,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$1 b o!r v>iations rema9 un*ang$4 ,footnotes are plac$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 ,an*ors = footnotes #add & #cfi h be5 add$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,,s]p5t-,,wor%ip1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,totemism ,,by ,c4 ,,/anil& ,,wake ,,london ,,george ,,r$way ,,york ,,/reet ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page4 ,,riv]s ,,( ,,life #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,phallism ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,religions #h ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,s]p5t-,,wor%ip #ha ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,adamites #ajg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,desc5dants ,,( ,,ca9 #abh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sacr$ ,,pro/itution #adi ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,m>riage ,,among ,,primitive ,,peoples #afe ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,m>riage ,,by ,,capture #ahj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! 8,,family0 #aib ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,social ,,position ,,( ,,woman ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by 8,,civilisation0 #bai ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,spiritism ,,& ,,mod]n ,,spiritualism #bcc ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,totems ,,& ,,totemism #bdg ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,ape #bgh ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,riv]s ,,( ,,life4 ,! l9es ( developm5t ( ! religi\s fai?s ( mank9d h be5 aptly t]m$ by ,major-,g5]al ,=long 8,riv]s ( ,life40 ,! /reams ( fai?s are m>vell\sly depict$ by ?is writ] 9 a *>t :i* %[s 8! rise & fall ( ! v>i\s religi\s ideas1 my?ologies1 & rites :i* h at any "t prevail$ among nations40 ,?is *>t +5i\sly %[s1 moreov]1 8! degrees ( int5sity manife/$ at /at$ p]iods by any p>ticul> wave ( doctr9e or wor%ip1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! tribut>y /reams ( my?ological or !ological ?\ght become 9 turn absorb$ 9 ! c5tral ,riv] ( ,life40 ,! views adopt$ by ,g5]al ,=long h mu* 9 common ) ^? embodi$ 9 ! works ( ,godfrey ,higg9s & "s lat] writ]s1 b !y h a special value z be+ bas$ on p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! au?or ( 8,riv]s ( ,life0 _h ! ine/imable advantage ( be+ admitt$ to %r9es & ( receiv+ in/ructions 9 sacr$ my/]ies :i* are g5]ally clos$ to ,european inquir]s1 & ( hav+ made 8a dilig5t exploration ( ru9$ temples1 pill>s1 & m\nds1 & all su* traces ( a primitive symbolism1 :i* lie scatt]$ ov] ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 z religi\s fossils und]ly+ ! sup]ficial cru/ ( !ological /rata40 ,riv]s ( religi\s life h a beg9n+1 l o!r /reams1 & :at are ! s\rces to :i* man's primitive fai?s may be trac$8 ,! e>ly 8symbolic objects ( man's adoration0 are arrang$ by ,g5]al ,=long 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/1 ,tree2 #bnd1 ,phallic2 #crd1 ,s]p5t2 #d?1 ,fire2 #e?1 ,sun2 #f?1 ,ance/ral4 ,! fir/ 8brea?+s ( ! human s\l0 7 manife/$ "u ! sacr$ tree or grove1 ^: refre%+ %ade is s highly valu$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,all nations1 p>ticul>ly ! ,aryan peoples1 h consid]$ tree-plant+ a sacr$ duty1 & ! grove 0 man's fir/ temple1 8& became a sanctu>y1 asylum1 or place ( refuge1 & z "t pass$ on1 temples came to be built 9 ! sacr$ groves40 ,if tree-wor%ip _h su* an orig9 z ?is1 its orig9 ought to be %[n 9 ! ideas associat$ ) x4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^? ideas8 ,g5]al ,=long1 aft] ref]r+ to ,dr4 ,f]gusson's /atem5t t ! tree & s]p5t are symbolis$ 9 e religi\s sy/em :i* ! _w has kn[n1 says t ! two toge!r are typical ( ! reproductive p[]s ( vegetable & animal life4 ,! connection betwe5 tree & s]p5t-wor%ip is (t5 s intimate t we may expect "o to ?r[ light on ! o!r4 ,! ,aryans g5]ally may be call$ 8tree-wor%ipp]s10 & accord+ to ,f]gusson !y z a rule de/roy$ s]p5ts & s]p5t-wor%ipp+ races4 ,yet at ,a!ns & ne> ,rome bo? ^? fai?s fl\ri%$ toge!r1 z !y appe> to h done also 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,!y are intimately associat$ ) religi\s notions ( _m ,buddhi/ peoples4 ,?is is %[n curi\sly 9 ! e>ly leg5ds ( ,kambodia4 ,^! are said by ,g5]al ,=long to pres5t two /rik+ features4 ,fir/1 a holy tree1 :i* ! k+ly race1 :o came to ?is s]p5t c\ntry1 repos$ "u1 or desc5d$ f heav5 by2 secondly1 t ?is tree-lov+ race are captivat$ by ! dragon pr9cess ( ! l&4 ,x is ! s]p5t k+1 h[ev]1 :o builds ! city ( ,nakon ,?om = 8 daught] & h] /rang] husb&4 ,x is n improbable t ,buddhism orig9at$ among a p :o 7 bo? tree & s]p5t-wor%ipp]s1 al?\gh ! =m] became m intimately & at an e>li] p]iod associat$ ) its f\nd]4 ,let u n[ see :at ideas are symbolis$ by ! s]p5t4 ,we are told t he is 8an emblem ( ! ,sun1 ,"t1 ,kronos1 & ,et]nity40 ,! s]p5t 01 inde$1 ! ,sun-,god1 or _s ( ! sun1 & !re=e ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 ,light1 & a fit type ( creation & g5]ative p[]4 ,dr4 ,donaldson came to ! conclusion t ! s]p5t has always a ,phallic significance1 a rem>k :i* exactly accords ) ,g5]al ,=long's exp]i5ce1 8f\nd$ simply ^u close obs]vation 9 ,ea/]n l&s1 & conclusions drawn by himself1 unaid$ by books or tea*]s1 f ?\s&s ( /ories & conv]sations ) ,ea/]n prie/s & p40 ,! te/imony ( a compet5t & hone/ obs]v] is all important1 & we mu/ believe :5 we are told t ! s]p5t1 or ! con/ant e>ly att5dant on ! ,l+am1 is ! special symbol :i* veils ! actual ,god4 ,! same may be said1 inde$1 ( ,tree ,wor%ip1 & z tree-wor%ip & s]p5t-wor%ip embrace ! ,phallic fai?1 ! fir/ ?ree /reams ( fai?s are repres5t$ by !m4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ,phallic ideas are at ! f\ndation ( bo? tree & s]p5t-wor%ip1 & ! ,phallic /ream ( fai? %\ld be giv5 ! fir/ place z ! actual s\rce ( ! ,riv]s ( ,life4 ,g5]al ,=long does1 inde$1 affirm t ,phallic wor%ip ent]s s closely into union ) all fai?s to ! pres5t h\r t x is impossible to keep x out ( view4 ,we c well und]/& h[ ?is %\ld be z to ! tree1 s]p5t1 & sol> cults1 b x is n s evid5t at fir/ sight 9 relation to fire-wor%ip4 ,if fire 01 h[ev]1 reg>d$ z ! s]vant ( ,siva1 & all creat+ gods1 !re is no difficulty 9 accept+ ! position4 ,! object ( ! wor%ip (f]$ to ! sacr$ fire is consi/5t ) t view4 ,?us ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,h9doos 8bes\ght ,agni by f]v5t pray]s = increase ( flocks & families1 = happy lives & s]5e old age1 = wisdom & p>don f s940 ,g5]al ,=long appe>s to see 9 ! wor%ip ( fire ess5tially a h\sehold fai?1 & ?is 0 und\bt$ly s if 8 explanation ( ! ,l>es & ,p5ates is correct4 ,^! symbols repres5t$ 8! pa/ vital fire or en]gy ( ! tribe1 z ! patri>*1 8 /alw>t sons & daught]s did t ( ! pres5t liv+ fire ! sacr$ he>?40 ,g5]al ,=long /ates1 inde$1 t ev]y?+ relat+ to blood us$ to be connect$ ) fire1 & he suppos$1 !re=e1 t agnatio may h be5 relation by fire1 = ! agnati c only be ^? ( ! fire or fa!r's side4 ,if ! fa!r d]iv$ 8 au?ority 9 ! h\sehold f ! sacr$ he>?-fire1 we c und]/& :y ,g5]al ,=long has assign$ to ance/or-wor%ip ! la/ place 9 8 s*eme4 ,he says1 moreov]1 t ance/or-wor%ip is 8a developm5t & sequ5ce ( t idiosyncracy ( man :i* has l$ him to wor%ip & deify ev5 ! liv+--t :i*1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,euem]us1 acc\nts = all ! my?ological tales ( ! gods & god-l m5 ( ,greece40 ,! ance/or 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! great *ief1 ! ,fa!r ( ,fa!rs1 ea* ( :om 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,dii ,g5tiles ( 8 own class1 & ?is n only dur+ ! comp>atively mod]n ,roman sway1 b dur+ ! ages ( s]p5t1 fire1 & sol> fai?s4 ,9 ! /ill e>li] fai?s he 0 repres5t$ 9 ! rude pill>1 z well z 9 ! little ,l>es & ,p5ates ( ! he>?s4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ance/or-wor%ip w\ld seem to be entitl$ to /& on ! same level z tree-wor%ip & s]p5t-wor%ip z a phase ( ! ,phallic fai?4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 a s5se id5tifi$ ) s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,g5]al ,=long rem>ks t among ! ,greeks & ,romans 8! ance/or came to be hon\r$ & wor%ipp$ only z ! ,g5]ator1 & s also ! s]p5t z 8 symbol40 ,?is agrees ) ! conclusion ,i h else:]e endeav\r$ to e/abli%1 t ! s]p5t is really reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( ! ance/or1 9 :i* case ance/or-wor%ip is a v primitive fai?1 al?\gh1 9 a specialis$ =m1 x may possibly1 z ass]t$ by ,g5]al ,=long1 come lat] ?an fire-wor%ip4 ,x c h>dly n[ be d\bt$ t ! same ideas und]lie all ! e>ly fai?s4 ,?is view is ent]ta9$ by ,g5]al ,=long1 :o says3 8,s imp]ceptibly arose ! s]p5t on pure ,phallic fai?s1 fire on ^!1 & sun on all1 & s intimately did all bl5d ) "o ano!r1 t ev5 9 ! ages ( true hi/ory x 0 (t5 impossible to descry ! exact ,god allud$ to40 ,! f\ndations ( all ^? fai?s1 & ( ance/or-wor%ip z alli$ to !m1 mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 ! ideas ent]ta9$ by mank9d 9 ! e>lie/ times1 8:5 ! races liv$ untaught1 h]d$ ) _! cattle1 & _h z _! sole object 9 life ! multiplication ( ^! & ( !mselves40 ,! "q arises1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! simple fai? :i* man !n ent]ta9$ 0 ! e>lie/ he _h evolv$4 ,g5]al ,=long answ]s ?is "q 9 ! negative1 = he says1 !n ref]r+ to ! s]p5t ,buddhism ( ,kambodia1 t 8,feti% wor%ip 0 ! fir/ wor%ip1 & to a great ext5t is /ill ! real fai? ( ! ignorant1 especially ab\t ^! p>ts40 ,he f9ds t ne>ly "o qu>t] ( ! _w yet deifies1 or at lea/ rev]5ces1 /icks & /ones1 rams' horns & *>ms1 a practice n unkn[n ev5 to lat] fai?s4 ,! fundam5tal belief :i* furni%es ! key to ^? ph5om5a1 z well z to ! animal-wor%ip :i* is s closely associat$ ) "o or o!r ( ! great fai? /reams1 %\ld n be lo/ sight (4 ,jacob ,grimm po9t$ out1 9 8 8,teutonic ,my?ology10#a t all nature 0 ?\ght ( by ! hea!n ,g]mans z liv+4 ,gods & m5 trans=m$ !mselves into trees1 plants1 or bea/s2 spirits & elem5ts atta9$ animal =ms2 & !re=e we _c wond] at ! heav5ly bodies1 & ev5 day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 be+ actually p]sonifi$4 ,^! ideas l5d !mselves z well to feti%ism z to sun-wor%ip1 & all ! anci5t fai?s alike may ju/ly1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z phases ( "o univ]sal nature-wor%ip4 ,mank9d prays only = t :i* is ?\ght good1 & if "o man seeks to obta9 8 desire ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a /ick or a /one1 & ano!r ?r\gh a s]p5t or planet>y god1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is purely objective4 ,! pray]s :i* 7 (f]$ to ! ,v$ic gods w\ld be equally appropriate 9 ! m\? ( a native ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,!y _h relation simply to temporal ne$s1 & 71 says ,mr4 ,talboys ,:eel]1#b = pl5ty ( ra91 abundant h>ve/s1 & prolific cattle1 = bodily vig\r1 long life1 num]\s (fspr+1 & protection aga9/ all foes & robb]s4 ,moreov]1 ! obs]vances ( ! m advanc$ fai?s h little practical diff]5ce f ! feti%i/4 ,all alike h = _! object ! compell+ ! good c\nt5ance1 or c\nt]act+ ! evil designs1 ( ! gods or spirits1 & ! real diff]5ce is to be s\ght 9 ! symbols "u :i* !y are repres5t$4 ,?us ! ,v$ic ,aryans reg>d$ _! deifi$ ab/ractions z p]sonifi$ ) human wants1 & invok$ !m ) rites :i* 8may h =m$ an accompanim5t to e meal1 & may h be5 reg>d$ almo/ z a "p ( ! cook+40 ,mr4 ,:eel] adds#c t 8,sometimes a deity is suppos$ to be attract$ by ! grateful s\nd ( ! /one & mort> by :i* ! soma juice 0 express$ f ! plant1 or by ! musical noise ( ! *urn+ /icks by :i* ! w9e 0 app>5tly /irr$ up & mix$ ) curds2 & ! eag] invok]s implore ! god n to turn aside to ! dwell+ ( any o!r wor%ipp]1 b to come to !m only1 & dr9k ! libation :i* !y _h prep>$1 & res]ve = !m all 8 fav\rs & b5efits40 ,,footnotes3 #a ,eng4 ,trans41 vol4 ii41 p4 #fdg4 #b 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,india10 vol4 i41 p4 #h4 #c ,ditto1 p4 #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,phallism ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,religions4 ,dr4 ,fab]1 :5 treat+ ( ! anci5t my/]ies 9 opposition to ,bi%op ,w>burton's views ( _! orig9al purity1 says3 8,long be=e ! "t ( ,apuleius1 :om he 7,w>burton7 w\ld describe z quitt+ ! impure orgies ( ! ,syrian ,goddess = ! blameless initiations ( ,isis1 did ! ,phallic processions1 if we may cr$it ,h]odotus & ,diodorus1 =m a mo/ conspicu\s & ess5tial "p1 n only ( ! my/]ies 9 g5]al1 b ( ^! id5tical ,isiac or ,osiric my/]ies 9 p>ticul>4 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt _! accuracy on ?is po9t4 ,! same dete/able rites prevail$ 9 ,pale/9e among ! vot>ies ( ,siton1 or ,adonis1 or ,baal-,peor1 long be=e ! exodus ( ,israel f ,egypt4 ,! same also1 ant]ior at lea/ to ! days ( ,h]odotus1 9 ,babylonia1 ,cyprus1 & ,lydia4 ,! same likewise f ! mo/ remote antiquity 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 among ! wor%ipp]s ( ! great "m ,anais2 & ! same1 f ! v fir/ in/itution ( _! !ological sy/em1 z we may fairly argue f ! uni=m g5]al e/abli%m5t ( ?is peculi> sup]/ition1 among ! ,celtic ,druids bo? ( ,brita9 & ( ,irel&4 ,nor d we f9d su* orgies less preval5t 9 ,h9do/an4 ,e "p ( ! !ology ( t c\ntry 444 is insep>ably bl5d$ ) !m1 & replete ) allusions to _! fictiti\s orig940#d ,x w n be necess>y = me to give details ( ! rites by :i* ! ,phallic sup]/ition is di/+ui%$1 z !y may be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,dulaure1#e ,ri*>d ,payne ,knight1#f & _m o!r writ]s4 ,i %all ref] to !m1 !re=e1 only s f> z may be requir$ = ! due und]/&+ ( ! subject to be consid]$1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,phallic idea 9 ! religions ( antiquity4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! inquiry is to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( ! sup]/ition 9 "q4 ,fab] +5i\sly ref]r$ to a primitive univ]sal belief 9 a ,great ,fa!r1 ! curi\s connection se5 to exi/ betwe5 ne>ly all non-,*ri/ian my?ologies1 & he saw 9 ,phallic wor%ip a degradation ( ?is belief4 ,su* an explanation z ?is1 h[ev]1 is n satisfactory1 s9ce n only does x require ! assumption ( a primitive div9e revelation1 b pro( is /ill want+ t all peoples h1 or ev] _h1 any su* notion ( a great p>5t ( mank9d z t suppos$ to h be5 reveal$4 ,& yet !re is a valuable g]m ( tru? 9 ?is hypo!sis4 ,! ,phallic sup]/ition is f\nd$ ess5tially 9 ! family idea4 ,capta9 ,ri*>d ,burton recognis$ ?is tru? :5 he ass]t$ t 8among/ all b>b>ians ^: primal want is prog5y1 we obs]ve a great] or less developm5t ( ! ,phallic wor%ip40#g ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is imp]fect4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+ m ?an a m]e desire = prog5y to lead primitive man to view ! g5]ative process ) ! peculi> feel+s embodi$ 9 ?is sup]/ition4 ,we are1 9 fact1 "h tak5 to ! root ( all religions--awe at ! my/]i\s & unkn[n4 ,t :i* ! uncultur$ m9d _c und]/& is view$ ) dread or v5]ation1 z x may be1 & ! object pres5t+ ! my/]i\s ph5om5on may itself be wor%ipp$ z a feti% or ! resid5ce ( a presid+ _s4 ,b !re is no?+ m my/]i\s ?an ! ph5om5a ( g5]ation1 & no?+ m important ?an ! f9al result ( ! g5]ative act4 ,reflection on ?is result w\ld naturally cause t :i* l$ to x to be inve/$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( sup]/iti\s significance4 ,! feel+ g5]at$ w\ld h a d\ble object1 z x _h a d\ble orig9--wond] at ! ph5om5on itself & a p]ception ( ! value ( its consequ5ces4 ,! =m]1 :i* is ! mo/ simple1 w\ld lead to a v5]ation = ! organs ^: op]ation conduc$ to ! ph5om5a1 h5ce ! sup]/iti\s practices connect$ ) ! phallus & ! yoni among primitive peoples4 ,9 ?is1 moreov]1 we h ! explanation ( num]\s curi\s facts obs]v$ among ,ea/]n nations4 ,su* is ! respect %[n by wom5 = ! g5]ative organ ( d]vi%es & fakirs4 ,su* also is ! ,semitic cu/om ref]r$ to 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures z ! putt+ ( ! h& "u ! ?igh1 :i* is expla9$ by ! ,talmudi/s to be ! t\*+ ( t "p ( ! body :i* is seal$ & made holy by circumcision2 a cu/om :i* 01 up to a rec5t date1 /ill 9 use among ! ,arabs z ! mo/ solemn gu>antee ( tru?fulness4#h ,! second phase ( ! ,phallic sup]/ition is t :i* arises f a p]ception ( ! value ( ! consequ5ces ( ! act ( g5]ation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ phase is t1 :ile ! "o has relation to ! organs engag$1 ! o!r ref]s m p>ticul>ly to ! *ief ag5t4 ,?us ! fa!r ( ! family is v5]at$ z ! g5]ator1 & 8 au?ority is f\nd$ altoge!r on ! act & consequ5ces ( g5]ation4 ,we ?us see ! fundam5tal importance1 z well z ! ,phallic orig91 ( ! family idea4 ,f ?is has sprung ! social organisation ( all primitive peoples4 ,an in/ance 9 po9t may be d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,hunt]'s acc\nt ( ! ,santals ( ,b5gal4 ,he says t ! classification ( ?is int]e/+ p among !mselves dep5ds 8n ^u social rank or occupation1 b ^u ! family basis40 ,?is is %[n by ! "* ( ! six great c]emonies 9 a ,santal's life1 :i* are1 8admission into ! family2 admission into ! tribe2 admission into ! race2 union ( 8 own tribe ) ano!r by m>riage2 =mal dismission f ! liv+ race by incremation2 la/ly1 a reunion ) ! dep>t$ fa!rs40#i ,we may judge f ?is ( ! "* ( c]ta9 cu/oms :i* are widespread among primitive peoples1 & ! ,phallic orig9 ( :i* has long s9ce be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! value set on ! results ( ! g5]ative act w\ld naturally make ! arrival at ! age ( pub]ty an ev5t ( peculi> significance4 ,h5ce we f9d v>i\s c]emonies p]=m$ among primitive1 & ev5 among civilis$ peoples1 at ?is p]iod ( life4 ,(t5 :5 ! y\? arrives at manhood o!r rites are p]=m$ to m>k ! significance ( ! ev5t4 ,m>riage1 too1 d]ives an importance :i* x w\ld n o!rwise possess4 ,?us1 among _m peoples1 x is att5d$ ) c]ta9 c]emonies d5ot+ its object1 or at lea/ m>k+ x z an ev5t ( peculi> significance 9 ! life ( ! individual or ev5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tribe4 ,! m>riage c]emonial is especially fitt$ = ! use ( ,phallic rites or symbolism1 ! =m] among semi-civilis$ peoples (t5 be+ simply ! act ( consummation itself1 :i* appe>s to be look$ on z "p ( ! c]emony4 ,! symbolism we h ourselves reta9$ to ! pres5t day 9 ! w$d+-r+1 :i* _h und\bt$ly a ,phallic orig91 if1 z appe>s probable1 x orig9at$ 9 ! ,samo?racian my/]ies4#aj ,nor does ! influ5ce ( ! ,phallic idea end ) life4 ,! v5]ation ent]ta9$ = ! fa!r ( ! family1 z ! 8g5]ator10 l$ 9 "t to peculi> c>e be+ tak5 ( ! bodies ( ! dead1 & f9ally to ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 :i*1 "u "o =m or ano!r1 di/+ui%$ all ! civilis$ nations ( antiquity1 z x does ev5 n[ mo/ ( ! peoples ( ! hea!n _w4 ,!re is "o ,phallic rite :i*1 f its wide range1 is ( peculi> importance4 ,i ref] to circumcision4 ,! orig9 ( ?is cu/om has n yet1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! idea t1 "u c]ta9 climatic conditions1 circumcision is necess>y = cleanl9ess & com=t1#aa does n appe> to be well f\nd$1 z ! cu/om is n univ]sal1 ev5 )9 ! tropics4 ,nor is ! reason giv5 by ,capta9 ,ri*>d ,burton1 9 8 8,notes connect$ ) ! ,dahoman10 = bo? circumcision & excision1 p]fectly satisfactory4 ,! real orig9 ( ^! cu/oms has be5 =gott5 by all peoples practis+ !m1 & !re=e !y h ceas$ to h _! primitive significance4 ,t circumcision at lea/ _h a sup]/iti\s orig9 may be inf]r$ f ! traditional hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,! old ,hebrew writ]s1 p]si/5t 9 _! idea t !y 7 a peculi> p1 *os5 by ,god = a special purpose1 ass]t$ t ?is rite 0 in/itut$ by ,jehovah z a sign ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,him & ,abraham4 ,al?\gh we _c d\bt t ?is rite 0 practis$ by ! ,egyptians & ,phnicians#ab long be=e ! bir? ( ,abraham1 yet two po9ts connect$ ) ! ,hebrew tradition are noticeable4 ,^! are1 ! religi\s significance ( ! act ( circumcision--x is ! sign ( a cov5ant betwe5 ,god & man--& its p]=mance by ! head ( ! family4 ,^! two ?+s are inde$ intimately connect$2 s9ce1 9 ! patri>*al age1 ! fa!r 0 always ! prie/ ( ! family1 ! (fic] ( ! sacrifices4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( ! ,v$a t ?is 0 ! case also among ! primitive ,aryan p4#ac ,abraham1 !re=e1 z ! fa!r & prie/ ( ! family1 p]=m$ ! religi\s c]emony ( circumcision on ! males ( 8 h\sehold4 ,circumcision1 9 its inception1 is a purely ,phallic rite1#ad hav+ = its aim ! m>k+ ( t :i* f its associations is view$ ) peculi> v5]ation1 & x connects ! two phases ( ?is sup]/ition1 :i* h = _! objects respectively ! in/rum5t ( g5]ation & ! ag5t4 ,we are ?us br\ght back to ! consid]ation ( ! simple/ =m ( ,phallic wor%ip1 t :i* has = its object ! g5]ative organs1 view$ z ! my/]i\s in/rum5ts 9 ! realisation ( t ke5 desire = *ildr5 :i* di/+ui%es all primitive peoples4 ,?is feel+ is s ne>ly univ]sal t x is a matt] ( surprise to f9d ! act by :i* x is express$ /igmatis$ z s9ful4 ,yet su* is ! case1 al?\gh ! incid5ts 9 :i* ! fact is embodi$ are s veil$ 9 figure t _! true mean+ has long be5 =gott54 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us tells u t 8! bac*anals hold _! orgies 9 hon\r ( ! fr5zi$ ,bac*us1 celebrat+ _! sacr$ fr5zy by ! eat+ ( raw fle%1 & g ?r\gh ! di/ribution ( ! p>ts ( but*]$ victims1 cr[n$ ) snakes1 %riek+ out ! "n ( t ,eva by :om error came into ! _w40 ,he adds t 8! symbol ( ! ,bac*ic orgies is a consecrat$ s]p5t10 & t1 8accord+ to ! /rict int]pretation ( ! ,hebrew t]m1 ! "n ,hevia1 aspirat$1 signifies a female s]p5t40#ae ,we h "h a ref]5ce to ! suppos$ fall ( man f pri/9e 8innoc5ce10 ,eve & ! s]p5t be+ v significantly introduc$ 9 close conjunction1 & inde$ becom+ 9 "s s5se id5tifi$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 fact1 ! ,arabic ^w = s]p5t1 hayyat1 may be said also to mean 8life10 & 9 ?is s5se ! leg5d>y1 fir/ human "m is call$ ,eve or ,*evvah1 9 ,arabic hawwa4 ,9 its relations1 z an ass]t$ fact1 ! "q ( ! fall has an important be>+ on ! subject be=e u4 ,q irrespective ( ! impossibility ( accept+ ! ,mosaic ,cosmogony z a div9ely-inspir$ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! _w & man--a cosmogony :i*1 ) ^? ( all o!r ,semitic peoples1 has a purely 8,phallic0 basis#af--! :ole transaction said to h tak5 place 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 is fraught ) difficulties on ! receiv$ int]pretation4 ,! v idea on :i* x is f\nd$--! plac+ by ,god 9 ! way ( ,eve ( a temptation :i* he knew %e c\ld n resi/--is suffici5t to ?r[ discr$it on ! ord9>y read+ ( ! n>rative4 ,! effect1 inde$1 t 0 to foll[ ! eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit appe>s to an ord9>y m9d to furni% ! mo/ praisewor?y motive = n obey+ ! comm&m5t to ab/a94 ,t ! 8eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit0 0 simply a figurative mode ( express+ ! p]=mance ( ! act necess>y to ! p]petuation ( ! human race--an act :i* 9 its orig9 0 ?\ght to be ! s\rce ( all evil--is evid5t f ! consequ5ces :i* foll[$ & f ! curse entail$4#ag ,z to ! curse inflict$ on ,eve1 x has always be5 a /umbl+ block 9 ! way ( comm5tators4 ,= :at connection is !re betwe5 ! eat+ ( a fruit & sorr[ 9 br++ =? *ildr58 ,! mean+ is evid5t1 h[ev]1 :5 we "k t conception & *ild-be>+ 7 ! direct consequ5ces ( ! act =bidd54 ,h[ f> ?is mean+ 0 int5d$ by ! compil] ( ! ,mosaic books we %all see fur!r on4 ,! c5tral feature ( ! ,mosaic leg5d ( ! 8fall0 is ! ref]5ce to ! tree ( k or wisdom4 ,x is n[ g5]ally suppos$ t ! =bidd5 fruit 0 a k9d ( citrus1#ah b c]ta9 facts connect$ ) aborolatry cle>ly %[ ?is op9ion to be errone\s4 ,among peoples 9 ! mo/ opposite regions ( ! _w v>i\s species ( ! fig-tree are consid]$ sacr$4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ,africa ! banyan is view$ ) a special v5]ation4 ,liv+/one notic$ ?is among ! tribes on ! ,zambesi & ! ,%ire1#ai & he says t ! banyan is look$ ^u ) v5]ation all ! way f ! ,b>otse to ,lo&a1 & ?\ght to be a pres]vative f evil4#bj ,du ,*aillu /ates t 9 almo/ e ,i%ogo & ,a%ango village he visit$ 9 ,we/]n ,equatorial ,africa !re 0 a l>ge ficus 8/&+ ab\t ! middle ( ! ma9 /reet1 & ne> ! mbuiti or idol-h\se ( ! village40 ,! tree is sacr$1 & if x dies ! village is at once ab&on$4#ba ,capta9 ,tuckey f\nd ! same ?+ on ! ,congo1 :]e he says ! ficus religiosa is consid]$ sacr$4#bb ,aga91 accord+ to ,cailli1 at ,m\riosso1 9 ,we/]n ,c5tral ,africa1 ! m>ket 0 held "u a tree1 :i*1 f 8 description1 mu/ h be5 ! banyan1 & he notic$ ! same ?+ 9 o!r t[ns4#bc ,x is evid5t f ,dr4 ,b>?'s 8,travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa10 t sup]/iti\s reg>d = c]ta9 trees is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! region he trav]s$1 & among "s tribes ! fig-tree occupies ?is position4 ,?us1 he says1 8! sacr$ grove ( ! village ( ,isge 0 =m$ by magnific5t trees1 mo/ly ( ! ficus tribe40#bd ,nor is ?is sup]/ition unkn[n among o!r d>k races ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,a species ( ! fig-tree is plant$ by ! ,new ,zeal&]s close to ! temples ( _! gods4 ,! sup]/ition is traceable1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,e>le1 ev5 among ! aborig9es ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 c]ta9 peculi> notions connect$ ) ! banyan tree be+ common to ! inhabitants ( ! ,coburg ,p59sula & ( ! ,indian ,isl&s4#be ,mr4 ,m>sd5 met ) ?is sup]/ition among ! ,sumatrans1 & we le>n f ,mr4 ,wallace t 9 "o ( ! t[ns ( ,ea/]n ,java ! m>ket is held "u ! bran*es ( a tree alli$ to ! sacr$ fig-tree4#bf ,if we turn to ,india1 we f9d t :ile ! banyan is v5]at$ by ! ,brahmans1 x is ! bo-tree :i* is held sacr$ by _m ( ! foll[]s ( ,gautama ,buddha4 ,?is may be because1 "u ! "n ( ! ,pilpel1 x 0 ! peculi> tree ( ! fir/ record$ ,buddha1 ( :om ,gautama 0 suppos$ by 8 disciples to be an inc>nation4 ,bo? ( ^! trees belong to ! g5us ficus1 & x is curi\s t1 al?\gh probably 9 consequ5ce ( ,semitic influ5ce1 ! ficus sycamorus 0 ! sacr$ tree 9 anci5t ,egypt1 ( :i* x 0 ! symbol1 its place appe>s ultimately to h be5 tak5 by ! banyan 7ficus indica71#bg s highly v5]at$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa4 ,n[1 :at is ! explanation ( ! peculi> "* ascrib$ to ^! trees by peoples :o mu/1 on any hypo!sis1 h be5 sep>at$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s8 ,! bo-tree ( ! ,buddhi/s itself d]iv$ a m sacr$ "* f its encircl+ ! palm--! ,palmyra ,palm be+ ! kalpa-tree1 or 8tree ( life10 ( ! ,h9du p>adise4#bh ,! ,buddhi/s t]m ?is connection 8! bo-tree unit$ 9 m>riage ) ! palm40 ,! ,phallic significance ( ! palm is well kn[n1 & 9 its connection ) ! bo-tree we h ! p]fect idea ( g5]ative activity1 ! comb9+ ( ! male & female organs1 a comb9ation int5d$ by ! ,hebrew leg5d :5 x speaks ( ! tree ( life1 & also ( 8! k ( good & evil40#bi 8,! palm-tree10 says ,dr4 ,inman1 8is figur$ on anci5t co9s alone1 or associat$ ) "s fem99e emblem4 ,x typifi$ ! male creator1 :o 0 repres5t$ z an upright /one1 a pill>1 a r\nd t[]1 a tree /ump1 an oak-tree1 a p9e-tree1 a maypole1 a spire1 an obelisk1 a m9>et1 & ! l40#cj ,z we h j se51 ! ,palmyra ,palm is ! kalpa-tree1 or ! 8tree ( life0 ( ! ,h9du p>adise1 & ?is 0 n ! only k9d ( tree ) :i* ! idea ( life 0 ?us associat$4 ,9 ! my?ologies ( m nor!rn peoples ! place ( ! palm is suppli$ by ! m /ately1 if less upright1 oak4 ,! patri>* ,jacob hid ! idols ( 8 h\sehold "u ! oak ne> ,%e*em1#ca & 8 desc5dants aft]w>ds made burnt (f]+s "u e ?ick oak4#cb ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans ?is tree 0 sacr$ to ,zeus1 or ,jupit]1 ! ,fa!r ( ,gods & m54 ,) ! ,russians1 ! ,prussians1 & ! ,g]mans1 ! oak 0 equally sacr$4 ,! sacr$ oak 0 ! =m "u :i* ! ,druids wor%ipp$ ! ,supreme ,be+ ,hsus1 or ,mighty4 ,accord+ to ,davies1#cc x 0 symbolis$ by ! lett] ,d1 :i* =ms ! consonantal s\nd ( ! ^w d5ot+ ,god 9 _m languages1 z x does ( ! "n ( ! my?ical fa!r ,ad1 ( ! ,adamic /ock ( mank9d4 ,9 ,teutonic my?ology ! great oak =ms ! ro(-tree ( ! ,volsung's hall1 spread+ its bran*es f> & wide 9 ! upp] air1 be+ ! c\nt]p>t1 says ,mr4 ,cox1 ( ! mighty ,yggdrasil4#cd ,?is is ! gigantic a%-tree1 ^: bran*es embrace ! :ole _w1 & :i* is ?\ght to be only ano!r =m ( ! colossal ,irm9sul4 ,mr4 ,cox obs]ves on ?is3 8,! tree & pill> are ?us alike se5 9 ! columns1 :e!r ( ,h]akles or ( ,rol&2 :ile ! cosmogonic "* ( ! my? is manife/ 9 ! leg5d ( ! primeval ,askr1 ! (fspr+ ( ! a%-tree1 ( :i* ,virgil1 f ! *>act]i/ic :i* probably l$ to its selection1 speaks z /ret*+ its roots z f> d[n into e>? z its bran*es so> t[>ds heav540#ce ,! "n ( ! ,teutonic ,askr is also t ( ! ,iranian ,mes*ia1#cf & ! a%1 !re=e1 mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ! tree f :i* spr+s ! primeval man ( ! ,z>a?u/rian cosmogony4#cg ,s ,sigmund ( ! ,volsung ,tale is drawn f ! trunk ( a popl> tree1#ch :i* ?us occupies ! same position z ! a% & ! oak z a 8tree ( life40 ,! popl> 01 inde$1 a sacr$ tree among _m nations ( antiquity4 ,?is may1 d\btless1 be expla9$ by ref]5ce to its 8habit10 :i* mu* resembles t ( ! sacr$ ,indian fig-tree1 ) :i* ! trembl+ movem5t1 z well z ! %ape1 ( its leaves h caus$ x to be ?us comp>$4 ,t ! ideas symbolis$ by ! v>i\s sacr$ trees ( antiquity orig9at$1 h[ev]1 ) ! fig-tree is extremely probable4 ,no o!r tree has be5 s widely v5]at$ z ?is4 ,! sycamore 7ficus sycamorus7 0 sacr$ to ,netpe1 ! "m ( ,osiris1 ^: /atue 0 g5]ally made ( its wood4 ,9 relation to t subject1 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son says3#ci 8,! ,a!nians _h a holy fig-tree1 :i* grew on ! #8sacr$ road1' :]e1 dur+ ! celebration ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 ! procession :i* w5t f ,a!ns to ,eleusis halt$4 ,?is 0 on ! six? day ( ! c]emony1 call$ ,jac*us1 9 hon\r ( ! son ( ,jupit] & ,c]es1 :o accompani$ 8 "m 9 se>* ( ,pros]p9e2 b ! fig-tree ( ,a!ns does n appe> to h be5 borr[$ f ! sycamore ( ,egypt1 unless x 7 9 consequ5ce ( its connection ) ! "m ( ,osiris & ,isis1 :om !y suppos$ to correspond to ,c]es & ,bac*us40#dj ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 a basket ( figs =m$ "o ( ! *ief ?+s c>ri$ 9 ! processions 9 hon\r ( ,bac*us1 & ! sacr$ phallus1 l ! /atue ( ,priapus1 appe>s to h be5 g5]ally made ( ! wood ( ! fig-tree4#da ,^! facts well %[ ! nature ( ! ideas :i* _h come to be connect$ ) t tree4 ,to :at has be5 already said may1 h[ev]1 be add$ ! te/imony ( a ,fr5* writ]1 :o1 aft] speak+ ( ! lotus z "o ( ! _m symbols anci5tly us$ to repres5t ! productive =ces ( nature1 cont9ues3 8,il faut y jo9dre1 p\r le rgne vgtal1 le figui] indi51 ou l'arbre des ,banians1 le figui] sacr ou religieux 7ficus indica1 b5gal5sis1 ficus religiosa1 c471 vata1 aswa?a1 pipala1 et bi5 d'autres1 idaliss de bonne heure1 dans le my?ologie des ,h9d\s1 s\s la figure de l'arbre de vie1 arbre imm5se1 colonne de feu1 norme et orgueilleux phallus1 l'abord unique1 mais depuis devis et disp]s1 et qui n'e/ peut-tre pas sans rapport1 soit avec l'arbre de la connaissance du bi5 et du mal1 soit avec d'autres symboles non mo9s fameux40#db ,t ! ficus 0 ! symbolical tree 89 ! mid/ ( ! g>d50 ( ! ,hebrew leg5d ( ! fall is extremely probable4 ,t notion w\ld seem1 inde$1 to be requir$ by ref]5ce to ! fig leaves#dc z ! cov]+ us$ by ,adam & ,eve :51 aft] eat+ ! =bidd5 fruit1 !y f\nd !mselves to be nak$4 ,! fig-tree1 moreov]1 meets ! difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! tree ( life & ! tree ( k4 ,^!1 accord+ to ! op9ion above express$1 z to ! mean+ ( ! 8fall10 w\ld repres5t ! male & female pr9ciples1 z d ! bo-tree & palm1 8unit$ 9 m>riage10 ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ! palm d]iv+ m sacr$ness f be+ encircl$ by ! ficus4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! d\ble symbol 0 ( lat] introduction4 ,! banyan ( itself w\ld be suffici5t to repres5t ! dual idea1 :5 to ! primitive "o ( 8k0 0 add$ t ( 8life40 ,! /ately trunk w\ld answ] to ! 8tree ( life10 :ile its fruit 0 ! symbol ( t :i* 0 m especially affect$ by ! act ( disob$i5ce4 ,?is 0 ! eat+ ( ! fruit1 :i*1 z convey+ ! =bidd5 wisdom1 is evid5tly ! ess5tial feature ( ! leg5d1 & ! fig _h anci5tly j t symbolical mean+ :i* w\ld be requir$ = ! purpose4#dd ,?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 f ! e>lie/ hi/orical p]iod1 ! fruit ( ! fig-tree 0 ! emblem ( virg9ity4 ,dr4 ,inman says3 8,! fruit ( ! tree resembles 9 %ape ! virg9 ut]us2 ) its /em atta*$1 x symbolises ! si/rum ( ,isis4 ,its =m l$ to ! idea t x w\ld promote f]tility4 ,to ?is day1 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries1 ! hidd5 mean+ ( ! fig is almo/ z well kn[n z its comm]cial value40#de ,t we h 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! 8fall0 a ,phallic leg5d1 is evid5t also f ! introduction ( ! s]p5t on ! sc5e1 & ! position x takes z ! incit+ cause ( ! s9ful act4 ,we are "h rem9d$ ( ! passage already quot$ f ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 :o tells u t ! s]p5t 0 ! special symbol ( ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us4 ,n[ ?is animal holds a v curi\s place 9 ! religions ( ! civilis$ peoples ( antiquity4 ,al?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( lat] ?\ght1 x came to be treat$ z ! p]sonification ( evil1 & z su* appe>s 9 ! ,hebrew leg5d ( ! fall1 yet orig9ally ! s]p5t 0 ! special symbol ( wisdom & heal+4 ,9 ! latt] capacity x appe>s ev5 9 connection ) ! ,exodus f ,egypt4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 its "* z a symbol ( wisdom t x m especially claims our att5tion1 al?\gh ^! ideas are intimately connect$--! p[] ( heal+ be+ m]ely a phase ( wisdom4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any hi/orical notice ! s]p5t has be5 connect$ ) ! gods ( wisdom4 ,?is animal 0 ! especial symbol ( ,?o? or ,taaut1 a primeval deity ( ,syro-,egyptian my?ology1#df & ( all ^? gods1 su* z ,h]mes & ,se?1 :o c be connect$ ) him4 ,?is is true also ( ! #crd memb] ( ! ,*aldean triad1 ,ha or ,hoa4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 ! mo/ important titles ( ?is deity ref] 8to 8 functions z ! s\rce ( all k & sci5ce40 ,n only is he 8! intellig5t fi%10 b 8 "n may be read z signify+ bo? 8life0 & a 8s]p5t10 & he may be consid]$ z 8figur$ by ! great s]p5t :i* occupies s conspicu\s a place among ! symbols ( ! gods on ! black /ones record+ ,babylonian b5efactions40#dg ,! s]p5t 0 also ! symbol ( ! ,egyptian ,kneph1 :o resembl$ ! ,sophia ( ! ,gno/ics1 ! div9e wisdom4 ,?is animal1 moreov]1 0 ! ,aga?o-dmon ( ! religions ( antiquity--! giv] ( happ9ess & good =tune4#dh ,x 0 9 ^! capacities1 r ?an z hav+ a ,phallic significance1 t ! s]p5t 0 associat$ ) ! sun-gods1 ! ,*aldean ,bel1 ! ,grecian ,apollo1 & ! ,semitic ,se?4 ,b :5ce orig9at$ ! idea ( ! wisdom ( ! s]p5t :i* l$ to its connection ) ! leg5d ( ! 8fall80 ,?is may1 p]haps1 be expla9$ by o!r facts1 :i* %[ also ! nature ( ! wisdom "h int5d$4 ,?us1 9 ! annals ( ! ,mexicans1 ! fir/ woman1 ^: "n 0 translat$ by ! old ,spani% writ]s1 8! woman ( our fle%10 is always repres5t$ z accompani$ by a great male s]p5t4 ,?is s]p5t is ! sun-god ,tonacatle-coatl1 ! pr9cipal deity ( ! ,mexican ,pan!on1 :ile ! goddess-"m ( primitive man is call$ ,cihua-,cohuatl1 :i* signifies 8woman ( ! s]p5t40#di ,accord+ to ?is leg5d1 :i* agrees ) t ( o!r ,am]ican tribes1 a s]p5t mu/ h be5 ! fa!r ( ! human race4 ,?is notion c be expla9$ only on ! supposition t ! s]p5t 0 ?\ght to h _h at "o "t a human =m4 ,9 ! ,hebrew leg5d ! tempt] speaks1 & 8! old s]p5t hav+ two feet10 ( ,p]sian my?ology1 is none o!r ?an ! evil _s ,ahriman himself4#ej ,! fact is t ! s]p5t 0 only a symbol1 or at mo/ an embodim5t ( ! _s :i* x repres5t$1 z we see f ! belief ( sev]al ,african & ,am]ican tribes1 :i* probably pres]ves ! primitive =m ( ?is sup]/ition4 ,s]p5ts are look$ ^u by ^! peoples z embodim5ts ( _! dep>t$ ance/ors1#ea & an analog\s notion is ent]ta9$ by v>i\s ,h9doo tribes4 ,no d\bt ! noiseless movem5t & ! activity ( ! s]p5t1 comb9$ ) its peculi> gaze & m>vell\s p[] ( fasc9ation1 l$ to its be+ view$ z a _s embodim5t1 & h5ce also z ! possessor ( wisdom4#eb ,9 ! _s "* ascrib$ to ! s]p5t1 we h ! explanation ( ! association ( its wor%ip ) human sacrifice not$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson--?is sacrifice be+ really connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,x is evid5t1 moreov]1 t we f9d "h ! orig9 ( ! idea ( evil sometimes associat$ ) ! ,s]p5t-,god4 ,! ,kafir & ! ,h9du1 al?\gh he treats ) respect any s]p5t :i* may visit 8 dwell+1 yet ent]ta9s a suspicion ( 8 visitant4 ,x may p]haps be ! embodim5t ( an evil _s1 or = "s reason or o!r x may desire to injure him4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson /ates t 8! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! s]p5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ 9 all ages seems to h be5 _! p[] ov] ! w9d & ra910 :i* !y gave or )held accord+ to _! good or ill-w t[>ds man4#ec ,?is notion is curi\sly confirm$ by ! title giv5 by ! ,egyptians to ! ,semitic ,god ,seti or ,se?--,typhon1 :i* 0 ! "n ( ! ,phnician ,evil pr9ciple1 & also ( a de/ructive w9d1 ?us hav+ a curi\s analogy ) ! 8,typhoon0 ( ! ,*9ese ,seas4#ed ,:5 ! notion ( a duality 9 nature 0 develop$1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 apply+ x to ! symbols or embodim5ts by :i* ! idea ( wisdom 0 repres5t$ 9 ! animal _w4 ,?us1 !re came to be n only good1 b also bad s]p5ts1 bo? ( :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,hebrew ,exodus1 b /ill m cle>ly 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! good & ! bad s]p5ts ( ,p]sian my?ology1 :i* symbolis$ ,ormuzd or ,mi?ra & ! ,evil _s ,ahriman4#ee ,s f> z ,i c make out ! s]p5t symbol has n a direct ,phallic ref]5ce1 nor is its attribute ( wisdom ! mo/ ess5tial4 ,! idea mo/ intimately associat$ ) ?is animal 0 t ( life1 n pres5t m]ely b cont9u$ & probably ev]la/+4#ef ,?us ! snake ,bai 0 figur$ z ,gu>dian ( ! doorways ( ^? *amb]s ( ,egyptian ,tombs :i* repres5t$ ! mansions ( heav54#eg ,a sacr$ s]p5t w\ld seem to h be5 kept 9 all ! ,egyptian temples1 & we are told t 8_m ( ! subjects1 9 ! tombs ( ! k+s at ,!bes1 9 p>ticul>1 %[ ! importance x 0 ?\ght to enjoy 9 a future /ate40#eh ,cr[ns1 =m$ ( ! asp1 or sacr$ ,!rmu?is1 7 giv5 to sov]eigns & div9ities1 p>ticul>ly to ,isis1#ei & ^!1 no d\bt1 7 int5d$ to symbolise et]nal life4 ,isis 0 a goddess ( life & heal+1#fj & ! s]p5t evid5tly belong$ to h] 9 t "*1 see+ t x 0 ! symbol also ( o!r deities ) ! l attributes4 ,?us1 on papyri x encircles ! figure ( ,h>pocrates1#fa :o 0 id5tifi$ ) sculapius2 :ile n only 0 a great s]p5t kept alive 9 ! temple ( ,s]apis1 b on lat] monum5ts ?is god is repres5t$ by a great s]p5t ) or )\t a human head4#fb ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 9 accordance ) 8 peculi> !ory z to ! orig9 ( s]p5t-wor%ip1 ?9ks t ?is sup]/ition *>act]is$ ! old ,turanian 7or let u r say ,akkadian7 empire ( ,*aldea1 :ile tree-wor%ip 0 m a *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] ,assyrian ,empire4#fc ,?is op9ion is no d\bt correct1 & x means really t ! old] race _h t =m ( fai? ) :i* ! s]p5t 0 always indirectly connect$--adoration ( ! male pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 ! pr9cipal phase ( :i* 0 probably ance/or-wor%ip2 :ile ! latt] race ador$ ! female pr9ciple1 symbolis$ by ! sacr$ tree1 ! ,assyrian 8grove40 ,! 8tree ( life10 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly _h ref]5ce to ! male elem5t1 & we may well imag9e t orig9ally ! fruit alone 0 treat$ z symbolical ( ! opposite elem5t4 ,!re is /ill "o important po9t connect$ ) ?is leg5d :i* requires consid]ation z ?r[+ light on ano!r v widespread sup]/ition4 ,b>on ,buns5 says t ! nature ( ! ,k]ubim :o 7 set to keep ! way to ! tree ( life has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,he seems to ?9k !y h a volcanic ref]5ce1 al?\gh ! usual supposition is t !y 7 angels be>+ 8flam+ swords40 ,! latt] op9ion1 h[ev]1 c\ld only h aris5 f ! association1 9 o!r places1 ( k]ubim ) s]aphim1 :o are also popul>ly suppos$ to be angelic spirits1 b :om ,buns5 ?9ks h ref]5ce to flame4 ,all ^! explanations1 h[ev]1 appe> to me to be errone\s4 ,accord+ to "o op9ion1 k]ub is comp\nd$ ( two words1 ke a p>ticle ( resemblance1 & rab1 signify+ great1 p[]ful4 ,if ?is d]ivation be correct we may safely inf] t ! k]ub 0 simply a repres5tation ( ! /rong deity himself1 ( :om ! flam+ sword 0 also an emblem4 ,?is notion is confirm$ by ! /atem5t ( ! ,jewi% ,t>gams t 8! glory ( ,god dwelt betwe5 ! two *]ubim at ! gate ( ,ed51 j z x re/$ ^u ! two *]ubim 9 ! ,tab]nacle40#fd ,x is curi\s t 9 ! analog\s ,greek my? ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,hesp]ides1 ! gold5 apples 7 gu>d$ by a s]p5t4 ,we h a clos] resemblance to ! ,hebrew ,k]ubim 9 ,p]sian my?ology4 ,delitzs* says 8! k]ubs appe> "h z gu>ds ( ,p>adise1 j z 9 ! ,p]sian leg5d #ii1iii--;i4e41 innum]able att5dants ( ! ,holy ,"o keep wat* aga9/ ! attempts ( ,ahriman ov] ! tree ,hm1 :i* conta9s 9 itself ! p[] ( ! resurrection4 ,mu* clos]1 h[ev]1 lies ! comp>ison ( ! w+$ lion-&-eagle-=m$ griff91#fe :i* wat* ! gold-caves ( ! ,arimaspian metallic m\nta9s1 & ( ! sometimes m or less hawk-=m$1 sometimes only w+$ & o!rwise man-=m$-gu>dians1 ^u ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,! resemblance ( ! symbols is surpris+ly great2 & ! comp>ison ( ! ,k+ ( ,tyre1#ff to a protect+ k]ub ) outspread w+s1 :o1 /ation$ on ! holy m\nta91 walk$ up & d[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ones ( fire1 ju/ifies u 9 assum+ su* a connection40#fg ,! real nature & orig9 ( ! ,hebrew k]ub is app>5t on ref]5ce to ! language us$ by ,ezekiel 9 describ+ 8 vision ( w+$ creatures4 ,dr4 ,fab] %[s cle>ly t ^! 7 ! same z ! k]ubim 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies ( ! ,hebrew temple1 & he argues1 moreov]1 ) great ju/ice1 t ! latt] mu/ h agre$ ) ^? :o 7 said to h be5 /ation$ be=e ! tree ( life 9 ,ed54 ,9 fact1 ! ,k+ ( ,tyre is /yl$ by ,ezekiel 8! ano9t$ cov]+ k]ub ( ,ed51 ! g>d5 ( ,god40#fh ,n[1 a curi\s diff]5ce is made by ,ezekiel 9 ! two descriptions he gives ( ! creatures :i* appe>$ 9 8 vision4 ,9 ! "o case he describes !m z hav+ ea* f\r faces--t ( a man1 t ( a lion1 t ( an ox1 & t ( an eagle4#fi ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 !y are describ$ z hav+ ea* ! faces ( a k]ub1 ( a man1 ( an eagle1 & ( a lion4#gj ,judg+ f ?is discrepancy1 ! head ( a k]ub be+ sub/itut$ = t ( an ox1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! k]ub & ! ox are synonym\s4 ,dr4 ,fab] v ju/ly obs]ves on ?is difficulty1 t ,ezekiel 8w\ld sc>cely h call$ ! head ( ! ox by way ( em95ce ! head ( a k]ub1 unless ! =m ( ! ox s greatly pr$om9at$ 9 ! comp\nd =m ( ! k]ub z to w>rant ! entire k]ub be+ famili>ly /yl$ an ox40#ga ,?is conclusion is ! m probable :5 we consid] t 9 ! fir/ vision ! creatures are repres5t$ ) feet l ^? ( a calf4#gb ,9 fact1 we h 9 ?is vision1 z 9 ! k]ubim ( ,g5esis1 animal repres5tations ( deity1 su* z ! ,p]sians & o!r ,ea/]n peoples delight$ 91 ! mo/ prom95t be+ t ( ! ox--or1 r bull1 z x w\ld be m prop]ly r5d]$4 ,b :at 0 ! sacr$ bull ( ! religions ( antiquity1 or r :at its my?ological value8 ,dr4 ,fab] says expressly on ?is subject3 8,!re is p]haps no "p ( ! ,g5tile _w 9 :i* ! bull & ! c[ 7 n highly rev]5c$ & consid]$ 9 ! light ( holy & my/]i\s symbols40#gc ,he cites ! traditional f\nd] ( ! ,*9ese empire1 ,fohi1 z hav+ a son ) a bull's head1 ?is p]sonage be+ also v5]at$ by ! ,japanese "u ! title ( ! 8ox-head$ pr9ce ( heav540 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,doolittle1 a pap] image ( a dome/ic buffalo1 z l>ge z life1 ) small] images 9 clay ( ?is animal1 are c>ri$ 9 procession at ! ,great ,*9ese ,fe/ival 9 hon\r ( spr+1 :ile a live buffalo accompanies ! procession = "s di/ance4#gd ,x is curi\s to f9d t at ! o!r side ( ! ,europo-,asiatic cont95t ! bull 0 consid]$ sacr$ by ! ,celtic ,druids1 x be+ rev]5c$ by ! anci5t ,britons z ! symbol ( _! ,great ,god ,hu4 ,?us also ! ,kimbri 8ador$ _! pr9cipal ,god "u ! =m ( a braz5 bull20 z ! anci5t ,col*ians wor%ipp$ braz5-foot$ bulls :i* 7 said to emit fire f _! no/rils1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! sacrifices ) :i* !y 7 propitiat$4 ,dr4 ,fab] says z to ! ,great ,phnician ,god1 call$ by ! ,greek translator ( ,san*onia?o ,agru]us1 f ! circum/ance ( 8 be+ an agricultural ,god1 t he 80 wor%ipp$ by ! ,syrians & _! neighb\rs ! ,canaanites1 "u ! titles ( ,baal & ,molo*2 &1 z 8 %r9e 0 drawn by ox51 s he himself 0 repres5t$ by ! figure ( a man hav+ ! head ( a bull1 & sometimes probably by ! simple figure ( a bull alone04 ,! ,p]sian ,mi?ra is also repres5t$ z a bull-god1 & x is highly sugge/ive t 9 "o ( ! c>v$ grottos ne> ! ,campus ,m>jorum he is figur$ "u ! symbol ( ! phallus surm\nt$ by ! head ( a bull4 ,ev5 among ! ,hebrews !mselves ! gold5 calf 01 "u ! au?ority ( ,a>on1 us$ z an object ( wor%ip1 a =m ( idolatry :i* 0 re-e/abli%$ by ,j]oboam1 if x _h ev] be5 ab&on$4 ,dr4 ,fab]1 inde$1 ?9ks t ! calves wor%ipp$ at ,sam>ia 7 copies ( ! k]ubim 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,if we turn to peoples k9dr$ to ! ,hebrews1 we f9d t ! ,phnician ,adonis 0 sometimes repres5t$ z a horn$ deity1 z 7 also ,dionysos & ,bac*us1 :o 71 9 fact1 m]ely ! names "u :i* ,adonis 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,?race & ,greece4 ,plut>* says t 8! wom5 ( ,elis 7 accu/om$ to invite ,bac*us to 8 temple on ! sea%ore1 "u ! "n ( #8! heif]-foot$ div9ity1' ! illu/ri\s bull1 ! bull wor?y ( ! highe/ v5]ation40 ,h5ce 9 ! c]emonies1 dur+ ! celebration ( ! my/]ies ( ,bac*us & ,dionysos1 ! bull always took a prom95t place1 z x did also dur+ ! fe/ivals ( ! alli$ deity ( ,egypt--! bull ,apis be+ wor%ipp$ z an inc>nation ( ,osiris4 ,9 ,india ! bull is /ill held sacr$ by ! ,brahmans1 & 9 ,h9du my?ology x is connect$ ) bo? ,siva & ,m5u4#ge ,a sup]/iti\s v5]ation = ?is animal is 9 fact ent]ta9$ by all pa/oral or agricultural peoples :o possess x4 ,to seek ! explanation ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on 9 ! traditional remembrance ( ! k]ubic repres5tations ( deity :i* gu>d$ ! tree ( life w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree irrational4 ,^! repres5tations 7 m]ely copies ( symbolical figures1 :i*1 l ! /ory ( ! fall1 7 borr[$ f an ,ea/]n s\rce4 ,! real explanation is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! bull 0 an emblem ( ! productive =ce 9 nature4 ,! ,z5d ^w gaya1 :i* means 8bull10 signifies also ! 8s\l0 or 8life10 z ! same ,arabic ^w d5otes bo? 8life0 & a 8s]p5t40 ,a p>allel case is t ( ! ,z5d ^w or\r1 :i* means a 8tree0 z well z 8life0 or 8s\l40#gf ,accord+ to ! cosmogany ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ,ormuzd1 aft] he _h creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 =m$ ! fir/ be+1 call$ by ,zoroa/] 8! primeval bull40 ,?is bull 0 poison$ by ,ahriman1 b its se$ 0 c>ri$ by ! s\l ( ! dy+ animal1 repres5t$ z an iz$1 to ! moon1 8:]e x is cont9ually purifi$ & fecundat$ by ! w>m? & light ( ! sun1 to become ! g]m ( all creatures40 ,at ! same "t ! mat]ial prototypes ( all liv+ ?+s1 except p]haps man himself1 issu$ f ! body ( ! bull4#gg ,?is is b a develop$ =m ( ! ideas :i* anci5tly 7 almo/ univ]sally associat$ ) ?is animal1 among ^? peoples :o 7 addict$ to sun-wor%ip4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! sup]/iti\s v5]ation = ! bull exi/$1 z x /ill exi/s1 q indep5d5t ( ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies4#gh ,! bull1 l ! goat1 mu/ h be5 a sacr$ animal 9 ,egypt be=e x 0 decl>$ to be an embodim5t ( ! sun-god ,osiris4 ,9 "s s5se1 inde$1 ! bull & ! s]p5t1 al?\gh bo? ( !m became associat$ ) ! sol> deities1 7 antagoni/ic4 ,! s]p5t 0 symbolical ( ! p]sonal male elem5t1 or r _h especial ref]5ce to ! man1#gi :ile ! bull _h relation to nature z a :ole1 & 0 symbolical ( ! g5]al idea ( fecundity4 ,?is antagonism 0 br\ght to an issue 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,osiris & ,seti 7,se?71 :i* end$ 9 ! triumph ( ! god ( nature1 al?\gh x 0 r5ew$ ev5 dur+ ! ,exodus1 :5 ! gold5 calf ( ,osiris or ,horus 0 set up 9 ! ,hebrew camp4 ,! ref]5ce made to ! s]p5t1 to ! tree ( wisdom1 & to ! bull1 9 ! leg5d ( ! 8fall10 suffici5tly proves its ,phallic "*1 :i* 01 inde$1 recognis$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4#hj ,judg+ f ! facts above ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! leg5d 0 d]iv$ f a =eign s\rce4 ,t x c\ld n be orig9al to ! ,hebrews may1 ,i ?9k1 be prov$ by sev]al consid]ations4 ,! position occupi$ 9 ! leg5d by ! s]p5t is q inconsi/5t ) ! use ( ?is animal symbol by ,moses4#ha ,l ,satan himself ev51 z ! ,rev4 ,dunb> ,hea? has %[n1#hb ! s]p5t _h n1 inde$1 a :olly evil "* among ! e>ly ,hebrews4 ,9 ! second place1 ! condemnation ( ! act ( g5]ation 0 directly contr>y to ! c5tral idea ( patri>*al hi/ory4 ,! promise to ,abraham 0 t he %\ld h se$ 8num]\s z ! />s ( heav5 = multitude10 & to support ?is notion ! desc5t ( ,abraham is trac$ up to ! fir/ creat$ man1 :o is comm&$ to increase & multiply4 ,! leg5d ( ! fall is n unkn[n to ,h9du my?ology1 b "h ! subject ( ! temptation is ! div9e ,brahma1 :o1 h[ev]1 is n only mank9d collectively1 b a man individually4#hc ,9 human %ape he is ,sivayambhuva1 & to try ?is prog5itor ( mank9d1 ,siva1 z ! ,supreme ,be+1 8drops f heav5 a blossom ( ! sacr$ vata1 or ,indian fig--a tree :i* has be5 always v5]at$ by ! natives on acc\nt ( its gigantic size & grateful %ad[s1 & inve/$ alike by ,brahman & by ,buddhi/ ) my/]i\s significations1 z ! tree ( k or intellig5ce 7bodhidruma74#hd ,captivat$ by ! beauty ( ! blossom1 ! fir/ man 7,brahma7 is det]m9$ to possess x4 ,he imag9es t x w entitle him to occupy ! place ( ! ,immortal1 & hold conv]se ) ! ,inf9ite2 & on ga!r+ up ! blossom1#he he at once becomes intoxicat$ by ?is fancy1 & believes himself immortal & div9e4 ,b ere ! flu% ( exultation has subsid$1 ,god ,himself appe>s to him 9 t]rible maje/y2 & ! a/oni%$ culprit1 /rick5 by ! curse ( heav51 is bani%$ f> f ,brahmapattana1 & consign$ to an abyss ( mis]y & degradation4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 adds ! /ory1 an escape is r5d]$ possible on ! expiration ( "s we>y t]m ( suff]+ & ( p5ance4 ,& ! p>allelism :i* x pres5ts to sacr$ hi/ory is well-nigh complet$ :5 ! leg5d tells u fur!r t woman1 8 own wife1 ^: be+ 0 d]iv$ f 81 _h in/igat$ ! ambiti\s hopes :i* l$ to _! expulsion1 & entail$ s _m ills on _! po/]ity40#hf ,t p>allelism _c well be ! result ( m]e co9cid5ce1 & ! ref]5ce to ! fig-tree 9 ! ,h9du leg5d n only r5d]s x highly probable t ?is 0 ! tree ( k#hg ( ,hebrew leg5d1 b confirms1 by ! symbolical ideas connect$ ) x1 ! explanation ( ! nature ( ! 8fall0 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! real mean+ ( ! leg5d 0 well und]/ood by ! ,gno/ics & ,mani*eans1 & ^? ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs :o 7 br\ght into contact ) ,ea/]n ideas ?r\gh !m4#hh ,! ,p]sians1 :o 7 indebt$ to ! ,*aldeans = _m ( _! religi\s ideas1 possess$ ! /ory ( ! fall 9 a =m agree+ m closely ) t :i* may h be5 ! orig9al ( ! ,hebrew leg5d4 ,accord+ to ! ,b\ndehes*1 "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sees1 a tree gave bir? to ! primeval man ,mes*ia4 ,! body ( ?is &rogyn\s be+ aft]w>ds became divid$1 "o "p be+ male & ! o!r female--,mes*ia & ,mes*iana1#hi z ! man & woman 7 call$--7 at fir/ pure & holy1 b s$uc$ by ,ahriman1 :o _h metamorphos$ himself into a s]p5t1 !y r5d]$ to ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness ! wor%ip :i* 0 due only to ,ormuzd1 ! ,god ( ,light4 ,mes*ia & ,mes*iana ?us lo/ _! primitive purity1 :i* nei!r !y nor _! desc5dants c\ld recov] )\t ! assi/ance ( ,mi?ra1 ! god :o presid$ at ! my/]ies or at ! initiations--t is to say1 at ! way ( rehabilitation :i* is op5$ be=e ^? :o seek e>ne/ly ! salvation ( _! s\ls4#ij ,at ! in/igation ( ,ahriman1 ! man & woman _h1 = ! fir/ "t1 committ$1 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$1 ! c>nal s91 & ?us ta9t$ ) orig9al s9 all _! desc5dants4#ia ,laj>d1 ref]r+ to ?is leg5d1 adds 9 a note3 8,le triple c>actre que pres5te ici le p* orig9el e/ trs nettem5t indiqu dans le passage cit du ,b\ndehes*4 ,il y e/ accompagn de dtails que font de ce passage un des morceaux les plus curieux de ce trait4 ,quelques-uns de ces dtails 444 ratta*e ce mme mot 7s]p5t7 ou sa rac9e la dnom9ation des p>ties sexuelles de la homme et de la femme40 ,! ,p]sian acc\nt ( ! fall & its consequ5ces agrees s closely ) ! ,hebrew /ory :5 /ripp$ ( its figurative language t we _c d\bt t !y ref] to ! same leg5d1#ib & ! use ( figurative language 9 ! latt] may well lead u to believe t x 0 ( lat] date ?an ! =m]4#ic ,9 ,ahriman1 :o 0 kn[n to ,p]sian tea*+ z 8! old s]p5t hav+ two feet10 we evid5tly h ! orig9 ( ! speak+ s]p5t ( ,g5esis1 :ile 9 8! se$ ( ! woman :o %all bruise ! s]p5t's head10 ! foll[] ( ,z>a?u/ra w\ld h se5 a ref]5ce to ,mi?ra1 j z ! ,*ri/ian f9ds !re a prophecy ( ,*ri/4 ,ev5 ! antagonism betwe5 ! ,*]ubim & ! ,s]p5t c be f\nd 9 ,p]sian tea*+1 = x 0 to ! malignant action ( ! ,s]p5t ,az t ! dea?1 n only ( ! fir/ man1 b ( ! 8primeval bull10 0 due4#id ,! latt] 0 =m$ by ,ormuzd aft] ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & t f :i* proce$$ ! mat]ial prototypes ( all ! be+s 8:o live 9 ! wat]1 on ! e>?1 & 9 ! air40#ie ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! leg5d 0 appropriat$ by ! compil] ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures x _h a moral significance z well z a m]ely figurative s5se4 ,! leg5d is divisible into two p>ts--! fir/ ( :i* is a m]e /atem5t ( ! imp>t+ ( wisdom by ! s]p5t & by ! eat+ ( ! fruit ( a c]ta9 tree1 ^! ideas be+ synonym\s1 or at lea/ consi/5t1 z appe>s by ! attributes ( ! ,*aldean ,ha4#if ,! nature ( ?is wisdom may be f\nd 9 ! rites ( ! ,h9du ,sacti ,puja4#ig ,! second "p ( ! leg5d1 :i* is probably ( mu* lat] date1 is ! condemnation ( ! act ref]r$ to1 z be+ 9 itself evil & z lead+ to mis]y1 & ev5 to dea? itself4 ,! orig9 ( ?is lat] notion mu/ be s\ght 9 ! esot]ic doctr9e taught 9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ra1 ! fundam5tal idea ( :i* 0 ! desc5t ( ! s\l to e>? & its re-asc5t to ! cele/ial abodes aft] x _h ov]come ! temptations & debas+ influ5ces ( ! mat]ial life4#ih ,laj>d %[s t ^! my/]ies 7 really tak5 f ! secret wor%ip ( ! ,*aldean ,mylitta1 b ! ref]5ce to 8! se$ ( ! woman :o %all bruise ! s]p5t's head10 is too ,mi?raic = u to seek = an e>li] orig9 = ! special =m ( ! ,hebrew my?4 ,! object ( ! my? evid5tly 0 to expla9 ! orig9 ( dea?1#ii f :i* man 0 to be deliv]$ by a com+ ,savi\r1 & ! :ole idea is /rictly ,mi?raic1 ! ,p]sian deity himself be+ a ,savi\r ,god4#ajj ,! importance atta*$ to virg9ity by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians sprang f ! same s\rce4 ,! ,ave/a is full ( ref]5ce to 8purity0 ( life1 & !re is reason to believe t 9 ! secret initiations ! foll[]s ( ,mi?ra 7 taught to reg>d m>riage itself z impure4#aja ,! religi\s ideas :i* f\nd expression 9 ! leg5d ( ! fall 7 und\bt$ly ( late developm5t1#ajb al?\gh d]iv$ f /ill e>li] phases ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! simple wor%ip 9 symbol ( ! organs ( g5]ation1 & ( ! ance/ral head ( ! family1 prompt$ by ! desire = (fspr+ & ! v5]ation = him :o produc$ x1 0 ext5d$ to ! g5]ative =ce 9 nature4 ,! bull :i*1 z we h se51 symbolis$ ?is =ce1 0 n re/rict$ to e>?1 b 0 9 c\rse ( "t transf]r$ to ! heav5s1 & z "o ( ! con/ellations 0 ?