,,b]gson ,,& ,,8 ,,philosophy ,by ,j4 ,alex&] ,gunn1 ,m4 ,a41 ,fell[ ( ,! ,univ]sity ,( ,liv]pool ,) ,an ,introduction ,by ,alex&] ,mair1 ,m4 ,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,! ,univ]sity ,( ,liv]pool ,,cont5ts ,,preface ,,introduction ,i4 ,,life ,,( ,,b]gson ,,ii4 ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,*ange ,,iii4 ,,p]ception ,,iv4 ,,memory ,v4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,s\l ,,& ,,body ,,vi4 ,,"t-,,true ,,& ,,false ,,vii4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,viii4 ,,evolution ,,ix4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,intuition ,x4 ,,e?ical ,,& ,,political ,,implications ,,xi4 ,,relation ,,to ,,religion ,,& ,,!ology ,,xii4 ,,reflections ,,app5dix3 ,,bibliography ,,index ,,preface ,! aim ( ?is little "w is practical1 & x is put =? 9 ! hope t x may be useful to ! g5]al read] & to ! /ud5t ( philosophy z an introduction & guide to ! /udy ( ,b]gson's ?\ght4 ,! w> has l$ _m to an int]e/ 9 philosophy & to a /udy ( its problems4 ,few mod]n ?9k]s w be f\nd m fasc9at+1 m sugge/ive & /imulat+ ?an ,b]gson1 & x is hop$ t p]usal ( ! foll[+ pages w lead to a /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! philosoph] himself4 ,?is is a "w ^: prim>y aim is ! cle> exposition ( ,b]gson's ideas1 & ! arrangem5t ( *apt]s has be5 work$ out /rictly ) t end 9 view4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 life is prefix$4 ,an up-to-date bibliography is giv51 ma9ly to meet ! ne$s ( ,engli% read]s2 all ! works ( ,b]gson :i* h appe>$ 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica are giv51 & ! compreh5sive li/ ( articles is conf9$ to ,engli% & ,am]ican publications4 ,! conclud+ *apt]s endeav\r to e/imate ! value ( ,b]gson's ?\ght 9 relation to ,politics 7especially ,syndicalism71 ,e?ics1 ,religion1 & ! developm5t ( ?\ght g5]ally4 ,my ?anks are due to ,pr(essor ,mair1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool1 = hav+ read ! ,,ms4 :ile 9 c\rse ( prep>ation1 = contribut+ an introduction1 = giv+ "s helpful criticism & sugge/ions1 &1 :at is m1 = /imulus & enc\ragem5t giv5 ov] sev]al ye>s ( /ud5t life4 ,pr(essor ,b]gson has himself express$ 8 approval ( ! g5]al =m ( treatm5t1 & ,i am indebt$ to him = in=mation on a numb] ( po9ts4 ,to ,dr4 ,gillespie1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,le$s1 ,i am indebt$ = a discussion ( mo/ ( ! ,,ms4 foll[+ ! read+ ( x4 ,my ?anks are also due to ,miss ,m>g>et ,l9n1 ^: en]getic & c>eful assi/ance 9 prep>+ ! ,,ms4 = ! press 0 invaluable4 ,i wi% also to ackn[l$ge k9dness %[n 9 supply+ in=mation on c]ta9 po9ts 9 connexion ) ! bibliography by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,ni*olson1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,rye1 ,libr>ian to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 & by ! ,univ]sity ( ,london ,press4 ,i am grateful to ,pr(essor ,b]gson & to ! ,delegates ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press = p]mission to quote f ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 ! lectures giv5 at ,ox=d4 ,fur!r ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge p]mission accord$ to me by ! ,engli% publi%]s ( ,b]gson's works to quote passages directly f ^! au?oriz$ translations--,to ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,all5 ,unw91 ,ltd4 7,"t & ,free ,w & ,matt] & ,memory71 to ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,ltd4 7,creative ,evolution1 ,laught]1 ,introduction to ,metaphysics71 & to ,t4 ,fi%] ,unw91 ,ltd4 7,dreams74 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,m4 ,l\is ,mi*aud1 ! ,p>is publi%]1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to reproduce 7f 8 volume ( selections1 ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,*oix de textes et etude de sy/eme philosophique1 ,gill\97 a photograph ( ,b]gson hi!rto unpubli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,j4,a4,g4 ,,! ,,univ]sity1 ,,liv]pool ,m>*1 #aibj ,,introduction ,! /ir caus$ 9 ! civiliz$ _w by ! writ+s ( ,b]gson1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! pa/ decade1 is evid5c$ by ! volume ( ! /ream ( exposition & comm5t :i* has fl[$ & is /ill fl[+4 ,if ! ,fr5* 7 to be tempt$ to set up1 aft] ! ,g]man mann]1 a ,b]gson-,ar*iv !y w\ld be 9 no emb>rassm5t = mat]ial1 z ! ,app5dix to ?is book--limit$ ?\gh x wisely is--w %[4 ,mr4 ,gunn1 undaunt$ by all ?is1 makes a fur!r1 useful contribution 9 8 unassum+ b workmanlike & well-docum5t$ acc\nt ( ! ideas ( ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* ?9k]4 ,x is design$ to s]ve z an introduction to ,b]gson's philosophy = ^? :o are mak+ _! fir/ approa* to x1 & z su* x c be comm5d$4 ,! eag] int]e/ :i* has be5 manife/$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,m4 ,b]gson is "o m indication1 add$ to ! _m :i* hi/ory provides1 ( ! inext+ui%able vitality ( ,philosophy4 ,:5 ! man ) "s important ?\ght :i* be>s ^u its problems is =?com+1 ! _w is ready1 inde$ is anxi\s1 to li/54 ,p]haps !re is no p]iod 9 record$ "t 9 :i* ! ?9k]1 ) some?+ relevant to say on ! fundam5tal que/ions1 has _h s l>ge & s prep>$ an audi5ce z 9 our own day4 ,! ze/ & expectancy ) :i* m5 welcome & li/5 to him is almo/ t\*+2 x has its dang]\s z well z its admirable aspects4 ,! f9e en?usiasm = ! physical & biological sci5ces1 :i* is s noble an attribute ( ! mod]n m9d1 has f> f exhau/$ itself1 b ! almo/ b\ndless hope :i* = a "t accompani$ x has notably abat$4 ,! /udy ( ! imm$iate problems c5tr+ r\nd ! concepts ( matt]1 life1 & en]gy goes on ) undim9i%$1 nay1 ) int5sifi$1 zeal1 b 9 a m judici\s p]spective4 ,x beg9s to be notic$ t1 f> f lead+ u to solutions :i* w br+ u to ! core ( reality & furni% u ) a syn!sis :i* c be tak5 z ! key to exp]i5ce1 x is c>ry+ ! sci5tific enquir] into places 9 :i* he feels ! press+ ne$ ( ,philosophy r ?an ! old confid5ce t he is on ! v]ge ( aboli%+ x z a sup]fluity4 ,! =m] he>ty & self-assur$ empiricism ( sci5ce is giv+ way be=e ! outcome ( its own logic & a new & m promis+ _s ( reflection on its own categories is abroad4 ,?+s are turn+ out to be v f> f :at !y seem$4 ,! physici/s h come to a po9t :]e1 x may be to _! a/oni%m5t1 !y (t5 f9d !mselves talk+ 9 a way :i* is suspici\sly l t ( ! subjective ideali/4 ,!y h made ! useful discov]y t if y s9k y\r %aft deep en\gh 9 y\r se>* = reality y come ^u ,m9d4 ,"h !y are 9 a some:at unfamili> region1 9 :i* !y may possibly f9d t o!r in/rum5ts & o!r me?ods ?an ^? to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$ are requir$4 ,at any rate1 !y & ! l>ge public :i* hangs ^u _! words %[ a gr[+ incl9ation to be respectful to ! philosoph] & an anxiety 7sometimes an uncritical anxiety7 to he> :at he has to say4 ,no "o ne$s to be rem9d$ ( ! f]m5t :i* is mov+ 9 ! _w ( social affairs1 ( ! obscure b p[]ful t5d5cies :i* are =c+ society out ( its grooves & leav+ x1 aspir+ b dubi\s1 9 new & un*>t$ regions4 ,?is may affect diff]5t m9ds 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s regret x1 o!rs rejoice 9 x2 b all are aw>e ( x4 ,"t-hon\r$ political & economic =mulae are become old clo!s = an awak5$ & ard5t g5]ation1 & be=e ! new g>m5ts are q ready2 ! bless$ ^w recon/ruction is (t5 m5tion$4 ,m5 are n satisfi$ t society has really develop$ s successfully z x might h done2 _m believe t x f9ds itself 9 a cul-de-sac4 ,b :at is to be done8 ,! exp]i5c$ c see t _m ( ! (f]$ re=ms are b ! repetition ( old mi/akes :i* w involve u 9 ! unhappy cycle ( disillusion & failure4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 if m5 ev]y:]e are seek+ = a sign1 a glimpse ( a s*eme ( life1 a view ( reality1 a h9t ( human de/9y & ! true outcome ( human ef=t1 to be an inspiration & a guide to !m 9 _! pa!tic /ruggle out ( ! morass 9 :i* !y1 too obvi\sly1 are plung$4 ,if ,philosophy has any?+ to say :i* is to ! po9t1 !n let ,philosophy by all means say x4 ,!y are ready to att5d4 ,!y may inde$ expect too mu* f x1 z ^? :o be/ grasp ! measure ( ,philosophy's task w\ld be ! fir/ to urge4 ,?is is ! opportunity ( ! *>latan4 ,puzzl$ & half-desp]ate1 we /rongly feel ! influ5ce ( ! ne$ to believe1 are prone to li/5 to any gospel4 ,! great] its air ( f9ality & assurance ! /rong] is its appeal4 ,b x is ! opportunity also ( ! s]i\s & compet5t ?9k]1 & x is =tunate = ! _w t "o ( ,m4 ,b]gson's quality is =?com+4 ,he is too wise a man1 he kn[s ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght too well1 he realizes too cle>ly ! ext5t ( ! problem to pret5d t 8 is ! la/ ^w or t he has 9 8 pocket ! f9al solution ( ! puzzle ( ! univ]se & ! "o & only panacea = human di/resses4 ,b he has "o ( ! mo/ subtle & p5etrat+ intellects act+ 9 & ^u ! _w at ?is mom5t1 & is m wor?y ( att5tion ?an all ! *>latans4 ,t he has obta9$ = himself s great an audi5ce is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & hopeful signs ( ! pres5t "t4 ,x is ! m impressive inasmu* z ,b]gson _c be said to be an easy au?or4 ,! orig9ality & sweep ( 8 conceptions1 ! f9e & delicate psy*ological analysis 9 :i* he is s adept & :i* is necess>y = ! developm5t ( 8 ideas--e4g41 9 8 exposition ( duree--make exact+ dem&s ^u ^? read]s :o wi% to closely foll[ 8 ?\ght4 ,an int]e/+ fact is t ?is is realiz$ mo/ ( all by ^? :o come to ,b]gson ) a long process ( philosophical discipl9e beh9d !m4 ,x is n surpris+ :5 we rememb] :at he is try+ to d1 namely1 to induce philosophical ?\ght to run 9 new *annels4 ,! g5]al read] has "h an advantage ov] ! o!r1 inasmu* z he has less to unle>n4 ,9 ! old words1 unless we become z little *ildr5 we _c ent] into ?is k+dom2 ?\gh x is true t we d n rema9 z little *ildr5 once entry is made4 ,?is is a s]i\s difficulty = ! h>d-bitt5 philosoph] :o at consid]able pa9s has =m$ conceptions1 acquir$ a te*nique1 & tak5 an ori5tation t[>ds life & ! univ]se :i* he _c dismiss 9 a mom5t4 ,x says mu* = ! *>itable _s ( ,b]gson's fell[-philosoph]s t !y h giv5 s fri5dly & hospitable a reception to 8 di/urb+ ideas1 & s ess5tially humane a man z he mu/ h be5 t\*$ by ?is4 ,! ,bahnbre*] has 8 tr\bles1 no d\bt1 b s also h ^? ^u ^: m9ds he is endeav\r+ to op]ate4 ,re9hold1 "o ( ,kant's e>lie/ disciples1 ruefully /at$1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]'s /ory1 t x 0 only aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason five times ) ! close/ & mo/ scrupul\s att5tion t he 0 able to get a grasp ( ,kant's real mean+4 ,n[1 aft] ! lapse ( a c5tury & a half1 ,kant to _m is *ild's play comp>$ ) ,b]gson1 :o diff]s m fundam5tally f ,kant ?an ! ,scoto-,g]man ?9k] did f ,leibniz & ,hume4 ,b ?is ne$ n al>m ! g5]al read] :o1 innoc5t ( any v articulate philosophical preconceptions1 may inde$ f9d 9 ! v novelty ( ,b]gson's tea*+ a p[]ful attraction1 inasmu* z x gives effective expression to ?\ghts & t5d5cies mov+ dimly & half-=m$ 9 ! consci\sness ( our own epo*1 felt r ?an ?\ght4 ,9 ?is s5se ,b]gson may be said to h produc$ a philosophy = ! times4 ,9 "o respect ,b]gson has a m>k$ advantage ov] ,kant1 & inde$ ov] mo/ o!r philosoph]s1 namely1 9 8 recogniz$ ma/]ly control ov] ! in/rum5t ( language4 ,!re is a m9imum ( j>gon1 no?+ turgid or crabb$4 ,he rem9ds u mo/1 9 ! skill & *>m ( 8 expression1 ( ,plato & ,b]keley among ! philosoph]s4 ,he does n "w ) s f9e & bit+ a po9t z 8 di/+ui%$ c\ntryman & fell[-philosoph]1 ,anatole ,france1 b he has1 nev]!less1 a bur9 at comm& ( rem>kable quality4 ,he is a ma/] ( ! succ9ct & memorable phrase 9 :i* an idea is et*$ out = u 9 a few /rokes4 ,already1 9 8 lifetime1 a numb] ( t]ms /amp$ ) ! impress ( ,b]gson's ?\ght h pass$ into int]national curr5cy4 ,9 ?is connexion1 has x be5 rem>k$ t :ile an ,engli%man gave to ! ,fr5* ! t]m /ruggle = life1 a ,fr5*man has giv5 to u ! t]m elan vital8 ,x is wor?y ( pass+ notice & gives rise to reflections on ! respective national temp]am5ts1 fanciful p]haps1 b int]e/+4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 "u ! figure ( ! et*]'s art or ( ! process ( ! m9t t we c fully repres5t ,b]gson's res\rces ( /yle4 ,^! sugge/ /accato effects1 h>d outl9es1 & t does n at all repres5t ! prose ( ?is writ]4 ,x is a f9e1 delicately int]wov51 tissue-l fabric1 pliant & supple4 ,if "o 7 9 ! secret ( ,m4 ,b]gson's private ?\ghts1 x might be discov]$ t he does n admire 8 /yle s mu* z o!rs d1 = 8 :ole mann] ( ?\ght mu/1 "o suspects1 h l$ him (t5 to attempt to express ! inexpressible4 ,! ocean ( life1 t fluide bi5faisant 9 :i* we are imm]s$1 has no d\bt (t5 prov$ too fluid ev5 = him4 ,only ! und]/&+ has a language1 he almo/ ruefully decl>es 9 ,l',evolution creatrice2 & ! und]/&+ is1 = him1 comp>$ ) intuition peu de *ose4 ,yet we c say t 9 :at he has a*iev$ 8 success is rem>kable4 ,! web ( language :i* he weaves seems to fit & foll[ ! movem5ts ( 8 ?\ght z ! sk9 ripples ov] ! mov+ muscles ( ! ?or\ghbr$4 ,& ?is is n an accid5tal or trivial fact4 ,m4 ,b]gson may possibly agree ) ,s5eca t too mu* att5tion to /yle does n become a philosoph]1 b ! quality ( 8 ?\ght & temp]am5t does n all[ him to express himself o!rwise ?an lucidly4 ,take ?is1 almo/ at r&om1 z a *>act]i/ic example4 ,x mu/ be giv51 ( c\rse1 9 ! orig9al3 ,l'intellig5ce huma9e1 telle que n\s la repres5tons1 n'e/ po9t du t\t celle que n\s montrait ,platon dans l'allegorie de la cav]ne4 ,elle n'a pas plus p\r fonction de reg>d] pass] des ombres va9es que de contempl]1 en se ret\rnant d]ri]e elle1 l'a/re ebl\issant4 ,elle a autre *ose a faire4 ,atteles comme des boeufs de lab\r1 a une l\rde ta*e1 n\s s5tons le jeu de nos muscles et de nos articulations1 le poids de la *>rue et la resi/ance du sol3 agir et se savoir agir1 entr] en contact avec la realite et meme la vivre1 mais dans la measure seulem5t ou elle int]esse l'oeuvre qui s'accomplit et le sillon qui se creuse1 voila la fonction de l'intellig5ce huma9e4 ,t is suffici5tly cle>2 we may legitimately d\bt :e!r x is an adequate acc\nt ( ! function ( ! human intellig5ce1 b we _c be 9 any d\bt z to :at ! view is2 & m ?an t1 once we h become acqua9t$ ) x1 we are n likely to =get x4 ,= ! /ud5t z yet unpractis$ 9 philosophical reflection1 ,b]gson's skill & cl>ity ( /atem5t1 8 f]tility 9 illu/ration1 8 frequ5t & picturesque use ( analogy may be a pitfall4 ,x all s\nds s conv9c+ & "r1 z ,b]gson puts x1 t ! critical faculty is put to sleep4 ,!re is p]il 9 ?is1 p>ticul>ly "h1 :]e we h to deal ) s bold & ev5 revolution>y a doctr9e4 ,if we are able to reta9 our indep5d5ce ( judgm5t we are b\nd soon] or lat]1 9 spite ( ,b]gson's p]suasiv5ess1 to h our misgiv+s4 ,aft] all1 we may beg9 to reflect1 he has be5 too successful1 he has prov$ too mu*4 ,9 attempt+ to use1 z he 0 b\nd to d1 ! intellig5ce to discr$it ! intellig5ce he has be5 attempt+ ! impossible4 ,he has only succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ ! au?ority1 ! magi/]ial p[]1 ( ! intellig5ce4 ,no /ep 9 ,philosophy c be tak5 )\t x4 ,:at are ,life1 ,consci\sness1 ,evolution1 ev5 ,movem5t1 z ^! t]ms are employ$ by ,b]gson1 b ! symbolization ( concepts :i* on 8 own %[+ are ! peculi> products ( ! human und]/&+ or intellig5ce8 ,x seems1 inde$1 on reflection1 ! odde/ ?+ t ,philosophy %\ld be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( an anti-intellectual1 or z x w\ld be tru] to call x a supra-intellectual1 attitude4 ,philosophy is a ?9k+ view ( ?+s4 ,x repres5ts ! mo/ p]si/5t ef=t ( ! human intellig5ce to satisfy its own ne$s1 to attempt to solve ! problems :i* x has creat$3 9 ! famili> phrase1 to heal ! w\nds :i* x has itself made4 ,! intellect1 !re=e1 tell+ itself t x is incompet5t = ?is purpose1 is a /range1 & n truly impressive1 spectacle4 ,we are n enabl$ to recov] f ! s5se ( impot5cy ?us creat$ by be+ ref]r$ to intuition4 ,b]gson is n ! fir/ to try ?is way out4 ,x w\ld be mislead+1 no d\bt1 to id5tify him ) ! memb]s ( ! ,scotti% ,s*ool ( a hundr$ ye>s ago or ) ,jacobi2 he rea*es 8 conclusion 9 ano!r way1 & t conclusion is diff]5tly fram$2 nev]!less1 9 ess5ce !re is a simil>ity1 & ,hegel's comm5ts ,footnote3 ,small] ,logic1 ,wallace's translation1 c4 v4 on ,b]gson's =]unn]s w (t5 be f\nd to h po9t ) ref]5ce to ,b]gson himself4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t any c>eful obs]v] ( human exp]i5ce w\ld d5y ! pres5ce & p[] ( intuition 9 t exp]i5ce4 ,! fact is too pat5t4 ,_m :o w\ld n give ! place to intuition :i* is assign$ to x by ,b]gson w\ld be ready to say t !re may be m 9 ! ?rill+ & passionate intuitive mom5ts ?an ,philosophy1 aft] an age-long & pa9ful ef=t1 has be5 able to express4 ,all k1 inde$1 may be said to be root$ 9 intuition4 ,_m a ?9k] has be5 support$ & inspir$ ?r\gh we>y ye>s ( inquiry & reflection by a "m-idea :i* has come to him1 if n uns\ght yet uncompell$1 9 a fla% ( insight4 ,b t is ! beg9n+1 n ! end1 ( 8 task4 ,x is b ! raw mat]ial ( k1 k 9 pot5tia4 ,to inv]t ! ord] is to de/roy ,philosophy n to s]ve x1 is1 inde$1 a m]e c\nsel ( desp]ation4 ,an intuitive ,philosophy s-call$ f9ds itself soon] or lat]1 g5]ally soon]1 9 a bl9d alley4 ,practically1 x gives rise to all k9ds ( crude & wa/eful ef=t4 ,x is n an accid5t t ,georges ,sorel 9 8 ,reflexions sur la ,viol5ce takes 8 philosophy f ,b]gson or1 at lea/1 leans on him4 ,!re are intuitions & intuitions1 z e wise man kn[s1 z ,william ,james once ruefully admitt$ aft] 8 adv5tures ) nitr\s oxide1 or z ! eat]s ( ha%i% w confess4 ,to foll[ all our intuitions w\ld lead u into ! wilde/ d]vi% dance ( ?\ght & action & leave u sp5t & di%e>t5$ at ! end4 ,agno/icism w\ld be too mild a t]m = ! result4 ,our intuitions h to be tri$ & te/$2 !re is a ?orny & difficult pa? ( criticism to be trav]s$ be=e we c philosophically endorse !m & f9d peace ( m9d4 ,:at ,h(fd+ says is 9 a s5se q true3 ,:5 we pass into intuition we pass into a /ate )\t problems4 ,b t is1 z ,h(fd+ int5ds u to und]/&1 n because all problems are !reby solv$1 b because !y h n yet em]g$4 ,if we cons5t to rema9 at t po9t1 we refuse to make ! acqua9tance ( ,philosophy2 if we recognize ! problems t are really lat5t !re1 we soon realize t ! bus9ess ( ,philosophy is yet to be transact$4 ,! fact is t 9 ?is "p ( 8 doctr9e--& x is an important "p--! brilliant ,fr5* writ]1 9 8 endeav\rs to make philosophiz+ m concrete & practical1 makes x too ab/ract4 ,intuition is n a process ov] aga9/ & q di/9ct f conceptual ?\ght4 ,bo? are mom5ts 9 ! total process ( man's attempt to come to t]ms ) ! univ]se1 & too great emphasis on ei!r di/orts & falsifies ! situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves on ?is planet4 ,! insi/5ce on intuition is d\btless due1 at bottom1 to ,b]gson's admiration = ! activity 9 ! creative arti/4 ,! bord]-l9e betwe5 ,art & ,philosophy becomes almo/ an imag9>y l9e ) him4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r we h1 accord+ to him1 to get inside ! object by a sort ( sympa?y4 ,true1 !re is ?is diff]5ce1 he says1 t ae/hetic intuition a*ieves only ! individual--:i* is d\btful--:]eas ! philosophic intuition is to be conceiv$ z a re*]*e ori5tee dans la meme s5s que l'art1 inde$1 b qui pr5drait p\r objet la vie en g5]al4 ,he fails to note1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! expression ( ! ae/hetic intuition1 t is to say1 ,art1 is always fix$ & /atic4 ,?is 9 view ( o!r aspects ( 8 doctr9e is rem>kable4 ,b ap>t f ?is attempt to practically id5tify ,art & ,philosophy--a hopeless attempt--!re is1 ( c\rse1 available z a means ( explanation ! well-kn[n & n entirely deplorable t5d5cy ( ! prote/ant & innovator to ov]/ate 8 case1 to br+ out by /rong emphasis ! aspect ) :i* he is *iefly conc]n$ & :i* he ?9ks has be5 unduly neglect$4 ,?is1 z h9t$1 has its m]its1 & n only or *iefly = ,philosophy1 b also1 & p]haps prim>ily1 = ! conduct ( life4 ,if he conv9ces m51 %\ld !y ne$ conv9c+1 t !y _c be sav$ by ! discursive reason alone1 he w h done a good s]vice to 8 g5]ation1 & to ! philosoph]s among !m :o may 7?\gh !y ought n to7 be tempt$ to ignore ! intuitive elem5t 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! same t5d5cy to ov]-emphasis c be obs]v$ else:]e4 ,x is noticeable1 = in/ance1 9 8 discussions ( ,*ange1 :i* are s m>k$ & important a feature 9 8 writ+s4 ,8 ,philosophy has be5 call$1 ) 8 approval app>5tly1 ! ,philosophy ( ,*ange1 ?\gh x might h be5 call$1 /ill m truly & sugge/ively1 ! ,philosophy ( ,creation4 ,x is ?is latt] phase ( x :i* has s enorm\sly int]e/$ & /imulat$ ! _w4 ,z to 8 treatm5t ( ,*ange1 x reveals ,b]gson 9 "o ( 8 happie/ moods4 ,x is difficult to re/ra9 "o's praise 9 speak+ ( ! subtle & res\rceful way 9 :i* he h&les ?is tantaliz+ & elusive "q4 ,x is a /roke ( g5ius4 ,! /ud5t ( ,philosophy1 ( c\rse1 at once ?9ks ( ,h]aclitus2 b ,b]gson is n m]ely ano!r ,h]aclitus any m ?an he is j an e*o ( ,jacobi4 ,he places ,*ange 9 a new light1 enables u to grasp its "* ) a success :i*1 if he _h no o!r claim to remembrance1 w\ld ensure = him an hon\rable place 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,9 ! process he makes b a m\?ful ( ,z5o & 8 et]nal puzzles4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,gunn also po9ts out1,footnote3 ,see p4 #adb4 ,*ange _c be ! la/ ^w 9 our *>act]ization ( ,reality4 ,pure ,*ange is n only un?9kable--t p]haps ,b]gson w\ld all[--b x is some?+ :i* _c be exp]i5c$4 ,!re mu/ be po9ts ( ref]5ce--a />t+ po9t & an end+ po9t at lea/4 ,pure ,*ange1 z is ! way ) pure any?+1 turns into its contradictory4 ,p>adoxical ?\gh x may seem1 x ends z /atic4 ,x becomes ! ,"o & ,indivisible4 ,?is1 at lea/1 0 recogniz$ by ,h]aclitus & is express$ by him 9 8 figure ( ! ,great ,ye>4 ,x is n my purpose1 h[ev]1 to usurp ! function ( ! au?or ( ?is useful h&book to ,b]gson4 ,! ext5t ( my introductory rem>ks is an almo/ involunt>y tribute to ! mat]ial & provocative nature ( ,b]gson's discussions1 j z ! frequ5t use by ! au?or ( ?is book ( ! actual words ( ,b]gson are a tribute to ! excell5ce & ess5tial rightness ( 8 /yle4 ,! ,fr5*man1 himself a free & c&id _s1 w\ld be ! la/ to require unque/ion+ docility 9 o!rs4 ,he kn[s t !reby is ! philosophic brea? *ok$ out ( u4 ,if we read him 9 ! _s 9 :i* he w\ld wi% to be read1 we %all f9d1 h[ev] mu* we may div]ge f him on p>ticul> issues1 t our lab\r has be5 f> f wa/$4 ,he und\bt$ly calls = consid]able ef=t f ! /ud5t :o takes him1 z he ought to be tak51 s]i\sly2 b x is ef=t well wor? :ile4 ,he1 p]haps1 %9es ev5 m z a psy*ologi/ ?an z a philosoph]--at lea/ 9 ! "t-hon\r$ s5se4 ,he has an almo/ uncanny introspective insight &1 z has be5 said1 a p[] ( r5d]+ its result 9 language :i* creates 9 ! read] a s5se ( excitem5t & adv5ture n to be excell$ by ! able/ romanc]4 ,fadaises1 :i* are to be met ) 9 philosophical works z else:]e1 are n to be frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,!re is always ! fre% breeze ( orig9al ?\ght bl[+ "h4 ,he is by nature z well z by doctr9e ! sworn foe ( conv5tionality4 ,?\gh he may n give u all we w\ld wi%1 9 our ha/e to be all-wise1 let u yet be grateful to him = ?is1 t he has ! purpose & also ! p[] to %ake u out ( complac5cy1 to compel u to reca/ our philosophical acc\nt4 ,9 ?is he is supremely s]viceable to 8 g5]ation1 & is des]v+ ( ! gratitude ( all :o c>e = ,philosophy4 ,=1 :ile ,philosophy _c die1 x may be all[$ to fall into a comatose condition2 & ?is is ! unp>donable s94 ,,alex&] ,,mair ,,liv]pool ,,univ]sity ,?is huge vision ( "t & motion1 ( a mighty _w :i* is always becom+1 always *ang+1 gr[+1 /riv+1 & :]e9 ! ^w ( p[] is n law1 b life1 has captur$ ! mod]n imag9ation no less ?an ! mod]n intellect4 ,x lights ) its spl5d\r ! pati5t discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,x ca/s a new radiance on !ology1 e?ics & art4 ,x gives mean+ to "s ( our deepe/ in/9cts1 our /range/ & lea/ explicable t5d5cies4 ,b above & beyond all ?is1 x lifts ! awful weight :i* det]m9ism _h laid ^u our spirits & fills ! future ) hope2 = beyond ! /ruggle & suff]+ insep>able f life's flux1 z we "k x1 x reports to u1 ?\gh we may n he> !m1 ! ?und] ( new w+s4 ,evelyn ,und]hill ,,*apt] ,i ,,life ,,( ,,b]gson ,bir? & education--,tea*es at ,cl]mont-,f]r&--,les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce--,mati]e et ,memoire--,*air ( ,greek ,philosophy1 !n ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,college de ,france--,l',evolution creatrice--,relations ) ,william ,james--,visits ,engl& & ,am]ica--,popul>ity--,neo-,ca?olics & ,syndicali/s--,election to ,academie francaise--,w>-"w-- ,l',en]gie spirituelle4 ,b]gson's life has be5 ! quiet & unev5tful "o ( a ,fr5* pr(essor1 ! *ief l&m>ks 9 x be+ ! publication ( 8 ?ree pr9cipal works1 fir/1 9 #ahhi1 ! ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce1 !n ,mati]e et ,memoire 9 #ahif1 & ,l',evolution creatrice 9 #aijg4 ,on ,octob] #ah?1 #ahei1 ,h5ri ,l\is ,b]gson 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 ! ,rue ,lam>t9e1 n f> f ! ,op]a ,h\se4,footnote3 ,he 0 n born 9 ,engl& z ,alb]t ,/e5b]g5 errone\sly /ates 9 8 "w1 ,h5ri ,b]gsons ,intuitive ,philosophie1 ,j5a1 #aiji1 p4 #b1 nor 9 #aheb1 ! date giv5 by ,miss ,/ebb+ 9 h] ,pragmatism & ,fr5* ,volunt>ism4 ,he is desc5d$ f a prom95t ,jewi% family ( ,pol&1 ) a bl5d ( ,iri% blood f 8 "m's side4 ,8 family liv$ 9 ,london = a few ye>s aft] 8 bir?1 & he obta9$ an e>ly famili>ity ) ! ,engli% language f 8 "m4 ,be=e he 0 n9e ye>s old 8 p>5ts cross$ ! ,*annel & settl$ 9 ,france1 ,h5ri becom+ a naturaliz$ citiz5 ( ! ,republic4 ,9 ,p>is f #ahfh to #ahgh he att5d$ ! ,lycee ,fonta9e1 n[ kn[n z ! ,lycee ,condorcet4 ,:ile !re he obta9$ a prize = 8 sci5tific "w & also won a prize :5 he 0 eighte5 = ! solution ( a ma!matical problem4 ,?is 0 9 #ahgg1 & 8 solution 0 publi%$ ! foll[+ ye> 9 ,annales de ,ma!matiques4 ,x is ( int]e/ z be+ 8 fir/ publi%$ "w4 ,aft] "s hesitation ov] 8 c>e]1 z to :e!r x %\ld lie 9 ! sph]e ( ! sci5ces or t ( ! humanities1 he decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 & :5 n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 he ent]$ ! fam\s ,ecole ,normale ,sup]ieure4 ,:ile !re he obta9$ ! degree ( ,lic5cie-es-,lettres1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by t ( ,agrege de philosophie 9 #ahha4 ,! same ye> he receiv$ a tea*+ appo9tm5t at ! ,lycee 9 ,ang]s1 ! anci5t capital ( ,anj\4 ,two ye>s lat] he settl$ at ! ,lycee ,blaise-,pascal 9 ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 *ief t[n ( ! ,puy de ,dome dep>tm5t1 ^: "n is m kn[n to motori/s ?an to philosoph]s4 ,! ye> aft] 8 arrival at ,cl]mont-,f]r& he display$ 8 ability 9 ! humanities by ! publication ( an excell5t edition ( extracts f ,lucretius1 ) a critical /udy ( ! text & ! philosophy ( ! poet 7#ahhd71 a "w ^: repeat$ editions are suffici5t evid5ce ( its useful place 9 ! promotion ( classical /udy among ! y\? ( ,france4 ,:ile tea*+ & lectur+ 9 ?is beautiful "p ( 8 c\ntry 7! ,auv]gne region71 ,b]gson f\nd "t = private /udy & orig9al "w4 ,he 0 engag$ on 8 ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce4 ,?is essay1 :i*1 9 its ,engli% translation1 be>s ! m def9ite & descriptive title1 ,"t & ,free ,w1 0 submitt$1 along ) a %ort ,lat9 ,!sis on ,ari/otle1 = ! degree ( ,docteur-es-,lettres1 to :i* he 0 admitt$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 #ahhi4 ,! "w 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye> by ,felix ,alcan1 ! ,p>is publi%]1 9 8 s]ies ,la ,biblio!que de philosophie contempora9e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,b]gson d$icat$ ?is volume to ,jules ,la*eli]1 !n m9i/re de l'in/ruction publique1 :o 0 an ard5t disciple ( ,ravaisson & ! au?or ( a r important philosophical "w ,du fondem5t de l',induction 7#ahga71 :o 9 8 view ( ?+s endeav\r$ to sub/itute ev]y:]e =ce = in]tia1 life = dea?1 & lib]ty = fatalism4 ,footnote3 ,la*eli] 0 born 9 #ahcb1 ,ravaisson 9 #ahac4 ,b]gson ow$ mu* to bo? ( ^! tea*]s ( ! ,ecole ,normale ,sup]ieure4 ,cf4 8 memorial address on ,ravaisson1 :o di$ 9 #aijj4 7,see ,bibliography "u #aijd47 ,b]gson n[ settl$ aga9 9 ,p>is1 & aft] tea*+ = "s mon?s at ! ,municipal ,college1 kn[n z ! ,college ,roll91 he receiv$ an appo9tm5t at ! ,lycee ,h5ri-,quatre1 :]e he rema9$ = eight ye>s4 ,9 #ahif he publi%$ 8 second l>ge "w1 entitl$ ,mati]e et ,memoire4 ,?is r difficult1 b brilliant1 "w inve/igates ! function ( ! bra91 und]takes an analysis ( p]ception & memory1 lead+ up to a c>eful consid]ation ( ! problems ( ! relation ( body & m9d4 ,b]gson1 we "k1 has sp5t ye>s ( rese>* 9 prep>ation = ea* ( 8 ?ree l>ge works4 ,?is is especially obvi\s 9 ,mati]e et ,memoire1 :]e he %[s a v ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! ext5sive am\nt ( pa?ological inve/igation :i* has be5 c>ri$ out 9 rec5t ye>s1 & = :i* ,france is ju/ly entitl$ to v hon\rable m5tion4 ,9 #ahih ,b]gson became ,maitre de conf]5ces at 8 ,alma ,mat]1 ,l',ecole ,normale ,sup]ieure1 & 0 lat] promot$ to a ,pr(essor%ip4 ,! ye> #aijj saw him in/all$ z ,pr(essor at ! ,college de ,france1 :]e he accept$ ! ,*air ( ,greek ,philosophy 9 succession to ,*>les ,l',eveque4 ,! ,college de ,france1 f\nd$ 9 #aecj1 by ,francois ,i1 is less anci5t1 & until rec5t ye>s has be5 less prom95t 9 g5]al repute ?an ! ,sorbonne1 :i* traces back its hi/ory to ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 x is "o ( ! intellectual headqu>t]s ( ,france1 inde$ ( ! :ole _w4 ,:ile ! ,sorbonne is n[ ! seat ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ! ,college is an indep5d5t in/itution "u ! control ( ! ,m9i/re de l',in/ruction publique4 ,! lectures giv5 by ! v em95t pr(essors :o fill its =ty-?ree *airs are free & op5 to ! g5]al public1 & are att5d$ ma9ly by a l>ge numb] ( wom5 /ud5ts & by ! s5ior /ud5ts f ! ,univ]sity4 ,! l>ge/ lecture room 9 ! ,college 0 giv5 to ,b]gson1 b ?is became q inadequate to accommodate 8 he>]s4 ,at ! ,fir/ ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy1 :i* 0 held 9 ,p>is1 dur+ ! fir/ five days ( ,augu/1 #aijj1 ,b]gson read a %ort1 b important1 pap]1 ,sur les orig9es psy*ologiques de notre croyance a la loi de causalite4 ,9 #aija ,felix ,alcan publi%$ 9 book =m a "w :i* _h j previ\sly appe>$ 9 ! ,revue de ,p>is entitl$ ,le ,rire1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( 8 m9or productions4 ,?is essay on ! mean+ ( ! ,comic 0 bas$ on a lecture :i* he _h giv5 9 8 e>ly days 9 ! ,auv]gne4 ,! /udy ( x is ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( ,b]gson's views ( life1 & its passages deal+ ) ! place ( ! arti/ic 9 life are valuable4 ,9 #aija he 0 elect$ to ! ,academie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques1 & became a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,9 #aijc he contribut$ to ! ,revue de metaphysique et de morale a v important essay entitl$ ,introduction a la metaphysique1 :i* is useful z a preface to ! /udy ( 8 ?ree l>ge books4 ,on ! dea? ( ,gabriel ,t>de1 ! em95t sociologi/1 9 #aijd1 ,b]gson succe$$ him 9 ! ,*air ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,f ! #d? to ! #h? ( ,septemb] ( t ye> he 0 at ,g5eva att5d+ ! ,second ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy1 :5 he lectur$ on ,le ,p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique1 or1 to quote its new title1 ,le ,c]veau et la ,p5see3 une illusion philosophique4 ,an illness prev5t$ 8 visit+ ,g]many to att5d ! ,?ird ,congress held at ,heidelb]g4 ,8 ?ird l>ge "w--8 greate/ book--,l',evolution creatrice1 appe>$ 9 #aijg1 & is und\bt$ly1 ( all 8 works1 ! "o :i* is mo/ widely kn[n & mo/ discuss$4 ,x con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & orig9al contributions to ! philosophical consid]ation ( ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,un livre comme ,l',evolution creatrice1 rem>ks ,imb>t de la ,t\r1 n'e/ pas seulm5t une oeuvre1 mais une date1 celle d'une direction n\velle imprimee a la p5see4 ,by #aiah1 ,alcan1 ! publi%]1 _h issu$ tw5ty-"o editions1 mak+ an av]age ( two editions p] annum = t5 ye>s4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ?is book1 ,b]gson's popul>ity has increas$ enorm\sly1 n only 9 academic circles1 b among ! g5]al read+ public4 ,he came to ,london 9 #aijh & visit$ ,william ,james1 ! ,am]ican philosoph] ( ,h>v>d1 :o 0 ,b]gson's s5ior by sev5te5 ye>s1 & :o 0 in/rum5tal 9 call+ ! att5tion ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican public to ! "w ( ! ,fr5* pr(essor4 ,?is 0 an int]e/+ meet+ & we f9d ,james' impression ( ,b]gson giv5 9 8 ,lett]s "u date ( ,octob] #d1 #aijh4 ,s mode/ & unpret5d+ a man b su* a g5ius intellectually6 ,i h ! /ronge/ suspicions t ! t5d5cy :i* he has br\ght to a focus1 w end by prevail+1 & t ! pres5t epo* w be a sort ( turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,z 9 "s qu>t]s errone\s ideas prevail reg>d+ bo? ! hi/orical & intellectual relation betwe5 ,james & ,b]gson1 x may be useful to call att5tion to "s ( ! facts "h4 ,z e>ly z #ahhj ,james contribut$ an article 9 ,fr5* to ! p]iodical ,la ,critique philosophique1 ( ,r5\vi] & ,pillon1 entitl$ ,le ,s5tim5t de l',ef=t4,footnote3 ,cf4 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *ap xxvi4 ,f\r ye>s lat] a c\ple ( articles by him appe>$ 9 ,m9d3 ,:at is an ,emotion8,footnote3 ,m9d1 #ahhd1 pp4 #ahh-bje4 & ,on "s ,omissions ( ,introspective ,psy*ology4,footnote3 ,m9d1 #ahhd1 pp4 #a-bf4 ,( ^! articles ! fir/ two 7 quot$ by ,b]gson 9 8 "w ( #ahhi1 ,les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s #ahij-ia appe>$ ! two volumes ( ,james' monum5tal "w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 9 :i* he ref]s to a pa?ological ph5om5on obs]v$ by ,b]gson4 ,"s writ]s tak+ m]ely ^! dates into consid]ation1 & ov]look+ ! fact t ,james' inve/igations _h be5 proce$+ s9ce #ahgj1 regi/]$ f "t to "t by v>i\s articles :i* culm9at$ 9 ,! ,pr9ciples1 h mi/ak5ly assign$ to ,b]gson's ideas priority 9 "t4,footnote3 ,= example ,a4 ,*aumeix3 ,william ,james 7,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,oct1 #aiaj71 & ,j4 ,b\rdeau3 ,n\velles modes en philosophie1 ,j\rnal de ,debats1 ,feb41 #aijg4 ,cf4 ,fl\rnoy3 ,la philosophie de ,william ,james4 7,eng4 ,trans4 ,holt & ,james1 pp4 #aih-bjf74 ,on ! o!r h& ins9uations h be5 made to ! effect t ,b]gson owes ! g]m-ideas ( 8 fir/ book to ! #ahhd article by ,james ,on ,"s ,omissions ( ,introspective ,psy*ology1 :i* he nei!r ref]s to nor quotes4 ,?is p>ticul> article deals ) ! conception ( ?\ght z a /ream ( consci\sness1 :i* intellect di/orts by fram+ into concepts4 ,we mu/ n be misl$ by p>allels4 ,b]gson has repli$ to ?is ins9uation by d5y+ t he _h any k ( ! article by ,james :5 he wrote ,les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce4,footnote3 ,relation a ,william ,james et a ,james ,w>d4 ,art4 9 ,revue philosophique1 ,aug41 #aije1 lx41 p4 #bbi4 ,! two ?9k]s appe> to h develop$ indep5d5tly until almo/ ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,9 tru? !y are mu* fur!r ap>t 9 _! intellectual position ?an is frequ5tly suppos$4,footnote3 ,! read] :o desires to foll[ ! v>i\s views ( ! relation ( ,b]gson & ,james w f9d ! foll[+ works useful4 ,kall5 7a pupil ( ,james73 ,william ,james & ,h5ri ,b]gson3 a /udy 9 contra/+ !ories ( life4 ,/ebb+3 ,pragmatism & ,fr5* ,volunt>ism4 ,caldwell3 ,pragmatism & ,idealism 7la/ *ap74 ,p]ry3 ,pres5t ,philosophical ,t5d5cies4 ,b\tr\x3 ,william ,james 7,eng4 ,tr474 ,fl\rnoy3 ,la philosophie de ,james 7,eng4 ,tr474 ,& ,j4 ,e4 ,turn]3 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,william ,james' ,philosophy4 ,bo? h succe$$ 9 appeal+ to audi5ces f> beyond ! purely academic sph]e1 b only 9 _! mutual rejection ( intellectualism z f9al is !re real h>mony or unanimity betwe5 !m4 ,x w n d to press too closely analogies betwe5 ! ,radical ,empiricism ( ! ,am]ican & ! ,doctr9e ( ,intuition ( ! ,fr5*man4 ,al?\gh ,james obta9s a c]ta9 priority 9 po9t ( "t 9 ! developm5t & enunciation ( 8 ideas1 we mu/ rememb] t he confess$ t he 0 baffl$ by _m ( ,b]gson's notions4 ,james c]ta9ly neglect$ _m ( ! deep] metaphysical aspects ( ,b]gson's ?\ght1 :i* did n h>monize ) 8 own1 & are ev5 9 direct contradiction4 ,9 addition to ?is ,b]gson is no pragmati/1 = him utility1 s f> f be+ a te/ ( tru?1 is r ! rev]se1 a synonym = error4 ,nev]!less1 ,william ,james hail$ ,b]gson z an ally v en?usia/ically4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury 7#aijc7 we f9d him rem>k+ 9 8 correspond5ce3 ,i h be5 re-read+ ,b]gson's books1 & no?+ t ,i h read s9ce ye>s has s excit$ & /imulat$ my ?\ghts4 ,i am sure t t philosophy has a great future1 x breaks ?r\gh old cadres & br+s ?+s into a solution f :i* new cry/als c be got4 ,! mo/ notewor?y tributes paid by him to ,b]gson 7 ^? made 9 ! ,hibb]t ,lectures 7,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se71 :i* ,james gave at ,man*e/] ,college1 ,ox=d1 %ortly aft] he & ,b]gson met 9 ,london4 ,he !re rem>k$ ^u ! enc\ragem5t he _h receiv$ f ,b]gson's ?\ght1 & ref]r$ to ! confid5ce he _h 9 be+ able to lean on ,b]gson's au?ority4 ,footnote3 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 pp4 #bad-ae4 ,cf4 ! :ole ( ,lecture ,v4 ,! ,comp\nd+ ( ,consci\sness1 pp4 #aha-bba1 & ,lecture ,,vi4 ,b]gson & ,8 ,critique ( ,intellectualism1 pp4 #bbe-bgc4 ,op5 ,b]gson1 & new horizons loom on e page y read4 ,x is l ! brea? ( ! morn+ & ! song ( birds4 ,x tells ( reality itself1 in/ead ( m]ely reit]at+ :at du/y-m9d$ pr(essors h writt5 ab\t :at o!r previ\s pr(essors h ?\ght4 ,no?