
the ,tossaphists1 or ,glossarians1      
represented before and after him by     
,rashi1 ,rabbenu ,tam1 ,coucy1 and a    

host of others4 ,his son succeeded him1 
and made a new attempt at a             
codification1 in which the opinions of  
,ascheri naturally occupied the place of
 honour4  ,about this time rose the     
,safed ,school4 ,the first and greatest 
commentator was the ,rabbi by some      
called ,rabanu ,jacob ,be-,rab1 an exile
 from ,spain1 and subsequently ,chief   
,rabbi of ,fez and ,safed1 where1 after 
long teaching1 he died in ,a4,d4 #aeda4 
,this ,baal ha-,turim 7,lord of the     
,books71 as he is called1 wrote four    
works1 which1 being considered in the   
light of 8religious laws10 were known as
 the ,dinm4 ,the first of the ,arbah    
,turim1 ,orach ,chain 7,urah ha-,yiim1  
the ,way of ,life71 treats of           
observances enjoined upon the ,jews4    
,the second is ,jor ,dah 7,yurah daah1  
the ,teacher of ,knowledge72 it         
describes the ceremonious observances of
 butchering1 eating1 making vows1       
circumcising1 and so forth4 ,the third  
is ,eben ha-,azar1 the ,stone of        

,assistance 7to mankind74 ,and in the   
fourth1 ,hoshen ,mishpat 7,breastplate  
of ,judgment71 law1 civil and criminal1 
is discussed4  ,the ,school of this     
commentator was kept up by ,moses of    
,trani in ,apulia1 who lectured during  
fifty-four years to ,a4,d4 #aehj1 the   
year of his death4 ,the next name of    
repute was ,r4 ,joseph ,karo1 or ,caro1 
a ,jew of ,spanish descent1 born at     
,constantinople1 who died in ,a4,d4     
#aege4 ,he was a voluminous writer4 ,in 
the ,shoulkhan ,aroukh1 a code of       
religion adopted universally by the     
,israelites1 he analyzed and resumed the
 opinions of his predecessors4 ,his     
magnum opus is the ,beth ,ysf 7,house of
 ,joseph71 in four folios1 first printed
 at ,venice1 and repeatedly republished2
 it consists of commentaries upon the   
four ,dinm of ,rabanu ,jacob1 on the    
,talmudic writings of the ,r4 ,ishaz al 
,fasi1 and on the labours of ,rabbino   
,yakb ben ,rosh1 not to be confounded   
with ,rashi the glossarian4 ,the fourth 

great name is ,r4 ,shalomon ,alkabez1   
also of ,constantinople1 who wrote in   
,a4,d4 #aebi1 and who was still living  
in ,a4,d4 #aefa4 ,this theologian has   
left the worst name amongst the         
,christians1 whom he seems to have hated
 from his very heart4 ,a pupil and      
colleague of ,caro and ,alkabez was     
,moses of ,cordova1 the most famous     
,cabalist since the days of ,simeon ben 
,jochai2 he died ,chief ,rabbi of ,safed
 in ,a4,d4 #aegj4 ,moses ,galant1 a     
native of ,rome1 was somewhat later1    
dying in ,a4,d4 #afah4 ,but the academy 
was not indebted for its fame to        
strangers alone2 ,samuel ,oseida and    
,moses ,alsheikh1 both natives of       
,safed1 contributed to its celebrity    
during the sixteenth century4 ,the      
latter died between ,a4,d4 #aeib and    
#afja4  ,of the medival ,rabbis and     
their successors generally1 it may be   
observed that the later the school the  
more prominent became its bigotry and   
violence4 ,this is easily explained4    

,anna ,comnena#gf describes the         
,crusades1 which were guided by a giant 
and a goose1 with truly ,eastern relish1
 as having left a 8very admirable mound 
of bones1 high1 deep1 and broad40 ,but  
they left something more--a tradition   
which presently enabled the ,christians 
to recover power in the ,holy ,land1 and
 their abomination of the ,jew inspired 
him with kindred sentiments4 ,nor can we
 wonder that the later and more         
fanatical writings are preferred by the 
,israelites to those of the earlier     
schools4 ,religious exclusiveness and   
the ambition of being a peculiar people1
 set apart from and raised above the    
rest of humanity1 appeal to the heart of
 every man through the sure channel of  
his passions4 ,and thus in the youngest 
faith of the world we find the same     
phenomenon as in one of the most        
ancient--the ,book of ,doctrines and    
,covenants is read at ,salt ,lake ,city 
whilst the ,book of ,mormon is          
neglected4  ,r4 ,jacob ,be-,rab1 in the 

second part of his ,jor ,dah 7,yurah    
daah71 asserts that it is unlawful to   
draw a ,gentile out of a well into which
 he may have descended or fallen4 ,he   
also declares that the scrupulous       
,jewish physician who thoroughly        
conforms to ,talmudic ,law will not     
attend a ,gentile without honorarium1   
because this will be his sole reward4   
,he may do so gratuitously1 if he wishes
 to study medicine by that means2 but he
 should usually kill such patients      
whilst pretending to cure them4 ,this1  
however1 must be attempted only when    
there is no chance of detection4 ,r4    
,joseph ,caro of ,safed1 one of the most
 pestilent of that ,school1 in his      
commentary upon the ,way of ,knowledge1 
enables the doctor to do additional harm
 by calling ,gentile fees ,kashmad1 that
 is to say1 the wages of sin--a term    
applied to the price of a woman's       
honour2 and in speaking especially of   
,christians1 he declares that if the    
,jewish physician takes his fee without 

poisoning them it is as the gift to the 
wicked woman4 ,on the other hand1 should
 the mediciner be unwilling to be paid1 
he must absolutely poison his patient4  
,he also forbids the doctor who has not 
thoroughly studied the healing art to   
attend one of his own faith1 lest his   
ignorance cause death2#gg but he may    
practise amongst all others1 because if 
he kill them it is lawful and no matter 
7commentary of ,gittin1 the sixth tract 
of the third order74 ,others declare    
that the ,hebrew physician must not     
treat a stranger even for fees2 but if  
he fear the ,gentile1 and the latter    
know him to be a ,jew1 he may do so for 
money4 ,rubbi argues the question by    
reference to the ,gittin1 in which it is
 related that ,r4 ,richmi bin ,askhi had
 prepared a dose for a stranger2 he     
explains that the drug may have been    
given by way of experiment1 or for the  
purpose of study4  ,the ,safed ,school  
continued its labours into the          
seventeenth century1 and ,quasimus      

7writing about ,a4,d4 #afbe7 speaks of  
it ,safed as inhabited chiefly by       
,hebrews1 who had their synagogues and  
schools1 and for whose sustenance       
contributions were made by the ,jews in 
other parts of the world4 ,after that it
 gradually sank under the oppression of 
the ,muhammadans1 who probably took the 
place by degrees4  ,,footnotes3  #cd    
,mount ,moriah 7of appearance71         
afterwards the site of ,solomon's       
,temple4 ,certain modern writers1       
especially ,mr4 ,mills 7,nablous and the
 ,samaritans71 would identify ,mount    
,gerizm of ,shechem with ,moriah2 but   
the most superficial consideration of   
the distance to be marched and the time 
required proves the theory to be absurd4
  #ce ,this institution has even        
distinguished the ,jew from the other   
civilized nations of antiquity1 the     
,egyptians and ,assyrians1 the ,hindus  
and ,guebres1 the ,greeks and ,romans1  
who ignored it4 ,by this part of his    
cosmogony ,moses evidently intended to  

inculcate the dignity of labour and the 
hygienic necessity of rest4 ,but the    
,rabbis and ,doctors exaggerate all     
things1 and they have still1 like the   
vulgar ,hebrew1 to learn that the       
,sabbath was made for man1 not man for  
the ,sabbath4 ,the ,targum of ,onkelos  
7,dr4 ,etheridge's ,translation4        
,london3 ,longmans1 #ahfb7 makes the    
,creator rest and be refreshed in all   
points like a wearied human being4 ,dr4 
,mc,caul and a host of writers have     
enlarged upon the vexatious1 barbarous1 
and inhuman ,sabbatical ordinances      
engrafted by the ,talmudists upon the   
,mosaic ,law4  #cf ,usually the         
,sabbatical journey is reckoned at one  
,mil 7mile72 but it varies according to 
circumstances1 the permitted extremes   
varying between seven furlongs and two  
miles4 ,probably the ancient ,jews had a
 longer and a shorter measure1 in the   
latter the pace being half of what it   
was in the former2 the longer mile1     
equal to #b1jjj paces1  #e1jjj feet     

#a1fff yards1 or #ihgh yards shorter    
than the ,english statute measure1      
whilst the ,roman was #adb yards less   
than ours4  #cg ,the ,sabbath services  
throughout the world are four--namely1  
7#a7 ,prayers1 petitions1 and           
thanksgivings in the synagogue on       
,friday after sunset2 7#b7 ,saturday    
morning prayers1 rather later than usual
 that men may take a longer rest2 7#c7  
,ha-phatorah1 the conclusion after the  
morning prayer1 reading sections of the 
,law and the ,prophets2 and 7#d7        
,ha-musaph1 or the additional prayers1  
consisting of portions of the           
,pentateuch referring to the sacrifices 
of the ,mosaic ,dispensation which are  
now no longer lawful4 ,the style of     
cantillation is complicated as the      
reading of the ,koran1 and would be     
called a 8neuma0#gi in the medival music
 of the ,christian ,church4 ,and the    
chant annotation1 which is shown in     
every ,old ,testament1 offers a host of 
difficulties4 ,as a rule the services   

are the reverse of impressive4 ,they are
 in a dead language 8not understanded of
 the people02 they are hurried over with
 unseemly haste2 and1 as in most        
ceremonial faiths1 the profuse outward  
observances contrast strangely with the 
apparent absence of religious feeling4  
#ch 8,a ,gentile who employs himself in 
the ,law is guilty of death4 ,he is not 
to employ himself except in the seven   
commandments that belong to the         
,gentiles4 ,and thus a ,gentile who     
keeps a ,sabbath--though it be on one of
 the weekdays--if he make it to himself 
as a ,sabbath1 he is guilty of death40  
,and the measure of difference between  
,gentile and ,jew is that1 whilst the   
former has seven commandments1 the      
latter has six hundred and thirteen4    
#ci ,thus the ,rabbinical saying is3    
8,every one is bound to divide the time 
of his study into three--one-third to be
 devoted to the ,written ,law1 one-third
 to ,mishnah1 and one-third to ,gemara40
 ,thus he gives one-half to the ,old    

,testament1 whilst double study is      
assigned to the ,oral ,law4 ,the latter1
 which has some tangible points of      
resemblance with the traditions of the  
,roman ,catholic ,church and the ,sunnat
 of the ,muhammadans1 is the unwritten  
code received by ,moses on ,mount ,sinai
 and transmitted inviolate by word of   
mouth from generation to generation4    
,until after the last destruction of    
,jerusalem it was never committed to    
writing 7see ,a ,manual of ,judaism1 by 
,joshua ,van ,oven1 ,esq41              
,m4,r4,c4,s4,l4 ,london1 #ahce74 ,it is 
held uninspired by all save the ,jews1  
and one of its bitterest enemies was the
 ,founder of ,christianity1 who1 when   
attacking tradition1 never failed to    
uphold the ,law4 ,one might smile at so 
prodigious an assumption as this        
legendary system in the total absence of
 historic proof4 ,but only a few years  
ago a ,french ,grand ,rabbi published a 
learned work to prove that the facts can
 be accounted for only supernaturally4  

,also ,dr4 ,adler1 ,orthodox ,chief     
,rabbi of ,england1 declared1 in a      
sermon preached but a few years ago1 the
 ,written and the ,oral ,laws to be     
equally divine1 and compared the        
reformers with the false mother in the  
judgment of ,solomon4 ,these things make
 us regret the total disappearance of   
the ,sadducee or ,rationalistic ,school4
  #dj ,the fourth1 omitted by ,burton1  
is1 8,tu non ruberai0 according to the  
,hakhm4  #da ,arubm1 or mixtures1 were  
forbidden by the ,mosaic ,law 7,lev4    
xix4 #ai71 and were greatly extended by 
the ,oral ,law1 such as grafting1 sowing
 different kinds of seeds in the same   
soil1 wearing a garment of wool and     
linen mixed1 and so forth4 ,the subject 
is copiously treated in the nine        
chapters of ,kilaim 7,heterogeneous1 or 
,things not to be ,mixed71 the fourth   
tract of the first order1 ,seder        
,zeraaim 7the ,order of ,seeds74  #db   
,the subject of proselytizing amongst   
the ancient ,jews is full of            

difficulties1 and the object seems      
mostly to have been the discouragement  
of converts1 with a fair scheme on      
paper4 ,the ,proselytes of the ,gate1   
generally called ,gerim1 or strangers   
78the stranger that is within thy       
gates07 and properly ,noachid 7sons of  
,noah71 were only half ,israelites4 ,the
 ,proselytes of the ,covenant or of     
,righteousness were perfect ,israelites4
 ,they are still admitted under         
protest--men by circumcision and        
immersion in water1 and women by the    
latter rite only4 ,it is a question how 
far baptism was used in ante-,christian 
times1 and possibly ,john the ,baptist  
merely adopted the old rite for a new   
purpose4  #dc ,this again is            
,scriptural4 8,the doctrine of ,moses is
 not that obedience to one command will 
compensate for disobedience to another1 
but that disobedience to one command    
will make obedience to others of none   
effect40  #dd ,sic ,burton4 ,the ,hebrew
 scribe is supposed to be speaking4  #de

 ,here the scribe does not explain      
himself4 ,what he refers to is the      
supposed system of reducing the blood to
 ashes4  #df 8,heretics and informers   
and ,epicureans1 who have denied the    
,law or the resurrection of the dead1   
444 all such go down to hell1 and are   
judged for ever0 7,rosh ha-,shanah1 or  
,head of the ,year1 eighth tract of the 
second order74  #dg ,there are three    
forms of excommunication--7#a7 the      
,nachri1 or simple expulsion from the   
synagogue2 7#b7 expulsion accompanied   
with ,anathema2 and 7#c7 the same with  
,maranatha4 ,the latter is composed of  
two ,syriac words meaning 8the ,lord    
will come10 i4e4 in judgment4  #dh      
,hence1 it may be added1 the exceeding  
care of the ,jews to propitiate all     
those having authority4  #di ,a tenet   
which in the hands of the ,arab has     
become a very poetical vision4 ,the     
,muhammadan's good deeds in this life1  
his works in fact1 will meet him under  
the form of a beautiful woman1 and will 

lead him over the terrible bridge ,el   
,sirat to the ,gates of ,paradise4  #ej 
,dr4 ,mc,caul 7,old ,paths1 ,no4 #e7    
remarks upon these and other precautions
 which are numerous in the ,hilchoth    
,rotsh3 8,what an affecting picture does
 this present of the ,jews under heathen
 domination60 ,we should rather ask3    
8,what conduct on the part of the ,jews 
must have led to this habitual treatment
 by those whom they branded with the    
name of idolaters80  #ea 8,it is        
unlawful to bake or to cook on a holy   
day1 in order to feed ,gentiles or dogs2
 for it is said 7,exod4 xii4 #af71      
#8,that only may be done for you4'      
#8,for you1' and not for ,gentiles2     
#8for you1' and not for dogs0 7,hilchoth
 ,yom ,tov41 c4 i4 #aj74 ,some ,rabbis  
go so far as to make the ,am ha-erits   
7son of earth1 i4e4 people of the land  
like the ,seven ,tribes71 or unlearned  
,jew1 an abomination1 a beast1 whose    
nostrils may be split1 but who is too   
worthless to be slain 7see ,dr4         

,mc,caul1 ,the ,old ,paths1 pp4 #f1 #g74
  #eb ,nothing is more striking to the  
,hebraist1 or to one who has lived long 
among the ,hebrews1 than to hear        
unlearned ,christians perpetually using 
the word 7,sabbath7 which can mean only 
,saturday to signify ,sunday4  #ec ,the 
,targum of ,palestine says 7chap4 xxv473
 8,he had worshipped with strange       
worship1 he had shed innocent blood1 he 
had gone into a betrothed damsel1 he had
 denied the life of the world to come   
7nowhere taught in the ,law71 and he had
 despised his birthright40  #ed ,the    
system of the ,beth-din 7house of       
judgment7 is kept up even in the        
,british ,islands4 ,the ,chief ,rabbi is
 called ,rab or ,ab ,beth-din1 and he   
nominates his two ,dayanm1 or           
associates4 ,its jurisdiction is civil1 
social1 and religious2 but its powers   
extend only to levying fines and to     
excommunicating recusants4 ,in ,damascus
 the jurisdiction is much more extended4
 ,the building is in the street of the  

,scribe called by courtesy ,rabbi ,yakb 
,perez1 and half the intrigues in the   
city are here hatched4 ,the well-known  
,khagal of the ,russian ,jews is a      
similar institution1 not recognized by  
the ,government1 but exerting immense   
and injurious power over the people4    
#ee ,our modern versions which use the  
word 8ox0 in such places lead to error4 
,the ,hebrews did not castrate their    
cattle1 and similarly their mules and   
their eunuchs were imported from ,egypt 
and elsewhere4 ,nothing of this is      
hinted at about the bull in the most    
popular modern books2 so1 for instance1 
the article 8,ox0 in ,smith's ,concise  
,dictionary of the ,bible4 ,and here it 
may be noted that if a bull killed a    
slave the owner of the former paid a    
fine of thirty shekels to the owner     
7,josephus1 ,ant4 ,jud41 ,,iv4 viii4    
#cf72 hence possibly the sum offered to 
and accepted by ,judas as the value of a
 bought servant4  #ef ,for the other    
great centres of learning1 see          

,jerusalem and ,tiberias2 ,sora and     
,cordova3 ,a ,survey of the ,religious  
and ,scholastic ,learning of the ,jews4 
,designed as an ,introduction to the    
,study of ,hebrew ,literature4 ,by ,j4  
,w4 ,longmans1 ,m4,a4 7,london3         
,longmans74 ,it is curious to see how   
neglected has been the ,safed ,school1  
which is most erroneously included in   
that of ,tiberias4  #eg ,most of these  
remarks are taken from the ,introduction
 to the ,trait des ,berakhoth           
7,benedictions7 du ,talmud de ,jrusalem 
et du ,talmud de ,babylone1 traduit pour
 la premire fois en ,franais par ,mose  
,schwab1 attach  la ,bibliothque        
,nationale 7,paris3 ,imprimerie         
,nationale1 ,,mdccclxxi474  #eh ,the    
word clearly shows the immense effect of
 the ,hellenic ,conquest4 ,there were   
two forms of ,sanhedrin--the ,greater1  
numbering seventy-one souls2 and the    
,lesser1 consisting of twenty-three4    
,both were composed of the three orders 
,priests1 ,levites1 and common          

,israelites4 ,the ,greater ,council     
claimed1 and would again claim1 supreme 
jurisdiction over the king1 the high    
priest1 the prophets1 and the people1   
and 8strangulation was the mode of      
execution for any learned man who       
rebelled against their words0 7,hilchoth
 ,mamrun1 i4 #b74 ,anti-,talmudic       
writers strongly object to this upstart 
aristocracy1 when ,moses 7,deut4 xvii47 
ordained a supreme council consisting of
 the 8,priests the ,levites0 7not the   
,priests and the ,levites71 together    
with the judge1 or chief civil governor2
 the ecclesiastical element remaining in
 the family of ,aaron1 whilst the       
magistracy fell to the lot of ,joshua4  
,but when they assert1 8,it is quite    
absurd1 and if the subject were not so  
grave it would be ludicrous1 to hear the
 ,rabbinists exclaiming that the ,law of
 ,moses is unchangeable1 when they      
themselves have changed all its main    
provisions and made an entirely new     
religion10 the ,jew may fairly retort   

that the ,pauline modifications         
extending to radical changes had the    
same effect upon ,christianity4  #ei    
,according to the system of ,sir        
,william ,jones1 this name would be     
written ,saffriyeh1 but not1 as         
travellers generally do1 ,saffreh or    
,saffuriyyeh4  #fj ,the sun has often   
stood still in history2 but how often   
did the historian understand what the   
sun standing still really means8 ,as    
,spinoza remarked1 8,not even in their  
dreams had they ever thought of         
parhelia02 and one of his editors quotes
 the ,french drummer-boy in             
,switzerland1 8,nous sommes ici au bout 
du monde6 ,ici on touche le soleil de la
 main60 ,in the twelfth century ,rabbi  
,benjamin of ,tudela found the grave of 
,rabenu ,hakkadosh 7,r4 ,yahda7 near    
8,suffurieh1 the ,tsippori of           
antiquity10 and evidently never heard   
the legend1 8,they are buried in the    
mountain1 which also contains numerous  
other sepulchres40 ,in his day ,tiberias

 contained only fifty ,jews4  #fa ,see  
,crnach ,david1 ,editio princeps        
7,prague1 #aeib71 fol4 #dc4  #fb        
,similarly the ,mormons 8pointedly      
condemn those who make the contents of  
the ,bible typical1 metaphysical1 or    
symbolical1 #8as if ,god were not honest
 when ,he speaks with man1 or uses words
 in any other than their true           
acceptation1' or could #8palter in a    
double sense4'0 ,this return to ,hebrew 
lines of thought is not a little        
curious1 and it may be remarked that    
every fresh branch put forth by the tree
 of 8,protestantism10 as it is called1  
invariably reverts more and more to the 
old type4 ,indeed1 whenever in these    
days we hear of a new 8religion0 having 
been born into the world1 we may        
determine1  priori1 that it is more     
,jewish than its predecessors4 ,and     
traces of the same operation may be     
found amongst the ,hindu ,sikhs and the 
,muslim ,babees4  #fc ,hagadah1 from    
,hagah1 to declare or describe1 to      

invent or imagine1 is applied to any    
illustration1 historical or fabulous4   
,halakah1 from ,halak1 to walk1 is a    
rule of conduct1 anything prescriptive  
of the peculiarities of ,jewish life4   
#fd ,see the ,mishnah1 fifth part1 tract
 ,edonyoth1 i41  #e et seq4 ,this is a  
fair answer to the host of              
contradictions and the general charge of
 inconsistency levelled by anti-,talmud 
writers against the ,oral ,law1 and it  
enables the modern ,rabbi to make almost
 any assertion that he pleases          
concerning disputed points4 ,thus one   
will find in the ,talmud that           
,christians should be put to death1 the 
other that they should be treated like  
brothers4 ,this is certainly very       
convenient4  #fe ,it is still a disputed
 point whether the two ,targums         
7versions or translations of the        
,pentateuch7 on the ,pentateuch1        
attributed to the proselyte ,onkelos1 or
 ,ankelos1 and to the ,jew ,jonathan bin
 ,uzzul1 were written by contemporary   

students in the ,rabbinical ,schools of 
,jerusalem within the half-century      
before ,christ1 or were worked out like 
the ,septuagint by the ,babylonian      
,maturgemanin 7interpreters7 of the     
fourth century4 ,the later the date the 
better in order to account for such     
,grcisms and ,latinisms as ,ardiphene   
7,rhodaphne1 oleander71 ,polimarkin     
7,greek3 3 ,polemarchos71 ,sapuklatora  
7,speculators71 and ,oktaraia           
7,octariones1 prfecti militares74 ,in   
the ,targum of ,jerusalem we read 8a    
band of ,saracens40  #ff ,vie de        
,hillel1 par ,m4 le ,grand ,rabbin      
,trnel 7#ahfg74  #fg ,the ,novell or    
,novel ,constitutions were so called    
because they were posterior in time to  
the ,institutes and other digests of the
 ,roman ,emperors1 especially           
,justinian4  #fh ,rabbi ,gamaliel the   
,elder flourished about the end of the  
first century4 ,some suppose that he    
added a nineteenth prayer to the        
,shamunah ,ashara1 the 8eighteen0       

composed by ,ezra and the men of the    
,great ,congregation1 and which is still
 used by the ,british and other ,jews4  
,others attribute it to ,rabbi ,samuel  
the ,lesser1 a disciple of ,gamaliel1   
whilst others make it of even more      
modern date4  #fi ,the derided myth has 
been amply vindicated by the ,rev4 ,john
 ,mills 7,the ,british ,jews1 p4 #dji7  
and by ,n4 ,m4 ,schwab 7,introduction1  
p4 xxviii74 ,the latter writer would be 
valuable1 if he could only be impartial4
 ,unfortunately he writes with all the  
animus of a ,hebrew 7pp4 xxxviii and    
xxxix71 and not a few of the prejudices 
of a ,frenchman 7p4 xxvii74 ,this is the
 more regrettable1 as the reading public
 will be wholly in his hands and he can 
make the ,talmud say what he pleases4   
#gj ,it is the ,greek3 3 zythos or      
,egyptian beer mentioned by ,herodotus1 
ii4 #gg4 ,later the term was extended to
 the cerevisia and other beers of       
,european nations2 hence the obsolete   
word zythepsary 7,greek3 3 zythos1 and  

,greek3 3 eps1 to boil71 a brewery4  #ga
 ,here1 however1 we can hardly find the 
,talmud alone guilty4 ,its              
anthropopathisms are merely             
exaggerations of what is found in the   
books of ,moses when the ,creator is    
subject to wrath1 sorrow1 repentance1   
jealousy1 and other human passions of   
the baser kind4 ,in fact1 it would be   
difficult to detect in the ,rabbinical  
ordinances anything which is not built  
upon the ,mosaic text2 they have greatly
 added to the ,law1 which1 methinks1 is 
their great sin in the eyes of          
,christians1 and they have in many cases
 carried it out to absurdity--corruptio 
optimi fit passima4  #gb ,this ,pope in 
,a4,d4 #abhf wrote to the ,archbishop of
 ,canterbury directing him to have a    
care lest any one read a book from which
 all evils flow4 ,pope ,pius ,,iv41 when
 authorizing a new edition1 expressly   
stipulated that it should be published  
without the title of ,talmud1 which     
appears to have been a kind of          

,shibboleth1 8,si tamen prodierit sine  
nomine ,talmud1 tolerari deberet40 ,such
 was the terror which it inspired in the
 ecclesiastical mind4  #gc ,an ad       
captandum vulgus verdict4 ,it is thus   
modified by the next sentence3 8,all the
 latter ,gavnm luminaries of the ,jewish
 ,law agree that ,christians are        
reckoned as our own brethren1 and are   
not included in the term ,nakhrm        
strangers40  #gd ,dr4 ,robinson1        
,biblical ,researches in ,palestine1    
iii4 #cca4  #ge ,after the second       
expulsion of the ,templars1 ,sultan     
,bibars repeopled ,safed with a colony  
from ,damascus1 and local tradition     
asserts that of these many were ,kurds4 
#gf ,the ,empress of ,constantinople4   
#gg ,the treatment of the ,jewish sick1 
even in these degenerate days1 is very  
scrupulous4 ,when the patient is        
evidently moribund1 not a drop of       
medicine or even a drink of water must  
be given to him unless he ask for it    
himself1 lest such act hasten           

dissolution1 and make the giver guilty  
of having caused the death of a brother 
,hebrew4  #gh ,sic ,burton1 but should  
be #id4  #gi ,the neumes1 properly      
pneumes 7,gr4 ,greek3 3 pneuma71 i4e4   
the musical notations prevalent from the
 eighth to the twelfth century1 are     
supposed by some to represent the       
ancient ,nota ,romana1 though others    
hold them to be of ,oriental origin4    
,,chapter ,v  ,,the ,,continuity ,,of   
,,tradition ,,in ,,the ,,east           
,obviously such cruel and vindictive    
teaching as that recounted in the       
previous chapter must bear fruit in     
crime and atrocities4 ,the occurrence of
 such deeds explains much of what       
appears to have been the mere results of
 superstition and greed of gain amongst 
semi-barbarous peoples4 ,from the       
earliest ages to these modern days1 and 
not in one place1 but all the world     
over1 the hatred of the ,jew against the
 non-,jew has been of the fiercest4     
,those who are so ready to admit and    

deplore the mighty provocations which   
roused a spirit of retaliation in the   
,rabbinical mind should equally make    
allowance for the natural feelings of   
the unfortunate ,gentiles and heathens  
when the 8,people of the ,synagogue0 had
 their wicked will4 ,in the fifth       
century the ,hebrew colony1 which1      
flying from ,syria and ,palestine after 
the wars of ,titus and ,hadrian1 settled
 near ,yathrib 7,medina71 was powerful  
enough to murder the ,viceroy of the    
,tobbaa1 or ,himyarite ,king1 and to    
convert to ,judaism1 ,du-naws 7,a4,d4   
#dhj71 one of the last of that dynasty4 
,he acquired the title 8,lord of the    
,fiery ,pit10 by burning alive1 in a    
trench filled with combustibles1        
thousands of the ,christians of ,nejern 
at the instigation of the ,jews4 ,in    
later times the 8,people of the         
,synagogue0 brought upon themselves a   
war of extermination by insulting an    
,arab woman1 and after the siege of     
,kheibar they attempted to poison       

,muhammad4 ,in ,a4,d4 #fad the ,hebrews 
of ,galilee1 according to ,eutychius1   
joining the ,persian army under         
,chosroes ,,ii41 caused a great         
slaughter of the ,nazarenes4 ,when the  
,holy ,city was captured1 they bought at
 a cheap rate those taken by the        
,persians1 especially from the ,greek   
monastery of ,mar ,saba1 for the sole   
purpose of butchering them4 ,even in    
,abyssinia1 when the ,falashas1 or black
 proselytes1 established a powerful     
kingdom1 this quasi-,jewish race1 under 
their ,king ,gideon and their ,queen    
,judith1 was a scourge to all the       
nations around4 ,these are but a few    
instances of the many which would fill a
 volume4 ,it is absurd to suppose with  
the 8liberal0 writers of the nineteenth 
century that whole colonies have been   
expelled1 driven away half naked1 from  
,england and ,france1 from ,germany1    
,spain1 ,portugal1 and other ,christian 
kingdoms2 that communities were         
imprisoned in ,ghettos1 and subjected to

 tumultuous and wholesale massacres2 and
 that thousands of individual ,jews and 
,jewesses1 old men and children1 were   
roasted with dogs over slow fires1 were 
skinned alive1 tortured1 dismembered1   
and slain like savage beasts for the    
mere frenzy and the ignorance of        
superstition1 for simply diabolical     
barbarity1 and for clipping coin or for 
claiming more than two shillings per    
week as interest on a loan of twenty    
shillings4  ,we must seek for a solid   
cause underlying these horrible acts of 
vengeance2 we find ample motive in the  
fact that the ,jew's hand was ever1 like
 ,ishmael's1 against every man but those
 belonging to the ,synagogue4 ,his      
fierce passions and fiendish cunning1   
combined with abnormal powers of        
intellect1 with intense vitality1 and   
with a persistency of purpose which the 
world has rarely seen1 and whetted      
moreover by a keen thirst for blood     
engendered by defeat and subjection1    
combined to make him the deadly enemy of

 all mankind1 whilst his unsocial and   
iniquitous ,oral ,law contributed to    
inflame his wild lust of pelf1 and to   
justify the crimes suggested by spite   
and superstition4 ,because under the    
present enlightened ,governments of the 
,west the ,jews have lost much of their 
ancient rancour1 and no longer          
perpetrate the atrocities of the ,dark  
,ages1 ,europe is determined to believe 
that the race is1 and ever has been1    
incapable of such atrocities4 ,the      
conclusion is by no means logical4 ,we  
have seen them even now repeated in the 
,holy ,land1 and presently we shall see 
that they are still not unknown to      
,western ,europe1 ,asia ,minor1 and     
,persia4  ,and what can we expect from a
 system which teaches men to believe and
 to act as follows8#hj 8,a tradition of 
the ,talmud says 7,talmud1 ,book ,baba  
,kama1 ,chapter ,haggozel7 if an        
,israelite and a ,gentile come before   
thee to judgment1 if thou canst absolve 
the ,israelite according to the ,jewish 

,law1 absolve him1 and say1 #8,this is  
our way of judging4' ,but if thou canst 
absolve him by ,gentile ,law1 absolve   
him1 and say1 #8,this is your way of    
judging4' ,but if not1 then they are to 
come upon him with cunning frauds4 ,r4  
,samuel says the error of a ,gentile is 
also lawful4 ,for1 behold1 ,samuel      
bought a piece of gold for four small   
coins1 and added one more 7that he might
 go away the sooner1 and not perceive   
the fraud74 ,chahana bought a hundred   
and twenty casks of wine for the price  
of a hundred2 he said1 #8,my trust is in
 thee4' ,so far the ,talmud4 ,from these
 and similar passages ,jews infer that  
they may and ought to deceive           
,christians and others who are not      
,jews4 ,thus also from other passages   
they infer that they may and ought to   
kill ,christians1 of which the following
 example is found in the book ,mechilta3
 ,exod4 xiv4 #g1 ,and he took six       
hundred chosen chariots1 and all the    
chariots of ,egypt4 ,from whom did he   

take them8 ,if you say from the         
,egyptians1 is it not said already1     
,exod4 ix4 #f1 ,and all the cattle of   
,egypt died8 ,if you say ,pharaoh1 then 
there is a difficulty2 for it is said   
already1 ix4 #c1 ,behold1 the hand of   
the ,lord shall be upon thy cattle4 ,but
 if you say they were from the          
,israelites1 it is said already1 x4 #bf1
 ,our cattle shall go with us4 ,from    
whom then were they8 ,it is plain that  
they must have been from those who      
feared the word of the ,lord4 ,hence we 
learn that those of the servants of     
,pharaoh who feared the word of the     
,lord were a stumbling-block to ,israel1
 and hence ,r4 ,simeon ben ,jochai says1
 #8,slay thou the best amongst the      
,gentiles1 and of the best of serpents  
bruise the head4'#ha ,thus far the      
,talmud2 and by this they mean to say1  
that as of serpents he especially is to 
be killed that is the greatest and best 
of its kind1 so ,christians are to be   
dealt with in the same way4 ,for killing

 ,christians and throwing their children
 into pits1 and even for killing them   
when they can do it secretly1 they      
derive an argument from that which is   
said in the book ,abodah ,zarah1        
,chapter ,en ,maamidin3 #8,as to        
,gentiles and robbers1 and those that   
tend small cattle1 they are neither to  
be helped out of a well nor to be thrown
 into it4 ,but heretics and informers   
and apostates are to be thrown in1 but  
not to be helped out4' ,the commentary  
of ,rashi says3 #8,heretics mean the    
priests of idols2 informers mean        
calumniators who betray the wealth of   
their brethren into the hands of the    
,gentiles4' ,r4 ,shesheth says3 #8,if   
there be a step in the pit1 let him find
 an excuse1 and say1 ,lest an evil beast
 descend upon him4' ,rabba and ,r4      
,joseph both say3 #8,if there be a stone
 upon the mouth of the well1 he is to   
cover it1 and say1 ,i do it that the    
beasts may pass over it4' ,r4 ,nachman  
says3 #8,if there be a ladder in the    

well1 he is to take it away1 and say1 ,i
 wish to get down my son from the roof4'
 ,thus far the ,talmud4 ,thy prudence1  
,o reader1 may perceive that the        
,talmud1 which so perniciously teaches  
them to lie and to kill ,christians1 is 
not the law of ,god1 but the figment of 
the devil40  ,we can hardly be          
surprised1 after reading such atrocious 
doctrines1 at what history tells us     
concerning the ,jews1 their crimes1 and 
their condemnations4 ,for instance3  ,in
 ,a4,d4 #dai1 according to ,socrates    
7,eccles4 ,hist41 ,lib4 ,,vii41 chap1   
xvi471 some ,jews of ,inmestar1 between 
,chalcis and ,antioch1 as a drunken     
frolic1 tied a ,christian child#hb upon 
a cross and mocked it1 and that1 hurried
 on in their wickedness1 they afterwards
 scourged it until it died4  ,in ,a4,d4 
#efj a ,jew was stoned for carrying away
 and profaning an image of the ,saviour4
 ,the same happened at ,odessa in ,a4,d4
 #ahga1 where the ,hebrews were charged 
with stealing the image of the          

8miraculous ,madonna of ,kutperova40    
,about ,a4,d4 #ghg the ,jews of ,beyrut 
repeated the offence4 ,the result was   
the conversion of almost all their      
number1 and the consecration of their   
synagogue by the bishop4  ,a4,d4 #ajaj4 
,massacre of the ,jews in ,france4      
,a4,d4 #ajag4 ,certain ,jews beheaded by
 order of ,pope ,benedict at ,rome4     
,a4,d4 #aace4 ,the ,jews crucified a boy
 at ,norwich4 ,according to the general 
report1 they hired a ,christian lad aged
 twelve as a leather-sewer1 and         
converted him into a ,paschal offering2 
they placed a bit in his mouth1 and     
after a thousand outrages they crucified
 him1 and pierced his side in order to  
mock the ,redeemer's death4 ,the corpse 
was borne in a sack to be burned outside
 the town gates2 but a surprise caused  
the murderers to fly1 leaving the       
remains hanging upon a tree4  ,a4,d4    
#aaff4 ,the ,jews at ,ponthosa crucified
 a lad aged twelve4  ,a4,d4 #aahe4 ,for 
similar outrage upon a girl and others1 

,king ,philip ,augustus confiscated the 
goods of the ,jews1 and banished them   
from his realms in the ,april of the    
following year4  ,a4,d4 #aahi4 ,the     
,jews were massacred at ,london and in  
other parts of ,england4  ,a4,d4 #aaij4 
,the ,jews were massacred at ,york4     
,a4,d4 #abej4 ,the ,jews of ,saragossa  
nailed a child named ,dominic to the    
wall in the form of a cross1 and then   
pierced his side with a spear4 ,during  
the same century those of ,toledo also  
killed a ,christian youth4 ,according to
 the ,cronica ,serafica 7della ,vita di 
,s4 ,francesco d',assisi1 ,opera del    
,padre ,damiano ,cornejo1 #agba1 ,lib4  
,i41 chap1 i471 the ,jews               
superstitiously used the blood of       
,christians in child-birth1 and sent it 
in a dried state to ,china and other    
places1 where they had synagogues1 but  
where worshippers of ,christ#hc are not 
to be found4 ,hence the ,jews were      
eventually expelled from ,spain and     
,portugal4  ,a4,d4 #abee4 8,jappen10 one

 of the chief ,jews of ,lincoln1 and    
others of his faith1 kidnapped a lad    
eleven years old 7,august #bg71 beat him
 with rods1 cut off his nose and upper  
lip1 broke some of his teeth1 and       
pierced his side4 ,king ,henry ,,iii4   
and his ,parliament at ,reading         
condemned the murderers to be dragged to
 death at horses' heels1 and gibbeted   
their carcases4  ,a4,d4 #abga4 ,the     
,jews of ,pforzheim murdered a girl     
seven years old4  ,a4,d4 #abhg4 ,the    
,jews of ,wesel murdered a boy named    
,werner4  ,a4,d4 #abhh4 ,the ,jews of   
,pacherat 8 7,wrtzburg7 murdered a      
,christian1 and extracted his blood 8as 
it were with a winepress1 and which they
 are said to use as a medicine40 ,about 
the same time the ,jews of ,munich      
murdered a ,christian child4  ,a4,d4    
#abij4 ,a ,jew was burnt in ,paris for  
insulting a consecrated wafer4 ,in the  
same year1 during the reign of ,edward  
,i41 fifteen to sixteen thousand ,jews  
were banished from ,england2 nor were   

they allowed to return till the days of 
,cromwell1 the first ,liberal 7,a4,d4   
#affj74  ,a4,d4 #abii4 ,many ,jews were 
put to death for insulting a consecrated
 wafer at ,roettingen of ,franconia4    
,a4,d4 #acjc4 ,the ,jews of ,thringen   
murdered a child1 and were slain in     
numbers4  ,a4,d4 #acjf4 ,king ,philip of
 ,france was induced by a multitude of  
accusations1 involving magic1 sacrilege1
 and murder1 to expel the ,jews from his
 country1 to confiscate all their goods 
except what was wanted for the journey1 
and to forbid their return under pain of
 death--all were arrested on the same   
day1 ,july #bb4  ,a4,d4 #accj4 ,the     
,jews of ,gustow in ,vandalia ,pomerania
 insulted a ,host4  ,a4,d4 #acdh-acej4  
,the ,jews were accused of poisoning the
 wells and rivers1 and of causing the   
plague which then devastated ,europe4   
,many were slain and thousands were     
driven away from ,germany1 where the cry
 of 8,hep0 was first raised4 ,at length 
the ,papal power was compelled to defend

 their lives by threats of              
excommunicating their destroyers4       
,a4,d4 #acgi4 ,the ,jews of ,belgium    
insulted a consecrated ,host4  ,a4,d4   
#acii4 ,the same was done by the ,jews  
of ,poland4  ,a4,d4 #adfh4 ,the ,jews of
 ,toledo in ,spain crucified a          
,christian boy4  ,a4,d4 #adge4 ,the     
,jews again insulted the ,host1 and were
 expelled the territories of the ,bishop
 of ,passau4  ,a4,d4 #adib-adih4 ,the   
,jews were expelled from ,spain1 in     
consequence of popular clamour1 by      
,isabel the ,catholic4 ,many retired to 
,portugal1 where asylum was granted to  
them under the conditions1 first1 that  
each should pay a certain sum of gold   
for admission1 and1 secondly1 that if   
found in ,portugal after a certain day1 
they should either consent to be        
baptized or be sold for slaves4 ,at the 
expiration of the appointed time many   
remained4 8,the ,king therefore gave    
orders to take away all their children  
under fourteen years of age1 to         

distribute them amongst ,christians1 to 
send them to the newly discovered       
islands1 and thus to pluck up ,judaism  
by the roots40 ,this expulsion1 which   
has been strongly commented upon by     
modern historians1 is still fresh in the
 memory of the ,jews1 and an ,eastern   
,rabbi can hardly conceal the hatred    
with which even in these days he regards
 a ,spanish official4  ,a4,d4 #adie4    
,the ,jews of ,trent1 by means of one of
 their number1 a physician1 decoyed to  
his house1 whilst the ,christians were  
at church1 it being ,maunday ,thursday1 
a boy two years and a half old1 by name 
,simeon1 the son of a tanner4 ,before   
the ,paschal festival commenced1 the    
principal ,jews collected in a room near
 their synagogue4 ,the child1 gagged    
with a kerchief1 was extended in the    
form of a cross1 and was held down by   
his murderers4 ,the blood1 pouring from 
heavy gashes1 was collected in a basin1 
and when death drew near the victim was 
placed upon his legs by the two men1 and

 the others pierced his body with sharp 
instruments1 all vying in brutality and 
enjoying the torture4 ,the corpse having
 been found in the ,etsch river1 which  
flows through the city1 led to the      
detection of the crime2 the murderers   
were put to death1 the synagogue was    
razed to the ground1 and a church was   
built over the place where the horrid   
deed was done4 ,a sculpture was put on  
the ,bridge ,tower in                   
,frankfort-on-the-,maine1 and a picture 
of a 8,christian ,infant murdered by the
 ,jews0 was placed in one of the        
galleries in the ,htel de ,ville4 ,of   
late years it has been removed1 in      
deference to the feelings of the ,hebrew
 community1 which1 of late years1 has   
formed a large and important section of 
the commercial population4 ,this murder 
has been abundantly commented upon4 ,dr4
 ,john ,matthias ,tiberinus1 in ,trent  
at the time1 and ,jacobus ,philippus    
,bergamensis1 of the ,order of the      
,hermits of ,st4 ,augustine1 who was    

then living at the neighbouring town of 
,bergamo1 gave accounts of it2 whilst an
 engraving was produced in the          
,chronicles of ,john ,louis ,gottfried1 
edited by ,matthus ,merianus4 ,on the   
other hand1 ,pietro ,mocenigo1 the ,doge
 of ,venice1 and his ,senate asserted3  
8,credimus certe rumorem ipsum de puero 
necato commentum esse et artem2 ad quem 
finem1 viderint et interpretentur alii40
  ,a4,d4 #aeah4 ,the ,jews ill-treated  
consecrated ,hosts and murdered         
,christian children in the ,electorate  
of ,brandenburg4  ,a4,d4 #affi          
7,september #be74 ,a child was          
barbarously slaughtered by one ,raphael 
,levi1 and the cause was publicly tried 
at ,metz4 ,the ,nuremburg ,chronicle    
produces1 in the same year1 three other 
cases of kidnapping--one in ,england and
 two at ,fiesole4 ,baronio 7,raccolta   
delle ,cause ,celebri1 p4 #bhh1 etc47   
supplies many similar instances of child
 stealing and murder4  ,m4 ,tustet1 a   
,lazarist priest1 used to relate what he

 had heard when living at ,turin from   
the lady who nearly fell a victim to    
,jewish superstition1 even in the early 
part of the present century4 ,a certain 
,signor ,antonio ,gervalon1 born at     
,castiglione d',osta1 and settled in    
business at ,turin1 happened1 when      
walking with his wife ,giulietta        
,bonnier1 to enter the ,jewish quarter4 
,this ,ghetto used to be closed at      
night1 as in ,hamburg and ,frankfort4   
,whilst he was talking business with one
 of his ,hebrew acquaintances1 ,madame  
,gervalon left him1 and strolled on a   
short way4 ,suddenly she was mobbed by a
 crowd of ,jews1 who hustled her        
forwards1 and at last forcibly thrust   
her into a souterrain closed by a       
trap-door4 ,she was stripped to the     
waist1 and presently visited by two     
,rabbis1 who1 after reading their books 
for about half an hour1 retired1 saying1
 ,voi dovete morire4 ,the husband1 after
 the conversation ended1 followed his   
wife1 whom all the ,ghetto folk denied  

having seen2 and thinking that perhaps  
she had gone home1 he returned there to 
seek her1 but in vain4 ,thence he went  
to various houses1 till a relative said 
to him in jest1 8,have a care6 ,you know
 how the ,jews treat us ,christians40   
,the words struck him4 ,he hurriedly    
collected a party of policemen1 and     
whilst these searched the ,ghetto he    
went about shouting1 8,la mia moglie6   
,la mia moglie0 7,my wife6 my wife674   
,though half dead with fear1 the lady at
 length screamed a reply1 and was saved4
 ,the affair was hushed up with money1  
which made the ,jews as powerful at     
,turin as they are at ,aleppo and       
,damascus2 but the tale was long told by
 the children of ,madame ,gervalon4 ,in 
this section of the nineteenth century  
the subject has passed into the domain  
of politics1 and is no longer submitted 
to reason and judgment4 ,the ,italian   
,liberal denies and derides the charges1
 whilst the ,conservatives or           
,retrogrades are almost ashamed to      

support them4  ,a4,d4 #ahaa4 ,a         
,christian woman disappeared in the     
,jewish quarter of ,aleppo4#hd  ,a4,d4  
#ahba4 ,the ,jews sacrificed a man at   
,beyrut4  ,a4,d4 #ahbd4 ,the ,jews of   
,beyrut made away with ,fatallah        
,sayegh1 an ,aleppine ,muhammadan4      
,a4,d4 #ahbi4 ,the ,jews of ,hamah      
murdered a ,muhammadan girl1 and were   
expelled the city4  ,a4,d4 #ahcd4 ,the  
,jews of ,tripoli were accused of       
murdering an ,aleppine ,christian4      
,a4,d4 #ahch4 ,the ,jews of ,jerusalem  
attempted to murder a ,muhammadan4      
,a4,d4 #ahci4 ,a flask of blood passed  
through the ,custom-house of ,beyrut4   
,a4,d4 #ahdj4 ,the ,jews murdered ,padre
 ,tomaso and ,ibrahm ,amrah at          
,damascus4 ,in the same year they made  
away with a ,greek boy at ,rhodes1 a    
,greek boy disappeared from ,corfu1 and 
an attempt was made to murder a         
,muhammadan4  ,a4,d4 #ahdg4 ,the ,jews  
crucified a ,christian boy in ,mount    
,lebanon4  ,a4,d4 #ahec4 ,the ,jews of  

,caiffa murdered the wife of an         
,algerine ,jew4  ,a4,d4 #ahfe4 ,the     
,jews of ,safed put to death a ,spanish 
,jewess4  ,do not these things remind us
 of that 8generation of vipers10 certain
 of the ,jews1 who banded together and  
bound themselves by a curse1 saying that
 they would neither eat nor drink till  
they had killed ,paul8 ,and was not the 
,apostle justified in asserting1 8,they 
please not ,god1 and are contrary to all
 men08  ,how vain it is1 in presence of 
all these horrors1 to quote the         
testimony of ,grotius1 who1 speaking of 
the ,jews since the ,dispersion1 says3  
8,et tamen tanto tempore ,judi1 nec ad  
falsorum deorum cultus defluxerunt1 nec 
de adulteriis accusantur02 and1 8,apud  
,batavos ,judi suspecti talium facinorum
 non sunt40 ,yet these men              
excommunicated ,spinoza and attempted   
his life because he wrote the truth that
 was in him4 ,granting1 however1 that   
the ,jews of ,holland were like the mild
 and unoffending ,karates of the ,crimea

 and ,aden1 it does not follow that all 
the widely parted families of the house 
of ,israel deserve an equally favourable
 verdict4 ,at any rate1 sufficient has  
been advanced in these pages to open the
 eyes of the student and the            
ethnographer2 it will stand on record   
8until ,elijah40  ,,footnotes3  #hj ,the
 passage is from the ,pugio ,fidei      
7,part ,,iii41 c4 xxii41  #bb7 of the   
learned ,raymund ,martin 7,a4,d4 #abhd71
 quoted in a pamphlet1 of which more    
presently4  #ha ,this has passed into an
 ,arabic proverb4  #hb ,the annals of   
the world are full of reports concerning
 children being kidnapped1 crowned with 
thorns1 flogged1 crucified1 and pierced 
with sharp instruments4 ,of course the  
child is chosen because it is more      
easily mastered than a man4  #hc ,the   
,chronicles are right in believing that 
the ,jew hates the ,christian more than 
he does the ,muhammadan4 8,as to those  
,gentiles1 who1 like the ,ishmaelites1  
are not idolaters1 their wine is        

unlawful to drink1 but is lawful for    
purpose of profit1 as is taught by all  
the ,gaons2 but ,christians are         
idolaters1 and their wine1 even such as 
has not been used as wine of libation1  
is unlawful even for purposes of profit0
 7,hilchoth ,maakhaloth ,asuroth1 c4 xi4
 #g74 8,statuimus10 says the ,talmud    
7,order ,i41 ,dissert4 #d1 quoted by    
,lucio ,ferraris71 8ut quilibet ,judus  
ter in die omnem ,christianorum gentem  
ac ,deum precetur ut confundat1         
interimatque ipsam cum regibus et       
principibus suis2 atque hoc maxim       
faciant sacerdotes ,judorum in synagoga 
ter quotidie orantes in odium ,jesu     
,nazareni40 ,this curse is not ordered  
against ,muhammadans4  #hd ,this        
skeleton list is continued in order to  
show chronologically the continuity of  
tradition concerning atrocities and     
sacrilege practised by the ,jews4       
,,ii4  ,,the ,,gypsy  8,a people        
proscribed by opinion1 and doomed by the
 laws to opprobrium and ignominy2 a race

 which1 driven from all liberal         
professions1 has been for ages1 and     
still is1 robbed of its right to hold   
landed property2 which1 subjected to    
special and severe regulations1 has     
learned at once to obey and yet to      
preserve a manner of independence2      
which1 despite the contempt that it     
inspires and the hate that it awakes and
 the prejudices wherewith it is received
 and judged1 still resists this         
contempt1 this hatred1 and finally all  
those causes which ought to disunite1   
loosen1 and annihilate the family1 the  
race1 the nation2--such a people1 ,i    
say1 deserves the observer's attention1 
if only from the fact of its existence40
                                        