\ght to h a peculi> relation to c]ta9 ( ! planet>y bodies4 ,?is a/ral phase ( ! ,phallic sup]/ition 0 n unkn[n to ! ,mosaic religion4 ,a /ill e>li] =m ( ?is sup]/ition 01 h[ev]1 kn[n to ! ,hebrews1 probably =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ! symbol ( p]sonal g5]ative p[] & t ( ! heav5ly phallus2 z ! wor%ip ( ! bull connect$ ! v5]ation = ! human g5]ator ) t = ! univ]sal fa!r4 ,"o ( ! primeval gods ( antiquity 0 ,h]mes1 ! ,syro-,egyptian ,?o?1 & ! ,roman ,m]cury4 ,kir*] id5tifies him also ) ! god ,t]m9us4 ,?is is d\btless true1 z ,h]mes 0 a god ( b\nd>ies1 & appe>s1 z ,dulaure has well %[n1 to h presid$ ov] ! national fronti]s4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 8,?o?0--erect+--associates x ) ?is fact4 ,! peculi> primitive =m ( ,m]cury or ,h]mes 0 8a l>ge /one1 frequ5tly squ>e1 & )\t ei!r h&s or feet4 ,sometimes ! triangul> %ape 0 pref]r$1 sometimes an upright pill>1 & sometimes a heap ( rude /ones60#ajc ,! pill>s 7 call$ by ! ,greeks ,h]m1 & ! heaps 7 kn[n z ,h]man heaps--! latt] be+ accumulat$ 8by ! cu/om ( ea* pass5g] ?r[+ a /one to ! daily-increas+ mass 9 hon\r ( ! god40 ,sometimes ! pill> 0 repres5t$ ) ! attributes ( ,priapus4#ajd ,! id5tification ( ,h]mes or ,m]cury ) ,priapus is confirm$ by ! (fices :i* ! latt] deity fulfill$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important 0 t ( protector ( g>d5s & or*>ds1 & probably ?is 0 ! orig9al (fice p]=m$ by ,h]mes 9 8 "* ( 8a ,god ( ! c\ntry40#aje ,figures set up z *>ms to protect ! produce ( ! gr\nd w\ld1 9 c\rse ( "t1 be us$ n only = ?is purpose1 b also to m>k ! b\nd>ies ( ! l& protect$1 & ^! two (fices be+ divid$1 two deities w\ld f9ally be =m$ out ( "o4 ,! ,greek ,h]mes 0 connect$ also ) ! ,egyptian ,khem1 & no less1 if we may judge f ! symbols us$ 9 8 wor%ip1 ) ! ,hebrew ,eloah4 ,?us1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s1 we are told t :5 ,jacob ent]$ into a cov5ant ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,laban1 a pill> 0 set up & a heap ( /ones made1 & ,laban said to ,jacob1 8,behold ?is heap & behold ?is pill>1 :i* ,i h ca/ betwixt me & !e2 ?is heap be witness1 & ?is pill> be witness1 t ,i w n pass ov] ?is heap to !e1 & t ?\ %all n pass ov] ?is heap & ?is pill> unto me = h>m40#ajf ,we h "h ! ,h]m & ,h]man heap1 us$ by ! ,greeks z l&m>ks & plac$ by !m on ! public roads4 ,9 ! l+a ( ,india we h ano!r in/ance ( ! use ( ! pill> symbol4 ,! =m ( ?is symbol is suffici5tly expressive ( ! idea :i* x embodies1 an idea :i* is m explicitly %[n :5 ! ,l+a & ! ,yoni are1 z is usually ! case among ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,h9du ,siva1 comb9$ to =m ! ,l+am4 ,! /one figure is n1 h[ev]1 itself a god1 b only repres5tative ( a _s1#ajg :o is ?\ght to be able to satisfy ! ye>n+ = *ildr51 s *>act]i/ic ( _m primitive peoples1 ?is probably hav+ be5 its orig9al object & ! s\rce ( its use z an amulet = ! protection ( *ildr5 aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ! evil eye4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 :5 o!r prop]ty came to be covet$ equally ) (fspr+1 ! p[] to give ?is prop]ty w\ld naturally be ref]r$ to ! primitive ,phallic _s1 & h5ce he became1 n m]ely ! protector1 z above se51 ( ! produce ( ! fields1 & ! gu>dian ( b\nd>ies1 b also ! ,god ( weal? & traffic1 & ev5 ! patron ( ?ieves1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,m]cury ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,hebrew patri>*s desir$ great flocks z well z num]\s desc5dants1 & h5ce ! symbolic pill> 0 peculi>ly fitt$ = _! religi\s rites4 ,x is relat$ ev5 ( ,abraham1 ! traditional f\nd] ( ! ,hebrew p1 t he 8plant$ a grove#ajh 7e%el7 9 ,be]%eba1 & call$ !re on ! "n ( ,jehovah1 ! ev]la/+ ,elohim40#aji ,f ! ,phallic "* ( ! 8grove0 7a%]a71#aaj said to h be5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah1 we mu/ suppose t ! e%el ( ,abraham also _h a ,phallic ref]5ce4#aaa ,mo/ probably ! s-call$ 8grove0 ( ! e>li] patri>*1 ?\gh p]haps ( wood1 & ! /one 8be!l0 ( ,jacob _h ! same =m1 & 7 simply ! betylus1#aab ! primitive symbol ( deity among all ! ,semitic & _m ,hamitic peoples4 ,! p>ticipation ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s 9 ! rites connect$ ) ! 8pill>-wor%ip0 ( ! anci5t _w1 r5d]s x extremely probable t !y 7 n /rang]s to ! lat] planet>y wor%ip4 ,_m ( ! old ,phallic symbols 7 associat$ ) ! new sup]/ition1 & ,abraham1 be+ a ,*aldean1 x is natural to suppose t he 0 "o ( its adh]5ts4 ,tradition1 inde$1 affirms t ,abraham 0 a great a/ronom]1 & at "o "t at lea/ a wor%ipp] ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & t he & ! o!r patri>*s cont9u$ to be affect$ by ?is sup]/ition is %[n by v>i\s incid5ts relat$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?us1 9 ! description giv5 ( ! sacrificial cov5ant betwe5 ,abraham & ,jehovah1 x is said t1 aft] ,abraham _h divid$ ! sacrificial animals1 a deep sleep fell ^u him z ! sun 0 go+ d[n1 & ,jehovah spoke ) him4 8,!n :5 ! sun w5t d[n1 & x 0 d>k1 behold a smok+ furnace1 & a burn+ lamp1 t pass$ betwe5 ^? pieces40 ,! happ5+ ( ?is ev5t at ! mom5t ( ! sun's sett+ rem9ds u ( ! ,saban cu/om ( pray+ to ! sett+ sun1 /ill practis$1 accord+ to ,palgrave1 among ! nomads ( c5tral ,arabia4 ,t "s great religi\s movem5t1 ascrib$ by tradition to ,abraham1 did take place among ! ,semites at an e>ly date is und\bt$4 ,:at ! object ( ?is cov5ant 0 x is difficult to decide4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,*aldeans wor%ipp$ a plurality ( gods1 suppos$ to h be5 symbolis$ by ! sev5 planets4 ,among ^! deities ! sun-god held a comp>atively inf]ior position--! moon-god ,hurki com+ be=e him 9 ! second triad4#aac ,x 0 at ,ur1 ! special seat ( ! wor%ip ( ! moon-god1#aad t ,abraham is said to h liv$ be=e he quitt$ x = ,h>an4 ,?is fact1 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ! traditions relat+ to ! great patri>*1 may p]haps ju/ify u 9 inf]r+ t ! re=mation he endeav\r$ to introduce 0 ! sub/itution ( a simple sun-wor%ip1 = ! planet>y cultus ( ! ,*aldeans1 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ! moon mu/ to him h appe>$ to occupy an important place4 ,! new fai? 01 inde$1 a return to ! old ,phallic idea ( a god ( p]sonal g5]ation1 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh ! symbolical betylus1 b associat$ also ) ! adoration ( ! sun z ! especial repres5tative ( ! deity4 ,t ,abraham _h high] notions ( ! relation ( man to ! div9e be+ ?an 8 =]unn]s is v probable1 b 8 soj\rn 9 ,h>an proves t !re 0 no?+ fundam5tally diff]5t betwe5 8 religi\s fai? & t ( 8 ,syrian neighb\rs4 ,i am incl9$1 inde$1 to believe t to ! traditional ,abraham mu/ be ascrib$ ! e/abli%m5t ( sun-wor%ip ?r\gh\t ,phnicia & ,l[] ,egypt 9 connection ) ! symbols ( an e>li] & m simple ,phallic deity4 ,tradition1 9 fact1 decl>es t he taught ! ,egyptians a/ronomy1#aae & we %all see t ! religion ( ! ,phnicians1 z1 inde$1 t ( ! ,hebrews !mselves1 0 ! wor%ip ( ,saturn1 ! erect1 pill>-god :o1 "u diff]5t names1 appe>s to h be5 at ! head ( ! pan!ons ( mo/ ( ! peoples ( antiquity4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ,hebrew hi/ory to ! s]aphim ( ,jacob's family recalls ! fact t ,abraham's fa!r 0 ,t]ah1 a 8mak] ( images40 ,! t]aphim 7 d\btless ! same z ! s]aphim1 :i* 7 s]p5t images1#aaf & probably ! h\sehold *>ms or idols ( ! ,semitic wor%ipp]s ( ! sun-god1 to :om ! s]p5t 0 sacr$4 ,little is kn[n ( ! religi\s habits ( ! ,hebrews dur+ _! abode 9 ,egypt4 ,probably !y diff]$ little f ^? ( ! ,egyptians !mselves1 & ev5 9 ! religion ( ,moses1 s-call$1 :i* we may presume to h be5 a re=m$ fai?1 !re are _m po9ts ( contact ) ! e>li] cultus4 ,! use ( ! ark ( ,osiris & ,isis %[s ! influ5ce ( ,egyptian ideas1 & ! introduction ( ! new "n = ,god1 ,jahve1 is evid5ce ( contact ) lat] ,phnician ?\ght4 ,! ark 0 d\btless us$ to symbolise nature1 z di/+ui%$ f ! s]p5t & pill> symbols1 :i* _h relation m p>ticul>ly to man4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 7 by f> ! mo/ important1 z !y 7 mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! national deity1 :o 0 ! div9e fa!r1 z ,abraham 0 ! human prog5itor1 ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,t ?is deity1 not)/&+ 8 *ange ( "n1 reta9$ 8 "* ( a sun-god1 is %[n by ! fact t he is repeat$ly said to h appe>$ to ,moses "u ! figure ( a flame4 ,! pill> ( fire :i* guid$ ! ,hebrews by night 9 ! wild]ness1 ! appe>ance ( ! cl\dy pill> at ! door ( ! ,tab]nacle1 & probably ( a flame ov] ! m]cy seat to betok5 ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah1 & ! p]petual fire on ! alt>1 all po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,! notion ent]ta9$ by ,ewald t ! idea connect$ ) ! ,hebrew ,jahve 0 t ( a 8,deliv]]0 or a 8,heal]0 7,savi\r7#aag is q consi/5t ) ! fact ,i h /at$4 ,! primeval ,ph5ic deity ,el or ,cronus 0 n only ! pres]v] ( ! _w1 = ! b5efit ( :i* he (f]$ a my/ical sacrifice1#aah b 8,savi\r0 0 a common title ( ! sun-gods ( antiquity4 ,!re is "o rem>kable incid5t :i* is said to h happ5$ dur+ ! w&]+s ( ! ,hebrews 9 ! ,s9aitic wild]ness :i* appe>s to ?r[ mu* light on ! "* ( ! ,mosaic cultus & to connect x ) o!r religions4 ,i ref] to ! use ( ! braz5 s]p5t z a symbol = ! heal+ ( ! p4 ,! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf may1 p]haps1 be said to be an idolatr\s act 9 imitation ( ! rites ( ,egyptian ,osiris wor%ip1 al?\gh probably sugge/$ by ! use ( ! ark4 ,! o!r case1 h[ev]1 is f> diff]5t1 & x is wor? :ile repeat+ ! exact words 9 :i* ! use ( ! s]p5t symbol is describ$4 ,:5 ! p 7 bitt5 by ! 8fi]y0 s]p5ts1#aai ,moses pray$ = !m1 & we read t1 !re=e1 8,jehovah said unto ,moses1 make !e a fi]y s]p5t 7lit]ally1 a s]aph71 & set x ^u a pole2 & x %all come to pass1 t e "o t is bitt51 :5 he looke? ^u x1 %all live4 ,& ,moses made a s]p5t ( brass1 & put x ^u a pole1 & x came to pass1 t if a s]p5t _h bitt5 any man1 :5 he beheld ! s]p5t ( brass1 he liv$40#abj ,x w\ld seem f ?is acc\nt t ! ,hebrew s]aph 01 z be=e sugge/$1 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t2 b :at 0 ! especial significance ( ?is heal+ figure8 ,at an e>li] /age ( our inquiry ref]5ce 0 made to ! fact ( ! s]p5t be+ indirectly1 ?r\gh its attribute ( wisdom1 a ,phallic symbol1 b also directly an emblem ( 8life10 & to ! peculi> position x held 9 ne>ly all ! religions ( antiquity4 ,9 lat] ,egyptian my?ology ! conte/ betwe5 ,osiris & ! ,evil ,be+1 & aft]w>ds t betwe5 ,horus & ,typhon1 occupy an important place4 ,typhon1 ! adv]s>y ( ,horus1 0 figur$ "u ! symbol ( a s]p5t1 call$ ,aphphis or ! ,giant1#aba & x _c be d\bt$ t1 if n a =m (1 he 0 id5tifi$ ) ! god ,se?4 ,pr(essor ,reuv5s ref]s to an invocation ( ,typhon-,se?1#abb & ,buns5 quotes ! /atem5t ( ,epiphanius t 8! ,egyptians celebrate ! fe/ivals ( ,typhon "u ! =m ( an ass1 :i* !y call ,se?40#abc ,:atev] may be ! explanation ( ! fact1 x is und\bt$ t1 not)/&+ ! hatr$ ) :i* he 0 aft]w>ds reg>d$1 ?is god ,se? or ,set 0 at "o "t highly v5]at$ 9 ,egypt4 ,buns5 says t up to ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,set 80 a great god univ]sally ador$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 :o conf]s on ! sov]eigns ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies ! symbols ( life & p[]4 ,! mo/ glori\s mon>* ( ! latt] dyna/y1 ,se?os1 d]ives 8 "n f ?is deity40 ,he adds3 8,b subsequ5tly1 9 ! c\rse ( ! tw5tie? dyna/y1 he is sudd5ly treat$ z an evil demon1 inasmu* z 8 effigies & "n are oblit]at$ on all ! monum5ts & inscriptions t c\ld be rea*$40 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ?is di/+ui%$ writ]1 ,se? 8appe>s gradually among ! ,semites z ! backgr\nd ( _! religi\s consci\sness20 & n m]ely 0 he 8! primitive god ( ,nor!rn ,egypt & ,pale/9e10 b 8 g5ealogy z 8! ,se? ( ,g5esis1 ! fa!r ( ,eno* 7! man71 mu/ be consid]$ z orig9ally runn+ p>allel ) t d]iv$ f ! ,elohim1 ,adam's fa!r40#abd ,t ,se? _h "s special connection ) ! ,hebrews is prov$1 among o!r ?+s1 by ! peculi> position occupi$ 9 _! religi\s sy/em by ! ass--! fir/-born ( :i* alone ( all animals 0 all[$ to be r$eem$#abe--;& ! r$ heif]1 ^: a%es 7 to be res]v$ z a 8wat] ( sep>ation0 = purification f s94#abf ,bo? ( ^! animals 7 9 ,egypt sacr$ to ,se? 7,typhon71 ! ass be+ 8 symbol1 & r$ ox5 be+ at "o "t sacrific$ to him1 al?\gh at a lat] date objects ( a r$ col\r 7 dislik$1 ow+ to _! association ) ! dread$ ,typhon4#abg ,t we h a ref]5ce to ?is deity 9 ! "n ( ! ,hebrew lawgiv] is v probable4 ,no satisfactory d]ivation ( ?is "n1 ,moses1 ,m%eh 7,heb471 has yet be5 giv54 ,its orig9al =m 0 probably ,am-a-ses or ,am-sesa1#abh :i* might become to ! ,hebrews ,om-ses or ,mo-ses1 mean+ only ! 7god7 ,ses1 i4e41 ,set or ,se?4#abi ,on ?is hypo!sis we may h pres]v$1 9 ! fir/ book ( ,moses 7s-call$71 "s ( ! traditional hi/ory said to h be5 conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,egyptian ,?o?1 & ( ! records engrav$ on ! pill>s ( ,se?4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t1 accord+ to a /atem5t ( ,diodorus1 :5 ,antio*us ,epiphanes ent]$ ! temple at ,j]usalem1 he f\nd 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies a /one figure ( ,moses1 repres5t$ z a man ) a long be>d1 m\nt$ on an ass1 & hav+ a book 9 8 h&4#acj ,! ,egyptian ,my?us ( ,typhon actually said t ,set fl$ f ,egypt rid+ on a grey ass4#aca ,x is /range1 to say ! lea/1 t ,moses %\ld n h be5 all[$ to ent] ! promis$ l&1 & t he %\ld be s seldom ref]r$ to by lat] writ]s until long aft] ! reign ( ,david1#acb & above all t ! "n giv5 to 8 successor 0 ,jo%ua--i4e41 ,savi\r4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t 8,nun10 ! "n ( ! fa!r ( ,jo%ua1 is ! ,semitic ^w = fi%1 ! ,phallic "* ( ! fi% 9 ,*aldean my?ology be+ und\bt$4 ,n91 ! planet ,saturn1 0 ! fi%-god ( ,b]osus1 &1 z may possibly be %[n1 he is really ! same z ! ,assyrian national deity ,as%ur1 ^: "n & (fice h a curi\s resemblance to ^? ( ! ,hebrew lead]1 ,jo%ua4 ,b :at 0 ! "* ( ! primitive ,semitic deity8 ,buns5 seems to ?9k t ,plut>* 9 "o passage alludes to ! id5tity ( ,typhon 7,se?7 & ,osiris4#acc ,?is is a rem>kable idea1 & yet curi\sly en\gh ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son says t ,typhon-,se? may h be5 d]iv$ f ! pigmy ,p?a?-,sok>i-,osiris1#acd :o 0 cle>ly only ano!r =m ( ,osiris himself4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,horus1 ! son ( ,osiris1 is decl>$ to be at ! same "t ,set1 8by ! di/9ction made betwe5 !m by ,?o?40#ace ,h[ev] t may be1 ! ,phallic orig9 ( ,se? c be %[n f o!r data4 ,?us x appe>s t ! ^w ,set means1 9 ,hebrew z 9 ,egyptian1 pill>1 &1 9 a g5]al s5se1 ! erect1 elevat$1 high4#acf ,moreov]1 9 a passage ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,set1 accord+ to ,buns51 is call$ ,tet1 a fact :i* intimates t ,?o? inh]it$ _m ( ! attributes ( ,set4#acg ,!y 71 h[ev]1 9 "s s5se ! same deities1 x be+ ?r\gh ,?o? t ,set 0 id5tifi$ ) ,horus4 ,we h "h an explanation ( ! /atem5t t ,tet1 ! ,phnician ,taaut1 0 ! snake-god1 ,esmun-,esculapius1 ! s]p5t be+ ! symbol ( ,tet1 z we h se5 x to h be5 t ( ,se? also4 ,9 ?is we h a means ( id5tify+ ! ,semitic deity ,se? ) ! ,saturn ( relat$ deities ( o!r peoples4 ,ewald says t 8! common "n = ,god1 ,eloah1 among ! ,hebrews1 z among all ! ,semites1 goes back into ! e>lie/ times40#ach ,bryant goes fur!r1 & decl>es t ,el 0 orig9ally ! "n ( ! supreme deity among all ! nations ( ! ,ea/4#aci ,?is idea is confirm$1 s f> z ,*aldea is conc]n$1 by lat] rese>*es1 :i* %[ t ,il or ,el 0 at ! head ( ! ,babylonian ,pan!on4 ,) ?is deity mu/ be id5tifi$ ! ,il or ,ilus ( ! ,phnicians1 :o 0 born ! same z ,cronus1 :o1 aga91 0 none o!r ?an ! primeval ,saturn1 ^: wor%ip appe>s to h be5 at "o p]iod almo/ univ]sal among ,european & ,asiatic peoples4 ,saturn & ,el 7 ?us ! same deity1 ! latt]1 l ! ,semitic ,se?1 be+1 z is well kn[n1 symbolis$ by ! s]p5t4#adj ,a direct po9t ( contact betwe5 ,se? & ,saturn is f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew idol ,kiyun m5tion$ by ,amos1 ! planet ,saturn be+ /ill call$ ,kevan by ,ea/]n peoples4 ,?is idol 0 repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a pill>1 ! primeval symbol ( deity1 :i* 0 common und\bt$ly to all ! gods "h m5tion$4#ada ,^! symbolical pill>s 7 call$ betyli or betulia4 ,sometimes also ! column 0 call$ ,abaddir1 :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 ,bryant id5tifies ) ! s]p5t-god4#adb ,!re c be no d\bt t bo? ! pill> & ! s]p5t 7 associat$ ) _m ( ! sun-gods ( antiquity4 ,not)/&+ :at has be5 said x is und\bt$ly true1 h[ev]1 t all ^! deities1 includ+ ! ,semitic ,se?1 became at an e>ly date recognis$ z sun-gods1 al?\gh 9 s do+ !y lo/ no?+ ( _! primitive "*4 ,:at ?is 0 is suffici5tly %[n by ! significant names & titles !y bore4 ,?us1 z we h se51 ,set 7,se?7 itself meant ! erect1 elevat$1 high1 8 "n on ! ,egyptian monum5ts be+ ne>ly always accompani$ by a /one4#adc ,! "n1 ,kiyun or ,kevan1 ( ?is deity1 said by ,amos to h be5 wor%ipp$ 9 ! wild]ness1 signifies 8god ( ! pill>40 ,! idea express$ by ! title is %[n by ! "n ,baal ,tam>1 :i* means 8,baal z a pill>10 or 8,phallus10 consequ5tly 8! fructify+ god40 ,! title 8erect10 :5 giv5 to a deity1 seems always to imply a ,phallic idea1 & h5ce we h ! explanation ( ! ,s4 m\ us$ frequ5tly 9 ! 8,book ( ! ,dead0 9 relation to ,?o? or to ,set4#add ,!re is d\btless a ref]5ce ( ! same k9d 9 ! ,phnician my?1 t 8,melekh taught m5 ! special art ( creat+ solid walls & build+s20 al?\gh ,buns5 f9ds 9 ?is my? 8! symbolical mode ( express+ ! value ( ! use ( fire 9 build+ h\ses40#ade ,t ^! my?s embody a ,phallic notion may be confirm$ by ref]5ce to ! ,phnician ,kabiri4 ,accord+ to ,buns51 8! ,kabiri & ! div9ities id5tifi$ ) !m are expla9$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans z #8! /rong1' #8! great2'0 :ile 9 ! book ( ,job1 ,kabbr1 ! /rong1 is us$ z an epi!t ( ,god4 ,aga91 ,sydyk1 ! fa!r ( ! ,kabiri1 is 8! ,j10 or1 9 a m orig9al s5se1 ! ,upright2 & ?is deity1 ) 8 sons1 correspond to ,ptah1 ! fa!r ( ! ,phnician ,pataikoi4 ,ptah1 h[ev]1 seems to be d]iv$ f a root :i* signifies 9 ,hebrew 8to op510 & ,sydyk himself1 !re=e1 may1 says ,buns51 be describ$ z 8! ,op5]0 ( ! ,cosmic ,egg4#adf ,! ,phallic mean+ ( ?is title is evid5t f its application to ,esmun-,esculapius1 ! son ( ,sydyk1 :o1 z ! snake-god1 0 id5tical ) ,tet1 ! ,egyptian ,?o?-,h]mes4 ,! peculi> titles giv5 to ^! deities1 & _! association ) ! sun1 l$ to _! orig9al ,phallic "* be+ some:at ov]look$1 & in/ead ( be+ ! ,fa!r-,gods ( human-k9d1 !y became ,p[]ful ,gods1 ,lords ( ,heav54 ,?is 0 n ! special attribute tak5 by o!r sun-gods4 ,z 0 be=e /at$1 ,h]mes & 8 relat$ deities 7 8gods ( ! c\ntry10 p]sonify+ ! idea ( g5]al natural fecundity4 ,among ! *ief gods ( ?is description 7 ! ,phnician ,sabazius1 ! ,greek ,bac*us-,dionysos1 ! ,roman ,priapus1 & ! ,egyptian ,khem4 ,all ^! deities agree also 9 be+ sun-gods1 & z su* !y 7 symbolis$ by animals :i* 7 not$ ei!r = _! fecundity or = _! salaci\sness4 ,! *ief animals ?us *os5 7 ! bull & ! goat 7) :i* ! ram#adg 0 aft]w>ds conf\nd$71 d\btless because !y 7 already sacr$4 ,! ,sun appe>s to h be5 prec$$ by ! ,moon z an object ( wor%ip1 b ! moon-god 0 probably only repres5tative ( ! primeval ,saturn1#adh :o f9ally became ! sun-god ,el or ,il ( ! ,syrian & ,semites & ! ,ra ( ! ,babylonians4 ,! latt] 0 ! title also ( ! sun-god ( ,egypt1 :o 0 symbolis$ by ! obelisk1 & :o1 al?\gh 8 "n 0 add$ to t ( o!r ,egyptian gods1 is said to h be5 ! tutel>y deity ( ! /rang] k+s ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1#adi :om ,pleyte1 h[ev]1 decl>es to h be5 ,set 7,sute*74#aej ,we are rem9d$ "h ( ! opposition ( ,se? & ,osiris1 :i* has already be5 expla9$ z aris+ f ! fact t ^! deities orig9ally repres5t$ two diff]5t ideas1 human fecundity & ! fruitfulness ( nature4 ,:51 h[ev]1 bo? ( ^! pr9ciples became associat$ ) ! sol> body1 !y 7 express$ by ! same symbols1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 !m 0 9 great measure lo/ sight (4 ,a c]ta9 diff]5ce 01 nev]!less1 /ill obs]vable 9 ! attributes ( ! deities1 dep5d+ on ! peculi> prop]ties & associations ( _! sol> repres5tatives4 ,?us ! p[]ful deity ( ,phnicia 0 naturally associat$ ) ! /rong1 scor*+1 summ] sun1 ^: heat 0 ! mo/ prom95t attribute4 ,9 c\ntries su* z ,egypt1 :]e ! sun1 act+ on ! moi/ soil left by inundations1 caus$ ! e>? to spr+ into r5ew$ life1 ! mild b en]getic e>ly sun 0 ! *ief deity4 ,:51 consid]+ ! sacr$ bull ( antiquity1 ! symbol ( ! fecundat+ =ce 9 nature1 ,osiris1 ! national sun-god ( ! ,egyptians1 0 ref]r$ to z di/+ui%$ f ! ,semitic ,se? 7,set71 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! dete/$ %eph]d race4 ,! association ( ,osiris ) ,khem %[s 8 ,phallic "*1#aea &1 9 fact1 ,plut>* ass]ts t he 0 ev]y:]e repres5t$ ) ! phallus expos$4#aeb ,! ,phallic idea ent]s1 moreov]1 into ! "* ( all ! *ief ,egyptian deities4 ,buns5 says3 8,! my?ological sy/em obvi\sly proce$$ f #8! conceal$ god' ,ammon to ! creat+ god4 ,! latt] appe>s fir/ ( all z ! g5]ative p[] ( nature 9 ! ,phallic god ,khem1 :o is aft]w>ds m]g$ 9 ,ammon-ra4 ,!n sprung up ! idea ( ! creative p[] 9 ,kneph4 ,he =ms ! div9e limbs ( ,osiris 7! primeval s\l7 9 contradiction to ,ptah1 :o z ! /rictly demiurgic pr9ciple1 =ms ! visible _w4 ,nei? is ! creative pr9ciple1 z nature repres5t$ "u a fem99e =m4 ,f9ally1 h] son ,ra1 ,helios1 appe>s z ! la/ ( ! s]ies1 9 ! "* ( fa!r & n\ri%] ( t]re/rial be+s4 ,x is he1 :om an anci5t monum5t repres5ts z ! demiurgic pr9ciple1 creat+ ! mundane egg40#aec ,! "n ( ,ammon has l$ to ! notion t he 0 an embodim5t ( ! idea ( wisdom4 ,he c]ta9ly 0 di/+ui%$ by hav+ ! human =m1 b 8 hi]oglyphical symbol ( ! obelisk1 & 8 connection ) ,khem1 %[ 8 true nature4 ,he und\bt$ly repres5t$ ! primitive idea ( a g5]ative god1 probably at a "t :5 ?is notion ( fecundity _h n yet be5 ext5d$ to nature z di/+ui%$ f man1 & ?us he w\ld =m a po9t ( contact betwe5 ! lat] ,egyptian sun-gods & ! pill> gods ( ! ,semites & ,phnicians4#aed ,to ! ,egyptians1 z to ^! o!r peoples1 ! sun became ! great s\rce ( deity4 ,8 fecundat+ w>m? or 8 fi]y de/roy+ heat 71 h[ev]1 n ! only attributes deifi$4 ,^! 7 ! mo/ important1 b ! ,egyptians1 especially1 made gods out ( _m ( ! sol> *>act]s1#aee al?\gh ! association ( ! idea ( 8intellect0 ) ,amun-re mu/ h be5 ( late date1 if ! orig9al nature ( ,amun 0 :at has be5 above sugge/$4 ,z man1 h[ev]1 began to read nature aright1 & z 8 moral & intellectual faculties 7 develop$1 x 0 necess>y t ! sol> deities !mselves %\ld become inve/$ ) co-relative attributes1 or t o!r gods %\ld be =m$ to embody !m4 ,! p]ception ( light1 z di/+ui%$ f heat1 0 a f]tile s\rce ( su* attributes4 ,9 ! ,*aldean my?ology1 ,vul1 ! son ( ,anu1 0 ! god ( ! air1 b 8 p[] _h relation to ! purely atmosph]ic ph5om5a r ?an to light4#aef ,! only ref]5ce to light f\nd 9 ! titles ( ! e>ly deities is 9 ! "* ascrib$ to ,va-lua1 ! lat] ,bur or ,n9-ip1 :o is said to 8irradiate ! nations l ! sun1 ! light ( ! gods40#aeg ,b ?is deity 0 app>5tly ! di/ant planet ,saturn1 if n orig9ally ! moon1 & ! p]ception ( light z a div9e attribute mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ,aryan m9d4#aeh ,?us ! ,h9du ,dyaus 7! ,greek ,zeus7 is ! %9+ deity1 ! god ( ! bright sky4 ,z su* ! sun-gods n[ also become ! gods ( intellectual wisdom1 an attribute :i* also appe>s to h orig9at$ ) ! ,aryan peoples1 among :om ! ,brahmans 7 possessors ( ! highe/ wisdom1 z *ildr5 ( ! sun1 & ^: ,apollo & ,a!n 7 noble embodim5ts ( ?is attribute4 ,! ,*aldean gods1 ,ha & ,nebo1 7 und\bt$ly symbolis$ by ! w$ge or arr[-head1 :i* _h especial ref]5ce to le>n+4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is symbol m]ely %[s t !y 7 ! patrons ( lett]s or writ+1 & n ( wisdom1 9 its purely intellectual aspect4 ,if ! =m ( ! ,assyrian alphabetical "* 0 ( ,phallic orig91#aei we may h "h ! s\rce ( ! idea ( a connection betwe5 physical & m5tal k embodi$ 9 ! leg5d ( ! 8fall40 ,9 ! ,p]sian ,ahur-mazdo 7! wise _s7 we h ! pure/ repres5tation ( intellectual wisdom4 ,! book ( ,zoroa/]1 ! ,ave/a1 is lit]ally ! 8^w10 ! ^w or wisdom :i* 0 reveal$ 9 creation & embodi$ 9 ! div9e ,mi?ra1 :o 0 himself ! lum9\s sun-god4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! symbols ( ! sun-gods ( antiquity & ! natural objects introduc$ into ! ,mosaic my? ( ! fall has be5 already ref]r$ to1 & x is necess>y n[ to consid] %ortly :at influ5ce ! ,phallic pr9ciple !re embodi$ _h ov] o!r portions ( ,hebraic !ology4 ,! inquiries ( ,dr4 ,fab] h ?r[n great light on ?is "q1 al?\gh ! explanation giv5 by him ( ! my? ( ,osiris & ( ! k9dr$ my?s ( antiquity is by no means ! correct "o4 ,f9d+ a univ]sal preval5ce ( ,phallic ideas & symbolism1 ,dr4 ,fab] ref]s x to ! degradation ( a primitive revelation ( ! ,great ,fa!r ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! tru? ?us taught 0 lo/ sight (1 & 0 replac$ by ! dual notion ( a ,great ,fa!r & a ,great ,"m--8! transmigrat+ ,noah & ! mundane ,ark0 ( ! univ]sal ,deluge4 ,noah 01 h[ev]1 only a reappe>ance ( ,adam1 & ! ark float+ on ! wat]s ( ! ,deluge 0 an analogue ( ! e>? swimm+ 9 ! ocean ( space4#afj ,!re is und\bt$ly a p>allelism betwe5 ! ,adam & ,noah ( ! ,hebrew leg5ds1 z !re is betwe5 ! analog\s p]sonages ( o!r phases ( ^! leg5ds1 yet x is evid5t t1 if ! ,deluge nev] happ5$1 a totally diff]5t orig9 f ! "o suppos$ by ,dr4 ,fab] mu/ be assign$ to ! great ,phallic my? ( antiquity4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 !re=e1 to any explanation 7o!r ?an ! ,phallic "o7 ( ! orig9 ( ?is my?1 to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ,noahic ,deluge4#afa ,accord+ly1 an ,am]ican writ] has fram$ an elaborate sy/em ( 8,arkite symbolism10 f\nd$ on ! suppos$ influ5ce ( ! great ,deluge ov] ! m9ds ( ! po/]ity ( ^? :o surviv$ its horrors4 ,mr4 ,lesley sees 9 ?is cata/rophe ! explanation ( 8phallism10 :i*1 8conv]t+ all ! old] ,arkite symbols into illu/rations ( its own philosophical conceptions ( ! my/]y ( g5]ation1 gave to ! v>i\s p>ts & memb]s ( ! human body ^? names :i* con/itute ! special vocabul>y ( obsc5ity ( ! pres5t day40#afb ,b ! priority ( ^! symbols or conceptions is ! "q at issue4 ,did ! developm5t ( 8,arkism0 prec$e or foll[ ! sup]/itions ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,lesley z ,ophism1 ,mi?raism1 & ,phallism1 all ( :i* h be5 %[n to embody analog\s ideas8 ,if ! "q ( priority is to be det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! writt5 tradition :i* furni%es ! real gr\nd ( belief 9 a great ,deluge1 x mu/ cle>ly be giv5 to ! ,phallic sup]/ition2 = x is %[n conclusively1 z ,i ?9k1 t almo/ ! fir/ ev5t 9 ! life ( man !re relat$ is purely ,phallic 9 its symbolism4 ,nor is ! acc\nt ( ! fall ! only portion ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( primitive man :i* belongs to ?is category4 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ) its tree ( life & ! riv] :i* divid$ into f\r /reams1 al?\gh x may h _h a second>y ref]5ce to ! traditional place ( ,semitic orig9 to :i* ! ,hebrews look$ back ) a regretful long+1 has und\bt$ly a recondite ,phallic mean+4 ,x mu/ be s1 if ! explanation ,i h giv5 ( ! my? ( ! fall be "r1 s9ce ! two are intimately connect$1 & ! ,g>d5#afc is ess5tial to ! succe$+ cata/rophe4 ,t ?is op9ion is correct c be prov$ moreov] by ref]5ce to ,h9du my?ology4 8,! ,h9du10 says ,dr4 ,creuz]1 8contemplates ) love 8 my/]i\s ,m]\1 a sacr$ m\nta9 f :5ce ! s\rce ( life spreads itself 9 ! valleys & ov] ! pla9s1 :i* sep>ates day f night1 reunites heav5 & e>?1 & f9ally on :i* ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s ea* repose40#afd ,b :at is ?is my/]i\s m\nta91 ! sacr$ ,m]\8 ,x is %[n by ,dr4 ,creuz]'s own explanation4 ,he says3 8,x is on ! ,m\nt ,m]\1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! e>? 7:i* elevates itself z an imm5se phallus f ! c5tre ( an imm5se yoni among/ ! isl&s ) :i* ! sea is s[n71 t ! gr& popul> deity :o presides ov] ! ,l+am1 ,siva or ,mahadeva1 ! fa!r & ma/] ( nature1 makes 8 *]i%$ abode1 spread+ life to e "p "u a ?\s& div]se =ms :i* he incessantly r5ews4 ,ne> him is ,bhavani or ,p>vati1 8 si/] & 8 wife1 ! ,que5 ( ! m\nta9s1 ! goddess ( ! ,yoni1 :o c>ries 9 h] bosom ! g]m ( all ?+s1 & br+s =? ! be+s :om %e has conceiv$ by ,mahadeva4 ,we h "h ! two great pr9ciples ( nature1 ! "o male & ! o!r female1 g5]ators & reg5]ators1 creators & at ! same "t de/roy]s2 b !y de/roy only to r5ew2 !y only *ange ! =ms2 life & dea? succe$ 9 a p]fect circle1 & ! sub/ance rema9s 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! *anges40 ,! sacr$ m\nta9 is want+ to ! ,mosaic leg5d1 b ,dr4 ,fab] ju/ly sees#afe 9 ! ,m\nt ,m]\1 :]e resides ,siva & ,bhavani1 ! ,hebrew ,p>adise1 & we f9d t ! ,h9du my? affirms t ! sacr$ riv] n only sprang f ! roots ( ,jambu1 a tree ( a mo/ extravagant size1 :i* is ?\ght to convey k & to effect ! accompli%m5t ( e human wi%1 b also t1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh 8! circle ( ! moon10 x divides x into 8f\r /reams1 fl[+ t[>ds ! f\r c>d9al po9ts40 ,! priority ( ! ,phallic sup]/ition ov] 8,arkism0 is fur!r prov$ by ! und\bt$ fact t1 ev5 9 ! traditions ( ! race to :om we are indebt$ = ! precise details ( ! incid5ts accompany+ ! ,deluge1 ! ,phallic deities ( ! ,hamitico-,semites are g5ealogically plac$ long be=e ! occurr5ce ( ?is ev5t4 ,! ,semitic deity ,se? is1 accord+ to "o fable1 ! semi-div9e fir/ ance/or ( ! ,semites4 ,buns5 has %[n cle>ly also t sev]al ( ! ant$iluvian desc5dants ( ! ,semitic ,adam 7 among ! ,phnician deities4 ,?us1 ! ,c>?ag9ians _h a god ,yubal1 ,jubal1 :o w\ld appe> to h be5 ! sun-god sculapius1 call$ 8! faire/ ( ! gods & s1 we read 9 a ,phnician inscription ,ju-,baal--i4e41 beauty ( ,baal1 :i* ,mov]s +5i\sly int]prets sculapius--,asmun-,jubal40 ,"h1 !n1 adds ,buns51 8is ano!r old ,semitic "n atta*$ to a desc5dant ( ,lamekh1 toge!r ) ,adah1 ,zillah1 & ,naamah40#aff ,hadah1 ! wife ( ,lamekh1 z well ( ,esau1 ! ,phnician ,usov1 is id5tifi$ ) ! goddess1 wor%ipp$ at ,babylon z ,h]a 7,juno71 &1 not)/&+ ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son's dictum to ! contr>y1 h] names1 ,h]a1 ,hadah1 po9t to a connection ) ! ,egyptian ,h] ,h]1 or ,ha?or1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ,seb & ,netpe1 z ,h]a 0 ! daught] ( ,*ronos & ,rhea4 ,! "n ( ! god ,kiyun1 or ,kevan1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,hebrews1 & :o 9 ,syria 0 said to dev\r *ildr51 seems1 f its connection ) ! root kun1 to erect1 to po9t to ! ant$iluvian ,ka9 or ,kevan4 ,kon1 d]iv$ f ! same root1 01 accord+ to ,buns51 a ,phnician designation ( ,saturn4#afg ,ev5 ! great ,c>?ag9ian sun-god ,melekh1 :o 0 also 8held 9 univ]sal hon\r ?r\gh\t ,phnicia10 seems1 al?\gh ,buns5 does n ?us id5tify him1 to be no o!r ?an ,lamekh1 ! fa!r ( ,noah1 9 "o ( ! g5ealogies ( ,g5esis4 ,we may1 p]haps1 h 9 ! sacrifices to ! ,phnician deities1 :5 ! fir/-born sons ( ! p 7 (f]$ on 8 alt>s1 an explanation#afh ( ! passage 9 ,g5esis :i* has s mu* puzzl$ comm5tators1 :]e ,lamekh is made to decl>e t he has 8sla9 a man = 8 w\nd1 & a y\? = 8 hurt10 = :i*1 :ile ,ca9 0 av5g$ sev5 times1 ,lamekh %\ld be av5g$ sev5ty times sev5 times4#afi ,! ,phnicians _h a tradition t ,kronos 7,saturn7 _h sacrific$ 8 own belov$ son ,yadid1 & "s anci5t writ]s said t ! human sacrifices to ,molo* 7 9 imitation ( ?is act4#agj ,?is reason may n be ! correct "o = ! use ( human sacrifices1 b ! sev5ty times sev5 times 9 :i* ,lamekh 0 av5g$ may well ref] to ! abundance ( ! victims (f]$ on ! alt> ( ! ,phnician deity4 ,! priority ( ! ,phallic sup]/ition ov] 8,arkism10 or r ! exi/5ce ( t sup]/ition be=e ! =mation ( ! ,deluge leg5d1 is prov$1 moreov]1 by its agreem5t ) ! my? ( ,osiris & ,isis4 ,?is agreem5t =ms ! c5tral idea ( ! explanation ( pagan idolatry giv5 by ,fab]1 & yet x conclusively proves t ! ,noa*ian ,deluge 0 simply a my?1 hav+1 l t ( ,osiris1 a ,phallic basis4 ,buns5 says 8! my? ( ,osiris & ,typhon1 h]et(ore consid]$ z primeval1 c n[ be au?oritatively prov$ to be ( mod]n date 9 ,egypt--t is to say1 ab\t ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury ,b4,c40#aga ,b x is ?is v]sion ( ! ,osirian my? :i* is said to be f\nd$ on ! ,noa*ian cata/rophe1 ,typhon or ,! ,evil ,be+1 ! p]secutor ( ,osiris1 be+ ! ,wat]s ( ! ,deluge4 ,! v f\ndation ( ! ,hebrew leg5d is ?us cut away1 & f ! fact1 moreov]1 t ! ,egyptians _h no tradition ( a great flood1 we mu/ seek = ano!r orig9 = ! leg5d ( :i* diff]5t phases 7 held by s _m ( ! peoples ( antiquity4 ,! fact ( ,typhon 7,se?7 hav+ be5 v5]at$ 9 ,egypt to s late a date z ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 is a pro( t ! my?1 accord+ to :i* he 0 ! cruel p]secutor ( 8 bro!r ,osiris1 mu/ h be5 ( a lat] orig94 ,! primitive =m ( ! my? is easily recognis$ :5 x is kn[n t bo? ,osiris & ,typhon 7,se?7 7 sun-gods4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,buns51 8! my? ( ,osiris typifies ! sol> ye>1 ! p[] ( ,osiris is ! sun ( ! l[] hemisph]e1 ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! bir? ( ,horus typifies ! v]nal equ9ox--! victory ( ,horus1 ! summ] equ9ox--! inundation ( ! ,nile4 ,typhon is ! autumnal equ9ox--,osiris is sla9 on ! sev5te5? ( ,a?yr 7,novemb]74444 ,! rule ( ,typhon la/s f ! autumnal equ9ox to ! middle ( ,decemb]4 ,he reigns tw5ty-eight ye>s1 or lives z long40#agb ,?us ! hi/ory ( ,osiris is 8! hi/ory ( ! circle ( ! ye>10 & 9 8 resurrection z ,horus we see ! sun resuscitat+ itself aft] its tempor>y eclipse dur+ ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,"h ,typhon is also a sun-god1 8 rule be+ at ! autumnal equ9ox :5 ! sun has its full p[]4 ,?is 0 ! deity ( ! ,semites & ( ! inhabitants ( ,l[] ,egypt1 & 8 scor*+ =ce1 d\btless1 prep>$ ! ,egyptians1 :o v5]at$ ! mild] ,osiris1 to look ) abhorr5ce on ,typhon-,se?1 :o _h already1 probably "u ! same influ5ce1 become a savage deity1 delight+ 9 burnt (f]+s & human sacrifices4#agc ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t :5 ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,semitic god 7 driv5 out ( ,egypt1 ! god himself 0 treat$ z an enemy4 ,?us we are told t ! enemies ( ,egypt & _! gods cont5d$ ) ! gods ( ,egypt1 :o veil$ !mselves "u ! heads ( animals 9 ord] to save !mselves f ,typhon4 ,moreov]1 :5 ?is ,semitic god 0 ?us degrad$ & trans=m$ into an ,evil ,be+1 he w\ld naturally come to be look$ ^u z ! enemy ( ,osiris1 see+ t he 0 already id5tifi$ ) ! autumn sun1 :i* dur+ ! autumnal equ9ox triumphs ov] ! sun ( ,osiris2 & we c easily und]/& h[1 if ! my? ( a ,deluge1 & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( all mank9d b ! fa!r ( ! r5ew$ human race1 0 introduc$1 ,typhon w\ld be ! de/roy+ enemy & ,osiris ! suff]+ & re/or$ man-god4 ,if1 z ,dr4 ,fab] supposes1 ! ,egyptian my? 0 a =m ( t :i* relates to ! ,noa*ian ,deluge1 we c only suppose !m to h _h a simil> basis1 a basis :i*1 f ! v circum/ances ( ! case1 mu/ be purely 8,phallic40 ,?is explanation is ! only "o :i* is consi/5t ) a peculi>ity 9 ! ,hebrew leg5d :i* is an insurm\ntable objection to its reception z ! expression ( a lit]al fact4 ,we are told by ! ,mosaic n>rative t ,jehovah direct$ ,noah to take ) him into ! ark 8( f[ls aft] _! k9d1 & ( cattle aft] _! k9d1 ( e creep+ ?+ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 two ( e sort40 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! leg5d1 ?is passage expresses a simple absurdity1 ev5 on ! hypo!sis ( a p>tial ,deluge4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we read ! n>rative 9 a ,phallic s5se1 & by ! ark und]/& ! sacr$ ,argha ( ,h9du my?ology1 ! ,yoni ( ,p>vati1 :i*1 l ! moon 9 ,zoroa/rian tea*+1 c>ries 9 itself ! 8g]ms ( all ?+s10 we see ! full propriety ( :at o!rwise is incompreh5sible4 ,! ,elohim 8creat$0 ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & on its de/ruction ! se$s ( all ?+s 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ark to aga9 cov] ! e>?4 ,tak5 9 ?is s5se1 we see ! reason ( ! curi\s analogy :i* exi/s 9 v>i\s po9ts betwe5 ! ,hebrew leg5ds ( ! ,creation & ( ! ,deluge1 ?is analogy be+ "o ( ! gr\nds on :i* ! hypo!sis ( ! ,great ,fa!r z ! c5tral idea ( all my?ologies has be5 bas$4 ,?us1 ! primeval %ip1 ! navigation ( :i* is ascrib$ to ! my?ological be+1 is n ! ark ( ,noah or ,osiris1 or ! vessel ( ! ,phnician ,kabiri4 ,x 0 ! moon1 ! %ip ( ! sun1 9 :i* 8 se$ is suppos$ to be hidd5 until x bur/s =? 9 new life & p[]4 ,! fact t ! moon 01 9 e>ly my?ologies1 a male deity1 almo/ necessitates1 h[ev]1 t !re %\ld h be5 ano!r orig9 = ! sacr$ vessel ( ,osiris4 ,?is we h 9 ! ,ha/ore?-k>naim1 ! c[-goddess1 ^: horns repres5t ! lun> ark1 & :o1 )\t d\bt1 0 a m primitive deity ?an ! moon-goddess h]self4#agd ,! mo/ primitive type ( all1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! ,argha or ,yoni ( ! ,indian ,isw>a1 :i* f its "n 0 suppos$ to h be5 turn$ into a dove4#age ,?us1 9 ,noah & ! ark1 z 9 ,osiris & ! moon1 we see simply ! comb9ation ( ! male & female elem5ts z !y are /ill repres5t$ 9 ! ,h9du l+am4 ,! introduction ( ! dove into ! my? is a curi\s confirmation ( ?is view4 ,= ?is bird1 :i*1 z 8! emblem ( love & fruitfulness10 0 8consecrat$ to ,v5us1 "u all h] diff]5t names1 at ,babylon1 9 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 & ,greece2#agf :i* 0 ! national bann]-sign ( ! ,assyrians1 z ( ! e>li] ,sy?ic empire1 ^: f\nd]s1 accord+ to ,h9du tradition1 took ! "n ( ,jonim or ,yoniyas1 & :i* att5d$ on ,janus1 a diluvian #8god ( op5+ & %utt+2' 0 simply a type ( #8! ,yoni' or ,jonah1 or ,navicul> fem99e pr9ciple10 :i* 0 said to h assum$ ! =m ( a %ip & a dove4#agg ,9 br++ ?is essay to a close1 "s m5tion %\ld be made ( :at may be call$ ! mod]n religions1 ,brahm9ism1 ,buddhism1 & ,*ri/ianity1 see+ t ^! /ill exi/ z ! fai?s ( great peoples4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^!1 x may be ?\ght t its real "* _c be asc]ta9$ f ! pres5t condition ( ,h9du belief4 ,x is said t ! religion ( ! ,v$as is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,puranas1 :i* h tak5 _! place4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ^! books pr(ess to reproduce old doctr9e1 ! ^w 8,purana0 itself mean+ old1 & t ,puranas are ref]r$ to 9 "o ( ! ,upani%ads1 :ile ! ,tantras1 :i* conta9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,sacti ,puja1 & :i* are z yet almo/ unkn[n to ,europeans1 are consid]$ by ! ,brahm9s to be m anci5t ?an ! ,puranas !mselves4#agh ,! orig9 ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 ^! books is a difficult "q4 ,! g]ms ( bo? ,vi%nu-wor%ip & ,siva-wor%ip appe> to be f\nd 9 ! ,v$as1#agi & ! wor%ip ( ! l+a is und\bt$ly ref]r$ to ! ,mahabh>ata4#ahj ,x is m probable1 z ?\ght by ,mr4 ,f]gusson & o!r late writ]s1 t !y are only indirectly sprung f ! primitive ,h9duism4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,siva-ism & ! ,santal-wor%ip ( ! ,great ,m\nta9 po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,hunt] is v rem>kable1 & ?is analogy is /r5g!n$ by int]mixture 9 bo? cases ) riv]-wor%ip4#aha ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,great ,m\nta9 is simply a "n = ! ,phallic emblem1 :i* is ! *ief =m "u :i* ,siva is repres5t$ 9 ! num]\s temples at ,b5>es d$icat$ to 8 hon\r4 ,consid]+ ! position occupi$ by ! s]p5t z a symbol ( life & indirectly ( ! male p[]1 we %\ld expect to f9d its wor%ip connect$ to "s ext5t ) t ( ,siva4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 h[ev]1 decl>es t x is n s1 &1 al?\gh ?is /atem5t requires "s qualification1#ahb yet x is c]ta9 t ! s]p5t is also intimately associat$ ) ,vi%nu4 ,9 explanation ( ?is fact1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson rem>ks3 8,! ,vai%nava religion is d]iv$ f a gr\p ( fai?s 9 :i* ! s]p5t always play$ an important "p4 ,! elde/ bran* ( ! family 0 ! ,naga wor%ip1 pure & simple2 out ( t arose ,buddhism1 444 & on its decl9e two fai?s--at fir/ v simil> to "o ano!r--rose f its a%es1 ! ,ja9a & ! ,vai%nava40 ,! s]p5t is almo/ always f\nd 9 ,ja9a temples z an object ( wor%ip1 :ile x appe>s ev]y:]e 9 ,vai%nava tradition4#ahc ,b else:]e ,mr4 ,f]gusson tells u t1 al?\gh ,buddhism ow$ its e/abli%m5t to ,naga tribes1 yet its support]s repress$ ! wor%ip ( ! s]p5t1 elevat+ tree-wor%ip 9 its place4#ahd ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! ,vai%navas1 :o are wor%ipp]s ( ! female p[]1#ahe & :o hate ! l+am1 c yet s highly e/eem ! s]p5t :i* has indirectly1 at lea/1 ref]5ce to ! male pr9ciple4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we may f9d an explanation 9 ,mr4 ,f]gusson's own rem>ks z to ! "* & developm5t ( ,buddhism4 ,accord+ to him1 ,buddhism 0 *iefly influ5tial among ,naga tribes1 & 80 little m ?an a revival ( ! co>s] sup]/itions ( ! aborig9al races1#ahf purifi$ & ref9$ by ! application ( ,aryan morality1 & elevat$ by doctr9es borr[$ f ! intellectual sup]iority ( ! ,aryan races4#ahg0 ,z to its developm5t1 ! sculptures on ! ,san*i ,tope %[ t at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 al?\gh ! dagoba1 ! *akra or :eel1 ! tree1 & o!r emblems1 7 wor%ipp$1 ! s]p5t h>dly appe>s2 :ile at ,amravati1 ?ree c5turies lat]1 ?is animal _h become equal to ,buddha himself4#ahh ,moreov]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! l+am 0 an emblem ( ,buddha1 z 0 also ! lotus1 :i* repres5ts ! same idea--! conjunction ( ! male & female elem5ts1 al?\gh 9 a high] s5se p]fect wisdom4#ahi ,! association ( ! same ideas is se5 9 ! not$ pray] ,om mani padmi hum 78,oh1 ! ,jewel 9 ! ,lotus071 :i* ref]s to ! bir? ( ,padmipani f ! sacr$ lotus fl[]1#aij b also1 !re c be little d\bt1 to ! phallus & ! yoni4 ,we may suppose1 !re=e1 t :atev] ! moral doctr9e taught by ,gautama1 he us$ ! old ,phallic symbols1 al?\gh x may be ) a peculi> application4 ,if ! op9ion express$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson z to ! introduction into ,india ( ! ,vai%nava fai? by an e>ly immigrant race be correct1 x mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,gautama1 & inde$ ! ,ion-ism ( ,we/]n ,asia is traditionally connect$ ) ,india itself at a v e>ly date1#aia al?\gh probably ! e>ly c5tre ( ,ion-ism1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,dove or ,yoni1 01 z ,bryant supposes1 9 ,*aldea4#aib ,we see no trace1 h[ev]1 9 ,buddhism prop] ( ,sacti ,puja1 & ,i w\ld sugge/ t1 in/ead ( aboli%+ ei!r1 ,gautama sub/itut$ = ! sep>ate symbols ( ! l+a & ! yoni1 ! association ( ! two 9 ! l+am4 ,if ?is 7 s1 we c well und]/& h[1 on ! fall ( ,buddhism1 ,siva-wor%ip#aic may h reta9$ ?is comp\nd symbol1 ) _m ( ! old ,naga ideas1 al?\gh ) little actual ref]5ce to ! s]p5t itself1 o!r ?an z a symbol ( life & p[]2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,vai%navas may h rev]t$ to ! primitive wor%ip ( ! female pr9ciple1 reta9+ a remembrance ( ! e>ly s]p5t associations 9 ! use ( ! ,se%a1 ! heav5ly naga ) sev5 heads#aid figur$ on ! ,amravati sculptures4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t !re may be ano!r gr\nd ( opposition betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,vi%nu & ,siva4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson po9ts out t1 not)/&+ ! peculi>ly ,phallic symbolism ( ! latt] deity1 8! wor%ip ( ,siva is too sev]e1 too /]n = ! s(t] emotions ( love1 & all 8 temples are q free f any allusion to x40 ,x is f> diff]5t ) ! ,vai%navas1 ^: temples 8are full ( sexual feel+s g5]ally express$ 9 ! grosse/ t]ms40#aie ,siva1 9 fact1 is specially a god ( intellect1 typifi$ by 8 be+ ?ree-ey$1 & al?\gh t]rible z ! resi/less de/roy]1 yet ! recreator ( all ?+s 9 p]fect wisdom2#aif :ile ,vi%nu has relation r to ! l[] type ( wisdom :i* 0 di/9ctive ( ! ,assyrians1 among anci5t peoples1 & :i* has s curi\s a connection ) ! female pr9ciple4 ,h5ce ! %ell or con* is peculi> to ,vi%nu1 :ile ! l+a belongs to ,siva4#aig ,gautama comb9$ ! simpl] fem99e phase ( religion ) ! m mascul9e intellectual type1 symbolis+ ?is union by ! l+am & o!r analog\s emblems4 ,! foll[]s ( ,siva h1 h[ev]1 adopt$ ! comb9$ symbol 9 ! place ( ! l+a alone1 ?us approa*+ m ne>ly ?an ! ,vai%navas to ! idea ( ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,buddhism4 ,gautama himself1 nev]!less1 0 mo/ probably only ! re/or] ( an old] fai?1 accord+ to :i* p]fect wisdom 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! typical comb9ation ( ! male & female pr9ciples 9 nature4 ,! real explanation ( ! connection betwe5 ,buddhism & ,siva-ism has p]haps1 h[ev]1 yet to be giv5#aih4 ,! wor%ip ( ! s]p5t-god is n unkn[n1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 9 ! v /ronghold ( ,siva-ism1#aii rem9d+ u ( ! e>ly spread ( ,buddhism among ,naga tribes4 ,9 ! 8cresc5t surm\nt$ by a p9nacle simil> to ! po9t$ end ( a spe>10 :i* decorates ! ro(s ( ! ,tibetan mona/]ies1#bjj we und\bt$ly h a reproduction ( ! s-call$ trid5t ( ,siva4 ,?is in/rum5t is giv5 also to ,sani1 ! ,h9du ,saturn1 :o is repres5t$ z encompass$ by two s]p5ts1#bja & h5ce ! pill> symbol ( ?is primeval deity we may well suppose to be reproduc$ 9 ! l+a ( ! ,indian ,phallic god4#bjb ,b ! pill> symbol is n want+ to ,buddhism itself4 ,! columns said to h be5 rais$ by ,asoka h a ref]5ce to ! pill>s ( ,se?4 ,! rema9s ( an anci5t pill> suppos$ to be a ,buddhi/ ,lat is /ill to be se5 at ,b5>es1#bjc ! ^w ,lat be+ m]ely ano!r =m ( ! "n ,tet1 ,set1 or ,sat1 giv5 to ! ,phnician ,semitic or deity4 ,9 ! c5tral pill> ( ! s-call$ ,druidical circles we h d\btless a ref]5ce to ! same primitive sup]/ition1 ! idea int5d$ to be repres5t$ be+ ! comb9ation ( ! male & female pr9ciples4#bjd ,9 conclusion1 x mu/ be said t ,*ri/ianity itself is c]ta9ly n )\t ! ,phallic elem5t4 ,ref]5ce may be made to ! important place tak5 9 ,*ri/ian dogma by ! 8fall10 :i* has be5 %[n to h _h a purely ,phallic f\ndation1 & to ! peculi> position assign$ to ,m>y1 z ! ,virg9 ,"m ( ,god4#bje ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t1 :atev] may h be5 ! primitive idea on :i* ^! dogmas are bas$1 x _h receiv$ a totally fre% aspect at ! h&s ( ^? f :om ! f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity receiv$ x4#bjf ,z to symbols1 too1 ^! 7 employ$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! lat] signification giv5 to !m by ! foll[]s ( ! anci5t fai?s4 ,?us ! fi% & ! cross symbols orig9ally embodi$ ! idea ( g5]ation1 b aft]w>ds t ( life1 & x 0 9 ?is s5se t !y 7 appli$ to ,*ri/4#bjg ,! mo/ evid5tly ,phallic repres5tation us$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,iconograph]s is und\bt$ly ! aureole1 or vesica piscis1 :i* is elliptical 9 =m & conta9$ ! figure ( ,*ri/--,m>y h]self1 h[ev]1 be+ sometimes repres5t$ 9 ! aureole1 glorifi$ z ,jesus ,*ri/4#bjh ,probably ! nimbus also is ( ,phallic significance1 =1 al?\gh g5]ally circul>1 x 0 sometimes triangul>1 squ>e1 c4#bji ,! "n ( ,jehovah is inscrib$ )9 a radiat+ triangle4#baj ,didron gives an illu/ration ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ ) a circul> nimbus1 surm\nt$ by two sun-fl[]s1 emblems ( ! sun1 an idea :i*1 says ,didron1 8rem9ds u ( ! ,egyptian figures1 f ! heads ( :i* two lotus-fl[]s rise 9 a simil> mann]40#baa ,!re is also a curi\s repres5tation 9 ! same "w ( ! ,div9e h& ) ! ?umb & two =ef+]s out/ret*$1 re/+ on a cruci=m nimbus4#bab ,9 ,egypt ! h& hav+ ! f+]s ?us plac$ 0 a symbol ( ,isis1 &1 f its accompanim5ts1 !re c be no d\bt1 not)/&+ ! mesm]ic "* ascrib$ to x by ,ennemos]1#bac t x _h an ess5tially ,phallic orig91 al?\gh x may ultimately h be5 us$ to signify life4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t1 :atev] may be ?\ght z to ! nature ( its symbols1#bad ! basis ( ,*ri/ianity is m emotional ?an t ( any o!r religion n[ exi/+4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! pres5ce 9 ,hebraic !ology ( an idea ( ,god--t ( a ,fa!r--antagoni/ic to ! ,phnician notion ( ! 8,"l ( ,heav540 ,we h ! same idea repeat$ 9 ,*ri/'s tea*+1 its di/9ctive *>act]i/ic be+ ! recognition ( ,god z ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r--! ,great ,p>5t ( mank9d1 :o _h s5t ,8 son into ! _w t he might reconcile x unto ,himself4 ,x is 9 ! "* ( a =giv+ p>5t t ,*ri/ians are taught to view ,god1 :5 ,he is n lo/ sight ( 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/1 ( :om ! *ur* is decl>$ to be ! bride4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity we see ! f9al expression ( ! primitive wor%ip ( ! fa!r z ! head ( ! family--! g5]ator--z ! result ( an in/9ctive reason+ process lead+ up f ! p>ticul> to ! univ]sal--) :i*1 h[ev]1 ! dogma ( ! 8fall0 & its consequ5ces--d$uc$ s /rangely f a ,phallic leg5d--h be5 incorporat$4#bae ,z a religion ( ! emotions1 ! position ( ,*ri/ianity is p]fectly unassailable4 ,z a sy/em ( rational fai?1 h[ev]1 x is o!rwise2 & ! t5d5cy ( ! pres5t age is j ! rev]se ( t :i* took place among ! ,hebrews--! sub/itution ( a ,heav5ly ,k+ = a ,div9e ,fa!r4 ,9 fact1 mod]n sci5ce is do+ its be/ to effect = primitive feti%ism1 or demon-wor%ip1 :at ,*ri/ianity has done = ,phallic-wor%ip--g5]alise ! p[]s ( nature & make ( ,god a ,great ,unkn[able ,be+1 :o1 l ! ,elohim1 ( ! ,mosaic ,cosmogony1 9 "s my/]i\s mann]1 causes all ?+s to appe> at a ^w4 ,?is _c1 h[ev]1 be ! real religion ( ! future4 ,if ,god is to be wor%ipp$ at all1 ! ,heav5ly ,k+ & ! ,div9e ,fa!r mu/ be comb9$ z a s+le t]m1 & ,he mu/ be view$1 n z ! unkn[able cause ( be+1 b z ! great s\rce ( all be+1 :o may be kn[n 9 nature--! expression ( 8 life & en]gy1 & 9 man :o 0 8creat$0 9 8 own image4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4--,m4 ,franois ,l5ormant1 9 ! sev5? edition ( 8 8,hi/oire anci5ne de l',ori5t0 7,t4 i41 p4 #ia71 aft] consid]+ ! traditions ( a great deluge pres]v$ by v>i\s peoples1 concludes t 8! biblical deluge1 f> f be+ a my?1 has be5 a real & hi/orical fact1 :i* has /ruck ! ance/ors ( at lea/ ! ,aryan or ,indo-,european1 ! ,semitic or ,syro-,arab1 & ! ,hamitic or ,k\s*ite races--t is1 ! ?ree great civilis$ races ( ! anci5t _w1 be=e ! ance/ors ( ^! races 7 sep>at$1 & 9 ! ,asiatic c\ntry :i* !y inhabit$ toge!r40 ,! au?ority ( ,m4 ,l5ormant is great1 b pref]5ce mu/ be giv5 on ?is po9t to ! argum5ts ( ,m4 ,dupuis1 :o1 9 8 8,orig9e de t\s des ,cultes0 7,t4 iii41 p4 #agf1 et seq471 has almo/ c]ta9ly prov$ ! a/ronomical "* ( :at he t]ms ! 8fiction sac]dotale10 :i*1 h[ev]1 may h orig9at$ ) ! common ance/ors ( ! ?ree races ref]r$ to by ,m4 ,l5ormant4 ,,footnotes3 #d 8,orig9 ( ,pagan ,idolatry10 vol4 iii41 p4 #aag4 #e 8,hi/oire abrge de diff]5s ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 #f 8,a ,disc\rse on ! ,wor%ip ( ,priapus40 #g 8,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london10 vol4 i41 p4 #cbj4 #h ,dulaure1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 #bai4 #i 8,rural ,b5gal10 p4 #bjc4 #aj ,ennemos]'s 8,hi/ory ( ,magic0 7,bohn71 vol4 ii41 p4 #cc4 #aa ,dr4 ,f]n& ,ca/ela91 9 8 "w1 8,la ,circoncision e/-elle utile80 comes to ! conclusion 7p4 #ad7 t x is bo? hygi5ic & moral4 ,! value ( circumcision may be admitt$1 )\t ascrib+ its orig9 to a sanit>y motive4 #ab ,h]odotus1 8,eut]pe10 sec4 #ajd4 #ac ,de ,c\langes1 8,la ,cit antique10 #f? ed41 pp4 #cf1 #ajj4 #ad ,m4 ,elie ,reclus1 9 a rem>kable pap] pres5t$ 9 #ahgi to ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 affirms 7p4 #af1 et seq47 t circumcision is d]iv$ f ! cu/om ( emasculation practis$ on captives1 :i* is equival5t to dea?1 & t x is a sub/itute = human sacrifices4 ,he admits1 h[ev] 7p4 #cb71 t1 among ! ,semites at lea/1 circumcision 0 a 8consecration ( ! sexual organ to a ,phallic div9ity40 #ae 8,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y10 vol4 iv4 7,clem5t ( ,alex&ria71 p4 #bg4 #af ,! ,hebrew ^w b>a translat$ 8creat$0 c be us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se4 #ag 8,ja%>10 by ,dr4 ,donaldson1 #bnd ed4 7#ahfj71 p4 #de1 et seq4 #ah ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ! ,bible0--,art41 8,apple-tree40 ,inman's 8,anci5t ,fai?s10 vol4 i41 p4 #bgd4 #ai 8,zambesi & its ,tribes10 p4 #ahh4 #bj 8,mission>y ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa10 p4 #die4 #ba 8,j\rney to ,a%ango ,l&10 p4 #bie4 #bb 8,riv] ,zaire10 p4 #aha4 #bc 8,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa10 p4 #cid1 #djg4 #bd 8,travels10 vol4 ii41 p4 #cia2 & vol4 iii41 p4 #ffe4 #be ,j\rnal ( ,r4 ,geog4 ,society1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #bdj4 #bf 8,! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago10 vol4 i41 p4 #aeh4 #bg ,wilk9son1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bfj1 #cac4 #bh ,t5n5t's 8,ceylon10 vol4 ii41 p4 #ebj4 #bi ,m4 ,littr sees 9 ! two trees ( ,g5esis only ! soma1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ! ,brahmanical ,sacrifices1 :i*1 ) ! ,iranians1 0 trans=m$ into two my/ic trees4--,la ,philosophie ,positive1 #crd vol41 p4 #cda1 et seq4 #cj ,op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #ddh4 #ca ,g541 xxxv4 #d4 #cb ,ezek41 vi4 #ac4 #cc 8,celtic ,rese>*es10 p4 #ddf4 #cd 8,aryan ,my?ology10 vol4 i41 p4 #bgdn4 #ce ,ditto1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ai4 #cf ,see ,grimm's 8,teutonic ,my?ology10 p4 #ega1 et seq4 #cg ,cox1 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #bgdn4 #ch ,accord+ to ,g541 ii4 #bc1 ! "n i%a 7woman7 0 be/[$ by ,adam on ! fir/ woman1 because %e 0 tak5 out ( man 7,i%7--t]ms :i* 7 us$ 9 ref]5ce to man & wife4 ,?is is %ewn by ! subsequ5t ref]5ce to m>riage 7v4 #bd74 ,see ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ! ,bible0--,art4 8,m>riage40 #ci 8,anci5t ,egyptians10 vol4 iv41 p4 #cac4 #dj ,ditto1 p4 #cac4 #da ,dulaure's 8,hi/oire abrege de diff]5s ,cultes10 vol4 ii41 p4 #afi4 #db ,see ,guigniaut's 8,religions de l',antiquit0 7#ahbe71 vol4 i41 p4 #adi4 #dc ,see on ?is1 ,inman1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #dfb4 #dd ,! ,h9du leg5d expressly m5tions ! fig4 ,see infr4 #de ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #ajh1 #ebg4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! pomegranate symbolises ! full womb4 #df ,see ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 iv41 p4 #bbe1 #bee1 #bhh4 #dg 8,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus10 vol4 i41 p4 #fjj4 #dh ,wilk9son's 8,anci5t ,egyptians10 vol4 iv41 p4 #dab1 #dac2 & ,k+'s 8,gno/ics10 p4 #ca4 ,see also ,bryant's 8,anci5t ,my?ology10 vol4 iv41 p4 #bja4 ,! la/-nam$ "w conta9s mo/ curi\s in=mation z to ! ext5sion ( s]p5t-wor%ip4 #di ,see 8,! ,s]p5t ,symbol 9 ,am]ica10 by ,e4,g4 ,squi]1 ,m4,a4--8,am]ican ,ar*ological ,rese>*es10 ,no4 #a 7#ahea71 p4 #afa1 et seq42 8,pal5qu10 by ,m4 de ,waldeck & ,m4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg 7#ahff71 p4 #dh4 #ej ,laj>d--8,mmoires de l',in/itut ,royal de ,france0 7,acad4 des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres71 ,t4 xiv41 p4 #hi4 #ea ,wood's 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man10 vol4 i41 p4 #ahe2 also ,squi]'s 8,s]p5t ,symbol10 p4 #bbb1 et seq4 #eb ,i h a /rong suspicion t 9 ! primitive %ape ( ! ,hebrew leg5d1 z 9 t ( ! ,mexicans1 bo? ! fa!r & "m ( ! human race _h ! s]p5t =m4 #ec ,op4 cit41 p4 #df4 ,rudra1 ! ,v$ic =m ( ,siva1 ! 