,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ conv5tions are us$ 9 ?is text4 italic text bold text sup]script 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,ext9ct ,,animals ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,man ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air ,illu/ration3 ,a4--8,,yell[0 ,,or ,,immature ,,eel3 ,,n ,,desc5d+ ,,to ,,! ,,sea 7,,female7 ,b4--8,,silv]0 ,,or ,,mature ,,eel ,,9 ,,bridal ,,dress ,,desc5d+ ,,to ,,! ,,sea 7,,female71 ,a ,,small] ,,individual ,,?an 8,a0 ,,head ,,( ,,immature ,,& ,,mature ,,specim5s ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,size4 ,,orig9al ,,wat]-,,col\r ,,draw+s ,,f ,,live ,,specim5s ,,sci5ce ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air ,,by ,,sir ,,ray ,,lanke/] ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,) ,,eighty-,,f\r ,,illu/rations ,,second ,,edition ,,me?u5 ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #cf ,,essex ,,/reet ,w4,c4 ,,london ,fir/ ,publi%$ ,april #ad? #aiaj ,second ,edition ,may #aiaj ,,preface ,?is volume is a collection ( "s ( ! pap]s :i* ,i h contribut$ to ! ,daily ,telegraph dur+ ! ye>s #aijh-aiji1 "u ! title 8,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air40 ,i h revis$ & correct$ ! lett]press1 & h add$ "s illu/rations4 ,a small] volume conta9+ e>li] pap]s 0 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,con/able 9 #aijh1 ) ! title ,f an ,easy ,*air4 ,x is my int5tion n[ to produce additional volumes 7"u ! title 8,easy ,*air ,s]ies07 z _! con/itu5t articles accumulate1 & ,i hope to be able to publi% a second & a ?ird in/alm5t at no di/ant date4 ,i %\ld l to draw ! special att5tion ( ! read] to ! ,frontispiece 7,plate ,i471 :i* is v beautifully execut$1 & is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ col\r$ draw+ yet publi%$ %[+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! adult 8silv]0 eel & ! m abundant immature 8yell[0 eel--sometimes call$ ! 8frogm\!d eel40 ,! orig9al draw+s 7 prep>$ = me ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,pet]s51 ( ,cop5hag51 :o is ! discov]] ( _m int]e/+ facts ab\t ! common eel1 & is director ( ! ,dani% ,biological ,laboratory4 ,i also wi% to draw ! att5tion ( any "o :o is k9d en\gh to look at ?is preface to "o or two m ( my illu/rations1 because !y are1 ,i ?9k1 ( exceptional int]e/1 & %\ld be look$ at1 at once1 be=e a decision n to read ! book is made4 ,^! are ! prehi/oric engrav+ ( a horse's head1 ) rope-bridle 9 place1 on page #ha2 ! draw+s ( ! leaves ( ! ,am]ican ,poison-v9e & ( ! ,virg9ian ,creep] on page #ie2 ( ! nettle-/+ on page #aac2 ( ! ,dragon ( ! ,hesp]ides on page #abb2 ( ! big tadpoles on page #bag2 ( ! jump+ bean on page #bih1 & its mo? on page #cja2 ( ! ant milk+ a gre5-fly = its honey-dew on page #cbd2 & la/ly1 ! accurate draw+ on page #cgj ( ! mo/ anci5t human skull yet discov]$1 & ! o!r draw+s ( skulls 7all to ! scale ( "o-?ird ! actual l5g?71 & ^? ( prehi/oric weapons & c>v+s :i* foll[ x4 ,^! draw+s h be5 made f orig9al sci5tific memoirs1 or 9 "s cases f actual specim5s1 = ! pres5t volume4 ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/] ,febru>y #aiaj ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice #a ,,ii4 ,,univ]sity ,,tra9+ #f ,,iii4 ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory #ab ,,iv4 ,,d>w9',s ,,discov]ies #ah ,v4 ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory ,,un%ak5 #bg ,,vi4 ,,met*nik(f ,,& ,,tol/oi #ch ,,vii4 ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,azure ,,blue #df ,,viii4 ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,jelly-,,fi%es #eh ,,ix4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel #fe ,x4 ,,mod]n ,,horses ,,& ,,_! ,,ance/ors #gg ,,xi4 ,a ,,rival ,,( ,,! ,,fabl$ ,,upas ,,tree #ia ,,xii4 ,,poisons ,,& ,,/+s ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals #ajj ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,dragon3 ,a ,,fancy ,,or ,a ,,fact #aad ,,xiv4 ,,oy/]s #abh ,,xv4 ,,mat]nal ,,c>e ,,& ,,molluscs #adc ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,he>t',s ,,beat #adg ,,xvii4 ,,sleep #aee ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,/ructure ,,( ,,liv+ ,,?+s #agj ,,xix4 ,,protoplasm1 ,,life ,,& ,,dea? #ahj ,,xx4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,protoplasm #ahg ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,simple/ ,,liv+ ,,?+s #aic ,,xxii4 ,,tadpoles ,,& ,,frogs #bji ,,xxiii4 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,/>s #bbj ,,xxiv4 ,,comets #bbg ,,xxv4 ,,ab\t ,,*ol]a #bcg ,,xxvi4 ,,sea-,,breezes1 ,,m\nta9 ,,air1 ,,& ,,ozone #bea ,,xxvii4 ,,oxyg5 ,,gas ,,= ,,a?letes ,,& ,,o!rs #beh ,,xxviii4 ,,sp>r[s1 ,,tr\t1 ,,& ,,selective ,,bre$+ #bff ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,feeble-,,m9d$ #bga ,,xxx4 ,,dea?-,,rates #bhc ,,xxxi4 ,,gossam] #bhg ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,jump+ ,,bean #bif ,,xxxiii4 ,,protective ,,col\r+ ,,9 ,,animals #cjd ,,xxxiv4 ,,hop-,,blight #cad ,,xxxv4 ,,gre5-,,flies1 ,,plant-,,lice1 ,,& ,,p>!nog5esis #cbb ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,deadly ,,phyllox]a #ccd ,,xxxvii4 ,,clo!s ,,mo?s #cci ,,xxxviii4 ,,/one ,,& ,,wood ,,bor]s #cdf ,,xxxix4 ,,*ri/mas ,,f>e #cef ,,xl4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,opium #cfc ,,xli4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,m5 #cga ,,xlii4 ,,! ,,cave-,,m5',s ,,skulls #cia ,,xliii4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,ne&] ,,m5 #djb ,,index #dac ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,diagrams ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,! ,,little ,,gre5 ,,tree-,,frog ,,or 8,,ra9ette0 ,,( ,,! ,,rivi]a 7,,hyla ,,arborea7 #ea #b4 ,,! ,,common ,,jelly-,,fi% 7,,aurelia ,,aurita7 #ei #c4 ,,! ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,jelly-,,fi% 7,,limnocodium7 #fj #d4 ,,f\r ,,jelly-,,fi%-,,produc+ ,,polyps ,,adh]+ ,,to ,a ,,root-,,fibre ,,( ,a ,,wat]-,,plant #fa #e4 ,,! ,,african ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,jelly-,,fi% 7,,limnocnida7 #fb #f4 ,,"y ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel #gb #g4 ,,draw+ ,,( ,,an ,,ivory ,,c>v+ ,,( ,a ,,female ,,head #hj #h4 ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,fully ,,r\nd$ ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,re9de]',s ,,antl] ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,( ,a ,,neigh+ ,,horse #hj #i4 ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,flat ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,%\ld]-,,bone ,,( ,a ,,horse',s ,,head1 ,,%[+ ,,twi/$ ,,rope-,,bridle ,,& ,,trapp+s #ha #aj4 ,,=e-,,foot ,,( ,,! ,,horse-,,ance/or1 ,,hipp>ion #hd #aa4 ,,skulls ,,( ,,horses ,,& ,,( ,,de] #hf #ab4 ,,=e ,,& ,,h9d ,,legs ,,( ,,horse ,,& ,,ass #hh #ac4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,"u ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,foot ,,9 ,,! ,,dog1 ,,tapir1 ,,& ,,horse #hi #ad4 ,,draw+s ,,( ,,! ,,leaves ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,qu9quefoliate ,,virg9ian ,,creep]1 ,,( ,,! ,,adh]5t 8,,ampelopsis ,,veit*ii10 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,poison-,,v9e 7,,rhus ,,toxicod5dron7 #ie #ae4 ,,draw+ ,,f ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,des]t ,,scorpion 7,,bu?us ,,au/ralis1 ,,l9471 ,,f ,,biskra1 ,,nor? ,,africa #aji #ae ,,bis4 ,,highly ,,magnifi$ ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,/++ ,,hair ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,nettle #aac #af4 ,,! ,,h]aldic ,,dragon #aae #ag4 ,,! ,,h]aldic ,,griff9 #aaf #ah4 ,,h]cules ,,de/roy+ ,,! ,,hydra #aaf #ai4 ,,! ,,h]aldic ,,wyv]n #aag #bj4 ,,! ,,h]aldic ,,basilisk1 ,,also ,,call$ ,,! ,,amphysian ,,cockatrice #aag #ba4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,imp]ial ,,dragon #aba #bb4 ,a ,,fly+ ,,snake ,,) ,,two ,,pairs ,,( ,,w+s #aba #bc4 ,,! 8,,dragon0 ,,gu>d+ ,,! ,,tree ,,9 ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,! ,,hesp]ides #abb #bd4 ,a ,,votive ,,tablet #abd #be4 ,,anci5t ,,roman ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,a ,,s-,,call$ ,,m>9e ,,s]p5t #abd #bf4 ,,egyptian ,,f\r-,,w+$ ,,s]p5t #abe #bg4 ,,two-,,w+$ ,,s]p5t #abe #bh4 ,,an ,,oy/] ,,) ,,! ,,"r-,,side ,,%ell ,,remov$ #acj #bi4 ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,r[ ,,( ,,! ,,la%+ ,,hairs ,,or 8,,cilia0 ,,:i* ,,cov] ,,! ,,gills ,,( ,,! ,,oy/] #aca #cj4 ,,! ,,animal ,,( ,,an ,,oy/] ,,remov$ ,,f ,,! ,,%ell #acb #ca4 ,,! ,,eggs ,,( ,,! ,,oy/] #acc #cb4 ,,! ,,sp]ms ,,or ,,sp]matozoa ,,( ,a ,,ripe ,,oy/] #acd #cc4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,egg ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,oy/] #ace #cd4 ,,free-,,swimm+ ,,"y ,,oy/] ,,or ,,oy/] ,,l>va #acf #ce4 ,,"y ,,( ,,! ,,pond-,,mussel ,,aft] ,,escap+ ,,f ,,! ,,mat]nal ,,gill-,,p\* #ade #cf4 ,,simple 8,,cells10 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,nak$ ,,protoplasm1 ,,*ang+ ,,%ape ,,& ,,tak+ ,,9 ,,solid ,,food ,,p>ticles #aga #cg4 ,,cells ,,=m+ ,,tissues #agb #ch4 ,,copy ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,rob]t ,,hook',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,magnifi$ ,,piece ,,( ,,cork #agc #ci4 ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,c>tilage #agd #dj4 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,cells #age #da4 ,,two ,,specim5s ,,( ,a ,,bell-,,animalcule 7,,vorticella7 #aif #db4 ,,six ,,successive ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,division ,,( ,a 8,,cell0 #bja #dc4 ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,f ,,! ,,egg ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,frog #baj #dd4 ,,outl9e ,,draw+s ,,( ,,?ree ,,european ,,tadpoles #bag #de4 ,,! ,,comet ,,%[n ,,9 ,,! ,,bayeux ,,tape/ry #bcb #df4 ,,! ,,*ol]a ,,spirillum1 ,,or ,,comma-,,bacillus ,,( ,,ko* #bda #dg4 ,a ,,"y ,,spid] #bhh #dh4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,& ,,body ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,burmese ,,spid] #bij #di4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,body ,,( ,a ,,spid] ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,sp9n+ ,,organs #bia #ej4 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,middle ,,sp9n]ets ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,g>d5 ,,spid] 7,,epeira ,,diadema7 #bib #ea4 ,,! ,,common ,,g>d5 ,,spid]1 ,,correctly ,,call$ ,,! ,,:ite-,,cross ,,spid] 7,,epeira ,,diadema7 #bic #eb4 ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,two ,,jump+ ,,beans3 ,,on ,,! ,,left ,,! ,,cat]pill> ,,remov$ ,,f ,,! ,,jump+ ,,bean #bii #ec4 ,,! ,,cat]pill> ,,( ,,! ,,mo? 7,,c>pocapsa ,,saltitans7 ,,remov$ ,,f ,,! ,,jump+ ,,bean #cjj #ed4 ,,! ,,mo? 7,,c>pocapsa ,,saltitans7 #cja #ee4 ,,e>ly ,,w+$ ,,female ,,hop-,,l\se #caf #ef4 ,,male ,,hop-,,l\se #cag #eg4 ,,ord9>y ,,w+less ,,female ,,hop-,,l\se #cah #eh4 ,,f\ndress ,,or ,,/ock-,,"m ,,( ,,! ,,hop-,,l\se #cbc #ei4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,w+$ ,,vivip>\s ,,female ,,( ,,! ,,hop-,,l\se #cbc #fj4 ,,an ,,ant 8,,milk+0 ,a 8,,plant-,,l\se0 ,,or 8,,gre5-,,fly0 ,,= ,,honey-,,dew #cbd #fa4 ,,s+le ,,egg-,,tube ,,or ,,ov>ian ,,tube ,,( ,,an ,,insect #cbi #fb4 ,,! ,,dea?