,,jaubert ,,de ,,passa4   ,,to ,,the    
,,reader  ,of general works upon the    
subject of the ,gypsies we have perhaps 
enough1 and more than enough2 this      
objection1 however1 cannot be urged     
against specialities1 which still are   
highly desirable in every department of 

8,chinganology40 ,i use the latter term 
in preference to the ,french            
,tsiganologie1 of which more presently1 
and the 8,romanology10 a term of dubious
 import1 lately introduced into         
,english4  ,i wish to place in extenso  
before the public the following         
conclusions which the study of some     
years has1 it is hoped1 justified me in 
drawing with regard to the relation of  
the ,gypsies and the ,jats3    #a4 ,the 
medival ,gypsies of ,europe were the    
last wave of ,aryan       emigration    
that flowed westward during the early   
fifteenth       century2 and this wave  
was possibly preceded by more than one  
similar exodus4    #b4 ,the medival     
,gypsies show family resemblances1      
physical and       moral1 ethnological  
and linguistic1 with the modern ,jats1 a
       highly important race1 which     
extends from the mouth of the ,indus    
to the head of the great ,valley1 thence
 ramifying over ,turkistan       and the
 far ,north4    #c4 ,there are solid    

reasons for believing the ,jats and the 
,jin-tchi       of ,tatary to be the    
modern representatives of the classical 
,get       and the ,goths of later days4
    #d4 ,the language of both tribes    
7,jat and ,gypsy7 is of ,indo-,persian  
type1 the ,indian ingredient not being  
so much decomposed as in       the      
modern varieties of ,prakrit4 ,an       
absolute isolation of speech1           
especial reasons for secrecy1 and the   
fact of being oral and       never      
written have preserved its purity among 
the ,gypsies2 while       the ,jats1 in 
close contact with alien tongues1 have  
made those       secular linguistic     
changes which are familiar even to      
,english and       ,french4    #e4 ,the 
most ancient name of the race is        
,chingneh1 a term still       used in   
,persia and ,turkey1 and necessarily    
corrupted by the       ,arabs1 who have 
no ch1 to ,jingneh4    #f4 ,concerning  
the origin of the ,gypsy article 7o--os1
 a--as1       etc471 which is unknown to

 both ,sanskrit and ,prakrit1 the suit  
is still pending4 ,possibly it is       
original and peculiar to the            
dialect2 more probably it is an         
,european and especially a ,greek       
innovation4 ,briefly1 until we have     
grammatical and vocabularian            
sketches of the ,central ,asian and the 
,turkoman-,gypsy tongues1 we       are  
not in a position to draw conclusions4  
,i propose to discuss the ,indian       
affinities of the ,gypsies4 ,i begin    
with a detailed critique of the various 
reviews proceeding from the prolific pen
 of ,m4 ,paul ,bataillard1 who claims   
the merit1 such as it is1 of having     
first identified the ,gypsies and the   
,jats4 ,i end with topographical notes  
on both tribes throughout their         
extension from the ,indus to ,morocco   
and even to the ,brazil4     ,part ,i   
,,notes ,,on ,,modern ,,studies ,,of    
8,,chinganology0     ,,chapter ,i  ,,the
 ,,indian ,,affinities ,,of ,,the       
,,gypsies   ,the following letter to the

 ,academy 7,march #bg1 #ahge71 which    
opened the discussion between ,m4 ,paul 
,bataillard and its author1 speaks for  
itself#he3  8,in the ,academy of        
,february #bg1 #ahge1 ,i had these      
words3  8#8,professor de ,goeje1 of     
,leyden1 has printed some interesting   
,contributions to the ,history of the   
,gipsies 7sic74 ,he accepts the view    
propounded by ,pott1#hf as early as     
#ahec1 that the ,gipsies are closely    
related to the ,indian ,jatt 7a name    
which the ,arab historians transform    
into ,zott74444 ,dr4 ,trumpp#hg has     
already pointed out the close           
resemblance between the ,european       
,gipsies and the ,jatt of the banks of  
the ,indus4'  8,i venture to hope that  
you will permit me to show the part     
taken by myself in this question4#hh    
,sindh and the ,races that inhabit the  
,valley of the ,indus 7,london3 ,allen71
 my volume written between #ahde and    
#ahdi1 and published in #ahea1 thus     
treats of the peoples of the plains3    

8#8,the ,jat1 or as others write the    
word1 ,jath1 ,juth1 or ,jutt1 was1 in   
the time of the ,kalhor dynasty1 one of 
the ruling classes in ,sindh4 ,it was   
probably for this reason that the author
 of the ,tohfat el ,kirm 7a well-known  
book of ,sindhi ,annals7 made them of   
kindred origin with the ,belochis1 who  
now repudiate such an idea with disdain4
 ,the ,jat's account of his own descent 
gives to ,ukayl1 the companion of       
,muhammad1 the high honour of being his 
progenitor2 but what class of ,muslim   
people1 however vile1 do not claim some 
equally high origin8  8,as ,jtaki1 the  
dialect peculiar to the people1 proves1 
they 7i4e4 the ,sindh division of this  
extensive race7 must have come from the 
,panjb1 and the other districts ,ubho or
 ,bldasht1 ,jhang-,siyl1 ,multn1 and    
other regions dependent upon the great  
,country of the ,five ,rivers4 ,driven  
by war or famine from their own lands1  
they migrated southwards to ,sebi 7,sibi
 or ,siwi1 ,upper ,sindh7 and to the    

hills around it4 ,they are supposed to  
have entered ,sindh a little before the 
accession of the ,kalhor ,princes1 and  
shortly afterwards to have risen to     
distinction by their superior courage   
and personal strength4 ,at present they 
have lost all that distinguished them1  
and of their multitude of ,jgrdrs1      
,zemindrs1 and ,sardrs now not a single 
descendant possesses anything like      
wealth or rank4 ,the principal          
settlements are in the provinces of     
,kakrlo1 ,jti1 ,chediyo1 ,maniyr1       
,phulji1 and ,joh4 ,those of ,umarkot   
speak1 it is said1 a different dialect  
from the ,indine ,jats1 and not a few   
migrating tribes graze their herds on   
the great ,delta4#hi ,they are generally
 agriculturists or breeders of camels1  
and appear to be a quiet1 inoffensive   
race4 ,throughout the eastern parts of  
,central ,asia1 the name ,jat is        
synonymous with thief and scoundrel4    
8#8,the ,sindhi ,jats have many         
different ,kamus or clans1 the principal

 of which are the following3 ,babbur1   
,bhti1 ,jiskni1 ,kalaru1 ,magsi1        
,mir-jat1 ,parhiyr1 ,sanjarni1 ,siyl1   
and ,solngi4'  8,to this text were      
appended the following notes3   8,jatu  
in the ,sindhi dialect means3 #a4 ,a    
camel-driver or breeder4 #b4  ,the name 
of a ,beloch clan4 ,generally in the    
lower ,indus ,valley it is  written     
,jatu1 and pronounced ,dyatu4 ,it has   
three significations3 #a4  ,the name of 
a tribe1 the ,jats4 #b4 ,a ,sindhi1 as  
opposed to a ,beloch2  it is in this    
sense an insulting expression1 and so   
the ,beloch and  ,brahins of the hills  
call the ,sindhi language ,jthki4 #c4 ,a
 word of  insult1 a #8barbarian1' as in 
the expression do-dasto ,jatu1 #8an     
utter savage4'   8,lt4 ,wood's work     
shows that the ,jats are still found in 
the ,panjb and  all along the banks of  
the ,indus4   8,under the name ,jat no  
less than four races are comprised4  8,i
 continued3  8#8,it appears probable    
from the appearance and other           

peculiarities of the race that the ,jats
 are connected by consanguinity with    
that peculiar race the ,gypsies4 ,of    
#acj words used by the ,gypsies in      
,syria1 no less than #ajd belong to the 
,indo-,persian class of language4 ,the  
rest may be either the remains of the   
barbarous tongues spoken by the         
aboriginal mountaineers who inhabited   
the tract between the ,indus and        
,eastern ,persia1 or the invention of a 
subsequent age1 when their dispersion   
among hostile tribes rendered a         
8thieves' language0 necessary4 ,the     
numerals are almost all pure ,persian4  
,there are two words1 8kuri0 7a house7  
and 8psih0 7a cat71 probably corrupted  
from the ,pushtu 8kor0 and 8pishu40 ,two
 other words are ,sindhi 8mnna0 for     
8mni10 bread1 and 8hi0 for 8h10 he4 ,as 
might be expected from a tribe          
inhabiting ,syria1 ,arabic and ,turkish 
words occasionally occur1 but they form 
no part of the groundwork of the        
language4'  8,it was my fortune to      

wander far and wide1 during four years  
of staff service1 about the ,valley of  
the ,indus2 and to make personal        
acquaintance with many1 if not all1 its 
wild tribes4 ,i saw much of the ,jats1  
lodged in their huts and tents1 and     
studied the camel under their tuition4  
,they are the best #8,vets4' and        
breeders known to that part of the      
,indian ,empire4 ,my kind friend1 now no
 more1 then ,colonel1 and afterwards    
,general1 ,walter ,scott1 of the ,bombay
 ,engineers1 had a ,jat in his service2 
and the rough old man's peculiarities   
afforded us abundant diversion4 ,thus ,i
 was able to publish in #ahdi the first 
known notice of ,jtaki and its          
literature4 ,the author of the famous   
#8,dabistan'#ij applies the term #8,jat 
tongue' to that in which ,nnah ,shh1 the
 ,apostle of the ,sikhs1 composed his   
,grauth#ia and other works4 ,throughout 
the ,panjb ,jatki bt 7#8,jat tongue'7 is
 synonymous with the ,gunwr ki boli or  
#8peasants' jargon' of ,hindustan4  8,i 

wrote the word ,jtaki with two italics4 
,the first denotes the peculiar ,sindhi 
sound1 a blending of j and t2 the second
 is the familiar cerebral of ,sanskrit  
and ,prakrit1 which survives to a       
certain extent in our modern ,english   
tongue1 though unknown to the ,latin and
 the ,teutonic languages4 ,the tribal   
name is ,jatu1 with the short terminal  
vowel which in ,sindhi1 as in ,sanskrit1
 follows the consonant2 its plural1     
,jatn1 ends with a well-marked nasal4   
8,at that time ,i divided this rude race
 of semi-,bedawin into four great       
tribes2 namely3  8#8,the ,panjb ,jat1   
who is neither a ,hindu nor a ,hindi    
7,muslim74 ,he first appears in ,indian 
history as a nomad1 alternately         
shepherd1 robber1 and temporary tiller  
of the ground4 ,many became ,sikhs1 and 
did good service to ,nnah ,shah's faith 
by their zealous opposition to          
,muhammadan bigotry4 ,as this was their 
sole occupation for many years1 they    
gradually grew more and more warlike1   

and at one time they were as fighting a 
race as any in ,india4 ,they have been  
identified by ,colonel ,sleeman and     
others with the ancient ,get and their  
descendants the ,goths4#ib  8#8,the ,jat
 or ,dyat of the ,hazrah country1       
,jhang-,siyl1 ,kach 7,kutch7 ,gandva1   
and ,sindh generally1 where they may    
number two hundred and fifty thousand   
out of a total population of one        
million4 ,they are all ,muslims1 and are
 supposed to have emigrated from the    
north during or shortly after the       
,kalhor accession2 hence their dialect  
is commonly called ,belochki4 ,in those 
days the ,belochs were very little known
 to ,sindh1 whose aristocracy1 the      
,amrs1 ,jgrdrs1 and opulent ,zemindrs1  
was either ,sindhi or ,jats4 ,about     
,peshwur 8,jat0 is still synonymous with
 ,zemindr or landed proprietor2 at      
times1 however1 it is used as a term of 
reproach4  8#8,the third is a clan of   
,belochs1 who spell their name with the 
,arabo-,persian1 not the ,sindhi j4 ,in 

the lower ,indine ,valley they hold the 
province of ,jti1 and other parts to the
 south-east4 ,the head of the tribe is  
entitled ,malik 7literally 8,king071    
e4g4 ,malik ,hamml ,jat4#ic  8#8,the    
next is a wandering tribe1 many of whom 
are partially settled in ,candahr1      
,hert1 ,meshhed1 and other cities of the
 ,persico-,afghan frontier4 ,they are   
found in ,meckran2 and they sometimes   
travel as far as ,maskat1 ,sindh1 and   
even ,central ,india4 ,they are held to 
be notorious thieves1 occupying a low   
place in the scale of creation4 ,no good
 account of this tribe has as yet       
appeared2 and the smallest contributions
 upon the subject would be right        
thankfully received4'  8,the fifth which
 must now be added is the ,jin-tchi of  
,central ,asia4 ,these people are not1  
as ,mr4 ,schuyler#id seems to think1    
#8,kfirs from ,kfiristan'2 they are     
apparently true ,jats--an idea once     
advanced by ,mr4 ,andrew ,wilson of the 
,abode of ,snow4#ie  8,these tribes are 

looked upon as aborigines1 which simply 
means that their predecessors are       
unknown4#if  8,such were the notices    
collected by me in manuscript some years
 before #ahdi4 ,at that time the        
,orientalists of ,europe were almost    
unanimous in identifying the ,gypsies   
with the ,nat'h1 a scattered ,indian    
tribe of itinerant tinkers and          
musicians1 the #8poor players' of the   
great ,peninsula1 utterly ignorant of   
horse-couping1 cattle-breeding1 and even
 poultry-snatching4 ,and the conviction 
still holds its ground2 only lately my  
erudite correspondent1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,burnard
 ,davis1 reminded me of it4  8,of course
 the humble linguistic labours of a     
perpetual explorer can hardly be        
familiar to the professionally learned  
world2 but ,i cherish a hope that you   
will aid me in resurrecting my buried   
and forgotten work40  ,,footnotes3  #he 
,in this reprint of the original letter 
the only changes are a few verbal       
corrections and suppressions of the     

parts elsewhere enlarged upon4  #hf ,the
 famous work ,die ,zigeuner in ,europa  
und ,asien1 #b vols4 #hvo 7,halle1      
#ahdd-e74 ,it was followed by two       
,nachtrags 7which ,i have not seen74    
,the first contains a ,syro-,gypsy      
vocabulary2 and the second1 notices of  
their manners and customs in ,turkey and
 other countries4 ,see ,zeitschrift d4  
,deut4 ,morgen4 ,gesell41 ,,iii41 pp4   
#cba-cbe1 of #ahdi2 and ,ibid41 ,vol4   
,,vii41 p4 #cic4  #hg ,dr4 ,ernest      
,trumpp's ,sindhi ,grammar4 7,trbner1   
#ahgb47  #hh ,the literati of ,europe   
form a guild into which none but members
 are admitted4 ,at times their absolute 
disregard of meum and tuum1 especially  
when they plunder an obscure name1 is a 
fine study of trade morality--or its    
reverse4  #hi ,these words were         
afterwards added to my ,,ms4 copy4  #ij 
,the full title is ,dabistn-i-,mazhib1  
or ,school of ,faiths 7not 8of          
,manners073 there is a translation by   
,david ,shea and ,anthony ,troyer for   

the ,oriental ,trans4 ,fund1 #c vols4   
#hvo 7,paris1 #ahdc74  #ia ,adi ,grauth3
 the ,sacred ,book of the ,sikhs4  #ib  
,jornandes1 8,de ,getarum sive ,gothorum
 ,origine et rebus ,gestis40 ,the       
learned ,abbate ,fortis 7,dalmatia1 ,i4 
#a1  #a7 includes among the ,slav       
peoples the ,scythians1 ,get or ,goths1 
,slavini 7,slovenes71 ,croats1 ,avars1  
and ,vandals4 ,our grandfathers derived 
the term 8,goths0 from ,gog 7and        
,magog74  #ic ,the account given by ,mr4
 ,hughes of the ,jat in ,belochistan    
will be found in a future page 7#bae74  
#id ,turkistan4 7,sampson ,low  ,co41   
#ahgf47  #ie ,academy1 ,october #ad1    
#ahgf4  #if ,the letter here contains a 
sketch of ,jtaki literature in ,sindh4  
,i have also suppressed a paragraph     
noticing their migration and tribal     
name2 both these subjects will be       
discussed with more detail4             
,,chapter ,,ii  ,,the ,,claims ,,and    
,,pretensions ,,of ,m4 ,,paul           
,,bataillard   ,the following letter1   

which bears the author's signature and  
the date ,paris1 ,may #bh1 #ahge1ig was 
the result of my communication to the   
,academy4#ih ,as ,i had objected to my  
thunder being stolen by ,professor ,pott
 and ,de ,goeje1 so ,m4 ,paul           
,bataillard charges me with having      
purloined his artillery3  8,the ,academy
 of ,march #bg last published an        
interesting letter which only came to my
 knowledge a few days ago4 ,in this     
letter ,mr4 ,richard ,burton1           
,f4,r4,g4,s41 claims the priority in    
identifying the ,gipsies or ,tsigans    
with the ,jat of the banks of the       
,indus1 whose name1 he adds1 is         
pronounced ,dyat4 ,the question has     
lately been treated at length 7#be pages
 in #hvo1 almost entirely consecrated to
 this subject7 by ,professor ,j4 de     
,goeje1 of ,leyden1 who attributes the  
first idea of this identification to    
,mr4 ,pott in #ahec1 as is stated in the
 ,academy of ,february #bg1 in a short  
article mentioning this ,dutch          

,contribution to the ,history of the    
,gipsies4  8,mr4 ,burton1 who has       
wandered far and wide in the ,valley of 
the ,indus1 and has much frequented the 
,jats1 published in #ahdi a grammar of  
the ,jtaki dialect 7#da pages71 which   
contains an interesting classification  
of this race1 reproduced in his letter1 
and1 in #ahea1 a volume upon            
,sindh--,sindh and the ,races that      
inhabit the ,valley of the ,indus--in   
which he starts the theory of a probable
 relationship between the ,jats and the 
,gipsies1 as proved in the extracts     
which he commences by giving of this    
work4  8,allow me to claim a still      
earlier priority 7dating from #ahdi71   
and to begin by establishing exactly the
 share belonging to each4  8,professor  
,pott1 in his great work1 ,die          
,zigeuner1 ,vol4 ,i4 7#ahdd71 p4 #fb1   
had spoken of the tradition mentioned by
 ,ferdoussy1 by the ,tarikh-,guzydeh1   
and #8by another 444' that is to say1 by
 the ,modjmel-al-,tevarykh1 according to

 which ,bahram-,gur1 ,king of ,persia1  
had caused ten or twelve thousand       
musicians1 designated in two at least of
 these three texts under the name of    
,luri1#ii to come from ,india4 ,one or  
two other names1 of which it is not     
necessary to speak1 are added to this   
one4 7,see pp4 #da1 #db of my memoir1   
published in #ahdi1 and mentioned       
by-and-by47  8,five years later1        
,professor ,pott1 coming back to the    
subject in his article #8,ueber die     
,zigeuner1' published1 as a second      
supplement to his great work1 in the    
,zeitschrift der ,deut4 ,morgenl4       
,gesellschaft1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 #ahdi1 said
 7p4 #cbf73   8,concerning the tradition
 of which ,i spoke1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #fb1  
of  the transmigration of ,indian       
musicians into ,persia1 ordered by      
,bahram-,gur1 and set forth in the      
,shahnameh1 a tradition which is        
applied perhaps rightly to the          
,zigeuner1 ,i owe to ,fleischer a very  
interesting notice1 and wholly unknown  

to me hitherto1 drawn from  ,hamza      
,ispahani1 ,gottwaldt edition1 #ahcd 7p4
 #dj of the translation  of ,gottwaldt71
 according to which ,bahram-,gur1 for   
the pleasure of his  subjects1 caused   
twelve thousand musicians1 those        
designated by the  name of ,zuth1 to    
come from ,india4 ,they are called ,luri
 in the  ,shahnameh#ajj1 which is a     
proof that ,hamza did not simply copy   
this  fact4 ,but ,fleischer adds what   
follows relative to the name of ,zuth1  
which ,i have not yet met with anywhere1
 and which was a complete  enigma to me3
 #8,the ,kamz says that the ,zotth are a
 race of men  of ,indian origin1 and    
that the true pronunciation of this word
 is  ,djatt1 but that the ,arabs        
pronounce it ,zotth4' 7,see notes #c and
 #d  at p4 #dc of my memoir of #ahdi1   
concerning the rather free translation  
of this passage of the ,kamz47 ,in the  
,french and ,arabic ,dictionary1  by    
,ellious ,bocthor1 we find3 #8,bohmien1 
,arabe vagabond1 ,tchinghian1  qui dit  

la bonne aventure1 vole1 etc41 is called
 ,zotti at ,damascus1  plural ,zotte4'  
8,nothing more4 ,it is clear that1 in   
the identification of the ,djat of      
,india with the ,tsigans1 ,professor    
,pott's share is very small up to the   
present4 ,the great ,indianist of ,halle
 is rich enough in his own learning to  
be content with what belongs to him1 and
 the respect ,i entertain for him and   
his kind feeling towards me form a sure 
guarantee that he will not be offended  
at my setting forth my claim4  8,i think
 ,i may say that it is ,i 7thanks1 it is
 true1 to ,m4 ,reinaud7 who first       
treated the question4 ,i had published1 
in #ahdd1 in the ,bibliothque de l'cole 
des ,chartes1 a rather long memoir upon 
the ,apparition des ,bohmiens en ,europe
 7the tirage  part1 which is long ago   
exhausted1 has #ei pages octavo74 ,in   
#ahdi ,i contributed to the same        
collection a second paper upon the same 
subject1 examining especially ,eastern  
,europe1 and establishing for the first 

time that the ,gipsies were in this     
region at an epoch far anterior to the  
date 7about #adag7 of their appearance  
in the ,west4 ,i may add1 incidentally1 
that nearly all those who have since    
spoken of the appearance of the ,gipsies
 in ,europe have done little more than  
draw upon these two memoirs1 without    
always exactly saying what part belonged
 to me1 so that ,i have often had the   
annoyance of seeing such or such an     
author1 ,francisque ,michel more        
especially1 mentioned afterwards in     
third-hand notices as the original      
source of what ,i had written4 ,now my  
second memoir 7,nouvelles ,recherches   
sur l',apparition des ,bohmiens en      
,europe1 #dh pp4 in the tirage  part1   
,paris1 #ahdi3 ,franck1 rue de          
,richelieu1 #fg7 ends with an           
#8,additional ,note' of ten very compact
 pages1 the principal object of which is
 precisely to identify the ,gipsies and 
the ,indian ,djath4  8,in this note1 or 
appendix1 ,i begin by collecting and    

giving1 in ,french1 in order that they  
may be compared1 the accounts that      
,professor ,pott had only pointed out1  
relating to the ten or twelve thousand  
musicians that ,bahram-,gur1 ,king of   
,persia 7#dbj-ddj of our era71 had sent 
for from ,india1 that is to say1 the    
tradition related by ,ferdoussy in the  
,shahnameh 7about #ajjj71 by the        
,modjmel-al-,tevarykh 7about #aabf71 by 
the ,tarikh-,guzydeh 7about #acbi1 for  
this last ,i have not been able to give 
the text71 and lastly1 by ,hamza        
,ispahani1 the ,arabian author whom     
,professor ,fleischer had just made     
known to ,professor ,pott1 and who is   
the oldest of all1 since he belongs to  
the tenth century1 while ,professor     
,pott supposed him to have been         
posterior to ,ferdoussy4 ,it is to be   
remarked that ,hamza mentions the       
descendants of the twelve thousand      
musicians as still existing in ,persia  
in his time under the name of ,zuth1 and
 that ,ferdoussy says the same of the   

ten thousand ,luri1 whom he represents  
as vagabonds and thieves4 ,but the new  
and important point is the name of ,zuth
 given to them by the ,arabo-,persian   
author of the tenth century2 and it is  
here1 as ,i remark in my work 7p4 #db of
 the tirage  part71 #8that the real     
interest commences4'  8,i again find    
this name 7p4 #dd7 under the form of    
,djatt and ,djatty in a fifth account of
 the same matter by the ,persian        
,mirkhond 7fifteenth century72 and1     
after having remarked that the same name
 is given by the ,kamz under the form   
,zotth as the ,arabian equivalent of    
,djatt1 an ,indian race1 and that1      
according to ,ellious ,bocthor1 it      
serves precisely1 under the form ,zott1 
to designate the ,gipsies at ,damascus1 
,i start from thence to gather from the 
important ,mmoire1 etc41 sur l',inde1 by
 ,m4 ,reinaud1 a few data upon the      
history of the ,zath or ,djatt of       
,india1 and to establish1 pp4 #de-dh1   
the probable identity of this race and  

the ,gipsies4 ,i repeat that this is    
precisely the essential object of my    
#8,additional ,note4'  8,i am not an    
,orientalist1 and besides1 as ,i have   
not failed to mention1 this note of ten 
large pages was written when my memoir  
was already in the press4 ,but ,i had   
the kind assistance of the learned and  
lamented ,m4 ,reinaud1 to whose memory  
,i am glad here to render my tribute of 
gratitude4  8,also1 the eminent scholar 
of ,leipzig1 the same who had first     
opened the way for discovering the      
connexion between the ,gipsies and the  
,djatt1 ,professor ,fleischer1 in a     
general account embracing the scientific
 publications of three years 7the same  
,zeitschrift1 ,vol ,,iv41 #ahej1 p4     
#deb71 has not disdained to mention my  
work in these terms3   8,bataillard1 the
 author1 etc41 taking up the supplement 
to ,pott1  published in our journal1    
,,iii41 pp4 #cba-cce1 has1 with the aid 
of  ,reinaud1 shown the great           
probability of the opinion that the     

,zigeuner  descend from the ,g'at or    
,g'et1 the most ancient inhabitants of  
the  north-west of ,india2 and might not
 the name ,zigeuner1 ,zingani1          
,zingari1 ,greek3 3 ,tzinganoi1 etc41 by
 the intermedium of  the form ,gitanos1 
be derived from the name of this people8
  8,this last supposition of ,professor 
,fleischer's does not appear to me      
admissible1 for there is no doubt that  
,gitanos is derived from ,egipcianos1 as
 ,gipsies is from ,egyptians4  8,i come 
at last to ,professor ,pott's article   
#8,last ,contributions towards the      
,knowledge of the ,gipsies and their    
,language1' in the same ,zeitschrift of 
#ahec 7,vol4 ,,vii41 pp4 #chi-cii71     
mentioned in the ,academy1 quoting      
,professor de ,goeje1 as the            
starting-point for the identification of
 the ,gipsy and the ,jat4 ,what do we   
find there upon this subject8 ,the      
following lines 7p4 #cic73   8,i am     
indebted to the obliging friendship of  
,professor ,fleischer1  of ,leipzig 7see

 our ,zeitschrift1 ,,iii41 p4 #cbf71 for
 an important  passage upon the ,zuth of
 ,hamza ,ispahani1 whose ,annals are    
anterior  to the ,shahnameh1 as ,m4     
,bataillard demonstrates in his         
,nouvelles  ,recherches1 p4 #db4 ,for   
the origin of the ,gipsies we ought to  
consider  very attentively these ,zotth1
 who1 according to what ,rdiger         
communicates to me1 are also confounded 
with the ,zengi 7called also            
,aethiopes1 and whose name is even      
sometimes employed for ,zingari3  see my
 ,zigeuner1 i41 p4 #de74 ,in fact1 the  
,zuth appear to be the same  as the     
,jats1 or1 according to the ,turkish    
,kamz1 ,tchatt1 concerning  whom we find
 in ,elliot1 ,biogr4 ,index1 i4 #bgj-bg 
7sic7 7and  especially1 ,ibid4 in       
,masson1 ,journey to ,kelat1 pp4        
#cea-cec71 an  interesting article4     
,see1 moreover1 ,reinaud1 ,mm4 sur      
l',inde1 #ahdi1  p4 #bgc1 note #c upon  
the ,dschats1 which may also be compared
 with the  ,proverb4 ,arab4 of ,freytag1

 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ehj 7communicated also
 by  ,fleischer1 to which ,i must add   
the further statement of ,bataillard74  
,above all1 it would be very important  
for us to have some details  concerning 
their language4  8,thus the learned     
professor of ,halle here contents       
himself with the fresh mention of the   
passage in ,hamza1 for which he was     
indebted to ,fleischer1 and with        
pointing out some fresh sources to be   
consulted for the ,zotth1 ,jats1 etc41  
which had been made known to him by the 
same savant1 and refers besides to my   
#8further statements 7weitere           
,auseinandersetzung7'2 and1 as he       
afterwards devotes a long page to the   
analysis of the principal part of my    
,nouvelles ,recherches1 which he had    
mentioned at full length 7pp4 #chi-cij71
 and which he quotes again in several   
other places1 one would think that he   
had done enough4  8,this mention has    
none the less escaped1 according to all 
appearances1 ,professor de ,goeje1 of   

,leyden1 who nevertheless was acquainted
 with this passage of ,pott 7since he   
mentions it1 p4 #af1 so as to induce the
 belief that the learned professor of   
,halle was the first to establish a     
connexion between the ,zott or ,djatt   
and the ,tsigans71 and who quotes in    
several places my long articles in the  
,revue ,critique on #8,les derniers     
travaux relatifs aux ,bohmiens dans     
l',europe ,orientale' 7of which the     
tirage  part forms an octavo volume of  
#hj pages1 #ahgb71 but who says not a   
word of my work of #ahdi4 ,this is an   
omission such as the most conscientious 
savants sometimes make2 and ,i do not   
intend to address a reproach to the     
learned professor of ,leyden1 whose work
 must besides have all the superiority  
belonging to a deep study made          
twenty-five years later by a most       
competent ,orientalist4 ,but since the  
question of priority upon this subject  
has been raised in your paper1 you will1
 ,i think1 perceive1 in perusing what ,i

 wrote in #ahdi1 which ,i send you with 
this letter1 that ,i have a right not to
 be completely forgotten1 especially    
when it concerns an interesting point in
 the history of the ,gipsies upon which 
,i have hitherto published only some    
fragmentary works1 but to the study of  
which ,i have devoted so many years4    
8,my letter is already long3 allow me1  
nevertheless1 to add yet a few more     
words4 ,although ,i have in my          
possession the work of ,professor de    
,goeje 7the author has had the kindness 
to send it to me71 ,i cannot say that ,i
 am acquainted with it1 because ,i      
cannot read ,dutch1 and have not yet    
found an opportunity of having it       
translated1 which ,i doubly regret under
 the present circumstances4 ,i think1   
however1 that ,i may say that the point 
treated by the professor of ,leyden1 and
 twenty-five years ago by myself1       
although it be already sufficiently     
complex1 is only one side of the very   
much more complicated question of the   

origin of the ,gipsies1 considered in   
all its bearings4 ,i hope to be able to 
show that the historical documents of   
,eastern ,europe1 of ,western ,asia1 and
 of ,egypt itself furnish very important
 data1 hitherto very insufficiently     
considered1 upon the question4 ,i think 
,i have also the means of giving an     
explanation of the word tsigan1 and of  
the other names approaching to it1 more 
certain and more interesting than those 
proposed by ,professor de ,goeje and    
,mr4 ,burton4  8,it is not the less     
interesting to examine any point of the 
very complex question of the origin of  
the ,gipsies1 and especially one so     
important as this appears to be of their
 connexion with the ,jats or ,djatt4    
,but this point itself has1 so to speak1
 several faces4 ,there is the part      
belonging to erudition in the strict    
sense1 and ,i think that ,professor de  
,goeje has treated it very ably2 but    
there is the ethnological1              
anthropological1 and even the linguistic

 part of the subject1 which does not    
appear to me to be very far advanced up 
to the present time4 ,it is this part   
that ,mr4 ,burton has handled2 and as he
 has lived in the midst of the ,jats1 he
 was in some respects in the best       
condition for throwing great light upon 
it2 but1 on the one hand1 he ought      
perhaps to have been better acquainted  
with the ,gipsies1 and1 on the other1 it
 does not appear that the connexion     
between the ,gipsies and the ,jats has  
occupied him much4 ,he has perceived a  
probable relation between these two     
tribes of men1 and he has expressed it  
in half a page2 but this is not         
sufficient4#aja ,no doubt in occupying  
himself specially with the ,jats1 in    
giving in #ahdi a grammar of their      
language 7of which ,i cannot appreciate 
the value1 but which did not prevent    
,professor ,pott1 in #ahec1 from saying 
that we were wanting in information     
respecting this idiom71#ajb in          
collecting some very summary data       

concerning their division into four     
tribes1 and upon their history and      
manners1 he has furnished some          
materials1 but materials quite          
insufficient1#ajc for a comparison1     
which is still unmade1 between this race
 and the ,gipsies4 ,he tells us1 for    
example1 that the appearance and other  
peculiarities of this race authorize as 
probable the supposition of a           
relationship between it and the         
,gipsies4 ,but he does not give us even 
the smallest information respecting the 
type 7appearance7 of the ,jats2 and the 
other #8peculiarities' which he does not
 explain1 and which we are obliged to   
seek in scattered traits1 furnish such  
fugitive comparisons that one can       
conclude nothing from them4 ,in reality 
nearly every tribe in ,india 7not to    
speak of certain tribes in other        
countries7 will furnish1 when compared  
with the ,gipsies1 quite as many1 if not
 more1 points of resemblance4 ,indeed   
this is1 more or less1 the defect of    

nearly all the comparisons which have   
been made between the ,gipsies and such 
or such populations of ,india2 the      
authors of these comparisons are not    
sufficiently acquainted with the        
,gipsies1 and their study of the        
resemblances is not sufficiently        
specific4  8,the ,jats must belong1 ,i  
suppose so at least1 to the ,hamite     
7,chamite71 and more particularly to the
 ,kuschite stratum of the ,hindoo       
populations1#ajd and for my part ,i do  
not doubt that the ,gipsies1 although   
their idiom is connected with the ,aryan
 languages of ,india1 belong to this    
same branch of the human species4--,i   
remark1 by the way1 in the division made
 by ,mr4 ,burton of the ,jats into four 
tribes1 that one of the districts       
inhabited by the second is called       
#8,kach 7,kutch74'#aje--;,but this      
branch is widely spread in ,asia and in 
,africa4 ,it would be necessary1 in the 
,kuschite family1 to remark the         
particular traits which distinguish1 on 

the one hand1 the ,jats1 on the other1  
the ,gipsies1 in all the very complex   
affinities allowed by ethnography1 and  
start thence to compare them4 ,this is  
what remains to be done in order to     
throw light upon this part of one side  
of the question of ,gipsy origin4 ,it is
 useless to say that1 in following out  
more particularly this comparison       
between the ,gipsies and the ,jats1 the 
other points of comparison that may be  
furnished by other tribes1 related or   
not to the ,jats1 such as that of the   
,tchangar1 for example1 pointed out by  
,dr4 ,trumpp in the ,panjab 7,mittheil4 
der ,anthrop4 ,gesellschaft in ,wien1   
,t4 ,,ii41 #ahgb1 p4 #bid1 quoted by    
,miklosich in his third memoir on the   
,zigeuner1 #ahgc1 p4 #b71 and several   
others1 which it would be too long to   
mention1 must not be neglected4 ,but all
 this can only be well done in ,india1  
and by a person who has specially       
studied the ,gipsies of ,europe1 of     
,eastern ,europe especially1 and1 if    

possible1 those of ,western ,asia and   
even of ,egypt4 ,unfortunately these    
conditions are very difficult to find4  
87,signed7 ,,paul ,,bataillard40        
,,footnotes3  #ig ,this letter appeared 
in the ,academy1 ,june #e1 #ahge4  #ih  
,the notes appended to this letter are  
by me4  #ii ,it has still to be proved  
of what tribe these ,luri are3 all that 
we can say is that they are the natives 
of modern ,lristn 7,elymas74  #ajj ,a   
valuable authority1 but still a poem4   
#aja ,the italics are mine4 ,what does  
the author know about my acquaintance   
with the ,gypsies1 especially the       
,burton ,gypsies8 ,the 8half a page0    
will be answered in another place4  #ajb
 ,this means simply that ,professor     
,pott never saw my paper printed at     
,bombay4  #ajc ,evidently a premature   
statement3 the author knew only my      
communication to the ,academy 7,chapter 
,i474  #ajd ,of this stupendous ,kushite
 theory ,i have something to say in a   
future page4 7#aid7  #aje ,proh pudor6  

,i said ,kach 7,kutch7 ,gandva2 and here
 it is confounded with ,kach 7,cutch7   
near ,gujrt 7,guzert74     ,,chapter    
,,iii  ,a ,,review ,,of ,m4 ,,paul      
,,bataillard',s ,,reviews    #a4        
,preliminaries  ,m4 ,paul               
,bataillard--ominous name6--who has thus
 offered me battle in the ,academy1 is  
apparently an indefatigable             
,tsiganologue1#ajf to use his own       
compound2 and he seems to have been     
studying ,chinganology since #ahda4 ,of 
bookmaking on the ,gypsy theme there is 
no apparent end2 even the mighty        
8,magician of the ,north0 proposed1 we  
are told1 adding his item to the heap4  
,the reading public1 indeed1 seems to   
hold these ,hamaxbioi an ever virgin    
subject2 and since the days of 8,gypsy  
,borrow's0 ,translation of ,st4 ,luke   
7#ahch71ajg ,the ,zincali1 ,the ,bible  
in ,spain 7#ahda71 and other popular    
works1 it has ever lent an ear to the   
charmer1 charm he never so unwisely4 ,a 
modern author was not far wrong when he 

stated3 8,a great deal of what is called
 genius has been expended upon the      
,gypsies1 but wonderfully little common 
sense40#ajh  ,and the subject has its   
peculiar charms4 ,these 8outlandish     
persons calling themselves ,egyptians or
 ,gypsies02 these cosmopolites equally  
at home in the snows of ,siberia and in 
the swamps of ,sennaar2 these           
,ishmaelites still dwelling in the      
presence of their brethren1 at once on  
the outskirts and in the very centres of
 civilized life2 this horde of          
barbarians scattered over the wide      
world1 among us but not of us2 these    
nomads of a progressive age isolated by 
peculiarities of physique1 language1 and
 social habits1 of absolute materialism1
 and of a single rule of conduct1       
8,self-will10 all distinctly pointing to
 a common origin2 this phenomenon of the
 glorious epoch which opened a new      
thoroughfare to the 8,east ,indies10 and
 which discovered the other half of the 
globe1 is still to many1 nay1 to most   

men1 an inexplicable ethnic mystery4    
,englanders mostly take the narrow      
nursery view of the 8,black ,man02 at   
the highest they treat him picturesquely
 in connexion with creels and cuddies1  
hammer and tongs1 the tin-kettle and the
 katna or tilt-tent4 ,continental       
writers cast1 as usual1 a wider and a   
more comprehensive glance4 ,m4 ,perier1 
with ,french 8nattiness10 thus resumes  
the main points of interest in the      
singular strangers3 8,une race          
extraordinaire1 forte1 belle1           
cosmopolite1 errante1 et cependant 787  
pure1 curieuse par consquent1  tant de  
titres40 ,the ,rumanians have deemed the
 theme worthy of poetry2 witness the    
heroic-comic-satyric 8,tsiganida10 or   
,gypsy-,camp1 of ,leonaki ,diancu4#aji  
,the 8wondrous tale0 of the old ,gypsy  
gude-wife concerning the 8,things of    
,egypt0 is more wonderful1 observe1 than
 aught told of ,jewry4 ,certain of the  
learned credulous1 as we read in the    
,evidences of ,christianity and other   

such works1 essentially one-sided1 point
 to the dispersion and the cohesion of  
the self-styled 8,chosen ,people0 as a  
manner of miracle1 a standing witness to
 certain marvellous events in its past  
annals4 ,they ignore or forget the      
higher miracle of the 8tinklers40       
,whilst the scattering abroad of the    
,israelites arose naturally from the    
same causes which in the present day    
preserve their union1 the powerful      
principle of self-interest and          
wealth-seeking1 the deeply rooted       
prejudices1 social and religious1       
fostered by a theocratic faith and by a 
special and exclusive revelation1 the   
lively tradition of past glories and the
 promises of future grandeur confirmed  
by the conviction of being a people holy
 and set apart1 the barbarous ,rom#aaj  
are held together only by the ties of   
speech#aaa and consanguinity1 and by the
 merest outlines of a faith1 such a     
creed as caste1 or rather the outcast1  
requires4 ,still the coherence is       

continuous and complete2 still1 like the
 rod of ,moses1 this ethnological marvel
 out-miracles the other1 and every      
other1 miracle4  ,hardly less peculiar  
is the historical relation of the ,jew  
and the ,gypsy4 ,they have many points  
in common4 ,both have had their exodus1 
and are dispersed over the world4 ,both 
have peculiarities of countenance which 
distinguish them from the 8,gentiles10  
whom they hate1 the ,goym and the       
,busne4 ,both have their own languages  
and preserve their racial names4#aab    
,similarity of conditions1 however1     
which should breed sympathy1 as usual   
amongst men has borne only hatred4 ,but 
the ,jew was wealthy1 like his cousin   
the ,morisco4 ,hence the horrible       
persecution of the ,israelites in ,spain
 7,a4,d4 #acdh-ih71 when a prevailing   
pest was attributed to their poisoning  
the water1 and which endured till the   
,hussites drew down upon themselves the 
earthly 8anger of ,heaven40 ,during     
those dreadful years many of the        

,hebrews fled to the mountains1 the     
,alpujarras and the ,sierras--,morena   
and de ,toledo--and to the wild banks of
 the ,upper ,ebro1 the ,guadiana1 and   
the ,tagus4 ,meanwhile the ,gypsies     
suffered under the conviction that they 
were ,jews who1 denying their           
forefathers1 represented themselves to  
be of ,egyptian blood4 ,presently1 when 
the revenues of the ,catholic kings1    
,henry ,,iii4 and ,john ,,ii41 amounting
 to #bf1eej1jjj reals 7dollars7 reduced 
to our present value1 fell under ,henry 
,,iv4 to #c1edj1jjj1 the plethoric      
money-bags of the ,israelites led to the
 establishment of ,holy ,office and its 
inquisitorial tribunal 7,january1       
#adha74 ,finally1 as if persecution and 
death were not sufficient1 a wholesale  
expulsion took place in ,march1 #adib4  
,these horrors are still1 after the     
lapse of ages1 fresh in the ,jewish     
mind4 ,i have seen at ,jerusalem a      
,khkhm 7scribe7 so moved by the presence
 of a ,spanish official1 that the latter

 asked me in astonishment how he had    
managed to offend his host4  ,but what  
could the ,santa ,hermandad alias ,la   
,bruja 7the witch7 find to plunder and  
pillage in the tent of the ,rom8 ,during
 three centuries of loose wild life1    
often stained by ferocious crime1 and   
made bestial by the ,draconian laws of  
medival ,christianity1 the ,gypsies had 
their seasons of banishment1 torture1   
and execution2 but their poverty and    
isolation saved them from the horrors of
 a deliberate and official persecution4 
,mas pobre que cuerpo de ,gitano        
7,nothing poorer than a ,gypsy's body7  
is still a proverb in ,spain1 where men 
also say1 ,tan ruin es el conde como los
 ,gitanos4 ,all these barbarities ended 
in ,europe with the close of the        
eighteenth century1 where the new       
,religion of ,humanity had been preached
 by the encyclopedists whose major      
prophets were ,voltaire and ,rousseau1  
,diderot and ,d',alembert4  ,no         
,disraeli has hitherto arisen to        

vindicate the nobility of these         
8masterful beggars02 and to chronicle   
their triumphs in court and camp1 in    
arts and arms2 to trace them in the     
genealogies of titled houses1 or to     
strip off the disguises assumed during  
the intolerant times when the ,jew was  
compelled to swear himself ,gentile and 
the ,muslim a ,christian4 ,yet the      
,gypsies have had their great men1      
whilst their pure blood has leavened    
much dull clay and given fresh life to  
many an effete noble vein4 ,witness the 
8,king ,zindl0 or 8,zindelo02 the ,dukes
 ,michael and ,andrew2 ,counts ,ion     
7,juan7 and ,panuel 7,manuel7 of ,little
 ,egypt2 the ,waywodes 7,vaivodes7 of   
,dacia2 the noble cavalier ,pedro1 and  
the chief1 ,tomas ,pulgar1 who in ,a4,d4
 #adif aided ,bishop ,sigismund to beat 
off the ,turk invader4 ,witness1 again1 
the ,hungarian ,hunyadis1 the ,russian  
,tolstoys1 and the ,scotch ,melvilles1  
not to speak of the ,cassilis and the   
,contis under ,louis ,,xiv4 ,certain    