+ 9 ,b]gson is %op-worn or at second-h&4 ,footnote3 ,lecture ,,vi41 p4 #bfe4 ,! influ5ce ( ,b]gson _h l$ him to r5\nce ! intellectuali/ me?od & ! curr5t notion t logic is an adequate measure ( :at c or _c be4 ,footnote3 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 p4 #bab4 ,x _h induc$ him1 he cont9u$1 ,,to ,,give ,,up ,,! ,,logic1 squ>ely & irrevocably z a me?od1 = he f\nd t reality1 life1 exp]i5ce1 concret5ess1 imm$iacy1 use :at ^w y w1 exce$s our logic1 ov]fl[s1 & surr\nds x4 ,footnote3 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 p4 #bab4 ,naturally1 ^! rem>ks1 :i* appe>$ 9 book =m 9 #aiji1 direct$ _m ,engli% & ,am]ican read]s to an inve/igation ( ,b]gson's philosophy = !mselves4 ,a c]ta9 h&icap exi/$ 9 t 8 greate/ "w _h n !n be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,james1 h[ev]1 enc\rag$ & assi/$ ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,mit*ell 9 8 prep>ation ( ! ,engli% translation ( ,l',evolution creatrice4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #aiaj ,james di$4 ,x 0 8 int5tion1 _h he liv$ to see ! completion ( ! translation1 to introduce x to ! ,engli% read+ public by a prefatory note ( appreciation4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! translation 0 complet$ & /ill great] int]e/ 9 ,b]gson & 8 "w 0 ! result4 ,by a co9cid5ce1 9 t same ye> 7#aiaa71 ,b]gson p5n$ = ! ,fr5* translation ( ,james' book1 ,pragmatism1,footnote3 ,le ,pragmatisme3 ,translat$ by ,le ,brun4 ,p>is1 ,flamm>ion4 a preface ( sixte5 pages1 entitl$ ,v]ite et ,realite4 ,9 x he express$ sympa!tic appreciation ( ,james' "w1 c\pl$ ) c]ta9 important res]vations4 ,9 ,april 7#e? to #aa?7 ,b]gson att5d$ ! ,f\r? ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy held at ,bologna1 9 ,italy1 :]e he gave a brilliant address on ,l',intuition philosophique4 ,9 response to invitations receiv$ he came aga9 to ,engl& 9 ,may ( t ye>1 & has paid u sev]al subsequ5t visits4 ,^! visits h always be5 notewor?y ev5ts & h be5 m>k$ by important deliv]ances4 ,_m ( ^! conta9 important contributions to ?\ght & %$ new light on _m passages 9 8 ?ree l>ge works1 ,"t & ,free ,w1 ,matt] & ,memory1 & ,creative ,evolution4 ,al?\gh necess>ily brief /atem5ts1 !y are ( m rec5t date ?an 8 books1 & ?us %[ h[ ?is acute ?9k] c develop & enri* 8 ?\ght & take advantage ( su* an opportunity to make cle> to an ,engli% audi5ce ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy4 ,he visit$ ,ox=d & deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity1 on ! #bf? & #bg? ( ,may1 two lectures entitl$ ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* 9 ! same ye> by ! ,cl>5don ,press4 ,z ,b]gson has a delightful gift ( lucid & brief exposition1 :5 ! occasion dem&s su* treatm5t1 ^! lectures on ,*ange =m a mo/ valuable synopsis or brief survey ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 ?\ght1 & s]ve ! /ud5t or g5]al read] alike z an excell5t introduction to ! /udy ( ! l>g] volumes4 ,ox=d hon\r$ its di/+ui%$ visitor by conf]r+ ^u him ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,sci5ce4 ,two days lat] he deliv]$ ! ,huxley ,lecture at ,birm+ham ,univ]sity1 tak+ = 8 subject ,life & ,consci\sness4 ,?is subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 7,oct41 #aiaa71 & s9ce revis$1 =ms ! fir/ essay 9 ! collect$ volume ,l',en]gie spirituelle or ,m9d-,en]gy4 ,9 ,octob] he 0 aga9 9 ,engl&1 :]e he _h an en?usia/ic reception1 & deliv]$ at ,london ,univ]sity 7,univ]sity ,college7 f\r lectures on ,la ,nature de l',ame4 ,9 #aiac he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 at ! invitation ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 & lectur$ 9 sev]al ,am]ican cities1 :]e he 0 welcom$ by v l>ge audi5ces4 ,9 ,febru>y1 at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 he lectur$ bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 tak+ z 8 subjects3 ,spiritualite et ,lib]te & ,! ,me?od ( ,philosophy4 ,be+ aga9 9 ,engl& 9 ,may ( ! same ye>1 he accept$ ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,briti% ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 & deliv]$ to ! ,society an impressive address3 ,fantomes des ,vivants et ,re*]*e psy*ique4 ,mean:ile1 8 popul>ity increas$1 & translations ( 8 works began to appe> 9 a numb] ( languages1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,dani%1 ,sw$i%1 ,magy>1 ,poli% & ,russian4 ,9 #aiad he 0 hon\r$ by 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 9 be+ elect$ z a memb] ( ! ,academie francaise4 ,he 0 also made ,presid5t ( ! ,academie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques1 & 9 addition he became ,(fici] de la ,legion d',honneur1 & ,(fici] de l',in/ruction publique4 ,he f\nd disciples ( _m v>i$ types1 & 9 ,france movem5ts su* z ,neo-,ca?olicism or ,mod]nism on ! "o h& & ,syndicalism on ! o!r1 endeav\r$ to absorb & to appropriate = _! own imm$iate use & propag&a "s ( ! c5tral ideas ( 8 tea*+4 ,t important cont95tal organ ( sociali/ & syndicali/ !ory1 ,le ,m\vem5t sociali/e1 sugge/$ t ! realism ( ,k>l ,m>x & ,prudhon is ho/ile to all =ms ( intellectualism1 & t1 !re=e1 support]s ( ,m>xian socialism %\ld welcome a philosophy su* z t ( ,b]gson4 ,o!r writ]s1 9 _! eag]ness1 ass]t$ ! collaboration ( ! ,*air ( ,philosophy at ! ,college de ,france ) ! aims ( ! ,conf$]ation ,g5]ale du ,travail & ! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w4 ,x 0 claim$ t !re is h>mony betwe5 ! flute ( p]sonal philosophical m$itation & ! trumpet ( social revolution4 ,^! /atem5ts are consid]$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! political implications ( ,b]gson's ?\ght4 ,:ile social revolution>ies 7 endeav\r+ to make ! mo/ out ( ,b]gson1 _m lead]s ( religi\s ?\ght1 p>ticul>ly ! m lib]al-m9d$ !ologians ( all cre$s1 e4g41 ! ,mod]ni/s & ,neo-,ca?olic ,p>ty 9 8 own c\ntry1 %[$ a ke5 int]e/ 9 8 writ+s1 & _m ( !m endeav\r$ to f9d enc\ragem5t & /imulus 9 8 "w4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 :i* /ill believes t f9ality 0 rea*$ 9 philosophy ) ! "w ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & consequ5tly makes t m$iaeval philosophy h] (ficial1 or?odox1 & dogmatic view1 took ! /ep ( bann+ ,b]gson's ?ree books by plac+ !m ^u ! ,index 7,decree ( ,june #a1 #aiad74 ,x 0 arrang$ by ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities t ,b]gson %\ld deliv] 9 #aiad ! fam\s ,gif=d ,lectures1 & "o c\rse 0 plann$ = ! spr+ & ano!r = ! autumn4 ,! fir/ c\rse1 consi/+ ( elev5 lectures1 "u ! title ( ,! ,problem ( ,p]sonality1 0 deliv]$ at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity 9 ! ,spr+ ( t ye>4 ,!n came ! ,w>4 ,! c\rse ( lectures plann$ = ! autumn mon?s _h to be ab&on$4 ,b]gson has n1 h[ev]1 be5 sil5t dur+ ! conflict1 & he has giv5 "s inspir+ addresses4 ,z e>ly z ,novemb] #d?1 #aiad1 he wrote an article entitl$ ,la =ce qui s'use et celle qui ne s'use pas1 :i* appe>$ 9 t unique & int]e/+ p]iodical ( ! poilus1 ,le ,bullet9 des ,armees de la ,republique ,francaise4 ,a presid5tial address deliv]$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiad1 to ! ,academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 _h = its title ,la ,significance de la ,gu]re4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! prec$+ article1 has be5 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,engl& z ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,w>4 ,b]gson contribut$ also to ! publication arrang$ by ,! ,daily ,telegraph 9 hon\r ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,belgians1 ,k+ ,alb]t's ,book 7,*ri/mas1 #aiad74 ,9 #aiae he 0 succe$$ 9 ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,academie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques by ,m4 ,alex&re ,ribot1 & !n deliv]$ a disc\rse on ,! ,evolution ( ,g]man ,imp]ialism4 ,mean:ile he f\nd "t to issue at ! reque/ ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction a delightful little summ>y ( ,fr5* ,philosophy4 ,b]gson did a l>ge am\nt ( travell+ & lectur+ 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! w>4 ,he 0 !re :5 ! ,fr5* ,mission "u ,m4 ,viviani paid a visit 9 ,april & ,may ( #aiag1 foll[+ ^u ,am]ica's entry into ! conflict4 ,m4 ,viviani's book ,la ,mission francaise en ,am]ique1 #aiag1 conta9s a preface by ,b]gson4 ,e>ly 9 #aiah he 0 (ficially receiv$ by ! ,academie francaise1 tak+ 8 seat among ,! ,select ,=ty z successor to ,m4 ,emile ,ollivi]1 ! au?or ( ! l>ge & notable hi/orical "w ,l',empire lib]al4 ,a session 0 held 9 ,janu>y 9 8 hon\r at :i* he deliv]$ an address on ,ollivi]4 ,9 ! ,w>1 ,b]gson saw ! conflict ( ,m9d & ,matt]1 or r ( ,life & ,me*anism2 & ?us he %[s u 9 action ! c5tral idea ( 8 own philosophy4 ,to no o!r philosoph] has x fall51 dur+ 8 lifetime1 to h 8 philosophical pr9ciples s vividly & s t]ribly te/$4 ,we are too close to ! smok+ crucible ( w> to be aw>e ( all t has be5 involv$ 9 x4 ,ev5 ^? :o h help$ 9 ! mak+ ( hi/ory are too ne> to x to reg>d x hi/orically1 mu* less philosophically4 ,yet "o _c help feel+ t ! defeat ( ,g]man milit>ism has be5 ! pro( 9 action ( ! validity ( mu* ( ,b]gson's ?\ght4 ,z _m ( ,b]gson's contributions to ,fr5* p]iodicals are n readily accessible1 he agre$ to ! reque/ ( 8 fri5ds t ^! %\ld be collect$ & publi%$ 9 two volumes4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 be+ plann$ :5 w> broke out4 ,! conclusion ( /rife has be5 m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( ?is delay$ volume 9 #aiai4 ,x be>s ! title ,l',en]gie spirituelle3 ,essais et ,conf]5ces4 ,! not$ exp\nd] ( ,b]gson's philosophy 9 ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,wildon ,c>r1 has prep>$ an ,engli% ,translation "u ! title ,m9d-,en]gy4 ,! volume op5s ) ! ,huxley ,memorial ,lecture ( #aiaa1 ,life & ,consci\sness1 9 a revis$ & develop$ =m "u ! title ,consci\sness & ,life4 ,signs ( ,b]gson's gr[+ int]e/ 9 social e?ics & 9 ! idea ( a future life ( p]sonal survival are manife/$4 ,! lecture be=e ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* is includ$1 z is also ! "o giv5 9 ,france1 ,l',ame et le ,corps1 :i* conta9s ! sub/ance ( ! f\r ,london lectures on ! ,s\l4 ,! sev5? & la/ article is a repr9t ( ,b]gson's fam\s lecture to ! ,congress ( ,philosophy at ,g5eva 9 #aijd1 ,le p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique1 :i* n[ appe>s z ,le ,c]veau et la ,p5see3 une illusion philosophique4 ,o!r articles are on ! ,false ,recognition1 on ,dreams1 & ,intellectual ,ef=t4 ,! volume is a mo/ welcome production & s]ves to br+ toge!r :at ,b]gson has writt5 on ! concept ( m5tal =ce1 & on 8 view ( t5sion & det5sion z appli$ to ! relation ( matt] & m9d4 ,x is ,b]gson's int5tion to foll[ up ?is collection %ortly by ano!r on ! ,me?od ( ,philosophy1 deal+ ) ! problems ( ,intuition4 ,= ?is he is prep>+ an important introduction1 deal+ ) rec5t developm5ts 9 philosophy4 ,?is second volume w include ! ,lectures on ,! ,p]ception ( ,*ange giv5 at ,ox=d1 ,! ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 & ! brilliant pap] ,philosophical ,intuition4 ,9 ,june1 #aibj1 ,cambridge hon\r$ him ) ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,lett]s4 ,9 ord] t he may be able to devote 8 full "t to ! great new "w he is prep>+ on e?ics1 religion1 & sociology1 ,b]gson has be5 reliev$ ( ! duties atta*$ to ! ,*air ( ,mod]n ,philosophy at ! ,college de ,france4 ,he /ill holds ?is *air1 b no long] deliv]s lectures1 8 place be+ tak5 by 8 brilliant pupil ,ed\>d ,le ,roy4 ,liv+ ) 8 wife & daught] 9 a mode/ h\se 9 a quiet /reet ne> ! ,porte d',auteuil 9 ,p>is1 ,b]gson is n[ work+ z ke5ly & vigor\sly z ev]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,*ange ,fundam5tal 9 ,b]gson's philosophy4 ,we are surr\nd$ by *anges--we ourselves *ange--,belief 9 *ange--,simplicity ( *ange--,immobility is composite & relative--,all movem5t is indivisible4 ,! fallacy ( /ates--,intellect loves ! /atic--,life is dynamic--,*ange1 ! v /uff ( life1 con/itutes reality4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ?\ght we f9d t ! prevail+ philosophies h always reflect$ "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( _! "t4 ,= in/ance1 9 ^? p]iods :51 z hi/orians tell u1 ! t5d5cy t[>ds unity1 con=mity1 sy/em1 ord]1 & au?ority 0 /rong1 we f9d philosophy reflect+ ^! conditions by emphasiz+ ! unity ( ! univ]se2 :ile 9 ^? p]iods 9 :i* e/abli%$ ord]1 sy/em1 & au?ority 7 di/urb$1 ! philosophy ( ! "t emphasizes ! idea ( multiplicity z oppos$ to ! unity ( ! univ]se1 lay+ /ress on fre$om1 creative action1 spontaneity ( ef=t1 & ! reality ( *ange4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is ! *ief reason :y ,b]gson's philosophy has f\nd su* an am\nt ( acceptance 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod4 ,! response to 8 ?\ght may be expla9$ v l>gely by ?is1 t already 8 fundam5tal ideas exi/$1 al?\gh implicit1 unexpress$1 9 ! m9ds ( a great multitude ( ?\ghtful p1 to :om ! /atic conceptions ( ! univ]se 7 inadequate & false4 ,we mu/ n1 on ! o!r h&1 ov]look ! fact t ,b]gson's /atem5ts h 9 _! turn giv5 an emphasis to all aspects ( ?\ght :i* take acc\nt ( ! reality ( *ange & :i* realize its importance 9 all sph]es4 ,a writ] on _w politics v aptly rem9ds u t life is *ange1 & a ,league ( ,peace t aim$ at pres]v+ peace by =bidd+ *ange w\ld be a tyranny z oppressive z any ,napoleonic dictator%ip4 ,^! problems call$ = p]iodic *ange4 ,! p]il ( our future is t1 :ile ! ne$ = *ange is in/9ctively grasp$ by "s peoples z ! fundam5tal fact ( _w-politics1 to p]ceive x co/s o!rs a difficult ef=t ( ?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d on ,peace & ,*ange1 ,*ap4 #c ( 8 ,book ,a ,league ( ,nations4 ,h[ev] difficult x may be = "s individuals & = "s nations to grasp x1 ! great fact is !re--! reality ( *ange is und5iable4 ,b]gson himself w\ld give to 8 philosophy ! title1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,*ange1 & ?is = a v good reason1 = ! pr9ciple ( ,*ange & an insi/5ce on its reality lies at ! root ( 8 ?\ght4,footnote3 ,he sugge/$ ?is z a sub-title to ,dr4 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r = 8 little "w ,h5ri ,b]gson 7,p's ,books74 ,dr4 ,wildon ,c>r's lat] & l>g] "w be>s ?is z its full title4 ,we "k t ev]y?+ *anges1 we f9d him say+ 9 8 ,london lectures1 b x is m]e words4 ,f ! e>lie/ times record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 philosoph]s h nev] /opp$ say+ t ev]y?+ *anges2 b1 :5 ! mom5t came = ! practical application ( ?is proposition1 !y act$ z if !y believ$ t at ! bottom ( ?+s !re is immobility & inv>iability4 ,! greate/ difficulties ( philosophy are due to n tak+ acc\nt ( ! fact t ,*ange & ,movem5t are univ]sal4 ,x is n en\gh to say t ev]y?+ *anges & moves--we mu/ believe x4 ,footnote3 ,second ( ! f\r lectures on ,la ,nature de l',ame deliv]$ at ,london ,univ]sity1 ,oct4 #ba1 #aiaa4 ,f report 9 ,! ,times = ,oct4 #bc1 #aiaa1 p4 #d4 ,9 ord] to ?9k ,*ange & to see x1 a :ole mass ( prejudices mu/ be swept aside--"s artificial1 ! products ( speculative philosophy1 & o!rs ! natural product ( common-s5se4 ,we t5d to reg>d immobility z a m simple affair ?an movem5t4 ,b :at we call immobility is really composite & is m]ely relative1 be+ a relation betwe5 movem5ts4 ,if1 = example1 !re are two tra9s runn+ 9 ! same direction on p>allel l9es at exactly ! same spe$1 opposite "o ano!r1 !n ! pass5g]s 9 ea* tra91 :5 obs]v+ ! o!r tra91 w reg>d ! tra9s z motionless4 ,s1 g5]ally1 immobility is only app>5t1 ,*ange is real4 ,we t5d to be misl$ by language2 we speak1 = in/ance1 ( '! /ate ( ?+s'2 b :at we call a /ate is ! appe>ance :i* a *ange assumes 9 ! eyes ( a be+ :o1 himself1 *anges accord+ to an id5tical or analog\s rhy?m4 ,take1 = example1 says ,b]gson1 a summ] day4 ,we are /ret*$ on ! grass1 we look ar\nd u--ev]y?+ is at re/--!re is absolute immobility--no *ange4 ,b ! grass is gr[+1 ! leaves ( ! trees are develop+ or decay+--we ourselves are gr[+ old] all ! "t4 ,t :i* seems re/1 simplicity itself1 is b a composite ( our age+ ) ! *anges :i* takes place 9 ! grass1 9 ! leaves1 9 all t is ar\nd u4 ,*ange1 !n1 is simple1 :ile '! /ate ( ?+s' z we call x1 is composite4 ,e /able /ate is ! result ( ! co-exi/5ce betwe5 t *ange & ! *ange ( ! p]son :o p]ceives x4 ,footnote3 ,la ,nature de l',ame1 lecture #b4 ,x is an axiom 9 ! philosophy ( ,b]gson t all *ange or movem5t is indivisible4 ,he ass]ts ?is expressly 9 ,matt] & ,memory1,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bdf ff4 7,fr4 p4 #bjg ff74 & aga9 9 ! second lecture on ,! ,p]ception ( ,*ange he deals ) ! indivisibility ( movem5t some:at fully1 submitt+ x to a c>eful analysis1 f :i* ! foll[+ quotation is an extract--,my h& is at ! po9t ,a4 ,i move x to ! po9t ,b1 trav]s+ ! int]val ,,ab4 ,i say t ?is movem5t f ,a to ,b is a simple ?+--ea* ( u has ! s5sation ( ?is1 direct & imm$iate4 ,d\btless1 :ile we c>ry our h& ov] f ,a to ,b1 we say to ourselves t we c\ld /op x at an int]m$iate po9t1 b !n t w\ld no long] be ! same movem5t4 ,!re w\ld !n be two movem5ts1 ) an int]val ( re/4 ,nei!r f )91 by ! muscul> s5se1 nor f )\t1 by sight1 %\ld we h ! same p]ception4 ,if we leave our movem5t f ,a to ,b su* z x is1 we feel x undivid$1 & we mu/ decl>e x indivisible4 ,x is true t :5 ,i look at my h&1 go+ f ,a to ,b1 trav]s+ ! int]val ,,ab1 ,i say to myself '! int]val ,,ab c be divid$ into z _m p>ts z ,i wi%1 !re=e ! movem5t f ,a to ,b c be divid$ into z _m p>ts z ,i l1 s9ce ?is movem5t cov]s ?is int]val1' or1 aga91 ',at ea* mom5t ( its pass+1 ! mov+ object passes ov] a c]ta9 po9t1 !re=e we c di/+ui% 9 ! movem5t z _m /opp+-places z we wi%--!re=e ! movem5t is inf9itely divisible4' ,b let u reflect on ?is = a m9ute4 ,h[ c ! movem5t possibly co9cide ) ! space :i* x trav]ses8 ,h[ c ! mov+ co9cide ) ! motionless8 ,h[ c ! object :i* moves be said to 'be' at any po9t 9 its pa?8 ,x passes ov]1 or1 9 o!r words1 x c\ld 'be' !re4 ,x w\ld 'be' !re if x /opp$ !re1 b1 if x /opp$ !re1 x is no long] ! same movem5t ) :i* we are deal+4 ,x is always at "o b\nd t a trajectory is trav]s$ :51 on its c\rse1 !re is no /oppage4 ,! b\nd may la/ a few seconds1 or x may la/ = weeks1 mon?s1 or ye>s1 b x is unique & _c be decompos$4 ,only1 :5 once ! passage has be5 made1 z ! pa? is 9 space1 & space is inf9itely divisible1 we picture to ourselves ! movem5t itself z inf9itely divisible4 ,we l to imag9e x ?us1 because1 9 a movem5t x is n ! *ange ( position :i* int]e/s u1 x is ! positions !mselves :i* ! mov+ object has left1 :i* x w take up1 :i* x might assume if x 7 to /op 9 its c\rse4 ,we h ne$ ( immobility1 & ! m we succe$ 9 pres5t+ to ourselves ! movem5t z co9cid+ ) ! space :i* x trav]ses1 ! bett] we ?9k we und]/& x4 ,really1 !re is no true immobility1 if we imply by t1 an abs5ce ( movem5t4 ,footnote3 ,translat$ f ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 pp4 #ai-bj4 ,?is immobility ( :i* we h ne$ = ! purposes ( action & ( practical life1 we erect into an absolute reality4 ,x is ( c\rse conv5i5t to our s5se ( sight to lay hold ( objects 9 ?is way2 z pione] ( ! s5se ( t\*1 x prep>es our action on ! ext]nal _w4 ,b1 al?\gh = all practical purposes we require ! notion ( immobility z "p ( our m5tal equipm5t1 x does n at all help u to grasp reality4 ,!n we habitually reg>d movem5t z some?+ sup]add$ to ! motionless4 ,?is is q legitimate 9 ! _w ( affairs2 b :5 we br+ ?is habit into ! _w ( speculation1 we misconceive reality1 we create ligh!>t$ly insoluble problems1 & close our eyes to :at is mo/ alive 9 ! real _w4 ,= u movem5t is "o position1 !n ano!r position1 & s on indef9itely4 ,x is true t we say !re mu/ be some?+ else1 viz41 ! actual pass+ across ! int]val :i* sep>ates ^? positions4 ,b su* a conception ( ,*ange is q false4 ,all true *ange or movem5t is indivisible4 ,we1 by con/ruct+ fictiti\s /ates & try+ to compose movem5t out ( !m1 endeav\r to make a process co9cide ) a ?+--a movem5t ) an immobility4 ,?is is ! way to arrive at dilemmas1 ant9omies1 & bl9d-alleys ( ?\ght4 ,! puzzles ( ,z5o ab\t ,a*illes & ! ,tortoise & ,! ,mov+ ,arr[ are classical examples ( ! error involv$ 9 treat+ movem5t z divisible4,footnote3 ,b]gson 9 ,matt] & ,memory exam9es ,z5o's f\r puzzles3 ,! ,di*otomy1 ,a*illes & ! ,tortoise1 ,! ,arr[ & ,! ,/adium4 ,if movem5t is n ev]y?+1 x is no?+1 & if we po/ulate1 to beg9 )1 t ! motionless is real1 !n we %all be incapable ( grasp+ reality4 ,! philosophies ( ,plato1 ( ,ari/otle1 & ( ,plot9us 7 develop$ f ! !sis t !re is m 9 ! immutable ?an 9 ! mov+1 & t x is by way ( dim9ution t we pass f ! /able to ! un/able4 ,! ma9 reason :y x is su* a difficult matt] = u to grasp ! reality ( cont9u\s *ange is ow+ to ! limitations ( our intellectual nature4 ,we are made 9 ord] to act1 z mu* z & m ?an 9 ord] to ?9k--or1 r1 :5 we foll[ ! b5t ( our nature1 x is 9 ord] to act t we ?9k4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #cac 7,fr4 p4 #cba74 ,intellect is always try+ to c>ve out = itself /able =ms because x is prim>ily fitt$ = action1 & is *>act]iz$ by a natural inability to compreh5d life & grasp ,*ange4,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #agd 7,fr4 p4 #agi74 ,our intellect loves ! solid & ! /atic1 b life itself is n /atic--x is dynamic4 ,we might say t ! intellect takes views across ! ev]-mov+ sc5e1 snap%ots ( reality4 ,x acts l ! cam]a ( ! c9ematograph op]ator1 :i* is capable only ( produc+ photographs1 successive & /atic1 9 a s]ies ^u a ribbon4 ,to grasp reality1 we h to d :at ! c9ematograph does ) ! film--t is1 introduce or r1 re-introduce movem5t4,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #cbj-cbd 7,fr4 pp4 #cbh-ccb74 ,! /iff photograph is an ab/raction b]eft ( movem5t1 s1 too1 our intellectual views ( ! _w & ( our own nature are /atic in/ead ( be+ dynamic4 ,human life is n made up ( *ildhood1 adolesc5ce1 manhood1 & old age z /ates1 al?\gh we t5d to speak ( x 9 ?is way4 ,life is n a ?+1 nor ! /ate ( a ?+--x is a cont9u\s movem5t or *ange4 ,! s\l itself is a movem5t1 n an entity4 ,9 ! physical _w1 light1 :5 exam9$1 proves itself to be a movem5t4 ,ev5 physical sci5ce1 b\nd1 z x w\ld seem1 to ass]t ! fixity & rigidity ( matt]1 is n[ ( ! op9ion t matt] is n ! solid ?+ we are apt to ?9k x4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,kelv9 & ,lodge & ! discov]y ( radium1 h br\ght =w>d a new !ory ( matt]2 ! old-fa%ion$ base1 ! atom1 is n[ reg>d$ z be+ ess5tially movem5t2 matt] is z wond]ful & my/]i\s 9 its "* z _s4 ,fur!r we mu/ note t ! rese>*es ( ,e9/e91 culm9at+ 9 ! =mulation ( 8 g5]al ,!ory ( ,relativity & 8 special ,!ory ( ,gravitation1 :i* are ar\s+ su* int]e/ at ! pres5t "t1 ?reat5 v s]i\sly ! old] /atic views ( ! univ]se & seem to fru/rate any ef=ts to f9d & d5ote any /ability !re94,footnote3 ,consult on ?is ,dr4 ,e9/e9's own "w ( :i* ! translation by ,r4 ,w4 ,lawson is j publi%$3 ,relativity3 ,! ,special & ! ,g5]al ,!ory4 ,me?u51 #aibj4 ,9 ! light ( ^! discov]ies1 ,b]gson's views on ! reality ( ,*ange seem less p>adoxical ?an !y might =m]ly h appe>$4 ,! reality ( ,*ange is1 = ,b]gson1 absolute1 & on ?is1 z a fundam5tal po9t1 he con/ructs 8 ?\ght4 ,9 conjunction ) 8 /udy ( ,memory1 x leads up to 8 discussions ( ,real ,"t 7la duree71 ( ,fre$om1 & ( ,creative ,evolution4 ,we mu/ !n1 at ! outset ( any /udy ( ,b]gson's philosophy1 obta9 a grasp ( ?is univ]sal 'becom+'--a vision ( ! reality ( ,*ange4 ,!n we %all realize t ,*ange is sub/antial1 t x con/itutes ! v /uff ( life4 ,!re are *anges1 b !re are n ?+s t *ange2 *ange does n ne$ a support4 ,!re are movem5ts1 b !re are n1 necess>ily1 con/ant objects :i* are mov$2 movem5t does n imply some?+ t is movable4 ,footnote3 ,translat$ f ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 ,lecture #b1 p4 #bd4 ,to emphasize & to illu/rate ?is po9t1 s fundam5tal 9 8 ?\ght1 ,b]gson turns to music4 ,let u li/51 he says1 to a melody1 lett+ ourselves be sway$ by x2 d we n h ! cle> p]ception ( a movem5t :i* is n atta*$ to any mobility--( a *ange devoid ( any?+ :i* *anges8 ,! *ange is self-suffici5t1 x is ! ?+ itself4 ,x avails no?+ to say t x takes "t1 = x is indivisible2 if ! melody 7 to /op soon]1 x w\ld n be any long] ! same volume ( s\nd1 b ano!r1 equally indivisible4 ,d\btless we h a t5d5cy to divide x & to repres5t x to ourselves z a l9k+ toge!r ( di/9ct notes in/ead ( ! un9t]rupt$ cont9uity ( ! melody4 ,b :y8 ,simply because our auditive p]ception has assum$ ! habit ( saturat+ itself ) visual images4 ,we he> ! melody across ! vision :i* ! conductor ( ! or*e/ra c h ( x 9 look+ at 8 score4 ,we repres5t to ourselves notes l9k$ on to notes on an imag9>y %eet ( pap]4 ,we ?9k ( a keybo>d on :i* "o plays1 ( ! b[ ( a viol9 :i* comes & goes1 ( ! musicians1 ea* "o ( :om plays 8 "p 9 conjunction ) ! o!rs4 ,let u ab/ract ^! spatial images2 !re rema9s pure *ange1 self-suffic+1 9 no way atta*$ to a '?+' :i* *anges4 ,footnote3 ,translat$ f ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 pp4 #bd-be4 ,we mu/ conceive reality z a cont9ual flux1 !n immobility w seem a sup]ficial ab/raction hypo/atiz$ into /ates1 concepts1 & sub/ances1 & ! old difficulties rais$ by ! anci5ts1 9 reg>d to ! problem ( ,*ange1 w vani%1 along ) ! problems atta*$ to ! notion ( sub/ance 9 mod]n ?\ght1 because !re is no?+ sub/antial b ,*ange4 ,ap>t f ,*ange !re is no reality4 ,we %all see t all is movem5t1 t we ourselves are movem5t--"p ( an elan1 a p\ssee =midable1 :i* c>ries ) x all ?+s & all creatures1 & t 9 ?is et]nity--n ( immutability b ( life & ,*ange--we live & move & h our be+4 ,footnote3 ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 conclud+ p>agraph1 p4 #cg4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p]ception ,images z data--,n]ves1 aff]5t & eff]5t1 _c beget images1 nor c ! bra9 give rise to repres5tations--,all our p]ception relative to action4 ,d5ial ( ?is involves ! fallacies ( ,idealism or ( ,realism--,p]ception & k--,physiological data--,zone ( indet]m9ation--,pure p]ception--,memory & ,p]ception4 ,f ! /udy ( ,*ange we are l$ on to a consid]ation ( ! problems connect$ ) our p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w1 :i* has its roots 9 *ange4 ,^! problems h giv5 rise to "s v oppos+ views--! classic w>f>e betwe5 ,realism & ,idealism4 ,b]gson is ( nei!r s*ool1 b holds t !y ea* re/ on misconceptions1 a wrong emphasis on c]ta9 facts4 ,he invites u to foll[ him closely :ile he inve/igates ! problems ( ,p]ception 9 8 own way4 ,we w assume = ! mom5t t we "k no?+ ( !ories ( matt] & !ories ( _s1 no?+ ( ! discussions z to ! reality or ideality ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,"h ,i am 9 ! pres5ce ( images1 9 ! vague/ s5se ( ! ^w1 images p]ceiv$ :5 my s5ses are op5$ to !m1 unp]ceiv$ :5 !y are clos$4 444 ,n[ ( ^! images !re is ,,"o :i* is di/9ct f all ! o!rs1 9 t ,i d n "k x only f )\t by p]ceptions1 b f )9 by affections2 x is my body4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #a 7,fr4 p4 #a74 ,fur!r exam9ation %[s me t ^! affections always int]pose !mselves betwe5 ! excitations f )\t & ! movem5t :i* ,i am ab\t to execute4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #a 7,fr4 p4 #a74 ,inde$ all seems to take place z if1 9 ?is aggregate ( images :i* ,i call ! univ]se1 no?+ really new c\ld happ5 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c]ta9 p>ticul> images1 ! type ( :i* is furni%$ me by my body4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #c 7,fr4 p4 #b74 ,ref]5ce to physiology %[s 9 ! /ructure ( human bodies aff]5t n]ves :i* transmit a di/urbance to n]ve c5tres1 & also eff]5t n]ves :i* conduct f o!r c5tres movem5t to ! p]iph]y1 ?us sett+ 9 motion ! body 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,:5 we make enquiries f ! physiologi/ or ! psy*ologi/ ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ^! images & repres5tations1 we are sometimes told t1 z ! c5trifugal movem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em c evoke movem5t ( ! body1 s ! c5tripetal movem5ts--at lea/ "s ( !m--give rise to ! repres5tation1 m5tal picture1 or p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,yet we mu/ rememb] t ! bra91 ! n]ves1 & ! di/urbance ( ! n]ves are1 aft] all1 only images among o!rs4 ,s x is absurd to /ate t "o image1 say ! bra91 begets ! o!rs1 = ! bra9 is "p ( ! mat]ial _w1 b ! mat]ial _w is n "p ( ! bra94 ,elim9ate ! image :i* be>s ! "n 'mat]ial _w1' & y de/roy1 at ! same "t1 ! bra9 & ! c]ebral di/urbances :i* are p>ts ( x4 ,suppose1 on ! contr>y1 t ^! two images1 ! bra9 & ! c]ebral di/urbance1 vani%2 ex hypo!si y efface only ^!1 t is to say1 v little--an insignificant detail f an imm5se picture--! picture 9 its totality1 t is to say1 ! :ole univ]se rema9s4 ,to make ( ! bra9 ! condition on :i* ! :ole image dep5ds is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 s9ce ! bra9 is1 by hypo!sis1 a "p ( ?is image4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #d 7,fr4 pp4 #c-d74 ,! data ( p]ception are ext]nal images1 !n my body1 & *anges br\ght ab\t by my body 9 ! surr\nd+ images4 ,! ext]nal images transmit movem5t to my body1 x gives back movem5t to !m4 ,my body or "p ( my body1 i4e41 my bra91 c\ld n beget a :ole or "p ( my repres5tation ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,y may say t my body is matt] or t x is an image--! ^w is ( no importance4 ,if x is matt]1 x is a "p ( ! mat]ial _w1 & ! mat]ial _w consequ5tly exi/s ar\nd x & )\t x4 ,if x is an image--t image c give b :at has be5 put into x1 & s9ce x is1 by hypo!sis1 ! image ( my body only1 x w\ld be absurd to expect to get f x t ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,my body1 an object de/9$ to move o!r objects1 is !n a c5tre ( action2 x _c give bir? to a repres5tation4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #e 7,fr4 p4 #d74 ,! body1 h[ev]1 is privileg$1 s9ce x appe>s to *oose )9 c]ta9 limits c]ta9 reactions f possible ones4 ,x ex]cises a real influ5ce on o!r images1 decid+ :i* /ep to take among sev]al :i* may be possible4 ,x judges :i* c\rse is advantage\s or dang]\s to itself1 by ! nature ( ! images :i* rea* x4 ,! objects :i* surr\nd my body reflect its possible action ^u !m4 ,all our p]ception has ref]5ce1 prim>ily1 to action1 n to speculation4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #cac 7,fr4 p4 #cba74 ,! bra9 c5tres are conc]n$ ) motor reaction r ?an ) consci\s p]ception1 ! bra9 is an in/rum5t ( action & n ( repres5tation4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #hc 7,fr4 p4 #fi74 ,!re=e1 9 ! /udy ( ! problems ( p]ception1 ! />t+-po9t %\ld be action & n s5sation4 ,all ! confusions1 inconsi/5cies & absurdities ( /atem5t1 made 9 reg>d to our k ( ! ext]nal _w1 h "h _! orig94 ,_m philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s %[ u a bra91 analog\s 9 its ess5ce to ! re/ ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 consequ5tly an image1 if ! univ]se is an image4 ,!n1 s9ce !y want ! int]nal movem5ts ( ?is bra9 to create or det]m9e ! repres5tation ( ! :ole mat]ial _w--an image inf9itely great] ?an t ( ! c]ebral vibrations--!y ma9ta9 t ^! molecul> movem5ts1 & movem5t 9 g5]al1 are n images l o!rs1 b some?+ :i* is ei!r m or less ?an an image--9 any case is ( ano!r nature ?an an image--& f :i* repres5tation w issue z by a miracle4 ,?us matt] is made into some?+ radically diff]5t f repres5tation1 some?+ ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 we h no image2 ov] aga9/ x !y place a consci\sness empty ( images1 ( :i* we are unable to =m any idea4 ,la/ly1 to fill consci\sness1 !y inv5t an incompreh5sible action ( ?is =mless matt] ^u ?is matt]less ?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #i 7,fr4 pp4 #g-h74 ,! problem at issue betwe5 ,reali/s & ,ideali/s turns on ! fact t !re are two sy/ems ( images 9 exi/5ce4 ,"h is a sy/em ( images :i* ,i t]m 'my p]ception ( ! univ]se1' & :i* may be entirely alt]$ by a v slight *ange 9 ! privileg$ image--my body4 ,?is image occupies ! c5tre4 ,by x all ! o!rs are condition$2 at ea* ( its movem5ts ev]y?+ *anges z ?\gh by a turn ( a kaleidoscope4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! same images1 b ref]r$ ea* "o to itself1 influ5c+ ea* o!r no d\bt1 b 9 su* a mann] t ! effect is always 9 proportion to ! cause2 ?is is :at ,i t]m ! 'univ]se4' ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #ab 7,fr4 p4 #aj74 ,! "q is1 ,h[ is x t ! same images c belong at ! same "t to two diff]5t sy/ems--! "o 9 :i* ea* image v>ies = itself & 9 ! well-def9$ measure t x is pati5t ( ! real action ( surr\nd+ images--! o!r 9 :i* all *ange = a s+le image & 9 ! v>y+ measure t !y reflect ! ev5tual action ( ?is privileg$ image8 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #ac 7,fr4 p4 #aa74 ,we may /yle "o ! sy/em ( sci5ce1 ! o!r ! sy/em ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 ,realism & ,idealism are bo? incapable ( expla9+ :y !re are two su* sy/ems at all4 ,subjective ,idealism d]ives ! sy/em ( sci5ce f t ( consci\sness1 :ile mat]iali/ic ,realism d]ives ! sy/em ( consci\sness f t ( sci5ce4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 ?is common meet+-place1 t !y bo? reg>d ,p]ception z speculative 9 "*--= ea* ( !m to p]ceive is to "k4 ,n[ ?is is j ! po/ulate :i* ,b]gson disputes4 ,! (fice ( p]ception1 accord+ to him1 is to give u1 n k1 b ! conditions necess>y = action4,footnote3 ,notre croyance a la loi de causalite 7,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 #aijj71 p4 #feh4 ,a little exam9ation %[s u t di/ance /&s = ! degree 9 :i* o!r bodies are protect$1 z x 71 aga9/ ! action ( my body aga9/ !m1 & equally too = ! degree 9 :i* my body is protect$ f !m4,footnote3 ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #aag-afa 7,m9d-,en]gy71 or ,revue philosophique1 #aijh1 pp4 #efa-eic4 ,p]ception is utilit>ian 9 "* & has ref]5ce to bodily action1 & we deta* f all ! images com+ to u ^? :i* int]e/ u practically4 ,b]gson !n exam9es ! physiological aspects ( ! p]ceptual process4 ,beg9n+ ) reflex actions & ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 he goes on to discuss ! functions ( ! sp9al cord & ! bra94 ,he f9ds 9 reg>d to ^! la/ two t !re is only a diff]5ce ( degree--!re c be no diff]5ce 9 k9d--betwe5 :at is call$ ! p]ceptive faculty ( ! bra9 & ! reflex functions ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! cord trans=ms into movem5ts ! /imulation receiv$1 ! bra9 prolongs into reactions :i* are m]ely nasc5t1 b 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! function ( ! n]ve sub/ance is to conduct1 to co-ord9ate1 or to inhibit movem5ts4,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 pp4 #aj-aa 7,fr4 p4 #i74 ,z we rise 9 ! organic s]ies we f9d a division ( physiological lab\r4 ,n]ve cells appe>1 are div]sifi$ & t5d to gr\p !mselves into a sy/em2 at ! same "t ! animal reacts by m v>i$ movem5ts to ext]nal /imulation4 ,b ev5 :5 ! /imulation receiv$ is n at once prolong$ into movem5t1 x appe>s m]ely to await its occasion2 & ! same impression :i* makes ! organism aw>e ( *anges 9 ! environm5t1 det]m9es x or prep>es x to adapt itself to !m4 ,no d\bt !re is 9 ! high] v]tebrates a radical di/9ction betwe5 pure automatism1 ( :i* ! seat is ma9ly 9 ! sp9al cord1 & volunt>y activity :i* requires ! int]v5tion ( ! bra94 ,x might be imag9$ t ! impression receiv$1 in/ead ( exp&+ into m movem5ts spiritualizes itself into consci\sness4 ,b z soon z we comp>e ! /ructure ( ! sp9al cord ) t ( ! bra91 we are b\nd to inf] t !re is m]ely a diff]5ce ( complication1 & n a diff]5ce 9 k9d1 betwe5 ! functions ( ! bra9 & ! reflex activity ( ! m$ull>y sy/em4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 pp4 #ag-ah 7,fr4 p4 #ae74 ,! bra9 is no m ?an a k9d ( c5tral telephone ex*ange1 its (fice is to all[ communication or to delay x4 ,x adds no?+ to :at x receives1 x is simply a c5tre :]e p]ceptions get into t\* ) motor me*anisms4 ,sometimes ! function ( ! bra9 is to conduct ! movem5t receiv$ to a *os5 organ ( reaction1 :ile at o!r times x op5s to ! movem5t ! totality ( ! motor tracks4 ,! bra9 appe>s z an in/rum5t ( analysis 9 reg>d to movem5ts receiv$ by x1 b an in/rum5t ( selection 9 reg>d to ! movem5ts execut$4 ,9 ei!r case1 its (fice is limit$ to ! transmission & division ( movem5ts4 ,9 ! l[] organisms1 /imulation takes ! =m ( imm$iate contact4 ,= example1 a jelly-fi% feels a dang] :5 any?+ t\*es x1 & reacts imm$iately4 ,! m imm$iate ! reaction has to be1 ! m x resembles simple contact4 ,high] up ! scale1 sight & he>+ enable ! individual to ent] into relation ) a great] numb] ( objects & ) objects at a di/ance4 ,?is gives rise to an am\nt ( unc]ta9ty1 a zone ( indet]m9ation1 :]e hesitation & *oice come into play4 ,h5ce1 says ,b]gson3 ,p]ception is ma/] ( space 9 ! exact measure 9 :i* action is ma/] ( "t4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bc 7,fr4 p4 #ai74 ,9 ! pap] read be=e ! ,fir/ ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy at ,p>is 9 #aijj1 on ,our ,belief 9 ! ,law ( ,causality1,footnote3 ,notre croyance a la loi de causalite 7,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 ,sept41 #aijj1 pp4 #fee-ffj74 ,b]gson %[$ t x has its root 9 ! co-ord9ation ( our tactile impressions ) our visual impressions4 ,?is co-ord9ation becomes a cont9uity :i* g5]ates motor habits or t5d5cies to action4 ,!re n[ comes up = consid]ation ! "q z to :y ?is relation ( ! organism1 to m or less di/9ct objects1 takes ! p>ticul> =m ( consci\s p]ception1 & fur!r1 :y does ev]y?+ happ5 z if ?is consci\sness 7 born ( ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! c]ebral sub/ance8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ turn to p]ceptual processes1 z ^! occur 9 our ev]yday life4 ,we f9d at once t !re is no p]ception :i* is n full ( memories4 ,) ! imm$iate & pres5t data ( our s5ses1 we m+le a ?\s& details out ( our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bd 7,fr4 p4 #bj74 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is true t ! imm$iate data ( p]ception s]ve z a sign to br+ mu* m to ! m9d4 ,psy*ological exp]im5ts h conclusively prov$ t we nev] actually p]ceive all t we imag9e to be !re4 ,h5ce arise illusions1 examples ( :i* may be easily ?\ght (--incorrect pro(-read+ is "o1 :ile ano!r common "o is ! mi/ake ( tak+ "o p]son = ano!r because ( "s simil>ity ( dress4 ,:at is actually p]ceiv$ is b a fraction ( :at we are look+ at & acts normally z a sugge/ion = ! :ole4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is true t1 9 practice1 ,p]ception & ,memory are nev] f\nd absolutely sep>ate 9 _! purity1 yet x is necess>y to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r absolutely 9 any inve/igation ( a psy*ological nature4 ,if1 in/ead ( a p]ception impregnat$ ) memory-images1 no?