-,,wat* ,,beetle 7,,xe/obium ,,tessellatum7 #cej #fc4 ,,! ,,silv]-,,fi% ,,insect 7,,lepisma ,,sac*>9a7 #cec #fd4 ,,! ,,book-,,l\se1 ,,or ,,atropos ,,div9atoria #ced #fe4 ,,! ,,human ,,skull ,,f ,,! ,,*apelle-,,aux-,,sa9ts #cgj #ff4 ,,an ,,unpoli%$ ,,b ,,beautifully ,,*ipp$ ,,fl9t ,,knife ,,( ,,! ,,neoli?ic ,,age #cgd #fg4 ,a ,,poli%$ ,,fl9t ,,axe-,,head ,,( ,,! ,,neoli?ic ,,age #cge #fh4 ,,h>poons ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,p]iod #cgi #fi4 ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,mammo? ,,ivory ,,c>v$ ,,) ,,spirals ,,& ,,scrolls #chj #gj4 ,,c>v+ ,,on ,,an ,,antl] ,,( ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,?ree ,,r$ ,,de] ,,& ,,f\r ,,fi%es #cha #ga4 ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,a ,,bison #chb #gb4 ,,back ,,& ,,front ,,view ,,( ,a ,,fl9t ,,implem5t ,,( ,,! ,,m\/i] ,,type #chd #gc4 ,,fl9t ,,pick ,,f ,,! ,,l[] ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,! ,,?ames ,,valley #chg #gd4 ,a ,,r\gh ,,type ,,( ,,fl9t ,,implem5t ,,f ,,! ,,l[] ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,! ,,somme ,,valley #chh #ge4 ,a ,,pr(ile ,,& ,a ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,( ,a ,,man ,,( ,,! ,,cromagn>d ,,race ,,or ,,re9de] ,,m5 #chi #gf4 ,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,skull-,,top ,,f ,,ne> ,,dusseldorf ,,on ,,! ,,rh9e1 ,,kn[n ,,z ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,skull #cib #gg4 ,,! ,,gibralt> ,,skull ,,f ,a ,,cave ,,9 ,,gibralt> #cid #gh4 ,,! ,,skull-,,top ,,( ,,! ,,primitive ,,k9d ,,( ,,man ,,f ,,plei/oc5e ,,s&s ,,9 ,,java1 ,,call$ ,,pi!can?ropus #djj #gi4 ,,draw+ ,,( ,,! ,,left ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,european #djd #hj4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,ne&] ,,man ,,f ,,! ,,*apelle-,,aux-,,sa9ts #djd #ha4 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,a ,,male ,,*impanzee #dje #hb4 ,,! ,,heidelb]g ,,jaw #dje ,,plates ,i4 ,,immature ,,& ,,mature ,,specim5s ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,size ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,,real ,,dragons4 ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,fly+ ,,reptiles ,,kn[n ,,z ,,pt]odactyles ,fac+ p4 #aah ,,sci5ce ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air ,i ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,! delight :i* is exp]i5c$ by ^? :o discov] new ?+s 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce is1 no d\bt1 v great4 ,to reveal to o!r m5 processes1 prop]ties1 exi/5ces 9 ! natural _w hi!rto unsuspect$1 or1 if suspect$1 yet elud+ ! grasp ( man1 is to d some?+ :i* gives to him :o does x a s5se t he is ( value 9 ! _w--a s5se :i* w uphold him & enable him to endure adv]sity1 & ev5 p]secution1 ) equanimity4 ,b !re is1 p]haps1 a great] & m vivid satisfaction = ^? :o d or make great & spl5did ?+s :i* all m5 c see1 & = :i* all m5 are grateful4 ,! great arti/--poet1 pa9t]1 build]1 or musician--has ?is satisfaction1 & s also has ! man :o1 by a comb9ation ( p]sonal en]gy & cle>ness ( intellectual vision1 applies sci5tific k to ! accompli%m5t ( great public works1 & to ! acquirem5t ( t control by mank9d ( ! natural conditions ho/ile to human progress :i* we may call1 z did ,"l ,bacon1 8! e/abli%+ ( ! k+dom ( man40 ,! m5 :o h expell$ yell[ fev] f ,cuba & ,panama h n m]ely done a piece ( sanit>y clean+ up2 !y h fir/ imag9$ & !n creat$1 by ! =ce ( human w1 direct$ & ma9ta9$ by conviction ( ! reality ( sci5ce1 a new ?+--! tropics )\t deadly fev]1 ! tropics z a heal?y & welcome home = ! :ite man4 ,t is comp>able to ! "w ( a great arti/ 9 ! directness ( its appeal2 x is 9 its actual detail ! result ( ! comb9ation ( ! skill ( ! eng9e] ) ! =esight & absolute dom9ation ( 8 human ag5ts ( a milit>y g5ius4 ,= ?is magnific5t "w ! highe/ cr$it is due to ! ,unit$ ,/ates *ief sanit>y (fic]1 ,colonel ,gorgas4 ,x is well kn[n h[ ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,commission 9 ,cuba prov$ six ye>s ago t yell[ fev] is convey$ f man to man solely & entirely by a gnat common 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 kn[n z ,/egomyia1 & fur!r1 h[ by c>ry+ out measures = prev5t+ ! entrance ( ^! gnats into dwell+-h\ses1 & especially by keep+ !m away f yell[ fev] pati5ts s t !y fail to obta9 & c>ry ! yell[ fev] g]m1 ev5 if !y d bite heal?y m51 ,colonel ,gorgas & 8 associates practically eradicat$ yell[ fev] 9 ,cuba4 ,! bite ( ! ,/egomyia gnat is ! only way 9 :i* a man c acquire yell[ fev]1 & ! gnat :i* bites him mu/ h tak5 up ! g]ms ( yell[ fev] f ano!r man--twelve days 7no less7 previ\sly4 ,! application ( ?is k & ! me?ods devis$ to give x effect is :at has n[ r5d]$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t possible4 ,! ,fr5* ,canal ,company employ$ an army ( lab\r]s1 numb]+ f #ae1jjj to #ah1jjj m54 ,!y lo/1 almo/ entirely by dea? f yell[ fev] & mal>ia1 s _m ( _! workm5 t o!rs refus$ to und]take ! deadly job1 & !re 0 a g5]al panic4 ,! dea?-rate 0 9 #ahhd ov] #fj p] #ajjj4 ,9 #ahhe x 0 ov] #gj p] #ajjj4 ,! "w 0 ab&on$4 ,9 ,may #aijd ,colonel ,gorgas & 8 =ces took possession ( ! canal zone4 ,?is is a zone ( t]ritory runn+ fifty miles nor? & s\?1 ) a good-siz$ t[n--,colon--at "o end ( x & ano!r--,panama--at ! o!r end ( x4 ,_m hundr$s ( m5 7 at once organis$ & set to "w to de/roy 9 bo? ! t[ns ! ,/egomyia gnat4 ,?is 0 effect$ by do+ away ) all ! bre$+-places ( ! gnat1 t is1 scre5+ & cov]+ e wat] receptacle 9 ! t[n1 s t ! gnats or mosquitoes _c bre$4 ,!n a fumigat+ process 0 c>ri$ out 9 all h\ses & build+s1 great & small1 to de/roy su* gnats z 7 /ill alive4 ,no less ?an #bjj1jjj lb4 ( pyre?rum & #djj1jjj lb4 ( sulphur 7 us$ 9 ?is fumigation4 ,9 ,decemb] #aije ! la/ case ( yell[ fev] occurr$4 ,x took sixte5 mon?s ( ! "w j describ$ to effect ?is4 ,9 a diff]5t way ! ,anopheles gnat or mosquito1 :i* c>ries ! g]m ( mal>ia f man to man1 0 got rid (4 ,?is gnat bre$s 9 clean wat]1 :]e grass & we$s gr[2 x belongs *iefly to c\ntry di/ricts4 ,z x r>ely flies m ?an #bjj y>ds x 0 suffici5t to de/roy ! bre$+ pools )9 t di/ance ( ! workm5's h\ses1 camps1 & villages4 ,all ! w9d[s & doors ( all h\ses 7 fitt$ ) wire-gauze scre5s1 :i* prev5t ! entrance ( ! gnats1 & ! population 0 furni%$ ) qu991 a dose ( #c grs4 a day be+ ord]$ to br+ ! m5 into su* condition t ! mal>ia p>asite w\ld n ?rive 9 ! blood ev5 if introduc$4 ,! object ) :i* ,colonel ,gorgas & 8 associates />t$ 0 accompli%$ 9 less ?an two ye>s4 ,! control ( yell[ fev] & mal>ia has become ev5 m complete 9 ! two ye>s :i* h foll[$4 ,x is two ye>s s9ce yell[ fev] disappe>$ f ! entire zone1 includ+ ! two t[ns4 ,mal>ia has n be5 s completely de/roy$4 ,! employs ( ! ,canal ,commission & ,panama ,railway n[ numb] #de1jjj4 ,! dea?-rate ( ?is entire =ce1 includ+ bo? black 7#cc1jjj7 & :ite 7#ab1jjj7 employs1 01 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] #aijg only #ah p] #ajjj p] annum--less ?an t ( ! city ( ,liv]pool1 :i* 0 #bj1 or t ( ,sal=d1 :i* 0 ov] #ai4 ,( all ! :ite employs ! dea?-rate 0 only #ac p] #ajjj p] annum4 ,9 ! ye> #aijf 7:ole ye>71 among ! #fjjj :ite employs :o _h come f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ "s #abjj wom5 & *ildr51 _! families1 ! dea?-rate f disease 0 only #d p] #ajjj4 ,pneumonia has be5 a *ief cause ( dea? among ! negro lab\r]s1 b seldom affects ! :ites4 ,mal>ia caus$1 9 ! :ole army ( lab\r]s1 only six dea?s 9 ,decemb] #aijg1 z aga9/ ?irte5 9 ! small] army at "w 9 ! same mon? 9 #aijf4 ,!re 7 #hjj cases ( mal>ia 9 ! :ole army ( #de1jjj employs 9 ,decemb] #aijg4 ,x is ?us app>5t t ,colonel ,gorgas has conv]t$ ?is deadly zone f :i* negroes & :ite m5 hurri$ 9 a panic ( fe> tw5ty ye>s ago into a region z heal?y--t is to say1 ) z l[ a dea?-rate--z an ord9>y ,nor? ,am]ican or ,engli% city4 ,no d\bt all[ance mu/ be made 9 ! comp>ison = ! special nature ( ! population br\ght toge!r on ! canal zone4 ,?is is fav\rable to a l[ dea?-rate1 9 s f> z x consi/s ( /rong adults1 exclud+ old p & v "y *ildr51 b unfav\rable 9 s f> z x consi/s ( negroes & mean :ites1 :o are ev5 less am5able to sanit>y regulations & precautions ?an ! population ( an ,engli% city4 ,colonel ,gorgas writes t n[ t x is %[n t any population com+ into ! tropics c protect itself aga9/ yell[ fev] & mal>ia by measures :i* are bo? simple & inexp5sive1 ! ,anglo-,saxon w f9d life 9 ! tropics m heal?ful ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones1 & tropical c\ntries :i* (f] a mu* great] return = man's lab\r ?an d ^? ( ! *illy temp]ate zone1 w be 9 ! c\rse ( ! next two or ?ree c5turies occupi$ & populat$ by ! :ite races4 ,su* an unpleasantly cold spr+ z t :i* all ,europe endur$ la/ ye> makes "o wi% t ! tropics g5]ally 7 already arrang$ by ,colonel ,gorgas = our reception1 & provid$ ) a sanitat$ :ite-fac$ population4 ,we c\ld g & live !re1 w>m & com=table1 all ! ye> r\nd1 enjoy+ ! ri* luxuriance ( tropical nature )\t fe> ( ei!r *ill or fev]4 ,,ii ,,univ]sity ,,tra9+ ,at ,man*e/] la/ ye>1 :5 !y in/all$ ,"l ,morley1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india1 z ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,ar?ur ,balf\r deliv]$ a v int]e/+ address1 9 :i* he decl>$ himself a believ] 9 ! gospel ( 8,sci5ce ! ,ma/]40 ,mr4 ,balf\r's spee* did n imply any disreg>d = ! pursuit ( hi/orical k & a tra9+ 9 lit]ature & ! use ( language1 b x 0 a cle> recognition ( ! fact t :5 ! great purpose = :i* univ]sities exi/ is consid]$ x mu/ be ass]t$ 9 no hesitat+ t]ms t ! discov]y ( new k is ! mo/ important activity :i* a univ]sity c fo/]4 ,to tra9 m5 7& wom51 too7 to use _! faculties n m]ely to acquire k ( :at has be5 discov]$ by o!rs 9 ! pa/1 b to discov] new ?+s & to ga9 fur!r control ov] ! conditions 9 :i* we live1 & to secure fur!r und]/&+ n only ( nature b ( man--t is ! great bus9ess ( ! univ]sity4 ,x 0 =tunate t ,mr4 ,balf\r 0 pres5t & able to /rike ?is note1 = ,"l ,morley1 ! new ,*ancellor1 _h n express$ any su* conception ( ! aims ( a univ]sity4 ,he decl>$ t1 s long z ! ,greeks h any?+ to tea* u we %\ld n cease to /udy ! ,greeks4 ,b1 :il/ we may agree to ?is1 x is well to rememb] t1 ?\gh pleasure c /ill be obta9$ f ,greek poetry & prose by ^? :o h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! ,greek language1 yet almo/ all1 if n q all1 t ! ,greeks h to tea* u has be5 by ?is "t translat$ & dealt ) by our own writ]s4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh we may cordially approve ( ! /udy ( anci5t civilisations & anci5t lit]atures & languages1 bo? ,greek & b>b>ian1 z "p ( ! ent]prise ( a univ]sity1 x is some:at excessive1 n to say belat$1 to set up ! /udy ( ,greek or ( any o!r hi/oric language & civilisation z ! *ief & di/9ctive boon :i* univ]sities c (f] to _! s*ol>s4 ,! matt] has1 inde$1 be5 ?ra%$ out1 & ,greek1 toge!r ) :at is call$ ! 8/udy ( lit]ature0 7b is usually an ineffective dabbl+ 9 x71 has be5 put into its prop] subord9ate place 9 all ! univ]sities ( ,europe & 9 mo/ ( ^? ( ,great ,brita94 ,! illusion t fl[]s ( spee* & ma/]y ( phrase 7?\gh all v well if hone/ly us$7 are an indication ( any k or capacity :i* c be ( s]vice to ! community1 has be51 9 late ye>s1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 dispell$4 ,! conclud+ words ( ,mr4 ,balf\r's spee* 73 8,! great advancem5t ( mank9d is to be look$ = 9 our ev]-increas+ k ( ! secrets ( nature--secrets1 h[ev]1 :i* are n to be unlock$ by ! m5 :o pursue !m = purely mat]ial ends1 b secrets :i* are op5 9 _! fulness only to m5 :o pursue !m 9 a dis9t]e/$ _s4 ,! motive p[] :i* is really go+ to *ange ! ext]nal surface ( civilisation1 :i* is go+ to add to ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 :i* is go+ to /imulate ! imag9ation ( all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! univ]se 9 :i* our lot is ca/--t lies aft] all ) sci5ce4 ,i w\ld r be kn[n z hav+ add$ to ! sum ( our k ( ! tru? ( nature ?an any?+ else ,i c imag9e4 ,un=tunately = me1 my opportunities h la9 9 diff]5t directions40 ,t is a spl5did confession ( fai?4 ,i d n rememb] t any ,g]man /atesman ( l au?ority & /&+ has ev] giv5 expression to s full & ample a belief 9 ! value ( sci5ce4 ,yet ,g]man /atesm5 h act$1 ?