8,k+ ( ,s]p5ts10 is call$ ! fa!r ( ! ,m>uts 7w9ds74 ,see infr z to id5tification ( ,siva ) ,saturn4 #ed ,! idea ( circul>ity appe>s to be associat$ ) bo? ^! names4 ,see ,bryant1 op4 cit41 vol4 iii41 p4 #afd1 & vol4 ii41 p4 #aia1 z to d]ivation ( ,typhon4 #ee ,laj>d4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahb1 8,culte de ,mi?ra10 p4 #de2 also 8,mmoire sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 de ,m4 ,ra\l-,ro*ette40 #ef ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rivett-,c>nac sugge/s t ! snake is a 8symbol ( ! phallus40 ,he adds1 8,! sun1 ! invigorat+ p[] ( nature1 has ev]1 ,i believe1 be5 consid]$ to repres5t ! same idea1 n necess>ily obsc5e1 b ! great my/]y ( nature1 ! life transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 or1 z ,pr(essor ,/eph5s puts x1 #8life out ( dea?1 life ev]la/+4'0--,snake ,symbol 9 ,india 7repr9t$ f4 8,j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal071 #ahgi1 p4 #ac4 #eg ,wilk9son1 op4 cit41 vol4 v41 p4 #fe #eh ,ditto1 p4 #bdc4 #ei ,ditto1 p4 #bci4 #fj ,see ,ennemos]'s 8,hi/ory ( ,magic0 7,bohn71 vol4 i41 p4 #bec4 #fa ,ditto1 p4 #bdc4 #fb ,guigniaut's 8,le ,dieu ,s]apis10 p4 #ai4 #fc ,op4 cit41 p4 #ab4 #fd ,fab]'s 8,pagan ,idolatry10 vol4 #a1 p4 #dbdn4 #fe ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] d]ives *]ubim f ,greek3 gryphes1 griff9s1 ! gu>dians ( ! ,soma 9 ! ,v$a & ,ave/a4 8,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op10 #bnd ed41 i4 #aeg4 #ff ,ez41 c4 #bh1 v4 #ad-af4 #fg ,see ,col5zo's 8,p5tateu*0 7#ahfe71 p4 #cda4 #fh ,see ,fab]'s 8,pagan ,idolatry10 vol4 iii41 p4 #fjf4 #fi ,c4 i41 v4 #aj4 #gj ,c4 x41 v4 #ad4 #ga ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #dbb4 #gb ,ez41 c4 i41 v4 #g4 #gc ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #djd4 #gd 8,*9ese10 p4 #cgf4 #ge ,see ,fab]1 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 pp4 #djd-daj4 #gf ,laj>d1 8,le culte de ,mi?ra10 pp4 #ef1 #ei4 #gg ,laj>d1 op4 cit41 p4 #ej2 infr1 p4 #ci4 #gh ,?is sup]/ition is f\nd among peoples--! ,kafirs1 = in/ance--:o d n appe> to possess any trace ( planet>y wor%ip4 #gi ,?is is evid5t f ! facts m5tion$ above1 not)/&+ ! use ( ?is animal z a symbol ( wisdom4 #hj ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 see ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 8 lett] on 8,virg9ity0 to ,eu/a*ia4 #ha ,! turn+ ( ,a>on's rod into a s]p5t _h1 no d\bt1 a ref]5ce to ! idea ( wisdom associat$ ) t animal4 #hb 8,! ,fall5 ,angels0 7#aheg74 #hc ,moor's 8,h9du ,pan!on10 p4 #aja4 #hd ,! ,bo-tree4 ,see supr1 p4 #ah4 #he ,probably ! fruit is really int5d$4 ,higg9s ref]s to 8a peculi> prop]ty :i* ! fig has ( produc+ its fruit f its fl[]s1 conta9$ )9 its own bosom1 & conceal$ f pr(ane eyes10 z a reason :y ! leaves ( ! fig-tree 7 select$ by ,adam & ,eve to cov] _! nak$ness4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bec4 #hf ,h>dwicke's 8,*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s10 vol4 i41 p4 #cje-f4 #hg ,mr4 ,h>dwicke /ates t ! sacr$ ,indian fig is end[$ by ! ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s ) my/]i\s significance1 z ! tree ( k or intellig5ce4 #hh ,see ,beausobre's curi\s & le>n$ "w1 8,hi/oire de ,mani*e et du ,mani*isme10 ,liv4 vii41 *4 iii42 ,gibbon's 8,fall & ,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire10 vol4 ii41 p4 #ahf4 #hi ,z already sugge/$1 ^! may be ! i% & i%a ( ,g5esis4 #ij ,laj>d1 8,le culte de ,mi?ra10 p4 #eb4 #ia ,ditto1 p4 #fj4 #ib ,?is is %[n by ,mr4 ,g]ald ,massey 9 8 rem>kable "w1 8,! ,natural ,g5esis10 & p>ticul>ly ! *apt] entitl$ 8,typology ( ! ,fall 9 ,heav5 & on ,e>?40 #ic ,laj>d1 op4 cit41 p4 #di4 #id 8,ormazd et ,ahriman10 by ,james ,d>me/et]1 pp4 #aed1 #aei4 #ie ,x may be object$ t ! 8,b\ndehes*10 :i* gives ! above details1 is comp>atively a mod]n "w4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! de/ruction ( purity 9 ! _w by ! s]p5t ,dahka is m5tion$ 9 ! #i? ,yana1 v4 #bg1 :i* is mu* e>li]1 & t ,dr4 ,haug supposes ! 8,b\ndehes*0 to h _h a ,z5d orig9al 78,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 c41 ( ! ,p>sees10 p4 #bi74 ,w9dis*mann1 also1 says t 8a clos] /udy ( ?is rem>kable & v5]able book1 & comp>+ x ) ! orig9al text pres]v$ to u1 w induce u to =m a mu* m fav\rable op9ion ( its antiquity & cont5ts40 78,zoroa/ris*e ,/udi510 p4 #bhb74 ,! op9ion ( ?is latt] writ] is t1 not)/&+ ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! n>rative ( ! fall ( man conta9$ 9 ! 8,b\ndehes*0 & t 9 ,g5esis1 ! =m] is orig9al1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 simplicity to ! ,hebrew tradition 7idem1 p4 #bab74 ,! n>ratives are s mu* alike1 h[ev]1 t !y c h>dly h _h indep5d5t orig9s1 & ! v simplicity ( ! latt] is a v /rong argum5t aga9/ its priority4 #if ,see supr1 p4 #bd4 #ig ,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bfd1 et seq41 & comp>e ) ! ,gno/ic p]sonification ( 8,tru?10 = :i* see ,k+'s 8,gno/ics & _! ,rema9s10 p4 #ci4 #ih ,laj>d1 op4 cit41 p4 #if4 #ii ,jehovah ?reat5s dea?1 b ! ,s]p5t impli$ly promises life1 ! =m] hav+ relation to ! individual1 ! latt] to ! race4 #ajj ,laj>d1 op4 cit41 p4 #fj1 note4 #aja ,"s ( ! ,ess5es1 :o appe> to h _h connection ) ,mi?raism1 taught ?is doctr9e4 #ajb ,x is well kn[n to ,biblical writ]s t ?is leg5d =m$ no "p ( ! e>li] ,mosaic n>rative4 #ajc ,fab]'s 8,pagan ,idolatry40 #ajd ,see ,dulaure1 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 z to ! primeval ,h]mes4 #aje ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( ,my?ology0--,art41 8,h]mes40 #ajf ,g541 xxxi4 #de-ec4 #ajg ,l+a means a 8sign0 or 8tok540 ,! tru? ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text w\ld seem to foll[1 moreov]1 f ! fact t ! figure is sacr$ only aft] x has und]gone c]ta9 c]emonies at ! h&s ( a prie/4 #ajh ,or tam>isk tree4 #aji ,g541 xxi4 #cc4 #aaj ,dr4 ,inman sugge/s t a%]a is ! female c\nt]p>t ( ,a%]4 ,see "u ^! names 9 8,anci5t ,fai?s10 vol4 i4 #aaa ,ev5 if ! /atem5t ( ?is ev5t be an int]polation1 ! argum5t 9 ! text is n affect$4 ,! /atem5t is n inconsi/5t ) ! =m ( wor%ip traditionally assign$ to ,abraham4 #aab ,btylia 7 8/ones hav+ s\ls40 #aac ,rawl9son's 8,five ,anci5t ,mon>*ies10 vol4 i41 p4 #fag2 vol4 ii41 p4 #bdg4 #aad ,dr4 ,alex&] ,wild] says3 8,! lat] ,hebrews affect$ ! ,p]sian religion1 9 :i* ! sun 0 ! emblem ( wor%ip4 ,abraham evid5tly _h a l pref]5ce1 be+ a reput$ iconocla/4 ,! lun> religioni/s employ$ images 9 _! wor%ip40 #aae ,josephus' 8,antiquities ( ! ,jews10 *4 viii4 #b4 #aaf ,! ,s]p5t-symbol ( ! ,exodus is call$ 8,s]aph40 #aag 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,israel0 7,eng4 ,trans471 vol i41 p4 #ecb4 #aah ,see 8,san*onia?o0 7,cory1 op4 cit47 #aai ,mu* discussion has tak5 place z to ! nature ( ^! animals4 ,= an explanation ( ! epi!t 8fi]y10 see ,san*onia?o1 8,( ! ,s]p5t0 7,cory1 op4 cit47 #abj ,numb]s1 xxi4 #h1 #i4 #aba ,wilk9son's 8,anci5t ,egyptians10 vol4 iv41 p4 #dce4 #abb ,ditto1 p4 #dcd4 #abc ,egypt1 vol4 iii41 p4 #dbf4 #abd 8,god 9 ,hi/ory10 vol4 i41 pp4 #bcc-d4 #abe ,exodus1 xxxiv4 #bj4 #abf ,numb]s1 xix4 #a-aj4 #abg ,z to ! god ,se?1 see ,pleyte's 8,la ,religion des ,pr-,israelites0 7#ahfb74 #abh ,fr/ r5d]s ! "n ,mo-cese1 8,son ( ,isis10 ,inman's 8,anci5t ,fai?s10 vol4 ii41 p4 #cch4 #abi ,accord+ to ,pleyte1 ! ,cabali/s ?\ght t ! s\l ( ,se? _h pass$ into ,moses 7op4 cit41 p4 #abd74 ,x is /range t ! "n ( ! ,egyptian pr9cess :o is said to h br\ght up ,moses is giv5 by ,josephus z ,!rmu?is1 ?is be+ ! "n ( ! sacr$ asp ( ,egypt 7see 8supr074 ,we appe> also to h a ref]5ce to ! s]p5t 9 ! "n ,levi1 "o ( ! sons ( ,jacob1 f :om ! desc5t ( ,moses 0 trac$4 #acj 8,fragm5ts40 ,book xxxiv4 7,see also 9 connection ) ?is subject1 8,k+'s ,gno/ics10 p4 #ia47 #aca ,buns5's 8,god 9 ,hi/ory10 vol4 i41 p4 #bcd4 #acb ,ewald notices ! fact4 7,see 8op4 cit41 vol4 i41 #ded407 #acc 8,egypt10 vol4 iii41 p4 #dcc4 #acd ,op4 cit41 vol4 iv41 p4 #dcd4 #ace 8,le ,livre des ,morts10 p> ,paul ,pi]ret1 p4 #bei4 #acf ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 iv41 p4 #bjh4 #acg ,ditto1 vol4 iii41 p4 #dbg4 #ach ,op4 cit41 p4 #cai4 #aci ,op4 cit41 vol4 vi41 p4 #cbh4 #adj ,z to ! use ( ?is symbol g5]ally1 see ,pleyte1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aji1 #aeg4 #ada ,on ^! po9ts1 see ,m4 ,ra\l-,ro*ette's ,memoir on ! ,assyrian & ,phnician ,h]cules1 9 8 8,mmoires de l',in/itut ,national de ,france4 ,acadmie des ,inscriptions10 tom4 xvii41 p4 #dg1 et seq4 #adb ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #fj2 vol4 ii41 p4 #bja4 #adc ,pleyte1 op4 cit41 p4 #agb4 #add ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 iv41 p4 #bdi4 #ade ,ditto1 p4 #bag4 #adf ,see ditto1 pp4 #bbf-i4 #adg ,! ram appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,akkadian cal5d>4 8,law ( ,kosmic ,ord]10 by ,mr4 ,rob4 ,br[n1 jun41 #ahhb1 p4 #cf4 #adh ,rawl9son's 8,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus10 vol4 i41 p4 #fbj4 #adi ,rawl9son's 8,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bia4 #aej ,op4 cit41 p4 #hi1 et seq4 #aea ,wilk9son1 op4 cit41 vol4 iv41 pp4 #cdb1 #bfj4 #aeb ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 i41 p4 #dbc4 #aec ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #chh4 #aed ,9 ! temple ( ,h]cules at ,tyre 7 two symbolical /eles1 "o a pill> & ! o!r an obelisk4 ,see ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 op4 cit41 p4 #ea1 :]e is a ref]5ce to a curi\s tradition1 pres]v$ by ,josephus1 connect+ ,moses ) ! erection ( columns at ,heliopolis4 #aee ,wilk9son1 op4 cit41 vol4 iv41 p4 #bii4 #aef ,rawl9son's 8,h]odotus10 vol4 i41 p4 #fjh4 #aeg ,ditto1 p4 #fbj4 #aeh ,mau1 ! "n ( ! ,egyptian ,god ( ,tru?1 c]ta9ly signifies 8light10 b probably only 9 a figurative s5se4 #aei ,! importance ascrib$ to ! me*anical arts may p]haps lead u to look = ! =mal orig9 ( ?is "* 9 ! 8w$ge10 :i* 0 ! *ief me*anical p[] ! anci5ts possess$4 #afj ,fab]1 op4 cit41 vol1 ii41 p4 #bj4 #afa ,bryant1 9 8 8,anci5t ,my?ology10 has br\ght toge!r a great mass ( mat]ials be>+ on ?is "q4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 are capable ( q a diff]5t int]pretation f t :i* he has giv5 to !m4 #afb 8,orig9 & ,de/9y ( ,man10 p4 #cci4 #afc ,dr4 ,inman po9ts out t1 9 ! anci5t languages1 ! t]m = 8g>d50 is us$ z a metaphor = woman4 8,anci5t ,fai?s10 i4 #eb2 ii4 #eec4 #afd ,guigniaut's 8,religions de l',antiquit10 vol4 i41 p4 #adf4 #afe ,op4 cit41 i4 #cae4 #aff 8,egypt10 vol4 iv41 p4 #beg4 #afg 8,egypt10 vol4 iv41 p4 #bji4 #afh ,mr4 ,g]ald ,massey appe>s to reg>d ! crime ( ,lamekh z ! practice ( abortion1 m5 n desir+ to h *ildr54 ,op4 cit41 ii4 #aai4 #afi ,g541 iv4 #bc1 #bd4 #agj ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 iv41 pp4 #bhe-f4 #aga ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 iii41 p4 #dac4 #agb ,buns5's 8,egypt10 vol4 iii41 p4 #dcg4 #agc ,ditto1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bhf4 #agd ,if space p]mitt$1 we might trace to _! s\rce ! developm5ts :i* ! primeval goddess ( fecundity und]w5t4 ,to ! ideas embodi$ 9 h] may be ref]r$ ne>ly all ! fem99e deities ( antiquity4 #age ,fab]1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #bdf4 #agf ,k5rick's 8,phnicia10 p4 #cjg4 #agg ,see ,fab]1 op4 cit42 also ,note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #agh ,on ?is "q1 see ! 8,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bfe2 also 8,sket* ( ! ,religi\s ,sects ( ! ,h9dus10 9 ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 vol4 xvii4 7#ahcb71 p4 #baf1 et seq4 #agi ,?is "q is fully consid]$ by ,dr4 ,muir 9 8 ,sanscrit ,texts1 "p iv41 p4 #ed1 et seq4 #ahj ,ditto1 pp4 #afa1 #cdc4 #aha 8,rural ,b5gal10 p4 #ahg1 et seq41 #aeb4 ,?is association ( ! m\nta9 & ! riv] is f\nd also 9 ! ,p]sian ,khordah-,ave/a4 ,see 7#e7 ,abun-ya%t1 v4 #a-c4 #ahb ,see 8,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip10 p4 #gj2 also ,%]r+'s 8,b5>es10 pp4 #ge-hi4 ,"h ! s]p5t is evid5tly symbolical ( life4 ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 ,mahadeva is describ$ z hav+ 8a girdle ( s]p5ts1 e>-r+s ( s]p5ts1 a sacrificial cord ( s]p5ts1 & an out] g>m5t ( s]p5t's sk940 ,dr4 ,muir1 op4 cit41 "p iv41 p4 #afj4 #ahc ,op4 cit41 p4 #gj4 #ahd ,ditto1 p4 #fb4 #ahe ,mr4 ,sellon1 9 ! 8,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bgc4 #ahf ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! ,v$ic religion 0 n t ( all ! ,aryan tribes ( ,india 7see ,muir1 op4 cit41 "p ii41 pp4 #cgg1 #cfh1 #chc71 & x is by no means improbable t "s ( !m reta9$ a m primitive fai?--8,buddhism0 or 8,rudraism0--i4e41 ,siva-ism4 #ahg ,op4 cit41 p4 #fb4 ,to come to a prop] conclusion on ?is important po9t1 x is necess>y to consid] ! real position occupi$ by ,gautama 9 relation to ,brahmanism4 ,burn\x says t he diff]$ f 8 adv]s>ies only 9 ! def9ition he gives ( salvation 7du salut74 8,introduction l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi510 p4 #aee4 #ahh ,f]gusson1 op4 cit41 pp4 #fg1 #bbb1 #bbc4 #ahi ,see ,guigniaut1 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bic1 #afj n4 #aij ,s*lag5weit1 8,buddhism 9 ,tibet10 p4 #abj4 #aia ,higg9s' 8,anacalypsis10 vol4 i41 p4 #ccb1 et seq4 ,see also p4 #cdb1 et seq4 #aib ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #a1 et seq41 #be4 #aic ,dr4 ,hunt] po9ts out a connection betwe5 ,siva-ism & ,buddhism4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aid4 #aid ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 op4 cit41 p4 #gj4 ,! s]p5t is connect$ ) ,vi%nuism z a symbol ( wisdom r ?an ( life4 #aie ,op4 cit41 p4 #ga4 #aif ,h5ce ,siva1 z ,sambhu1 is ! patron deity ( ! ,brahman ord]1 & ! mo/ intellectual ,h9dus ( ! pres5t day are to be f\nd among 8 foll[]s4 ,see ,wilson1 op4 cit41 p4 #aga4 ,%]r+'s 8,sacr$ ,city ( ! ,h9dus10 p4 #adf1 et seq4 #aig ,! bull ( ,siva has ref]5ce to /r5g? & spe$ r ?an to fecundity1 :ile ! ,rig-v$a ref]s to ,vi%nu z ! =m] ( ! womb1 al?\gh else:]e he is describ$ z ! fecundator4 ,muir1 op4 cit41 "p iv41 pp4 #bdd1 #bib1 #hc1 #fd4 #aih ,?is "q has be5 consid]$ by ,burn\x1 op4 cit41 p4 #edg1 et seq4 ,b see also ,hodgson's 8,buddhism 9 ,nepaul10 & pap] 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society10 vol4 xviii4 7#ahfj71 p4 #cie1 et seq4 #aii ,see ,h]r+1 op4 cit41 p4 #hi4 #bjj ,s*lag5weit1 op4 cit41 p4 #aha4 #bja ,maurice's 8,indian ,antiquities10 vol4 vii41 p4 #eff4 #bjb ,z to ! id5tity ( ,siva & ,saturn1 see ,guigniaut1 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #afg n4 #bjc ,%]r+1 op cit41 p4 #cje1 et seq4 #bjd ,x %\ld be not$ t _m ( ! s-call$ 8circles0 are 9 reality elliptical4 #bje ,see1 on ?is subject1 ,higg9s' 8,anacalypsis10 vol4 i41 p4 #cae1 et seq4 #bjf ,we mu/ look to ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ,mi?raism = ! orig9 & explanation ( mu* ( primitive ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,! doctr9e ( 8reg5]ation10 :i* is a spiritual application ( ! idea ( physical g5]ation1 0 kn[n to all ! religi\s sy/ems ( antiquity1 & probably ! ,phallic emblems g5]ally us$ 7 reg>d$ by ! initiat$ z hav+ a hidd5 mean+4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to ref] to ! second volume ( my 8,evolution ( ,morality0 = in=mation on ! subject ( ! 8re-bir?40 #bjg ,! s]p5t elevat$ 9 ! wild]ness is said to be typical ( ,*ri/4 ,a ,gno/ic sect taught t ,*ri/ 0 ,se?4 #bjh ,didron's 8,*ri/ian ,iconography0 7,bohn71 pp4 #bgb-bhf4 #bji ,x is a curi\s fact t ,buddhi/ sa9ts are (t5 repres5t$ 9 ! ,vesica & ) ! nimbus4 ,see ,hodgson's figures 7,plates v4 & vi47 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society10 vol4 xvi4 #baj ,didron1 pp4 #bg1 #bca4 #baa ,ditto1 p4 #bi4 #bab ,ditto1 p4 #bae4 #bac 8,hi/ory ( ,magic0 7,bohn71 vol4 i41 p4 #bec1 et seq4 #bad ,z to ^!1 see ,k+'s 8,gno/ics & _! ,rema9s10 p4 #gb4 #bae ,9 ! philosophy ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 r5d]$ necess>y by ! fall4 ,by ! fir/ man1 ,adam1 came dea?1 & 9 ,*ri/ ! second ,adam are all made alive4 ,mank9d rev]ts to ! position occupi$ by ,adam be=e he s9n$2 & z 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem !re is no m>riage1 s 9 ! e>?ly p>adise ( ! ,hebrew leg5d man 0 at fir/ int5d$ to live alone4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,s]p5t-,,wor%ip4 ,! subject to be discuss$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ t c engage ! att5tion ( an?ropologi/s4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh s mu* has be5 writt5 9 relation to x1 we are /ill almo/ 9 ! d>k z to ! orig9 ( ! sup]/ition 9 "q4 ,! /ud5t ( my?ology kn[s t c]ta9 ideas 7 associat$ by ! peoples ( antiquity ) ! s]p5t1 & t x 0 ! fav\rite symbol ( p>ticul> deities2 b :y t animal r ?an any o!r 0 *os5 = ! purpose is yet unc]ta94 ,! facts be+ well kn[n1 h[ev]1 ,i %all dwell on !m only s f> z may be necess>y to support ! conclusions bas$ ^u !m4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,f]gusson = br++ toge!r a l>ge array ( facts1 %[+ ! extraord9>y range :i* s]p5t-wor%ip _h among anci5t nations4 ,x is true t he supposes x n to h be5 adopt$ by any nation belong+ to ! ,semitic or ,aryan /ock2 ! s]p5t-wor%ip ( ,india & ,greece orig9at+1 z he believes1 ) old] peoples4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! sup]/ition 0 c]ta9ly n unkn[n to ei!r ,aryans or ,semites4 ,! braz5 s]p5t ( ! ,hebrew exodus 0 de/roy$ 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 ow+ to ! idolatry to :i* x gave rise4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ! ,*aldeans1 f :om ! ,assyrians seem to h sprung1 ! s]p5t occupi$ a mo/ important position4 ,among ! alli$ ,phnicians & ,egyptians x 0 "o ( ! mo/ div9e symbols4 ,9 ,greece1 ,h]cules 0 said 8to h be5 ! prog5itor ( ! :ole race ( s]p5t-wor%ipp+ ,scy?ians1 ?r\gh 8 int]c\rse ) ! s]p5t ,e*idna20 & :5 ,m9]va plant$ ! sacr$ olive on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 %e plac$ x "u ! c>e ( ! s]p5t-deity ,ere*?onios4 ,z to ! ,lat9s1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson rem>ks t 8,ovid's #8,metamorphoses' are full ( passages ref]r+ to ! important "p :i* ! s]p5t p]=m$ 9 all ! traditions ( classic my?ology40 ,! sup]/itions connect$ ) t animal are suppos$ n to h exi/$ among ! anci5t ,gauls & ,g]mans2 b ?is is extremely improbable1 consid]+ t x appe>s to h be5 kn[n to ! ,briti% ,celts & to ! ,go?ic inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,europe !re is no d\bt t ! s]p5t sup]/ition 0 anci5tly preval5t1 & ,mr4 ,f]gusson ref]s to evid5ce prov+ t 8bo? trees & s]p5ts 7 wor%ipp$ by ! peasantry 9 ,e/honia & ,f9l& )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & ev5 ) all ! *>act]i/ics possess$ by ! old fai? :5 we fir/ became acqua9t$ ) x40 ,! s]p5t ent]$ l>gely into ! my?ology ( ! anci5t ,p]sians1 z x does into t ( ! ,h9dus4 ,9 ,india x is associat$ ) bo? ,siva-ism & ,vi%nuism1 al?\gh its actual wor%ip p]haps belong$ r to ! aborig9al tribes among :om ,buddhism is ?\ght by rec5t writ]s to h orig9at$4 ,! mod]n home ( ! sup]/ition1 h[ev]1 is ,we/]n ,africa1 :]e ! s]p5t is n m]ely consid]$ sacr$1 b is actually wor%ipp$ z div9e4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,indian ,ocean traces ( ! same sup]/ition are met ) among ! peoples ( ! ,indian isl&s & ( ,polynesia1 & also 9 ,*9a4 ,! evid5ces ( s]p5t-wor%ip on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t h long engag$ ! att5tion ( ar*ologi/s1 :o h f\nd x to be almo/ univ]sal1 "u "o =m or ano!r1 among ! aborig9al tribes4 ,t animal 0 sculptur$ on ! temples ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 & its =m is said by ,mr4 ,squi] to be ( frequ5t occurr5ce among ! m\nds ( ,wiscons94 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! symbolic e>?works ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ! great s]p5t m\nd ( ,adam's c\nty1 ,ohio1 ! convolutions ( :i* ext5d to a l5g? ( #a1jjj feet4 ,at ! ,ed9burgh meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 #ahga1 ,mr4 ,ph5 gave an acc\nt ( 8 discov]y 9 ,argyll%ire ( a simil> m\nd sev]al hundr$ feet long1 & ab\t fifte5 feet high by ?irty feet broad1 tap]+ gradually to ! tail1 ! head be+ surm\nt$ by a circul> cairn1 :i* he supposes to answ] to ! sol> disc above ! head ( ! ,egyptian uru1 ! position ( :i*1 ) head erect1 answ]s to ! =m ( ! ,oban s]p5t-m\nd4 ,?is discov]y is ( great int]e/1 & its au?or is probably ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! m\nd 0 connect$ ) s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,x may be rem>k$1 9 evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* /ructures 9 o!r p>ts ( ! old _w1 t ! h]o ( "o ( ! ,yanas ( ! ,z5d ,ave/a is made to re/ on :at he ?9ks is a bank1 b :i* he f9ds to be a great gre5 snake1 d\btless a s]p5t-m\nd4 ,ano!r anci5t ref]5ce to ^! /ructures is made by ,iphicrates1 :o1 accord+ to ,bryant1 8relat$ t 9 ,mauritania !re 7 dragons ( su* ext5t1 t grass grew ^u _! backs40 ,let u n[ see :at ideas h be5 associat$ ) ! s]p5t by v>i\s peoples4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson m5tions ! curi\s fact t 8! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! s]p5t ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ 9 all ages seems to h be5 _! p[] ov] ! w9d & ra940 ,accord+ to ,colonel ,mead[s ,taylor1 9 ! ,indian ,deccan1 at ! pres5t day1 (f]+s are made to ! village div9ities 7( :om ! ng1 or snake1 is always "o7 at spr+ "t & h>ve/ = ra9 or f9e wea!r1 & also 9 "t ( *ol]a or o!r diseases or pe/il5ce4 ,s1 among ! ,*9ese1 ! dragon is reg>d$ z ! giv] ( ra91 & 9 "t ( dr\ght (f]+s are made to x4 ,9 ! spr+ & fall ( ! ye> x is "o ( ! objects wor%ipp$1 by comm& ( ! ,emp]or1 by c]ta9 m&>9s4 ,! ,*9ese notion ( ! s]p5t or dragon dwell+ above ! cl\ds 9 spr+ to give ra9 rem9ds u ( ! ,aryan my? ( ,vritra1 or ,ahi1 ! ?rottl+ snake1 or dragon ) ?ree heads1 :o hides away ! ra9-cl\ds1 b :o is sla9 by ,indra1 ! b5efic5t giv] ( ra94 8,:5ev]10 says ,mr4 ,cox1 8! ra9 is %ut up 9 ! cl\ds1 ! d>k p[] is 9 revolt aga9/ ,dyaus & ,indra4 ,9 ! rumbl+s ( ! ?und]1 :ile ! dr\ght /ill sucks out ! life ( ! e>?1 are he>d ! mutt]+s ( _! hateful enemy4 ,9 ! lightn+ fla%es :i* prec$e ! outbur/ ( ! p5t-up wat]s are se5 ! irresi/ible spe>s ( ! god1 :o is attack+ ! ?rottl+ s]p5t 9 8 d52 & 9 ! s]5e heav5 :i* %one out :5 ! delug+ cl\ds are pass$ away1 m5 beheld ! face ( ! mighty deity :o 0 _! fri5d40 ,mr4 ,cox else:]e rem>ks t ,vritra1 8! enemy ( ,indra1 reappe>s 9 all ! dragons1 snakes1 or worms sla9 by all ! h]oes ( ,aryan my?ology40 ,:e!r ! great s]p5t be ! giv] or ! /or] ( ra91 ! ,aryans1 l all ,ea/]n peoples1 suppose x to h p[] ov] ! cl\ds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( its attributes4 ,x is ?\ght to h p[] ov] ! w9d z well z ! ra91 & ?is also is confirm$ by ref]5ce to ,aryan my?ology4 ,mr4 ,cox has well %[n t ,h]mes is 8! air 9 motion1 or w9d1 v>y+ 9 degree f ! s(t brea? ( a summ] breeze to ! rage ( ! gr[+ hurricane40 ,9 ^! m viol5t moods he is repres5t$ by ! ,m>uts1 ! 8cru%]s0 or 8gr9d]s10 :o are also ! *ildr5 ( ,rudra1 ! 8,fa!r ( ! ,w9ds10 & himself ! 8wield] ( ! ?und]bolt0 & ! 8mightie/ ( ! mighty40 ,rudra is also 8! robb]1 ! *eat1 ! deceiv]1 ! ma/] ?ief10 & 9 ?is "* bo? he & ,h]mes agree ) ! cl\d-?ief ,vritra4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t 9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 ,rudra1 l ,h]cules1 is describ$ z ! 8de/roy] ( s]p5ts10 he is 9 ! same poem id5tifi$ ) ,mahadeva1 & h5ce he is evid5tly ! same z ,siva1 :o has ! title ( ,k+ ( ,s]p5ts4 ,! primitive "* ( ,siva1 z ! ,v$ic ,rudra1 is n[ almo/ lo/1 b ! id5tity ( ! two deities may be support$ by ref]5ce to an incid5t relat$ 9 ! my? ( ,h]mes & ,apollo4 ,x is said t1 9 return = ! sweet-s\nd+ lyre1 ,apollo gave to ,h]mes ! magical 8?ree-leaf$ rod ( weal? & happ9ess40 ,sometimes ?is rod 0 entw9$ ) s]p5ts in/ead ( fillets1 & !re is no difficulty 9 recognis+ 9 x ! well-kn[n emblem ( ,siva1 :i* also is sometimes encircl$ by s]p5ts4 ,x c be %[n t ! ,h9du deity is a =m ( ,saturn1 "o ( ! ,semitic names = :om 0 ,set or ,se?4 ,x 0 ! s]p5t-symbol ( ?is ,god#baf :i* 0 said to h be5 elevat$ 9 ! wild]ness = ! heal+ ( ! p bitt5 by s]p5ts1 & curi\sly en\gh ,rudra 7,siva7 0 call$ n only ! b\ntiful1 ! /rong1 b ! heal]4 ,! lat] ,egyptian title ( ! god ,set 0 ,typhon1 ( :om ,mr4 ,breal says t 8,typhon is ! mon/] :o obscures ! heav51 a sort ( ,greek ,vritra40 ,! my? ( ,indra & ,vritra is reproduc$ 9 ,lat9 my?ology z t ( ,h]cules & ,ccus4 ,ccus also is analog\s to ,typhon1 & z ! =m] is suppos$ to h tak5 8 "n f1 or giv5 x to1 a c]ta9 w9d :i* _h ! p[] ( clo?+ itself ) cl\ds1 s ! latt] bore ! same "n z a v de/ructive w9d :i* 0 mu* dread$ by ! ,phnicians & ,egyptians4 ,moreov]1 ! "n ,typhon 0 giv5 by ! ,egyptians to any?+ tempe/u\s1 & h5ce to ! ocean2 & 9 ,hebrew ! alli$ ^w 8,suph0 d5otes a 8:irlw9d40 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( contact1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ,siva & ! god ,set or ,typhon1 :o 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians also z ! s]p5t ,aphphis1 or ! giant4 ,an anci5t writ] /ates t "o ( ! names ( ,el1 or ,*ronos1 0 ,typhon1 & ! s]p5t & pill> symbols ( ! ,phnician deity confirm ! id5tification betwe5 ,set or ,saturn1 & ! ,siva ( ! ,h9du ,pan!on4 ,"o ( ! lead+ ideas connect$ ) ! s]p5t 01 z we h se51 its p[] ov] ! ra91 b ano!r equally influ5tial 0 its connection ) heal?4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson rem>ks t 8:5 we fir/ meet ) s]p5t-wor%ip1 ei!r 9 ! wild]ness ( ,s9ai1 ! groves ( ,epidaurus1 or 9 ! ,s>matian huts1 ! s]p5t is always ! ,aga?o-dmon1 ! br+] ( heal? & good =tune40#bag ,! ,aga?o-dmon1 :i* 9 anci5t ,egypt presid$ ov] ! affairs ( m5 z ! gu>dian _s ( _! h\ses1#bah 0 ! ,asp ( ,rnno1 ! snake-head$ goddess :o is repres5t$ z nurs+ ! "y pr9ces4 ,t ! idea ( heal? 0 intimately associat$ ) ! s]p5t is %[n by ! cr[n =m$ ( ! asp1 or sacr$ ,!rmu?is1 hav+ be5 giv5 p>ticul>ly to ,isis1 a goddess ( life & heal+4 ,x 0 also ! symbol ( o!r deities ) ! l attributes4 ,?us on a papyri x encircles ! figure ( ,h>pocrates1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! s]p5t god sculapius2 :ile n only 0 a great s]p5t kept alive 9 ! temple ( ,s]apis1 b on lat] monum5ts ?is deity is repres5t$ by a great s]p5t1 ) or )\t a human head4 ,san*onia?on says ( t animal--8,x is long-liv$1 & has ! quality n only ( putt+ (f its old age & assum+ a second y\?1 b ( receiv+ at ! same "t an augm5tation ( its size & /r5g?40 ,! s]p5t1 !re=e1 0 a fit emblem ( ,rudra1 8! heal]20 & ! gift :i* ,apollo pres5t$ to ,m]cury c\ld be entw9$ by no m appropriate object ?an ! animal :i* 0 suppos$ to be able to give ! heal? )\t :i* ev5 ,m]cury's magic-/aff c\ld n conf] weal? & happ9ess4 ,x is rem>kable t a ,moslem sa9t ( ,upp] ,egypt is /ill ?\ght to appe> "u ! =m ( a s]p5t1 & to cure ! diseases :i* afflict ! pilgrims to 8 %r9e4 ,ramahavaly1 "o ( ! f\r national idols ( ! ,malagasy1 be>s a curi\s analogy to ! s]p5t gods ( wisdom & heal+4 ,"o ( 8 titles is ,rabiby1 signify+ 8animal10 & d5ot+ 8! god ( bea/s20 & 8 emiss>ies are ! s]p5ts :i* abide 9 ,madagasc>1 & are look$ ^u ) sup]/iti\s fe> by ! inhabitants4 ,ramahavaly is1 moreov]1 reg>d$ z ! ,physician ( ,im]9a1 & is ?\ght to pres]ve f1 or expel1 epidemic diseases4 ,mr4 ,ellis says t he is sometimes describ$ 8z god1 sacr$1 p[]ful1 & almighty2 :o kills & makes alive2 :o heals ! sick1 & prev5ts diseases & pe/il5ce2 :o c cause ?und] & lightn+ to /rike _! victims or prev5t _! fatality2 c cause ra9 9 abundance :5 want$1 or c )hold x s z to ru9 ! crops ( rice4 ,he is also celebrat$ = 8 k ( ! pa/ & future1 & = 8 capacity ( discov]+ :atev] is hidd5 or conceal$40 ,x is probable t ! association ) ! s]p5t ( ! idea ( heal+ arose f ! /ill e>li] recognition ( t animal z a symbol ( life4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! repres5tations 9 ! ,egyptian temples ( ! "y pr9ces be+ nurs$ by a woman hav+ ! head ( an asp4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t 9 ,india at ! pres5t day s]p5t-wor%ip is expressly resort$ to on behalf ( *ildr51 & 8! fir/ hair ( a *ild :i* is %av$ (f :5 x has pass$ tee?+ & o!r infant9e ailm5ts is frequ5tly d$icat$ to a s]p5t40 ,?is animal 9 bo? cases is treat$ z ! gu>dian ( life1 & !re=e ! cr[n giv5 to ,egyptian sov]eigns & div9ities 0 v prop]ly =m$ ( ! asp ( ,rnno4 ,ano!r snake-head$ ,egyptian goddess has ! "n ,hih or ,hoh1 & ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son m5tions t ! ,coptic ^w ,h( signifies ! vip]1 analog\s to ! hye ( ! ,arabs4 ,! ,arabic ^w hiya1 inde$1 means bo? life & a s]p5t4 ,?is connection is support$ by ! association1 already po9t$ out1 betwe5 ! s]p5t & ! gods ( ! life-giv+ w9d1 & by ! fact t ^! also possess ! pill> symbol ( life4 ,?is belongs z well to ,siva ! de/roy]1 ! pres]v]1 & ! creator1 z to ,set or ,saturn1 to ,?o?-,h]mes1 & ,el or ,*ronos4 ,bo? ! s]p5t & ! pill> 7 assign$ also to _m ( ! p]sonifications ( ! sun1 ! deifi$ s\rce ( e>?ly life4 ,probably ! well-kn[n figure repres5t+ ! s]p5t ) its tail 9 its m\? 0 int5d$ to symbolise endless life r ?an et]nity1 an idea :i* does n appe> to h be5 associat$ ) t animal by ! ,egyptians4 ,agreeably ) ?is view1 ,horapollo affirms t ,kneph-,aga?o-dmon d5ot$ immortality4 ,"o ( ! be/-kn[n attributes ( ! s]p5t is wisdom4 ,! ,hebrew tradition ( ! fall speaks ( t animal z ! mo/ subtle ( ! bea/s ( ! field2 & ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity tells 8 disciples to be z wise z s]p5ts1 ?\gh z h>mless z doves4 ,among ! anci5ts ! s]p5t 0 consult$ z an oracle1 & ,maury po9ts out t x play$ an important "p 9 ! life ( sev]al celebrat$ ,greek div9]s 9 connection ) ! k ( ! language ( birds1 :i* _m ( ! anci5ts believ$ to be ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,! s]p5t 0 associat$ ) ,apollo & ,a!n1 ! ,grecian deities ( wisdom1 z well z ) ! ,egyptian ,kneph1#bai ! ram-head$ god f :om ! ,gno/ics are sometimes said to h d]iv$ _! idea ( ! ,sophia4 ,?is p]sonification ( div9e wisdom is und\bt$ly repres5t$ on ,gno/ic gems "u ! =m ( ! s]p5t4 ,9 ,h9du my?ology !re is ! same association betwe5 ! animal & ! idea ( wisdom4 ,siva1 z ,sambhu1 is ! patron ( ! ,brahmanic ord]1 &1 z %[n by 8 be+ ?ree-ey$1 is ess5tially a god possess+ high intellectual attributes4 ,vi%nu also is a god ( wisdom1 b ( ! some:at l[] type :i* is di/9ctive ( ! wor%ipp]s ( tru? "u its fem99e aspect4 ,! connection betwe5 wisdom & ! s]p5t is be/ se51 h[ev]1 9 ! ,h9du leg5ds z to ! ,nagas4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson rem>ks t 8! ,naga appe>s ev]y:]e 9 ,vai%nava tradition4 ,!re is no m common repres5tation ( ,vi%nu#bbj ?an z repos+ on ! ,se%a1 ! cele/ial sev5-head$ snake1 contemplat+ ! creation ( ! _w4 ,x 0 by 8 assi/ance t ! ocean 0 *urn$ & ,amrita produc$1 ,he ev]y:]e spreads 8 protect+ hood ov] ! god or 8 avat>s2 & 9 all in/ances x is ! sev5-head$ heav5ly ,naga1 n ! e>?ly cobra ( ,siva40 ,! =m] animal1 no d\bt1 is especially symbolical ( wisdom1 & x is probably ow+ to 8 intellectual attributes1 r ?an to 8 de/ructive or creative p[]1 t ,siva is sometimes /yl$ ! ,k+ ( ,s]p5ts4 ,! ,upani%ads ref] to ! sci5ce ( s]p5ts1 by :i* is meant ! wisdom ( ! my/]i\s ,nagas1 :o1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ic leg5d1 reside "u ,m\nt ,mru1 & 9 ! wat]s ( ! t]re/rial _w4 ,"o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,tibetan ,buddhi/s is fabl$ to h be5 receiv$ f ! ,nagas1 :o1 says ,s*lag5tweit1 are 8fabul\s creatures ( ! nature ( s]p5ts1 :o occupy a place among ! be+s sup]ior to man1 & are reg>d$ z protectors ( ! law ( ! ,buddha4 ,to ^! spiritual be+s ,skyamuni is said to h taught a m philosophical religi\s sy/em ?an to m51 :o 7 n suffici5tly advanc$ to und]/& x at ! "t ( 8 appe>ance40 ,s f> z ?is has any hi/orical basis1 x c mean only t ,gautama taught 8 mo/ secret doctr9es to ! ,nagas1 or aborig9al s]p5t-wor%ipp]s1 :o 7 ! fir/ to accept 8 tea*+1 & ^: religi\s ideas _h probably mu* 9 common ) ^? ( ,gautama himself4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson ref]s to ! fact t a k+ ( ! ,naga race 0 reign+ 9 ,magadha :5 ,buddha 0 born 9 #fbc ,b4,c42 & he adds t ! dissem9ation ( 8 religion 8is :olly due to ! accid5t ( its hav+ be5 adopt$ by ! l[ ca/e k+s ( ,magadha1 & to its hav+ be5 elevat$ by "o ( !m to ! rank ( ! religion ( ! /ate40 ,x w\ld appe>1 inde$1 t accord+ to a ,h9du leg5d1 ,gautama himself _h a s]p5t l9eage4 ,! 8s]p5t-sci5ce0 ( ,h9du leg5d has a curi\s p>allel 9 ,phnician my?ology4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,phnician writt5 "* is ref]r$ to ! god ,taaut or ,?o?1 ^: snake-symbol be>s 8 "n ,tt1 & is us$ to repres5t ! n9? lett] ( ! alphabet 7teta71 :i* 9 ! olde/ ,phnician "* has ! =m ( ! snake curl+ itself up4 ,philo ?us expla9s ! =m ( ! lett] !ta1 & t ! god f :om x took its "n 0 designat$ by ! ,egyptians z a snake curl$ up1 ) its head turn$ inw>ds4 ,philo adds t ! lett]s ( ! ,phnician alphabet 8are ^? =m$ by means ( s]p5ts2 aft]w>ds1 :5 !y built temples1 !y assign$ !m a place 9 ! adytums1 in/itut$ v>i\s c]emonies & solemnities 9 hon\r ( !m1 & ador$ !m z ! supreme gods1 ! rul]s ( ! univ]se40 ,buns5 ?9ks ! s5se ( ?is passage is 8t ! =ms & movem5ts ( s]p5ts 7 employ$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ! olde/ lett]s1 :i* repres5t ! gods40 ,he says1 h[ev]1 t 8! alphabet does n tally at all ) ! ,phnician names10 & ! explanation giv5 by ,philo1 al?\gh curi\s z %[+ ! ideas anci5tly associat$ ) ! s]p5t1 is reliable only s f> z x confirms ! connection betwe5 t animal & ! inv5tor ( ! writt5 *>act]s4 ,accord+ to ano!r tradition1 ! anci5t !ology ( ,egypt 0 said to h be5 giv5 by ! ,aga?o-dmon1 :o 0 ! b5efactor ( all mank9d4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! s]p5t by ,san*onia?on1 z cit$ by ,eusebius1 is wor? repetition z %[+ ! peculi> notions anci5tly curr5t 9 connection ) t animal4 ,! ,phnician writ] says3 8,taautus fir/ attribut$ some?+ ( ! div9e nature to ! s]p5t & ! s]p5t tribe1 9 :i* he 0 foll[$ by ! ,phnicians & ,egyptians2 = ?is animal 0 e/eem$ by him to be ! mo/ inspir$ ( all ! reptiles1 & ( a fi]y nature1 inasmu* z x exhibits an incr$ible cel]ity1 mov+ by its _s )\t ei!r h&s or feet1 or any ( ^? ext]nal memb]s by :i* o!r animals effect _! motion1 & 9 its progress x assumes a v>iety ( =ms1 mov+ 9 a spiral c\rse1 & d>t+ =w>ds ) :atev] degree ( swiftness x pleases4 ,x is1 moreov]1 long-liv$1 & has ! quality n only ( putt+ (f its old age1 & assum+ a second y\?1 b ( receiv+ at ! same "t an augm5tation ( its size & /r5g?1 & :5 x has fulfill$ ! appo9t$ measure ( its exi/5ce x consumes itself1 z ,taautus has laid d[n 9 ! sacr$ books2 ^u :i* acc\nt ?is animal is introduc$ 9 ! sacr$ rites & my/]ies40 ,9 ,india at ! pres5t day "s ,brahmans always keep ! sk9 ( a ng1 or snake1 9 "o ( _! sacr$ books1 probably f "s idea connect$ ) ! ca/+ by ! s]p5t ( its sk9 ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ passage4 ,we h n[ se5 t ! s]p5t 0 anci5tly ! symbol ( wisdom1 life1 & heal+1 & also t x 0 ?\ght to h p[] ov] ! w9d & ra94 ,?is la/ attribute is easily und]/ood :5 ! importance ( ra9 9 ! ea/ is consid]$1 & ! ideas associat$ by ! anci5ts ) ! air & moi/ure are rememb]$4 ,! ,hebrew tradition :i* speaks ( ! creative _s mov+ ov] ! face ( ! wat]s embodies ^? ideas1 accord+ to :i* ! wat] conta9s ! elem5ts ( life & ! w9d is ! vivify+ pr9ciple4 ,! attribute ( wisdom _c s easily be connect$ ) t ( life4 ,! p[] ( heal+ is c]ta9ly an evid5ce ( ! possession ( wisdom1#bba b z x is only "o phase ( x1 probably ! latt] attribute 0 antec$5t to ! =m]1 or at lea/ x may h _h an indep5d5t orig94 ,:at ?is orig9 0 may p]haps be expla9$ by ref]5ce to c]ta9 o!r ideas v g5]ally ent]ta9$ 9 relation to ! s]p5t4 ,among v>i\s ,african tribes ?is animal is view$ ) great v5]ation1 "u ! belief t x is (t5 ! re-embodim5t ( a deceas$ ance/or4 ,?is notion appe>s to be preval5t also among ! ,h9dus1 :o1 l ! ,kafirs1 w nev] kill a s]p5t1 al?\gh x is usually reg>d$ ) m dislike ?an v5]ation4 ,mr4 ,squi] rem>ks t 8_m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes ent]ta9 a sup]/iti\s reg>d = s]p5ts1 & p>ticul>ly = ! rattlesnake4#bbb ,?\gh always avoid+ !y nev] de/roy x1 #8le/1' says ,b>ham1 #8! _s ( ! reptile %\ld excite its k9dr$ to rev5ge4'0 ,mr4 ,squi] adds t1 8accord+ to ,adair1 ?is fe> 0 n unm+l$ ) v5]ation4 ,*>levoix /ates t ! ,nat*ez _h ! figure ( a rattlesnake1 c>v$ f wood1 plac$ among o!r objects ^u ! alt> ( _! temple1 to :i* !y paid great hon\r4 ,heckweld] relates t ! ,l9ni ,l9ape call$ ! rattlesnake #8gr&fa!r1' & w\ld on no acc\nt all[ x to be de/roy$4 ,hemy /ates t ! ,indians ar\nd ,lake ,huron _h a simil> sup]/ition1 & also designat$ ! rattlesnake z _! #8gr&fa!r4' ,he also m5tions in/ances 9 :i* (f]+s ( tobacco 7 made to x1 & its p>5tal c>e solicit$ = ! p>ty p]=m+ ! sacrifice4 ,c>v] also m5tions an in/ance ( simil> reg>d on ! "p ( a ,m5om9ee ,indian1 :o c>ri$ a rattlesnake con/antly ) him1 #8treat+ x z a deity1 & call+ x 8 great fa!r4'0 ,! mo/ curi\s notion1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! ,mexicans1 :o always repres5t$ ! fir/ woman1 ^: "n 0 translat$ by ! old ,spani% writ]s 8! woman ( our fle%10 z accompani$ by a great male s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t is ! sun-god ,tonacatle-coatl1 ! pr9cipal deity ( ! ,mexican ,pan!on1 & 8 female companion1 ! goddess "m ( mank9d1 has ! title cihua-cohuatl1 :i* signifies 8woman ( ! s]p5t40 ,) ! ,p]uvians1 also1 ! pr9cipal deity 0 ! s]p5t-sun1 ^: wife1 ! female s]p5t1 gave bir? to a boy & a girl f :om all mank9d 7 said to be desc5d$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! s]p5t orig9 ?us ascrib$ to ! human race is n conf9$ to ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! primeval "m ( ! ,scy?s 0 a mon/]1 half woman & half s]p5t4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! s]p5t p>5tage ascrib$ to v>i\s p]sonages ( classical antiquity4#bbc ,among ! ,semites1 ,zohk1 ! traditional ,arabian conqu]or ( ,c5tral ,asia1 is repres5t$ z hav+ two snakes gr[+ at 8 back2 & ,mr4 ,bruce m5tions t ! l9e ( ! ,abyss9ian k+s beg9s ) 8,! ,s]p5t10 ,arwe1 :o is said to h reign$ at ,axum = #djj ye>s1 %[+ t ! royal desc5t 0 trac$ f ?is animal4 ,f ! position assign$ to ! dragon 9 ,*9a1 x probably 0 =m]ly ?\ght to /& 9 a simil> relation to ! ,emp]or1 ( :om x is ! special symbol4 ,! facts cit$ prove t ! s]p5t sup]/ition is intimately connect$ ) ance/or-wor%ip1 probably orig9at+ among uncultur$ tribes1 :o1 /ruck by ! noiseless movem5t & ! activity ( ! s]p5t1 comb9$ ) its peculi> gaze & p[] ( ca/+ its sk91 view$ x z a _s embodim5t4 ,z su*1 x w\ld be suppos$ to h ! sup]ior wisdom & p[] ascrib$ to ! d5iz5s ( ! invisible _w1 & f ?is w\ld orig9ate also ! ascription to x ( ! p[] ov] life & heal?1 & ov] ! moi/ure on :i* ^? b5efits are dep5d5t4 ,! s]p5t-_s may1 h[ev]1 h made its appe>ance = a good or a bad purpose1 to conf] a b5efit or to inflict puni%m5t = ! misde$s ( ! liv+4 ,! notion ( !re be+ good & evil s]p5t-spirits w\ld ?us naturally arise4 ,among ance/or-wor%ipp+ peoples1 h[ev]1 ! s]p5t w\ld be view$ z a good be+ :o busi$ himself ab\t ! int]e/s ( ! tribe to :i* he _h once belong$4 ,:5 ! simple idea ( a _s-ance/or 0 trans=m$ into t ( ! ,great ,_s1 ! fa!r ( ! race1 ! attributes ( ! s]p5t w\ld be enl>g$4 ,! common ance/or w\ld be relegat$ to ! heav5s1 & t :i* 0 necess>y to ! life & well-be+ ( 8 p w\ld be suppos$ to be "u 8 c>e4 ,h5ce ! great s]p5t 0 ?\ght to h p[] ov] ! ra9 & ! hurricane1 ) ! latt] ( :i* he 0 probably (t5 id5tifi$4 ,:5 ! s]p5t 0 ?us transf]r$ to ! atmosph]e1 & ! sup]/ition lo/ its simple "* z a phase ( ance/or-wor%ip1 its mo/ natural association w\ld be ) ! sol> cult4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t ,quetzalcoatl1 ! div9e b5efactor ( ! ,mexicans1 0 an inc>nation ( ! s]p5t-sun ,tonacatlcoatl1 :o ?us became ! great fa!r1 z ! female s]p5t ,cihua-coatl 0 ! great "m1 ( ! human race4 ,x is an int]e/+ inquiry h[ f> ! sun-gods ( o!r peoples p>took ( ?is d\ble "*4 ,buns5 has a rem>kable passage be>+ on ! s]p5t nature ( ^? deities4 ,he says t 8,esmun-,esculapius is /rictly a ,phnician god4 ,he 0 especially wor%ipp$ at ,b]ytus4 ,at ,c>?age he 0 call$ ! highe/ god1 toge!r ) ,a/>t & ,h]cules4 ,at ,babylon1 accord+ to ! above g5ealogy ( ,bel1 ,apollo correspond$ to him4 ,z ! snake-god he mu/ actually be ,h]mes1 9 ,phnician ,tt1 ,taautes4444 ,9 an e>li] /age ( cosmogonical consci\sness he is ,aga?o-dmon-,ss1 :om ,lepsius has %[n to be ! ?ird god 9 ! fir/ ord] ( ! ,egyptian ,pan!on40 ,! s]p5t deity :o 0 ?us kn[n "u s _m =ms 0 none o!r ?an ! sun-god ,set or ,saturn1 :o has already be5 id5tifi$ ) ,siva & o!r deities hav+ ! attributes usually ascrib$ to ! s]p5t4 ,buns5 ass]ts t ,set is common to all ! ,semites & ,*aldeans1 z he 0 to ! ,egyptians1 b t 88 suppos$ id5tity ) ,saturn is n s old z 8 id5tity ) ! sun-god1 z ,sirius 7,s?is71 because ! sun has ! greate/ p[] :5 x is 9 ,sirius40 ,else:]e ! same writ] says t 8! ,ori5to-,egyptian conception ( ,typhon-,set 0 t ( a dry+-up p>*+ heat4 ,set is consid]$ z ! sun-god :5 he has rea*$ 8 z5i?1 ! god ( ! summ] sun40 ,! sol>#bbd "* ( ! s]p5t-god appe>s !re=e to be plac$ beyond d\bt4 ,b :at 0 ! relation 9 :i* he 0 suppos$ to /& to ! human race8 ,buns51 to ^: lab\rs ,i am s mu* indebt$1 rem>ks t ,se? 8appe>s gradually among ! ,semites z ! backgr\nd ( _! religi\s consci\sness10 & n m]ely 0 he 8! primitive god ( nor!rn ,egypt & ,pale/9e10 b 8 g5ealogy z 8! ,se? ( ,g5esis1 ! fa!r ( ,eno* 7! man71 mu/ be consid]$ z orig9ally runn+ p>allel ) t d]iv$ f ! ,elohim1 ,adam's fa!r40 ,se? is ?us ! div9e ance/or ( ! ,semites1 a "* 9 :i*1 b 9 relation to o!r races1 ! sol> deities g5]ally agree ) him4 ,! k+s & prie/s ( anci5t peoples claim$ ?is div9e orig91 & 8*ildr5 ( ! sun0 0 ! title ( ! memb]s ( ! sacr$ ca/e4 ,:5 ! actual ance/ral "* ( ! deity is hidd5 he is reg>d$ z 8! fa!r ( 8 p0 & _! div9e b5efactor4 ,he is ! introduc] ( agriculture1 ! inv5tor ( arts & sci5ces1 & ! civilis] ( mank9d2 8*>act]i/ics10 says ,fab]1 8:i* e nation ascrib$ to ! fir/ ( _! gods or ! olde/ ( _! k+s40 ,?is 0 true ( ,?o?1 ,saturn1 & o!r analog\s deities1 & ! ,adam ( ,hebrew tradition 0 ! fa!r ( agriculture1 z 8 repres5tative ,noah 0 ! introduc] ( ! v9e4 ,else:]e ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! "n ( ! great ance/or ( ,hebrew tradition has be5 pres]v$ by c]ta9 peoples :o may ?us be class$ toge!r z ,adamites4 ,he appe>s1 inde$1 to be ! recognis$ leg5d>y ance/or ( ! memb]s ( t division ( mank9d ^: primeval home we c sc>cely d\bt 0 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 answ]+ 9 ?is respect to ! ,se? ( ! ,semites4 ,accord+ to ! tradition1 h[ev]1 z h&$ d[n to u by ! ,hebrews1 ,se? himself 0 ! son ( ,adam4 ,f ?is1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t1 z ,se? 0 ! s]p5t sun-god 7! ,aga?o-dmon71 ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! ,adamites mu/ himself h p>tak5 ( ! same "*4 ,/range z ?is idea may appe> x is n )\t w>rant4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,mexicans ascrib$ t nature to ,tonacatlcoatl & 8 wife1 ! "m ( mank9d1 & t a simil> notion 0 ent]ta9$ by v>i\s peoples ( ! old _w4 ,! ,*aldean god ,ha :o1 z ! 8tea*] ( mank9d10 & ! 8"l ( und]/&+10 answ]s exactly to ! div9e b5efactor ( ! race be=e ref]r$ to1 0 8figur$ by ! great s]p5t :i* occupies s conspicu\s a place among ! symbols ( ! gods on ! black /ones record+ ,babylonian b5efactions40 ,! "n ( ! god is connect$ ) ! ,arabic ,hiya1 :i* signifies a s]p5t z well z life1 & ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son says t 8!re are v /rong gr\nds inde$ = connect+ him ) ! s]p5t ( ,scripture1 & ) ! ,p>adisaical traditions ( ! tree ( k & ! tree ( life40 ,! god ,ha 01 !re=e1 ! s]p5t reveal] ( k1 answ]+ 9 "s respects to ! s]p5t ( ! fall4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 ! ,aga?o-dmon1 & 9 ! e>li] =m ( ! leg5d d\btless answ]$ to ! great human ance/or himself4 ,x is curi\s t1 accord+ to ,rabb9ical tradition1 ,ca9 0 ! son1 n ( ,adam1 b ( ! s]p5t-_s ,asmodeus1 :o is ! same z ! ,p]sian ,ahriman1 8! great s]p5t ) two feet40#bbe ,9 ! "n ( ,eve1 ! "m ( mank9d1 we h1 inde$1 direct ref]5ce to ! suppos$ s]p5t-nature ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us long s9ce rem>k$ t ! "n ,hevia1 aspirat$1 signifies a female s]p5t4 ,! "n ,eve is evid5tly connect$ ) ! same ,arabic root z t :i* we h se5 to mean bo? 8life0 & 8a s]p5t10 & ! ,p]sians appe> to h call$ ! con/ellation ,s]p5s 8! little ,ava10 t is ,eve1 a title :i* is /ill giv5 to x by ! ,arabs4 ,b if ,eve 0 ! s]p5t "m1 ,adam mu/ h be5 ! s]p5t fa!r4 ,9 ! old ,akkad tongue ,ad signifies 8a fa!r10 & ! my?ical p]sonages ) :om ,adam is mo/ ne>ly alli$1 su* z ,se? or ,saturn1 ,taaut or ,?o?1 & o!rs1 7 s]p5t deities4 ,su* w\ld seem to h be5 ! case also ) ! deities ^: names %[ a close =mal resemblance to t ( ,adam4 ,?us ! orig9al "n ( ,h]cules 0 ,s&an or ,adanos1 & ,h]cules1 l ! alli$ god ,m>s1 0 und\bt$ly (t5 closely associat$ ) ! s]p5t4 ,?is notion is confirm$ by ! id5tification ( ,adonis & ,osiris z ,az> or ,ad>1 accord+ to ,buns5 ! lat] ,egyptian ,s>-,apis1 :o is kn[n to h be5 repres5t$ z a s]p5t4 ,! ,abaddon ( ,/4 ,john1 ! old dragon ,satan1 0 probably int5d$ = ! same s]p5t-god4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ideas ent]ta9$ z to ! great dragon 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation & ^? held by ! ,*9ese 9 relation to probably ! same be+4 ,mr4 ,doolittle says3 8,! dragon holds a rem>kable position 9 ! hi/ory & gov]nm5t ( ,*9a4 ,x also enjoys an om9\s em95ce 9 ! affections ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,x is frequ5tly repres5t$ z ! greate/ b5efactor ( mank9d4 ,x is ! dragon :i* causes ! cl\ds to =m & ! ra9 to fall4 ,! ,*9ese delight 9 prais+ its wond]ful prop]ties & p[]s4 ,x is ! v5]at$ symbol ( good40 ,?is 0 probably ! view orig9ally tak5 by ! ,egyptians1 :o 7 all foll[]s ( ! s]p5t cult4 ,9 ,egypt two k9ds ( s]p5ts 7 ! objects ( peculi> v5]ation1 & ( an almo/ univ]sal wor%ip4 ,all ! gods 7 m or less symbolis$ or cr[n$ by s]p5ts1 :ile all ! goddesses 7 hi]oglyphically repres5t$ by s]p5ts4 ,! animal us$ = ^! purposes 0 ! cobra de copello1 or uru1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,coop]1#bbf 8f its dang]\s beauty1 & 9 consequ5ce ( anci5t tradition ass]t+ x to h be5 spontane\sly produc$ by ! rays ( ! sun10 0 univ]sally assum$ z ! 8emblem ( div9e & sacro-regal sov]eignty40 ,! uru appe>s to be always repres5t$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 9 ! fem99e =m1 & x 0 us$ z a symbol ( fecundity1 agreeably to :i* idea ! g5]ative p[] ( ! sol> beams is typifi$ by p5d5t uri4 ,! uru1 moreov]1 symbolis$ life & ! p[] ( heal+1 & x 0 ! emblem ( immortality4 ,mr4 ,coop] rem>ks t 9 ! ,egyptian religi\s sy/em ! pr9ciple ( good 0 typically repres5t$ by a s]p5t1 :ile "u ! =m ( an entirely diff]5t s]p5t 0 figur$ a mon/r\s p]sonal evil be+ :o ma9ta9$ a con/ant spiritual w>f>e ) ! _s ( good4 ,! s]p5t embodim5t ( ! pr9ciple ( evil 0 call$ ,h(1 ,reh(1 or ,aphphis1 & x 0 a species ( colub] ( l>ge size4 ,x is describ$ z 8! de/roy]1 ! enemy ( ! gods1 & ! dev\r] ( ! s\ls ( m520 & x 0 ?\ght to dwell 9 ! dep?s ( 8t my/]i\s ocean ^u :i* ! ,b>is1 or boat ( ! sun1 0 navigat$ by ! gods ?r\gh ! h\rs ( day & night1 9 ! cele/ial regions40 ,! idea ( an antagonism betwe5 ! giant s]p5t ,aphphis & ! good s]p5t1 z ! 8s\l ( ! _w10 con/antly occurs 9 ! ,ritual ( ! ,dead1 & ! aid ( e div9ity 9 turn is s\ght by ! deceas$ 9 8 conflict ) ! evil be+4 ,x is rem>kable t ! 8s\l ( ! _w10 ,*nuphis1 or ,bait1 is repres5t$ z a colub]1 & t x appe>s to be id5tifi$ ) ,aphphis 9 "o *apt] ( ! ,ritual4 ,mr4 ,coop] /ates t1 al?\gh a l>ge colub] :i* is figur$ z be+ wor%ipp$ resembles ,aphphis1 x _c be him1 z !re is no example ( direct wor%ip paid to ,aphphis1 8unless1 inde$1 we id5tify x ) ,sutekh1 z ! ,%eph]d ,k+s1 ! la/ b "o ( :om 0 nam$ ,aphphis1 appe> to h done40 ,! s]p5t ,aphphis is sometimes repres5t$ ) ! cr[n ( ,l[] ,egypt ^u 8 head1 & at "o p]iod he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,set or ,se?1 ! national deity ( ! ,hyksos or ,%eph]d tribes4 ,all traces ( ! wor%ip ( ,set 0 oblit]at$ f ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 b "o repres5tation has be5 pres]v$ 9 :i* ,set is figur$ ) ,horus1 unit$ z "o div9ity1 betwe5 ! triple s]p5t ( good4 ,?is %[s t ,set1 & probably1 !re=e1 8 s]p5t emblem1 0 orig9ally n consid]$ evil4 ,l[] ,egypt 0 l>gely populat$ by ,semitic peoples1 ^: national deity 0 _! leg5d>y ance/or ,se?1 & ! dete/ation ) :i* ! ,egyptians reg>d$ ,set & ! s]p5t ,aphphis id5tifi$ ) him 0 probably ! result ( national enmity4 ,mr4 ,coop] po9ts out t ! s]p5t ( good is always repres5t$ by ! ,egyptians z upright & ! s]p5t ( evil z crawl+1 ?is be+ g5]ally ! only di/9ction made4 ,! god ,*nuphis1 ! 8s\l ( ! _w10 is usually figur$ z a ,s]p5t 7,colub]7 walk+ ^u two human legs1 & curi\sly en\gh ?is is ! =m tak5 by ! evil pr9ciple ( ,p]sian my?ology1 ! great s]p5t walk+ on two feet4 ,a simil> inv]sion ( ideas occurs 9 ! religi\s my?ology ( ! ,naga peoples ( ! ,ea/4 ,ne> ! ru9$ temples ( ,cambodia1 z on ! ,buddhi/ ,topes ( ,india1 are sculptur$ gigantic s]p5ts ) volum9\s folds support$ by human figures1 z ! gigantic ,aphphis is repres5t$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s special reason :y ! great s]p5t 0 reg>d$ s diff]5tly by v>i\s peoples1 & ?is 0 probably ! result ( race antagonism4 ,x is rem>kable t "o ( ! mo/ anci5t p ( :om we h any writt5 record--! primitive inhabitants ( ,*aldea--n only bore ! "n ( ! traditional fa!r ( mank9d1 b 7 especially id5tifi$ ) ! s]p5t4 ,! pr$ecessors ( ! ,akkad1 9 ,*aldea1 7 ! ,m$es1 or ,mad1 ( ,b]osus1 & ! di/9ctive title ( at lea/ ! lat] ,m$es 0 ,mr1 :i* 9 ,p]sian means 8a snake40 ,?is ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son supposes to h giv5 rise 8n only to ! ,p]sian traditions ( ,zohk & 8 snakes1 b to ! ,arm5ian traditions1 also1 ( ! dragon dyna/y ( ,m$ia40 ,! ,m$es ( ,b]osus belong$ almo/ c]ta9ly to ! old ,scy?ic /ock ( ,c5tral ,asia1 to :om ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,aryans h alike be5 affiliat$ by diff]5t writ]s4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson says t s]p5t-wor%ip *>act]is$ ! old ,turanian ,*aldean ,empire1 he w\ld seem to trace x to ! old ,asiatic c5tre4 ,probably to ! same s\rce mu/ be trac$ ! s]p5t tradition ( ! ,abyss9ian k+s4 ,bryant long s9ce ass]t$ t t sup]/ition orig9at$ ) ! ,amonians or ,hamites1 :o also w\ld seem to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,scy?ic /ock4 ,! facts br\ght toge!r 9 ! prec$+ pages f> f exhau/ ! subject1 b !y appe> to ju/ify ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,fir/1 ,! s]p5t has be5 view$ ) awe or v5]ation f primeval times1 & almo/ univ]sally z a re-embodim5t ( a deceas$ human be+1 & z su* !re 7 ascrib$ to x ! attributes ( life & wisdom1 & ! p[] ( heal+4 ,secondly1 ,! idea ( a simple _s re-inc>nation ( a deceas$ ance/or gave rise to ! notion t mank9d orig9ally sprang f a s]p5t1 & ultimately to a leg5d embody+ t idea4 ,?irdly1 ,?is leg5d 0 connect$ ) nature--or r sun-wor%ip--& ! sun 01 !re=e1 look$ ^u z ! div9e s]p5t-fa!r ( man & nature4 ,f\r?ly1 ,s]p5t-wor%ip1 z a develop$ religi\s sy/em1 orig9at$ 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ! home ( ! great ,scy?ic /ock1 f :om all ! civilis$ races ( ! hi/orical p]iod sprang4 ,fif?ly1 ,^! peoples are ! ,adamites1 & _! my?ical ance/or 0 at "o "t reg>d$ z ! ,great ,s]p5t1 8 desc5dants be+ 9 a special s5se s]p5t-wor%ipp]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4--,at page #hh1 ! ,malagasy idol ,ramahavaly is spok5 ( z /ill exi/+4 ,z a fact1 h[ev]1 9 #ahfi all ! ,malagasy national idols 71 by ord] ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 publicly burn$4 ,_m o!r idols & *>ms 7 at ! same "t de/roy$ by _! own]s4--,madagasc> & its ,p1 by ! ,rev4 ,james ,sibree1 ,jun41 p4 #dha4 ,,footnotes3 #baf ,!odoret did n di/+ui% betwe5 an ,egyptian sect call$ ,se?ians & ! ,gno/ic ,ophites or s]p5t-wor%ipp]s4 #bag ,! heav5ly s]p5t1 ,danh1 ( ! ,dahomans1 is said by ,capta9 ,burton to be ! god ( weal?4 8,8 e>?ly repres5tative is e/eem$ ! supreme bliss & g5]al good40 ,! ,slavonian ,morlac*i /ill consid] t ! sight ( a snake cross+ ! road is an om5 ( good =tune4--,wilk9son's 8,dalmatia & ,mont5egro10 vol4 ii41 p4 #afj4 #bah ,mr4 ,lane /ates t ea* qu>t] ( ,cairo is suppos$ to h its gu>dian g5ius1 or ,aga?o-dmon1 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t4--,vol4 i41 p4 #bhi4 #bai ,w>burton supposes t ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god ,kneph 0 *ang$ into t ( ! dragon or w+$-s]p5t ,knuphis4 #bbj ,vi%nu is (t5 id5tifi$ ) ,kneph4 #bba ,accord+ to ,gaelic & ,g]man folklore1 ! :ite snake :5 boil$ has ! faculty ( conf]r+ m$ic9al wisdom4 ,! :ite snake is v5]at$ z ! k+ ( s]p5ts by ! ,scotti% ,highl&]s z by c]ta9 ,arab tribes1 & x w\ld appe> also by ! ,s+halese ( ,ceylon4 #bbb ,! snake is "o ( ! ,indian tribal totems4 #bbc ,pausanias1 iv41 #ad1 m5tions ,ari/odama1 ! "m ( ,aratus1 z hav+ _h int]c\rse ) a s]p5t1 & ! "m ( ! great ,scipio 0 said to h conceiv$ by a s]p5t4 ,su* 0 ! case also ) ,olympias1 ! "m ( ,alex&]1 :o 0 taught by h] t he 0 a god1 & :o 9 return deifi$ h]4--,le ,my! de la ,femme et du ,s]p5t1 p> ,*4 ,s*oebel1 #ahgf1 p4 #hd4 #bbd ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 jun41 says t ! s]p5t has six pr9cipal po9ts ( connection ) ,dionysos3--#a1 ,z a symbol (1 & connect$ )1 wisdom2 #b1 ,z a sol> emblem2 #c1 ,z a symbol ( "t & et]nity2 #d1 ,z an emblem ( ! e>?-life2 #e1 ,z connect$ ) f]tilis+ moi/ure2 #f1 ,z a ,phallic emblem4--,! ,great ,dionysiak ,my?1 #ahgh1 ii41 #ff4 #bbe ,mr4 ,coop] /ates 7loc4 cit41 p4 #cij7 t prom95t 9 ! ,egyptian religi\s sy/em 0 ! belief 9 a mon/r\s p]sonal evil be+ typically repres5t$ z a s]p5t1 & t ! pr9ciple ( good 0 !re likewise repres5t$ by an entirely diff]5t s]p5t1 a con/ant spiritual w>f>e be+ ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! two4 #bbf 8,! ,s]p5t ,my?s ( ,anci5t ,egypt10 publi%$ 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute10 vol4 vi41 #ahgb4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,adamites4 ,mu* has f "t to "t be5 writt5 z to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,adamites & ! pre-,adamites1 al?\gh little has be5 done to id5tify ! memb]s ( ! two great divisions into :i* ! human race has be5 ?us divid$4 ,^? :o accept ! ,deluge ( ,noah z a hi/orical fact1 /at$ h[ev] 9 t]ms too wide1 may say g5]ally t all ! desc5dants ( ?is patri>* are1 z su*1 ,adamites1 :ile ! pre-,adamites comprise ! peoples ( ! primitive area inhabit$ by ! d>k races1 suppos$ by "s writ]s to be ref]r$ to 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures "u ! t]m i%1 8! sons ( man10 z di/+ui%$ f ! sons ( ,adam4 ,little value1 h[ev]1 c be atta*$ to su* a g5]al /atem5t z ?is4 ,suppos+ ,noah to h be5 a second common fa!r ( ! race1 we are /ill ignorant z to :at peoples are to be class$ among 8 desc5dants4 ,no d\bt ! ,toldo? ,b5i ,noah ( ,g5esis ?r[s consid]able light on ! "q4 ,accord+ to t g5ealogical table ! :ole e>? 0 divid$ aft] ! ,flood among ! families ( ! ?ree sons ( ,noah--,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhe?4 ,x is n necess>y "h to id5tify ! peoples describ$ z ! desc5dants ( ^! patri>*s4 ,x w suffice to say t ,pr(essor ,rawl9son1 :o diff]s only 9 "o or two p>ticul>s f o!r rec5t au?orities1 writes z to ! di/ribution ( ^? peoples3 8,:]eas ! ,japhetic & ,hamitic races are geographically contigu\s1 ! =m] spread ov] all ! nor!rn regions kn[n to ! g5ealogi/--,greece1 ,?race1 ,scy?ia1 mo/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,arm5ia1 & ,m$ia2 ! latt] ov] all ! s\? & ! s\?-we/1 ,nor? ,africa1 ,egypt1 ,nubia1 ,e?iopia1 ,s\!rn & ,s\!a/]n ,arabia1 & ,babylonia--s ! ,semitic races are locat$ 9 :at may be call$ "o region1 t region be+ ! c5tral "o1 ly+ int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,japhetic region ^u ! nor? & ! ,hamitic "o ^u ! s\?40 ,suppos+ ! ,toldo? to give an exact /atem5t ( ! desc5dants ( ! ?ree sons ( ,noah1 x by no means foll[s t ! peoples !re ref]r$ to are alone entitl$ to be class$ z ,adamites1 & ,i propose1 !re=e1 to see :e!r ! latt] c be id5tifi$ by o!r evid5ce4 ,almo/ intuitively we turn1 9 ! fir/ place1 to t region kn[n z ,*aldea1 :i* has furni%$ 9 our own days mat]ial s important = ! recon/ruction ( ! annals ( civilis$ man 9 ! e>lie/ hi/orical p]iod4 ,pr(essor ,rawl9son1 inde$1 at ! ,liv]pool meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 held 9 #ahgj1 s\ght to e/abli% t ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 ( ! ,hebrew writ]s 0 none o!r ?an ,babylonia2 a hypo!sis :i* c]ta9ly agrees ) ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son's /atem5t t ,ha1 ! ?ird memb] ( ! primitive ,*aldean triad1 may be connect$ ) ! ,p>adisaical traditions ( ! tree ( k & ! tree ( life4 ,?is w\ld po9t to ,*aldea z ! orig9al home ( ! ,adamites1 unless1 inde$1 ! traditions 7 d]iv$ f a /ill e>li] c5tre1 & x w be well to asc]ta9 :e!r !re is any?