+ surviv$ f ! pa/1 !n we %\ld h pure p]ception1 n col\r$ by any?+ 9 ! individual's pa/ hi/ory1 & s a k9d ( imp]sonal p]ception4 ,h[ev] unreal x may seem1 su* a p]ception is at ! root ( our k ( ?+s & individual accid5ts are m]ely graft$ on to ?is imp]sonal or pure p]ception4 ,j because philosoph]s h ov]look$ x1 & because !y h fail$ to di/+ui% x f t :i* memory contributes to x1 !y h reg>d$ ,p]ception z a k9d ( int]ior & subjective vision1 diff]+ f ,memory only by its great] int5sity & n diff]+ 9 nature4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ,p]ception & ,memory diff] fundam5tally4 ,our consci\s p]ception is j our p[] ( *oice1 reflect$ f ?+s z ?\gh by a mirror1 s t repres5tation arises f ! omission ( t 9 ! totality ( matt] :i* has no be>+ on our ne$s & consequ5tly no int]e/ = u4 ,!re is = images m]ely a diff]5ce ( degree & n ( k9d betwe5 'be+' & 'be+ consci\sly p]ceiv$4' ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cj 7,fr4 p4 #be74 ,consci\sness--9 reg>d to ext]nal p]ception--is expla9$ by ?is indet]m9at5ess & ?is *oice4 ,b !re is 9 ?is necess>y pov]ty ( consci\s p]ception1 some?+ t is positive1 t =etells _s2 x is1 9 ! etymological s5se ( ! ^w1 disc]nm5t4' ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #ca 7,fr4 p4 #bf74 ,! *ief difficulty 9 deal+ ) ! problems ( ,p]ception1 is to expla9 n h[ ,p]ception arises1 b h[ x is limit$1 s9ce x %\ld be ! image ( ! :ole & is 9 fact r$uc$ to ! image ( t :i* int]e/s y4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cd 7,fr4 p4 #bi74 ,we only make an insup]able difficulty if we imag9e ,p]ception to be a k9d ( photographic view ( ?+s1 tak5 f a fix$ po9t by t special app>atus :i* is call$ an organ ( p]ception--a photograph :i* w\ld !n be develop$ 9 ! bra9-matt] by "s unkn[n *emical & psy*ical process4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s z ?\gh y\r p]ception 7 a result ( ! int]nal motions ( ! bra9 & issu$ 9 "s sort f ! cortical c5tres4 ,x c\ld n actually come f !m s9ce ! bra9 is an image l o!rs1 envelop$ 9 ! mass ( o!r images1 & x w\ld be absurd t ! conta9] %\ld issue f ! cont5t4 ,b s9ce ! /ructure ( ! bra9 is l ! detail$ plan ( ! movem5ts among :i* y h ! *oice1 & s9ce t "p ( ! ext]nal images :i* appe>s to return ^u itself1 9 ord] to con/itute p]ception1 includes precisely all ! po9ts ( ! univ]se :i* ^! movem5ts c\ld affect1 consci\s p]ception & c]ebral movem5t are 9 /rict correspond5ce4 ,! reciprocal dep5d5ce ( ^! two t]ms is !re=e simply due to ! fact t bo? are functions ( a ?ird1 :i* is ! indet]m9ation ( ! ,w4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #ce 7,fr4 p4 #bi74 ,moreov]1 we mu/ recognize t ! image is =m$ & p]ceiv$ 9 ! object1 n 9 ! bra91 ev5 al?\gh x w\ld seem t rays ( light com+ f a po9t ,p are p]ceiv$ along ! pa? ( ! s5sori-motor processes 9 ! bra9 & are aft]w>ds project$ into ,p4 ,!re is n1 h[ev]1 an unext5d$ image :i* =ms itself 9 consci\sness & !n projects itself into ! position ,p4 ,really1 ! po9t ,p1 & ! rays :i* x emits1 toge!r ) ! ret9a & n]v\s elem5ts affect$ 9 ! process ( p]ception1 all =m a s+le :ole4 ,! po9t ,p is an indisp5sable factor 9 ?is :ole & x is really 9 ,p & n any:]e else t ! image ( ,p is =m$ & p]ceiv$4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cg 7,fr p4 #ca71 also pap] entitl$ ,notre croyance a la loi de causalite 9 ! ,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 #aijj1 p4 #feh4 ,9 ! field ( pure p]ception1 t is to say1 p]ception unadult]at$ by ! addition ( memory-images1 !re c arise no image )\t an object4 ,s5sation is ess5tially due to :at is actually pres5t4 ,footnote3 ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance1 p4 #egi ( ,revue philosophique1 ,dec41 #aijh2 also ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 p4 #ada 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,exactly h[ ext]nal /imuli1 su* z rays ( a c]ta9 spe$ & l5g?1 come to give u a c]ta9 image1 e4g41 ! s5sation r$ or ! s\nd ( middle ,c1 we %all nev] und]/&4 ,no trace ( ! movem5ts !mselves c be actually p]ceiv$ 9 ! s5sation :i* translates !m4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 pp4 #cd-ce 7,fr4 p4 #bf74 ,we only make tr\ble by reg>d+ s5sations 9 an isolat$ mann] & attempt+ to con/ruct ,p]ception f !m4 ,our s5sations are to our p]ceptions1 t :i* ! real action ( our body is to its possible or virtual action4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #eh 7,fr4 p4 #dh74 ,?us1 ev]y?+ happ5s z if ! ext]nal images 7 reflect$ by our body into surr\nd+ space4 ,?is is :y ! surface ( ! body1 :i* =ms ! common limit ( ! ext]nal & int]nal1 is ! only portion ( space :i* is bo? p]ceiv$ & felt4 ,j z ext]nal objects are p]ceiv$ by me :]e !y are1 9 !mselves & n 9 me1 s my affective /ates 7e4g4 pa9s--:i* are local1 unavail+ ef=ts7 are exp]i5c$ :]e !y occur1 9 my body4 ,consid] ! sy/em ( images :i* we t]m ! ext]nal _w4 ,my body is "o ( !m & ar\nd x is gr\p$ ! repres5tation1 i4e41 its ev5tual influ5ce on o!rs4 ,)9 x occurs affection1 i4e41 its actual ef=t ^u itself4 ,x is because ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 images & s5sations t we affirm t ! totality ( p]ceiv$ images subsi/s1 ev5 if our body disappe>s1 :]eas we _c annihilate our body )\t de/roy+ our s5sations4 ,9 practice1 our pure p]ception is adult]at$ ) affection1 z well z ) memories4 ,to und]/& ,p]ception1 h[ev]1 we mu/--z previ\sly insi/$ ^u--/udy x ) ref]5ce to action4 ,x is false to suppose t p]ception & s5sation exi/ = _! own sake2 ! philosoph] ascribes to !m an entirely speculative function1 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #caa 7,fr p4 #bfa74 a proce$+ :i* gives rise to ! fallacies ( ,realism & ,idealism4 ,x has be5 said t ! *oice ( p]ceptions f among images 9 g5]al is ! effect ( a disc]nm5t :i* =e%ad[s _s4 ,b to t\* ! reality ( _s1 we mu/ place ourselves at ! po9t :]e an individual consci\sness cont9ues & reta9s ! pa/ 9 a pres5t1 enri*$ by x4,footnote3 ,see ,*apt] ,,vi on la duree4 ,"t--,true & ,false4 ,p]ception we nev] meet 9 its pure /ate2 x is always m+l$ ) memories4 ,! rose has a diff]5t sc5t = y f t :i* x has = me1 j because ! sc5t ( ! rose be>s ) x all ! memories ( all ! roses we h ev] exp]i5c$1 ea* ( u individually4,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 pp4 #afa-afb 7,fr4 p4 #abd74 ,memory1 h[ev] m+l$ ) ,p]ception1 is nev]!less fundam5tally diff]5t 9 "*4,footnote3 ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance1 ,revue philosophique1 ,dec41 #aijh1 p4 #ehj2 also ,l',ef=t intellectuel1 ,revue philosophique1 ,jan41 #aijb1 p4 #bc2 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #ada & #aig 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,:5 we pass f 'pure' ,p]ception to ,memory1 we def9itely ab&on matt] = _s4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cac 7,fr4 p4 #bfc74 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,memory ,def9ition--,two =ms--memoriz+ p[] relat$ to habit2 recall+ p[] or pure memory4 ,is memory a function ( ! bra98--,pa?ological ,ph5om5a4 ,memory some?+ o!r ?an m]ely a function ( ! bra94 ,! ,box !ory--,memory records ev]y?+--,dreams--,! well-balanc$ m9d--,memory a manife/ation ( _s4 ,! importance ( ,memory is recogniz$ by all p]sons--:e!r psy*ologi/s or n4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is a gr[+ int]e/ 9 sy/ems ( memory-tra9+ (f]$ to ! public1 :i* aim at m5tal effici5cy z a means to success 9 life4 ,inde$1 f ! tone ( "s adv]tisem5ts se5 9 ! press1 "o might be prompt$ to ?9k t ,memory itself 0 ! sole factor det]m9+ success 9 ei!r a pr(essional or a bus9ess c>e]4 ,yet1 al?\gh we are likely to reg>d ?is z a some:at exagg]at$ /atem5t1 nev]!less we _c d5y ! v great importance ( ! p[] ( ,memory4 ,h[ (t51 9 ev]yday life1 we he> p excuse !mselves by rem>k+ ,my memory fail$ me or play$ me false or1 m bluntly1 ,i =got all ab\t t4 ,)\t d\bt1 ,memory is a mo/ vital factor1 ?\gh n ! only "o 9 m5tal effici5cy4,footnote3 ,! true ideal ( m5tal effici5cy mu/ include p[] ( ,w z well z ( ,memory4 ,x is an elem5t 9 m5tal life :i* puzzles bo? ! speciali/ 9 psy*ology & ! layman4 ,:at is ?is wond]fully subtle p[] ( m9d8 ,h[ d we rememb]8 ,ev5 ! m9d1 untra9$ 9 psy*ological inve/igation1 _c help ask+ su* que/ions 9 mom5ts ( reflection2 b = ! psy*ologi/ !y are que/ions ( v vital significance 9 8 sci5ce4 ,= ,b]gson1 z psy*ologi/1 ,memory is naturally1 a subject ( great importance4 ,we mu/ note1 h[ev]1 t = ,b]gson1 z metaphysician1 x plays an ev5 m important role1 s9ce 8 /udy ( ,memory & conclusions z to its nature lead him on to a discussion ( ! relation ( s\l & body1 _s & matt]4 ,8 second l>ge "w1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahif1 be>s ! title ,mati]e et ,memoire4 ,= him1 ,memory is a pivot on :i* turns a :ole s*eme ( relation%ips--mat]ial & spiritual4 ,he wrote 9 #aiaj a new introduction = ! ,engli% ,translation ( ?is "w4 ,he !re says t among all ! facts capable ( ?r[+ light on ! psy*o-physiological relation1 ^? :i* conc]n ,memory1 :e!r 9 ! normal or ! pa?ological /ate1 hold a privileg$ position4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 xii4 ,let u !n1 prior to pass+ on to ! consid]ation ( ! problem ( ! relation ( s\l & body1 exam9e :at ,b]gson has to say on ! subject ( ,memory4 ,at ! outset1 we may def9e ,memory z ! return to consci\sness ( "s exp]i5ce1 accompani$ by ! aw>5ess t x has be5 pres5t e>li] at a def9ite "t & place4,footnote3 ,! above is to be tak5 z a def9ition ( ! normal memory4 ,9 a subtle psy*ological analysis 9 ! pap] entitl$ ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #aag-afa 7,m9d-,en]gy71 ,b]gson consid]s cases ( an abnormal or fictiti\s memory1 co9cid+ ) p]ception 9 r a /range mann]4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 affect ! validity ( ! above def9ition4 ,b]gson fir/ ( all draws att5tion to a di/9ction betwe5 two diff]5t =ms ( ,memory1 ! nature ( :i* w be be/ br\ght out by consid]+ two examples4 ,we are fond ( giv+ to *ildr5 or "y p]sons at s*ool selections f ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 to be le>n$ by he>t1 z we say4 ,we praise ! boy or girl :o c repeat a long passage p]fectly1 & we reg>d t s*ol> z gift$ ) a good memory4 ,to illu/rate ! second type ( case1 suppose a "q to be put to t boy ask+ him :at he saw on ! la/ half-holiday :5 he took a ramble 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he may1 or may n1 be able to tell u mu* ( 8 adv5tures on t occasion1 = :atev] he c recall is due to a m5tal op]ation ( a diff]5t "* f t :i* enabl$ him to le>n 8 lesson4 ,!re is "h no "q ( le>n+ by rote1 ( memoriz+1 b ( capacity to recall to m9d a pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,! boy :o is clev] at memoriz+ a passage f ,%akespe>e may n h a good memory at all = recall+ pa/ ev5ts4 ,to und]/& :y ?is is s we mu/ exam9e ^! two =ms ( ,memory m closely & ref] to ,b]gson's own words3 ,i /udy a lesson1 & 9 ord] to le>n x by he>t ,i read x a fir/ "t1 acc5tuat+ e l9e2 ,i !n repeat x a c]ta9 numb] ( times4 ,at ea* repetition !re is progress2 ! words are m & m l9k$ toge!r1 & at la/ make a cont9u\s :ole4 ,:5 t mom5t comes1 x is said t ,i "k my lesson by he>t1 t x is impr9t$ on my memory4 ,i consid] n[ h[ ! lesson has be5 le>nt & picture to myself ! successive phases ( ! process4 ,ea* sev]al read+ !n recurs to me ) its own individuality4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* prec$$ or foll[$ x1 by ! place :i* x occupi$ 9 "t2 9 %ort1 ea* read+ /&s out be=e my m9d z a def9ite ev5t 9 my hi/ory4 ,aga9 x w be said t ^! images are recollections1 t !y are impr9t$ on my ,memory4 ,! same words !n are us$ 9 bo? cases4 ,d !y mean ! same ?+8 ,! memory ( ! lesson :i* is rememb]$1 9 ! s5se ( le>n$ by he>t1 has ,,all ! m>ks ( a habit4 ,l a habit1 x is acquir$ by ! repetition ( ! same ef=t4 ,l e habitual bodily ex]cise1 x is /or$ up 9 a me*anism :i* is set 9 motion z a :ole by an initial impulse1 9 a clos$ sy/em ( automatic movem5ts1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! same ord] & toge!r take ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! memory ( ea* sev]al read+1 on ! contr>y1 has ,,none ( ! m>ks ( a habit1 x is l an ev5t 9 my life2 x is a case ( spontane\s recollection z di/9ct f m]e le>nt recollection4 ,n[ a le>nt recollection passes out ( "t 9 ! measure t ! lesson is bett] kn[n2 x becomes m & m imp]sonal1 m & m =eign to our pa/ life4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 pp4 #hi-ij 7,fr4 pp4 #ge-gf74 ,?is quotation makes cle> t ( ^! two =ms ( ,memory1 x is ! p[] ( spontane\s recollection :i* is ,memory p> excell5ce & con/itutes real ,memory4 ,! o!r1 to :i* psy*ologi/s usually h devot$ mo/ ( _! att5tion 9 discuss+ ! problem ( ,memory1 is habit int]pret$ z ,memory1 r ?an ,memory itself4 ,hav+ ?us made cle> ?is valuable & fundam5tal di/9ction--"o ( ! be/ ?+s 9 ,b]gson ,footnote3 ,b]tr& ,russell's rem>k 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,b]gson1 p4 #g4--;& hav+ %[n t 9 practical life ! automatic memory necess>ily plays an important "p1 (t5 inhibit+ pure ,memory1 ,b]gson proce$s to exam9e & criticize c]ta9 views ( ,memory itself1 & endeav\rs f9ally to demon/rate to u :at he himself consid]s x to be4 ,he takes up ! cudgels to attack ! view :i* aims at bl5d+ ,memory ) ,p]ception1 z be+ ( l k9d4 ,memory1 he argues1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ,p]ception1 h[ev] mu* we admit 7& rightly7 t memories ent] into & col\r all our p]ceptions4 ,!y are q diff]5t 9 _! nature4 ,a remembrance is ! repres5tation ( an abs5t object4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 he>+ a fa9t tap at ! door1 & ! fa9t memory ( a l\d "o4 ,we _c admit ! validity ( ! /atem5t t !re is only a diff]5ce ( int5sity betwe5 ,p]ception & ,recollection4 ,z our p]ception ( a pres5t object is some?+ ( t object itself1 our repres5tation ( ! abs5t object1 z 9 ,memory1 mu/ be a ph5om5on ( q o!r ord] ?an ,p]ception1 s9ce betwe5 pres5ce & abs5ce !re are no degrees1 no int]m$iate /ages4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cae 7,fr4 p4 #bfd74 ,if we ma9ta9 t recollection is m]ely a weak5$ =m ( ,p]ception we mu/ note ! consequ5ces ( su* a !sis4 ,if recollection is only a weak5$ ,p]ception1 inv]sely1 ,p]ception mu/ be some?+ l an int5s] ,memory4 ,n[1 ! g]m ( ,engli% ,idealism is to be f\nd "h4 ,?is ,idealism consi/s 9 f9d+ only a diff]5ce ( degree & n ( k9d1 betwe5 ! reality ( ! object p]ceiv$1 & ! ideality ( ! object conceiv$4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cah 7,fr4 p4 #bfg74 ,! ma9t5ance ( su* a doctr9e involves ! fur!r rem>kable cont5tion t we con/ruct matt] f our own int]ior /ates & t p]ception is only a true halluc9ation4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p #cah 7,fr4 p4 #bfg74 ,su* a !ory w n h>monize ) ! exp]i5c$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,p]ceptions & ,memories4,footnote3 ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance1 ,revue philosophique1 ,dec41 #aijh1 p4 #efh2 also ,l',en]gie spirituelle 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,we d n mi/ake ! p]ception ( a slight s\nd = ! recollection ( a l\d noise1 z has already be5 rem>k$4 ,! consci\sness ( a recollection nev] occurs z a weak /ate :i* we try to relegate to ! pa/ s soon z we become aw>e ( its weakness4 ,h[ inde$1 unless we already possess ! repres5tation ( a pa/1 previ\sly liv$1 c\ld we relegate to x ! less int5se psy*ical /ates1 :5 x w\ld be s simple to set !m alongside ( /rong /ates z a pres5t exp]i5ce m confus$1 beside a pres5t exp]i5ce m di/9ct8 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cai 7,fr4 p4 #bfh74 ,! tru? is t ,memory does n consi/ 9 a regression f ! pres5t into ! pa/1 b on ! contr>y1 9 a progress f ! pa/ to ! pres5t4 ,memory is radically di/9ct f ,p]ception1 9 its "*4 ,b]gson !n passes on to discuss o!r views ( ,memory1 & 9 p>ticul>1 ^? :i* deal ) ! nature ( ,memory & its relation to ! bra94 ,x is /at$ dogmatically by "s t ,memory is a function ( ! bra94 ,o!rs claim1 9 opposition to ?is1 t ,memory is some?+ o!r ?an a function ( ! bra94 ,betwe5 two su* /atem5ts z ^!1 compromise or reconciliation is obvi\sly impossible4 ,x is !n = exp]i5ce to decide betwe5 ^! two conflict+ views4 ,?is empirical appeal ,b]gson does n %irk4 ,he has made a mo/ compreh5sive & int5sive /udy ( pa?ological ph5om5a relat+ to ! m5tal malady kn[n z aphasia4 ,?is p>ticul> type ( disord] belongs to a :ole class ( m5tal diseases kn[n z amnesia4 ,n[ amnesia 79 ,greek1 =getfulness7 is lit]ally any loss or defect ( ! ,memory4 ,aphasia 79 ,greek abs5ce ( spee*7 is a total or p>tial loss ( ! p[] ( spee*1 ei!r 9 its spok5 or writt5 =m4 ,! t]m cov]s ! loss ( ! p[] ( expression by spok5 words1 b is (t5 ext5d$ to include bo? ^w-deafness1 i4e41 ! misund]/&+ ( :at is said1 & ^w-bl9dness--! inability to read words4 ,an inability to execute ! movem5ts necess>y to express oneself1 ei!r by ge/ure1 writ+1 or spee*1 is /yl$ motor aphasia1 to di/+ui% x f ! inability to und]/& famili> ge/ures & writt5 or spok5 words1 :i* is kn[n z s5sory-aphasia4 ,! commone/ causes ( ?is disease are lesions1 affect+ ! special n]ve c5tres1 due to haemorrhage or ! developm5t ( tum\rs1 be+ 9 ! "o case rapid1 9 ! o!r a gradual developm5t4 ,( c\rse any sev]e excitem5t1 fright or illness1 involv+ a di/urbance ( ! normal circulation 9 ! c]ebral c5tres1 may produce asphasia4 ,dur+ ! w>1 x has be5 "o ( ! afflictions ( a l>ge numb] ( ! victims ( %ell-%ock4 ,b1 :atev] be ! cause1 ! pati5t is r$uc$ m5tally to an elem5t>y /ate1 resembl+ t ( a *ild1 & ne$s re-educat+ 9 ! elem5ts ( language4 ,n[1 f 8 c>eful /udy ( ! pa?ological ph5om5a1 manife/$ 9 ^! cases1 ,b]gson draws "s v important conclusions 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ,memory & its relation to ! bra94 ,9 #ahif1 :5 he br\ght out 8 "w ,mati]e et ,memoire1 9 ,p>is1 ! g5]al view 0 aga9/ 8 conclusions & 8 op9ions 7 ridicul$4 ,by #aiaj1 a m>k$ *ange _h come ab\t & he 0 able to ref] to ?is 9 ! new introduction4,footnote3 ,see ,bibliography1 p4 #aeh4 ,8 view 0 no long] consid]$ p>adoxical4 ,! conception ( aphasia1 once classical1 univ]sally admitt$1 believ$ to be un%akeable1 _h be5 consid]ably %ak5 9 t p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,localization1 & ref]5ce to c5tres w\ld n1 x 0 f\nd1 expla9 ?+s suffici5tly4,footnote3 ,! "w ( ,pi]re ,janet 0 l>gely influ5tial also 9 br++ ab\t ?is *ange ( view4 ,?is involv$ a too rigid & me*anical conception ( ! bra9 z a m]e box1 & ,b]gson attacks x v =cibly "u ! "n ( ! box !ory4 ,all ! argum5ts1 he says1 f fact :i* may be invok$ 9 fav\r ( a probable accumulation ( memories 9 ! cortical sub/ance1 are drawn f local disord]s ( memory4 ,b if recollections 7 really deposit$ 9 ! bra91 to def9ite gaps 9 memory *>act]i/ic lesions ( ! bra9 w\ld correspond4 ,n[ 9 ^? =ms ( amnesia 9 :i* a :ole p]iod ( our pa/ exi/5ce1 = example1 is abruptly & entirely oblit]at$ f memory1 we d n obs]ve any precise c]ebral lesion2 & on ! contr>y1 9 ^? disord]s ( memory :]e c]ebral localization is di/9ct & c]ta91 t is to say1 9 ! diff]5t types ( aphasia1 & 9 ! diseases ( visual or auditory recognition1 we d n f9d t c]ta9 def9ite recollections are1 z x 71 torn f _! seat1 b t x is ! :ole faculty ( rememb]+ t is m or less dim9i%$ 9 vitality1 z if ! subject _h m or less difficulty 9 br++ 8 recollections into contact ) ! pres5t situation4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cae 7,fr4 pp4 #bfd-bfe74 ,b z x is a fact t ! pa/ survives "u two di/9ct =ms1 viz41 motor me*anisms & indep5d5t recollections1 we f9d t ?is expla9s :y 9 all cases :]e a lesion ( ! bra9 attacks a c]ta9 category ( recollections1 ! affect$ recollections d n resemble ea* o!r by all belong+ to ! same p]iod1 or by any logical relation%ip to "o ano!r1 b simply 9 t !y are all auditive or all visual or all motor4 ,t :i* is damag$ appe>s to be ! v>i\s s5sorial or motor areas1 or m (t5 /ill1 ^? app5dages :i* p]mit ( _! be+ set go+ f )9 ! cortex r ?an ! recollections !mselves4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cag 7,fr4 p4 #bff74 ,go+ ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 by ! /udy ( ! recognition ( words1 & ( s5sory-aphasia1 ,b]gson %[s t recognition is 9 no way affect$ by a me*anical awak5+ ( memories t are asleep 9 ! bra94 ,x implies1 on ! contr>y1 a m or less high degree ( t5sion 9 consci\sness1 :i* goes to fet* pure recollections 9 pure memory1 9 ord] to mat]ialize !m progressively1 by contact ) ! pres5t p]ception4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cag 7,fr4 p4 #bff74 ,9 ! face ( all ?is mass ( evid5ce & ?or\ghness ( argum5t :i* ,b]gson br+s =w>d1 we are l$ to conclude t ,memory is inde$ some?+ o!r ?an a function ( ! bra94 ,criticiz+ ,wundt's view1,footnote3 ,z express$ 9 8 ,grundzuge d] physiologis*e psy*ologie1 vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cbj-cbg4 ,see ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #afd 7,fr4 p4 #acg74;,b]gson cont5ds t no trace ( an image c rema9 9 ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 & no c5tre ( app]ception c exi/4 ,!re is n 9 ! bra9 a region 9 :i* memories congeal & accumulate4 ,! alleg$ de/ruction ( memories by an injury to ! bra9 is b a break 9 ! cont9u\s progress by :i* !y actualize !mselves4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #afj 7,fr4 p4 #acd74 ,x is !n futile to ask 9 :at spot pa/ memories are /or$4 ,to look = !m 9 any place w\ld be z mean+less z ask+ to see traces ( ! telephonic message ^u ! telephone wire4 ,memory1 x has be5 said1 is a faculty :i* loses no?+ & records ev]y?+4 ,footnote3 ,ball1 quot$ by ,r\ill>d1 ,les ,amnesies1 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 p4 #be2 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bja 7,fr4 p4 #afh74 ,?is is only too true1 al?\gh normally we d n recognize x4 ,b we c nev] be sure t we h absolutely =gott5 any?+4 ,illness1 produc+ delirium1 may provoke u to speak ( ?+s we _h ?\ght 7 gone beyond recall & :i* p]haps we ev5 wi% 7 beyond recall4 ,a somnambuli/ic /ate or ev5 a dream may %[ u memory ext5d+ f> fur!r back ?an we c\ld ord9>ily imag9e4 ,! fac+ ( dea? 9 battle1 we "k1 recalls to _m1 ) extreme vividness1 sc5es ( e>ly *ildhood :i* !y _h deem$ long s9ce =gott54 ,!re is no?+1 says ,b]gson1 m in/ructive 9 ?is reg>d ?an :at happ5s 9 cases ( sudd5 suffocation--9 m5 dr[n$ or hang$4 ,! man1 :5 br\ght to life aga91 /ates t he saw 9 a v %ort "t all ! =gott5 ev5ts ( 8 life1 pass+ be=e him ) great rapidity1 ) _! smalle/ circum/ances1 & 9 ! v ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,footnote3 ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 pp4 #cj-ca1 & ,matt] & ,memory1 p #bjj 7,fr p #afh74 ,h5ce we c nev] be absolutely sure t we h =gott5 any?+ al?\gh at any giv5 "t we may be unable to recall x to m9d4 ,!re is an unconsci\s memory4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,samuel ,butl]'s ,unconsci\s ,memory4 ,speak+ ( ! pr(\nd & yet und5iable reality ( ! unconsci\s1 ,b]gson says1,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 pp #aha-ahb 7,fr4 pp4 #aeb-aec74 ,see also ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance1 ,revue philosophique1 ,dec41 #aijh1 p4 #eib1 & ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #aei-afa 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,our unwill+ness to conceive unconsci\s psy*ical /ates1 is due1 above all1 to ! fact t we hold consci\sness to be ! ess5tial prop]ty ( psy*ical /ates1 s t a psy*ical /ate _c1 x seems1 cease to be consci\s )\t ceas+ to exi/4 ,b if consci\sness is b ! *>act]i/ic note ( ! pres5t1 t is to say1 ( ! actually liv$1 9 %ort1 ( ! active1 !n t :i* does n act may cease to belong to consci\sness )\t !re=e ceas+ to exi/ 9 "s mann]4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! psy*ological doma91 consci\sness may n be ! synonym ( exi/5ce1 b only ( real action or ( imm$iate efficacy2 limit+ ?us ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 we %all h less difficulty 9 repres5t+ to ourselves a psy*ical /ate :i* is unconsci\s1 t is to say1 ineffective4 ,:atev] idea we may frame ( consci\sness 9 itself1 su* z x w\ld be if x c\ld "w untrammell$1 we _c d5y t 9 a be+ :i* has bodily functions1 ! *ief (fice ( consci\sness is to preside ov] action & to enlight5 *oice4 ,!re=e x ?r[s light on ! imm$iate antec$5ts ( ! decision & on ^? pa/ recollections :i* c usefully comb9e ) x2 all else rema9s 9 %ad[4 ,b we h no m "r to say t ! pa/ effaces itself z soon z p]ceiv$ ?an to suppose t mat]ial objects cease to exi/ :5 we cease to p]ceive !m4 ,memory1 to use a geometrical illu/ration :i* ,b]gson himself employs1 comes into action l ! po9t ( a cone press+ aga9/ a plane4 ,! plane d5otes ! pres5t ne$1 p>ticul>ly 9 relation to bodily action1 :ile ! cone /&s = all our total pa/4 ,mu* ( ?is pa/1 inde$ mo/ ( x1 only endures z unconsci\s ,memory1 b x is always capable ( com+ to ! apex ( ! cone1 i4e41 com+ into consci\sness4 ,s we may say t !re are diff]5t planes ( ,memory1 conic sections1 if we keep up ! orig9al metaphor1 & ! l>ge/ ( ^! conta9s all our pa/4 ,?is may be well describ$ z ! plane ( dream4 ,footnote3 ,see ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bbb 7,fr4 p4 #ahf7 & ! pap] ,l',ef=t intellectuel1 ,revue philosophique1 ,jan41 #aijb1 pp4 #b & #be1 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #afe & #aii 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,?is connexion ( ,memory ) dreams is m fully br\ght out by ,b]gson 9 8 lecture be=e ! ,in/itut psy*ologique int]national1 five ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,mati]e et ,memoire1 entitl$ ,le ,reve4 ,footnote3 ,deliv]$ ,m>* #bf1 #aija4 ,see ,bibliography1 p4 #aec4 ,! foll[+ is a brief summ>y ( ! view !re set =?4 ,memories1 & only memories1 weave ! web ( our dreams4 ,!y are su* /uff z dreams are made on4 ,(t5 we d n recognize !m4 ,!y may be v old memories1 =gott5 dur+ wak+ h\rs1 drawn f ! mo/ obscure dep?s ( our pa/1 or memories ( objects we h p]ceiv$ di/ract$ly1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 :ile awake4 ,!y may be fragm5ts ( brok5 memories1 compos+ an incoh]5t & unrecognizable :ole4 ,9 a wak+ /ate our memories are closely connect$ ) our pres5t situation 7unless we be giv5 to day-dreams674 ,9 an animal memory s]ves to recall to him ! advantage\s or injuri\s consequ5ces :i* h =m]ly aris5 9 a l situation1 & s aids 8 pres5t action4 ,9 man1 memory =ms a solid :ole1 a pyramid ^: po9t is ins]t$ precisely into our pres5t action4 ,b beh9d ! memories :i* are involv$ 9 our occupations1 !re are o!rs1 ?\s&s ( o!rs1 /or$ bel[ ! sc5e illum9at$ by consci\sness4 ,yes1 ,i believe inde$1 says ,b]gson1 t all our pa/ life is !re1 pres]v$ ev5 to ! mo/ inf9itesimal details1 & t we =get no?+ & t all t we h ev] felt1 p]ceiv$1 ?\ght1 will$1 f ! fir/ awak5+ ( our consci\sness1 survives inde/ructibly4 ,footnote3 ,dreams1 p4 #cg4 ,= ?is discussion 9 full1 see pages #cd-ci1 or see ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #ajj-ajc 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,( c\rse1 9 action ,i h some?+ else to d ?an occupy myself ) ^!4 ,b suppose ,i become dis9t]e/$ 9 pres5t action--t ,i fall asleep--!n ! ob/acle 7my att5tion to action7 remov$1 ^! memories try to raise ! trap-door--!y all want to get ?r\gh4 ,f ! multitude :i* are call$1 :i* w be *os58 ,:5 ,i 0 awake1 only ^? 7 admitt$ :i* bore on ! pres5t situation4 ,n[1 9 sleep1 m vague images occupy my vision1 m indecisive s\nds rea* my e>1 m indi/9ct t\*es come to my body1 & m vague s5sations come f my int]nal organs4 ,h5ce ^? memories :i* c assimilate !mselves to "s elem5t 9 ?is vague mass ( v indi/9ct s5sations manage to get ?r\gh4 ,:5 su* union is effect$1 betwe5 memory & s5sation1 we h a dream4 ,9 ord] t a recollection %\ld be br\ght to m9d1 x is necess>y t x %\ld desc5d f ! height ( pure memory to ! precise po9t :]e action is tak+ place4 ,su* a p[] is ! m>k ( ! well-balanc$ m9d1 pursu+ a via m$ia betwe5 impulsiv5ess on ! "o h&1 & dream9ess on ! o!r4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! man ( action1 says ,b]gson 9 ?is connexion1 is ! promptitude ) :i* he summons to ! help ( a giv5 situation all ! memories :i* h ref]5ce to x4 ,to live only 9 ! pres5t1 to respond to a /imulus by ! imm$iate reaction :i* prolongs x1 is ! m>k ( ! l[] animals2 ! man :o proce$s 9 ?is way is a man ( impulse4 ,b he :o lives 9 ! pa/1 = ! m]e pleasure ( liv+ !re1 & 9 :om recollections em]ge into ! light ( consci\sness1 )\t any advantage = ! pres5t situation1 is h>dly bett] fitt$ = action2 "h we h no man ( impulse1 b a dream]4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes lies ! happy disposition ( a memory docile en\gh to foll[ ) precision all ! outl9es ( ! pres5t situation1 b en]getic en\gh to resi/ all o!r appeal4 ,good s5se or practical s5se1 is probably no?+ b ?is4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #aih 7,fr4 pp4 #aff-afg74 ,9 ! pap] ,l',ef=t intellectuel1 contribut$ 9 #aijb to ! ,revue philosophique1 & n[ repr9t$ 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1,footnote3 ,pp4 #afc-bjb4 ,see also ,m9d-,en]gy4,b]gson gives an analysis ( :at is involv$ 9 intellectual ef=t4 ,!re is at fir/1 he %[s1 some?+ conceiv$ q g5]ally1 an idea vague & ab/ract1 a s*ema :i* has to be complet$ by di/9ct images4 ,9 ?\ght !re is a movem5t ( ! m9d f ! plane ( ! s*ema to ! plane ( ! concrete image4 ,v>i\s images endeav\r to fit !mselves into ! s*ema1 or ! s*ema may adapt itself to ! reception ( ! images4 ,^! d\ble ef=ts to secure adaptation & coop]ation may bo? enc\nt] resi/ance f ! o!r1 a situation :i* is kn[n to u z hesitation1 accompani$ by ! aw>5ess ( ob/acles1 ?us involv+ intellectual ef=t4 ,memory !n1 ,b]gson wi%es u to realize1 9 response to 8 treatm5t ( x1 is no m]e function ( ! bra92 x is some?+ inf9itely m subtle1 inf9itely m elusive1 & m wondr\s4 ,our memories are n /or$ 9 ! bra9 l lett]s 9 a fil+ cab9et1 & all our pa/ survives inde/ructibly z ,memory1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! =m ( unconsci\s memory4 ,we mu/ recognize ,memory to be a spiritual fact & s reg>d x z a pivot on :i* turn _m discussions ( vital importance :5 we come to inve/igate ! problem ( ! relation ( s\l & body4 ,= ,memory mu/ be1 9 pr9ciple1 a p[] absolutely indep5d5t ( matt]4 ,if !n1 _s is a reality1 x is "h1 9 ! ph5om5on ( ,memory t we may come into t\* ) x exp]im5tally4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #ha 7,fr4 p4 #fh74 ,memory1 he w\ld rem9d u f9ally1 is j ! int]section ( m9d & matt]4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 ,introduction1 p4 xii4 ,a remembrance _c be ! result ( a /ate ( ! bra94 ,! /ate ( ! bra9 cont9ues ! remembrance2 x gives x a hold on ! pres5t by ! mat]iality :i* x conf]s ^u x1 b pure memory is a spiritual manife/ation4 ,) ,memory1 we are1 9 v tru?1 9 ! doma9 ( _s4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #cbj 7,fr4 p4 #bfh74 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,s\l ,,& ,,body ,! hypo!sis ( ,psy*o-physical ,p>allelism--,n to be accept$ uncritically--,b]gson opposes x1 & %[s ! hypo!sis to re/ on a confusion ( t]ms4 ,b]gson aga9/ ,epiph5om5alism--,s\l-life unique & wid] ?an ! bra9--,telepa?y1 subconsci\s action & psy*ical rese>*--,s\ls & survival4 ,= philosophy 9 g5]al1 & = psy*ology 9 p>ticul>1 ! problem ( ! relation ( s\l & body has prime significance1 & moreov]1 x is a problem ) :i* ea* ( u is acqua9t$ intimately & practically1 ev5 if we "k little or no?+ ( ! academic discussions1 or ( ! te*nical t]ms repres5t+ v>i\s views4 ,x is v frequ5tly ! t]m9ology :i* turns ! pla9 man away f ! consid]ation ( philosophical problems2 b he has "s conception1 h[ev] crude x may be1 ( 8 s\l or 8 m9d & ( 8 body4 ,^! t]ms are famili> to him1 b ! sight ( a phrase l psy*o-physical p>allelism r daunts him4 ,really1 x /&s = q a simple ?+1 & is j ! (ficial label us$ to designate ! !ory commonly held by sci5tific m5 ( all k9ds1 to describe ! relation ( s\l & body4 ,put m precisely1 x is j ! ass]tion t bra9 & consci\sness "w on p>allel l9es4 ,b]gson does n accept ! hypo!sis ( psy*o-physical p>allelism4 ,9 ! fir/ ( 8 f\r lectures on ,la ,nature de l',ame1 giv5 at ,london ,univ]sity 9 #aiaa1 we f9d him criticiz+ ! notion t consci\sness has no indep5d5ce ( its own1 t x m]ely expresses c]ta9 /ates ( ! bra91 t ! cont5t ( a fact ( consci\sness is to be f\nd :olly 9 ! correspond+ c]ebral /ate4 ,x is true t we %\ld n f9d _m physiologi/s or philosoph]s :o w\ld tell u n[ t ! bra9 secretes ?\ght z ! liv] secretes bile4 ,footnote3 ,cabanis 7#ageg-ahjh74 ,rapports du physique et du morale de l'homme1 #ahjb4 ,see quotation by ,william ,james 9 ,human ,immortality4 ,note 7#d7 9 8 ,app5dix4 ,b !re 0 an idea t1 if we c\ld see ?r\gh ! skull & obs]ve :at takes place 9 ! bra91 if we _h an enorm\sly p[]ful microscope :i* w\ld p]mit u to foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! molecules1 atoms1 electrons1 ( ! bra91 & if we _h ! key to ! correspond5ce betwe5 ^! ph5om5a & ! m9d1 we %\ld "k all ! ?\ghts & wi%es ( ! p]son to :om ! bra9 belong$--we %\ld see :at took place 9 8 s\l1 z a telegraph op]ator c\ld read by ! oscillation ( 8 ne$les ! mean+ ( a message :i* 0 s5t ?r\gh 8 in/rum5t4 ,! notion ( an equality or p>allelism betwe5 consci\s activity & c]ebral activity1 0 commonly adopt$ by mod]n physiology1 & x 0 adopt$ )\t discussion z a sci5tific notion by ! majority ( philosoph]s4 ,yet ! exp]im5tal basis ( ?is !ory is extremely slight1 inde$ altoge!r insuffici5t1 & 9 reality ! !ory is a metaphysical conception1 result+ f ! views ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?9k]s :o _h hopes ( a univ]sal ma!matic4 ,! idea _h be5 accept$ t all 0 capable ( det]m9ation 9 ! psy*ical z well z ! physical _w1 inasmu* z ! psy*ical 0 only a reflex ( ! physical4 ,p>allelism 0 adopt$ by sci5ce because ( its conv5i5ce4,footnote3 ,see ,! ,times ( ,oct4 #ba1 #aiaa4 ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t philosophy ought n to accept x )\t criticism1 & ma9ta9$1 moreov]1 t x c\ld n /& ! criticism t might be br\ght aga9/ x4 ,relation ( s\l & body 0 und5iable1 b t x 0 a p>allel or equival5t relation he d5i$ mo/ emphatically4 ,t criticism he _h laun*$ himself ) great vig\r 9 #aija at a ,meet+ ( ! ,societe francaise de philosophie1,footnote3 ,see ,bibliography1 p4 #aec4 & on a m memorable occasion1 at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy at ,g5eva 9 #aijd4;,footnote3 ,see ,bibliography1 p4 #aed4 ,be=e ! ,philosophical ,society he lectur$ on ,le ,p>allelisme psy*o-physique et la ,metaphysique positive1 & prop\nd$ ! foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,if psy*o-physical p>allelism is nei!r rigor\s nor complete1 if to e det]m9$ ?\ght !re does n correspond an absolutely det]m9$ /ate 7si a t\te p5see det]m9ee ne correspond pas un etat c]ebral det]m9e absolum5t71 x w be ! bus9ess ( exp]i5ce to m>k ) increas+ accuracy ! precise po9ts at :i* p>allelism beg9s & ends4 #b4 ,if ?is empirical inquiry is possible1 x w measure m & m exactly ! sep>ation betwe5 ! ?\ght & ! physical conditions 9 :i* ?is ?\ght is ex]cis$4 ,9 o!r words1 x w give u a progressive k ( ! relation ( man z a ?9k+ be+ to man z a liv+ be+1 & !re=e ( :at may be t]m$ ! mean+ ( ,life4 #c4 ,if ?is mean+ ( ,life c be empirically det]m9$ m & m exactly1 & completely1 a positive metaphysic is possible3 t is to say1 a metaphysic :i* _c be conte/$ & :i* w admit ( a direct & indef9ite progress2 su* a metaphysic w\ld escape ! objections urg$ aga9/ a transc5d5tal metaphysic1 & w\ld be /rictly sci5tific 9 =m4 ,aft] hav+ prop\nd$ ^! propositions1 he def5d$ !m by recall+ mu* ( ! data consid]$ 9 8 "w ,mati]e et ,memoire :i* he _h publi%$ five ye>s previ\sly & :i* has be5 exam9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,! onus ( pro( lay1 said ,b]gson1 ) ! uphold]s ( p>allelism4 ,x is a purely metaphysical hypo!sis unw>rantable 9 8 op9ion z a dogma4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 correspond5ce--:i* he ( c\rse admits--& p>allelism1 to :i* he is oppos$4 ,we nev] ?9k )\t a c]ta9 sub/ratum ( c]ebral activity1 b :at ! relation is precisely1 betwe5 bra9 & consci\sness1 is "o = long & pati5t rese>*3 x _c be det]m9$ a priori & ass]t$ dogmatically4 ,until su* inve/igation has be5 c>ri$ out1 x behoves u to be undogmatic & n to allege m ?an ! facts absolutely w>rant1 t is to say1 a relation ( correspond5ce4 ,p>allelism is f> too simple an explanation to be a true "o4 ,be=e ! ,int]national ,congress1 ,b]gson laun*$ ano!r attack on p>allelism :i* caus$ q a little s5sation among ^? pres5t4 ,says ,m4 ,e4 ,*>ti]1 9 8 report3 ,la lecture de ce memoire1 lecture qui comm&ait l'att5tion a provoque *ez presque t\s les auditeurs un m\vem5t de surprise et d'inquietude4 ,footnote3 ,! pap] ,le ,p>alogisme psy*o-physiologique is giv5 9 ,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 ,nov41 #aijd1 pp4 #hie-ijh4 ,! ,discussion 9 ! ,congress is giv5 on pp4 #ajbg-ajcg4 ,?is 0 reissu$ "u ! title ,le ,c]veau et la ,p5see3 une illusion philosophique 9 ! collect$ volume ( essays & lectures1 publi%$ 9 #aiai1 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #bjc-bbc 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,he !re set out to %[ t ,p>allelism _c be consi/5tly /at$ f any po9t ( view1 = x re/s on a fallaci\s argum5t--on a fundam5tal contradiction4 ,to grasp ,b]gson's po9ts 9 ?is argum5t1 ! read+ ( ?is pap] 9 ! orig9al1 z a :ole1 is necess>y4 ,x is difficult to cond5se x & keep its cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,briefly1 x am\nts to ?is1 t ! =mulation ( ! doctr9e ( ,p>allelism re/s on an ambiguity 9 ! t]ms employ$ 9 its /atem5t1 t x conta9s a subtle dialectical artifice by :i* we pass surreptiti\sly f "o sy/em ( notation to ano!r ignor+ ! sub/itution3 logically1 we ought to keep to "o sy/em ( notation ?r\gh\t4 ,! two sy/ems are3 ,idealism & ,realism4 ,b]gson attempts to %[ t nei!r ( ^! sep>ately c admit ,p>allelism1 & t ,p>allelism _c be =mulat$ except by a confusion ( ! two--by a process ( m5tal see-saw+ z x 71 :i* ( c\rse we are n entitl$ to p]=m1 ,idealism & ,realism be+ two oppos$ & contradictory views ( reality4 ,= ! ,ideali/1 ?