,gypsies became soldiers of renown2 and 
,john ,bunyan1 one of the immortals of  
the earth1 is shrewdly suspected of     
,gypsy descent4 ,borrow mentions an     
archbishop and 8four dignified          
ecclesiastics02 while some of the most  
learned and famed of the priesthood in  
,spain have been1 according to a ,gypsy1
 of the ,gypsies1 or at least of ,gypsy 
blood4  ,such is the ,gypsy summed up in
 a few lines4  ,these pages have no     
intention1 ,i repeat1 of treating the   
subject of the ,rom generally4 ,my      
humbler task is confined to showing the 
affinities between the ,gypsies and the 
great ,jat tribe1 or rather nation1     
which extends from the mouths of the    
,indus to the ,steppes of ,central      
,asia4 ,and my first objection must be  
to a question of precedence with ,m4    
,paul ,bataillard4  ,the ,tsiganologue  
claims1 as has been seen1 8a still      
earlier priority0 in the identification 
of ,gypsy and ,jat2 and he proposes to  
8establish exactly the share belonging  

to each of us40 ,this is the normal     
process of the cabinet savant1 who is   
ever appearing1 like the deus ex machin1
 to snatch from the explorer's hand the 
meed of originality4 ,the former borrows
 from his books a dozen different       
theories2 and when one happens to be    
proved true by the labours of the man of
 action1 he straightway sets himself up 
as the 8theoretical discoverer0 of the  
sources of the ,nile1 or of any other   
matter which engages popular attention4 
,but in the present case ,i deny that my
 rival has any claim whatever4 ,my      
personal acquaintance with the ,jats    
began in #ahde1 and my ,grammar and     
,vocabulary were sent to the ,royal     
,asiatic ,society in #ahdh before my    
departure from ,india4 ,on the other    
hand1 ,m4 ,paul ,bataillard1 ,i         
understand1 knew nothing of the ,indine 
,jats when he wrote his first paper ,de 
l'apparition1 etc41 in #ahdd4 ,he       
honestly owns that he is no             
,orientalist2 and that he required the  

assistance of the late ,m4 ,reinaud1 who
 was a scholar1 to identify the ,zuth of
 ,hamza ,ispahani 7tenth century71 the  
,luri musicians of the ,shahnameh       
7eleventh century71 and the ,zoth or    
,zutt of the ,kamz dictionary           
7fourteenth century7 with the ,zatt or  
,dyatt of ,india4 ,this was in #ahdi4   
,his expos tendu was accepted by        
,professor ,pott in the same year1 and  
appeared in the ,nachtrag before        
mentioned1 which completed the grand    
travail--,die ,zigeuner4 ,such was the  
extent of my claimant's discovery4 ,he  
had even to learn from ,professor       
,fleischer1 of ,leipzig1 that 8the      
,zigeuner descend from the ,g'at or     
,g'et1 the most ancient inhabitants of  
,north-,western ,india10#aac a          
second-hand opinion1 derived from       
8,gypsy ,borrow10 ,colonel ,sleeman1 and
 other ,englishmen4 ,i need hardly say  
that ,professor ,pott1 the distinguished
 member of that heroic band which       
founded comparative philology1 knew     

nothing practically or personally about 
either the ,gypsies or the ,jats4 ,and  
it is evident that ,professor de ,goeje 
is in outer darkness when he speaks of  
8the view propounded by ,pott as early  
as #ahec40  ,at that time1 and indeed   
until ,i wrote to the ,academy in #ahge1
 ,m4 ,paul ,bataillard evidently ignored
 8,m4 ,burton02 and no blame be to him  
for not knowing a paper published by a  
colonial society a quarter of a century 
ago4 ,but he also ignored far more      
important facts4 ,he applies the term   
petite population ,djatte to the great  
scattered nation called ,jat4 ,he was of
 course not aware that this people      
preserve in the ,indine ,delta1 the     
8,salt ,country0 of the ,sindhis1 the   
purity of its tongue1 which1 farther    
north1 is corrupted by an admixture of  
,sindhi1 ,belochki1 and ,panjabi4 ,nor  
could he be alive to the fact that many 
points of similarity1 anthropological   
and linguistic1 connect the ,gypsy and  
the ,jat4 ,there are men who are        

personally averse to new things1 and the
 easy alternative is to depreciate their
 value4 8,he10 ,i am assured by my rival
 claimant1 8has perceived a probable    
relation between these two tribes of    
men1 and he has expressed it in half a  
page2 but this is not sufficient40      
,such an assertion1 however1 is more    
than sufficient for estimating and      
appreciating the ,bataillard system of  
treating a literary question4 ,for 8half
 a page0 read a dozen pages1#aad which  
might easily have been extended to many 
a dozen4 ,but ,i had hoped that the     
statement of a traveller who had met the
 ,gypsies at ,oxford 7,bagley ,wood71 in
 ,england1 and on the ,continent1 and   
the knowledge of their racial           
characteristics1 general amongst        
educated ,englishmen1 justified a       
conciseness imperiously demanded whilst 
treating in one volume the geography1   
history1 and ethnology of a country     
nearly equalling ,england in length4    
,again1 when ,m4 ,bataillard assures his

 readers that ,i have 8not given even   
the smallest information respecting the 
type 7appearance7 of the ,jats10 he once
 more makes it evident that he should   
have read me before pretending to write 
about me4 ,i will quote my description  
in full1#aae so that the public may     
judge between him and me3  8,we are now 
in the provinces inhabited by the ,jats4
 ,your i4e4 ,mr4 ,john ,bull's eye is   
scarcely grown critical enough in this  
short time to see the tweedle-dum and   
tweedle-dee-like difference between     
their personal appearance and that of   
their kinsmen the ,scindians2 nor can ,i
 expect you as yet to distinguish a ,jat
 wandh 7village7 from a ,scinde goth    
7village74 ,you are certain to take some
 interest in a race which appears to be 
the progenitor of the old witch in a red
 cloak1 whose hand1 in return for the   
cunning nonsense to which her tongue    
gave birth1 you once crossed with       
silver2 and of the wiry young           
light-weight1 whose game and sharp      

hitting you have1 in happier days1 more 
than once condescended to admire4  8,our
 authors#aaf probably err when they     
suppose the ,jat to be the original     
,hindu of ,scinde converted to ,islam4  
,native historians and their own        
traditions concur in assigning to them a
 strange origin2 their language1 to this
 day1 a corrupt dialect of that spoken  
throughout the ,indine provinces of the 
,panjab1 gives support and real value to
 the otherwise doubtful testimony4#aag  
,it is probable that1 compelled to      
emigrate from their own lands by one of 
the two main causes that bring about    
such movements in the ,east1 war or     
famine1 the ,jats of ,scinde travelled  
southward about the beginning of the    
eighteenth century of our era4  8,under 
the quasi-ecclesiastical ,kalhor        
dynasty1 when ,scindians composed the   
aristocracy as well as the commonalty of
 the country1 the ,jats1 in consequence 
of their superior strength1 their       
courage1 and their clannish coalescence1

 speedily rose to high distinction4 ,the
 chiefs of tribes became nobles1        
officials1 and ministers at court2 they 
provided for their families by obtaining
 grants of ground1 feoffs incidental to 
certain military services1 and for their
 followers by settling them as tenants  
on their broad lands4 ,but the          
prosperity of the race did not last     
long4 ,they fell from their high estate 
when the ,belochis1 better men than     
they1 entered the country1 and began to 
appropriate it for themselves2 by       
degrees1 slow yet sure1 they lost all   
claims to rank1 wealth1 and office4     
,they are now found scattered throughout
 ,scinde1 generally preferring the      
south-eastern provinces1 where they earn
 a scanty subsistence by agriculture2 or
 they roam over the barren plains       
feeding their flocks upon the several   
oases2 or they occupy themselves in     
breeding1 tending1 training1 and        
physicking the camel4 ,with the latter  
craft their name has become identified1 

a ,jat and a sarwan 7camel-man7 sounding
 synonymous in ,scindian ears4  8,the   
,jats in appearance are a swarthy and   
uncomely race1 dirty in the extreme1    
long1 gaunt1 bony1 and rarely1 if ever1 
in good condition4 ,their beards are    
thin1 and there is a curious 7i4e4      
,gypsy-like7 expression in their        
eyes4#aah ,they dress like ,scindians1  
preferring blue to white clothes2 but   
they are taller1 larger1 and more       
un-,indian in appearance4 ,some few1 but
 very few1 of their women are1 in early 
youth1 remarkable for soft and regular  
features2 this charm1 however1 soon     
yields to the complicated ugliness      
brought on by exposure to the sun1 by   
scanty living1 and by the labour of     
baggage-cattle4 ,in ,scinde the ,jats of
 both sexes are possessed of the virtues
 especially belonging to the oppressed  
and inoffensive ,eastern cultivation2   
they are necessarily frugal and         
laborious1 peaceful1 and remarkable for 
morality in the limited sense of        

aversion to intrigue with members of a  
strange ,kaum4#aai ,i say in ,scinde2   
this is by no means the reputation of   
the race in the other parts of ,central 
,asia1 where they have extended 7or     
whence possibly they came74#abj ,the    
term #8,jat' is popularly applied to a  
low and servile creature1 or to an      
impudent villain2 and despite of the    
,tohfat el ,kiram1#aba a ,beloch would  
consider himself mortally affronted were
 you to confound his origin with the    
caste which his ancestors deposed1 and  
which he despises for having allowed    
itself to be degraded4 ,the ,brahins1   
,afghans1 and ,persians all have a bad  
word to say of them40  ,thus far ,m4    
,paul ,bataillard has shown himself only
 the carpet-slippered littrateur de     
cabinet1 who laboriously borrows from   
others1 and who evidently expects his   
second-hand labours to faire poque4     
,but my rival claimant1 let me hasten to
 own1 has solid merits4 ,his theory that
 ,gypsy emigrations are of ancient date1

 and probably of high antiquity1        
deserves consideration4 ,his later      
notices of the ,jats correct the vulgar 
error which made ,taymur the ,tatar     
cause the first exodus of our 8sorners40
 ,he notes the especial hatred1 possibly
 racial1 nourished by these ,gentile    
vagrants against the other scattered    
nation1 the ,jews4 ,other minor but     
still interesting matters of which he   
treats are the history of the ,gypsies  
especially with respect to their slavery
 and serfdom--,crown captives1 not      
chattels personal2 their periodical     
wanderings and visitings2 their vestiges
 of faith2 their vernacular and humble  
literature2 their private and tribal    
names suggesting those of the modern    
,israelitic ,synagogue2 and their       
supplying the dancing-girls of the      
nearer ,east1 while in the lupanars of  
,europe a ,gypsy girl is unknown4  ,i   
now propose to run as rapidly as the    
subject permits through ,m4 ,paul       
,bataillard's four papers seriatim4 ,the

 critique will not only notice          
novelties1 but will also attempt to     
correct what to a practical man appears 
to want correction in connexion with the
 ,gypsies4    #b4 8,derniers ,travaux1  
etc40  ,this paper treats chiefly of    
,south-,eastern ,europe1 which has been 
estimated to contain at least six       
hundred thousand of the ,rom--a number1 
by-the-bye1 wholly inadequate4 ,the     
author's self-imposed limits would be   
the western ,slav frontier1 a meridian  
drawn from the southern bend of the     
,baltic to the ,adriatic head4          
,topographically disposed1 upon a line  
trending from east to west1 the review  
deals in its progress with writers      
mostly modern2 and it forms an          
excerptive rather than an exhaustive or 
even a summary bibliography4  ,the first
 of the two component parts travels with
 the authorities who treat of ,russia1  
,poland and ,lithuania1 ,germany1       
,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,transylvania1 the  
,banat1 the ,rumanian ,principalities1  

and ,turkey1 or rather ,constantinople4 
,the lands about the ,balkan ,range1 so 
unknown not many years ago and now so   
much talked of1 are justly considered a 
second ,gypsy patria1 the 8old home0    
being ,india4 ,the review is accompanied
 and followed by side-glances at those  
who treat of ,finland and ,norway1 of   
,persia and ,basqueland1 of ,scotland   
and ,holland1 of ,sicily and ,italy1    
which once owned an exceptional castrum 
,gipti4 ,this section ends with         
linguistic and ethnographic remarks     
borrowed from many sources and          
specifying a considerable number of     
requisites4  ,in the second part the    
critic reviews ,m4 ,alexandre ,g4       
,paspati1 ,d4,m41 a famous name in      
,gypsydom4 ,this learned ,greek         
physician--one of the few children1     
by-the-bye1 who escaped the 8gentle and 
gallant0 ,turk in the foul ,chios       
massacre of #ahbb--was educated in      
,america1 and is as highly distinguished
 for his ,indian and ,byzantine as for  

his ,gypsy studies4 ,the tude1 etc41 of 
#ahgj1 which continued and completed his
 elaborate memoirs 7#aheg-ahfb71 is the 
work of a scholar who knew the ,rom     
personally1 not of a mere littrateur4   
,the book teemed with novelties4 ,for   
instance1 it suggested that the article 
7o or u2  and e71 as unknown to the     
,asiatic ,gypsy 787 as to the ,sanskrit 
and the ,prakrit1 had been borrowed by  
his ,european congener from the ,greek  
,greek3 3 ho and ,greek3 3 h1 thus      
suggesting long residence in ,hellas and
 familiarity with its people4 ,might it 
not1 however1 have been a simple        
development of h and uha1 the           
demonstrative pronouns in ,jtaki--this  
and that becoming the8 ,but as all      
,germanic1 neo-,latinic1 and ,slav      
tongues have either produced or borrowed
 an article1 the same may have been the 
case with the ,gypsy1 which comes from  
the same root4  ,m4 ,paspati            
satisfactorily proved that the wandering
 tribes of the ,rom1 e4g4 the wild      

,zapris or ,dyparis 7,szapary871#abb    
have preserved in ,rumelia the langue   
mre of their ancients1 whereas the      
8domigence10 the sedentary dwellers in  
cities and towns1 have 8falsified0 the  
tongue4 ,the same is said by the        
,bedawin concerning the 8,jumpers of    
,walls10 the settled ,arabs4 ,this part 
of the subject leads to notices of      
,gypsy tales and legends1 in which1 by  
the way1 ,gypsies rarely figure1 and to 
other productions of la pauvre ,muse    
tsigane4  ,after some discursive matter1
 our critic passes from ,m4 ,paspati to 
,m4 ,bartalus1 who has quoted from      
certain very rare tracts 7,la ,vritable 
origine1 etc41 ,a4,d4 #agih and #ahjj7  
on the rise of the ,gypsy nation4 ,the  
,bohmiens1 it appears1 are descendants  
of ,cham or ,ham1 8which is admissible02
 and1 like their brethren1 they were    
damned by ,noah4 ,but1 on the           
destruction of the ,plain cities1 ,sodom
 and ,gomorrah1 ,adama and              
,saboim--,segor being honourably        

excluded--,zoar and its inhabitants were
 saved because they harboured one ,lot4 
,the lands1 however1 were assigned to   
this 8patriarch02 and the ,hamites1     
being dispersed1 became ,gypsies4 ,once 
more that myth of ,noah6--for how much  
false anthropology is it not            
responsible8 ,again1 we do not fail to  
meet another old friend4 ,the wicked    
king of ,egypt appears in a famous      
8,pharaoh ,song10 whilst in ,iceland he 
gave his name to a cavalry of seals4    
,the oath formula of the ,hungarian     
,gypsies prescribed by the courts was3  
8,as ,king ,pharaoh was engulfed in the 
,red ,sea1 so may ,i be accursed and    
swallowed up by the deepest abyss if ,i 
do not speak the truth6 ,may no theft1  
no traffic1 nor any other business      
prosper with me6 ,may my horse turn into
 an ass at the next stroke of his hoof1 
and may ,i end my days on the scaffold  
by the hands of the hangman60#abc  ,the 
critic then passes to a second and a    
remarkable characteristic of the ,gypsy 

race1 the musical1 which is now becoming
 known throughout ,europe4 ,at the      
,paris ,exposition of #ahgh the         
8nightingales of ,koursk10 a troop of   
forty ,rom from ,moscow1 followed the   
,hungarian ,cziganes1 and were equally  
admired4 ,even the celebrated ,catalani 
appreciated the ,chingneh girl of       
,moscow1 8who performed with such       
originality and true expression the     
characteristic melodies of the tribe02  
and threw over her shoulders a papal    
gift in the shape of a rich ,cashmere   
shawl4 ,most ,englishmen now know that  
,mr4 ,bunn's 8,bohemian ,girl10 thus    
unhappily translated from ,la ,bohmienne
 of ,st4 ,george1 was a ,romni girl4    
,the far-famed ,abb ,liszt#abd          
attributed to these 8tinklers0 the chief
 rle in treating the musical pope2 but  
this opinion of the great master is     
opposed by the artistic ,m4 ,bartalus4  
,i1 however1 incline to ,liszt's view4  
,let me note that the popular ,romani   
word for musician1 ,lautar 7plural      

,lautari71 may either be the ,persian   
,lt1#abe or more probably a deformed    
offspring of the ,arabic ,el ,ad#abf1   
which gave rise to our 8lute40 ,our     
critic holds that the ,gypsy's music1   
like his tales and poetry1 is his own2  
whilst the matter of the songs and      
ballads is borrowed from ,hungarians1   
,rumans1 and even the unimaginative     
,turk3 he also points out that many of  
the legends are cosmopolitan4 ,when the 
,catalan ,gypsy1 met by the author in   
#ahfi at ,st4 ,germain1 told him that   
the tat 7,dharma or religious duty7 of  
the ,romni-chel1 the 8sons of women0    
7i4e4 their mothers71 is to cheat their 
neighbours2 that they learned this whole
 duty of man from ,st4 ,peter1 who as   
our ,lord's servant habitually tricked  
and defrauded his ,master2 that le dieu 
,jesus1 who established all human       
conditions on the creation day1 had     
taught them1 by example as well as      
precept1 to beg and to vagabond         
naked-footed2 that his tribe were       

veritable ,christians 8who knew only    
,god and the ,blessed ,virgin02 and that
 all these things were written in the   
8,book of the ,wanderings of our        
,lord10--we recognize the old1 old tale4
 ,the ancient ,rom1 like a host of other
 facetious barbarians1 was solemnly     
hoaxing a simple student1 a credulous   
8civilizee40 ,still the joke has its    
ethnological value2 it shows that the   
pseudo-,christian saints of the ,gypsy  
,evangel are thieves and 8sorners40     
,highly characteristic also is the      
address to the ,gypsy deity3 8,good1    
happy ,god of gold60 ,on the other hand1
 such laical legends of the ,apostles   
are current even amongst ,christian     
peoples1 from whom they may have been   
kidnapped by the ,rom4 ,witness the     
,french peasant's tale of ,jesus and    
,st4 ,peter1 the horseshoe and the      
cherries1 which has for moral the market
 value of thrift4  ,the supplementary   
article analyzes the scholarly work of  
,m4 ,franz ,miklosich4#abg ,this erudite

 ,slavist whose only reproach is that he
 finds ,slavism in every place1         
distributes the ,gypsies into twelve    
linguistic groups1 to which he assigns  
an inadequate total of six hundred      
thousand head4 ,amongst the highly      
conservative ,rom of ,northern ,russia  
he detects1 besides ,russian and        
,polish1 ,ruman and ,magyar words1      
expressions borrowed from the neo-,greek
 of the fourteenth and fifteenth        
centuries4 ,as these ,hellenisms are    
also adopted by the ,spanish ,gypsies1  
the natural deduction is that ,greece   
generally formed an older home long     
inhabited by the wanderers1 who thence  
passed on vi ,poland to ,russia4 ,but   
this theory1 if proved to be fact1 would
 not invalidate the general belief that 
some ,gypsy tribes migrated through     
,egypt and ,morocco into ,spain without 
crossing the ,pyrenees4 ,the ,rom1 being
 8sturdy vagabonds10 rather than true   
nomads1 would borrow from one another   
during their frequent and regular       

meetings the terms wanting to their     
scanty and barbarous speech4 ,it appears
 rich enough in material and sensuous   
expression1 and the same is notably the 
case with the wandering ,arab and the   
,turkoman4 ,m4 ,paspati#abh notices that
 8the ,rumelian wanderer has more than  
forty words for his tent and the        
implements of his trade40 ,a 8,thieves' 
,latin0 would not be required by these  
bilinguals2 but for the purposes of     
concealment and villainy they would     
readily adopt strange vocables4 ,thus in
 the ,scottish ,lowlands they make their
 ,english speech unintelligible by      
,french and ,gaelic1 ,welsh and ,irish  
insertions4 ,as will appear1 they have  
invented in ,egypt and ,spain1 and ,i   
believe there only1 a regular argot4    
,such irregularities prevent our        
attributing much importance to the      
general remark that the ,gypsy dialect  
does not return2 i4e4 that the ,polish  
,rom do not use ,russian terms1 nor the 
,turkish ,rom ,magyar words4  ,finally1 

,m4 ,miklosich puts to flight the       
8,tamerlane tenet0 of popular belief    
which would place the last ,gypsy exodus
 after ,a4,d4 #acii4 ,he adduces        
documentary evidence1 the well-known    
donation instruments of ,a4,m4 #fhid 7  
,a4,d4 #achf-hg7 issued by the ,kings of
 ,wallachia2 noting that during the     
fifteenth century1 and even between     
#ahcb and #ahcf1 the ,principalities1   
which have still preserved the ,jewish  
disabilities1 held the ,gypsies to be a 
,slav race4  ,the ,derniers ,travaux has
 the merit of bringing prominently      
forward the 8hypothesis of ,hasse10     
advanced in #ahjc and presently         
forgotten4 ,it would explain the purity 
of the ,gypsy tongue by the fact of     
these tinklers being settled in ,europe 
ab antiquo4 ,it has often been remarked 
that the farther we go eastward1 and the
 nearer we approach the cradle of the   
race1 ,sindh or ,western ,india1 the    
more completely the language changes and
 degrades4 ,this is to be expected4 ,the

 ,jats living in close contact with     
other dialects would necessarily modify 
their own after the fashion of their    
neighbours2 such is the rule of the     
world4 ,the ,rom have only two ties3 one
 is of blood1 the love of 8kith1 kin1   
and consequence02 the other is of       
language which serves to conceal his    
speech4 ,during the dispersion of       
centuries the ,gypsies1 surrounded by   
alien and hostile races1 would          
religiously adhere to the old tongue2   
and having a vital interest in          
preserving a secret instrument1 it would
 war against change4 ,it is the more    
necessary to insist upon this view1 as  
our critic expects to find after a      
separation of some four centuries the   
,jats or other tribes speaking pure old 
,gypsy4 ,the modern ,gypsy may still    
represent the ancient ,jtaki4 ,hence    
also the dialect of their ancestors is  
dying out amongst the sedentary ,rom4   
,m4 ,paul ,bataillard has carefully     
separated1 and perhaps too curiously1   

the historical arrival of the ,gypsies  
in ,western ,europe and their           
establishment in the south-eastern      
regions1 ,thrace1 ,dacia1 etc4 ,an abuse
 of his theory makes him urge the       
identity of his ,tsigane with the       
mysterious ,sicani who held ,sicily     
before the ,siculi4 ,these and other    
prehistoric identifications have not yet
 been generally adopted4  ,had ,m4 ,paul
 ,bataillard reflected a little more1 he
 would not have advocated1 considering  
the extensive habitat of the ,jats1 the 
insufficient theory of ,m4              
,ascoli--namely1 that the ,gypsies are  
,sindhis who dwelt long in ,hindustan2  
nor would ,m4 ,ascoli have omitted the  
widely spoken ,jtaki from his list of   
neo-,indian tongues1 which he unduly    
reduces to seven4 ,we should have been  
spared the 8conviction0 that the ,rom   
dwelt in ,mesopotamia1 which was only   
one station on their way1 ,asia ,minor  
and the ,lower ,danube being the general
 line of ,aryan emigration2 that they   

are aborigines of ,kabul1 in fact       
primitive ,afghans1 as supposed by      
another ,french littrateur1 whose lively
 imagination strips him of all          
authority2 and1 finally1 that they are  
8descendants of those ancient peoples of
 ,bactriana and ,arya1 successively     
conquered by ,persians1 ,greeks1        
,indoget1 and ,afghans40 ,a most trivial
 comparison is made between ,segor1 the 
biblical city1 and the ,gypsy name      
,cingani 7,singani74 ,when ,professor   
,pott and ,m4 de ,saulcy find           
8relationship0 and 8close connexion0    
between ,sanskrit and ,romani-chb1 they 
should have explained that the latter is
 a ,prakrit or vulgar tongue with an    
,aryan vocabulary reposing upon the     
ruins of a ,turanian base4 ,the former1 
as its name shows1 was a refined and    
city language1 never spoken1 nor indeed 
understood1 by the peoples of ,india in 
general2 in fact1 a professor's speech1 
like the present ,romaic of the         
,athenian logiottoi4  ,the word ,berber 

7,barbar71 again1 applied to the        
,gypsies in ,persia1 means1 according to
 its root1 a chatterer1 patterer1 or    
speaker of unintelligible cant4 ,it is  
the ,sanskrit ,varvvara1 ,sanskrit3     
#abi1 a low fellow1 a savage1 the       
,barbaros of the ,greeks and ,romans2   
the ,berber1 ,sindhi3 1 or ,berber1     
,arabic3 1 of modern ,hindustan2 and the
 racial name of that great scattered    
people the ,barbarah1 who stretch from  
the ,nile ,valley to ,north-,western    
,africa4 ,the lunar god1 ,raho1 of the  
,norwegian ,gypsies is a palpable       
reminiscence and survival of the demon  
,rhu4 ,the ,ghzieh of ,egypt are not    
8also called ,beremikeh02#acj the       
,barmikah are a substitute of the       
,ghagar4 ,the 8,chungal10 the 8,jungal10
 and the 8,zungal0 of ,paspati1         
signifying a non-,gypsy1 is evidently   
,jangal1 wild or sylvan 7jungle7 man1   
the popular title of ,europeans1        
especially of ,englishmen1 in ,india4   
,das also1 the term applied by the ,rom 

to their ,bulgarian and ,wallachian     
neighbours1 bears a suspicious          
resemblance to the ,hindu ,dashya and   
,dasa1 vulgarly ,doss1 a low caste or   
rather a no-caste man1 supposed to      
represent the original ,turanian lords  
of the land4  ,moreover1 why assume with
 ,m4 ,paspati that ,greek3 3 g1 ,greek3 
3 th1 and ,greek3 3 ch are 8,greek      
importations into the ,gypsy tongue08   
,of these letters two are               
,arabo-,persian3 ,greek3 3 ch is  ,kh1  
,arabic3 2 and ,greek3 3 g is  ,ghayn1  
,arabic3 2 the gamma pronounced ,ghmma  
in ,romaic parlance when preceding the  
open vowels1  and o4 ,the third         
generally corresponds with the ,arabic  
,s1 ,arabic3 1 pronounced in ,persian   
and ,hindi as a simple ,sn 7s7#aca4 ,the
 critic1 however1 should not have told  
us1 8,le ,greek3 3 th rpond assez bien  
au #8th' ,anglais40 ,our sibilant has   
two distinct sounds3 one soft1 as in    
thy1 answering to the neo-,greek ,greek3
 3 d2 the other hard1 as in theme1      

,greek3 3 th4 ,the ,gypsy ,owa1 ,va     
7yes7 bears a suspicious resemblance to 
the vulgar ,arabic ,ayw1 contracted from
 ,ay w' ,allah--aye by ,allah6 ,a man   
must have absolutely no practical       
knowledge of the ,rom or of his congener
 the 8mild ,hindu0 who can ask1 8,les   
esprits grossiers sont-ils donc plus    
subtils que les ntres80 ,this is the    
mere morgue and outrecuidance of        
,european ignorance4 ,let the author try
 the process of 8finessing0 upon the    
first lad1 ,jat or ,sindhi1 who comes in
 his way1 and he will readily be made to
 understand my meaning4 ,finally1 ,i    
venture to throw out a hint that the    
8barbarous helot0 may preserve the      
tribal name ,nath1 ,sanskrit3 #acb1 a   
mime4 ,this caste1 with which the       
,gypsies used formerly to be            
identified1#acc certainly did not       
represent the 8wild aboriginal          
inhabitants of ,india02 they may have   
,dravidian affinities1 but they are     
certainly not of ,turanian blood4    #c4

 8,origines1 etc40  ,this paper was     
published in #ahge1 when ,m4 ,paul      
,bataillard had the benefit of my letter
 to the ,academy2 and apparently its    
main object is to prove that he preceded
 me in identifying the ,gypsies with the
 8,djatte0 7,jats74 ,it is divided into 
three parts1 which are four4 ,no4 #a    
contains the author's reclamation and   
his notice of ,professor de ,goeje2 ,no4
 #b works out more fully his own theory 
of ,gypsy origin2 ,no4 #c contains a    
8certain and definitive explanation of  
the word ,tsigane02 and ,no4 #d1 by way 
of colophon and endowment of research1  
thrusts forward certain preachments upon
 the direction of future inquiries for  
the benefit of us rude practical men4   
,of ,no4 #a1 ,i have already treated1   
and content myself with energetically   
objecting to the statement that all who 
have treated about the peoples of the   
,indine ,valley have imagined either a  
possible or a probable rapport between  
the ,jats 7not ,juth7 and the ,gypsies4 

,m4 ,paul ,bataillard again shows that  
in #ahej1 when my paper was published in
 #ahdi1 neither he nor ,professor       
,fleischer knew aught concerning the    
modern ,sindhi ,jats1 a mere section of 
the race1 save the corruption of a name4
 ,they were ignorant of its extensive   
habitat scattered between the ,indus    
mouths and the ,tatar ,steppes4 ,they   
had never learned that it speaks its own
 peculiar dialect1 which is like that of
 the ,gypsies and the ,sindhi to a      
certain extent1 ,persico-,indian4  ,part
 ,no4 #b becomes much more sensational4 
,we find that our critic's ideas have   
grown1 and that the antiquity of the    
,gypsies in ,south-,eastern ,europe     
extends deep into the misty regions of  
the past4 ,in #ahgb he merely alluded to
 the high importance of the ethnic name 
,sindho or ,sinto 7feminine ,sindhi2    
plurals ,sindhe and ,sindhiyan71        
8meaning the great40 ,now he would      
identify them with the aborigines of    
,lemnos1 those 8lords of ,vulcan0 the   

,greek3 3 ,sinties--a word generally    
understood to signify robbers 7,greek3 3
 sinomai74 ,the connexion is brought    
about because ,homer describes these    
metal-workers as speaking a wild speech 
7,greek3 3 agriophnoi71 and because     
,hellanicus of ,lesbos derives them from
 ,thrace4 ,two independent              
authorities--the original hypothesist   
,dr4 ,johannes ,gottlieb ,hasse in      
#ahjc1 and ,m4 ,vivien de ,saint-,martin
 in #ahdg--;had suggested an idea which 
,m4 ,paul ,bataillard borrowed and      
adopted4 ,the ,tsigane represent1 we are
 assured1 not only the ,sicani of       
,sicily1 but also the ,greek3 3         
,sigynai1 3 ,sigynoi1 3 ,siginnoi1 whom 
,herodotus places in the ,caucasus1     
,asia ,minor1 and ,thrace4 ,the broad   
gap of years is bridged over1 in the    
teeth of ,m4 ,paspati1 by means of      
certain medival ,byzantine heretics1 the
 ,greek3 3 ,athinganoi1 ,manichans like 
the ,albigenses1 the ,paulicians1 and   
especially the dwellers in ,bosnia and  

its neighbourhood1 also called          
,athigarii1 ,atingarii1 ,anthingarii1   
and ,atingani2 and this only because    
certain of the modern ,greeks call their
 ,gypsies ,athinganoi 7,greek3 3        
,athinganoi74 ,brosset#acd notices that 
in the eleventh century1 when ,king     
,bagrat visited ,constantinople1 he     
there heard a marvellous and wholly     
incredible thing2 namely1 that a tribe  
of the ,samaritans descended from ,simon
 ,magus1 and called ,atsinkan1 were     
still infamous for their evil-doings and
 sorceries4 ,and then we have a silly   
story of how the monk ,st4 ,george of   
,athos rendered all their poisons of no 
account4  ,moreover1 we are told1 if the
 modern ,tsigane represent the ,sinties 
and the ,siginnoi1 they must1 ergo1     
stand in the same relationship to       
certain mysterious tribes inhabiting the
 ,caucasus and ,western ,asia1 ,egypt1  
the ,levantine ,islands1 and the        
,danubian basin4 ,thus we see the origin
 of the ,telchini1 the ,chalybes1 and   

other 8,cabiric peoples40 ,the latter   
has the disadvantage of being purely    
,semitic1 ,kabr meaning 8the great0     
applied to the twelve ,dii majores of   
the ,phnicians who sent forth ,kadmos   
7,el ,kadn7  the old or the great4#ace  
,but let that pass4 ,our author proves  
his fact by showing that these races1   
like the modern ,rom1 were makers of    
weapons1 especially the assegai or      
javelin2 whilst the ,cabiri and the     
,telchini were renowned for music and   
soothsaying4 ,and how not recognize the 
,troglodytic ,sibyls of ,asia ,minor and
 ,egypt1 of ,greece1 and especially     
,thrace1 in the pure ,gypsy1 when       
,greek3 3 ,sibylla is only a form of    
,greek3 3 ,sibyn or ,greek3 3 ,zibyn1   
which naturally derives from ,greek3 3  
,sigyn1 ,greek3 3 ,sigynnos  ,tsigane8  
,how not perceive that the ,egyptian    
prophetesses turned into black pigeons  
by ,herodotus1 and the doves of ,dodona1
 were not identical with the ,romn8     
,this becomes a disease--,tsigane on the

 brain2 from which our author evidently 
suffers in an acute form--so acute as to
 render his imagination most lively4 ,to
 the unimaginative ethnologist the      
8,sindhi0 are simply the ,sindh tribes  
of ,gypsies1 so called from the ,sindhu1
 that mighty stream which gave to       
,europe a name for the ,indian          
,peninsula4 ,hence1 indeed1 some        
philologists would derive the ,spanish  
word ,zincale 7,zinkale71 making it a   
compound of ,sindh and ,klo 7plural     
,kle1 black7  dark men of ,sindh4       
,rejecting this treatment1 we must      
consider it a tribal name like ,karchi 7
 lower ,sindhian71 ,helebi 7,aleppine71 
,lri 7from ,lristn71 and many others    
into which the great ,jat nation is     
divided4  ,but whilst we reject         
particulars1 we must beware how we treat
 the general theory4 ,tradition and     
ethnological peculiarities1 far stronger
 than philological resemblances or      
coincidences1 tend to prove that the    
earliest metal-workers and weapon-makers

 were an ,indine race whose immigration 
long preceded the movement of the last  
ethnic wave1 the ,gypsy of history4     
,herodotus notices a caste or           
corporation of ambulant founders and    
metal-workers which came from ,asia1    
possibly belonging to the age called by 
,m4 de ,mortillet de la chaudronnerie1  
when the hammer took the place of simple
 fusion4 ,modern research has shown that
 these prehistoric artisans affected    
,gypsy habits like the caldereros       
7coppersmiths7 of the ,rom in later     
ages4 ,they had no permanent abodes2    
their ateliers were not inside the      
towns1 but en plein champ near inhabited
 centres2 here they fashioned their new 
and recast their old metal1 bartering   
their works for furs1 hides1 amber1 and 
other articles of local provenance4     
,hence ,m4 mile ,burnouf#acf assumes    
these wandering workmen of the ,bronze  
,age to have been a ,gypsy race2 while  
the remarkable similarity1 ,i may almost
 say the identity1 of the alloy suggests

 that it was the produce of a single    
people4 ,we must1 however1 be careful   
how we accept his derivation from ,banca
 and ,malacca of the prehistoric tin    
required for bronze4 ,it would first be 
supplied by the ,caucasus mines to a    
race of workmen migrating along the     
southern base from the ,west to the     
,east4 ,the next source of supply1      
before passing to ,southern ,france1    
,spain1 and the ,cassiterides1 would be 
,north-,western ,arabia4 ,the ,book of  
,numbers#acg distinctly mentions the    
metal1 placing it between iron and lead1
 as part of the spoils taken by the     
children of ,israel from their cousins  
the ,midianites 7circ4 ,b4,c4 #adej72   
and the two ,khedivial expeditions      
7,a4,d4 #ahgg-gh7 have brought home     
proofs that it may still be found there4
 ,indeed1 ,i have a suspicion that the  
8broken0 people of ,western ,arabia are 
descended from the ancient ,gypsies who 
may have worked the gold mines of       
,midian4  ,part ,no4 #c corrects        

,professor de ,goeje1 ,m4 ,fagnan1 and  
myself in our several explanations of   
,tsigane4 ,the exaggerated value        
attributed by ,m4 ,paul ,bataillard to  
his own 8typical proof and the material 
confirmation of all his system0 seems to
 have hindered his revelation2 and he   
insists upon it navely as if it were    
proof of ,holy ,writ4 ,its venerable    
8hypothetical origin0 must be sought in 
the root ,,chin,v1 meaning to thrust1   
throw1 fight1 cut1 kill1 write1 and     
eject saliva4 ,it survives in the word  
,sagaie or ,zagaie 7our assegai73 the   
latter1 when split in two1 contains a   
first part similar to sag-itta1 and a   
second like gais 7g-sum71 the heavy1    
barbed ,gallic javelin2 whilst the whole
 resembles the ,amazonian ,sagaris1 an  
axe4  ,in the name of the               
,prophet--figs6 ,this dreamery is       
ushered in as usual by a whole page of  
discursive matter4 ,the debased ,romaic 
,greek3 3 katzibelos1 a 8maker of       
javelins10 used by a ,byzantine poet of 

the middle fourteenth century1 is shown 
,sigynos  ,tsigane4 ,kilinjirides1 a    
,grcised form of the ,turkish ,kilij-ji1
 or sword-maker1 is the same word4 ,let 
me here note that the 8pure ,turkish    
term ,kaldji10 still used at ,rhodes1 is
 not the same as ,kilij-ji2 it is the   
bastard compound ,arabic and ,turkish   
,kala'-j1 a tinsmith4 ,such are some of 
the linguistic will-o'-the-wisps which  
have1 ,i fear1 habitually misled our    
critic4  ,i must now consider the origin
 of the corrupted 8typical term0        
,tsigane1 which ,m4 ,paul ,bataillard   
has converted into a 8generic name40    
,the old and obsolete derivations of the
 ,zingaro1 which with various           
modifications prevails throughout       
,europe1 are the following4#ach ,ciga or
 ,siga1 the seaport of ,mauretania      
,csariensis1 or the ,ciga or ,cija      
,river mentioned by ,lucan2 the ,magian 
,cineus2 ,zeugitania ,regio 7,zeugis72  
,singara1 the ,mesopotamian city2       
,zigera1 a ,thracian settlement2 the    

,zinganes1 a tribe inhabiting the ,indus
 ,delta 7872 the ,zigier ,province in   
,asia ,minor2 and 8the bird ,cinclo0    
7motacilla or wagtail71 a 8vagrant bird 
which builds no nest10 and therefore    
gave rise to the term ,cinli or         
,cingary4 ,less absurd is the derivation
 from ,singus1 or ,cingus1 the chief of 
a horde under 8,tamerlane10 who employed
 these men1 not as combatants1 but      
camp-followers and to export trains#aci 
7,a4,d4 #adja74 ,arabshah1 the          
biographer of the great ,tatar ,amr1    
recounts a contrivance by which in      
,a4,d4 #adjf he rid his city            
7,samarkand7 of the rebellious          
,zingaros2 and the account of this race 
shows a certain correspondence with the 
,gypsies4 ,hence1 probably1 ,borrow     
7,the ,zincali7 tells us that 8the      
,eastern ,gypsies are called ,zingarri40
 ,the word is quite unknown to ,turkey  
and ,persia4 ,in #adjb they accompanied 
the ,sultan ,byezd on his invasion of   
,europe along the ,danube1 and thus     

settled in ,bulgaria and ,old ,servia4  
,what we know for certain is that the   
,gypsies have been known in ,persia from
 time immemorial as ,chingneh1 ,persian3
 4 ,professor de ,goeje writes the word 
,tsjengn 7,chengn71 and would explain it
 by the ,persian plural of ,tsenj1 a    
musician1 a dancer4 ,is this word       
intended for ,chang1 a harp1 or for     
,zang1 in ,arabic ,zanj1 a ,klo1 a      
8black man10 as the ,gypsy is still     
called in ,england8 ,chingneh in ,syria 
becomes ,jingneh1 the ,semites having no
 ch2 and the term now applies1 not to   
the ,gypsies generally1 but to a small  
and special tribe4 ,the ,greek and      
,romaic ,greek3 3 ,atzinganos and       
,greek3 3 ,athinganos corruptions of    
,chingneh1 are1 as we have seen by      
,atsinkan1 as old at ,constantinople as 
the eleventh century4 ,in ,turkish the  
word is written as in ,persian1 but the 
pronunciation changes to ,chingyneh2 ,m4
 ,paspati adopts ,tchinghian1 the       
,turco-,french corruption1 with the e   

eh4 ,hence evidently the ,hungarian     
,czigan 7,czigany1 ,czignyok1           
,czingaricus1 etc471 and the            
,transylvanian ,cingani1 which appears  
in writings of the fifteenth century2   
the former evidently engendered ,m4     
,bataillard's bastard ,tsigane4 ,the    
,poles turned ,chingneh into ,cygan     
7,cyganaeh1 ,cyganskiego1 etc471 and the
 ,russians into ,zigan4 ,here we see the
 ,italian ,ciano1 ,cingano1 and         
,zingano1 the older forms of ,zingaro   
and the ,portuguese ,cigano4  ,the      
,spanish ,zincali is derived by ,borrow 
from two ,gypsy words meaning 8,kle0    
7the black men7 of ,zend 7,sind or      
,ind71 a theory perfectly inadmissible4 
,the ,iberian ,gitno1 now a term of     
opprobrium1 is probably a survival of   
the racial name1 and not a corruption of
 the older ,egypciano1 the ,basque      
,egipcioac4 ,the latter1 evidently from 
,aigyptos1 gyptus1 ,egypt1 an           
8,egyptian10 is itself a corruption of  
,kupt1 ,persian3 1 in modern parlance a 

,copt4 ,hence the ,turks also call their
 vagrants ,kupti or ,gupti4 ,hence also 
,greek3 3 ,gyphtos in ,romaic applies   
indifferently to a ,gypsy or a          
blacksmith1 and hence finally our       
,gypsy1 which should be pronounced with 
a hard g1 and written as by the older   
writers ,gypsy4 ,all four derive from a 
different root1 the ,egyptian4  ,as     
regards the ,german ,zigeuner and its   
older forms ,secane and ,suyginer       
7fifteenth century71 ,professor de      
,goeje would derive it from ,sjikri     
7,syikri71 as he writes ,shekri1 a      
huntsman1 much reminding us of that     
diction which confounds 8srimp0 with    
8shrimp40 ,the word means a wanderer1   
and seems to derive from the root that  
gave us zig-zag4 ,the ,dutch call these 
,indians ,heiden af ,egyptir's2 the     
,french gyptiens1 but preferably        
,bohmiens1 showing what they believed to
 be the last halting-place of the tribe 
before it passed on to ,western ,europe4
 ,a curious irony of fate has connected 

in the ,gallic mind the old land of the 
,boii with all that is wild and         
unsettled1 when its sons are the        
stiffest and the most priggish of the   
,austro-,german beamter class4  ,not a  
few commentators on the ,bible#adj have 
believed the ,gypsies to be that 8mixed 
multitude0 which has done so much for   
romantic ethnology4 ,this medley1 the   
,hebrew's hasaphsuph1 corresponding with
 the ,arabic ,habash 7,abyssinian71 we  
are told 8went up also with the ,jews   
out of ,egypt40 ,the learned add that   
they marched eastward to ,india1 became 
veritable ,aryans1 retraced their steps 
to ,misraim1 the two ,egypts1 upper and 
lower1 and thence spread over ,europe4  
,for the first set of words1 ,tsigane   
included1 ,i hold ,chingneh to be the   
origin1 owning at the same time my      
inability to determine the root or      
history of the word4 ,for the second1   
whose type is ,gitano1 ,i think it      
probable that the wanderers may have    
modified their racial name ,jat and its 

adjective ,jatni into the semblance of  
,egyptian at the time when they         
represented themselves to be descendants
 of the old ,nile dwellers and to speak 
an ,egyptian 7,coptic7 dialect4 ,the    
,jugo-,slav tongues abound in similar   
instances of conversion1 vernacular and 
significant terms being often applied to
 the older terms of conquered or        
occupied countries4 ,for instance1      
,aurisina1 the ,roman station near      
,trieste1 became ,nabresina1 from       
na-brek  ad montem4  ,returning to ,m4  
,paul ,bataillard1 we find him declaring
 that the ,gypsies are generically      
,chamites 7descendants of ,ham671 and   
specifically ,kushites1 8who lived long 
enough under the ',aryas in the ,indus  
region to lose their ,kushite tongue and
 to adopt an ,aryan dialect40 ,this     
immense assertion1 made perfunctorily1  
as it were1 and without acknowledgment  
of its source1 is worthy of the         
eighteenth century and its 8mixed       
multitude0 borrowed from the ,book of   

,exodus4 ,what the learned ,movers      
7,geschichte d4 ,phnicier7 said of the  
8,kushites0 was that1 originally from   
,india1 they migrated in prehistoric    
days westwards1 allied themselves with  
the ,semites1 and became the peoples    
speaking such ,aryo-,semitic tongues as 
the ,egyptian and ,coptic1 ,himyaritic  
and ,ghz4 ,to believe that this also was
 the history of the ,gypsy movement is  
to hold that1 whilst other 8,kushites0  
changed their physique and their morale1
 their eyes and hair1 their cheekbones  
and figures generally1 the ,gypsies have
 remained pure ,indians without a trace 
of other blood4  ,a word here upon this 
8,kushite0 theory1 which has been       
accepted by men of the calibre of       
,heinrich ,brugsch ,bey4 ,it appears to 
be simply a labour-saving institution1  
in fact what algebraists call supposer  
un inconnu1 a pure assumption which     
spares the pains of working out the     
origination of the so-called            
,aryo-,semitic races4 ,these ,kushites1 

who were they8 ,where are they mentioned
 in history or legend as emigrants from 
the plains of ,hindustan to the         
north-eastern angle of ,africa8 ,what   
traces have they left upon the long     
route across ,western ,asia which       
connects the ,indus with the ,nile8 ,how
 came it that1 without marking their    
exodus by a single vestige of           
civilization1 they began at once to hew 
the obelisks and build the pyramids in  
their new home1 the chef-d'uvres of     
artistic ,egypt's golden age8 ,no answer
 to such objections as these4  ,in ,part
 ,no4 #d1 concluding the paper1 ,m4     
,paul ,bataillard attempts to conciliate
 his 8principal thesis0 with the views  
of ,m4 de ,goeje4 ,the ,leyden professor
 opines that the first colonies of      
,djatts 7,jats7 were founded amongst the
 ,persians and ,arabs of the seventh    
century2 and ,m4 ,fagnan also speaks of 
inscriptions in ,buddhist characters    
treating of the ,jats in the fourth and 
fifth centuries4 ,the tribal name1      

corrupted by ,arabization1 appears in   
the 8,canal of the ,zott0 7,zutt7 near  
,babylon1 and in the 8,zott-land40      
,families of 8,zotts0 were transplanted 
to ,syrian ,bosra1 ,bostra1 or ,old     
,damascus during the earliest ,muslim   
conquests in the seventh century 7circ4 
,a4,d4 #fgj71 not in the ninth 7,a4,d4  
#hee71 as our author had determined4    
,about ,a4,d4 #gaj 8,zotts0 and ,indians
 were transferred from the ,indus to the
 ,tigris 7,khuzistn72 and between ,a4,d4
 #gad and #gbj a certain number were    
sent with their four thousand           
buffaloes--8which make the lion fly     
7670--to colonize the ,antioch regions4 
,hence possibly the name of the large   
tribe which is known in ,egypt and      
elsewhere as 8,el ,h'aleb10 or 8,helebi1
 the ,aleppine40 ,they waxed powerful   
enough in their new possessions to      
contend with the ,caliphat till ,a4,d4  
#hbj-hcd1 when they were subjugated1 and
 some twenty-seven thousand were        
transplanted to ,bagdad4 ,thence they   

were sent north-eastwards to ,khnikin   
and westwards to ,ayin-,zarba 787 in    
,syria1 a place subsequently 7,a4,d4    
#hee7 captured by the ,byzantines2 and  
finally the 8,zott0 and their belongings
 were carried off and dispersed         
throughout the empire4  ,so far so good4
 ,but our critic appends a rider to     
,professor de ,goeje's tale4 ,he owns   
that this race1 ,zott or ,jats1 may have
 transformed itself into ,gypsies--not  
difficult1 as they were ,gypsies4 ,but  
he contends that they formed a feeble   
modern addition to his 8,kushites10 to  
the race which was represented ab       
antiquo by the ,sicani and ,sinties et  
hoc genus omne4  ,further let me note en
 passant the vulgar error now obsolete  
which1 confounding ,hindi with the      
,urd-,zabn or camp dialect1#ada made the
 former a bastard modern tongue when its
 literature is as old as the earliest   
,english and ,french4 ,and here we may  
note that1 while the ,romni-chb is in   
point of vocabulary a sister of the     

,hindi1 the grammar of the noun with its
 survival of regular cases belongs to a 
more remote age4 ,it is partly ,prakrit 
and partly ,sindhi1 a dialect whose     
numerous harsh consonants make us       
suspect1 despite ,dr4 ,trumpp1 a        
non-,aryan element4 ,besides the        
prehistoric occupation of the           
trans-,indine regions by the            
,indo-,scythians noticed in ,alexander's
 day1 we find another dating from far   
later times4 ,the ,bactrian kingdom     
which became independent sixty-nine     
years after the great ,macedonian's     
death lasted one hundred and thirty     
years1 and was destroyed about ,b4,c4   
#abf by the 8white ,huns10 ,chinese     
,tatars1 who crossed the ,jaxartes4     
,hence possibly the ,dravidian ,brahins 
still dwelling in the midst of ,aryan   
populations4 ,the apparent anomaly that 
the wild and vagrant ,gypsies have      
preserved in ,europe ancient forms which
 have died out in the old home has      
already been accounted for2 ,i may also 

number amongst the causes of            
conservation the total want of a written
 character1 which also proves the early 
date of the ,gypsy exodus4    #d4       
8,notes et ,questions1 etc410 8,sur le  
mot ,zagaie1 etc40  ,i treat of ,nos4 #d
 and #e out of order of date because    
they are mere ausflugs illustrating     
,nos4 #c and #f4 ,from the first we     
learn that when the ,french occupied    
,algiers in #ahcj they found the city   
and its territory partly occupied by    
,gypsies1 who did not mix with the      
,arabs or the ,kabyles 7,kabil or the   
,tribes71 with the ,jews or the         
,europeans4 ,they spoke their own       
tongue1 and they were often visited by  
their congeners of ,hungary and other   
parts of ,europe4 ,it is conjectured    
that these ,rom may have passed over    
from ,spain1 and possibly that they     
travelled eastward from ,morocco1 as    
,blidah contains many of the race4 ,the 
question becomes interesting when we    
find the ,egyptian ,ghagar claiming to  

be emigrants from the ,west4 ,according 
to the ,librarian of ,algiers1 the late 
,m4 ,berbruger in #ahdf1 they were known
 as ,guesni1 pronounced ,g'sni or ,g'zne
 7,gezzn71 the feminine singular being  
,gezzna 7,gezzneh74#adb ,here of course 
,m4 ,paul ,bataillard finds no          
difficulty in detecting1 through ,dzna  
and ,tsna1 8a corruption of the true    
name ,tsigani or ,tchingani40 ,the      
latter form1 ,i would observe1 retaining
 the nasal of the original ,chingneh and
 the ,arabized ,jingneh1 is far         
preferable to the mutilated ,tsigane    
adopted afterwards 7#ahge7 with so much 
pomp and such a flourish of trumpets4   
,a family dislodged from a house in the 
present ,rue de ,chartres was found     
lying upon the straw surrounded by human
 skulls1 serpents1 and other instruments
 of their craft4 ,whilst being evicted  
they noisily threatened their molesters 
with all manner of devilry2 but as usual
 they ended by submitting4 ,the men     
apparently had no occupation2 the women 

used to wander about the streets in     
small parties1 generally a matron       
followed by four or five girls1 crying1 
8,gezzneh6 who wants to know the        
future80#adc ,the ,durke1#add or        
pythoness1 carried a tambourine2 and    
when divining she placed upon her       
drum-head a bit of alum and of charcoal1
 with pebbles1 beans or grains1 wheat   
and barley2 these represented the       
8elements10 water1 fire1 and earth1 thus
 showing that the process was a rude    
form of the ,arab's geomancy4 ,sometimes
 the 8spae-wife0 made passes over the   
consultee's head1 holding in her hand a 
lump of sugar2 this reminds us of the   
magicians in ,morocco and ,egypt and    
their mesmerized 8clear-seers40 ,between
 #ahcg and #ahch these ,gypsies retired 
into the ,sahar or ,desert2 and now they
 visit the city only in caravans4 ,their
 women1 tattooed and painted like the   
,bedawiyyah1 are generally robed in rags
 and tatters1 and decorated with the    
usual tinsel1 rings1 and hangings4  ,an 

interesting subject1 but by no means    
easy of treatment1 would be the order of
 ,dervishes known as ,assaoua1 also     
8called ,adr1 from the name of one of   
their festivals40#ade ,they have been   
noticed by a multitude of writers each  
more ignorant than the other4 ,these men
 are probably ,gypsies1 to judge by     
analogy with the ,rif'i ,dervishes1 who 
will be noticed under the head of       
,egypt4 ,the same may be said of the    
,nalette1 the ,almah 7limeh7 or         
dancing-girl of ,algiers1 who affiliates
 herself with the ,auld ,n'il#adf1 the  
large and wealthy ,bedawin tribe        
occupying the inner regions4 ,similarly 
the ,nawar ,gypsies farther east derive 
themselves from the ,beni ,nawar4 ,these
 ,nalettes are public when young1 yet in
 after-life they become faithful wives2 
the same is said of the ,egyptian       
,ghagar and the nach-girls of ,india4   
,according to one authority1 there are  
among the ,mozabites two or three ,gypsy
 tribes that live by prostituting their 

women to caravans4 ,it is curious to    
compare the rigid chastity of the ,gypsy
 girls in ,england and ,spain1 indeed in
 ,europe generally1 where a lapse would 
lead to certain death1 with their       
looseness of life elsewhere4 ,but the   
,rom is une race curieuse entre toutes1 
and both extremes may be expected from  
it4  ,it remains only to treat of ,no4  
#e1 which discusses the origin of the   
word ,zagaie or ,sagaie1 the ,spanish   
and ,portuguese ,azagaia1 a small kind  
of ,moorish spear which we have named   
assegai1 transferring it to the throwing
 dart of the ,bsetu or ,kfir race4 ,we  
have seen 7 #c7 that ,m4 ,paul          
,bataillard has fathered upon this term 
the mysterious racial name ,tsigane     
7,chingneh71 and there is no reason to  
repeat what has been said of his        
derivation4 ,we may accept his dictum3  
8,there are words whose history would1  
if known1 throw vivid light upon human  
migrations and the affinity of peoples  
in very ancient ages40 ,but here we     

find1 in lieu of illumination1 outer    
darkness4 ,the comparison of ,zagaie1   
,gsum1 and ,gais is bad enough2 but it  
is worse to transport the assegai into  
,south ,american speech4 ,demersay1     
describing the ,paraguayan tribe of     
8,payagas0 7the ,payagas or ,canoe      
,indians71 calls their lance ,pagaie1   
8which10 remarks our author1 8may1 it   
appears1 be permitted to me to identify 
with ,sagaie40 ,this is again           
transcendental etymology applied to     
ethnic misuse4 ,pagaie here is simply   
the popular ,european1 and especially   
,french1 corruption of ,tacap or        
,tangap1 the paddle-club of ironwood    
sharpened to serve as a sword1 and used 
by all the maritime tribes of ,eastern  
,south ,america4 ,finally ,korik1 the   
bellows1 so called by the ,gypsies of   
,asia ,minor1 is not ,turkish1 but a    
corruption of the ,arabic ,kor4  ,here  
ends my long notice of ,m4 ,paul        
,bataillard's four papers2 the novelties
 introduced into them will1 it is hoped1

 be held to justify the prolixity4      
,,footnotes3  #ajf ,the following are   
his advertised works2 he kindly supplied
 me with copies of all1 except the first
 two1 which were out of print3    #a4   
,de l'apparition et de la dispersion des
 ,bohmiens en ,europe4       ,reprinted 
from the ,bibliothque de l'cole des     
,chartes1 #ahdd1       in #hvo of #fi   
pages2 and again in #ahdi by ,m4        
,franck4 ,i understand       that in    
this1 his first paper1 the author knew  
the 8,zott10 but       ignored the      
8,jats40    #b4 ,nouvelles ,recherches  
sur l'apparition des ,bohmiens en       
,europe       7particulirement dans     
l',europe ,orientale1--avec un appendice
 sur       l'arrive de dix ou douze     
mille ,louri1 ,zuth1 ou ,djatt en ,perse
       entre les annes #dbj et #ddj74   
,from the same ,bibliothque1            
#ahdi1 in #hvo of #dh pages1 a petit    
travail 7as the author calls       it7  
containing his first notice of the      
,jats4    #c4 ,les derniers travaux     

relatifs aux ,bohmiens dans l',europe   
,orientale4 ,from the ,revue ,critique1 
,vol4 ,,ii4 of fifth year               
7#ahgj-ga74 ,reprinted ,paris3 ,franck1 
#ahgb4 ,in treating of the              
,gypsies the ,jats now become an        
important element4    #d4 ,notes et     
questions sur les ,bohmiens en ,algrie4 
,from the       ,bulletin of the ,socit 
d',anthropologie de ,paris1 ,sance du   
#ag       ,juillet1 #ahgc4 ,reprinted   
,paris3 ,a4 ,henmeyer1 #ahgd4    #e4    
,sur le mot ,zagaie ou ,sagaie1 et      
accessoirement sur le nom du            
soufflet de forge primitif4 ,from the   
,bulletin of the ,socit                 
d',anthropologie de ,paris1 ,sance du   
#ba ,mai1 #ahgd4    #f4 ,sur l'origine  
des ,bohmiens ou ,tsiganes1 avec        
l'explication du       mot 8,tsigane40  
,lettre  la ,revue ,critique4 ,paris3   
,franck1 #ahge4       ,this last        
publication criticises my identification
 of the ,gypsies       and the ,jats1   
etc4  #ajg ,embo e ,majro ,lucas1 etc41 

now rare4 ,this version preserved intact
 many of the ,spanish words used by     
,padre ,scio1 instead of converting them
 into pure 8,romani40 ,see ,borrow4     
#ajh ,for instance1 when ,borrow makes  
,chai denote the men of ,egypt or the   
sons of ,heaven1 when it simply         
signifies children1 being a dialectic   
variety of the ,hindi ,chokra1 ,chokr4  
#aji ,a second 8,tsiganida0 was in the  
hands of the late ,m4 ,pierre ,assaki1  
possibly composed by one of his kinsmen4
  #aaj ,rom 7man71 masc4 sing42 ,rom    
7men71 masc4 plur4 ,romni1 ,romni1      
woman1 women2 ,roman1 adjectival1       
belonging to man4 ,hence our phrases    
8rum fellow0 and 8pottering ,rommany40  
,lom is a mere popular mispronunciation 
of ,rom1 and ,ro is a vulgar            
abbreviation4 ,the latter word ,i would 
derive from the ,coptic ,greek3 3 rme   
7rom71 a man4  #aaa ,the bond of        
language has perhaps been exaggerated by
 ,m4 ,alexandre ,g4 ,paspati1 tude sur  
les ,tchinghians en ,bohmiens de        

l',empire ,ottoman 7,constantinople1    
#ahgj71 and others1 where they assert   
8l'histoire entire de cette race est    
dans son idiome40  #aab ,as the ,jews   
all have especial ,hebrew names for the 
,synagogue besides the ,gentile         
family-names known to the world1 the    
,gypsies are also binominal4 ,thus the  
,stanleys are ,bar-engres 7stony        
fellows72 the ,coopers1 ,wardo-engres   
78wheel fellows10 coopers72 the ,hernes1
 ,balors 7hairs1 hairy fellows72 the    
,smiths1 ,petul-engres 78horseshoe      
fellows10 blacksmiths72 and the         
,lovells1 ,camo-mescres 7amorous        
fellows74 ,see ,the ,zincali4  #aac     
,get1 ,goths4  #aad ,history of ,sindh1 
pp4 #bdf1 #bdg1 and ,notes1 p4 #daa2    
,scinde1 or the ,unhappy ,valley1 ,vol4 
,,ii41 pp4 #aaf-ai2 ,journal of the     
,bombay ,asiatic ,society1 pp4 #hd-ij2  
without including the ,grammar and the  
,vocabulary4  #aae ,scinde1 or the      
,unhappy ,valley1 ,vol ,,ii41 pp4       
#aaf-ai4  #aaf ,alluding chiefly to     