\gh !y h n spok54 ,!y h arrang$ =1 & cont9ually are arrang+ =1 a f> l>g] exp5diture ( public money ^u sci5tific tra9+ & inve/igation ?an is assign$ to su* purposes 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,e dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t 9 ,g]many has its ?or\ghly tra9$1 well-taught1 well-paid body ( sci5tific exp]ts & inve/igators1 &1 moreov]1 ! :ole (ficial _w1 f ! ,emp]or d[nw>ds1 has a real und]/&+ ( :at sci5ce is1 ( ! folly ( attempt+ to proce$ )\t x1 or all[+ p]sons :o are ignorant ( x to act z adm9i/rators4 ,! ne$ = sci5ce is n m]ely recognis$ 9 words1 b /eps are tak51 & h be5 tak5 n[ = _m ye>s1 actually to secure 9 ,g]man public (fices & public adm9i/ration ! pr$om9ance ( t sci5tific k :i* ! ,g]man /atesm51 z well z ,mr4 ,balf\r1 consid] s necess>y4 ,is x too mu* to hope t 9 ?is c\ntry ^? :o recognise ! value & importance ( sci5tific k w also take /eps to re-arrange our ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts s z to give !m ! advantage ( guidance by m5 tra9$ 9 ! k ( nature1 r ?an by m5 ignorant ( ! v exi/5ce ( su* k8 ,! univ]sities hold ! c5tral position 9 ?is matt]1 & x is _! influ5ce & weal? :i* ! ,/ate %\ld insi/ on direct+ t[>ds ! ext5sion & diffusion ( sci5ce4 ,^? :o address ! public on ?is subject n infrequ5tly take :at seems to me to be a disa/r\s l9e at ! />t4 ,!y speak ( ! new univ]sities z ! univ]sities ( ! p1 & h& ov] ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 ) _! enorm\s end[m5ts1 _! hi/ory & tradition1 to ! weal?y class4 ,su* usurpation _c be tol]at$4 ,x is mon/r\s t ! end[m5ts ( ! colleges ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 :i* 7 ?or\ghly popul> & democratic 9 _! f\ndation1 %\ld be1 ev5 = a mom5t1 reg>d$ z ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! weal?y4 ,x is also mon/r\s to suppose t x is any?+ less ?an disa/r\s to consign ! well-to-d classes 9 any community to an empty %am ( anci5t 8culture0 r ?an to imbue !m ) ! real & inspir+ culture ( ! mod]n r5aissance4 ,x is because ?is notion is all[$ to ga9 gr\nd t ! enorm\s funds ( ! colleges & univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 am\nt+ to m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million p\nds annually1 are to a l>ge ext5t1 ?\gh n exclusively1 employ$ 9 keep+ up a c\ple ( huge bo>d+-s*ools1 :i* are %ut = six mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,x is ow+ to ?is t x is ! r>e/ ?+ to f9d 9 ,ox=d or 9 ,cambridge a great tea*] :o lectures or demon/rates to an eag] foll[+ ( disciples4 ,an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! "y m5 :o g z /ud5ts to ^! univ]sities h no int5tion ( /udy+ any?+4 ,!y are s5t !re 9 ord] to be submitt$ to college discipl9e & to h1 subject to t safegu>d1 a good "t4 ,a l>ge numb] are h&somely paid by s*ol>%ips 9 ord] to induce !m to g !re--& w\ld n g !re at all unless !y 7 s paid4 ,!y d n f9d su* tea*]s !re & su* an effective occupation ( _! /ud5t ye>s z w\ld induce !m1 if unpaid1 to seek ! univ]sity1 or to pay fees out ( _! own pockets = ! opportunities ( s]i\sly pursu+ any bran* ( le>n+ or sci5ce )9 its walls4 ,! ineffici5cy ( ! old univ]sities is to a l>ge ext5t ! cause ( ! neglect & ignorance ( sci5ce 9 ! well-to-d class1 :o furni% ! m5 :o become ,gov]nm5t (ficials ( all k9ds & memb]s ( pr(essions :i* influ5ce public op9ion4 ,b ?is ineffici5cy ( ! old univ]sities is n due to _! devotion to lit]>y /udies & to ab/ract sci5ce1 nor to _! objection to ! pursuit ( practical & comm]cial /udies4 ,t excuse is sometimes put =w>d = !m1 ?\gh at ?is mom5t !y are1 9 fact1 sett+ up laboratories & lecture-rooms = eng9e]+1 agriculture1 =e/ry1 m9+1 & su* applications ( sci5ce4 ,nor is x money :i* is really want+ at ei!r ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 al?\gh !y are bo? begg+ = x f ! public4 ,:at ,ox=d & ,cambridge want is n money b m52 m5 z tea*]s--8pr(essors0 is ! usual title giv5 to !m 9 a univ]sity--:o mu/ be ! able/1 ea* 9 8 own l9e1 9 ! :ole _w4 ,if su* pr(essors exi/$ 9 ei!r ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 & 7 all[$ to tea*1 ! t[n 7if n ! colleges67 w\ld be full to ov]fl[+ ( /ud5ts--eag] to pay _! fees & to sp5d1 n ?ree %ort t]ms ( sev5 weeks 9 ea* ye>1 b ! :ole ye>1 & _m ye>s1 9 ! laboratories & lecture-rooms ( ^? comm&+ m54 ,to obta9 su* m5--to set ! ma*9]y at "w--y mu/ pay !m h&somely1 & give !m au?ority & ! means ( "w4 ,once !y 7 at "w1 ! m]e fees ( ! /ud5ts w\ld furni% a spl5did rev5ue4 ,!re is pl5ty ( money at ,ox=d & at ,cambridge--a sup]abundance1 9 fact--:i* c\ld & %\ld be appli$ to ?is purpose1 namely1 t ( secur+ & e/abli%+ !re ! greate/ tea*]s 9 ! _w4 ,! money is at pres5t adm9i/]$ by ! colleges accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 rec5t ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 & by no means 9 any bl9d ob$i5ce to ! orig9al int5tions ( ! f\nd]s ( ! colleges4 ,x is to a l>ge ext5t wa/$4 ,t portion ( x paid out z 8s*ol>%ips0 is = ! mo/ "p wa/$ 9 br++ /ud5ts to a place :]e !y _c get ! be/ opportunities ( /udy1 & ! re/ is unwisely appli$ 7n s mu* by ! t5ants = life or adm9i/rators ( college funds z by rigid ,act ( ,p>liam5t7 to provid+ an excessive numb] ( totally inadequate sal>ies by :i* a correspond+ numb] ( "y m5 are induc$ to ent] ^u ! c>e] ( tea*]s z und]paid college ,fell[s4 ,,iii ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #a/ ( ,july #aijh1 half a c5tury _h pass$ s9ce ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 made kn[n to ! _w4 ,fifty ye>s h n[ be5 complet$ s9ce t immortal book1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 0 publi%$1 & a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,*>les ,d>w9 0 born4 ,x is n e "o :o is 9 a position to und]/& h[ great & mom5t\s 0 ! occasion :5 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook] communicat$ to ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london1 on ! #a/ ( ,july #aheh1 two pap]s1 "o by ,*>les ,d>w91 ! o!r by ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 "u ! common title1 8,on ! ,t5d5cy ( ,species to =m ,v>ieties3 & on ! ,p]petuation ( ,v>ieties & ,species by ,natural means ( ,selection40 ,! reason = ?is conjo9t communication to ! ,l9nean ,society 0 t ,d>w91 :o _h be5 work+ = ye>s at ! subject1 & _h already1 9 #ahdb1 drawn up a /atem5t ( 8 !ory1 n = publication1 b = ! consid]ation & criticism ( 8 fri5d ,hook]--unexpect$ly receiv$ f ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 :o 01 & _h be5 = "s ye>s1 away 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago--a manuscript ( an essay on ! orig9 ( species1 conta9+ views id5tical ) 8 own1 & ev5 phrases simil> to ^? he _h himself f\nd x necess>y to inv5t4 ,?us ,wallace speaks ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce10 :il/ ,d>w9 _h us$ ! t]m 8/ruggle = life40 ,d>w9 _h be5 urg$ by 8 fri5ds be=e ?is to publi% an ab/ract or /atem5t ( 8 conclusions1 b n[ t he _h receiv$ ,wallace's manuscript1 he decl>$ 9 a lett] to ,hook]1 8,i w\ld f> r burn my :ole book ?an t he or any o!r man %\ld ?9k t ,i _h behav$ 9 a paltry _s40 ,& s ,lyell & ,hook] took ! matt] 9 h&1 & communicat$ to ! ,l9nean ,society1 accompani$ by an explanatory /atem5t1 ! two indep5d5t pap]s1 sett+ =?1 z !y say1 8! results ( ! inve/igations ( ! indefatigable naturali/s1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,wallace40 ,su* loyalty & reg>d to ea* o!r z ,d>w9 & ,wallace %[$ !n & ev] aft] =m a delightful feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is great discov]y4 ,a wond]ful ?+ is t ,hook]1 n[ ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ! greate/ botani/ ( ! pa/ c5tury1 ! con/ant fri5d & comrade ( ,d>w91 is /ill alive1 & t ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 too1 is /ill ) u4 ,!y bo? 7 pres5t :5 ! ,l9nean ,society celebrat$ ! meet+ ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,! views ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace h n[ become ! e/abli%$ doctr9e ( sci5ce4 ,!y h l$ to ! univ]sal recognition ( 8! orig9 ( species by desc5t ) modification40 ,t is a /atem5t1 9 o!r words1 to ! effect t all ! v>i\s k9ds ( liv+ ?+s h be5 gradually produc$ by natural bir? f pr$ecessors :i* diff] f !m only slightly 9 ! lat] /ages ( "t1 b become simpl] & less l _! desc5dants z we g fur!r back1 until we rea* ! simple/ liv+ ?+s4 ,x has l$ to ! conviction t !re has be5 no exceptional or 8miracul\s0 susp5sion ( ! ord] ( ,nature 9 ?is process1 b t all has come ab\t 9 due & regul> c\rse1 9 virtue ( ! prop]ties ( natural ?+s1 :i* we "k z ! laws ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,mo/ important & dom9at+ ( all ^! results is ! inevitable "o t man himself has come f animal ance/ors1 9 ! same way1 &--7?is is ! greate/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ conclusion ( all7--t he is /ill subject to ^? natural processes ( *ange & developm5t by :i* he has rea*$ 8 pres5t phase2 t he mu/ completely und]/& !m & control !m 7s f> z su* control is possible7 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a heal?y1 happy1 & improv+ race ( m5 on ! face ( ! globe4 ,?is great possession--! e>? & all t lives on x--is1 z ,"l ,bacon phras$ x ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago--! ,k+dom ( ,man4 ,man has b to use 8 intellig5ce 9 ord] to take control ( x4 ,! k ( 8 own relation to x1 & ( ! ways 9 :i* ! human race is affect$ = good & = ill1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! self-same processes :i* affect ! bre$+1 ! improvem5t1 ! heal?1 ! disease1 ! de/ruction1 & ! p]fect+ ( o!r liv+ ?+s1 has once & = all be5 plac$ )9 man's rea* by ! discov]ies ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace4 ,be=e ,d>w9--t is1 be=e #a/ ,july #aheh--! orig9 ( ! diff]5t species ( animals & plants 0 call$ by great ?9k]s l ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ! a/ronom]1 8! my/]y ( my/]ies40 ,! ^w 8species0 0 def9$ z 8an animal or plant :i* 9 a /ate ( nature is di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities ( =m1 size1 col\r1 or o!r circum/ance f any o!r animal or plant1 & propagates aft] its k9d individuals p]fectly resembl+ ! p>5t1 its peculi>ities be+ !re=e p]man5t40 ,s wrote a great naturali/ 9 ! days be=e ,d>w94 ,?is def9ition may be illu/rat$ by two common ,engli% birds--! rook & ! cr[4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 slight peculi>ities ( =m1 /ructure1 & habits1 &1 moreov]1 rooks always produce rooks1 & cr[s always produce cr[s1 & !y d n int]bre$4 ,!re=e x 0 held t all ! rooks 9 ! _w _h desc5d$ f a s+le pair ( rooks1 & all ! cr[s 9 l mann] f a s+le pair ( cr[s1 :ile x 0 consid]$ impossible t cr[s c\ld h desc5d$ f rooks1 or rooks f cr[s4 ,! 8orig90 ( ! fir/ pair ( ea* k9d 0 a my/]y1 & by _m p]sons 0 held to h be5 due to a miracul\s & sudd5 act ( 8creation40 ,b besides our cr[ & rook1 !re are ab\t ?irty o!r birds 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w s mu* l our cr[ & rook t !y are commonly call$ cr[s1 & are all reg>d$ z 8species0 ( ! g5us cr[ 7or ,corvus74 ,x 0 held be=e ,d>w9 t all ! individuals ( ea* ( ^! 8species0 7 desc5d$ f an ance/ral pair ( cr[s ( t species4 ,!re w\ld h be5 ?irty diff]5t orig9al k9ds1 ! 