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylon :i* directly connects its p ) ! ,adamic /ock4 ,if we 7 to accept ) ,*wolson ! great antiquity ( 8,! ,book ( ,naba?an ,agriculture10 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 assign+ su* a position to ! ,*aldeans4 ,= ?is book n only expressly decl>es t !y 7 ! desc5dants ( ,adam1 b 9 x ,adam appe>s z ! f\nd] ( agriculture 9 ,babylon1 act+ ! "p ( a civilis]1 & h5ce nam$ 8,! ,fa!r ( ,mank9d40 ,?is agrees well ) ! ,old ,te/am5t acc\nt ( ,adam z ! fir/ cultivator ( ! gr\nd4 ,m4 ,r5an1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to h conclusively e/abli%$ ! late date ( ! s-call$ ,naba?an "w1 %[+ t x conta9s leg5ds z to ,adam1 ,se?1 ,eno*1 ,noah1 & ,abraham1 8analog\s to ^? :i* !y h 9 ! apocryphal writ+s ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & subsequ5tly 9 ^? ( ! ,mussulmans10 ,adam be+ kn[n to all ! ,moslem ,ea/ z 8,! ,fa!r ( ,mank9d40 ,we mu/ seek1 !re=e1 = "s m reliable record ( e>ly ,*aldean hi/ory2 & ?is we h 9 ! /one monum5ts on :i* its annals 7 engrav$4 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 on _! au?ority1 says ( ! ,*aldeans ( ,babylonia t !y 7 8a bran* ( ! great ,hamitic race ( ,akkad1 :i* inhabit$ ,babylonia f ! e>lie/ times4 ,) ?is race orig9at$ ! art ( writ+1 ! build+ ( cities1 ! in/itution ( a religi\s sy/em1 ! cultivation ( all sci5ce1 & ( a/ronomy 9 p>ticul>40 ,! race aff9ity ( ! ,akkad is h>dly yet settl$1 b "s in=mation z to ?is po9t may be ga9$ f ! "n by :i* !y 7 designat$4 ,?is appe>s to be compos$ ( two words ,ak7k7-,ad1 ! latt] ( :i* may be id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ syllable ( ! "n ,adam4 ,z to ! ^w ,ak1 "s light may probably be ?r[n on its mean+ by ref]5ce to ! ,celtic languages4 ,baldw91 )\t see+ its full be>+1 makes ! rem>k t ! ,dravidians ( ,s\!rn ,india use ,mag1 z ! ,b]b]s & ,gaels use ,mac 7,ma*71 ! =m] ^w d5ot+ 8k9dr$0 9 all ! ,teutonic languages4 ,n[1 x c\ld be prov$ by _m examples t ! lett] ,m1 :i* is f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( c]ta9 words 9 v>i\s ea/]n languages1 is (t5 simply a prefix4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ,hebrew & ,arabic1 &1 !re=e1 probably 9 ! m anci5t languages ) :i* !y are alli$4 ,su*1 at lea/1 mu/ be ! case ) ! initial lett] ( ! ^w ma*1 8son10 z 9 ,erse ! m is want+1 & 9 ,wel% ! relat$ ^w1 hav+ ! s5se ( 8a root or /em1 l9eage10 is also simply a*4 ,?us ,ak7k7-,ad may well be 8! sons or l9eage ( ,ad20 z ,mac-,adam 9 ,gaelic is a son ( ,adam4 ,t ! fir/ syllable ( ?is ^w _h ! signification "h assign$ to x is r5d]$ extremely probable by ano!r circum/ance4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,wel% equival5t = ,ma*1 9 ! s5se ( 8son10 is ,ap2 & s also we f9d t 9 ,hebrew 8son0 is r5d]$ by b5 7! ,assyrian ban71 :ile 9 ,arabic x is ibn4 ,9 ^! words ! b is ! root s\nd1 & if son 0 express$ by ak 9 ! old ,akkad tongue1 ?is w\ld be> ! same relation to ! ,semitic languages z ! ,wel% does to ! ,gaelic & ,erse--ak & b5 9 ! "o class answ]+ to a* & ap 9 ! o!r4 ,nor is ?is view )\t positive support4 ,! ,hebrew has a ^w a* :i* expresses1 n only ! s5se ( 8a bro!r10 b also 8"o ( ! same k9dr$40 ,9 ,assyrian uk means a 8p10 :ile ak signifies a 8,creator20 ^! words be+ connect$ ) ! old ,egyptian uk1 & also ahi1 8to live40 ,nor is ! idea t ! ,*aldean ,akkad 7 lit]ally 8! sons ( ,ad0 )\t hi/orical basis4 ,accord+ to ,b]osus1 ! fir/ ,babylonian dyna/y 0 ,m$ian4 ,:at p 7 ref]r$ to by ?is "n is /ill undecid$4 ,pr(essor ,rawl9son supposes t !y 7 really ! same z ! s-call$ ,aryan ,m$es ( lat] hi/ory1 :ile ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 al?\gh treat+ ! lat] ,m$es z ,aryan1 yet consid]s ^? ( ,b]sosus to h belong$ to a ,turanian1 or at lea/ a mix$ ,scy?o-,aryan1 /ock4 ,else:]e ,pr(essor ,rawl9son seems incl9$ to id5tify ! ,*aldean ,akkad ) ^! ,m$es1 z a ,turanian p :o at a v e>ly date conqu]$ ! ,babylonian ,ku%ites & mix$ ) !m4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! conclusion :i* appe>s to be requir$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,! "n by :i* ! ,m$es are fir/ notic$ on ! ,assyrian monum5ts is ,mad4 ,b if ! initial labial is remov$1 ?is "n is r$uc$ to ! m simple =m ,ad2 &1 suppos+ ! explanation giv5 ( ! primitive "n ( ! ,*aldean race to be correct1 ! 7,m7ad :o prec$$ !m w\ld really be ! p>5t /ock f :i* ! ,akkad1 or ,*aldeans1 7 d]iv$4 ,confirmation ( ?is notion may be suppli$ f ano!r s\rce4 ,among _! ,aryan neighb\rs ! lat] ,m$es _h ! di/9ctive title ( ,mr4 ,?is1 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son supposes to h giv5 rise1 8n only to ! ,p]sian traditions ( ,zohk & 8 snakes1 b to ! ,arm5ian traditions also ( ! dragon dyna/y ( ,m$ia1 ! ^w ,mr hav+ 9 ,p]sian ! signification ( a snake40 ,b ?is mu/ h be5 ?r\gh ignorance ( ! real orig9 ( ! title1 :i* _h ref]5ce r to ! lion ?an to ! snake4 ,! ,arab hi/orian1 ,mass\di1 9 acc\nt+ = ! application to ! city ( ,babylon ( ! "n ( ,iran-,%eh]1 obs]ves t1 8accord+ to "s1 ! true or?ography %\ld be ,arian-,%eh]10 :i* signifies 9 ,naba?an1 8! city ( ,lions10 & t 8?is "n ( ,lion designat$ ! k+s ( ,assyria1 :o bore ! g5]al title ( ,nimrud40 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son ?9ks t ! title ,mr is ,scy?ic1 &1 if s1 !re c be little d\bt ( its signification4 ,! primitive mean+ ( ,ar 0 8fire10 f :i* ! lion1 z ! symbol ( ! ,sun-god 0 call$ ari1 ! ,sun-god himself hav+ a "n ,ra4 ,/rictly1 !re=e1 ,mr w\ld d5ote 8fire-wor%ipp]s10 a title :i*1 z is well-kn[n1 0 especially applicable to ! anci5t ,m$es4 ,! ,aryans g5]ally appe> to h be5 ,sun-or ,fire-wor%ipp]s1 & probably !y receiv$ _! "n f ?is fact4 ,?is w\ld seem to be mu* m probable ?an ! ord9>y d]ivation ( ! "n ,aryan f ! root ar1 8to pl\gh20 & x w\ld include ! s5se ( 8noble0 pref]r$ by ,mr4 ,peile1 8*ildr5 ( ! ,sun0 be+ usually a special title ( ! prie/ly or royal ca/e4 ,connect$ ) ?is "q is t ( ! orig9 ( ! "n ( ! ,greek god ,ares 7! ,lat9 ,m>s74 ,among o!r gr\nds = inf]r+ ! ,asiatic orig9 ( ?is deity is 8 connection ) ,h]akles4 ,! ,lat9 my? ( ,h]cules & ,cacus w\ld seem1 moreov]1 to require ! id5tification ( ! =m] ) ,m>s4 ,su* w\ld appe> to be ! case also 9 ,*aldean my?ology4 ,! ,babylonian ,m>s 0 call$ ,n]gal1 :i* is probably ! same "n z 8,h]cules10 & ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son sugge/s t ! only di/9ction to be made betwe5 t deity & ,n91 or ,h]cules1 z gods ( w> & hunt+1 is t ! =m] is m addict$ to ! *ase ( animals & ! latt] to t ( mank9d4 ,t ,h]cules1 or ,h]akles1 0 ( ,phnician or ,assyrian orig9 has be5 fully e/abli%$ by ! le>n$ rese>*es ( ,m4 ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 :o has %[n1 moreov]1 t ! prop] "n ( t deity 0 ,s&an or ,adanos 7,adan71 a "n :i* n only rem9ds u ( ,aduni1 suppos$ by ,pr(essor ,rawl9son to be a primeval ,*aldean deity1 b also recalls t ( ! ,m$ian ,ad1 & ev5 ( ! ,hebrew ,adam4 ,a rem>k made by ,laj>d /rongly confirms ! idea t ! ,lat9 w>-god 0 d]iv$ f a simil> s\rce4 ,?is le>n$ ,fr5* writ] acc\nts = ! rapidity ) :i* ,mazdism1 bett] kn[n z ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra1 spread among ! ,romans1 by suppos+ t x 0 9 "s way connect$ ) _! national wor%ip4 ,probably a key to ?is connection may be f\nd 9 ! curi\s figures ( ,mi?ra :i* appe> to h be5 peculi> to ! ,roman phase ( ,mazdism4 ,^! figures1 :i* are encircl$ by a s]p5t1 unite to ! human body & limbs1 ! head ( ! lion1 & !y might well be tak5 to repres5t ,m>s himself1 s9ce ! title ,mr1 :i* 0 di/9ctive ( ! ,m$es1 n only convey$ ! idea ( a s]p5t1 b 0 also1 & m intimately1 associat$ ) ! lion symbol ( ! ,sun-god4 ,if ! alliance ?us s\ght to be e/abli%$1 ?r\gh ! title ,mr1 betwe5 ! ,m$es or ,mad1 & ! o!r peoples ( ! s-call$ ,aryan /ock be correct1 we may expect to f9d traces among "s1 at lea/1 ( ^! peoples ( ! primeval ,ad4 ,nor w su* expectation be disappo9t$4 ,! ,p>sis ( ,bombay h a book call$ ! 8,desatir10 ! fir/ "p ( :i* is entitl$ 8! ,book ( ! ,great ,abad10 :o is decl>$ to h be5 ! fir/ ance/or ( mank9d4 ,! au!nticity ( ?is book has be5 d5i$1 z ,mr4 ,baldw9 ?9ks1 h[ev]1 on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range1 on ! assumption ( its be+ apocryphal1 t su* a "n z ,abad %\ld h be5 giv5 to ! my?ical head ( ! race4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n is evid5tly 8,fa!r ,ad0 & !re is no?+ improbable 9 ! ,p]sians pres]v+ a tradition ( ! my?ical ance/or1 ^: memory 0 reta9$ 9 ! national "n ( ! ,m$es1 a p ) :om !y 7 s closely connect$4 ,x simply confirms ! conclusion be=e arriv$ at1 t !y also mu/ be class$ among ! ,adamites4 ,! ,h9dus !mselves w\ld seem n to be )\t a remembrance ( ! my?ical ance/or ( ! ,adamic /ock4 ,! ,puranas1 :i*1 not)/&+ _! mod]n =m1 d\btless reta9 _m old leg5ds1 ref]s to ! reign ( ,k+ ,x or ,ait1 z an avat> ( ,mahadeva 7,siva71 :o is a =m ( ,saturn4 ,assum+ t ! in=mation giv5 to ,wil=d z to ! reign ( ?is k+ 9 ,egypt ought to be reject$2 yet1 z ,aetus is m5tion$ by ,greek writ]s z a ,h9du1 we mu/ suppose su* in=mation to h be5 f\nd$ on actual /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,puranas4 ,^! c]ta9ly ref] to ! ,yduvas1 desc5dants ( ,yadu1 suppos$ emigrants to ,abyss9ia1 ^: "*1 z describ$ 9 ! ,puranas1 agrees well1 says ,wil=d1 ) t ascrib$ 8by ! anci5ts to ! g5u9e ,e?iopians1 :o are said by ,/ephanus ( ,byzantium1 by ,eusebius1 by ,philo/ratus1 by ,eu/a?ius1 & o!rs1 to h come orig9ally f ,india "u ! guidance ( ,aetus or ,ytu10 :om !y believ$ to be ! same z ,k+ ,ait4 ,nor d ! ,celtic peoples appe> to be )\t a traditional remembrance ( ! my?ical ance/or4 ,! lead+ ,celtic p ( ,gaul1 9 ! "t ( ,cs>1 7 ! d91 & ,davies ?\ght t _! "n 0 d]iv$ f ,a$d ! ,great1 :om he f9ds ref]r$ to 9 ! ,wel% triads1 & :om he id5tifies ) ,aides or ,dis4 ,cs>1 inde$1 says t ! god ,dis 0 ! my?ical ance/or ( ! ,gauls4 ,! position occupi$ by ?is deity 9 ! traditions ( ! ,celtic race is v rem>kable1 :5 we consid] t a div9e p]son be>+ ! same "n 0 kn[n1 n only to ! ,greeks1 b app>5tly also to ! ,babylonians4 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son po9ts out t ,dis %\ld be "o ( ! names ( ,anu1 ! fir/ memb] ( ! lead+ ,*aldean triad1 & ! deity :o answ]$ to ,hades or ,pluto4 ,w>ka or ,urka1 ! great necropolis ( ,babylon1 0 especially d$icat$ to ,anu1 & ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son rem>ks on ?is3 8,c ! co9cid5ce !n be m]ely accid5tal betwe5 ,dis1 ! ,"l ( ,urka1 ! ,city ( ! ,dead1 & ,dis1 ! ,k+ ( ,orcus or ,hades80 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n1 z x is only "o ( _m circum/ances :i* prove ! close connection ( ! ,greeks & o!r ,aryan peoples ) ! anci5t ,babylonians4 ,! orig9al "* ( ,dis1 8,"l ( ! ,dead10 0 probably ! same z t ( ! ,gallic ,dis1 i4e41 ! my?ical ance/or ( ! race4 ,a simil> *ange ( "* has be5 und]gone by ! ,h9du ,yama4 ,x is v probable t 9 ! div9e ance/or ,dis1 z 9 ! my?ical ,k+ ,x ( ! ,h9dus1 we h ref]5ce to ! primeval ,ad4#bbg ,a common relation%ip z ,adamites may be %[n1 z well by association ) ! ,m$es1 ?r\gh _! title ,mr1 z by pres]vation ( a tradition ( ! common ance/or4 ,! result1 s f>1 is t n only ! ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 & probably ! ,h9dus1 b also ! ,celtic peoples1 h be5 connect$ ) ! ,m$es or ,mad1 & ?r\gh !m ) ! ,akkad4 ,b among ! peoples suppos$ to be /ill m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,*aldeans1 we may expect to f9d ref]5ces to ! my?ical ance/or ( ! ,adamic division ( mank9d4 ,accord+ to old tradition1 inde$1 ,ad himself 0 ! primeval fa!r ( ! orig9al ,arab /ock4 ,moreov]1 ! dialect ( ,mahrah1 :]e pure ,arab blood is suppos$ /ill to exi/1 is call$ ! language ( ,ad4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t a ref]5ce to ! same my?ical p]sonage is also conta9$ 9 ! "n ( ! great deity ( ! ,syrians1 ,adad1 8,k+ ( ,k+s10 ^: title implies ! idea ( 8fa!rhood40 ,nor are !re want+ traces ( ! primeval ,ad among ! ,egyptians4 ,mr4 ,william ,osburn /ates t ! "n ( ! local god ( ,on or ,heliopolis 8is writt5 on ! monum5ts ) ! *>act]s repres5t+ ! s\nd a1 t1 m40 ,?is ,god 0 associat$ ) ! sett+ sun1 & he 0 plac$ ) ! gods ( ! o!r cities ( ! ,delta1 a di/9ction he receiv$1 says ,osburn1 8= ! triple reason1 t he 0 ! local god ( ! capital city1 t he 0 ! fa!r ( mank9d1 & t he 0 ! rul] & guide ( ! sun1 ! common disp5s] ( e>?ly bless+s to all m540 ,atum ?us becomes id5tifi$ ) ! ,hebrew ,adam1 & al?\gh ! description giv5 by ,osburn ( ! ,egyptian deity may require "s qualification1 yet t id5tification is /r5g!n$ r ?an weak5$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,buns5 says t ! (fice ( ,atum 9 ! l[] _w is t ( a judge1 & he supposes f ?is t at "o "t he may h be5 a ,dispat]4 ,he does1 inde$1 be> mu* ! same relation to man z ,dis himself4 ,9 ! ,ritual ( ! ,dead1 ! s\ls call him fa!r1 & he addresses !m z *ildr54 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son says t ,atum1 or ,atmoo1 is always figur$ ) a human head & pa9t$ ( a r$ col\r4 ,?is seems to confirm ! idea d]iv$ f 8 "n1 t ?is deity 0 relat$ to ! ,hebrew ,adam1 ) :om ! idea ( rudd9ess 0 und\bt$ly associat$4 ,! human =m ( ! ,egyptian ,atum %[s1 moreov]1 t he 0 consid]$ z peculi>ly connect$ ) man4 ,x has n[ be5 %[n t n only are ! p m5tion$ 9 ! ,toldo? ,b5i ,noah rightly class$ z desc5dants ( ! my?ical ,ad1 b t ! ,asiatic ,aryans1 ) ! alli$ peoples ( ,europe to ! fur!/ limits ( ! ,celtic area1 may also well be ?us describ$4 ,! anci5t ,mad belong$1 h[ev]1 to ! great ,scy?ic /ock1 & h5ce all ! ,turanian peoples1 includ+ ! ,*9ese1 may d\btless be class$ among ! ,adamites4 ,!re is "s gr\nd1 !re=e1 = ass]t+ t ! ,adamites include all ! s-call$ ,turanian & ,aryan peoples ( ,asia & ,europe1 ) ! ,hamitic & ,semitic peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,nor!rn ,africa--9 fact1 ! yell[1 ! r$1 & ! :ite races1 z di/+ui%$ f ! d>k] peoples ( ! tropics4 ,b ev5 ^! limits may p]haps be ext5d$4 ,"o ( ! sol> h]oes ( ! ,volsung ,tale is ,atli1 :o becomes ! second husb& ( ,gudrun1 ! wid[ ( ,sigurd1 ,sigurd himself be+ ! slay] ( ! dragon ,fafnir1 :o symbolises ! d>kness or cold ( a nor!rn w9t]--! ,vritra ( ,h9du my?ology4 ,?is dragon enemy ( ,indra 0 also call$ ,ahi1 ! /rangl+ snake1 :o appe>s aga9 z ,atri1 & ,mr4 ,cox supposes t ! "n ,atri may be ! same z ! ,atli ( ! ,volsung ,tale4 ,atli1 :o 9 ! ,nibelung song is call$ ,etzel1 ov]p[]s ! *iefta9s ( ,niflheim1 :o refus$ to give up ! gold5 treasures :i* ,sigurd _h won f ! dragon1 & he ?r[s !m into a pit full ( snakes4 ,! connection ( ! ,teutonic h]o ) ! s]p5t is rem>kable2 = 9 ! ,mexican my?ology we meet ) a div9ity hav+ almo/ ! same "n1 & associat$ ) ! same animal4 ,humboldt tells u t ! ,great ,_s ( ! ,toltecks 0 call$ ,teotl2 & ,h>dwicke says t ,teotl 0 ! only ,god ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,if s1 h[ev]1 he 0 a s]p5t deity1 = ! temples ( ,yucatan 7 und\bt$ly d$icat$ to a deity ( t nature4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t ,teotl 0 really a g5]ic t]m1 agree+ 9 ?is respect1 z curi\sly en\gh 9 its =m1 ) ! ,phnician ,taaut 7,?o?74 ,! ,god to :om ! temples ( ,yucatan 7 really d$icat$ appe>s to be ,quetzalcoatl1 by "s writ]s call$ ! fea!r$ s]p5t1 a title belong+ r to 8 s]p5t-fa!r ,tonacatlcoatl4 ,?is ,quetzalcoatl 0 ! my/]i\s /rang] :o1 accord+ to tradition1 f\nd$ ! civilisation ( ,mexico1 agree+ ?us 9 8 "* ( a god ( wisdom ) ! ,egyptian ,?o?2 rem9d+ u ( ! resemblance ( ! "n ( ?is deity to t ( ! ,toltecan ,teotl4 ,b ! fir/ "p ( ! "n ( ! ,mexican ,quetzalcoatl no less resembles t borne by ! ,teutonic deity1 ,etzel4 ,co-atl signifies ! 8s]p5t10 :ile quetzal w\ld seem to h ref]5ce to ! male pr9ciple2 & ?us ! idea express$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,mexican god is ! male pr9ciple repres5t$ z a s]p5t4 ,quetzalcoatl1 moreov]1 is said to be an inc>nation ( ,tonacatlcoatl1 :o is ! male-s]p5t1 8 wife be+ call$ ,cihua-coatl1 mean+1 lit]ally1 ! 8woman ( ! s]p5t10 or 8female s]p5t40 ,9 ! id5tification1 !n1 ( ,atli or ,etzel1 :o consigns 8 enemies to ! pit ( s]p5ts1 ) ! great s]p5t ,ahi himself1 we h a gr\nd ( id5tification ( ! ,teutonic deity ) ! ,mexican s]p5t-god ,quetzalcoatl4 ,?is view loses none ( its probability if ! latt] is1 z ,mr4 ,squire ass]ts1 an inc>nation ( ! s]p5t-sun1 or r a s]p5t inc>nation ( ! sun-god1 s9ce ,ahi himself is a sol> deity4 ,9 ! religi\s symbols us$ by ! ,mexicans1 we h ano!r po9t ( contact ) ! ,asiatic deities4 ,! sacr$ ,tau ( antiquity has its c\nt]p>t on ! ,mexican monum5ts4 ,! ,mexican symbol p]fectly repres5ts ! cross =m ( ! ,tau1 b x is compos$ ( two s]p5ts entw9$1 some:at z 9 ! caduceus ( ,m]cury4 ,t ! ,tau itself _h su* an orig9 we c well believe1 see+ t ! "n ( ! lett] ,tet 77 ( ! ,phnician alphabet specially associat$ ) ,?o?1 ( :om ! ,tau is a symbol1 is t ( ! ,god himself1 z well z mean+ 8s]p5t40 ,if ! comp>ison ?us made betwe5 ! ,mexican & ,teutonic my?ologies is correct1 ! fur!r analogies po9t$ out by ,m4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg may be well f\nd$4 ,?us ! ,mexican ,votan or ,odon1 suppos$ to be ! same z ,quetzalcoatl1 may be 9 reality none o!r ?an ! ,sc&9avian ,od91 ,wod51 or ,wuotan1 :o1 if n a sun-god1 0 ! sky-god1 ^: eye 0 ! sun 7,grimm's 8,teutonic ,my?ology10 translat$ by ,/allybrass1 p4 #gjc74 ,! snake is intimately associat$ ) ,od9 9 ,norse my?ology 7,grimm1 p4 #fhe7 z x is ) ,votan1 & bo? ^! p]sonages h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,indian ,buddha god4#bbh ,nor is !re want+ confirmative evid5ce ( su* an aff9ity betwe5 ! peoples ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,worlds z t suppos$4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 9 8 "w on 8,primitive ,culture10 po9ts out t ! ,roman game ( bucca-bucca1 ref]r$ to 9 a passage ( ,petronius1 is /ill reta9$ z ! old nurs]y game1 8,buck1 buck1 h[ _m horns d ,i hold up80 ,! mean+ ( ?is =mula is n giv51 b1 f ! fact t ! wit*'s devil ( ! middle ages 0 repres5t$ z a buck or goat1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! buck or bucca ( ! game ref]r$ to ! evil _s4 ,! devil 01 inde$1 call$ by ! ,corni% ,celts bucka 7,wel% bwg71 a hobgobl91 a "n :i* is evid5tly connect$ ) ! ,russian buka1 a sprite1 & ) ! ,bog ( ,slavonic & o!r alli$ languages4 ,we h1 no d\bt1 ! same ^w 9 ! "n ( ! ,f9nic sky-god ,ukko4 ,( ?is aga9 we seem to h traces1 n only 9 ! ,kalmuck ,brkhan & ! ,mant*oo ,ab-ka1 b also 9 ! ,hott5tot ,teqoa 7,kafir1 ,tixo71 ! ,supreme ,god2 & 9 ! ^w yakko1 demon1 ! "n giv5 to ! aborig9es ( ,ceylon by _! ,h9du conqu]ors4 ,b ! root ( ?is ^w is met ) aga9 among ! ,am]ican tribes4 ,! ,hurons believe ! sky to be an oki1 or demon1 ?is "n be+ also t by :i* ! natives ( ,virg9ia knew _! *ief god4 ,! same ^w appe>s to ent] into ! "n ( ! ,algonqu9 god ( ! ,nor? ,w9d1 ,kabibon-okka1 z also ( ! ,muyscan ,moon goddess1 ,huy?-aca4 ,:e!r ! ,algonqu9 ,great ,_s1 ,kit*i-,manitu1 has pres]v$ ! same ^w1 is que/ionable2 b x is noticeable t 9 ! my?ology ( ,kamts*atka ! fir/ man is call$ ,haet%1 & he is ! son ( ,kutka1 ! ,creator1 ^: "n1 by ! all[able *ange ( t = k1 becomes almo/ ! same z ! ,f9nic ,ukko4 ,! ^w oki may1 moreov]1 be f\nd1 ) m]ely ! v[el *ange1 among ! ,isl&]s ( ! ,pacific4 ,?us ! ,polynesian fire-god is ,mahu-ika1 ! la/ syllable ( :i* is d\btless connect$ ) akua1 mean+1 l ! ,am]ican oki1 _s1 or demon4 ,! same root is met ) aga9 9 ,tiki1 ! ,r>otongan =m ( ,maui1 ! div9e ance/or ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 & ! ,tii ( ! ,society ,isl&s2 also 9 ,akea1 ! "n ( ! my?ical fir/ k+ ( ,hawaii4 ,tiki is probably only ano!r =m ( ,ta-ata1 ) ! *ange ( k = t 7z 9 akua = atua72 & x is rem>kable t ?is "n ( ! ,polynesian ,fir/ ,man is really t ( ! my?ical ance/or ( ! ,adamites1 rev]s$1 h[ev]1 & ) ! addition ( ! ^w ata 7aka71 _s1 :i* we h %[n to be connect$ ) ! "n = ,god among s _m indep5d5t races4 ,mr4 ,=n&] id5tifies ! ,polynesian ^w aitu or iku1 _s1 ) ! "n ( ! great 8,ku%ite0 k+ ,x or ,ait1 & he /ates t ! idea ( royalty or sov]eignty atta*$ to t ^w is obs]v$ 9 old ,hawaiian tradition4--8,! ,polynesian ,race10 #ahgh1 vol4 i41 pp4 #dd1 #ed4 ,^! my?ological co9cid5ces are1 inde$1 s /rongly support$ by simil>ity ( cu/oms & l+ui/ic aff9ities1 t !re c be no difficulty 9 class+ ! ,mexicans & k9dr$ ,am]ican peoples1 & ev5 ! light] ,polynesians1 ) ! ,adamites4 ,?is be+ s1 a /ill broad] g5]alisation ?an any yet attempt$ may be made z to ! peoples to be includ$ 9 ! ,adamic division ( ! human race4 ,! simple/ classification ( mank9d1 accord+ to cranial con=mation1 is t ( ,retzius into doli*ocephali1 or long heads1 & bra*ycephali1 or %ort heads4 ,! ,mexicans1 & o!r peoples ( ! we/]n "p ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 belong to ! latt] category1 z d also ! inhabitants ( ! great] "p ( ! area ( ,asia & ,europe4 ,9 ,*9a1 & 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,asia z well z ( ,europe1 ! v>i\s peoples are *iefly long-head$1 & ?is is ! case ) ! ,hamitic population ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! latt] are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly mu* mix$ ) ! native ,african elem5t1 :i* is purely doli*ocephalic1 exhibit+ traces ( its progna?ism2 & x is f> f improbable t orig9ally !y 7 bra*ycephalic1 l ! alli$ peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,su* also may h be5 ! case ) ! ,*9ese & ! light] ,polynesians1 :o are n[ ne>ly doli*ocephalic4#bbi ,?r\gh\t all ! regions :]e ^! peoples are f\nd !re w\ld appe> to h be5 an indig5\s long-head$ /ock1 :i* has m or less ne>ly absorb$ ! bra*ycephalic elem5t1 :i* 0 introduc$ long ages ago f ! va/ regions ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & :i*1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 may be call$ ,scy?ic4 ,subject to ?is qualification1 x may probably be said t ,adamic & %ort-head$ are synonym\s t]ms1 & t among ! desc5dants ( ,fa!r ,ad may1 !re=e1 be class$ all ! peoples :o are embrac$ 9 ! great bra*ycephalic division ( mank9d1 or :o w\ld h belong$ to x1 if !y _h n be5 physically modifi$ by contact ) peoples ( ! m primitive doli*ocephalic area4 ,h[ f> ! ,adamites h trespass$ on ?is area x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,t !y h become mix$ ) ! peoples ( ! ,african ,cont95t to a mu* l>g] ext5t ?an is usually suppos$ may be believ$4 ,! ,hott5tots1 at its extreme/ limit1 are no d\bt a residual deposit ( su* int]mixture2 :ile ! great family to :i* ! ,kafirs belong furni% evid5ce ( x 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s4 ,! ,adamites appe> also to h spread ?r\gh\t ! ar*ipelagos ( ! ,pacific1 furni%+ an explanation ( ! _m cu/oms & my?s 9 :i* ! ,polynesian ,isl&]s agree ) ,asiatic peoples4 ,nor are ! ,adamites mu* less widely spread ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,ap>t f :at ,pr(essor ,busk affirms1 t a broad type ( head is to be met ) on ! coa/ all r\nd ,s\? ,am]ica1 peoples alli$ to ^? ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica w\ld seem to h occupi$ _m ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 & to h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! c5tral portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! ,great ,lakes4 ,:]ev] ! ,adamites h come into contact ) ! long-head$ pre-,adamitic /ock1 !y h ei!r made ^! to disappe>1 or1 :ile hav+ _! physical /ructure some:at modifi$ by int]mixture1 !y h e/abli%$ a supremacy due to _! great] vig\r & m5tal en]gy4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to say :]e ! desc5dants ( ,ad are n n[ to be met )1 or :]e ! pre-,adamite is to be f\nd un9flu5c$ by contact ) !m4 ,9 conclusion1 x w be well to endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( ! tradition z to ,adam or fa!r ,ad4 ,accord+ to usually receiv$ tea*+1 ,adam & ,eve 7 ! actual fir/ p>5ts ( ! human race1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ( ! ,adamic portion ( x4 ,:e!r or n ?is idea is correct ne$ n be fur!r consid]$ "h1 beyond /at+ t if1 z ,buns5 sugge/s1 ! exi/5ce ( o!r ant$iluvian patri>*s be my?ical1 s also mu/ be t ( ,adam f :om !y are said to h sprung4 ,! ,semitic ^w ,a,da,m conveys sev]al ideas4 ,9 ! =m ,adamah or ,adami x has ref]5ce to ! e>? or soil1 b its prim>y s5se 0 ei!r 8r$0 or 8man40 ,probably a d\ble mean+ 0 convey$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,egyptian god ,atum1 ^: repres5tation 0 t ( a r$ man4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! traditional ance/or is usually /yl$1 n ,adam b simply ,ad2 & ?is primitive root may h _h "s o!r signification1 analog\s p]haps to t ( ,eve 7,hhavvh71 8! "m ( all liv+40 ,?is ^w1 :i* d5otes 8life10 is f hhayh1 to live1 to give life--! alli$ ^w 9 ,arabic be+ haywn1 & ! ,arabic "n = ,eve becom+ hawwa4 ,n[1 9 ! ,celtic dialects ad =ms ! root ( words d5ot+ vegetable vitality4 ,9 ,wel%1 moreov]1 tad is a fa!r2 ! base1 ta1 d5ot+1 among alli$ s5ses1 8a supreme "o10 rem9d+ u ( ! ,*9ese ta1 great2 & connect$ ) x be+ tras1 k9dr$1 aff9ity4 ,turn+1 h[ev]1 to ,ea/]n languages1 we f9d t ! old ,egyptian _h a ^w ti1 ) a s5se analog\s to t ( ! ,wel% ta1 & also a v]b ta1 to give1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,hebrew1 z 'a?ah1 to come1 & 9 ,arabic z ata1 to give1 or to br+ =?4 ,x is evid5t t ! primitive root1 consi/+ ( ! d5tal t or d1 prec$$ or foll[$ by a v[el s\nd1 _h associat$ ) x ! idea ( activity1 & probably ( pat]nity4 ,9 ! old ,akkad spee*1 inde$1 ad itself signifies a 8fa!r10 & we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 suppos+ t :5 ?is ^w 0 us$ z ! "n ( ! my?ical common ance/or1 x _h a s5se analog\s to t :i* 8,eve0 express$1 i4e41 8! fa!r ( life1 or ( all liv+40 ,9 ,adam & ,eve1 !re=e1 we may h a ref]5ce to ! male & female pr9ciples :i*1 9 ! philosophy ( ! anci5ts1 z 9 t ( ! ,*9ese & "s o!r ,ea/]n peoples1 p]vade all nature1 & orig9ate all ?+s1 appli$ p>ticul>ly1 h[ev]1 to ! human race4 ,b ,adam 0 n ! "n giv5 at fir/ to ?is my/ical fa!r ( ! race4 ,! ,egyptian ,atum 0 orig9ally a cosmogonic deity4 ,buns5 /ates t ! "n ( ?is god may be resolv$ into ,at-,mu1 mean+ 8,creator ( ! "m or night40 ,! s5se ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is n v app>5t1 & x may be sugge/$ t ! t]m ,adam 79 ,egyptian ,atum7 0 =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ! primitive akkad words ,ad1 fa!r1 & ,dam1 "m4 ,x w\ld ?us orig9ally express a dual idea1 agreeably to ! /atem5t 9 ,g54 v4 #b1 t male & female 7 call$ 8,adam40 ,?is agrees p]fectly ) ! ,p]sian tradition :i* made ! fir/ human be+ &rogyn\s4 ,:5 ! dual idea express$ 9 ! "n 0 =gott51 ,adam became ! ,great ,fa!r1 ! ,great ,"m receiv+ ! "n ( ,eve 7,hhavvh71 i4e41 liv+ or life1 al?\gh ,adam 9 ! g5]ic s5se ( 8,mank9d10 d5ot$ bo? male & female4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4--,! ,turanian or r ,altaic aff9ity ( ! ,akkad1 ref]r$ to at page #aji above1 appe>s to h be5 e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,l5ormant1 :o /ates t _! "n means 8,m\nta9e]s10 f ,akkad1 a m\nta94 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w may h _h a m primitive signification4 ,z ! "n ( a c\ntry & n ( a p1 ,akkad did n come into use until ! ,assyrian epo*1 8,:5 ! ,accadian _h become a dead language1 & ! tradition ( ! real mean+ ( ! ^w 0 consequ5tly q lo/40 7,*aldean ,magic & ,sorc]y1 p4 #djd47 ,z to ! aborig9al ,arab p ref]r$ to at page #aag1 x may be m5tion$ t ,m4 ,l5ormant 7,hi/4 ,anc4 de l',ori5t1 #i? ,ed4 ,i4 t4 prem4 p4 #cac71 po9ts out t ! "n1 ,adah1 ( ! "m ( ! two sons ( ,lameckh1 :o 7 *iefs ( pa/oral races1 is only ! fem99e =m ( t ( ! p ( ,ad4 ,,footnotes3 #bbg ,adonai1 8,our ,"l10 0 conv]t$ by ! ,greeks into ,adoneus1 z a synomym ( ,pluto1 i4e41 ,dis4 7,k+'s 8,gno/ics10 p4 #aja74 ,?r\gh 8 "n1 ,s&an or ,adanos1 ^! deities are connect$ ) ,h]cules1 & h5ce ) ,ares 7,m>s74 #bbh ,le ,my! de ,votan1 by ,h4 de ,*>5cey1 #ahga1 pp4 #ie1 #ajc4 ,gautama 0 only ! la/ ( ! ,b\dhas1 & ! id5tification ( ,wod5 is !re=e n necess>ily ) ,gautama4 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 89 ord] to put a /op to su* vision>y etymologies0 z ^? :i* connect ,votan ) ,wodan & ,buddha1 d]ives ,votan f a ,maya radical 7,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s1 #ahhb1 p4 #bag74 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,maya mean+ ( ,votan 7he>t fig4 _s7 closely agrees ) t ( ,wodan 7m9d7 & ,buddha 7k74 #bbi ,m4 de ,ujfalvy has f\nd t ev5 ! pure/ ,iranian type ( ,c5tral ,asia is bra*ycephalic4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,desc5dants ,,( ,,ca94 ,9 v>i\s p>ts n only ( ! old _w cont95ts1 b also ( ,am]ica1 & ev5 on "s ( ! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 are ! ru9s ( /one build+s :i*1 f _! g5]al "*1 are well call$ 8,kyklopean40 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries accord+ to ! uses = :i* ! build+s 7 design$1 or ! local influ5ces among :i* !y 7 erect$4 ,:atev] _! =m1 all ^? anci5t build+s agree 9 ! massive "* ( _! /ructure1 & mo/ ( !m 9 ! fact t ! /ones are put toge!r )\t mort> or cem5t4 ,kyklopean ar*itecture prop] 79 :i* l>ge unhewn blocks are rudely put toge!r ) small /ones to fill up ! int]/ices7 diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! ,polygonal or ,pelasgian1 & f ! ,horizontal or ,etruscan1 :i*1 9 addition1 has ! c\rses scrupul\sly level1 ) jo9ts v]tical1 & fitt+ accurately4 ,g5]al ,=long1 ! au?or ( 8,riv]s ( ,life1 or ,fai?s ( ,man 9 all ,ages10 :ile po9t+ out t di/9ction1 rem>ks t ^? sev]al /yles d n d5ote diff]5t ages1 & t ! build]s 7 evid5tly ( ! same race4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! fact t all ! ?ree /yles are f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,p]u1 ^: ,kyklopean /ructures1 moreov]1 are n re/rict$ to ^? ( rectangul> =mation1 b sometimes take ! =m ( r\nd t[]s4 ,g5]al ,=long id5tifies ! great build+ race ( antiquity ) ! ,ku%ites or ,ai?iopians ( ! ,greek hi/orians1 & ) ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 he supposes !m to h belong$ to ! ,turanian family ( peoples4 ,! di/+ui%$ ar*itect & ar*ologi/ affirms1 inde$1 t n only 7 ! ,turanians ! great ar*itects & build]s ( remote antiquity1 b t !y 7 ! inv5tors ( all ! arts1 z well z ! religions & my?ologies1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds develop$ by ! lat] ,%emites & ,aryans4 ,b h[ f> does ?is conclusion agree ) actual facts8 ,m4 ,georges ,p]rot1 9 8 important "w on ! 8,hi/ory ( ,art10 says t ! anci5t ,ori5tal _w has se5 ! bir? ( ?ree great civilisations1 t ( ,egypt1 t ( ,*aldea1 & t ( ,*9a1 all ( :i* h features 9 common1 al?\gh ea* pres]ves its own prop] "*4 ,*aldea 0 ! ,s5na> ( ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 ! l& 9 :i* 7 built ! anci5t cities ( ,babel1 ,ere*1 ,accad1 & ,calneh4 ,! mighty hunt] or w>rior ,nimrod1 to :om ! erection ( ^? cities is ascrib$1 0 ! son ( ,ku% & ! gr&son ( ,*am1 & he is ?us plac$ by ! sacr$ writ] 9 ! same family z ! ,egyptians1 ,ai?iopians1 & ! ,libyans1 z also ! ,canaanites & ,phnicians4 ,! ,ku%ites1 ( :om ,nimrod is ! repres5tative 9 ,g5esis1 7 locat$ by ! poets & classical hi/orians 9 ,susiana r ?an 9 ,*aldea4 ,bo? ( ^! c\ntries1 h[ev]1 adjo9 ! ,valley ( ! ,tigris1 & ! "n ,ai?iopians appli$ by ^? writ]s to ! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! sea ( ,oman agrees ) ! relation%ip :i*1 accord+ to ! g5ealogi/s ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 subsi/$ betwe5 ! ,ku%ites ( ,asia & ^? ( ,africa4 ,x is to ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf t ! developm5t1 if n ! orig91 ( ! ,*aldean civilisation has be5 trac$4 ,m4 ,p]rot calls ,egypt 8! ance/or ( civilis$ nations10 & he affirms t1 9 gr\p+ ! great peoples ( antiquity to det]m9e ! "p tak5 by ea* 9 ! "w ( progress1 x is necess>y to comm5ce ) ,egypt z ! po9t ( dep>ture ( all ! =ces :i* op]ate to t end4 ,! ,egyptians 7 n1 h[ev]1 indig5\s to ! ,valley ( ! ,nile4 ,x is n[ almo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t !y belong$ to ! :ite or ,caucasian /ock ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 f :i* !y rea*$ ,egypt by ! i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,_! ,caucasian orig9 is confirm$ by _! language1 :i*1 ) ! o!r ,hamitic idioms1 _h1 z ,m4 ,l5ormant %[s1 a relation%ip to ! ,semitic languages1 ! two families hav+ a common "m language1 ! native c\ntry ( :i* 0 9 ,asia at ! ea/ ( ! bas9 ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,we are ?us tak5 to ! region :]e ! old ,*aldean civilisation fl\ri%$ = ! place ( orig9 ( ! ,egyptians2 b did !y belong to ! same ,ku%ite /ock8 ,9 endeav\r+ to answ] ?is "q1 x is necess>y to rememb] t be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,empire by ,m5es ,egypt _h compris$ two k+doms1 t ( ,l[] ,egypt or ! c\ntry ( ! nor?1 & t ( ,upp] ,egypt or ! c\ntry ( ! s\?4 ,^! k+doms mu/ h exi/$ a consid]able p]iod1 judg+ f ! fact t ! lat] ,mon>*s c>ri$ two cr[ns to indicate ! dom9ion ex]cis$ ov] ! two great divisions ( ! ,empire1 & probably x repres5t$ "s race diff]5ce 9 _! inhabitants4 ,! ,aryan "* describ$ by ,m4 ,l4 ,page ,r5\f to ! ,egyptian my?ology1 & ! features ( _m ( ! figures repres5t$ on ! tombs ( ! f\r? ,dyna/y1 might lead u to suppose t ! e>lie/ ,egyptians belong$ to ! ,aryan /ock4 ,?is op9ion is1 p]haps1 confirm$ by ! consid]ation t ! e>lie/ & mo/ sacr$ t[ns ( ! ,egyptians 7 situate 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,m4 ,l5ormant ?9ks t ! desc5dants ( ,mizraim settl$ 9 ,egypt at diff]5t epo*s1 & t ! e>lie/ settl]s1 ! ,anamim ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,an\ ( ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions1 7 driv5 by ! lat] ones into diff]5t p>ts ( ,egypt1 b pr9cipally into ,nubia4 ,! =m] may1 !re=e1 h be5 pure ,aryans1 ! s\!rn c\ntry be+ ref]r$ to z ! home ( ! race2 al?\gh ! ,empire 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 its *ief c5tre be+ ,memphis1 f :i* its culture gradually ov]spread ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! e>ly inhabitants ( ! ,delta region 7 repres5t$ at a lat] date by ! ,hyksos1 :o h be5 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,dunck] ) ! ,phili/9es ( ! ,syrian ,coa/4 ,?is p are spok5 ( 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis z desc5dants ( ,mizraim1 & _! neighb\rs1 ! ,phnicians1 /ood 9 ! same relation to ! nor!rn ,egyptians z did ! ,ku%ites ( ,*aldea4 ,l ! latt] peoples1 ! ,phnicians 7 great build]s4 ,! rema9s ( va/ /ructures /ill exi/ ?r\gh\t ,phnicia1 :i* 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,babylonians z ,m>tu1 8! we/40 ,among mod]n writ]s1 ,m4 ,r5an is ( op9ion t 8s+ul> relations exi/ betwe5 ! e?nographic1 hi/oric1 & l+ui/ic position ( ,yem5 & t ( ,phnicia10 z %[+ t !re 0 a close relation%ip betwe5 ! latt] & ! anci5t p ( ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 accepts bo? ^! views1 & comes to ! conclusion t ! fir/ great civilis]s & build]s ( antiquity 7 ! ,ku%ites or ,ai?iopians ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 & t !y colonis$ or civilis$ ,*aldea1 ,phnicia1 & ,egypt4 ,tradition speaks ( ,kepheus z "o ( ! great sov]eigns ( anci5t ,ai?iopia1 ^: k+dom ext5d$ f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ^: capital 0 ,joppa1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t cities ( ,phnicia4 ,we may well believe t ?is v e>ly ,ku%ite k+dom compris$ "p ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 & !re=e t x includ$ ! ,delta ( ! ,nile ) ! great city1 ,memphis1 ( ! ,egyptian pyramid build]s4 ,! simil>ity 9 _m features ( ! ,phnician & ,egyptian ar*itecture po9ts to a close connection betwe5 ^? peoples1 & a portion ( ! ,ku%ite race :i* peopl$ ,phnicia d\btless settl$ 9 ! ,delta1 f :5ce its culture w\ld easily spread ?r\gh\t ! ,nile ,valley4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,s\!rn ,arabia 0 ! seat ( a v primitive civilisation1 :i* influ5c$ all ! regions ar\nd4 ,phnicia1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to h be5 mo/ intimately alli$ ) ,*aldea1 ! orig9 ( ^: civilisation1 al?\gh ascrib$ to ! fi%-god ,oannes1 c h>dly be trac$ to ,arabia4 ,accord+ to ! ,biblical writ]1 ,ku% 0 ! elde/ son ( ,ham1 :o 0 also ! fa!r ( ,mizraim1 ,phut1 & ,canaan4 ,all ^! peoples 7 great build]s1 & x is v probable1 !re=e1 t !y1 z well z ! ,ku%ites1 d]iv$ _! k f a common s\rce4 ,9 ?is case1 & ev5 if ,mizraim1 ,canaan1 & ,phut 7 ! desc5dants r ?an ! bre?r5 ( ,ku%1 ! civilisation ) :i* ! ,ku%ites are accr$it$ 01 9 reality1 t ( ! e>li] ,hamites4 ,! probability is t all ! peoples belong+ to ! ,hamitic /ock possess$ ! elem5ts ( a v anci5t civilisation1 :i* 0 h&$ d[n 9 ! mo/ direct l9e ?r\gh ! ,ku%ites ( ,*aldea4 ,m4 ,p]rot accepts ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,opp]t1 t :5 ! primitive ,*aldeans fir/ settl$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,s5na> !y already _h a national organisation1 & t !y possess$ writ+1 ! mo/ necess>y indu/ries1 a religion1 & a complete legislation4 ,if ?is 0 s we %all h to seek a v primitive s\rce = ! ,ku%ite or ,hamitic civilisation4 ,:at 0 its orig9 c only be asc]ta9$ :5 ! race ance/ry ( ! ,hamites is kn[n4 ,9 relation to ?is po9t x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,ham 0 ! bro!r ( ,%em & ,japhet1 & !re=e t !y 7 all memb]s ( a common family4 ,z ! desc5dants ( ,noah1 !y all alike belong$ to ! great :ite or ,caucasian /ock4 ,m4 ,l5ormant1 :ile endors+ ?is view1 says t anci5tly1 z 9 ! pres5t day1 !re 0 an an?ropological di/9ction betwe5 ! ,hamites & ! ,%emites1 :i* he acc\nts = by suppos+ ! =m] to h become int]mix$ ) a d>k or black race1 :i* !y f\nd already e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry to :i* !y spread1 :ile ! ,%emites1 :o /ay$ beh9d1 pres]v$ ! purity ( ! :ite race4 ,! facts ( l+ui/ic sci5ce & an?ropology c ?us be made to agree1 b ,m4 ,l5ormant has to admit t ! ,ea/]n ,ku%ites _c be br\ght )9 t !ory1 z f ! e>lie/ hi/orical p]iod !y h spok5 a language radically di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,%emites & ! o!r ,hamitic peoples4 ,he adds t ! coa/ betwe5 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,indus appe>s to h be51 f a remote antiquity1 ! po9t ( meet+ & fusion ( two di/9ct races hav+ br[n complexions1 b incl9+ m or less to pure black4 ,! ,ea/]n ,ku%ites are ?us conf\nd$ by a gradual s]ies ( transitions ) ! ,dravidians ( ,india4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! ,dravidians is p]fectly j1 z !re is no d\bt1 :atev] may be ! case n[1 t orig9ally !y p>took ( ! high qualities possess$ by ! peoples ( ! ,ku%ite /ock4 ,z a race !y 7 not$ = _! love ( art & comm]ce1 & ,g5]al ,=long1 aft] hav+ exam9$ m9utely mo/ ( ! fam\s %r9es ( ,india1 came to ! conclusion 8t !re is no?+ to equal ^? ( ,dravidia1 save "s small ones 9 ,we/]n ,india1 :i*1 9 _! complet5ess1 =m1 & conception1 d5ote ! same ma/] build]s :o1 z ,ja9as1 c41 le>n$ 9 ,mysore & ! ,s\? "u ^? great ar*itects40 ,!re is inde$ reason to believe t ! m>vell\s temples ( ,cambodia & ,java1 ( :i* ! ru9s /ill exi/1 7 erect$ by ,dravidians f ,india4 ,m4 ,m\ra1 ! le>n$ au?or ( a hi/ory ( ,cambodia1 has e/abli%$ t ! great ar*itects ( t k+dom 7 ! peoples to :om ! "n ( ,khm]doms is giv5 by _! desc5dants1 ! ,khm]s4 ,!y 7 ( ,h9doo orig91 & emigrat$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,delhi 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,:e!r ! orig9al ,khm]s 7 ( pure ,aryan /ock is1 h[ev]1 v d\btful1 & x is extremely probable t !y 7 ,h9duis$ ,dravidians4 ,! ,h9doos1 to :om ! civilisation ( ,java is ascrib$1 are spok5 ( z com+ f ,kl+1 by :i* is meant ! ,dravidian ,tel+a4 ,if1 z ,m4 ,l5ormant supposes1 ! ,ea/]n ,ku%ites became fus$ ) a br[n or black race1 x does n foll[ t ?is race 0 orig9ally black1 or t x belong$ to a negroid /ock4 ,all ! ,hamites1 & especially ! ,ku%ites1 7 ( a m or less d>k complexion1 b ! black hue may h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural influ5ces op]at+ dur+ a va/ p]iod ( "t4 ,! ,dravidians h1 at lea/ f a l+ui/ic /&po9t1 ,turanian aff9ities1 & x is n[ almo/ univ]sally admitt$ t ! e>lie/ civilis$ inhabitants ( ,*aldea belong$ to ! great ,turanian family ( peoples :o are usually spok5 ( z ! yell[ race4 ,!re is no d\bt t a yell[ race1 ^: languages _h an aff9ity on ! "o side ) ! languages ( ! ,altaic peoples1 & on ! o!r side ) ! ,dravidian dialects1 & :o prec$$ ! ,%emitic & ,japhetic peoples 9 mat]ial civilisation1 exi/$ 9 ,ea/]n ,asia alongside ( ! :ite race4 ,m4 ,ujfalvy supposes ! ,ea/]n ,turanians to h desc5d$ ! fir/ f ! plateau ( ! ,altai2 to be foll[$ by ! ,we/]n ,turanians1 :o occupi$ ,nor!rn ,europe f "t immemorial2 ! *ildr5 ( ,noah be+ ! la/ to quit ! primeval home4 ,if ?is 0 s we c well und]/& t ! av]age ,turanian physical type mu/ pres5t peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% x easily f t ( ! ,caucasian races4 ,:at we h n[ to d ) is ! orig9 ( primitive civilisation1 & ev]y?+ po9ts to ! e>ly ,turanians z ! p among :om x 0 develop$4 ,we h already se5 t if ! primitive ,*aldeans did n belong to ! ,turanian /ock !y 7 intimately associat$ ) ,turanian peoples to :om !y are ?\ght to h be5 indebt$ = mu* ( _! culture4 ,! great we/]n division ( ! ,turanian race appe>s to h possess$ an advanc$ civilisation long be=e its ,aryan neighb\rs4 ,! ,t*\des1 :o are describ$ by ,ujfalvy z ! mo/ anci5t p ( ! ,altaic race1 7 not$ metallurgi/s1 :ile ! ,p]mians & ! ,f9ns are suppos$ to h taught art & agriculture to ! ,slavs & ,sc&9avians ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,m4 ,reclus rem>ks t1 n only did ! ,turanians tea* _! neighb\rs ! use ( iron & o!r metals1 b !y h ! glory ( hav+ giv5 to u mo/ ( our dome/ic animals1 & probably also ! great] "p ( our mo/ useful cultur$ plants4 ,f9ally1 ! ,turanians 71 says ,m4 ,l5ormant1 8! con/ructors ( ! fir/ t[ns1 & ! inv5tors ( metallurgy & ( ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! pr9cipal arts ( civilisation40 ,he adds t !y 7 8addict$ to rites :i* 7 reprov$ by ,yahveh1 & 7 view$ ) z mu* hatr$ z sup]/iti\s t]ror by ! populations /ill 9 ! pa/oral /ate :om !y _h prec$$ 9 ! pa? ( mat]ial progress & inv5tion1 b :o rema9$ morally m pure & elevat$40 ,?is description1 appli$ by ,m4 ,l5ormant to ! ,turanians1 has ref]5ce prim>ily to ! ,ca9ites1 & x c>ries ! orig9 ( mat]ial civilisation mu* f>!r back 9 "t ?an w\ld h be5 ?\ght possible a few ye>s ago4 ,! facts m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,ca9 & 8 desc5dants /rik+ly confirm ! op9ion t ! ,ku%ite civilisation 0 h&$ d[n f a p]iod :i*1 9 relation to ! ,deluge ( ,g5esis1 may be call$ ant$iluvian4 ,! tradition ( ! ,deluge is a primitive belief ( ! ?ree :ite races1 ! ,aryan1 ! ,semitic1 & ! ,hamitic4 ,x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally limit$ to ! peoples ( ! ,caucasian /ock1 & ?is fact requires t ! ,turanians %\ld be exclud$ f ! effect ( ! suppos$ cata/rophe4 ,! yell[ race1 !re=e1 may claim an 8ant$iluvian0 desc5t1 & z ,noah1 ! prog5itor ( ! :ite races1 belong$ to ! ,se?ite /ock1 ! common ance/or ( ! ,turanian peoples mu/ h be5 a ,ca9ite4 ,! fir/ public ev5t record$ 9 ! life ( ,ca9 aft] 8 exile 0 ! build+ ( a t[n1 :i* he call$ ,eno*1 aft] 8 fir/-born son4 ,?is t[n has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! city ( ,khotan1 :i* is situate 9 ! region :]e ,ca9 is ?\ght to h fix$ 8 abode4 ,accord+ to ,abel ,rmusat ! traditions ( t city1 pres]v$ 9 ! native *ronicles & ref]r$ to by ! ,*9ese hi/orians1 g back to a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an ^? ( any o!r city ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,b>on d',eck/e9 has1 moreov]1 %[n t ,khotan 0 ! c5tre ( a di/rict 9 :i* ! art ( metallurgy has be5 practis$ f ! remote/ antiquity4 ,?is is important1 = ,tubal ,ca91 ! y\nge/ son ( ,lamekh1 ! desc5dant ( ,ca91 is said 9 ,g5esis to h be5 8an in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron40 ,! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,*9ese appe> n to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! blacksmi?'s art :5 !y fir/ desc5d$ into ! pla9s1 al?\gh x 0 practis$ by ! neighb\r+ ,tibetan tribes1 :o1 we c h>dly d\bt1 7 alli$ to ! ,kol>ian population ( ,ea/]n ,india1 if n also to ! ,dravidians ( ! s\? & we/4 ,! relation%ip ( ! ,dravidians to ! peoples ( ! ,altaic /ock1 & ! practice ( metallurgy by ! latt] p>ticul>ly1 w\ld t5d1 h[ev]1 to prove t ! ,jabal 7 n1 z suppos$ by ,m4 ,ujfalvy1 ,turanians :o settl$ 9 ,nor!rn ,asia & ,europe4 ,^? facts w\ld r support ! view ( ,knobel1 :i* id5tifies ! ,jabal & ! ,jubal z a musical & pa/oral race1 z di/+ui%$ f a settl$ metallurgic race to :om ! "n ( ,tubal ,ca9 0 giv54 ,! op9ion t ! ance/ors ( ! ,turanian peoples 7 ,ca9ites may be confirm$ by ref]5ce to c]ta9 social & religi\s ph5om5a4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! slay+ by ,ca9 ( 8 bro!r ,abel !re is evid5t ref]5ce to antagonism betwe5 a pa/oral & an agricultural p4 ,m4 ,l5ormant1 :o sees a connection betwe5 ! fratricide & ! f\nd+ ( ! fir/ city1 has arriv$ at ! conviction t ! ,*aldo-,babylon tradition conc]n+ ! primitive days ( ! human race includ$ a ref]5ce to ^? two actions ( ,ca94 ,he says1 h[ev]1 8!re are c]ta9 reasons = suspect+ t ! ,*aldeans took ! "p ( ! murd]] ,ca9 aga9/ ,abel1 z ! ,romans did t ( ,romulus aga9/ ,remus40 ,! pref]5ce ( ! ,*aldeans = ! murd]] agrees ) ! ,ca9ite orig9 ascrib$ to _! ,turanian ance/ors1 among :om ! polygamy & rev5ge attribut$ to ,lamekh 7 no d\bt z preval5t z among "s ( _! desc5dants at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,fr5* writ] sees 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis a condemnation ( ,lamekh z ! prototype ( fi]ce v5geance1 & at ! same "t ( polygamy4 ,! :ole pre-,deluge hi/ory ( man1 z giv5 9 ,g5esis1 w\ld seem to imply ! exi/5ce ( an h]$it>y opposition betwe5 ! desc5dants ( ,ca9 & ^? ( ,se?1 :o 0 reg>d$ z /&+ 9 a special relation to ! ,%emites4 ,x 0 evid5tly writt5 9 ! same _s z t :i* saw 9 ! enmity betwe5 ! ,iranians & ,turanians a con/ant conflict betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,! race ( ,ca9 are ref]r$ 9 ! ,biblical n>rative z 8sons ( m510 a title :i* implies a condition ( religi\s or moral inf]iority1 z comp>$ ) ! 8sons ( ,god0 desc5d$ f ,se?4 ,t n>rative says1 fur!r1 t 9 ! "t ( ,eno* m5 began to call on ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,?is /atem5t1 :i* has ref]5ce only to ! ,se?ites1 supposes t ! ,ca9ites invok$ "s o!r god1 & 9 ! ,%amanism ( ! ,dravidians & v>i\s ,turanian peoples we h no d\bt a phase ( ! religi\s wor%ip preval5t among _! ,ca9ite ance/ors4 ,ano!r po9t 9 connection ) religi\s ideas1 :i* is ( great importance 9 relation to ! above subject1 is ! orig9 ( s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,m4 ,l5ormant rem>ks t 8! ,arcadians made ! s]p5t "o ( ! pr9cipal attributes & "o ( ! =ms ( ,ha40 ,?is deity1 :o closely resembles ,wanamon51 "o ( ! ?ree pr9cipal gods ( ! ,f9ns1 occupi$ a v important position 9 ! ,pan!on ( ! anci5t ,*aldeans4 ,ha1 l ! ,f9ni% god1 0 8n only k+ ( ! wat]s & ! atmosph]e1 he 0 also ! _s :5ce all life proce$$1 ! ma/] ( fav\rable spells1 ! adv]s>y & conqu]or ( all p]sonifications ( evil1 & ! sov]eign possessor ( all sci5ce40 ,! wor%ip ( s]p5t-gods is a practice to :i* _m ( ! primitive ,turanian tribes h be5 addict$4 ,?is acc\nts = ! curi\s association ( s]p5t-wor%ip ) ,buddhism & ,siva-ism4 ,bo? ( ^! fai?s1 z exhibit$ 9 ! m>vell\s sculptures ( ! ru9$ temples ( ,cambodia1 are intimately connect$ ) s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,?is cult 0 no d\bt v preval5t among ! native populations be=e ! arrival ( ! ,h9doos1 z leg5d /ates t ! bani%$ ,indian ,pr9ce1 = :om ! city ( ,nakon-,?om 0 built1 m>ri$ a daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,nagas or ,s]p5ts1 & became ! sov]eign ( ! c\ntry4 ,s]p5t-wor%ip1 inde$1 w\ld seem to h be5 preval5t ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! t]ritory ( ! k+ ( ! s]p5t city ,taxila rea*$ ne>ly to ,delhi1 & x probably ext5d$ ov] ,ka%m]e & "p ( ,afghani/an4 ,"h 0 a v important c5tre ( s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,g5]al ,=long /ates t 9 ,ka%m]e ?is cult appe>s ev]y:]e1 8& ! records ( ! c\ntry po9t to its beautiful lake & m\nta9 fa/nesses z ! e>lie/ hi/oric seats :i* we h ( ! fai?40 ,x is rem>kable t a ,k+ ( ! ,naga race 0 reign+ 9 ,magadha :5 ,gautama 0 born 9 #fbf ,b4,c41 &1 accord+ to a ,h9doo leg5d1 ev5 ! ,buddha himself _h a s]p5t l9eage4 ,if ?is 0 s1 x is n surpris+ t 8 tea*+s %\ld be accept$ by ! ,naga races1 :o no d\bt belong$ to ! pre-,aryan /ock4 ,! con/ant introduction ( ! s]p5t1 especially ( ! sacr$ ,cobra1 into ! sculptures ( ! ,cambodian temples1 is rem>kable4 ,m4 ,m\ra /ates t ! anci5t ,khm]s ( ,cambodia recognis$ bo? good & evil s]p5ts1 ! =m] ( :i* liv$ 9 ! wat] & ! latt] inhabit$ ! l&4 ,! ,buddhi/s ( ,india & ,indo-,*9a _h ! same idea1 & ,m4 ,m\ra supposes t ! good s]p5ts repres5t$ ! human ,nagas :o became ,buddhi/s1 & ! bad s]p5ts ^? :o refus$ to ab&on _! native s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y1 z ! anci5t ,egyptians ent]ta9$ analog\s ideas4 ,no o!r p1 except1 p]haps1 ! ,h9doos & alli$ races1 7 m ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! s]p5t sup]/ition ?an ! ,egyptians4 ,mr4 ,coop]1 9 8 8,obs]vations on ! ,s]p5t ,my?s ( ,anci5t ,egypt10 rem>ks t 8! rev]5ce paid to ! snake 0 n m]ely local1 or ev5 limit$ to "o p]iod ( hi/ory1 b prevail$ alike 9 e di/rict ( ! ,ph>ian ,empire1 & has left its indelible impress ^u ! ar*itecture & ! ar*ology ( bo? ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt40 ,! ,cobra di ,capello ( ! ,h9doos & ,cambodians 0 ! sacr$ ,uru ( ! ,egyptians4 ,) ! latt] x 0 us$ z ! symbol ( fecundity & immortality1 & 0 also univ]sally assum$ z ! 8emblem ( div9e & sacro-regal sov]eignty40 ,! ,uru 0 always repres5t$ 9 ! female =m1 & all ! ,egyptian goddesses 7 adorn$ ) x1 z ! images ( ! ,h9doo gods 7 (t5 surm\nt$ ) ! sacr$ ,naga4 ,among ! ,egyptians ano!r k9d ( s]p5t 0 also held 9 univ]sal v5]ation4 ,x 0 a gigantic species ( ,colub]1 :i* f ! e>lie/ ages 0 reg>d$ z 8! repres5tative ( spiritual1 & occasionally physical1 evil40 ,?is 0 ! great snake ( ! cele/ial wat]s1 ! adv]s>y ( ! gods ) :i* ! s\l _h to cont5d aft] dea?4 ,! ,egyptians _h ?us a good & an evil s]p5t1 ! =m] ( :i* 0 small & ! latt] l>ge4 ,among ! ,cambodians ! rev]se 0 ! case1 z ! small s]p5t 0 ! repres5tative ( evil1 & ! great s]p5t1 ! ,naga-,naga1 ( good4 ,we h already se5 t ! cobra occupies an important place 9 ! ,buddhi/ sculpture1 & t ! great s]p5t ) its human support]s 0 repres5t$ at bo? ,amravati & ,angkor ,wat4 ,curi\sly en\gh a simil> idea to ?is is repres5t$ on c]ta9 ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,on ! s>cophagus ( ,oime-nep?ah ,i4 is sculptur$ a long s]p5t1 :i*1 says ,mr4 ,rob]t ,sewell1 is d\bl$ into folds j l ! roll ( ! ,buddhi/ frieze1 & hav+ a god /&+ on ea* fold 9 ! places occupi$ by ! sacr$ emblems ( ! ,buddhi/ fai? at ,amravati4 ,he supposes ! long roll ( ! ,amravati frieze to be int5d$ to repres5t a s]p5t1 & to h _h its orig9 9 ,we/]n ,asian or ,egyptian ideas4 ,i _h already1 be=e meet+ ) ?is obs]vation1 be5 /ruck ) ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,egyptian & ! ,buddhi/ repres5tations1 especially :5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ! ,cambodian sculptures :i* und\bt$ly repres5t ! ,naga-,naga4 ,! gigantic s]p5t ( ! cele/ial ocean ( ,egyptian my?ology is ,aphphis1 ! _s ( evil1 & 9 ! conte/ betwe5 him & ,horus we h1 accord+ to ,m4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 a =m ( ! ,indra & ,vritra my?4 ,an ,accadian text speaks ( 8! enorm\s s]p5t ) sev5 heads10 ! 