,captain ,postans' ,personal            
,observations on ,scinde1 chap4 iii4    
#aag ,both of these statements have been
 modified by subsequent experience4 ,the
 ,jats are not immigrants1 nor is their 
language corrupt ,panjabi4 ,it is       
connected with the ,sindhi2 but it wants
 those intricacies and difficulties1 and
 that exuberance of grammatical forms1  
which1 distinguishing the latter from   
its ,prakrit sisters1 renders it so     
valuable for the philological comparison
 of the neo-,aryan tongues4 ,the        
vernacular of the ,sindh ,valley has    
preserved many forms for which we vainly
 look in its cognates1 and it is notably
 freer from foreign admixture than any  
other of the ,north ,indian dialects1   
the ,panjabi1 ,hindi1 and ,bengali of   
our day4 ,it has1 in fact1 remained     
tolerably steady to that first stage of 
decomposition which attacked the        
,prakrit of the ancients4 ,hence ,dr4   
,trumpp 7loc4 cit47 holds it to be an   
immediate derivation from the           

,apabhransha1 which the old grammarians 
placed lowest in the scale of ,prakrit  
speech4 8,while all the modern          
vernaculars of ,india10 he says1 8are   
already so degraded that the venerable  
mother tongue 7,sanskrit7 is hardly     
recognizable in her degenerate          
daughters1 the ,sindhi has1 on the      
contrary1 preserved most important      
fragments of it1 and erected for itself 
a grammatical structure which far       
surpasses in beauty of execution and    
internal harmony the loose and levelling
 construction of its sisters40  #aah    
,every observer has noticed the ,gypsy  
eye1 which films over1 as it were1 as   
soon as the owner becomes weary or      
ennuy2 it has also a remarkable         
8far-off0 glance1 as if looking over and
 beyond you4 ,borrow 7,the ,zincali7    
describes it as a 8strange stare like   
nothing else in this world40 ,and again 
he says that 8a thin glaze steals over  
it in repose1 and seems to emit         
phosphoric light40 ,it is certainly a   

marvellous contrast with the small1     
fat-lidded eye of the ,jew1 the oblique 
and porcine feature of the ,chinese1 and
 the oblong optic of the old ,egypt     
which in profile looks like full face4  
#aai ,in the language of the ,jat a     
,kaum is a clan4  #abj ,the italicised  
words are in the second edition4  #aba  
,the author of this well-known ,persian 
history of ,sindh asserts that the ,jats
 and the ,belochis are both sprung from 
the same ancestors4  #abb ,i cannot but 
suspect some connexion between the      
,gypsy tribal name and that of the      
,counts ,szapary1 one governor of       
,fiume1 and the other commanding a corps
 d'arme in ,bosnia4  #abc ,die          
,einwanderung der ,zigeuner in ,europa4 
,ein ,vortrag von ,carl ,hopf4 7,gotha1 
#ahgj47  #abd ,des ,bohmiens et de leur 
,musique en ,hongrie4 7,paris1 #ahei47  
#abe ,literally1 a descendant from ,lot2
 popularly1 a loose fellow1 a cad4  #abf
 ,the ,arabic word is ,arabic3  which is
 currently transliterated as            

,el-,od4--,transcriber4  #abg ,ueber die
 ,mundarten und ,wanderungen der        
,zigeuner ,europa's4 ,von ,dr4 ,franz   
,miklosich ,denkschriften der k4        
,akademie der ,wissenschaften4 7,wien1  
#ahgb-gg47  #abh tude1 etc41 p4 #ae2 see
 also ,derniers ,travaux1 p4 #cg4  #abi 
,while ,varvvara ,sanskrit3  is what    
appeared in the original book1 it was   
common to omit the cross on the lower   
circle in some forms of writing1 so     
,barbbara ,sanskrit3  is also possible4 
,hindi ,wikipedia lists the desired word
 as ,barbara ,sanskrit3 4--,transcriber4
  #acj ,here the mincing ,french        
pronunciation has done its very worst   
wholly denaturalizing the ,perso-,arabic
 word4  #aca ,the text is transcribed as
 it was in the original book4 ,however  
,sn in ,arabic and ,persian is written  
,arabic3 4--,transcriber4  #acb ,the    
,sanskrit is transcribed as written in  
the book4 ,however that word would be   
transliterated ,naa4 ,nath would be     
,sanskrit3 --,transcriber4  #acc ,asiat4

 ,res41 ,,vii4 #dea4  #acd ,histoire de 
la ,gorgie1 ,part ,i41 p4 #cch4 ,the    
modern ,armenians call the ,gypsies     
,boscha1 possibly from ,bokch1 by which 
the ,russian ,gypsies denote ,hungary4  
#ace ,i am not a little surprised to see
 a scholar like ,mr4 ,gladstone         
declaring that 8,kadmos signifies a     
foreigner0 7,homer3 ,primer47 ,the 8,old
 ,one0 with his sixteen letters is      
supposed by ,m4 ,freret 7,canon         
,chronologique7 to have settled at      
,botian ,thebes in ,b4,c4 #aeij1 or some
 century and a half before ,troy was    
founded 7,b4,c4 #adbe74  #acf 8,l',age  
de ,bronze10 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1  
,july #ae1 #ahgg4  #acg ,chap4 xxxi4    
#bb4  #ach ,borrow2 ,el ,gitanismo4     
#aci ,tamerlane is our corruption of    
,taymr--i4e4 long1 limping ,taymur4 ,the
 ,gypsies call ,asmodeus ,bengui lango1 
the lame devil1 the devil on two sticks4
 ,not a few ,hungarian ,chingneh        
accompanied the ,napoleonic armies to   
,spain4  #adj ,for instance1 ,roberts on

 ,ezekiel 7chaps4 xxix4 and xxx474  #ada
 ,an ,urd-,zabn has been formed in      
,italy1 where the soldiers drawn from a 
multitude of provinces1 each speaking   
its own dialect1 not to say patois1 have
 developed a special speech4 ,the       
officers are obliged to study this      
8pidjin-,italian40  #adb ,the feminine  
plural is not given2 analogy would      
suggest it to be ,ghanzineh4  #adc ,the 
same cry used by the ,egyptian ,gypsies3
 see ,von ,kremer's ,notes4  #add       
,literally1 a far-seer4 ,the ,persian   
word dr1 far or distance1 ,germ4 dort   
and ,engl4 forth1 is familiarly used in 
,hindustani1 and its compound forms are 
frequent in ,turkish4  #ade ,the ,id el 
,zuh1 alias ,kurbn ,bayrm1 the festival 
of the yearly pilgrimage to ,mecca4     
#adf ,the ,arabic word is ,arabic3      
which is currently translterated as     
,ouled ,n'il4--,transcriber4     ,part  
,,ii  ,,topographical ,,notes ,,on ,,the
 ,,gypsies ,,and ,,the ,,jats           
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,historical ,,survey   

,,of ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in ,,europe        
,before proceeding to the topographical 
portion of my subject1 it may be well to
 review summarily the historical        
accounts of the ,rom who overspread     
,europe during the fifteenth and        
sixteenth centuries4 ,grellman1 a       
classic upon the subject of             
8,chinganology10#adg proved that the    
last movement to ,western ,europe set   
out1 not from ,bohemia1 but from        
,hungary and the adjacent countries1    
including 7,old7 ,rumelia and ,moldavia4
 ,in #adag some three thousand settled  
in ,moldavia1 whilst late in the same   
year hordes of ,tatars1 then so called1 
appeared before the gates of the        
,hanseatic towns on the ,baltic coast1  
first ,luneburg1 and then ,hamburg1     
,lbeck1 ,wismar1 ,rostock1 and          
,stralsund4#adh ,next year they migrated
 to middle ,germany1 to ,meissen1       
,leipzig1 and ,hesse2 and presently     
turned their steps towards ,switzerland1
 entering ,zrich on ,august #a1 #adah4  

,there they divided their forces4 ,one  
detachment crossed the ,botzberg1 and   
suddenly appeared as 8,saracens0 before 
the ,provenal town of ,sisteron4 ,the   
main body1 led by 8the dukes1 the earls1
 and a bevy of knights10#adi turned     
towards ,alsace1 swarmed through        
,strasburg1 and halted under the walls  
of ,nuremburg4  ,it is not easy to      
determine the date of their arrival in  
,spain1 where they may have dwelt in far
 more ancient times2 indeed1 during the 
fifteenth century the ,iberian          
,peninsula was popularly supposed to be 
their birthplace4#aej ,on the other     
hand1 many ,spaniards believe them to be
 ,germans1 and called their tongue      
8,germania10 ,gypsy ,german4  ,in #adcc 
they invaded ,bavaria2 and thence they  
spread over ,germany1 ,denmark1 and     
,sweden4  ,their first appearance in    
,french ,christendom seems to be when a 
tribe of one hundred and thirty-two     
souls1 under 8a duke10 8a count10 and   
ten 8knights10 startled the people of   

,paris1 ,august #ag1 #adbg4 ,pasquier1  
an eye-witness1 who records the arrival 
of these 8,christian penitents0 at      
,paris1 where they lodged in ,la        
,chapelle1 outside the city1 gives them 
ugly features1 with crisp black         
hair4#aea ,if he be correct1 the horde  
either must have sojourned long in      
,africa1 or must have had intercourse   
with negro and negroid4 ,there is no    
more constant characteristic of the     
modern ,gypsy1 after his eye1 than the  
long1 coarse1 black ,hindu-,tatar hair4 
,from an old work#aeb it would seem that
 the ,gypsies drifted to ,england about 
#aejj1 though this is uncertain4 ,the   
writer1 in his book published in #afab1 
says3 8,this kind of people about a     
hundred years ago began to gather an    
head about the southern parts4 ,and this
 ,i am informed and can gather was their
 beginning3 ,certain ,egyptians sic     
banished their country 7belike not for  
their good condition7 arrived here in   
,england2 who for quaint tricks and     

devices1 not known here at that time    
among us1 were esteemed and held in     
great admiration2 insomuch that many of 
our ,english loiterers joined with them1
 and in time learned their crafty       
cozening4 ,the speech which they used   
was the right ,egyptian sic language1   
with whom our ,englishmen conversing at 
least learned their language40  ,we     
first hear of them in ,italy in the     
early part of the fifteenth century4 ,on
 ,july #aa1 #adbb1 a horde of fully one 
hundred1 led by a 8duke10 encamped      
before ,bologna1 passing by ,forli1     
where some of them maintained they came 
from ,india4 ,at ,bologna these 8mild   
,hindus0 represented that they were     
bound on an expiatory visit to the      
,pope4  ,elsewhere they became          
8penitents10 who1 expelled by the       
,saracens from their homes in ,lower    
,egypt1 had confessed themselves to his 
,holiness1 and had been condemned to    
seven years' wandering and dispersion by
 way of penance4 ,thus was visited upon 

their heads the crime of those 8perverse
 pagans0 their forefathers1 who refused 
a drink of water to the ,virgin and     
,child flying from the wrath of ,herod4 
,this was only fourteen centuries after1
 and we know that lenta ira deorum est4 
,there was quoted concerning them the   
forty years' dispersion of ,ezekiel3    
8,and ,i will make the land of ,egypt   
desolate in the midst of the countries  
that are desolate1 and her cities among 
the cities that are laid waste shall be 
desolate forty years3 and ,i will       
scatter the ,egyptians among the        
nations1 and will disperse them through 
the countries0 7xxix4 #ab74 ,the        
prophet's minatory ravings against the  
old ,egyptians1 who had been a 8staff of
 reed to the house of ,israel10 were    
also recalled to explain their bondage  
and vagabondage4 ,hence some declared   
that it was sinful to maltreat these    
pseudo-pilgrims4  ,the ,gypsies         
travelled to ,rome and secured a papal  
safe-conduct twenty years after their   

first appearance at ,bologna4           
,hypocritical legend secured them passes
 and passports from the ,european powers
 who were then engaged in the perilous  
,ottoman ,wars4 ,they were more or less 
supported by the ,emperor ,sigismund and
 the bishop of the same name1 who1      
,a4,d4 #aedj1 at ,fnf-,kirchen employed 
them in casting iron and cannon-balls   
for the benefit of the ,turks2 by       
,ladislas ,,ii41 ,king of ,hungary1 and 
other potentates4 ,the ,gypsies         
doubtless imitated the ,jews in hedging 
between the two belligerents1 and in    
betraying both of them for their own    
benefit2 and this doubtless was part of 
the cause of the persecution which the  
two scattered races endured4 ,purely    
religious movements of the kind are rare
 in history2 but they are numerous when 
religion mixes itself1 as it ever has   
and always will1 with politics4         
,presently public opinion changed1 and  
the natural reaction set in4 ,lorenzo   
,palmireno1 ,a4,d4 #aedj1 declared in   

one of his books 8that the ,gypsies     
lie10 and the lives they led were not of
 penitents1 but of 8dogs and            
plunderers40 ,they were now loaded with 
all the crimes of the ,middle           
,ages--espionage in the cause of the    
infidel1 incendiarism1 professional     
poisoning and other forms of            
assassination1 cannibalism1 sorcery and 
bewitching1 blaspheming ,god and the    
saints1 and personal intercourse with   
the foul fiend in the shape of a grey   
bird4  ,in #adii1 shortly after the     
institution of the ,holy ,office1 ,a4,d4
 #adha1 and the expulsion of the ,jews1 
,a4,d4 #adib1 the 8,great ,pragmatic10  
signed by ,ferdinand and ,isabella at   
,medina del ,campo under the influence  
of ,jimenez de ,cisneros1 the archbishop
 who disgracefully broke faith with the 
,moors of ,grenada1 formally attacked   
the vagrant race4#aec ,it decreed that  
the ,egyptians and stranger tinkers1    
caldereros1 should settle as serfs for  
sixty days1 and after that time leave   

the kingdom under severe personal       
penalties4 ,this decree was renewed     
under ,charles ,v4 by the ,cortes of    
,toledo1 in #aebc1 and of ,madrid1 in   
#aebh1 #aecd1 and #aefj1 with the       
condition that 8those found vagabonding 
for the third time should become the    
life slaves of their captors40 ,under   
the timorous ,philip ,,iii41 #afai1 the 
,professor of ,theology to the ,toledo  
,university1 ,dr4 ,sancho de ,moncada1  
addressed a discourse to the king       
justifying the wholesale slaughter of   
the race1 even women and children1 by   
the dictum1 8,no law pledges us to bring
 up wolf-cubs40  ,following the lead of 
the ,catholic kings1 the ,diet of       
,augsburg1 #aejj-aedh1 revoking all     
previous concessions1 banished the      
,gypsies from the ,holy ,german ,empire 
under similar conditions4 ,this         
ordinance was also revived in #aecj1 in 
#aedd1 in #aedh1 in #aeea1 and in #aegg1
 the last time confirmed by a police    
regulation at ,frankfurt4 ,in #aede the 

,superior ,tribunal of ,utrecht punished
 a ,gypsy who had disobeyed a decree of 
exile by flogging until blood was drawn1
 by splitting his nostrils1 and by      
shaving his head before he was driven to
 the frontier4#aed  ,in ,england the    
liberal and ,protestant ,henry          
,,viii4#aee sanctioned an ,act of       
,parliament persecuting the ,gypsies to 
extermination2 and it was renewed by    
,philip and ,mary1 and by ,elizabeth4   
,francis ,i4 of ,france followed the    
example of his neighbours2 and under    
,charles ,,ix4 the persecution was      
renewed by the ,states-,general         
assembled at ,orleans1 #aefa1 who       
decreed extermination by steel and fire4
 ,another and similar edict appeared in 
#afab4 ,charles ,v41 besides his        
proclamations in ,spain and ,germany1   
condemned the ,gypsies of the           
,netherlands to enrolment under pain of 
death1 and this was confirmed by the    
,states-,general in #aehb4 ,fanatic     
,poland in #aegh issued a law forbidding

 hospitality to ,gypsies1 and exiling   
those who received them4 ,pius ,v4      
showed himself equally inhuman1 and the 
,rom were driven from the duchies of    
,parma and ,milan1 from the republic of 
,venice1 and the kingdom of ,denmark4   
,sweden distinguished herself by the    
severest laws of expulsion in #affb1    
#agbc1 and #agbg4  ,from these          
barbarities arose the ,gypsies' saying1 
8,king's law has destroyed the ,gypsy   
law40 ,the latter consisted of fidelity 
to one another2 the code contained only 
three commandments1 of which the first  
two were addressed to women3  8,thou    
shalt not separate from the ,rom 7,gypsy
 law740  8,thou shalt be faithful to thy
 ,rom40  8,thou shalt pay thy debts to  
the ,rom40  ,these ,draconian laws      
against the ,gypsies died out during the
 development of civilization1 and       
received their death-blow at the hands  
of the great and glorious ,french       
,revolution1 #aghi4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,i propose now to 

collect a series of notices upon the    
subject of the ,gypsies and the ,jats   
which are not readily procurable by     
students2 many are obtained from books  
little known to the public1 and not a   
few are gathered by myself4 ,and with a 
view of introducing some order into the 
scattered tribes1 we will begin from the
 farthest ,east1 the old home4          
,,footnotes3  #adg ,histoire des        
,bohmiens1 ,french ,translation of      
#ahaj4  #adh ,the ,edinburgh ,review1   
8,origin and ,wanderings of the         
,gypsies10 ,july1 #ahgh1 adopted the    
opinion of ,f4 ,bataillard that a single
 scouting-party was in ,europe between  
#adag and #adbg4  #adi 8,they appeared  
in various bands1 under chiefs1 to whom 
they acknowledged obedience1 and who    
assumed the titles of dukes and earls0  
7,weissenburch74  #aej ,the opinion is  
refuted by ,francisca de ,cordova2 yet  
the ,histoire de ,los ,gitanos1 by ,j4  
,n41 published in ,barcelona #ahcb1     
expressly says that the ,gitanos1 whom  

he has specially distinguished from the 
,gypsies descended from the ,arab or    
,moorish tribes1 came from the coast of 
,africa as conquerors at the beginning  
of the eighth century4  #aea ,hoyland   
writes3 8,when they arrived in ,paris1  
nearly all of them had their ears bored1
 with one or two silver rings in each1  
which they said were esteemed ornaments 
in their own country4 ,the men were     
black1 their hair curled2 the women     
remarkably black1 and all their faces   
scarred0 7,historical ,survey of the    
,gypsies74  #aeb ,a quarto work by ,s4  
,r41 published to detect and expose the 
8art of juggling0 in #afab4  #aec ,for  
the special persecutions in ,spain and  
,portugal under ,philip ,,iii4 7#afai71 
,philip ,,iv4 7#afcc71 ,charles ,,ii4   
7#afib71 and ,philip ,v4 7#agbf71 whose 
decrees prevailed until #agdi1 see ,el  
,gitanos4 8,german writers say that     
,king ,ferdinand of ,spain1 who esteemed
 it a good work to expatriate useful and
 profitable subjects--,jew and even     

,moorish families--could much less be   
guilty of an impropriety in laying hands
 on the mischievous progeny of the      
,gypsies4 ,the edict for their          
extermination was published in the year 
#adib4 ,but instead of passing the      
boundaries1 they only slunk into        
hiding-places1 and shortly after        
appeared in as great numbers as before0 
7,hoyland74  #aed 8,even at the present 
day a ,gypsy in many parts of ,germany  
is not allowed to enter a town2 nor will
 the inhabitants permit him to live in  
the street in which they dwell0         
7,simson74  #aee 8,an outlandish people1
 calling themselves ,egyptians1 using no
 craft nor feat of merchandise1 who have
 come into this realm1 and gone from    
shire to shire1 and place to place1 in  
great company2 and used great subtlety  
and crafty means to deceive the         
people--bearing them in hand that they1 
by palmistry1 could tell men's and      
women's fortunes2 and so have deceived  
the people for their money2 and also    

have committed many heinous felonies and
 robberies0 7#bb ,henry ,,viii41 c4     
#aj74     ,,chapter ,v  ,,the ,,gypsy   
,,in ,,asia    #a4 ,the ,punjabi ,jats  
,we find the ,jats well and copiously   
described as early as #ahce by          
,lieutenant-,colonel ,w4 ,h4            
,sleeman4#aef ,he called them 8,jts10   
with a long vowel1 and treats them      
everywhere as low caste1 or rather      
no-caste1 ,hindus4 ,their original      
habitat was upon the ,indus about       
,multn1 one of the headquarters of      
,hindu fable1 and thence they spread to 
the ,jumna and the ,chumbul ,valleys4   
,they were alternately robbers and      
peaceful peasants until about ,a4,d4    
#afeh1 when they plundered the ill-fated
 ,dara ,shikoh1 son of ,shah ,jehan1 the
 ,moghol4 ,enriched by this feat1 they  
became the nobles and rajahs of the     
land2 and they expended vast sums in    
building forts like ,bharatpr1 ,matras1 
and ,gohud1 and on public works like the
 quadrangular garden at ,dg4 ,incited by

 a love of conquest and plunder1 and    
united by a feeling of nationality1     
which may be called patriotism1 they    
would have become1 but for the ,martts  
and for the ,english1 the dominant race 
in ,india4 ,fate1 however1 was against  
them1 and those dwelling between the    
,indus and the ,jumna merged into the   
,nnah-,shkis or ,sikhs4 ,as regards the 
origin of his 8,jts10 ,colonel ,sleeman 
reminds us that ,sultan ,mahmoud carried
 back with him to ,hindustan in ,a4,d4  
#ajaa some two hundred thousand         
captives1 the spoils of his expedition4 
,the way of the new faith presently     
converted powerful subjects and         
industrious peasantry into a fighting   
caste1 and every ,jat became a soldier4 
,on the other hand1 those lying along   
the ,jumna and the ,chumbul1 never      
having been inspired with the martial   
spirit or united under any conqueror1   
continued to drive the plough4 ,thus    
external influence combined to make the 
,jats restless1 and gradually they      

turned their steps westward4#aeg        
,again1 ,ghenghis ,khan1 in ,a4,d4      
#abjf1 and his descendant ,turmachurn1  
who in ,a4,d4 #acjc invaded ,india and  
carried off hosts of prisoners1 may have
 given impulse to the current westward4 
,lastly1 about two centuries after1 the 
great ,conqueror whom ,europe has       
apparently determined by sectarian      
nickname1 8,tamerlane10 swept over      
,northern ,india in ,a4,d4 #acih-adjj1  
and his horde must have caused a wide   
scattering of the weaker tribes4  ,the  
,jats1 ,i may here notice1 inhabited the
 ,indine ,valley1 whence emigration     
westward is easy2 the other tribes1 like
 the ,nats1 fancifully connected with   
the ,gypsies1 were by no means so       
favourably situated for an exodus4      
,originally the ,gypsies must have been 
outcasts1 not ,hindu ,pariahs1 as some  
have supposed them to be2 although they 
may have borrowed from those ,aryans the
 horse-sacrifice and the burning of the 
dead--the latter custom has become      

obsolete in ,europe1 and now only a few 
of the deceased person's clothes are    
thrown into the fire4 ,they had words   
for ,god 7,deob7 and the ,devil 7,bad   
,god--,benga71 8,j li benga0 7,go to the
 ,devil7 being a popular curse4 ,they   
were unalphabetic3 so clever a race     
would certainly not have lost a written 
character1 and they became nominal      
,christians and ,muslims in imitation of
 those among whom they settled4  ,the   
,jats are still half nomads1 and perhaps
 of old they were wholly nomadic4 ,they 
are breeders of cattle and rude         
veterinary surgeons4 ,they are fond of  
music1 as are all these races2 and their
 dances are exactly represented by those
 of the ,egyptian ,gypsies1 a similarity
 which has yet to be insisted upon4     
,their iron-smelting1 like that of the  
,mahabaleshwar tribes1 is exactly like  
that of the ,rom4 ,their sword play is  
that of the ,hindu1 whereas the ,gypsies
 in ,scotland use a direct thrust       
straight to the front1#aeh certainly not

 learned in ,india4 ,the village ,jats  
are said to mould the babies' heads2    
perhaps the idea arose by the shampooing
 of the younger children by the mothers4
 ,divination seems to be the growth of  
the soil1 and palmistry palpably derives
 from ,india4 ,snake-charming is also   
common amongst them4 ,as their history  
in the ,panjab proves1 they are disposed
 to robbing and to violence4 ,lastly1   
though the history of the country       
universally derives them from the ,land 
of the ,five ,rivers1 the modern date of
 ,muslim annals would not be proof      
against their being a race of remote    
antiquity4  ,believing that the ,jats   
may fairly have sent forth the last wave
 of ,aryan emigration1 the ,gypsies1 a  
western flood which was probably        
preceded by many others1 ,i attempted   
during my last trip through ,sindh in   
the spring of #ahef to enlist           
fellow-workmen in the task of           
illustrating their ethnology and        
philology4 ,able linguists like         

,lieutenant-,colonel ,dunsterville1     
,collector of ,hydrabad1 and others1    
were willing to assist me4 ,but ,i was  
much disappointed by the incuriousness  
of a certain professor who met me at    
,milan before my visit to ,western      
,india and ,sindh4 ,he had never seen my
 ,grammar and ,vocabulary1 of which he  
desired the republication2 but he       
accepted with enthusiasm my offer to    
enlist collaborators in the ,valley of  
the ,indus for the purpose of proving or
 disproving his favourite theory that   
the ,gypsies are ,sindhis who have long 
dwelt in ,afghanistan4#aei ,this        
professor had of course no personal     
experience2 anything he had written on  
the subject was derived from theory     
only4 ,object lessons are not yet       
popular in ,italy2 it is easier to visit
 the camel of the ,jardin des ,plantes  
than the camel of the desert1 and we can
 hardly expect a littrateur to take     
interest in gathering together raw new  
facts4    #b4 ,the ,jats of             

,belochistan4  ,the following           
interesting extract is borrowed from    
,the ,country of ,balochistan1#afj by   
,a4 ,w4 ,hughes 7,london1 #ahgg73  8,in 
returning to a consideration of the ,jat
 race of ,kachh ,gandva1 it may be      
mentioned that wherever they are        
found--and they may it seems1 from what 
,masson states1 be seen not alone in the
 ,panjab and ,sindh and in those        
countries lying between the ,satlej and 
,ganges ,rivers1 but even at ,kbul1     
,kandahr1 and ,herat--they preserve     
their vernacular tongue1 the ,jatki4 ,of
 this language many dialects are        
believed to exist1 and it may well be   
suggested by ,masson that the labour of 
reviewing would not be found altogether 
unprofitable4 ,it appears to be a fact  
that the ,jats in some places preserve  
the calling of itinerant ,gypsies1 and  
this more particularly in ,afghanistan2 
and it is not unlikely that some        
affinity in their language and habits   
might very possibly be traced between   

them and the vagabond races of ,zingris 
which are spread over so large a portion
 of ,europe4 ,the ,jats of ,eastern     
,kachhi1 the supposed descendants of the
 ancient ,get1 form the cultivating and 
camel-breeding classes1 and are of      
industrious and peaceable habits1 but   
are dreadfully harried and plundered by 
the marauding ,balochis of the          
neighbouring hills4 ,they are1 so to    
speak1 the original inhabitants of this 
district1 the ,rinds1#afa ,balochis1 and
 ,brahuis having settled in the country 
at an apparently recent period4 ,the    
,jats are numerously subdivided among   
themselves1 some tribes amounting1 it is
 said1 to nearly forty in number4 ,some 
of these are known under the names of   
,aba1 ,haura1 ,kalhora1 ,khokar1        
,machni1 ,manju1 ,palal1 ,pasarar1      
,tunia1 and ,waddera4 ,in general they  
are all ,muhammadans of the ,suni       
persuasion40  ,as ,el ,islam was        
established in these countries before   
our tenth century1 and the ,hinduism of 

the ,lower ,valley of the ,indus and of 
,multn dates from the days of ,alexander
 the ,great1 the original emigration of 
,gypsies1 who hardly preserve a trace of
 ,hinduism1 must either have been       
outlying pagans or a race of extreme    
antiquity4    #c4 ,the ,gypsies of      
,persia4  ,captain ,newbold1 after      
visiting the ,gypsies in ,sindh1        
,belochistan1 and ,multn1 found them in 
the 8great plain of ,persepolis2 in the 
blossoming ,valley of ,shirz in the     
,butchligar ,mountains2 on the scorched 
plains of ,dashtistan and ,chaldea40 ,he
 thinks that they may be traced to1 and 
probably far beyond1 the ,caspian1 and  
easterly to the deserts of ,herman and  
,mekran4 ,they affect but little the    
scanty fare and the uninteresting life  
of the desert4 ,perfectly distinct from 
the pastoral 8,iliyt10 the ,bedawin of  
nearer ,asia1 the ,turkomans1 ,kurds1   
and other nomads who camped far from the
 abodes of settled men1 these tribes    
wander from town to town and village to 

village1 always pitching tents near the 
more industrious1 on whose credulity    
they partly subsist1 here and elsewhere4
  ,the ostensible trades of the ,persian
 ,gypsies are those of the blacksmith   
and tinker1 the tinner of iron1 makers  
of winnowing sieves1 cattle doctors1 and
 fortune-tellers2 they are also workers 
in gold1 and forge the current coins of 
,persia and ,turkey4 ,others are ,zngar 
7saddle-makers72 and ,newbold adds1     
evidently without sufficient basis3     
8,hence the ,zinganeh1 a ,kurdish tribe 
who are supposed to be of ,gypsy origin1
 the ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,german    
word for ,gypsy1 ,zingari1 etc40        
,finally1 they are vendors of charms and
 philters1 conjurers1 dancers1          
mountebanks1 and carvers of wooden      
bowls4  ,the professors of these arts   
wander about in separate bands2 but they
 must not be confounded with independent
 tribes of vagabonds and outcasts of    
various tribes who lead a roving1       
thieving ,gypsy life1 but are not       

,gypsy4 ,their ,persian neighbours hold 
them to have a separate origin2 but     
identity of feature and language prove  
them to be one and the same stock4 ,they
 divide themselves into two classes1 the
 ,kaoli or ,ghurabti1 the ,kurbat of    
,syria and the ,gavbar4 ,both names are 
of disputed origin1 and even the        
,persians and the ,gypsies are at       
variance4 ,kaoli is generally supposed  
to be a corruption of ,kabuli 7a man    
from ,kabul74 ,from this old and        
venerable city1 ,sir ,john ,malcolm     
states1 the ,dakrm-i-,gr imported into  
,persia twelve thousand singers and     
musicians2 and the dancing girls of     
,persia are to this day called ,kaoli4  
,khurbat1 of which ,kurbat is a         
corruption1 involves1 it is said1 the   
idea of wandering4 ,gavbar is equally   
obscure2 the meaning would be 8one who  
takes pleasure in cattle02 but the      
,persians call a herdsman 8,gan-ban10   
never 8,gav-bar40 ,the true ,kaoli and  
,gavbar1 who1 like their brethren in    

,sindh1 ,syria1 and ,egypt1 outwardly   
profess ,el ,islam1 rarely1 if ever1    
intermarry with ,persians1 ,turks1 or   
,arabs4 ,and whilst the latter regard   
them as distinct in origin from         
themselves1 in fact as ,hindus1 would   
their wretched ,pariahs1 the ,go-br1    
claim the honour of being ,sayfids1 or  
descendants of the ,apostle8    #d4 ,the
 ,gypsies of ,syria4  ,according to     
,newbold1 the ,gypsies of ,palestine and
 ,south ,syria#afb are called ,nwer2    
while in ,asia ,minor and ,north ,syria 
they style themselves ,kurbat1 ,rumeh1  
and ,jinganeh 7,chinganeh74 ,the        
signification of ,kurbat is doubtful1   
but is only supposed to mean a wanderer 
from his own land1 a stranger1 derived  
from the ,arab root ,gharaba1 8he went  
far away40 ,the two last terms he holds 
related to the ,spanish ,romani 787 and 
,zincali1 and the ,german ,zigeuner4    
,they are true to the character of their
 race2 they disdain to be shepherds or  
tillers of the soil2 and they feed like 

vultures and carrion upon the credulity 
and superstitions of mankind4 ,bedawin  
of the intellectual world1 they juggle  
the simpler sons and daughters of cities
 by pretended skill in the occult1 more 
especially chiromancy4 ,some are dancers
 and minstrels1 while others vend       
charms1 philters1 and poisons4 ,like    
their ,english brethren1 the men are    
profound adepts in horseflesh1 in       
donkey-dealing1 and in game-snaring2 but
 instead of tinkering pots and kettles1 
they spin cotton and woollen yarns for  
their clothes and tents1 and they make  
and mend osier-baskets4 ,this and making
 wooden boxes were the favourite        
handicrafts of the ,gypsies when they   
first entered ,europe4  ,in winter they 
camp on the outskirts of large towns1 in
 a sort of half tent1 half hut1 which is
 readily removed4 ,during the fine      
months they go forth into the plains or 
mountains1 where they affect tents or   
ruins1 but never far from the haunts of 
their prey1 mankind4 ,their migrations1 

if regular1 are not of a great extent2  
and they never wholly forsake a country 
unless driven away by absolute          
persecution4  ,shaykh ,rasscho1 the head
 of the ,aleppine ,gypsies1 and         
responsible for their poll tax1 informed
 ,newbold that his tribe was divided    
into thirty houses1 of whose names he   
could only remember twenty-eight4 ,it is
 not material to give these names1 but  
they are evidently ,muslim names of men 
who probably belonged to 8heads of      
houses40 ,the old ,gypsy declared that  
,kurbat1 ,nawar1 ,rumeli1 and ,chinganeh
 were all of the same family1 and had   
lived in ,syria and ,asia ,minor since  
the creation4  ,these people in no way  
differ physically from the ,european    
tinkers4 ,they have the same slender1   
well-knit figures1 rather below middle  
size1 tawny skins1 rather prominent     
cheekbones1 and straight black hair4    
,the facial angle is rather ,hindu and  
,tatar than ,turkoman1 and they have the
 ,hindu's long horse-tail hair4 ,dark   

eyes are not invariable2 in the         
mountains of ,antioch the colour is     
sometimes grey or blue1 and the same    
occurs occasionally among the ,arabs of 
,petra and ,palmyra1 among the ,syrians1
 the ,zebeks1 and other races of ,asia  
,minor4 ,a great mixture of blood is the
 cause4 ,the ,zebeks of ,smyrna have now
 been deputed to represent the bandit   
regular troops of ,turkey as opposed to 
the bandit police4 ,the ,asiatic ,gypsy 
has also that peculiar indescribable    
appearance and expression of eye which  
is so strongly developed in the ,rom of 
,morocco and ,moorish ,spain1 8a feature
 which1 like the brand on the forehead  
of the first murderer1 stamps this      
marked race over the whole globe1 and   
when once observed is never forgotten4  
,the #8,evil ,eye' is not the least of  
the powers with which this people is    
superstitiously invested2 and if there  
be any truth in the overstrained 787    
doctrines of animal magnetism1 one could
 not possibly frame to the imagination  

an eye so well calculated1 so intense a 
magnetic force40#afc  ,these ,gypsies   
have never been seen to pray or perform 
any religious rite2 some of their       
elders1 like the ,druzes and other      
,syrian tribes1 circumcise their        
children1 and conform to the exterior   
observances of ,el ,islam4  ,shaykh     
,rasscho could repeat with sundry       
mistakes the ,arabic ,faith ,formula1   
omitting the second half1 8,muhammad is 
the ,apostle of ,allah40 ,he said that  
he and his tribe acknowledged one       
supreme1 everlasting1 omnipotent ,being1
 and believed in an existence after     
death1 a state of reward and punishment 
connected with metempsychosis4 ,he      
denied the charges made against the     
,kurbat by ,syrians1 ,muslims1 and      
,christians that they worshipped the    
stars or the creative principle under a 
symbol4 ,he also denied that they       
abhorred the eel and the celebrated     
black fish of the ,antioch ,lake1 like  
the ,jews1 to whom the ,mosaic          

,law--which1 by-the-bye1 is equally     
binding upon ,muslims--makes it unclean1
 because it lacks fins and scales4#afd  
,newbold1 however1 was assured that the 
,kurbat1 who1 like the ,india ,pariahs1 
are the flayers of animals dying a      
natural death1 devour the carcases of   
all animals except the man and the hog4 
,according to the ,turks and ,syrians1  
the ,kurbat girls are not so chaste as  
their ,european sisters2 yet they wear  
till marriage the 8lacto diklo10 a      
certain cloth1 in token and in pledge of
 spotless virginity1 which the          
bridegroom alone is permitted to take   
off4 ,the women dress like the lower    
orders in ,syria2 but they affect more  
ornaments of silver and brass1 ear-and  
nose-rings1 armlets and bracelets1      
anklets and bangles4 ,they spin1 take   
care of the poultry1 ducks1 cats1 and   
children1 and cook exactly like the     
,english ,gypsy women4 ,especially they 
tell fortunes1 which practice1 confined 
to a certain caste but forbidden to     

others1 seems to be a kind of           
sacerdotalism4  ,the ,kurbat1 like their
 brethren all the world over1 have no   
written characters or symbols for       
letters or words4 ,their ,shaykh told   
,newbold that1 although they themselves 
could not write1 two men in the tribe   
could write4 ,as1 however1 neither the  
men nor specimens of their writing were 
produced1 the inference drawn from this1
 and other similar inquiries1 was that  
8the written characters1 or symbols1 of 
their language1 or rather jargon1 have  
either been lost1 or are known to only a
 few1 who superstitiously keep them     
secret40#afe ,in the bazars of ,syria   
they speak ,arabic or ,turkish2 at home 
they use their own tongue4  ,the        
following scanty list of ,kurbat words  
was obtained viva voce from the ,aleppo 
tribes1 and were subsequently checked by
 comparison with the tribe near         
,antioch3  ,,vocabulary3                
,,kurbat-,,duman4    ,kindred4          
,english4        ,kurbat4               

,duman4    ,father            bbr       
bbr4   ,mother            aida          
aida and ana4   ,brother           bhair
                 bervau4   ,sister      
bhanu                  kochi4           
,natural ,objects4    ,sun              
gham                  gham4   ,moon     
heif                  heif4   ,star     
astara                 astara4   ,air   
vl and vi          kannad hv4   ,heavens
           khai                         
ghennader4   ,the earth         bar1 ard
 7,arab47 or  bar4                      
turra   ,fire              ag           
r4   ,water             pni             
hou 7,pers4 b1 o74   ,rain              
bursenden              brn4   ,snow     
khf                   srg4   ,cloud     
bardi                 bullt4   ,light   
tshek                  ar and aidinlik4 
,sea               dnguz 7,turk47       
dareh and dnguz4   ,mountain            
thull 7,at4 tall7       ghiella4   ,a   
spring          khni                    
khni4   ,stone             vth          

kwer4   ,salt              lu           
khoi4   ,milk              kr 7,sanak4  
,pers47     shir 7pure ,persian74       
and lebben 7,ar47   ,barley             
jou 7jau7              jou4   ,wheat    
gheysf                ghiannam4   ,iron 
nhl                   khallik4   ,night 
art                   shou 7,pers4 shub1
                                        
shao74   ,day               bedis       
ghiundez4   ,onion             lussun1  
piyaz          piyz4   ,dhurra 7,holcus1
   ak                     ar4           
,sorghum7   ,rice              brinj    
silki4    ,animals1 etc4    ,a hare     
kunder                 kunder4   ,dog   
srunter               kchek4   ,cat     
psk                   kadizor4   ,horse 
ghora or aghora      asp4   ,mare       
mno                   mno4   ,ass       
kharr                  kharri4   ,sheep 
bakr                  khaid4   ,cow     
gru                   kaikuz4   ,bull   
grouf1 or maia gru  meshjk4   ,fowl     
jeysh-chumri          mirrishk4   ,pig  

dnguz 7,turk47         dnguz4   ,camel  
aubba1 asht            ashtur4   ,crow  
kl1 hashzeik and    sereh4              
tnuk   ,snake             snb1 smp      
marr 7,pers474   ,fish                  
machchi                machchi4         
,parts of the ,human ,body4    ,finger  
angl1 ngul           pechi4   ,hand     
kustm1 kustr         dast4   ,eye       
akki and nkhi       jow4   ,hair        
vl or bl           khalluf4   ,ear      
kn and kannir       prk4   ,neck        
grgr                 kntlagu4   ,knee   
llk1 chokym         koppaku4   ,teeth   
dndeir                ghilu4   ,head    
sir1 chir              murrs4   ,flesh  
mrsi                  gsht4             
,miscellaneous ,nouns4    ,a well       
astal1 chl            chl4   ,an egg    
n                    heili4   ,a ring   
angshteri             dastri4   ,god    
,khnarje               ,allah4   ,a ship
            ghemmi1 durongaye           
ghemmi4   ,boat              shtr       
shtr4   ,war               lagsh1 kwye  

kwye4   ,a ,christian       kuttr 7dog87
          nosaru 7,nazarene74   ,door   
,kpi 7,turk47           kapi4   ,boy    
chg                  lwak4   ,girl      
lafti                  kechikeh4        
,thief             kuft                 
khaik4   ,tent              chder       
7,pers47         chder4   ,knife        
chr                  khair4   ,rope     
kundri                kundri and sijm4  
,book              kitl                 
kith1 mushulleh4   ,city                
vir                   vir4   ,village   
deh1 diyr             deh1 diyr4        
,bridge            kienpri 7,turk47     
kienpri4   ,castle            killa     
kalla4   ,paper             kghaz       
kghaz4   ,bread             manna       
nn4   ,house             kuri or kiri   
ml4   ,king              padshah        
beghirtmish4   ,love                    
mankamri and kamri   kamri4   ,month    
muh1 mas               viha1 mas4       
,colour            twl                  
twul4   ,year              das di mas1  

varras     deh di mar or dah di         
or barras            viha4    ,personal 
and ,possessive ,pronouns4    ,i        
man                     man4   ,thou    
t                      to4   ,he        
hi                     hi4   ,mine      
maki or man ki        maki or man ki4   
,thine             to ki or toi ki      
to ki or toi ki4   ,his                 
hui ki                  hui ki4         
,cardinal ,numbers4    ,one             
ek4                     ,the ,duman is  
the   ,two               di4            
same1 except sih for   ,three           
turrun4                 8three10 and deh
 for   ,four              char or shtar4
        8ten40   ,five                  
penj4   ,six               shesh4       
,seven             heft4   ,eight       
hesht4   ,nine              na or nu4   
,ten               das4   ,eleven       
das ek4   ,twelve            das di4    
,thirteen          das turrun4          
,fourteen          das char4   ,fifteen 
das penj4   ,sixteen           das      

shesh4   ,seventeen         das heft4   
,eighteen          das hesht4           
,nineteen          das na4   ,twenty    
vst or bst4   ,twenty-one        vst ek4
   ,twenty-two1 etc4  vst di1 etc4      
,thirty            si4   ,forty         
chhil4   ,fifty             penjeh4     
,sixty             turrun vst4          
,seventy           turrun vst das4      
,eighty            chr vst4   ,ninety   
chr vst das4   ,one hundred       sad4  
,two hundred       di sad4   ,a thousand
        hazar4    ,adjectives4    ,sick 
numshti                bmr1 rur4   ,bad 
kumnarrey              kn4   ,good      
gahay                  arunder4   ,great
             durnkay1 burro        mzin4
   ,small             trntay1 thoranki  
chchk 7,pers4                           
kuchik74   ,black             kl1 klo   
kni1 shippia4   ,white                  
pannarey               suffeid4   ,red  
lorey1 loley           kunnu4   ,yellow 
zard                   zara1 kulp4      
,green             kark                 

sukkul4   ,blue              niley      
nla4   ,cold              si            
ski4   ,hot               tottey        
khunney4    ,adverbs4    ,much          
bhyih                 phurga4   ,a      
little          thorki                  
ennika4   ,enough            basey      
nar4   ,here              veshli1 itan1 
idhur    bndeh4    ,verbs4    ,to come  
p                    pa4   ,to go       
j  imperative        jo4   ,to eat      
khm                   khm4   ,to drink  
pin imperative       pim4   ,to bring   
nn                   winni4   ,to tell  
fortune   fl wunnakerim4  ,the above    
list is printed exactly as written by   
,burton2 but it has been found          
impossible to verify it from other      
sources4    #e4 ,the ,gypsies of the    
,haurn1 ,south-,eastern ,syria4  ,in    
,january1 #ahga1 ,i accompanied the     
,damascus ,pilgrim ,caravan some        
marches2 and at ,mazrb in the ,haurn1   
the well-known station near which ,ali  
,beg el ,abbasi1 the ,spaniard1 was     

poisoned1 ,i found three ,gypsy tents4  
,the inmates called themselves ,nawar1 a
 popular term throughout the country4   
,in the same way as the ,rom of ,spain  
affected to be devout ,christians       
8living in a peaceable ,catholic        
manner10 so the head of the little party
 ,i discovered insisted upon all his    
people being born ,muslims1 evidently   
disliking the suspicion that they       
belonged to the 8obsolete faith10       
,christianity1 with which the ignorant  
faithful confused all later creeds4     
7,these people thus saved themselves    
from exile when ,sultan 8,byezd0        
expelled all ,gypsies from the ,ottoman 
,empire47 ,in proof of his assertion he 
recited a verse of the ,koran with      
peculiar twang4 ,the headquarters of the
 tribe and the abode of the chief       
,shaykh were at ,ghazzeh1 and ,muhammad 
and his 8lamentable retinue0 had        
wandered northwards1 intending to stay  
four or five days at ,mazrb--in fact1   
whilst the caravan was passing4 ,their  

peculiar industries were metal-work and 
making sieves1 so they stated2 but to   
these their neighbours added plundering 
and petty larceny1 together with trading
 in asses and horses4 ,according to my  
informant1 many of his people attend the
 ,haj1 doubtless to throw dust into     
,muslim eyes4  ,my ,syrian companions   
compared the general look of the        
dark-skinned1 tanned dwellers with the  
,ashdn1 whilst they found a certain     
resemblance between the ,roums and the  
women of a certain ,arab tribe who      
camped about near ,damascus2 but the    
long1 coarse1 lank hair1 with the       
duck-tail under curl1 the brown white   
eyes1 whose peculiar glance is never to 
be mistaken1 the prominent ,tatar-like  
cheekbones1 and the irregular-shaped    
mouths1 suggested ,hindu origin and     
physiognomy4 ,the beard was long and    
somewhat wavy1 possibly the result of   
inhabiting for generations a hot dry    
land4 ,some have gashed faces like the  
8,bohemians0 when they first entered    