8orig90 ( :i* 0 unkn[n1 & by naturali/s 0 reg>d$ z a my/]y4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 x is held t all ! ?irty liv+ species are desc5d$ f "o1 n f ?irty1 ance/ral species1 & h be5 gradually modifi$ to _! pres5t "* 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w2 &1 fur!r1 t ?is ance/ral species 0 itself d]iv$ by sl[ process ( *ange & natural bir? f prec$+ cr[-l birds no long] exi/+4 ,z ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace has said 9 8 mo/ readable & delightful book1 ,d>w9ism--:]e he gives all ! cr$it & glory to 8 great fell[-work]3 8,d>w9 wrote = a g5]ation :i* _h n accept$ evolution--a g5]ation :i* p\r$ contempt on ^? :o upheld ! d]ivation ( species f species by any natural law ( desc5t4 ,he did 8 "w s well t #8desc5t ) modification' is n[ univ]sally accept$ z ! ord] ( nature 9 ! organic _w1 & ! ris+ g5]ation ( naturali/s c h>dly realise ! novelty ( ?is idea1 or t _! fa!rs consid]$ x a sci5tific h]esy to be condemn$ r ?an s]i\sly discuss$40 ,= ^? :o are n naturali/s or m5 ( sci5ce x is an object-lesson ( ! highe/ importance1 t ! speculations & obs]vations :i* h l$ to ! g5]al acceptance ( a new view z to ! orig9 ( ! species ( birds1 butt]flies1 & fl[]s--9 itself app>5tly a matt] ( no consequ5ce to human life & progress--%\ld h necess>ily l$ to a new epo* 9 philosophy1 & 9 ! high] /ate-craft2 9 fact1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sci5tific k ( life z ! "o sure guide & det]m9+ factor ( civilisation4 ,h[ to bre$ a heal?y1 capable race ( m51 h[ to pres]ve su* a race1 h[ to educate & to tra9 x1 s t its be/ qualities ( m9d & body may be br\ght to activity & p]fection--?is is :at ,d>w9ism c tea* u1 & w tea* u :5 ! great subjects ( inh]itance & ( v>iation are m fully inve/igat$ by ! aid ( public funds1 & :5 ! human m9d has be5 z c>efully exam9$ & its laws z well asc]ta9$1 z are ^? ( ! human body4 ,!re is no reason = delay2 no excuse = x4 ,= two ?\s& ye>s ! le>n$ m5 ( ,europe debat$ z to :e!r ?is or t place 0 ! site ( anci5t ,troy1 or :e!r !re ev] 0 su* a place at all4 ,at la/ 7only tw5ty-five ye>s ago7 a retir$ man ( bus9ess1 nam$ ,s*liemann1 _h a 8happy ?\ght0--x 0 n ! ?\ght ( a le>n$ p$ant1 b ( a sci5tific inve/igator4 ,he said1 8,let u g & see40 ,& at ! exp5se ( a few ?\s& p\nds he w5t & f\nd ,troy & ,myc51 & reveal$--8dis-cov]$0--! :ole matt]4 ,t 0 ! mo/ trem5d\s & picturesque triumph ( ! sci5tific me?od ov] m]e talk & pret5d$ hi/orical le>n+ :i* has ev] be5 se5 s9ce human record has exi/$4 ,x ought to be told to e boy & girl1 = x is ! greate/ & mo/ obvi\s pro( ( ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( ! inve/igation ( tangible ?+s & ! futility ( *att]1 :i* has ev] be5 se54 ,x is en\gh to inspire hope & belief 9 exp]im5t ev5 9 ! brea/ ( a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 or ( a ,m9i/] ( ! ,cr[n4 ,,iv ,,d>w9',s ,,discov]ies ,a l>ge proportion ( ! public are n aw>e ( ! am\nt ( exp]im5t & obs]vation c>ri$ out by ! great naturali/ ^: memory 0 hon\r$ by a spl5did c]emony at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 9 ! summ] ( #aiji4 ,!re are1 ,i am sure1 n a few :o are "u ! impression t ,d>w91 sitt+ 9 8 /udy or walk+ r\nd 8 g>d51 _h 8a happy ?\ght10 namely1 t man is only a modifi$ & improv$ monkey1 & proce$$ to write an argum5tative essay1 sett+ =? ! conclusion t mank9d are ! desc5dants ( "s remote ance/ral apes4 ,( c\rse !re is an increas+ numb] ( m c>eful & inquir+ m5 & wom5 :o take advantage ( ! small price at :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's wond]ful book1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 is n[ to be b\ght1 & h read t & "s ( 8 o!r writ+s1 & accord+ly "k h[ f> he 0 f be+ ! ha/y & fanciful !ori/ !y previ\sly imag9$ him to be4 ,x is ! great di/9ction ( ,d>w9 t he sp5t m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 9 accumulat+ ! records ( an enorm\s s]ies ( facts & obs]vations t5d+ to %[ t ! species or 8k9ds0 ( animals & plants 9 nature c & d *ange sl[ly1 & t !re is1 ow+ to ! fact t e pair produces a great numb] ( (fspr+ 7sometimes _m ?\s&71 ( :i* only a s+le pair1 on ! av]age1 survive1 a necess>y selection ( ^? :i* are to survive & bre$1 accompani$ by a rejection & de/ruction ( ! re/4 ,?is 8natural selection0 or survival ( fav\r$ v>ieties1 he 0 able to %[1 mu/ op]ate l ! selection made by bre$]s1 fanci]s1 & horticulturi/s1 & has 9 all probability 7= 9 a hi/ory ext5d+ ov] hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s we mu/ necess>ily deal ) 8probabilities10 & n ) direct demon/ration7 produc$ new =ms1 new k9ds1 bett] adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s ?an ! p>5tal =ms f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] t ,d>w9 %\ld p]suade o!r naturali/s t 8 views 7 correct1 t he %\ld %[ by putt+ examples 8on ! table0 t v>iations occur naturally & 9 great div]sity2 fur!r1 t !re is great pressure 9 ! conditions ( life1 & a consequ5t survival ( ! be/-suit$ v>ieties2 fur!r1 t !re is 9 reproduction a transmission ( ! peculi> fav\r+ "* or quality :i* enables a v>iety to survive1 & ?us a t5d5cy to p]petuate ! new quality4 ,x 0 n en\gh = ,d>w9 to 8imag9e0 t ^! ?+s might be s1 or to make ! notion t !y are s plausible by argum5ts drawn f exi/+ k4 ,he _h to d t3 b also he _h to make new inquiries & discov] new ?+s ab\t animals & plants :i* fitt$ 9 ) 8 !ory & w\ld n fit 9 ei!r ) ! notion t all plants & animals 7 creat$--z ! poet ,milton suppos$--out ( lumps ( e>? & muddy wat]1 sudd5ly1 9 ! lik5ess ( _! pres5t-day desc5dants1 nor ) "s o!r notions1 su* z t ( ! able & gift$ ,fr5* naturali/ ,lam>ck4 ,& he sp5t ! lat] tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 9 do+ s1 j z he _h sp5t ! previ\s tw5ty ye>s 9 collect+ a fir/ s]ies ( facts & obs]vations ju/ify+ 8 !ory be=e he ann\nc$ x to ! _w4 ,a great diff]5ce betwe5 ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 exi/s1 n only 9 _! two !ories z to ! mode ( orig9 ( ! va/ div]sifi$ s]ies ( k9ds or species ( plants & animals1 b 9 _! way ( /at+ & deal+ ) ! !ory :i* ea* ?\ght out & gave to ! _w4 ,lam>ck _h a great k ( ! species ( plants & animals1 p>tly ?r\gh hav+ collect$ specim5s himself :5 he 0 an (fic] 9 ! ,fr5* ,republican army :i* 0 employ$ on ! ,m$it]ranean %ores ( ,france & ,italy m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & p>tly ?r\gh 8 lat] (ficial position 9 ! great natural hi/ory museum at ,p>is1 :]e l>ge collections pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,he 0 a man ( v ke5 insight & excell5t me?od1 & did m to plan out a natural & satisfactory 8classification0 ( animals ?an any "o betwe5 8 own day & t ( ,l9nu4 ,8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( species 0 ess5tially an opposition to ! !n popul> view t ! species ( liv+ ?+s h be5 made by ! ,creator s z to fit ! conditions 9 :i* !y live4 ,lam>ck contradict$ ?is view1 & said 9 s _m words t ! real fact is t ! peculi> specific *>act]s ( animals or ( plants h n be5 creat$ = _! conditions1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ! conditions 9 :i* !y live h creat$ ! peculi>ities ( liv+ ?+s4 ,9 s f> 8 conception 0 ! same z ,d>w9's4 ,b ,lam>ck !n said to himself3 ,h[ d ! conditions create ! peculi>ities ( diff]5t liv+ ?+s8 ,& he answ]$ ?is "q by an +5i\s guess1 :i* he publi%$ to ! _w 9 a book call$ ,philosophical ,zoology1 )\t tak+ any /eps to te/ ! tru? ( 8 guess4 ,t is :]e ,lam>ck's me?od & attitude z a sci5tific man is s greatly inf]ior to t ( ,d>w94 ,lam>ck1 sitt+ 9 8 /udy1 said animals 7& plants too7 mu/ be affect$ by ! conditions ar\nd !m1 s t an individual z x lives & gr[s becomes to a c]ta9 degree slightly *ang$ by & adapt$ to ^? conditions4 ,?is1 he said1 we all see 9 human be+s & famili> animals & plants4 ,n[1 he said1 we h only to admit t ! *anges s acquir$ are 7especially :5 bo? p>5ts h be5 simil>ly *ang$7 transmitt$ to ! "y 9 ! process ( g5]ation1 & to "s degree 8int5sifi$10 9 ord] to recognise t ( necessity !re is 9 nature a con/ant *ange & progression ( liv+ =ms1 consi/+ 9 a m & m elaborate 8adaptation0 to ! conditions ( life1 :i* w be v>i$ & lead to new adaptations z ! liv+ ?+s spread ov] ! e>? or z geological *anges occur4 ,he cit$ ! long neck ( ! giraffe z an example ( :at he meant4 ,9 regions :]e !re 0 frequ5t & ext5sive dr\ght1 a de]-l creature w\ld eat ! l[] leaves ( trees :5 ! grass 0 dri$ up & dead4 ,x w\ld /ra9 & /ret* its neck 9 rea*+ aft] ! high] leaves1 & ! individuals ?us /ra9+ & /ret*+ w\ld become an in* or two long] 9 ! neck 9 consequ5ce4 ,^! individuals w\ld1 said ,lam>ck1 transmit _! increas$ l5g? ( neck to _! (fspr+1 :o aga9 w\ld /ra9 & /ret* aft] high] leaves1 & get a fur!r increase ( neck-l5g?1 & s x w\ld g on1 little by little1 ov] _m ?\s& g5]ations1 until ! neck-/ret*]s _h become well m>k$ & di/+ui%$ by _! long necks f su* ( _! ance/ral /ock z surviv$ 9 o!r regions :]e1 ! grass be+ good1 !re 0 no inducem5t to /ra9+ & /ret*+ ! neck4 ,n[ ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 is t ,lam>ck 0 q cont5t to /ate ! +5i\s supposition illu/rat$ by ! imag9>y hi/ory ( ! giraffe1 & to decl>e t ?is 0 ! law ( ,nature & is actually go+ on e day1 )\t1 s to speak1 gett+ out ( 8 *air4 ,he nev] attempt$ to %[ by obs]vation or exp]im5t t su* a *ange ( =m z ! /ret*+ ( ! neck by /ra9+ aft] food c\ld & did occur1 or t if x did t x c\ld be transmitt$ by a p>5t or c\ple ( p>5ts to _! (fspr+4 ,& consequ5tly = _m ye>s no "o atta*$ mu* value to ,lam>ck's notions on ! subject4 ,:51 fifty ye>s lat]1 ,d>w9's v diff]5t !ory became widely receiv$1 bas$ on ! demon/rable fact t cong5ital v>iations 7n /ret*+s & w>p+s acquir$ 9 ! lifetime ( a p>5t1 b v>iations :i* are inborn1 & occur 9 "s b n o!r individuals liv+ "u "o & ! same set ( conditions7 are transmitt$ to (fspr+1 & t ^? among ^! v>iations :i* are fav\rable to success 9 life w enable _! possessor to survive & to produce "y inh]it+ ^? fav\rable v>iations--!n x occurr$ to ^? naturali/s :o 7 incl9$ to believe 9 ,lam>ck's sugge/ion to inquire into ! solid facts 9 reg>d to t also1 & to see :e!r 8 b>e /atem5t 0 true4 ,f t day to ?is1 x has nev] be5 %[n t x is true4 ,x is1 inde$1 to beg9 )1 a r>e ?+ to f9d in/ances ( ei!r wild animals or wild plants :i*1 gr[+ up 9 unusual conditions1 h _! /ructure alt]$ & 8adapt$0 s z to be m s]viceable 9 ^? unusual conditions ?an _! usual /ructure w\ld be2 & 9 ^? cases :]e su* adaptive alt]ations h be5 produc$1 e exp]im5t] is agre$ 9 /at+ t he has f\nd t :5 7ev5 aft] sev]al g5]ations 9 ! *ang$ conditions7 ! "y are re/or$ to _! orig9al conditions1 !y simply gr[ up into ! orig9al =ms3 no p]man5t *ange 9 ! /ock or race has be5 effect$4 ,e attempt to %[ by exp]im5t t a new "* c be acquir$ by ! /ock 9 ?is way1 & %[ itself by h]$ity alone--:5 ! modify+ adapt+ conditions are remov$--has completely fail$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,d>w9 himself & 8 foll[]s h made almo/ endless exp]im5ts & obs]vations on plants & animals1 e/abli%+ facts z to /ructure & ! relation ( special k9ds ( liv+ ?+s to _! surr\nd+s :i* c only be expla9$ on ! supposition t ,d>w9's !ory is true 9 detail2 t is to say1 n m]ely t ! k9ds ( animals & plants h aris5 f previ\s k9ds by natural desc5t--t supposition is mu* old] ?an ei!r ,d>w9 or ,lam>ck--b t ! me?od by :i* ! trans=mation has be5 br\ght ab\t is 7a7 ! occurr5ce 9 e g5]ation ( e animal & plant ( m9ute v>iations 9 e1 or ne>ly e1 "p1 & 7b7 ! cont9ual selection 9 ! sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce ( ^? individuals to gr[ to maturity & reproduce1 :i* happ5 to pres5t fav\rable v>iations1 :i* v>iations are accord+ly transmitt$ to ! next g5]ation1 & may be int5sifi$1 s f> z int5sification is ( value1 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,a book full ( obs]vations & reflections ab\t ! /ructure1 habits1 & mode ( occurr5ce & geography ( a great numb] ( plants & animals is ,d>w9's ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 publi%$ 9 #ahde1 & n[ republi%$ z ,a ,naturali/'s ,voyage4 ,9 ord] to "k v m9utely ! diff]5ces & resemblances betwe5 all ! k9ds or species ( "o gr\p ( liv+ ?+s ,d>w9 /udi$ = eight ye>s ! 8cirrhip$es10 ! "n giv5 to ! sea-acorns & %ips' b>nacles :i* occur 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 "s liv+ on rocks1 "s on ! backs ( turtles1 o!rs on :ales1 on ! feet ( birds1 on bits ( float+ wood or ( pumice-/one1 & "s on "o ano!r6 ,!y are all h]maphrodites1 b ,d>w9 f\nd 9 sev]al a mo/ s+ul> ?+1 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( m9ute males1 complem5tal to & p>asitic on ! h]maphrodites4 ,8 discov]y 0 d\bt$ & d5i$1 b he _h ! pleasure ( see+ x at la/ fully confirm$ ?irty ye>s aft] 8 book on cirrhip$es 0 publi%$4 ,d>w9 discov]$ t ! pres5ce ( ! same species ( plants & ( "s few animals on di/ant m\nta9 summits & 9 ! ,arctic region is due to ! =m] ext5sion ( ice betwe5 ^! situations dur+ ! la/ glacial p]iod4 ,he 01 be=e ev]y?