+s ext]nal to ! m9d are images1 & ( ^! ! bra9 is "o4 ,yet ! images are 9 ! bra94 ,?is am\nts to say+ t ! :ole is conta9$ 9 ! "p4 ,we t5d1 h[ev]1 to avoid ?is by pass+ to a pseudo-reali/ic position by say+ t ! bra9 is a ?+ & n an image4 ,?is is pass+ ov] to ! o!r sy/em ( notation4 ,= ! ,reali/ x is ! ess5ce ( reality to suppose t !re are ?+s beh9d repres5tations4 ,"s ,reali/s ma9ta9 t ! bra9 actually creates ! repres5tation1 :i* is ! doctr9e ( ,epiph5om5alism3 :ile o!rs hold ! view ( ! ,occasionali/s1 & o!rs posit "o reality und]ly+ bo?4 ,all h[ev] agree 9 uphold+ ,p>allelism4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,reali/1 ! !ory is equival5t to ass]t+ t a relation betwe5 two t]ms is equal to "o ( !m4 ,?is involves contradiction & ,realism !n crosses ov] to ! o!r sy/em ( notation4 ,x _c d )\t ,idealism3 sci5ce itself oscillates f ! "o sy/em to ! o!r4 ,we _c admit ,p>allelism z a dogma--z a metaphysical tru?--h[ev] useful x may be z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,b]gson !n proce$s to /ate & to criticize "s ( ! mis*iev\s ideas :i* arise f ,p>allelism4 ,!re is ! idea ( a bra9-s\l1 ( a spot :]e ! s\l lives or :]e ! bra9 ?9ks--:i* we h n q ab&on$ s9ce ,desc>tes nam$ ! p9eal gl& z ! seat ( ! s\l4 ,!n !re is ! false idea t all causality is me*ani/ic & t !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se :i* is n ma!matically calculable4 ,!re is ! confusion ( repres5tations & ( ?+s4 ,!re is ! false notion t we may argue t if two :oles are b\nd toge!r !re mu/ be an equival5t relation ( ! p>ts4 ,b]gson po9ts out 9 ?is connexion t ! abs5ce or ! pres5ce ( a screw c /op a ma*9e or keep x go+1 b ! p>ts ( ! screw d n correspond to ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 8 new introduction to ,mati]e et ,memoire1 he said1 ,!re is a close connexion betwe5 a /ate ( consci\sness & ! bra93 ?is we d n dispute4 ,b !re is also a close connexion betwe5 a coat & ! nail on :i* x hangs1 = if ! nail is pull$ out ! coat falls to ! gr\nd4 ,%all we say !n t ! %ape ( ! nail gives u ! %ape ( ! coat or 9 any way corresponds to x8 ,no m are we entitl$ to conclude because ! psy*ical fact is hung on to a c]ebral /ate t !re is any p>allelism betwe5 ! two s]ies psy*ical & physiological4 ,footnote3 ,!re mu/ be an awkw>d mispr9t physical = psy*ical 9 ! ,engli% translation1 p4 xi4 ,our obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & sci5ce itself1 /rictly speak+1 d n all[ u to ass]t m ?an t !re exi/s a c]ta9 ,,correspond5ce betwe5 bra9 & consci\sness4 ,! psy*ical & ! physical are int]-dep5d5t b n p>allel4 ,b]gson h[ev] has m to ass]t ?an m]ely ! inadequacy & falsity ( ,p>allelism or ,epiph5om5alism4 ,?is la/ !ory m]ely adds consci\sness to physical facts z a k9d ( phosphoresc5t gleam1 resembl+1 9 ,b]gson's words1 a /reak ( light foll[+ ! movem5t ( a mat* rubb$ along a wall 9 ! d>k4 ,footnote3 ,l',ame et le ,corps1 pp4 #ab-ac1 9 ,le ,mat]ialisme actuel1 or pp4 #ce-cf ( ,l',en]gie spirituelle 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,he ma9ta9s1 z aga9/ all ?is1 ! irr$ucibility ( ! m5tal1 our utt] inability to int]pret consci\sness 9 t]ms ( any?+ else1 ! life ( ! s\l be+ unique4 ,he fur!r claims t ?is psy*ical life is wid] & ri*] ?an we commonly suppose4 ,! bra9 is ! organ ( att5tion to life4 ,:at 0 said 9 reg>d to memory & ! bra9 is applicable to all our m5tal life4 ,! m9d or s\l is wid] ?an ! bra9 9 e direction1 & ! bra9's activity corresponds to no m ?an an inf9itesimal "p ( ! activity ( ! m9d4 ,footnote3 ,l',ame et le ,corps1 ,le ,mat]ialisme actuel1 p4 #de1 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 p4 #fa4 ,?is is express$ m cle>ly 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* at ! ,aeolian ,hall1 ,london1 #aiac1 :]e he rem>k$1 ,! c]ebral life is to ! m5tal life :at ! movem5ts ( ! baton ( a conductor are to ! symphony4 ,footnote3 ,! ,times1 ,may #bi1 #aiac4 ,su* a rem>k conta9s fruitful sugge/ions to all engag$ 9 ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 & to all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! fasc9at+ /udy ( telepa?y4 ,b]gson is ( ! op9ion t we are f> less def9itely cut (f f ea* o!r1 s\l f s\l1 ?an we are body f body4 ,x is space1 he says1 :i* creates multiplicity & di/9ction4 ,x is by _! bodies t ! diff]5t human p]sonalities are radically di/9ct4 ,b if x is demon/rat$ t human consci\sness is p>tially indep5d5t ( ! human bra91 s9ce ! c]ebral life repres5ts only a small "p ( ! m5tal life1 x is v possible t ! sep>ation betwe5 ! v>i\s human consci\snesses or s\ls1 may n be s radical z x seems to be4 ,footnote3 ,! ,times1 ,may #bi1 #aiac4 ,!re may be1 he sugge/s1 9 ! psy*ical _w1 a process analog\s to :at is kn[n 9 ! physical _w z endosmosis4 ,plead+ = an imp>tial & frank inve/igation ( telepa?y1 he po9t$ out t x 0 probable1 or at lea/ possible1 t x 0 tak+ place con/antly z a subtle & sub-consci\s influ5ce ( s\l on s\l1 b too feebly to be notic$ by active consci\sness1 or x 0 neutraliz$ by c]ta9 ob/acles4 ,we h no "r to d5y its possibility on ! plea ( its be+ sup]natural1 or aga9/ natural law1 = our ignorance does n entitle u to say :at may be natural or n4 ,if telepa?y does n squ>e at all well ) our preconceiv$ notions1 x may be m true t our preconceiv$ notions are false ?an t telepa?y is fictiti\s2 especially w ?is be s if our notion ( ! relation ( s\l & body be bas$ on ,p>allelism4 ,we mu/ ov]come ?is prejudice & seek to make o!rs set x aside4 ,telepa?y & ! sub-consci\s m5tal life comb9e to make u realize ! wond] ( ! s\l4 ,x is n spatial1 x is spiritual4 ,b]gson insi/s /rongly on ! unity ( our consci\s life4 ,m]ely associationi/ !ories are vici\s 9 ?is respect3 !y try to resolve ! :ole into p>ts1 & !n neglect ! :ole 9 _! conc5tration on ! p>ts4 ,all psy*ological inve/igation incurs ?is risk ( deal+ ) ab/ractions4 ,psy*ology1 9 fact1 proce$s l all ! o!r sci5ces by analysis4 ,x resolves ! self :i* has be5 giv5 to x at fir/ 9 a simple intuition1 into s5sations1 feel+s1 ideas1 etc41 :i* x /udies sep>ately4 ,x sub/itutes !n = ! self a s]ies ( elem5ts :i* =m ! facts ( psy*ology4 ,b are ^! elem5ts really p>ts8 ,t is ! :ole "q1 & x is because x has be5 evad$ t ! problem ( human p]sonality has s (t5 be5 /at$ 9 insoluble t]ms4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 p4 #ba4 ,p]sonality _c be compos$ ( psy*ical /ates ev5 if !re be add$ to !m a k9d ( ?read = ! purpose ( jo9+ ! /ates toge!r4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 p4 #be4 ,we %all nev] make ! s\l fit into a category or succe$ 9 apply+ concepts to our inn] life4 ,! life ( ! s\l is wid] ?an ! bra9 & wid] ?an all intellectual con/ructions or m\lds we may attempt to =m4 ,x is a creative =ce capable ( produc+ novelty 9 ! _w3 x creates actions & c1 9 addition1 create itself4 ,philosophy %[s u ! life ( ! body j :]e x really is1 on ! road t leads to ! life ( ! _s2 our p[]s ( s5se impression & ( intellig5ce are bo? in/rum5ts 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,) a little w "o c d mu* if "o places ! w 9 ! "r direction4 ,= ?is =ce ( w :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! s\l or p]sonality has ^! exceptional *>act]i/ics1 t its int5sity dep5ds on its direction1 & t its quality may become ! creator ( quantity4 ,footnote3 ,see ! lectures ,la ,nature de l',ame4 ,! bra9 & ! body 9 g5]al are in/rum5ts ( ! s\l4 ,! bra9 ori5ts ! m9d t[>d action1 x is ! po9t ( atta*m5t betwe5 ! _s & its mat]ial environm5t4 ,x is l ! po9t ( a knife to ! blade--x enables x to p5etrate into ! realm ( action or1 to give ano!r ( ,b]gson's metaphors1 x is l ! pr[ ( ! %ip1 enabl+ ! s\l to p5etrate ! bill[s ( reality4 ,yet1 = all t1 x limits & conf9es ! life ( ! _s2 x n>r[s vision z d ! bl9k]s :i* we put on horses4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ab&on ! notion ( any rigid & det]m9$ p>allelism betwe5 s\l & body & accu/om ourselves to ! fact t ! life ( ! m9d is wid] ?an ! limits ( c]ebral activity4 ,& fur!r1 !re is ?is to consid]--,! m we become accu/om$ to ?is idea ( a consci\sness :i* ov]fl[s ! organ we call ! bra91 !n ! m natural & probable we f9d ! hypo!sis t ! s\l survives ! body4 ,= 7 ! m5tal exactly modell$ on ! c]ebral1 we might h to admit t consci\sness mu/ %>e ! fate ( ! body & die ) x4 ,footnote3 ,new ,york ,times1 ,sept4 #bg1 #aiad4 ,b ! de/9y ( consci\sness is n b\nd up ) ! de/9y ( c]ebral matt]4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhe 7,fr4 p4 #bic74 ,al?\gh ! data is n yet suffici5t to w>rant m ?an an affirmation ( high probability1 ,footnote3 ,l\is ,lev9e's int]view ) ,b]gson1 ,new ,york ,times1 ,feb4 #bb1 #aiad4 ,quot$ by ,mill]1 ,b]gson & ,religion1 p4 #bfh4 yet x leaves ! way op5 = a belief 9 a future life & creates a presumption 9 fav\r ( a fai? 9 immortality4 ,humanity1 z ,b]gson rem>ks1 may1 9 its evolution1 ov]come ! mo/ =midable ( its ob/acles1 p]haps ev5 dea?4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhf 7,fr4 p4 #bid74 ,9 ,life & ,consci\sness he says we may admit t 9 man at any rate ,consci\sness pursues its pa? beyond ?is e>?ly life ,cf4 also conclusion to ,la ,consci5ce el la ,vie 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 p4 #bi1 & to ,l',ame et le ,corps1 9 ! same vol41 p4 #fc4 ,! great error ( ! spiritual philosoph]s has be5 ! idea t by isolat+ ! spiritual life f all ! re/1 by susp5d+ x 9 space1 z high z possible above ! e>?1 !y 7 plac+ x beyond attack2 z if !y 7 n1 !reby1 simply expos+ x to be tak5 z an effect ( mirage6 ,c]ta9ly !y are "r to believe 9 ! absolute reality ( ! p]son & 9 8 indep5d5ce ( matt]3 b sci5ce is !re :i* %[s ! int]-dep5d5ce ( consci\s life & c]ebral activity4 ,:5 a /rong in/9ct assures ! probability ( p]sonal survival1 !y are "r n to close _! e>s to its voice2 b if !re exi/ s\ls capable ( an indep5d5t life1 :5ce d !y come8 ,:51 h[1 & :y d !y ent] into ?is body :i* we see arise q naturally f a mix$ cell d]iv$ f ! bodies ( its two p>5ts8 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhc 7,fr4 p4 #bia74 ,at ! close ( ! ,lectures on ,la ,nature de l',ame1 ,b]gson sugge/s1 by ref]r+ to an allegory ( ,plot9us1 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( s\ls1 t 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 a g5]al int]p5etration ( s\ls :i* 0 equival5t to ! v pr9ciple ( life1 & t ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( life on ?is planet %[s ?is pr9ciple /riv+ until man's consci\sness has be5 develop$1 & ?us p]sonalities h be5 able to con/itute !mselves4 ,s\ls are be+ creat$ :i*1 9 a s5se1 pre-exi/$4 ,!y are no?+ else b ! little rills into :i* ! great riv] ( life divides itself1 fl[+ ?r\gh ! great body ( humanity4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhd 7,fr4 p4 #bib74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,"t--,,true ,,& ,,false ,our ord9>y conception ( ,"t false because x is spatial & homog5e\s--,real ,"t 7la duree7 n spatial or homog5e\s--,fl[ ( consci\sness a qualitative multiplicity--,! real self & ! ext]nal self4 ,la duree & ! life ( ! self--,no repetition--,p]sonality & ! accumulation ( exp]i5ce-,*ange & la duree z vital elem5ts 9 ! univ]se4 ,= any prop] und]/&+ ( ,b]gson's ?\ght1 x is necess>y to grasp 8 views reg>d+ ,"t1 = !y are fundam5tal factors 9 8 philosophy & s]ve to di/+ui% x specially f t ( previ\s ?9k]s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ev]1 9 pass+1 t ,dr4 ,w>d1 9 8 ,realm ( ,ends1 claims to h anticipat$ ,b]gson's view ( ,concrete ,"t4 ,9 discuss+ ! relation ( su* ,"t to ! conception ( ,god1 he says1 ,i ?9k ,i may fairly claim to h anticipat$ him 7,b]gson7 to "s ext5t4 ,9 #ahhf ,i _h writt5 a long p>agraph on ?is topic4 ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,realm ( ,ends' foot-note on pp4 #cjf-g4 ,w>d is ref]r+ to 8 fam\s article 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 elev5? edition1 ,psy*ology1 p4 #egg 7n[ revis$ & issu$ 9 book =m z ,psy*ological ,pr9ciples74 ,be ?is z x may1 no philosoph] has made s mu* ( ?is view ( ,"t z ,b]gson4 ,"o might say x is ! corn]-/one ( 8 philosophy1 = practically ! :ole ( x is built ^u 8 conception ( ,"t4 ,8 fir/ l>ge "w1 ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce1 or1 to give x its bett] title1 9 ,engli%1 ,"t & ,free ,w1 appe>$ 9 #ahhi4 ,our ord9>y conception ( ,"t1 t :i* comes to u f ! physical sci5ces1 is1 ,b]gson ma9ta9s1 a false "o4 ,x is false because s f> f be+ temporal 9 "*1 x is spatial4 ,we look ^u space z a homog5e\s m$ium )\t b\nd>ies2 yet we look on ,"t too1 z j su* ano!r m$ium1 homog5e\s & unlimit$4 ,n[ "h is an obvi\s difficulty1 = s9ce homog5eity consi/s 9 be+ )\t qualities1 x is difficult to see h[ "o homog5eity c be di/+ui%$ f ano!r4 ,?is difficulty is usually avoid$ by ! ass]tion t homog5eity takes two =ms1 "o 9 :i* its cont5ts co-exi/1 & ano!r 9 :i* !y foll[ "o ano!r4 ,space1 !n1 we say1 is t homog5e\s m$ium 9 :i* we are aw>e ( side-by-sid5ess1 ,"t--t homog5e\s m$ium 9 :i* we are aw>e ( an elem5t ( succession4 ,b ?is surely we are n entitl$ to ma9ta91 = we are !n di/+ui%+ two suppos$ homog5eities by ass]t+ a diff]5ce ( quality 9 !m4 ,to d s is to take away homog5eity4 ,we mu/ ?9k aga9 & seek a way out ( ?is difficulty4 ,let u admit space to be a homog5e\s m$ium )\t b\nds4 ,!n e homog5e\s m$ium )\t b\nds mu/ be space4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ,"t8--= on ?is %[+1 ,"t becomes space4 ,yes1 says ,b]gson1 t is s1 = our common view ( ,"t is a false "o1 be+ really a hybrid conception1 a spuri\s concept due to ! illicit introduction ( ! idea ( space1 & to our application ( ! notion ( space1 :i* is applicable to physical objects1 to /ates ( consci\sness1 to :i* x is really inapplicable4 ,objects occupy+ space are m>k$ out z ext]nal to "o ano!r1 b ?is _c be said ( consci\s /ates4 ,yet1 9 our ord9>y spee* & conv5tional view ( ?+s1 we ?9k ( consci\s /ates z sep>at$ f "o ano!r & z spread out l ?+s1 9 a fictiti\s1 homog5e\s m$ium to :i* we give ! "n ,"t4 ,b]gson says1 ,at any rate1 we _c f9ally admit two =ms ( ! homog5e\s1 ,"t & ,space1 )\t fir/ seek+ :e!r "o ( !m _c be r$uc$ to ! o!r4 ,n[1 ext]nality is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?+s :i* occupy space1 :ile /ates ( consci\sness are n ess5tially ext]nal to "o ano!r & become s only by be+ spread out 9 ,"t reg>d$ z a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,if1 !n1 "o ( ^! two suppos$ =ms ( ! homog5e\s1 viz41 ,"t & ,space1 is d]iv$ f ! o!r1 we c surmise a priori t ! idea ( space is ! fundam5tal datum4 ,"t1 conceiv$ "u ! =m ( an unb\nd$ & homog5e\s m$ium1 is no?+ b ! gho/ ( space1 haunt+ ! reflective consci\sness4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ih 7,fr4 p4 #ge74 ,b]gson rem>ks t ,kant's great mi/ake 0 to take ,"t z a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #bcb 7,fr4 p4 #agh74 ,hav+ ass]t$ ! falsity ( ! view ( ,"t ord9>ily held1 ,b]gson proce$s to make cle> to u 8 view ( :at ,real ,"t is--an und]tak+ by no means easy = him1 endeav\r+ to lay be=e u ! subtleties ( ?is problem1 nor = u :o endeav\r to int]pret 8 language & grasp 8 mean+4 ,we are inde$ "h face to face ) :at is "o ( ! mo/ difficult sections ( 8 philosophy4 ,an initial difficulty meets u 9 giv+ a def9ite "n to ! ,"t :i* ,b]gson reg>ds z s real1 z oppos$ to ! spatial falsity1 masqu]ad+ z ,"t1 ^: true col\rs he has reveal$4 ,9 ! orig9al ,fr5* text ,b]gson employs ! t]m duree to convey 8 mean+4 ,b = ! translation ( ?is into ,engli% !re is no t]m :i* w suffice & :i* w adequately convey to ! read]1 )\t fur!r exposition1 ! weal? ( mean+ int5d$ to be convey$4 ,duration is usually employ$ by translators z ! ne>e/ approa* possible 9 ,engli%4 ,! inadequacy ( language is nev] m ke5ly felt ?an 9 deal+ ) fundam5tal problems ( ?\ght4 ,its *ief mis*ief is its all-too-frequ5t ambiguity4 ,9 ! foll[+ rem>ks ! orig9al ,fr5* t]m la duree w be us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! ,engli% ^w ,duration4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! false ,"t & true ,"t may be reg>d$ z a di/9ction betwe5 ma!matical ,"t & liv+ ,"t1 or betwe5 ab/ract & concrete ,"t4 ,?is liv+1 concrete ,"t is t true ,"t ( :i* ,b]gson endeav\rs to give u a conception z la duree4 ,he has criticiz$ ! ab/ract ma!matical ,"t1 8 attack hav+ be5 made to op5 up ! way = a treatm5t ( :at he really consid]s ,"t to be4 ,n[1 f ! argum5ts previ\sly m5tion$1 x foll[s t ,"t1 ,real ,"t1 :i* is radically diff]5t f space1 _c be any homog5e\s m$ium4 ,x is het]og5e\s 9 "*4 ,we are aw>e ( x 9 relation to ourselves1 = x has ref]5ce n to ! exi/5ce ( a multiplicity ( mat]ial objects 9 space1 b to a multiplicity ( a q diff]5t nature1 entirely non-spatial1 viz41 t ( consci\s /ates4 ,be+ non-spatial1 su* a multiplicity _c be compos$ ( elem5ts :i* are ext]nal to "o ano!r z are ! objects exi/+ 9 space4 ,/ates ( consci\sness are n 9 any way ext]nal to "o ano!r4 ,inde$1 !y int]p5etrate to su* a degree t ev5 ! use ( ! ^w /ate is apt to be mislead+4 ,z we saw 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,reality ( ,*ange1 !re c be /rictly no /ates ( consci\sness1 = consci\sness is n /atic b dynamic4 ,language & conv5tional figures ( spee*1 ( :i* ! ^w /ate itself is a good example1 s]ve to cut up consci\sness artificially1 b1 9 reality1 x is1 z ,william ,james t]m$ x1 a /ream & h]e9 lies ! ess5ce ( ,b]gson's duree--! ,real z oppos$ to ! ,false ,"t4 ,pure ,duration 7la duree pure71 he says1 is ! =m :i* ! succession ( our consci\s /ates assumes :5 our ,ego lets itself live1 :5 x refra9s f sep>at+ its pres5t /ate f its =m] /ates4 ,= ?is purpose1 x ne$ n be entirely absorb$ 9 ! pass+ s5sation or idea1 = !n1 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld no long] 'endure4' ,nor ne$ x =get its =m] /ates2 x is en\gh t 9 recall+ ^! /ates1 x does n set !m alongside its actual /ate z "o po9t alongside ano!r1 b =ms bo? ! pa/ & ! pres5t /ates into an organic :ole1 z happ5s :5 we recall ! notes ( a tune1 melt+1 s to speak1 into "o ano!r4 ,might x n be said t ev5 if ^! notes succe$ "o ano!r1 yet1 we p]ceive !m 9 "o ano!r1 & t _! totality may be comp>$ to a liv+ be+ ^: p>ts1 al?\gh di/9ct1 p]meate "o ano!r j because !y are s closely connect$8 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ajj 7,fr4 p4 #gf74 ,su* a duration is ,real ,"t4 ,un=tunately1 we1 obsess$ by ! idea ( space1 introduce x unwitt+ly & set our /ates ( consci\sness side by side 9 su* a way z to p]ceive !m alongside "o ano!r2 9 a ^w1 we project !m into space & we express duree 9 t]ms ( ext5sity & succession ?us takes ! =m ( a cont9u\s l9e or a *a9--! p>ts ( :i* t\* )\t int]p5etrat+ "o ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ajj 7,fr4 p4 #gf74 ,?us is br\ght to bir? t mongrel =m1 t hybrid conception ( ,false ,"t criticiz$ above4 ,real ,"t1 la duree1 is n1 h[ev]1 susceptible l ,false ,"t to measurem5t1 = x is1 /rictly speak+1 n quantitative 9 "*1 b is r a qualitative multiplicity4 ,real ,duration 7la duree reele7 is j :at has always be5 call$ ,"t1 b x is ,"t p]ceiv$ z indivisible4 ,footnote3 ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 p4 #bf4 ,cf4 ! :ole ( ! ,second ,lecture4 ,c]ta9ly pure consci\sness does n p]ceive ,"t z a sum ( units ( duration1 =1 left to itself1 x has no means & ev5 no reason to measure ,"t1 b a feel+ :i* la/$ only half ! numb] ( days1 = example1 w\ld no long] be ! same feel+ = x4 ,x is true t :5 we give ?is feel+ a c]ta9 "n1 :5 we treat x z a ?+1 we believe t we c dim9i% its duration by half1 = example1 & also halve ! duration ( all ! re/ ( our hi/ory4 ,x seems t x w\ld /ill be ! same life only on a r$uc$ scale4 ,b we =get t /ates ( consci\sness are processes & n ?+s2 t !y are alive & !re=e con/antly *ang+1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 x is impossible to cut (f a mom5t f !m )\t mak+ !m poor] by ! loss ( "s impression & ?us alt]+ _! quality4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #aif 7,fr4 p4 #aej74 ,la duree appe>s z a :olly qualitative multiplicity1 an absolute het]og5eity ( elem5ts :i* pass ov] into "o ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #bbi 7,fr4 p4 #agf74 ,su* a "t _c be measur$ by clocks or dials b only by consci\s be+s1 = x is ! v /uff ( :i* life & consci\sness are made4 ,intellect does n grasp ,real ,"t--we c only h an intuition ( x4 ,we d n ?9k ,real ,"t--b we live x because life transc5ds intellect4 ,9 ord] to br+ out ! di/9ctly qualitative "* ( su* a conception ( ,"t1 ,b]gson says1 ,:5 we he> a s]ies ( bl[s ( a hamm]1 ! s\nds =m an indivisible melody 9 s f> z !y are pure s5sations1 & "h aga9 give rise to a dynamic progress2 b1 kn[+ t ! same objective cause is at "w1 we cut up ?is progress into phases :i* we !n reg>d z id5tical2 & ?is multiplicity ( elem5ts no long] be+ conceivable except by be+ set out 9 space--s9ce !y h n[ become id5tical--we are1 necess>ily1 l$ to ! idea ( a homog5e\s ,"t1 ! symbolical image ( la duree4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #abe 7,fr4 pp4 #id-ie74 ,:il/ ,i am writ+ ^! l9es1 he cont9ues1 ! h\r /rikes on a neighb\r+ clock1 b my inatt5tive e> does n p]ceive x until sev]al /rokes h made !mselves he>d4 ,h5ce1 ,i h n c\nt$ !m & yet ,i only h to turn my att5tion backw>ds1 to c\nt up ! f\r /rokes :i* h already s\nd$1 & add !m to ^? :i* ,i he>4 ,if1 !n1 ,i "q myself c>efully on :at has j tak5 place1 ,i p]ceive t ! fir/ f\r s\nds _h /ruck my e> & ev5 affect$ my consci\sness1 b t ! s5sations produc$ by ea* "o ( !m1 in/ead ( be+ set side by side1 _h melt$ into "o ano!r 9 su* a way z to give ! :ole a peculi> quality1 to make a k9d ( musical phrase out ( x4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to e/imate retrospectively1 ! numb] ( /rokes s\nd$1 ,i tri$ to recon/ruct ?is phrase 9 ?\ght2 my imag9ation made "o /roke1 !n two1 !n ?ree1 & z long z x did n rea* ! exact numb]1 f\r1 my feel+1 :5 consult$1 0 qualitatively diff]5t4 ,x _h ?us asc]ta9$1 9 its own way1 ! succession ( f\r /rokes1 b q o!rwise ?an by a process ( addition & )\t br++ 9 ! image ( a juxtaposition ( di/9ct t]ms4 ,9 a ^w1 ! numb] ( /rokes 0 p]ceiv$ z a quality & n z a quantity2 x is ?us t la duree is pres5t$ to imm$iate consci\sness & x reta9s ?is =m s long z x does n give place to a symbolical repres5tation1 d]iv$ f ext5sity4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 pp4 #abg-h 7,fr4 pp4 #if-ig74 ,9 ^! words ,b]gson endeav\rs to drive home 8 cont5tion t la duree is ess5tially qualitative4 ,he is well aw>e ( ! results ( ! brea* betwe5 quality & quantity1 betwe5 true duration & pure ext5sity4 ,he sees its implications 9 reg>d to vital problems ( ! self1 ( causality & ( fre$om4 ,its specific be>+ on ! problems ( fre$om & causality we %all discuss 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,z reg>ds ! self1 ,b]gson recognizes t we h mu* to ga9 by keep+ up ! illusion ?r\gh :i* we make our consci\s /ates %>e 9 ! reciprocal ext]nality ( out] ?+s1 because ?is di/9ctness & solidification enables u to give !m fix$ names 9 spite ( _! in/ability1 & di/9ct names 9 spite ( _! int]p5etration4 ,above all x enables u to objectify !m1 to ?r[ !m out into ! curr5t ( social life4 ,b j = ?is v reason we are 9 dang] ( liv+ our lives sup]ficially & ( cov]+ up our real self4 ,we are g5]ally cont5t ) :at is b a %ad[ ( ! real self1 project$ into space4 ,consci\sness1 goad$ on by an insatiable desire to sep>ate1 sub/itutes ! symbol = ! reality or p]ceives ! reality only ?r\gh ! symbol4 ,z ! self ?us refract$ & !reby brok5 9 pieces1 is mu* bett] adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( social life 9 g5]al1 & ( language 9 p>ticul>1 consci\sness pref]s x & gradually loses sight ( ! fundam5tal self :i* is a qualitative multiplicity ( consci\s /ates fl[+1 int]p5etrat+1 melt+ into "o ano!r1 & =m+ an organic :ole1 a liv+ unity or p]sonality4 ,x is ?r\gh a consid]ation ( la duree & :at x implies t ,b]gson is l$ on to ! di/9ction ( two selves 9 ea* ( u4 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 essay on ,"t & ,free ,w1 he po9ts out t !re are f9ally two diff]5t selves1 a fundam5tal self & a social self4 ,we rea* ! =m] by deep introspection :i* leads u to grasp our inn] /ates z liv+ ?+s1 con/antly becom+1 nev] am5able to measure1 :i* p]meate "o ano!r & ( :i* ! succession 9 la duree has no?+ 9 common ) side-by-sid5ess4 ,b ! mom5ts at :i* we ?us grasp ourselves are r>e2 ! great] "p ( our "t we live outside ourselves1 h>dly p]ceiv+ any?+ ( ourselves b our own gho/--a col\rless %ad[ :i* is b ! social repres5tation ( ! real & l>gely conceal$ ,ego4 ,h5ce our life unfolds 9 space r ?an 9 "t4 ,we live = ! ext]nal _w r ?an = ourselves1 we speak r ?an ?9k1 we are act$ r ?an act ourselves4 ,to act freely1 h[ev]1 is to recov] possession ( "o's real self & to get back into la duree reele4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #bcb 7,fr4 p4 #agh74 ,real ,"t1 !n1 is a liv+ reality1 n discrete1 n spatial 9 "*--an utt] contra/ to t fictiti\s ,"t ) :i* s _m ?9k]s h busi$ !mselves1 sett+ up z concrete reality ! di/9ct mom5ts ( a ,"t :i* !y h r$uc$ to p[d]1 :ile ! unity :i* enables u to call ! gra9s 'p[d]' !y hold to be mu* m artificial4 ,o!rs place !mselves 9 ! et]nal4 ,b z _! et]nity rema9s1 not)/&+1 ab/ract s9ce x is empty1 be+ ! et]nity ( a concept :i* by hypo!sis excludes f itself ! oppos+ concept1 "o does n see h[ ?is et]nity w\ld p]mit ( an indef9ite numb] ( mom5ts co-exi/+ 9 x1 an et]nity ( dea?1 s9ce x is no?+ else ?an ! movem5t empti$ ( ! mobility :i* made its life4 ,footnote3 ,an ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 pp4 #ea-ed4 ,! true view ( ,"t1 z la duree1 w\ld make u see x z a duration :i* exp&s1 contracts1 & int5sifies itself m & m2 at ! limit w\ld be et]nity1 no long] conceptual et]nity1 :i* is an et]nity ( dea?1 b an et]nity ( life & *ange--a liv+1 & !re=e /ill mov+1 et]nity 9 :i* our own p>ticul> duree w\ld be includ$ z ! vibrations are 9 light1 ,footnote3 ,speak+ 9 ,matt] & ,memory on ! ,t5sion ( la duree1 ,b]gson calls att5tion to ! trillions ( vibrations :i* give rise to our s5sation ( r$ light1 p4 #bgb 7,fr4 p4 #bbi7 ,cf4 ,la ,consci5ce et la ,vie 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 p4 #af4 an et]nity :i* w\ld be ! conc5tration ( all duree4 ,alt]+ ! old classical phrase sub specie aet]nitatis1 to suit 8 special view ( ,"t1 ,b]gson urges u to /rive to p]ceive all ?+s sub specie durationis4 ,footnote3 ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 p4 #cf4 ,f9ally1 ,b]gson rem9ds u t if our exi/5ce 7 compos$ ( sep>ate /ates1 ) an impassive ,ego to unite !m1 = u !re w\ld be no duration1 = an ,ego :i* does n *ange1 does n endure4 ,la duree1 h[ev]1 is ! f\ndation ( our be+ & is1 z we feel1 ! v sub/ance ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,associat+ 8 view ( ,real ,"t ) ! reality ( *ange1 he po9ts out t no?+ is m resi/ant or m sub/antial ?an la duree1 = our duree is n m]ely "o in/ant replac+ ano!r--if x 7 !re w\ld nev] be any?+ b ! pres5t1 no prolong+ ( ! pa/ into ! actual1 no gr[? ( p]sonality1 & no evolution ( ! univ]se4 ,la duree is ! cont9u\s progress ( ! pa/ :i* gnaws into ! future & :i* swells z x advances1 leav+ on all ?+s its bite1 or ! m>k ( its too?4 ,?is be+ s1 consci\sness _c g ?r\gh ! same /ate twice2 hi/ory does nev] really repeat itself4 ,our p]sonality is be+ built up ea* in/ant ) its accumulat$ exp]i5ce2 x %oots1 gr[s1 & rip5s )\t ceas+4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,george ,eliot's l9es3 ,our pa/ /ill travels ) u f af> ,& :at we h be5 makes u :at we are4 ,= our consci\sness ?is is :at we mean by ! t]m exi/4 ,= a consci\s be+1 to exi/ is to *ange1 to *ange is to mature1 & to g on creat+ oneself endlessly4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #h 7,fr4 p4 #h74 ,real ,"t has1 !n1 a v vital mean+ = u z consci\s be+s1 inde$ = all t lives1 = ! organism :i* lives is a ?+ t endures4 ,:]ev] any?+ lives1 says ,b]gson1 !re is a regi/] 9 :i* ,"t is be+ inscrib$4 ,?is1 x w be said1 is only a metaphor4 ,x is ( ! v ess5ce ( me*anism 9 fact1 to consid] z metaphorical e expression :i* attributes to ,"t an effective action & a reality ( its own4 ,9 va9 does imm$iate exp]i5ce %[ u t ! v basis ( our consci\s exi/5ce is ,memory--t is to say1 ! prolongation ( ! pa/ into ! pres5t1 or 9 a ^w1 duree1 act+ & irrev]sible4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #ag 7,fr4 pp4 #ag-ah74 ,"t is falsely assum$ to h j z mu* reality = a liv+ be+ z = an h\r-glass4 ,b if ,"t does no?+1 x is no?+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ,b]gson's view1 vital to ! :ole ( ! univ]se4 ,he expressly d5ies t la duree is m]ely subjective2 ! univ]se endures z a :ole4 ,9 ,"t & ,free ,w x did n seem to matt] :e!r we reg>d$ our inn] life z hav+ duree or z actually be+ duree4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 if we h duree x is !n only an aspect ( reality1 b if our p]sonality itself is duree1 !n ,"t is reality itself4 ,he develops ?is la/ po9t ( view m explicitly 9 8 lat] works1 & la duree is id5tifi$ n only ) ! reality ( *ange1 b ) memory & ) _s4 ,footnote3 ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 ,lecture #b4 ,9 x he f9ds ! sub/ance ( a univ]se ^: reality is *ange4 ,god1 said ,plato1 be+ unable to make ! _w et]nal1 gave x ,"t--a mov+ image ( reality4 ,b]gson himself quotes ?is rem>k ( ,plato1 & seems to h a vision l t ( ,rosetti's ,bless$ ,damozel1 :o 444444 saw ,"t l a pulse %ake fi]ce ,?r\gh all ! worlds4 ,! m we /udy ,"t1 ! m we may grasp ?is vision ourselves1 & !n we %all compreh5d t la duree implies inv5tion1 ! creation ( new =ms1 ! cont9ual elaboration ( ! absolutely new--9 %ort1 an evolution :i* is creative4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w ,_s ( man revolts f physical & psy*ological det]m9ism--,=m] exam9$ & reject$--,! latt] m subtle--,vice ( associationism--,psy*ology )\t a self4 ,condemnation ( psy*ological det]m9ism--,room = fre$om--,! self 9 action--,a/ronomical =eca/s--,=eseeabl5ess ( any human action impossible--,human wills c5tres ( indet]m9ation--,n all our acts free--,true fre$om1 self-det]m9ation4 ,be=e pass+ on to an exam9ation ( ,b]gson's treatm5t ( ,evolution1 we mu/ consid] 8 discussion ( ! problem ( ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,few problems :i* h occupi$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s h be5 m discuss$ or h giv5 rise to m controv]sy ?an t ( ,fre$om4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 natural z ! "q at issue is "o ( v great importance1 n m]ely z speculative1 b also 9 ! realm ( action4 ,we ask ourselves3 ,are we really free8 ,c we w ei!r ( two or m possibilities :i* are put be=e u1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 is ev]y?+ fix$1 pr$e/9$ 9 su* a way t an all-kn[+ consci\sness c\ld =etell f our pa/ :at c\rse our future action w\ld take8 ,! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces has l$ to a g5]al acceptance ( a pr9ciple ( causality :i* is ( su* a k9d t !re seems no place 9 ! univ]se = human fre$om4 ,fur!r1 !re is a type ( psy*ology :i* gives rise to ! belief t ev5 m5tal occurr5ces are z det]m9$ z ^? ( ! physical _w1 ?us leav+ no room = autonomy ( ! ,w4 ,b ev5 :5 pres5t$ ) ! argum5ts :i* make up ! case = physical or psy*ological det]m9ism1 ! _s ( man revolts f x1 refuses to accept x z f9al1 & believes t1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! case = ,fre$om may be ma9ta9$4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ,b]gson (f]s u "s help 9 ! solution ( ! problem1 by 8 ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce1 bett] describ$ by its ,engli% title ,"t & ,free ,w4 ,! argum5ts = physical det]m9ism are bas$ on ! view t ,fre$om is incompatible ) ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( matt]1 & 9 p>ticul>1 ) ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 assum$ to admit ( no exception2 !re is n an atom ei!r 9 ! n]v\s sy/em or 9 ! :ole ( ! univ]se ^: position is n det]m9$ by ! sum ( ! me*anical actions :i* ! o!r atoms ex]t ^u x4 ,& ! ma!matician :o knew ! position ( ! molecules or atoms ( a human organism at a giv5 mom5t1 z well z ! position & motion ( all ! atoms 9 ! univ]se1 capable ( influ5c+ x1 c\ld calculate ) unfail+ c]ta9ty ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future actions ( ! p]son to :om ?is organism belong$1 j z "o pr$icts an a/ronomical ph5om5on4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #add 7,fr4 p4 #aaj74 ,n[1 x foll[s t if we admit ! univ]sal applicability ( su* a !ory z t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 we are ma9ta9+ t ! :ole univ]se is capable ( explanation on purely me*anical pr9ciples1 inh]5t 9 ! units ( :i* ! univ]se is compos$4 ,h5ce1 ! relative position ( all units at a giv5 mom5t1 :atev] be _! nature1 /rictly det]m9es :at _! position w be 9 ! succe$+ mom5ts1 & ?is me*ani/ic succession goes on l a ,jugg]naut c> ) cru%+ unrel5tlessness1 giv+ rise to a rigid fatalism3 ,! mov+ f+] writes2 & hav+ writ ,moves on3 nor all ?y ,piety nor ,wit ,%all lure x back to cancel half a l9e1 ,nor all ?y te>s wa% out a ,^w ( x4 ,is !re no way out ( ?is cramp+ circle8 ,we feel vaguely1 intuitively1 t !re is4 ,b]gson po9ts out to u a way4 ,ev5 if we admit1 he says1 t ! direction & ! velocity ( e atom ( matt] 9 ! univ]se 7includ+ c]ebral matt]1 i4e41 ! bra91 :i* is a mat]ial ?+7 are /rictly det]m9$1 x w\ld n at all foll[ f ! acceptance ( ?is !orem t our m5tal life is subject to ! same necessity4 ,= t to be ! case1 we %\ld h to %[ absolutely t a /rictly det]m9$ psy*ical /ate corresponds to a def9ite c]ebral /ate4 ,?is1 z we h se51 has n be5 prov$4 ,x is admitt$ t to "s psy*ical /ates ( a limit$ k9d c]ta9 c]ebral /ates d correspond1 b we h no w>rant :atev] = conclud+ t1 because ! physiological & ! psy*ological s]ies exhibit "s correspond+ t]ms1 ! two s]ies are absolutely p>allel4 ,to ext5d ?is p>allelism to ! s]ies !mselves1 9 _! totality1 is to settle a priori ! problem ( fre$om4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #adg 7,fr4 pp4 #aab-aac74 ,h[ f> ! two s]ies d run p>allel is a "q--z we saw 9 ! *apt] on ! relation ( ,s\l & ,body--= exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t to decide4 ,! cases :i* are p>allel are limit$1 & involve facts :i* are indep5d5t ( ! p[] ( ! ,w4 ,b]gson !n proce$s to an exam9ation ( ! m subtle & plausible case = psy*ological det]m9ism4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( our actions are due to "s motive4 ,!re y h x1 says ! psy*ological det]m9i/4 ,y\r s-call$ ,fre$om ( ! ,w is a fiction2 9 reality x is m]ely ! /ronge/ motive :i* prevails & y imag9e t y freely will$ x4 ,b !n we mu/ ask him to def9e /ronge/1 & "h is ! fallacy ( 8 argum5t1 = !re is no o!r te/ ( :i* is ! /ronge/ motive1 ?an t x has prevail$4 ,su* /atem5ts d n help to solve ! difficulty at all1 = !y avoid x & attempt to conceal x2 !y are due to a conception ( m9d :i* is bo? false & mis*iev\s1 viz41 ,associationism4 ,?is view reg>ds ! self z a collection ( psy*ical /ates4 ,! exi/+ /ate ( consci\sness is reg>d$ z necessitat$ by ! prec$+ /ates4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! associationi/ is aw>e t ^! /ates diff] f "o ano!r 9 quality1 he _c attempt to d$uce any "o ( !m a priori f its pr$ecessors4 ,he !re=e endeav\rs to f9d a l9k connect+ ! two /ates4 ,t !re is su* a l9k z ! simple association ( ideas ,b]gson w\ld n ?9k ( d5y+4 ,:at he does d5y h[ev]1 v emphatically1 is ! associationi/ /atem5t t ?is relation :i* expla9s ! transition is ! cause ( x4 ,ev5 :5 admitt+ a c]ta9 tru? 9 ! associationi/ view1 x is difficult to ma9ta9 t an act is absolutely det]m9$ by its motive1 & our consci\s /ates by "o ano!r4 ,! real mis*ief ( ?is view lies1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact1 t x misrepres5ts ! self by mak+ x m]ely a collection ( psy*ical /ates4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill says1 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy3 ,i c\ld h ab/a9$ f murd] if my av]sion to ! crime & my dread ( its consequ5ces _h be5 weak] ?an ! temptation :i* impell$ me to commit x4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,b]gson1 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #aei 7,fr4 p4 #abb74 ,"h desire1 av]sion1 fe>1 & temptation are reg>d$ z cle> cut ph5om5a1 ext]nal to ! self :i* exp]i5ces !m1 & ?is leads to a curi\s balanc+ ( pa9 & pleasure on purely utilit>ian l9es1 turn+ ! m9d into a calculat+ ma*9e su* z "o might f9d 9 a %op or c\nt+-h\se1 & tak+ no acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! self t wills4 ,!re is1 really1 9 su* a sy/em ( psy*ology1 no room = self-expression1 inde$1 no mean+ left = ! t]m self4 ,x is only an inaccurate psy*ology1 misl$ by language1 :i* tries to %[ u ! s\l det]m9$ by sympa?y1 av]sion1 or hate1 z ?\gh by s _m =ces press+ ^u x f )\t4 ,^! feel+s1 provid$ t !y g deep en\gh1 make up ! :ole s\l2 9 !m ! "* ( ! individual expresses itself1 s9ce ! :ole cont5t ( ! p]sonality or s\l is reflect$ 9 ea* ( !m4 ,!n my "* is me4 ,to say t ! s\l is det]m9$ "u ! influ5ce ( any "o ( ^! feel+s1 is ?us to recognize t x is self-det]m9$4 ,! associationi/ r$uces ! self to an aggregate ( consci\s /ates1 s5sations1 feel+s1 & ideas4 ,b if he sees 9 ^! v>i\s /ates no m ?an is express$ 9 _! "n1 if he reta9s only _! imp]sonal aspect1 he may set !m side by side = ev] )\t gett+ any?