,paris4 ,their women1 adorned with      
ear-rings and necklaces1 bracelets and  
anklets of brass and tinsel1 were       
,macbethian witches2 and both sexes1    
like the outcasts of ,india generally1  
seem to abhor cold water4 ,i tried them 
with a few words of ,sindhi1 introduced 
into ,hindustani1 when their faces      
assumed the normal puzzled expression1  
and their eyes appeared to close and    
film over4 ,of magic and divination they
 would not speak to a stranger2 but they
 readily gave me the following words3   
,ag1 fire 7pure ,hindi72 ,ake1 eye      
7,aukh72 ,chir1 knife 7,churi72 ,goray1 
horse 7,ghora72 ,kl1 oracle 7pure       
,hindi72 ,munm1 bread 7an ,arabic       
corruption872 ,pnay1 water 7,pani72     
,zari1 mouth 7874 ,conversing with one  
another they spoke fluently1 and        
introduced few ,arabic words4  ,the     
,nawar make their appearance with the   
,eastern ,bedawin1 ,wuld ,ali1 and      
others about the beginning of summer1   
and occupy huts built of cane1 sticks1  

and mud4 ,the roofs are hides weighted  
with sticks4 ,they work at getting in   
the harvests1 and they are said to work 
much harder than the average husbandman4
 ,of course they are charged with       
plundering poultry4 ,they speak bad     
,arabic1 and talk together in their own 
tongue2 wherefore the peasants affect to
 despise them4 ,in fact1 here1 as       
elsewhere1 they constitute a strange    
sort of commonwealth amongst            
themselves--wanderers1 impostors1 and   
jugglers4    #f4 ,the ,gypsies of       
,damascus4  ,consul ,e4 ,t4 ,rogers1 my 
predecessor at ,damascus1 made the      
following brief notes1 and obliged me   
with permission to publish them4 ,his   
long period of residence led him to     
study subjects which escaped the passing
 traveller4  8,i remember quite         
distinctly that the ,gypsies of ,syria1 
or people resembling them1 were divided 
into three distinct families1 not       
supposed to intermarry1 and1 as ,i was  
told1 supplying two distinct languages3 

87#a7 ,the ,nawar#aff follow the        
ordinary ,gypsy vocations1 stealing1    
fortune-telling1 tinkering1 attending   
ftes and marriages as itinerant         
musicians1 jugglers1 etc42  87#b7 ,the  
,zutt were generally seen with trained  
animals1 goats1 donkeys1 etc41          
performing in the streets2 and  87#c7   
,the ,barmaki1 who give more attention  
to horse-dealing4 ,they are farriers and
 blacksmiths1 and are generally found on
 the outskirts of isolated villages1 or 
near the camps of small ,arab tribes1   
where they let out stallions for        
breeding purposes4 ,they buy broken-down
 horses and mares of good breed1 and are
 very clever at doctoring them up and   
rendering them fit for sale40  ,mr4     
,consul ,rogers also showed me a sketch 
he had made of a ,zutti boy with a      
performing goat borne upon sections of  
bamboo--a common sight in ,india4       
,,footnotes3  #aef ,rambles and         
,recollections of an ,indian ,officer1  
etc4 7,london3 ,hatchard47  #aeg        

,colonel ,sleeman1 however1 fails to    
identify his 8,jts0 with the ,gypsies4  
#aeh 8,as ,i have frequently mentioned1 
all the ,gypsies were regularly trained 
to a peculiar method of their own in    
handling the cudgel in their battles4 ,i
 am inclined to think that part of the  
,hungarian sword exercise at present    
practised in our cavalry is founded upon
 the ,gypsy manner of attack and        
defence1 including even the direct      
thrust to the front1 which the ,gypsies 
perform with the cudgel40--,,simson1 ,a 
,history of the ,gypsies4  #aei         
,inadmissible1 because there are ,afghan
 ,jats4  #afj ,balochistan1 ,balochis41 
etc41 sic ,hughes4  #afa ,a celebrated  
,beloch tribe which considers itself the
 flower of the nation4  #afb 8,bishop   
,pococke1 prior to #agde1 mentions      
having met with ,gypsies in the northern
 part of ,syria1 where he found them in 
great numbers1 passing for ,mahommedans1
 living in tents or caravans1 dealing in
 milch cows when near towns1            

manufacturing coarse carpets1 and having
 a much better character than their     
relations in ,hungary or ,england0      
7,simson74  #afc ,the ,spaniards        
describe this peculiarity of the race1  
the remarkably brilliant eye1 as opposed
 to the small fat-lidded organ of the   
,jew and the pig's eye of the ,chinaman4
  #afd 8,and whatsoever hath not fins   
and scales ye may not eat2 it is unclean
 unto you0 7,deut4 xiv4 #aj74  #afe ,the
 same is the case with the ,bedawin     
tribal marks4  #aff ,the tribal name in 
,syria is ,nawar4 ,during two years'    
residence and long travelling ,i never  
heard the terms 8,dumi0 and 8,zutt40    
,the latter also escaped a most careful 
observer1 ,captain ,newbold4 ,as regards
 that officer's distinction between ,jat
 and ,jt1 he heard the former term from 
me at ,karachi in #ahdh when he looked  
over my ,grammar and ,vocabulary1 while 
he borrowed ,jt from ,captain ,sleeman  
and others who have written on the      
,panjab with perceiving that the two    

tribes are one and the same4            
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in      
,,africa    #a4 ,the ,egyptian ,ghajar  
or ,ghagar  ,if there is anything       
persistent in ,gypsy tradition1 it is   
the assertion that the ,gypsies         
originally came from the banks of the   
,nile--that ,egypt1 in fact1 gave them a
 local habitation and a name4 ,yet1     
curious to say1 this is the country1 and
 the only country1 where a tribe of the 
,rom1 preserving the physiognomy and the
 pursuits of its ancestors1 has         
apparently lost its old ,aryan tongue1  
or rather has exchanged it for a bastard
 argot1 mostly derived from ,arabic4#afg
 ,nor does this phenomenon seem to be of
 modern date4 ,a very rare ,italian     
comedy of the middle sixteenth century1 
,la ,cingana1 pronounced 8,tchingana10  
was expected to yield treasures of      
philological lore2 but on investigation 
it proved that the ,gypsies spoke only a
 corrupt ,arabic4  ,the following pages 
are mostly taken from the well-known    

work ,aegypten1 etc4 7,leipzig3         
,brockhaus1 #ahfj71 by the famous       
,orientalist1 ,alfred von ,kremer4 ,as  
will be seen1 he made a careful study of
 the 8,zigeuner0 or 8,aegypten10 the    
8,ghagar02 whereas these interesting    
families of the ,gypsy race1 a people of
 wanderers1 who have nowhere a house1   
and who have everywhere a home1 are most
 perfunctorily treated of by ,lane4     
8,on the banks of the ,nile10 says ,von 
,kremer1 whose words ,i shall now quote1
 as in other places1 8the ,ghagar men1  
like the ,polloi of ,herodotus1 are     
tinkers1 ape-leaders1 rope-dancers1 and 
snake-charmers2 whilst the women are    
hnahs1 prostitutes1 and fortune-tellers4
 ,they are very numerous2 they trade in 
asses1 horses1 and camels1 and1 as      
pedlars 7,baddaah71 they manage almost  
all the petit commerce of the country4  
,the ,ghagar buy goods wholesale in     
,cairo1 and frequent the two annual     
fairs of ,tant2 that of ,may was        
instituted about #ahec1 and entitled the

 ,maulid ,el ,shilkni 7birth-festival of
 the ,shaykh ,el ,shilkni71 who is      
buried some three hours' march from     
,beni ,suef4 ,thus they not unfrequently
 become rich4  8,the ,hwi#afh           
7snake-charmers7 and the snake-eaters   
7,rifaijjeh7 live at ,cairo2 and many   
travellers have seen the disgusting     
spectacle without suspecting that the   
,dervish's frock covered the #8tinkler4'
 ,these classes are useful to the       
naturalist1 as they have always a supply
 of live or dead serpents1 with and     
without poison-fangs1 lizards1          
uromastix1 jerboas1 jackals1 wolves1    
ferrets 7,stinkthiere71 and so forth4   
,they find and catch serpents with      
surprising dexterity3 armed with a bit  
of palm frond to tap the walls and      
ceilings1 and with a pipe whose tones   
draw the reptiles from their            
hiding-places1 they rarely fail to make 
captures1 as the older houses of ,cairo 
are mostly haunted by harmless snakes4  
,this proceeding of course awes the     

ignorant1 and none dare to engage a room
 when the ,hwi has declared it to be    
snake-possessed4  8,the term #8,ghagar' 
or #8,ghajar' is general2 the people1   
according to their own account1 are     
divided into tribes1 who all1 however1  
represent themselves to be pure ,arabs  
and wandering immigrants from the       
,west4#afi ,the date of this movement is
 apparently unknown2 but its reality is 
confirmed by the fact that all1 without 
exception1 belong to the ,maliki school1
 prevailing in ,morocco and in          
,north-,west ,africa4 ,they are vagrants
 by profession1 and obtain written      
permission to travel1 either from the   
police or from the ,guild ,shaykh of the
 ,rifai ,dervishes4  8,the most numerous
 tribe everywhere in ,egypt is the      
,ghawzi2#agj in every city1 town1 and   
village there are representatives of    
these arch-seductresses1 whose personal 
beauty makes them dangerous4 ,they call 
themselves ,baramaki1#aga and derive    
themselves from the ,persian            

,barmekides1 the historical house ruined
 and annihilated by the ,khalif         
,harun-er-,raschid4 ,yet they are very  
proud of their ,bedawin descent2 and    
they lead the lives of the sons of the  
desert1 dwelling in tents1 which they   
carry from fair to fair4 ,the maidens   
are dancers1 the old women              
spae-wives2#agb the girls rarely marry  
before securing a competency1 and they  
often take their slaves to husband4 ,the
 ,ghziyah's goodman is generally nothing
 more than a servant1 who brings her new
 acquaintances1 and who pipes or drums  
when she dances4 ,there are cases of    
these girls marrying village chiefs2 and
 their after-lives are as correct as    
their youth was dissolute 7compare p4   
#ade1 ,burckhardt's ,arabic ,proverbs3  
,london1 #ahcj74 ,the ,ghawzi speak the 
,gypsy jargon which is in use amongst   
all the other tribes4  8,the ,gypsies of
 the ,sa'd 7,upper ,egypt71 who call    
themselves #8,saideh1' have purely      
,asiatic1 not ,african1 features1 with  

dark brown skins1 piercing black eyes1  
and lank hair1 also black4 ,the women   
tattoo their lips1 hands1 and bosoms    
generally in blue1 wear heavy brass     
ear-rings1 and hang round their necks   
strings of blue and red beads4 ,they    
divine by muscle-shells1 broken bits of 
glass1 coloured stones as agates and    
jaspers1 pieces of stained wax1 and so  
forth1 carried upon the shoulders in a  
kirbah1 or bag1 generally of            
gazelle-skin4 ,after taking her seat on 
the mat or carpet1 the woman empties her
 sack1 and1 choosing one article which  
shall represent the person who pays1    
draws her revelations from the grouping4
 ,money is required at various stages of
 the process2 and at the end the ,gypsy 
presents some bits of stone or coloured 
wax by way of charms to her             
employer4#agc  8,these people may be    
seen in the streets of ,cairo1 dressed  
like the ,fellhah 7peasant woman71 in   
taubs1 or long shirts of home-made      
indigo-dyed cotton1 but lacking the     

shintiyn 7drawers7 and the burka'       
7nose-bag74 ,their features at once     
distinguish them from the ,muslims and  
the ,copts2 and they are noted1         
moreover1 by the sheep-skin or          
gazelle-skin thrown1 besides the bag1   
over their shoulders4 ,they frequent the
 bazars1 and stroll about the principal 
thoroughfares of the great towns1       
especially in summer-time1 as the ,nile 
begins to rise2 and their favourite     
cries are #8,nibejjin-ez-zein6' 7,we    
show the good1 i4e4 luck71 #8,ta'l6 shuf
 el ,bakht' 7,come and see your         
fortunes71 and #8,nidmor el ,ghaib6'    
7,we find the lost74  8,the capital     
contains a large company of ,ghagar     
women1 who speculate upon public        
credulity2 and their quarter is the     
,hosh ,bardak1 once a fine quarter1 now 
a squalid hole behind that noble pile   
the ,sultan ,hasan ,mosque4 ,i visited  
it in ,november1 #ahgg1 and found the   
courts still occupied4 ,the people1     
tinkers and blacksmiths1 who sell       

ear-rings1 bracelets1 amulets1 and other
 metal articles1 exactly resembled      
,fellahs to a superficial glance4       
,apparently they had forgotten their    
favourite craft1 fortune-telling4       
,moreover1 they did not like the term   
,ghagar4 ,there is1 or rather was1      
another colony at ,masr el ',atkah      
7,babylon or ,old ,cairo74 ,a third used
 to camp chiefly during winter and      
spring near a village on the right of   
the ,cairo-,shubr road1 and ,i believe  
they are still there4 ,their rivals1 the
 ,maghrib 7,north-,west ,african7       
magicians1 and those from the central   
regions1 of which ,darfur#agd supplies  
the greatest number1 are known by their 
sitting in the streets and performing   
upon cards or sand4#age ,predicting by  
marks drawn on the sand 7,ilm el ,raml7 
is old in the ,east1 and plays a great  
part in the ,arabian ,nights4  8,other  
tribal names are ,h'aleb or ,helebi     
7,aleppine71 ,schah'ini1 and ,tatar     
7,t'at'ar74 ,the men of the last class1 

almost all farriers or tinkers1 are also
 termed ,a'wwdt or ,mua'merrtijjeh4#agf 
,amongst the other ,ghagar there are    
many smiths1 who make the brass rings   
worn on the fingers and arm-joints1 in  
the ears and nose1 and around the neck4 
8,the monkey-leaders so numerous in     
,cairo1 especially about the ,ezbekijjeh
 quarter1#agg the ,kuraydati1#agh so    
called from ,kird1 an ape1 also belong  
to the ,gypsy tribes2 and these mostly  
supply the ,bahlawn1#agi gymnasts or    
strong-men1 athletes1 and especially    
wrestlers1 who frequent fairs and       
festivals4 ,during the ',id ed          
,dahijjeh#ahj they swarm in the         
capital4#aha  8,all these subdivisions  
speak the same ,rothwelsch1 or          
#8,thieves' ,latin1' which they call ,el
 ,sm4 ,it explains the idea prevailing  
in the middle of the last century2      
namely1 that the ,gypsy language was an 
invented tongue2 a #8,germania1' as the 
,spaniards say2 a conventional jargon2 a
 jail-bird's speech1 varying with every 

horde4#ahb ,the origin and full import  
of the term ,sm are undetermined2 but it
 is understood to mean something hidden 
or secret2#ahc and it is applied to the 
impure and gilt #8gold-wires' imported  
from ,austria4 ,it is said1 however1    
that the ,bahlawn above use another     
speech2 of this ,i have been unable to  
collect proofs1 nor do ,i hold the      
information wholly credible40  ,the     
following vocabulary was compiled by    
,von ,eremer at ,cairo1 where he        
persuaded many of the ,ghagar to        
frequent the ,consulate1 especially     
,muhammad ,merwn1 who pompously styled  
himself 8,shaykh of all the             
,snake-charmers of ,egypt40 ,he also    
consulted many ,gypsy women from ,upper 
,egypt2 these appeared to speak a       
somewhat different dialect1 and the     
words taken from them are distinguished 
by an ,s4 ,the numerals1 all save one   
corrupted ,arabic1 are as follows3      
,,numerals4    #a1 ,mach#ahd 7,etruscan1
 ,max73 according to ,newbold 7loc4     

cit471       ,helebi1 ,ek2 ,nwer1 ,yek4 
#b1 ,machayu 7evidently a dual form     
purely ,arabic73 ,hel4 ,di2 ,naw4 ,d4   
#c1 ,tulit 7,s71 or ,telt 7,sals7 ,mcht 
7three ones73 ,hel4 ,di-ek       7i4e4  
#b  #a71 or ,sih 7,pers472 ,naw4 ,sso   
7,sih74    #d1 ,rbi' 7,s71 or ,arba'ah  
,mcht 7four ones71 and so forth3 ,hel4  
and       ,naw4 ,chr1 or ,di fi di 7the 
fi being pure ,arabic 8in074    #e1     
,khmis 7,s71 or ,shammleh 7i4e4 the     
hand73 ,hel4 ,penk1 ,peng2 ,naw4        
,fowi4    #f1 ,sutet 7,s73 ,hel4 and    
,naw4 ,penk-ek 7#e  #a74    #g1 ,sbi'3  
,hel4 and ,naw4 ,penk-i-di 7#e  #b74    
#h1 ,tmin 7,s73 ,hel4 and ,naw4 ,ister  
or ,heshter 7,nasht1 ,pers474    #i1    
,tiwa' 7,s73 ,hel4 and ,naw4 ,enna1     
,nau1 or ,peng-i-dui-fi di 7#e  #b      
in #b74    #aj1 ,ushir 7,s73 ,hel4 ,das1
 ,des1 ,desh2 ,naw4 ,halaheh4           
,evidently ,von ,kremer's numerals are  
altered just enough to be hardly        
intelligible in a sentence hurriedly    
spoken2 whilst ,newbold's are ,persian  

and ,hindi4#ahe  ,,vocabulary4#ahf      
,water1 ,mge 7evidently ,mych1 ,moyyeh71
 ,himbe 7,s74 ,newbold3 ,h4             
,hembi1 ,sheribni 7,pers471 or ,pani    
7,hindi72 ,g4 ,pni2 and ,n4 ah4         
99,bread1 ,shenb1 ,bishleh 7,s74        
,father1 ,ab 7,arab47 or ,a'rub2#ahg my 
father1 ,abamru or ,a'rubi4             
99,mother1 ,kodde1 plur4 ,kadid2 my     
mother1 ,koddti2 it also means          
generically woman3 ,h4 ,ammmri2 ,g4     
,kuddi4    99,brother1 ,sem'a or ,khawj 
7from ,akkaw1 adj4 brotherly872 my      
brother1 ,sem'ai2 thy brother1 ,sema'ak 
or ,khawijak2#ahh       also generically
 a boy1 lad1 youth3 ,h4 ,huwiji2 ,g4    
,brdi4    ,sister1 ,sema'ah#ahi or ,ukht
 7pure ,arabic72 thy sister1            
,sem'atak3 ,h4 ,khawishti2 ,g4 ,marash2 
,n4 ,maras3 also generically       a    
girl1 lass1 e4g4 ,sema'ah bahleh1 a     
pretty girl4    99,night1#aij ,ghalmz'a3
 ,h4 ,dmd2 ,g4 ,rtse4    99,horse1      
,soh'l 7,sohl1 neighing71 ,husnish 7,s7 
7from ,husn1 a       stallion73 ,h4     

,sohli2 ,g4 ,ghera 7,hind474    99,ass1 
,zuwell3 ,h4 ,zowilli2 ,g4 ,khars       
7,pers4 ,khar74    99,camel1 ,hantif3   
,h4 ,huntif2 ,g4 ,hunt 7,hind471 ,ashtr 
7,pers474    ,buffalo1 ,en ,naffkheh    
7from the ,arab ,nafkh1 blowing1 the    
blower874    99,lamb1 ,mizghl1          
,minga'esh 7from classical ,arabic      
,naja'ah7 7,s71       ,khurraf 7,arab4  
,kharf7 7,s74#aia    ,tree1 ,khudrumn   
7,akhdar1 green871 ,shagarish 7,arab4   
,shajar7 7,s74    ,flesh1 ,a'dwaneh     
,mahzuzah 7,s74    ,fowl1 ,en-,nebbsheh 
7,nabsh1 scratching the ground73 ,h4    
,churya       7,hind472 ,g4 ,kagmiyeh2  
,n4 ,burah4    99,fat 7subst471 ,barah4 
,ghost1 angel1 devil1 ,astrm 7,shm1     
,arab1 ill-omened874    ,hell1          
,ma-anwra1 ma1 the thing which is light1
 i4e4 fire1 from       nr1 anwr1 light1 
lights 7e4g4 add el-ma-anwara1 light the
       fire72 not the ,sa'idi1          
,el-,mugnwara 7,s74    ,date1 ,ma'ahli1 
,mahalli 7,s7 7the thing sweet74        
,gold1 ,el-ma-asfar 7the thing yellow   

for ,el-m-asfar1 a       transposition71
 ,midhabesh 7,s7 7corrupted from        
,dahab74    99,silver1 ,btg4    ,iron1  
,hadidaish 7,arab4 ,hadid73 ,h4 ,megan2 
,g4 ,sista2 ,n4 ,shir4    99,corn1      
,duhbi1 ,duhba 7,s73 ,h4 ,dahuba2 ,g4   
,ghi2 ,n4 ,ghiudem 7,pers4              
,gaudum74    ,hunter1 ,dabaibi 7from    
,db1 a wolf-hunter874    99,magician1   
,tur'ai4    ,stone1 ,hogger 7,arab4     
,hajar1 ,hagar2 dimin4 ,hujayr73 ,h4    
,hajar2 ,g4       ,path4    99,land1    
region1 ,anta1 plur4 ,anti4#aib         
99,uncle1 ,a'rb2 and ,aunt1 ,a'rubeh4   
,milk1#aic ,raghwn1 ,hirwn 7,s7 7,arab4 
,raghwah1 foam of milk74    ,onion1     
,musanm1 ,mubsalcheh 7,s7 7,arab4       
,basal73 ,h4 ,musmunum2 ,g4 ,piyaz      
7,pers474    ,cheese1 ,el-,mehartemeh1  
,mahrteme 7,s74#aid    99,soured milk1  
,atreshent1 ,mishsh 7the ,arabic        
,laban74    ,millet1 ,handawil1         
,mugaddiriyyeh 7,s7 7the dish           
,mujadderah1 rice and       lentils     
mixed1 from ,judr1 the small-pox74      

99,beans1 ,buhus4#aie    99,dog1 ,sanno3
 ,h4 and ,g4 ,sunno4    ,wolf1 ,dibaish 
7,arab4 ,dib74    ,knife1 ,el-,khsah3   
,h4 ,tillmeh2 ,g4 ,matwa1 ,churi        
7,hind472 ,n4 ,chiri4    ,foot1 ,darrgeh
 7,arab4 ,daraj1 a step71 er-raghaleh   
7,arab4 rijl1       rigl7 7,s71         
,mumeshayt 7,s7 7,mashi1 walking74      
,head1 ,kamkhah1 ,dumkheh 7,s7 7,pers4  
,damgh1 brain73 ,h4 ,ras2 ,g4 ,sir      
7,hind471 ,sherit1 ,kamokhti4    ,eye1  
,bassseh 7,bassseh1 she that sees871    
,huzzrah 7,s73 ,h4       ,hazra2 ,g4    
,ankhi 7,hind474    99,thief1 ,damni3   
,h4 ,gowti2 ,g4 ,dumni1 ,klo2 ,n4       
,showsti4    ,hand1#aif ,shammleh       
7,arab4 ,shamala1 he collected2 ,shiml1 
the       left-hand871 also two number  
five3 ,h4 ,kumshteh2 ,g4 ,gadno1 ,kustr 
7,augushti871 ,chang 7,pers472 ,n4      
,fowtak4    ,north1 ,baharaish 7from    
,bahar1 the sea1 i4e4 towards the       
,mediterranean74    ,south1 ,kiblaish   
7,kibleh1 ,arab1 the fronting-place1    
i4e4 ,mecca74    ,east1 ,sharkaish      

7,arab4 ,shark2 hence probably          
,saracen74    ,west1 ,gharbaish 7,gharb1
 whence probably ,maurus1 a ,moor74     
,coffee1 ,magswade 7,m aswad1 that which
 is black74    99,clothes1#aig ,sarme   
7,s74    ,shoe1 ,merkubish 7,arab4      
,merkb74    ,nose1 ,zennish4    ,ear1   
,widu 7,arab4 ,uzu72 thy ear1           
,widuamrak#aih 7,s7 or ,mudusheh        
7,s73 ,h4 ,wudu2 ,g4 ,kirkawiyeh4       
,cow1 ,mubgrsheh 7,s7 7,arab4 ,bakar73  
,h4 ,mubgursha2 ,g4 ,gm 7,goa1          
,pers4874    ,bull1 ,mutwresh 7,s7      
7,arab4 ,taur73 ,h4 ,mutwarish2 ,g4     
,maia1 ,gno 7male       cow874          
,river1 ,mistabhar 7,s7 7from ,bahr1 sea
 or river74    ,palm 7tree71 ,minkhalesh
 7,s7 7,arab4 ,nakhl74    ,tent1        
,el-,mikkwshesh 7,s7 7,arab4 ,khaysheh74
    ,wood1 ,makhshabesh 7,s7 7,arab4    
,khashab74    ,straw1 ,tibuish 7,arab4  
,tibu74    ,christ1 ,el-,annawi         
7el-,nabb1 ,the ,prophet874    99,egg1  
,mugahrada 7,s73 ,h4 ,mejhaled2 ,g4     
,win4    ,fire1#aii ,el-,muguwara1 7,s73

 light the fire1 ,wallish               
el-,muguwara4    99,food1 esh-,shimleh4 
,sack1 ,migrbesh 7,arab4 ,kirbeh1       
,girbeh74    ,arm1 ,el-,kemmsheh2 my    
hand hurts1 ,kemmashtu waga'ani 7,arab4 
,kamasha1 he collected1 picked up2 the  
last word pure ,arab474    ,hair1       
,sha'arish 7,s7 7,arab4 ,sha'ar73 ,h4   
,hra2 ,g4 ,bl or ,vl 7,hind474          
99,tobacco1 ,tiftaf 7,s7 7possibly      
formed like the ,turk4 ,tutun74         
,mountain1 ,migbalish 7,s7 7,arab4      
,jebel1 ,egypt4 ,gebel1 whence          
,monte-,gibello73 ,h4 ,gebel 7,arab472  
,g4 ,melsh1 ,durum2 ,n4 ,koh            
7,pers474    99,nasty 7adj471           
,shalaf4#bjj  ,,verbs4    99,go1 ,fell2 
,i went1 ,felleit 7,arab1               
termination--ayter1 ayt74 ,to       go3 
,h4 ,fil2 ,g4 ,j 7,hind474    ,come1    
,e'utib 7,s72 he came1 ,gdat4 ,to come3 
,h4 ,ig2 ,g4 ,utelo or        7,hind474 
99,say1 ,agmu2 ,i said1 ,agemtu4        
,strike1 ,il'big2 he struck1 ,h'abash1  
,habash 7,s7 7,himyaritic872 he         

still strikes1 ,hay yihbig 7,ha fa hza  
el wakt2 vulgar ,egyptian74    99,we    
ate1 ,rakkhayn or ,shamalna 7,arab4 we  
gathered74 ,to eat3 ,h4       ,eshna1   
,shemb2 ,g4 ,khaba1 ,jla2 ,n4 ,arkus4   
,sit1 ,watib4    ,we drank1 ,mawwajn    
7from ,manj1 a wave872 ,i drank1        
,mawwagt1       ,hamball 7,s74 ,to      
drink3 ,h4 ,hunnib2 ,g4 ,mowwak4    ,he 
cut1 ,shafar4    ,he called1 cried1     
,nabbat'a4    99,he died1 ,entena4      
,he killed1 slew1 ,tena2 he kills1      
,yitni4    99,he sleeps1 ,yidmukh2 ,i   
slept1 ,dammacht4 ,to sleep3 ,h4 ,dumak2
 ,g4       ,sobelar2 ,n4 ,suk4    99,he 
rides1 ,yita'alwan4    99,he gives1     
,yikif2 he gave1 ,kaf4    99,he steals1 
,yiknisk2 he stole1 ,kanash4 ,to rob3   
,h4 ,gunwani2 ,g4       ,churabi        
7,hind472 ,n4 ,lahis4    99,he cooks1   
,yittabig2 he cooked1 ,tabag 7,arab4    
,tabaxa74    ,he saw1 ,haseb4    99,he  
laughs1 ,biarr'a4    99,sit1 ,ukriz4    
,stand up1 ,utib4    99,he married1     
,etkaddad4  8,from these philological   

facts10 says ,von ,kremer1 in           
conclusion1 8,i draw no inference1 the  
material being perhaps too scanty to    
warrant deductions4 ,it is very         
regrettable that the old original words 
are dropping out of use1 being replaced 
by a cant or jargon from ,arabic        
according to a purely conventional plan1
 a changing of the ending1 like ,kiblas 
for ,kibla4 ,it is also evident that the
 ,ghagar have sunk in favour of the     
vernacular their own peculiar names for 
colours1 for the sun and moon1 for earth
 and fire1 and for other terms of       
universal use40  ,in ,newbold's         
vocabulary1 on the other hand1 we have  
distinct signs of an ,eastern1 not a    
,western provincialism1 as the author   
says3 8,there is a marked difference in 
the three dialects1 or jargons2 that of 
the ,ghagar most resembles the language 
of the ,kurbat1 or ,gypsies of ,syria4  
,the ,gypsy dialect in ,borrow's work   
contains more words of ,indian origin   
than the ,helebi and ,nawar jargon4 ,the

 ,helebi comprises a large number of    
words of ,arabic root1 indicating a long
 sojourn in ,yemen1 or other parts of   
,arabia4 ,its numerals1 which are also  
used by the ,ghagar when secrecy is     
required1 bear strong marks of ,eastern1
 or ,persian1 origin4 ,usually the      
,helebis adopt the vulgar ,arabic       
numerals in use throughout ,egypt4#bja  
444 ,the numerals of the ,nawars are    
evidently of ,persian origin4444 ,all   
the tribes disclaim having any written  
character peculiar to themselves1#bjb   
and it is rare to find one among them   
who can write the common ,arabic of the 
country4 ,i have been informed1 however1
 by a respectable ,copt that they have  
secret symbols which they sedulously    
conceal4 ,it seems to me probable that  
the whole of these tribes had one common
 origin in ,india and the adjacent      
countries on its western frontier1 and  
that the difference in the jargons they 
now speak is owing to their sojourn in  
the various countries through which they

 have passed4 ,it is certain that the   
,gypsies are strangers and outcasts in  
the land which has given them a name1   
and which has long been supposed to have
 given them birth40  ,in ,sindh ,i met  
,captain ,newbold1 and1 assisted by my  
late friend ,james ,macleod1 then       
,collector of ,customs at ,karachi1     
supplied him with a short vocabulary4   
,his studies gained breadth by noting   
the manners and habits of a singular    
wandering tribe called the ,jats1 whose 
remarkable physical appearance reminded 
him strongly of the ,gypsies of ,egypt  
and ,syria4 ,he saw a tribe living in   
tents and rude movable huts in the wood 
of ,balut1 near ,jujah1 between ,karachi
 and the ,indus4 ,hence he drew the     
following conclusions3  8,since my visit
 to the banks of the ,indus1 ,i am more 
than ever convinced that from the       
borders of this classic river originally
 migrated the horde of ,gypsies that are
 scattered over ,europe1 ,asia1 and the 
northern confines of ,africa4 ,the      

dialects spoken by the numerous tribes  
which swarm upon the territories        
adjacent to the ,indus1 from the sea to 
the snowy mountains of ,himalaya and    
,tatary1 have1 with those spoken by the 
,gypsies1 a certain family resemblance1 
which1 like their physical features1    
cannot be mistaken4 ,i find it          
impossible at present to place my hand  
on any particular tribe1 and say1       
#8,this is the parent stock of the      
,gypsies'2 but as far as my researches  
have gone1 ,i am rather inclined to     
think that this singular race derives   
its origin1 not from one alone1 but from
 several tribes that constitute the     
family of mankind dwelling on1 or       
adjacent to1 the banks of the ,indus40  
,captain ,newbold's studies in ,egypt1  
where he was assisted by the ,shaykhs of
 the ,rom1 complete those of ,von       
,kremer1 and prove that the latter had  
chiefly noticed the ,ghawzi and ,ghagar 
families4 ,the former would divide the  
vagrants into two--the ,helebis and     

their wives1 the ,fehemis 7wise women71 
who practise palmistry and divination1  
and look down with supreme contempt upon
 their distant kinsmen the ,ghagar or   
,ghajar1 whose better halves are        
musicians and rope-dancers4 ,the        
,helebis1 who evidently derive their    
name from ,h'abel 7,aleppo71 claim to be
 derived from ,el ,yemen1 and declare   
that in the early history of their race 
a great king persecuted and expelled    
them4 ,the tribe then wandered over     
,syria1 ,egypt1 ,persia1 and ,europe    
under some brother-chiefs1 whose tombs  
are still held holy to this day4 ,the   
,helebis confined their wandering to the
 ,rif or ,nile ,valley and the ,delta4  
,they rarely go deep into the desert1   
except when they sally forth to sell    
cattle medicines1 or to buy jaded beasts
 from the returning pilgrim caravans1   
and a few perform the pilgrimage in     
order to win the title of ,hagi4  ,the  
,shaykhs speak of four tribes scattered 
about ,egypt1 and each comprising fifty 

families1 a number of which ,newbold had
 reason to believe is much and          
designedly underrated4 ,according to the
 ,helebis1 the sworn chiefs obtained    
from the sovereign of ,egypt the right  
of wandering unmolested about the       
country1 and the privilege of exemption 
from taxes4 ,muhammad ,ali ,pasha       
compelled them1 however1 to pay a poll  
tax1 which accounts for their numbering 
only two hundred instead of perhaps five
 thousand families4 ,in #ahdg the pasha 
had ordered the people not residing in  
their native villages to return to them1
 causing great distress and scenes of   
violence and misery4 ,the ,gypsies took 
the hint1 struck their tents by night1  
decamped bag and baggage1 and           
disappeared altogether4 ,they are expert
 in disguises1 and do not yield the palm
 to ,european brethren in cunning and   
deception4 ,remarkably intelligent and  
quick in gaining information1 they would
 make capital spies in an enemy's camp4 
,the women during their halts on the    

outskirts of towns and villages1 and in 
running about the streets1 bazars1 and  
coffeehouses1 pick up with wonderful    
tact and accuracy all requisite         
information concerning the private      
history of those on whom they may be    
expected to exercise their vocation of  
fortune-telling4 ,in this secret        
intelligence department they are aided  
by the men1 who1 it is said1 are        
numerous in official employment1        
although unknown to be ,gypsies4 ,at all
 events they mingle with residents on   
the spot1 and with strangers in the     
caravanserais and other public places4  
,the ,helebis1 leading a vagabond1      
wandering life1 usually pitch tents or  
portable huts on the outskirts of towns 
and large villages4 ,the former resemble
 in all points those of the pauper      
,bedawin1 and contained little beyond   
wretched horse and ass furniture1 mats1 
cooking-pots1 and similar necessaries4  
,everything denotes externally the most 
squalid poverty1 except only the        

enormous mass of fowl1 mutton1 and      
savoury vegetables seething in the large
 caldron suspended from the familiar    
crossed sticks over the embers of a     
large fire1 thus proving to more senses 
than one that the care of the flesh-pots
 of ancient ,egypt has not devolved upon
 a race insensible to their charms4 ,all
 deny the common charge of eating dogs1 
cats1 and other meat held impure by     
,muslims4  ,the male ,helebis are       
ostensibly dealers in horses and asses1 
camels and black cattle4 ,they pretend  
to great skill in the veterinary art2   
but their character for honesty does not
 stand high with those who know them    
best4 ,without known religion1 priests1 
or houses of prayer1 this tribe1 like   
the ,ghagar and all others1 conform to  
,el ,islam1 or to the predominant       
religion whenever policy or convenience 
demands4 ,they bury their dead1 but have
 no fixed places of interment4 ,the men 
will marry ,ghagar damsels1 but will not
 give their daughters to ,ghagar4 ,the  

zone of chastity is even made1 they say1
 of plaited things like that of the     
,nubian1 and is cut off on the wedding  
night4 ,the women1 though chaste        
themselves1 will act as ,mercuries to   
the ,gentile male and female2 and they  
have been charged with sundry           
indecencies for money4 ,the ,muslims and
 ,copts declare that they kidnap        
children1 and they of course swear they 
do not4 ,the women never intermarry with
 strangers1 and in this respect they are
 as rigid as the ,hindus4 ,they are not 
remarkable for cleanliness either of    
person or apparel4 ,in this respect1 and
 in their passion for trinkets of brass1
 silver1 and ivory1 they remind one of  
certain native women of ,india4 ,their  
special privilege is the practice of    
palmistry and divination4 ,the ,fehemi  
takes the inquirer's right hand by the  
finger tips1 and bends them gently      
backward so as to render the lines more 
visible4 ,she mutters a spell while with
 all gravity she reads the book of      

destiny1 and then reads the result2 of  
course her hand must be crossed with    
silver4 ,palmistry1 ,i must add1 is one 
of the many superstitions to which      
,india gave birth1 and all the world    
over the lines and mounts and spaces and
 other distributions of the hands are   
the same4  ,newbold says comparatively  
little of the ,ghagar1 who claim to be  
of the same stock as the ,helebis1 and  
who speak of brethren in ,hungary1 while
 the original tongue is preserved4      
,comparatively poor in physical         
appearance and in vagabond habits1 they 
bear a family resemblance to the        
,helebis and to the ,syrian ,kurbat4    
,during the summer months they wander   
about the cultivated land1 and pitch    
tents and ,kaysh4 ,a favourite way of   
gaining a livelihood is by carrying     
water-jars1 and by singing at the       
birthday ftes of saints1 etc41 during   
the fine season4 ,in wandering they     
prefer the towns4 ,in ancient ,arabia   
they have ,ghettos1 as at ,old ,cairo   

and elsewhere4  ,being subject to the   
poll tax1 they have an interest in      
understating their numbers1 which can   
scarcely be less than sixteen thousand4 
,when the publican is abroad1 they      
quietly abscond across the ,nile1 and   
take refuge in some village on the      
skirts of the desert4 ,after paying a   
first visit to them1 which aroused their
 suspicion1 ,newbold returned the       
following day1 and to his surprise found
 the quarter quite deserted4            
,subsequently1 however1 a better        
acquaintance was established4  ,with few
 exceptions the ,ghagar are all thieves4
 ,ostensibly the men are athletes1      
monkey-leaders1 and mountebanks         
attending several fairs4 ,they are also 
metal-workers and horse-dealers4 ,the   
women are not allowed to practise       
palmistry and divination1 consequently  
they are despised by the ,fehemis4 ,many
 of them are excellent rope-dancers2    
others are musicians1 playing chiefly on
 the talla1 a kind of castanet4 ,they   

also practise female circumcision upon  
,muslim girls1 bore ears and nostrils1  
and tattoo lips and chins4  ,the ,nawar 
of ,egypt were hereditary robbers1 like 
certain tribes in ,india4 ,they were    
protected and even employed by the      
,billi tribe of ,arabs1 and the         
relations of patron and client were     
those of the ,highland chiefs and the   
crofters upon their properties4         
,muhammad ,ali ,pasha succeeded in      
taming this lawless tribe1 which for    
generations had given immense trouble to
 his predecessors1 upon the principle of
 setting a thief to catch a thief4 ,he  
employed them as police and watchmen    
upon his country estates1 and he allowed
 them #ej per cent4 on property         
recovered from plunderers brought to    
justice4 ,since that time they have     
seldom broken the law1 except at ,cairo1
 where there is less chance of          
detection4 ,they intermarry with the    
,fellahin1 or ,egyptians of the soil1   
from whom in physique and raiment they  

can hardly be distinguished4 ,outwardly 
they profess ,muhammadanism1 and they   
have little intercourse with the        
,helebis and ,ghagar4 ,in #ahdg their   
chief was a certain ,shaykh ,yusuf1 one 
of the most notorious thieves in ,egypt4
    #b4 ,the ,gzane of ,algeria and     
,morocco4  ,this race is interesting    
because it shows the origin of the ,darb
 el-mendel1 the ,magic ,mirror of       
,egypt1 known to the ,hindus as ,aujan4 
,it was first noticed in ,india by the  
learned ,dr4 ,herklots1 who in #ahcb    
published a most valuable volume on the 
manners and customs of the ,hindi       
,muslims4 ,unfortunately the ,british   
public misjudged its title1 and held it 
to be a cookery-book4 ,the next to      
notice it was ,mr4 ,lane 7,modern       
,egyptians1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 chap1 xii47 in 
#ahce4 ,he tells us that two ,europeans1
 an ,englishman and a ,frenchman1       
learned to induce the phenomenon2 and he
 concludes with the normal deprecatory  
formula of his age3 8,neither ,i nor    

others have been able to discover any   
clue by which to penetrate the mystery2 
and if the reader be alike unable to    
give the solution1 ,i hope that he will 
not allow the above account to induce in
 his mind any degree of scepticism with 
respect to other portions of this work40
 ,since that time the ,zoist1 the       
,journal de ,magntisme1 and similar     
publications took up the subject1 and   
traced it from ,cornelius ,agrippa and  
,dr4 ,dee to the most degraded of       
existing savages1 the ,australians3     
,the following is ,dr4 de ,pietra       
,santa's account of the two modes of    
fascination employed by the 8magicians0 
of ,french ,africa 7,algiers7#bjc3      
8,the first forms part of the baggage of
 all ,arab ,gzanes1 ,gypsies1           
sorceresses1 and fortune-tellers4 ,when 
one wishes to strike the imagination of 
the multitude1 it is absolutely         
necessary to find phenomena which are   
both intelligible to all and which each 
one can instantly verify for himself4   

,amongst such there is not one more     
evident than sleep4 ,it is therefore    
important for the ,gzane1 in order to   
prove in an undeniable manner her moral 
power and supernatural influence1 that  
she should be able to send to sleep at a
 given moment the person who has        
recourse to her occult science4 ,she    
employs the following means3  8,upon the
 palm of the hand she describes1 with   
some blackish colouring matter1 a       
circle1 in whose centre is marked a spot
 equally black4 ,after looking fixedly  
at the latter for a few minutes1 the    
eyes grow heavy1 they blink1 and the    
sight is confused2 the heaviness is     
presently succeeded by sleep1 and sleep 
by a sort of insensibility1#bjd of which
 the ,gypsy profits to exercise her     
manuvres more securely4 ,i give you the 
simple fact without commentaries2 and   
abjuring any pretensions to determine   
its importance4  8,let us now pass on to
 the second mode of fascination4 ,upon a
 table covered with a white cloth is    

placed a bottle1 usually filled with    
water and backed by a small lamp        
lighted4 ,the subject is comfortably    
seated on a chair1 and told to look at  
the bright point placed before him at   
the distance of a few steps4 ,after a   
few minutes the eyelids grow heavy1 then
 they gradually smile1 and sleep is     
induced4 ,with nervous temperaments     
palpitation of the heart and headache   
also manifest themselves4  8,in order to
 give an odour of the supernatural to   
these phenomena1 the ,moroccan1 ,gypsy  
or ,marabout1 has a certain quantity of 
benzoin burnt behind the table2 and     
while the vapour spreads itself through 
the room1 the person undergoing the     
process falls into a complete state of  
ansthesia40  ,borrow mentions in        
,barbary sundry 8sects of wanderers10   
which he shrewdly suspects to be        
,gypsies1 and whom he provides with the 
worst of characters4 ,the first are the 
8,beni ,aros0 7871 who wander about     
,fez1 and have their homes in the high  

mountains near ,tetuan4 ,a comely1      
well-made race1 they are beggars by     
profession1 notorious drunkards1        
addicted to robbery1 murder1 and        
effeminate crimes4 ,they claim to be    
,moors1 and their language is ,arabic4  
,the second are the 8,sidi ,hamed au    
,muza10 so called from their patron     
saint4 ,in many respects they not a     
little resemble the ,gypsies2 but they  
speak the ,shilhah1 or a dialect of that
 tongue4 ,they earn their livelihood by 
vaulting1 tumbling1 and tricks with     
sword and dagger1 to the sound of wild  
music1 which the women1 seated on the   
ground1 produce from their uncouth      
instruments4    #c4 ,the ,gypsies in    
,inner ,africa4  ,it is generally       
believed that the ,rom have extended far
 southwards from ,morocco and ,barbary4 
,borrow remarks of the ,dar-bushi-fal   
7fortune-tellers71 that if they are not 
,gypsies1 the latter people cannot be   
found in the country4 ,numerous in      
,barbary1 they wander during the greater

 part of the year1 pilfering1           
fortune-telling1 and dealing in mules   
and donkeys4 ,their fixed villages are  
known as 8,char ,seharra10 witch        
hamlets4 ,they can change the colour of 
an animal1 and transform a white man    
into a negro black as a coal1 after     
which they sell him as a slave4 ,they   
are said to possess a peculiar language1
 which1 being neither ,arabic nor       
,shilhah1 is intelligible only to their 
own caste4 ,borrow often conversed with 
them2 but he neglected to apply his     
favourite ,shibboleth1 ,pani 7water74   
,their faces are described as           
exceedingly lean1 their skins swarthy1  
and their legs are reeds2 8when they    
run1 the devil himself cannot overtake  
them40 ,their vehicles of divination are
 oil1 a plate full of flour1 or a shoe  
placed in the mouth4 ,they are evil     
people1 and powerful enchanters1 feared 
by the emperor himself4  ,m4 ,paul      
,bataillard 7,notes et ,questions7      
refers1 for information concerning the  

,gypsies1 to the ,voyage dans le ,nord  
et dans les ,parties ,centrales de      
l',afrique1 the journey of ,denham and  
,clapperton1 translated by ,eyries and  
another 7,paris1 #ahbf1 #c vols4 #hvo74 
,these authors1 he says1 pretend to     
assimilate the 8,choua0 ,arabs of       
,bornou with the ,gypsies4 ,indeed1 they
 expressly declare that their ,arabic is
 almost pure ,gypsy4 ,this is1 however1 
incompatible with another passage1 which
 declares that these 8,chouas0 have     
imported into ,bornou the ,arabic1 which
 they speak purely4  ,i can only        
find#bje that the women of the ,choua   
,arabs are described as 8a very         
extraordinary race1 with scarcely any   
resemblance to the ,arabs of the north3 
they have fine open countenances1 with  
aquiline noses and large eyes2 their    
complexion is a light copper colour2    
they possess great cunning with their   
courage1 and resemble in appearance some
 of our best-formed ,gypsies in         
,england1 particularly the women2 and   

their ,arabic is nearly pure ,egyptian40
 ,major ,denman afterwards found the    
8,shouaas of the tribe of ,waled        
,salamat1 extending eastward quite as   
far as the ,tchad40 ,he notes their     
difference from the ,fellalahs1 and     
their practice of sending plundering    
parties to ,mandara4 ,we also hear of   
their skill in the chase and their use  
of the spear on horseback4  ,,footnotes3
  #afg ,in ,spain this is called        
8,germania10 which1 however1 refers not 
to the true ,gypsy1 but to the cant     
slang1 or 8,thieves' ,latin02 the       
,french argot and the ,italian gorgo1 a 
mere farrago1 which contained only a few
 words of ,romani4  #afh ,lane 7chap4   
xx471 generally so correct1 falls1      
according to ,kremer1 into an error when
 he explains ,hawi simply by 8performer 
of sleight of hand tricks0              
7,taschenspieler72 the origin of the    
word1 ,hayyeh1 8a snake10 shows its     
signification4 ,amongst the ,sinaitic   
,bedawin almost every tribe has an      

official called the ,hawi1 who is       
supposed to be poison-proof1 and to have
 the power of stanching wounds and      
curing hurts by his breath4 ,the        
necessary qualification for this office 
is that the mother should make her babe 
swallow1 before he has tasted other     
food1 a cake composed of seven          
barleycorns1 seven grains of wheat1 a   
small scorpion1 and a hornet1 all       
pounded and mixed together 7,the ,desert
 of the ,exodus74  #afi ,algeria as well
 as ,morocco is full of ,gypsies1       
including the ',aysaw ,dervishes4  #agj 
,ghzi 7plural ,ghawzi7 would mean in    
,arab 8one who fights for the ,faith10  
or 8a conqueror of infidels40 ,europe   
has learned this much during the        
,russo-,turkish war 7#ahgg72 but our    
papers ridiculously misused the term    
8,ghazi ,mukhtar10 for ,mukhtar ,psh    
,ghzi is worse than any amount of 8,sir 
,smith40 ,according to some authorities1
 the ,egyptian ,gypsies took this title 
to gratify their ,oriental crave for    

grandiloquence4 ,but1 ,i would remark1  
in ,persian it is synonymous with       
rope-dancer or courtisan2 and perhaps   
both are derived from the ,ghagar       
8,ghaziyah10 meaning a woman 7874  #aga 
,the origin of the term is a ,persian   
jeu de mots4 8,bermek'am0 would mean ,i 
am a ,barmak2 ,bar-maken1 ,i sup it up4 
,these were the words spoken by ,ja'afar
 the 8,barmekide0 when his poisoned ring
 caused the stones upon the arm of the  
,ommiade ,caliph 7,abd el ,malik7 to    
rattle--a general and popular           
superstition4 ,it is quite possible that
 this memorable family belonged to the  
,gypsy tribe so common in ,persia4      
,according to ,ibn ,khlikn1 the first   
great ancestor was the principal1 or the
 grand prior1 of the convent in ,balkh  
called ,nan-buhar 7young spring71 a     
palpable corruption of ,nava bihra1 in  
,sanskrit the 8new monastery40  #agb    
,hence an ,englishman defined the ,gypsy
 religion as 8faith in fortune-telling40
  #agc ,captain ,newbold 7p4 #bhh7 tells

 a curious tale of a ,fehemi 7wise      
woman71 who threw a cowrie into a basin 
of clear water1 and muttered an         
invocation over it2 when the pot began  
to boil1 the shell was shot             
out--doubtless by some chemical         
substance--to the distance of several   
feet4 ,some of the water accompanied it1
 with a slight explosion like that of a 
percussion cap thrown into the fire4    
#agd ,the word should be written        
,dr-,for1 the abode or region of the    
,for tribe4  #age ,the latter material  
is that originally used in the ,arab    
,darb el ,raml 7throwing of the sand71  
briefly called ,el ,raml 7the sand71    
that is1 geomancy4  #agf ,in            
conversation ,von ,kremer quoted the    
name ,sabijeh1 a 8broken plural10 of    
which no singular is known1 as          
alternating with ,zutt in old ,arab     
historians4 ,newbold enumerates among   
the 8distinct classes0 of ,ghagar the   
,meddhn1 ,gharrdn1 ,barmek              
7,barmekides71 ,walad ,ab ,tenn1 ,bayt  

el ,rf' 7871 ,hemmeli1 and ,romni 7p4   
#bib74  #agg ,this was written before   
#ahfc2 in #ahgg the old camping-ground  
of the ,uzbeg ,tatars had become a kind 
of ,parisian quarter4  #agh ,kremer     
gives 8,kurudti02 the word is generally 
in the diminutive form ,kurayd1 a little
 ,kird 7baboon74  #agi ,from the        
,persian ,pahlewn1 a brave1 a wrestler1 
an athlete4  #ahj ,generally written    
',id el ,zuh1 the great ,meccan festival
 when the victims are offered4  #aha    
,their active habits make them a fine   
race4 ,newbold says that 8one of the    
most magnificent women he had ever seen 
in the ,east0 was a ,ghagar rope-dancer 
at the palace of one of the ,cairene    
,beys2 he complains only that she had   
disfigured herself by tattooing her     
under lip and chin--a practice very     
common among the ,arab women of ,syria  
and ,egypt4  #ahb ,at the end of #agfc  
the ,gazette of ,vienna printed a letter
 from the ,hungarian captain1 ,szekely  
de ,doba4 ,the latter related how a     