+ else & by necessity = ! exam9ation ( 8 !ory1 a geologi/1 & wrote _m valuable geological memoirs4 ,! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! species ( liv+ ?+s consi/s l>gely 9 trac+ !m to ext9ct creatures1 & 9 %[+ :at 7 ! possible migrations & :at ! conditions ( l& & wat]1 temp]ature & vegetation1 9 pa/ p]iods1 & 9 reg>d to giv5 areas ( ! globe4 ,! book on ! ,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids 0 ! fir/ publi%$ by ,d>w9 aft] ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,9 x he %[$ h[ ! m>vell\s %apes & col\rs & me*anisms ( ! fl[]s ( or*ids are adapt$ to ensure cross-f]tilisation by insects1 & h[ !y c be expla9$ z orig9at+ by ! natural selection ( v>iations--if ! value ( cross-f]tilisation is once recognis$4 ,! explanation ( ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( two k9ds ( primrose fl[]s--! %ort-/yl$ & ! long-/yl$--cle>ly arriv$ at by him z be+ a me*anism to secure cross-f]tilisation1 delight$ him 9 #ahfb1 & l$ him to discov] ! same sort ( modification 9 o!r fl[]s4 ,!n1 9 #ahfd1 he publi%$ 8 rese>*es on ,climb+ ,plants1 & lat] a book on ! ,movem5ts ( ,plants1 9 :i* he discov]$ ! me*anism & ! wond]ful v>iety ( movem5ts ( plants1 & %[$ _! value to ! plant1 & consequ5t orig91 by natural selection4 ,he especially lov$ to discov] evid5ce t plants c d _m ?+s :i* _h be5 ?\ght to be only )9 ! p[]s ( ! o!r section ( liv+ ?+s--! animals2 & f9d+ dur+ "o summ] holiday t ! beautiful little sun-dew moves its r$-knobb$ t5tacles s z to entrap m9ute insects1 he discov]$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ,insectivor\s ,plants1 & %[$ t !re are _m plants ( v>i\s gr\ps :i* cat* insects & dige/ !m 9 a sort ( /oma*1 z an animal might d4 ,?us ! wat]-hold+ pit*]s ( ! pit*]-plants ( tropical =e/s 7 expla9$ z be+ food-cat*]s & dige/]s ( great value to ! nutrition ( ! plant1 & _! gradual =mation by v>iation & natural selection r5d]$ compreh5sible4 ,8 greate/ book next to ! ,orig9--conta9+ an imm5se quantity ( orig9al notes & obs]vations & valuable in=mation f all k9ds ( bre$]s & fanci]s--is ! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication 7#ahfh74 ,! facts record$ are discuss$ 9 ! light ( ! great !ory1 & hone/1 fair-m9d$ consid]ation is giv5 to ^? :i* pres5t difficulties z well z to ^? :i* cle>ly fav\r x4 ,9 #ahga came ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 foll[$ 9 #ahgb by ! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,m5 & ,animals--9 :i*1 aga91 x 0 %[n t ! facts z to ! lik5ess betwe5 man & apes c be expla9$ on ! !ory t natural selection & survival ( fav\rable v>iations h be5 at "w1 & t ! facts are hopelessly )\t mean+ or explanation on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,8 la/ publi%$ book 0 on ,! ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld ?r\gh ! ,action ( ,worms1 9 :i* he n only %[$ :at an important "p e>?worms play 9 bury+ /ones & rocks1 & 9 fitt+ ! gr\nd = ! gr[? ( plants1 b record$ "s discov]ies z to ! s5ses ( worms & z to _! treatm5t ( leaves by a dige/ive fluid exud$ f ! m\? s z to s(t5 a leaf be=e swall[+ x4 ,e "o ( ,d>w9's books ab\nds ) new facts & new po9ts ( view disclos$ by ! application to fir/ "o ?+ & !n ano!r ( 8 vivify+ discov]y-caus+ !ory ( natural selection4 ,! subsidi>y !ory ( ! selection ( brilliantly col\r$ males by females 9 pair+1 z a cause ( ! brilliant col\rs & patt]ns ( _m birds & insects1 is develop$ 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,x l$ him to _m important discov]ies & obs]vations z to ! col\r+ & ornam5tation ( animals1 & :5 consid]$1 toge!r ) ,wallace's & ,bates's !ory ( mimicry & ( ! w>n+ & protective col\r+s ( insects1 goes f> to expla9 all ! specific col\r+ ( animals & plants z due to natural selection & survival4 ,a !ory :i* has produc$ su* prodigi\s results 9 ! way ( 8expla9+0 all =ms1 col\rs1 habits1 & occurr5ces ( liv+ ?+s--z has t ( ,*>les ,d>w9--simply holds ! field aga9/ all com]s4 ,:5 ,lam>ck's !ory has be5 %[n to be consi/5t ) ! mo/ elem5t>y facts z to h]$ity1 & fur!r to af=d a rational explanation ( any gr\p ( biological facts1 x w be "t to consid] h[ f> x may be ent]ta9$ 9 conjunction ) ,d>w9's !ory--b n until !n4 ,v ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory ,,un%ak5 ,x seems ill-mann]$1 if n ill-natur$1 t ! ye> ( ! c5t5>y ( ,*>les ,d>w9's bir? %\ld h be5 *os5 by own]s ( anonym\s p5s 9 ord] to al>m ! public m9d ) ! prepo/]\s /atem5t t 8 celebrat$ & univ]sally accept$ !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! species or k9ds ( plants & animals by natural selection1 or 8! survival ( fav\r$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life10 is und]m9$ & discr$it$4 ,su* a /atem5t once coolly made 9 ! public ,press is necess>ily believ$ by a l>ge numb] ( un9=m$ read]s1 &1 l all calumny1 is none ! less reli%$ by ! fooli%1 &1 = ! mom5t1 none ! less h>mful1 because x is baseless4 ,^? :o seek to belittle ,d>w9's !ory %[1 :5ev] !y v5ture to ent] into p>ticul>s1 t !y d n "k :at ,d>w9's !ory is4 ,!y confuse x ) o!r !ories1 & ev5 imag9e t "s en?usia/ic ,d>w9ians :o h tri$ to add a *apt] "h or !re to ,d>w9's doctr9e1 are oppon5ts ( ! great !ory4 ,let me briefly /ate :at t !ory is3 ,x re/s on ?ree gr\ps ( facts--matt]s ( obs]vation1 :i* are n !ory or guess "w at all--b admitt$ by e "o & demon/rat$ e day4 ,^! are--7#a7 ,liv+ ?+s1 ea* 9 its k9d1 produce a f> l>g] numb] ( "y ?an c possibly gr[ up to maturity1 s9ce ! k9d ( food & ! situation necess>y to ea* k9d are limit$ & already occupi$4 ,only "o oy/] embryo out ( e five million produc$ 7! read] may ref] to p4 #acg on ?is subject7 gr[s up ?r\gh all ! successive /ages ( y\? to ! adult /ate4 ,! total numb] ( a species ( animal or plant on ! :ole area :]e x is f\nd does n increase4 ,ev5 9 ^? :i* produce a small numb] ( "y1 !re is great de/ruction1 & tak+ all ! individuals into consid]ation1 only a s+le pair ( "y arrive at maturity to replace _! p>5ts4 ,!re is no exception to ! rule t e organic be+ naturally multiplies at s high a rate t1 if n de/roy$1 ! prog5y ( a s+le pair w\ld soon cov] ! e>?4 ,! elephant is reckon$ ! sl[e/ bre$] ( kn[n animals2 x comm5ces to bre$ at #cj ye>s ( age1 dies at #ajj1 & has six "y 9 ! int]val4 ,aft] #gej ye>s1 suppos+ all ! (fspr+ ( a s+le pair fulfill$ ! rule & 7 n de/roy$ 9 an untimely way1 !re w\ld be ne>ly n9ete5 million elephants alive desc5d$ f ! fir/ pair4 ,!re is !n no d\bt z to ! enorm\s excess 9 ! production ( "y liv+ ?+s1 nor z to _! necess>y competition ) "o ano!r ( ! mo/ sev]e & inexorable k9d2 nor aga9 z to ! necess>y dea?1 9 _m species1 ( hundr$s & ?\s&s1 = e "o :i* survives to maturity & 9 its turn bre$s4 7#b7 ,! second great fact is t among all ! "y born to a pair ( p>5ts1 no two are exactly alike1 nor are any exactly l _! p>5ts2 nor are any two tak5 f all produc$ by all p>5ts ( t species exactly alike4 ,!y all resemble _! p>5ts at ! correspond+ age1 9 a g5]al way & ev5 v closely2 b ! resemblance is f> f am\nt+ to id5tity4 ,?is is call$ 8v>iation40 ,x is famili> to u all 9 ! case ( ! organism :i* we "k be/1 & obs]ve mo/ closely1 namely1 man4 ,x is also a matt] ( common obs]vation 9 ! case ( dogs1 cats1 horses1 & o!r dome/icat$ animals4 ,_m ( ^! 8v>iations0 are exhibit$ 9 po9ts ( size1 proportion1 & col\r1 :i* are easily not$ at once by ! eye4 ,b 8v>iation0 is really a deep-seat$ ?+1 & dep5ds on causes :i* lie bel[ ! surface4 ,we "k t ! (fspr+ ( m5 & ( animals & ( plants1 give evid5ce ( v>iations 9 :at we call con/itution1 t5d5cy1 temp]am5t1 aptitude1 /r5g?1 & t ! col\r1 & ev5 size ( ?is or t "p1 are really only indications ( a deep-seat$ diff]5ce 9 ! liv+ *emi/ry1 ! =ces ( nutrition & gr[? :i* reside 9 ! liv+ sub/ance4 ,! fact t _m ?\s&s ( a species may be born & only a few survive1 means !re=e t _m ?\s& v>ieties1 (t5 v>ieties n readily measur$ by ! eye1 are produc$ 9 ea* g5]ation1 f :i* a few individuals are 9 "s way 8select$0 = survival4 7#c7 ,! ?ird great fact is t ?\gh !re is v>iation1 among/ all ! (fspr+ 9 ea* g5]ation1 !re is also a cont9ual & def9ite inh]itance by (fspr+ ( ! qualities & /ructure ( _! p>5ts to a degree :i* altoge!r prepond]ates ov] ! v>iations4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 we all "k t e p>5tal organism transmits to its "y n only ! qualities & /ructure ( ! species1 or ( ! race1 or ( ! family1 b also transmits its own peculi>ities or v>iations 9 :i* x dep>t$ f its p>5ts1 & f its bro!rs & si/]s4 ,?is is be/ illu/rat$ by our daily exp]i5ce ( human families4 ,^! facts be+ admitt$1 & abundantly illu/rat$ & trac$ 9 detail by ye>s ( obs]vation & exp]im5tal bre$+ 9 all k9ds ( liv+ ?+s by hundr$s ( c>eful obs]v]s :o h publi%$ ! records ( _! /udies1 we come to ! /ep :]e ,d>w9 makes use ( supposition or hypo!sis4 ,! "q is1 8,does ! "o :i*1 out ( ! ?\s&s ( slightly diff]5t v>ieties1 survives--d s by haphaz>d8 or is !re a necess>ily act+ /ate ( ?+s :i* selects t "o special v>iety = survival80 ,g>d5]s & bre$]s ( pigeons1 dogs1 & cattle delib]ately select ! v>iations :i* !y desire1 bre$ f !m1 & s c>ry on by inh]itance ! special v>iation--:il/ !y ru?lessly de/roy or re/ra9 f bre$+ ! num]\s o!r v>iations 9 _! 8/ock0 :i* !y d n desire4 8,if10 said ,d>w91 8!re is any necess>ily selective me*anism 9 ,nature :i* c\ld act z ! bre$] does1 new v>ieties might be #8naturally' select$1 & *anges ( =m & appe>ance naturally e/abli%$1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( long ages w\ld am\nt to su* m>k$ diff]5ces z sep>ate :at we call "o species f ano!r40 ,he %[$ t !re is a natural me*anism ( ! requir$ k9d4 8,s9ce10 he says1 8! competition among ! memb]s ( any "o k9d or species = a place 9 life is s v sev]e1 & ! ho/ile circum/ances s v>i$1 & s9ce all ! compet+ (fspr+ diff] by #8v>iation' ev] s little f "o ano!r1 ^? v>ieties :i* are bett] suit$ 9 ev5 ! smalle/ degree to hold _! own n m]ely 9 fight+ ) ! o!rs1 b 9 )/&+ injuri\s influ5ces1 9 escap+ enemies1 & 9 procur+ food1 w be ! ones :i* w survive1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 _m ?\s&s1 ext5d+ ov] a l>ge area & _m ye>s1 are consid]$4 ,^? :i* are #8be/ fitt$' to get ?r\gh ! exce$+ly num]\s dang]s & difficulties ( life w be ! survivors40 ,h5ce we get ! survival ( ! fit--! fit v>iations--by natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 is an inf]5ce1 & n a direct obs]vation4 ,s long z ! conditions rema9 practically or effectively un*ang$1 ! animal or plant already 8fitt$0 to !m w be succe$$ by ^? ( its (fspr+ :i* mo/ resemble x 9 ! ess5tial po9ts ( 8fitness40 ,b we "k t 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 m or less rapidly1 climates *ange1 l& em]ges f ! sea1 isl&s jo9 cont95ts1 cont95ts become scatt]$ isl&s1 animals & plants migrate into regions previ\sly un9habit$ by !m4 ,z su* *anges gradually come on1 ! natural selection ( fav\r$ v>ieties w necess>ily lead to ! survival ( o!rs ?an ^? previ\sly fav\r$1 o!r v>iations bett] suit$ to ! new conditions w survive4 ,! natural selection ( fav\r$ v>iations w\ld n am\nt to mu*1 7 ! v>iations n p]petuat$ by transmission to ! "y :i* !y produce4 ,?is1 x is common k see 7#c71 does take place4 ,x is kn[n also t a v>iation s e/abli%$ is z a result ( ! regul> process ( v>iation pres5t$ 9 l>g] volume or emphasis$ 9 "* 9 "s individuals ( subsequ5t g5]ations1 & by cont9u$ 8natural selection0 x may become m & m a prom95t or dom9ant feature ( ! race4 ,s f>1 ! only assumption made by ,mr4 ,d>w9 is t any or "s ( ! endless v>iations :i* occur 9 all ! (fspr+ ( wild plants & animals1 9 v>i\s comb9ations & degree 9 ea* individual1 c be suffici5tly important to det]m9e ! survival or non-survival ( ! organisms possess+ !m4 ,t is a matt] :i* has be5 l>gely /udi$ & discuss$4 ,! v]dict ( ^? :o h /udi$ on ! spot 7z ,d>w9 himself did7 ! teem+ life ( ! tropics1 ! insects1 birds1 & plants ( ^? regions1 is t we are ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ t small v>iations are suffici5tly important to turn ! scale 9 fav\r ( survival or non-survival4 ,x is n easy = a man :o is n a det]m9$ naturali/1 con/antly obs]v+ ! ways ( wild liv+ ?