+ b a phantom self1 ! %ad[ ( ! ,ego1 project+ itself into space4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he takes ^! psy*ical /ates ) ! p>ticul> col\r+ :i* !y assume 9 ! case ( a def9ite p]son1 & :i* comes to ea* ( !m by reflection f all ! o!rs1 !n !re is no ne$ to associate a numb] ( consci\s /ates 9 ord] to rebuild ! p]son1 = ! :ole p]sonality is 9 a s+le "o ( !m1 provid$ t we "k h[ to *oose x4 ,& ! outw>d manife/ation ( ?is inn] /ate w be j :at is call$ a free act1 s9ce ! self alone w h be5 ! au?or ( x & s9ce x w express ! :ole ( ! self4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 pp4 #afe-aff 7,fr4 pp4 #abf-abg74 ,!re is !n room 9 ! univ]se = a ,fre$om ( ! human ,w1 a def9ite creative activity1 deliv]+ u f ! bonds ( grim necessity & fate 9 :i* ! physical sci5ces & ! associationi/ psy*ology alike w\ld b9d u4 ,fre$om1 !n1 is a fact1 & among ! facts :i* we obs]ve1 ass]ts ,b]gson1 !re is none cle>]4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #bba 7,fr4 p4 #afi74 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "o or two ?+s :i* be> vitally ^u ! "q ( ,fre$om & :i* t5d to obscure ! issue4 ,( ^!1 ! =emo/ is t once we h act$ 9 a p>ticul> mann] we look back ^u our actions & try to expla9 !m ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to _! imm$iate antec$5ts4 ,"h is :]e ! mis*ief :i* gives rise to ! :ole controv]sy has its orig94 ,we make /atic :at is ess5tially dynamic 9 "*4 ,we call a process a ?+4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ,fre$om2 x is a relation betwe5 ! self & its action4 ,inde$1 x is only *>act]i/ic ( a self ,,9 ,,action1 & s is really indef9able4 ,view$ aft] ! action1 x pres5ts a diff]5t aspect2 x has !n become hi/orical1 an ev5t 9 ! pa/1 & s we try to expla9 x z be+ caus$ by =m] ev5ts or conditions4 ,?is ca/+ ( x on to a fix$1 rigid plan1 gives action ! appe>ance ( hav+ *>act]i/ics relat$ to space r ?an to "t1 9 ! real s5se4 ,z already %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ?is is due entirely to our intellectual habit ( ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( space1 by ma!matical "t1 r ?an 9 t]ms ( liv+ "t or la duree4 ,ano!r po9t :i* causes s]i\s confusion 9 ! controv]sy is ! notion t because1 :5 an act has be5 p]=m$1 its antec$5ts may be reckon$ up & _! value & relative importance or influ5ce assign$1 ?is is equival5t to say+ ! actor c\ld n h act$ 9 any o!r way ?an he did1 &1 fur!r1 t 8 f9al act c\ld h be5 =etold f ! ev5ts :i* l$ up to x4 ,x is a fact t 9 ! realm ( physical sci5ce we c =etell ! future ) accuracy4 ,! a/ronom] pr$icts ! precise mom5t & place 9 :i* ,halley's comet w become visible f our e>?4 ,x is also a fact t we say ( m5 & wom5 :o are our intimate fri5ds3 ,i knew he 7or %e7 w\ld d su* & su* a ?+ or ,x's j l him4 ,we base our judgm5t on our intimate acqua9tance ) ! "* ( our fri5d1 b ?is1 z ,b]gson po9ts out1 is n s mu* to pr$ict ! future conduct ( our fri5d z to pass a judgm5t on 8 pres5t "*--t is to say1 on 8 pa/4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ahd 7,fr4 p4 #adj74 ,=1 al?\gh our feel+s & our ideas are con/antly *ang+1 yet we feel w>rant$ 9 reg>d+ our fri5d's "* z /able1 z reliable4 ,b1 z ,mill rem>k$ 9 8 ,logic3 ,!re c be no sci5ce ( human nature1 because1 al?\gh we tru/ 9 ! reliability ( our fri5d1 al?\gh we h fai? 9 8 future actions1 we d n1 & c n1 "k !m4 ,t\t compr5dre c'e/ t\t p>donn]4 ,to say t1 if we knew all ! conditions1 motives1 fe>s1 & temptations :i* l$ up to ! actions ( ano!r1 we c\ld =etell :at he w\ld d1 am\nts to say+ t1 to d s1 we %\ld h actually to become t o!r p]son1 & s arrive at ! po9t :]e we act z he did because we are him4 ,= ,paul to =etell ,pet]'s act1 ,paul w\ld simply h to become ,pet]4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ahg 7,fr4 p4 #add74 ,! v reasons :i* r5d] x possible to =etell an a/ronomical ph5om5on are ! v ones :i* prev5t u f det]m9+ 9 advance an act :i* spr+s f our free activity4 ,= ! future ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 al?\gh contemporane\s ) ! future ( a consci\s be+1 has no analogy to x4 ,! a/ronom] reg>ds "t f ! po9t ( view ( ma!matics4 ,he is conc]n$ ) po9ts plac$ 9 a homog5e\s "t1 po9ts :i* m>k ! beg9n+ or end ( c]ta9 int]vals4 ,he does n conc]n himself ) ! int]val 9 its actual duration4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t1 c\ld all velocities 9 ! univ]se be d\bl$1 ! a/ronomical =mulae w\ld rema9 unaffect$1 = ! co9cid5ces ) :i* t sci5ce deals w\ld /ill take place1 b at int]vals half z long4 ,to ! a/ronom] z su*1 ?is w\ld make no diff]5ce1 b we1 9 ourselves1 w\ld f9d t our day did n give u ! full exp]i5ce4 ,situations :i* arose z a result ( ! introduction ( summ] "t s]ve to make ?is po9t cle>4 ,z !n we f9d t "t means two diff]5t ?+s = ! a/ronom] & ! psy*ologi/1 ! "o be+ conc]n$ ) ! po9ts at ! extremities ( int]vals1 & ! o!r ) ! endur+ reality ( ! int]vals !mselves1 we c see :y a/ronomical ph5om5a are capable ( pr$iction & see too t1 = ! same reason1 ev5ts 9 ! realm ( human action _c be s pr$ict$ & !re=e ! future is n pr$et]m9$ b is be+ made4 ,^u exactly p>allel l9es lie ! ref]5ces to causality 9 ! controv]sy4 ,9 ! physical realm ev5ts may recur1 b 9 ! m5tal realm ! same ?+ c nev] happ5 aga9 because we are liv+ 9 real1 fl[+ "t1 or la duree1 & our consci\s /ates are *ang+4 ,admitt+ t !re is t 9 exp]i5ce :i* w>rants ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( causality1 tak+ t pr9ciple z ! /atem5t t physical ph5om5a once p]ceiv$ c recur1 & t a giv5 ph5om5on1 happ5+ only aft] c]ta9 conditions1 w recur :5 ^? precise conditions are repeat$1 ,footnote3 ,see ! brief pap] ,notre croyance a la loi de causalite1 ,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 #aijj4 /ill x rema9s op5 :e!r su* a regul>ity ( succession is ev] possible 9 ! human consci\sness1 & s ! ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple ( causality proves no?+ aga9/ ,fre$om4 ,we may admit t ! pr9ciple is bas$ on exp]i5ce--b :at k9d ( exp]i5ce8 ,consid]ation ( ?is "q leads u to ass]t t ! pr9ciple ( causality only t5ds to acc5tuate ! diff]5ce betwe5 objects 9 a realm :]e9 regul> succession may be obs]v$ & pr$ict$ & a realm :]e x may n be obs]v$ or pr$ict$1 ! realm ( ! self4 ,j because ,i endure & *ange ,i d n necess>ily act to-day z ,i act$ ye/]day1 :5 "u l conditions4 ,we d expect1 h[ev]1 t ?is w n be ! case 9 ! physical realm2 = example1 we expect t a flame appli$ to dry pap] w always set x alight4 ,inde$1 ! m we realize ! causal relation z "o ( necess>y det]m9ation1 we come to see t ?+s d n exi/ z we d ourselves1 & di/9ction betwe5 physical & psy*ical ev5ts becomes cle>4 ,we p]ceive t we1 9 ourselves1 are c5tres ( indet]m9ation enjoy+ ,fre$om1 & capable ( creative activity4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>eful to obs]ve t su* ,fre$om z we h is n absolute at all & t x admits ( degrees4 ,all our acts are by no means free4 ,inde$1 ,free ,w is exceptional1 & _m live & die )\t hav+ kn[n true ,fre$om4 ,our ev]yday life consi/s 9 ! p]=mance ( actions :i* are l>gely habitual or1 inde$1 automatic1 be+ det]m9$ n by ,free ,w1 b by cu/om & conv5tion4 ,our ,fre$om is ! exception & n ! rule4 ,?r\gh sluggi%ness or indol5ce1 we jog on 9 ! ev5 t5or ( a way t[>ds :i* habit has direct$ u4 ,ev5 at times :5 our :ole p]sonality ought to vibrate1 f9d+ itself at ! cross-roads1 x fails to rise to ! occasion4 ,b1 says ,b]gson1 x is at ! great & solemn crises1 decisive ( our reputation ) o!rs1 & yet m ) ourselves1 t we *oose 9 defiance ( :at is conv5tionally call$ a motive1 & ?is abs5ce ( any tangible reason1 is ! m /rik+ ! deep] our ,fre$om goes4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #agj 7,fr4 p4 #acj74 ,at su* times ! self feels itself free & says s1 = x feels itself to be creative4 ,all det]m9ism w ?us be refut$ by exp]i5ce1 b e attempt to def9e ,fre$om w op5 ! way to det]m9ism4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #ccj 7,fr4 p4 #agg74 ,x has be5 urg$ t1 al?\gh ,b]gson is a /an* uphold] ( ,fre$om1 x is ,fre$om ( su* a k9d t x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ,free ,w1 t is1 f ! lib]ty ( *oice :i* indet]m9i/s h ass]t$ & :i* det]m9i/s h d5i$2 & t ! ,fre$om = :i* he holds ! brief is n ! feel+ ( lib]ty t we h :5 confront$ ) alt]native c\rses ( action1 or ! feel+ we h :5 we look back ^u a *oice made & an action accompli%$1 t we ne$ n h act$ z we did1 & t we c\ld h act$ diff]5tly4 ,su* ,fre$om x has be5 fur!r ma9ta9$1 is ( little importance to u1 = x is m]ely a free1 creative activity :i* is ! ess5ce ( life1 :i* we %>e ) all t lives & s _c be /yl$ human ,fre$om4 ,n[1 al?\gh _m ( ,b]gson's expressions1 9 reg>d to free1 creative activity 9 g5]al1 lead to a connexion ( ?is ) ! problem ( human ,fre$om1 su* an id5tification w\ld seem to be unfair4 ,?is seems specially s :5 we read ov] c>efully 8 rem>ks ab\t ! c\p d'etat ( ! fundam5tal self 9 times ( grave crisis4 ,we _c equate ?is ) a purely biological fre$om or vitality1 or spontaneity4 ,b 9 ! light ( ! criticism :i* has be5 made1 x w be well to consid]1 9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 ! /atem5ts made by ,b]gson 9 8 article on ,lib]ty 9 ! "w 9 connexion ) ! ,vocabulaire philosophique = ! ,societe francaise de philosophie3 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,le ,roy 9 8 ,une n\velle philosophie3 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 ,engli% ,translation 7,b5son71 ,williams & ,norgate1 p4 #aib4 ,! ^w ,lib]ty has = me a s5se int]m$iate betwe5 ^? :i* we assign1 z a rule1 to ! two t]ms ',lib]ty' & ',free ,w4' ,on "o h& ,i believe t ',lib]ty' consi/s 9 be+ entirely oneself1 9 act+ 9 con=mity ) oneself2 x is !n to a c]ta9 degree ! 'moral lib]ty' ( philosoph]s1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! p]son ) reg>d to ev]y?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,b t is n q ?is ,lib]ty1 s9ce ! indep5d5ce ,i am describ+ has n always a moral "*4 ,fur!r1 x does n consi/ 9 dep5d+ on oneself z an effect dep5ds on ! cause :i*1 ( necessity1 det]m9es x4 ,9 ?is1 ,i %\ld come back to ! s5se ( ',free ,w4' ,& yet1 he cont9ues1 ,i d n accept ?is s5se ei!r1 s9ce ,free ,w1 9 ! usual mean+ ( ! t]m1 implies ! equal possibility ( two contr>ies1 &1 on my !ory1 we _c =mulate or ev5 conceive1 9 ?is case1 ! !sis ( ! equal possibility ( ! two contr>ies1 )\t fall+ into grave error ab\t ! nature ( ,"t4 ,! object ( my !sis has be5 precisely to f9d a position int]m$iate betwe5 'moral ,lib]ty' & ',free ,w4' ,lib]ty1 su* z ,i und]/& x1 is situat$ betwe5 ^! two t]ms1 b n at equal di/ances f bo?2 if ,i 7 oblig$ to bl5d x ) "o ( ! two1 ,i %\ld select ',free-,w4' ,nor is ,lib]ty to be r$uc$ to spontaneity4 ,at mo/1 ?is w\ld be ! case 9 ! animal _w :]e ! psy*ological life is pr9cipally t ( ! affections4 ,b 9 ! case ( a man1 a ?9k+ be+1 ! free act c be call$ a syn!sis ( feel+s & ideas1 & ! evolution :i* leads to x1 a reasonable evolution4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bdc 7,fr4 p4 #bje74 ,9 a ^w1 if x is agre$ to call e act free1 :i* spr+s f ! self1 & f ! self alone1 ! act :i* be>s ! m>k ( our p]sonality is truly free1 = our self alone w lay claim to its pat]nity4 ,footnote3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 p4 #agb 7,fr4 p4 #acb74 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ?is ! rem>k by ,nietzs*e 9 ,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra1 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1--,let y\r ,ego be 9 relation to y\r acts t :i* ! "m is 9 relation to ! *ild4 ,! secret ( ! solution lies surely "h1 & 9 ! words giv5 above3 ,lib]ty consi/s 9 be+ entirely oneself4 ,if we act rightly we %all act freely1 & yet be det]m9$4 ,yet "h !re w be no contradiction1 = we %all be self-det]m9$4 ,x is only ! man :o is self-det]m9$ t c 9 any s5se be said to "k ! mean+ ( human ,fre$om4 ,we call free1 said ,sp9oza1 t :i* exi/s 9 virtue ( ! necessities ( its own nature1 & :i* is det]m9$ by itself alone4 ,lib]ty is n absolute1 = !n we ourselves w\ld be at ! beck & call ( e ext]nal excitation1 desire1 passion1 or temptation4 ,our salvation consi/s 9 self-det]m9ation1 s we %all avoid lic5ce b pres]ve ,fre$om4 ,we c only repeat ! ,socratic maxim--,"k ?yself--& resolve to take to he>t ! appeal ( our own ,%akespe>e3 ,to ?9e own self be true6 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,evolution ,"w ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]--,b]gson's ,l',evolution creatrice--,life--,l'elan vital--,evolution n progress 9 a /raight l9e--,adaptation an insuffici5t explanation--,falsity ( me*ani/ic view--,f9ali/ conception ( reality z fulfill+ a plan false--,success along c]ta9 l9es only--,torpor1 ,in/9ct1 & ,intellig5ce--,g5esis ( matt]--,humanity ! cr[n ( evolution--,cont+5cy & ,fre$om--,! ,future is be+ creat$4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,d>w9's fam\s "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #ahei1 ! conception ( ,evolution has become famili> & has won g5]al acceptance 9 all ?9k+ m9ds4 ,evolution is n[ a h\sehold ^w1 b ! actual /udy ( evolution>y process has be5 ! "w ( comp>atively few4 ,sci5ce n[adays has become su* a highly specializ$ affair1 t few m5 cov] a l>ge en\gh field ( /udy to enable !m to deal effectively ) ?is trem5d\s subject4 ,:at is m1 ^? :o %\t$ s l\dly ab\t ,evolution z expla9+ all ?+s h come to see t1 9 a s5se1 ,evolution expla9s no?+ by itself4 ,m]e description ( facts und\bt$ly does s]ve a v useful purpose & may help to demoli% "s ( ! /an*ly cons]vative !ories /ill held 9 "s qu>t]s by ^? :o pref] to take ,hebrew conceptions z a basis ( _! cosmology h[ev] irreconcilable ) fact ^! may prove to be4 ,m]e description1 h[ev]1 is n ultimate1 "s philosophy ( ,evolution mu/ be =?com+4 ,n[adays1 rem>ks ,h(fd+1 e philosoph] has to take up a position ) respect to ! concept ( ,evolution4 ,x has n[ a*iev$ its place among ! categories or ess5tial =ms ( ?\ght by ! fact ( its provid+ indications :5ce new problems proce$4 ,we mu/ ask reg>d+ e ev5t1 & e ph5om5on1 by :at /ages x has pass$ into its actual /ate4 ,x is a special =m ( ! g5]al concept ( cause4 ,a philosophy is ess5tially *>act]iz$ by ! position :i* x accords to ?is concept & by ! way 9 :i* x applies x4 ,footnote3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,evolution--lecture ,,iv1 ( ,lectures on ,b]gson1 9 ,mod]n ,philosoph]s1 ,translat$ by ,mason 7,mac,millan71 p4 #bgj4 ,no "o has done m to make famili> to ,engli% m9ds ! notion ( ,evolution ?an ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy _h a gr& aim1 b x 0 manife/ly unsatisfactory4 ,! high hopes x _h rais$ 7 foll[$ by m+l$ disappo9tm5t & di/ru/4 ,! secret ( ! unsatisfactor9ess ( ,sp5c] is to be f\nd 9 8 me?od1 :i* is an elaborate & plausible attempt to expla9 ! evolution ( ! univ]se by ref]r+ ! complex to ! simple1 ! m highly organiz$ to ! less organiz$4 ,8 pr9ciple ( ,evolution nev] fre$ itself f bondage to me*anical conceptions4 ,b]gson's ,creative ,evolution1 8 l>ge/ & be/ kn[n "w1 appe>$ 9 #aijg4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ n only z a magnific5t book1 b z a date 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,two ( ! lead+ /ud5ts ( evolution>y process 9 ,engl&1 ,pr(essors ,g$des & ,?omson1 ref] to ! book z "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & orig9al contributions to ! philosophical consid]ation ( ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,bibliography 9 _! volume ,evolution4 ,= "s "t !re _h be5 gr[+ a ne$ = an expression ( evolution>y !ory 9 t]ms o!r ?an ^? ( ,sp5c]1 or ( ,haeckel--! ,g]man moni/ic philosoph]4 ,! advance 9 ! /udy ( biology & ! rise ( ,neo-,vitalism1 occasion$ by an appreciation ( ! inadequacy ( any explanation ( life 9 t]ms purely physical & *emical1 made ! dem& = a new /atem5t1 9 great] h>mony ) ^! views1 imp]ative4 ,to satisfy ?is dem& is ! task to :i* ,b]gson has appli$ himself4 ,he s\nds ! note ( dep>ture f ! old] conceptions "r at ! comm5cem5t by 8 v title1 ',creative' ,evolution4 ,= ?is1 8 views on ,*ange1 on ,"t1 & on ,fre$om1 h 9 "s degree prep>$ u4 ,we h se5 set =? ! fact ( ,fre$om1 ! recognition ( human be+s z c5tres ( indet]m9ation1 n m]e units 9 a ma*9e1 a block univ]se :]e all is giv51 b creatures capable ( creative activity4 ,!n by a consid]ation ( ,"t1 z la duree1 we f\nd t ! hi/ory ( an individual c nev] repeat itself2 ,= a consci\s be+1 to exi/ is to *ange1 to *ange is to mature1 to mature is to g on creat+ oneself endlessly4 ,%\ld ! same be said1 ,b]gson asks1 ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al8 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #h 7,fr4 p4 #h74 ,s he proce$s to portray ) a weal? ( analogy & brilliance ( /yle1 m ak9 to ! language ( a poet ?an a philosoph]1 ! /up5d\s drama ( ,evolution1 ! my/]y ( be+1 ! wond]s ( life4 ,he makes ! great fact ( life 8 />t+ po9t4 ,is life susceptible to def9ition8 ,we feel t1 by ! v nature ( ! case1 x is n4 ,a def9ition is an intellectual op]ation1 :ile life is wid]1 ri*]1 m fundam5tal ?an intellect4 ,inde$ ,b]gson %[s u t intellect is only "o ( ! manife/ations or adaptations ( life 9 its progress4 ,to def9e life1 be+ /rictly impossible1 ,b]gson attempts to describe x4 ,he w\ld h u picture x z a great curr5t em]g+ f "s c5tral po9t1 radiat+ 9 all directions1 b div]t$ into eddies & backwat]s4 ,life is an orig9al impetus1 une p\ssee =midable1 n ! m]e head+ affix$ to a class ( objects :i* live4 ,we mu/ n speak any long] ( life 9 g5]al z an ab/raction or a category 9 :i* we may place all liv+ be+s4 ,life1 or ! vital impulse1 consi/s 9 a dem& = creation1 we might almo/ say a w to create4 ,x appe>s to be a curr5t pass+ f "o g]m to ano!r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a develop$ organism1 an int]nal pu% t has c>ri$ life by m & m complex =ms1 to high] & high] de/9ies4 ,x is a dynamic cont9uity1 a cont9uity ( qualitative progress1 a duration :i* leaves its bite on ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,= ^! descriptions ( life1 see ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bg-bi & #ic-id 7,fr4 pp4 #bh-cj & #ie-if74 ,we %all be absolutely wrong1 h[ev]1 if we attempt to view ! evolution>y process z progressive 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! facts contradict su* a facile & %all[ view4 ,"s ( ! /ock phrases ( ! e>li] writ]s on ,evolution 73 adaptation to environm5t1 selection & v>iation1 & a grave problem 0 pres5t$ by ?is la/4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ! v>iations ( liv+ be+s1 toge!r ) ! p]si/5ce ( _! type8 ,h]e9 lies ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,?ree diff]5t solutions h be5 put =w>d4 ,!re is ! ,neo-,d>w9ian view :i* attributes v>iation to ! diff]5ces inh]5t 9 ! g]m borne by ! individual1 & n to ! exp]i5ce or behavi\r ( ! individual 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,!n !re is ! !ory kn[n z ,or?og5esis :i* ma9ta9s t !re is a cont9ual *ang+ 9 a def9ite direction f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! ,neo-,lam>ckian !ory :i* attributes ! cause ( v>iation to ! consci\s ef=t ( ! individual1 an ef=t pass$ on to desc5dants4 ,footnote3 ,conc]n+ ,lam>ck 7#agdd-ahbi7 ,b]gson rem>ks 9 ,la ,philosophie 7#aiae7 t )\t dim9i%+ ,d>w9's m]it ,lam>ck is to be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( evolution>y biology4 ,n[ ea* "o ( ^! !ories expla9s a c]ta9 gr\p ( facts1 ( a limit$ k9d1 b two difficulties confront !m4 ,we f9d t on q di/9ct & widely sep>at$ l9es ( ,evolution1 exactly simil> organs h be5 develop$4 ,b]gson po9ts out to u1 9 ?is connexion1 ! ,pect5 g5us ( molluscs1 :i* h an eye id5tical 9 /ructure ) t ( ! eye ( v]tebrates4 ,footnote3 ,! common edible scallop 7,pect5 maximus7 has sev]al eyes ( brilliant blue & ( v complex /ructure4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! eye ( ?is mollusc & ! eye ( ! v]tebrate mu/ h develop$ q indep5d5tly1 ages aft] ea* _h be5 sep>at$ f ! p>5t /ock4 ,aga91 we f9d t 9 all organic evolution1 inf9ite complexity ( /ructure accompanies ! utmo/ simplicity ( function4 ,! v>iation ( an organ s highly complex z ! eye mu/ involve ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( v>iations all co-ord9at$ to ! simple end ( vision4 ,su* facts z ^! are incapable ( explanation by ref]5ce to any or all ( ! ?ree !ories ( adaptation & v>iation m5tion$4 ,inde$ !y seem capable ( explanation only by ref]5ce to a s+le orig9al impetus reta9+ its direction 9 c\rses f> remov$ f ! common orig94 ,t adaptation to environm5t is ! necess>y condition ( ,evolution we d n "q = a mom5t4 ,x is q evid5t t a species w\ld disappe>1 %\ld x fail to b5d to ! conditions ( exi/5ce :i* are impos$ on x4 ,b x is "o ?+ to recognize t out] circum/ances are =ces ,evolution mu/ reckon )1 ano!r to claim t !y are ! direct+ causes ( ,evolution4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #ajg 7,fr4 p4 #aaa74 ,! tru? is t adaptation expla9s ! s9uosities ( ! movem5t ( ,evolution1 b n ! g5]al directions ( ! movem5t1 /ill less ! movem5t itself4 ,! road :i* leads to ! t[n is oblig$ to foll[ ! ups & d[ns ( ! hills2 x adapts itself to ! accid5ts ( ! gr\nd1 b ! accid5ts ( ! gr\nd are n ! cause ( ! road nor h !y giv5 x its direction4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #ajh 7,fr4 p4 #aab74 ,! evolution ( life _c be expla9$ z m]ely a s]ies ( adaptations to accid5tal circum/ances4 ,moreov]1 ! me*ani/ic view1 :]e all is giv51 is q inadequate to expla9 ! facts4 ,! f9ali/ or teleological conception is n any m t5able1 = ,evolution is n simply ! realization ( a plan4 ,a plan is giv5 9 advance4 ,x is repres5t$ or at lea/ repres5table1 be=e its realization4 ,! complete execution ( x may be put (f to a di/ant future or ev5 indef9itely1 b ! idea is none ! less =mulable at ! pres5t "t1 9 t]ms actually giv54 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,evolution is a creation unceas+ly r5ew$1 x creates z x goes on1 n only ! =ms ( life b ! ideas t enable ! intellect to und]/& x4 ,its future ov]fl[s its pres5t & _c be sket*$ out !re91 9 an idea4 ,!re is ! fir/ error ( f9alism4 ,x involves ano!r yet m s]i\s4 ,if life realizes a plan x ought to manife/ a great] h>mony ! fur!r x advances1 j z ! h\se %[s bett] & bett] ! idea ( ! ar*itect z /one is set ^u /one4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #ajh 7,fr4 p4 #aab74 ,su* f9alism is really rev]s$ me*anism4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! unity ( life is to be f\nd solely 9 ! impetus 7p\ssee =midable7 t pu%es x along ! road ( ,"t1 ! h>mony is n 9 front b beh9d4 ,! unity is d]iv$ f a vis a t]go3 x is giv5 at ! />t z an impulsion1 n plac$ at ! end z an attraction1 z a k9d ( 444 f>-(f div9e ev5t ,to :i* ! :ole creation moves4 ,9 communicat+ itself ! impetus splits up m & m4 ,life1 9 proportion to its progress1 is scatt]$ 9 manife/ations :i* und\bt$ly owe to _! common orig9 ! fact t !y are complem5t>y to ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 aspects1 b :i* are none ! less mutually incompatible & antagoni/ic4 ,s t ! discord betwe5 species w g on increas+4 ,!re are species :i* are arre/$1 !re are "s t retrogress4 ,evolution is n only a movem5t =w>d2 9 _m cases we obs]ve a m>k+-"t1 & /ill m (t5 a deviation or turn+ back4 ,!nce results an increas+ disord]4 ,no d\bt !re is progress1 if progress means a cont9ual advance 9 ! g5]al direction det]m9$ by a fir/ impulsion2 b ?is progress is accompli%$ only on ! two or ?ree great l9es ( ,evolution on :i* =ms ev] m & m complex1 ev] m & m high1 appe>2 betwe5 ^! l9es run a cr[d ( m9or pa?s 9 :i* deviations1 arre/s1 & set-backs are multipli$4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #ajg-aaj 7,fr4 pp4 #aaa-aad74 ,evolution w\ld be a v simple & easy process to und]/& if x foll[$ "o /raight pa?4 ,to describe x1 ,b]gson uses1 9 "o place1 ?is metaphor3 ,we are "h deal+ ) a %ell :i* has imm$iately bur/ into fragm5ts1 :i*1 be+ !mselves species ( %ells1 h aga9 bur/ into fragm5ts1 de/9$ to bur/ aga91 & s on4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #ajc 7,fr4 p4 #ajg74 ,a /udy ( ! facts %[s u ?ree v m>k$ t5d5cies :i* may be d5ot$ by ! t]ms ,torpor1 ,in/9ct1 & ,intellig5ce4 ,^! are1 9 a s5se t]m9al po9ts 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,h5ce arises ! di/9ction ( plant & animal1 "o %[+ a t5d5cy to unconsci\s torpor1 ! o!r manife/+ a t5d5cy t[>ds movem5t & consci\sness4 ,!n aga9 arises ano!r div]g5ce :i* gives rise to two pa?s or t5d5cies1 "o along ! l9e ( ! ar?ropods1 at ! end ( :i* come ! ants & ! bees ) _! in/9cts1 & ! o!r along ! l9e ( ! v]tebrates1 at ! end ( :i* is man ) 8 intellig5ce4 ,^! ?ree1 ,torpor1 ,in/9ct1 & ,intellig5ce1 mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be look$ ^u z ?ree successive /ages 9 ! l9e> developm5t ( "o t5d5cy1 b z ?ree div]g+ directions ( a common activity1 :i* split up z x w5t on its way4 ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce are ! two important t]m9al po9ts 9 ,evolution4 ,!y are n two /ages ( :i* "o is high] ?an ! o!r1 !y are at ! end ( two diff]5t roads4 ,! wond]s ( ,in/9ct are a commonplace to /ud5ts ( animal & insect life4 ,footnote3 ,see ! int]e/+ books by ! ,fr5* writ]1 ,h5ri ,fabre4 ,m51 ) _! intellect1 make tools1 :ile ,in/9ct is ti$ to its tool4 ,!re is a wondr\s imm$iacy1 h[ev]1 ab\t ,in/9ct1 9 ! way x a*ieves ends1 & its op]ations are (t5 q unconsci\sly p]=m$4 ,! insect or animal c\ld n possibly "k all t 0 involv$ 9 its action4 ,in/9ct1 !n1 is "o =m ( adaptation1 :ile ,intellect is q ano!r4 ,9 man--! gr[n man--,intellect is se5 at its be/4 ,yet we are n )\t ,in/9cts2 by !m we are b\nd to ! race & to ! :ole animal creation4 ,b 9 ants & bees & su* l creatures1 ,in/9ct is ! sole guide ( life1 & x is (t5 a highly organiz$ life4 ,! foll[+ example cle>ly %[s ! contra/ betwe5 ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce4 ,a cat kn[s h[ to manage h] new-born kitt5s1 h[ to br+ !m up & tea* !m2 a human "m does n "k h[ to manage h] baby unless %e is tra9$ ei!r directly or by h] own quick obs]vation ( o!r mo!rs4 ,a cat p]=ms h] simple duties by ,in/9ct1 a human "m has to make use ( h] ,intellig5ce 9 ord] to fulfil h] v complex duties4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 ! relative value ( ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce4 ,ea* is a psy*ical activity1 b :ile ,in/9ct is f> m p]fect1 f> m complete 9 its insight1 x is conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,intellig5ce1 :ile f> less p]fect 9 accompli%+ its "w1 less complete 9 insight1 is n limit$ 9 su* a way4 ,b :ile ,intellect is ext]nal1 look+ on reality z diff]5t f life1 ,in/9ct is an inn] sympa?y ) reality2 x is deep] ?an any intellectual bond :i* b9ds ! consci\s creature to reality1 = x is a vital bond4 ,b]gson n[ turns to a consid]ation ( ,life & ,matt] 9 ! evolution>y process1 & _! precise relation to "o ano!r4 ,life is free1 spontane\s1 incalculable1 n out ( relation to ,matt]1 b its direction is n entirely det]m9$ by ,matt] nor has its initial impulse ,matt] z its s\rce4 ,al?\gh ,b]gson d5ies t ,w & ,consci\sness1 z we "k !m1 are m]e functions ( ! mat]ial organism1 yet !y d dep5d ^u x z a workman dep5ds ^u 8 tool4 ,we are fond ( ins9uat+ t a bad workman always blames 8 tools4 ,a good workman1 h[ev]1 _c be expect$ to d ! be/ "w ) bad tools4 ,! tool1 al?\gh he uses x1 at ! same "t limits him4 ,s x is ) ! mat]ial organism at our disposal1 our body1 & s1 too1 ) _s & matt] 9 g5]al4 ,_s & ,matt] are n to be reg>d$ z indep5d5t or z rang$ aga9/ "o ano!r f all et]nity4 ,matt] is a product ( ,_s or ,consci\sness1 ! und]ly+ psy*ic =ce4 ,= want ( a bett] ^w1 says ,b]gson1 we h call$ x ,consci\sness4 ,b we d n mean ! n>r[$ consci\sness t functions 9 ea* ( u4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bej 7,fr4 p4 #beh74 ,x is r sup]-,consci\sness ?an a consci\sness l ours4 ,matt] is a flux r ?an a ?+1 b its fl[ is 9 ! opposite direction to t ( ,_s4 ,! fl[ ( ,_s %[s itself 9 ! creativ5ess ( ! evolution>y process2 ,matt] is ! inv]se movem5t t[>ds /ability4 ,b]gson adh]es to ! view ( ,_s z fundam5tal1 :ile ,matt]1 he says1 is due to a less5+ ( ! t5sion ( ! spiritual =ce :i* is ! initial elan4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ,matt] & ,_s h come to be two oppos+ =ces1 = "o is det]m9$ & ! o!r free4 ,yet ,b]gson has to make out t !re mu/ h be5 "s indet]m9ation 9 ,matt]1 h[ev] small1 to give ,_s an op5+ to ins9uate itself into ,matt] & ?us use x = its own ends4 ,x always seems1 h[ev]1 z if ,_s 7 try+ to free itself f mat]ial limitations4 ,x evolv$ ! ,intellect to cope ) ,matt]4 ,?is is :y ,reason is at home1 n 9 life & fre$om1 b 9 solid ,matt]1 9 me*anical & spatial di/9ctions4 ,!re is ?us an et]nal conflict 9 progress betwe5 ,_s & ,matt]4 ,! latt] is always t5d+ to automatism1 to ! sacrifice ( ! ,_s ) its creative p[]4 ,9 8 little book on ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,w> ,b]gson claims t "h we h an in/ance ( ,life & ,matt] 9 conflict--,g]many repres5t+ a me*anical & mat]iali/ic =ce4 ,9 q ano!r way he illu/rates ! same tru?1 9 8 book on ,laught]1 :]e he %[s u t rigidity1 automatism1 abs5t-m9d$ness1 & unsociability1 are all inextricably entw9$1 & all s]ve z +r$i5ts to ! mak+ up ( ! comic 9 "*1 ,footnote3 ,laught]1 p4 #adg 7,fr4 p4 #aea74 = ! comic is t side ( a p]son :i* reveals 8 lik5ess to a ?+1 t aspect ( human ev5ts :i*1 ?r\gh its peculi> inela/icity1 conveys ! impression ( pure me*anism1 ( automatism1 ( movem5t )\t life4 ,footnote3 ,laught]1 p4 #hg 7,fr4 p4 #hi74 ,f9ally1 9 review+ ! evolution>y process z a :ole1 ,b]gson ass]ts t x manife/s a radical cont+5cy4 ,! =ms ( life creat$1 also ! proportion ( ,intuition to ,intellig5ce1 9 man1 & ! physique & morality ( man1 are all ( !m cont+5t4 ,life might h /or$ up en]gy 9 a diff]5t way ?r\gh plants select+ diff]5t *emical elem5ts4 ,! :ole ( organic *emi/ry w\ld !n h be5 diff]5t4 ,!n1 too1 x is probable t ,life manife/s itself 9 o!r planets1 9 o!r sol> sy/ems also1 9 =ms ( :i* we h no idea4 ,he po9ts out t betwe5 ! p]fect humanity & ours "o may conceive _m possible int]m$i>ies1 correspond+ to all ! degrees imag9able ( ,intellig5ce & ,intuition4 ,ano!r solution might h issu$ 9 a humanity ei!r m intellig5t or m intuitive4 ,man has w>r$ l ! o!r species1 he has w>r$ aga9/ ! o!r species4 ,if ! evolution ( life _h be5 oppos$ by diff]5t accid5ts en r\te1 if ! curr5t ( life _h be5 divid$ o!rwise1 we %\ld h be51 9 physique & 9 morality1 v diff]5t f :at we are4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bhj-bhb 7,fr4 p4 #bhh-bij74 ,we _c reg>d humanity z prefigur$ 9 ! evolution>y process1 nor look on man z ! ultimate outcome ( ! :ole ( ,evolution4 ,! re/ ( ,nature does n exi/ simply = ! sake ( man4 ,c]ta9ly man /&s highe/1 = only 9 man has consci\sness succe$$1 b man has1 z x 71 lo/ mu* 9 com+ to ?is position4 ,! :ole process ( ,evolution ,,is ,,z ,,if ,a ,,vague ,,& ,,=mless ,,be+1 ,,:om ,,we ,,may ,,call1 ,,z ,,we ,,w1 man ,,or sup]-man1 ,,_h ,,s\ght ,,to ,,realize ,,himself ,,& ,,_h ,,succe$$ ,,only ,,by ,,ab&on+ ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,himself ,,on ,,! ,,way4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bha 7,fr4 p4 #bhi74 7,italics are ,b]gson's47 ,9 ! lectures on ,! ,nature ( ! ,s\l1 ,b]gson ref]r$ to ! ,pa?way ( ! evolution>y process z be+ a ,way to ,p]sonality4 ,= on ! l9e :i* leads to man lib]ation has be5 accompli%$ & ?us p]sonalities h be5 able to con/itute !mselves4 ,if we c\ld view ?is l9e ( evolution x w\ld appe> to resemble a telegraph wire on :i* has travell$ a dispat* s5t (f z long ago z ! fir/ beg9n+s ( life1 a message :i* 0 !n confus$1 ( :i* a "p has be5 lo/ on ! way1 b :i* has at la/ f\nd 9 ! human race ! appropriate in/rum5t4 ,humanity is "o2 we are memb]s "o ( ano!r4 ,b]gson insi/s on ?is solid>ity ( man1 &1 inde$1 ( all liv+ creatures4 ,z ! smalle/ gra9 ( du/ is b\nd up ) our entire sol> sy/em1 drawn along ) x 9 t undivid$ movem5t ( desc5t :i* is mat]iality itself1 s all organiz$ be+s1 f ! humble/ to ! highe/1 f ! fir/ orig9s ( life to ! "t 9 :i* we are1 & 9 all places z 9 all times1 d b evid5ce a s+le impulsion1 ! inv]se ( ! movem5t ( matt]1 & 9 itself indivisible4 ,all ! liv+ hold toge!r & all yield to ! same trem5d\s pu%4 ,! animal takes its /& on ! plant1 man be/rides animality1 & ! :ole ( humanity1 9 space & 9 "t1 is "o imm5se army gallop+ beside & be=e & beh9d ea* ( u1 9 an ov]:elm+ *>ge1 able to beat d[n e resi/ance & cle> ! mo/ =midable ob/acles1 p]haps ev5 dea?4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 pp4 #bhe-bhf 7,fr4 pp4 #bic-bid74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,intuition ,intellig5ce & ,intuition n oppos$--,intellectual sympa?y--,syn!sis & analysis4 ,und]/&+ z "o loves--,concepts--,intellect n f9al--,man's _s & intuitions--,joy1 creative p[] & art--,value ( ,intuitive ,philosophy4 ,we n[ approa* ! gr& climax ( ,b]gson's philosophy1 8 doctr9e ( ,intuition1 :i* he prea*es ) all ! vig\r ( an evangeli/4 ,our /udy ( 8 treatm5t ( ,*ange1 ( ,p]ception1 ( la duree1 & ( ,in/9ct1 has prep>$ u = an inve/igation ( :at he means by ,intuition1 = 9 deal+ ) ^! subjects he has be5 lay+ ! f\ndations ( 8 doctr9e ( ,intuition4 ,he po9t$ out to u t ,life is ,*ange1 b t our intellect does n really grasp ! reality ( ,*ange1 = x is adapt$ to solids & to concepts1 x resembles ! c9ematograph film4 ,!n he has tri$ to %[ u t 9 ,p]ception !re is really mu* m ?an we ?9k1 = our intellect c>ves out :at is ( practical int]e/1 :ile ! p5umbra or vague fr+es ( p]ceptions :i* h no be>+ on action are neglect$4 ,by 8 advocacy ( a real psy*ological ,"t1 9 opposition to ! physical ab/raction :i* be>s ! "n1 he aga9 br\ght out ! inadequacy ( intellect to grasp ,life 9 its fl[ & has put be=e u ! s\l's own appreciation ( ,"t1 :i* is a valuation r ?an a magnitude1 an intuition ( our consci\sness4 ,!n1 9 exam9+ ! ,evolution ( ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce1 we f\nd t ,in/9ct1 h[ev] bl9d intellectually1 conta9$ a wond]ful & unique elem5t ( imm$iacy or direct insight4 ,^! are j prep>atory indications ( ! direction ( ,b]gson's ?\ght all ! "t4 ,x is admitt$ly difficult to det]m9e ) v great def9it5ess :at ,b]gson's view ( ,intuition really is1 = he has made _m /atem5ts reg>d+ x :i* appe> at fir/ sight irreconcilable &1 9 8 e>li] writ+s1 has n be5 suffici5tly c>eful :5 speak+ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ,intellig5ce & ,intuition4 ,"s ( 8 e>ly /atem5ts are reaction>y & crude & give ! impression ( a purely anti-intellectuali/ position involv+ ! condemnation ( ,intellect & all its "w4 ,footnote3 ,e4g41 ! /atem5t ,to philosophize is to inv]t ! habitual direction ( ! "w ( ?\ght--,introduction to ,metaphysics p4 #ei4 ,9 8 lat] "w1 h[ev]1 ,b]gson has made x m cle> t he does n mean to ?r[ ,intellect ov]bo>d2 x has its place1 b is n f9al1 nor is x ! supreme human faculty :i* mo/ philosoph]s h ?\ght x to be4 ,x mu/ be lam5t$1 h[ev]1 t ,b]gson's language 0 ev] s ill def9$ z to enc\rage ! _m v>i$ & conflict+ views :i* are held reg>d+ 8 doctr9e ( ,intuition4 ,ar\nd ?is ! greate/ controv]sy has rag$4 ,little is to be ga9$ by he$+ ! %\ts ( ei!r ^? :o acclaim ,b]gson z a revolution>y aga9/ all use ( ! ,intellect1 or ( ^? :o reg>d him z no purely anti-intellectuali/ at all4 ,we mu/ turn to ,b]gson himself & /udy c>efully :at he has said & writt51 res]v+ our judgm5t until we h exam9$ 8 own /atem5ts4 ,:at is ?is ,intuition8 ,9 :at is n[ a locus classicus ,footnote3 ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 p4 #g4 he says1 ,by ,intuition is meant ! k9d ( ,,intellectual ,,sympa?y by :i* "o places oneself )9 an object 9 ord] to co9cide ) :at is unique 9 x & consequ5tly inexpressible4 ,analysis is ! op]ation :i* r$uces ! object to elem5ts already kn[n1 t is1 to elem5ts common to x & o!r objects4 ,to analyse1 !re=e1 is to express a ?+ z a function ( some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,all analysis is ?us a translation1 a developm5t into symbols1 a repres5tation tak5 f successive po9ts ( view f :i* we note z _m resemblances z possible betwe5 ! new object :i* we are /udy+ & o!rs :i* we believe we "k already4 ,9 its et]nally unsatisfi$ desire to embrace ! object ar\nd :i* x is compell$ to turn1 analysis multiplies )\t end ! numb] ( its po9ts ( view 9 ord] to complete its always incomplete repres5tation1 & ceaselessly v>ies its symbols t x may p]fect ! always imp]fect translation4 ,x goes on !re=e to inf9ity4 ,b ,intuition1 if ,intuition be possible1 is a simple act4 ,x is an act directly oppos$ to analysis1 = x is a view+ 9 totality1 z an absolute2 x is a syn!sis1 n an analysis1 n an intellectual act1 = x is an imm$iate1 emotional syn!sis4 ,two illu/rations1 tak5 f ! same essay1 may s]ve to make ?is po9t cle>]4 ,a visitor 9 ,p>is1 ( an arti/ic temp]am5t1 makes "s sket*es ( ! city1 writ+ und]nea? !m1 by way ( mem5to1 ! ^w ,p>is4 ,z he has actually se5 ,p>is he is able1 ) ! help ( ! orig9al ,intuition he has _h ( t unique :ole :i* is ,p>is itself1 to place 8 sket*es !re91 & syn!size !m4 ,b !re is no way ( p]=m+ ! inv]se op]ation4 ,x is impossible1 ev5 ) ?\s&s ( sket*es1 to a*ieve ! ,intuition1 to give oneself ! impression ( :at ,p>is is l1 if "o has nev] be5 !re4 ,or aga91 z a second illu/ration1 ,consid] a "* ^: adv5tures are relat$ to me 9 a novel4 ,! au?or may multiply ! traits ( 8 h]o's "*1 may make him speak & act z mu* z he pleases1 b all ?is c nev] be equival5t to ! simple & indivisible feel+ :i* ,i %\ld exp]i5ce if ,i 7 able1 = an in/ant1 to id5tify myself ) ! p]son ( ! h]o himself4 ,out ( t indivisible feel+1 z f a spr+1 all ! words1 ge/ures1 & actions ( ! man w\ld appe> to me to fl[ naturally4 ,!y w\ld no long] be accid5ts :i*1 add$ to ! idea ,i _h already =m$ ( ! "*1 cont9ually enri*$ t idea )\t ev] complet+ x4 ,! "* w\ld be giv5 to me all at once1 9 its entirety1 & ! ?\s& incid5ts :i* manife/ x1 in/ead ( add+ !mselves to ! idea & s enri*+ x1 w\ld seem to me1 on ! contr>y1 to deta* !mselves f x1 )\t1 h[ev]1 exhau/+ x or impov]i%+ its ess5ce4 ,all ! ?