,protestant pastor1 when studying at    
,leyden1 made the acquaintance of some  
,malabar youths1 who spoke of a province
 ,zingania 7of course ,zigeuner71 and   
whose language was that of the ,gypsies4
 ,he made a vocabulary of about a       
thousand words1 and returning home to   
,almasch or ,almas1 near ,komorn1 he    
found1 to his surprise1 that the        
8tinklers0 understood them4 ,the        
,hindustani grammars published in       
,england 7#aggc7 and in ,portugal       
7#aggh7 enabled ,grellman1 ,richardson1 
,marsden1 ,ludolf1 and others to trace  
the resemblance with a firm hand4 ,see  
,mayo and ,quindal1 who in p4 #de fall  
into the vulgar error that the          
8,mongol-,hindustani jargon0 began to be
 used in ,india only after the ,moghol  
,conquests4 ,these authors declare that 
when the celebrated ,mezzofanti1 of     
,bologna1 became deranged in #ahcb1 he  
never confused ,gypsy with his other    
thirty-two tongues4 ,borrow's           
,translation of ,st4 ,luke is also said 

to have retained several ,spanish words 
from ,padre ,scio4 ,as regards the      
8,germania0 argot of ,spain1 a          
vocabulary was published about the      
middle of the last century by ,juan     
,hidalgo2 and though mostly obsolete1   
the useless farrago was textually       
reproduced in the ,diccionario de la    
,academia4  #ahc ,it is usually         
explained as an abbreviation of ,smiy1 a
 word formed in imitation of ,kmiy      
7alchemy74  #ahd ,curious to say1 this  
word is pure ,etruscan1 and appears in  
no other language known to me4  #ahe    
,newbold adds3    #bj1 ,yuksi or ,yeksi2
 #ba1 ,yirksi wa1 etc4    #cj1 ,yuksi wa
 ds 7#cj and #aj72 #ca1 ,yuksi wa des   
wa1 etc4    #dj1 ,kamki or ,kumki4      
#ej1 ,kamki wa des1 etc4    #fj1 ,kamki 
wa yuksi4    #gj1 ,kamki wa yuksi wa    
des4    #hj1 ,du ,kamki 7#b forties74   
#ij1 ,du ,kamki wa ds4    #ajj1 ,hel4   
,bank1 ,sad 7,pers471 or ,di ,kamki wa  
yuksi 7#b forties  #bj72       ,naw4    
,beni4    #ajjj1 ,des ,bank 7#aj        

hundred72 das ,sad4  #ahf ,i have marked
 with a star the words which appear     
original1 or rather unconnected with    
,arabic4 ,the list is compared with     
,newbold's vocabularies1 ,h4 7,helebi71 
,g4 7,ghagar71 ,n4 7,nwer74  #ahg ,they 
are not likely to have two words for    
8father10 so ,a'rub is probably         
dialectic4 ,newbold gives the ,helebi   
word ,grbi2 ,ghagar1 ,blo1 ,mnsh2 ,nwer1
 ,byb4  #ahh ,the two affixed pronouns--
 7my7 and ak 7thy7--are also pure       
,arabic4  #ahi ,this form of feminine   
7opposed to ,maia1 masculine71 ,sem'ah1 
from ,sem'1 is also ,arabic4 ,newbold   
adds3    ,wife3 ,h4 ,kdah2 ,g4 ,gaziyeh2
 ,n4 ,gad4    ,husband3 ,h4 ,el-barneh2 
,g4 ,marash2 ,n4 ,maras4 ,of these the  
latter two       are evidently corrupted
 from the ,sansk4 ,manushya2 ,prak4     
,mnus4    ,boy3 ,h4 ,lambn1 ,sumgun2 ,g4
 ,chabo2 ,n4 ,sowaiti4    ,girl3 ,h4    
,lambnih1 ,samgunih2 ,g4 ,somah1 ,chabo1
 or ,chai2 ,n4 ,bubr4  #aij    ,day3 ,h4
 ,merrakrish2 ,g4 ,chebish4    ,rain3   

,h4 ,matr 7,arab472 ,g4 ,bursunden      
7,pers471 ,moga2 ,n4 ,aug4    ,the two  
latter may be ,sansk4 ,megha1 a cloud4  
,snow3 ,h4 ,telj 7,arab472 ,g4 ,gharbi4 
,cloud3 ,h4 ,reim 7,arab4 ,ghaym72 ,g4  
,brd4    ,light3 ,h4 and ,g4 ,nr4  #aia 
,sheep3 ,h4 ,hahaiya2 ,g4 ,bakra        
7,hind474    ,hare3 ,h4 ,emeb 7,arab472 
,g4 ,kundu4    ,cat3 ,h4 ,ghutta        
7,arab472 ,g4 ,berkuka4    ,mare3 ,h4   
,schliyeh2 ,g4 ,aghorai4 ,the first is  
the ,arabic form of       feminine from 
,sohli1 a stallion2 the second is ,hind4
    ,hog3 ,h4 ,khangr 7,arab472 ,g4     
,hallf 7,arab472 ,n4 ,segel harmin 7874 
,crow3 ,h4 ,grab 7,arab472 ,g4 ,mentuf1 
,kil4    ,snake3 ,h4 ,tbun 7,arab4      
,thu'ubn872 ,g4 ,samp 7,hind474         
,fish3 ,h4 ,semek 7,arab472 ,g4         
,machchiyeh 7,hind474  #aib    ,sea3 ,h4
 ,buhr 7,arab472 ,g4 ,pani 7,sansk474   
,a ,spring 7fount73 ,h4 ,ain 7,arab472  
,g4 ,moga 7,mayet1 corr4 ,arab874    ,a 
,well3 ,h4 ,bir 7,arab472 ,g4 ,ghibini4 
#aic ,milk3 ,h4 ,millanish1 ,helwah     

7,arab4 ,halw1 the sweet872 ,g4 ,rgn1   
,rghebi1 ,chti2 ,n4 ,rawn4  #aid ,in    
this1 as in other cases1 the ,sa'idi    
dialect appears to throw back the       
accent4  #aie    ,barley3 ,h4 ,muharish2
 ,g4 ,jan 7,sansk4 ,pers474             
,dhurra-grain3 ,h4 ,meghidhurra2 ,g4    
,darineh4    ,rice3 ,h4 ,ruz 7,arab4    
,pers472 ,g4 ,barnu1 ,fukiyeh1 ,udbukh  
7i4e4       tetbukh1 cook thou6874      
,bread3 ,h4 ,shemun1 ,mushmul2 ,g4      
,mrey2 ,n4 ,nan 7,pers474  #aif         
,finger3 ,h4 ,sabua 7,arab472 ,g4       
,augushti 7,hind474    ,neck3 ,h4 ,rekl 
7,arab472 ,g4 ,sheriti4    ,knee3 ,h4   
,ruggal or ,kumayhtu2 ,g4 ,shang4       
,teeth3 ,h4 ,sinnan 7,arab471 ,suvan2   
,g4 ,dndi 7,hind471 ,sinnam4    ,flesh3 
,h4 ,udwan2 ,g4 ,maas 7,hind474         
,perd1 mas43 ,h4 ,lib2 ,g4 ,kiab4       
neut43 ,h4 ,budi2 ,g4 ,minchi2 ,n4 ,bud4
    ,belly3 ,h4 ,batu 7,arab472 ,g4     
,burri2 ,n4 ,bosah4  #aig ,ring3 ,h4    
,khatim 7,arab472 ,g4 ,augstir 7,hind474
  #aih ,the terminal1 amrak1 may be they

 work1 business1 property2 in fact1     
synonymous with the vulgar bit'k4  #aii 
,every ,arabic dialect has some         
euphonistic form of expressing fire2 the
 simple word ,nar would be inauspicious1
 suggesting the idea of hell-fire4  #bjj
 ,newbold adds3  ,,nouns4    ,god3 ,h4  
,allah2 ,g4 ,allah2 ,n4 ,allah4         
,devil3 ,h4 ,shaytan 7,arab472 ,g4      
,iblis 7,arab472 ,n4 ,harmir 7,harami874
    ,christian3 ,h4 ,ghiraie2 ,g4       
,balmu4    ,gentile1 i4e4 non-,gypsy3   
,h4 ,hushno2 ,g4 ,chaju2 ,n4 ,keghneh4  
,luck 7fortune73 ,h4 ,bakht 7,pers472   
,g4 ,bji2 ,n4 ,sohri4    ,poison3 ,h4   
,sun 7,arab4 ,sum872 ,g4 ,zngali2 ,n4   
,mubahah 7,arab4 the       permitted874 
,love3 all use ,hebb 7,habb1 ,arab474   
,harlot3 ,h4 ,beskanan2 ,g4 ,besignan1  
,gabu2 ,n4 ,gad el-haram4    ,zone of   
chastity3 ,h4 ,hug2 ,g4 ,dilk2 ,n4 ,fowi
 7,ftah1 a napkin74    ,name3 ,h4 ,ism  
7,arab472 ,g4 ,rubon 7i4e4 your name72  
,n4 ,minas4    ,year3 ,h4 ,shahr        
7,arab472 ,g4 ,yuk ,sadsh4    ,king3 ,h4

 ,dazi1 ,zilk2 ,g4 ,el-reibo1 el-burro  
7,hind4 ,bar1 gnat874    ,city or       
village3 ,h4 ,gavuti 7,hind472 ,g4 ,gv  
7,hind472 ,n4 ,desi 7,hind474           
,bridge3 all ,juntava 7error or         
corruption of ,kantaral874    ,house3   
,h4 ,nizb2 ,g4 ,kr 7,ghar1 ,hind874     
,door3 ,h4 ,bl 7,arab472 ,g4 ,kp        
7,turk474    ,rope3 ,h4 ,hebl 7,arab472 
,g4 ,dori 7,hind474    ,paper3 all use  
,warkeh 7,arab74    ,book3 all use ,kitb
 7,arab474  ,,adjectives4    ,sick1     
tired3 ,h4 ,tabau 7,arab474    ,bad3 ,h4
 ,battl 7,arab472 ,g4 ,bilbey4    ,good3
 ,h4 ,tayyib 7,arab472 ,g4 ,sasho 7pure 
,gypsy74    ,great3 ,h4 ,kabir 7,arab472
 ,g4 ,bara 7,hind472 ,n4 ,bari4         
,small3 ,h4 ,sughayyar 7,arab472 ,g4    
,thoranki 7,hind474    ,black3 ,h4      
,aswadish 7corr4 ,arab472 ,g4 ,klo      
7,hind474    ,white3 all use ,alyar     
7,arab474    ,cold3 ,h4 ,melladish      
7corr4 ,arab472 ,g4 ,memudrih4    ,hot3 
,h4 ,mahrarish 7corr4 ,arab472 ,g4 ,garu
 7,pers474  ,,adverbs4    ,much3 ,h4    

,ketr 7,arab472 ,g4 ,bht 7,hind474    ,a
 little3 ,h4 ,meframrush2 ,g4 ,therki1  
,thukrn 7corr4 ,hind474    ,enough3 ,h4 
,keffi 7,arab472 ,g4 ,bas 7,pers471     
,nunniya4    ,here3 ,h4 ,hene 7,arab472 
,g4 ,syde4    ,there3 ,h4 ,hunh         
7,arab472 ,g4 ,aurileh4  #bja ,this     
proves one of two things3 first1 that   
the ,gypsies left ,india before the     
,hindus had borrowed a ,western         
character from the ,phnicians2 or two1  
the ,gypsies were a low caste1 which1   
like the ,pariahs and others1 ignore    
writing4  #bjb ,when travelling1 for    
instance1 they place on prominent rocks 
and remarkable trees pebbles1 bits of   
thread1 and similar articles1 showing   
the road they have taken4  #bjc ,letter 
written from ,algiers1 and published in 
the ,union ,mdicale of ,january #b1     
#ahfj4  #bjd ,this is evidently the     
hypnotism so called by ,dr4 ,john       
,braid1 of ,manchester1 the ,braidism of
 ,continental writers4 ,the discovery   
was made in #ahda4 ,see ,neurypnology1  

or the ,rationale of ,nervous ,sleep1   
,considered in ,relation with ,animal   
,magnetism4 ,about #ahdi1 profiting by  
the studies of ,doctors ,j4 ,b4 ,dods   
and ,philips1 a certain ,mr4 ,stone     
introduced into ,england a modification 
of hypnotism1 which he absurdly called  
,electro-biology2 his zinc and copper   
discs were the civilized succedanea of  
the ink-blot4  #bje ,narrative of       
,travels in #ahbb-bd4 ,the folio edition
 shows two women with the crisp ,african
 hair4     ,,chapter ,,vii  ,,the       
,,gypsy ,,in ,,europe    #a4 ,the ,gypsy
 in ,hungary  ,the ,czigany1 as they are
 called1 appeared early in the fifteenth
 century1 and were supposed to have fled
 from ,moghol persecution4 ,king        
,sigismund1 father of the heroic ,john  
,hunyadi1#bjf allowed them to settle in 
his realm1 and the law called them 8mere
 peasants40 ,in #adif ,bishop ,sigismund
 at ,funf-,kirchen ordered iron         
cannon-balls from the ,gypsies to be    
used against the ,turkish invaders of   

,hungary2 and he was doughtily supported
 against the ,turks by ,king ,zindelo1  
,dukes ,miguel and ,andrew1 by ,counts  
,manuel and ,juan1 by the 8noble knight0
 ,pedro1 and by the chief ,tomas        
,polgar4  ,the reforms of #ahdh found   
them in a state of slavery1 adscripti   
gleb1 who could not legally take service
 away from their birthplace4 ,their     
condition was worse than that of the    
,wallach peasant1 who says of his       
haughty ,magyar ,magnate1 8,a lord is a 
lord born in hell40 ,some forty years   
ago ,mr4 ,paget#bjg says ,gypsies were  
exposed for sale in the neighbouring    
province of ,wallachia4 ,in the ,hungary
 of the bad old rgime the relation of   
the landowning peasant1 however         
oppressive might have been his          
obligations1 was never that of master   
and slave4 ,if the agriculturist chose  
to give up his session-lands1 the ground
 he occupied by hereditary use1 he could
 go where he pleased4 ,practically this 
was rare2 it was equivalent to giving up

 his means of subsistence1 and he       
preferred the tax-paying while all the  
nobles went free1 and the odious burden 
of the 8,robot0 corve1 or forced labour1
 two and in some cases three days a     
week4 ,hence he hated the military      
conscription1 the only means of         
civilizing him established by ,austria  
in #ahdi4bjh ,but the ,czigany1 however 
deep-rooted is his love of liberty1     
never preserved the modicum of freedom  
to which the ,hungarian clung4  ,though 
now legally free1 the ,czigany's deep   
respect for everything aristocratic     
attaches him to the ruling caste4 ,in   
,transylvania 8,magyar0 is a distinctive
 term for class as well as race4 ,the   
,czigany who do not assimilate with the 
thrifty ,saxons prefer to be mere       
hangers-on at the castle of the         
,hungarian ,magnate1 as in ,england of  
old they take his name2 and they profess
 the same faith--,catholic1 ,protestant1
 or nothing4 ,notwithstanding their     
incurable propensity for pilfering1 they

 are trusted as messengers and carriers2
 like the old ,spanish arriero1 they    
form a general 8parcels-delivery        
company40 ,and they are ubiquitous1 for 
never a door is left unlocked lest a    
,gypsy will slip in and steal4 ,in old  
days they were most efficient spies upon
 ,christian and ,muslim1 and they       
trimmed between the twain to their own  
advantage4 ,they also made the best of  
smugglers2 they dug for treasure1 and   
they washed for paillettes of gold the  
,transylvanian affluents of the ,danube4
 ,at times they set out upon plundering 
excursions1 which extended to ,italy1   
,france1 and ,spain4 ,they are still    
accused of incendiarism by the          
,wallachs1 who apparently thus seek to  
hide the malpractices resulting from    
their inordinate lust of revenge1 the   
ugly survival of the savage character4  
,these people forget that 8curses1 like 
chickens1 come home to roost10 and will 
play with fire even when it damages     
themselves4  ,the settled ,gypsy's      

dwelling is even more primitive than the
 ,wallachs4 ,the hut is formed1 like the
 ,african's1 with plaited sticks1 and   
swish is plastered into the gaps4       
,before the hut entrance often stands   
the nomad cart1 two wheeled and tilted1 
and always stands the tripod supporting 
the iron pot--a sight1 like the scarlet 
cloak1 once familiar to us1 but now     
disappeared from ,england4 ,in time the 
earth is grass-grown2 and as the hovel  
is rarely more than seven feet high1 it 
looks rather like an exaggerated        
ant-hill or a tumulus than a habitation 
for man4 ,yet the ragged inmate1 whose  
children go about in nature's garb1 is  
clever with his hands4 ,he is the best  
blacksmith in the country1 and he       
fashions simple wooden articles for     
household use with dexterity and even   
with taste4 ,despite his wretched       
surroundings1 he keeps his good spirits1
 he sings to his work1 and he plays the 
violin in his leisure hours4  ,i need   
hardly repeat the commonplaces about the

 music of the ,hungarian ,gypsy1 and the
 legends concerning ,catalani and       
,liszt4 ,strolling bands1 in civilized  
attire1 and performing upon divers      
instruments1 are and have been for some 
time well known to the capitals of      
,europe4 ,so great is the contrast      
between their art and their             
surroundings1 that more than one        
traveller has suspected this marvellous 
gift of pathetic strains to be a        
8language brought with them in their    
exile from another and a higher state of
 existence40 ,i find in it only the     
marriage of ,eastern with ,western      
melody1 the high science of the former1 
so little appreciated by the ignorant   
,anglo-,indian1 with the perfect        
practice of the latter4  ,though utterly
 unalphabetic1 these people have a      
strange power of stirring their hearers'
 hearts4 ,they play by ear1 in style    
unsurpassed by the best training1 the   
violin1 the 'cello1 and the zither1 with
 which ,london is now familiarized4 ,the

 airs1 often their own1 tell a thrilling
 national tale in a way that makes an   
indelible impression upon the stranger4 
,now it is the expression of turmoil1   
battle1 and defeat1 followed by a long  
wail of woe1 of passionate grief1 mostly
 in the minor key4 ,then it suddenly    
passes to the major in a wild burst of  
joy1 of triumph1 of exultation1 of      
rapture1 which carries along with it the
 hearer in irresistible sympathy4 ,it   
has all the charm of contrast2 of       
extremes1 excitement and depression2    
subjection and deliverance1 delight and 
despair4 ,the strains rob the excitable 
,hungarian of his reason2 he drinks in  
the music till he is drunk4  ,the ,gypsy
 is capable of a noble self-sacrifice1  
and ,mr4 ,crosse tells a tale which     
proves it4 ,he passed in a wild1        
romantic glen a steep1 overhanging rock 
known throughout the land as the        
8,gypsy's stone40 ,about the middle of  
the last century1 it is supposed1 there 
was a famine2 and the ,czigany1 poorer  

than their neighbours1 were reduced to  
beg or starve4 ,when turned away by     
certain hard-hearted villagers1 one poor
 fellow refused to go1 declaring that   
his children were dying of hunger4      
8,then10 said one of the boors in a     
mocking tone1 8,i will give your family 
a side of bacon1 if you will jump from  
that rock40 8,you hear his promise60    
cried the ,czigan1 appealing to the     
crowd4 ,without another word he rushed  
from amongst them1 clambered up the     
rock1 and took the leap1 which          
was--death4  ,this is exactly what we   
might expect under the circumstances    
from a ,hindu4 ,the system of ,badli--in
 plain ,english1 paying a man to 8take  
blame0 and to be hanged for you--is the 
best proof4  ,it should be remembered   
that a ,hungarian was the first to      
publish the 8,indic origin0 of the      
,romani tongue4 ,at the end of #agfe an 
interesting communiqu was addressed to  
the ,vienna ,gazette by ,captain        
,szekely de ,doba4 ,he related that the 

,protestant parson ,stephen ,vali while 
studying at ,leyden made acquaintance   
with certain ,malabar youths sent there 
by the ,dutch ,government1 and their    
vernacular reminded him of the ,gypsy   
tongue which he had heard in his home at
 ,almasch4 ,they also assured him that  
in ,malabar there is a district called  
,zigania 7871 which suggested a         
comparison with the ,german ,zigeuner4  
,at their dictation he wrote down almost
 a thousand words1 and returning to     
,almasch he was surprised to find the   
,czigan understanding them4  ,then set  
in the first period 7#agge-ahjj7 of     
,sanskrit and ,zend study1 accompanied  
by publications of ,bengali1 ,urdu1 and 
others of the eighteen ,prakrit tongues 
still spoken in the great ,peninsula4   
,this led to careful study of ,romani4  
,the celebrated ,mezzofanti did not     
hesitate to assign it high rank amongst 
the thirty-two languages he had studied2
 and when he lost his mind 7#ahcb7 he   
never confounded it with other idioms4  

,then followed in #ahcg the ,gospel of  
,st4 ,luke translated into ,spanish ,cal
 by 8,gypsy ,borrow10 who1 however1     
inserted ,castilian words from ,father  
,scio instead of forming them from      
,gypsy roots4    #b4 ,the ,gypsies of   
,spain4  ,we have ample material for    
studying the ,spanish ,gypsy1 or        
,flamanco1 as he is contemptuously      
called1 probably because he entered     
,andalusia in the train of the ,flemings
 during the first third of the fifteenth
 century4 ,yet it is somewhat remarkable
 that ,europe believed up to the end of 
that century the purely ,spanish origin 
of the ,gypsies4  ,pasquier1 describing 
the arrival of these 8penitents0 in     
,paris ,a4,d4 #adbg1 adds that from that
 time all ,france was infested by these 
vagabonds1 but that the first horde was 
replaced by the ,biscayan and other     
peoples of the same origin4 ,this       
suggests an early occupation of the     
,peninsula2 although ,francisca de      
,cordova in his ,didasculia declared    

they were first known in ,germany1 and  
the general belief now is that the last 
horde entered ,europe by the highroads  
of ,andalusia and ,bulgaria1 or rather  
,greece1 and they must have been settled
 for many years in these countries4     
,northern ,spaniards find in ,andalusian
 blood a distinct ,gypsy innervation4   
,in ,spain1 as elsewhere1 the ,gypsy    
made himself hated by his systematic    
contempt of the laws of meum and teum2  
whilst he was protected by two widely   
different conditions3 the first was his 
poverty 78,as poor as a ,gypsy0 is still
 a proverb72 secondly1 he was a spy     
equally useful to ,christian and        
unbeliever4 ,yet action was not wanting4
 ,in #adii was published the ,gran      
,pragmatica 7,royal ,ordinance7 of      
,medina del ,campo1 under the influence 
of a fanatic archbishop1 banishing on   
and after the term of sixty days the    
,egyptian and foreign tinkers           
7caldereros71 and forbidding return     
under pain of mutilation4 ,this         

,pragmatica was renewed under ,charles  
,v4 by the ,cortes of ,toledo and of    
,madrid1 with the additional punishment 
of perpetual slavery for those found    
wandering a third time4 ,yet in #aefj1  
on his marriage at ,toledo with         
,isabelle of ,france1 ,gypsy dances     
formed part of the festivities4 ,he was 
comparatively mild1 and after moderating
 the old rigorous laws he ordered the   
outcasts to live in towns4 ,in #aehf the
 same king allowed them to sell their   
goods at ten fairs and markets under    
certain conditions4  ,these nomads      
picked up information from all classes1 
and the women1 with their black magic1  
sorcery1 and devilry1 palmistry1        
love-potions1 and poisons1 penetrated   
into every secret4 ,the ,holy ,office1  
established in ,january1 #adha1         
disdained to persecute such paupers2 and
 the strong arm of the law could not do 
more than hang a few witches4 ,ticknor  
remarks3 8,encouraged by the expulsion  
of the ,jews in #adib1 also by that of  

the ,moors in #afji-aa1 ,dr4 ,sancho de 
,moncada1 a professor in the ,university
 of ,toledo1 addressed ,philip ,,iii4 in
 a discourse published in #afai1 urging 
that monarch to drive out the ,gypsies1 
but he failed40  ,another authority says
 that he himself1 #afah1 had prepared a 
memorial to that effect1 adding1 8,it is
 very vicious to tolerate such a        
pernicious and perverse race40 ,cordova1
 writing in #afae1 accused them of      
preparing1 some years before1 an        
organized attack upon ,sogrovo town when
 the pest raged1 and declares that it   
was saved from such by the arts of a    
certain wizard who had mysterious       
relations with the vagabonds4  ,the     
charges of cannibalism became universal1
 founded probably upon the fact that    
,gypsies do not disdain the flesh of    
animals poisoned by them4  ,that many of
 the persecuted outcasts were compelled 
to fly the country we shall see         
presently in the ,morerias of ,brazil2  
and when religious zeal cooled down1    

political interests took its place1 and 
led to the great legal persecution4     
,philip ,,iv4 in #afcc prohibited the   
,gypsy dress and dialect1 expelled them 
from the ,ghettos1 and by rendering     
intermarriage illegal aimed at fusing   
the vagrants with other subjects4 ,in   
#afib ,charles ,,ii4 ordered them to    
practise nothing but agriculture4 ,the  
decree was renewed in #afie1 and article
 #af threatened punishment to all1      
gentle and simple1 who aided and abetted
 them4 ,philip ,v4 in #agbf banished    
from ,madrid certain ,gypsy women who   
had petitioned in favour of their       
persecuted husbands4 ,nineteen years    
afterwards 7#agde7 he ordered the       
fugitives to return to his dominions    
under pain of fire and steel1 denying to
 them even the right of asylum in sacred
 places4 ,this terrible decree was      
renewed in #agdf-di4  ,better days now  
began to dawn4 ,the racial hatred and   
brutality suffered by the ,gypsies      
became by slow degrees to be considered 

the abrogations of past ages4 ,already1 
in #aghc1 ,don ,carlos of ,spain        
followed the ,emperor ,joseph of        
,germany1 #aghb1 and revoked the        
ultra-,draconian laws which aimed at the
 extinction of a people1 and substituted
 decrees contrasting strongly with the  
,pragmatica of #adii2 he even threatened
 pains and penalties to those who       
hindered the ,gypsies in their          
occupations4 ,in fact1 the ,gitano1 no  
longer the ,egipciano1 was allowed      
intermarriage with his caste1 his family
 rights were recognized1 and he was     
allowed to choose his own trade4 ,he was
 forbidden only to wear any special     
dress1 to display his language in       
public1 or to exercise the ignoble parts
 of his calling4 ,briefly1 after having 
been for centuries of persecution a     
social pariah1 he became a subject4 ,the
 change must be attributed only to the  
,french philosophical school1 and the   
works of the encyclopedists1 which      
presently led to the greatest benefits  

of modern ages1 the first ,french       
,revolution of #aghi4 ,it made men and  
citizens where it found serfs and       
slaves4  ,these humanitarian measures   
bore their natural consequences4 ,under 
the effect of toleration the ,gypsies   
lost much of the savage wildness which  
distinguished them in the depths of the 
,toledo ,mountains1 the ,sierra ,morena1
 and the wild ,alpujarras4 ,they flocked
 to the valleys of the ,ebro1 the       
,tagus1 and the ,guadiana1 where many1  
waxing rich and caring little for a     
community of goods1 lost much of their  
devotion to caste and their fear and    
horror of their ,christian              
fellow-citizens4 ,and the grey-beards   
did not fail to complain that the       
,zinclo was speedily becoming a ,gacho  
or a ,busno1 opprobrious terms applied  
to non-,gypsies4  ,the ,gitanos of      
,spain are supposed to number from fifty
 to sixty thousand1 and the increased   
toleration of society is rapidly        
concentrating them into the great towns4

 ,they abound in ,madrid1 ,cadiz1       
,malaga1 ,granada1 ,cordova1 ,ciudad    
,real1 ,murcia1 ,valencia1 ,barcelona1  
,pamplona1 ,valladolid1 and ,badajoz4   
,in parts of ,upper ,aragon and the     
,alpujarras ,mountains they are         
troglodytes rather than nomad hordes4   
,even in the northern provinces1 ,old   
,castile1 ,asturias1 and ,galicia1 where
 they formerly were most hated and      
feared1 they are now freely allowed to  
settle4 ,a complete assimilation is     
expected from the position which they   
have acquired in places like ,cadiz and 
,malaga4 ,they are beginning to educate 
themselves in a country where hardly #bj
 per cent4 can read1 and where a grandee
 of the last generation was a kind of   
high-caste chalan 7horse-cooper7 or     
torero 7bull-fighter7--the ,gitano's    
peculiar trades4 ,though they preserve  
the ,gypsy tradition1 some of them      
traffic largely in cattle and own       
extensive butcheries2 they keep inns and
 taverns2 they deal with the chief      

merchants2 and they live in luxury4     
,gitanos of the poorer classes buy and  
barter animals2 act jockeys and         
race-riders2 people the bull-ring       
7especially in ,andalusia72 work nails  
and ironmongery1 as at ,granada and     
,cordova2 and plait the coloured baskets
 for which ,murcia1 ,valencia1 and      
,barcelona are famous4 ,their women sell
 poultry and old rags2 prepare buns     
7buuelos7 and black puddings 7morcillas 
de sangre72 engage themselves as tavern 
cooks2 are excellent smugglers2 and find
 in interpreting dreams1 in             
philter-selling1 and in fortune-telling 
the most lucrative industries4 ,they    
sing and play various instruments1      
accompanying the music with the most    
voluptuous and licentious dances and    
attitudes2 but woe to the man who would 
obtain from these ,bayaderes any boon   
beyond their provocative exhibition4    
,from the ,indus to ,gibraltar the      
contrast of obscenity in language and in
 songs with corporal chastity--a lacha  

ye drupo1 8body shame10 as they term    
it--has ever been a distinctive         
characteristic4 ,no brothel in ,europe  
can boast of containing a ,gypsy        
woman4#bji ,the mother carefully watches
 and teaches her child to preserve the  
premices for the ,rom1 the ,gypsy       
husband4 ,at marriages they preserve the
 old ,jewish and ,muslim rite1 that     
disappeared from ,spain only with the   
accession of the house of ,austria4     
,even ,isabella of ,castile1 when she   
was married at ,valladolid to ,ferdinand
 of ,aragon1 allowed her 8justificative 
proofs0 to be displayed before the      
wedding-guest4 ,gypsy marriages1 like   
those of the high-caste ,hindus1 entail 
ruinous expense2 the revelry lasts three
 days2 the 8,gentile0 is freely invited2
 and the profusion of meats and drinks  
often makes the bridegroom a debtor for 
life4 ,i have explained this practice in
 ,hindustan as the desire to prove that 
the first marriage is the marriage4     
,the ,spanish ,gypsies are remarkable   

for beauty in early youth3 for          
magnificent eyes and hair1 regular      
features1 light and well-knit figures1  
easy gait1 and graceful bearing4 ,their 
locks1 like the ,hindus1 are lamp-black1
 and without a sign of wave2 and they   
preserve the characteristic eye4 ,the   
form is perfect1 and it has an especial 
look to which is attributed the power of
 engendering grandes passions--one of   
the privileges of the eye4 ,i have often
 remarked its fixity and brilliance1    
which flashes like phosphoric light1 the
 gleam which in some eyes denotes       
madness4 ,i have also noted the 8far-off
 look0 which seems to gaze at something 
beyond you1 and the alternation from the
 fixed stare to a glazing or filming    
over of the pupil4#baj ,hence the       
,english song3      ,a ,gypsy           
stripling's glossy 787 eye       ,has   
pierced my bosom's core1     ,a feat no 
eye beneath the sky       ,could e'er   
effect before4  ,and in ,spain it is    
remarked that the ,gypsy man often makes

 a conquest of the ,busno's wife4  ,the 
women are more voluble in language and  
licentious in manners than the men4     
,these characteristics1 combined with   
the most absolute repulsion for other   
favours1 even to the knife1 explain how 
many sons of grandees and great         
officials took part in the nightly      
orgies and by day favoured the          
proscribed caste4 ,moreover1 the ,gitana
 protected herself by the possession of 
family secrets4 ,besides soothsaying and
 philter-selling1 she had a store of the
 ,raiz del buen ,baron 7the goodman's1  
i4e4 the devil's1 root71 alias ,satan's 
herb1 which relieved incommodious       
burdens4 ,at fairs1 while the husbands  
were chapping and chaffering1 the       
good-wives made money by the process    
called coger  la mano 7to catch in      
hand72 that is1 pilfering coins by      
sleight during the process of           
exchanging4 ,amongst other malpractices 
is one called in ,romani ,youjano bro   
7the great trick71 translated gran      

socalia 7great trick7 by ,jermimo de    
,alcal in his novel the ,historia de    
,alonzo1 mozo de muchos amos 7a youth   
with many uncles71 written in the early 
seventeenth century4 ,rich and covetous 
widows were persuaded to deposit jewels 
and money in dark and unfrequented      
places1 with the idea of finding buried 
treasure4 ,useless to say that the      
,gypsy woman was the only gainer by the 
transaction4  ,we read that the old     
,gypsy dress was repeatedly forbidden by
 law2 but ,spanish tradition preserves  
no memory of what the dress was4 ,i have
 little doubt that the immigrants of the
 fifteenth century had retained to some 
extent the ,hindu costume1 the ,pagr    
7head-cloth7 and the ,dhoti             
7waist-cloth74 ,so in ,moscow ,i have   
seen the ,gypsy dancing-girls assume the
 true toilette of the ,hindustani       
,nachni1 the ,choli1 or bodice1 and the 
,peshwz1 or petticoat of many folds4    
,some writers imagine that the          
8picturesque vagabonds10 ,cals1 had     

borrowed their peculiar garb from the   
,moors4  ,in these days the well-to-do  
,spanish ,rom affects the ,andalusian   
costume1 more or less rich4 ,he delights
 in white linen1 especially the 8biled  
shirt10 often frilled and embroidered4  
,the materials are linen and cotton1    
silk1 plush1 velvet1 and broadcloth4    
,the favourite tints are blue1 red1 and 
marking colours4 ,the short jacket or   
pelisse 7zamarra7 is embroidered and    
adorned with frogs 7alamares7 or large  
silver buttons2 the waistcoat is mostly 
red1 and a sash of crimson silk with    
fringed ends supports the waist2 the    
overalls narrow at the ankle1 where they
 meet boots or buskins 7borcegies71     
slippers or sandals 7alpargatas74       
,finally1 the long lank locks1 which    
hang somewhat like the ,polish ,jew's   
along the cheeks1 are crowned with the  
,gypsy sombrero or porkpie1 and         
sometimes with the red ,catalan gorro   
7bonnet71 not unlike the glengarry4     
,the ,romi also has retained the dress  

worn till lately in ,andalusia1 and now 
gradually becoming obsolete4 ,the       
gleaming hair is gathered in a ,diana   
knot at the neck1 and lit up with       
flowers of the gaudiest hue2 it lies in 
bands upon the temples1 and the whole is
 often covered with an embroidered      
kerchief4 ,a cloak of larger or lesser  
dimensions thrown over the shoulders    
hardly conceals the bodice and the      
short1 skimpy petticoat 7saya71 which is
 embroidered1 adorned with bunches of   
ribbons1 trimmings1 and other cheap     
finery4  ,the ,spanish ,gypsies have not
 preserved1 like the ,hungarian1 their  
old habit of long expeditions for       
begging and plundering purposes4        
,consequently they have lost the        
practice of the ,pateran or ,trail1 the 
road-marks by which they denote         
direction4 ,these are fur twigs1 or     
similar heaps of newly gathered grass   
disposed at short distances4 ,at        
cross-roads the signs are placed on the 
right side of that followed4 ,sometimes 

they trace upon the ground a cross whose
 longer arm shows the way1 or they nail 
one stake to another4 ,the ,norwegian   
,gypsies trace with their whips a mark  
on the snow called ,faano2 it resembles 
a sack with a shut mouth4 ,in the course
 of ages they have lost that marvellous 
power of following the spoor which their
 kinsmen on the ,indus preserve to      
perfection4 ,they retain a peculiarly   
shrill whistle1 for which the ,guanches 
were famous4 ,by the signs and the      
whistles two parties could communicate  
with each other2 and if anything        
particular occurred1 messengers were    
sent to report it4  ,the ,gypsy language
 was looked upon as a mere conventional 
jargon1 and its ,indian origin1 as has  
been shown elsewhere1 was not recognized
 before the middle of last century4 ,it 
was1 moreover1 confounded with the      
,germania 7,thieves' ,latin71 whose     
vocabulary1 collected by ,juan ,hidalgo 
of ,saragona1 has found its way into the
 ,diccionario de la ,academia4 ,the only

 ,gypsy words it contains are those     
borrowed from the ,cal by the bullies   
and ruffians of the days of ,quevedo4   
,many corruptions and barbarisms1       
however1 have been introduced into books
 by pseudo-literati of 8white blood10   
who prided themselves upon their        
knowledge of ,romani4 ,for instance1    
,meriden means ,coral2 and as in        
,spanish reduplication of the consonant 
changes the word1 an inventor1 in order 
to express ,corral 7,curral1 ,kraal1    
cattle-yard71 produced the most         
barbarous term ,merridden4 ,this was the
 work of aficionados 7fanciers7 like the
 ,augustine friar ,manso de ,sevilla in 
the ,cartuja or ,carthusian convent of  
,jirez1 whose famous breed of horses    
brought them into direct communication  
with the ,gypsies4 ,happily1 however1   
the language was spoken1 not written2   
and thus1 as ,mr4 ,buckle held of legend
 and tradition1 its purity was          
preserved4  ,gypsy verse is generally   
improvised to the twanging and tapping  

of the guitar1 sometimes to the guitar  
and castanet1 and oftentimes without    
music4 ,much that has been printed      
appears to be of that spurious kind     
unintelligible to the ,gypsies          
themselves4 ,the favourite form is in   
quartettes1 more or less carefully      
rhymed2 they are impressed upon the     
hearers' memory2 and thus they pass from
 mouth to mouth throughout ,spain4      
,borrow gives a few translations of     
,gypsy songs in ,romani4 ,the ,cantes   
,flamancos of ,demfico1 in phonetic     
,andalusian1 chanted at the fairs and   
markets1 in the cafs and ventas1 the    
streets and alleys of ,seville1 date    
from the last century4 ,the poetry is   
weak1 the moral is not always           
irreproachable2 but the sentiment is    
strong and touching4 ,these ,cantes are 
sung by many a tailor and many a barber 
who have not a drop of ,gypsy blood in  
their veins4 ,they can hardly be        
accepted as genuine ,gypsy work4        
,,footnotes3  #bjf ,hence probably the  

,hungarian ,hunyadis are popularly      
supposed to have ,gypsy blood4 ,john's  
mother 7,a4,d4 #adjj7 is said to have   
been a fair ,wallach1 ,elizabeth        
,marsinai1 possibly of ,romani blood4   
,the legend of the boy recovering his   
unknown father's ring from a plundering 
jackdaw1 his appearance at ,buda1 and   
his receiving the gift of ,hunyad town  
and sixty villages1 is well known4 ,the 
,turk's bell was first heard in invaded 
,hungary during the reign of ,sigismund4
 ,john ,hunyadi drove them from ,servia 
and ,bosnia1 and vainly proposed a      
league of ,christian powers4 ,when      
,corvinus passed away after a reign of  
forty-two years1 the lieges said of him1
 and still say1 8,king ,matthias is     
dead1 and ,justice died with him40  #bjg
 ,hungary and ,transylvania1 #ahci4     
,before #ahdh the ,church1 the ,state1  
and the nobles were the only landowners2
 the peasant1 however1 had leave to     
occupy certain tracts 7session-lands7   
under his lord4  #bjh ,mr4 ,andrew ,f4  

,crosse1 ,round about the ,carpathians  
7,blackwoods1 #ahgh71 declares 7p4 #adf7
 that this 8conscription was enforced   
with every species of official          
brutality40 ,austria was dealing with a 
conquered and a peculiar1 stiff-necked  
people4 ,lord ,palmerston's hatred of   
,austria was1 we are told1 the best     
passport to ,hungarian sympathy4  #bji  
,the brothels of ,buda-,pesth and other 
large cities of ,austro-,hungary have   
often one ,gypsy woman among their      
inmates4  #baj ,i find my opinion       
confirmed by an older observer3 8,the   
peculiarity of the ,gypsy eye consists  
chiefly in a strange1 staring           
expression1 which1 to be understood1    
must be seen1 and in a thin glaze which 
steals over it when in repose1 and seems
 to emit phosphoric light0 7,the        
,gypsies1 by ,samuel ,roberts74         
,,chapter ,,viii  ,,the ,,gypsy ,,in    
,,america   ,the ,gypsies of the ,brazil
  ,the ,rom of the ,north ,american     
,republic are well known1 and their     

emigration is of modern date4 ,during   
the wars between ,england and ,france   
which followed the great ,revolution    
many of them exchanged a wandering life 
for the service of the country1 having  
been either kidnapped or impressed1 or  
having taken the shilling4 ,of course1  
after obtaining a passage to the        
,american colonies1 they deserted the   
army1 found friends1 and settled in the 
country4 ,the half-bandit bands of      
,scottish ,gypsies were mostly broken up
 in this way4  ,on the other hand1      
,south ,america is very little known2   
and yet the part with which ,i am most  
familiar1 the ,brazil1 is full of       
,gypsies4 ,when ,ferdinand and ,isabella
 the ,catholic 7,a4,d4 #adib7 issued the
 exterminating edict against ,moors1    
,jews1 and ,gitanos1 the latter slunk   
into hiding-places2 they were again     
proscribed by ,charles ,v4 7,a4,d4      
#aehb72 and ,philip ,,iii4 7,a4,d4      
#afai7 issued from ,belem in ,portugal  
an order for all the ,gypsies to quit   

the country within six months--an order 
renewed by ,philip ,,iv4 in ,a4,d4      
#afcc4 ,there was some reason for this  
severity4 ,the 8masterful beggars0 had  
made themselves infamous by turning     
spies to the ,turks and ,saracens2 and  
if the general prejudice against them   
was unfounded1 it rested at least upon a
 solid foundation--their hatred of the  
,christian ,busno1 ,gacho1 or           
non-,gypsy4 ,thus every maritime city of
 the ,brazil to which the exiles were   
shipped presently contained a ,gypsy    
bairro1 or quarter1 the ,portuguese     
,moreria 7,moorery7 corresponding with  
the ,spanish ,gitaneria1 and not a      
little resembling the ,ghettos of the   
,italian ,jews4 ,for instance1 the      
,rocco1 now the handsomest square in    
superb ,rio de ,janeiro1 was of old the 
,campo dos ,ciganos--the ,gypsies'      
,field4 ,the 8,egyptian pilgrims0 thence
 spread abroad over the ,interior1 where
 their tents often attract the          
traveller's eye2 and some of them became

 distinguished criminals1 like the      
,gypsy ,beij1 one of the chief ,thugs1  
whose career1 ended by hanging for the  
murders which long disgraced the        
,mantiqueira ,mountains1 ,i have        
described in the ,highlands of the      
,brazil 7i4 #fc74  ,wandering about the 
provinces of ,s4 ,paulo and ,minas      
,geraes1 ,i often met ,gypsy groups     
whose appearance1 language1 and         
occupations were those of ,europe4 ,they
 are here perhaps a little more violent 
and dangerous1 and the wayfarer looks to
 his revolver as he nears their camp at 
the dusk hour2 yet they are hardly worse
 than the 8,morpheticos0 7lepers71 who  
are allowed to haunt the country4       
,popular books and reviews ignore them2 
but the peasantry regard them with      
disgust and religious dread4 ,they      
protest themselves to be pious          
,catholics1 yet they are so far the best
 of ,protestants1 as they protest1      
practically and energetically1 against  
the whole concern4 ,their religion1 in  

fact1 is embodied in the axiom3 8,cras  
moriemur--post mortem nulla voluptas40  
,we may well believe the common rumour  
which charges them with being robbers of
 poultry and horses1 and with doing at  
times a trifle in the way of            
assassination4  ,on ,may #c1 #ahff1 when
 riding from ,rio ,claro to ,piracicava 
,sa ,paulo1 ,i visited a gang of these  
8verminous ones02 and attended by my    
armed servants1 ,i spent a night in     
their tents4 ,the scene was familiar3   
the tilt-tent swarmed with dark         
children1 the pot hung from the         
triangle1 and horses and ponies for     
carriage1 and perhaps for sale1 were    
picketed about4 ,the features and       
complexion were those of the foreign    
tinkler2 the women1 besides trumpery    
ornaments of brass1 coral1 and beads1   
wore scarlet leg-wraps2 and some of the 
girls were pretty and well dressed as   
the memorable ,selina1 of ,bagley ,wood1
 ,oxford4 ,apparently they were owners  
of negro slaves1 possibly runaways4     

,according to the ,brazilians1 they are 
fond of nomes esquisitos 7fancy names72 
,esmeralda and ,sapphira are common1 and
 they borrow from trees1 plants1 and    
animals4  ,their chief occupations are  
petty trade and fortune-telling1 when   
they reveal for a consideration all the 
mysteries of 8love and law1 health and  
wealth1 losses and crosses40 ,they also 
8keen0 at funerals during the livelong  
day1 and drink1 sing1 and dance through 
the night--a regular wake4 ,i could not 
induce them to use their own tongue1 yet
 they evidently understood me4 ,this    
desire to conceal their ,gypsy origin ,i
 have frequently noticed elsewhere4 ,it 
is probably a relic of the days of their
 persecution4 ,fortunately in most      
civilized countries to-day the ,gypsy   
can count equal rights with other men4  
,,iii4  ,,el ,,islam     ,,el ,,islam   
,,or  ,,the ,,rank ,,of ,,muhammadanism 
,,among ,,the ,,religions ,,of ,,the    
,,world   ,a great philosopher in days  
of yore informs us that we may search   

the world throughout1 and that in no    
region where man has lived can we find a
 city without the knowledge of a god or 
the practice of a religion 7,plutarch74 
,this apophthegm embodies a dogma       
somewhat too rash and sweeping4 ,the    
necessity of a ,demiurgos--a            
,creator--so familiar to our minds is   
generally strange to savages4 ,the      
wilder tribes of ,singhalese ,veddahs1  
for instance1 have no superstition2     
these savages have not even attained the
 fear of demons4 ,it has but scant hold 
upon the imagination of barbarous men4  
,the ,buddhists and ,jains ascribed     
after ,sakya-,muni the phenomena of the 
universe to ,swabhva1 or force inherent 
in matter1 ,matra1 and independent of an
 ,ishwara-,karta1 or ,manufacturing     
,god4 ,aristotle and ,spinoza believed  
with ,pythagoras the world to be        
eternal1 and that a ,god cannot exist   
without the world1 as height without    
breadth4 ,hence ,hegel's 8eternal       
nihilum0--creation being everything for 

created beings--in direct opposition to 
,calvin1 who opined that creation is not
 a transfusion of essence1 but a        
commencement of it out of nothing4 ,in  
the present day1 the ,kafirs of the     
,cape1 the ancient ,egyptians1 and      
,african races generally1 barbarians and
 semi-barbarians1 by no means deficient 
in intellect and acuteness1 have never  
been able to comprehend the existence or
 the necessity of a ,one ,god4 ,with    
them1 as with a multitude of civilized  
philosophers--the ,indian ,charvakas1   
for instance--,nature is self-existent1 
,matter is beginningless and endless2 in
 fact1 the world is their ,god4 ,ex     
nihilo nihil fit is the first article of
 their creed4 ,absolute ignorance of any
 ,god1 then1 was the earliest spiritual 
condition of the human family4  ,but    
veneration is inherent in the human     
breast4 ,presently mankind1 emerging    
from intellectual infancy1 began to     
detect absurdity in creation without a  
,creator1 in effects without causes4 ,as

 yet1 however1 they did not dare to     
throw upon a ,single ,being the whole   
onus of the world of matter1 creation1  
preservation1 and destruction4 ,man1    
instinctively impressed by a sense of   
his own unworthiness1 would hopelessly  
have attempted to conceive the idea of a
 purely ,spiritual ,being1 omnipotent   
and omnipresent4 ,awestruck by the      
admirable phenomena and the stupendous  
powers of ,nature1 filled with a        
sentiment of individual weakness1 he    
abandoned himself to a flood of         
superstitious fears1 and prostrated     
himself before natural objects1         
inanimate as well as animate4 ,thus     
comforted by the sun and fire1 benefited
 by wind and rain1 improved by hero and 
sage1 destroyed by wild beasts1         
dispersed by convulsions of ,nature1 he 
fell into a rude1 degrading1 and        
cowardly ,fetissism1 the faith of fear1 
and the transition state from utter     
savagery to barbarism4  ,in support of  
this opinion it may be observed that    

this religion--if indeed ,fetissism     
merit that sacred name--in its earliest 
form contains no traces of a ,godhead or
 a ,creator4#baa ,it is a systematic    
worship of the personified elements1    
productions1 and powers of ,nature1 male
 and female1 and supported by a host of 
associates and subordinates4 ,its triad 
is ,indra1 the ther-god2 ,varuna        
7,greek3 3 ouranos71 the ,sun-god2 and  
,agni1 the ,fire-god4 ,the polytheistic 
triad of the ,puranas being then        
unknown1 the ,creator1 ,brahma1 appears 
in the ,vedas2 the ,preserver1 ,vishnu1 
inferior to ,indra1 represents the      
firmament2 and ,siwa is proved by       
,lassen to have been a local god1       
subsequently admitted by the ,brahmans  
into their vast ,pantheon4 ,still       
further from man's belief in those early
 days is the bold and original thought  
of the ,upanashids and ,vedantas1       
destined so soon to fall before the     
formul of the schools and law-books1 the
 ,puranas and other traditions4 ,there  