+s1 to appreciate ! evid5ce z to ! efficacy ( small v>iations1 ev5 7 ,i able "h to submit x to him4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! publi%$ works ( an army ( inve/igators4 ,9 any case x is grant$ t effective v>iations--:e!r small or great--occur 9 nature1 & t natural selection fav\rs & p]petuates ! new & fitt] v>iety to ! exclusion ( ! less fit4 ,! real difficulty to mo/ p comes 9 ! supposition next made by ,mr4 ,d>w9--namely1 t ?is sl[ process ( *ange by natural selection ( fav\r$ v>iations & _! transmission & p]petuation by inh]itance is suffici5t to effect by its cont9u$ op]ation ?r\gh enorm\s ages ( "t ! conv]sion ( a race ( ance/ral ?ree-to$ zebras into ! "o-to$ horse ( to-day2 be=e t1 ( five-to$ bea/s into ?ree-to$2 at an e>li] /age ( fi%like creatures into f\r-foot$ l& animals1 & s on4 ,y h to picture ! :ole s]ies ( animals & ( plants :i* are n[ or ev] h be51 z two gigantic family trees or p$igrees1 meet+ 9 common ance/ors ( ! simple/ grade ( microscopic life4 ,all ! div]g+ bran*es & twigs ( ^! great 8family trees0 h be5 det]m9$ by ! adaptation ( liv+ =m to ! endlessly v>i$ conditions ( life on ?is planet1 by ! natural selection or survival ( v>iations & ! transmission & accumulation ( ^? v>iations f p>5t to (fspr+4 ,?is is a trem5d\s dem& on ! imag9ation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a difficult "o to conc$e1 :5 "o is acqua9t$ ) ! facts & conclusions ( geology4 ,! hi/ory ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 expla9$ tw5ty ye>s be=e ! date ( ,d>w9's !ory by ,*>les ,lyell z due to ! cont9u$ action ?r\gh imm5se p]iods ( "t ( ! same natural =ces :i* are n[ at "w4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! exam9ation ( ! successive /ratifi$ deposits ( ! e>?'s cru/ has yield$ ! rema9s ( :ole s]ies ( animals & ( plants 7simpl] 9 "* ! old] & deep] ! rock 9 :i* !y occur71 :i* c be satisfactorily expla9$ & int]pret$ z ! ance/ral =ms f :i* pres5t organisms h be5 develop$4 ,! !ory ( ! natural selection ( v>iations z ! mov+ spr+ 9 ! gradual developm5t ( liv+ =ms f simple/ liv+ matt] is ,d>w9's !ory4 ,x is n possible to f9d any naturali/ ( consid]ation :o does n accept x4 ,!re are v>i\s views held & discuss$ z to ! cause ( v>iation1 z to ! importance ( small & ( big v>iations1 z to ! non-transmissibility ( "s k9ds ( v>iation1 & z to v>i\s peculi>ities 9 reg>d to inh]itance4 ,!y d n = ! mo/ "p t\* ! ma9 features ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,no d\bt we are le>n+ & %all le>n m ab\t ! facts ( v>iation & ! details ( ! process ( h]$it>y transmission1 b su* increase ( k has n t5d$ to und]m9e ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 & does n seem at all likely to d s4 ,on ! occasion ( ! celebration at ,cambridge 9 #aiji ( ! c5t5>y ( ,d>w9's bir?1 ,i 0 invit$ by ! ,vice-,*ancellor1 on behalf ( ! ,univ]sity1 to deliv] 9 ! ,s5ate-h\se an address1 o!rs be+ giv5 by repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,pr(4 ,osborne71 ( ,g]many 7,pr(4 ,h]twig71 & ( ,russia 7,pr(4 ,met*nik(f74 ,! foll[+ is ! text ( t address3-- 8,i feel x a great hon\r to be call$ ^u to speak "h to-day1 & to /&1 on behalf ( ! naturali/s ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 by ! side ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 ^: orations y h j he>d4 8,i ?9k t ! "o ?+ ab\t ,*>les ,d>w9 :i* ! l>ge majority ( ,briti% naturali/s w\ld wi% to be to-day proclaim$1 9 ! fir/ place--) no d\btful or qualify+ phrase--is t1 9 _! judgm5t1 aft] ^! fifty ye>s ( exam9ation & te/+1 8 #8!ory ( ! orig9 ( species by means ( natural selection or ! pres]vation ( fav\r$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life' rema9s :ole & s\nd & conv9c+1 9 spite ( e attempt to upset x4 8,i am n /at+ m ?an ! simple tru? :5 ,i say t1 9 ! judgm5t ( ^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) liv+ ?+s 9 _! actual liv+ surr\nd+s1 #8natural selection' reta9s ! position :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 claim$ = x ( be+ ! ma9 means ( ! modification ( organic =ms4 8,our admiration = ! va/ s]ies ( beautiful obs]vations & int]e/+ inquiries c>ri$ out by ,d>w9 dur+ 8 long life mu/ n lead u to =get t !y 7 devis$ by him 9 ord] to te/ ! tru? ( 8 !ory & to meet objections to x1 & t !y 7 triumphantly successful4 ,!y1 toge!r ) ! "w ( ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace & _m ( _! foll[]s1 h m & m firmly e/abli%$ ,d>w9's !ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no attempt to am5d t !ory 9 any ess5tial p>ticul> has be5 successful4 8,! nature ( organic v>iation & ( ! "* ( ! v>iations ^u :i* natural selection c & does act 0 n1 z we are sometimes ask$ to believe1 neglect$ or misappreh5d$ by ,d>w94 ,! notion t ^! v>iations are l>ge & sudd5 0 consid]$ by him1 & = reasons set =? by him at consid]able l5g? reject$4 ,t notion has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 resuscitat$1 b its tru? has n be5 r5d]$ probable by evid5ce ei!r ( su* an accurate "* or ( su* p]t95ce z w\ld ju/ify ! rejection ( ,d>w9's fundam5tal conception ( ! importance ( m9ute & ubiquit\s v>iations4 8,fur!r1 9 reg>d to ! important facts ( h]$ity connect$ ) ! cross-bre$+ ( cultivat$ v>ieties1 especially 9 reg>d to ! bl5d+ or non-bl5d+ ( _! *>act]s 9 _! (fspr+ & z to prepot5cy1 x seems to me important t we %\ld n[ & "h call to m9d ! full & c>eful consid]ation giv5 to ?is subject by ,d>w94 ,we _c d\bt t he w\ld h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! num]ical & /ati/ical results associat$ ) ! "n ( ,m5del4 ,^? results t5d to ?r[ light on ! me*anisms conc]n$ 9 h]$it>y transmission1 b x _c be %[n t !y are oppos$ 9 any way to ! tru? ( ,d>w9's great !oretical /ructure--8 doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( species4 8,x has (t5 be5 urg$ aga9/ ,d>w9 t he did n expla9 ! orig9 ( v>iation1 & especially t he has n %[n h[ v>iations ( suffici5t mom5t to be select$ = pres]vation 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce h 9 ! fir/ place orig9at$4 ,! brief reply to ! fir/ objection is t v>iation is a common attribute ( _m natural sub/ances ( :i* liv+ matt] is only "o4 ,9 reg>d to ! second po9t1 ,i desire to rem9d ?is assembly t ,d>w9 describ$ ) special emphasis in/ances ( :at he calls #8correlat$ v>iability4' ,9 my op9ion he has ?us furni%$ ! key to ! explanation ( :at are call$ useless specific *>act]s & ( incipi5t organs4 ,t key consi/s 9 ! fact t a g5]al physiological prop]ty or "* ( utility is (t5 select$ & p]petuat$1 :i* c>ries ) x di/9ct1 ev5 remote1 correlat$ gr[?s & peculi>ities obvi\s to our eyes1 yet hav+ no functional value4 ,at a lat] /age 9 ! hi/ory ( su* a =m ^! correlat$ gr[?s may acquire value & become ! subject ( selection4 8,x is ?us1 z x seems to me1 & z1 ,i believe1 to ! great body ( my bro!r naturali/s1 t ,d>w9's !ory /&s aft] fifty ye>s ( trial & application4 8,! greatness ( ,*>les ,d>w9's "w is1 & w be = ev]1 "o ( ! glories ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,x is fitt+ on ! pres5t occasion t "o :o speaks on behalf ( ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce %\ld call to m9d ! nature ( 8 connection ) ?is great ,univ]sity & ! peculi>ly ,engli% features ( 8 life-/ory & ( t f9e "* :i* ende>s 8 memory to all ( u z mu* z 8 g5ius excites our admiration & rev]5ce4 ,d>w9 0 n1 l s _m a di/+ui%$ son ( ,cambridge1 a s*ol> or a fell[ ( 8 college1 nor a pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,8 connection ) ! ,univ]sity & ! influ5ce :i* x _h ^u 8 life belong to a tradition & a sy/em :i* h surviv$ long] 9 our old ,engli% univ]sities ?an 9 ^? ( o!r l&s4 ,d>w9 ent]$ ! ,univ]sity1 n seek+ a special c\rse ( /udy ) ! view ( pr(essional tra9+1 nor aim+ at success 9 competitive exam9ations = hon\rs & emolum5t4 ,he came to ,cambridge int5d+ to become a cl]gyman1 b bless$ ) suffici5t means & leisure to enable him to pursue 8 own devices1 to collect beetles1 to explore ! f5 c\ntry1 & to cultivate 8 love ( nature4 ,x 0 ?us t he became acqua9t$ ) t r>e _s ,h5sl[1 ! ,cambridge pr(essor ( botany1 & x is ?r\gh ,h5sl[ & ! influ5ce ( 8 spl5did abilities & high p]sonal "* ^u ,d>w9 t ,cambridge acquir$ ! "r to claim ! au?or ( ! #8,orig9 ( ,species' z a product ( h] b5efic5ce & activity z a seat ( le>n+4 8,z an ,ox=d man & a memb] ( ,exet] ,college1 ,i may rem9d ?is assembly t 9 precisely ! same way ,d>w9's de>e/ fri5d & eld] bro!r 9 sci5ce1 ,*>les ,lyell1 _h a few ye>s e>li] ent]$ at ,exet] ,college1 & by happy *ance fall5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! en?usia/ic ,buckl&1 ! ,univ]sity read] 9 geology & a ,canon ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,! wise fre$om ( /udy p]mitt$ & provid$ = 9 ^? long-pass$ days by ,ox=d & ,cambridge is :at has giv5 ! "r to claim ! discov]y1 if n ! mak+1 ( ,lyell to ! "o & ( ,d>w9 to ! o!r4 8,d>w9's love ( liv+ nature & ( ! c\ntry life are especially ,engli% *>act]i/ics2 s1 too1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 are ! unfl9*+ det]m9ation & simple c\rage--,i may ev5 say ! audacity--) :i* he acquir$1 aft] he _h left ! ,univ]sity1 ! wide range ( detail$ k 9 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce :i* he f\nd necess>y 9 ord] to deal ) ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! species ( plants & animals1 ! inve/igation ( :i* became 8 passion4 8,! unselfi% g5]osity & delicacy ( feel+ :i* m>k$ ,d>w9's relations ) a y\ng] naturali/1 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 are kn[n to all4 ,i _c let ?is occasion pass )\t cit+ ^? words ( 8 :i* tell u mo/ cle>ly :at mann] ( man he 0 & add to 8 spl5did a*ievem5ts z an intellectual =ce--a light & a beauty ( :i* e ,engli%man mu/ be pr\d4 ,:5 9 old age he survey$ 8 life's "w he wrote3--#8,i believe t ,i h act$ rightly 9 /eadily foll[+ & devot+ my life to sci5ce4' 8,to h desir$ to act #8rightly1' & to be able to ?9k ( success 9 life z measur$ by ! fulfilm5t ( t desire1 is ! indication & w>rant ( true greatness ( "*4 ,we ,engli%m5 h ev] lov$ to recognise ?is noble k9d ( devotion 9 our national h]oes40 ,,vi ,,met*nik(f ,,& ,,tol/oi ,! ,d>w9 celebration at ,cambridge1 9 ,june #aiji1 br\ght a wond]ful assemblage ( celebrat$ biologi/s f all p>ts ( ! _w to ?is c\ntry4 ,!re nev] has be5 se5 su* a company ( great discov]]s ( all nationalities 9 ! field ( natural hi/ory & ! sci5ce ( liv+ ?+s1 z 7 pres5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge dur+ t week4 ,ev5 philosoph]s1 morali/s1 & juri/s 7 pres5t to jo9 ) ! "o great political lead] ( our own c\ntry :o really kn[s & appreciates ! importance ( ! sci5tific /udy ( ,nature--! ,"r ,hon4 ,ar?ur ,j4 ,balf\r--9 8 f]v5t & he>tfelt tribute to ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9's "w & !ory 9 all dep>tm5ts ( human k1 ?