+s ,i am told ab\t ! man provide me ) s _m po9ts ( view f :i* ,i c obs]ve him4 ,all ! traits :i* describe him & :i* c make him kn[n to me1 only by s _m comp>isons ) p]sons or ?+s ,i "k already1 are signs by :i* he is express$ m or less symbolically4 ,symbols & po9ts ( view1 !re=e1 place me outside him2 !y give me only :at he has 9 common ) o!rs1 & n :at belongs to him1 & to him alone4 ,b t :i* is prop]ly 'himself1' t :i* con/itutes 8 ess5ce1 _c be p]ceiv$ f )\t1 be+ int]nal by def9ition1 nor be express$ by symbols1 be+ incomm5surable ) ev]y?+ else4 ,description1 hi/ory1 & analysis leave me "h 9 ! relative4 ,co9cid5ce ) ! p]son himself w\ld alone give me ! absolute4 ,footnote3 ,an ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 p4 #c4 ,?is1 z ,ga/on ,rageot puts x1 is to und]/& 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* "o loves4 ,?is /atem5t is ( sugge/ive int]e/ 9 consid]+ ! practical problem ( h[ we may be said to "k o!r p1 & has vital be>+ on ! revelation ( "o p]sonality to ano!r1 urg+1 z x does1 ! value & necessity ( "s degree ( sympa?y & inde$ ( love1 = ! full und]/&+ & k ( any p]sonality4 ,9 ano!r place ,b]gson says3 ,:5 a poet reads me 8 v]ses1 ,i c int]e/ myself en\gh 9 him to ent] into 8 ?\ght1 put myself into 8 feel+s1 live ov] aga9 ! simple /ate he has brok5 into phrases & words4 ,i sympa?ize !n ) 8 inspiration1 ,i foll[ x ) a cont9u\s movem5t :i* is1 l ! inspiration itself1 an undivid$ act4 ,if ?is sympa?y c\ld ext5d its object & s reflect ^u itself1 x w\ld give u ! key to vital op]ations 9 ! same way z ,intellig5ce1 develop$ & correct$1 introduces u into ,matt]4 ,intellig5ce1 by ! int]m$i>y ( sci5ce1 :i* is its "w1 tells m & m completely ! secret ( physical op]ations2 ( ,life x gives & pret5ds only to give an expression 9 t]ms ( in]tia4 ,we %\ld be l$ into ! v int]ior ( ,life by ,intuition1 t is1 by ,in/9ct become dis9t]e/$1 consci\s ( itself1 capable ( reflect+ on its object & enl>g+ x indef9itely4 ,9 proclaim+ ! gospel ( ,intuition1 ,b]gson's ma9 po9t is to %[ t man is capable ( an exp]i5ce & a k deep] ?an t :i* ! ,intellect c possibly give4 ,at int]vals a s\l arises :i* seems to triumph444 by d9t ( simplicity--! s\l ( an arti/ or a poet1 :i*1 rema9+ ne> its s\rce1 reconciles1 9 a h>mony appreciable by ! he>t1 t]ms irreconcilable by ! intellig5ce ,footnote3 ,f ! address on ,ravaisson1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,academie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques #aijd4 ,8 po9t ( view is "h ak9 to t ( an e>li] ,fr5* ?9k]1 ,pascal1 :o said3 ,! he>t ha? reasons t ! reason _c "k4 ,! ,intellect is1 by its nature1 ! fabricator ( concepts1 & concepts are1 9 ,b]gson's view1 mis*iev\s4 ,!y are /atic1 !y leave out ! flux ( ?+s1 !y omit too mu* ( exp]i5ce1 !y are fram$ at an exp5sive co/1 ! exp5se ( vital contact ) ,life itself4 ,( c\rse he admits a c]ta9 value 9 concepts1 b he refuses to admit t !y help u at all to grasp reality 9 its flux4 ,metaphysics mu/ transc5d concepts 9 ord] to rea* ,intuition4 ,c]ta9ly concepts are necess>y to x1 = all ! o!r sci5ces "w1 z a rule1 ) concepts1 & ,metaphysics _c disp5se ) ! o!r sci5ces4 ,b x is only truly itself :5 x goes beyond ! concept1 or at lea/ :5 x frees itself f rigid & ready-made concepts1 9 ord] to create a k9d v diff]5t f ^? :i* we habitually use2 ,i mean supple1 mobile1 & almo/ fluid repres5tations1 always ready to m\ld !mselves on ! fleet+ =ms ( ,intuition4 ,footnote3 ,an ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 p4 #ah4 ,! true in/rum5t ( ,metaphysics is intuition4 ,we c only grasp ourselves1 ,b]gson po9ts out1 by a metaphysical ,intuition1 = ! s\l eludes ?\ght2 we _c place x among concepts or 9 a category4 ,intuition1 h[ev]1 reveals to u ,real ,"t 7la duree7 & our real selves1 *ang+ & liv+ z free p]sonalities 9 a ,"t :i*1 z x advances1 creates4 ,intuition is 9 no way my/]i\s1 ,b]gson claims4 ,e "o ( u has _h opportunities to ex]cise x 9 "s degree1 & anyone1 = example1 :o has be5 engag$ 9 lit]>y "w1 kn[s p]fectly well t aft] long /udy has be5 giv5 to ! subject1 :5 all docum5ts h be5 collect$ & necess>y drafts work$ out1 "o ?+ m is ne$ful--an ef=t1 a travail ( s\l1 a sett+ ( oneself 9 ! he>t ( ! subject2 9 %ort1 ! gett+ ( inspiration4 ,metaphysical ,intuition seems to be ( ?is nature1 & its relation to ! empirical data contribut$ by ! ,intellect is p>allel to ! relation betwe5 ! lit]>y man's inspiration & 8 collect$ mat]ial4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to h an ,intuition ( reality1 t is1 an intellectual sympa?y1 ) its inn]mo/ nature1 unless its confid5ce has be5 won by a long comrade%ip ) its ext]nal manife/ation4 ,9 8 /udy ( ,lucretius ,footnote3 ,extraits de ,lucrece avec etude sur la poesie1 la philosophie1 la physique le texte et la langue de ,lucrece 7#ahhd74 ,preface1 p4 xx4 he rem>ks t ! *ief value ( ! ,lat9 poet-philosoph] lay 9 8 p[] ( vision1 9 8 insight into ! beauty ( nature1 9 8 syn!tic view1 :ile at ! same "t he 0 able to ex]cise 8 ke5ly analytic intellect 9 discov]+ all he c\ld ab\t ! facts ( nature 9 _! sci5tific aspect4 ,at ! same "t1 metaphysical ,intuition1 al?\gh only to be obta9$ ?r\gh acqua9tance ) empirical data1 is q o!r ?an ! m]e summ>y ( su* k4 ,footnote3 ,see prote/3 ,l',intuition philosophique 9 ,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 #aiaa1 p4 #hba4 ,x is di/9ct f ^! data1 z ! motor impulse is di/9ct f ! pa? trav]s$ by ! mov+ body1 z ! t5sion ( ! spr+ is di/9ct f ! visible movem5ts ( ! p5dulum4 ,9 ?is s5se ,metaphysics has no?+ 9 common ) a g5]alization ( facts4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be def9$ z integral exp]i5ce4 ,nev]!less ,intuition1 once atta9$1 mu/ f9d a mode ( expression 9 well-def9$ concepts1 = 9 itself x is incommunicable4 ,dialectic is necess>y to put ,intuition to ! pro(1 necess>y also 9 ord] t ,intuition %\ld break itself up into concepts & s be propagat$ to o!rs4 ,b :5 we use language & concepts to communicate x1 we t5d to make ^! 9 !mselves mean some?+1 :]eas !y are b c\nt]s or symbols us$ to express :at is _! inspiration--,intuition4 ,h5ce we (t5 =get ! metaphysical ,intuitions f :i* sci5ce itself has sprung4 ,:at is relative 9 sci5ce is ! symbolic k1 rea*$ by pre-exi/+ concepts :i* proce$ f ! fix$ to ! mov+4 ,a truly intuitive philosophy w\ld br+ sci5ce & metaphysics toge!r4 ,mod]n sci5ce dates f ! day :5 mobility 0 set up z an indep5d5t reality & /udi$ z su* by ,galileo4 ,b m5 ( sci5ce h ma9ly fix$ _! att5tion on ! concepts1 ! residual products ( ,intuition1 ! symbols :i* h l5t a symbolic "* to e k9d ( sci5ce4 ,metaphysicians1 too1 h done ! same ?+4 ,h5ce x 0 easy = ,kant to %[ t our sci5ce is :olly relative & our metaphysics entirely artificial4 ,= ,kant1 sci5ce 0 a univ]sal ma!matic & metaphysics a practically unalt]$ ,platonism4 ,! syn!tic ,intuition 0 hidd5 by ! analysis to :i* x _h giv5 rise4 ,= ,kant1 ,intuition 0 infra-intellectual1 b = ,b]gson x is supra-intellectual4 ,kant's great error 0 9 conclud+ t x is necess>y = u1 9 ord] to atta9 ,intuition1 to leave ! doma9 ( ! s5ses & ( consci\sness4 ,?is 0 because ( 8 views ( ,"t & ,*ange4 ,if ,"t & ,*ange really 7 :at he took !m to be1 !n ,metaphysics & ,intuition alike are impossible4 ,= ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 ,"t & ,*ange lead up to ,intuition2 inde$ x is by ,intuition t we come to see all ?+s1 z he expresses x1 sub specie durationis4 ,?is is ! prim>y vision :i* an intuitive philosophy supplies4 ,su* a philosophy w n be m]ely a unification ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 an article contribut$ to ! ,revue de metaphysique et de morale 9 ,janu>y ( #aijh1 "u ! title ,l',evolution de l'intellig5ce geometrique1 we f9d ,b]gson rem>k+3 ,n[h]e h ,i claim$ t we %\ld replace intellig5ce by some?+ else1 or pref] in/9ct to x4 ,i h tri$ to %[ m]ely t :5 we leave ! region ( physical & ma!matical objects = ! realm ( life & consci\sness1 we h to dep5d on a c]ta9 s5se ( liv+1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! same vital impulse t is ! basis ( in/9ct1 al?\gh in/9ct1 /rictly speak+1 is some?+ q diff]5t4 ,intellect & ,intuition1 ,b]gson says v emphatically1 at ! close ( 8 ,huxley ,lecture on ,life & ,consci\sness1 are n oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,h[ c\ld !re be a di%>mony betwe5 our ,intuitions & our ,sci5ce1 h[1 especially1 c\ld our ,sci5ce make u r5\nce our ,intuition1 if ^! ,intuitions are some?+ l ,in/9ct--an ,in/9ct consci\s1 ref9$1 spiritualiz$--& if ,in/9ct is /ill ne>] ,life ?an ,intellect & ,sci5ce8 ,intuition & ,intellect d n oppose ea* o!r1 save :]e ,intuition refuses to become m precise by com+ into t\* ) facts1 sci5tifically /udi$1 & :]e ,intellect1 in/ead ( conf9+ itself to ,sci5ce prop] 7t is1 to :at c be inf]r$ f facts1 or prov$ by reason+71 comb9es ) ?is an unconsci\s & inconsi/5t metaphysic :i* 9 va9 lays claim to sci5tific pret5sions4 ,! future seems to belong to a philosophy :i* w take into acc\nt ! :ole ( :at is giv54 ,footnote3 ,life & ,consci\sness1 z report$ 9 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,oct41 #aiaa1 pp4 #bd-dd4 ,intuition1 to be fruitful1 mu/ int]act ) ,intellect4 ,x has ! direct insight ( ,in/9ct1 b its range is wid5$ 9 proportion z x bl5ds ) ,intellect4 ,to imag9e t ! acceptance ( ! gospel ( ,intuition means ! sett+ aside ( all valuation 9 reg>d to ! ,intellect & its "w w\ld be prepo/]\s4 ,b]gson1 h[ev] ungu>d$ 8 language at times has be51 does n mean ?is4 ,he does n mean t we mu/ return to ! /&po9t ( ! animal or t we mu/ assume t ! animal view1 :i* is in/9ctive1 is high] ?an ! view :i*1 ?r\gh ,intellect1 gives x a mean+ & value to ! p]cipi5t4 ,t w\ld involve ! rejection ( all t our culture has accumulat$1 all our social h]itage f ! pa/1 ! ov]?r[ ( our civilization1 ! undo+ ( all t has develop$ 9 our _w1 s9ce man's ,intellig5ce came into x4 ,we _c obta9 ,intuition )\t intellectual lab\r1 = x mu/ h an intellectual or sci5tific basis4 ,yet1 h[ev] valuable ,intellect is1 x is n f9al4 ,x is reality itself1 9 ! pr(\nde/ mean+ ( ! ^w1 t we rea* by ! comb9$ & progressive developm5t ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #baj 7,fr4 p4 #bag74 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 if we are to get into t\* ) ! deep] aspects ( reality1 some?+ m ?an b>e sci5ce4 ,we _c live on its dry bread alone2 we ne$ philosophy--an intuitional philosophy4 ,9 8 brilliant pap] ,l',intuition philosophique ,b]gson %[s u1 by a spl5did /udy ( ,b]keley & ,sp9oza1 t ! great ,intuition und]ly+ ! ?\ght ( a philosoph] is ( m wor? to ! _w ?an ! logic & dialectic ?r\gh ! aid ( :i* x is made manife/1 & elaborat$4 ,footnote3 ,he makes ?is cle> 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,mit*ell 9 ! latt]'s ,/udies 9 ,b]gson's ,philosophy1 p4 #ca4 ,!n 9 ! ,lectures ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t & 9 8 little "w on ,laught] he sets =? ! mean+ ( ,intuition 9 relation to ,art4 ,f "t to "t ,nature raises up s\ls m or less deta*$ f practical life1 se]s ( visions & dream]s ( dreams1 m5 ( ,intuition1 ) p[]s ( great poetry1 great music1 or great pa9t+4 ,! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ,intuition comes to u f ! works ( ^! great arti/s4 ,:at is x t we call ! g5ius ( great pa9t]s1 great musicians1 & great poets8 ,x is simply ! p[] !y h ( see+ m ?an we see & ( enabl+ u1 by _! expressions1 to p5etrate fur!r into reality ourselves4 ,:at makes ! picture is ! arti/'s vision1 8 entry into ! subject by sympa?y or ,intuition1 & h[ev] imp]fectly he expresses ?is1 yet he reveals to u m ?an we c\ld o!rwise h p]ceiv$4 ,! orig9al =m ( consci\sness1 ,b]gson ass]ts1 0 ne>] to ,intuition ?an to ,intellig5ce4 ,b man has f\nd ,intellect ! m valuable faculty = practical use & s has us$ x = ! solution ( que/ions x 0 nev] int5d$ to solve1 by reason ( its nature & orig94 ,yet ,intuition is !re1 b vague &1 above all1 discont9u\s4 ,x is a lamp almo/ ext+ui%$ :i* only glimm]s n[ & !n = a few mom5ts at mo/4 ,b x glimm]s :5ev] a vital int]e/ is at /ake4 ,on our p]sonality1 on our lib]ty1 on ! place we occupy 9 ! :ole ( ,nature1 on our orig91 & p]haps also on our de/9y1 x ?r[s a light1 feeble & vacillat+1 b :i*1 none ! less1 pi]ces ! d>kness ( ! night 9 :i* ! ,intellect leaves u4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhb 7,fr4 p4 #bij74 ,sci5ce promises u well-be+1 or1 at ! mo/1 pleasure1 b philosophy1 ?r\gh ! ,intuition to :i* x leads u1 is capable ( be/[+ ^u u ,joy4 ,! future belongs to su* an intuitive philosophy1 ,b]gson holds1 = he consid]s t ! :ole progress ( ,evolution is t[>ds ! creation ( a type ( be+ ^: ,intuition w be equal to 8 ,intellig5ce4 ,f9ally1 by ,intuition we %all f9d ourselves 9--to inv5t a ^w--intunation ) ! elan vital1 ) ! ,evolution ( ! :ole univ]se1 & ?is absolute feel+ ( at-"o-m5t ) ! univ]se w result 9 t emotional syn!sis :i* is deep ,joy1 :i* ,wordswor? describes z3 t bless$ mood ,9 :i* ! bur!n ( ! my/]y1 ,9 :i* ! heavy & ! we>y weight ,( all ?is un9telligible _w1 ,is light5$3--t s]5e & bless$ mood1 ,9 :i* ! affections g5tly lead u on1-- ,until1 ! brea? ( ?is corporeal frame ,& ev5 ! motion ( our human blood ,almo/ susp5d$1 we are laid asleep ,9 body1 & become a liv+ s\l3 ,:ile ) an eye made quiet by ! p[] ,( h>mony & ! deep p[] ( joy ,we see into ! life ( ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,e?ical ,,& ,,political ,,implications ,anti-intellectualism & ! ,/ate--,syndicalism--,class w>1 direct action4 ,sorel advocates ,g5]al ,/rike--,b]gson cit$ 9 support--,unfair use ( ,b]gson's view ( reality--,8 e?ic--,value ( ,w & ,creativ5ess2 n a support] ( impulse4 ,developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,intuitive m9d ( woman4 ,*ange & ! moral life4 ,b]gson has n writt5 explicitly ^u ,e?ics4 ,9 "s qu>t]s1 h[ev]1 s mu* has be5 made ( ,b]gson z a support] ( c]ta9 e?ical t5d5cies & c]ta9 social movem5ts1 t we mu/ exam9e ?is "q ( e?ical & political implications & try to asc]ta9 h[ f> ?is use ( ,b]gson is ju/ifi$4 ,bo? e?ical & political ?\ght to-day are d]iv+ fre% /imulation f ! revision ( _m =mulae1 ! modification ( _m conceptions :i* ! ,w> has inevitably caus$4 ,at ! same "t ! ke5 int]e/ tak5 9 /udies l social psy*ology & political philosophy comb9es ) a gr[+ int]e/ 9 movem5ts su* z ,guild ,socialism & ,syndicalism4 ,! curr5t :i* 9 philosophy sets aga9/ intellectualism1 9 ! political realm sets aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,?is political anti-intellectualism %[s a def9ite t5d5cy to belittle ! ,/ate 9 comp>ison ) economic or social gr\ps4 ,if social psy*ology t5ds to base ! ,/ate z x is1 on o!r ?an intellectual gr\nds1 ,syndicalism is prone to expect t non-intellectual =ces w suffice to a*ieve ! ,/ate z x %\ld be4 ,footnote3 ,erne/ ,b>k] 9 8 ,political ,?\ght 9 ,engl& f ,h]b]t ,sp5c] to ! ,pres5t ,day1 p4 #bdh4 ,o!r t5d5cies ( ! same type are noticeable4 ,= example1 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell's "w on ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,recon/ruction is bas$ on ! view t impulse is a l>g] factor 9 our social life ?an consci\s purpose4 ,! ,syndicali/s h be5 cit+ ! philosophy ( ,b]gson 9 support ( _! views1 & x is mo/ int]e/+ to see h[ skilfully at times say+s ( ,b]gson are quot$ by !m z au?oritative1 z ju/ification = _! actions1 9 a _s ak9 to t ( ! dev\t man :o quotes scripture texts z a guide to conduct4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ,syndicalism has n be5 popul>1 & :5 x did %[ its head ! gov]nm5t promptly prosecut$ ! editor & pr9t]s ( its organ1 ,! ,syndicali/1 & suppress$ ! pap] ow+ to its aggressive anti-milit>ism4 ,footnote3 ,imprisonm5t ( ,mr4 ,tom ,mann ,engli% ,syndicalism has few support]s & x is a r dilut$ =m ( ,fr5* ,syndicalism4 ,to und]/& ! movem5t1 we mu/ turn to its hi/ory 9 ,france or 9 ,am]ica4 ,its hi/ory 9 ,russia w be an object ( rese>* 9 ! future1 :5 m mat]ial & m news are available f t di/ressful c\ntry4 ,9 ,france local unions or syndicats 7 legaliz$ z e>ly z #ahhd b #ahie is ! important l&m>k1 be+ ! date ( ! f\ndation ) :i* ,syndicalism is associat$ to-day1 ! ,conf$]ation ,g5]ale du ,travail1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,c4,g4,t41 ! c5tral trade-union organization 9 ,france4 ,9 ! ma91 ,syndicalism is an urban product1 & has n _m adh]5ts among ! agricultural population4 ,9 ,am]ica a ,f$]ation ( ,lab\r 0 =m$ 9 #ahhf1 b ! ,syndicali/ organization !re is ! body kn[n z ,! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w4 ,9 its decl>ation ( policy1 x looks =w>d to a union :i* is to embrace ! :ole work+ class & to adopt t[>ds ! capitali/ class an un5d+ w>f>e1 until ! latt] is expropriat$4 ,! work+ class & ! employ+ class1 says ! decl>ation1 h no?+ 9 common4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes a /ruggle mu/ g on until all ! toil]s come toge!r on ! indu/rial field & take & hold t :i* !y produce by _! lab\r4 ,among ! lead]s ( ,syndicali/ ?\ght on ! ,cont95t may be m5tion$ ! names ( ?ree prom95t ,fr5*m51 ,b]?1 ,lag>delle1 & ,sorel1 toge!r ) t ( ! "y ,italian pr(essor ,labriola1 :o is lead+ ! increas+ly active p>ty 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,am]ica alike1 ,syndicalism /&s = ! class-w>4 ,its c5tral feature is ! idea ( a ,g5]al ,/rike4 ,x manife/s a hatr$ ( ! ,/ate1 :i* makes x bitt]ly oppos$ to ,/ate ,socialism1 :i* x reg>ds z c5traliz$ & tyrannical1 or to a ,lab\r-p>ty ( any k9d 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,footnote3 ,attempts at c>ry+ out a ,g5]al ,/rike1 9 ,france1 ,sw$51 ,italy1 & ,spa9 h fail$4 ,! greate/ ,/rikes h be53 ,railwaym5 9 ,italy1 9 #aijg2 ,po/al ,work]s 9 ,france1 9 #aiji4 ,m9]s 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 #aiji1 & 9 ,sw$51 #aiji2 ,m9]s & ,railwaym5 9 ,engl&2 ,textile ,work]s 9 ,massa*usetts1 #aiab2 ,railwaym5 9 ,engl&1 #aiai1 9 ,france1 #aibj4 ,x reg>ds ! ,/ate z fix$1 rigid1 & intellectual1 & adopts all ! ,b]gsonian ana!mas x c f9d :i* condemn intellectual con/ructions1 concepts1 & ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,its w>-cry is n only ,d[n ) ,capitalism b also1 9 a great numb] ( cases1 ,d[n ) ,intellectualism6 ,in/9ct & impulse alone are to be guides4 ,syndicalism1 unlike ,socialism1 has no programme--x does n believe 9 a pre>rang$ plan4 ,reality1 x says1 quot+ ,b]sgon1 has no plan4 ,x says1 ,let u act1 act in/9ctively & impulsively aga9/ :at we feel to be wrong1 & ! future w gr[ out ( our act+4 ,we f9d ,georges ,sorel1 ! philosoph] ( ,syndicalism1 talk+ ab\t :at he t]ms ! ,,intuition ( ,socialism1 & he talks emphatically ab\t ! trem5d\s moral value ( /rikes1 ap>t f any mat]ial ga9 a*iev$ by !m4 ,he believes religi\sly 9 a ,g5]al ,/rike z ! great ideal1 b consid]s x a my? capable ( r\s+ en?usiasm 9 ! work]s1 an ideal to :i* !y mu/ /rive1 a my? z inspir+ z ! belief ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,second ,com+ ( ,*ri/1 :i*1 al?\gh q a false belief1 contribut$ l>gely to ! success ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,/rikes1 says ,sorel1 h eng5d]$ 9 ! prolet>iat ! mo/ noble1 ! mo/ pr(\nd1 ! mo/ mov+ s5tim5ts !y possess4 ,! ,g5]al ,/rike gr\ps ^! 9 a composite picture1 & by br++ toge!r1 gives to ea* its maximum int5sity2 appeal+ to ! mo/ acute memories ( p>ticul> conflicts1 x col\rs ) an int5se life all ! details ( ! composition pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,we obta9 ?us an intuition ( ,socialism :i* language _c cle>ly express & we obta9 x 9 a symbol in/antly p]ceiv$1 su* z is ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,b]gsonian philosophy4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,c4 ,b\gle1 9 an int]e/+ article ,syndicali/es et ,b]gsoni5s1 ,revue du mois1 ,april #aj1 #aiji4 ,& by ,rev4 ,rhondda ,williams 9 ,syndicalism 9 ,france & its ,relation to ! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 #aiad4 ,also by ,j4 ,w4 ,scott 9 8 book ,syndicalism & ,philosophical ,realism1 #aiai1 pp4 #ci-dj1 & by ,h>ley 9 ,syndicalism4 ,9 ,engl&1 al?\gh ! idea ( ! ,g5]al ,/rike has n be5 s prom95t1 yet 9 rec5t ye>s ,/rikes h assum$ an aspect diff]5t f ^? ( =m] ye>s4 ,work]s :o _h /ruck be=e = def9ite objects1 = wages or h\rs1 or re=m$ work%op conditions1 n[ seem to be seek+ aft] some?+ va/]--a fundam5tal alt]ation 9 indu/rial conditions or ! total abolition ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! _s ( unre/ is on ! increase2 no d\bt ,w> conditions h1 9 _m cases1 int5sifi$ x1 b !re is 9 ! :ole indu/rial _w an in/9ctive impulse %[+ itself1 :i* is issu+ 9 ,syndicali/ & ,bol%evi/ ,footnote3 ,bol%evik--simply ! ,russian ^w = majority p>ty z di/9ct f ,m5%eviks or m9ority4 activities ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,syndicalism is und\bt$ly revolution>y4 ,!re are ,les ,syndicats r\ges & ,les ,syndicats jaunes1 ( :i* ! ,r$s are by f> ! mo/ revolution>y4 ,footnote3 ,see article ,des ,ouvri]s syndiques et le ,syndicalisme jaune1 ,revue de metaphysique et morale1 #aiab ,! ,c4,g4,t4 & ! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w are out = :at !y call direct action4 ,_! an>*y is really an organization direct$ aga9/ organization1 at lea/ aga9/ t organization we "k z ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,!y h no hope ( salvation = !mselves com+ ab\t ?r\gh ! ,/ate 9 any way4 ,x has become some:at natural = u to ?9k ( ! social re=m] z a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t & ( ! revolution>y sociali/ z a /rike-agitator4 ,! cries ( ,don't vote6 ,don't enli/6 are he>d1 & c>e is tak5 to keep ! workman f ceas+ to qu>rel ) 8 employ]4 ,any discussion ( ! rights or wrongs ( any ,/rike is condemn$ at once4 ,footnote3 ,ramsay ,mac,donald 0 condemn$ by ! ,syndicali/s = claim+ t a /rike ,,might be wrong4 ,all ,/rikes are reg>d$ z "r & z an approa* to ! ideal ( ! ,g5]al ,/rike4 ,sorel cites ,b]gson z call+ u to turn f traditional ?\ght1 to seek reality 9 ! dynamic1 r ?an ! /atic4 ,he claims t ! ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,college de ,france really co-op]ates ) ! ,c4,g4,t4 ,an unexpect$ h>mony arises betwe5 ! flute ( p]sonal m$itation1 & ! trumpet ( social revolution1 & ! workman is inspir$ by be+ made to feel t ! elan ouvri] e/ fr]e de l'elan vital4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,c4 ,b\gie 9 ! article previ\sly m5tion$4 ,z ,b]gson speaks ( all movem5t z unique & indivisible1 s ! triumphant movem5t ( ! ,g5]al ,/rike is to be reg>d$ z a :ole1 no analysis is to be made ( its p>ts4 ,z ! portals ( ! future /& wide op51 z ! future is be+ made1 s ,b]gson tells u1 t is deem$ an excuse by ! ,syndicali/s = hav+ no pre>rang$ plan ( ! conduct ( ! ,g5]al ,/rike1 & no conception ( :at is to be done aft]w>ds4 ,x is un=ese5 & un=eseeable4 ,all indu/ries1 h[ev]1 are to be 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o "w !m1 ! pres5t indu/rial sy/em is to be swept away4 ,! new ord] :i* is to foll[ w h entirely new moral codes4 ,sorel ju/ifies viol5ce to be us$ aga9/ ! exi/+ ord]1 b says he wi%es to avoid unnecess>y blood-%$ or brutality4 ,footnote3 ,reflections on ,viol5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,b]gson ref]s briefly to ,sorel z an orig9al ?9k] :om x is impossible to place 9 any category or class1 9 ,la ,philosophie1 p4 #ac4 ,he rem>ks h[ev]1 9 ?is connexion1 t anci5t society1 ) all its brutality1 comp>es fav\rably ) mod]n society :i* has replac$ f]ocity by cunn+4 ,! anci5t peoples _h less hypocrisy ?an we h2 ?is1 9 8 op9ion1 ju/ifies viol5ce 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! mod]n sy/em & ! creation ( a nobl] e?ic ?an t on :i* ! mod]n ,/ate is bas$4 ,= ?is reason1 he disagrees ) mo/ ( 8 ,syndicali/ colleagues1 & condemns sabotage & also ! ca canny policy1 bo? ( :i* are a k9d ( rev5ge ^u ! employ]1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( bad "w = bad pay4 ,he w\ld h ! work]s produce well n[1 & urges t moral progress is to be aim$ at no less ?an mat]ial progress4 ,x c]ta9ly seems1 h[ev]1 t ! ,syndicali/s are mak+ an unfair use ( ,b]gson4 ,!y h got hold ( ?ree or f\r po9ts r out ( relation to _! context1 & are mak+ ! mo/ ( !m4 ,^! po9ts are1 *iefly1 8 rem>ks aga9/ ! ,intellect1 8 appreciation ( ,in/9ct & ,intuition1 8 insi/5ce on ,fre$om & on ! ,indet]m9at5ess ( ! ,future4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,syndicali/s ^! become 9 effect3 ,nev] m9d :at y ?9k1 r\se up y\r feel+ int5sely2 act z y feel & !n see :at y ?9k4 ,briefly ?is am\nts to say+3 ,act on impulse1 behave in/9ctively & n rationally4 ,9 too _m cases1 z we "k1 ?is is equival5t to a m]ely selfi% ,d[n tools if y feel l x4 ,n[ s f> f ,b]gson really giv+ any c\nt5ance to caprici\s behavi\r1 or m]e impulse1 he expressly condemns su* action4 ,al?\gh ! future is be+ made1 he does n admit t x w be m]ely ,,caprici\sly made1 & he condemns ! man ( m]e impulse along ) ! dream]1 9 a f9e passage :]e he speaks ( ! value ( an intellig5t memory 9 practical life4,footnote3 ,see p4 #dh ( ! pres5t "w4 ,:5 ! ,syndicali/s ass]t t elan1 in/9ct1 impulse1 or intuition are a bett] guide ?an intellig5ce & reason$ pr9ciples1 & cite ,b]gson z _! au?ority1 !y omit an important qualification :i* upsets _! !ory entirely1 = ,b]gson's anti-intellectualism is n at all ( ! type :i* !y advocate4 ,he does n int5d to rule ,intellect out ( practical affairs4 ,inde$ x is j ! opposite t he ass]ts1 =1 9 8 view1 ! ,intellect is pre-em95tly fitt$ = practical life1 = action1 & x is = ?is v reason t he ma9ta9s x does n give u insight into reality itself1 :i* ,intuition alone c d4 ,he does n wi%1 h[ev]1 to decrease ! small elem5t ( rationality manife/$ 9 e?ical & political life1 lea/ ( all to make m5 less rational1 9 ! s5se t !y are to become m]e creatures ( ,impulse4 ,nev]!less1 ,b]gson's great emphasis on ,w & ,creativ5ess condemns any laissez-faire type ( political !ory4 ,x w\ld be wrong = u to accept ! social ord] :i* is felt to be imp]fect & unju/ 9 s _m ways1 simply because we f9d ourselves 9 x & fe> we _c "w a way out4 ,,we ,,h ,,great ,,p[] ,,( ,,creation1 ,,& ,,9 ,,l>ge ,,measure ,,we ,,c ,,create ,,:at ,,we ,,w ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,politics ,,& ,,social ,,life1 & x is good t m5 g5]ally %\ld be made to see ?is4 ,b x is ( v vital importance t we %\ld w ! "r ?+4 ,?is we are n likely to d impulsively & )\t reflection4 ,ev5 if we admit ,mr4 ,russell's cont5tion t impulse has m effect ?an consci\s purpose 9 m\ld+ m5's lives ,footnote3 ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,recon/ruction1 ,preface1 p4 #e4 & agree t x is n ! weak5+ ( impulse t is to be desir$1 b ! direction ( impulse t[>d life & gr[?1 ,footnote3 p4 #ah4 ,cf4 ! :ole ( ! fir/ *apt] on ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,gr[?4 yet1 we none ! less ass]t t in/9ct is an insuffici5t guide 9 ! det]m9ation ( social behavi\r1 & ask h[ ! direction ( impulse1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,russell himself speaks1 is to be arriv$ at8 ,surely our only hope lies 9 /riv+ to make m5 n less1 b m rational 9 ord] t !y may grasp--h[ev] dimly--some?+ ( :at is impli$ 9 e?ical & political ideals1 t !y may recognize 9 society "s embodim5t ( w & purpose & come to look ^u ,?\ght & ,reason z ! unify+ & organiz+ pr9ciples ( human society4 ,we _c help wi%+ t ,b]gson _h giv5 u "s contribution to ! /udy ( ,e?ics4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,fa!r de ,tonqu$ec reg>d+ ! relation ( 8 philosophy to ,!ology1 we f9d him rem>k+ t ,be=e ^! conclusions !ological /atem5ts c be set out ) great] precision1 or consid]$ at great] l5g?1 c]ta9 problems ( q ano!r k9d w\ld h to be attack$--! problems ( ,e?ics4 ,i am n sure t ,i %all ev] publi% any?+ on ?is subject4 ,i %all d s only if ,i atta9 ! results t appe> to me z demon/rable or z cle>ly to be %[n z ^? ( my o!r books4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,etudes 7,revue des ,p]es de ,jesus71 ,vol4 ,,cxxx1 pp4 #ead1 #eae1 #aiab4 ,prior to ! ,w>1 h[ev]1 we "k t ,b]gson 0 tak+ up ! problem ( work+ out ! implications ( 8 philosophy 9 ! sph]e ( social e?ics1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! mean+ ( ,duty & ! significance ( ,p]sonality4 ,al?\gh 8 inve/igations ( ^! supremely important problems h n yet be5 complet$ or made public1 nev]!less c]ta9 e?ical implications :i* h an important be>+ on p]sonal & social life seem to be conta9$ 9 :at he has already writt54 ,9 its application to social life1 ,b]gson's philosophy w\ld involve ! lay+ ( great] /ress ^u ! ne$ = all memb]s ( society hav+ l>g] opportunities ( be+ m fully !mselves1 ( be+ self-creative & hav+ full] p[]s ( self-expression z free creative ag5ts4 ,x w\ld lay emphasis ^u ! value ( ! p]sonality ( ! work] & w\ld combat ! sy/ematic conv]t+ ( him into a m]e h&4 ,?us w\ld be set 9 cle>] light ! claims ( human p]sonality to create & to enjoy a good life 9 ! wide/ s5se1 to ent] into full] sympa?y & fell[%ip ) o!r p]sonalities1 & s develop a full] & ri*] =m ( exi/5ce ?an is possible "u pres5t social & indu/rial conditions4 ,x w\ld mean a transvaluation ( all social values1 an e/eem+ ( p]sonality be=e prop]ty1 a recognition ( mat]ial goods z means to a good life1 :5 employ$ 9 ! social s]vice ( ! _s ( man4 ,x w\ld involve a d5unciation ( ! enslavem5t ( man's _s to ! production ( mat]ial weal?4 ,ea* man w\ld be a memb] ( a community ( p]sonalities1 ea* ( unique value1 treat+ ea* o!r1 n z means to _! own p>ticul> selfi% ends1 b z ends 9 !mselves4 ,at ! same "t x w\ld involve ! putt+ ( ! p]sonality ( ! citiz5 9 ! =emo/ place 9 our social & political life1 in/ead ( a developm5t ( a purely class consci\sness ) its mis*iev\s di/9ctions4 ,articles h be5 writt5 deal+ ) ,b]gson's message to ,fem9ism4 ,?is po9t is n )\t its importance 9 our mod]n life4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! pres5t sy/em ( civilization ) its sci5tific campaign ( conque/ ( ! mat]ial environm5t has be5 ! "w ( man's intellect4 ,9 ! rud] /ages ( exi/5ce wom5's subord9ation to m5 may h be5 necess>y & ju/ifiable4 ,b 9 ! developm5t ( society x has become increas+ly less necess>y1 & humanity is n[ at a /age :]e ! contributions ( wom5 to society are absolutely vital to its welf>e & progress4 ,woman is prov]bially & rightly reg>d$ z m intuitive ?an man4 ,?is ne$ n be tak5 to mean t1 giv5 ! opportunity ( intellectual developm5t 7until n[ practically d5i$ to h]71 woman w\ld n %[ z great ability 9 ?is direction z man4 ,b x is an und5iable fact t woman has kept m closely to ! =ces ( ! great life-pr9ciple1 bo? by ! fact t 9 h] re/s ! creative p[] = ! cont9uation ( ! human family & also by ! fact t ! developm5t ( ! p]sonalities ( *ildr5 has be5 h] function4 ,! subjection 9 :i* wom5 h be5 l>gely kept until n[ has n only h9d]$ !m f tak+ "p 9 ! "w ( society z a :ole & f express+ _! po9t ( view1 b has meant t _m ( !m h little or no k ( _! capacities & abilities 9 wid] directions4 ,h[ev]1 ) _! increas+ realization ( _! own p[]s1 ) ! grant+ ( increas$ opportunities to !m1 & an adequate recognition ( _! p]sonality side by side ) t ( m51 a*ievem5ts ( supreme value = humanity z a :ole may be expect$ f !m4 ,9 c]ta9 sph]es !y may be f\nd mu* bett] adapt$ ?an are m5 to a*ieve a vision :i* w raise human life to a high] plane & give x great] wor?4 ,m especially 9 ! realms ( e?ical developm5t1 ( social sci5ce1 problems ( sex1 ( w> & peace1 ( *ild welf>e1 heal?1 & education1 ( religion & philosophy we may hope to h valuable contributions f ! m intuitive m9d ( woman4 ,x is n 9 ! fight+ male ( ! race3 x is 9 ,woman t we h ! future c5tre ( ,p[] 9 civilization4 ,footnote3 ,b5jam9 ,kidd 9 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,p[]1 p4 #aie4 ,?is is m fully %[n 9 8 *apt]s1 ,woman ! ,psy*ic ,c5tre ( ,p[] 9 ! ,social ,integration1 & ,! ,m9d ( ,woman1 pp4 #aib-beg4 ,! w&]+ ,dante requir$ = 8 guidance n only ! intellectual faculties ( a ,v]gil b 9 addition ! intuitive woman-s\l ( a ,beatrice to lead him upw>d & on4 ,9 ,la ,consci5ce et la ,vie ,footnote3 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 p4 #bg 7,m9d-,en]gy74 ,b]gson indicates slightly 8 views on ,,social evolution--c'e/ a la vie sociale que l'evolution ab\tit1 comme si le beso9 s'en etait fait s5tir des le debut1 ou plutot comme si quelque aspiration orig9elle et ess5tielle de la vie ne p\vait tr\v] que dans la societe sa ple9e satisfaction4 ,he seems incl9$ to turn 8 att5tion to ! unity ( life1 n simply z due to an id5tity ( orig9al impulse b to a common aspiration4 ,!re is involv$ a process ( subord9ation & initiative on ! "p ( ! individual4 ,! exi/5ce ( society necessitates a c]ta9 subord9ation1 :ile its progress dep5ds on ! free initiative ( ! individual4 ,x is extremely dang]\s = any society1 :e!r x be an ,int]national ,league1 a ,/ate1 ei!r ,communi/ic or ,capitali/ic1 a ,trade ,union1 or a ,*ur*1 to suppress individual lib]ty 9 ! int]e/s ( great] social effici5cy or ( increas$ production or rigid uni=mity ( doctr9e4 ,) ! sacrifice ( individual initiative w g ! loss ( all s\l1 & ! result w be deg5]ation to a me*anical type ( exi/5ce1 a m]ely /agnant in/itution express+ no?+ ( man's _s4 ,?is p]sonal p[] ( initiative ,b]gson appeals to ea* "o to ma9ta94 ,9 an important passage ( 8 little "w on ,laught] he makes a p]sonal moral appeal4 ,:at life & society require ( ea* ( u is a con/antly al]t att5tion1 t disc]ns ! outl9es ( ! pres5t situation1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 ela/icity ( m9d & body to enable u to adapt ourselves 9 consequ5ce4 ,footnote3 ,laught]1 p4 #ah 7,fr4 p4 #ah74 ,! lack ( t5sion & ela/icity gives rise to m5tal defici5cy & to grave inadaptability :i* produces mis]y & crime4 ,society dem&s n only t we live b t we live well4 ,?is means t we mu/ be truly alive2 = ,b]gson1 ! moral ideal is to keep spiritually al]t4 ,we mu/ be our real1 liv+ selves1 & n hide beh9d ! social self ( hypocrisy & habit4 ,we mu/ avoid be+ ! victims ( me*anism or automatism4 ,we mu/ avoid at all co/s gett+ into a rut morally or spiritually4 ,*ange & vision are bo? necess>y to our welf>e4 ,:]e !re is no vision1 no undy+ fire ( idealism1 ! p p]i%4 ,resi/ance to *ange is ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b]gson is oppos$ to ! conv5tional view ( morality z equival5t to rigidity1 & grasps ! important tru? t if morality is to be ( wor? at all x mu/ lie n 9 a fix$ set ( rules1 habits1 or conv5tions1 b 9 a _s ( liv+4 ,?is is ( v great e?ical importance inde$1 z x means t we mu/ revise _m ( our /&>ds ( "*4 ,= example1 h[ (t5 d we he> ( "o :o1 hold+ an obvi\sly false view long & ob/9ately1 is prais$ z consi/5t1 :]eas a m9d :i* moves & develops ) ! times1 attempt+ always to adju/ itself to *ang+ conditions 9 its intellectual or mat]ial environm5t1 is contemptu\sly dubb$ z *angeable by ! morali/s ( rigidity4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 le>n t consi/5cy ( "* does n mean lack ( *ange4 ,/an*ness ( "* is too (t5 m]e ob/9ate resi/ance to *ange4 ,we mu/ !re=e be on our gu>d aga9/ ^? :o w\ld run e?ics into rigid m\lds1 & s raise up /atic concepts & infallible dogmas = beliefs or action4 ,*ange mu/ be accept$ z a pr9ciple :i* x is bo? futile & immoral to ignore1 ev5 9 ! moral life4 ,?is does n mean sett+ up caprice or impulsiv5ess1 = 9 s f> z our *ange ( "* expresses ! developm5t ( ! s+le movem5t ( our own inn] life x w be q o!r ?an caprici\s1 b x w be *ange1 & a *ange :i* is q consi/5t1 a creative evolution ( our p]sonality4 ,no m]ely mat]iali/ic e?ic c brea! 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,b]gson's ?\ght1 :i* sets human consci\sness 9 a high place & insi/s ^u ! fact ( ,fre$om4 ,he ma9ta9s a po9t ( view f> remov$ f ! old naturali/ic e?ic2 he does take "s acc\nt ( values1 fre$om1 creativ5ess1 & joy 7z di/9ct f pleasure74 ,he po9ts out t ,matt]1 al?\gh to a degree ! tool ( ,_s1 is nev]!less ! enemy :o ?reat5s u ) a lapse into m]e automatism :i* is only ! p>ody ( true life4 ,! et]nal conflict ( ,matt] & ,_s 9 ,evolution dem&s t we place ourselves on ! side ( spiritual r ?an m]ely mat]ial values4 ,we mu/ n be l ! man ) ! muck rake4 ,our conceptions ( goodness mu/ be n m]ely /atic b dynamic1 = ! moral life is ess5tially an evolution--a gr[? 9 grace4 ,x means a con/ant putt+ on ( ! new man1 nev] c\nt+ oneself to h atta9$1 = spirituality is a progress to ev] new creations1 ! spiritual life is an un5d+ adv5ture1 & is1 moreov]1 "o :i* is hamp]$ & cru%$ by all refusals to recognize t ,*ange is ! fundam5tal feature ( ! univ]se4 ,no?+ c be m mis*iev\s1 m detrim5tal to moral progress--:i* is ultimately ! only progress ( value & significance to humanity--?an ! deification ( ! /atus quo ei!r 9 ! individual or 9 society z a :ole4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,relation ,,to ,,religion ,,& ,,!ology ,avoidance ( !ological t]ms--,intuition & fai?--,god & ,*ange--,deity n omnipot5t b creative & imman5t--,god z ,creator ( creators--,problem ( teleology--,/imulus to !ology--,! ne$ = re/atem5ts ( ! nature ( ,god--,m5 z products & in/rum5ts ( div9e activity--,immortality4 ,we h se5 t ,b]gson holds no special brief = sci5ce1 =1 z has be5 %[n1 he opposes _m ( ! hypo!ses to :i* sci5ce cl+s4 ,consequ5tly1 "s p]sons possess+ only a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ,b]gson1 & hav+ m9ds :i* /ill ?9k 9 ! exclusive & oppos+ t]ms ( ! conflict ( sci5ce & religion ( a g5]ation pa/1 h en?usia/ically hail$ him z an ally ( _! religion4 ,we mu/ exam9e c>efully h[ f> ?is is ju/ifiable4 ,x is p]fectly natural & j t _m p1 unable to devote "t or en]gy to ! /udy ( 8 works1 want to "k1 9 reg>d to ,b]gson1 z ab\t e o!r great ?9k]1 :at is ! be>+ ( 8 ?