,brahm1 or the ,one ,almighty1 is made  
the pinnacle of the gorgeous pagoda of  
belief2 the whole universe1 matter and  
spirit1 is represented to be the very   
substance and development of the        
,demiurgos4 ,in support of their grand  
,pantheism the ,brahma-,sutra declares  
the human soul to be a portion of the   
,deity--divin particula aur--8the       
relation not being that of master and   
servant1 but that of the whole and      
part40 ,creation was assumed to be the  
extension of the ,creator's essence1 as 
the mathematical point produces by its  
increase length1 depth1 and breadth by  
endowing empty space with the properties
 of figure4 ,from this refined and      
metaphysical dogma1 this theoretical    
emanation of being from1 and its        
corollary1 refusion into1 the ,soul of  
the ,world1 springs the doctrine of     
,metempsychosis1 8implying belief in an 
after-state of rewards and punishments  
and a moral government of creation40    
,the votary of ,hinduism has now        

progressed so far as to symbolize the   
vulgar idolatry of the people4          
,beneficent animals are explained as    
symbols of ,brahma's creative and       
,vishnu's preserving functions2 wild and
 ferocious beasts are typified as the   
,deity's destroying power4 ,they revere 
men of splendid abilities and glorious  
actions as having more of the divine    
essence and a directer emanation than   
the vulgar herd4 ,hence the senseless   
idol worship of the unlearned4 ,select  
forms also1 as the cleft of a tree1 are 
chosen to represent materially--oculis  
subjecta fidelibus--the passive power of
 generation1 an upright rock expressing 
the active4  ,thus semi-civilized man   
explains away the follies of his        
childhood1 and excuses himself for      
leaving the ignorant in the outer glooms
 of a symbolical faith4 ,but does       
knowledge precede ignorance--the        
explanation the fable8 ,or is it        
reasonable to suppose that a symbol1 a  
type1 a myth1 was ever worshipped1 or   

that men were ever ashamed of their     
gods8 ,the ,hindu1 and indeed many a    
,christian1 still adores the bull and   
cow1 the rock1 the river1 the idol1 the 
relic1 and the actual image2 they do not
 kneel before its metaphysics4 ,the     
learned explain them into mere          
deifications4 ,they are1 however1 still 
deities to the layman and the esoteric2 
and any attempt to allegorize them would
 be held1 as in ancient ,greece1 like   
the reform of ,epicurus1 mere ,atheism4 
,we must1 however1 justly to appreciate 
these ancient dogmas1 rebecome the      
primitive children of earth--man in his 
infancy4#bab ,the wisdom of ,egypt1 the 
learning of the ,east are now puerility4
 ,but 8who knows what luminous proofs   
were propagated under the disguise of   
their old idolatry8 ,who cannot see that
 imagination1 first active faculty of   
the mind1 was fostered by myth1 the     
moral sense by fable1 and the first     
vacillating steps of knowledge were     
encouraged by precepts now seemingly    

childish and absurd80 7,dabistan74      
,confucius was as disposed to primarize 
secondary causes as his predecessors4   
,owning that he knew nothing about the  
gods1 he therefore preferred to avoid   
the subject4  ,the ancient ,persians1   
according to ,herodotus1 who conversed  
with them1 ignored ,dualism1 their later
 scheme4 ,rejecting the images of gods  
and angels1 they worshipped without     
personification or allegory thereal fire
 drawn from the ,sun4 ,the universe was 
their temple1 their altars ,pyrtheia1 or
 circles of stones1 in the centre of    
which stood the kiblah of their simple  
ignicolism4 ,the very ,puritans of      
heathenry1 they hated the grandiose     
fanes of the ,egyptians1 they plundered 
their magnificent tombs1 slew their     
bestial deities1 and devoured their     
garden gods4 ,presently symbolism began 
to intrude upon the simple and primitive
 faith of ,iran4 ,light and fire1       
according to ,strabo1 were worshipped as
 the fittest emblems of spirit and      

subtile intelligence4 ,zoroaster was    
made to believe in a ,god1 8the ,best1  
,incorruptible1 ,eternal1 ,unmade1      
,indivisible1 and most ,unlike          
everything02 in fact1 an abstraction1 a 
negative4 ,yet ,hyde1 ,anquetil du      
,perron1 and other moderns make the     
,parsee sect to represent with their    
complicated system of rites and         
ceremonies1 their legion of supernatural
 beings1 powers1 and influences1 and    
abstruse ,dualism1 the pure ignicolism  
of the old ,guebre4  ,but the dark epoch
 of savage ,atheism having fulfilled its
 time1 already in the ,fetissism1 the   
,polytheism1 the ,pantheism1 the        
,metempsychosis dogma1 and the ,idolatry
 of the early ,east may be descried the 
dawning of an enlightened ,theism4 ,like
 the dogma of a future state of rewards 
and punishments in ,moses' day1 it was  
not unknown though unexplored4 ,the     
,hindus had their ,vedas ,shashwata1 and
 the ,guebres their ,akarana ,zarwna4   
,the former ruled the triads2 the latter

 was superior to ,hormuzd1 the ,sun1 and
 ,ahriman ,ahura-mana1 the ,evil        
,principle personified4 ,so the ,greeks 
had a ,greek3 3 ,theos1 and the ,romans 
a ,deus1 ignored except as a theory4    
,the ,arabs and the ,mexicans in their  
vast ,polytheism still distinguished    
,al1 the ,supreme ,being1 from the crowd
 of subaltern gods1 angels and devils1  
mediators1 subordinate intelligences1   
incarnations1 transmigrations1          
emanations1 manifestations1 and similar 
earthly representatives4 ,here1 then1   
was the thought-germ of an eternal1     
unmade1 incorruptible1 and creative     
,deity4 ,enveloped in the mists and     
shades of priestly fraud and popular    
ignorance1 still the dogma did exist2   
and so comforting has been its light to 
the soul of man1 that no earthly power  
has ever availed to extinguish it4  ,the
 ,vedas ,shashwata has been interpreted 
by philologists to signify the ,sun4    
,akarana ,zarwna 7boundless time7 is    
clearly synonymous with venerable       

,chronos4 ,so the ,mulungu of ,east     
,africa and the ,uhlungu of the ,kafirs 
mean equally a spirit1 the sun1 or the  
firmament4 ,amongst the ,masai race1    
near ,kilimanjaro1 ,engai1 the ,creator1
 is feminine1 ,god and rain being       
confounded4  ,the similarity of belief1 
of manners and customs1 and even of the 
coincidence of lawful and unlawful food1
 between ,india and ,egypt is too       
striking to be accounted for by mere    
chance4 ,the ,fetissism of the one      
exactly resembled that of the other4    
,both worshipped personified ,nature1 or
 ,manushya-,ohakta2 they exalted into   
godhead and adored the objects of       
gratitude and reverence1 of hope and    
fear4 ,the 8great holy family0 of ,india
 became1 on the banks of the ,nile1     
,osiris1 ,isis1 and ,horus4 ,osiris1    
afterwards typified as the 8incarnate   
,goodness of the ,supreme10 perished to 
overcome ,evil1 was raised to life once 
more1 and became the ,judge of the quick
 and the dead4 ,isis again is the giver 

of ,death1 and ,horus1 or ,hor1 the     
entrance or re-entrance into ,life4     
,every male deity in both systems had   
his ,sakti1 or passive energy1          
symbolized by a woman4 ,both mythologies
 had sacred cattle4 ,eggs1 onions1 and  
beans--favourite articles of diet among 
the present ,muslims--were forbidden to 
both for mystical reasons4 ,the lotus   
flower1 an aboriginal of ,india1 and    
connected with the superstitions of     
either country1 has perished out of     
,egypt with the ,muslims1 who have no   
object in preserving the exotic4 ,in    
,indian mythology was the ,trisiras1 in 
,egypt the ,tevnon1 in ,greece and ,rome
 the ,cerberus1 that three-headed dog in
 ,hades1 whose existence must have been 
communicated from one people to another4
 ,india worships the ,sacred ,serpent1  
the modern ,muslim of ,egypt adores that
 of ,jebel ,shaykh ,haridi4 ,hindu      
,yogis and ,saunyasis still wander to   
the banks of the ,nile1 and prostrate   
themselves before its ruined fanes4     

,society in ,india was divided into four
 great separate bodies--priests1        
soldiers1 tradesmen1 and serviles4 ,the 
,egyptians numbered a sacerdotal order1 
a military caste1 husbandmen1 tradesmen 
and artificers1 and1 lastly1 the        
shepherds1 their abomination4 ,diodorus 
,siculus enumerates five castes4 ,the   
fifth1 however1 or shepherds1 probably  
did not belong to society2 they were    
outcasts1 corresponding with the ,hindu 
mixed bloods4 ,in ancient ,persia the   
rigid castes were also four in number4  
,and as the ,aryas or ,hindus of        
,aryavarrta1 the ,land of ,men1 are     
aborigines of ,ariana and cognates of   
the ,arian race1 perhaps this system of 
artificial and unnatural distinctions   
arose in the regions of ,mid-,asia4     
,indeed1 ,sir ,w4 ,jones came to a      
broader conclusion2 namely1 that the    
three primitive races of mankind must   
originally have migrated from a vast    
central region of earth1 and that that  
region was ,iran4  ,as time wore on1    

,pantheism1 which sees a deity          
everywhere1 even within ourselves1      
regarded the terrestrial gods as earthly
 vessels animated with a spark of the   
,universal ,soul4 ,the subaltern        
deities1 the objects of ,saban worship1 
as the sun1 the moon1 and the fixed     
stars1 were held to be superior         
mediating powers with the ,almighty     
,power4 ,a thousand interpretations1    
physical1 symbolical1 mystical1 and     
astronomical1 were framed by the wise of
 ,memphis4 ,and as amongst the ,hindus1 
so the ,deity of ,egypt was1 though     
revealed to the initiated1 sedulously   
obscured to the vulgar by a host of     
,avatars and incarnations1 of           
transmigrations and subordinate         
intelligences4  ,history is silent upon 
that most interesting subject1 the early
 connexion of ,india and ,egypt4 ,there 
are1 however1 still traces of its       
existence through ,arabia1 although     
,wilford greatly exaggerated the        
subject4 ,throughout ,oman and ,eastern 

,arabia there are traces to the present 
day of castish prejudice4 ,no ,kabl1 or 
man of noble tribe1 however poor1 will  
become a ,haddd 7blacksmith71 a ,shmmr  
7shoemaker1 in ,hindustani ,chamr71 a   
,dabbagh 7tanner71 and a ,nayyl 7dyer74 
,the ,hindus of ,maskat have an ,avatar4
 ,every ,pandit knows that ,shiva and   
his wife1 under the names of            
,kapot-,eshwara and ,kapot-,eshwari1    
visited ,mecca1 and were there          
worshipped under the form of male and   
female pigeons4 ,this notes a direct    
communication along the coast of the    
,shepherd ,kings4 ,again1 it is possible
 that in ages now forgotten the         
thiopians may have received from the    
,hindus their arts1 sciences1 and       
civilization1 which would naturally     
float northwards with the ,nile4  ,from 
,egypt these dogmas passed over to      
,greece1 from ,greece to the ,rasenian  
people of ancient ,etruria4 ,this       
diffusion1 proved by the similarity of  
their belief1 is supported by old       

tradition4 ,herodotus explains the fable
 of the black pigeon that fled to       
,dodona1 and there established the      
oracle on the ground that it was founded
 by a female captive from the ,thebad4  
,the manifest resemblance of the rites  
and ceremonies1 the processions and     
mysteries1 together with the historic   
fact that the greatest minds in ,greece 
had studied with the priest-philosophers
 of ,helispotes and ,memphis1 are the   
main points of circumstantial evidence  
whence rose ,warburton's luminous theory
 that the knowledge of the 8,secret     
,one0 was preserved by the esoteric1 but
 concealed for fear of the profane4 ,he 
was an atheist who believed in a ,single
 ,deity because he thus degraded and    
dishonoured the vulgar gods2 and the    
ancients1 most pious men1 solemnly tore 
to pieces all guilty of similar impiety4
 ,the ,arcana1 however1 were sacred2    
under their shadow any dogma might      
flourish4  ,some ethnologists have      
wondered at the remarkable coincidences 

between the ,etruscan cosmogony and that
 of ,moses4 ,the marvel is easily       
explained4 ,both systems were borrowed  
from the ,egyptians 8skilled in ancient 
learning0 7,apuleius74  ,india and      
,persia1 we have seen1 left their ,deity
 an abstruse and philosophical doctrine1
 a mere abstraction1 8infinite and      
eternal ,nothings40 ,simple efforts of  
the mind and intellect1 they were       
probably added by after-thought to      
perfect and complete the ,pantheon4     
,they were involved in the deepest      
gloom1 whilst man's vision was engrossed
 by the stars and other objective       
creations familiar to his eyes1 and     
through them to his sensuous mind4 ,the 
most ancient philosophers then theorized
 concerning an ,almighty ,creator1      
believed in him by stealth and theory1  
but in practice left him to oblivion and
 neglect4 ,the vulgar bowed1 not to a   
deity1 but to deifications of his       
attributes1 which they had rendered     
material and congenial4  ,it is to be   

presumed that ,egypt advanced a step    
beyond ,india and ,persia1 otherwise so 
many of her dogmas would not have been  
incorporated with the ,mosaic ,code4    
,doubtless ,egyptian priestly seers made
 their ,demiurgos not a mere being of   
the intellect1 but a dominant idea in   
religious theory1 whilst the grovelling 
,fetissism of the people received from  
them a mystic and abstruse              
interpretation4 ,but herein lay their   
fatal error4 ,the priests were not only 
ministers of religion1 they were the    
repositories of every branch of useful  
knowledge1 from medicine to philosophy4 
,the king was by law a priest4 ,if a    
member of the second or military caste  
was raised to the throne1 he was at once
 initiated2 for the 8sons of ,god10 as  
the sovereigns were called1 could belong
 to none but the holy order4 ,the       
learned respected and revered as types  
and symbols what the vulgar worshipped  
and adored with heart and soul4 ,but    
they kept to themselves the benefits of 

their reason1 and invented mysteries and
 gnostic ceremonies--the purple robe of 
religion--to veil that ,holy ,truth the 
contemplation of whose unadorned charms 
belongs to mankind4 ,they left their    
fellow-creatures1 8the most religious of
 men10 utterly ignorant of divine       
knowledge1 the abject worshippers of the
 ,nile and the desert1 of the ichneumon 
and the cat4 ,true they secured to a    
caste the knowledge which is power      
amongst semi-civilized races4 ,but an   
ecclesiastical order1 even in the most  
extensive hierarchies1 is only the      
fraction of a people2 they divided      
therefore their brother-men into priests
 and slaves4 ,woe to him who thus bids  
the human mind go into darkness6  ,we   
have seen1 then1 that ,fetissism        
supplanted ,atheism in the developing   
mind of man4 ,even as alchemy preceded  
chemistry1 magic physics1 and astrology 
astronomy1 in fact as ignorance and     
error have ever paved the way for true  
learning1 so was the worship of ,nature 

the fit preliminary to the worship of   
,nature's ,god4 ,the fulness of time now
 came for the revelation of ,theism1 the
 religion of ,love1 and the only dogma  
that has taken firm root in the hearts  
and minds of the nobler types of man4   
,it matters little what was the modus   
operandi of this inspiration4 ,any      
information above the common            
understanding of the age is justly      
called a revelation1 and every nation   
has received some by which the human    
family has benefited 7,dabistan74 ,we   
may leave ,zealots and ,thaumaturgists1 
,sceptics and ,atheists to dispute ad   
libitum a point unsolvable1 and which1  
if solved1 would be of little advantage 
to mankind4  ,moses1 whose mighty mind  
drew from obscurity ,theism1 or a belief
 in the ,one ,god1 to become the        
corner-stone of the creed1 not of a few 
initiated sages and esoteric students1  
but of a whole people--who shared out to
 mankind their birthright1 a knowledge  
of divine truth--fully understood the   

fatal error of his preceptors1 the      
priestly sages of ,egypt4 ,his history1 
elaborately dressed in the garb of fable
 by after-ages1 appears to be this4     
,circumstances of an accidental nature  
drove him from the banks of the ,nile   
into the eastern deserts4 ,whilst       
feeding the flocks of his ,bedawin      
father-in-law amid the awful scenery and
 the silent1 solemn wolds of ,shur1 he  
nerved his mind to the patriotic task1  
the gigantic scheme of converting into a
 great nation and a ,chosen ,people a   
mere handful of degraded slaves4 ,there1
 too1 he made those local observations  
which1 seen through the mists of        
antiquity and exaggerated by the        
additions and traditions of subsequent  
ages1 became the groundwork of what is  
never wanting in the ,east--wonders and 
signs and miracles from heaven4 ,his    
powers and energies concentrated by     
solitude--and there is no such          
strengthener of the soul when the soul  
is strong--he returned to ,egypt for the

 purpose of carrying into execution his 
stupendous scheme4  ,but ,moses found it
 impossible1 with no stronger hold upon 
his people than certain obsolete tenets 
almost forgotten by the unworthy        
descendants of patriarchal ancestors1 in
 the atmosphere of superstition around  
him and under the baneful shadow of a   
hostile and priestly rule1 to elevate to
 the dignity of manhood the spirits of  
an enthralled1 despised1 and therefore a
 degraded race4 ,what better proof of   
their degeneracy than their demanding to
 know the name of a ,god8  ,this is the 
spiritual state of the ,indian ,pariah1 
who has his idols1 but no idea of an    
,almighty ,godhead1 and who deems his   
dead deities inferior in dignity to a   
live ,brahman4 ,what more indicative of 
their mental subjection to the          
superstitions of ,egypt than their      
imaging the ,one ,supreme by a calf or  
young bull1 the emblem of ,priapus all  
over the ancient world8 ,they were      
equally inferior in physical force4     

,manetho numbers them at #hj1jjj--;a    
prodigious rate of increase1 considering
 their circumstances and social state1  
for the descendants from seventy persons
 in the short space of #dcj years4 ,the 
compilers of the ,book of ,numbers#bac  
give #fjc1eej fighting men from twenty  
years old and upwards2 this1 with women 
and children1 would amount to nearly    
three millions of human beings--an      
extravagant estimate4  ,from this state 
of degradation the thousands of ,israel 
must be raised--must return to the      
condition of their ancestors the bold   
free chiefs of the ,bedawin4 ,they must 
therefore depart from ,egypt1 and must  
prepare themselves1 morally as well as  
physically by the discipline of the vast
 and terrible wilderness1 to enter as   
conquerors the holy ,promised ,land4    
,many must perish under the hardships1  
privations1 and fatigues of             
desert-travelling4 ,according to ,ibn   
,khaldun1 the ,hebrews1 debased by      
slavery1 were unable to oppose the      

,philistines or ,arabs of ,canaan until 
the old generation had died off and a   
new one had grown up in the hardy life  
of the wilderness4  ,the great          
,lawgiver1 a man of angry temper1 as are
 all who accomplish wonderful actions1  
and master of the learning of ,egypt1   
displayed in effecting the deliverance  
of his compatriots a work of itself     
wonderful1 a strength of will1 a power  
of contrivance1 a might of words and    
deeds1 which1 seen by after-ages through
 the dim atmosphere of tradition and the
 mists of national vanity1 has caused   
him to stand forth in the eyes of later 
ages a giant amongst his kind4 ,he has  
been made the subject of fable1         
physically as well as spiritually4      
,josephus speaks of his divine form and 
vast stature4 ,to the present day the   
,arabs of ,sinai show traces of gigantic
 feet and indentations made by a rod    
which must have been taller than a mast4
 ,the monuments of ,egypt1 so full of   
minute information1 allude neither to   

,moses nor to the ,exodus4 ,the         
migration of a few brickmaking slaves   
was1 amongst a people surrounded by     
nomadic tribes1 an event too common1 too
 unconsequential1 to claim a line of    
hieroglyph4 ,but the people of old1 in  
this point reversing our modern style of
 national genealogy1 ever strove to     
dignify and to adorn their birth2 and   
the ,hebrews1 who claimed the most      
ancient as well as the noblest of       
pedigrees1 could not tell the tale of   
their origin as a nation without        
elevating its simple estate by a hundred
 fables1 and embellishing it with signs 
and marvels and wonders tending to the  
honour of the ,chosen ,people and of    
their great leader4  ,in one main point 
the ,lawgiver miscalculated his powers4 
,he had proposed making of his ,hebrew  
followers a race of pure ,theists1 a    
kingdom of priests1 a holy nation1      
reverencing nothing but the ,one        
,supreme1 worshipping him without medium
 or mediator1 and therefore independent 

of temples and sacerdotal castes and the
 long list of ceremonies and sacred     
paraphernalia by which hierarchies      
strengthen and perpetuate their sway4   
,but the ,hebrew mind was thoroughly    
unfitted to receive pure truth4 ,amid   
the awful preternatural scenes which1   
according to their own accounts1        
heralded the proclamation of the ,god of
 ,israel1 with battle and destruction1  
miraculous plagues and fire and openings
 of the earth ever ready to punish those
 who denied their ,deity or disobeyed   
his servants1 this wonderful people were
 in a perpetual state of useless        
gainsaying and impotent revolt4 ,deeply 
imbued with the tenacious superstitions 
of the ,nile1 the stiff-necked race had 
become irritable rather than strong     
under the painful training of the       
desert1 they longed and begged for a    
return to slavery1 and none had eyes to 
look steadfastly upon the unveiled light
 of ,revelation emanating from their    
leader and lawgiver4  ,finding1 after   

his return from temporary seclusion and 
retirement1#bad his chosen people       
worshipping a molten calf1 the god      
,apis1 and playing--in other words1 a   
scene of ,egyptian debauchery--,moses   
broke in wrath the first ,tables of the 
,law 7,exod4 xxxii4 #ai74 ,these        
consisted simply of the ,ten            
,commandments1 a forbiddal to make gods 
of gold and silver1 easy directions for 
building an earthen altar of sacrifice1 
and a brief civil and criminal code     
embodied in three chapters4 ,after      
another term of forty days and nights   
spent in solitude amongst the awful and 
impressive scenes which had witnessed   
his meditations when feeding ,jethro's  
flocks1 and now saw the disappointment  
of his early aspirations1 ,moses        
returned with a code 7,exod4 xxxiv47    
better fitted to the sickly and diseased
 condition of the ,hebrew soul4 ,of this
 the proportion of the ritual to the    
moral precepts is as ten to two4 ,it is 
a priestly system1 a faith of feasts and

 sacrifices1 of holy days and ceremonies
 purposely assimilated to those         
idolatries of ,egypt with which the     
minds of the people were familiar but   
secured to the worship of ,jehovah their
 ,god4 ,the ,lawgiver no longer         
disdained to borrow from symbolical     
religion1 especially in the ceremonial  
worship1 which at first he appears to   
have avoided4 ,the ark and the          
tabernacle were old types amongst the   
,egyptians1 memorials of their ,northern
 migration4 ,the ,urim and ,thummim 7,ra
 and ,thenei7 were the ,sun and         
personified ,justice--,light and ,truth4
 ,the ,elohim were ,kneph and ,pthah1   
the presiding spirit and the creative   
intellect of the ,supreme4 ,the ,spirit 
of ,god that moved upon the face of the 
waters is again the ,deity ,kneph4 ,the 
silence with which ,jehovah was to be   
adored appears to be an idea borrowed   
from ,amun ,ra1 the ,unutterable ,word1 
similar to the ,hindu 8,aum10 which     
never must be spoken of man4 ,the ,tree 

of ,life1 whose fruit made gods of those
 who tasted it1 was a mere symbol1 long 
before the day of ,moses incorporated in
 the ,indian and ,egyptian mythologies4 
,it survived in the ,christian's early  
belief1 and has even left its traces in 
the ,tuba or ,paradisiacal tree of ,el  
,islam4  ,the cosmogony of ,moses may be
 traced to the same origin4 ,the        
formation of the globe1 so different    
from modern theory2 the separating of   
matter into four elements1 fiery        
firmament1 air1 sea1 and earth2 and the 
derivation of animals from dust1 were   
,egyptian dogmas4 ,the ,hebrew historian
 held to the eternity of matter1 the    
theory of ancient philosophy in general4
  ,the creation of man 7,gen4 i471 which
 we take figuratively1 referring divine 
resemblance to the soul1 to             
righteousness1 and to true holiness1 the
 ,hebrews believed in literally and     
physically4 ,as the ,lord formed man in 
his own image1 so man in return         
anthropomorphized the ,deity4 ,theirs   

was a personal ,god with mortal shape   
and human passions1 who hated the       
,canaanites for no sin of their own1 and
 loved the ,hebrews for no merit of     
their own1 but for the sake of their    
ancestors4 ,the 8angry ,god0 and the    
8jealous ,god of ,moses0 stand for the  
orthodox opinion of even the modern     
,jews4#bae  ,in proportion as we return 
to the ignorance of antiquity and seek  
out the metaphysics of savage races1 so 
we find the personality of a ,god1 a    
description of his form1 and an account 
of his actions and passions most        
prominently brought forward4 ,savages   
and barbarians cannot believe without   
anthropomorphizing their ,great ,spirit4
 ,on the other hand1 ,muslims reject the
 tenet4 ,amongst them some sects1 as the
 ,bayzawi1 deny1 and hold it impiety to 
assert1 that even in a future state the 
eyes of the beatified shall see ,allah4 
,again1 the ,hebrew ,paradise is the    
vestige of an old legend current        
throughout the ,eastern world4 ,the     

,hindus had their ,satya ,yug1 the      
,persians ,eriene ,vigo1 and the ,greeks
 their ,golden ,age4 ,it must be        
observed1 however1 that1 though we place
 the ,garden upon earth1 learned ,rabbis
 locate it in the first or lowest       
heaven1 which is the exact reflection of
 this nether world4 ,sakya ,buddha      
taught that human beings first appeared 
by apparitional birth4 ,they were       
glorious and happy1 pure and            
passionless1 till one of them tasted a  
savoury substance produced by the earth4
 ,the example was followed by the rest2 
thus purity decayed1 the empire of sense
 gained the ascendency1 excess followed 
indulgence1 and degeneracy excess4 ,the 
same legend has been preserved in       
grosser form by ,el ,islam4 ,adam is    
made to eat wheat1 and thus became      
subject to human infirmities4 ,the      
,magian ,scriptures contain traditions  
of a migratory march of the people of   
,hormuzd1 under their patriarch         
,jamshid1 from ,eriene ,vigo or pure    

,iran1 supposed by the ,guebres to be   
the primeval seat of their race1 and    
located near ,balkh1 the ancient        
,bactria4 ,it was the region of all     
delights till ,ahriman the ,evil ,one   
made in its river the ,serpent of       
,winter4 ,with respect to the           
inhabitants of ,paradise1 our first     
parents1 it may be mentioned that many  
,eastern as well as ,western learned men
 have supposed that ,adam prior to the  
creation of ,eve was androgynous2 that  
is to say1 at once male and female      
7,mirabeau74  ,the promulgation of      
,moses' new code was not popular among  
the ,hebrews4 ,checked in his patriotic 
intentions1 the ,lawgiver1 however1     
bravely persisted in the course of      
preparation which he had commenced4     
,long and long years the ,chosen ,people
 wandered in danger and difficulty round
 and round a region ever and in every   
way fitted to produce a hardy1 rugged1  
and warlike race4 ,and when all was     
prepared for the work of conquest1 the  

great ,leader would not head the        
expedition to the ,land of ,promise4 ,in
 his latest act he displayed the        
magnanimity which had supported him     
through a life of labour and            
disappointment1 the real vigour and     
grandeur of his mind4 ,casting away the 
superstitions concerning man's body     
which ,egypt taught1 and resisting the  
temptation that might have seduced a    
softer soul1 namely1 a train of mourners
 and a mausoleum as a last home1 he did 
for himself what he had done for his    
followers3 he wandered over the desert  
till his hour approached1 he chose as   
leader of the expedition a younger and  
more energetic man1 and finally he died 
and left the place of his tomb to this  
day unknown4 ,he bequeathed1 however1 to
 the world a cosmogony1 history1 and    
ethnography the essence of old ,oriental
 learning1 and to the present day       
perhaps the most interesting document of
 the kind ever penned by man4 ,he gave  
to his followers a code in which the    

highest intellect is blended with       
experience and thought in the most      
trivial things2 the cantonment orders1  
for instance1 cannot be improved in the 
present century4 ,he left men where he  
had found slaves1 a successor trained to
 carry out the favourite scheme and hope
 of his life1 and finally a name that   
will float down the stream of time till 
merged into the ocean of eternal        
oblivion4  ,but ,moses left his         
dispensation imperfect4 ,he feared the  
relapse of his followers into the dark  
idolatries of the ,nile4 ,he therefore  
dealt only in obscure allusions to a    
resurrection1 to another life1 to a     
futurity of rewards and punishments--the
 mighty lever with which religion moves 
the moral world of man4 ,that such was  
the case is proved by this fact3 the    
prophets and others who succeeded       
,moses1 viewing the future practically  
and not with philosophical indifference1
 made in all their schemes the hereafter
 of man a prominent feature4 ,the dogma1

 moreover1 as we have seen1 was known1  
and well known1 to all the              
semi-civilized races of men4 ,in the    
creed of ,moses1 however1 a purely      
temporal system of rewards and          
punishments supplied the place of that  
future retribution so elaborated in the 
,hindu1 the ,guebre1 and the ,egyptian  
systems4 ,this was the great defect in  
his grand scheme4 ,the hope and fear of 
a life to come1 of a world in which the 
apparent inconsistencies of the         
transient mundane state shall be        
explained and remedied1 where suffering 
virtue shall triumph and triumphant vice
 shall suffer--a proclivity for this    
belief is implanted by nature in the    
very soul and heart of man4 ,like       
veneration1 it is instinctive rather    
than reasoning1 an exertion of sentiment
 rather than an effect of intellect4    
,against a dogma based upon such        
foundations it is vain to contend4 ,and 
in the moral government of the world it 
presents such vantage-ground to all who 

would discipline and elevate mankind1   
that it has been cultivated in every    
system1 proscribed by none4 ,the        
,hebrews1 however1 were left to learn   
this essential article of faith1 during 
the ,babylonish captivity1 from the     
,assyrians1 the ,guebres1 and other     
,pagans4  ,the ,jehovah of ,moses1      
moreover1 was in other points than      
personality an imperfect conception4    
,the ,deity1 it is true1 was drawn forth
 from the thick veil of mystery with    
which the learned of ,india and ,egypt  
had invested him4 ,his existence was    
proclaimed not to a caste or a class2 it
 was published to a whole people4       
,still1 he was the ,god of ,abraham1 of 
,isaac1 and of ,jacob1 not the ,god of  
,eternity--the ,god of all men4 ,a local
 deity1 his cult and knowledge were     
confined to one people1 to a mere       
fraction of the human kind4 ,moses1     
then1 was essentially a benefactor to   
the ,hebrews1 but he was not a          
benefactor to man4  ,presently a new    

,reformer appeared upon the worldly     
stage4 ,the ,hebrew code had long before
 his day begun to decline2 for forms of 
faith1 being but earthly things1 are    
subject to that eternal law which to    
every beginning pre-creates and ordains 
an end4 ,its decay was hastened by      
political convulsions4 ,the captivity of
 the ,jews had supplied them with a     
multitude of new and strange articles of
 belief derived from their ,pagan       
masters4 ,hence arose heresies and      
schisms1 which further weakened the     
ancient edifice1 tottering as it was    
from the effects of age1 from the new   
creed-wants of the people1 and from the 
shocks of the passing events4 ,the      
,sadducees1 adhering to the letter1     
rejected the spirit of the ,books of    
,moses4 ,pharisaic superstition founded 
upon tradition--that earthy alloy ever  
added to the pure ores of heavenly      
revelation--was fast undermining the    
temple of ,judaism4 ,idolatry had       
perished by slow degrees out of the     

land2 but the contrary extreme1         
bibliolatry1 to use a modern word1 sown 
upon the wide ground of priestly pride  
and castish prejudice1 had spread rankly
 over the world of ,judaism4 ,to clear  
away this poison growth1 to reform the  
people of ,israel1 ,jesus of ,nazareth  
began his ministry4  ,a man of humble   
fortune1 but of proud birth1 the        
,founder of ,christianity preached a    
creed in conformity with his            
circumstances4 ,his tenets were the     
,essene1 the third sect of              
philosophizing ,jews4 8,while the       
,pharisees were heaping traditions upon 
the original structure of the ,mosaic   
system1 and the ,sadducees were rigidly 
preserving and adhering to the          
simplicity of that structure1 the       
,essene gave their whole mind to the    
ascertainment and realization of its    
moral import40 ,they were thus the      
,sufis1 the ,spiritualists1 and the     
,gnostics of ,judaism4 ,they abounded   
most at ,alexandria1 then the grand     

centre where the ,greek and the ,roman1 
the ,indian and the ,persian1 met the   
,arab and the ,egyptian4 ,a species of  
anchorite philosophers1 they called     
themselves physicians of souls and      
bodies2 they lived in voluntary poverty1
 rigid chastity1 and implicit obedience 
to the civil power2 they were purists in
 language1 non-resistants1 and haters of
 political action4  ,such tenets1       
publicly announced as a voice from      
heaven1 were of course offensive to the 
ruling factions at ,jerusalem4 ,the     
people also that flocked to the         
preaching of the new ,prophet were      
disappointed by his proclaiming to them 
a spiritual kingdom not the heritage of 
wealth1 splendour1 and glory1 so        
distinctly promised to them by the seers
 of former generations4 ,they were but  
poorly put off with a type or symbol4 ,a
 reformer is rarely popular1 and reform 
is a dangerous work among a people so   
hasty and headstrong as the ,jews4 ,but 
,christ's teaching was not for the ,jews

 only2 he was preparing to spread abroad
 amongst mankind a knowledge of the ,one
 ,supreme1 when1 falling a victim to    
priestly wiles1 the ,prophet of         
,nazareth suffered an ignominious death4
 ,but he had given an impetus to the    
progress of mankind by systematizing a  
religion of the highest moral           
loveliness1 showing what an imperfect   
race can and may become2 and by the     
labour of a devoted life he had         
instituted a college of successors who  
after him might preach the glad tidings 
to all the nations of the earth4  ,the  
,prophet of ,nazareth had declared his  
mission to be for the purpose of        
establishing and confirming the ,law of 
,moses4 ,as it first appeared1          
,christianity was rather strong in the  
weakness around it than strong in its   
own strength4 ,it was a system for      
anchorites and ascetics4 ,the reformed  
faith abounded also in a matter usually 
consigned in the ,east to bards and     
mystics2 namely1 principles of almost   

superhuman beauty often couched in      
highly poetical language1 principles not
 the creation of one mind1 but the      
current coinage of philanthropy from    
time immemorial4 ,islam all over the    
,east has left its principles as a      
heritage to poets1 and right well have  
they performed their duty to mankind4   
,from the literature of the ,hindus and 
,persians1 the ,egyptians and the       
,arabs1 it would be easy to collect a   
code of morality and a law of           
benevolence as pure and amiable as ever 
entered the heart of man4 ,the whole    
practice of the ,sufi consists in       
seeking the ,divinity1 not as the       
8popular prudential and mercenary       
devotee10 but from fervency of love to  
,god and man4 ,he 8proclaims the        
invisible truth above the visible       
comfort02 his entire resignation can    
face the horrors of eternal death       
inflicted by divine ,will2 8he has      
something higher even than everlasting  
gain40  ,eventually1 however1 this      

almost supernatural morality1           
incorporated with a creed to the        
detriment of its practical tendency2    
this substitution of love for justice1  
of mercy for retribution1 of forgiveness
 for punishment2 this purely spiritual  
system1 that first neglected all the    
most necessary material details of      
ablution1 dietetics1 and even formul and
 positions of prayer1 could never endure
 in the sensuous and passionate         
populations of the ,east4 ,from its     
further hold upon the instincts1 the    
affections1 and the prepossessions of   
the ,jews1 this reformation had neither 
extension nor continuance4 ,the         
,ceremonial ,law of ,moses1 adapted to  
an idle and unoccupied race in a        
temperate climate and a land of plenty  
with its operose and time-wasting system
 of prayer and purification1 of         
festivals and processions1 was it is    
true at first not abolished but         
confirmed4 ,but a simple and far more   
catholic system was required for the    

wants of the universe4 ,amongst the     
inspired followers of the ,founder of   
,christianity one was found capable of  
executing the task4 ,with a daring hand 
,paul1 the ,apostle of the ,gentiles1   
rent asunder the tie connecting         
,christianity with ,judaism4 ,his       
efforts were crowned with success4 ,he  
offered to the great family of man a    
,church with a ,deity at its head and a 
religion peculiarly of principles4 ,he  
left the moral code of ,christianity    
untouched in its loveliness4 ,but he    
abolished the civil and criminal law of 
,moses4 ,and he boldly did away with the
 long-cherished customs and the         
ordinances of food and diet which in    
olden times were used as the means of   
segregating the ,israelites from the    
races around them4 ,circumcision was no 
longer necessary1 although his divine   
,master had submitted to the rite2 the  
distinction between beings pure and     
impure1 one of the strongholds of       
,judaism1 was broken down2 and finally1 

as neophytes began to multiply1 the     
,gentile was raised to the level of the 
,jew4  ,the last step taken by the stern
 ,apostle suggests the possibility of   
his having determined to disconnect     
totally the reformed religion with      
,juda4 ,a ,roman himself1 and therefore 
well acquainted with that ruling race1  
and convinced of their physical and     
psychical superiority over the ,asiatic 
family1 he courted conveyance to ,rome1 
and there energetically carried on the  
work of propagandism4 ,he died a martyr2
 but not in vain was his blood shed4    
,from the grain of faith implanted by   
him in the little dungeon below the     
,capitol sprang a goodly tree1 under    
whose comfortable shade half the        
civilized world have found repose4 ,in  
process of time the offshoots spread    
amongst the noble barbarians of the     
,north1 then beginning to occupy the    
stage of the world4 ,christianity1 which
 in ,juda and confined to the ,east     
would have been the faith of a few      

hermits and visionaries1 acquired in    
,europe a depth and fervency of popular 
belief which shortly overthrew all      
opposition4 ,it is not wonderful that in
 this course of events the ,christian   
distinguishes the finger of ,god6  ,when
 the master-minds had vanished from the 
scene1 their successors in the ,east    
introduced other and less defensible    
changes4 ,christianity in the ,east was 
surrounded by the impurest of           
influences4 ,its latitude of belief and 
absence of ceremonial allowed it to be  
worked upon by the theurgic incarnations
 of the ,buddhists1 the demiurgic       
theories of the ,eastern and ,western   
,gnostics1 the ,triad of the ,brahmans1 
the ,dualism of the ,persians1 the      
,pharisaic doctrine of the first ,son of
 the ,supreme--,osiris in a new         
shape--together with the metaphysics of 
the ,ebionites1 the ,speculatists1 and  
other sects of ,grecian or rather of    
,egyptian origin4 ,from the ,straits of 
,hercules to the coast of ,coromandel1  

it was split up into a legion of        
heresies and schisms4 ,syria and ,arabia
 seem to have been the grand central    
focus4 ,the ,church was distracted by   
the frowardness of her children1 and the
 ,religion of ,love was dishonoured by  
malice and hate1 persecution and        
bloodshed4  ,still the reformed religion
 throve--and what tenets do not8--under 
the influence of a moderate persecution4
 ,when1 however1 under the rule of      
,constantine1 the sun of prosperity     
poured its splendours full upon the     
favoured faith1 an ascetic enthusiasm1  
gloomy ideas of seclusion1 celibacy1 and
 self-immolation1 and a censure on      
wealth and industry pronounced by       
religious hallucination1 in fact the    
poisonous portions of the ,essene       
,school1 spread subtilely through the   
whole body of ,christianity4 ,everywhere
 in the ,east these practices require to
 be suppressed1 not to be encouraged4   
,where the face of ,nature is gay and   
riant1 to impressionize mankind gloom   

and horror in the ,world of ,spirit are 
contrasted with the glory and the       
brilliancy of the scenes of sense4 ,this
 is the stronghold of the ,demonolatry  
and ,witchcraft of the ,fetissist1 the  
abominable paganisms of the ,hindu1 the 
superstitious follies of the ,guebre1   
and the terrible ,sabaism of the ancient
 ,mexican4 ,all are perfectly suitable  
to the genius of the people1 to the     
climate1 and to the scenery around them4
  ,thus in ,syria and ,egypt            
,christianity became degraded4 ,it sank 
into a species of idolatry4 ,the acme of
 absurdity was attained by the          
,stylites1 who conceived that mankind   
had no nobler end than to live and die  
upon the capital of a column4 ,thus     
nations were weakened4                  
,self-mortification and religious       
penances soon degenerate a race1        
especially in hot climates1 where a     
moderate indulgence in the comforts1 the
 luxuries1 and the pleasures of life    
strengthens the body and with it the    

mind of man4 ,the founders of           
,christianity had neglected to insist   
upon daily prayer at stated times1 and  
ceremonial cleanliness1 which is next to
 godliness4 ,they forgot those dietetic 
directions and prescriptions so         
necessary in the ,east1 and allowed the 
use of inebrients1 together with impure 
and unwholesome meats as pork and       
rabbit's flesh4 ,man's physique suffered
 from their improvidence4 ,thus1 whilst 
,christianity increased in numbers and  
powers1 some once populous and          
flourishing countries--,egypt for       
instance--declined1 and fell to the     
lowest depths of degradation4 ,it is the
 race of man that exalts the faith in   
proportion to man's moral and material  
excellence4 ,the faith fails1 on the    
other hand1 to raise a degraded race4   
,the ,armenians and ,abyssinians have   
derived little from the specific virtues
 of ,christianity4 ,inferior in mind and
 body to the ,turks and ,arabs1 they    
have degenerated into a semi-idolatry at

 once ridiculous and contemptible4 ,with
 respect to moral conduct1 a modern     
traveller 7,curzon1 ,armenia7 has had   
the courage openly to state that in     
,turkey not one-tenth part of the crime 
exists which is annually committed in   
,christendom4 ,sectarians are fond of   
citing in favour of their ,reformation  
the superiority of the ,protestant over 
the ,catholic cantons of ,switzerland4  
,they forget that the former belong to  
the hardy and industrious nations of the
 ,north1 and that the latter are in     
climate and population indolent         
,southrons4  ,to return eastward4 ,about
 the sixth century of its era the       
,christian world called loudly for      
reform4 ,when things were at their      
worst1 ,muhammad first appeared upon the
 stage of life4 ,it is here proposed to 
touch briefly upon the points wherein   
due measure of justice has not yet been 
dealt by philosophic and learned ,europe
 to the merits and value of ,el ,islam4 
,the ,western nations were so long      

taught to look upon the forcible        
propagandism of ,muhammad as a creed    
personally hostile to them1 they were so
 deeply offended by the intolerant      
,deism and ,monotheism of the scheme1   
and finally so rancoured by their fierce
 wars and deadly collisions with the    
,muslim1 that certain false views have  
long been1 and still continue to be1    
part or rather essence of the subject4  
,and though in this our modern day a    
wiser and more catholic spirit of       
inquiry and judgment has not been       
deterred from manifesting itself1 still 
even in the writings of those who pride 
themselves most upon candour and freedom
 from prejudice not a little of the bad 
old leaven offends the taste4 ,men do   
not now1 it is true1 fear the imputation
 of 8turning ,turk0#baf--;an expression 
since become common1 and coupled by old 
writers 7,burton1 ,anatomy of           
,melancholy7 with 8betraying father1    
prince1 and country1 forsaking religion1
 and abjuring ,god40 ,nor does there    

survive in ,europe the former rancorous 
hate for the founder and creed1 for the 
apostles and followers of ,el ,islam4   
,still1 it is to be repeated the ,saving
 ,faith has not yet been allowed to     
assume its proper rank and position     
amongst the religions of the world4 ,and
 the moderns rather busy themselves in  
philosophizing over and in detecting    
flaws and falsehood rather than in      
seeking out the truth1 the merits1 and  
the beauties of a religion which for    
thirteen centuries has been the light   
and 8life guidance0 of one-fifth of     
mankind 7,carlyle1 ,hero ,worship74     
,these four are briefly the most popular
 errors of the present day upon the     
subject of ,el ,islam3  ,in the first   
place1 it is determined to be merely a  
perceptive faith1 and therefore adapted 
only to that portion of mankind whose   
minds1 still undeveloped and            
uncultivated1 are unripe for a religion 
of principles4 ,this is partly correct  
of the corrupted1 untrue of the pure1   

belief2 it will somewhat apply to the   
tenets of the ,turks and ,persians1 but 
not to those of the first ,muslims and  
the modern ,wahhabis4 ,the spirit of the
 religion1 its sentiments1 and its      
sthetics were committed to the poets of 
,el ,islam1 and right worthily have they
 fulfilled their task4 ,it is not too   
much to assert that almost every        
celebrated metrical composition amongst 
,muslims is either directly or          
indirectly devotional4 ,even the        
licentious ,anacreons of ,persia and    
,india1 ,hafiz and ,jafar i ,zatalli1   
disguise their grossness under a garb of
 mystical double entente4  ,but even in 
their purely spiritual songs and hymns  
the poets of ,el ,islam do not betray   
that poverty of invention and puerility 
of imagination that distinguish the     
religious rhymesters of ,christianity4  
,in the great and noble literature of   
,england1 for instance1 there is but one
 poem founded upon the base of          
revelation--,paradise ,lost4 ,who can   

arise from its perusal without the      
conviction that a splendid genius has so
 fettered himself with his theme that   
many ballad-mongers have produced more  
poetical effects upon the reader8 ,who  
rises without disgust at the dialogues  
of the ,father and the ,son in which is 
discussed at length ,calvinistic        
sectarianism8 ,and what ,christian1 who 
deems his ,holy ,trinity a sacred       
mystery of the ,spirit beyond1 not      
contrary to1 material reason1 would not 
blush to see his ,divinity thus degraded
 in the eyes of the stern deistical     
,muslim8  ,the ,koran--the only standard
 of divine ,truth universally admitted  
by ,el ,islam--consists of threefold    
matter3 of historical and legendary     
lore1 of principles moral and psychical1
 and of materials for a loose and       
scattered code of laws4 ,and here1 it   
may be observed1 that1 with perhaps the 
exception of the ,pentateuch1 which we  
have seen required its tradition1 no    
code embodied in the sacred writings of 

any race has sufficed to govern it4     
,what ,christian nation has ever been   
ruled by ,christian law8 ,even its codes
 are either of its own invention or     
borrowed from ancient custom or         
translated from ,pagan legislation4 ,no 
divine system yet promulgated to mankind
 has sufficed for the civil and criminal
 wants of future and more civilized     
generations4 ,and thus it was with the  
,koran4 ,the precepts of the ,saving    
,faith were not fixed and definite      
enough for the sensuous and objective   
spirit of the ,east4 ,in religion1 as in
 politics1 wherever public opinion is   
lax and impotent1 law is1 and must be1 a
 mass of stringent ordinances so        
disposed as to provide for every        
contingency4 ,such codes cannot deal in 
principles and spirit2 these must be    
extracted--by the few that require      
them--from a well-organized system of   
practical precepts4 ,thus the ,muslim in
 the earliest ages sought to supply the 
imperfections of the code bequeathed to 

him4 ,a remedy was at hand4 ,the        
deceased ,prophet's sayings were still  
fresh in the minds of his wives and     
immediate descendants1 of his           
companions1 and his early successors4   
,all lent their best endeavours to the  
pious task4 ,the earliest traditions    
were of sensible and useful import4     
,presently the most trivial precepts and
 the most puerile practices were either 
forged or remembered by so-called saints
 who made this collection the business  
of their lives4 ,thus in course of time 
and by slow degrees appeared that bulky 
mass of traditional lore popularly known
 as the ,ahadis or ,sayings and the     
,sunnat or ,doings of the ,prophet4  ,by
 such arts were subtle practices and    
silly legends grafted by scholasticism  
upon the primitive annals and laws of   
,el ,islam4 ,in that faith almost every 
tenet or practice to which the          
philosopher could object may be traced  
to the ,sunnat and ,ahadis2 the ,koran  
is wholly free from them4 ,amongst      

others1 upon these1 and upon these      
solely1 must be charged the defect of   
making the system eminently perceptive4 
,muhammad1 like all other ,eastern      
lawgivers1 had suited his ordinances to 
the genius of his people by addressing  
them as semi-civilized men4 ,the schools
 degraded their ,muslims to the         
intellectual rank of babes and          
sucklings4  ,regarding these ,sunnat and
 ,ahadis1 however1 it must be borne in  
mind that they are purely sectarian4    
,the four self-called orthodox schools  
hold to one tradition4 ,the principal   
heresies1 as the ,shiahs and the        
,bayzawi1 have their own recognized     
collections1 whence all emanations from 
impure1 that is to say1 from other      
sources1 have been carefully removed4   
,but ,el ,islam has existed1 and can    
exist1 independently of them4 ,had the  
,wahhabis1 those ,puritans or rather    
,reformers of the ,saving ,faith1       
succeeded in restoring to the ,arabs    
their simple primitive belief1 little of

 the ,ahadis and the ,sunnat would have 
been left to misguide and offend        
mankind4  ,secondly1 men object that the
 ,saving ,faith is one of pure          
sensuality4 ,it is difficult to divine  
how this most erroneous estimate could  
have been formed except by the grossest 
ignorance4 ,possibly it was a vicious   
conclusion thus drawn3 that as the      
,muslim's ,paradise is one of sense1    
consequently there is no limit to his   
sensuality in this world4 ,but ,el      
,jannat1 or the ,heavenly ,garden1 has  
many mansions2 the ignorant and savage1 
the hungry and sensual ,bedawin will    
taste the flesh of birds1 live in a     
golden house1 command any number of     
angelic wives1 and drink the nectars of 
,kafur and ,zingibil4 ,but1 as in       
,christianity so in ,el ,islam1 eye hath
 not seen1 nor hath ear heard1 nor hath 
fancy conceived the spiritual joys of   
those who in mundane life have qualified
 themselves for heavenly futurity4 ,the 
popular error that the ,muslim ,prophet 

denied immortal souls to women1 and     
therefore degraded them to the mere     
instruments of man's comfort and        
passions1 might also have tended to     
represent ,el ,islam as a scheme of     
sense4 ,possibly1 again1 the monogamic  
races of a ,northern clime--for         
monogamy1 polygamy1 and polyandry are an
 affair of geography--shocked by the    
permission to marry four wives and to   
maintain an indefinite number of        
concubines1 overlooked in characterizing
 ,muhammad's ordinances the strict      
limits therein laid down for luxury and 
pleasure4 ,the ,muslim may not take to  
himself a single spouse1 unless able to 
make a settlement upon her1 to support1 
clothe1 and satisfy her4 ,he must act   
with the most rigid impartiality towards
 the whole household1 and strictly avoid
 showing undue preference4 ,he is       
allowed four wives with a view of       
increasing and multiplying his tribe4   
,man in hot and enervating climates     
coming to maturity early1 and soon      

losing the powers which he is tempted by
 moral as well as physical agencies to  
abuse1 would never raise up a large     
family as the husband of only one wife4 
,like the ,patriarchs1 he must have     
handmaids4 ,like the ,jews1 he must be  
allowed polygamy and power of divorce4  
,these1 forbidden by the ascetic        
,essene1 are necessary to the increase  
of mankind in the ,east1 and no religion
 can consecrate an ordinance which1     
directly opposed to the first law given 
by the ,creator to his creatures        
7,genesis71 tends to check that natural 
increase of population which is the     
foundation of all progress and          
civilization4  ,laying aside these      
considerations as too shallow for       
discussion1 can we call that faith      
sensual which forbids a man to look upon
 a statue or a picture8 ,which condemns 
even the most moderate use of           
inebrients1 and indeed is not certain   
upon the subject of coffee and tobacco8 
,which will not allow even the most     

harmless game of chance or skill8 ,which
 rigorously prohibits music1 dancing1   
and even poetry and works of fiction    
upon any but strictly religious         
subjects8 ,above all things1 which      
debars man from the charms of female    
society1 making sinful a glance at a    
strange woman's unveiled face8 ,a       
religion whose votaries must pray five  
times a day at all seasons1 in joy as in
 sorrow1 in sickness as in health8 ,a   
system which demands regular almsgiving 
and forbids all manner of interest upon 
money to those who would be saved8      
,whose yearly fast often becomes one of 
the severest trials to which the human  
frame can be exposed8 ,to whom distant  
pilgrimage with all its trials and      
hardships is obligatory at least once in
 life8 ,whose ,prophet exclaimed1 like  
the ,founder of ,christianity1 ,arabic3 
3 ,al-faqru fakhary#bag 7,poverty is my 
pride71 and who taught his followers    
that two things ruin men1 8much wealth  
and many words08  ,those who best know  