\ght1 & activity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 pres5t 0 ,elie ,met*nik(f4 ,he repres5t$ bo? ,russia1 ! c\ntry ( 8 bir? & e>li] sci5tific "w1 & 8 adopt$ c\ntry1 ,france1 :]e1 z sub-director ( ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur1 8 lat] & mo/ important rese>*es h be5 c>ri$ on4 ,russia 0 also repres5t$ by ,sal5sky1 late director ( ! ,museum ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 well kn[n to u all z a discov]] 9 ! embryology 7gr[? f ! egg7 ( m>9e animals1 & by ,timiriazeff1 ! botani/1 r5[n$ = 8 "w on ! mode 9 :i* leaf-gre5 or 8*lorophyll0 enables gre5 plants to obta9 _! food f ! gases ( ! atmosph]e4 ,france _h o!r repres5tatives 9 ,edmond ,p]ri]1 director ( ! ,p>is ,museum1 & ,pr9ce ,rol& ,bonap>te4 ,met*nik(f 0 "o ( ! f\r repres5tatives select$ by ! ,univ]sity to deliv] orations 9 ! ,s5ate ,h\se 9 hon\r ( ,d>w94 ,he especially drew att5tion to ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9's !ory on ! /udy ( disease4 ,! recognition ( ! d]ivation ( man f animal ance/ors1 & ( ! complete community ( ! /ructure & ! *emical activity ( ! organs ( man ) ^? ( ! organs ( animals1 _h made 7he said7 ! /udy ( ! diseases ( animals a necess>y feature 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! diseases ( man4 ,! f>-rea*+ pr9ciple ( ,d>w9 t ! me*anisms & processes obs]v$ 9 ! bodies ( plants & ( animals 7includ+ man7 mu/ h be5 select$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & p]petuat$1 because ( _! utility1 l$ ,met*nik(f to inquire :at is ! value or use ( ! process call$ inflammation & ( ! 8eat+ corpuscles10 or 8phagocytes0 7s nam$ by him71 :i* w&] f ! blood into inflam$ tissues4 ,?is "q _h l$ him to ! discov]y t ! phagocytes engulf & de/roy disease-g]ms1 & are ! great protectors ( ! animal & human body aga9/ bact]ia & o!r g]ms :i* ent] cut & w\nd$ surfaces1 & w\ld />t disease 7 !re n 8inflammation10 :i* is no?+ m nor less ?an a n]ve-regulat$ /agnation ( ! circulation ( ! blood at ! w\nd$ spot1 & ! consequ5t arrival at ?is spot ( ?\s&s ( 8phagocytes10 :i* pass out ( ! /agnant blood ?r\gh ! walls ( ! f9e blood-vessels4 ,^! armies ( phagocytes proce$ to eat up & de/roy all ! g]ms :i* fall on to ! w\nd--f ! air1 f dirty surfaces1 & f ! sk94 ,! utility ( inflammation & its gradual developm5t1 accord+ to ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 9 ! animal s]ies1 0 %[n tw5ty ye>s ago by ,met*nik(f4 ,8 important "w on 8immunity0 & on infection & on protection aga9/ g]m-caus$ disease is ?us se5 to be "o ( ! _m fl\ri%+ & valuable bran*es ( k :i* h orig9at$ f ,d>w9's great conception & 8 example 9 exp]im5t & inquiry4 ,met*nik(f is n[ devot+ all 8 att5tion to ! possibility ( prolong+ human life4 ,! facts seem to %[ t if we ate & drank only :at is be/ = u1 & l$ lives regulat$ by reason & k1 we %\ld1 ne>ly all1 atta9 to #hj or ev5 #ajj ye>s ( age1 hav+ heal?y m9ds & heal?y bodies4 ,we %\ld die quietly & com=tably at ! end1 ) mu* ! same feel+ ( cont5tm5t 9 well-e>n$ f9al repose z t :i* we n[ exp]i5ce 9 go+ to sleep at ! end ( a long & happy day ( heal?y ex]cise & activity4 ,met*nik(f ?9ks t ! causes ( too e>ly dea? may be asc]ta9$1 & :5 asc]ta9$ avoid$ or remov$4 ,9 #ahgj1 9 a little book on ,comp>ative ,longevity1 ,i di/+ui%$ :at we may call ! 8possible life10 or 8pot5tial longevity10 ( any giv5 human be+ f 8 or h] 8expectation0 ( life4 ,pot5tial longevity has be5 well call$ our 8lease0 ( life4 ,x is probably n v diff]5t 9 diff]5t races ( m5 or individuals1 & is probably high] ?an ,k+ ,david ?\ght1 be+ #ajj to #abj ye>s1 & n m]ely #gj ye>s4 ,we all1 or ne>ly all1 fail to la/ out our 8lease0 ow+ to accid5ts1 viol5ce1 & avoidable1 z well z unavoidable1 disease2 s t #gj ye>s is nam$ z our t5ure :5 ! injury done to u by unheal?y modes ( life & by actual disease are consid]$ z inevitable4 ,met*nik(f proposes to discov] & to avoid ^? conditions :i* 8we> d[n0 mo/ ( u & produce 8s5ility0 & 8dea?0 be=e we h really run out our lease ( life4 ,human be+s die mo/ abundantly 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( life4 ,/ati/ics %[ t at bir? ! *ance or expectation ( life is only #de ye>s1 :il/ at #aj ye>s old y may expect to live to be #fa4 ,at #cj y h n a mu* bett] *ance--y w probably1 if y are :at is call$ a 8heal?y0 life1 die :5 y are #fe4 ,b if y survive to be #ej y may expect1 if y h n any obvi\s disease or signs ( 8break up10 ano!r tw5ty ye>s1 & w probably die at #gj2 surviv+ to #fj1 y may expect1 if y are :at passes = 8heal?y10 to live to #gc4 ,n[1 x is especially ) reg>d to life aft] #dj or #ej ye>s ( age t ,met*nik(f is int]e/$4 ,^? :o h surviv$ ! special dang]s & difficulties ( y\?1 & h arriv$ at ?is mature age1 ought to be able to realise mu* m frequ5tly ?an !y d some?+ l ! full 8lease ( life40 ,!re seems to be no reason :y !y %\ld n avoid ! usual rapid 8s5ile *anges0 or weakness ( old age1 & survive1 z a few actually d1 to some?+ l #ajj4 ,! causes ( 8s5ile *ange0 & ! way to defeat _! op]ation are :at ,met*nik(f is /udy+4 ,h>d5+ ( ! walls ( ! art]ies set up by c]ta9 avoidable diseases contract$ 9 e>li] life1 & by ! use ( alcohol 7n only to ! degree :i* we call 8drunk5ness10 b to su* a degree z to make "o dep5d on x z a 8pick-me-up071 is an und\bt$ cause ( t weakness & liability to succumb to o!r diseases :i* is s g5]al aft] #ej ye>s ( age4 ,! causes :i* produce h>d5$ art]ies c be avoid$4 ,ano!r cause ( s5ile *anges is decl>$ by ,met*nik(f1 to arise f ! cont9ual absorption ( poison\s sub/ances produc$ by ! decomposition ( p>tially dige/$ food 9 ! l[] b[el or l>ge inte/9e4 ,?is is at pres5t ! *ief subject ( 8 /udy4 ,x is to prev5t ! =mation ( ^! poisons t he has introduc$ ! use ( s\r milk1 prep>$ ) ! lactic f]m5t4 ,s9ce ! ,cambridge celebration he has be5 9 ,london 9 ord] to exam9e ! condition ( c]ta9 pati5ts f :om a di/+ui%$ ,engli% surgeon has f\nd x necess>y to remove ! 8l>ge inte/9e40 ,met*nik(f wi%es to asc]ta9 :at bact]ia1 poison-produc+ or o!r1 are pres5t 9 ^! pati5ts1 & :at is _! g5]al *emical condition n[ t ?is poison-produc+ "p ( ! dige/ive canal has be5 tak5 f !m4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,met*nik(f has "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 progress ) bats4 ,he uses ! l>ge tropical fruit-eat+ bats1 or 8fly+ foxes40 ,!y h a v %ort inte/9e1 & v few bact]ia & ( v few k9ds are to be f\nd 9 its cont5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are z _m z ?irty di/9ct k9ds ( bact]ia produc+ putrefaction or o!r *emical *ange 9 ! dige/ive canal ( man--& _! quantity is gigantic4 ,!y p]vade ! :ole cont5ts ( ! human dige/ive canal by millions4 ,by prop]ly fe$+ ! fly+ foxes 9 8 laboratory 9 ,p>is ,met*nik(f has actually succe$$ 9 gett+ rid ( all bact]ia f _! dige/ive canal1 s t he n[ has adult mammalian animals1 n v remote f man 9 _! /ructure1 food1 & int]nal *emi/ry1 :i* are absolutely free f ! inte/9al p>asitic bact]ia :i* he supposes to cause poison+ & s5ile *anges 9 man4 ,x is obvi\s1 )\t pursu+ ! matt] into fur!r detail "h1 t ,met*nik(f is n[ 9 a position to te/ 8 views z to ! action ( p>ticul> k9ds ( bact]ia--he has animals :i* are free f !m4 ,he c make an exp]im5t1 keep+ "s ( 8 bats /ill free f bact]ia & caus+ "s to be l>gely infect$ by ?is or t k9d1 & he c comp>e ! result 9 reg>d to ! heal? & *emical condition ( ! animals4 ,s1 too1 ! pati5ts f :om ! l[] inte/9e has be5 remov$ may v probably furni% him 7?r\gh 8 assi/ant :o rema9s 9 ,london7 ) important facts = comp>ison ) ! condition ( p]sons :o h n be5 depriv$ ( ?is "p ( ! dige/ive app>atus4 ,i h giv5 ?is sket* ( :at my fri5d is do+ 9 ord] to furni% "s notion ( ! k9d ( inve/igation :i* he pursues4 ,he does n expect to ext5d ! 8lease0 ( human life1 b by asc]ta9+ 9 a def9ite sci5tific way ! true rules ( int]nal & ext]nal 8hygi5e0 he does hope to give mank9d an increas$ 8expectation0 ( life2 9 fact1 to enable a va/ly l>g] numb] ( m5 & wom5 to enjoy t lease to ! full1 & to die )\t disappo9tm5t & regret1 ev5 ) cont5tm5t & pleasure1 at ! end ( x4 ,met*nik(f 0 9 ,russia 9 ! spr+ ( #aiji1 & sp5t a day ) ,tol/oi4 ,!y 7 8ft$0 & photograph$ toge!r1 ! greate/ arti/ & ! greate/ sci5ti/ ( ,russia4 ,tol/oi is #ha ye>s ( age4 ,he took ,met*nik(f out alone = a drive 9 8 pony-c>t s z to talk ) him )\t int]ruption4 8,:at d y ?9k ( life80 0 ! fir/ "q he ask$1 & "o :i* x took my fri5d "s "t to answ]4 ,9 reg>d to veget>ianism ! two great m5 did n agree4 ,:5 ,met*nik(f decl>$ t !re 0 less cruelty on man's "p 9 kill+ wild animals to eat !m ?an 9 leav+ !m to die by ! too? & claw ( pr$ace\s animals or f />vation1 ,tol/oi obs]v$ t t 0 argum5t & reason1 & t he paid no att5tion to !m2 he only guid$ himself 7he said7 by s5tim5t1 :i* he felt sure told him :at 0 good & "r6 ,he 01 h[ev]1 deeply int]e/$ 9 an acc\nt ( ! cannibalism ( savage races ( m51 conc]n+ :i* he seem$ to be q un9=m$4 ,he also 0 pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 ,met*nik(f's view t ,goe!1 9 ! second "p ( ,fau/1 is *iefly b5t ^u depict+ ! p]si/5ce ( ! amor\s passion 9 old age--( :i* ,goe! himself 0 an example--& ,tol/oi decl>$ t ?is gave a new mean+ to ! poem1 :i* he _h always hi!rto f\nd dull & un9telligible4 ,b :5 ,met*nik(f describ$ 9 gl[+ words ! joy & ev5 rapture ) :i* man w h]eaft] welcome ! repose & my/]y ( dea?1 hav+ complet$ a long & heal?y life ( "s hundr$ ye>s1 ,tol/oi decl>$ t ?is 0 inde$ a f9e conception1 al?\gh x 0 entirely subv]sive ( 8 own notions z to ! significance ( life & dea?4 ,tol/oi also /at$ t he _h writt5 8 /ories rapidly & )\t ef=t1 b t 8 essays on morality & religion _h co/ him great lab\r2 &1 fur!r1 t he c\ld n n[ rememb] ! =m]1 ?\gh ! latt] /ill 7 develop+ & incessantly occupi$ 8 ?\ght4 ,x 0 admitt$ ) regret by ,d>w9 t he ceas$ 9 middle age to c>e = poetry & art1 ?\gh !re seems to be no d\bt t he mi/ook fatigue & preoccupation ( m9d = a real *ange 9 ta/e & p[] ( appreciation4 ,x is int]e/+ to place beside ?is ! case ( ! great lit]>y arti/1 ,tol/oi1 :o n only frankly confesses t he refuses to be guid$ by reason & foll[s s5tim5t1 b is also pr(\ndly ignorant ^u all ! mo/ ord9>y topics ( human life outside 8 own village1 & ( all ,nature & h] work+s4 ,w\ld ,tol/oi h be5 a great] or a small] arti/ if he _h _h a l>g] k ( ! ?+s t are8 ,0 ,d>w9's great sci5tific a*ievem5t really relat$ to an innate indiff]5ce to :at is call$ 8poetry08 ,i w n n[ discuss ! matt]1 b ,i am conv9c$ t s f> z natural gift is conc]n$1 ! ke5e/ sci5tific capacity is n only compatible ) ! fulle/ s5sibility to art & ) ! p[] ( poetical vision & expression1 b is (t5 accompani$ by !m2 &1 fur!r1 t ! "w ( an arti/1 if he is a great arti/1 _c be hamp]$ by k4 ,x is only ! small tal5t or ! feeble g5ius t c be p>alys$ r ?an develop$ by ! fulle/ exp]i5ce & ! wide/ k4 ,necess>y incompatibility ( m5tal qualities has no place 9 ?is matt]2 :at has l$ to ! errone\s assumption t x has1 is ! excessive ex]cise by exceptional individuals ( c]ta9 p[]s--a specialism necess>y = ef=t & success1 b delib]ately *os51 & n due to an inborn "o-sid$ness4 ,,vii ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,azure ,,blue ,! ,cte d',azur :i!r _m ( my read]s w be travell+--9 ?\ght1 if n 9 reality--ab\t ,ea/] "t1 is well nam$ ! ,l& ( ,azure ,blue1 = x is ! blu5ess ( ! sea1 ( ! sky1 & ( ! di/ant rocks & m\nta9s1 z well z mu* ( ! vegetation1 :i* is :5 ! sun %9es1 its special *>m4 ,& al?\gh "o has "s wet & "s cl\dy days1 yet ! sun does %9e !re ) a /r5g? & brilliancy n to be enjoy$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> on ! ,atlantic & ,nor? ,sea coa/4 ,?is tract ( c\ntry1 m commonly kn[n to ,engli% p z ! ,rivi]a1 has v special meteorological conditions ow+ to its position z ! n>r[ /rip ( %ore-l9e exi/+ betwe5 ! va/ mass ( ! ,we/]n ,alps & ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,x is w>m$ by ! sea1 & lies too close "u ! m\nta9s to be caught by any w9ds f ! nor?1 & at _m po9ts is also effectively protect$ f bo? ea/ & we/ w9ds by rocky spurs ( ! great m\nta9 *a94 ,! ,rivi]a is a con/ant s\rce ( delight to ^? :o love fl[]s & beautiful vegetation ( all k9ds4 ,b few ( its visitors appreciate ! fact t x is really f end to end "o big g>d51 cultivat$ = ages by its inhabitants1 & full ( plants introduc$ by man :i* at pres5t seem at fir/ sight to be *>act]i/ic natives ( x1 b are1 9 reality1 q di/9ct f its primitive vegetation4 ,?is primitive vegetation is n[ repres5t$ only 9 :at is locally call$ ! 8maquis0--:at we %\ld1 p]haps1 t]m ! 