8s]p5t :i* beats ! waves ( ! sea 444 ext5d+ 8 p[] ov] heav5 & e>?40 ,?is is suppos$ to ref] to ,ha1 & x rem9ds u ( ! heav5ly ,naga-,naga ( ,h9doo my?ology1 :i*1 l ! ,accadian s]p5t deity1 0 repres5tative ( ! good pr9ciple4 ,su* 0 also ! case among all ! old ,turanian nations1 & x 0 only :51 z rem>k$ by ,m4 ,l5ormant1 8! ,iranian traditions 7 fus$ ) ! anci5t beliefs ( ! ,proto-,m$ic religion1 ! s]p5t-god naturally became id5tifi$ ) ! repres5tative ( ! d>k & bad pr9ciple40 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ?is 0 ! lat] notion1 & t ! ,turanian belief :i* associat$ ) ! s]p5t ideas ( goodness 0 ( e>li] date4 ,?us1 ! ,dragon1 says ,mr4 ,doolittle1 8enjoys an om9\s em95ce 9 ! affections ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,x is frequ5tly repres5t$ z ! greate/ b5efactor ( mank9d4444 ,! ,*9ese delight 9 prais+ its wond]ful prospects & p[]s4 ,x is ! v5]at$ symbol ( good40 ,! v5]ation ( ! s]p5t mu/ h be5 ( v e>ly orig9 to occupy s /rong a hold ov] ! ,*9ese1 ^: spok5 language1 accord+ to ,m4 ,t]ri5 de ,lac\p]ie1 =ms a l9k betwe5 ! ,accadian & ! ,ugro-,f9ni% divisions ( ! ,ural-,altaic languages4 ,! art ( metallurgy 0 practis$ by ! peoples belong+ to bo? ^! divisions1 & yet1 accord+ to ,m4 ,l5ormant1 x 0 n kn[n to ! e>ly ,*9ese4 ,we mu/ ?us suppose t ! latt] left ! common home be=e ! inv5tion ( metallurgy1 &1 !re=e1 t !y repres5t a v e>ly condition ( ! /ock f :i* ! ,turanian peoples sprang4 ,we seem1 inde$1 to be c>ri$ back to ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! ,ca9ite race1 & possibly to t ( ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! race4 ,accord+ to ! tradition pres]v$ 9 ,g5esis1 !re 0 a peculi> association betwe5 ,adam & ! s]p5t4 ,?is animal is !re ! tempt] ,satan1 b accord+ to ano!r view ,adam1 or r ,ad1 :o 0 app>5tly ! traditional ance/or ( a portion at lea/ ( ! old ,turanian /ock1 0 himself ! s]p5t4 ,a rabb9ical tradition makes ,ca9 ! son1 n ( ,adam1 b ( ! s]p5t-_s ,asmodeus4 ,! "n ,eve is connect$ ) an ,arabic root :i* means bo? 8life0 & 8a s]p5t10 & if ,eve 0 ! s]p5t "m1 ,ad mu/ h be5 ! s]p5t fa!r ( ! race4 ,!re is reason = believ+ t ,adam 0 ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! ,ca9ites1 z di/+ui%$ f ! desc5dants ( ,se?4 ,! "n ,adam1 no d\bt1 signifies 9 ! ,semitic languages 8! man10 b x has be5 po9t$ out t ! "n borne by ! son ( ,se?1 & !re=e ! ance/or ( ,noah1 t is ,eno*1 is 9 ,hebrew ! exact synonym ( ,adam1 & also signifies 8! man40 ,!re is1 moreov]1 almo/ an exact p>allel betwe5 ! desc5dants ( ,adam1 ?r\gh ,ca9 on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( ,se? ?r\gh ,eno* on ! o!r1 & ea* l9e is t]m9at$ by ?ree heads ( races1 t ( ! ,ca9ites by ! sons ( ,lamekh & t ( ! ,enocides by ! gr&sons ( ,lamekh4 ,9 ! latt] !re is ! ins]tion ( "o additional g5]ation1 t ( ,noah1 betwe5 ,lamekh & ! division ( ! family into ?ree bran*es4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 capable ( explanation4 ,m4 ,l5ormant %[s1 by a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s leg5ds ref]r+ to ! primitive age ( mank9d1 t ! numb] #g or #aj 0 us$ by all ! anci5t nations z a r\nd numb] = ! ant$iluvian ance/ors ( ! race4 ,tradition seem$ to float betwe5 ^! two numb]s until ! influ5ce ( ! ,*aldo-,babylonians caus$ ! numb] #aj1 :i* is t ( ! g5]ations ( ! ,se?ites1 to dom9ate ov] ! numb] #g1 t ( ! ,ca9ites4 ,x is to t influ5ce we w\ld ascribe ! exi/5ce among ! desc5dants ( ,se? ( ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! ?ree ,caucasian races4 ,! ,*aldean ,noah 0 ,khasisatra1 ^: vessel 0 sav$ dur+ ! ,flood by ! god ,ha4 ,?is god himself 01 h[ev]1 suppos$ to h a vessel 9 :i* he sail$ ov] ! cele/ial ocean4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ! fi%-god ,oannes1 f :om ! ,*aldeans 7 said to h d]iv$ _! civilisation1 & we probably h 9 ,oannes ! po9t ( id5tification betwe5 ,ha & ,noah himself4 ,! ,caucasian races1 ^: fa!rs _h be5 sav$ f ! ,deluge1 c\ld n h a bett] leg5d>y ance/or ?an ! div9e tea*] :o1 issu+ f ! ,egyptian sea1 0 ! god ,ha1 n only ! s\l ( ! wat]y elem5t b ! s\rce ( all g5]ation4 ,if ,noah1 !n1 be a my?ological be+1 introduc$ into ! ,se?ite g5ealogy "u ,*aldean influ5ce1 ,lamekh becomes ! direct ance/or ( ! ,caucasian /ock z he is ( ! ,turanian peoples4 ,an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ?is view is furni%$ by ! ,scripture acc\nt itself4 ,among ! sons ( ,noah a peculi> position is occupi$ by ,ham4 ,he & 8 son ,canaan are curs$1 9 l mann] z ,ca9 0 curs$4 ,! s9s 7 diff]5t1 & !re=e ! puni%m5ts 7 diff]5t1 b !re appe>s to be a k9d ( p>allelism betwe5 ,ca9 & ,canaan = :i* a good reason probably exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( ,g5esis4 ,we h se5 t ! ,hamites 7 intimately connect$ ) peoples belong+ to ! ,turanian /ock1 & !y 7 ! special recipi5ts ( ! old ,ca9ite civilisation4 ,x is1 inde$1 f> f improbable t !y 7 m ,ca9ite ?an ,se?ite4 ,! ?ree sons ( ,noah w\ld seem to answ] to ! ?ree sons ( ,adam1 & z ,ham or ,canaan is a reproduction ( ,ca91 s ,japhe? & ,%em are reproductions ( ,abel & ,se?4 ,9 ei!r case ! eld] bro!rs 7 put on "o side or curs$1 t ! y\nge/ bro!r might enjoy ! inh]itance4 ,p]haps an explanation ( ?is conduct may be f\nd 9 ! race relation%ips ( ! ,semites4 ,t !y _h a clos] aff9ity to ! ,hamites ?an _h ! ,japhe?ites is unque/ionable1 & x c h>dly be less d\bt$ t ! latt] 7 ! pure/ bran* ( ! ,caucasian /ock4 ,! ,semites 71 inde$1 a mix$ race1 b z ! ,hebrews pr(ess$ to be ! *os5 p x 0 necess>y t ! ,hamite & ,japhe?ite races %\ld be put on "o side1 z ,abel & ,ca9 _h be51 t _! ance/or ,%em might take ! *ief place4 ,! ,semites ?us became ! repres5tative ,caucasian p :o1 z *ildr5 ( light1 /& 9 opposition to ! ,turanian ,hamites1 9 l mann] z ! sons ( ,se? 7 oppos$ to ! desc5dants ( ,ca94 ,we h be5 l$ to believe t ! civilisation ( ! anci5t _w orig9at$ among ! ,ca9ites1 ( :om ! ,turanians are ! l9e ( desc5dants4 ,we h se5 reason1 moreov]1 = suppos+ t ! p>ticul> bran* ( ! ,turanian /ock1 among :om ! developm5t ( ! art ( metallurgy fir/ took place1 0 ! ,ural-,altaic1 to :i* ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,*aldea belong$1 & :om ,dr4 ,top9>d supposes to be ! connect+-l9k betwe5 ! fair types ( ,europe & ! bra*ycephalic types ( ,asia4 ,! build+ art 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ to be develop$1 z is evid5t f ! ref]5ce 9 ,g5esis to ! build+ ( a city by ,ca94 ,! erection ( ! fir/ city is connect$ ) ! slay+ ( ,abel1 & !re=e ! orig9 ( ar*itecture may be ref]r$ back to almo/ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( human culture1 & we may well suppose t "s ( ! lea/ cultur$ ,turanian tribes repres5t a /ill e>li] /age ( ,ca9ite civilisation4 ,m4 ,l5ormant objects to ,h]r ,knobel's !ory t ! ,*9ese & ! ,mongolian peoples are ,ca9ites1 t 8! geographical horizon ( ! traditions ( ,g5esis did n ext5d f> en\gh to include !m40 ,if1 h[ev]1 :5 ! ,*9ese fir/ desc5d$ into ! pla9s !y 7 /ill 9 ! /one age1 !y may h be5 true ,ca9ites1 ! m s z _! imm$iate ance/ors 7 locat$ mu* ne>] ?an are _! desc5dants to ! primeval home ( ,adamite man4 ,! rem>kable influ5ce :i* ! v5]ation = ! s]p5t has obta9$ among ! ,*9ese1 a sup]/ition :i* 0 develop$ no less rem>kably among ! peoples belong+ to ! ,we/]n bran* ( ! ,turanian family1 & ?r\gh !m among ! ,hamitic peoples1 w\ld seem to prove t x 0 ( primeval orig94 ,! arts ( metallurgy & ar*itecture appe> to h _h a lat] developm5t1 & to h orig9at$ among ! ,turanian ,ai?iopians or ,ku?s1 to :om ! civilisation ( ! anci5t _w 0 ascrib$4 ,aft] leav+ _! home 9 ,we/-,c5tral ,asia !y settl$ 9 ,*aldea1 f :5ce !y gradually spread ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,asia1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,europe1 :]e1 9 lat] ye>s1 !y came 9 contact ) ! ,caucasian races1 :o gave a high] tone to _! intellectual culture & _! religi\s ideas1 ! latt] be+ especially obs]vable 9 ! position assign$ to ! great s]p5t z ! embodim5t ( evil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4--,! leg5d ( ! slay+ ( ,abel by 8 bro!r ,ca9 ref]r$ to at page #ach1 is met ) 9 ! ,my?ologies ( "s ( ! ,am]ican tribes4 ,see ,monographie des ,dn ,d9dji1 by ,c4 ,r4 ,e4 ,petitot1 pp4 #fb-hd1 & = a simil> leg5d ( ! ,aztecs1 see ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s1 by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 pp4 #fd-fh4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sacr$ ,,pro/itution4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 8 "w entitl$ 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #cfa71 seems to endorse ! op9ion t ! high hon\r be/[$ 9 anci5t times on wom5 :o 7 utt]ly lic5ti\s is intelligible only 8if we admit t promiscu\s int]c\rse 0 ! aborig9al & !re=e ! long rev]$ cu/om ( ! tribe10#bcj & ,i propose1 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 to %[ t ! fact ref]r$ to has no?+ at all to d ) ! cu/om s\ght to be support$ by x4 ,! examples on :i* ,sir ,john ,lubbock relies h be5 tak5 f ,dulaure's "w on anci5t religions1 b !y are m fully detail$ 9 ! 8,hi/oire de la ,pro/itution0 by ,m4 ,pi]re ,duf\r1 & !y c]ta9ly =m "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( morals4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1#bca e woman born 9 ,babylonia 0 oblig$ by law1 once 9 h] life1 to submit to ! embrace ( a /rang]4 ,^? :o 7 gift$ ) beauty ( face or figure soon complet$ ?is (f]+ to ,v5us1 b ( ! o!rs "s _h to rema9 9 ! sacr$ enclosure = sev]al ye>s be=e !y 7 able to obey ! law4 ,?is /atem5t ( ,h]odotus is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( ,/rabo1 :o says ! cu/om dat$ f ! f\ndation ( ! city ( ,babylon4 ,! compulsory pro/itution ( ,babylonia 0 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,mylitta1 & :]ev] ?is wor%ip spread x 0 accompani$ by ! sexual sacrifice4 ,/rabo relates#bcb t 9 ,arm5ia ! sons & daught]s ( ! lead+ families 7 consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ,anatis = a long] or %ort] p]iod4 ,_! duty 0 to ent]ta9 /rang]s1 & ^? females :o _h receiv$ ! greate/ numb] 7 on _! return home ! mo/ s\ght aft] 9 m>riage4 ,! ,phnician wor%ip ( ,a/>t 0 no less di/+ui%$ by sacr$ pro/itution1 to :i* 0 add$ a promiscu\s int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes dur+ c]ta9 religi\s ftes1 at :i* ! m5 & wom5 ex*ang$ _! g>m5ts4 ,! ,phnicians c>ri$ ! cu/om to ! ,isle ( ,cyprus1 :]e ! wor%ip ( _! great goddess1 "u ! "n ( ,v5us1 became supreme4 ,accord+ to a popul> leg5d ! wom5 ( ,ama?onte1 aft]w>ds not$ = its temple1 7 orig9ally kn[n = _! *a/ity4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,v5us 0 ca/ by ! waves nak$ on _! %ores1 !y treat$ h] ) disda91 & z a puni%m5t !y 7 comm&$ to pro/itute !mselves to all com]s1 a comm& :i* !y obey$ ) s mu* reluctance t ! goddess *ang$ !m into /one4 ,) _! wor%ip ( ,a/>t or ,v5us1 ! ,phnicians introduc$ sacr$ pro/itution into all _! ,colonies4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says t1 at ,c>?age1 !re 7 ?ree ,v5uses r ?an "o3 "o ( ! virg9s1 ano!r ( ! m>ri$ wom51 & a ?ird ( ! c\rtesans1 to ! la/ ( :om x 0 t ! ,phnicians sacrific$ ! *a/ity ( _! daught]s be=e !y 7 m>ri$4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ,syria4 ,at ,byblos dur+ ! ftes ( ,adonis1 aft] ! c]emony :i* ann\nc$ ! resurrection ( ! ,god1 e female wor%ipp] _h to sacrifice to ,v5us ei!r h] hair or h] p]son4 ,^? :o pref]r$ to pres]ve ! =m] adj\rn$ to ! sacr$ enclosures1 :]e !y rema9$ = a :ole day = ! purpose ( pro/itut+ !mselves4 ,! same curi\s cu/om appe>s to h be5 practis$ 9 ,m$ia & ,p]sia1 & among ! ,p>?ians4 ,! ,lydians 7 p>ticul>ly not$ = ! zeal ) :i* !y practis$ ! rites ( ,v5us4 ,!y did n limit _! obs]vance to occasional att5dance at ! sacr$ ftes1 b1 says ,h]odotus1 !y devot$ !mselves to ! goddess1 & practis$1 = _! own b5efit1 ! mo/ %ameless pro/itution4 ,x is relat$ t a magnific5t monum5t to ,alyattes1 ! fa!r ( ,crsus1 0 built by ! contributions ( ! m]*ants1 ! artisans1 & ! c\rtesans1 & t ! portion ( ! monum5t erect$ ) ! sum furni%$ by ! c\rtesans mu* exce$$ bo? ! o!r p>ts built at ! exp5se ( ! artisans & m]*ants4 ,"s writ]s d5y t sacr$ pro/itution 0 practis$ 9 ,egypt1 b ! great simil>ity betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ,osiris & ,isis & t ( ,v5us & ,adonis r5d]s ! contr>y op9ion highly probable4 ,on _! way to ! ftes ( ,isis at ,buba/is ! female pilgrims execut$ indec5t dances :5 ! vessels pass$ ! villages on ! banks ( ! riv]4 8,^! obsc5ities10 says ,duf\r1 87 only su* z 7 ab\t to happ5 at ! temple1 :i* 0 visit$ ea* ye> by sev5 hundr$ ?\s& pilgrims1 :o gave !mselves up to incr$ible excesses40 ,/rabo ass]ts t a class ( p]sons call$ pellices 7h>lots7 7 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! patron deity ( ,!bes1 & t !y 87 p]mitt$ to cohabit ) anyone !y *ose40 ,x is true t ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son#bcc treats ?is acc\nt z absurd1 on ! gr\nd t ! wom51 _m ( :om 7 ! wives & daught]s ( ! noble/ families1 assi/$ 9 ! mo/ important c]emonies ( ! temple4 ,?is fact is1 h[ev]1 q consi/5t ) ,/rabo's /atem5t1 :i* may h ref]r$ to an inf]ior class ( female s]vitors1 & consid]+ ! cu/oms ( alli$ peoples1 x is m likely to be true ?an ! rev]se4 ,! te/imony ( ,h]odotus is c]ta9ly oppos$ to t ( ,/rabo4 ,b ! =m] ackn[l$ges t he did n reveal all t he knew ( ! secrets ( ,egyptian wor%ip1 & we mu/1 !re=e1 receive ) "s hesitation 8 ass]tion t 8! ,egyptians are ! fir/ :o1 f a religi\s motive1 h =bidd5 comm]ce ) wom5 9 ! sacr$ places1 or ev5 entrance !re aft] hav+ kn[n !m1 )\t be+ fir/ cleans$40 ,! ,greek hi/orian adds--8,almo/ all o!r peoples1 except ! ,egyptians & ! ,greeks1 h comm]ce ) wom5 9 ! sacr$ places2 or1 :5 !y rise f !m1 !y ent] !re )\t be+ wa%$40 ,:atev] may be ! tru? z to ! inhabitants ( anci5t ,egypt1 at ! pres5t day ! danc+ girls ( t c\ntry1 :o are also pro/itutes1 att5d ! religi\s fe/ivals j z ! anci5t devotees ( ,a/>t are said to h done4 ,if we te/ ! value ( ,h]odotus' evid5ce on ! matt] 9 "q by :at is kn[n ( ,grecian cu/oms1 x w h little weight4 ,sacr$ pro/itution at ,a!ns 0 "u ! patronage ( ,v5us ,p&emos1 :o is said to h be5 ! fir/ div9ity t ,!seus caus$ ! p to adore1 or1 at lea/1 to :om a /atue 0 erect$ on ! public place4 ,! ftes ( t goddess 7 celebrat$ on ! f\r? day ( ea* mon?1 a *ief "p 9 !m be+ assign$ to ! pro/itutes1 :o !n ex]cis$ _! call+ only = ! pr(it ( ! goddess1 & !y exp5d$ 9 (f]+s ! money :i* !y _h ga9$ "u h] auspices4 ,at ! height ( its prosp]ity ! temple ( ,v5us at ,cor9? _h1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 "o ?\s& c\rtesans4 ,x 0 a common cu/om 9 ,greece to consecrate to ,v5us a c]ta9 numb] ( "y girls1 :5 x 0 desir$ to r5d] ! goddess fav\rable1 or :5 %e _h grant$ ! pray]s address$ to h]4 ,! ord9>y ,a!nian pro/itutes appe> to h be5 d$icat$ to ! public s]vice1 & !y 7 =bidd5 to leave ! c\ntry )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,ar*ons1 :o (t5 accord$ x only on hav+ a gu>antee t !y w\ld return4 ,!re w\ld seem ev5 to h be5 a ,college ( ,pro/itutes1 :i* 0 decl>$ useful & necess>y to ! /ate4 ,! /ory ( ! social influ5ce ( ! het] dur+ ! palmie/ days ( ,greece is too well kn[n to ne$ repetition1 & x w be f\nd fully detail$ 9 ! pages ( ,duf\r4 ,! majority ( ! het]1 h[ev]1 7 f> f be+ 9 ! position ( ,aspasia1 ,las1 & o!rs1 :o 7 ! fri5ds1 & ev5 in/ructors1 ( /atesm5 & philosoph]s4 ,al?\gh !y 7 all[$ "s ( ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 !y 7 (t5 treat$ ) implacable rig\r by ! ,areopagus1 & _! *ildr5 7 condemn$ to ! same ignom9y z !mselves4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! *ief accusation aga9/ ! pro/itutes 0 _! irreligion1 & al?\gh !y 7 prie/esses 9 "s temples1 f o!rs !y 7 rigidly exclud$4 ,among ! ,romans ! pro/itute class held a mu* l[] position 9 public op9ion ?an ) ! ,greeks1 & = a long "t its memb]s 7 treat$ z bel[ ! att5tion ( legislators1 & 7 left to ! arbitr>y regulation ( ! police4 ,!y 7 class$ ) ! slave population z civilly dead1 &1 hav+ once become 8infam\s10 ! moral /a9 0 indelible4 ,duf\r says1 z to ! religi\s "* ( ,lat9 pro/itution--8,! c\rtesans at ,rome 7 n1 z 9 ,greece1 kept at a di/ance f ! alt>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y frequ5t$ all ! temples1 9 ord]1 no d\bt1 to f9d _! fav\rable *ances ( ga92 !y %[$ _! gratitude to ! div9ity :o _h be5 propiti\s to !m1 & !y br\ght to 8 sanctu>y a portion ( ! ga9 :i* !y believ$ !y ow$ to him4 ,religion clos$ its eyes to ?is impure s\rce ( rev5ue & (f]+s2 civil legislation did n int]m$dle ) ^! details ( false devotion1 :i* conc]n$ only religion2 &1 ?anks to t tol]ance1 or r ! sy/ematic ab/5tion f judicial & religi\s control1 sacr$ pro/itution pres]v$ at ,rome ne>ly its primitive features1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 nev]!less1 t x 0 always conf9$ to ! class ( c\rtesans1 & t1 in/ead ( be+ an integral "p ( wor%ip1 x 0 a =eign accessory to x40 ,accord+ to "s ,roman writ]s1 h[ev]1 ,acca ,laur5tia 7! fo/]-"m ( ,romulus & ,remus71 9 ^: hon\r ! ,lup]cales 7 in/itut$1 0 a pro/itute1 & ! ftes ( ,flora _h a simil> orig94 ,! goddess ( fl[]s 0 orig9ally a c\rtesan1 :o made an enorm\s =tune1 :i* %e left to ! /ate4 ,h] legacy 0 accept$1 & ! ,s5ate1 9 gratitude1 decre$ t ! "n ( ,flora %\ld be inscrib$ 9 ! fa/es ( ! /ate1 & t solemn ftes %\ld p]petuate ! memory ( h] g5]osity4 ,^! ftes always pres]v$ a remembrance ( _! orig91 & 7 accompani$ by ! mo/ sc&al\s sc5es1 :i* 7 publicly enact$ 9 ! circus4 ,! religi\s pro/itutes ( antiquity f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! danc+ girls atta*$ to ! ,h9doo temples4 ,^! 8female slaves ( ! idol0 are girls :o h be5 d$icat$ to ! temple s]vice1 (t5 by _! own p>5ts1 & !y act bo? z danc+ girls & c\rtesans4 ,not)/&+ _! call+1 !y are treat$ ) great respect1 & su* w\ld seem always to h be5 ! case1 if we may judge by ! anci5t leg5d :i* relates t ,gautama 0 ent]ta9$ at ,vesali by a lady ( high rank :o _h ! title ( 8,*ief ( ! ,c\rtesans40#bcd ,no d\bt ! att5tion paid to ! appe>ance & education ( ! temple pro/itutes has mu* to d ) ! respect ) :i* !y are treat$1 ! position accord$ by ! anci5t ,greeks to ! sup]ior class ( het] be+ due to an analog\s cause4 ,bi%op ,heb] says1 9 relation to ! ,bayadres ( ,s\!rn ,india1 t !y diff] consid]ably f ! ,naut* girls ( ! ,nor!rn ,prov9ces1 8be+ all 9 ! s]vice ( diff]5t temples1 = :i* !y are pur*as$ "y1 & br\ght up ) a degree ( c>e :i* is seldom be/[$ on ! females ( ,india ( any o!r class4 ,?is c>e n only ext5ds to danc+ & s++1 & ! o!r allurem5ts ( _! mis]able pr(ession1 b to read+ & writ+4 ,_! dress is light] ?an ! bundle ( r$ clo? :i* swaddles ! figurant ( ,h9do/an1 & _! danc+ is m indec5t2 b _! g5]al appe>ance & mann] seem$ to me f> f immode/1 & _! air ev5 m respectable ?an ! g5]ality ( ! l[] classes ( ,india4444 ,! money :i* !y acquire 9 ! practice ( _! pr(ession is hall[$ to _! wick$ gods1 ^: m9i/]s are said to turn !m out )\t remorse1 or ) a v scanty provision1 :5 age or sickness r5d]s !m unfit = _! occupation4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 die "y40 ,! ,bi%op adds1 8,i _h he>d t ! ,bayadres 7 reg>d$ ) respect among ! o!r classes ( ,h9doos1 z s]vants ( ! gods1 & t1 aft] a few ye>s' s]vice1 !y (t5 m>ry respectably4 ,b1 ?\gh ,i made sev]al inquiries1 ,i _c f9d t ?is is ! case2 _! "n is a common t]m ( reproa* among ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry1 nor c\ld any man ( dec5t ca/e m>ry "o ( _! numb]40#bce ,! c\rtesans ( ,h9do/an d n appe> to be atta*$ to ! temples1 b ,tav]ni] relates t !y made (f]+s to c]ta9 idols1 to :om !y surr5d]$ !mselves :5 "y to br+ good =tune4 ,! *ief facts connect$ ) religi\s pro/itution h n[ be5 giv51 & x rema9s only to %[ t ?is sy/em has no?+ to d ) any cu/om ( communal m>riage1 or promiscu\s int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes1 su* z x is ?\ght to give evid5ce (4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock says t ! life l$ by ! c\rtesans atta*$ to ! ,h9doo temples is n consid]$ %ameful1 because !y cont9ue ! old cu/om ( ! c\ntry "u religi\s sanction4 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is :olly inaccurate1 z ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! cu/om ref]r$ to _c be e/abli%$4 ,! social ph5om5a :i* are ?\ght to e/abli% t mank9d has pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( promiscuity 9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes are capable ( totally diff]5t int]pretation4 ,! ease ) :i* any doctr9e or practice1 h[ev] absurd or mon/r\s1 w be accept$1 if x possesses a religi\s sanction1 w\ld alone acc\nt = ! respect ent]ta9$ = religi\s pro/itutes4 ,b among a p :o1 l ! ,h9doos1 view sexual immorality = p]sonal ga9 ) abhorr5ce1 su* a call+1 if x 7 bas$ on s b>b>\s a cu/om z communal m>riage1 w\ld inevitably less5 r ?an increase t s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! religi\s position accord$ to ! temple pro/itutes is connect$ ) ideas :i* h a sacr$ness ( _! own1 ! respect w be greatly increas$4 ,& ?us1 9 fact1 x is4 ,probably no cu/om is m widely spread ?an ! provid+ = a gue/ a female companion1 :o is usually a wife or daught] ( ! ho/4 ,su* a connection ) a /rang] is p]mitt$ ev5 among peoples :o are o!rwise jeal\s pres]v]s ( female *a/ity4 ,?is cu/om ( sexual hospitality is said to h be5 practis$ by ! ,babylonians 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! ,roman hi/orian1 p>5ts & husb&s did n decl9e to accept money 9 return = ! fav\rs ?us accord$4 ,eusebius ass]ts t ! ,phnicians pro/itut$ _! daught]s to /rang]s1 & t ?is 0 done = ! great] glory ( hospitality4 ,s1 also1 we f9d t at ,cyprus ! wom5 :o devot$ !mselves to ! good goddess walk$ ab\t ! %ores ( ! isl& to attract ! /rang]s :o disemb>k$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ phase ( :at is call$ sacr$ pro/itution x 0 n e man :o 0 entitl$ to enjoy its privileges4 ,! ,babylonian wom51 :o 7 compell$ to make a sacrifice ( _! p]sons once 9 _! lives1 submitt$ to ! embraces only ( /rang]s4 ,9 ,arm5ia1 also1 /rang]s alone 7 entitl$ to seek sexual hospitality 9 ! sacr$ enclosures at ! temple ( ,anatis1 & x 0 ! same 9 ,syria dur+ ! ftes ( ,v5us & ,adonis4 ,duf\r 0 /ruck by ?is fact1 &1 speak+ ( x1 he says1 8,x may be ?\ght surpris+ t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 7 s impress$ ) a wor%ip 9 :i* _! wom5 _h all ! b5efit ( ! my/]ies ( ,v5us40 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t ! =m] 7 n less int]e/$ ?an ! latt] 9 ^! my/]ies4 8,! wor%ip ( ,v5us 0 9 "s sort /ation>y = ! wom51 nomadic = ! m51 see+ t ^! c\ld visit 9 turn ! diff]5t ftes & temples ( ! goddess1 pr(it+ ev]y:]e1 9 ^! s5sual pilgrimages1 by ! advantages res]v$ to gue/s & to /rang]s40 ,besides hospitality1 ! practice ( :i* is1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 an almo/ sacr$ duty ) uncultur$ peoples1 !re 0 ano!r s]ies ( ideas associat$ ) ! sy/em ( sacr$ pro/itution4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! great aim ( woman's life is m>riage & be>+ *ildr54 ,we h a curi\s ref]5ce to ?is fact 9 ! lam5t ( ! ,hebrew wom5 = ,jeph?ah's daught]1 :i* appe>s to h be5 occasion$ less by h] dea? ?an by ! record$ fact t 8%e knew no man40 ,:5 %e he>d ( ! v[ made by h] fa!r1 %e said to him1 8,let me alone two mon?s1 t ,i may g up & d[n ^u ! m\nta9s & bewail my virg9ity1 ,i & my fell[s40 ,! desire ( ! wife1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely = *ildr51 b = a man-*ild1 ! necessity = :i* has giv5 rise to ! practice ( adoption2 ano!r cu/om :i* ,sir ,john ,lubbock believes to support 8 fav\rite doctr9e ( communal m>riage4 ,9 ,india adoption is practis$ :5 a man has no son ( 8 own1 & x has a directly religi\s motive4 ,sir ,?omas ,/range %[s t ! ,h9doo law ( inh]itance _c be und]/ood )\t ref]5ce to ! belief t a man's future happ9ess dep5ds 8^u ! p]=mance ( 8 obsequies & ! paym5t ( 8 spiritual debts40 ,he :o pays ^! debts is 8 heir2 &1 z 8(f]+s f sons are m effectual ?an (f]+s f o!r p]sons1 sons are fir/ 9 ord] ( succession40 ,h5ce to h a son is to ! ,h9doo a sacr$ duty1 & :5 8 wife be>s no *ildr51 or only daught]s1 he is compell$ by 8 religi\s belief to adopt "o4 ,we c und]/& h[ anxi\s = a son wom5 mu/ be :]e ^? ideas prevail1 & ?is anxiety has giv5 rise to v>i\s curi\s c]emonies hav+ = _! object to prev5t or cure /]ility4 ,"s ( ^!1 :i* h be5 describ$ by ,dulaure & o!r writ]s1 exi/$ 9 ,europe d[n to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,9 ,india1 & probably 9 "s o!r ,ea/]n c\ntries1 !y are /ill practis$ bo? by wives :o h cont9u$ *ildless & by newly-m>ri$ wom51 ! latt] (f]+ to ! ,l+a ! sacrifice ( _! virg9ity4 ,?is desire = *ildr5 l$ to (f]+s be+ made to ensure ! covet$ bless+1 & to v[s to be p]=m$ on its be+ obta9$4 ,! nature ( ! v[ w\ld und\bt$ly h "s ref]5ce to ! ?+ desir$2 &1 z relat$ by an old ,arabian travell] 9 ,india1 8:5 a woman has made a v[ = ! purpose ( hav+ *ildr51 if %e br+s into ! _w a pretty daught]1 %e c>ries x to ,bod 7s !y call ! idol :i* !y adore71 & leaves x ) him40 ,! crav+ = *ildr5 0 anci5tly z /rong among ,ea/]n peoples z x is at ! pres5t day1 & x is mu* m probable t ?is1 r ?an a habit ( lic5ti\sness1 ei!r ( ! wom5 !mselves or ( ! prie/s1 l$ to ! sacrifice at ! %r9e ( ,mylitta4 ,if we are to believe ,h]odotus1 ! ,babylonian wom5 7 9 8 "t not$ = _! virtue1 al?\gh at a lat] p]iod !y w\ld seem to h lo/ t *>act]i/ic4 ,! desire = *ildr5 is directly oppos$ to ! feel+ :i* w\ld op]ate 9 ! case ( communal m>riage1 :]e p>5ts & *ildr51 hav+ no special relation1 no "o w\ld h any p>ticul> int]e/ 9 pres]v+ ! issue ( su* int]c\rse4 ,among ! uncultur$ peoples ( ! pres5t era :o ! mo/ ne>ly approa* 9 _! sexual relations to a /ate ( communal m>riage1 ! indiff]5ce to *ildr5 is (t5 app>5t4 ,infanticide is v g5]al1 & abortion is (t5 practis$ by ! wom5 to enable !m to reta9 ! fav\r ( _! husb&s4 ,! sacr$ pro/itution1 :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! crav+ = *ildr51 mu/1 !re=e1 h orig9at$ at a "t :5 a consid]able advance _h be5 made 9 social culture4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+ if ! anci5t ,babyloni% cu/om _h1 ( itself1 result$ 9 a sy/em ( sacr$ pro/itution4 ,! act ( sexual int]c\rse 0 9 ! nature ( an (f]+ to ! ,goddess ( ,fecundity1 & a life ( pro/itution 9 ! s]vice ( ! goddess might well come to be view$ z pleas+ to h] & z des]v+ ( respect at ! h&s ( h] wor%ipp]s4 ,we h an analog\s phase ( ?\ght 9 ! ,japanese notion1 t a girl :o ent]s ! ,yo%iw>a = ! purpose ( ?us support+ h] p>5ts p]=ms a highly m]itori\s act4 ,9 ,arm5ia1 z we h se51 *ildr5 7 devot$ by _! p>5ts to ! s]vice ( ! great goddess = a t]m ( ye>s1 & ^? :o _h receiv$ ! mo/ num]\s fav\rs f /rang]s 7 ! mo/ eag]ly s\ght aft] 9 m>riage on ! expiration ( t p]iod4 ,t d$ication 0 9 pursuance ( a v[1 :i* no d\bt1 l ! v[s ( ,indian wom5 at ! pres5t day1 w\ld at fir/ h relation to "s sexual want1 al?\gh ?ank-(f]+s ( ! same "* w\ld aft]w>ds come to be pres5t$ by ! wor%ipp]s ( ! goddess = bless+s ( any description4 ,?us ,x5ophon consecrat$ fifty c\rtesans to ! ,cor9?ian ,v5us1 9 pursuance ( ! v[ :i* he _h made :5 he bes\ght ! goddess to give him ! victory 9 ! ,olympian games4 ,p9d> makes ,x5ophon ?us address ^! slaves ( ! goddess3 8,oh1 "y damsels1 :o receive all /rang]s & give !m hospitality1 prie/esses ( ! goddess ,pi?o 9 ! ri* ,cor9?1 x is y :o1 9 caus+ ! inc5se to burn be=e ! images ( ,v5us & 9 invok+ ! "m ( love1 (t5 m]it = u h] cele/ial aid1 & procure = u ! sweet mom5ts :i* we ta/e on ! luxuri\s c\*es :]e is ga!r$ ! delicate fruit ( beauty40 ,! legitimate inf]5ce to be made f :at has gone be=e is t sacr$ pro/itution sprang f ! primitive cu/om ( provid+ sexual hospitality = /rang]s1 ! ag5ts by :i* x 0 c>ri$ out be+ suppli$ by ! vot>ies ( ! deity "u ^: sanction ! cu/om 0 plac$4 ,assum+ its exi/5ce1 & ! /rong desire on ! "p ( m>ri$ wom5 = *ildr51 :i* l$ !m to sacrifice _! own virg9ity z an (f]+ to ! ,goddess ( ,fecundity1 or to d$icate _! daught]s to h] s]vice1 we h a p]fect explanation ( ! cu/om ( sacr$ pro/itution4 ,! duty ( ^! 8s]vants ( ! idol0 w\ld include ! furni%+ ( hospitality to ! /rang]s :o visit$ ! %r9es & ftes ( ! deity4 ,^! pilgrims became ! gue/s ( ! deity1 & %e 0 b\nd to furni% !m ) ! same hospitality z t :i* !y w\ld h met ) if !y _h be5 ent]ta9$ by private individuals4 ,! piety ( h] wor%ipp]s enabl$ h] to d ?is1 ei!r by devot+ _! daught]s = a limit$ p]iod to ?is sacr$ s]vice1 9 return = :i* ! rew>d ( fecundity w\ld be look$ =1 or by pres5t+ !m absolutely to ! goddess 9 return = fav\rs receiv$ at h] h&s4 ,x is n surpris+ t among peoples hav+ su* notions1 ! temple c\rtesans 7 reg>d$ ) great respect1 nor t ^? :o _h act$ 9 t capacity ) success 7 eag]ly s\ght aft] z wives4 ,x is m difficult to und]/& h[ sexual hospitality %\ld h come to be plac$ "u div9e sanction4 ,! difficulty vani%es1 h[ev]1 :5 ! light 9 :i* ! process ( g5]ation is view$ 9 ! ,ea/ is consid]$4 ,t :i* by u is look$ ^u z due to a passionate impulse1 0 anci5tly 7except among c]ta9 religi\s sects71 & is /ill to ! ,ea/]n m9d1 an act ( my/]i\s significance4 ,! male organ ( g5]ation 0 ! symbol ( creative p[]1 & ! v5]ation 9 :i* x 0 held l$ to practices :i* to a mod]n ,european are no?+ b disgu/+1 al?\gh to ! ,semite !y p>take ( a purely religi\s "*4 ,to pursue ?is subject fur!r w\ld be to ent] ^u ! wide field ( ,phallic wor%ip4 ,suffici5t has1 h[ev]1 already be5 said to prove t sacr$ pro/itution is only remotely connect$1 if at all1 ) communal m>riage4 ,! only app>5t connection betwe5 !m is ! sexual hospitality to /rang]s :i* ! =m] 0 e/abli%$ to supply2 b ! association is only app>5t1 z ! provid+ ( t hospitality is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! recognition ( ! value ( female *a/ity1 & is q indep5d5t ( any ideas ent]ta9$ z to m>riage4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may add t ! op9ion express$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1#bcf t ! ,grecian hetr 7 m highly e/eem$ ?an ! m>ri$ wom51 because ! =m] 7 orig9ally c\ntrywom5 & relations1 & ! latt] captives & slaves1 is n consi/5t ) ! facts ( ! case4 ,any "o conv]sant ) ! social cu/oms ( anci5t ,greece w be able to give a totally diff]5t explanation ( t ph5om5on4 ,m>riage ) =eign wom5 0 =bidd51 & ?us captives & slaves furni%$ ! ,greeks ) concub9es & pro/itutes1 :ile _! wives 7 tak5 f among _! own c\ntrywom54 ,ev5 su* 0 ! case 9 ! e>lie/ h]oic ages1 :51 says ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ! int]c\rse betwe5 husb& & wife 0 8?or\ghly natural1 full ( w>m?1 dignity1 reciprocal def]5ce1 & sub/antial1 if n conv5tional delicacy40 ,! same writ] says3 8,! relations ( y\? & maid5 g5]ally are indicat$ ) extreme beauty & t5d]ness 9 ! ,iliad2 & ^? ( ! unm>ri$ woman to a suitor1 or probable sp\se1 are s portray$1 9 ! case ( ! incomp>able ,nausicaa1 z to %[ a delicacy & fre$om t no p]iod ( hi/ory or /ate ( mann]s c surpass40#bcg ,,footnotes3 #bcj ,sir ,john ,lubbock's 8,orig9 ( ,civilisation10 #crd ed41 p4 #if4 #bca ,clio1 sec4 #aii4 #bcb ,bk4 ii41 ,melpom41 #agb4 #bcc 8,anci5t ,egyptians10 iv41 #bjd4 #bcd ,mrs4 ,spi]'s 8,life 9 ,anci5t ,india10 p4 #bha4 #bce 8,j\rney10 iii41 #bai4 #bcf ,op4 cit41 p4 #abj4 #bcg 8,juv5tus ,mundi10 pp4 #djh1 #daa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,m>riage ,,among ,,primitive ,,peoples4 ,! usual idea associat$ ) ! t]m 8m>riage0 is ! union 9 dome/ic life ( a s+le pair ( individuals1 & ) few exceptions ?is is ! only m>riage recognis$ by ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,we le>n f ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures t ! ,hebrews _h diff]5t ideas on t subject4 ,!y n only consid]$ x all[able = a man to h m ?an "o wife1 b app>5tly !y ?\ght he might h z _m wives z he *ose4 ,?is sy/em ( m>riage1 to :i* ! t]m polygamy has be5 usually appli$1 is /ill preval5t 9 mo/ c\ntries outside ( ! ,european area4 ,! monogam\s & polygam\s =ms ( m>riage are1 h[ev]1 by no means ! only possible ones4 ,in/ead ( a man & a woman liv+ toge!r1 a numb] ( individuals may ?us associate1 & 9 lieu ( a man hav+ sev]al wives a woman may conceivably h m ?an "o husb&4 ,moreov]1 m>riage may be subject to v>y+ regulations or re/rictions1 caus+ ! same sy/em to pres5t dissimil> features 9 diff]5t localities4 ,t :i* is possible 9 social life may reasonably be expect$ to occur some:]e or o!r on ! e>?'s surface2 &1 z a fact1 all ! types ( m>riage ref]r$ to are to be f\nd among peoples ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! mo/ civilis$ races1 ( :i* we may call ! mod]n _w1 h1 ) ! exception ( ! ,*9ese1 belong$ to ! two great bran*es ( ! ,caucasian /ock1 ! ,aryan & ! ,semitic-speak+ peoples4 ,^? races1 & especially su* ( !m z inhabit ! ,we/]n "p ( ! ,old ,cont95t1 h %[n a pref]5ce = monogamy or polygamy1 ! =m] be+ almo/ re/rict$ to ,europeans1 ! latt] be+ ne>ly univ]sal among ! ,asiatic portion ( ! ,caucasian /ock4 ,! inf]ior races1 h[ev]1 possess ! lea/ advanc$ sy/ems ( m>riage4 ,! natives ( ! ,au/ralian ,cont95t are usually reg>d$ z ! mo/ uncivilis$ ( mank9d1 & among !m !re has be5 develop$ a sy/em :i* "s p]sons w\ld probably consid] n entitl$ to ! "n ( m>riage4 ,9 x individuals give place !oretically to gr\ps1 betwe5 :om ! m>riage relation is suppos$ to be =m$1 ! individuals be+ treat$ only z memb]s ( a gr\p4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is peculi> sy/em has be5 e/abli%$ by ! inquiries ( ! ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 :o has %[n1 moreov]1 t ,au/ralian m>riage 8is some?+ m ?an ! m>riage ( gr\p to gr\p1 )9 a tribe4 ,x is an arrangem5t1 ext5d+ across a ,cont95t1 :i* divides _m widely-scatt]$ tribes into int]m>ry+ classes1 & gives a man ( "o class m>ital rites ov] wom5 ( ano!r class 9 a tribe a ?\s& miles away1 & speak+ a language o!r ?an 8 own4 ,x seems to be /rong evid5ce ( ! common orig9 ( all ! ,au/ralian tribes among :om x prevails2 & x is a /rik+ illu/ration ( h[ cu/om rema9s fix$ :ile language *anges40#bch ,an ,am]ican writ]1 ,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan1 :o 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! preval5ce among ! less cultur$ races ( mank9d ( relation%ip :i* he t]ms 8classificatory10 9 opposition to ! descriptive relation%ips ( ! sup]ior races1 /ates t1 accord+ to ,au/ralian m>riage1 8a gr\p ( males di/+ui%$ by ! same class "n are ! born husb&s ( a gr\p ( females be>+ ano!r class "n2 & :5ev] a male ( ?is class meets a female ( ! o!r class1 !y recognise ea* o!r z husb& & wife1 & _! "r to live 9 ?is relation is reg>d$ by ! tribe to :i* !y belong40 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is sy/em is1 n t ea* individual is entitl$ to take a wife or husb& out ( a p>ticul> gr\p1 b t1 9 !ory1 e individual is f bir? ! husb& or wife ( all ! memb]s ( a special gr\p4 ,mr4 ,fison rem>ks fur!r t ! idea ( m>riage "u t sy/em is f\nd$ on ! rights nei!r ( ! woman nor ( ! man4 ,x is bas$ 8on ! rights ( ! tribe1 or r ( ! classes into :i* ! tribe is divid$4 ,class m>riage is n a contract ent]$ into by two p>ties4 ,x is a natural /ate into :i* bo? p>ties are born1 & !y h to be cont5t ) t /ate :]eunto !y are call$40 ,b :at is ! nature ( ! social organisation to :i* ! sy/em ( gr\p m>riage belongs8 ,at ! pres5t "t ne>ly all ! exi/+ ,au/ralian tribes are divid$ into f\r classes1 into "o ( :i* e individual is born4 ,! memb]s ( ea* class are suppos$ to trace _! desc5t to ! same common female ance/or1 !y are treat$ z ( ! same degrees ( k9%ip to ea* o!r1 & !y are n all[$ to int]m>ry4 ,!re is reason to believe t orig9ally1 p]haps :5 ! ance/ors ( all ! exi/+ tribes resid$ 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 ea* tribe consi/$ ( only two classes4 ,9 ?is case1 ! law ( gr\p m>riage1 "u ! regulations z to m>riage & desc5t j m5tion$1 w\ld require t all ! memb]s ( ea* class %\ld be real or tribal bro!rs & si/]s ( ea* o!r1 & ! husb&s & wives ( all ! memb]s ( ! o!r class4 ,! !oretical result w\ld be1 t all ! m5 ( ea* class w\ld h _! wives 9 common1 & all ! wom5 ( ea* class _! husb&s 9 common4 ,:e!r ! numb] ( individuals 9 ea* gr\p 0 l>ge or small1 ! result w\ld be ! same4 ,9 practice1 ! ex]cise ( ! ext5d$ m>riage "r w\ld be re/rict$ to a few individuals1 b t its exi/5ce is g5]ally und]/ood is %[n by ! /atem5t ( a native s]vant1 :o _h travell$ f> & wide 9 ,au/ralia1 t 8he 0 furni%$ ) tempor>y wives by ! v>i\s tribes ) :om he soj\rn$ 9 8 travels2 t 8 "r to ^? wom5 0 recognis$ z a matt] ( c\rse2 & t he c\ld always asc]ta9 :e!r !y belong$ to ! division into :i* he c\ld legally m>ry1 ?\gh ! places 7 a ?\s& miles ap>t1 & ! languages q diff]5t40 ,?is p>ticul> case might1 p]haps1 be expla9$ z an extreme example ( ! grant+ ( sexual hospitality2 b ,mr4 ,fison ref]s to sev]al facts :i* prove ! reality ( ! relation%ips aris+ out ( gr\p m>riage1 & !re=e ( ?is sy/em itself4 ,he /ates t an ,au/ralian 8has ! rights ( a bro!r1 & he ackn[l$ges ! duties ( a bro!r1 t[>ds e man ( 8 own gr\p2 & he c no m m>ry a woman ( a gr\p :i* is #8si/]' to 8 own ?an we c m>ry our own si/]40 ,among ! ,au/ralians1 z among "s o!r races :o are suppos$ to h _h at "o "t a simil> m>riage sy/em1 a "m-9-law & a son-9-law mutually avoid ea* o!r4 ,?is conduct is bas$ on ! fact t ! "m-9-law belongs to ! class ( wom5 ov] :om ! son-9-law has a m>ital "r1 b z %e is specially =bidd5 to him !y mu/ keep out ( ea* o!r's way4 ,aga91 ! incid5ts att5dant on adoption are 9 accordance ) ! reality ( gr\p relation%ips4 ,a p]son :o is adopt$ into a g5s or family 8=?) ab&ons all ! relation%ips ( 8 own g5s1 & takes ^? ( ! g5s into :i* he is adopt$10 a result :i* is due to ! fact t relation%ip is conceiv$1 n betwe5 individual & individual1 b betwe5 gr\p & gr\p4 ,extraord9>y z is ! ,au/ralian sy/em at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ea* class1 or int]m>ry+ gr\p1 embraces s _m individuals1 x w\ld n appe> s /range if1 z 0 orig9ally ! case1 ea* gr\p consi/$ only ( ! imm$iate desc5dants ( ! common female ance/or4 ,9 ?is case all ! males 9 any p>ticul> g5]ation ( ea* family gr\p w\ld be ! husb&s ( all ! females 9 ! same g5]ation ( ! o!r family2 9 o!r words1 all ! m5 ( ea* gr\p w\ld h _! wives 9 common & all ! wom5 _! husb&s 9 common4 ,moreov]1 ! actual practice ( ! ,au/ralian tribes diff]s f ! !ory4 ,e man & e woman is p]man5tly m>ri$ to an individual ( ! opposite sex1 & (t5 ?is connection is =m$ at an e>ly age by arrangem5t betwe5 ! p>5ts ( ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 ea* ( ^! p]sons may be allott$ by ! great c\ncil ( ! tribe z an 8accessory sp\se10 or pirauru1 to "s o!r individual4 ,! ,au/ralian sy/em1 !re=e1 pres5ts a mixture ( individual m>riage & gr\p m>riage1 ! latt] ( :i* is evid5tly closely connect$ ) ! "r ( sexual hospitality1 :i* is consid]$ by ! savage m9d z natural & ( great importance4 ,au/ralian m>riage is ?us bas$ on :at may be !oretically t]m$ ! natural m>riage betwe5 two gr\ps ( individuals ^: wi%es are nev] consult$ 9 ! matt]4 ,! same arrangem5t might1 ( c\rse1 be made among ! individuals !mselves1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 a =m ( gr\p m>riage1 mu* re/rict$ 9 its op]ation1 0 at "o "t fully recognis$ among ! ,polynesian ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is sy/em 0 kn[n z punalua1 & x consi/$ 9 two or m bro!rs hav+ _! wives1 or two or m si/]s hav+ _! husb&s1 9 common4 ,"h1 bro!rs & si/]s =m "o gr\p1 & ! wives ( ! "o ) ! husb&s ( ! o!r1 !mselves be+ bro!rs & si/]s 7actual or tribal71 =m ano!r gr\p answ]+ to ! int]m>ry+ classes ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,! ,polynesian punalua & ! ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage are1 !re=e1 fundam5tally ! same4#bci ,! ,au/ralian sy/em is mu* ! m compreh5sive1 h[ev]1 z x affects all ! memb]s ( a class1 :ile ! ,polynesian affects only ! p]sons imm$iately conc]n$4 ,ea* punaluan gr\p appe>s to be =m$ indep5d5tly1 ) ! cons5t ( all ! p>ties to ! arrangem5t1 & )\t conf]r+ any sexual "r on ! *ildr5 belong+ to x4 ,?is is totally unlike ! ,au/ralian practice1 :i* recognises individuals only z memb]s ( p>ticul> gr\ps1 /&+ to ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 m>ital relation & p]petuat$ by desc5t ?r\gh _! female memb]s4 ,! latt] may be describ$ z h]$it>y punalua1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,polynesian sy/em1 :i* is purely p]sonal4 ,mr4 ,morgan po9ts out t punalua may be ( two =ms1 "o f\nd$ on ! bro!rhood ( ! husb&s1 & ! o!r on ! si/]hood ( ! wives1 ! m5 ( ea* gr\p be+ polygam\s & ! wom5 poly&r\s4 ,bo? =ms ( t m>riage arrangem5t are said to h exi/$ among ! natives ( ,am]ica1 al?\gh1 :5 discov]$ by ,europeans1 ! family ) !m 0 f\nd$ on m>riage betwe5 s+le pairs1 b )\t exclusive cohabitation4 ,?us1 x 0 n uncommon = a man :o m>ri$ an elde/ daught] to claim all 8 wife's si/]s1 & he appe>s to h occasionally all[$ 8 bro!rs to p>ticipate 9 ! matrimonial privileges4 ,9 o!r cases1 a man m>ri$ ! si/] ( 8 deceas$ wife z a matt] ( c\rse1 b he did n take h] 9 8 wife's lifetime4 ,simil> cu/oms exi/ 9 "s p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 :]e ! old sy/em ( m>riage has be5 almo/ =gott54 ,! poly&r\s =m ( punalua 0 kn[n to ! ,au/ralians ei!r z a feature ( ! gr\p "r1 or 9 ! c\rse ( its decad5ce4 ,?us1 e woman _h accessory husb&s or p>am\rs :o associat$ ) h] tempor>ily1 not)/&+ t %e _h a recognis$ husb& ) :om %e habitually cohabit$4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,lance m5tions a tribe 9 :i* mo/ ( ! wom5 are nom9ally ! wives ( eld]ly m51 :o are1 h[ev]1 oblig$ to l5d !m on /at$ occasions to ! y\ng] m5 ( ! all[$ classes4 ,x is evid5t t circum/ances may fav\r ! developm5t ( ei!r ! poly&r\s or ! polygam\s =m ( punalua to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,a sc>city ( wom5 w\ld t5d to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! =m] sy/em1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ,todas ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,?is f9e race ( hillm5 7 invet]ate practis]s ( female infanticide d[n to a rec5t date1 & x 0 almo/ ! univ]sal practice = a family ( ne> relations to live toge!r 9 "o hut1 hav+ wife1 *ildr51 & cattle 9 common4#bdj ,! cont9u$ =mation ( su* alliances appe>s to h l$ to a result mu* resembl+ ! gr\p m>riage ( ! ,au/ralians4 ,z ,colonel ,m>%all /ates1 8! family come to be repres5t$ ma9ly by a knot ( bro!rs1 half-bro!rs1 & c\s9s1 m>ri$ to closely relat$ k9swom5 9 ne>ly equal numb]s2 ! m5 be+ ! common fa!rs ( all ! prog5y2 ea* woman1 h[ev]1 ! "m ( h] own *ildr5 only40#bda ,! ,todas h1 "u ,briti% influ5ce1 giv5 up ! practice ( infanticide1 b !y h few] female ?an male *ildr51 ow+ to a prepond]ance ( male bir?s1 & poly&ry is /ill cu/om>y among !m4 ,a woman is at fir/ m>ri$ ) h] own cons5t to "o man1 :o pays ! d[ry4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 8if ! husb& has bro!rs1 or v ne> relatives1 all liv+ toge!r1 !y may ea*1 if bo? %e & he cons5t1 p>ticipate 9 ! "r to be consid]$ h] husb& also1 on mak+ up a %>e ( ! d[ry t has be5 paid40#bdb ,not)/&+ ! example ( ! ,todas1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t a sc>city ( wom5 is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( poly&ry4 ,9 ,tibet ?is sy/em ( m>riage is univ]sal1 & x has be5 s f "t immemorial4 ,nev]!less1 unm>ri$ wom5 are num]\s1 & infanticide is n practis$4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,wilson def9$ ,tibetan poly&ry z ! m>riage ( "o woman to two or m bro!rs1 & ^! are actual bro!rs1 al?\gh at "o "t probably !y may also h be5 tribal4 ,! *oice ( a wife is ! "r ( ! eld] bro!r1 & ,mr4 ,wilson /ates#bdc t 8among ! ,tibetan-speak+ p x univ]sally prevails t ! contract he makes is und]/ood to involve a m>ital contract ) all ! bro!rs1 if !y *oose to avail !mselves ( x40 ,moreov]1 all ! *ildr5 ( ! m>riage belong to ! elde/ bro!r1 z ! head ( ! family gr\p4 ,9 ,ladak1#bdd h[ev]1 ! cons5t ( ! y\ng] bro!rs is requir$ to ! m>ital p>tn]%ip1 al?\gh on ! dea? ( ! elde/ bro!r 8 au?ority1 ) 8 prop]ty & 8 wid[1 devolve ^u 8 next bro!r1 :e!r or n !re has be5 a poly&r\s arrangem5t4 ,mr4 ,wilson obs]ves#bde t ,tibetan poly&ry _h ! effect 8( *eck+ ! increase ( population 9 regions f :i* emigration is difficult1 & :]e x is also difficult to increase ! means ( subsi/5ce40 ,x is due to an artificial sc>city ( wives1 r ?an ( wom51 9 :i* x diff]s f ! poly&ry ( ! ,todas1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( an actual sc>city ( females1 caus$ orig9ally by ! practice ( infanticide1 & aft]w>ds by a prepond]ance ( male bir?s4 ,bo? ! ,tibetans & ! ,todas trace desc5t ?r\gh ! male l9e--t is1 take ! family or g5tile "n ( ! fa!r2 b "s peoples ( ,s\!rn ,india1 :o practice poly&ry1 pref] ! female l9e4 ,?is is n surpris+1 :5 we f9d1 z among ! ,nairs ( ,malab>1 t n only has a woman sev]al husb&s1 b a man 8may be "o 9 sev]al comb9ations ( husb&s40 ,su* unions1 :i* are gov]n$ by c]ta9 re/rictions z to tribe & ca/e1 closely resemble ! ,au/ralian gr\p m>riage4 ,9 ,ceylon1 :]e poly&ry is v preval5t among ! ,k&yans1 m>riage is ( two =ms1 "o t]m$ deega1 9 :i* ! wife goes to live 9 ! h\se & village ( h] husb& or husb&s1 ! o!r1 t]m$ be5a1 9 :i* ! husb& or husb&s come to reside ) h] 9 ! h\se ( h] bir?4 ,! ,tibetan poly&ry may be a =m ( ! deega m>riage1 & ! ,nair poly&ry a =m ( ! be5a m>riage1 al?\gh x is possible t ! latt] may be a 8m]e freak10 if x be true 7z ,mr4 ,wilson affirms7 t ! ,nairs are nom9ally m>ri$ to girls ( _! own ca/e1 b nev] h any int]c\rse ) _! wives1 :o may h z _m lov]s z !y please1 provid$ !y are ,brahm9s or ,nairs1 o!r ?an ! husb&4 ,^! lov]s answ] to ! p>am\rs ( ! ,au/ralian sy/em1 b1 :]eas ! latt] occupy a second>y place1 among ! ,nairs x is ! husb& :o is 9 t position4 ,?is cu/om may n improbably be expla9$ by ! rem>ks ( a ,mohamm$an writ]1 :o says1#bdf ) reg>d to ! m>riages ( ! ,brahm9s ( ,malab>1 8:5 !re are sev]al bro!rs 9 "o family1 ! elde/ ( !m alone ent]s into ! conjugal /ate 7except 9 cases :]e x is evid5t t he w h no issue71 ! rema9d] refra9+ f m>riage1 9 ord] t heirs may n multiply to ! confusion ( inh]itance4 ,! y\ng] bro!rs1 h[ev]1 int]m>ry ) wom5 ( ! ,nair ca/e )\t ent]+ into any compact ) !m1 ?us foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! ,nairs1 :o h !mselves no conjugal contract4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any *ildr5 be+ born f ^! connections1 !y are exclud$ f ! inh]itance2 b %\ld x appe> evid5t t ! eld] bro!r w n h issue1 !n ano!r bro!r1 ! next to him 9 age1 w m>ry40 ,! irregul> m>riages ) ! ,nair wom5 71 p]haps1 introduc$ by ! ,brahm9s to provide wives = ! bro!rs ( _! ca/e :o 7 n all[$ to m>ry4 ,! orig9al ,nair poly&ry may h be5 simil> to t ( ! c>p5t]s1 ironsmi?s1 pa9t]s1 & o!r ,malab> ca/es1 :o 7says ! same writ]7 8cohabit1 two or m toge!r1 ) "o woman1 b n unless !y are bro!rs1 or 9 "s way relat$1 le/ confusion %\ld ensue 9 ! inh]itance ( prop]ty40 ,x is ?\ght1 f c]ta9 facts m5tion$ 9 ! ,mah ,bhrata1 t poly&ry 0 a recognis$ in/itution among ! e>ly ,h9dus1 & t ! elde/ bro!r _h ! "r1 z n[ among ! ,tibetans1 to *oose a wife = ! family4 ,"s writ]s h gone s f> ev5 z to ass]t t all ! peoples ( ! primitive ,aryan /ock1 & our own ,briti% ance/ors among/ !m1 practis$ ! same cu/om or "s =m ( gr\p m>riage4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,m',l5nan reg>d$ ! ,hebrew law ( ! ,levirate1 :i* requir$ a y\ng] son to take 8 eld] bro!r's wid[ if he _h di$ *ildless1 z hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! practice ( poly&ry4 ,:e!r ?is 0 s1 or :e!r x 0 m]ely a regulation to prev5t ! eld] bran* ( a /ock f becom+ ext9ct1 traces ( poly&ry h und\bt$ly be5 met ) among peoples ( ! ,semitic /ock4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 mo/ preval5t among ! tribes ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 & x 0 probably due1 *iefly to ! pov]ty ( ! p1#bdg z among ! ,tibetans1 :o may h directly influ5c$ ! developm5t ( poly&ry 9 ,arabia4 ,! true m>riage sy/em ( ! ,semitic peoples 0 punalua ( ! polygam\s =m1 9 :i* sev]al si/]s _h a husb& 9 common4 ,we h an in/ance ( x 9 ! m>riage ( ,jacob ) ! si/]s ,leah & ,ra*el4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 h[ev]1 :5 blood or ev5 tribal relation%ip betwe5 ! wives 0 n requir$1 ! practice ( polygamy became fully e/abli%$4 ,?is sy/em has atta9$ its *ief developm5t among ! ,semitic races & ^? ,african peoples :o are alli$ to !m by blood4 ,! mo/ widely-spread =ms ( m>riage n[ exi/+ are polygamy & monogamy1 & :ile ! =m] may be trac$ to ! polygam\s phase ( punalua or gr\p m>riage1 x is n improbable t ! latt] is traceable to ! poly&r\s phase4 ,at all ev5ts1 monogamy has be5 e/abli%$ *iefly among ^? races :o are suppos$1 =m]ly1 to h be5 poly&r\s4 ,! ,au/ralians1 among :om gr\p m>riage has rea*$ s full a developm5t1 are said to %[ a t5d5cy to ! introduction ( individual m>riage4 ,desc5t ?r\gh ! female l9e1 :i* 01 at "o "t1 univ]sal among !m1 is giv+ place to desc5t ?r\gh males1 :]e resid5ce has become fix$ & prop]ty accumulat$4 ,! *ange is accompani$ by a weak5+ ( ! gr\p "r1 & ! gradual introduction ( m>riage 8by gifts1 by ex*ange1 by capture1 & by elopem5t1 "o or o!r ( ^! pr$om9at+40 ,! rights ( ! individual are ?us sub/itut$ = ^? ( ! gr\p1 & individual m>riage is recognis$4 ,/range z are ! v>i\s m>riage sy/ems we h ref]r$ to1 !y are bas$ on ! v simple pr9ciple t e individual has a sexual "r4 ,! conditions "u :i* ?is "r may be ex]cis$ v>y among diff]5t peoples1 _! op]ation giv+ rise to ! peculi> m>ri$ arrangem5ts 9 "q4 ,among ! ,au/ralians1 almo/ ! only re/riction on sexual unions appe>s to be t aris+ f consangu9ity4 ,_! m>riage regulations h evid5tly be5 =m$ ) ! int5tion ( absolutely prohibit+ unions betwe5 p]sons ne> ( k94 ,al?\gh m>riage ) a si/] ( ! half-blood is (t5 p]mitt$1 & = special reasons m>riage ) a full si/] may be all[$1 ! objection to consangu9e\s unions may be decl>$ to be univ]sal among peoples ( a l[ degree ( culture4 ,_! m>riage regulations1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally int5d$ to h c]ta9 positive results4 ,! *ief result aim$ at w\ld seem to be ! prev5tion ( ov]-population4 ,?is fact1 comb9$ ) ! recognition ( ! sexual rights ( man1 acc\nts = ! poly&ry ( ! ,tibetans & ! ,h9dus1 & ! atta9m5t ( x is 9 _m cases aid$ by ! practice ( infanticide4 ,polygamy1 on ! o!r h&1 has no app>5t relation to ! "q ( population4 ,x is connect$ r ) ! rights ( ! g5s or family to :i* ! wom5 belong1 ! man hav+1 9 _m cases1 c]ta9 duties to p]=m be=e he c obta9 8 wife or wives4 ,! developm5t ( polygamy is1 moreov]1 att5d$ ) an invasion ( ! sexual rights ( individuals2 z ! appropriation ( ! wom5 by ! ri* or p[]ful (t5 r5d]s ! obta9+ ( wives by ! poor or weak difficult1 if n impossible4 ,! objection ent]ta9$ by peoples ( a l[ degree ( culture to ! m>riage ( p]sons ne> ( k9 is a /rong gr\nd ( objection to ,mr4 ,morgan's !ory t consangu9e\s unions 7 ! e>lie/ to be =m$2 9 o!r words1 t 8promiscu\s int]m>riage betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s & o!rs ( ! close/ k90 01 at "o "t1 cu/om>y4 ,mr4 ,fison ref]s to v>i\s practices :i* he ?9ks po9t to ! =m] exi/5ce ( su* a /ate ( ?+s among ! ,au/ralians4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y are m]ely incid5ts ( ! gr\p m>riage :i* has be5 develop$ by t race1 or at mo/1 ! result ( tempor>y susp5sion "u special circum/ances ( ! re/rictions :i* t sy/em en=ces4 ,!y are1 inde$1 cases ( lic5ti\sness simil> to :at is (t5 met ) among _m peoples dur+ religi\s & o!r fe/ivals4 ,! occurr5ce ( a tempor>y condition ( lawlessness on v>i\s occasions1 su* z ! dea? ( a *ief or ! celebration ( an important ev5t1 is n unkn[n ev5 to civilis$ nations4 ,mr4 ,morgan's op9ion z to ! =m] preval5ce ( consangu9e\s m>riages d]ives no real support f ! fact m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,fison1 & z ,i h else:]e#bdh %[n1 m>riages ( t "* are n requir$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ip :i* exi/s among ! primitive races ( mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 #bch 8,kamil>oi & ,kurnai10 p4 #ed4 #bci ,mr4 ,fison alludes to ! ,new ,zeal& practice ( a woman's suitors wre/l+ = h]1 :i* is call$ pun>ua4 ,?is ^w1 he says1 is ! ,hawaiian punalua1 :i* d5otes ! common-"r ( tribal bro!rs to c]ta9 wom5 7note1 p4 #aec74 #bdj 8,a ,phr5ologi/ among ! ,todas10 by ,col4 ,william ,e4 ,m>%all1 p4 #bac4 #bda ,ditto1 p4 #bbf4 #bdb 8,a ,phr5ologi/ among ! ,todas10 by ,col4 ,william ,e4 ,m>%all1 p4 #dc4 #bdc 8,! ,abode ( ,sn[10 p4 #bcc4 #bdd 8,anci5t ,society10 by ,j4 ,f4 ,m',l5nan1 p4 #aeh4 #bde ,op4 cit41 p4 #bcd4 #bdf 8,tohful-ul-,mujahide510 p4 #fc4 #bdg 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia10 pp4 #abh1 #bce4 #bdh 8,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute10 vol4 viii4 7#ahgi71 p4 #add1 et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,m>riage ,,by ,,capture4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ! preval5ce among peoples ( all degrees ( culture ( :at has be5 call$ 8m>riage by capture10 or ( rites :i* furni% evid5ce ( its =m] exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,m',l5nan traces x to infanticide1 :i* by 8r5d]+ wom5 sc>ce1 l$ at once to poly&ry )9 ! tribe1 & ! captur+ ( wom5 f )\t40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock ascribes ! orig9 ( 8m>riage by capture0 to a desire on ! "p ( individuals to acquire wom5 = !mselves1 8)\t infr++ on ! g5]al rights ( ! tribe40 ,accord+ to ?is view1 communal m>riage 0 replac$ by special connections1 accompani$ by ! introduction ( a =eign elem5t1 giv+ rise to ! practice ( exogamy4 ,! ref]5ce to ?is practice 7! necessity = :i* mu/1 if ,mr4 ,m',l5nan's idea is correct1 h prec$$ 8m>riage by capture10 in/ead ( ! latt] orig9at+ x7 unnecess>ily complicates ! "q "u discussion4 ,al?\gh exogamy is (t5 associat$ ) =cible m>riage1 ! two ?+s are p]fectly di/9ct1 & !y h _h totally diff]5t orig9s4 ,mr4 ,morgan v ju/ly connects ! =m] ) c]ta9 ideas ent]ta9$ by primitive peoples ) reg>d to blood relation%ip1 & x c be expla9$ mo/ simply & rationally z m>riage out ( ! clan1 x hav+ sprang f ! belief t all ! memb]s ( a clan are relat$ by blood1 & !re=e incapable ( be+ unit$ 9 m>riage4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! fact t tribes :i* are endogam\s 9 relation to o!r tribes are exogam\s 9 ! s5se t !y comprise sev]al clans1 ! memb]s ( none ( :i* c int]m>ry among !mselves4 ,we h a curi\s example ( ?is limit$ exogamy 9 ! ,*9ese1 among :om p]sons be>+ ! same family "n are n p]mitt$ to int]m>ry4 ,true endogamy w\ld seem to exi/ among v few peoples1 & :5 x is practis$ ! cu/om is probably due to special circum/ances1 :i*1 giv+ prom95ce to a p>ticul> clan1 h enabl$ !m to claim a ca/e privilege1 or x may be ow+ to a necessity aris+ f ! complete sev]ance ( ! memb]s ( a clan f _! fell[s4 ,! sc>city ( wom51 :e!r occasion$ by infanticide or polygamy1 may h r5d]$ exogamy m requisite1 & x may h be5 complicat$ by =cible m>riage1 b none ( ^! h any real be>+ on its orig94 ,x c\ld be %[n )\t difficulty t ! op9ion ent]ta9$ by ! writ]s ,i h ref]r$ to1 t ! primitive condition ( man 0 "o ( communal m>riage1 is unt5able1 & if ,i am correct 9 ?is conclusion1 !re w be no occasion to consid] ! argum5t t 8m>riage by capture0 dep5d$ on su* a social condition4 ,! idea t 8m>riage by capture0 orig9at$ 9 ! necessity = exogamy1 aris+ f infanticide or "s o!r practice1 is m plausible1 & su* an explanation ( ! cu/om may be accept$ :]e x is n univ]sal 9 a tribe1 b resort$ to only 9 p>ticul> cases or "u special conditions4 ,! capture ( wives among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es is expressly acc\nt$ = by ,oldfield z be+ due to ! sc>city ( wom54 ,b :]e =cible m>riage c be trac$ to ! action ( individual caprice x mu/ be treat$ z exceptional1 & "s o!r explanation mu/ be s\ght = ! widespread practices :i* are suppos$ to prove ! =m] preval5ce ( t cu/om4 ,f ?is /&po9t ,mr4 ,m',l5nan's explanation is f> f satisfactory1 z may be %[n by analysis ( ! incid5ts att5dant on 8m>riage by capture10 z practis$ by diff]5t peoples4 ,x is true t sometimes ! c>ry+ (f ( ! bride is resi/$ by h] fri5ds1 & is att5d$ 9 "s cases1 z among ! ,wel% d[n to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 by a %am fight betwe5 !m & ! fri5ds ( ! bridegroom2 al?\gh among o!r peoples1 z ) ! ,khonds ( ,india1 ! protection ( ! bride is left to h] female companions4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases cit$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 h[ev]1 ! suitor =cibly removes ! bride )\t any h9drance f h] fri5ds4 ,occasionally1 z ) ! ,tunguses1 ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 & ! ,m&+os1 %e /rongly resi/s4 ,among o!r peoples1 z ) ! ,esquimaux1 ! resi/ance is usually only pret5d$1 & is ?us analog\s to ! %am fight already ref]r$ to4 ,9 all ^! cases alike1 h[ev]1 x is ! girl only :o has to be conqu]$1 & if ! resi/ance 7 real x w\ld dep5d on h]self :e!r or n %e %\ld be captur$4 ,!re are o!r incid5ts ( ?is =cible m>riage :i* h m significance ?an has hi!rto be5 atta*$ to !m4 ,among ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 if ! girl :o is be+ c>ri$ (f c break away f h] captor & rega9 h] fa!r's h\se1 ! suitor loses all *ance ( ev] obta9+ h] 9 m>riage4 ,s1 also1 among ! ,fijians1 if a woman does n approve ( ! man :o has tak5 h] by =ce to 8 h\se1 %e leaves him = "s "o :o c protect h]4 ,among ! ,fuegians ! girl :o is n will+ to accept h] w\ld-be husb& does n wait to be c>ri$ (f1 b hides h]self 9 ! woods1 & rema9s conceal$ until he is tir$ ( look+ = h]4 ,accord+ to ,mongol cu/om1 ! bride hides h]self ) "s ( h] relations1 & ! bridegroom has to se>* = & f9d h]4 ,some?+ l ! ,fuegian cu/om is practis$ by ! ,aitas1 among :om ! bride has to conceal h]self 9 a wood1 :]e ! suitor mu/ f9d h] be=e sunset4 ,9 ^! cases ! w ( ! bride-elect is a v important elem5t1 & x is equally s 9 ^? cases :]e %e is captur$ & c>ri$ (f only aft] a prolong$ *ase4 ,?us1 ) ! ,kalmucks1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ! girl gallops away at full spe$1 pursu$ by h] suitor1 & if %e does n wi% to m>ry him %e always effects h] escape4 ,an analog\s cu/om is f\nd among ! uncultur$ tribes ( ! ,malayan ,p59sula4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! *ase is on foot1 & g5]ally r\nd a circle1 al?