,el ,islam1 instead of charging it with 
sensuality1 lament its leaven of        
asceticism4 ,they regret to see men     
investing these fair nether scenes with 
mourning hues2 8the world is the        
,muslim's prison1 the tomb his          
stronghold1 and ,paradise his journey's 
end40 ,but this could not be otherwise4 
,asceticism and celibacy are the wonted 
growth of hot and ,southern climates1   
where man appears liable to a manner of 
religious monomania4 ,the ,brahman      
householder1 after doing his duty to    
mankind by becoming a husband and the   
father of a family1 ought by the law of 
,menu to leave the world and to end life
 a ,sanyasi amongst the beasts of the   
jungle4 ,no religion is more monastic   
than ,buddhism2 yet it is atheistic4    
,thus the votaries of this organized    
system of selfishness1 this vast scheme 
of profits and losses1 reduced to       
regularity1 are deprived of all hope in 
death1 and yet live the most comfortless
 and unnatural of lives4 8,the world    

knows nothing of its greatest men10 is  
true in more views than one4 ,to the    
,muslim1 time is but a point in         
illimitable eternity1 life is but a step
 from the womb to the tomb4 ,he passes  
from this world directly into the other1
 but not into a new existence2 its every
 aspect and circumstance is as familiar 
to his mind as is the routine of earthly
 existence4 ,he has no great secret to  
learn4 ,the ,valley of ,death has no    
shadow for him2#bah no darkness of      
uncertainty and doubt horrifies his     
fancy4 ,so it came to pass that1        
although ,muhammad expressly and        
repeatedly declared1 8,there is no      
monkery in ,el ,islam10 few schemes have
 produced a more systematic or rigid    
asceticism4 ,even before his death      
monasticism began to appear2 and now the
 ,muslim world is overrun with ,sufis   
and ,kalandars1 with ,fakirs and        
,derwayshes1 with ,santons and recluses4
  ,the third error is that the ,founder 
of the ,saving ,faith began his ministry

 as an enthusiast and ended as an       
impostor4 ,this is the improved modern  
fashion of treating the 8perjuryose     
lying ,machomete0 of our forefathers4   
,we are less gross and dogmatical than  
they were1 though scarcely more         
charitable or philosophical4 ,the       
recognized proofs of 8imposition0 seem  
to be3  ,firstly1 the convenient        
appearance of the ,ayt1 or inspired     
,versets4 ,but what would have been     
their use had they not descended when   
wanted to solve a difficulty or convey a
 precept8 ,do we doubt the ,books of    
,moses because ,revelation is conducted 
upon precisely the same principle8 ,and 
who will deny that enthusiasm would have
 produced them more effectually than    
fraud8 ,it is a general rule that to    
deceive others well we must first       
deceive ourselves4 ,he that would be    
believed in by others must thoroughly   
believe in himself4 ,is it likely that  
such men as ,abubekr and ,umar would    
become the victims of a mere fraud1 so  

palpable to every petty annalist and    
compiler in this our modern day8        
,neither they nor ,muhammad even at his 
dying hour seem to have doubted his     
inspiration4 ,the ,prophet's last words 
were1 8,prayer6 ,prayer60 ,and1         
according to the ,shiahs1 a few minutes 
before breathing his last he called for 
an inkholder and a pen to write the name
 of his successor4 ,is this the         
death-bed scene of a hypocrite or an    
impostor8  ,secondly1 the delivery of   
the inspiration by the ,archangel       
,gabriel1 and the frequent visions of   
heaven and heavenly beings recorded by  
the ,muslim ,prophet4 ,without having   
recourse to any other explanation1 are  
not instances of the kind perpetually   
recorded in the history of mankind8 ,and
 granting that such apparitions are     
purely subjective1 shall we charge with 
fraud all those subject to them8 ,how   
often has the ,founder of ,christianity 
appeared to the highly imaginative races
 of ,southern ,europe8 ,how frequently  

have fervent ,muslims been favoured with
 8a call0 by ,muhammad and ,ali8        
,physicians and men of science have     
accounted for these seemingly marvellous
 apparitions by natural causes4 ,why    
then1 unless by the action of mere      
prejudice1 should we determine the same 
thing to be imposture in one man and yet
 regard it with reverence in another8   
,who also has even ventured to decide   
what the modus inspirandi or the divine 
afflatus really is8 ,the most ancient   
theory apparently is that angels        
7,greek3 3 angeloi7 were used as        
messengers between ,god and man2 and    
thus the ,muslims1 whose tenets are     
identical in this point with the ,jews1 
rank angelic below human nature4        
,thirdly1 the change from peaceful to   
warlike language1 from the arts of      
eloquence and persuasion to the         
propagandism of fire and steel4 ,but did
 not the ,founder of ,christianity      
declare1 8,i came not to send peace1 but
 a sword0 7,matt1 x4 #cd78 ,and did     

,moses disdain to place carnal weapons  
in the hands of his people8 ,the great  
,lawgiver of ,israel sanctioned the     
murder in cold blood of women and       
childish captives4 ,even kings were     
hewed in pieces before the ,lord4 ,these
 atrocities were strictly forbidden by  
,muhammad4 ,even forcible proselytism   
was not allowed4 ,the protg of ,el      
,islam paid a small capitation tax1 and 
was allowed to practise his faith and to
 worship his ,god as his law directed4  
,had1 moreover1 the ,prophet forged the 
fresh order to propagate his scheme by  
the sword1 surely he was not so shallow 
an impostor as to leave behind him those
 peaceful revelations which might so    
easily have been cast into the fire4    
,no2 the man honestly believed1 like    
,moses1 that the voice of ,allah spoke  
within him4  ,the fourth error is that  
,muhammad1 unable to abolish certain    
superstitious rites and customs of the  
ancient and ,pagan ,arabs1 incorporated 
them into his scheme1 and thus          

propitiated many that before avoided    
him4 ,we have seen that the same might  
be objected to ,moses4 ,but ,muhammad   
may surely have believed in the         
defilement of ,allah's holy places by   
,pagans1 and have restored them to their
 pure original purposes4 ,thus the      
,kaabah1 that ,pantheon of the idolater1
 was given to ,el ,islam as the house   
built by ,abraham and ,ishmael4 ,and    
what antiquary so wise as to declare    
that the ,friend of ,god did not visit  
,mecca and there lay the foundations of 
a mosque and an abode8#bai ,the gigantic
 tombs of ,adam and ,eve at ,mecca and  
,jeddah were in the olden times places  
of litholatry4 ,yet might not the       
numerous ,arab ,christians1 in whose    
religion ,muhammad believed before the  
old dispensation was abrogated by a new 
scheme1 have had traditions concerning  
the meeting of our first parents on the 
,mount of ,arafat1 and their sepulture  
in the ,holy ,land8 ,mecca was at that  
time consecrated by no less than five   

religions4 ,the ,guebre had established 
there the ,shrine of ,saturn4 ,the      
,hindu had made it the residence of the 
third person of his triad4 ,the ,pagan  
,arabs had erected there a gigantic     
,pantheon4 ,the ,jews revered it        
because1 as ,ibn ,shaybat relates1      
,moses and ,aaron performed pilgrimages 
there2 when the famous ,tobba ,judaized1
 he invested the house with a splendid  
curtain4 ,and1 finally1 the ,christians1
 according to some authors1 had procured
 admission into the ,kaabah for the     
images of the ,virgin and ,child4       
,colonists and expatriated men readily  
connect the remarkable events and       
incidents of their religion and history 
with the strange objects revered in     
foreign lands4 ,the ,muslims in ,sindh1 
as an instance1 have occupied in force  
most of the sacred places of the        
,hindus2 often1 too1 both ,monotheist   
and ,polytheist worship at the same     
shrine4 ,the original ,yoni becomes a   
,da'asah1 or footprint of ,hazrat ,ali2 

and the sacred alligator of the ,hindus 
is revered as the creation of a ,muslim 
saint4 ,thus in ,ceylon ,buddha's       
retreat has become ,adam's ,peak4 ,the  
description of ,st4 ,mary and the ,holy 
,infant resting in the shade of the     
sycamore tree of ,heliopolis in the old 
apocryphal gospels is clearly borrowed  
from the old ,egyptian symbol1 ,isis    
with ,horus in her lap sitting under the
 ,hiero-sycaminon4 ,in the              
incorporations of traditions then       
current amongst the ,arab ,christians   
there is no valid reason for charging   
,muhammad with fraud4  ,to rank the     
,saving ,faith amongst the religions of 
the world1 it is necessary briefly to   
relate what its founder did for mankind4
 ,a youth of noble origin1 but fallen   
fortunes1 as was the ,prophet of        
,nazareth1 he was strengthened like the 
,jewish ,lawgiver ,moses by travel1     
solitude1 and meditation4 ,jebel ,hira  
was his ,mount ,horeb4 ,but though      
surrounded by learned ,jew and          

,christian1 his education was defective2
 and though1 a genuine ,arab1 he thought
 strongly and clearly1 and he was a     
perfect master of eloquence1 he had none
 of that knowledge which passes for a   
preternaturalism amongst a barbarous    
people4 ,his probity won for him in     
early manhood the surname of ,el ,amin1 
or the ,trusty1 and his noble qualities 
enabled him to marry the wealthy widow  
in whose service he had lived a         
hireling4  ,after a long course of      
meditation1 fired with anger by the     
absurd fanaticism of the ,jews1 the     
superstitions of the ,syrian and        
,arabian ,christians1 and the horrid    
idolatries of his unbelieving           
countrymen1 an enthusiast too--and what 
great soul has not been an              
enthusiast8--he determined to reform    
those abuses which rendered revelation  
contemptible to the learned and         
prejudicial to the vulgar4 ,he          
introduced himself as one inspired to a 
body of his relations and               

fellow-clansmen4 ,the step was a        
failure1 except that it won for him a   
proselyte worth a thousand sabres in the
 person of ,ali1 son of ,abu ,talib4    
,with an uncommon mixture of prudence   
and energy he pursued his task till he  
overcame the hate1 the ridicule1 and the
 persecution of such men as ,abubekr1   
,umar1 and ,usman4 ,expelled by the     
violence of his enemies1 he fled his    
native city--a wonderful contrast to the
 fierceness and the impatience of his   
race4 ,but after a long course of       
meekness and longsuffering in the work  
of proselytizing1 his spirit1 like that 
of ,moses1 rose high against violence   
and oppression1 and at last--for he was 
an ,arab--abrogating his peaceful       
precepts he appealed to the ,god of     
,battles in his combat for a righteous  
cause4 ,heroes and mighty men like      
,hamzah ,khalid and ,amru el ,ays       
flocked to his standard1 and his        
personal valour and high qualities as a 
guerilla soldier soon led him on to     

fortune4 ,after several years' exile1 he
 re-entered as a visitor the walls of   
his native city1 whence he had fled     
persecuted and proscribed4 ,and he lived
 long enough to witness the splendid    
success of his early projects4          
,abolishing all belief in a local or    
personal ,god1 he announced to his      
,arabs the ,one ,supreme1 now in terms  
as terrible as man could bear1 then in  
words so lofty and majestic that they   
sank for ever into the heart-core of his
 followers4 ,he broke to pieces with his
 own hand the images of the ,kaabah1 and
 he witnessed the total extinction of a 
gigantic idolatry--a work of itself     
sufficient to immortalize the memory of 
one reformer4 ,he said of the ,deity1   
8,he is not enclosed by the bonds of    
space or by the limits of time2 he hath 
no form which requireth a former from   
whom he is free2 and whatever concerning
 him entereth thy mind to that he is the
 contrary40 ,he preached ,allah1 the    
,god unapprehensible1 incomprehensible1 

omnipotent1 all-beneficent1 spiritual1  
and eternal4  ,he revived the earliest  
scheme of ,mosaicism and the pristine   
simplicity of ,christianity by making   
every man priest and patriarch of his   
own household4 ,preceding faiths had    
attempted to elevate human nature above 
itself1 and had1 as might be expected1  
degraded the object of their endeavours4
 ,he inculcated the dignity of man      
instead of perpetually preaching human  
degradation1 he respected mortal nature1
 and therefore he made his scheme       
eminently practical with something of a 
higher flight4 ,he did away with the    
incestuous marriage with a father's     
widow2 he abolished the ,wad el ,banat1 
or the murderous inhumation of female   
children4 ,he corrected the laxity and  
immorality of the age by making drinking
 and gambling penal offences1 and by    
forbidding modest women to appear in    
public unveiled4 ,finally1 to mention no
 other great and good works1 by the     
enunciation of a modified               

,fatalism--they greatly err who confound
 it with an absolute ,predestination--he
 attempted to check that tendency of    
self-mortification which he could not   
wholly expel from the affections of his 
countrymen4 ,he died1 not like an       
enthusiast or an impostor1 but as one   
true to the tenets and practices of his 
life2 and he bequeathed to the world a  
,law and a ,faith than which none has   
been more firmly or more fervently      
believed in by mankind1 whose wide      
prevalence--wider indeed than that of   
any other creed--alone suffices to prove
 its extrinsic value to the human       
family4 ,this much did ,muhammad for his
 fellow-creatures4  ,can we wonder that 
the ,arabian ,prophet1 finding himself1 
despite the accidents of fortune1 of    
time1 and place1 so much in advance of  
his age1 so solitary a being amongst the
 fanatic1 the superstitious1 and the    
debased1 fondly believed himself        
,allah's ,apostle1 and the chosen       
instrument of man's regeneration8       

,considering the ardent temperament of  
the ,arab1 his high development of      
veneration1 and his discerning the      
divine hand in every human work and     
change1 can we marvel that he attributed
 the fire of his soul and the strong    
workings of his mind to a something     
preternatural--an inspiration or a      
revelation8 ,the celebrated mystic      
,mansur el ,hallaj was stoned by the    
crowd for using the words1 8,i am       
,truth0 7i4e4 the ,lord74 ,but his ,sufi
 confraternity still explain away the   
apparent irreverence of the saying1 and 
believe him to have been1 as was said of
 ,spinoza1 a ,god-intoxicated man4      
,muhammad's mission1 then1 was one      
purely of reform4 ,he held that four    
dispensations had preceded his own1 and 
that his object was to restore their    
pristine purity4 ,but the ,adamical had 
been obsoletized by the ,noachian       
scheme2 and this by the ,mosaic1 which  
in its turn becoming defunct1 had left  
all its powers and prerogatives to      

,christianity2 thus also the latter     
dispensation in the fulness of time had 
been superseded by the revelations of   
,el ,islam1 the ,saving ,faith4 ,all the
 past was now effete and abrogated4 ,all
 the future would be mere imposture2 for
 his was the latest of religions1 he the
 ,soul of the ,prophets4 ,he accused the
 ,jews and ,christians of entire        
corruption1 of spiritual death1 and     
preached to them with fervour a new     
faith1 a doctrine of life4 ,he openly   
charged them with having altered and    
remodelled their sacred writings4#bbj   
,nor could this charge be denied4 ,it is
 now1 and was then1 impossible to       
discover what ,moses wrote or what was  
written for him by ,ezra the scribe and 
other compilers4 ,the difference of     
style and language1 the frequent changes
 from the first person to the third1 and
 finally the account of the ,lawgiver's 
death and burial conclusively prove that
 the ,pentateuch had in its present     
state more than one author4 ,probably   

the original draught was concise and    
short4  ,even the ,koran contained      
little that was new4 ,with the exception
 of some legends1 the addition of some  
regulations touching the daily prayers  
and the purification of property1 with a
 few ordinances as that of ,diyat or    
blood-money1 disallowed by the          
,pentateuch 7,numb4 xxxv4 and ,deut4    
xix471 but rendered necessary by the    
state of ,arab society1 and some        
dietetic modifications--the camel for   
instance and the horse were recognized  
as pure food1--the ,koran might almost  
be extracted from the ,mosaic and       
,rabbinical writings1 from the          
,evangelists and apocryphalists of the  
,christian era4 ,there is also but      
little to commend in it1 except its     
fiery and commanding eloquence4 ,as a   
code of laws it is eminently defective4 
,he who could write such a work could   
have written much better4 ,muhammad1    
however1 relied for the success of his  
mission upon far higher claims than any 

book4  ,muhammad laid no claims to      
prophecy or to miracles4 ,he called     
himself ,el ,rasl1 and ,el ,nabbi1 the  
announcer of good tidings from ,allah to
 the ,adamites4 ,he did not give his    
name to a new system of belief2 his     
ordinances were designated in a mass as 
,el ,islam1 the ,salvation or the       
,saving ,faith4 ,his night journey to   
heaven1 the subject of so much          
opprobrious declamation1 was either a   
vision or a dream4 ,the splitting of the
 moon1 a tale so monstrously told by his
 posterity1 rests upon no broader basis 
than a line in the ,koran which might   
properly be translated3 8,the hour of   
,judgment shall come1 and the moon shall
 cleave asunder40 ,probably this        
absurdity was the invention of followers
 who determined to dispute for their    
lawgiver with ,joshua's command over the
 host of heaven4 ,an ignorant ,afghan is
 said to have boasted that his ,pir1 or 
spiritual pastor1 the celebrated poet   
,abd el ,kahman1 was in the habit of    

making night journeys like ,muhammad to 
,paradise1 and to have bastinadoed the  
holy man severely when1 taxed with      
impiety1 he denied the irreverent       
assertion4 ,such a ,muhaddis1 or relater
 of the ,prophet's sayings1 as ,abu     
,hurayrah1 the ,father of the ,kitten1  
may fairly1 to judge him by his         
recognized writings1 be suspected of    
such a forgery4 ,muhammad the more      
especially disdained the claim to       
miraculous powers which1 as those who   
know ,eastern lands1 belong to every    
petty saint and village santon4 ,the    
8most extraordinary of ordinary men10   
the historian ,hume1 inferred that1     
because he himself had never seen a     
miracle1 no one else ever saw a miracle4
 ,the ,oriental traveller will          
disbelieve in miracles for the opposite 
reason--because he has seen so many4    
,the rapid and extensive spread of ,el  
,islam1 considered by the ,faithful a   
remarkable instance of divine aid1 is to
 be accounted for without the           

intervention of a ,deity4 ,the ,arabs   
poured forth from their great centre1   
till the whole surplus population was   
exhausted4 ,everywhere they appeared as 
liberators of slaves1 especially in     
,turkey and ,persia1 where an artificial
 and over-refined state of society had  
produced tyrannical despots1 an         
innumerable and insatiable nobility1 and
 a people robbed and spoiled4 ,another  
circumstance favoured the growth of 8the
 ,religion of the ,heavens and the      
,earth40 ,whether we consider the ,arabs
 to have been the aborigines of their   
native wilds1 or1 as the modern theory  
is1 we derive them from the ,highlands  
of thiopia1 it is certain that their    
great success lay amongst a kindred     
people speaking cognate languages4 ,from
 the earliest times1 indeed1 ,arabia had
 sent forth several extensive streams of
 emigration4 ,essentially an ,asiatic   
form of belief1 ,el ,islam could not    
progress beyond the barriers opposed to 
it by geography4 ,not having a ,st4     

,paul to modify1 to change it1 the      
,saving ,faith broke upon the rock of a 
new race4  ,but this ,i claim for ,el   
,islam4  ,the recurring purpose which   
runs through the world is chiefly       
manifested by the higher esteem in which
 man holds man4 ,david made him little  
lower than the angels4 ,christianity1 a 
system of asceticism1 confirmed this    
estimate3 we are fallen beings1 fallen  
not through our own fault2 condemned to 
eternal death1 not by our own demerits2 
ransomed by a ,divine ,being1 not       
through our own merits4 ,el ,islam1 on  
the contrary1 raised man from this      
debased status1 and with the sound good 
sense which characterizes the creed     
inspired and raised him in the scale of 
creation by teaching him the dignity of 
human nature4 ,thus modern ,spiritualism
 is giving a shock to ,christianity1    
whereas ,el ,islam has power to resist  
it4  ,but1 however ,el ,islam prospered 
amongst the kindred races1 it fell flat 
elsewhere4 ,no power of propagandism    

availed in ,china4 ,in ,southern ,spain 
the faith maintained itself for a long  
time2 its letter and spirit1 however1   
were almost lost4 ,the ,zegris and      
,abencerrages were ,european knights1   
not ,eastern4 ,and when pushed forward  
into a ,northern people1 a single       
destructive defeat sufficed to set for  
it bounds which it has never attempted  
to cross4 ,in ,hungary and ,austria     
again1 with a tenfold power1 it failed  
to establish a footing2 and when 8,holy 
,russia0 became sufficiently united to  
be powerful1 ,el ,islam was cast out    
like a corpse4  ,again1 what reconciled 
the ancient ,muslim and endears the     
modern to his creed is its noble        
simplicity4 ,the votary has little or   
nothing comparatively speaking to pay   
for his moral and spiritual             
necessary--religion4 ,he has no tithes1 
and few fees4 ,his places of worship are
 built and maintained by religious      
bequests1 carefully guarded by law and  
custom4 ,muhammad ,ali1 it is true1     

confiscated the 8,wakf0 left to many of 
the ,cairene mosques and tombs4 ,he     
also1 following the example of ,turkey1 
substituted at ,mecca and ,el ,medinah  
yearly pensions for the produce of their
 ancient extensive church lands4 ,but he
 carried out these measures among       
,egyptians1 a race of men whose languor 
and apathy require repeated inducements 
to fight for the faith2 in ,kabul and   
,bokhara the boldest and most powerful  
extortioners would hardly venture upon  
such a sacrilege4 ,the ,islam ,muslim1  
moreover1 has no priesthood2 those whose
 duty it is to preach and pray to the   
people are not churchmen2 they          
temporarily receive from the ,wahil1 or 
mosque-warden1 a few piastres per month2
 but all must live by some honest       
secular calling4 ,even the ,sultan1 the 
,defender of the ,faith1 the            
,representative of the ,khalifs1 and the
 ,vicegerent of ,allah upon earth1 does 
not disdain handicraft1 to make and sell
 toothpicks4 ,finally1 the ,muslim has  

no baptism2 he is circumcised by a      
barber2 he can marry himself with a     
reason for deviating from popular       
custom2 and he can be bathed1 buried1   
and prayed over by any lay              
fellow-religionist4  ,it is generally   
believed in ,europe that ,el ,islam is  
on the decline2 and the old prejudices  
bequeathed by ,crusades tend to make the
 assertion popular4 ,it is based upon   
insufficient grounds4 ,with as much     
correctness might the ,muslim predict   
the present fall of ,christianity by the
 heresies and schisms that distract the 
,church1 from the wide spread of        
visionary ,swedenborgians and of the    
shallow imposture ,mormonism4#bba       
,turkey and ,egypt may show traces of   
latitudinarianism1 even as ,france and  
,germany have done2 no ,muslim people1  
however1 has yet ventured to abolish ,el
 ,islam by law4 ,but ,arabia and        
,afghanistan still stand firm as in the 
first ages of the faith4 ,generally it  
may be remarked that in ,eastern        

religions the propagandism and          
missioning of the ,west has tended to   
strengthen and confirm the tenets       
against which they have been directed4  
,thus ,hinduism1 after giving a few     
outcasts to ,christianity1 has          
entrenched itself behind the stronghold 
of ,vedantism2 the learned are pure     
,deists1 the ignorant pure idolaters4   
,buddhism remains untouched1 and the    
very nature of its encyclopedian tenets 
renders it unassailable4 ,even the sect 
of ,guebres has been strengthened by    
polemical arguments1 and bids fair to   
rival its antagonists in disputative    
theology4 ,in spite of the mighty force 
brought against it1 the ,parsee converts
 to ,christianity might be numbered on a
 man's fingers4 ,nor can these faiths   
yield to compulsion4 ,the laws of ,menu1
 of ,zoroaster1 and of ,muhammad have   
still bulwarks not easily to be battered
 down4 ,and should ,christianity1 as it 
has often threatened1 ever meet the     
,saving ,faith in mortal conflict1 and  

the ,cross assail the ,crescent in the  
latest of crusades1 the ,muslim         
scimitar1 rusty as it is with the rust  
of ages1 will prove the good metal of   
which it was in the beginning forged4   
,supposing1 however1 ,el ,islam         
abolished by civilization1 underminded  
by the slow action of the ,christian    
,powers closing around it1 or become    
decrepit from old age1 what would be the
 result8 ,some renewal essentially the  
same1 formally different2 some revival  
of its eternal principle1 ,monotheism1  
disguised under a fresh garb of those   
outward accidents that constitute a     
religion4 ,such has ever been the       
history of the world's creeds4 ,at all  
times                    emerging from  
the storm1     ,primeval faith uplifts  
her changeful form1     ,mounts from her
 funeral pile on wings of flame1        
,and soars and shines another and the   
same4  ,,finis4  ,,footnotes3  #baa     
,existence of ,god is not 8the common   
and almost universal belief of mankind40

 ,the truth that there is a ,god is     
usually thus demonstrated3  #a4         
,physical argument1 in which effects and
 events are traced to causes1 till      
arrival at a ,first ,cause1 uncaused4   
#b4 ,argument from final causes and     
design1 of which innumerable evidences  
in physical and mental worlds point to a
 ,great ,original ,designer4  #c4 ,moral
 argument1 based upon innate feeling of 
obligation and responsibility4  #d4     
,historical argument and the consensus  
of mankind4  #bab ,the idea that man is 
a compound being1 consisting partly of  
spirit and partly of matter1            
mysteriously linked together1 and acting
 and reacting upon each other1 is a     
neocosmic dream4 ,savages hold mind to  
be a property of matter1 like           
philosophers4  #bac ,chap i4 #df4  #bad 
,deuteronomy ix4 #i4 ,the term was forty
 days and nights4 ,amongst ,muslims this
 has become the recognized period of    
isolation for those who are being       
initiated in mystical and magical       

practices4 ,it is1 however1 directly    
opposed to the spirit and letter of ,el 
,islam4  #bae ,a modern philosopher was 
accustomed to say3 8,and as for that    
,christianity which is such1 according  
to the fashion of modern philosophers   
and pantheists1 without a personal ,god1
 without immortality1 without an        
individuality of man1 without historical
 faith--it may be a very ingenious and  
subtle philosophy1 but it is no         
,christianity at all0 7,niebuhr74  #baf 
,shakespeare1 ,hamlet1 ,act ,,iii41     
scene ii4  #bag ,the program you use to 
display the ,arabic may reverse the word
 order4 ,reading right to left1 the     
first word is 4--,transcriber4  #bah 8,i
 think10 said ,captain ,wyatt1 8the ,red
 ,indians die better than white men2    
perhaps from having less fear about the 
future40 ,an acute conjecture6  #bai    
,some geographers identify ,massa1 the  
town and castle of the seventh son of   
,ishmael 7,gen4 xxv4 #ad71 with ,mecca4 
#bbj ,muhammad probably little thought  

how much more directly this charge was  
to be brought against his own           
revelations4 ,the ,ayt1 or inspired     
versets1 were jotted down without order 
or time in the ,musnad character1 which 
admitted no 8vowel points10 upon palm   
leaves1 shoulder blades of sheep1 and   
similar wild substitutes for paper4 ,in 
this state they were cast into a box1   
and consigned to the keeping of ,hafsah1
 one of the 8,mothers of the ,muslims40 
,after the ,prophet's death they were   
drawn from their concealment in a state 
of disorder1 which explains their       
present confusion4 ,an edition of the   
,ayt was first published by ,abubekr1   
who called it the ,koran1 or 8,what     
shall be read40 ,this work was full of  
errors4 ,the second issue was from the  
hands of ,usman1 one of whose modern    
titles is 8,scribe of the ,koran40 ,his 
subjects1 however1 put him to death1    
though he had surrounded himself with a 
rampart of sacred writings1 for his     
impiety in meddling with inspiration4   

,finally1 ,ali the ,khalif1 who was more
 of a scholar than most ,arabs1 who     
wrote poetry1 indited proverbs1 and     
according to some improved the          
syllabarium by the invention of vowel   
points1 recalled all others1 and issued 
his own4 ,the ,shiah schism to the      
present day declare that a whole ,juz1  
or section1 of which the ,koran now     
contains thirty1 was omitted and        
destroyed by the ,khalifs hostile to    
,ali as it was in his praise4 ,some     
passages from the lost revelation are   
actually quoted in their theological    
works4 ,it is true that nothing in the  
sacred writings of the ,muslims1 not a  
jot or tittle1 can be altered1 added1 or
 omitted4 ,like the ,jews1 they have    
numbered and recorded every letter and  
vowel point4 ,unfortunately they have   
taken this wise step too late2 as the   
,eastern proverb is1 they have looked to
 halter and heel-ropes after the horse  
is stolen4  #bba ,in his ,city of the   
,saints1 written after his visit to     

,salt ,lake ,city1 and published in     
#ahfa1 ,burton takes a different view of
 ,mormonism4     ,,index                
,n4,b4--,numbers printed in italics     
refer to the footnotes4     ,abbott1    
,william1 #ah4    ,abyssinians1 the1    
#cba4    ,academy1 ,burton's letter to  
the1 #acf-adc4    ,academy1             
,bataillard's letter to the1 #add-aff4  
,africa1 the ,gypsies of1 #bcc-bfb4     
,algeria1 the ,gypsies of1 #beh-bfa4    
,america1 the ,gypsies in1 #bhb-bhe4    
,arabshah1 #aij4    ,armenians1 the1    
#cba4    ,arnim1 ,count1 #ag4           
,arubim1 #gi4    ,arya1 #ahj4           
,ascheri1 #aaj4    ,ascoli1 #ahj4       
,ashkenazm1 the1 #df-ef4    ,asia1 the  
,gypsies in1 #baa-bcb4    ,asia ,minor1 
the ,gypsies of1 #bai4    ,aviabron1    
#ah4     ,bactriana1 #ahj4    ,baramaki1
 the1 #bca1 #bcf4    ,barbary1 #bfj1    
#bfa4    ,bartalus1 ,m41 #agd-agf4      
,basnage1 #ae4    ,bataillard1 ,paul1   
letter to the ,academy1 #add-aef2       
list of works by1 #aeg1 #aeh2     claim 

to priority in discovering identity of  
,gypsy and ,jat         answered1       
#afd-aga2     his reviews reviewed1     
#aga-bja4    ,bauer1 #ag4    ,bavaria1  
#bjc4    ,bearnary1 #ag4    ,bedawin1   
the1 #agd1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bag1 #bai1 #bcj1
 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bed4    ,belochis1 the1   
#aci1 #adb1 #afi1 #agj4    ,belochistan1
 the ,jats of1 #bae-bag4    ,belochki   
dialect1 the1 #adb1 #aff4    ,beni      
,aros1 the1 #bfj4    ,berber 7,barbar71 
#aha4    ,berbruger1 ,m41 #aih4    ,beth
 ,yusuf1 #aaa4    ,black ,jews1 the1    
#eh4    ,bocthor1 ,ellious1 #adf1 #adi4 
,borrow1 ,george 7quoted71 #aeh1 #afa1  
#afc1 #afe1 #afi1 #agj1 #aij1           
#aib1 #bda1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfi1 #bha4     
,boudin1 ,dr41 #ab4    ,braham1 #ag4    
,brazil1 #bhb-bhe4    ,brosset1 #ahe4   
,bunyan1 ,john1 supposed to be of ,gypsy
 descent1 #afc4    ,burnouf1 mile1 #ahh4
     ,cairo1 #bch1 #bdj4    ,cantemir1  
,count1 #ag4    ,carates1 the4 ,see     
,karates4    ,chinganeh1 #acd1 #bai1    
#bbj4    ,ciga1 #aij4    ,cingani1 #aha4

    ,cohen1 ,m4 ,j41 #ib ff4            
,cordova1 ,francisca de1 #bjc1 #bgj1    
#bga4    ,crosse1 ,a4 ,f41 #bfd1 #bfg4  
,cushite theory1 the1 #aee4             
,damascus1 #bca1 #bcb4    ,darfur1 #bci4
    ,das1 #ahb4    ,davis1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b41
 #adc4    ,denman1 ,major1 #bfb4        
,denmark1 the ,gypsy in1 #bjc1 #bji4    
,derush1 #ig4    8,dinm10 the1 #aaa4    
,djat1 the1 #ada1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1     
#adi1 #aeb1 #afe1 #ahc1 #aie4    ,doba1 
,capt4 ,s4 de1 #bfh4    ,dunsterville1  
,col41 #bad4     ,eben ha-,azar1 #aaa4  
,ebionites1 the1 #ed4    ,egypt1 the    
,gypsy in1 #bcc-beg4    ,egyptian       
religion1 the1 #bif1 #big1 #bih1 #cjj1  
#cbj4    ,el ,islam1 #baf1 #bah1 #bee1  
#cba-cdf2     popular errors concerning1
 #cbb-ccd4    ,england1 ,gypsy in1 #bjh4
    ,essene ,school1 the1 #cai4         
,europe1 ,gypsy of1 #bjb-baj1 #bfc-bha4 
,excommunication1 ,jewish forms of1 #hb4
     ,fagnan1 ,m41 #ahh1 #aie4          
,falashas1 the1 #aaf4    ,ferdoussy1    
#ade1 #adh4    ,fetissism1 #bia1 #bib1  

#bic1 #bif1 #cja1 #cjb4    ,fez1 #bfj4  
,fleischer1 ,prof41 #adf1 #adh1 #adi1   
#aej1 #aea1 #afe1 #ahd4    ,france1 the 
,gypsy in1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bji1 #bfe1 #bfi4
    ,frascator1 #ac4     ,gavbar1 the1  
#bah4    ,gemara1 the1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1
 #ajc4    ,get1 the1 #acd1 #ada1 #aej1  
#afe1 #baf4    ,ghagar1 the1 #aih1 #bjj1
 #bcc-beg4    ,ghawzi1 the1 #bcf1 #bcg1 
#beb4    ,ghzieh1 the1 #aha4    ,gill's 
,notices of the ,jews1 #c4    ,goeje1   
,prof4 de1 #acf1 #add1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1
 #aec1 #afe1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aia1          
#aib1 #aie1 #aif4    ,goldsmids1 the1   
#ah4    ,gondomar1 #ah4    ,goths1 the1 
#acd1 #ada4    ,grellman1 #bjb1 #bda4   
,greece1 #agg1 #ahb1 #bii4    ,grisi1   
#ag4    ,gypsy1 the1 of ,africa1        
#bcc-bfb2     of ,algeria1 #beh-bfa2    
of ,america1 #bhb-bhe2     of ,asia1    
#baa-bcb2     of ,barbary1 #bfj1 #bfa2  
of ,bavaria1 #bjc2     of ,belochistan1 
#bae-bag2     of ,brazil1 #bhb-bhe2     
compared with the ,jat1 #acc1 #acd1     
#acg1 #aci ff2     compared with the    

,jew1 #e1 #ag1 #afa1 #afb2     of       
,damascus1 #bca1 #bcb2     of ,denmark1 
#bjc1 #bji2     dress of1 #bgg2     of  
,egypt1 #bcc-beg2     of ,england1 #bjh2
     of ,europe1 #bjb-baj1 #bfc-bha2    
famous ,gypsies1 #afc2     of ,france1  
#bjc1 #bjd1 #bji1 #bfe1 #bfi2     of    
,germany1 #bjc-bjh2     of ,hungary1    
#bjb1 #bfc-bfi2     ,indian affinities  
of1 #acf-adc2     of ,italy1 #bje1 #bjf1
 #bfe2     language of1 #acd1 #bdj1     
#bgi1 #bhj2     of ,morocco1 #beh-bfa2  
of the ,netherlands1 #bji2     of the   
,panjab1 #baa-bae2     of ,persia1      
#bag-bai2     of ,rome1 #bjf2     of    
,said1 #bcg2     of ,spain1 #bjc1 #bjg1 
#bfe1 #bfi-bha2     of ,sweden1 #bjc1   
#bji2     of ,switzerland1 #bjc2     of 
,syria1 #bai-bbd4     ,ha-frak fast1    
#aj4    ,hagadah1 the1 #ih4    ,halakah1
 the1 #ih4    ,halevi1 #ah4    ,hamza   
,ispahani1 #adf1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea4      
,hasse1 hypothesis of1 #agi1 #ahe4      
,hawi1 the1 #bcd1 #bce4    ,heine1 #ag4 
,helebis1 the1 #bej1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed1  

#bee1 #bef1 #beg4    ,herklots1 ,dr41   
#beh4    ,hermann1 #ag4    ,hillel1     
#aja4    ,horus1 #big4    ,hoshen       
,mishpat1 #aaa4    ,hughes1 ,a4 ,w41    
#bae4    ,hungary1 #bjb1 #bfc-bfi4      
,india1 #bif1 #big1 #bih1 #cjc4         
,indian mythology1 #big4    ,irby1 ,o4  
,p41 #bb4    ,ishaz al ,fasi1 ,rabbi1   
#aaj4    ,isis1 #bif4    ,islam4 ,see   
,el ,islam4    ,ispahani1 ,hamza4 ,see  
,hamza4    ,italy1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bfe4    
,jtaki language1 the1 #acg-adj1 #ahj1   
#bae4    ,jats1 the4 ,see ,gypsy4       
,jerusalem1 population of1 #fh4         
,jesus1 #cac-caf4    ,jews1 the1        
acclimatization1 #ac2     atrocities    
among1 #aae-abi2     cause of vitality1 
#i1 #aj2     compared with ,gypsy1 #e1  
#ag1 #afa1 #afb2     consanguinity1 #g2 
cupidity1 #ah1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh2           
fecundity1 #e2     future prospects1    
#fb-ga2     general character of1       
#bj-de2     illustrious1 #ag2           
immorality1 #h2     of the ,holy ,land1 
#df-fb2     longevity1 #ad2     mental  

characteristics of1 #f1 #g2     mutable 
character and physique of1 #f2          
physical appearance of the ,eastern1    
#ei2     physique of1 #f1 #g2           
population1 #be2     vitality1 #e1 #f1  
#g1 #h1 #ac4    ,jin-tchi1 the1 #acd1   
#adb4    8,jore ,dah10 #aaa1 #aac4      
,joseph ,karo1 ,rabbi1 #aaa4            
,judophobic opinion of the ,jew1 #fb1   
#fc4    ,jurisdiction1 ,jewish1 #ij4    
,kamz1 the1 #adf1 #adh1 #aea1 #afe4     
,kaoli1 the1 #bah4    ,karates1 the1    
#ef1 #eg4    ,khabad1 the1 #ed1 #ee4    
,khasidm1 the1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4    ,koran1
 the1 #cbd1 #cdj1 #cda4    ,kremer1 ,von
 7quoted71 #aii1 #bcd-bej1 #beb4        
,kurbat1 the1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb1   
#bbc1 #bej1 #bef4    ,kurbat words1     
vocabulary of1 #bbd-bbh4    ,kushite    
theory1 #aid1 #aie4     ,lane1 #bcd1    
#beh4    ,lemnos1 #ahd4    8,liberal0   
opinion of ,jewish future1 #fb4         
,luri1 the1 #ade1 #adf1 #afe4           
,macaulay1 ,lord1 speech of1 #ah1 #ai4  
,mac,gregor's ,rob ,roy on the ,jordan1 

#ca4    ,mackenzie1 ,g4 ,muir1 #bb4     
,maghrib1 the1 #bci4    ,maimonides1    
#aaj4    ,massena1 #ag4    ,massorah1   
the1 #ig4    ,mc,caul1 ,dr4 ,alexander1 
#cg1 #ge1 #he1 #hh4    ,mendelssohn1    
#ag4    ,mendizelal1 ,seor1 #ag4        
,metempsychosis1 #bie4    ,meyerbeer1   
#ag4    ,mezzofanti1 #bfi4    ,midrash1 
the1 #if4    ,miklosich1 #aef1 #agg1    
#agh1 #agi4    ,mills' ,british ,jew1   
#cg4    ,mishnah1 the1 #if-ajf4         
,montefiore1 ,sir ,moses1 #cb1 #cc4     
,mormons1 the1 #ig4    ,morocco1        
#beh-bfa4    ,moses1 #cjb-cac4    ,moses
 of ,cordova1 #aab4    ,moses of ,trani1
 #aaa4    ,movers1 #aid4    ,muhammad1  
attempt to poison1 #cc1 #aaf2     life  
of1 #ccd-ccg4     ,nat'h1 the1 #adc4    
,nawar1 the1 #bbj1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bca1    
#bej1 #beg4    ,neander1 ,prof41 #ag4   
,netherlands1 the1 #bji4    ,neufville1 
,de1 #ad4    ,newbold1 ,capt41 #bag1    
#bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bch1     
#bci1 #bdj1       #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg1     
#bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bef4           

,noachid1 the1 #gi1 #hj4    ,noachid1   
code of the1 #gh1 #gi4    ,nott's       
,physical ,history of the ,jewish ,race1
 #c4     ,offenbach1 #ag4    ,orach     
,chain1 #aaa4    ,oral law1 ,jewish1    
#gb-ib1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aag4    ,osiris1    
#bif4     ,palestine1 #bai4             
,palgrave1 #ag4    ,panjab1 #acg1 #aci1 
#adj1 #ada1 #afh1 #baa-bae4             
,pantheism1 #bie1 #bih4    ,parushm1    
the1 #ec1 #ee4    ,paspati1 ,a4 ,g41    
#afj1 #agc1 #agd1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahe1     
#aia4    ,pasquier1 #bfi4    ,pasta1    
#ag4    ,paul1 #cag1 #cah4    ,perier1  
#aei4    ,persia1 #bag-bai4             
,persians1 religion of the ancient1     
#bid1 #bie1 #big4    ,peshat1 the1 #ig4 
,physician1 the ,jewish1 #aac1 #aad4    
,pococke1 ,bishop1 #bai4    ,polytheism1
 #bie4    ,postans ,capt41 #afg4        
,pott1 ,prof41 #acf1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1  
#adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aed1 #afe1     
#aha4    ,proselytes1 ,jewish1 #gi4     
,quasimus1 #aad4     ,rabanu ,jacob     
,be-,rab1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aac4             

,rabbinical law1 #gb-aad4    ,rachel1   
#ag4    ,rasscho1 ,shaykh1 #bbj1 #bbb4  
,ratisbonne1 ,de1 #ag4    8,reformed    
,british ,jews10 the1 #eh4    ,reinaud1 
#adg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #afe4           
,religion1 earliest forms of1 #bhi-cjb4 
,remiz1 the1 #ig4    ,ricardos1 the1    
#ah4    ,roberts1 ,samuel1 #bgf4        
,rdiger1 #aej4    ,rogers1 ,consul ,e4  
,t41 #bca1 #bcb4    ,rom1 the1 #afj1    
#afd1 #agb1 #age1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1     
#ahj1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #ahg1       #aih1     
#bjb1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #beb1 #bfa4     
,roman ,catholic view of ,jewish future1
 #fb1 #fc4    ,romani-chb1 #aha1 #aig4  
,rome1 #bjf4    ,rossini1 #ag4          
,rothschilds1 the1 #ah4    ,rouhers1    
the1 #ah4    ,rumeli1 #bbj4    ,russia  
and the ,holy ,land1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj4     
,sabbath1 the ,jewish1 #gd-gg1 #hf4     
,sabbath ,services1 the ,jewish1 #gf4   
,sadk1 #aa4    ,safed1 ,school of1 #fh1 
#ib1 #ajf-aad4    ,said1 #bea4          
,saint-,martin1 ,v4 de1 #ahe4           
,samaritans1 the1 #eg1 #eh4             

,sanhedrin1 the1 #id1 #ie1 #if4         
,santa1 ,dr4 de ,pietra1 #beh-bfj4      
,saracens1 #bjc1 #bje4    ,scotland1    
#agb1 #agh1 #bac1 #bhb4    ,segor1 #aha4
    ,sephardm1 the1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 
#ee1 #ef4    ,shahnameh1 the1 #adf1     
#adh1 #aej1 #afe4    ,shalomon ,alkabez1
 ,rabbi1 #aaa4    ,shammai1 #aja4       
,sicani1 the1 #ahj1 #ahe4    ,sidi      
,hamed au ,muza1 #bfj4    ,siginnoi1    
the1 #ahe4    ,sm1 ,el1 #bdj1 #bda4     
,sindh1 #ach1 #aci4    ,singani1 #aha4  
,sinties1 the1 #ahd1 #ahe4    ,sleeman1 
,w4 ,h41 #ada1 #afe1 #baa1 #bca4        
,sochus1 #aa4    ,sod1 #ih4    ,soult1  
,marshal1 #ag4    ,spain1 #agh4         
,spinoza1 #ag1 #gj1 #ie4    ,sweden1    
#bjc1 #bji4    ,syria1 #bai-bbd1        
#bbh-bcb1 #bej1 #cbj4     ,talmud       
,babli1 #aja1 #ajb4    ,talmudic law1   
#gb-aad1 #aah4    ,tchangar1 the1 #aef4 
,theism1 #cjb4    ,tiberias1 ,school of1
 #ib-ajf4    ,ticknor1 #bga4            
,torlonias1 the1 #ah4    ,trumpp1 ,dr4  
,ernest1 #acg1 #aef1 #afh1 #aig4        

,tschudi1 #ac4    ,tsigans1 the1 #adg1  
#aeb1 #aec1 #age1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahi1     
#aij1 #aic1 #aih1 #bja1       #bfc ff4  
,ukayl1 #acg4     8,white ,jews10 the1  
#eh4    ,wohl1 #ag4    ,wolff1 #ag4     
,xapol1 #ah4     ,yad ha-,hazaka1 #aaj4 
,yahuda1 ,rabbi1 #id1 #ie4    ,yom      
ha-,kippur1 #fe4     ,zengi1 the1 #aej4 
,zigeuner1 the1 #aej1 #aea1 #afe1 #aib1 
#bai1 #bcd1 #bda1 #bfh4    ,zincali1    
the1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bai4    ,zingaro1     
derivation of1 #aij4    ,zuth1 the1     
#adf1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #afe1     
#bca1 #bci4                             
,,printed ,,by                          
,,hazell1 ,,watson1 ,,and ,,viney1      
,,ld41                          ,,london
 ,,and ,,aylesbury4     ,,transcriber',s
 ,,note  ,archaic1 obsolete and         
inconsistent spellings are maintained   
from the original book4 ,there were no  
obvious misspellings4 ,no changes were  
made to the text with the following     
exceptions3    --some footnotes inserted
 to comment about transliterations1     

--for words in the ,arabic alphabet     
7including ,arabic1 ,persian1           
,sindhi1 etc47 or ,devangari 7,sanskrit1
 ,hindi1 etc471 ,i have included     a  
transliteration if one was not already  
in the text1    --all footnotes moved to
 the end of their chapter1              
--,,contents1 ,,preface1 ,,index1 and   
,,transcriber',s ,,note added to the    
,table     of ,contents1 and    --added 
this note4