\ght on _! practical !ory ( life1 ^u _! ideals ( exi/5ce1 ^u ! c\rage1 fai?1 & hope :i* enable !m to "w & live1 feel+ t life is wor? :ile4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 gu>d aga9/ misuse ( ,b]gson1 p>ticul>ly su* misuse ( him z t made 9 ano!r sph]e1 by ! ,syndicali/s4 ,we f9d t 9 ,france he has be5 welcom$ by ! ,mod]ni/s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z an ally1 & by n a few lib]al & progressive ,*ri/ian !ologians 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ! outset1 we mu/ note t ,b]gson avoids !ological =ms ( expression1 because he is well aw>e t ^!--especially 9 a philosophical treatise--may give rise to misconceptions4 ,he does n1 l ,kant1 attack any specific or traditional argum5t = ,!ism2 he does n ent] into !ological controv]sy4 ,he has n =mulat$1 ) any /rictness1 8 conception ( ,god2 = he has recogniz$ t an exam9ation ( ,!ism w\ld be ( little or no value1 :i* 0 n prefac$ by a refutation ( me*anism & mat]ialism1 & by ! ass]tion ( "s spiritual value 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is to su* a lab\r t ,b]gson has appli$ himself2 x is only incid5tally t we f9d him mak+ rem>ks on religi\s or !ological conceptions4 ,8 :ole philosophy1 h[ev]1 involves "s v important religi\s conceptions & !ological /&po9ts4 ,9 ,france1 ,b]gson has _h a consid]able am\nt ( discussion on ! !ological implications ( 8 philosophy ) ! ,jesuit ,fa!rs1 notably ,fa!r de ,tonqu$ec4 ,^! arise p>ticul>ly f 8 views conc]n+ ,*ange1 ,"t1 ,fre$om1 ,evolution & ,intuition4 ,b]gson has be5 cit$ z a ,my/ic because he prea*es a doctr9e ( ,intuition4 ,b 8 metaphysical ,intuition be>s no relation to ! my/icism ( ! sa9t or ( ! f]vid religi\s m9d4 ,he expressly says1 ,! doctr9e ,i hold is a prote/ aga9/ my/icism s9ce x pr(esses to recon/ruct ! bridge 7brok5 s9ce ,kant7 betwe5 metaphysics & sci5ce4 ,yet1 if by my/icism "o means a c]ta9 appeal to ! inn] & pr(\nd life1 !n 8 philosophy is my/ical--b s is all philosophy4 ,we mu/ bew>e ( any attempts to run ,b]gson's ?\ght into m\lds = :i* x 0 nev] int5d$1 & gu>d aga9/ its be+ /ra9$ & falsely int]pret$ 9 ! int]e/s ( "s special =m ( religi\s belief4 ,intuition is n :at ! religi\s m9d means by ,fai?1 9 ! accept$ s5se ( belief 9 a doctr9e or a deity1 :i* is to be nei!r criticiz$ nor reason$ ab\t4 ,religion dem&s :at passe? k4 ,fur!rmore1 x seeks a reality t abides above ! _w ( ,*ange1 ,! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]1 to :i* x appeals4 ,! religi\s consci\sness f9ds itself mo/ reluctant to admit ! reality ( ,*ange1 & ?is1 we mu/ rememb]1 is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,b]gson's ?\ght4 ,fab]1 "o ( ! noble/ hymn writ]s1 well expresses ?is attitude3 ,o1 ,"l1 my he>t is sick1 ,sick ( ?is ev]la/+ *ange1 ,& ,life runs t$i\sly quick ,?r\gh its unre/+ race & v>i$ range4 ,*ange f9ds no lik5ess ( itself 9 ,!e1 ,& makes no e*o 9 ,?y mute et]nity4 ,= ,b]gson1 ,god reveals ,himself 9 ! _w ( ,"t1 9 ! v pr9ciple ( ,*ange4 ,he is n a ,fa!r ( lights 9 ,:om is no v>iabl5ess nor %ad[ ( turn+4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,idea ( ,god is "o ( ! objects ( philosophy1 & ?is is true1 if1 by ,god1 we agree to mean ! pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 or ! ,absolute4 ,unity is ess5tial to ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,= ! religi\s consci\sness1 ( c\rse1 ,god's exi/5ce is a necess>y "o1 n m]ely cont+5t4 ,x views ,him z et]nal & un*angeable4 ,b if we accept ! ,b]gsonian philosophy1 ,god _c be reg>d$ z timeless1 or z p]fect 9 ! s5se ( be+ et]nal & complete4 ,he is1 s to speak1 realiz+ ,himself 9 ! univ]se1 & is n m]ely a unity :i* sums up ! multiplicity ( "t exi/5ce4 ,fur!r1 ,he mu/ be a ,god :o acts freely & creatively & :o is 9 "t4 ,tr\ble has aris5 9 ! pa/ ov] ! relation ( temporal & et]nal--! =m] be+ reg>d$ z appe>ance4 ,= ,b]gson1 ?is difficulty does n arise2 !re is1 = him1 no su* dualism4 ,8 ,god is n exempt f ,*ange1 ,he is n to be conceiv$ z exi/+ ap>t f & indep5d5t ( ! _w4 ,inde$1 = him1 ,god w\ld seem to be m]ely a focus imag9>ius ( ,life & ,_s1 a hypo/atization ( la duree4 ,he _c be reg>d$ z ! lov+ ,fa!r ( ! human race :om ,he has begott5 or creat$ 9 ord] t intellig5t be+s may glorify ,him & enjoy ,him = ev]4 ,b]gson does n (f] u a ,god1 p]sonal1 lov+1 & r$emptive1 z ! ,*ri/ian religi\s consci\sness dem&s or imag9es4 ,he does n1 & c n1 affirm ,*ri/ian ,!ism1 = he consid]s t ! facts d n w>rant ! posit+ ( a self-consci\s & p]sonal ,individual 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* we1 f our exp]i5ce1 c und]/& ^! words4 ,god is pure1 creative activity1 a fl[+ r ?an a f\nta9 head2 a cont9uity ( emanation1 n a c5tre f :i* ?+s emanate4 ,= ,b]gson1 ,god is an?ropomorphic--z ,he mu/ necess>ily be = u all--b ,b]gson's is an?ropomorphism ( a subtle k9d4 ,8 ,god is ! duree ( our own consci\s life1 rais$ to a high] p[]4 ,dieu se fait 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,he is absolutely unf9i%$1 n complete or p]fect4 ,he is incessant life1 action1 fre$om1 & creativ5ess1 & 9 s f> z we ourselves manife/ ^! 7se51 above all1 9 ! creative joy ( ! inv5tor1 poet1 arti/1 & "m7 ea* ( u has ! div9e at "w )94 ,= ,b]gson1 ,god is a ,be+ imman5t 9 ! univ]se1 b ,he is ignorant ( ! direction 9 :i* ,evolution is progress+4 ,?is is n ! ,god ( ! ord9>y religi\s consci\sness1 nor is x a conception ( ,god :i* satisfies ! limit$ notion :i* our own imag9ation bo? creates & craves to f9d real4 ,god1 x w\ld seem1 mu/ be great] ?an ,8 works1 & ,he mu/ "k :at ,he is do+4 ,x has be5 object$ t a =ce1 ev5 if a div9e =ce 7"o c h>dly call x ,god 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( t vague ^w7 :i* urges on ,matt] )\t kn[+ 9 :at direction or to :at end1 is no ,god at all1 = x is m]ely p]sonifi$ *ance4 ,?is is due to :at ,hegel calls ! error ( view+ ,god z free4 ,footnote3 ,logic1 ,wallace's translation1 fir/ edition1 p4 #bac4 ,9 reply to c]ta9 criticisms ( 8 book ,l',evolution creatrice made by ,fa!r de ,tonqu$ec1 ,b]gson wrote 9 #aiab3 ,i speak ( ,god z ! s\rce :5ce issue successively1 by an ef=t ( 8 fre$om1 ! curr5ts or impulses ea* ( :i* w make a _w2 he !re=e rema9s di/9ct f !m1 & x is n ( him t we c say t 'mo/ (t5 x turns aside' or is 'at ! m]cy ( ! mat]iality t x has be5 b\nd to adopt4' ,f9ally1 ! reason+ :]eby ,i e/abli% ! impossibility ( 'no?+' is 9 no way direct$ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a transc5d5t cause ( ! _w2 ,i h1 on ! contr>y1 expla9$ t ?is reason+ has 9 view ! ,sp9ozi/ conception ( ,be+4 ,x issues 9 :at is m]ely a demon/ration t 'some?+' has always exi/$4 ,z to ! nature ( ?is 'some?+' x is true t no?+ 9 ! way ( a positive conclusion is convey$4 ,b nei!r is x /at$ 9 any fa%ion t :at has always exi/$ is ! _w itself1 & ! re/ ( ! book explicitly affirms ! contr>y4 ,footnote3 ,tonqu$ec3 ,dieu dans l',evolution creatrice 7,beau*esne71 & ,annales de philosophie *reti5ne1 #aiab4 ,n[ ! consid]ations set =? 9 my ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates result 9 br++ to light ! fact ( fre$om1 ^? ( ,mati]e et ,memoire po9t directly1 ,i hope1 to ! reality ( ,_s1 ^? ( ,l',evolution creatrice exhibit creation z a fact4 ,f all ?is em]ges cle>ly ! idea ( a ,god1 creator & free1 ! g5]ator ( bo? ,matt] & ,life1 ^: "w ( creation is cont9u$ on ! side ( ,life by ! evolution ( species & ! build+ up ( human p]sonalities4 ,f all ?is em]ges a refutation ( monism & ( pan!ism4 ,footnote3 ,tonqu$ec3 ,dieu dans l',evolution creatrice 7,beau*esne71 & also ,etudes des ,p]es de ,jesus1 ,vol4 ,,cxxx1 #aiab4 ,to ?is x 0 repli$ t1 = ,ca?olic !ology1 ,god is n m]ely ! s\rce f :i* ! riv] spr+s1 ,god does n develop ,himself to a _w b ,he causes x to appe> by a k9d ( creation q diff]5t f t ( ,b]gson4 ,b]gson's ,god is n ! ,god ( pan!ism1 because1 = him1 ! ,deity is imman5t 9 nature1 n id5tifiable ) x4 ,a true acc\nt ( ! ,absolute w\ld1 = him1 take ! =m ( hi/ory4 ,human hi/ory has a vital mean+ = him4 ,god is n omnipot5t2 ,he is a fight] :o takes sides4 ,he is n a pott]-,god ) a clay _w4 ,! _w involves a limit+ ( ,god1 & !ology has always f\nd ?is its mo/ difficult problem1 = ! evils or defects aga9/ :i* ! ,creator is wag+ w> are evils & defects 9 a _w ( ,8 own creat+4 ,speak+ 9 #aiad1 at ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,society1 ,b]gson rem>k$ t ,god might be look$ ^u z a ,creator ( creators4 ,su* a view1 m explicitly work$ out1 might br+ him into l9e ) ! religi\s attempt to reconcile ! div9e action ) our own "w & fre$om4 ,our wills are ours1 b 9 "s my/ic way religion believes !y may become ,8 also1 & t we may be fell[-lab\r]s toge!r ) ,god4 ,! religi\s view ( ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e1 its omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce1 has always be5 h>d to reconcile ) free w4 ,*ri/ian !ology1 :5 bas$ on ! p]fection ( ! ,div9e nature1 has always t5d$ to be det]m9i/4 ,inde$1 free w has be5 advocat$ r z an explanation ( ! pres5ce ( evil 7our wayw>dness z 9 opposition to ! w ( ,god7 ?an z ! privilege & necess>y end[m5t ( a spiritual be+1 & s ! really or?odox religi\s m9d has be5 =c$ to seek salvation 9 self-surr5d] & has f\nd consolation 9 reliance on ! grace or active good w ( ,god4 ,?us _m !ologians 9 an attempt to reconcile ?is ) human fre$om speak my/ically1 nev]!less confid5tly1 ( ! int]action ( ,grace & ,free-,w4 ,! acceptance ( ,creative ,evolution involves ! acceptance ( a ,god :o expresses ,himself 9 creative action call$ =? by *ang+ situations4 ,x _c reg>d ,evolution z m]ely ! unroll+ 9 "t ( ! et]nally complete1 z 9 ! view ( moni/ic idealism4 ,we f9d 9 ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 two h9ts :i* sugge/ t "s vague ideali/ic conception has be5 pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,= in/ance1 9 speak+ ( ,"t 9 relation to ,god1 we f9d him sugge/+ t ! :ole ( hi/ory might be conta9$ 9 a v %ort "t = a consci\sness at a high] degree ( t5sion ?an our own1 :i* %\ld wat* ! developm5t ( humanity :ile contract+ x1 s to speak1 into ! great phases ( its evolution4 ,footnote3 ,matt] & ,memory1 p4 #bge 7,fr4 p4 #bca74 ,?is rem>k seems an e*o ( ! words ( ! old ,hebrew poet3 ,= a ?\s& ye>s 9 ,?y sight ,are b z ye/]day :5 x is pa/1 ,& z a wat* 9 ! night4 ,aga91 9 ,l',evolution creatrice we f9d him sugge/+ t 9 mat]nity & love may lie ! secret ( ! univ]se4 ,! important po9t h[ev]1 9 consid]+ ,b]gson 9 relation to ,religion & ,!ology1 is 8 m>k$ objection to teleology4 ,x is ?is :i* has l$ _m to /yle 8 philosophy pessimi/ic4 ,religion does n live readily 9 a pessimi/ic atmosph]e4 ,!n religion reg>ds ,life & ! ,univ]se z valuable1 n because !y yield to "s s+le impulsion1 b because1 at e /ep1 !y manife/ a mean+ & significance int]pret$ by our conceptions ( value4 ,b]gson's view only fav\rs religion z ord9>ily compreh5d$1 9 s f> z x breaks away f a mat]iali/ic me*anism1 & ass]ts fre$om & gives ,_s "s sup]iority ov] ,matt]4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! t]m creative seem$ v promis+1 b c we /op :]e ,b]gson has left u8 ,:y %\ld he bani% teleology8 ,8 sup]-consci\sness is s indet]m9ate t x is n all[$ to hamp] itself ) any purpose m def9ite ?an t ( self-augm5tation4 ,! c\rse & goal ( ,evolution are to x unkn[n & unkn[able4 ,creation1 fre$om1 & w are great ?+s1 z ,mr4 ,balf\r rem>ks1 b we _c la/+ly admire !m unless we "k _! drift4 ,x is too haphaz>d a univ]se :i* ,b]gson displays4 ,joy does n seem to fit 9 ) :at is s aimless4 ,x w\ld be bett] to invoke ,god ) a purpose ?an a supra-consci\sness ) none4 ,footnote3 ,creative ,evolution & ,philosophic ,d\bt1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,oct41 #aiaa1 pp4 #a-bc4 ,9 response to an int]national inquiry1 conduct$ by ,fr$]ic ,*>p91 = ! ,m]cure de ,france1 =mulat$ 9 ! "q1 ,assi/ons-n\s a une dissolution ou a une evolution de l'idee religieuse et du s5tim5t religieux8 ,b]gson wrote3 ,i feel q unable to =etell :at ! ext]nal manife/ation ( ! religi\s s5se may be 9 "t to come4 ,i c only say t x does n seem to me likely to be dis9tegrat$4 ,only t :i* is made up ( p>ts c be dis9tegrat$4 ,n[1 ,i am will+ to admit t ! religi\s s5se has be5 gradually enri*$ & complicat$ by v div]se elem5ts2 none ! less x is 9 ess5ce a simple ?+1 sui g5]is2 & resembles no o!r emotion ( ! s\l4 ,x may1 p]haps be urg$ t a simple elem5t1 al?\gh x _c be decompos$1 may yet disappe>1 & t ! religi\s s5se w inevitably vani% :5 x has no object to :i* x c atta* itself4 ,b ?is w\ld be to =get t ! object ( ! religi\s s5se is1 9 "p at lea/1 prior to t s5se itself2 t ?is object is felt ev5 m ?an x is ?\ght & t ! idea is1 9 ?is case1 ! effect ( ! feel+ q z mu* z its cause4 ,! progressive deep5+ ( ! idea may !re=e make ! religi\s s5se cle>] & ev] cle>]2 x _c modify t :i* is ess5tial 9 x1 /ill less effect its disappe>ance4 ,footnote3 ,*>p93 ,la ,"q religieuse1 #aijh1 ,p>is4 ,we f9d ,b]gson report$ z believ+ t ! individual _c be guid$ solely by consid]ations ( a purely moral "*4 ,morality1 ev5 social e?ics1 is n en\gh 9 view ( ! long+ = religi\s exp]i5ce1 ! ye>n+ = at lea/ a feel+ ( def9ite relation%ip betwe5 ! individual human p]sonality & ! great spiritual s\rce ( life4 ,?is is a feel+ :i* he believes w gr[4 ,footnote3 ,new ,york ,times1 ,feb4 #bb1 #aiad4 ,b]gson's philosophy has ar\s$ a new int]e/ 9 _m !ological que/ions4 ,! dogmas ( !ology1 philosophy holds itself free to criticize2 !y are = x problems4 ,! teleological argum5ts ( ! old] !ologians h _h to be left beh9d4 ,we are fe>fully & wond]fully made1 no d\bt1 b n p]fectly1 & ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an intellig5t contriv] 7cf4 ,! ,bridgewat] ,treatises7 :i* %[$ ! greate/ plausibility1 7 made mean+less by ,d>w9's "w4 ,fur!r1 ,evoluton kn[s no break4 ,we _c believe 9 ! doctr9es ( ! fall or 9 orig9al s91 = ,evolution means a progress f l[] to high] =ms4 ,?us we see t _m ( ! old] =ms ( !ological /atem5t call = revision4 ,b]gson has done mu* to /imulate a ke5] & fre%] !ological _s :i* w express ,god 9 a less /atic & less isolat$ =m1 s t we %all n h ! "q ask$1 ei!r by *ildr5 or old] folks1 ,:at does ,god d8 ,x %\ld be not$ be=e clos+ ?is section t ! religi\s consci\sness is tempt$ to take ,b]gson's views on ,s\l & ,body to imply m ?an !y really d4 ,! belief 9 ,immortality :i* ,we/]n religion upholds is n a m]e swoon+ into ! be+ ( ,god1 b a p]fect realization ( our own p]sonalities4 ,x is only ?is t is an immortality wor?y ( ! "n4 ,to reg>d s\ls z ,b]gson does1 z m]ely rivulets into :i* ! great /ream ( ,life has divid$1 does n d suffici5t ju/ice to human individuality4 ,a ,nirvana1 aft] dea?1 is n immortality 9 ! s5se ( p]sonal survival & 9 ! s5se dem&$ by ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,! influ5ce ( ,b]gson's ?\ght ^u religion & !ology may be put f9ally z foll[s3 ,we mu/ reject ! notion ( a ,god = :om all is already made1 to :om all is giv51 & uphold ! conception ( a ,god :o acts freely 9 an op5 univ]se4 ,! acceptance ( ,b]gson's philosophy involves ! recognition ( a ,god :o is ! endur+ creative impulse ( all ,life1 m ak9 p]haps to a ,"m-,deity ?an a ,fa!r-,deity4 ,?is div9e vital impetus manife/s itself 9 cont9ual new creation4 ,we are ea* "p ( ?is great ,div9e ,life1 & are bo? ! products & ! in/rum5ts ( its activity4 ,we may ?us come to view ! ,div9e ,life z self-giv5 to humanity1 empty+ itself into mank9d z a v]itable inc>nation1 n1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ to "o "t & place1 b manife/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole progress ( humanity4 ,our conception w be t ( a ,deity1 n ext]nal & f>-(f1 b "o ^: own future is b\nd up 9 humanity1 rejoic+ 9 its joy1 b suff]+1 by a k9d ( p]petual crucifixion1 ?r\gh man's errors & 8 failures to be loyal to ! high] ?+s ( ! _s4 ,?us we %all see t1 9 a s5se1 m5's noble actions promote ,god's full] be+4 ,a ,norwegian noveli/ has rec5tly emphasiz$ ?is po9t by 8 /ory ( ! man :o w5t out & s[$ corn 9 8 late enemy's field ,,t ,,god ,,might ,,exi/6 ,footnote3 ,! ,great ,hung]1 by ,johan ,boj]4 ,b x is important to rememb] t 9 s f> z we all[ ourselves to become victims ( habit1 liv+ only a mat]iali/ic & /atic type ( exi/5ce1 we ret>d ! div9e op]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z our _s f9ds joy 9 creative activity & 9 ! fur!rance ( spiritual values1 to ?is ext5t we may be reg>d$ z fell[-lab\r]s toge!r ) ,god4 ,we _c1 by intellectual se>*+ f9d out ,god1 yet we may realize & express q consi/5tly ) ,b]gson's philosophy ! tru? t 9 ,him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,reflections ,b]gson n sy/ematic--,8 /yle--,difficult to classify--,empirical & spiritual--,value ( 8 ideas on ,*ange1 ! nature ( ,m9d1 ( ,fre$om--,difficulties 9 8 evolution>y !ory--,e?ical lack--,ne$ = supplem5t-,emphasis on ,w1 ,creativ5ess1 ,human ,progress & ,possibilities4 ,9 conclud+ ?is /udy ( ,b]gson's philosophy1 x rema9s to sum up & to review its g5]al m]its & defici5cies4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 9 fairness to ,b]gson1 t he does n pr(ess to (f] u ,a ,,sy/em ( philosophy4 ,9 fact1 if he 7 to d s1 he w\ld involve himself 9 a grave inconsi/5cy1 = 8 ?\ght is n ( ! sy/ematic type4 ,he is oppos$ to ! "w ( ^? individual ?9k]s :o h (f]$ sy/ems to ! _w1 r\nd$ & pr(ess$ly complete con/ructions1 labell$1 "o might almo/ say1 ! la/ ^w 9 ,philosophy4 ,b]gson does n claim t 8 ?\ght is f9al4 ,8 ideal1 ( :i* he speaks 9 8 lectures on ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t--t excell5t summ>y ( 8 ?\ght--is a progressive philosophy to :i* ea* ?9k] %all contribute4 ,if we feel disappo9t$ t ,b]gson has n gone fur!r or done m by attempt+ a solution ( "s ( ! fundam5tal problems ( our human exp]i5ce1 ^u :i* he has n t\*$1 !n we mu/ recollect 8 own view ( ! philosophy he is seek+ to exp\nd4 ,all ?9k+ m9ds mu/ contribute _! quota4 ,a philosophy su* z he wi%es to promote by e/abli%+ a me?od by 8 own works w n be made 9 a day4 ,unlike ! philosophical sy/ems prop]ly s call$1 ea* ( :i* 0 ! individual "w ( a man ( g5ius1 & sprang up z a :ole to be tak5 or left1 x w only be built up by ! collective & progressive ef=t ( _m ?9k]s1 ( _m obs]v]s also1 complet+1 correct+1 & improv+ "o ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ,creative ,evolution1 p4 xiv4 7,fr4 p4 vii74 ,bo? sci5ce & ! old] k9d ( metaphysics h kept alo( f ! vital problems ( our lives4 ,9 "o ( 8 curi\s b brilliant metaphors ,b]gson lik5s ,life to a riv] ov] :i* ! sci5ti/s h con/ruct$ an elaborate bridge1 :ile ! labori\s metaphysicians h toil$ to build a tunnel und]nea?4 ,nei!r gr\p ( work]s has attempt$ to plunge into ! fl[+ tide itself4 ,9 ! mo/ brilliant ( 8 %ort pap]s3 ,l',intuition philosophique1 he makes an en]getic appeal t philosophy %\ld approa* m closely to practical life4 ,8 ?\ght aims at sett+ =?1 n any sy/em ( k1 b r a me?od ( philosophiz+2 9 a phrase1 ?is me?od am\nts to ! ass]tion t ,life is m ?an ,logic1 or1 z ,byron put x1 ,! tree ( ,k is n ! tree ( ,life4 ,x is because ,b]gson has mu* to say t is novel & oppos$ to old] conceptions t a c]ta9 lack ( proportion occasionally m>s 8 ?\ght2 = he--naturally en\gh--frequ5tly lays little emphasis on important po9ts :i* he consid]s are suffici5tly famili>1 9 ord] to give prom95t place & emphasis to "s m novel po9t4 ,h]e9 lies1 x w\ld n[ appe>1 ! explanation ( ! seem+ di%>mony betwe5 ,intuition & ,intellect :i* 0 gravely di/ress+ to _m 9 8 e>li] writ+ on ! subject4 ,lat] works1 h[ev]1 make a po9t ( re/or+ ?is h>mony1 b1 z ,william ,james has rem>k$3 ,we are s subject to ! philosophical tradition :i* treats logos1 or discursive ?\ght g5]ally1 z ! sole av5ue to tru?1 t to fall back on raw1 unv]baliz$ life1 z m ( a reveal]1 & to ?9k ( concepts z ! m]ely practical ?+s :i* ,b]gson calls !m1 comes v h>d4 ,x is putt+ (f our pr\d maturity ( m9d & becom+ aga9 z fooli% little *ildr5 9 ! eyes ( reason4 ,b1 difficult z su* a revolution is1 !re is no o!r way1 ,i believe1 to ! possession ( reality4 ,footnote3 ,lecture on ,b]gson & 8 anti-intellectualism1 9 ,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t1 al?\gh ,james hail$ ,b]gson z an ally1 ,b]gson _c be class$ z a pragmati/4 ,8 great ass]tion is t j because intellect is pragmatic x does n help u to get a vision ( reality4 ,cf4 ! int]e/+ "w on ,william ,james & ,h5ri ,b]gson1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,kall54 ,b]gson's /yle ( writ+ m]its high praise4 ,he is no dry philosoph]2 he is highly imag9ative & picturesque2 _m ( 8 passages might be /yl$1 l ^? ( ,macaulay1 purple1 = at times he rises to a high pit* ( feel+ & oratory4 ,yet ?is has be5 urg$ aga9/ him by "s critics4 ,! ironic rem>k has be5 repeat$1 9 reg>d to ,b]gson1 :i* 0 orig9ally made ( ,william ,james1 by ,dr4 ,s*ill]1 t 8 "w 0 s lack+ 9 ! famili> philosophic cat*-words1 t x may be d\bt$ :e!r any pr(essor has q und]/ood x4 ,!re is 9 8 works a beauty ( /yle & a comp>ative abs5ce ( te*nical t]ms :i* h contribut$ mu* to 8 popul>ity4 ,! criticism direct$ aga9/ 8 poetic /yle1 accuses him ( hypnotiz+ u by 8 f9e language1 ( employ+ metaphors :]e we expect facts1 & ( sub/itut+ illu/rations = pro(4 ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] says3 ,he has exce$$ ! limits ( fanta/ic speculation :i* x is cu/om>y to tol]ate on ! /age ( metaphysics1 & has c>ri$ 8 me?ods into ! ar5a ( sob] sci5ce4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! preface to ,elliot's volume1 ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ! ,illusions ( ,b]gson1 p4 xvii4 ,ano!r critic rem>ks t z f> z ,creative ,evolution is conc]n$1 8 writ+ is nei!r philosophy nor sci5ce4 ,footnote3 ,mc,cabe3 ,pr9ciples ( ,evolution1 p4 #bed4 ,c]ta9ly 8 language is *>m+2 x call$ =? f ,william ,james ! rem>k t x resembl$ f9e silk und]we>1 cl++ to ! %ape ( ! body1 s well did x fit 8 ?\ght4 ,b x does n seem a fair criticism to allege t he sub/itutes metaphor = pro(1 = we f9d1 on exam9ation ( 8 num]\s & /rik+ metaphors1 t !y are employ$ 9 ord] to give relief f cont9u\s ab/ract /atem5ts4 ,he does n submit analogies z pro(1 b 9 illu/ration ( 8 po9ts4 ,= example1 :5 he lik5s ! elan vital to a /ream1 he does n sugge/ t because ! /ream manife/s c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 !re=e ! life =ce does s too4 ,c]ta9ly t w\ld be a highly illegitimate proce$+4 ,b he simply puts =w>d ?is to help u to grasp by our imag9ative faculty :at he is /riv+ to make cle>4 ,"s critics are apt to =get ! t5se /riv+ :i* mu/ be involv$ 9 any highly philosophical m9d deal+ ) deep problems1 to a*ieve expression1 to obta9 a suitable vehicle = ! ?\ght--:at wre/l+ ( s\l may be involv$ 9 attempt+ to make intuitions communicable4 ,metaphor is und\bt$ly a help & ^? ( ,b]gson are always /rik+ & unconv5tional4 ,_h ,kant1 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 giv5 m illu/rations1 _m ( 8 read]s w\ld h be5 m enlight5$4 ,b]gson's ?\ght1 al?\gh 9 _m respects x is /rik+ly orig9al & novel1 is1 nev]!less1 ! cont9uation1 if n ! culm9ation1 ( a movem5t 9 ,fr5* philosophy :i* we c trace back ?r\gh ,b\tr\x1 ,guyau1 ,la*eli] & ,ravaisson to ,ma9e de ,biran1 :o di$ 9 #ahbd4 ,qui sait1 wrote ?is la/ ?9k]1 ,footnote3 ,9 8 ,p5sees1 p4 #bac4 t\t ce que peut la reflection conc5tree et s'il n'y a pas un n\veau monde int]ieur qui p\rra etre dec\v]t un j\r p> quelque ,colomb metaphysici54 ,_m ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 ,b]gson's "w f9d p>allels 9 ! philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]1 z giv5 9 8 "w ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea 7,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung71 p>ticul>ly 8 ,volunt>ism & 8 ,intuitionism4 ,! ,g]man ?9k] reg>d$ all great sci5tific discov]ies z an imm$iate intuition1 a fla% ( insight1 n simply ! result ( a process ( ab/ract reason+4 ,s*ell+ also ma9ta9$ a doctr9e ( intuition z supra-rational4 ,ravaisson1 ,footnote3 ,ravaisson 7#ahac-aijj7 wrote ,de l'habitude1 #ahcb2 ,la metaphysique d',ari/ote1 #ahcg2 & 8 ,rapport sur la philosophie en ,france au xix siecle1 #ahfg4 ,see ,b]gson's ,memoir1 #aijd4 to :om ,b]gson is indebt$ = mu* inspiration1 att5d$ ! lectures ( ,s*ell+ at ,muni* 9 #ahce4 ,?is ,fr5* ?9k]1 ,ravaisson1 has _h an important influ5ce on ! g5]al developm5t ( ?\ght 9 ,france dur+ ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 & mu* ( 8 "w =e%ad[s ,b]gson's ?\ght4 ,he upheld a spiritual activity1 manife/+ itself mo/ cle>ly 9 love & art1 :ile he all[$ to matt]1 to ma!matics & logic only an imp]fect reality4 ,he extoll$ syn!tic views ( reality r ?an analytic ones4 ,we are prev5t$1 he said1 f realiz+ our true selves because ( our slav]y to habit4 ,to ! ultimate reality1 or ,god1 we c atta9 because ( our k9%ip ) t reality1 & by an ef=t ( lov+ sympa?y ent] into union ) x by an intuition :i* lies beyond & above ! p[] ( intellectual se>*+4 ,z ,ma9e de ,biran =etold ! com+ ( a metaphysical ,columbus1 s ,ravaisson1 9 8 fam\s ,rapport sur la philosophic en ,france au xix siecle1 publi%$ 9 #ahfg1 prophesi$ z foll[s3 ,_m signs p]mit u to =esee 9 ! ne> future a philosophical epo* ( :i* ! g5]al "* w be ! pr$om9ance ( :at may be call$ spirituali/ic realism or positivism1 hav+ z g5]at+ pr9ciple ! consci\sness :i* ! m9d has ( itself ( an exi/5ce recogniz$ z be+ ! s\rce & support ( e o!r exi/5ce1 be+ none o!r ?an its action4 ,la*eli]1 a disciple ( ,ravaisson1 br\ght out--z has be5 already rem>k$ ,footnote3 ,page #c4--! significance ( ! op]ations ( vital =ces & ( lib]ty4 ,guyau1 ^: brief life end$ 9 #ahhh & ^: po/hum\s "w ,la ,g5ese de ,i',idee de ,temps 0 review$ by ,b]gson two ye>s aft] ! publication ( 8 own ,"t & ,free ,w1 laid great /ress on ! int5sification & expansion ( life4 ,b\tr\x1 9 8 "w1 has insi/$ ^u ! fact ( cont+5cy4 ,^! =eca/s ( ,b]gson's ?\ght made by m5 to :om he owes mu* & = :om he p]sonally has ! greate/ admiration are int]e/+1 b we are n yet able to look ^u 8 "w ?r\gh ! m$ium ( hi/orical p]spective4 ,we c h[ev] see x z ! culm9ation ( v>i\s t5d5cies 9 mod]n ,fr5* philosophy2 fir/1 ! ef=t to br+ philosophy into ! op5 air ( human nature1 into imm$iate contact ) life & ) problems vital to humanity2 secondly1 ! uphold+ ( cont+5cy 9 all ?+s1 ?us ensur+ human fre$om2 ?irdly1 a disp>agem5t ( purely intellectual con/ructions z true int]pretations ( human life & all exi/5ce1 c\pl$ ) an insi/5ce on an insight t transc5ds logical =mulation4 ,z a ?9k]1 ,b]gson is v difficult to classify4 ,all classification ( philosophies is effect$1 z a rule1 ei!r by _! me?ods or by _! results1 'empirical' & 'a priori' is a classification by me?ods2 'reali/' & 'ideali/' is a classification by results4 ,an attempt to classify ,b]gson's philosophy1 9 ei!r ( ^! ways1 is h>dly likely to be successful1 s9ce x cuts across all ! recogniz$ divisions4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell's rem>k at ! op5+ ( 8 ,lecture on ,! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson1 be=e ,! ,h]etics1 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,m>* #aa1 #aiab4 ,we f9d t ,b]gson _c be put 9 any ( ! old classes or s*ools1 or id5tifi$ ) any ( ! innum]able isms4 ,he br+s toge!r1 )\t be+ eclectic1 action & reflection1 free w & det]m9ism1 motion & re/1 intellect & intuition1 subjectivity & ext]nality1 idealism & realism1 9 a mo/ unconv5tional way4 ,8 :ole philosophy is de/ructive ( a l>ge am\nt ( ! ve/$ int]e/s ( philosophy4 ,we are wat*+ ! rise ( a new agno/icism1 rem>k$ ,dr4 ,bosanquet4 ,a simil> rem>k came f "o ( ,b]gson's own c\ntrym51 ,alfr$ ,f\illee1 :o1 9 8 "w ,le ,m\vem5t ideali/ et la reaction contre la sci5ce positive1 express$ ! op9ion t ,b]gson's philosophy c\ld b issue 9 le scepticisme et le nihilisme 7p4 #bjf74 ,b]gson runs c\nt] to s _m e/abli%$ views t 8 ?\ght has rais$ v wide & animat$ discussions4 ,! li/ ( ,engli% & ,am]ican articles 9 ! ,bibliography app5d$ to ! pres5t "w %[s ?is at a glance4 ,9 8 preface to ! volume on ,gabriel ,t>de1 8 pr$ecessor 9 ! *air ( ,mod]n ,philosophy at ! ,college de ,france1 writt5 9 #aiji1 we f9d ,b]gson rem>k+3 ,on mesure la portee d'une doctr9e philosophique a la v>iete des idees ou elle s'epan\it et a la symplicite du pr9cipe ou elle se ramasse4 ,?is rem>k may s]ve u z a crit]ion 9 survey+ 8 own "w4 ,! prec$+ exposition ( 8 ?\ght is a suffici5t indication ( ! weal? ( ideas express$4 ,b]gson is mo/ sugge/ive4 ,moreov]1 no philosoph] has be5 s /eep$ 9 ! k ( bo? ,m9d & ,matt]1 no ?9k] has be5 at once s empirical & s spiritual4 ,8 ?\ght ranges f subtle psy*ological analyses & m9ute biological facts to ! "w ( arti/s & poets1 all-embrac+ 9 its attempt to portray ,life & make manife/ to u ! reality ( ,"t & ( ,*ange4 ,8 insi/5ce on ,*ange is direct$ to %[+ t x is ! supreme reality1 & on ,"t to demon/rat+ t x is ! /uff ( :i* ?+s are made4 ,he is "r 9 attack+ ! false conception ( ,"t1 & putt+ be=e u la duree z m real2 "r1 too1 9 attack+ ! notion ( empty et]nity4 ,b al?\gh ,*ange & ,developm5t may be ! fundam5tal feature ( reality1 ,b]gson does n conv9c+ly %[ t x is lit]ally ,,! ,reality1 nor d we ?9k t ?is c be %[n4 ,he does n admit t !re is any ,,?+ t *anges or endures2 he is ! mod]n ,h]aclitus2 all tea*+ :i* sav\rs ( ! ,p>m5idean "o he opposes4 ,yet x w\ld seem t ^! two old conceptions may be capable ( a reconciliation & t if all reality is *ange1 !re is a complem5t>y pr9ciple t ,*ange implies some?+ p]man5t4 ,!n1 aga91 we feel ,b]gson is "r 9 expos+ ! errors :i* ! idea ( ! l9e1 ! trespass+ ( space1 causes2 b he comes v ne> to d5y+1 9 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ duree pure1 any k ( ! pa/ z pa/2 he ov]looks ! decisive diff]5ce betwe5 ! no m & ! n yet feel+ ( ! *ild's consci\sness1 :i* is ! g]m ( our cle> k ( ! pa/ z pa/1 & di/9ct f ! future4 ,to take ano!r ( 8 pure di/9ctions1 we _c see any necessity = 8 =mulation ( :at he t]ms ,pure ,p]ception4 ,n only does x obscure ! relation ( ,s5sation to ,p]ception1 b x seems to be q unkn[n & unkn[able & unnecess>y z an hypo!sis4 ,z to 8 ,pure ,memory1 !re is m to be said4 ,x /&s on a diff]5t plane & seems to be ! /atem5t ( a v pr(\nd tru? :i* %$s light on _m difficult problems atta*+ to p]sonality & consci\sness1 = x is ! cons]vation ( memories :i* is ! c5tral po9t 9 individuality4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 ! habit ( repeat+ & ! pure memory is a v good & v necess>y "o4 ,9 8 /udy ( ! relation ( ,s\l & ,body1 we f9d "s ( 8 mo/ m]itori\s "w--8 insi/5ce on ! uniqu5ess ( ,m9d & ! futility ( attempts to r$uce x to mat]ial t]ms4 ,8 treatm5t ( ?is "q is p>allel to t ( ,william ,james 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,+]soll ,lecture at ,h>v>d 9 #ahih1 :5 he call$ att5tion to p]missive or transmissive function ( ! bra94 ,b]gson's criticisms ( ,p>allelism are v valuable4 ,no less s are 8 refutations ( bo? physical & psy*ological ,det]m9ism4 ,m5 7 gr[+ impati5t ( a sci5ce claim+ s mu* & yet admitt$ly unable to expla9 ! really vital factors ( exi/5ce1 ( :i* ! free action ( m5 is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,! value plac$ on human fre$om1 on ! creative p[] ( human be+s to m\ld ! future1 l9ks ,b]gson aga9 ) ,james1 & x is ?is humanism :i* is ! supremely valuable factor 9 ! philosophies ( bo? ?9k]s4 ,?is has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! consid]ation ( ! e?ical & political implications ( ,b]gson's ,philosophy4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh 8 insi/5ce on ,fre$om & ,creative ,evolution implies t we are to realize t by our *oices & our free acts we may make or m> ! issue1 & t ?r\gh u & by u t issue may be turn$ to good1 ! good ( ourselves & ( our fell[s1 !re is an e?ical lack 9 ,b]gson's philosophy :i* is disappo9t+4 ,!n1 z has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! *apt] on ,religion1 !re is ! lack ( teleology 9 8 conception ( ! ,univ]se2 8 d5ial ( ,,any purpose h>dly seems to be 9 h>mony ) 8 use ( ! phrase ! mean+ ( life4 ,mu* 9 ,b]gson w\ld po9t to ! ne$ = ! addition ( a philosophy ( ,values4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he does n give u4 ,he %irks ! deep] problems ( ! moral & spiritual life ( man4 ,he und]values1 inde$ ignores1 ! influ5ce ( transc5d5t ideas or ideals on ! life-hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! /udy ( ^! might h l$ him to admit a teleology ( "s k9d2 = 9 ! ?9k+ consci\sness ! ord] ( gr[? is l>gely det]m9$ by *oice2 & *oice is guid$ by valuation4 ,we are1 9 g5]al1 only p>tially aw>e ( ! ends t we pursue4 ,b we are m & m seek+ to atta9 :at is good1 true & beautiful1 & ! ord] ( human life becomes m & m guid$ by ! consci\sness ( ^! ends4 ,footnote3 ,pr(essor ,mack5zie3 ,elem5ts ( ,con/ructive ,philosophy1 p4 #aaa4 ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 w n ultimately be able to evade ! "w ( attempt+ "s reconciliation ( moral ideas & ideals ) _! crude & animal orig9s & environm5t1 to :i* !y are s oppos$ & to :i* !y are actually (f]+ a v /rong opposition4 ,t he himself has se5 ?is is prov$ by ! att5tion he is n[ giv+ to ! problems ( social ,e?ics4 ,!re are f\r problems :i* confront e evolution>y !ory4 ,^! conc]n ! orig9 (3 ,matt]1 ,life1 ,consci\sness1 & ,consci5ce4 ,b]gson f9ds x v difficult to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,matt]1 & x is n cle> f :at he says :y ! orig9al consci\sness %\ld h made ,matt] & !n be oblig$ to fight aga9/ x 9 ord] to be free4 ,!n1 9 speak+ ( ! law ( ,!rmodynamics1 he says3 ,any mat]ial sy/em :i* %\ld /ore en]gy by arre/+ its degradation to "s l[] level1 & produce effects by its sudd5 lib]ation1 w\ld exhibit some?+ 9 ! nature ( ,life4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n v precise1 = ?is w\ld hold true ( ?und]-cl\ds & ( _m ma*9es4 ,9 reg>d to ,in/9ct1 x has be5 po9t$ out by sev]al exp]ts t ,in/9ct is n s infallible z ,b]gson makes out4 ,( ! mi/akes ( ,in/9ct he says little4 ,dr4 ,mc,dougall 9 8 great "w ,body & ,m9d says1 :5 speak+ ( ,b]gson's doctr9e ( ,evolution3 ,its recognition ( ! cont9uity ( all ,life is ! great m]it ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson's !ory ( ,creative ,evolution2 its failure to give any intelligible acc\nt ( individuality is its greate/ defect4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 he cont9ues1 t ! mo/ urg5t problem confront+ ! philosophic biologi/ is ! con/ruction ( a !ory ( life :i* w h>monize ! facts ( individuality ) ! appe>ance ( ! cont9uity ( all life1 ) ! !ory ( progressive evolution1 & ) ! facts ( h]$ity & bip>5tal reproduction4 ,footnote3 ,mc,dougall1 ,body & ,m9d1 ,footnote to p4 #cgg4 ,9 ! light ( su* criticism x is important to note t ,b]gson is n[ giv+ att5tion to ! problem ( p]sonality :i* he made ! subject ( 8 ,gif=d ,lectures4 ,x is a highly important problem = humanity1 & conc5tration on x seems ! dem& ( ! times ^u ^? :o feel ! urg5t ne$ ( reflection & :o h ! ability to philosophize4 ,c philosophy (f] any adequate explanation ( human p]sonality1 its place & purpose 9 ! cosmos8 ,:y %\ld individual sy/ems ( en]gy1 little worlds )9 ! _w1 appe> inside ! unity ( ! :ole1 dep5d+ on _! environm5t1 physical & m5tal1 = mu*1 b yet capable ( fre$om & un=ese5 actions1 & ( creative & progressive developm5t8 ,fur!r1 :y %\ld ideals conc5trate !mselves z x 7 r\nd su* unique c5tres ( indet]m9at5ess z ^! are8 ,on ^! problems ( our orig9 & de/9y1 9 %ort1 on an inve/igation ( human p]sonality1 ?9k]s mu/ conc5trate4 ,humanity w n be satisfi$ ) sy/ems :i* leave no room = ! human s\l4 ,human p]sonality & its exp]i5ce mu/ h ample place & recognition 9 any philosophy put =w>d 9 ^! days4 ,b]gson's "w is a magnific5t attempt to %[ u h[1 9 ! words ( ,george ,m]$i?3 ,m5 h come out ( bruti%ness4 ,8 !ory ( evolution is sep>at$ f ,naturalism by 8 insi/5ce on human fre$om & on ! supra-consci\sness :i* is ! orig9 ( ?+s2 on ! o!r h&1 he is sep>at$ f ! ,ideali/s by 8 insi/5ce ^u ! reality ( la duree4 ,he contra/s pr(\ndly ) ,absolute ,idealism4 ,:ile 9 ,hegel1 ,m9d is ! only tru? ( ,nature1 9 ,b]gson1 ,life is ! only tru? ( ,matt]1 or we may express x--:]eas = ,hegel ! tru? ( ,reality is its ideality1 = ,b]gson ! tru? ( ,reality is its vitality4 ,! ne$ = philosophical ?\ght1 z ,b]gson himself po9ts out1 ,footnote3 ,see ! clos+ rem>ks 9 8 little "w on ,fr5* philosophy1 ,la ,philosophie4 is _w-wide4 ,philosophy aims at br++ all discussion1 ev5 t ( bus9ess affairs1 on to ! plane ( ideas & pr9ciples4 ,by look+ at ?+s f a truly g5]al /&po9t we are frequ5tly help$ to approa* !m 9 a really g5]\s frame ( m9d1 = !re is an intimate connexion betwe5 ! l>ge m9d & ! l>ge he>t4 ,b]gson has r5d]$ valuable s]vice 9 call+ att5tion to ! ne$ = man to exam9e c>efully 8 own inn] nature1 & ! deepe/ wor? & significance ( 8 own exp]i5ces4 ,= ! practical purposes ( life1 man is oblig$ to deal ) objects 9 space1 & to le>n _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,b ?is does n exhau/ ! possibilities ( 8 nature4 ,he has himself ! reality ( 8 own self-consci\sness1 8 own spiritual exi/5ce to consid]4 ,consequ5tly1 he c nev] re/ satisfi$ ) any purely naturali/ic int]pretation ( himself4 ,! /ep ( realiz+ ! importance ( m5tal con/ructions to int]pret ! impressions ( ! ext]nal _w1 & ! apply+ !m to practical ne$s1 0 a great advance4 ,mu* great] progress1 h[ev]1 is !re 9 man's realization ( qualities )9 himself :i* transc5d ! ord9>y dead level ( exp]i5ce1 ! recognition ( ! spiritual value ( 8 own nature1 ( himself z a p]sonality1 capable ev5 amid ! fluctuations ( ! _w ab\t him1 & ! illusions ( s5se impressions1 ( obta9+ a =eta/e ( et]nity by a life t has ! inf9ite & ! et]nal z its inh]itance2 ,he ha? set et]nity 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,man craves o!r values 9 life ?an ! purely sci5tific4 ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dreamt ( 9 ! philosophies ( ! mat]iali/ or ! naturali/4 ,b]gson assures u t ! future belongs to a philosophy :i* w take into acc\nt ,,! ,,:ole ( :at is giv54 ,transc5d+ ,body & ,intellect is ! life ( ! ,_s1 ) ne$s beyond ei!r bodily satisfaction or intellectual ne$s crav+ its developm5t1 satisfaction & full] realization4 ,! man :o seeks m]ely bodily satisfaction lives ! life ( ! animal2 ev5 ! man :o poses z an intellectual f9ds himself entangl$ ultimately 9 relativity1 miss+ ! uniqu5ess ( all ?