\gh sometimes 9 ! =e/1 &1 z ,b\ri5 7quot$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock7 says1 ! pursu] is successful only if he 8has _h ! good =tune to please ! int5d$ bride40 ,a simil> cu/om is f\nd among ! ,koraks ( ,north,eastern ,asia4 ,"h ! c]emony takes place )9 a l>ge t5t conta9+ num]\s sep>ate comp>tm5ts 7pologs71 arrang$ 9 a cont9u\s circle ar\nd its inn] circumf]5ce4 ,mr4 ,k5nan 79 8 8,t5t ,life 9 ,sib]ia07 gives an amus+ & in/ructive description ( su* a c]emony4 ,! wom5 ( ! encampm5t1 arm$ ) will[ & ald] rods1 /ation$ !mselves at ! entrances ( ! pologs1 ! front curta9s ( :i* 7 ?r[n up4 ,!n1 at a giv5 signal1 8! bride d>t$ sudd5ly into ! fir/ polog1 & began a rapid flight ar\nd ! t5t1 rais+ ! curta9s betwe5 ! pologs successively1 & pass+ "u4 ,! bridegroom in/antly foll[$ 9 hot pursuit1 b ! wom5 :o 7 /ation$ 9 ea* comp>tm5t ?rew e possible imp$im5t 9 8 way1 tripp+ up 8 unw>y feet1 hold+ d[n ! curta9s to prev5t 8 passage1 & apply+ ! will[ & ald] swit*es unm]cifully to a v susceptible "p ( 8 body z he /oop$ to raise !m4444 ,) undismay$ p]sev]ance he press$ on1 /umbl+ headlong ov] ! out/ret*$ feet ( 8 female p]secutors1 & gett+ con/antly entangl$ 9 ! ample folds ( ! re9de]-sk9 curta9s1 :i* 7 ?r[n ) ! skill ( a matador ov] 8 head & eyes4 ,9 a mom5t ! bride _h ent]$ ! la/ clos$ polog ne> ! door1 :ile ! un=tunate bridegroom 0 /ill /ruggl+ ) 8 accumulat$ mis=tunes ab\t half way r\nd ! t5t4 ,i expect$10 says ! travell]1 8to see him relax 8 ef=ts & give up ! conte/ :5 ! bride disappe>$1 & 0 prep>+ to prote/ /rongly on 8 behalf aga9/ ! unfairness ( ! trial2 b1 to my surprise1 he /ill /ruggl$ on1 & ) a f9al plunge1 bur/ ?r\gh ! curta9 ( ! la/ polog1 & rejo9$ 8 bride10 :o _h wait$ = him !re4 ,mr4 ,k5nan adds t 8! int5tion ( ! :ole c]emony 0 evid5tly to give ! woman an opportunity to m>ry ! man or n1 z %e *ose1 s9ce x 0 obvi\sly impossible = him to cat* h] "u su* circum/ances1 unless %e volunt>ily wait$ = him 9 "o ( ! pologs40 ,judg+ only f ! elem5t ( =ce obs]vable 9 :at are t]m$ 8m>riages by capture10 ! explanation ( !m giv5 by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan appe>s reasonable4 ,b1 al?\gh capture may be an incid5t ( exogamy1 ! cu/oms "u consid]ation are really connect$ ) endogamy1 9 ! s5se t ! p>ties to !m belong to a common tribe4 ,moreov]1 ^? cu/oms are want+ 9 ano!r ( ! elem5ts :i* w\ld be necess>y to ju/ify _! be+ class$ z 8survivals0 ( an e>li] practice ( =cible exogamy4 ,?is pre-supposes ! abs5ce ( cons5t on ! "p ( ! relatives ( ! bride1 b ! s-call$ m>riage by capture is ne>ly always prec$$ by an arrangem5t ) !m4 ,! only exception among ! v>i\s examples ( su* m>riages m5tion$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock is t ( ! inhabitants ( ,bali1 :]e ! man is said to =cibly c>ry (f 8 bride to ! woods1 & to aft]w>ds effect reconciliation ) h] 8enrag$0 fri5ds4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t rage may be simulat$ 9 ?is case z 9 o!rs1 & t ! capture is arrang$ be=eh& ) !m4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock himself expla9s an app>5t act ( lawless viol5ce among ! ,m&+os z an incid5t ( 8m>riage by capture10 on ! gr\nd t ! bride's relatives 8only laugh$ at ! f>ce1 & consol$ h] by say+ t %e w\ld soon be reconcil$ to h] situation20 & x appe>s t h] "m _h previ\sly giv5 h] cons5t to ! proce$+4 ,a m]e g5]al und]/&+1 if univ]sally recognis$1 w\ld inde$ be z efficaci\s z a special cons5t1 & :e!r ! cons5t ( ! p>5t has to be obta9$ previ\sly to ov]com+ ! opposition ( ! bride1 or :e!r ?is has to be ov]come z a condition prec$5t to ! cons5t be+ giv51 is practically ( no importance4 ,we seem to h an example ( ! latt] 9 ! m>riage cu/oms ( ! ,afghans z describ$ by ,elph9/one4 ,among ?is p wives are always pur*as$1 & ! necessity = pay+ ! usual price is n done away )1 al?\gh a man is all[$ to make sure ( 8 bride by cutt+ (f a lock ( h] hair1 snat*+ away h] veil1 or ?r[+ a %eet ov] h]1 if he decl>es at ! same "t t %e is 8 affianc$ wife4 ,! facts j m5tion$ lead to ! conclusion t ! 8capture0 :i* =ms ! mo/ prom95t incid5t 9 ! m>riage cu/oms "u discussion1 has a totally diff]5t significance f t :i* is connect$ ) exogamy 9 ! s5se suppos$ by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan & ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 ,9 ! latt] case =ce is resort$ to to prev5t ! possibility ( opposition by ! tribe to :om ! victim ( ! viol5ce belongs2 b 9 ! =m]1 z ! cons5t ( ! woman's relatives _h already be5 giv51 expressly or by implication1 ! =ce mu/ be to ov]come ! possible opposition ( ! woman h]self1 :e!r ?is may arise f ba%fulness or f an actual dislike to ! suitor4 ,we h "h an important di/9ction1 & x po9ts to a /ate ( society :]e wom5 h acquir$ a "r to ex]cise a *oice 9 ! matt] ( m>riage4 ,be=e ?is "r c\ld be fully e/abli%$ ! suitor w\ld be all[$ to obta9 h] compliance by =ce1 if necess>y1 z ) ! ,gre5l&]s1 among :om1 accord+ to ,crantz1 ! bride1 if1 aft] %e has be5 captur$ by ! old wom5 :o negotiat$ ! m>riage1 %e _c be p]suad$ by k9d & c\rte\s treatm5t1 is 8compell$ by =ce1 nay1 sometimes by bl[s1 to *ange h] /ate40 ,b ev5 among ! ,gre5l&]s1 if a girl _h great repugnance to h] suitor1 %e c\ld escape m>riage by betak+ h]self to ! m\nta9s4 ,a /ill m efficaci\s plan is ! cutt+ (f ( h] hair1 :i* frees h] f all importunity1 z x is accept$ z a sure sign t %e has det]m9$ nev] to m>ry4 8,m>riage by capture0 has ?us relation n to ! tribe b to ! individual imm$iately conc]n$1 & x is bas$ on h] p[] to )hold h] cons5t to ! contract made betwe5 h] suitor & h] relatives4 ,among "s uncultur$ peoples ! opposition ( ! bride-elect is effectually ov]come by =ce1 b x is seldom t %e is n all[$ ! opportunity ( escap+ a m>riage :i* %e dislikes4 ,:5 once x has become usual = ! bride to %[ a real or simulat$ opposition to ! propos$ m>riage1 z might easily be ! case among peoples :o1 al?\gh uncultur$1 e/eem *a/ity be=e m>riage1 x w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t be firmly e/abli%$ z a g5]al cu/om4 ,?us1 :5 a ,gre5l& "y woman is ask$ 9 m>riage %e pr(esses great ba%fulness1 te>s h] r+lets1 & runs away4 ,:5 ! %[ ( opposition _h become a matt] ( etiquette1 x w\ld1 not)/&+ t ! m>riage _h be5 previ\sly arrang$1 be jo9$ 9 by ! fri5ds ( ! bride1 :o1 by a fiction1 is be+ c>ri$ (f aga9/ h] w4 ,h5ce ! cu/oms ( hav+ a %am fight be=e ! bridegroom is all[$ to ga9 possession ( 8 prize1 & ! plac+ ( imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( 8 cat*+ h] 9 ! *ase1 nei!r ( :i* has any relation to a suppos$ primitive practice ( =cible abduction f a ho/ile tribe4 ,x w be said1 h[ev]1 if ! relations ( ! bride h cons5t$ to h] m>riage1 :y d !y oppose ! c>ry+ into effect ( _! agreem5t8 ,mu* light is ?r[n on ?is po9t by ! description giv5 by ,colonel ,dalton ( ! cu/oms ( ! hill-tribes ( ,b5gal4#bdi ,) _m ( ! aborig9al peoples ( ,india1 & ) "s ,sudra ca/es1 "o ( ! mo/ important c]emonies ( m>riage is ! application ( ! ,s9dur to ! =ehead ( ! bride2 ?is consi/s 9 ! bridegroom mak+1 usually ) v]milion1 a r$ m>k betwe5 h] eyes4 ,9 "s places1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,s+hbum1 among ! ,hos1 ! bridegroom & bride m>k ea* o!r ) blood1 signify+ t by m>riage !y become "o4 ,colonel ,dalton supposes ?is to be ! orig9 ( ! ,s9drahan1 a cu/om :i* is z s+ul> z x is widespread4 ,) ! ,oraons1 a ,dravidian tribe1 ! same c]emony is practis$1 b 9 secret4 ,a veil is ca/ ov] ! bridal pair1 :o are !n cov]$ ) ano!r piece ( /uff held by "s ( _! male relations1 :ile o!rs m\nt gu>d1 fully arm$1 z ?\gh to kill any "o :o might approa* to int]f]e ) ! c]emony4 ,9 ! ,s+hbum villages ! c]emony is modifi$1 & ! engag$ c\ple dr9k be] f ! same vessel4 ,?is signifies t !y =m only "o body1 belong to ! same kili--9 o!r words1 t ! woman is admitt$ to ! clan ( h] husb&4 ,dr4 ,hunt]1 9 8 admirable "w entitl$ 8,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal10 says ! great ev5t ( ! life ( a ,santal is ! union ( 8 8tribe0 ) ano!r 8tribe0 9 m>riage4 ,no individual c m>ry a memb] ( 8 own clan1 & ! woman 9 m>ry+ ab&ons ! clan ( h] fa!r1 z well z 8 gods1 to adopt ! clan & ! gods ( h] husb&4 ,! c]emony by :i* ! ,santals express ?is sep>ation is diff]5t f t adopt$ by ! ,hos4 ,! husb&'s clansm5 knot toge!r ! g>m5ts ( ! bridegroom & ! bride1 aft] :i* ! wom5 ( ! bride's clan br+ light$ *>coal1 cru% x ) a pe/le to indicate ! break+ ( ! old family tie1 & !n ext+ui% x ) wat] to indicate ! def9itive sep>ation ( ! bride f h] own clan4 ,z we h se51 ?is sep>ation is effect$ among ! ,oraons 9 ! pres5ce ( ! memb]s ( ! two clans1 & ! %am combat by :i* ! m>riage c]emonies comm5ce is evid5tly int5d$ to %[ t x is indisp5sable to obta9 ! cons5t1 n only ( ! bride1 b also ( ! family gr\p to :i* %e belongs1 be=e ! ties :i* b9d h] to ! clan c be brok54 ,aft] (f]+ a pret5d$ resi/ance1 ! clansm5 ( ! bride express _! cons5t 9 jo9+ ) ! relations ( ! bridegroom to celebrate ! =mation ( ! fre% family tie4 ,at fir/ sight1 x might be ?\ght t !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ?is explanation ( 8m>riage by capture0 & t giv5 by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 b 9 reality !y diff] completely4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock supposes a viol5t capture f ano!r tribe )\t any ref]5ce to ! "q ( clan%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! explanation above propos$1 !re is a *ange 9 ! position ( ! woman1 b x is br\ght ab\t by arrangem5t1 ! pret5d$ combat hav+ relation to ! rights ( ! clan1 b hav+ no ref]5ce to ! wid] organisation ( ! tribe4 ,! %am-fight is simply a phase ( ! c]emonies1 de/9$ to %[ ! objection ent]ta9$ by a family gr\p to "p ) "o ( its memb]s1 &1 :at is ( /ill great] importance1 to give up ! int]e/ !y possess 9 ! future (fspr+ ( ! woman :o is to be cut (f f ! clan4 ,! ess5tially pacific "* ( ! %am-fight is %[n by ! mann] 9 :i*1 z describ$ by ,colonel ,dalton1 x is conduct$ 9 ,gondwana4 ,among ! ,muasi ( ?is di/rict1 :5 ! cavalcade ( ! bridegroom approa*es ! h\se ( ! bride1 !re issues f x a m]ry troop ( "y girls1 :o are head$ by ! "m ( ! bride1 be>+ on h] head a vessel full ( wat]1 surm\nt$ by a light$ lamp4 ,:5 ! girls come ne> ! bridegroom's fri5ds !y ?r[ at !m balls ( boil$ rice1 aft] :i* !y beat a retreat4 ,! "y m5 pursue !m to ! door ( ! h\se1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y _c ent] until !y h made pres5ts to its female def5d]s4 ,! fact t among ne>ly all ! peoples :o h 8m>riage by combat10 ! *ildr5 belong to ! clan ( _! fa!r1 confirms ! tru? ( ! conclusion ,i h s\ght to e/abli%1 t ! c]emony 9 "q has relation to ! clan1 & n to ! bride4 ,among ! primitive peoples to :om x w\ld be necess>y1 on ! hypo!sis ( ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 to trace ! orig9 ( t curi\s cu/om1 ! *ildr5 usually belong to ! family gr\p ( _! "m4 ,! %am-fight c\ld be introduc$ :5 a *ange has tak5 place 9 ! condition ( wom52 b ?is w\ld imply a phase ( civilisation mu* m rec5t ?an t ( ! ,au/ralians & o!r b>b>\s tribes1 to ^: practice ( /eal+ wom5 = wives1 :i* is m]e =cible m>riage1 has be5 wrongly trac$ ! orig9 ( 8m>riage by capture40 ,,footnotes3 #bdi ,! ,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! 8,,family40 ,mr4 ,m',l5nan has rem>k$1 9 relation to ! curi\s cu/oms ( captur+ wom5 = wives f\nd among peoples 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 t 89 almo/ all cases ! =m ( capture is ! symbol ( a gr\p-act--( a siege1 or a pit*$ battle1 or an invasion ( a h\se by an arm$ b&1 :ile 9 a few cases only1 & ^! mu* dis9tegrat$1 x repres5ts a capture by an individual4 ,on ! "o side are ! k9dr$ ( ! husb&2 on ! o!r ! k9dr$ ( ! wife40#bej ,:atev] may be ! true explanation ( ! orig9 ( exogamy1 ) :i* ! cu/om ref]r$ to is connect$1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t ! wife-capture is n[ usually1 al?\gh x sometimes has relation solely to ! individual1 ! symbol ( a gr\p-act4 ,?is may n be 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan1 :o looks ^u exogamy & poly&ry z ref]able to "o & ! same cause1 & :o reg>ds 8all ! exogam\s races z hav+ orig9ally be5 poly&r\s40#bea ,! ph5om5a ( wife-capture prove conclusively1 h[ev]1 t ! family gr\p to :i* ! woman belong$ possess$1 or ?\ght !mselves entitl$ to1 c]ta9 rights ov] h]--rights ( :i* !y resi/$ ! invasion1 :e!r by an individual alone1 or by a gr\p ( p]sons1 or by an individual aid$ by ! o!r memb]s ( a gr\p4 ,x is important to notice t ! gr\ps 9 "q appe> to consi/1 n ( /rang]s to ea* o!r1 or to ! man or woman m imm$iately conc]n$1 b ( p]sons b\nd toge!r by c]ta9 ties ( blood4 ,?is is %[n to be s by ! fact t ! capture is aton$ = by ! paym5t to ! relations ( ! woman ( ! m>riage-price1 if ?is has n be5 agre$ on be=eh&4#beb ,x is requir$1 moreov]1 by ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan1 t ! tribes among :om ! sy/em ( wife-capture prevails are *iefly ^? ^: m>riages are gov]n$ by ! law ( exogamy4#bec ,by exogamy is meant ! practice ( m>ry+ out ( ! tribe or gr\p ( k9dr$1#bed & x is f\nd$ on a prejudice aga9/ m>riage ) k9sfolk4#bee ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ! nature ( ,m',l5nan's primitive gr\p1 b1 judg+ f 8 /atem5t t 8promiscuity1 produc+ unc]ta9ty ( fa!rhood1 l$ to ! sy/em ( k9%ip ?r\gh mo!rs only10#bef we may suppose t x consi/$ ( a numb] ( p]sons1 all ( :om1 z ! result ( promiscuity1 7 relat$ by blood4 ,! fir/ division into :i* he classes uncultur$ peoples1 accord+ to _! m>riage-rules1 is t :]e tribes are sep>ate1 & all ! memb]s ( ! tribes are1 or feign !mselves to be1 ( ! same blood4#beg ,mr4 ,morgan v prop]ly criticises ?is def9ition1 :i*1 he says1 8might answ] = a description ( a g5s2 b ! g5s is nev] f\nd alone1 sep>ate f o!r g5tes4 ,!re are sev]al g5tes int]m+l$ by m>riage 9 e tribe compos$ ( g5tes10#beh a fact :i* w\ld seem to di/+ui% ! primitive gr\p ( ,m',l5nan1 al?\gh consi/+ ( consangu9ei1 f a g5s or clan prop]4 ,moreov]1 z ,mr4 ,morgan %[s1 exogamy has relation to a rule or law ( a g5s1 consid]$ z 8! unit ( organisation ( a social sy/em10 & !re=e ! g5s 7( :i*1 z an in/itution1 ! rules are prohibition ( int]m>riage 9 ! g5s1 & limitation ( desc5t 9 ! female l9e#bei71 or r ! family f :i* x has sprung1 may be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ social gr\p ( :i* we h any k4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to ! discov]y ( ! nature ( ! primitive human family to und]/& ! orig9 ( ! g5s or clan4 ,z def9$ by ,morgan1 x is 8a body ( consangu9ei desc5d$ f ! same common ance/or1 di/+ui%$ by a g5tile "n1 & b\nd toge!r by aff9ities ( blood40 ,mr4 ,morgan affirms t ! g5s orig9at$ 9 ?ree pr9cipal conceptions1 8! bond ( k91 a pure l9eage ?r\gh desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 & non-int]m>riage 9 ! g5s40#bfj ,! mo/ ess5tial feature is t ( trac+ k9%ip ?r\gh females only1 & ! discov]y ( ! orig9 ( ?is cu/om w ?r[ light on t ( ! clan-in/itution itself1 & !re=e on ! nature ( ! primitive family4 ,mr4 ,m',l5nan f9ds ! orig9 ( k9%ip ?r\gh females only 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( pat]nity1 aris+ f ! fact t1 9 primitive times1 a woman 0 n appropriat$ to a p>ticul> man = 8 wife1 or to m5 ( "o blood z wife4#bfa ,! *ildr51 al?\gh belong+ to ! horde1 rema9 atta*$ to _! mo!rs1 & ! blood tie obs]v$ betwe5 !m w\ld1 z promiscuity gave place to poly&ry ( ! rud] k9d 9 :i* ! husb&s are /rang]s 9 blood to ea* o!r1 become develop$ into ! sy/em ( k9%ip ?r\gh females4#bfb ,an e>li] writ]1 ,ba*(51 0 s mu* /ruck ) c]ta9 social ph5om5a among ! anci5ts1 t he believ$ wom5 to h1 at an e>ly p]iod1 be5 supreme1 n only 9 ! family b 9 ! /ate4 ,he suppos$ t woman revolt$ aga9/ ! primitive condition ( promiscuity1 & e/abli%$ a sy/em ( m>riage1 9 :i* ! female occupi$ ! fir/ place z ! head ( ! family1 & z ! p]son ?r\gh :om k9%ip 0 to be trac$4 ,?is movem5t1 :i* _h a religi\s orig91 0 foll[$ by ano!r result+ f ! developm5t ( ! idea t ! "m occupi$ a subord9ate position 9 relation to h] *ildr51 ( :om ! fa!r 0 ! true p>5t4 ,mr4 ,m',l5nan v ju/ly objects to ?is !ory t1 if m>riage 01 f ! beg9n+1 monogam\s1 k9%ip w\ld h be5 trac$ ?r\gh fa!rs f ! fir/4#bfc ,he adds t 8^? signs ( supremacy on ! woman's "p 7 ! direct consequ5ces 7#a7 ( m>riage n be+ monogam\s1 or su* z to p]mit ( c]ta9ty ( fa!rhood2 & 7#b7 ( wives n z yet liv+ 9 _! husb&'s h\ses1 b ap>t f !m1 9 ! homes ( _! own mo!rs40#bfd ,! mean+ ( ?is is1 t ! ph5om5a ref]r$ to by ,ba*(5 7 due to ! =m] preval5ce ( a sy/em ( poly&ry1 su* z /ill exi/s among ! ,nairs ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,x is v improbable1 h[ev]1 t k9%ip ?r\gh ! female only c\ld h _h ! orig9 suppos$ by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan4 ,accord+ to him "o cause ( ! supremacy ( woman ref]r$ to by ,ba*(5 0 ! fact ( wives liv+ ap>t f _! husb&s 9 ! homes ( _! own mo!rs4 ,?is cu/om mu/1 !re=e1 h prec$$ ! supremacy ( woman1 assum+ ?is to h exi/$1 & ! trac+ ( k9%ip ?r\gh females :i* gave rise to x4 ,we mu/ believe t orig9ally wom5 liv$ alone ) _! daught]s 7& _! sons also1 until ^! set up a sep>ate e/abli%m5t = !mselves1 tak+ ) !m probably _! fav\rite si/]s1 z ) ! ,nairs at ! pres5t day71#bfe !re be+ no male head ( ! family4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we trace our /eps back 9 ?\ght to ! mo/ primitive p]iod ( human exi/5ce1 we %all see t su* a dome/ic /ate z t "h suppos$ _c h be5 ! orig9al "o4 ,among savages !re is nev] t subord9ation ( ! man to ! woman :i* we %\ld h to assume4 ,we _c suppose t ! primeval gr\p ( mank9d consi/$ ( a woman & h] *ildr51 & if ! woman _h a male companion we _c d\bt1 judg+ f :at we "k ( savage races1 t he w\ld be ! head & *ief ( ! gr\p4 ,! v notion1 h[ev]1 ( ! family gr\p hav+ a male z well z a female head is inconsi/5t ) ,mr4 ,m',l5nan's !ory1 & we mu/ trace ! orig9 ( female k9%ip z a sy/em to a diff]5t s\rce f ! poly&ry to :i* he ascrib$ x4 ,! idea ( a special relation%ip subsi/+ betwe5 a woman & h] *ildr5 might no d\bt be orig9at$ dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! m5 ( a gr\p1 89 ! _s ( indiff]5ce1 indulg$ 9 savage promiscuity10#bff if su* a condition ( ?+s ev] exi/$1 b t alone w\ld n be suffici5t to e/abli% k9%ip ?r\gh females only4 ,x may be que/ion$1 inde$1 :e!r !re ev] 0 a "t :5 ! unc]ta9ty ( pat]nity1 :i* ,mr4 ,m',l5nan's :ole !ory requires1 0 s pron\nc$ z to prev5t k9%ip ?r\gh males be+ ackn[l$g$4 ,mr4 ,morgan agrees ) ,mr4 ,m',l5nan s f> z to say t1 8prior to ! g5tile organisation1 k9%ip ?r\gh females 0 und\bt$ly sup]ior to k9%ip ?r\gh males1 & 0 d\btless ! pr9cipal basis ^u :i* ! l[] tribal gr\ps 7 organis$40 ,he affirms truly1 h[ev]1 t 8desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 :i* is all t #8k9%ip ?r\gh females only' c possibly indicate10 is only ! rule ( a g5s1 & t relation%ip ?r\gh ! fa!r is recognis$ z fully z t ?r\gh ! "m4#bfg ,i h else:]e1 h[ev]1 giv5 reasons = believ+ t ?is /atem5t does n g f> en\gh1 & t ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ips1 on :i* ,mr4 ,morgan bases 8 special !ory1 require actual k9%ip1 & n relation%ip m]ely1 ?r\gh ! male q z fully z ?r\gh ! female4 ,x is surpris+ t ,mr4 ,morgan says little z to ! orig9 ( desc5t 9 ! female l9e4 ,he says3 8,! g5s1 ?\gh a v anci5t social organisation f\nd$ ^u k91 does n include all ! desc5dants ( a common ance/or4 ,x 0 = ! reason t1 :5 ! g5s came 91 m>riage betwe5 s+le pairs 0 unkn[n1 & desc5t ?r\gh males c\ld n be trac$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,k9dr$ 7 l9k$ toge!r *iefly ?r\gh ! bond ( _! mat]nity40#bfh ,we h "h app>5tly two reasons /at$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( k9%ip ?r\gh females1 ! abs5ce ( m>riages betwe5 s+le pairs1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( pat]nity4 ,bo? ( ^! conditions are f\nd by ,mr4 ,morgan to exi/ 9 ! consangu9e family gr\ps :i* he supposes to h be5 =m$ :5 promiscuity ceas$4 ,! ,polynesian peoples1 among :om he f9ds traces ( ! consangu9e family1 h pres]v$ ! recollection ( female k9%ip1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,morgan1 ! g5s is unkn[n to !m4#bfi ,! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ips1 ! orig9 ( :i* he traces to ! consangu9e family1 c1 h[ev]1 receive a totally diff]5t int]pretation1 & ! exi/5ce ( t family itself is v d\btful4 ,fur!r1 ! difficulty ( trac+ desc5t ?r\gh males1 :i* ,mr4 ,morgan supposes1 is ! result only ( ! poly&r\s unions 8 !ory requires1 & if !y ev] really exi/$ !y c\ld supply no fur!r explanation ( ! orig9 ( female k9%ip ?an ! poly&ry ( ! ,nairs4 ,he w\ld h done bett] to h s\ght to connect x1 z ,mr4 ,m',l5nan does1 ) ! special relation suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a "m & h] *ild4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] %[s h[ ?is idea may h aris54 ,unlike ! o!r writ]s ,i h ref]r$ to1 he does n ?9k t promiscuity 9 ! relation ( ! sexes ev] exi/$ 9 an unqualifi$ =m4#bgj ,he ?9ks1 inde$1 t monogamy mu/ h prec$$ polygamy1 al?\gh1 ow+ to ! ext5sion ( promiscuity1 & ! bir? ( a l>g] numb] ( *ildr5 to unkn[n fa!rs ?an to kn[n fa!rs1 a habit w\ld arise ( ?9k+ ( mat]nal k9%ip r ?an ( pat]nal1 & :]e pat]nity 0 manife/ *ildr5 w\ld come to be spok5 ( 9 ! same way4#bga ,mr4 ,sp5c] adds1 t ! habit hav+ aris51 ! result+ sy/em ( k9%ip 9 ! female l9e w\ld be /r5g!n$ by ! practice ( exogamy4#bgb ,! defect ( ?is explanation lies 9 its requir+ unc]ta9 pat]nity1 & ,i %all %[ t ! sy/em ( female k9%ip has n aris5 f ! simple association 9 ?\ght ( a *ild ) its "m 9 pref]5ce to its fa!r4 ,x is1 moreov]1 inconsi/5t ) ! fact m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself1 t :]e ! sy/em ( female k9%ip n[ subsi/s 8male p>5tage is habitually kn[n40#bgc ,x is true t he supposes male k9%ip to be disreg>d$1 b ?is conclusion appe>s to me n to be support$ by suffici5t evid5ce4 ,t !re may h be5 a %ort p]iod ( b>b>ism 9 :i* ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes 0 unre/ra9$ by any law ( m>riage is possible4 ,probably1 z female *a/ity be=e m>riage is ev5 n[ b slightly reg>d$ among mo/ uncultur$ peoples1 all sexual alliances 7 all[able1 s long z ! rule z to consangu9ity 0 n infr+$1 & s long z no (fspr+ result$ f ! alliance1#bgd :]e ?is 0 ent]$ into )\t ! cons5t ( p>5ts4 ,?is cons5t w\ld be necess>y 9 all cases :]e su* alliances 7 =m$ by females = m>ital purposes1 & ! sanction requir$ w\ld be t ( ! family head at ! e>ly p]iod we are treat+ (4 ,judg+ f :at we obs]ve among mod]n savages we _c d\bt t self-int]e/ *iefly w\ld gov]n ! fa!r 9 connection ) 8 daught]'s m>riage4 ,he w\ld make c]ta9 requisitions z ! price ( 8 cons5t4 ,:e!r ! m>riage 0 to be a p]man5t or a t]m9able engagem5t1 ! fa!r w\ld /ipulate t 8 daught] %\ld cont9ue to live ) or ne> him1 & t h] *ildr5 %\ld belong to ! family gr\p ( :i* he is ! head4 ,9 ?is case n only w\ld ! *ildr5 =m "p ( ! family to :i* _! "m belong$1 b ! husb& himself w\ld become unit$ to x1 & w\ld be requir$ to lab\r = ! b5efit ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,a cu/om /ill preval5t among ! ,new ,zeal&]s may be cit$ 9 illu/ration4 ,! ,rev]5d ,ri*>d ,taylor says3 8,sometimes ! fa!r simply told 8 int5d$ son-9-law he might come & live ) 8 daught]2 %e 0 !nce=? consid]$ 8 wife1 he liv$ ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 & became "o ( 8 tribe or hapu to :i* 8 wife belong$1 & 9 case ( w> 0 (t5 oblig$ to fight aga9/ 8 own relatives40 ,mr4 ,taylor adds1 t s common is ! cu/om ( ! bridegroom go+ to live ) 8 wife's family1 t x frequ5tly occurs2 :5 he refuses to d s1 %e w leave him1 & g back to h] relatives4#bge ,:5 ! wife left h] fa!r's h\se to reside ) h] husb& he _h to pur*ase ! privilege by giv+ h] fa!r & o!r relations h&some pres5ts4#bgf ,z among ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 *ildr5 belong$ to _! fa!r's family1 ! fact ( ! wife go+ to reside among h] husb&'s relations meant ! loss by h] fa!r's family ( ! *ildr54 ,! pres5ts may1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to repres5t ! price giv5 by a man = 8 wife's (fspr+ to h] relations4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ref]5ce to ! m>riage cu/oms ( a ,we/ ,african p4 ,mr4 ,john ,kizell1 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,gov]nor ,columb9e1 respect+ 8 negotiations ) ! *iefs 9 ! ,riv] ,%]bro1 says3 8,! "y wom5 are n all[$ to h :om !y l = a husb&2 ! *oice re/s ) ! p>5ts4 ,if a man wi%es to m>ry ! daught]1 he mu/ br+ to ! value ( tw5ty or ?irty b>s to ! fa!r & "m2 if !y l ! man1 & ! bro!r likes him1 !n !y w call all _! family toge!r1 & tell !m1 #8we h a man 9 ! h\se :o wi%es to h our daught]2 x is t :i* makes u call ! family toge!r1 t !y may "k x4' ,!n ! fri5ds inquire :at he has br\ght ) him8 ! man tells !m4 ,!y !n tell him to g & br+ a quantity ( palm w9e4 ,:5 he returns1 !y aga9 call ! family toge!r2 !y all place !mselves on ! gr\nd1 & dr9k ! w9e1 & !n give him 8 wife4 ,9 ?is case1 all ! *ildr5 he has by h] are 81 b if he gives no?+ = 8 wife1 !n ! *ildr5 w all be tak5 f him1 & w belong to ! woman's family2 he w h no?+ to d ) !m40#bgg ,mr4 ,taylor says t ! anci5t & mo/ g5]al way ( obta9+ a wife among ! ,new ,zeal&]s 0 8= ! g5tleman to summon 8 fri5ds1 & make a regul> taua1 or fight1 to c>ry (f ! lady by =ce1 & (ttimes ) great viol5ce40#bgh ,a fight also took place if1 :5 a girl 0 giv5 9 m>riage1 ! fri5ds ( ano!r man ?\ght he _h a great] "r to h]1 or if %e elop$ ) "s "o contr>y to h] fa!r's or bro!r's wi%4 ,ev5 if all 7 agreeable1 8x 0 /ill cu/om>y = ! bridegroom to g ) a p>ty1 & appe> to take h] away by =ce1 h] fri5ds yield+ h] up aft] a feign$ /ruggle2 a few days aft]w>ds1 ! p>5ts ( ! lady1 ) all h] relatives1 came ^u ! bridegroom = 8 pret5d$ abduction2 aft] mu* speak+ & app>5t ang]1 x end$ ) 8 mak+ a h&some pres5t ( f9e mats1 c41 & giv+ an abundant fea/40#bgi ,9 ?is case ! affair end$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,african m>riage already ref]r$ to1 & ! idea 0 no d\bt ! same 9 bo?--! giv+ ( comp5sation to ! p>5ts & relations ( ! woman = ! loss su/a9$ by !m ?r\gh h] (fspr+ be+ remov$ f ! family gr\p2 probably ! widespread cu/om ( pret5d$ =cible m>riage 0 orig9ally connect$ ) ! rights ( ! woman's relations1 al?\gh sometimes ! capture is due to ! desire to obta9 = no?+ :at c\ld o!rwise be acquir$ only by a pur*ase fee4 ,:at ^? rights are may be asc]ta9$ f ! in=mation giv5 u by ,mr4 ,morgan z to ! privileges & obligations associat$ ) ! memb]%ip ( a g5s4 ,among !m is an obligation n to m>ry 9 ! g5s1 mutual rights ( inh]itance ( ! prop]ty ( deceas$ memb]s1 & reciprocal obligations ( help1 def5ce1 & r$ress ( injuries4 8,! functions & attributes ( ! g5s10 says ,morgan1 8gave vitality z well z individuality to ! organisation1 & protect$ ! p]sonal rights ( its memb]s10#bhj :o1 z be+ connect$ by ! ties ( blood relation%ip1 may be reg>d$ z =m+ an enl>g$ family gr\p1 or r a frat]nal association bas$ on k9%ip4 ,! g5s w\ld1 h[ev]1 =m too l>ge a gr\p = ord9>y social purposes1 & a small] gr\p w\ld be compos$ ( ^? m imm$iately alli$ by blood4 ,?us1 al?\gh !oretically ! effects ( a deceas$ p]son 7 di/ribut$ among 8 g5tile relations1 yet ,morgan admits t 8practically !y 7 appropriat$ by ! ne>e/ ( k940#bha ,among ! ,iroquois1 if a man di$ leav+ a wife & *ildr51 8 prop]ty 0 di/ribut$ among 8 g5tiles 9 su* a mann] t 8 si/]s & _! *ildr51 & 8 mat]nal uncles1 w\ld receive ! mo/ ( x4 ,8 bro!rs might receive a small portion4 ,an analog\s rule prevail$ :5 a woman di$4 ,! prop]ty rema9$ 9 ! g5s 9 ei!r case1#bhb al?\gh its division 0 re/rict$ to a small numb] ( g5tiles4 ,x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise :]e ! memb]s ( ! g5s are num]\s or widely di/ribut$4 ,! same pr9ciple w\ld apply 9 relation to rights ov] *ildr51 :o 9 a l[ social /age are look$ ^u 9 ! light ( prop]ty4 ,among ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica ea* g5s _h p]sonal names t 7 us$ by x alone1 &1 says ,morgan1 a g5tile "n conf]r$ ( itself g5tile rights4 ,n[1 al?\gh a *ild 0 n fully *ri/5$ until its bir? & "n _h be5 ann\nc$ to ! c\ncil ( ! tribe1 its "n 0 select$ by its "m ) ! concurr5ce ( h] ne>e/ relatives4 ,morgan says no?+ ( any "r ( ! g5s ov] ! m>riage ( its memb]s1 & x w\ld seem n to h any voice 9 ! matt]4 ,! =mation ( ! alliance is usually left to ! two individuals m imm$iately conc]n$ or to _! ne> relations1#bhc & ! m>riage price belongs to ! p>5ts & ne> k9 ( ! wife4 ,?is1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m>riage price1 w\ld be ! case also ) ! *ildr5 born ( h] m>riage1 on ! pr9ciple t 8*ildr5 are ! weal? ( savages40 ,ref]5ce to ! cu/om ( blood rev5ge confirms ! view t1 = c]ta9 purposes1 a small] family gr\p ?an ! g5s is recognis$ by ! peoples hav+ t organisation4 ,mr4 ,morgan ?9ks ! practice ( blood rev5ge _h 8its bir?place 9 ! g5s10 :i* 0 b\nd to av5ge ! murd] ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,he says fur!r t x 0 8! duty ( ! g5s ( ! slay]1 & ( ! sla91 to attempt an adju/m5t ( ! crime be=e proce$+ to extremities40 ,x re/$1 h[ev]1 ) ! g5tile k9dr$ ( ! sla9 p]son to decide :e!r a composition = ! crime %\ld be accept$1 %[+ t !y 7 consid]$ ! p]sons m imm$iately conc]n$4 ,! crime ( murd] is1 z ,mr4 ,morgan says1 8z old z human society1 & its puni%m5t by ! rev5ge ( k9sm5 is z old z ! crime itself40#bhd ,?is is h>dly consi/5t ) ! prec$+ /atem5t t ! practice ( blood rev5ge _h its bir?place 9 ! g5s4 ,x prec$$ ! developm5t ( ! g5s1 & orig9at$ ) ! small] family gr\p :i*1 z we h se51 is m imm$iately connect$ ) prop]ty & *ildr5 & ! m>riage ( its female memb]s4 ,^? :o are liable to ! obligations ( ! law ( blood rev5ge 9 any p>ticul> case mu/ be id5tifi$1 &1 z !y c h>dly comprise all ! memb]s ( ! g5s1 we mu/ suppose !m to be re/rict$ to ! small] gr\p consi/+ ( ne> blood relations4 ,judg+ f :at we "k ( ! habits ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 relation to ! lex talionis1 we _c d\bt t ! p]sons subject to retaliation 9 any p>ticul> case are well def9$4 ,! example ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&]s1 :o are said n to h ris5 to ! conception ( ! g5s1 %[s t be=e ?is 0 develop$1 n only 0 ! lex talionis recognis$1 b ! law ( m>riage & ! rights ( p>5ts ov] _! *ildr5 7 fully e/abli%$4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 n dep5d5t on ! g5s1 b are incid5tal to a simpl] gr\p ( blood relations--t on :i* ! g5s itself is bas$4 ,! idea ( 8bro!rhood0 is at ! f\ndation ( all ^! e>ly social organisations4 ,mr4 ,morgan says1 9 relation to ! ,iroquois phratry1 t 8! phratry is a bro!rhood1 z ! t]m imports1 & a natural gr[? f ! organisation into g5tes4 ,x is an organic union or association ( two or m g5tes ( ! same tribe = c]ta9 common objects4 ,^! g5tes 7 usually su* z _h be5 =m$ by ! segm5tation ( an orig9al g5s40#bhe ,s also1 a g5s =ms a frat]nal association1 z x consi/s ( 8a body ( consangu9ei desc5d$ f ! same common ance/or1 di/+ui%$ by a g5tile "n1 & b\nd toge!r by aff9ities ( blood40#bhf ,if we trace ! asc5t until we come to ! common ance/or1 we %all h a gr\p ( k9sm5 :o compose ! simple/ =m ( 8bro!rhood10 t ( a p>5t & 8 or h] *ildr54 ,orig9ally ?is w\ld be a "m & h] daught]s1 z :5 ! sons =m$ m>riage associations ! daught]s only & _! *ildr5 w\ld be left "u ! p>5tal ro(4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! primitive family _c h orig9at$ )9 ! g5s or clan4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! clan 0 bas$ on ! family or gr\p ( k9sm51 )\t :i* x c\ld n h exi/$4 ,moreov]1 x by no means foll[s t1 because ! common ance/or ( ! memb]s ( ! g5s or clan 0 a female1 ! primitive gr\p ( k9sm5 _h n a male z well z a female head4 ,consid]$ z a 8frat]nal association10 ! fa!r may h be5 exclud$1 b = ! purposes ( ! bro!rhood x 0 ( no importance :e!r pat]nity 0 c]ta9 or unc]ta94 ,! result w\ld h be5 ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,= o!r ?an bro!rhood purposes k9%ip to ! fa!r may h be5 fully recognis$4 ,! obligations ( ! lex talionis1 ! "r to prop]ty1 & ! control ( *ildr5 9 m>riage1 may h conc]n$ only ! k9sm5 by ! "m's side1 b ^? on ! fa!r's side may h be5 equally affect$ by ! law ( m>riage4 ,t su* 0 ! case ,i h s\ght to e/abli% else:]e1 z evid5c$ by ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ips1 & t view is confirm$ by v>i\s facts %[+ t k9%ip by ! male side is fully recognis$ among savages4 ,i h already _h occasion to ref] to ,mr4 ,m',l5nan's admission t1 if 8m>riage 01 f its beg9n+1 monogam\s1 k9%ip w\ld c]ta9ly 7human nature be+ z x n[ is7 h be5 trac$ ?r\gh fa!rs1 if n inde$ ?r\gh fa!rs only1 f ! fir/40#bhg ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 al?\gh app>5tly ?9k+ t promiscuity 9 ! relations ( ! sexes 0 orig9ally ext5sive1 yet supposes t x 0 accompani$ by monogamic connections ( a limit$ duration4 ,he says t 8always ! /ate ( hav+ two wives mu/ be prec$$ by ! /ate ( hav+ "o10 & he looks ^u ! pref]5ce = ! mat]nal k9%ip r ?an pat]nal k9%ip z a habit1 aris+ f ! fact t ! =m] is obs]v$ 9 all cases1 :il/ ! latt] is inf]able only 9 "s cases4#bhh ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s admission t :]e ! sy/em ( female k9%ip n[ subsi/s1 8male p>5tage is habitually kn[n1 ?\gh disreg>d$10 greatly weak5s 8 position1 ! m s z we are n told :y or :5 x is disreg>d$4#bhi ,mr4 ,morgan goes f> t[>ds supply+ an explanation ( ! fact1 al?\gh 8 !ory is defective4 ,he affirms t g5tile k9 7 sup]ior to o!r k9 only because x conf]r$ ! rights & privileges ( a g5s1 & n because no o!r k9 0 recognis$4 8,:e!r 9 or out ( ! g5s1 a bro!r 0 recognis$ z a bro!r1 a fa!r z a fa!r1 a son z a son1 & ! same t]m 0 appli$ 9 ei!r case )\t discrim9ation betwe5 !m40#bij ,mr4 ,morgan does n1 h[ev]1 admit ( c]ta9ty ( pat]nity1 al?\gh he /ates t 8!y did n reject k9%ip ?r\gh males because ( unc]ta9ty1 b gave ! b5efit ( ! d\bt to a numb] ( p]sons--probable fa!rs be+ plac$ 9 ! category ( real fa!rs1 probable bro!rs 9 t ( real bro!rs1 & probable sons 9 t ( real sons40#bia ,?is explanation is plausible b insuffici5t1 if1 z ,mr4 ,morgan says1 desc5t 9 ! female l9e is only a rule ( a g5s4#bib ,9 ?is case1 female desc5t _c h exi/$ be=e ! g5s1 & recognition ( k9%ip ?r\gh ! fa!r may h subsi/$ prior to ! =mation ( ! g5s1 toge!r ) t ( ! relation%ip betwe5 "m & *ild on :i* su* desc5t is f\nd$4 ,?is w\ld seem to be requir$ by ! facts m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,morgan 9 relation to ! social in/itutions ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es4 ,he says 8an ,indian tribe is compos$ ( sev]al g5tes develop$ f two or m1 all ! memb]s ( :i* are int]m+l$ by m>riage1 & all ( !m speak ! same dialect4 ,to a /rang] ! tribe is visible & n ! g5s40#bic ,orig9ally1 !re=e1 ! tribe consi/$ ( two g5tes1 t is ( ! desc5dants f two female common ance/ors1 &1 z ! g5tes are n visible to a /rang]1 we mu/ suppose t ! tribe orig9ally repres5t$ ! male head ( ! primitive family gr\p to :i* ! female common ance/ors belong$4 ,on ?is supposition ! primitive gr\p consi/$ ( a male & two females1 ! =m] be+ ! recognis$ repres5tative ( ! gr\p1 al?\gh ! desc5t ( its memb]s is trac$ ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,?is view is q consi/5t ) ! explanation ,i h else:]e giv5 ( ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ip1 :i* und\bt$ly requires ! full recognition = c]ta9 purposes ( blood relation%ip ?r\gh bo? ! fa!r & ! "m4 ,! conclusion ?us arriv$ at is confirm$ by :at we "k ( ! op9ions ent]ta9$ by peoples among :om ! g5tile organisation is fully develop$4 ,c>v]1 z quot$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 /ates t among ! ,hudson's ,bay ,indians1 *ildr5 always take ! "n ( _! "m4 ,! reason !y give = ?is is1 8t z _! (fspr+ are indebt$ to ! fa!r = _! s\ls1 ! invisible "p ( _! ess5ce1 & to ! "m = _! corporal & app>5t "p1 x is m rational t !y %\ld be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! latt]1 f :om !y indubitably d]ive _! be+1 ?an by t ( ! fa!r1 to :i* a d\bt might arise :e!r !y are ju/ly entitl$40#bid ,! reason giv5 by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,indians :y *ildr5 are call$ aft] _! mo!rs %[s t ! sy/em ( female k9%ip is q consi/5t ) ! recognition ( k9%ip ?r\gh ! male4 ,no d\bt ! "m is reg>d$ by savages z hav+ a clos] physical relation%ip to h] *ild ?an _! fa!r1 b x is incr$ible to suppose t ! latt] c\ld ev] be look$ ^u z hav+ no clos] relation%ip to x ?an a /rang] 9 blood4 ,if ! "m _h sev]al husb&s ! actual pat]nity may n be c]ta91 b1 z ! fa!r mu/ be "o ( sev]al well-asc]ta9$ individuals1 ! pat]nity is only r5d]$ less c]ta91 & ! *ild may be reg>d$ z hav+ sev]al fa!rs1 & claim k9%ip ?r\gh !m all4 ,if !y are sons ( ! same fa!r1 t k9%ip w be ) ! same p]sons z ?\gh its "m _h b "o husb&4 ,"u ! conditions ,i h suppos$1 h[ev]1 :]e a woman takes1 z h] husb&1 a man :o lives ) h] among h] own relations1 !re w\ld n be any unc]ta9ty z to pat]nity1 & !re=e ! /rong] relation%ip suppos$ betwe5 "m & *ild mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! close physical connection obs]v$ to subsi/ betwe5 !m4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 expla9 ! orig9 ( clan relation%ip bas$ on k9%ip ?r\gh females only1 :i* is connect$ ) ! fact ( ! memb]s ( a woman's clan possess+ c]ta9 rights ov] h] & h] *ildr54 ,^! rights w\ld n be affect$1 ev5 if ! primitive cu/om ( ! woman cont9u+ to live among h] relations aft] m>riage 7 dep>t$ f4 ,be=e ?is took place1 ! sy/em ( female k9%ip w\ld h become firmly e/abli%$1 & x w\ld be confirm$1 al?\gh x c\ld n be orig9at$1 by ! idea t1 z ! wife may n be fai?ful to h] husb&1 !re is m c]ta9ty ab\t mat]nity ?an pat]nity4 ,! fact t a man's heirs are usually 8 si/]'s *ildr51 %[s t consangu9ity is ( great importance 9 ! eyes ( uncultur$ peoples1 & :at has be5 advanc$ is q suffici5t to acc\nt = t fact )\t assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( promiscuity 9 ! relations betwe5 ! sexes4 ,su* a /ate is n consi/5t ) ! abhorr5ce :i* ev5 savages %[ to ! m>riage ( p]sons ( ne> blood relation%ip1 & x has no support at all 9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( savage life4 ,! punalua cu/om ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&]s1 :i* has its c\nt]p>t among ! ,todas ( ! ,neilgh]ries1 & traces ( :i* may p]haps be f\nd1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! frat]nal poly&ry ( ! ,tibetans1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! sororal polygamy ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican aborig9es1 is nei!r promiscu\s nor ince/u\s 9 ! prop] s5se ( ^! words4 ,! possession by sev]al bro!rs ( wives 9 common1 :o may !mselves be si/]s1 or by sev]al si/]s ( husb&s 9 common1 :o may be bro!rs1 may1 z ,i h else:]e sugge/$1 h orig9ally be5 due to ! feel+ t m>riage has a spiritual z well z a physical significance4 ,punalua 0 really an application ( ! idea ( bro!rhood to m>riage1 & x is n surpris+ t1 among uncultur$ peoples1 ! hav+ wives or husb&s 9 common %\ld be consid]$ a high m>k ( fri5d%ip4 ,x is important to notice t among ! peoples :o h develop$ or p]fect$ ! g5tile in/itution1 a rule ( :i* is desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 ! husb& is ! head ( ! h\sehold1 & ! wife little m ?an a s]vant1 s long z !y cont9ue to live toge!r4 ,x is true1 z ,lahontan /ates1#bie t ! wife has ! same p[] ( divorce z ! husb&1 b s long z %e rema9s 9 8 cab9 %e is treat$ by him z a drudge & a m]e *ild-be>]4 ,z wom5 !y h "s influ5ce 9 ! tribe1 b ?is is only :5 !y h *ildr5 to give !m dignity4 ,! ,polynesian ,isl&]s n hav+ ris5 to ! conception ( a g5s1 x is1 p]haps1 n surpris+ t woman is usually reg>d$ by !m z an inf]ior creature4 ,h] position z a woman is1 h[ev]1 bett] ?an t ( a wife1 9 :i* capacity %e is c>$ = z little z among ! ,am]ican aborig9es4 ,h] condition is mitigat$ only "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,areoi ,in/itution1 & :]e %e ent]s into ! punaluan engagem5t4 ,if x is true1 z ,mr4 ,morgan /ates1 t 8! ,au/ralians rank bel[ ! ,polynesians1 & f> bel[ ! ,am]ican aborig9es10 we _c wond] t ! position ( woman among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es is "o ( great inf]iority4 ,9 fact1 among !m wives are consid]$ z articles ( prop]ty1 & n only d !y suff] great privations1 b !y are mo/ b>b>\sly treat$4 ,! la/-nam$ p practice ! simple/ =m ( obta9+ wives1 t ( capture by cunn+ & p]sonal viol5ce1 b 9 mo/ ( _! tribes desc5t is 9 ! female l9e1 & ! g5s or clan is develop$ m or less p]fectly4 ,& yet ! ,au/ralian aborig9es possess m>riage regulations :i* seem =m$ = ! express purpose ( prev5t+ ! int]m>riage ( blood relations1 & :i* fully recognise k9%ip by ! male l9e4 ,a mod]n ,fr5* writ] ( great au?ority1 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 affirms t ! anci5t family 0 con/itut$ *iefly by religion1 ! fir/ in/itution ( :i* 0 m>riage4 ,! family gives rise to ! g5s1 & 8) its eld] & y\ng] bran*es1 its s]vants & dep5d5ts1 =m$ possibly a v num]\s gr\p ( p]sons40 ,su* a family1 says de ,c\langes1 8?anks to ! religion :i* ma9ta9$ its unity1 ?anks to its special privileges :i* r5d]$ x indivisible1 ?anks to ! laws ( protection :i* reta9$ its dep5d5ts1 =m$ 9 "t a widespread society "u an h]$it>y *ief40#bif ,?is view ( ! primitive family possesses mu* tru?1 al?\gh x leaves out ( sight "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial features ( ! family among uncultur$ peoples4 ,! same may be said 9 relation to ! patri>*al family ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e4 ,?is writ] says t 8! e>lie/ tie :i* knitt$ m5 toge!r 9 communities 0 consangu9ity or k9%ip10 & t 8!re 0 no bro!rhood recognis$ by our savage =efa!rs1 except actual consangu9ity reg>d$ z a fact40#big ,he adds1 t 8k9%ip1 z ! tie1 b9d+ communities toge!r1 t5ds to be reg>d$ z ! same ?+ ) subjection to a common au?ority40 ,! notions ( p[] & consangu9ity are bl5d$1 a mixture ( ideas :i* is se5 89 ! subjection ( ! smalle/ gr\p1 ! family1 to its patri>*al head40#bih 8,?is gr\p10 says ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 8consi/s ( animate & inanimate prop]ty1 ( wife1 *ildr51 slaves1 l& & goods1 all held toge!r by subjection to ! despotic au?ority ( ! elde/ male ( ! elde/ asc5d+ l9e1 ! fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 or ev5 m remote ance/or4 ,! =ce :i* b9ds ! gr\p toge!r is p[]4 ,a *ild adopt$ into ! patri>*al family belongs to x z p]fectly z ! *ild naturally born into x1 & a *ild :o sev]s 8 connection ) x is lo/ to x altoge!r40 ,! patri>*al family ( ,ma9e ?us diff]s f ! anci5t family ( de ,c\langes 9 its b9d+ =ce1 :i* 9 ! "o case is p[]1 & 9 ! o!r religion1 =ces :i* are1 nev]!less1 reconcil$ by ! fact t ! *ief elem5t 9 ?is religion is ! ance/ral idea :i* is at ! base ( ! patri>*al family4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( ! anci5t family w\ld be complete if x provid$ = ! fact1 reveal$ by ! /udy ( primitive in/itutions z n[ exhibit$ among uncultur$ peoples1 t desc5t 0 orig9ally trac$ by ! female l9e 9 pref]5ce to ! male l9e4 ,! defect ?us reveal$ w1 h[ev]1 be remov$ if x c be %[n1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to d1 t desc5t ?r\gh ! male is1 = c]ta9 purposes1 recognis$ equally ) t ?r\gh ! female4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,sociology10 ref]s1#bii z foll[s1 to a sugge/ion made by ,mr4 ,fiske1 :i* conta9s an important tru? be>+ on ! subject ( ?is pap]3 8,po/ulat+ ! g5]al law t1 9 proportion z organisms are complex1 !y evolve sl[ly1 he inf]s t ! prolongation ( infancy :i* accompani$ developm5t ( ! less intellig5t primates into ! m intellig5t ones1 impli$ great] duration ( p>5tal c>e4 ,*ildr51 n s soon capable ( provid+ = !mselves1 _h to be long] nurtur$ by female p>5ts1 to "s ext5t inde$ by male p>5ts1 individually or jo9tly2 & h5ce result$ a bond hold+ toge!r p>5ts & (fspr+ = long] p]iods1 & t5d+ to initiate ! family4 ,t ?is has be5 a co-op]at+ factor 9 social evolution is v probable40 ,! bond ?us =m$ %[s its influ5ce ev5 among ! l[e/ savages1 9 ! natural affection :i* subsi/s betwe5 a "m & h] *ildr51 :5 ^! escape ! n unusual fate ( infanticide4 ,natural affection is less op]ative ) male p>5ts1 b !re are o!r feel+s :i* h relation *iefly to male *ildr5 :i* t5d to =m an equally b9d+ tie4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] rem>ks t 8to ! ye>n+s ( natural affection are add$1 9 e>ly /ages ( progress1 c]ta9 motives1 p>tly p]sonal1 p>tly social1 :i* help to secure ! lives ( *ildr51 b :i*1 at ! same "t1 initiate diff]5ces ( /atus betwe5 *ildr5 ( diff]5t sexes4 ,!re is ! desire to /r5g!n ! tribe 9 w>2 !re is ! wi% to h a future av5g] on individual enemies2 !re is ! anxiety to leave beh9d "o :o %all p]=m ! fun]al rites & cont9ue oblations at ! grave40#cjj ,^! motives mu/ h be5 influ5tial f ! e>lie/ p]iod at :i* mank9d consi/$ ( m ?an a few small & isolat$ gr\ps1 &1 !re=e1 we mu/ assume t 9 ^! gr\ps ! male elem5t 0 equally z /rong z ! female elem5t1 if1 inde$1 !y _h n a male head4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] rem>ks fur!r t ^? motives1 8/r5g!n+ z societies pass$ ?r\gh ! e>li] /ages1 gradually gave a c]ta9 au?ority to ! claims ( male *ildr51 ?\gh n to ^? ( females40#cja ,^! ideas are q inconsi/5t ) ! notion t ! family gr\p ev] consi/$ only ( a female ance/or & h] *ildr51 or t ! woman 0 orig9ally ! head (1 & supreme 91 ! family4 ,! cu/om ( trac+ desc5t by ! female l9e %[s1 h[ev]1 t = c]ta9 purposes ! woman occupi$ an important position1 al?\gh x may1 :5 ! practice ( wives go+ to reside among _! husb&'s relations become e/abli%$1 h t5d$ to confirm t ( female infanticide1 z ! *ildr5 w\ld be lo/ to ! "m's family gr\p4 ,"o ( ! motives ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld1 aft] ! idea ( special k9%ip ?r\gh females _h become e/abli%$1 affect m especially ! p]sons b\nd toge!r by a mat]nal tie4 ,:]e ! g5tile organisation is e/abli%$ ! duty ( rev5g+ private injuries is conf9$ to ! o!r memb]s ( ! common g5s4 ,! duty ( def5ce aga9/ ! ext]nal enemy belongs1 h[ev]1 to ! tribe1 :i* "h und\bt$ly /&s 9 ! place ( ! orig9al family gr\p1 9 :i* bo? male & female k9%ip1 ) _! special duties1 0 recognis$1 repres5t$ by its male head4 ,?is gr\p we mu/ suppose1 !re=e1 _h mu* 9 common ) ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's patri>*al family4 ,"u ! head ( ! olde/ liv+ male ance/or1 x embrac$ wife or wives1 *ildr5 & dep5d5ts4 ,! repugnance to m>riages betwe5 blood relations1 :i* seems almo/ in/9ctive to man1 w\ld prev5t su* alliances betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,! male *ildr51 :5 !y rea*$ ! age ( manhood1 w\ld leave ! pat]nal ro(1 & obta9 wives f o!r gr\ps1 ) :i* !y w\ld become associat$ on ! pr9ciple ( adoption1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "y m5 f o!r gr\ps w\ld take _! places z ! husb&s ( ! female *ildr54 ,x w\ld be dur+ ?is primitive p]iod t ! idea ( a special relation%ip subsi/+ betwe5 a "m & h] *ildr51 on :i* ! cu/om ( trac+ desc5t ?r\gh ! female is f\nd$1 w\ld become =m$1 z already m5tion$4 ,! importance atta*$ to female k9%ip w\ld be increas$ by ! developm5t ( a frat]nal feel+ among ! *ildr5 ( ! same "m1 a feel+ :i* w\ld be /r5g!n$ if1 z w\ld probably n seldom be ! case1 m51 aft] "s ye>s ( cohabitation ) _! wives1 left _! *ildr5 solely to ! "m's c>e4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! v>i\s ideas & circum/ances ! cu/om ( trac+ k9%ip = c]ta9 purposes 9 ! female l9e w\ld be develop$ by ! "t t ! habit _h be5 =m$ ( wives leav+ _! p>5ts to reside among _! husb&'s family4 ,z :5 ?is took place1 ! cu/om w\ld be firmly e/abli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( polygamy1 ! developm5t ( ! g5tile organisation w\ld almo/ necess>ily foll[4 ,! primitive idea ( k9%ip ?r\gh ! fa!r w\ld1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9 9 full =ce ) ! attributes :i* orig9ally app]ta9$ to x--namely1 ! head%ip 9 ! family gr\p ( ! elde/ male ance/or1 ^: au?ority is practically repres5t$ by ! tribe1 & ! non-int]m>riage ( ^? ?us connect$4 ,,footnotes3 #bej 8,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #ddd4 #bea ,ditto1 p4 #aha4 #beb 8,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory10 pp4 #ed1 #eg4 #bec ,ditto1 pp4 #ajd1 #aaj4 #bed ,ditto1 p4 #agd4 #bee ,ditto1 p4 #aab4 #bef ,ditto1 p4 #aci4 #beg ,ditto1 p4 #aac4 #beh 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #eab4 #bei ,ditto1 p4 #eaa4 #bfj ,ditto1 p4 #fi4 #bfa 8,anci5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #abd4 #bfb ,ditto1 p4 #aci4 #bfc ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dah4 #bfd ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dai4 #bfe ,m',l5nan1 p4 #aej4 #bff ,m',l5nan1 p4 #acd4 #bfg 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #eaf4 #bfh 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #fg4 #bfi ,ditto1 p4 #fj4 #bgj 8,pr9ciples ( ,sociology10 vol4 i41 p4 #ffb4 #bga ,ditto1 p4 #ffe4 #bgb ,ditto1 p4 #fff4 #bgc ,ditto1 p4 #ffg4 #bgd ,lahontan1 8,mmoires10 ii41 pp4 #add1 et seq4 #bge 8,te ,ika ,a ,maui10 p4 #ceg4 #bgf ,ditto1 p4 #ccg4 #bgg 8,six? ,report ( ! ,directors ( ! ,african ,in/itution0 7#ahab71 p4 #abh4 #bgh ,op4 cit41 p4 #ccf4 #bgi ,ditto1 p4 #ecf4 #bhj 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #ga4 #bha 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #ge1 #ebh4 #bhb ,ditto1 p4 #ecj4 #bhc ,see ,lafitau 8,les ,murs des ,sauvages10 ii41 p4 #efd1 et seq4 #bhd ,see ,lafitau1 ii41 p4 #gg1 et seq4 #bhe 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #hh4 #bhf ,ditto1 p4 #fc4 #bhg 8,anci5t ,hi/ory10 p4 #dah4 #bhh 8,types ( ,sociology10 pp4 #ffe1 #ffi4 #bhi ,ditto1 p4 #ffg4 #bij 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #eaf4 #bia ,ditto1 p4 #eae4 #bib ,ditto1 p4 #eaf4 #bic 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #ajc4 #bid 8,travels 9 ,nor!rn ,am]ica10 p4 #cgh4 #bie 8,memoirs10 ii41 p4 #aej4 #bif 8,la ,cit ,antique0 7#f? ,ed471 #ahgf1 p4 #acc4 #big 8,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions10 pp4 #fd1 #fe4 #bih ,ditto1 p4 #fh4 #bii ,p4 #fcj1 note4 #cjj 8,pr9ciples ( ,sociology10 p4 #gfi4 #cja ,ditto1 p4 #gga4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,social ,,position ,,( ,,woman ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by 8,,civilisation40 ,! leg5d :i* tea*es t ! fir/ woman 0 =m$ out ( "o ( ! ribs ( ! fir/ man mu/ surely be true1 see+ t x agrees p]fectly ) ! position :i* woman holds among all primitive peoples6 ,) few rights1 if any1 9 ?is life1 x is n surpris+ t h] subord9ation is cont9u$ 9 ! _s _w1 & t if %e ga9s admittance at all into ! native heav51 x is usually "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,?us1 ! ,fijian wom5 are volunt>ily /rangl$ or buri$ alive at ! fun]als ( _! husb&s1 f ! belief t 9 _! company alone 8c !y rea* ! realms ( bliss20 to :i* is add$ ! idea t %e 8:o meets h] dea? ) ! greate/ devot$ness w become ! fav\rite wife 9 ! abode ( spirits40 ,:at becomes aft] dea? ( ! wom5 :o d n die ) _! husb&s is1 p]haps1 unc]ta91 b !re is reason to believe t among _m uncultur$ peoples z little ?\ght is giv5 to ! future /ate ( su* un=tunates z to t ( animals kill$ = food4 ,9 fact1 among ! ,papuan tribes1 & ) _m ( ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 wom5 are highly priz$ = cannibal purposes4 ,judg+ f ?is fact1 we %all n expect to f9d t1 dur+ life1 !y are mu* c>$ =1 unless x be on ! pr9ciple :i* sometimes leads cannibals to fatt5 _! victims be=e prey+ on !m4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ) ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 & wom5 among !m n only h to endure _m privations1 b are mo/ b>b>\sly treat$4 ,wilkes /ates t !y are consid]$ z articles ( prop]ty4 ,among few peoples is ! lot ( woman s cruel z ) ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 !re is little diff]5ce ) any uncultur$ race4 ,m>riages ( affection are unkn[n to ! ,fijians1 & wom5 rema9 fai?ful to _! husb&s f fe> r ?an f love4 8,l o!r prop]ty10 says ,admiral ,wilkes1 8wives may be sold at pleasure1 & ! usual price is a musket4 ,^? :o pur*ase !m may d ) !m z !y please1 ev5 to knock+ !m on ! head40 ,?us1 among ! ,fijians1 wom5 are1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 8prop]ty10 & m>riage is a matt] ( b>ga9 & sale4 ,?is rem>k is applicable to peoples less savage ?an ! untam$ ,papuan4 ,among ! pa/oral tribes ( ,ea/ ,africa1 & also ! black tribes ( ,madagasc>1 wom5 are1 if any?+1 ?\ght less ( ?an cattle4 ,! ,kafirs1 inde$1 value !m 9 cattle1 & girls pride !mselves on ! price !y fet*4 ,! condition ( ! ,kafir wife agrees ) ! e/imation 9 :i* %e is held4 ,woman occupies mu* ! same position ) ! true ,negro tribes1 & ev5 among ! ,nor? ,african peoples :o h embrac$ ,moham$anism ! woman is subject absolutely to ! w ( h] husb&4 ,wives d n appe> to be treat$ ) cruelty1 h[ev]1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,w9wood ,reade1 !y (t51 by =ce ( a c]ta9 public op9ion1 ex]cise a peculi> influ5ce ov] ! m5 9 dome/ic affairs4 ,among ! ,wahuma ( ,ea/ ,africa1 wom51 curi\sly en\gh1 are n reg>d$ exactly z prop]ty1 & _! condition is probably1 on ! :ole1 sup]ior to :at x is among ! ,negro or ,kafir tribes4 ,wom5 occupy among ! ,am]ican aborig9es a position (1 on ! :ole1 great] h>d%ip4 ,!y are g5]ally consid]$ z inf]ior be+s1 & _! lives are sp5t 9 ! l[e/ & mo/ labori\s drudg]y4 ,?r\gh\t bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) few exceptions1 a wife is treat$ z ! prop]ty ( h] husb&1 :o w l5d h] to a fri5d ) z little compunction z he w\ld a hat*et4 ,moreov]1 z among/ mo/ uncultur$ peoples1 %e is always liable to in/ant divorce4 ,?is arbitr>y treatm5t1 & ! h>d%ips :i* wom5 suff]1 h probably mu* to d ) ! preval5ce ( infanticide1 especially ( female *ildr54 ,! condition ( woman among ! ,esk9s appe>s to be m be>able ?an ) ! true ,am]ican tribes4 ,?is is %[n by ! exi/5ce betwe5 husb& & wife ( a c]ta9 atta*m5t1 :i* sometimes rip5s into real affection2 & yet1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,ross1 ! ,esk9o wom5 are consid]$ m]ely z prop]ty or furniture4 ,x is n f> o!rwise ) ! ,gre5l&]s4 ,crantz decl>es t1 f _! tw5tie? ye>1 ! life ( _! wom5 is a mixture ( fe>1 indig5ce1 & lam5tation4 ,among "s ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,samoans1 woman is m e/eem$ ?an ) o!rs1 b usually %e is treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ) mo/ uncultur$ peoples4 ,z %[n by _m ( _! cu/oms1 %e is look$ ^u z an inf]ior creature4 ,capta9 ,k+ rem>k$ t at ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :5 ^! 7 fir/ discov]$1 less respect 0 %[n to wom5 ?an at any ( ! o!r ,pacific ,isl&s :i* ,capta9 ,cook's exp$ition _h visit$4 ,all ! be/ k9ds ( food 7 =bidd5 !m4 ,9 dome/ic life !y liv$ almo/ entirely by !mselves1 & al?\gh no in/ance ( positive ill-treatm5t 0 actually obs]v$1 yet x 0 evid5t t 8!y _h little reg>d or att5tion paid !m40 ,! facts /at$ suffici5tly e/abli% t1 among primitive peoples1 woman is reg>d$ z 8prop]ty40 ,usually female *ildr5 are ?\ght little ( by _! p>5ts1 & !y are c>$ = only z hav+ a c]ta9 ex*ange value4 ,9 ! m advanc$ /age repres5t$ by ! pa/oral peoples !y are m highly priz$1 because1 al?\gh a man may pref] 8 cattle to 8 daught]s1 ^!1 if successfully re>$1 w br+ a c]ta9 addition to 8 /ock4 ,a curi\s relic ( ?is primitive idea ( ! ex*ange value ( woman is yet extant 9 ,afghani/an1 :]e crimes are aton$ = by f9es e/imat$1 p>tly 9 "y wom51 & p>tly 9 money4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! man :o has pur*as$ 8 wife %\ld look ^u h] 9 ! same light z any o!r *attel :i* he has acquir$1 & ?is prop]ty notion is at ! f\ndation ( mo/ ( ! social habits ( savage life4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t wom51 ev5 among ! mo/ uncultur$ peoples1 are altoge!r )\t influ5ce1 if n ov] _! own condition1 yet ov] ! m9ds ( o!r4 ,! w>s1 if su* !y c be call$1 wag$ by ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 are g5]ally due to ! old wom51 :o incite ! m5 ) ! mo/ passionate language to rev5ge any injury to ! tribe1 & !y p]=m ! same (fice among o!r uncivilis$ peoples4 ,x is well-kn[n :at influ5ce ov] ! conduct ( su* peoples is ex]cis$ by ! sorc]]s or wiz>d doctors1 & 9 _m p>ts ( bo? ,africa & ,am]ica wom5 z well z m5 ex]cise t call+24 ,x is n (t5 t among ! m w>like races wom5 atta9 to ! position ( *ief1 b su* a /ate ( ?+s is n unkn[n to ! ,african tribes2 & 9 ,madagasc> & ! ,polynesian ,isl&s woman is z compet5t z man to occupy ! ?rone4 ,) ! ,am]ican tribes :o trace desc5t ?r\gh females1 wom5 h great influ5ce 9 ! election ( ! *iefs4 ,nor is woman exactly )\t rights among uncultur$ peoples4 ,at fir/ ^! relate to ! disposition ( h] own p]son be=e m>riage1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* a "r is impli$ 9 ! widespread cu/oms :i* h be5 ?\ght to give evid5ce ( ! primitive social phase describ$ z 8m>riage by capture40 ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 8 "w1 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man10 well po9ts out t among uncultur$ peoples girls h m *oice 9 ! matt] ( m>riage ?an is usually suppos$4 ,x by no means foll[s t ! position ( a woman is1 among uncultur$ peoples1 m be>able because %e has manag$ to m>ry ! man :om %e pref]s4 ,:]e ! m>riage has be5 prec$$ by actual atta*m5t1 no d\bt x usually is s2 & 9 t case1 especially if %e has mu* intellig5ce1 a wife may h great influ5ce ov] h] husb&4 ,x is probable t polygamy has be5 an important in/rum5t 9 improv+ ! condition ( ! m>ri$ woman4 ,) mo/ uncultur$ peoples :o practise polygamy1 a fir/ wife is ! head wife1 & all ! succe$+ ones are "u h] control4 ,! =m] ?us occupies a position ( influ5ce 9 ! h\sehold2 %e is less r\ghly treat$ by h] husb&1 & %e gradually acquires c]ta9 rights4 ,mr4 ,%oot] says t1 among ! ,kafirs1 all ! c[s :i* a man possesses at ! "t ( 8 e>lie/ m>riage are reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( 8 fir/ wife1 & aft] ! bir? ( h] fir/ son !y are call$ 8 cattle4 ,!oretically1 ! husb& c nei!r sell nor dispose ( !m )\t 8 wife's cons5t4 ,cattle are assign$ to ea* ( ! wives :om ! husb& subsequ5tly takes1 & ! wife :o furni%es ! cattle to pur*ase & end[ a new wife1 is entitl$ to h] s]vices1 & calls h] 8my wife40 ,^! rights ( prop]ty are1 h[ev]1 9 reality ( v slight value4 ,on ! dea? ( ! husb&1 ! wom5 ( 8 h\sehold desc5d to ! son :o is entitl$ to ! cattle belong+ to ea* family division1 & if he dies )\t direct heirs1 to ! next male relative1 :o is nev]!less b\nd to provide = !m4 ,x is difficult to conceive t ! improvem5t 9 ! position ( woman witness$ among civilis$ peoples1 c h be5 mu* affect$ by any *ange t c\ld take place 9 ! relation betwe5 husb& & wife1 s long z ! latt] is treat$ z m]e prop]ty4 ,i am dispos$1 !re=e1 to trace t improvem5t to ano!r s\rce1 & to look ^u x z spr++ f ! mat]nal relation%ip4 ,/]n z may be ! treatm5t exp]i5c$ by a wife1 x is seldom t a "m is n hon\r$4 ,?is is especially ! case among ! ,african tribes4 ,! same feel+ is n unkn[n to ! ,arabs1 ^: sacr$ book decl>es t 8a son ga9s ,p>adise at ! feet ( 8 "m40 ,inconsi/5t z x is ) our ideas1 !re c be little d\bt t ! curi\s cu/om ( /rangl+ p>5ts1 or bury+ !m alive1 :5 !y h become old & helpless1 is look$ ^u z a m>k ( respect & reg>d4 ,wilkes 0 assur$ by ! mission>ies t ! ,fijians 7 k9d & affectionate to _! p>5ts1 & t !y consid]$ ! /rangl+ cu/om z s great a pro( ( affection t none b *ildr5 c\ld be f\nd to p]=m x4 ,! ,*9ese h pres]v$ ! g]ms ( ! primitive idea1 accord+ to :i* woman is a k9d ( prop]ty1 & among !m /ill a wife may be sold1 al?\gh only ) h] own cons5t1 & z a wife & n z a slave4 ,^! re/rictions %[ a great advance1 :i* is evid5c$ also by ! fact t wives possess equal rank ) _! husb&s4 ,moreov]1 mo!rs are all[$ a c]ta9 degree ( influ5ce ov] _! sons1 :o are1 inde$1 oblig$ at p>ticul> seasons to pay homage to !m1 ! ,emp]or himself n be+ exempt f p]=m+ ! c]emonies ( ! kot[ be=e 8 "m4 ,:]e ! filial piety is s /rong1 x is n surpris+ t ance/ral-wor%ip ext5ds to ! "m z well z ! fa!r1 & t ! memory ( wom5 celebrat$ = _! virtues is p]petuat$4 ,nev]!less1 ,*9ese wom5 are almo/ absolutely 9 ! p[] ( _! fa!rs1 husb&s & sons1 to :om !y owe ob$i5ce z ! repres5tatives ( heav54 ,9 "s ( _! cu/oms ! ,romans bore consid]able resemblance to ! ,*9ese4 ,) ! =m]1 z among ! latt]1 ! fa!r 0 absolute )9 8 family1 & orig9ally a woman1 z "p ( h] husb&'s familia1 c\ld be sold or put to dea? by him )\t int]f]5ce by ! ,/ate4 ,?is 0 n s if ! wife 0 only uxor & reta9$ h] own familia1 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 h] *ildr5 belong$ to h] husb&4 ,! latt] =m ( m>riage1 or ! cu/om kn[n z 8break+ ! usus ( ! ye>10 gradually came to be ! mo/ usual1 & x result$ 9 ! emancipation ( wom5 f ! control to :i* !y _h be=e be5 subject$4 ,! old ,roman1 ,cato ! eld]1 compla9$ ( _! hav+ mu* p[] 9 political matt]s1 & /atues 7 ev5 !n erect$ 9 ! prov9ces to ,roman ladies4 ,un=tunately ! emancipation ( woman among ! ,romans 0 att5d$ ) a lic5se :i* _h ! mo/ deplorable results1 bo? moral & social4 ,9 ,greece ! peculi> in/itutions e/abli%$ by ,lycurgus gave ! ,sp>tan wom5 mu* influ5ce1 & !y 7 ev5 said by ! o!r ,greeks to h br\ght _! husb&s "u ! yoke4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,a!nians1 wom5 7 g5]ally view$ z inf]ior to m51 & wives 7 treat$ r z h\sehold drudges ?an z companions4 ,be=e m>riage girls 7 kept 9 /rict seclusion1 a habit :i*1 9 ! middle & high] classes1 0 long reta9$ aft] m>riage1 wives see+ little ev5 ( _! husb&s or fa!rs4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 diff]5t dur+ ! h]oic age1 :5 ! int]c\rse betwe5 husb& & wife1 says ,mr4 ,glad/one1 0 8?or\ghly natural1 full ( w>m?1 dignity1 reciprocal def]5ce1 & sub/antial1 if n conv5tional1 delicacy40 ,x is to ! developm5t ( ! emotion ( love t ! full recognition ( ! true position to :i* woman is unit$ mu/ be trac$4 ,! p>5t has influ5ce because he or %e is respect$1 & love induces ! same feel+ 9 relation to ! wife & woman 9 g5]al4 ,?us1 at lea/1 x w\ld seem to be ) ,ea/]n peoples1 :o probably closely agree 9 social habits ) ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,among ! ,b$\9s1 9 ^: mann]s we may d\btless trace ^? ( ! e>ly ,hebrews1 wom5 enjoy a consid]able degree ( lib]ty2 & h5ce m>riages1 al?\gh accompani$ by ! incid5ts ( wife-pur*ase1 are (t5 gov]n$ by *oice1 & husb&s make real companions ( _! wives4 ,! respect paid to !m is s great t1 if a homicide c succe$ 9 conceal+ 8 head "u ! sleeve ( a woman & cry fy>dhk1 8"u ?y protection10 8 safety is insur$4 ,pallas m5tions an analog\s cu/om z exi/+ among ! ,circassians1 :o also highly e/eem woman4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,afghans1 among :om1 al?\gh m>riage is /ill a matt] ( pur*ase1 love-mat*es are by no means r>e4 ,wives (t5 ex]cise great influ5ce 9 ,afghan h\seholds1 ! husb& sometimes s9k+ into a second>y place4 ,h[ f> ! condition ( wom5 has be5 mitigat$ among ! ,b$\9s & o!r races by ,mohamm$anism is an op5 "q4 ,accord+ to ! ,koran1 ! ,arabs 7 accu/om$ to treat !m ) great cruelty1 :ile "o ( ! *ief features ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+ is ! high position accord$ to !m4 ,9 p]mitt+ polygamy1 ,mohamm$an law accommodates itself to ! habits ( an e>li] /age ( social progress1 & t5ds to p]petuate _m ( its objectionable features4 ,z rem>k$ by ,"l ,kames1 polygamy is intimately connect$ ) ! treatm5t ( woman z a slave to be pur*as$ ev5 9 m>riage4 ,b1 great z are ! evils att5d+ t cu/om1 !y dep5d 9 great measure on special circum/ances1 & !y are capable1 z ,mohamm$an tea*+ %[s1 ( consid]able mitigation4 ,probably ! practice ( polygamy has nev]1 among a civilis$ p1 be5 accompani$ by m baneful results ?an x exhibits 9 mod]n ,egypt1 if we c accept ! te/imony ( ,miss ,m>t9eau4 ,?is lady some:at unju/ly rem>ks t1 8if we are to look = a hell ^u e>?1 x is :]e polygamy exi/s2 & t1 z polygamy runs riot 9 ,egypt1 ,egypt is ! l[e/ dep? ( ?is hell40 ,polygamy has n 9 ,india s degrad+ an effect1 b1 ( ! six qualities ascrib$ to woman by ! code ( s-call$ ,g5too laws1 all are bad ones4 ,a really good wife is1 h[ev]1 s highly e/eem$ t1 if a man =sake h] ( 8 own accord1 he is to receive ! puni%m5t ( a ?ief4 ,p]haps ! sc>city ( su* wives acc\nts = ! fact m5tion$ by ,bi%op ,heb]1 t ?r\gh\t ,india any?+ is ?\ght good en\gh = wom51 & t 8! r\ghe/ words1 ! poore/ g>m5ts1 ! scantie/ alms1 ! mo/ degrad+ lab\r1 & ! h>de/ bl[s1 are g5]ally ( _! portion40 ,no d\bt wom5 ( ! l[] ca/es are "h ref]r$ to1 & x _c be suppos$ t all wom5 are ?us treat$4 ,! ,abb ,dubois1 inde$1 affirms t among ! ,h9doos ! p]son ( a woman is sacr$1 & t1 h[ev] abject h] condition1 %e is always address$ by e "o by ! t]m 8"m40 ,if we may believe ! ,abb1 :o liv$ = ?irty ye>s among ! natives1 ! position ( ,h9doo wom5 is f> sup]ior to :at ,europeans 9 g5]al believe4 ,he says1 8,to !m belong ! entire managem5t ( _! h\sehold1 ! c>e ( _! *ildr51 ! sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! m5ial s]vants1 ! di/ribution ( alms & *>ities4 ,to !m are g5]ally entru/$ ! money1 jewels1 & o!r valuables ( ! family2 to !m belong ! c>e ( procur+ provisions & provid+ = all exp5ses2 x is !y also :o are *>g$1 almo/ to ! exclusion ( _! husb&s1 ) ! mo/ important affairs ( procur+ wives = _! sons1 & husb&s = _! daught]s1 & 9 do+ x !y ev9ce a nicety ( att5tion & wisdom :i* are n c]ta9ly surpass$ 9 any o!r c\ntry2 :ile 9 ! managem5t ( _! dome/ic bus9ess1 !y 9 g5]al %[ a %rewdness1 a sav+ness1 & a =esight1 :i* w\ld d hon\r to ! be/ h\sekeep]s 9 ,europe4444 ,9 %ort1 al?\gh expos$ outw>dly 9 public to ! =bidd5 fr[ns ( an au/]e husb&1 !y _c be consid]$ 9 any o!r view ?an z p]fect mi/resses 9 ! h\se4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,h9doo females on ! welf>e ( families is s well kn[n1 t ! successes or mis=tunes ( ! ,h9doo are almo/ entirely attribut$ to ! good or bad managem5t ( ! =m]2 :5 a p]son prosp]s 9 ! _w1 x is ! cu/om to say t he has ! happ9ess to possess an intellig5t wife1 & :5 any "o runs to ru91 x is ! cu/om to say t he has ! mis=tune to h a bad wife = a p>tn]40 ,judg+ f ! ,abb's description1 ! prop]ties ( a good wife1 accord+ to ! compil] ( ! 8,book ( ,prov]bs10 w\ld d\btless meet ) ! p]fect approval ( ! ,h9doo4 ,mu* z ! emancipation ( woman is aid$ by ! developm5t ( love betwe5 ! sexes1 %e is indebt$ to religion = its completion4 ,! description giv5 by ,tacitus ( ! high hon\r 9 :i* wom5 7 held by ! anci5t ,g]mans1 z be+ 9 "s s5se holy & z hav+ ! gift ( prophecy1 may be some:at exagg]at$2 b if x is true t ! safe/ mode ( b9d+ t p to _! political engagem5ts 0 to require z ho/ages wom5 ( noble bir?1 we may well believe t _! reg>d = ! female sex _h a religi\s basis4 ,tacitus adds1 t ! c>e ( h\se & l&s & ( ! family affairs1 0 usually committ$ to ! wom51 :ile ! m5 sp5t _! "t 9 fea/+1 fight+1 & sleep+4 ,a happy comm5t>y ?is on ! "q :e!r ! =m] is capable ( manag+ h] own affairs6 ,! true position ( woman1 h[ev]1 is n t assign$ to h] by ! anci5t ,g]mans1 :o gave h] a fictiti\s sup]iority bas$ on sup]/ition4 ,we mu/ look to ! peoples among :om h fl\ri%$ ! religions :i* h p]man5tly influ5c$ ! _w1 = evid5ces ( ! cont9u$ improvem5t ( t position4 ,t :i* has _h ! mo/ /rik+ & la/+ effect ov] ! social /atus ( wom5 9 ! ,ea/ is und\bt$ly ,buddhism4 ,gautama prea*$ salvation to all human be+s alike1 ri* & poor1 male & female1 & "s ( 8 fir/ conv]ts 7 wom54 ,8 tea*+ w5t to ! root ( ! prejudice s p[]ful 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* leads man to consid] woman 8 inf]ior1#cjb & %e 0 at once rais$ to a level ) him4 ,h5ce1 9 mo/ ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 wom5 are treat$ z man's companions1 & n z 8 slaves4 ,! fact t ! =m] are all[$ to take mona/ic v[s reveals ! true s\rce ( female emancipation4 ,x is a recognition ( ! capability ( woman to atta9 to ! spiritual re-bir?1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 n only to escape f ! mat]ial life ) its cont9u$ evils1 b to secure supreme bliss 9 ano!r /ate4 ,! idea ( ! spiritual re-bir? 0 at ! f\ndation ( ! anci5t my/]ies1 & !re=e ! admission to !m ( woman 0 a sign ( h] emancipation4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a places m5 & wom5 on ! same foot+1 & among ! anci5t ,p]sians ! latt] sometimes occupi$ ev5 high sac]dotal positions4 ,%e 01 moreov]1 freely admitt$ to ! secret my/]ies4 ,m4 ,laj>d says t ! monum5ts %[ u wom5 n only admitt$ z neophytes to ! celebration ( ! my/]ies1 b p]=m+ !re sometimes ! "p ( god-"m 7m>ra9e71 sometimes t ( prie/ess & ar*-prie/ess4 ,9 ^! two *>act]s !y assi/ ! initiat+ prie/1 & !y !mselves preside at ! initiation1 assi/$ by a prie/ or an ar*-prie/4 ,! le>n$ ,fr5* writ] concludes1 !re=e1 t 8wom5 among ! peoples end[$ ) ! in/itution ( ! my/]ies f\nd !mselves ?us plac$ 9 a condition ( equality ) man40 ,t :i* _h be5 begun by ,buddhism & ,mazdaism 0 cont9u$ by ,*ri/ianity1 :i* kn[s no di/9ction ( sex or position1 h[ev] mu* its pr9ciples may f "t to "t h suff]$ at ! h&s ( ignorant or irrational legislators4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,spiritism ,,& ,,mod]n ,,spiritualism4 ,:e!r :at is kn[n z ,mod]n ,spiritualism is true or false1 x mu/ h an equal influ5ce on ^? :o believe x to be true4 ,z be+1 !n1 influ5tial = good or = evil ov] ! lives ( ?\s&s ( p1 its ph5om5a are des]v+ ( mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,= ! same reason ! analog\s ph5om5a :i* h be5 f "t to "t obs]v$ among uncultur$ peoples are also wor?y ( /udy4 ,!re is little d\bt t ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* has be5 done by mod]n ,spirituali/s has be5 p]=m$ f "t immemorial by ! ,%amans1 or sorc]y doctors1 ( ! ,turanian & alli$ tribes ( ! ,am]ican & ,african ,cont95ts4 ,! two great ess5tials requir$ 9 ei!r case are ! exi/5ce ( disembodi$ spirits & m$iums ?r\gh :om !y c communicate ) man4 ,z to ! =m]1 x is d\btful :e!r !re is any race ( uncivilis$ m5 :o are n firm believ]s 9 ! exi/5ce ( spirits or gho/s4 ,9 mo/ cases1 & probably 9 all orig9ally1 ^! are ! spirits ( dead m51 :o are ?\ght1 = a "t at lea/1 to w&] ab\t ! sc5es ( _! mat]ial life1 & occasionally to make _! pres5ce kn[n by s\nds or by a visible appe>ance4 ,s great is ! dread ( gho/s among _m ( su* peoples t !y w h>dly v5ture out ( _! huts aft] d>k1 & :5 any p]son is compell$ to d s he inv>iably c>ries a light1 al?\gh he w\ld n h ! slighte/ difficulty 9 f9d+ 8 way )\t its aid4 ,nor is ! m$ium want+ among ! uncivilis$ races4 ,! mo/ influ5tial man 9 ! tribe is ! sorc]y doctor1 except :]e he is m]ely a tool 9 ! h&s ( ! *ief1 & all 8 influ5ce is due to 8 suppos$ control ov]1 or1 at lea/1 communication )1 ! d5iz5s ( ! _s _w4 ,by _! aid he is able to bewit* 8 own enemies or ^? ( ! p]sons :o seek ! ex]cise ( 8 natural p[]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to discov] ! orig9 ( ! disease "u :i* ! sick man is wa/+ away1 & to remove x f him %\ld ! spirits be propiti\s4 ,! sorc]y doctor ( an ,african tribe1 l ! ,%aman ( ! ,mongol1 is 9 fact a v oracle ?r\gh 8 suppos$ p[] ( receiv+ communications f 8 immat]ial assi/ants4 ,moreov]1 ! means by :i* he becomes en rapport ) ! _s _w are exactly ! same z ^? employ$ by ! ,spirituali/1 al?\gh ! mode 9 :i* ! m$iumi/ic condition is induc$ may (t5 be v diff]5t4 ,:e!r arriv$ at by a process ( mesm]ism1 or by means ( a c]emony att5d$ ) great physical & m5tal excitem5t1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 induc$ by extreme exhau/ion1 or :e!r x is caus$ by a k9d ( intoxication1 ! condition requir$ is "o ( trance4 ,! mo/ simple mode ( atta9+ x is probably ! self-mesm]ism ( ! ,zulus ( ,natal1 an int5se conc5tration & ab/raction ( ! m9d1 giv+ ! clairvoyant faculty4 ,canon ,call[ay /ates t ?is process ( 8inn] div9ation0 is commonly practis$ by h]d boys = ! purpose ( f9d+ cattle :i* h /ray$2 & x is ev5 us$ z a means ( escape by ^? :o are ?reat5$ ) de/ruction by a jeal\s *ief4 ,?is clairvoyant p[]1 :i* is intimately connect$ ) ,spiritualism1 is by "s peoples ascrib$ to _s communication4 ,?us1 says ,s*eff]1 among ! ,lapl&]s1 8,:5 ! devil takes a lik+ to any p]son1 9 8 infancy1 he haunts him ) sev]al app>itions4444 ,^? :o are tak5 ?us a second "t see m visions & ga9 great k4 ,if !y are seiz$ a ?ird "t !y arrive to ! p]fection ( ?is art1 & become s kn[+1 t )\t ! drum 7! magic drum :i* answ]s to ! tamb\r9e ( ! ,mongol & ! rattle ( ! ,am]ican ,indian71 !y c see ?+s at ! greate/ di/ances1 & are s possess$ by ! devil1 t !y see !m ev5 aga9/ _! w40 ,s*eff] adds t on 8 compla9+ aga9/ a ,lapp on acc\nt ( 8 drum1 ! ,lapp br\ght x to him1 8& confess$ ) te>s t1 ?\gh he %\ld "p ) x1 & n make him ano!r1 he %\ld h ! same visions z =m]ly & he in/anc$ ! travell] himself1 giv+ him 8a true & p>ticul> relation0 ( :atev] _h happ5$ to him 9 8 j\rney to ,lapl&40 ,he compla9$1 moreov]1 t 8he knew n h[ to make use ( 8 eyes1 s9ce ! ?+s altoge!r di/ant 7 pres5t$ to !m40 ,accord+ to ,olaus ,magnus1 ! ,lapl& ,%aman 8falls into an ec/acy & lies = a %ort "t z if dead2 9 ! mean:ile 8 companion takes great c>e t no gnat or o!r liv+ creature t\* him1 = 8 s\l is c>ri$ by "s ill g5ius into a =eign c\ntry1 f :5ce x is br\ght back1 ) a knife1 r+1 or "s o!r tok5 ( 8 k ( :at is done 9 ^? p>ts4 ,aft] 8 ris+ up he relates all ! circum/ances belong+ to ! bus9ess t 0 inquir$ aft]40 ,among ! special spirituali/ic ph5om5a :i* are recognis$ among uncultur$ peoples are _s-rapp+1 _s-voices1 & ! cord-unloos5+1 :i*1 :5 fir/ exhibit$1 creat$ 9 ,engl& s mu* a/oni%m5t4 ,! la/-nam$ ph5om5on is n unkn[n to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 & is practis$ by ! ,gre5l&]s & by "s ( ! ,sib]ian ,%amans4 ,?us1 among ! ,samoy$es1 8,! ,%aman places himself on ! gr\nd ^u a dry re9de] sk94 ,!n he all[s himself to be firmly b\nd1 h&s & feet4 ,! w9d[s are clos$1 & ! ,%aman calls ^u ! spirits1 :5 sudd5ly a noise is he>d 9 ! d>k5$ room4 ,voices are he>d )9 & outside ! c\rt2 b ^u ! dry re9de] sk9 !re is regul> rhy?mical beat+4 ,be>s gr[l1 s]p5ts hiss1 & squirrels seem to jump ab\t4 ,at la/ ! noise ceases4 ,! w9d[s are op5$1 & ! ,%aman ent]s ! c\rt free & unb\nd4 ,no "o d\bts t ! spirits h made ! noise & set ! ,%aman free1 & c>ri$ him secretly out ( ! c\rt40 ,we h "h ! noises1 voices1 & rope unty+ :i* are s common 9 spirituali/ic sances4 ,^! f9d a /ill clos] p>allel 9 ! curi\s rites ( ,gre5l& ,%amanism1 ! object ( :i* is to enable ! spirits ( ! sorc]] to visit heav5 or hell z occasion may require4 ,! hi/orian ,crantz ?us describes ! c]emony3-- 8,fir/ ! devotee drums a:ile1 mak+ all mann] ( di/ort$ figures1 by :i* he en]vates 8 /r5g? & works up 8 en?usiasm4 ,!n he goes to ! entry ( ! h\se1 & !re gets "o ( 8 pupils to tie 8 head betwe5 8 legs1 & 8 h&s beh9d 8 back ) a /r+2 !n all ! lamps 9 ! h\se mu/ be put out & ! w9d[s %ut up4 ,= no "o mu/ see ! int]view betwe5 him & ! _s2 no "o mu/ /ir1 n s mu* z to scrat* 8 head1 t ! _s may n be h9d]$1 or r t he may n be detect$ 9 8 knav]y4444 ,aft] he has begun to s+1 9 :i* all ! re/ jo9 ) him1 he beg9s to sigh & puff & foam ) great p]turbation & noise1 & calls out = 8 _s to come to him1 & has (t5 great tr\ble be=e he comes4 ,b if ! _s is /ill deaf to 8 cries1 & comes n1 8 s\l flies away to fet* him4 ,dur+ ?is d]eliction ( 8 s\l he is quiet1 b1 by-&-by1 he returns aga9 ) %\ts ( joy--nay1 ) a c]ta9 ru/l+1 s t a p]son :o has be5 sev]al times pres5t assur$ me t x 0 exactly z if he he>d sev]al birds come fly+1 fir/ ov] ! h\se1 & aft]w>ds into x4 ,b if ! ,torngak 7or _s7 comes volunt>ily1 he rema9s )\t 9 ! entry4 ,!re an ,angekok 7or magician7 disc\rses ) him ab\t any?+ t ! ,gre5l&]s want to "k4 ,two diff]5t voices are di/9ctly he>d1 "o z )\t & "o z )94 ,! answ] is always d>k & intricate4 ,! he>]s int]pret ! mean+ among !mselves1 b if !y _c agree 9 ! solution1 !y beg ! ,torngak to give ! ,angekok a m explicit answ]4 ,sometimes ano!r comes :o is n ! usual ,torngak1 9 :i* case nei!r ! ,angekok nor 8 company und]/& him4444 ,b if ?is communication ext5ds /ill fur!r1 he so>s al(t ) 8 ,torngak on a long /r+ to ! realm ( s\ls1 :]e he is admitt$ to a %ort conf]5ce ) ! ,angekut poglit1 i4e41 ! fat or ! fam\s wise ones1 & le>ns !re ! fate ( 8 sick pati5t1 or ev5 br+s him back a new s\l4 ,or else he desc5ds to ! goddess ( hell1 & sets ! en*ant$ creatures free4 ,b back he comes pres5tly aga91 cries out t]ribly1 & beg9s to beat 8 drum2 =1 9 ! meantime1 he has f\nd means to dis5gage himself f 8 bonds1 at lea/1 by ! help ( 8 s*ol>s1 & !n1 ) ! air ( "o q jad$ ) 8 j\rney1 tells a long /ory ( all t he _h se5 & he>d4 ,f9ally1 he tunes up a song1 & goes r\nd1 & imp>ts 8 b5$iction to all pres5t by a t\*4 ,!n !y light up ! lamps1 & see ! poor ,angekok wan1 fatigu$1 & h>ass$1 s t he c sc>ce speak40 ,except t ! civilis$ m$ium atta9s to a /ate ( trance )\t s mu* excitem5t1 & does n1 :ile 9 t /ate1 take s di/ant a j\rney1 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,crantz w\ld almo/ answ] = a description ( a spiritual sance4 ,mo/ ( ! occasions 9 :i* ! sorc]] is consult$ w\ld seem to be cases ( sickness4 ,illness is usually suppos$ to be caus$ by ! ag5cy ( spirits1 :o are annoy$ at some?+ hav+ be5 done or omitt$1 & ! mission ( ! sorc]] is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! sick man w live or die1 &1 if ! =m]1 :at (f]+ mu/ be giv5 to propitiate 8 torm5tors4 ,among ! ,zulus1 ! div9]s :o eat impepo m$ic9e answ]1 9 a measure1 to ! ,mongolian ,%aman1 al?\gh !y d n pr(ess to h int]c\rse ) sup]natural ag5ts4 ,?is is res]v$1 app>5tly1 = ! div9]s hav+ famili> spirits4 ,^! p d no?+ ( !mselves1 sit q /ill1 & ! answ]s to ! que/ions put by inquir]s are giv5 by voices at a di/ance f !m4 ,canon ,call[ay gives two curi\s in/ances ( ?is mode ( div9+4 ,9 "o ( !m a "y *ild1 belong+ to a family f ano!r kraal :i* _h settl$ 9 a village ( ! ,amahlongwa1 0 seiz$ ) convulsions1 & "s "y m51 its c\s9s1 7 s5t to consult a woman :o _h famili> spirits4 ,!y f\nd ! woman at home1 b x 0 n until !y _h wait$ a long "t t a small voice proce$+ f ! ro( ( ! hut salut$ !m4 ,!y 71 ( c\rse1 mu* surpris$ at be+ address$ f su* a place1 b soon a regul> conv]sation 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 !m & ! voices1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! spirits m9utely describ$ ! p>ticul>s connect$ ) ! *ild's illness--a case ( convulsions4 ,!y !n told ! "y man t 8! disease 0 n prop]ly convulsions1 b 0 occasion$ by ! ance/ral spirits1 because !y did n approve ( !m liv+ 9 _! relative's kraal1 & t1 on _! return home1 !y 7 to sacrifice a goat 7:i* 0 p>ticul>ly describ$71 & p\r its gall ov] ! *ild1 giv+ x at ! same "t ,itongo m$ic9e40 ,?is took place 9 ! day "t1 & ! woman did no?+ b occasionally ask ! spirits if !y 7 speak+ ! tru?4 8,! "y m5 return$ home10 says ,call[ay1 8sacrific$ ! goat1 p\r$ ! gall on ! *ild1 pluck$ = him ,itongo m$ic9e1 & gave him ! express$ juice to dr9k20 & ! *ild _h no return ( ! convulsions1 & is /ill liv+4 ,! /atem5t t1 dur+ ! int]view1 ! woman did no?+ b occasionally ask ! spirits if !y 7 speak+ ! tru?1 is some:at suspici\s1 b1 :atev] ! explanation ( ! case1 "o ?+ seems c]ta9--! "y m5 _h n se5 ! woman be=e1 z %e liv$ on ! coa/1 a day & a half's j\rney f !m4 ,9 ! o!r in/ance ref]r$ to1 ! ultimate result 0 n s fav\rable1 z ! sickness 0 n remov$1 b x 0 att5d$ ) an incid5t by :i* we are aga9 rem9d$ ( ! ph5om5a ( ,spiritualism4 ,! spirits promis$ to dig up & br+ to ! div9] ! secret poison :i* !y said 0 caus+ ! sickness inquir$ ab\t4 ,at ! "t appo9t$ = ! poison to be exhibit$ ! old p assembl$ 9 ! div9]'s hut1 &1 aft] arrang+ !mselves 9 a l9e at ! reque/ ( ! spirits1 !y soon he>d1 fir/ "o ?+ fall on ! floor1 & !n ano!r1 until at l5g? ea* p]son 0 told to take up :at belong$ to him & ?r[ x into ! runn+ /ream1 :5 ! disease w\ld be c>ri$ away4 ,on exam9+ ! ?+s 8"s f\nd _! beads :i* !y _h lo/ long ago2 "s f\nd e>? b\nd up2 o!rs f\nd pieces ( "s old g>m5t2 o!rs %r$s ( some?+ !y _h worn2 all f\nd some?+ belong+ to !m40 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! voices came f above2 b among "s peoples ! _s ent]s into ! body ( ! div9]1 9 l mann] z ) spirituali/ic m$iums4 ,?is is s 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! _s ( ! dead talks ) ! liv+ ?r\gh ! male or female m$ium1 z ! case may be--& ) all uncultur$ peoples1 9 fact1 :o look ^u _! prie/s1 or sorc]y doctors1 z oracles4 ,!re are two ph5om5a kn[n to spirituali/s :i* we c expect to f9d only among cultur$ peoples4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! s-call$ _s writ+1 has be5 practis$ by ! ,*9ese probably f "t immemorial1 & is effect$ by means ( a peculi>ly-%ap$ p5 held by two m5 & "s s&4 ,! pres5ce ( ! _s is %[n by a sl[ movem5t ( ! po9t ( ! p5 trac+ *>act]s 9 ! s&4 ,aft] writ+ a l9e or two on ! s& ! p5 ceases to move1 & ! *>act]s are transf]r$ to pap]4 ,aft] ?is1 if ! response is unf9i%$1 ano!r l9e is writt51 & s on1 until ! p5 entirely ceases its motion1 :i* signifies t ! _s ( ! div9ity has tak5 its dep>ture f ! p54 ,l ! _s draw+s ( mod]n m$iums1 ! mean+ ( ! figures ?us obta9$ is (t5 v difficult to make out4 ,! o!r ph5om5on is ! ris+ & float+ 9 ! air1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,home 0 s great an adept4 ,?is 9 all ages has be5 ! privilege ( ! sa9ts1 ,asiatic or ,european1 ,buddhi/ or ,*ri/ian1 :o h atta9$ to a /ate ( spiritual ec/acy4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,essay x 0 said t1 s long z ! ph5om5a ( ,spiritualism are believ$ to be true1 !y h equal influ5ce1 :e!r true or false4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t1 because !y are accept$ z true by uncultur$ p1 !re=e !y are false1 z be+ m]ely due to fraud or sup]/ition4 ,to ^? ev5 :o believe 9 a _s _w1 ! "q ( _s action 9 connection ) ! ph5om5a is "o ( ! utmo/ difficulty2 & a possible explanation may be sugge/$ ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( !m1 bas$ on physical facts record$ by spirituali/s !mselves1 )\t ! necessity ( seek+ _s ag5cy4 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! faces :i* appe> at ! op5+s ( ! cab9et 9 :i* ! ,spirituali/ m$iums sit are usually at fir/1 if n ultimately1 mu* l ! m$iums !mselves1 & yet x seems to be absolutely impossible1 consid]+ h[ !y are secur$1 t su* c\ld be ! case4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 only be impossible "u ! ord9>y conditions ( physical life4 ,if c]ta9 ph5om5a said to h be5 obs]v$ 7 s 9 reality1 ! app>5t difficulty is remov$4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 notic$ t col\r+ matt] plac$ on a _s h& has aft]w>ds be5 f\nd on ! h& or body ( ! m$ium4 ,?is has be5 e/abli%$ by exp]im5ts tri$ = ! purpose4 ,fur!r1 x is /at$ t occasionally1 :5 a light has be5 sudd5ly /ruck1 a long h& & arm h be5 se5 swiftly drawn 9 t[>ds ! m$ium4 ,moreov]1 ! body itself ( ! m$ium1 absurd z su* a ?+ appe>s to be1 has be5 se5 to elongate1 if we are to believe ! /atem5t ( ,mrs4 ,corn]1 made ?r\gh ! ,spirituali/1 9 connection ) ! m$ium1 ,miss ,cook4 ,! famili> _s ( ?is m$ium has be5 se5 ris+ f h] body1 & "s ,spirituali/s believe t ! spirits usually1 if n always1 rise out ( _! m$iums4 ,9 ! in/ance j m5tion$ ! _s 0 said to h be5 visibly connect$ ) ! m$ium by cl\dy1 fa9tly lum9\s ?reads4 ,if we accept ^! /atem5ts z true1 mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( ,spiritualism are expla9able )\t ref]5ce to ! ag5cy ( spirits4 ,!y w\ld %[ t ! human body mu/ conta9 )9 itself an inn] =m1 be x mat]ial or immat]ial1 :i*1 "u prop] conditions1 is able to dis5gage itself ei!r :olly or p>tly f its out] cov]+4 ,! _s h&s :i* appe>1 & :i* are able to move heavy weights & convey !m long di/ances ?r\gh ! air1 w\ld really be ^? ( ! m$ium4 ,! faces & full l5g? figures :i* %[ !mselves1 hold+ conv]sations1 & all[+ !mselves to be t\*$1 & ev5 p]mitt+ _! robes to be cut1 become ! faces & figures ( ! m$iums4 ,?is view receives confirmation f ! ,spirituali/ /&po9t1 f ! fact 7if su* x be7 t ! 8d\bles0 ( well-kn[n m$iums h sometimes be5 recognis$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! orig9als1 & 7see+ t ,spirituali/s believe ! body to be capable ( elongation7 x is n inconsi/5t ) :at has be5 obs]v$ t ! _s figure is sometimes mu* tall] ?an ! m$ium4 ,x is consi/5t1 moreov]1 ) ! facts1 t ! di/ance f ! m$ium )9 :i* ! _s figures c appe> is limit$1 & t if ! h&s ( ! m$ium be held closely f ! fir/1 _m ( ! manife/ations _c be produc$4 ,?is po9t has be5 insi/$ ^u z pro( ( impo/ure2 b assum+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! tru? ( :at is said z to ! human 8d\ble10 x simply %[s h[ intimately associat$ are ! ext]nal cov]+ & ! inn] =m :i* has to become dis5gag$ to %[ itself4 ,! m ! subject is /udi$ ! m evid5t does x become t mo/ ( ! ph5om5a 9 "q are dep5d5t solely on ! m$ium himself4 ,! evid5ce ( ,mrs4 ,ev]itt1 giv5 9 ! ,spirituali/1 seems to furni% ! key to all su* ph5om5a z t ( ! appe>ance ( 8,katie ,k+40 ,mrs4 ,ev]itt /at$ t1 :5 entranc$1 %e _h se5 h] own body#cjc 9 a *air1 & be5 /ruck ) ! circum/ance2 & %e add$1 t 9 ! case ( su* a tempor>y sep>ation betwe5 ! _s & ! body1 ^! are unit$ by a magnetic cord4 ,we h only to imag9e t :5 ,mrs4 ,ev]itt 0 entranc$1 h] _s became visible to ! p]sons at ! sance1 & we %\ld h ! exact ph5om5on produc$ at ,miss ,cook's sances4 ,moreov]1 ! fact ( ! s-call$ _s & ! body ( ! m$ium be+ visible at ! same "t1 :i* has be5 ?\ght to prove t !y are p]fectly di/9ct p]sons1 ?us loses its app>5t significance4 ,if ,mrs4 ,ev]itt's _s & ! body :i* %e saw belong$ to ! same p]son1 s may ! _s se5 at ,miss ,cook's sances belong to ,miss ,cook h]self2 an inf]5ce :i* is support$ by ! fact1 t :5 ! =m] disappe>$1 x 0 absorb$ into ,miss ,cook's own organism4 ,! magnetic cord :i* ,mrs4 ,ev]itt ref]r$ to z unit+ ! _s & body :ile ^! are tempor>ily sep>at$ exi/s also1 s f> z c be judg$ f ! publi%$ reports ( ! sances ( ,katie & ,miss ,cook4 ,a rem>kable confirmation ( ! above !ory#cjd is giv5 9 a rec5t "w by ,col4 ,olcott1 :o1 9 #ahgd1 at ! ,eddy home/ead1 9 ,v]mont1 ,u4,s41 witness$ ! appe>ance ( upw>ds ( five hundr$ mat]ialis$ figures1 ( ! reality ( :i* he 0 conv9c$1 al?\gh !y c\ld be acc\nt$ = z proce$+ f ! m$ium himself1 & n z due to ! ag5cy ( dep>t$ spirits4#cje ,:ile (f]+ ! above explanation ( _m ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a v\*$ = by ! advocates ( ,spiritualism1 x is simply to %[ t su* ph5om5a1 accord+ to ! evid5ce ( ,spirituali/s !mselves1 d n require ! int]v5tion ( _s ag5cy1 al?\gh ?is has an important be>+ on ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,spiritism has a m>vell\s influ5ce ov] ! m9d ( uncultur$ man1 & x has reta9$ its influ5ce almo/ unimpair$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ! phases ( human progress4 ,a late ,fr5* writ]1 aft] /at+ t sup]/ition 0 supreme 9 ! ,roman ,empire at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 decl>es t magic 0 univ]sally practis$1 ) ! object ( acquir+1 by means ( 8demons0--! spirits ( ! dead--p[] to b5efit ! p]son us+ x1 or to injure ^? :o 7 obnoxi\s to him4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! ph5om5a to :i* ! mod]n t]m 8,spiritualism0 has be5 appli$ are ( great int]e/ to ! ,an?ropologi/1 &1 inde$1 ( ! utmo/ importance = a "r und]/&+ ( "s ( ! *ief problems ) :i* he has to deal4 ,!y con/itute an elem5t 9 ! life-hi/ory ( pa/ g5]ations :i* _c be left out ( consid]ation :5 _! m5tal & moral condition are be+ /udi$2 & mod]n ,spiritualism may1 !re=e1 be /udi$ ) great advantage z a key to :at is m prop]ly call$ ,spiritism4 ,n t ! =m] c be consid]$ z an in/ance ( 8survival10 9 ! prop] s5se ( ?is phrase4 ,ap>t f su* isolat$ in/ances z t ( ,sw$5borg1 ,spiritualism is ( q rec5t introduction1 & x appe>s to h _h no direct connection ) its e>li] prototype4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 h[ev]1 t x sprang up among ! p :o h long be5 9 contact ) primitive tribes1 ov] :om ,spiritism has always _h a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,x is possible t int]mixture ( ,indian blood ) t ( ! ,european settl]s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica may h _h some?+ to d ) ! appe>ance ( ,spiritualism1 :i* w\ld ?us be an example ( intellectual rev]sion1 analog\s to ! physical div]g5ce to ! ,indian type :i* has by "s writ]s be5 ascrib$ to ! desc5dants ( ^? settl]s4 ,or ! =m] may be m]ely a resemblance1 in/ead ( a rev]sion1 dep5d5t on ! *ange 9 ! physical organism4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is some:at rem>kable t _m ( ! s-call$ 8spirits10 :i* op]ate ?r\gh ,spirituali/ m$iums1 claim to h _h an ,am]ican 7,indian7 orig94 ,,footnotes3 #cjb ,i h n =gott5 ! s-call$ ,mutt]re*t4 ,:atev] ! influ5ce ( woman1 z head ( ! family or h\sehold1 h[ev]1 h] position 9 society 0 a second>y "o1 except "u ! conditions ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on 8,sacr$ ,pro/itution40 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,totems ,,& ,,totemism4 ,aft] treat+ ( ! nature ( totems1 ,i propose to expla9 ! object ( totemism z a sy/em1 & to %[ its orig94 ,i am n aw>e t ?is has yet be5 attempt$ 9 an adequate mann]1 al?\gh ! subject has be5 ref]r$ to1 z ,i %all h occasion to %[1 by sev]al writ]s ( au?ority4 ,! late ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,m',l5nan1 :o fir/ dealt ) ! subject ( totemism1 :i* inde$ he made 8 own1 did n pr(ess to expla9 its orig91 not)/&+ c]ta9 rem>ks be>+ on ?is "q made 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiries4 ,! fir/ po9t to be consid]$ is ! nature ( a 8totem10 & ?is is %[n by ! mean+ ( ! "n itself4 ,! ^w is tak5 f ! language ( ! ,ojibwas1 a tribe ( ! widespread ,algonk9 /ock1 liv+ ne> ,lake ,sup]ior1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x signifies ! symbol or device ( a g5s or tribal division1 t by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f all o!r su* divisions4 ,! k9d ( objects us$ z totems by ! aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica may be se5 f ! names ( ! g5tes into :i* ! ,ojibwa tribe is divid$4 ,^! are tw5ty-?ree 9 numb]1 & ! totemic devices belong+ to !m comprise n9e quadrup$s 7! *ief ( :i* are ! ,wolf1 ! ,be>1 ! ,beav]1 & ! ,turtle71 eight birds1 five fi%es1 & "o reptile1 ! snake4 ,!re are num]\s o!r totems among ! ,am]ican tribes1 & !y are n tak5 f ! animal k+dom only4 ,?us1 !re are g5tes ) vegetable totems1 su* z ,corn1 ,potatoe1 ,tobacco-,plant1 & ,re$-,grass4 ,natural objects1 su* z ,sun1 ,e>?1 ,s&1 ,salt1 ,sea1 ,sn[1 ,ice1 ,wat]1 & ,ra91 give names to o!r tribal divisions4 ,among natural ph5om5a1 ,?und] is widely spread z ! "n ( a g5s1 :ile ,w9d is us$ among ! ,creek ,indians2 & ! ,omahas h a "n mean+ ,_m ,seasons4 ,m$ic9e1 ,t5t1 ,lodge1 ,bonnet1 ,legg+s1 & ,knife1 h giv5 titles to o!r g5tes1 & s also has col\r4 ,?us1 we h ,black & ,r$ ,omahas1 & ,blue & ,r$-,pa9t ,*]okees4 ,names d5ot+ qualities h be5 tak5 by "s g5tes1 su* z ,belov$ ,p ( ! ,*octas2 ,nev] ,laugh1 ,/>v+1 ,half-,dead1 ,meat1 ,fi%-,eat]s1 & ,conjur]s ( ! ,blackfeet2 & ! ,non-,*ew+ ( ! ,delaw>es4 ,h[ "s ( ^? ideas c\ld be repres5t$ pictorially z totems is n v app>5t1 & ,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan v prop]ly sugge/s1 9 relation to "s ( ! t]ms1 t nicknames = g5tes may h sup]s$$ ! orig9al names2 to :i* may be add$ t probably _m ( ! totems are ( comp>atively mod]n orig94 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia make ! same use ( totems z ! ,am]icans4 ,! =m] h divisions ( ! tribe answ]+ to ! g5tes ( ! latt]1 di/+ui%$ by a common device or totem2 & ! ,au/ralian totemic divisions are usually1 l ! ,am]ican g5tes1 nam$ aft] animals4 ,?us1 ! ,kamil>oi tribes h ,kang>oo1 ,opossum1 ,iguana1 ,emu1 ,b&icoot1 & ,blacksnake totems4 ,eaglehawk & ,cr[ are widely spread ?r\gh\t ,ea/]n ,au/ralia z names ( ,class divisions4 ,totems tak5 f ! vegetable k+dom appe> to be uncommon1 z only two are m5tion$ 9 ! ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison's "w on ! ,kamil>oi4 ,! ,rev4 ,george ,tapl9 names two o!rs among ! totems ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian tribes1 ea* ( :i* has a 8tutel>y g5ius10 or 8tribal symbol10 9 ! %ape ( "s bird1 bea/1 fi%1 reptile1 insect1 or sub/ance4 ,! divisions ( a tribe 9 ,we/]n ,victoria take _! totems f natural features1 su* z ,wat]1 ,m\nta91 ,swamp1 & ,riv]1 & 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,victoria ! totemic divisions include ,hot-,w9d & ,belong+-to-!-,sun4 ,al?\gh no su* develop$ totemic sy/em z t 9 use by ! natives ( ,au/ralia & ,nor? ,am]ica is kn[n n[ to exi/ else:]e1 yet !re are traces ( ! use ( totems by _m o!r peoples4 ,?us1 among ! ,be*uanas ( ,s\? ,africa1#cjf ea* tribe takes its "n f an animal or plant1 & its memb]s are kn[n z 8m5 ( ! crocodile10 8m5 ( ! fi%10 8m5 ( ! monkey10 8m5 ( ! buffalo10 8m5 ( ! wild v9e10 c4 ,! head ( ! family1 :i* holds ! fir/ rank 9 ! tribe1 receives ! title ( 8great man0 ( ! animal ^: "n x be>s1 & no "o belong+ to ! tribe w eat ! fle%1 or clo! himself ) ! sk91 ( its protect+ animal1 :o is reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ! tribe4 ,_m ( ! ,arab tribes take _! names f animals1 su* z ! ,lion1 ! ,pan!r1 ! ,wolf1 ! ,be>1 ! ,dog1 ! ,fox1 ! ,hy5a1 ! ,%eep1 & _m o!rs4#cjg ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 :o has endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( totemism among ! e>ly ,arabs1 /ates t ! totem animal 0 n us$ z ord9>y food by ^? connect$ ) x4 ,aga91 "s ( ! ,kol>ian tribes ( ,india are divid$ into clans nam$ aft] animals1 & we f9d ! ,h]on1 ,hawk1 ,cr[1 & ,eel clans among ! ,oraon & ,munda tribes ( ,*ota-,nagpur4 ,a totem orig9 may probably be ascrib$ to ! animal ance/ry claim$ by a *ief or 8 tribe4 ,?us1 x is said by ,m4 ,m4 ,valikhan(#cjh t 8a *>act]i/ic feature 9 ,c5tral ,asiatic traditions is ! d]ivation ( _! orig9 f "s animal40 ,! ,ka/s*1 or ,tele p1 are said to h sprung f ! m>riage ( a wolf & a beautiful ,hun ,pr9cess4 ,! ,tugas pr(ess$ to be desc5d$ f a %e-wolf1 & ! ,tufans1 or ,tibetans1 f a dog4 ,! ,*9ese affirm$1 moreov]1 t ,bala*1 ! h]$it>y *ief ( ! ,mongol ,khans1 0 ! son ( a blue wolf#cji & a :ite h9d4 ,traces ( ! use ( totems by ! ,*9ese !mselves are n want+4 ,_! expression = ! p is ,pih-s+1 mean+ 8! hundr$ family names40 ,z a fact1 !re are ab\t f\r hundr$ su* names 9 ,*9a1 & ! int]m>riage ( p]sons hav+ ! same family "n is absolutely =bidd54 ,! importance ( ?is prohibition w be app>5t :5 we come to consid] ! incid5ts ( totemism4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h>t /ates#caj t "s ( ! ,*9ese surnames h ref]5ce to animals1 fruits1 metals1 natural objects1 c41 su* z ,horse1 ,%eep1 ,ox1#caa ,fi%1 ,bird1 ,fl[]1 ,rice1 ,riv]1 ,wat]1 ,cl\d1 ,gold1 c41 c4 ,he adds1 8,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry l>ge villages are met )1 9 ea* ( :i* !re exi/s b "o family "n2 ?us1 9 "o di/rict w be f\nd1 say1 ?ree villages1 ea* conta9+ two or ?ree ?\s& p1 ! "o ( ! #8,horse1' ! second ( ! #8,%eep1' & ! ?ird ( ! #8,ox' family "n40 ,accord+ to ! rule t a man _c m>ry a woman ( 8 own family "n1 a #8,horse' _c m>ry a #8,horse1' b mu/ m>ry a #8,%eep1' or an #8,ox1' & we may suppose t ^! animals 7 orig9ally ! totems or devices ( p>ticul> family gr\ps2 9 l mann]1 z ! ,wolf1 ! ,be>1 & ! ,beav] are1 among ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 totems ( ! gr\ps ( k9 to :i* ! t]m g5s is appli$4 ,! =m] use ( totems may probably be assum$ also :5 animal names are appli$1 n to tribal divisions1 b to ! tribes !mselves1 z we h se5 is ! case ) ! ,arabs4 ,?us1 :5 ! great ,h9du ,epic1#cab 9 describ+ ! adv5tures ( ,arjuna1 "o ( ! ,p&avan ,pr9ces1 says t ! ,nagas or ,s]p5ts 7 defeat$ ) ! aid ( ,peacocks1 we mu/ und]/& t a p kn[n z ,peacocks1 f _! totemic device1 defeat$ a p ^: badge 0 a s]p5t4 ,! ,peacock 0 inde$ ! h]aldic device ( ! ,tamb\k ,k+s ( ,orissa4 ,probably ! exi/5ce ( ! ,s+hs or ,lions1 ! w>rior ca/e ( ! tribes ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india1 may be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way4 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan#cac ref]s to num]\s facts to prove t _m animals1 among o!rs ! ,s]p5t1 ! ,horse1 ! ,bull1 ! ,lion1 ! ,be>1 ! ,dog1 & ! ,goat gave names to anci5t tribes1 :o us$ ! animals aft] :om !y 7 call$ z badges4 ,he goes fur!r ?an ?is1 & supposes t all ! anci5t nations pass$ ?r\gh a totem /age1 9 :i* !y _h animals & plants = gods4 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 we %all h occasion to ref] to lat] on4 ,! nature ( totems hav+ be5 %[n1 ! object ( totemism z a sy/em has n[ to be expla9$4 ,! ,rev4 ,george ,tapl9 rem>ks t ea* ,n>r9y]i tribe is reg>d$ z a family1 e memb] ( :i* is a blood relation1 & ! totem borne by ! ,au/ralian tribe1 or r tribal division1 is ?us ! symbol ( a family gr\p1 9 l mann] z ! ,am]ican totem is ! device ( a g5s4 ,! fir/ "q ask$ ( a /rang] by ! ,diey]ie tribe ( ,coop]'s ,creek1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 is 8,( :at family 7murdoo7 are y80 ,ea* murdoo is di/+ui%$ by a special "n1 be+ t ( "s object :i*1 accord+ to a tribal leg5d1 may be animate or inanimate1 su* z a dog1 m\se1 emu1 iguana1 ra91 c4#cad ,x is evid5t t ! ,au/ralian totemic device is equival5t to a family "n1 a "n :i* belongs to all ! memb]s ( a p>ticul> gr\p1 & :i* _c be held by any p]son n belong+ by bir? or adoption to t gr\p1 s t x is aptly t]m$ by ! ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison#cae a 8badge ( frat]nity40 ,?is badge answ]s to ! 8device ( a g5s10 z ! tok5 ( ! ,am]ican tribes is def9$1 & its possession by any p]son is pro( t he belongs to a p>ticul> g5s or tribal division1 & t he is entitl$ or subject to all ! rights1 privileges1 & obligations ( its memb]s4 ,s*oolcraft v prop]ly t]ms ! g5s ! totemic in/itution1 & z ! rights1 privileges1 & obligations ( ! g5s are atta*$ to ! totem1 a consid]ation ( !m w ?r[ mu* light on ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,morgan1#caf ! g5s came into be+ ^u ?ree pr9cipal conceptions1 ! bond ( k91 a pure l9eage ?r\gh desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 & non-int]m>riage 9 ! g5s4 ,leav+ out ( view = ! pres5t ! "q ( desc5t1 ! o!r conceptions give rise to obligations ( great importance4 ,! bond ( k9 assumes ! positive obligation ( mutual help1 def5ce1 & r$ress ( injuries among ! memb]s ( ! g5s2 :ile ! ?ird conception implies ! negative obligation :i* prev5ts ! int]m>riage ( p]sons belong+ to a common totem4 ,! negative obligation is1 h[ev]1 no less ?an ! positive obligation1 bas$ on ! conception ( k9%ip1 & ! totem device ( ! g5s is1 !re=e1 well describ$ z ! badge ( a frat]nal gr\p4 ,! obligation ( mutual aid & def5ce implies ! co-relative duty ( do+ no?+ to injure a fell[ memb] ( ! g5s1 9 accordance ) :i* all individuals ( ! same totem mu/ treat ea* o!r z bre?r54 ,?is applies n only to human be+s1 b also to ! totem objects1 al?\gh ^! may be kill$ & eat5 by p]sons n belong+ to ! frat]nal gr\p1 by :i* !y are reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,sir ,george ,grey says1#cag 9 relation to ! kobongs or totems ( ! ,we/]n ,au/ralians1 8a c]ta9 my/]i\s connection exi/s betwe5 ! family & its kobong1 s t a memb] ( ! family w nev] kill an animal ( ! species to :i* 8 kobong belongs1 %\ld he f9d x asleep2 inde$1 he always kills x reluctantly1 & nev] )\t af=d+ x a *ance ( escape40 ,he adds3 8,?is arises f ! family belief1 t "s "o individual ( ! species is _! ne>e/ fri5d1 to kill :om w\ld be a great crime1 & to be c>efully avoid$4 ,simil>ly a native :o has a vegetable = 8 kobong may n ga!r x "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & at a p>ticul> p]iod ( ! ye>40 ,s1 also1 ! aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica w n hunt1 kill1 or eat any animal ( ! =m ( _! own totem4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 we f9d p>ticul> animals =bidd5 = food to a class ( individuals we may assume t su* animals h a totemic "*4 ,?us1 ,bosman relates#cah t1 on ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 ea* p]son 8is =bidd5 ! eat+ ( "o sort ( fle% or o!r2 "o eats no mutton1 ano!r no goats'-fle%1 beef1 sw9es'-fle%1 wild f[l1 c40 ,he po9ts out t ?is re/ra9t is n = a limit$ "t1 b = ! :ole ( life2 & z a son nev] eats :at 8 fa!r is re/ra9$ f1 or a daught] t :i* h] "m _c eat1 ! =bidd5 object p>takes ( ! nature ( a totem4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,isl&]s ( ! ,pacific ev] possess$ sy/ematic totemism1 al?\gh traces ( ! use ( totems may1 p]haps1 be f\nd 9 ! names tak5 f plants met ) 9 "s ( ! isl&s1 & ev5 9 ! ^w 8,samoa10 :i* is said by ! ,rev4 ,wyatt ,gill#cai to mean 8! family or clan ( ! ,moa10 ! ,polynesian t]m = f[l4 ,! ,samoans ent]ta9$ ideas z to p>ticul> animals1 su* z ! eel1 ! %>k1 ! turtle1 ! dog1 ! owl1 & ! liz>d1 simil> to ! notions associat$ ) ! totems ( o!r peoples4 ,!y suppos$ ^? animals to be inc>nations ( h\sehold deities1 & no man d>e injure or eat ! animal :i* 0 ! inc>nation ( 8 own god1 al?\gh he c\ld eat freely ( ! inc>nation ( ano!r man's god4#cbj ,notions ( ! same k9d 7 preval5t ?r\gh\t ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4#cba ,?us1 ! ,fijians suppos$ e man to be "u ! protection ( a special god1 :o resid$ 9 or 0 symbolis$ by "s animal1 or o!r natural object1 su* z a rat1 a %>k1 a hawk1 a tree1 c4 ,no "o w\ld eat ! p>ticul> animal associat$ ) 8 own god2#cbb :i* expla9s ! fact t cannibalism 0 n q univ]sal among ! ,fijians1 z "s gods 7 believ$ to reside 9 human bodies4 ,! hea!n ,fijians all[ s\ls n only to all mank9d1 b to animals & plants1 & ev5 to h\ses1 canoes1 & all me*anical contrivances4 ,z soon z _! p>5ts die !y are enroll$ among ! family gods1 ^: protect+ c>e is firmly believ$ 94#cbc ,x is v probable t ^! gods1 :o answ] to ! h\sehold deities ( ! ,samoans1 are reg>d$ z be+ inc>nate 9 ! sacr$ animals1 c41 ( ! tribe1 t[>ds :om1 z be+ re-embodim5ts ( deceas$ ance/ors1 !y necess>ily /& 9 a frat]nal relation4 ,^! ideas %[ a close connection betwe5 animal-wor%ip & ance/or-wor%ip1 & !y h an important be>+ on ! orig9 ( totemism4 ,we h se5 t ! obligations ( ! totemic in/itution are bas$ on ! conception ( k9%ip4 ,?is is also ess5tial to ance/or-wor%ip1 :i*1 l totemism1 re/s on ! obligation ( mutual aid & protection4 ,! wor%ipp]s make ! (f]+s & p]=m ! rites requir$ by _! deceas$ ance/ors1 :o 9 return give _! protection & assi/ance to _! desc5dants4 ,?is mutual obligation is associat$ ) ! sup]/iti\s reg>d = c]ta9 animals & o!r objects4 ,! v5]at$ animals are n kill$ or eat5 by ^? :o are connect$ ) !m by sup]/iti\s ties1 & !y are suppos$1 on _! "p1 to act z protectors to _! human allies1 by :om !y are view$ z gu>dian spirits4 ,catl91 ! ,am]ican travell]1 gives a vivid description ( ! mode 9 :i* ! ,indian acquires su* a gu>dian4 ,he /ates#cbd t e ,indian mu/ 8make my/]y10 t is1 obta9 ! protection ( "s my/]i\s p[] :i* is suppos$ to be connect$ ) :at is kn[n z ! my/]y bag4 ,:5 a boy has atta9$ ! age ( #ad or #ae ye>s1 he abs5ts himself = sev]al days f 8 fa!r's lodge1 8ly+ on ! gr\nd 9 "s remote or seclud$ spot1 cry+ to ! ,great ,_s1 & fa/+ ! :ole "t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( p]il & ab/95ce1 :5 he falls asleep1 ! fir/ animal1 bird1 or reptile ( :i* he dreams 7or pret5ds to h dream$1 p]haps71 he consid]s ! ,great ,_s has designat$ = 8 my/]i\s protector ?r\gh life4 ,he !n returns home to 8 fa!r's lodge1 & relates 8 success1 & aft] allay+ 8 ?ir/ & satisfy+ 8 appetite1 he sallies =? ) weapons or traps until he c procure ! animal or bird1 ! sk9 ( :i* he pres]ves entire1 & ornam5ts x accord+ to 8 own fancy1 & c>ries x ) him ?r\gh life1 = good luck 7z he calls x73 z 8 /r5g? 9 battle1 & 9 dea? 8 gu>dian _s1 t is buri$ ) him1 & :i* is to conduct him safe to ! beautiful hunt+ gr\nds1 :i* he contemplates 9 ! _w to come40 ,9 ,cali=nia x 0 ?\ght t ! ,great ,_s s5t1 9 a vision1 to e *ild ( sev5 ye>s ( age1 ! appe>ance ( "s animal to be its protector or gu>dian4 ,! ,african feti% sup]/ition is ( mu* ! same "*1 z ! feti% object is wor%ipp$ solely t x may give ! protect+ aid :i* ! ,indian expects f 8 animal gu>dian4 ,mr4 ,cruick%ank says1#cbe 9 relation to ! natives ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/]n ,africa1 t !y believe 8! ,supreme ,be+ has be/[$ ^u a v>iety ( objects1 animate & inanimate1 ! attributes ( ,deity1 & t he directs e individual man 9 8 *oice ( 8 object ( wor%ip4444 ,x may be a block1 a /one1 a tree1 a riv]1 a lake1 a m\nta91 a snake1 an alligator1 a bundle ( rags1 or :atev] ! extravag5t imag9ation ( ! idolat] may pit* ^u40 ,"h1 al?\gh ! nature ( ! protect+ influ5ce is app>5tly diff]5t f t :i* ! ,am]icans are suppos$ to obta91 x is 9 reality ! same4 ,9 ei!r case x is a gu>dian _s1 :e!r x is call$ a 8my/]y0 animal or an object hav+ ! attributes ( ,deity4 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan saw a necess>y connection betwe5 totemism & animal-wor%ip1 & he affirms#cbf t ! anci5t nations pass$1 9 pre-hi/oric times1 8?r\gh ! totem /age1 hav+ animals & plants1 & ! heav5ly bodies conceiv$ z animals1 = gods be=e ! an?ropomorphic gods appe>$40 ,by totem1 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan evid5tly und]/ood m]ely ! animal or plant fri5d or protector ( ! family or tribe1 & if x _h any ref]5ce to s\l or _s1 x is ! s\l or _s ( ! animal or plant4 ,he speaks#cbg ( m5 8believ+ !mselves to be ( ! s]p5t-bre$ d]iv$ f s]p5t-ance/ors10 & s ( o!r animals4 ,he does n see 9 ! totem any ref]5ce to ! actual prog5itor ( ! family1 & he c\ld h>dly d s 9 accordance ) 8 view ( ! m5tal condition ( m5 9 ! totem /age1 :]e 8natural ph5om5a are ascribable to ! pres5ce 9 animals1 plants1 & ?+s1 & 9 ! =ces ( nature1 ( su* spirits prompt+ to action z m5 are consci\s !y !mselves possess40 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? accepts1 9 8 "w on ! e>ly ,arabs1#cbh ,dr4 ,m',l5nan's views on ! subject ( totemism & animal-wor%ip1 & gives z "o ( ! ?ree po9ts :i* supply complete pro( ( e>ly totemism 9 any race1 8! preval5ce ( ! conception t ! memb]s ( ! /ock are ( ! blood ( ! eponym animal1 or are sprung f a plant ( ! species *os5 z totem40 ,:5 ,pr(4 ,smi? comes to consid] ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t among ! ,arabs c]ta9 animals 7 n eat5 because 8!y 7 ?\ght to be m5 9 ano!r guise10 t is1 !y 7 n m]ely animals b 7 m5 9 disguise4#cbi ,?is is v diff]5t f ! animi/ic !ory1 :i* makes m5 trace _! desc5t f animals or plants1 al?\gh ^! may be suppos$ to h ! same k9d ( spirits z _! human desc5dants2 b x is consi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( transmigration to :i* we %all h soon to ref]4 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan's hypo!sis may be te/$ by :at we "k ( ! animal-wor%ip ( anci5t ,egypt1 :]e "s animals 7 univ]sally wor%ipp$1 :ile o!rs 7 reg>d$ ) v5]ation only 9 p>ticul> di/ricts1 ( :i* !y 7 ! gu>dians1 & by ^: inhabitants !y 7 c>efully protect$4 ,we h "h ! op]ation ( ! idea ( a special relation subsi/+ betwe5 c]ta9 p]sons & p>ticul> animals1 su* z we h se5 to exi/ 9 connection ) totemism2 & t relation%ip mu/1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,m',l5nan's hypo!sis t animal & plant gods 7 ! e>lie/ to be wor%ipp$1 h dep5d$ on ! animal desc5t ( ^? p]sons4 ,?is explanation may appe> to f9d "s support 9 ,m4 ,masp]o's /atem5t1#ccj t all ! sacr$ animals ( ,egypt 7 at fir/ ador$ 9 _! animal "*1 & t aft]w>ds !y 7 id5tifi$ ) ! gods ( :om ultimately !y became ! inc>nation or liv+ tab]nacle4 ,x is v improbable1 h[ev]1 t ! gods w\ld be id5tifi$ ) animals1 unless su* animals 7 already reg>d$ z div9e1 or z connect$ ) ! peoples ( :om !y 7 ! gu>dians--by virtue ( su* a special relation%ip z is ?\ght by ! ,pacific ,isl&]s to subsi/ betwe5 c]ta9 p]sons & ! sacr$ animals 9 :i* _! ance/ors are inc>nat$4 ,z a fact1 ! wor%ip ( animals 0 e/abli%$ 9 anci5t ,egypt by a k+ ( ! second dyna/y4#cca ,moreov]1 x has be5 %[n by ,m4 ,pi]ret t ! ,egyptian religion 0 ess5tially mono!i/ic1 ! diff]5t gods repres5t$ on ! monum5ts be+ m]ely symbols4 8,_! v =m10 says t writ]1 8proves t we _c see 9 !m real be+s4 ,a god repres5t$ ) ! head ( a bird or ( a quadrup$ c h only an allegorical "*1 9 l mann] z ! lion ) a human head call$ a sph9x has nev] pass$ = a real animal4 ,x is only a "q ( hi]oglyphics4 ,! v>i\s p]sonages ( ! ,pan!on repres5t ! functions ( ! ,supreme ,god1 ( ! only & hidd5 ,god1 :o pres]ves ,8 id5tity & ! fulness ( ,8 attributes "u ea* ( ,8 =ms40 ,dupuis1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,religions1#ccb ref]s to ! anci5t op9ion t ! division ( ,egypt into ?irty-six nomes or prov9ces 0 9 imitation ( ! ?irty-six decans into :i* ! ,zodiac 0 divid$1 ea* ( :i* _h its protector4 ,! heav5ly gu>dians became ! protect+ deities ( ! ,egyptian nomes :i* took ! names ( ! animals !re rev]$ z images ( ! patron gods4 ,t op9ion is consi/5t ) ! view express$ by ,m4 ,pi]ret z to ! "* ( ! ,egyptian deities4 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan supposes1#ccc h[ev]1 t ! heav5ly bodies 7 conceiv$ z gods be=e ! an?ropomorphic gods appe>$4 ,he argues t1 z !re is no?+ 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! />s to sugge/ animal =ms1 & z />s1 :5 nam$1 7 giv5 names t comm&$ respect1 if n v5]ation1 8! animals ^: names 7 transf]r$ to ! />s or ,/ell> gr\ps1 7 on e>? highly1 if n religi\sly1 reg>d$10 9 support ( :i* view he %[s t ne>ly all ! animals s hon\r$ 7 anci5tly wor%ipp$ z gods4 ,x by no means foll[s1 h[ev]1 t ^! animals 7 s wor%ipp$ be=e be+ transf]r$ to ! heav5s2 & possibly ?is _h no?+ to d ) any special reg>d = su* animals4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! orig9 & object ( ! con/ellations4 ,!re is /ill great unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t1 b x is probable t ! signs ( ! ,zodiac1 at lea/1 7 suppos$ to repres5t c]ta9 cosmical ph5om5a connect$ ) ! progress ( ! seasons1 or ) day & night1 half ( ! signs be+ diurnal & mascul9e1 & ! o!r half be+ nocturnal & fem99e4#ccd ,9 a v sugge/ive "w by ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 x is said#cce t ,dr4 ,m',l5nan gave up 8 hypo!sis & ceas$ to h any view on ! orig9 ( totemism1 & t its orig9 & det]m9+ causes are /ill unkn[n4 ,mr4 ,lang himself sugge/s a probable orig9 :5 he says1 8p unit$ by contiguity1 & by ! bl9d s5tim5t ( k9%ip n yet br\ght into explicit consci\sness1 might m>k !mselves by a badge1 & might !nce devise a "n1 & lat] might inv5t a my? ( _! desc5t f ! object :i* ! badge repres5t$20 ! mean+ ( :i* appe>s to be t1 be=e blood relation%ip 0 recognis$1 p]sons liv+ toge!r m>k$#ccf !mselves to enable _! common orig9 to be rememb]$4 ,mr4 ,lang adds1 h[ev]1 t 8! v nature ( totemism %[s t x took its pres5t %ape at a "t :5 m51 animals1 & plants 7 conceiv$ ( z physically ak92 :5 names 7 h&$ on ?r\gh ! female l9e2 :5 exogamy 0 ! rule ( m>riage1 & :5 ! family !oretically includ$ all p]sons be>+ ! same family "n1 t is1 all :o claim$ k9dr$ ) ! same plant1 animal1 or object1 :e!r ! p]sons are really ak9 or n40 ,accord+ to ?is view1 k9%ip 0 fully recognis$ :5 totemism 0 e/abli%$2 z desc5t 9 ! female l9e is bas$ on t recognition1 & exogamy 0 ! result ( ! objection ent]ta9$ by ! l[] races to ! int]m>riage ( p]sons ne>ly relat$ by blood or adoption4 ,?is feel+ c\ld h>dly be s /rong :5 totemism took its pres5t %ape1 :i* is probably its orig9al %ape1 if1 :5 totems 7 inv5t$1 k9%ip 0 n recognis$4 ,! v nature ( ! totem is ! conception ( a special relation betwe5 m5 & c]ta9 animals & plants1 & x is ?is conception1 toge!r ) t ( ! totem z a protect+ influ5ce1 :i* h to be expla9$4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,john ,lubbock1#ccg totemism is ! /age ( human progress 9 :i* natural objects1 trees1 lakes1 /ones1 animals1 c41 are wor%ipp$1 & x is reg>d$ z equival5t to nature-wor%ip4 ,totemism1 aga91#cch is ! deification ( classes1 s t 8! ,r$sk9 :o reg>ds ! be>1 or ! wolf1 z 8 totem1 feels t he is 9 intimate1 ?