+s--8 own life includ$4 ,an intuitive philosophy introduces u to ! spiritual life & makes u consci\s1 individually & collectively1 ( our capacities = developm5t4 ,humanity may say3 ,x do? n yet appe> :at we %all be1 = man has yet some?+ to ca/ (f & some?+ to become4 ,,app5dix ,,bibliography ,note on ,bibliographies4 ,,"p ,,"o4 ,b]gson's own writ+s *ronologically arrang$4 ,,"p ,,two4 ,section #a4 ,books directly on ,b]gson3 7a7 ,fr5*4 7b7 ,engli% & ,am]ican4 7c7 ,o!rs4 ,section #b4 ,books indirectly on ,b]gson3 7a7 ,fr5*4 7b7 ,engli% & ,am]ican4 ,section #c4 ,articles3 ,engli% & ,am]ican4 7a7 ,sign$1 "u au?or4 7b7 ,unsign$1 "u date4 ,section #d4 ,engli% ,translations ( ,b]gson4 ,,bibliography ,a ,,note ,,on ,,bibliographies ,! books & articles :i* h appe>$1 deal+ ) ,b]gson's ?\ght1 are truly legion4 ,?ree bibliographies h already be5 compil$1 "o 9 ea* ( ! c\ntries3 ,engl&1 ,am]ica & ,g]many1 :i* are ( value & m]it att5tion4 ,9 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,pogson1 ,m4,a41 prefix$ to ,"t & ,free ,w 7! ,engli% translation ( ! ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce7 a compreh5sive bibliography1 giv+ a li/ ( ,b]gson's own publi%$ works1 & num]\s articles contribut$ to v>i\s p]iodicals1 & 9 addition1 li/s ( articles 9 ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man & o!r =eign reviews ^u ,b]gson's philosophy4 ,?is bibliography 0 p>tly repr9t$ 9 ,france two ye>s lat] z an app5dix to ! little "w on ,b]gson by ,m4 ,joseph ,desaym>d1 ,la ,p5see de ,h5ri ,b]gson 7,p>is1 ,m]cure de ,france1 pp4 #hb1 #aiab74 ,!n 9 #aiac1 :5 ,b]gson paid 8 visit to ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,dawson ,john/on1 ! ,libr>ian ( ! ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 pres5t$ him ) a copy ( a little "w ( fifty-six pages entitl$ ,a ,contribution to a ,bibliography ( ,h5ri ,b]gson4 ,?is exhau/ive "w 0 prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,miss ,isadore ,g4 ,mudge1 ! ,ref]5ce ,libr>ian1 & includes all books publi%$ & all p]iodical lit]ature ( value by or on ,b]gson1 complete up to #aiac4 ,! bibliography includes 7to quote ! ,preface7 #ij books & articles by ,pr(essor ,b]gson 7includ+ translations ( 8 works71 & #dag books & articles ab\t him4 ,^! #dag items repres5t #aa diff]5t languages divid$ z foll[s3 ,fr5*1 #agj2 ,engli%1 #aei2 ,g]man1 #dj2 ,italian1 #ai2 ,poli%1 #e2 ,dut*1 #c2 ,spani%1 #c2 ,r\manian1 #b2 ,sw$i%1 #b2 ,russian1 #b2 ,hung>ian1 #a4 ,= ?is "w ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey wrote an introduction4 ,x 0 publi%$ by ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press 9 #aiac1 & is ! be/ evid5ce ( ! _w-wide popul>ity ( ,b]gson & ! int]national int]e/ ar\s$ by 8 writ+s4 ,a m rec5t compilation1 h[ev]1 :i* conta9s lat] books & articles1 is a ,g]man "o1 :i* appe>$ dur+ ! w>4 ,x is ! "w ( ,walt] ,meckau] & =ms a valuable "p ( 8 book ,d] ,intuitionismus und se9e ,elem5te bei ,h5ri ,b]gson1 publi%$ 9 ,leipsig 9 #aiag 7,v]lag ,felix ,me9]74 ,! bibliography :i* foll[s gives m up-to-date li/s ( works ?an ^? m5tion$1 br++ ! li/ ( ,b]gson's writ+s up to #aiai1 & x includes books & articles on ,b]gson :i* h appe>$ 9 ! curr5t ye> 7#aibj74 ,all ! important books 9 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 or ,g]man on ,b]gson are giv54 ,z ! pres5t "w is design$ ma9ly to meet ! ne$s ( ,engli% read]s1 li/s ( =eign articles are n giv51 b 9 ord] to %[ ! wide int]e/ ar\s$ by ,b]gson's ?\ght 9 ! ,engli% speak+ _w1 & = purposes ( ref]5ce1 a compreh5sive li/ ( articles :i* h appe>$ 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican p]iodicals is app5d$4 ,f9ally1 a li/ ( ! ,engli% ,translations ( ,b]gson's works is giv5 9 full "u _! publi%]s' names4 ,,"p ,,"o ,,b]gson',s ,,own ,,writ+s ,,*ronologically ,,arrang$ #ahgh ,,solution ,,( ,a ,,ma!matical ,,problem4 ,?is1 8 fir/ publi%$ "w1 appe>$ :5 he 0 n9ete5 ye>s ( age 9 ,annales de ,ma!matiques4 7,brisse et ,g]ono47 ,x is ( int]e/1 z x %[s u an e>ly ability 9 ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce4 #ahhb ,,la ,,specialite4 ,disc\rs au ,lycee d',ang]s--a publication ( sixte5 pages2 address giv5 at ! prize-giv+ 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>4 ,ang]s3 ,imprim]ie ,la*eze et ,dolbeau4 #ahhd ,,extraits ,,de ,,lucrece avec un comm5taire1 des notes et une tude sur la posie1 la philosophie1 la physique1 le texte et la langue de ,lucrce4 ,publi%$ ,delagrave1 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,by #aiad t5 editions _h appe>$4 ,?is "w is ( int]e/ 9 %[+ 8 ability 9 classical s*ol>%ip4 ,pp4 xlvii l#ei4 #ahhe ,,la ,,politesse4 ,ano!r address4 ,?is "o 0 giv5 at ,cl]mont- ,f]r&1 & 0 publi%$ on ,augu/ #e1 #ahhe1 9 ! local pap] ,moniteur du ,puy de ,dome4 ,x is ( int]e/ because 9 x is to be f\nd 8 orig9al view ( ,grace :i* he develop$ lat] 9 ! ,essai sur les donnees immidiates de la consci5ce 7#ahhi74 #ahhf ,,la ,,simulation ,,inconsci5te ,,dans ,l',,etat ,d',,hypnotisme4 ,8 fir/ contribution to ! ,revue philosophique 7,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #ebe-ca74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t correspond5ce foll[+ ! appe>ance ( ?is article l$ to ! inclusion 9 ,my]s' ,human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( ,bodily ,dea? ( a case cit$ by ,b]gson 7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ddg71 #aija4 #ahhi ,,quid ,,ari/oteles ,,de ,,loco ,,s5s]it4 ,a ,lat9 !sis1 pres5t$ along ) ! foll[+ ,fr5* !sis1 = ! degree ( ,docteur-es-,lettres4 ,publi%$ ,alcan1 ,p>is1 pp4 #hb4 #ahhi ,,essai ,,sur ,,les ,,donnees ,,imm$iates ,,de ,,la ,,consci5ce4 ,fr5* !sis1 pres5t$ along ) ! above ,lat9 !sis1 = ! degree ( ,docteur-es-,lettres4 ,publi%$ by ,alcan1 ,p>is1 same ye>1 9 ,la ,biblio!que de philosophie contempora9e 7pp viii-#ahe7 ,eighte5 editions call$ = by #aibj4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,"t & ,free ,w1 by ,f4 ,l4 ,pogson1 ,m4,a4 ,publi%$ 9 #aiaj by ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 7n[ ,george ,all5 ,unw97 9 ,libr>y ( ,philosophy4 #ahia ,,la ,,g5ese ,,de ,l',,idee ,,de ,,temps4 ,a review1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue philosophique 7,vol4 = #ahia1 pp #ahe-aij71 ( ! book by ,jean ,mane ,guyau1 ,la ,g5ese de l',idee de ,temps1 ) an introduction by ,alfr$ ,f\illee :i* appe>$ po/hum\sly 9 #ahij1 two ye>s aft] ,guyau's dea?4 #ahie ,,le ,,bon ,,s5s ,,et ,,les ,,etudes ,,classiques4 ,disc\rs au conc\rs g5]al des lycees et colleges1 #ahie-- ano!r prize-giv+ address4 ,publi%$ 9 ,revue sci5tifique1 #d? ,s]41 ,no4 #ae1 pp4 #gje-gac1 ,june1 #aija1 & by ,delala91 ,p>is1 #ahie4 #ahif ,,mati]e ,,et ,,memoire4 ,essai sur la relation du corps avec l'esprit4 ,b]gson's second notable "w ,publi%$ by ,alcan1 ,p>is1 9 ,biblio!que de philosophie contempora9e1 pp iii-#bhj4 ,?irte5 editions by #aiai4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,matt] & ,memory1 by ,nancy ,m>g>et ,paul & ,w4 ,s4 ,palm]4 ,publi%$ #aiaa1 ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 7n[ ,george ,all5 ,unw971 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,philosophy4 #ahig ,,pr9cipes ,,de ,,metaphysique ,,et ,,de ,,psy*ologie ,d',,apres ,,monsieur ,,paul ,,janet4 ,a critical review 9 ,revue philosophique 7,vol4 ,,xliv1 ,nov41 #ahig1 pp4 #ebe-eea74 #aijj ,,le ,,rire4 ,essai sur la signification du comique4 ,fir/ publi%$ z two articles 9 ,revue de ,p>is1 #aijj 7,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eab-ede & pp4 #gei-gia74 ,book =m1 ,p>is 7,alcan71 #aija1 ,biblio!que de philosophie contempora9e1 pp4 vii-#bje4 ,by #aiai1 sev5te5 editions4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,laught]--,an ,essay on ! ,mean+ ( ! ,comic1 by ,br]eton & ,ro?well4 ,publi%$ #aiaa1 ,macmillan4 ,?is essay is bas$ on a lecture giv5 by ,b]gson :ile at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 on ,feb #ah1 #ahhd1 a report ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! local pap] ,moniteur du ,puy de ,dome1 ,feb4 #ba1 #ahhd4 #aijj ,,notes ,,sur ,,les ,,orig9es ,,psy*ologies ,,de ,,notre ,,croyance ,a ,,la ,,loi ,,de ,,causalite4 ,%ort pap] ( fifte5 pages1 read at ! ,fir/ ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy1 held 9 ,p>is1 ,augu/ #a to #e1 #aijj ,publi%$ 9 ,bibho!que du ,congres ,int]national de ,philosophie1 be+ special numb]s ( ! ,revue de metaphysique et de morale4 ,p>is 7,arm& ,col974 ,discussion report$ 9 ! ,revue1 ,sept1 #aijj1 ,vol ,,viii1 pp #fee-ffj4 #aija ,,le ,,reve4 ,confr5ce a l',in/itut psy*ologique int]national4 ,m>* #bf1 #aija ,publi%$1 ,pans1 ,bullet9 de l',in/itut1 ,may1 #aija2 ,revue sci5tifique1 ,june #h1 #aija1 & abridg$1 ,revue de philosophie1 #aija4 ,z ,book1 ,alcan1 #aija4 ,repr9t$ 9 ! volume ( collect$ pap]s ,l',en]gie spiriuelle1 #aiai1 pp #ia-aaf4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,dreams1 by ,dr ,edw9 ,e ,slosson4 ,publi%$ fir/ z articles 9 ! ,indep5d5t ( ,oct #bc & #cj1 #aiac ,book =m #aiad ,fi%] ,unw94 ,reissu$ 9 #aibj 9 ,m9d-,en]gy1 ,engli% ,translation ( ,l',en]gie spirituelle4 #aija ,,le ,,p>allelisme ,,psy*o-,,physique ,,et ,,la ,,metaphysique ,,positive4 ,b]gson's fir/ contribution to ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe franaise de philosophie1 ,june1 #aija4 ,! important lecture 9 :i* he def5d$ ! propositions set =? on pages #ec-ed ( ?is pres5t "w4 #aija ,l',,inconsci5t ,,dans ,,la ,,vie ,,m5tale4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit franaise de philosophie4 #aija ,,le ,,vocabulaire ,,te*nique ,,et ,,critique ,,de ,,la ,,philosophie4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit franaise de philosophie4 #aijb ,l',,ef=t ,,intellectuel4 ,article 9 ! ,revue philosophique1 ,jan1 #aijb1 ,vol ,,xliii1 pp #a-bg4 ,?is article supplem5ts p>ts ( ! l>g] "w ,matire et ,mmoire4 ,repr9t$ 9 #aiai 9 ! volume ( collect$ essays1 ,l',en]gie sp9tuelle1 pp #afc-bjb ,engli% ,translation 9 #aibj 9 volume ,m9d-,en]gy 7,macmillan74 #aijb ,l',,intellect ,,et ,,la ,,volonte ,disc\rs au ,lyce ,voltaire1 ,july1 #aijb ,publi%$ ,imprim]ie ,quelquejeu #aijb ,,le ,,vocabulaire ,,philosophique4 ,collaboration ,bullet9 de la ,societ franaise de philosophie1 ,july1 #aijb4 #aijc ,,rapport ,,sur ,,la ,,fondation ,,c>not 7#aijb74 ,publi%$ 9 ,jan1 #aijc1 9 ,seances et travaux de l',academie des sci5ces morales et pohtiques4 ,also ,memoires de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aijd4 #aijc ,,introduction ,a ,,la ,,metaphysique4 ,article 9 ,revue de mtaphysique et de morale4 ,p>is1 ,jan1 #aijc4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,an ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 by ,t4 ,e4 ,hulme ,publi%$ 9 #aiac1 ,macmillan4 ,valuable z an indep5d5t /atem5t ( 8 doctr9e ( ,intuition4 ,n to be reg>d$ z a m]e epitome ( ! l>g] works1 al?\gh x makes a good preface to !m4 ,to be includ$ 9 =?com+ volume ( collect$ essays & lectures4 #aijc ,,la ,,place ,,et ,,le ,,c>act]e ,,de ,,la ,,philosophie ,,dans ,l',,enseignem5t ,,secondaire4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societ franaise de philosophie1 ,feb41 #aijc1 p4 #dd4 ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,societ 9 ,dec41 #aijb4 #aijc ,,la ,,notion ,,de ,,la ,,lib]te ,,morale4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societ franaise de philosophie1 ,april1 #aijc1 p4 #aja4 #aijc ,,rapport ,,sur ,,le ,,prix ,,halph54 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 ,july1 #aijc4 ,also ,memoir es de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aijd4 #aijc ,,la ,,philosophie ,,sociale ,,de ,,c\rnot4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societ franaise de philosophie1 ,aug1 #aijc1 p4 #bbi4 #aijd ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,,rusk9 ,,la ,,bible ,d',,ami5s4 ,traduction francaise de ,m4 ,pr\/1 ,seances de l',acadimie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aijd4 #aijd ,,notice ,,sur ,,la ,,vie ,,et ,,sur ,,les ,,oeuvres ,,de ,,felix ,,ravaisson-,,molli51 ,lue dans les seances du #bj et #bg fevri]1 #aijd1 de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 ,publi%$ 9 ,seances et travaux de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 ,p>is1 #aijd1 & 9 ,memoires de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 9 #aijg4 #aijd ,,le ,,p>alogisme ,,psy*o-,,physiologique4 ,lecture giv5 at ! 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,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie4 #aije ,,!orie ,,de ,,la ,,p]ception4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie1 ,m>*1 #aije1 pp4 #id-ie4 ,an address giv5 9 ,dec41 #aijd4 #aije ,,reponse ,a ,,monsieur ,,rageot4 ,article 9 ,revue philosophique1 ,vol ,,lx1 p #bbi4 ,criticism by ,monsieur ,rageot appe>s on p4 #hd4 ,see ,w>d on ?is po9t4 ,realm ( ,ends1 p4 #cjg4 #aije ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,ossip ,,l\rie 7n[ ,pr(esseur a l',univ]site n\velle de ,bruxelles74 ,le ,bonheur et l'intellig5ce1 publi%$ by ,alcan 9 #aijd4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aije ,,relation ,a ,,william ,,james ,,et ,a ,,james ,,w>d4 ,a ,lett] on la duree 9 ! ,revue philosophique1 ,aug41 #aije4 ,vol4 ,,lx1 pp4 #bbi-bcj #aijf ,,rapport ,,sur ,,le ,,conc\rs ,,p\r ,,le ,,prix ,,bord9 7#aije74 ,ayant p\r sujet ,ma9e de ,biran4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aijf3 also ,memoires de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aijg4 #aijf ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,b>d\x4 ,essai d'une psy*ology de l',anglet]re contempora9e 7premi]e p>tie74 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijf ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m ,,luquet1 entitule3-- ,idees g5]ales de psy*ologie4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijf ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,gaulti]1 entitule3-- ,le ,s5s de l'art1 avec une preface de ,m4 ,emile ,b\tr\x4 ,sances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijg ,l',,evolution ,,creatrice4 ,publi%$ by ,alcan1 ,p>is1 9 ,la ,biblio?que de philosophie contempora9e1 #aijg 7pp viii #d,o#c74 ,by #aiah ! "w 0 9 its tw5ty-fir/ edition4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,creative ,evolution1 by ,ar?ur ,mit*ell1 ,ph4,d4 ,publi%$ 9 #aiaa1 ,macmillan4 ,?is is ,b]gson's ?ird l>ge "w1 & 8 mo/ important1 be+ "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & orig9al contributions to ! philosophieal consid]ation ( ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,un livre comme ,l',evolution cratrice n'e/ pas seulem5t une oeuvre mais une date celle d'une direction n\velle imprime a la p5se4 ,pi]re ,imb>t de la ,t\r--9 ,le ,pang]manisme et la philosophie de l'hi/oire4 #aijg ,,article ,,sur ,l',,evolution ,,creatrice4 ,revue du ,mois1 ,sept41 #aijg1 pp4 #cea-ced4 ,b]gson's reply to a critic1 ,m4 ,le ,dantec4 #aijg ,,vocabulaire ,,philosophique4 ,collaboration4 ,bullet9 de la ,societ franaise de philosophie1 ,aug41 #aijg4 #aijg ,,rapport ,,sur ,,le ,,conc\rs ,,p\r ,,le ,,prix ,,le ,,dissez ,,de ,,p5anrun4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aijg4 ,,pp4 #ia-ajb4 ,also 9 ,memoires de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques1 #aiji4 #aijg ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,b>d\x4 ,psy*ologie de l',anglet]re contempora9e 7,deuxieme p>tie74 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijh ,,reponse ,a ,,une ,,enquete ,,int]nationale ,,sur ,,la ,,"q ,,religieuse4 ,arrang$ by ! ,m]cure de ,france1 & publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! book ,la ,"q ,religieuse1 by ,fr$]ic ,*>p94 ,b]gson's answ] is less ?an a page4 #aijh ,l',,influ5ce ,,de ,,sa ,,philosophie ,,sur ,,les ,,eleves ,,des ,,lycees4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie1 ,jan41 #aijh ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,societ 9 ! previ\s ,nov4 #aijh ,,lettre ,,sur ,l',,influ5ce ,,de ,,sa ,,philosophie ,,sur ,,les ,,eleves ,,des ,,lycees ,app5d$ to ,b9et's ,l',evolution de l'ensignem5t philosophique1 9 ,l',anne psy*ologique1 #aijh1 pp4 #bcj-bca4 #aijh ,,le ,,s\v5ir ,,du ,,pres5t ,,et ,,la ,,fausse ,,reconaissance4 ,article 9 ! ,revue philosophique1 ,dec1 #aijh1 pp #efa- #eic4 ,reprit$ 9 #aiai 9 ! volume ( collect$ essays ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp #aag-afa ,engli% ,translation 9 volume3 ,m9d-,en]gy4 ,macmillan1 #aibj4 #aijh ,l',,evolution ,,de ,l',,intellig5ce ,,geometrique4 ,article 9 ! ,revue de metaphysique et de morale1 ,jan1 #aijh1 pp4 #bh-cc4 ,ano!r reply to a critic1 ,monsieur ,borel4 #aijh ,,vocabulaire ,,philosophique4 ,collaboration4 ,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie1 ,aug1 #aijh4 ,on ! words imm$iat & inconnaissable #aijh ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,m]lant1 ayant p\r sujet ,s5anc\r ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijh ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,bazaillas1 entitule3-- ,musique et inconsci5ce4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijh ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,boirac1 entitule3-- ,la psy*ologie inconnue4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aijh ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,nayrac4 ,la ,fonta9e4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aiji ,,preface ,a ,,gabriel ,,t>de ,a volume ( ! collection ,les ,gr&s ,philosophes1 publi%$ by ,l\is ,mi*aud1 ,p>is4 ,?is book 0 writt5 by ,t>de's sons4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,t>de 0 ,b]gson's pr$ecessor 9 ! ,*air ( ,mod]n ,philosophy at ! ,college de ,france4 ,! ,preface 7pp4 #e & #f7 treats ( ,causality ,a volume ( ?is same s]ies devot$ to ,b]gson himself appe>$ 9 #aiaj1 by ,r5e ,gill\94 #aiji ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,mey]son1 entitule3-- ,id5titi et realite4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aiji ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,h5ri ,,delacroix4 ,etudes d'hi/oire et de psy*ologie du my/icisme4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aiji ,l',,organisation ,,des ,,congres ,,de ,,philosophie4 ,article 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie1 ,jan41 #aiji4 #aiji ,,vocabulaire ,,philosophique4 ,collaboration ,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie1 ,aug41 #aiji4 #aiaj ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,w5dell4 ,la ,france d'auj\rd hui4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politques4 #aiaj ,,rapport ,,sur ,,le ,,conc\rs ,,p\r ,,les ,,prix ,,*>les ,l',,eveque4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aiaj ,,james ,,et ,,b]gson4 ,rem>ques a propos d'un article de ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,pitk91 intitule ,james & ,b]gson1 or1 ,:o is aga9/ ,intellect8 ,mr4 ,pitk9's article appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods on ,april #bh1 #aiaj4 ,b]gson's reply appe>$ 9 ! same j\rnal on ,july #g? 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"w 9 ,fr5* 9 #ahif--;a *ange ( view :i* only s]v$ to make ,b]gson's op9ions appe> less novel & m probable4 #aiaj ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,dauriac4 ,le musici5-poete ,wagn]3 etude de psy*ologie musicale4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aiaj ,,rapport ,,sur ,,un ,,ouvrage ,,de ,m4 ,,j\ssa94 entitule3-- ,le ,fondem5t psy*ologique de la morale4 ,seances de l',academie des sci5ces morales et politiques4 #aiaj ,l',,inconsci5t ,,dans ,,la ,,vie ,,m5tale ,rem>ques a propos d'une ^! s\t5ue p> ,m4 ,dwel%auv]s 7,n[ ,belgian ,pr(essor47 ,an address deliv]$ to ! ,societe 9 ! previ\s ,novemb]4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe francaise de philosophie1 ,feb41 #aiaj4 ,"h ,b]gson has ano!r enc\nt] ) a critic4 ,z f> back z #aija ,b]gson contribut$ to ?is same p]iodical an article be>+ ?is title4 ,m4 ,georges ,dwel%auv]s criticiz$ ,b]gson's views 9 8 articles-- ,raison et ,intuition1 tude sur la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson1 9 ,la ,belgique arti/ique et litt]aire1 ,nov4-,dec41 #aije1 & ,april1 #aijf4 ,b]gson et la me?ode intuitive1 9 ! ,revue des ,mois1 ,sept41 #aijg4 ,de l'intuition dans l'acte de l'esprit1 9 ! ,revue de mtaphysique et de morale1 ,jan41 #aijh4 #aiaa ,l',,intuition ,,philosophique4 ,pap] read at ! ,f\r? ,int]national ,congress ( ,philosophy1 held at ,bologna1 ,april #e to #aa1 #aiaa4 ,publi%$ 9 ,nov4 9 ,revue de mtaphysique et de morale 7,num]o exceptionel71 pp4 #hji-hbg4 ,to reappe> 9 =?com+ second volume ( collect$ pap]s4 #aiaa ,,la ,,p]ception ,,du ,,*angem5t4 ,deux confr5ces faites a l',univ]sit d',ox=d1 les #bf et #bg ,mai1 #aiaa4 ,publi%$ 9 orig9al ,fr5* by ! ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d1 9 #aiaa4 7,out ( pr9t n[47 ,to reappe> 9 =?com+ second volume ( collect$ essays & lectures4 #aiaa ,,life ,,& ,,consci\sness4 ,! ,huxley ,lecture deliv]$ at ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham1 ,may #bi1 #aiaa4 ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,oct41 #aiaa1 ,vol ,x1 pp4 #bd-dd1 & also 9 ! volume ,huxley ,memorial ,lectures 9 #aiad4 ,9 a revis$ & some:at develop$ =m ?is appe>$ 9 #aiai 9 ! volume ( collect$ essays & lectures ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #a-bi 7,m9d-,en]gy1 #aibj74 #aiaa ,,v]ite ,,et ,,realite ,introduction ( sixte5 pages writt5 = ! ,fr5* ,translation ( ,william ,james' ,pragmatism4 ,translat$ by ,le ,brun4 ,publi%$ ,flamm>ion1 ,p>is4 #aiaa ,,les ,,realites ,,que ,,la ,,sci5ce ,n',,atte9t ,,pas4 ,article 9 ,foi et ,vie 7,fr5* ,prote/ant ,review74 #aiaa ,,la ,,nature ,,de ,l',,ame4 ,f\r lectures deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ,oct41 #aiaa4 ,up to ! "t ( writ+1 ^! lectures h n be5 publi%$ ,reports are to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ,! ,times1 ,oct #ba1 #bc1 #bh & #cj1 #aiaa 7,= def9ite in=mation reg>d+ ^! lectures1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,rye1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london ,press1 & to ,pr(essor ,b]gson himself47 #aiab ,l',,ame ,,et ,,le ,,corps4 ,confr5ce faite p\r la ,societ ,foi et ,vie4 ,publi%$ 9 ,le ,matrialisme actuel1 ,p>is1 #aiac1 ,flamm>ion4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiab1 ! ,p>is ,review ,foi et ,vie arrang$ a s]ies ( lectures on ,mat]ialism4 ,^! 7 giv5 9 ,p>is1 alt]nat+ ) a s]ies on ,pascal1 likewise arrang$ by ,foi et ,vie1 "u ! direction ( 9 ,paul ,d\m]gue1 *ief editor ,?is 0 ! six? ye> 9 :i* su* c\rses ( lectures _h be5 arrang$ by ?is ,review4 ,! mo/ ( ^! lectures 7 subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,review itself1 b ! #aiab lectures on ,mat]ialism 7 issu$ sep>ately 9 a volume entitl$ ,le ,mat]ialisme actuel1 publi%$ 9 ! ,biblio!que de philosophie sci5tifique1 ) a preface by 9 ,paul ,d\m]gue4 ,two illu/ri\s names head$ ! li/ ( lectur]s--^? ( ,h5ri ,b]gson & ! late ,h5ri ,po9c>e4 ,b]gson's lecture be>s ! title ,l',ame et le ,corps1 pp4 #g-dh4 7,i am told by ,pr(4 ,b]gson t x is a ,summ>y ( ! f\r unpubli%$ ,london lectures47 ,?is 0 repr9t$ 9 #aiai 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp4 #ca-fc 7,m9d-,en]gy1 #aibj74 #aiab ,,preface writt5 = ! ,fr5* ,translation ( ,euck5's ,d] ,s9n und d] ,w]t des ,leb5s ,le s5s et la valeur de la vie--translat$ by ,m4 ,a4 ,hullet & ,a4 ,lei*t4 ,publi%$1 ,p>is1 ,alcan4 #aiab ,,lett] ,,on ,,8 ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,!ology4 ,writt5 to ,fa!r de ,tonqu$ec1 ,s ,j1 9 ! ,jesuit p]iodical ,les ,etudes ( ,feb #bj1 #aiab1,vol ,,cxxx1 pp #ead-eae4 ,fa!r de ,tonqu$ec _h criticiz$ ,b]gson's philosophy f ! po9t ( view ( ,roman ,ca?olic ,!ology4 ,! foll[+ are among/ 8 criticisms3 ,la ,notion de la v]itt dans la philosophie n\velle1 ,p>is1 #aijh4 ,comm5t int]pret] l'ordre du monde a-propos du d]ni] ouvrage de 9 ,b]gson1 ,p>is1 ,beau*esne1 #aijh4 ,b]gson e/-il moni/e8 ,article 9 ,les ,annales de philosophie *reti5ne1 ,m>*1 #aiab4 ,dieu dans l',evolution cratrice1 ,beau*esne1 #aiab1 :i* gives two lett]s f ,b]gson #aiac ,,fantomes ,,de ,,vivants ,,et ,,re*]*e ,,psy*ique ,presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,deliv]$ at ! ,aeolian ,hall1 ,london1 ,may #bh1 #aiac4 ,publi%$ report 9 ! ,times1 ,may #bi1 #aiac2 & ( ! ,new ,york ,times1 ,sept #bg1aiad1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society1 ,vol #aiad-ae1 pp #aeg-age4 ,?is address 0 repr9t$ 9 #aiai 9 ,l',en]gie spirituelle1 pp #fe-hi4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,m9d- ,en]gy1 #aibj4 #aiad ,,lett] ,,to ,,le ,,fig>o4 ,lett] on 8 ,philosophy g5]ally1 ,m>* #g1 #aiad4 #aiad ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,p]sonality4 ,! ,gif=d ,lectures at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,"o c\rse ( elev5 lectures1 giv5 9 ! ,spr+4 ,! ,autumn c\rse 0 ab&on$ ow+ to ! ,w>4 ,^! lectures h n yet be5 publi%$4 7,= in=mation reg>d+ !m ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,ni*olbon1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & to ,pr(4 ,b]gson himself47 #aiad ,,la ,,=ce ,,qui ,s',,use ,,et ,,celle ,,qui ,,ne ,s',,use ,,pas4 ,article writt5 = ! fam\s organ ( ! poilus4 ,bullet9 des ,armees de la ,republique francaise1 ,nov4 #d1 #aiad4 #aiad ,,hommage ,,au ,,roi ,,alb]t ,,et ,,au ,,peuple ,,belge4 ,contribution to ,k+ ,alb]t's ,book1 issu$ by ! ,daily ,telegraph4 #aiae ,,la ,,signification ,,de ,,la ,,gu]re ,collection ( ,w> spee*es & writ+s 9 ! s]ies ,pages actuelles1 #aiad-ae4 ,publi%$ by ,bl\d et ,gay1 ,p>is1 #aiae4 ,small volume ( #dg pages ,conta9s3 #a4 ,disc\rs prononce a l',academie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques le #ab dec1 #aiad1 pp #g-bi4 ,?is 0 a ,presid5tial address ,la ,signification de la ,gu]re4 #b4 ,allocution prononcee a l',academie le #af ,jan1 #aiae1 a l'occasion de l'in/allation de ,m4 ,alex&re ,ribot au fauteuil de la presid5ce 79 succession to ,b]gson74 ,report$ only 9 "p1 pp #cc-ce4 #c4 ,la =ce qui s'use et celle qui ne s'use pas1 pp #ci-db4 ,repr9t$ f ! pages ( ! ,bullet9 des ,armees de la1 ,republique francaise1 ,nov4 #d1 #aiad4 #d4 ,hommage au ,roi ,alb]t et au ,peuple ,belge1 pp #de-df4 ,repr9t$ f ,k+ ,alb]t's ,book1 ,w> publication ( ,daily ,telegraph4 ,items ,nos #a & #c h be5 translat$ into ,engli% z ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,w>1 ) preface by ,dr4 ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r4 ,publi%$ #aiae1 ,fi%] ,unw94 ,no4 #a appe>$ 9 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal 9 ,engli%1 z ,life & ,matt] at ,w>1 ,april1 #aiae1 pp4 #dfe-dge2 & 9 ! ,am]ican pap] ,! ,liv+ ,age on ,july #ca1 #aiae1 pp4 #bei-bfd #aiae ,,aut\r ,,de ,,la ,,gu]re ,a disc\rse on ! ,evolution ( ,g]man ,imp]ialism1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,academie des ,sci5ces morales et politiques4 ,publi%$ 9 ,la ,revue1 ,feb4-,m>*1 #aiae1 pp4 #cfi-cgg4 #aiae ,,la ,,philosophie4 ,ouvrage publi s\s les auspices du m9i/re de l',in/ruction publique4 ,a delightful little "w ( #bg pages4 ,repr9t$ f ,la ,sci5c franaise1 ,tome ,i4 ,publi%$ 9 ! s]ies ( t "n by ,l>\sse1 ,pans1 & co/+ fifty c5times4 ,x is a review ( ,fr5* ,philosophy1 & conta9s a bibliography1 & portraits ( ! philosoph]s1 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,pascal1 & ,r5\vi]4 #aiaf ,,lettre ,a ,,pr(4 ,,h(fd+4 ,publi%$ 9 ! orig9al ,fr5* 9 ! ,fr5* edition ( ! ,dani% ,pr(essor's ,lectures on ,b]gson2 ,la ,philosophie de ,b]gson expose et critique p> ,h4 ,h(fd+1 ,pr(esseur a l',univ]sit de ,cop5hague4 ,traduit d'aprs l'dition danoise avec un avant- propos p> ,jacques de ,c\ssange et suivi d'une lettre de ,m4 ,b]gson l'auteur4 ,alcan1 ,p>is4 ,! lett]1 pp4 l#eg-afe4 #aiag ,,preface ,a ,,la ,,mission ,,francaise ,,en ,,am]ique #bd ,,avril-#ac ,,mai1 #aiag4 ,compil$ by ,m4 ,r4 ,viviani1 publi%$1 ,flamm>ion1 ,p>is1 #aiag1 pp #bfd4 ,b]gson's ,preface is sev5 pages4 #aiah ,,disc\rs ,,de ,,reception4 ,b]gson's address on be+ receiv$ by ! ,academy4 ,on ,m4 ,ollivi]4 ,publi%$ by ,p]r91 ,p>is4 ,seance de l',academie francaise1 ,jan4 #bd1 #aiah1 pp4 #dd4 7,! "w also conta9s ! reply to ,b]gson by ! ,director ( ! ,academy1 ,m4 ,r5e ,d\mic1 pp4 #de-ge47 #aiai ,l',,en]gie ,,spirituelle 7,essais et ,conf]5ces74 ,felix ,alcan's ,biblio!que de philosophie contemporaire1 pp4 #bbg4 ,?is is a volume ( collect$ essays & lectures ( :i* ?ree editions appe>$ 9 #aiai4 ,x deals ) ! concept ( m5tal =ce1 ) problems ( ! int]action ( m9d & body1 & ) ,b]gson's view ( t5sion & det5sion 9 relation to matt] & m9d4 ,) a brief =eword1 expla9+ t ?is is ! fir/ ( a c\ple ( volumes ( collect$ essays1 !re are sev5 pap]s3 #a4 ,la ,consci5ce et la ,vie1 pp4 #a-bi4 ,a revis$ & develop$ v]sion ( ,life & ,consci\sness1 ! ,huxley ,lecture ( #aiaa4 #b4 ,l',ame et le ,corps1 pp4 #ca-fc4 ,repr9t$ f ,le ,mat]ialisme actuel4 ,lecture giv5 9 #aiab4 #c4 ,fantomes de ,vivants et ,re*]*e ,psy*ique1 pp4 #fe-hi4 ,presid5tial address ( #aiac4 #d4 ,le ,reve1 pp4 #ia-aaf4 ,! lecture ( #aija4 #e4 ,le ,s\v5ir du pres5t et la fausse reconnaissance1 pp4 #aag-afa4 ,repr9t f ,revue philosophique ( article ( #aijh4 #f4 ,l',ef=t intellectuel1 pp4 #afc-bjb4 ,repr9t f ,revue philosophique ( article ( #aijb4 #g4 ,le ,c]veau et la ,p5see3 une illusion philosophique1 pp4 #bjc-bbc4 ,! ,lecture giv5 at ! ,int]national ,congress at ,g5eva1 =m]ly pr9t$ 9 ! ,revue de metaphysique et de morale z ,le ,p>alogisme psy*o- physiologique4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,,m9d-,,en]gy1 by ,dr4 ,wildon ,c>r4 ,macmillan1 #aibj4 ,! =?com+ second volume ( collect$ essays on ,! ,me?od ( ,intuitional ,philosophy w conta9 int] alia3 ,introduction on ,me?od4 ,repr9t ( ,l',intuition philosophique4 ,introduction a la metaphysique1 ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t4 ,?ree articles1 be>+ ! titles ,memoire et reconaissance1 ,p]ception et mati]e & ,l',idee de neant1 :i* appe>$ respectively 9 ,revue philosophique 7#ahif71 ,revue de metaphysique et de morale 7#ahif7 & ,revue philosophique 7#aijf7 h be5 omitt$ f _! places 9 ! above li/ because !y 7 subsequ5tly incorporat$ into ! l>g] works ,mati]e et ,memoire & ,l',evolution creatrice4 ,,bibliography ,,"p ,,two ,,books ,,& ,,articles ,,on ,,b]gson ,section ,i4 ,books directly on ,b]gson 7a7 ,fr5* ,publications4 ,,b5da1 ,juli54 ,le ,b]gsonisme ou une ,philosophie de la ,mobilit4 ,p>is1 ,m]cure de ,france4 #aiab4 ,une ,philosophie pa?tique4 ,cahi]s de la ,qu9za9e4 ,p>is1 #aiac1 ,s]4 #ae1 ,cah #b4 ,sur le succes du ,b]gsonisme4 #aiad4 ,incorporates ,une ,philosophie pa?tique4 ,,b]!lot1 ,r4 ,un ,romantisme ,utilitaire4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 ,vol4 #b1 ,le ,pragramatisme *ez ,b]gson4 ,le pragmatisme de ,b]gson4 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #aiac4 ,,coignet1 ,cl>isse4 ,de ,kant a ,b]gson4 ,reconciliation de la religion et de la sci5ce dans un spiritualisme n\veau4 ,p>is1 #aiaa 7,alcan74 ,conclud+ #fj pages deal ) ,b]gson4 ,,desaym>d1 ,joseph4 ,la ,p5see d',h5ri ,b]gson4 ,9 s]ies ,les ,hommes et les ,idees4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,m]cure de ,france4 ,pp4 #hb4 ,) portrait & bibliography 7repr9t ( ,mr4 ,pogson's li/74 ,,dwel%auv]s1 ,georges4 ,raison et intuition4 ,etudes sur la philosophie de ,b]gson1 #aijf4 ,,f>ges4 ,!orie fondam5tale de l',acte et de la ,puissance avec la critique de la philosophie n\velle de ,,mm4 ,b]gson et ,le ,roy4 ,p>is1 #aiji4 7,etudes philosophiques1 ,no4 #a47 ,la philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson4 ,expose et critique4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,,f\illee1 ,alfr$4 ,la ,p5see et les n\velles ecoles anti-intellectuelles4 ,p>is1 #aiaj4 ,,gagneb91 ,s4 ,la philosophie de l'intuition4 #aiab4 ,sa9t ,blaise1 ',foy] ,solid>i/e4 ,pp4 #bdj4 ,ma9ly on ,le ,roy1 ,b]gson's disciple1 b a ?ird ( ! book deals ) ! ma/]4 ,,gill\91 ,r5e4 ,b]gson3 ,*oix de textes1 etudes sur l',o,euvre1 notices biographiques et bibliographiques4 ,p>is1 #aiaj1 ,mi*aud4 ,s]ies ,les ,gr&s ,philosophes4 ,illu/rat$4 ,pp4 #bbj4 ,essay ( #cj pages on ,b]gson's philosophy4 ,extracts f ,b]gson's works4 ,pp4 #ci-bbj4 ,la ,philosophie de ,m4 ,b]gson4 ,p>is1 #aiaa1 ,grasset4 ,pp4 #ahg4 ,,gr&jean1 ,f4 ,une revolution dans la philosophie1 ,la ,doctr9e de ,b]gson4 ,at>1 ,g5eva1 #bnd ed41 #aiaf4 ,,le ,,roy1 ,ed\>d4 ,une ,philosophie n\velle3 ,h5ri ,b]gson4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,engli% ,translation3 ,a ,new ,philosophy3 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 by ,v9c5t ,b5son4 #aiac4 ,williams & ,norgate4 ,pp4 #bce4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w is ,b]gson's fam\s pupil1 :o n[ lectures 9 8 place at ! ,college de ,france4 ,,m>ita91 ,j4 ,la philosophie b]gsoni5ne4 ,p>is1 ,rivi]e1 #aiad4 ,pp4 #dgg4 ,,meuni]1 ,d4 ,lecon de ,b]gson4 #aiad4 ,,peguy1 ,*>les4 ,note ,sur ,m4 ,b]gson et la philosophie b]gsoni5ne4 ,p>is4 7,b\rgeois74 ,cahi]s de la ,qu9za9e4 ,pp4 #aja4 ,,p5ido1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,l4 ,la me?ode intuitive de ,b]gson4 ,essai critique4 ,at>1 ,g5eva1 & ,alcan1 ,p>is1 #aiah1 pp4 #bbj4 ,,segond1 ,j4 ,l',intuition b]gsoni5ne4 ,alcan1 ,p>is1 #aiab & #aiac4 ,pp4 #aeg4 7b7 ,engli% & ,am]ican ,publications ,,balsillie1 ,david4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson's ,philosophy4 #aiab4 ,williams & ,norgate4 ,pp4 #bbh4 ,,c>r1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,wildon4 ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,*ange1 #aiab4 ,jack1 ,! ,p's ,books4 ,pp4 #ia4 ,good brief sket*4 #aiai4 ,jack & ,nelson4 ,second revis$ edition4 ,pp4 #abf4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,*ange3 ,a /udy ( ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciple ( ! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson4 #aiad4 ,macmillan4 ,pp4 #baf4 ,"t & ,hi/ory 9 ,contempor>y ,philosophy1 ) special ref]5ce to ,b]gson & ,croce4 ,proce$+s ( ,briti% ,academy1 #aiah4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,sep>ately1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press4 ,,cunn+ham1 ,gu/ave ,w41 ,dr4 ,/udy 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson4 #aiaf4 ,longman4 ,new ,york4 ,pp4 #bab4 ,,dodson1 ,g4 ,r41 ,dr4 ,b]gson & ! ,mod]n ,_s4 ,an ,essay 9 ,con/ructive ,?\ght4 #aiad4 ,l9dsey ,press4 ,pp4 #bie4 ,,elliot1 ,hugh ,s4 ,r4 ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ! ,illusions ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson4 #aiab4 ,preface by ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]4 ,longman1 ,new ,york1 & #aiac1 ,longman1 ,london4 ,pp4 #beg4 ,v ho/ile to ,b]gson1 inde$ contemptu\sly or bitt]ly s4 ,,g]r>d1 ,fa!r ,?omas4 ,b]gson3 an ,exposition & ,criticism f ! po9t ( view ( ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as4 #aiac4 ,s&s ,co4 ,pp4 #bjh4 ,,h]mann1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b]gson & ,euck54 ,_! significance = ,*ri/ian ,?\ght4 #aiab4 ,james ,cl>k ,co4 ,pp4 #bbd4 ,,h(fd+1 ,pr( ,h>ald4 ,six ,lectures on ,b]gson4 ,deliv]$ #aiac4 ,publi%$ 9 ! volume ,mod]n ,philosoph]s1 ,macmillan1 #aiae4 ,pp4 #bbg-cjb4 ,translat$ by ,alfr$ ,c4 ,mason4 ,,h\gh1 ,dr4 ,lynn ,h4 ,! ,que/ ( ,wond]4 ,/udies 9 ,b]gson & ,!ology4 ,,john/on1 ,w4 7) ,,miss ,i4 ,,mudge74 ,a ,contribution to a ,bibliography ( ,h5ri ,b]gson4 #aiac4 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,pp4 #ef4 ,= ?is pamphlet1 ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey has writt5 an introduction4 ,,kall51 ,h4 ,m4 ,william ,james & ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,a ,/udy ( ,contra/+ ,!ories ( ,life4 #aiad4 ,*icago ,univ]sity ,press4 ,pp4 #bdh4 ,,kit*91 ,d>cy ,b4 ,b]gson = ,beg9n]s3 ,a ,summ>y ( 8 ,philosophy4 #aiac4 ,geo4 ,all5 & ,unw94 ,pp4 #cji4 ,,le ,,roy1 ,ed\>d4 ,a ,new ,philosophy3 ,h5ri ,b]gson4 #aiac4 ,williams & ,norgate4 ,engli% ,translation by ,v4 ,b5son ( ,une ,n\velle philosophie4 ,pp4 #bce4 ,,libby1 ,m4 ,f4 ,! ,cont9uity ( ,b]gson's ,?\ght4 #aiab4 ,univ]sity ( ,colorado ,/udies1 ,vol4 #i1 ,no4 #d4 ,pp4 #adg-bjb4 ,,l9dsay1 ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson4 #aiaa4 ,d5t4 ,pp4 #bdg4 ,,lovejoy4 ,b]gson & ,romantic ,evolutionism4 #aiad4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 ,b]keley4 ,pp4 #fa4 ,,mill]1 ,lucius ,hopk9s4 ,b]gson & ,religion4 #aiaf4 ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york4 7,out ( pr9t47 ,,mit*ell1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur4 ,/udies 9 ,b]gson's ,philosophy4 #aiad4 ,kansas ,univ]sity ,humani/ic ,/udies1 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #b4 ,pp4 #aae4 ,,peckham1 ,g4 ,w4 ,! ,logic ( ,b]gson's ,philosophy4 7,"t & ,free ,w comp>$ ) ,matt] & ,memory47 #aiag4 ,ar*ives ( ,philosophy1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 ,new ,york1 ,no4 #h4 ,pp4 #fh4 ,,ruhe ,,& ,,paul4 ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,life & ,philosophy4 #aiad4 ,macmillan4 ,pp4 #bde 7,) portrait47 ,,russell1 ,hon4 ,b]tr&4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,b]gson4 #aiad4 ,london1 ,macmillan = ,b[es1 ,cambridge4 ,pp4 #cf4 ,lecture to ,! ,h]etics1 ,cambridge1 ,m>* #aa1 #aiab4 ,conta9s reply by ,dr4 ,wildon ,c>r1 & rejo9d] by ,mr4 ,russell4 ,,sait1 ,b]n>d ,una4 ,! ,e?ical ,implications ( ,b]gson's ,philosophy4 #aiad4 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,contributions to ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,new ,york ,sci5ce ,press4 ,pp4 #ahc4 ,,sewell1 ,frank1 ,dr4 ,is ! 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