\gh my/]i\s1 association ) ! :ole species40 ,! explanation giv5 by ,sir ,john ,lubbock#cci ( ! phase ( totemism :i* relates to ! wor%ip ( animals is1 t x orig9at$ 8f ! practice ( nam+1 fir/ individuals1 & !n _! families1 aft] p>ticul> animals4 ,a family1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 call$ aft] ! be>1 w\ld come to look on t animal fir/ ) int]e/1 !n ) respect1 & at l5g? ) a sort ( awe40 ,?is does n g f> en\gh1 h[ev]1 z x is n %[n :y c]ta9 animals & o!r objects are *os5 z totems1 or :y su* totems are n only view$ ) v5]ation b are reg>d$ z fri5ds & protectors4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor well objects1#cdj 8z to animal-wor%ip1 :5 we f9d m5 pay+ di/9ct & direct rev]5ce to ! lion1 ! be>1 or ! crocodile1 z mighty sup]human be+s1 or ador+ o!r bea/s1 birds1 or reptiles z inc>nations ( spiritual deities1 we c h>dly sup]s$e su* well-def9$ developm5ts ( animi/ic religion1 by seek+ _! orig9 9 p]sonal names ( deceas$ ance/ors1 :o *anc$ to be call$ ,lion1 ,be>1 or ,crocodile40 ,! fundam5tal basis ( totemism is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 t phase ( human ?\ght 9 :i* spirits are suppos$ 8to inhabit trees & groves1 & to move 9 ! w9ds & />s10 & 9 :i* almo/ e phase ( nature is p]sonifi$4 ,b :e!r1 z ass]t$ by ,dr4 ,m',l5nan1#cda 8! animition hypo!sis1 held z a fai?1 is at ! root ( all ! my?ologies10 or :e!r ! ideas ( animism1 z f\nd express$ 9 totemism1 h be5 d]iv$ f ! doctr9es ( ! anci5t religions1 is a "q4 ,accord+ to ! religi\s philosophy ( antiquity1 z express$ by ,py?agoras1 8! pure & simple ess5ce ( ! ,deity1 0 ! common s\rce ( all ! =ms ( nature1 :i*1 accord+ to _! v>i\s modifications1 possess diff]5t prop]ties40 ,! ,univ]se or ,great ,cause1 animat$ & intellig5t1 & subdivid$ into a multitude ( p>tial causes likewise intellig5t1 0 divid$ also into two great p>ts1 ! "o active & ! o!r passive4 ,( ^! p>ts1 ! active comprises ! ,heav5s1 & ! passive ! ,e>? & ! elem5ts4 ,9 addition to ?is division 0 ano!r1 t ( pr9ciples1 ( :i* "o1 answ]+ to ! active cause1 0 ! pr9ciple ( light or good1 & ! o!r1 answ]+ to ! passive cause1 0 ! pr9ciple ( d>kness or evil4#cdb ,a v practical =m ( ! anci5t belief embodi$ 9 t philosophical sy/em 0 ent]ta9$ by ! e>ly ,sc&9avians1 :o1 says ,mallet1#cdc suppos$ t 8f ! supreme div9ity emanat$ an inf9ity ( inf]ior deities & spirits1 ( :om e visible "p ( ! univ]se 0 ! resid5ce & ! temple1 :i* intellig5ces n only dwell 9 !m1 b also direct _! op]ations4 ,ea* elem5t _h its intellig5ce or prop] deity2 ! ,e>?1 ! ,wat]1 ! ,fire1 ! ,air1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,/>s4 ,x 0 conta9$ also 9 ! trees1 ! =e/s1 ! riv]s1 ! m\nta9s1 ! rocks1 ! w9ds1 ! ?und]1 ! tempe/1 :i* !re=e des]v$ religi\s wor%ip40 ,!re is no ref]5ce "h to ! tw(old division ( nature1 b x is f\nd 9 ! analog\s beliefs ( e>ly races4 ,?us1 ,l5ormant1 9 8 "w on 8,*aldean ,magic & ,sorc]y10#cdd :5 comp>+ ! ,f9ni% & ,accadian ,my?ologies1 speaks ( _! hav+ 8! same pr9ciple ( ! p]sonification ( natural ph5om5a1 objects1 & classes ( be+s belong+ to ! animat$ _w40 ,an idea ( dualism1 h[ev]1 p]vad$ ?is sy/em1 :i* suppos$ t !re 0 8a bad z well z a good _s atta*$ to ea* cele/ial body1 ea* elem5t1 ea* ph5om5on1 ea* object1 & ea* be+10 :i* 7 ev] try+ to supplant ea* o!r4#cde ,?us1 bo? ,accadians & ,f9ns 8recognis$ two worlds at enmity ) ea* o!r2 t ( ! gods toge!r ) ! propiti\s spirits1 & t ( ! demons1 respectively ! k+dom ( light & t ( d>kness1 ! region ( good & t ( evil40#cdf ,at fir/ sight ^! ideas h no special be>+ on ! subject ( totemism1 b x is diff]5t :5 we consid] c]ta9 notions ent]ta9$ by ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,! ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison rem>ks1#cdg 8! ,au/ralian totems h a special value ( _! own4 ,"s ( !m divide n mank9d only1 b ! :ole univ]se1 into :at may almo/ be call$ g5tile divisions40 ,! natives ( ,port ,mackay1 9 ,que5sl&1 allot ev]y?+ 9 nature into "o or o!r ( ! two classes1 ,wat]oo & ,yung>oo1 into :i* _! tribe is divid$4 ,! w9d belongs to "o & ! ra9 to ! o!r4 ,! ,sun is ,wat]oo & ! ,moon is ,yung>oo4 ,! />s are divid$ betwe5 !m1 & ! division to :i* any /> belongs c be po9t$ out4 ,! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia has a simil> arrangem5t1 b natural objects are alli$ ) ! totemic subdivisions4 ,mr4 ,fison gives examples ( ?is z suppli$ to him by ,mr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,/ew>t1 f :i* x appe>s t ra91 ?und]1 lightn+1 w9t]1 hail1 cl\ds1 c41 are associat$ ) ! cr[ totem1 & ! />s1 moon1 c41 belong to ! same totemic class z ! black cockatoo2 :ile ! black1 cre/less cockatoo subdivision includes ! sun1 summ]1 autumn1 w9d1 c4 ,! native ( ,s\? ,au/ralia ?us 8looks ^u ! ,univ]se z a ,great ,tribe1 to "o ( ^: divisions he himself belongs2 & all ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 :i* belong to 8 class1 are p>ts ( ! body corporate :]e( he himself is "p40 ,!re is a curi\s p>allelism betwe5 ?is sy/em & ! anci5t doctr9e ( ! sep>ation ( ! intellig5t ,univ]se into two great divisions1 ! cele/ial & t]re/rial1 or t ( light & t ( d>kness4 ,9 ! totemic sy/em "o great division includes ! sun & summ]1 answ]+ to ! realm ( light1 & ! o!r division comprises moon1 />s1 w9t]1 ?und]1 cl\ds1 ra91 hail1 answ]+ to ! realm ( d>kness4 ,! ,am]ican aborig9es also %[ traces ( ! notion ( ! dual division ( nature 9 _! h]o-my?s1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,br9ton1#cdh are int5d$ to express 8! daily /ruggle :i* is ev] go+ on betwe5 ,day & ,night1 betwe5 ,light & ,d>kness1 betwe5 ,/orm & ,sun%9e40 ,x is n improbable t ! ,am]ican totem sy/em is bas$ on ! idea ( duality4 ,al?\gh ! totem divisions or g5tes are n[ s num]\s1 !re is no reason to believe t1 z long s9ce m5tion$ by ,lafitau#cdi 9 relation to ! ,iroquois & ,hurons1 t !y _h at "o "t n m ?an ?ree g5tes4 ,mr4 ,morgan /ates1 inde$1 t ! ,iroquois comm5c$ ) two g5tes1 & x is possible t ! orig9al totems ( all ! ,nor? ,am]icans 7 only two 9 numb]4 ,! ,wolf & ! ,be>1 :i* probably answ] to ,light & ,d>kness1#cej are ! only totems common to all ! great families ( tribes ( t area4 ,! dualism ( ! ,am]ican my?ology possesses ! elem5t ( antagonism betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & ^? ( d>kness1 :i* 0 met ) 9 ! anci5t my?ologies4 ,! ,au/ralian dualism appe>s to lose sight ( t opposition1 & to look ^u ! two great divisions ( nature repres5t$ by light & d>kness z =m+ p>ts ( a great :ole4 ,?is idea is n want+1 h[ev]1 to "o phase ( :at ,l5ormant t]ms ! 8naturali/ic pan!ism0 ( anci5t religions4 ,! ,fr5* hi/orian /ates#cea t1 al?\gh ! ,magi 8pres]v$ ! duali/ic =m :i* ! old ,proto-,m$ic religion mu/ h admitt$10 yet !y consid]$ ! antagonism betwe5 ! good & ! bad spirits to be only sup]ficial1 8= !y reg>d$ ! repres5tatives ( ! two oppos+ pr9ciples z consub/antial1 equal 9 p[]1 & emanat+ bo? f "o & ! same pre-exi/5t pr9ciple40 ,l5ormant f9ds traces ( ?is notion 9 ! old ,accadian sy/em1 & he affirms#ceb t ,magism goes fur!r ?an ! p]ception ( a common pr9ciple f :i* bo? ! evil & ! good pr9ciples emanat$1 see+ t x did n b9d itself to ! wor%ip ( ! latt]1 b r5d]$ equal homage to ! two pr9ciples4 ,?is fact has an important be>+ on ! wor%ip ( ! ,evil ,be+ s preval5t among ! l[] races1 9 comb9ation ) ! simple recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,good ,be+4 ,:at has be5 said ?r[s great light on ! fundam5tal ideas ( totemism1 b x does n acc\nt = ! notion ( protection1 :i* =ms ! real practical feature ( t sy/em4 ,?is notion c1 h[ev]1 be f\nd 9 c]ta9 doctr9es ( ! anci5t ,p]sian religion4 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan ref]s1#cec 9 support ( 8 hypo!sis1 t animal gods 7 prolongations ( ! totems1 to ! op9ion said to h be5 ent]ta9$ by ! ,p]uvians1 t 8!re 0 n any bea/ or bird ^u ! e>? ^: %ape or image did n %9e 9 ! heav5s1 by ^: influ5ce its similitude 0 g5]at$ on ! e>?1 & its species increas$40 ,f ?is he assumes 8t ! cele/ial be+s 7 conceiv$ to be 9 ! %ape ( ! animals1 & to h special relations to _! bre$ on ! e>?40 ,! ,p]uvian notion is1 h[ev]1 r a phase ( ! anci5t belief1 express$ 9 ! cosmogony ( ,zoroa/]1 t all ?+s on e>? _h cele/ial prototypes :i* emanat$ f ! ,deity4 ,z ,l5ormant rem>ks1#ced 8/>s1 animals1 m51 angels !mselves--9 "o ^w1 e creat$ be+ _h 8 ,fravi%i1 :o 0 invok$ 9 pray]s & sacrifices1 & 0 ! invisible protector :o wat*$ untir+ly ov] ! be+ to :om he 0 atta*$40 ,! ,mazdian fravi%is answ] to ! p]sonal spirits ( nature-wor%ip1 &1 accord+ to ! ,accadian ,magical ,table1 e man _h 8f ! h\r ( 8 bir? a special god atta*$ to him1 :o liv$ z 8 protector & 8 spiritual type40#cee ,we h "h ! idea ( gu>dian%ip by a my/]i\s be+ :i* is s important 9 connection ) ! totem1 b !re is no sugge/ion t ! fravi%i itself ev] became embodi$ 9 a t]re/rial =m1 al?\gh !re does n appe> to be any reason :y x %\ld n d s4 ,we h1 9 ! doctr9e ( transmigration ( s\ls1 h[ev]1 a suffici5t explanation ( ! special association betwe5 a p>ticul> totem & ! memb]s ( ! g5s or family gr\p to :i* x gives "n4 ,accord+ to t doctr9e1#cef z /at$ 9 ! ,h9doo code1 kn[n z ! ,laws ( ,m5u 7*ap4 xii471 8) :atev] disposition ( m9d a man %all p]=m 9 ?is life any act1 religi\s or moral1 9 a future body endu$ ) ! same quality1 %all he receive 8 retribution40 ,num]\s animals are nam$ z prop] = su* re-inc>nation1 & ev5 vegetables & m9]al sub/ances appe> among !m4 ,transmigration seems to h be5 consid]$ by ,ori5tal tea*+ ess5tial to ! atta9m5t ( p]fection by ! human s\l1 & ! =ms ?r\gh :i* x is suppos$ to pass1 include n only bea/s1 birds1 & fi%es1 b also trees1 /ones1 & o!r inanimate objects4 ,! great ,gautama himself is said to h pass$ ?r\gh all ! exi/5ces ( e>?1 air1 & sea1 z well z ?r\gh all ! conditions ( human life1 be=e he became ! ,buddha4 ,dr4 ,m',l5nan says#ceg x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! doctr9e ( transmigration t 8ev]y?+ has a s\l or _s1 & t ! spirits are mo/ly human 9 ! s5se ( hav+ once be5 9 human bodies40 ,we h "h ! key to ! problem ( totemism1 :i* receives its solution 9 ! idea t ! totem is ! re-inc>nat$ =m ( ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! g5s or family gr\p alli$ to ! totem4 ,! belief t ! spirits ( ! dead d take on !mselves animal =ms is widely spread4#ceh ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( ?is belief is t :i* views c]ta9 snakes1 n m]ely z re-inc>nations ( human s\ls1 b z re-embodim5ts ( ance/ors ( ! p by :om su* snakes are v5]at$4 ,s]p5t-wor%ip is1 inde$1 closely connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,! foll[]s ( ! s]p5t believ$ !mselves 8to be ( ! s]p5t-bre$1 d]iv$ f a s]p5t ance/or10 & we "k t peoples h claim$ to belong to ! s]p5t race4 ,su* a claim1 or t to a monkey relation%ip made by "s ( ! d>k tribes ( ,india1 w\ld be readily admitt$ by ! savage m9d1 & x may be expla9$ on ! pr9ciple t ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! race is suppos$ to h become re-inc>nat$ 9 monkey or snake =m1 & t monkeys or snakes z well z m5 are 8 desc5dants4 ,at ! same "t x is v probable t "s savages d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! man & ! animal inc>nation1 & t if !y ?9k at all ( ! ance/or ( ! race1 x is "u ! animal =m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :at to u is a monkey or a be> is to ! uncultur$ m9d an inc>nate _s1 & x is ?is _s-exi/5ce :i* is ref]r$ to :5 m5 speak ( _! ance/ors z animals or plants4 ,?is explanation is applicable also to ! case :]e desc5t is claim$ f "o ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,p>ticul> />s are (t5 id5tifi$ ) p]sons :o1 di/+ui%$ :ile on e>?1 are ?\ght to be no less di/+ui%$ aft] dea?4 ,! _s ( ! dead p]son ?us becomes id5tifi$ ) ! />4 ,:51 !re=e1 a man or family claims ! ,sun or ! ,moon z an ance/or1 ! _s ( ! lum9>y is really ref]r$ to4 ,9 fact1 to ! l[] races ! ,sun & ! ,moon are great be+s1 & !re is no app>5t reason to !m :y a great man %\ld n be desc5d$ f ! _s ( ! ,sun or ,moon1 or aft] dea? be id5tifi$ z t _s4 ,p]haps1 :5 ! ,egyptian ,mon>* 0 call$ ,ph>aoh1 he 0 ?\ght to be actually a desc5dant ( ,phra1 ! ,sun4#cei ,su* may h be5 ! case also ) ! ,incas & o!r royal families :o h claim$ to be ( sol> desc5t4 ,:e!r ! ,sun 0 reg>d$ z ! great ance/or ( ! race1 or only z ! re-embodim5t ( 8 _s1 x w\ld be an equally p[]ful totem1 a rem>k :i* applies z well to ! ,moon or o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,9 anci5t times ! ,sol> & ,lun> races 7 v p[]ful 9 ! ,ea/1 & _! repres5tatives are /ill to be f\nd 9 ,india among ! ,rajpoots & ,jats4#cfj ,9 anci5t philosophy1 ! ,sun & ! ,moon w\ld repres5t ! two realms ( ,light & ,d>kness1 into :i* ! visible ,univ]se 0 divid$1 & z totems !y probably /ood at fir/ 9 ! same relation to o!r totems z ^? ( ! ,au/ralian prim>y classes /& to ! totems ( ! second>y gr\ps or g5tes4 ,x is kn[n t v>i\s animals 7 anci5tly associat$ ) ! ,sun or ! ,moon1 or 7 v5]at$ z emblems ( ! ,sol> or ,lun> ,deity4 ,?us1 ! ,lion1 ! ,bull1 ! ,horse1 ! ,elephant1 ! ,monkey1 ! ,ram1 & ! ,eagle1 ) o!rs1 7 sol> animals2 :ile1 among o!r animals1 ! ,c[1 ! ,h>e1 ! ,dog1 ! ,beav]1 ! ,dove1 & ! ,fi%1 7 lun> animals4#cfa ,an example ( ! process by :i* c]ta9 creatures became associat$ ) ^? heav5ly bodies is not$ by ,macrobius1 :o says ( ! ,lion1 8?is bea/ seems to d]ive 8 own nature f ! ,sun1 be+1 9 =ce & heat1 z sup]ior to all o!r animals z ! ,sun is to ! ,/>s40 ,ano!r example1 b ( a diff]5t "*1 & tak5 f a v diff]5t qu>t]1 may be cit$4 ,! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 z we h already se51 divides ev]y?+ 9 nature betwe5 two great classes1 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 :o is responsible = ! in=mation1 c\ld n f9d any reason = ! arrangem5t1 x appe>s f 8 rem>ks t ! natives knew to :i* division any object belongs4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t ask$ :at division a bullock belongs to4 ,! answ] 01 8,x eats grass1 x is ,b\rtw]io40 ,he !n said1 8,a ,crayfi% does n eat grass3 ,:y is x ,b\rtw]io80 b ! only reply he c\ld get 01 8,t is :at our fa!rs said x 040#cfb ,we are n[ able to qualify ! def9ition previ\sly giv5 ( ! totem z a 8badge ( frat]nity10 or ! 8symbol ( a g5s40 ,we see t ! totem is some?+ m ?an a symbol or a badge4 ,?is description might answ] = ! pictorial repres5tation ( ! totem1 b n = ! totem itself1 :i* is reg>d$ z hav+ actual vitality z ! embodim5t or re-inc>nation ( an ance/ral _s4 ,any object is fitt$ = ?is _s embodim5t1 & !re=e totemism may be look$ ^u1 n z a phase ( nature-wor%ip1 b z a comb9ation ( ?is religion ) ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! ance/ral "* ( ! totem acc\nts = ! association ) x ( ! idea ( protection1 :i* is bas$ on ! exi/5ce ( a frat]nal relation%ip betwe5 ! totem & all ! individuals belong+ to a p>ticul> gr\p ( k94 ,! totem1 z a badge or symbol1 !re=e repres5ts ! gr\p ( individuals1 dead or alive1 t[>ds :om a man /&s 9 a frat]nal relation1 & ! protection ( :om he is !re=e entitl$ to1 s long z he p]=ms all ! obligations on 8 "p :i* fl[ f ! exi/5ce ( t relation%ip4 ,! ideas embodi$ 9 ! totem are no d\bt m anci5t ?an totemism z a develop$ social in/itution4 ,?is fact w furni% an answ] to ! objection t totemism is kn[n only to peoples ( a l[ degree ( culture1 :o c h>dly be suppos$ capable ( ris+ to ! conception ( nature1 z a :ole1 on :i* t sy/em is f\nd$1 or ! idea ( a relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 all ! objects 9 nature4 ,dr4 ,br9ton#cfc answ]s ^? :o object t ! cosmogonical my? ( ! ,algonk9s is 8too ref9$ = ^? rude savages1 or t x smacks too mu* ( rem9isc5ces ( old-_w tea*+s10 t 8x is impossible to assign to x o!r ?an an indig5\s & spontane\s orig9 9 "s remote p]iod ( ,algonk9 tribal hi/ory40 ,! same reply may be giv5 9 relation to ! univ]sal totemism ( ! ,au/ralians1 ) ! qualification t ! tribal hi/ory ( ?is race w\ld h to be c>ri$ back to a p]iod :5 x 0 9 contact1 on ! ,asiatic ,cont95t1 ) peoples among :om orig9at$ or develop$ ! ideas on :i* totemism is bas$1 if1 inde$1 !y did n belong ) !m to a common /ock4 ,! exi/5ce among ! natives ( ,au/ralia & ,am]ica ( t sy/em may h be5 due to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! g5tile in/itution on ! basis ( female k9%ip1 & ! int]m+l+ ( ! g5tes or family gr\ps1 ow+ to wives leav+ _! own k9 on m>riage to live among _! husb&'s k91 z ! result ( ! practice ( exogamy4 ,"s ( ! ,au/ralian tribes h a leg5d accord+ to :i* ! use ( totems 0 introduc$1 by comm& ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 to put a /op to consangu9e\s m>riages4 ,?is %[s t ! totem 0 connect$ ) m>riage & k9%ip1 b1 consid]+ h[ univ]sal is ! objection among savages to m>riage betwe5 ne> relations1 x is m ?an probable t ! leg5d 0 =m$ to expla9 an already exi/+ ph5om5on1 t ( totemism4 ,z ! conditions ( social life 7 *ang$1 totemism z a sy/em w\ld gradually become effete1 & totems w\ld come to be reg>d$ *iefly z curiosities ( nom5clature4 ,! pref]5ce = k9%ip ?r\gh males1 9 connection ) ! trac+ ( desc5t1 ov] k9%ip ?r\gh females1 comb9$ ) ! practice ( wives leav+ _! own family to live among _! husb&'s k91 w\ld take f ! totem "o ( its mo/ important uses1 z all ! memb]s ( a 8family0 w\ld dwell toge!r in/ead ( be+1 l ! individuals belong+ to ! ,am]ican or ,au/ralian totems1 int]m+l$ 9 "o gr\p4 ,totems w\ld !n be useful *iefly z ensigns1 or z surnames to e/abli% community ( desc5t1 & !re=e ! evid5ce ( m>riage disability2 z ) ! ,*9ese1 among :om no p]sons ( ! same family "n c int]m>ry1 h[ev] di/ant may be ! actual relation%ip4 ,:5 ! m]e possession ( a common surname 0 no long] an absolute b> to int]m>riage1 & k9%ip came to be trac$ equally ?r\gh bo? p>5ts1 totemism ceas$ to h any value1 except s f> z ! /udy ( its ph5om5a c ?r[ light on ! con/itution & habits ( anci5t society4 ,,footnotes3 #cjc ,a m rem>kable case ev5 ?an ?is 0 ! appe>ance to ,pr(essor ,de ,wette ( 8 own d\ble4 #cjd ,?is 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 8,an?ropologia10 9 #ahge4 #cje ,see 8,!osophy1 ,religion1 & ,occult ,sci5ce0 7#ahhe71 p4 #bcf1 et seq4 #cjf ,casalis' 8,les ,bas\tos10 p4 #bba4 ,! ,hott5tots are said to h giv5 animal names1 su* z ,horse1 ,lion1 ,%eep1 ,ass1 c41 to _! *ildr54 ,kolb5's 8,cape ( ,good ,hope10 p4 #adg4 #cjg 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia10 pp4 #ag1aib1 et seq4 #cjh ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,m',l5nan 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 vi41 new s]ies1 p4 #dah4 #cji ,! 8,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,turks0 ascribes a wolf pat]nity to ! sons ( ! ,pr9cess ,*oyumna ,khan 7,miles' ,translation1 p4 #dg74 ,is !re a totemic ref]5ce 9 ! game ( ,kkburi1 8gre5-wolf10 practis$ by ! ,nomads ( ,c5tral ,asia 9 imitation ( bride-rac+8 ,vamb]y's 8,travels 9 ,c5tral ,asia10 p4 #cbc4 #caj 8,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity & ,aff9ity10 by ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan1 p4 #dbd4 #caa ,^! & n9e o!r animals give names to ! twelve ye>s ( ! ,mogul cal5d>4 #cab ,mahabh>ata4--,talbot ,:eel]'s 8,hi/ory ( ,india10 vol i41 p4 #dab4 #cac ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 vi41 n4 s41 p4 #efc1 et seq4 #cad 8,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia10 p4 #bfj4 #cae 8,kamil>oi & ,kurnai10 p4 #aff4 #caf 8,anci5t ,society10 p4 #fi4 #cag 8,travels 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,au/ralia10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bbi4 #cah 8,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea10 p4 #abi4 #cai 8,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles10 p4 #be4 #cbj ,turn]'s 8,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia10 p4 #bch4 #cba ,see ,tylor's 8,primitive ,culture10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bac4 #cbb ,wood's 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man10 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bga1 #bij4 #cbc ,seemann's 8,mission to ,viti10 p4 #cia4 ,on ! temple at ,dorey 9 ,new ,gu9ea are sculptur$ ! repres5tations ( ! crocodile & s]p5t ance/ors ( "s ( ! ,dorean families4 ,d',e/rey's 8,pap\asie10 p4 #acb4 #cbd 8,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,indians10 vol4 i41 p4 #cf1 & vol4 ii41 #bdg4 #cbe 8,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/10 vol4 ii41 p4 #abh4 #cbf ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 vi41 n4 s41 p4 #djh4 #cbg ,ditto1 p4 #efi1 & vol4 vii41 n4 s41 p4 #bad4 #cbh 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage10 p4 #ahf1 et seq4 #cbi 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage10 p4 #bjd4 #ccj 8,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t10 #d? edition1 p4 #bh4 #cca ,l5ormant1 8,hi/oire ,anci5ne de l',ori5t10 #i? edition1 t4 ii41 p4 #bab1 et seq4 #ccb 8,orig9e de t\s les ,cultes10 t4 i41 p4 #gg4 #ccc ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 vi41 n4 s41 p4 #efc4 #ccd ,dupuis ,op4 cit41 t4 iii41 8,de la ,sph]e10 p4 #ai4 #cce 8,cu/om & ,my?10 #bnd edition1 p4 #bfb4 #ccf ,z to suppos$ use ( ! totem z a tattoo m>k1 see ,m',l5nan1 loc4 cit41 p4 #dah1 & ,smi?'s 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia10 p4 #bac1 et seq4 #ccg 8,orig9 ( ,civilisation10 #crd edition1 p4 #aii4 #cch ,ditto1 p4 #cbg4 #cci ,ditto1 p4 #bec4 #cdj 8,primitive ,culture10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bae4 #cda ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dbb4 #cdb ,dupuis 8,abrg de l',orig9e10 pp4 #ga1 #hc4 #cdc ,ditto1 p4 #ff4 #cdd ,engli% edition1 p4 #bej4 #cde ,ditto1 p4 #ade4 #cdf ,ditto1 p4 #bee4 #cdg ,op4 cit41 p4 #afg1 et seq4 #cdh 8,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s10 p4 #fe4 #cdi 8,les ,murs des ,sauvages10 t4 i41 #dfe4 #cej ,see ,gub]natis' 8,zoological ,my?ology10 passim4 ,dr4 ,br9ton %[s t ! ,great ,rabbit ( ,algonk9 ,my?ology is ! ,light ,god4--,op4 cit41 p4 #dg4 #cea 8,*aldean ,magic10 p4 #bbh4 #ceb ,ditto1 p4 #bca4 #cec ,=tnightly ,review1 vol4 vii41 n4 s41 p4 #bab4 #ced ,op4 cit41 p4 #aii4 #cee ,?is idea survives 9 ! p]sonal patron sa9ts ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! special god 0 ( a peculi> "*1 8p>tak+ ( ! imp]fections & foibles ( human nature10 &1 l ! ,mazdian fravi%i1 x 0 "p ( ! man's s\l4 ,l5ormant says1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ,mazdian books1 8! conception rose to a high] degree1 deta*+ itself f ! mat]iality & imp]fections ( ! t]re/rial nature40 #cef ,see 8,evolution ( ,morality10 vol4 ii41 p4 #aed1 et seq4 #ceg ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dbc4 #ceh ,see ,tylor1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #f4 #cei ,osburn's 8,egypt & ,h] ,te/imony to ! ,tru?10 p4 #b4 ,! ,god ,am\n is said to address ,se?os z 8my belov$ son1 my l9eal desc5dant40--,ditto1 p4 #di4 #cfj ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,smi? 7op4 cit41 p4 #ag7 ref]s to ,arab tribes1 call$ 8,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun0 & 8,*ildr5 ( ! ,moon40 #cfa ,see ,de ,gub]natis1 op4 cit41 passim4 ,he /ates t ! /ag1 ! be>1 & "s o!r animals repres5t ! lum9\s appe>ances 9 ! d>kness1 r ?an ! moon itself4 #cfb 8,kamil>oi & ,kurnai10 p4 #afi4 #cfc ,op4 cit41 p4 #dc4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,ape4 ,! prim>y object ( ! pres5t essay is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!r writ]s z to ! orig9 ( man--t he has sprung f ! ape by simple desc5t--c be dep5d$ on1 & if n1 :at is ! nature ( man's relation%ip to ! animal k+dom4 ,)\t fur!r preface1 ,i %all proce$ to consid] z briefly z possible ! ma9 argum5ts adduc$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 support ( ?is conclusion4#cfd ,^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( physical data appe> to me to be ( comp>atively small importance1 s9ce !y may be admitt$ )\t s]i\sly affect+ ! "q at issue4 ,!y are almo/ all connect$ ) ! fact t man is 8con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al type or model ) o!r mammals40 ,?us x is ) ! bra91 e *ief fissure & fold ( :i* is decl>$ to be develop$ 9 ! bra9 ( ! orang equally ) t ( man4 ,_! con/itutional habit1 h[ev]1 appe>s also to be ! same4 ,?us man & monkeys are liable to _m ( ! same non-contagi\s diseases2 m$ic9es produce ! same effect on bo?1 & mo/ mammals exhibit ! my/]i\s law ( p]iodicity 9 v>i\s diseases4 ,^! are int]e/+ facts1 b ! mo/ important = ! argum5t ( ! ape-desc5t ( man are ^? :i* %[ ! exi/5ce 9 ! human body ( c]ta9 rudim5t>y organs & /ructures :i* are fully develop$ ) "s ( ! l[] animals4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to expla9 ?is ph5om5on )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( a simple ape-desc5t2 ev5 if x be admitt$ ) ,m4 ,broca1 t 9 ! p>allel betwe5 man & ! an?ropoids1 ! comp>ison ( organs %[s only "s slight diff]5ces4#cfe ,?is may be grant$ ev5 z to ! bra91 & t 8! imm5se sup]iority ( man's intellig5ce dep5ds1 n on ! anatomical /ructure ( 8 bra91 b on its volume & p[]40#cff ,b !n1 if su* is ! case1 x is all ! m difficult to acc\nt = ! va/ diff]5ce :i*1 says ,broca1 a comp>ison ( function reveals1 & :i* l$ ,m4 ,gratiolet to exclaim t1 al?\gh man is inde$ by 8 /ructure a monkey1 yet by 8 intellig5ce he is a ,god4#cfg ,:ile admitt+ t physiological consid]ations reveal a mu* wid] int]val betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes ?an anatomical data require1 ,m4 ,broca w\ld h>dly all[ t ! =m] exhibits any?+ peculi> 9 8 m5tal action4 ,s1 also1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t man & ! high] mammals 8h "s few in/9cts 9 common4 ,all h ! same s5ses1 intuitions1 & s5sations--simil> passions1 affections1 & emotions1 ev5 ! m complex ones2 !y feel wond] & curiosity2 !y possess ! same faculties ( imitation1 att5tion1 memory1 imag9ation1 & reason1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t degrees40#cfh ,! faculty ( articulate spee*1 moreov]1 is said n 9 itself to (f] 8any insup]able objection to ! belief t man has be5 develop$ f "s l[] =m20 :ile ! ta/e = ! 8beautiful0 is %[n n to be peculi> to ! human m9d4#cfi ,! moral s5se is suppos$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to be ! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( man2 b ev5 ?is is ass]t$ to h be5 develop$ out ( ! social in/9cts :i* man & _m ( ! l[] animals h 9 common4#cgj ,f9ally1 self-consci\sness1 ab/raction1 c41 ev5 if peculi> to man1 are decl>$ to be 8! incid5tal results ( o!r highly-advanc$ intellectual faculties20#cga & ^! aga9 are ma9ly due to ! cont9u$ use ( a highly-develop$ language1 :i* orig9at$ 9 8! imitation & modification1 aid$ by signs & ge/ures1 ( v>i\s natural s\nds1 ! voices ( o!r animals & man's own in/9ctive cries40#cgb ,if1 h[ev]1 all ?is be true1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! wond]ful intellectual sup]iority ( man8 ,haeckel gives an explanation :i*1 al?\gh +5i\s1 is f> f satisfactory4 ,he says t x is ow+ to ! fact t 8man comb9es 9 himself sev]al prom95t peculi>ities1 :i* only occur sep>ately among o!r animals40 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! sup]ior /ructure ( ! l>ynx1 ! degree ( bra9 or s\l developm5t1 & t ( ! extremities1 ! upright walk1 &1 la/ly1 spee*4 ,b1 says ,haeckel1 8all ^! pr]ogatives belong s+ly to o!r animals--birds ) highly-organis$ l>ynx & tongue1 su* z ! p>rot1 c41 c le>n to utt] articulate s\nds z p]fectly z man himself4 ,! s\l's activity exi/s among _m ( ! high] animals1 p>ticul>ly ) ! dog1 ! elephant1 & ! horse1 9 a high] degree ( cultivation ?an ) man :5 mo/ degrad$4 ,! h&1 z a me*anical in/rum5t1 is z highly develop$ among ! an?ropoid apes z ) ! l[e/ m54 ,f9ally1 man %>es 8 upright walk ) ! p5gu9 & o!r animals1 :ile capacity = locomotion is m fully & m p]fectly develop$ among _m animals ?an ) man40 ,haeckel concludes1 !re=e1 t x is 8solely ! =tunate comb9ation ( a high] organisation ( sev]al v important organs & functions :i* raises mo/ m51 b n all1 above ! animals40#cgc ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 appe>s r to increase ! difficulty ?an to remove x4 ,"s ( ,haeckel's /atem5ts might probably be *all5g$ ) success2 b ev5 admitt+ _! tru?1 :at cause c be giv5 ( ! m>vell\s comb9ation 9 man1 ( qualities possess$ sep>ately by animals1 ! highe/ 9 ! class to :i* !y belong8 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ju/ly rem>ks1 t 8! belief t !re exi/s 9 man "s close relation betwe5 ! size ( ! bra9 & ! developm5t ( ! intellectual faculties1 is support$ by ! comp>ison ( ! skulls ( savage & civilis$ races ( anci5t & mod]n peoples1 & by ! analogy ( ! :ole v]tebrate s]ies40#cgd ,!re mu/1 inde$1 be a c]ta9 agreem5t betwe5 ! bra9 & its intellectual products1 & h5ce ! l>ge size ( ! human bra9 requires t ! m5tal ph5om5a ( man %\ld be ( a va/ly sup]ior nature to ^? pres5t$ by ! l[] animals4 ,:e!r1 accord+ to ! developm5tal view ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 human & brute m5tal faculties1 ! l[] races ( man1 z comp>$ ) animals1 really exhibit an intellectual sup]iority comm5surate ) ! l>g5ess ( _! bra9s1 may be que/ion$4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 inde$1 decl>es t !y d n1 & he goes s f> z to say t 8a bra9 slightly l>g] ?an t ( ! gorilla w\ld1 accord+ to ! evid5ce be=e u1 fully h suffic$ = ! limit$ m5tal developm5t ( ! savage40#cge ,?is op9ion is correct1 on ! assumption t animal & human m5tal action is p]fectly analog\s1 & ,mr4 ,wallace w\ld und\bt$ly be "r 9 ass]t+ t ! savage possesses a bra9 8q disproportionate to 8 actual requirem5ts10 if by ?is phrase is meant 8 m]e animal wants4 ,b ! savage is a man1 & ! size ( bra9 requir$ by him mu/ be judg$ (1 n by ! degree ( intellectual action he exhibits1 b by its accompanim5ts--n by quantity1 b by quality4 ,! s\rce ( man's sup]iority mu/ be s\ght 9 an exam9ation ( 8 m5tal faculties1 & yet ! inquiry is vitiat$ at ! v comm5cem5t1 by ! assumption t ! m9d ( man diff]s f t ( ! animal only 9 ! degree ( its activity4 ,i am prep>$ to admit t ! high] mammalia1 at lea/1 h ! p[] ( reason+1 ) all ! faculties :i* are ess5tial to its ex]cise4 ,b ?is v fact makes x utt]ly incompreh5sible h[ ! result ( human m5tal activity c be s sup]ior1 unless "s fur!r pr9ciple or faculty ?an ^? :i* ! animal m9d possesses op]ates 9 t ( man4 ,:at ?is pr9ciple or faculty is1 may be %[n by ref]5ce to c]ta9 facts connect$ ) language4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ascribes ! orig9 ( human spee* to imitation & modification ( natural s\nds & man's own in/9ctive utt]ances4#cgf ,t ! primitive elem5ts ( man's language 7 ?us obta9$ is d\btless true4 ,some?+ else1 h[ev]1 is requir$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! languages ( uncultur$ peoples4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 _c h be5 ! orig9 ( c]ta9 ideas :i* are app>5tly common to ! m9ds ( all peoples h[ev] savage4 ,x has be5 said t ^! peoples1 al?\gh hav+ names = e p>ticul> object1 h no words to express a class ( objects4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be receiv$ ) caution4 ,b if absolutely true 9 ! s5se int5d$1 x _c be d5i$ t ne>ly all primitive languages h words d5ot+ col\rs1 & ^! by _! v nature1 z expressive ( attributes1 are applicable to a s]ies ( objects4 ,n[ !re is n ! slighte/ reason to believe t animals h any idea ( qualities1 z su*4 ,ev5 ! ta/e = ! beautiful1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u is n unkn[n to v>i\s animals--especially birds1 has relation to ! object :i* attracts by its col\r1 c41 & n to ! col\r itself4 ,b x is j ?is p]ception ( ! qualities ( objects :i* is at ! f\ndation1 & =ms ! />t+ po9t1 ( all human progress4 ,! ess5tial in/rum5t ( intellectual developm5t1 articulate language1 0 fir/ prompt$ by su* a p]ception1 & x 0 9 ! recognition ( ! qualities ( actions1 by reflection on _! consequ5ces1 t ! moral s5se 0 gradually evolv$4 ,x c h>dly be t a p[] :i* has _h s wond]ful an effect1 & "o :i* is s diff]5t f any?+ met ) among ! l[] animals1 c be ref]r$ to any ( ! ord9>y faculties :i* ^! possess4 ,if n1 we mu/ ascribe x to a new faculty altoge!r1 a k9d ( spiritual insight1 :i* c be expla9$ only z result+ f ! addition ( a pr9ciple ( activity sup]ior to t :i* is ! seat ( ! animal life4 ,if we 7 to trace ! beg9n+ ( e s+le bran* ( human culture1 x w\ld be f\nd to h orig9at$ 9 ! ex]cise ( su* a faculty ( reflection z t "h describ$4 ,! elem5ts ( k man possesses 9 common ) ! animals ar\nd him2 b ^! h n built up any sup]/ructure1 because !y h no spiritual insight su* z w enable !m to analyse ^? elem5ts1 & ?us to fit !m = re-comb9ation into t wond]ful s]ies ( =ms :i* !y h tak5 9 ! human m9d4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to discuss "h ! nature ( ! pr9ciple :i* ?us %[s its en]gy 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,:e!r x is ! cause or ! effect ( ! ref9$ organisation exhibit$ by ! human body ne$ n n[ be consid]$4 ,if ! latt]1 h[ev]1 x may be object$ t--assum+ ! human bodily organism to h be5 d]iv$ by desc5t f a l[] animal =m1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( natural selection--! intellectual faculty peculi> to man mu/ h _h analog\s orig94 ,to ?is x might be answ]$ t man's special faculty c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f an animal organism :i* does n itself possess x2 b x is advisable r to te/ t conclusion by a consid]ation ( ! physical data1 & to see h[ f> ! argum5t = natural desc5t c be support$4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! t5d5cy to ! bip$al "* 0 ! fir/ to become op]ative 9 ! gradual developm5t ( man out ( ! ape4 ,! erect =m is suppos$1 h[ev]1 to h be5 assum$ t ! arms & h&s might h full play1#cgg & x is evid5t t ! free use ( ^! w\ld n h be5 ( any special advantage )\t an increas$ bra9-activity to guide !m4 ,probably ! *anges requir$ 9 ! physical /ructure w\ld be concomitant1 b if !y _h a />t+ po9t x w\ld surely be 9 ! bra9 r ?an 9 ! extremities4 ,! great developm5t ( ! encephalon 9 man z comp>$ ) ! monkey tribe w\ld1 9 fact1 require all ! o!r suppos$ *anges4 ,?us ! greatly increas$ size & weight ( ! bra9 & its bony case1 comb9$ ) ! position ( ! =am5 magnum at ! base ( ! skull1 w\ld necessitate ! erect position ( ! body1 & ?is w\ld supply ! arms & upp] "p ( ! trunk ) ! requir$ fre$om ( movem5t4 ,^! *anges w\ld be accompani$ by ! modification ( ! pelvis & l[] limbs1 :ile ! increas$ s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk91 result+ f man's m ref9$ n]v\s /ructure1 w suffici5tly acc\nt = its g5]al nak$ness1#cgh )\t suppos+1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! influ5ce ( sexual selection4#cgi ,x is !re=e 9 reality only ! l>ge size ( ! human bra9 t has to be acc\nt$ =1 & ?is is by no means easy on ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,no d\bt1 ) ! increas$ activity ( ! m5tal p[]s1 ! bra9 w\ld become m volum9\s4 ,b :at 0 to det]m9e t increas$ activity8 ,x c only h be5 an improvem5t 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 to :i* man's suppos$ ape prog5itors 7 subject$1 = :i* no suffici5t reason c be giv54 ,moreov]1 ^? prog5itors w\ld be subject$ to ! inevitable /ruggle = exi/5ce--a /ruggle :i*1 ev5 ) man1 9 an uncivilis$ /ate1 has a t5d5cy to brutalise r ?an to humanise4 ,"u ^! conditions x w\ld seem to be impossible = man to h rais$ himself to s great a sup]iority ov] 8 ne>e/ allies z ev5 ! l[e/ savage exhibits4 8,8 absolute erectness ( po/ure1 ! complet5ess ( 8 nudity1 ! h>moni\s p]fection ( 8 h&s1 ! almo/ inf9ite capacities ( 8 bra91 con/itute10 says ,mr4 ,wallace1 8a s]ies ( correlat$ advances too great to be acc\nt$ = by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ( an isolat$ gr\p ( apes 9 a limit$ area10#chj z ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis supposes4 ,:ile firmly conv9c$1 on ! gr\nds already /at$1 t man _c h be5 d]iv$ f ! ape by desc5t ) natural selection1 ,i am by no means prep>$ to admit t he may n h be5 s d]iv$ "u o!r conditions4 ,al?\gh man und\bt$ly has a m5tal faculty ( ! utmo/ importance :i* ! animals d n possess1 agree+ ) 8 sup]iority ( physical /ructure1 !re c be no "q t1 bo? physically & m5tally1 he is mo/ intimately alli$ to ! memb]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,be=e endeav\r+ to furni% a solution ( ! difficult "q ( ! orig9 ( man "u ^! conditions1 ,i w\ld po9t out1 :at is s ably insi/$ on by ,m4 ,broca1#cha t trans=mism1 to use ! cont95tal t]m1 is :olly di/9ct f 8natural selection10 or any o!r mode by :i* ! trans=mation may be orig9at$ or effect$4 ,?is is a mo/ important consid]ation1 & "o :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has incid5tally ref]r$ to4#chb ,t man is ! f9al t]m 9 a process ( evolution1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* we _c yet trace1 appe>s to me to be a firmly e/abli%$ tru?4 ,! desc5t ( man f ! ape "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions is1 h[ev]1 a totally diff]5t proposition1 & "o ( :i* no actual pro( has yet be5 furni%$1 ! argum5t really am\nt+ to ?is1 t ! correspond5ces betwe5 man & ! high] mammals r5d] x m likely t he has desc5d$ f ! ape ?an t he has be5 specially creat$4 ,?is may be true1 & yet ^? correspond5ces be ow+ to a v diff]5t cause f ! "o ?us suppos$ = !m4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] affirms t 8successive *anges ( conditions w\ld produce div]g5t v>ieties or species0 ( ! organisms subject to !m1 ap>t f ! influ5ce ( 8natural selection10 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* successive *anges ( conditions1 w\ld effect 8comp>atively little40#chc ,x is to ! latt] especially ,mr4 ,sp5c] traces ! gradual evolution ( nature1 on ! process ( :i* he has ?r[n s mu* light4 ,?us1 :5 treat+ else:]e ( t evolution1 he says1 8,:ile we are n call$ on to suppose t !re exi/s 9 organisms any primordial impulse :i* makes !m cont9ually unfold into m het]og5e\s =ms2 we see t a liability to be unfold$ arises f ! actions & reactions betwe5 organisms & _! fluctuat+ environm5ts4 ,& we see t ! exi/5ce ( su* a cause ( developm5t pre-supposes ! non-occurr5ce ( developm5t :]e ?is fluctuation ( actions & reactions does n come into play40#chd ,x is evid5t t ?is !ory1 l t ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 supposes ! occurr5ce ( slight /ructural *anges :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( k z to _! excit+ causes1 may be describ$ z 8spontane\s10 & ! p]petuation ( :i* is ! e/abli%m5t ( new =ms or species4 ,b among dome/ic animals1 & by analogy we may assume1 !re=e1 among wild animals1 v>iation 9 ! way suppos$ is n ! only mode by :i* ! physical /ructure may be modifi$4 ,v>i\s in/ances ( sudd5 *ange h be5 collect$ :i* are v difficult to deal )1 & !y h l$ ,mr4 ,huxley to rem>k t ,mr4 ,d>w9's position 8might h be5 ev5 /rong] ?an x is if he _h n emb>rass$ himself ) ! aphorism #8natura non facit saltum1' :i* turns up s (t5 9 8 pages40 ,mr4 ,huxley adds 8t nature does make jumps n[ & !n1 & a recognition ( ! fact is ( no small importance 9 dispos+ ( _m m9or objections to ! doctr9e ( transmutation40#che ,m9or objections may c]ta9ly be ?us remov$1 b only by introduc+ "o ( mu* great] mom5t4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 8natural selection is capable ( produc+ fitness betwe5 organisms & _! circum/ances10#chf x mu/ be by ! p]petuation ( slight *anges1 & !re does n1 inde$1 appe> to be any room 9 ! hypo!sis ( natural selection = ! saltatory movem5ts :i* x is s necess>y to expla94 ,! *anges :i* organisms und]go1 :e!r sudd5 or gradual1 & :atev] _! approximate excit+ cause1 take place 9 pursuance ( ! evolution ( organic nature1 & !re c be no d\bt t ?is proce$s "u ! guidance ( law4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 expresses ?is fact 9 say+ t 8g5]ations d n v>y accid5tally 9 any & e direction1 b 9 preorda9$1 def9ite1 & correlat$ c\rses40#chg ,?is may be accept$ z express+ a g5]al tru?1 subject to "s qualification ( ! ^w 8preorda9$40 ,x is n exactly true1 h[ev]1 = v>iations are n always regul> & ord]ly4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 inde$1 !y w\ld seem to take place 9 any direction1 b !re is always a t5d5cy = !m to accumulate 9 t c\rse along :i* !y meet ) ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t ev]y?+ t5ds t[>ds equilibration1 ! /ate be+ "o n ( absolute b ( mov+ equilibrium1 :ile 8?r\gh\t evolution ( all k9ds !re is a cont9ual approximation1 & m or less complete ma9t5ance ( ?is mov+ equilibrium40#chh ,! ultimate result is t1 8:5 ?r\gh a *ange ( habit or circum/ance an organism is p]man5tly subject to "s new influ5ce1 or diff]5t am\nt ( an old influ5ce1 !re arises1 aft] m or less di/urbance ( ! old rhy?ms1 a balanc+ ( !m ar\nd ! new av]age conditions produc$ by ?is additional influ5ce40#chi ,x is evid5t t ! v>iations :i* h be5 orig9at$ be=e ! atta9m5t ( ! /ate ( tempor>y /ability ?us e/abli%$ w\ld h little *ance ( be+ p]petuat$2 & we h probably "h ! explanation ( ! fact t ! progress ( evolution reveals itself s (t5 by sudd5 movem5ts4 ,9 ^! cases1 :]e ! di/urb+ influ5ce has r5d]$ ! equilibrium ( ! organism affect$ m or less un/able1 a new c5tre ( equilibrium w be =m$1 & ! appe>ance ( a fre% specific =m be ! result4 ,h[ev] fitt$ ?is explanation may be to acc\nt = ! gaps :i* s (t5 pres5t !mselves 9 developm5tal s]ies ( animal /ructures1 x is f> f suffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( man1 at lea/ on ! assumption ( evolution gov]n$ m]ely by me*anical pr9ciples4 ,nei!r man nor animals1 9 fact1 c\ld h come into be+ at all unless !re _h be5 an organic necessity1 q indep5d5t ev5 ( ! g5]al av]age effects ( ! relations ( liv+ bodies to _! environm5ts1 insi/$ on by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,t ^! ag5cies h be5 v influ5tial 9 ! evolution ( organic nature is und\bt$ly true4 ,b _! influ5ce 9 ?is respect dep5ds altoge!r on ! organism on :i* !y act be+ 9 a condition ( un/able equilibrium4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] decl>es1 :5 speak+ ( ! condition ( homog5eity be+ a condition ( un/able equilibrium1 t ?is in/ability is 8consequ5t on ! fact t ! sev]al p>ts ( any homog5e\s aggregation are necess>ily expos$ to diff]5t =ces--=ces t diff] ei!r 9 k9d or am\nt40#cij ,?is may be true 9 relation to animal & vegetable =ms1 ^: g]ms are suppos$ n to %[ ! slighte/ trace ( ! future organism1 al?\gh ev5 z to ^! ,mr4 ,sp5c] c say t 8d\btless we are /ill 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? my/]i\s prop]ties :i* make ! g]m1 :5 subject to fit influ5ces1 und]go ! special *anges beg9n+ ?is s]ies ( trans=mations40#cia ,b ! un/able condition ( ! primeval homog5e\s sub/ance ( nature c\ld n be due to ! cause assign$4 ,= x requires ! impossible case ( c]ta9 =ces1 ! action ( :i* is suppos$ to result 9 ! condition ( in/ability1 exi/+ outside ( t sub/ance :i*1 z be+ id5tifi$ ) ! ,absolute1 we mu/ assume to be pres5t ?r\gh\t all space4 ,! notion ( an univ]sally diffus$ homog5e\s sub/ance1 act$ on by ext]nal =ces1 appe>s to be contr>y to reason2 & ! prop] explanation ( ! orig9al condition ( in/ability w\ld seem to be t x is natural to ! primeval sub/ance z ! result ( an innate en]gy1 ! int]nal =ce :i* con/itutes its vitality4 ,b ?is sub/ance _c h be5 m]ely 8mat]ial40 ,!re is j z little room = transition f ! inorganic to ! organic z f ! animal to man2 !re is b "o satisfactory />t+-po9t--nature itself view$ z organic4 ,if su* is ! case :5 ! *anges obs]vable 9 nature are view$ z /rictly evolutional1 mu* m s is x :5 !y are trac$ to ! l[] activity ( natural selection4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy well rem>ks t 8! facts ( v>iability be+ ! greate/ 9 ! l[e/ organisms1 :ile progress has be5 mo/ rapid among ! high] ones1 %[s t !re is some?+ 9 organic progress :i* m]e natural selection among spontane\s v>iations w n acc\nt =40#cib ,else:]e ! same writ] decl>es t 8no solution ( ! que/ions ( ! orig9 ( organisation & ! orig9 ( organic species c be adequate :i* does n recognise an organis+ intellig5ce ov] & above ! common laws ( matt]0--i4e41 ! laws ( self-adaptation to circum/ances & natural selection4#cic ,?is organis+ intellig5ce is suppos$ to h be5 be/[$ once = all on vitalis$ matt] by ! ,creator1 s z to prev5t ! necessity ( sep>ately organis+ ea* p>ticul> /ructure1#cid al?\gh x is sugge/$ t man's spiritual nature may be a direct result ( creative p[]4#cie ,mr4 ,wallace objects to ! law ( 8unconsci\s intellig5ce10 t 8x has ! d\ble disadvantage ( be+ bo? un9telligible & incapable ( any k9d ( pro(40#cif ,?is is true en\gh1 b x has ! equally s]i\s defect ( re9troduc+ ! notion ( special 8creation10 ) all ! difficulties att5dant on ! orig9 ( matt]1 & ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( indep5d5t spiritual & mat]ial sub/ances4 ,mr4 ,wallace himself is s mu* /ruck ) ! impos+ position occupi$ by man t he ?9ks t 8a sup]ior intellig5ce has guid$ ! developm5t ( man 9 a def9ite direction & = a special purpose1 j z man guides ! developm5t ( _m animal & vegetable =ms40#cig ,he supposes1 moreov]1 t 8! :ole univ]se is n m]ely dep5d5t on1 b actually is1 ! ,,w ( high] intellig5ces1 or ( "o supreme intellig5ce40#cih ,x seems to me1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,wallace ?9ks o!rwise1 t ?is notion completely und]m9es ! hypo!sis ( natural selection4 ,if n only ! :ole univ]se1 b also a p>ticul> portion ( x--man--has be5 div9ely 8will$10 analogy w lead u to believe t e o!r portion ( ! :ole has ?us orig9at$4 ,! difficulties att5dant on !ories su* z ^? ( ,mr4 ,murphy & ,mr4 ,wallace1 & ! unsatisfactory explanation af=d$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 z usually und]/ood1 ( ! orig9 ( man1 h l$ me to ! op9ion t nature z a :ole is organic1 & t man is ! necess>y result ( its evolution4 ,n only s1 h[ev]2 man mu/ be view$ z ! real object ( ! evolution ( nature view$ z a liv+ organism4 ,)\t him nature itself w\ld be imp]fect1 & all l[] animal =ms mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z subsidi>y to ! human organism1 & z s _m /ages only t[>ds its atta9m5t4 ,b if liv+ nature is an organic :ole1 its sev]al p>ts mu/ be intimately connect$4 ,h5ce ! num]\s correspond5ces betwe5 man & ! high] mammals _c be accid5tal or ev5 m]ely design$ simil>ities4 ,!y betok5 an actual & intimate connection betwe5 ! organisms pres5t+ !m1 & su* an "o z is consi/5t only ) a d]ivation ( "o f ! o!r4 ,?is view diff]s f t ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 n 9 ! fact ( man's d]ivation f ! ape1 b 9 ! mode & conditions "u :i* x has tak5 place4 ,d]ivation1 by virtue ( an inh]5t evolutional impulse1 is totally diff]5t f simple desc5t1 aid$ by natural selection4 ,9 ! latt] case ! appe>ance ( man may be describ$ z 9 "s s5se accid5tal2 9 ! =m]1 n only is x necess>y1 b x is t = :i* all evolution has tak5 place1 ! only condition1 9 fact1 "u :i* evolution 0 possible4 ,h[ f> su* a developm5t ( organic =ms z ,i h suppos$ is consi/5t ) design is a difficult "q4 ,x is app>5t t :5 nature is conceiv$ ( z =m+ an organic :ole1 ! univ]se becomes id5tifi$ ) ! ,absolute1 ( ^: be+ relative nature is m]ely an expression4 ,b is n ! possession by relative exi/5ces ( intellectual faculties1 & ( ! m>vell\s p[] ( insight or reflection1 evid5ce t ! same p[]s belong also to ! absolute ,be+8 ,! possession by man ( intellig5ce is1 9 fact1 pro( t organic nature is intellig5t4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! ne$ ( design is n app>5t4 ,grant+ t relative nature has be5 evolv$ out ( ! absolute exi/5ce1 su* evolution c h tak5 only "o c\rse--t :i* l$ to man1 :o c\ld appe> only :5 ! conditions ( nature 7 fitt$ = him1 & :o mu/ appe> :5 ^? conditions 7 s fitt$4 ,moreov]1 z man 0 f ! beg9n+ ! object ( organic evolution1 ?is mu/ h tak5 place along ! l9e :i* l$ to him1 )\t any actually preconceiv$ design or int5tion o!r ?an t :i* is impli$ 9 ! prekn[l$ge ( man's appe>ance4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t o!r bran*es ( organic nature besides t :i* end$ 9 man may n h rea*$ a /age ( /ructural p]fection4 ,no d\bt !y h s done1 & ?us we c und]/& h[ x is t c]ta9 animals seem to h be51 z ,pr(essor ,ow5 ass]ts1 8pr$e/9$ & prep>$ = man40 ,! fitness po9t$ out by our great anatomi/ 8( ! organisation ( ! horse & ass = ! ne$s ( mank9d1 & ! co9cid5ce ( ! orig9 ( ! ,ungulates hav+ equ9e modifications ( ! p]issodactyle /ructure ) ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+1 or co9cid5t )1 ! e>lie/ evid5ce ( ! human race10 is c]ta9ly rem>kable4#cii ,i _c see 9 ^! facts1 h[ev]1 any?+ m ?an a necess>y co9cid5ce aris+ f ! progress ( evolution along diff]5t planes4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ,pr(essor ,ow5 may mean little m ?an ?is1 & t he w\ld be satisfi$ to admit ! id5tity betwe5 ! 8pr$et]m9+0 ag5t & organic nature1 act+ by virtue ( ! laws ( its own evolutional impulse4 ,s at lea/ may be suppos$ f ! fact t he rejects 8! pr9ciple ( direct or miracul\s creation10 & recognises 8a #8natural law or second>y cause' z op]ative 9 ! production ( species 9 ord]ly succession & progression40#djj ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ o!rwise !re c\ld be an 8innate t5d5cy to deviate f ! p>5tal type40 ,be=e conclud+1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to c]ta9 facts connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ! bra9 & ! human organism g5]ally1 :i* at fir/ sight seem to be q irreconcilable ) ! notion ( man's d]ivation f ! ape1 ev5 "u ! conditions ,i h propos$4 ,?us1 ,m4 ,prun] ,bey has %[n t 9 man & ! an?ropomorph\s apes !re exi/s 8an inv]se ord] ( ! f9al t]m ( developm5t 9 ! s5sitive & vegetative app>atus1 & 9 ! sy/ems ( locomotion & reproduction40 ,! same inv]se ord] is exhibit$ 9 ! developm5t ( individual organs4 ,?us x is1 says ,prun] ,bey1 ) a portion ( ! p]man5t tee?2 ,wel*] makes a simil> rem>k z to ! modifications ( ! base ( ! skull 9 relation to ! sph5oidal angle ( ,vir*[2 & ,gratiolet po9ts out an analog\s fact 9 ! developm5t ( ! bra94 ,! language ( ! great ,fr5* anatomi/ is v precise4 ,he says3 8,) man & ! adult an?ropormorph\s apes !re exi/s a c]ta9 resemblance 9 ! mode ( arrangem5t 9 ! c]ebral folds :i* has impos$ on "s p]sons & on :i* !y h /rongly insi/$4 ,b ?is result is atta9$ by an inv]se process 7m>*e inv]se74 ,9 ! monkey ! temporosph5oidal convolutions :i* =m ! middle lobe appe> & p]fect !mselves be=e ! ant]ior convolutions :i* =m ! frontal lobe4 ,) man1 on ! contr>y1 ! frontal convolutions appe> ! fir/1 & ^? ( ! middle lobe %[ !mselves ! la/40 ,9 ref]r+ to ^! facts1 ,m4 de ,quatrefages decl>es t 8:5 two organis$ be+s foll[ an inv]se c\rse 9 _! developm5t1 ! m highly develop$ ( ! two _c h desc5d$ f ! o!r by means ( evolution40#dja ,if by evolution is meant simple desc5t "u ! influ5ce ( natural selection & modification ( ext]nal conditions1 ?is conclusion is c]ta9ly correct4 ,x is true t1 contr>y to ! op9ion express$ by ,gratiolet1 t 8! human bra9 diff]s ! m f t ( ! monkey ! less x is develop$1 & an arre/ ( developm5t c only exagg]ate ?is natural diff]5ce40#djb ,m4 ,c>l ,vogt decl>es t ! human bra9 may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 n only ext]nally resemble t ( ! high] apes1 b also t ! sup]ior portion ( x 7p>ties votes7 9 microcephalic idiots is really develop$ aft] ! simian type1#djc ! skull itself hav+ bo? simian & human elem5ts4#djd ,b does n ! fact t ! l[] "p ( ! microcephalic skull1 & ! portion ( ! bra9 :i* is ! e>lie/ develop$1 are =m$ on ! human type1 amply ju/ify ! ass]tion ( ,gratiolet t 8! microcephale1 h[ev] degrad$1 is n a brute1 b only a modifi$ man80 ,is x n evid5t1 moreov]1 t h[ev] highly an ape bra9 may be develop$1 x c\ld n become l t ( a man1 at lea/ by desc5t ) natural selection8 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 if we view man z ! necess>y product ( ! evolution ( organic nature4 ,we may well believe t :5 ! sudd5 advance f ! ape /ructure to t ( man 0 made1 "u ! conditions above propos$1 ! great increase 9 ! size ( ! bra9 & ! *ange 9 ! position ( ! =am5 magnum 7 accompani$ by an alt]ation 9 ! ord] ( developm5t1 n only ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra91 b also ( ! int]nal app>atus z po9t$ out by ,m4 ,prun] ,bey4 ,b ! advance hav+ once tak5 place1 ! human type c no m be lo/2 & al?\gh ! approa* to ! simian type :i* appe>s 9 ! abnormal microcephalic bra9 evid5ces ! intimate connection betwe5 man & ! ape1 yet x furni%es no dispro( ( d]ivation1 "o f ! o!r1 by ! ag5cy ( int]nal evolutional impulse4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld aga9 ref] to ! fact1 s /rongly insi/$ on by ,m4 ,broca1 t ! tru? ( ! !ory ( evolution is n dep5d5t on t ( ! hypo!sis ( natural selection4 ,! great defect ( 8natural selection0 z an ag5t 9 organic evolution1 is t x _c d m ?an p]petuate c]ta9 /ructural peculi>ities1 ! appe>ance ( :i* x is p[]less to expla94 ,! hypo!sis is prop]ly def9$ z 8natural selection among spontane\s v>iations20 & x is ! appe>ance ( ^! v>iations :i* con/itutes ! mo/ important "p ( ! problem4 ,!y c be expla9$ only on ! assumption ( 8an int]nal t5d5cy to deviate f ! p>5tal type20 & grant+ t ?is t5d5cy results f a necess>y evolution ( nature view$ z an organic :ole1 !re is no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = all ! facts dwelt on by ,mr4 ,d>w9 )\t suppos+ ! d]ivation ( man f ! ape by simple desc5t1 al?\gh n )\t id5tify+ ! univ]se ) ,deity1 & view+ its v>i\s manife/ations z ,8 organs4 ,,footnotes3 #cfd 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 i41 p4 #aj1 et seq4 #cfe 8,l',ordre des ,primates10 p4 #agc 7#ahgj74 #cff ,ibid41 p4 #afh4 #cfg ,ibid41 p4 #agc4 #cfh ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #dh4 #cfi ,ibid41 p4 #fc4 #cgj ,ibid41 p4 #gj1 et seq4 #cga ,ibid41 p4 #aje4 #cgb ,ibid41 p4 #ef4 #cgc 8,g5]elle ,morphologie d] ,organism510 vol4 ii41 p4 #dcj 7#ahff74 #cgd ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #ade4 #cge 8,natural ,selection10 p4 #cdc 7#ahgj74 #cgf ,op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #ef4 #cgg ,d>w91 op4 cit41 vol4 i41 p4 #ada4 #cgh ,see ,ow5's 8,anatomy ( ! ,v]tebrates10 vol4 iii41 p4 #ahf4 #cgi ,op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cgf4 #chj ,! 8,academy10 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #ahc 7#ahga74 #cha 8,revue des ,c\rs ,sci5tifiques10 #cj? ,july1 #ahgj1 p4 #eeh4 #chb 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 i41 p4 #aeb4 #chc 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples10 #bnd edition1 p4 #ddg1 n4 #chd 8,pr9ciples ( ,biology10 vol4 i41 p4 #dcj4 #che 8,lay ,s]mons10 p4 #cbf4 #chf 8,pr9ciples ( ,biology10 vol4 i41 p4 #ddf4 #chg ,op4 cit41 vol4 iii41 p4 #hjh4 #chh 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples10 #bnd edition1 p4 #dhi4 #chi ,ibid41 p4 #ejj4 #cij 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples10 #bnd edition1 p4 #djd4 #cia ,ibid41 p4 #ddd4 #cib 8,habit & ,intellig5ce10 vol4 i41 p4 #cdh 7#ahfi74 #cic ,ibid41 vol4 i41 p4 #bie4 #cid ,ibid41 vol4 ii41 p4 #h4 #cie ,ibid41 vol4 i41 p4 #cca4 #cif ,op4 cit41 p4 #cfj4 #cig ,op4 cit41 p4 #cei4 #cih ,ibid41 p4 #cfh4 #cii ,op4 cit41 vol4 iii41 p4 #gie4 #djj ,ibid41 p4 #ghi4 #dja 8,rapport sur les ,progrs de l',an?ropologie10 p4 #bdg 7#ahfg74 #djb ,ibid4 #djc 8,mmoire sur les ,microcphales10 p4 #aig4 #djd ,ibid41 p4 #ha4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,jas4 ,,wade1 ,,tavi/ock ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54