8scrub0 or 8bu%0 9 ,engli%4 ,x comprises "s p9es1 ! junip]1 ! lovely rock roses1 balsams1 rosem>y1 ! giant hea? 7bruyre71 f :i* our bri>-root pipes are made1 ! l>g] ?yme1 ! myrtle1 ! rose ( ,prov5ce1 two k9ds ( lav5d]1 & _m aromatic plants ) grey hairy leaves1 & (t5 provid$ ) %>p ?orns z additional def5ces aga9/ br[s+ goats4 ,! delici\s p]fumes ( ^! h>dy inhabitants ( ! dry1 rocky gr\nds1 :]e little or no grass c fl\ri%1 are develop$ by !m z a protection aga9/ br[s+ animals1 :o _c tol]ate mu* ( ^! pung5t volatile oils1 al?\gh mank9d extracts !m & uses !m 9 ! manufacture ( su* sc5ts z eau-de-,cologne & also 9 cook]y4 ,_m a visitor to ! ,rivi]a nev] /rays f ! cultivat$ fields & roadways into ?is scrub-l&4 ,! olive tree1 :i* =ms s prom95t & beautiful a feature 9 ! panorama ( g>d5s :i* unrolls itself z we /eam or drive along ! coa/ f ,t\lon to ,m5tone & f ,m5tone to ,g5oa & ,spezzia1 is n a native plant2 x 0 introduc$ 9 prehi/oric times1 & has be5 aga9 & aga9 re-e/abli%$ by emigrants f ,italy2 b x 0 br\ght to ,italy f ! ,ea/4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m ( ! cultivat$ trees ( ! ,rivi]a h ! same k9d ( hi/ory--! v9e came f ,india 9 prehi/oric times1 ! fig tree m rec5tly f ,p]sia1 ! lemon f ,india1 ! orange & ! pea* tree f ,*9a4 ,all ( !m 7 introduc$ 9 v anci5t times to ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 & s gradually 7 c>ri$ to ! %ores ( ! ,ligurian sea1 & w\ld die out "h 7 !y n to a c]ta9 ext5t "u ! c>e ( own]%ip4 ,! s-call$ 8mimosa10 s abundant "h1 ) its pretty1 sweet-sc5t$1 yell[ blossom1 is an ,au/ralian acacia1 only introduc$ "s sixty ye>s ago2 :il/ ! eucalyptus--a mo/ picturesque & effective addition to ! l&scape--is a /ill lat] introduction f ,au/ralia4 ,! cypress1 t d>ke/ & mo/ %apely ( conif]s1 long l9es ( :i* proclaim to ! travell] z he passes ,avignon 8 arrival 9 ! true 8,s\?10 is n a native ( ^! p>ts1 al?\gh x fl\ri%es 9 suitable situations4 ,x 0 introduc$ 9 m$ival times f ! ,ea/4 ,s1 too1 ! palms1 ?\gh "s h be5 cultivat$ = c5turies1 h be5 l>gely import$ f extra ,european localities 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,!re is a native ,european palm4 ,x is a k9d ( fan-palm1 & gr[s "h4 ,i h ga!r$ x 9 ,sicily4 ,x does n 8re> its /ately head0 m ?an a foot f ! gr\nd1 & is kn[n to botani/s z ,*amrops humilis4 ,! gigantic ,mexican agave & ! prickly-pe> cactus 7 introduc$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury f ! ,new ,_w1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,sir ,h]b]t ,tree's sc5]y1 !y 7 gr[+ at ,cape ,mis5o 9 ! "t ( ,antony & ,cleopatra6 ,bamboos ( _m k9ds h be5 introduc$ "h f ! ,f> ,ea/1 & fl\ri% exce$+ly4 ,! orange tree 0 br\ght f ,india 7:i!r x 0 c>ri$ f ,*9a7 & e/abli%$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe 9 m$ival times1 ?\gh kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!re are z _m z #abj diff]5t v>ieties ( ! orange tree n[ cultivat$ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 includ+1 besides ^? :i* are valu$ = _! sweet juicy pulp1 ^? :i* furni% b]gamot oil & simil> aromatic products4 ,! 8issue pea0 ( old apo!c>ies1 :i* 0 b\nd into a cut made 9 a pati5t's fle% = ! purpose ( produc+ inflammation & suppuration1 ) ! notion t su* treatm5t 0 b5eficial1 0 a m9ute unripe orange dri$1 &1 no d\bt1 to "s ext5t1 antiseptic4 ,besides ! introduc$ trees1 we f9d1 9 gr\nd :i* has be5 m or less "u cultivation1 & n1 !re=e1 ( ! nature ( ! 8maquis10 or scrub-l&1 "s beautiful plants1 su* z ! n>cissus1 iris1 & v>i\s lilies4 ,"o v small & graceful tulip is1 ,i believe1 reg>d$ z native to ! soil1 b a magnific5t crimson tulip1 z l>ge z ! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,engli% g>d5s1 :i* ,i h f\nd abundantly 9 op5 p>k-l l& "u olive trees at ,antibes1 is said to h be5 introduc$ f ,p]sia 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & to h tak5 k9dly to ! ,rivi]a4 ,x is ! ,tulipa oculus solis4 ,9 ! same locality 7 gr[+ _m brilliantly col\r$ 8/ellate0 anemones4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a ?ird gr\p or 8lot0 ( plants on ! ,rivi]a1 :i* consi/s ( ^? br\ght f all p>ts ( ! _w dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 & regul>ly cultivat$ & c>$ = 9 g>d5s4 ,! climate ( ! ,rivi]a enables ! g>d5] to gr[ all sorts ( sub-tropical plants 9 ! op5 air1 & a long li/ ( !m c\ld be giv54 ,! wond]fully brilliant crimson creep]1 ,b\ga9villia1 cov]s walls by ! roadways1 & ev5 ! railway /ations1 ) its ri* col\r at ?is season4 ,a delightful book by ! di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,pr(essor ,/rasburg]1 describ+ & pictur+ 9 col\rs _m ( ! cultivat$ z well z ! wild plants ( ! ,rivi]a1 has lately be5 publi%$ 79 ,engli%7 at a small price4 ,! animals :i* come "u ! notice ( ^? :o g 9 se>* ( spr+ sun%9e to ! ,rivi]a are f> less num]\s ?an ! plants4 ,b !re is "o :i* is de> to all1 al?\gh x makes su* a noise = an h\r or s ab\t sunset t "s p are irritat$ or ev5 al>m$ by x4 ,?is is ! little gre5 tree-frog1 ,fig4 #a1 :i* n[ comes =? f its w9t] sleep1 & assembles 9 ?\s&s--guid$ by ! 8croak0 or 8call0 :i* is produc$ by ! males4 ,! females h a v small voice comp>atively4 ,i kept two--a male & female--?r\gh a w9t] 9 ,london1 & :5 ! spr+ came ! male t]rifi$ ! h\sehold "o night by unexpect$ly utt]+ 8 cry--l\d & %>p--to :i* ! female repli$4 8,:>r6 biz0 is ! ne>e/ expression ,i c give 9 lett]s to ! two s\nds4 ,aft] a great _m ev5+s sp5t 9 ^! rhy?mical declamations1 ! little frogs collect r\nd pools & tanks1 & at la/ drop f ! trees into ! wat]1 & !re deposit _! spawn4 ,:5 produc+ 8 cry ! male di/5ds ! sk9 ( 8 ?roat l a balloon4 ,! air is driv5 alt]nately f x into ! lungs & back aga9 ov] ! vocal *ords1 :i* vibrate ) no unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,^! little frogs are easy to keep 9 an inv]t$ bell-j> or 9 a f]n-case1 b mu/ be f$ regul>ly ) flies & spid]s1 :i* !y cat* by a sudd5 dab ( ! tongue at ! mom5t ( alight+ f a long leap on to ! glass :]e ! insect is crawl+4 ,!y c hold on to smoo? glass or leaves by means ( _! suck]-l toes 7,fig4 #a74 ,! col\r ( ! upp] surface ( ! ,s\? ,european tree-frog is a mo/ vivid & smoo?ly laid-on grass-gre54 ,occasionally ! col\r becomes alt]$ to a br[ni% purple1 b returns aft] a day or two to its usual bright gre5 t9t4 ,a great r>ity is ! blue v>iety ( ?is frog--! en*ant$ ,pr9ce ( ! ,cte d',azur--blue z ! sky & ! sea ar\nd him--! true g5ius loci4 ,i obta9$ "o a few ye>s ago at ,m5tone1 & kept x alive = ?ree ye>s 9 ,london4 ,its blue 0 ! blue ( ! =get-me-n or ! f9e/ turquoise4 ,:5 x di$ 7,i believe ( old age1 & n f discom=t or disease7 ,i exam9$ its sk9 v c>efully ) ! microscope1 & comp>$ x ) t ( ! ord9>y gre5 tree-frog1 9 ord] to make out ! cause ( _! diff]5ce 9 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! little gre5 tree-frog or 8ra9ette0 ( ! ,rivi]a 7,hyla arborea74 ,f ,pr(essor ,gad['s volume on ,reptiles & ,amphibia--9 ! 8,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory0--publi%$ by ,macmillan ,co41 by ^: p]mission ?is figure is "h produc$4 ,at ,m5tone !re is a little %op :]e "o may pur*ase gre5 tree-frogs & ornam5tal cages 9 :i* to keep !m4 ,e ye> ! deal] has two or ?ree specim5s ( ! blue v>iety on sale--_! backs & heads look+ l bits ( turquoise-blue kid4 ,visitors h sometimes wrongly suppos$ t ! blue frogs _h be5 artificially *ang$ 9 col\r1 b !y are real1 natural v>ieties4 ,a simil> sub/itution ( blue = gre5 has be5 notic$ z a r>e v>iation 9 o!r k9ds ( frogs & toads 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x really consi/s 9 a suppression ( yell[ pigm5t4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ! col\r ( ! little tree-frogs is t we f9d1 on c>eful exam9ation ( ! sk9 ( a dead specim5 ) ! microscope1 t !re is no gre5 nor yet any blue 8pigm5t0 pres5t 9 x4 ,i f\nd1 on exam9+ ! blue specim5 :i* di$ aft] liv+ ?ree ye>s ) me1 t !re is only black pigm5t ov]laid by a col\rless1 semi-transp>5t lay] ( sk94 ,9 ?is out] sk9 9 ! ord9>y gre5 specim5s !re is scatt]$ a quantity ( excessively m9ute yell[ p>ticles1 :i*1 mix$ ) ! blue1 produce ! gre5 appe>ance4 ,! fact is1 t ! wond]ful 8dead0 turquoise-blue ( ! blue frog is a col\r-effect simil> to t ( ! blue sky & ! blue ( ! human eye4 ,x is produc$ by a peculi> reflection ( ! light f m9ute col\rless p>ticles1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any blue-col\r$ sub/ance4 ,! di/9ction ( ^! two modes ( produc+ blue col\r is important4 ,c]ta9 transp>5t bodies are s con/itut$ t :5 a beam ( light is direct$ s z to pass ?r\gh !m1 ! r$1 yell[1 gre51 & purple rays :i* exi/ 9 col\rless sunlight are /opp$1 & only ! blue rays come ?r\gh4 ,su* a body is blue copp]as1 or sulphate ( copp]2 ano!r is me?yl blue1 "o ( ! anil9e dyes2 ano!r is pure wat]1 :i* gives only a slight advantage to ! blue rays1 s t ! light mu/ pass ?r\gh a ?ickness ( #cj feet or m be=e ! blue t9t is obvi\s4 ,?us1 "p ( ! blu5ess ( ! ,cte d',azur is acc\nt$ =--namely1 ! blu5ess ( ! sea :5 ! sunlight is /rong & is reflect$ f ! :ite rocks & s& ly+ #cj feet to #ajj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r self-col\r$ transp>5t bodies :i* all[ only rays ( "o col\r to pass4 ,?us1 blood-r$1 or hmoglob91 ! pigm5t ( ! blood1 all[s *iefly r$ rays to pass ?r\gh x4 ,yell[ rays only pass ?r\gh a solution ( saffron or ( *romic acid2 gre5 only or *iefly ?r\gh gre5 copp]as 7sulphate ( iron7 or ?r\gh leaf-gre5 or *lorophyll4 ,col\r is v g5]ally due 9 natural objects to su* transp>5t bodies :i* absorb or /op all ! col\r$ rays ( light z x passes ?r\gh !m1 except+ ^? ( "o t9t--or1 to be m correct1 ne>ly all except ^? ( "o t9t4 ,b ! blue ( ! blue frog & a great deal ( ! blue 9 nature is due to ano!r cause4 ,if y are a smok]1 or ! fri5d ( a smok]1 wat* ! f9e curl+ l9es ( smoke asc5d+ f a cig> :5 x is be+ consum$ 9 bright sun%9e4 ,y w see t x has a blue1 ev5 an azure blue1 t9t z ! sunlight falls ^u x4 ,b if y let ! smoke get betwe5 ! sun & y\r eyes y w notice t ! little curl+ cl\ds are no long] blue1 b r$di%-br[n1 9 appe>ance4 ,! smoke is n a transp>5t blue2 look$ at z a transp>5t body1 x is br[n6 ,fur!r1 :5 ! smoke has pass$ into ! smok]'s m\? & is eject$ aft] rema9+ !re = a few seconds1 ! cl\d no long] looks blue1 ev5 :5 ! sunlight falls on x & is reflect$ f x to y\r eye4 ,x is n[ opaque :ite or col\rless1 )1 p]haps1 a fa9t t+e ( blue4 ,?is *ange is due--z 0 %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ! late ,pr(essor ,tyndall ^u a v>iety ( cl\ds & vap\rs--to ! cool+ ( ! smoke & ! increas$ size ( ! float+ p>ticles :i* coalesce z ! temp]ature falls4 ,! l>g] p>ticles reflect :ite light1 & ! cl\d is no long] blue4 ,a cl\d =m$ by ! f9e/ p>ticles gives ! /ronge/ blue to ! light reflect$ f x1 & x is to ?is prop]ty ( ! f9e/ p>ticles ( wat]-cl\d float+ 9 our atmosph]e t ! blue col\r ( ! sky is due4 ,no d\bt ! "q arises1 8,:y d cl\ds ( ! f9e/ p>ticles reflect a pr$om9ant am\nt ( blue light r ?an yell[ or gre5 or r$80 ,t "q is answ]$ by ma!maticians 9 accordance ) :at is asc]ta9$ z to ! nature & prop]ties ( light1 b x w\ld require a long treatise to put ^? matt]s ev5 9 outl9e be=e ! read]4 ,we may 9 ! mean:ile accept ! conclusions ( ! physici/s1 & int]e/ ourselves 9 see+ h[ !y apply to "s ( ! concrete facts ab\t col\r 9 ,nature4 ,!re are o!r in/ances ( 8blu5ess0 due to ! reflection ( light f a cl\d ( excessively m9ute p>ticles besides t ( ! azure sky & ! blue1 curl+ smoke ( a wood fire4 ,a famili> in/ance is ! blu5ess ( transluc5t bodies1 su* z ! 8:ite0 ( a boil$ plov]'s egg1 especially :5 a bit ( x is plac$ on a dead-black gr\nd4 ,! blui% appe>ance ( wat]$ ,london milk is ano!r in/ance4 ,^! bodies look blue ow+ to ! f9e1 col\rless p>ticles susp5d$ 9 !m1 :i* act on light 9 ! same way z d ! f9e p>ticles ( newly-produc$ smoke4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ case is ! blue col\r ( ! iris ( ! eye ( man & o!r animals4 ,x is n due to any blue pigm5t1 b to a reflection f f9e p>ticles 9 ! transluc5t1 b turbid1 tissue ( ! iris ov]ly+ ! d>k1 black *amb] ( ! eye4 ,:ite geese & :ite cats frequ5tly h blue eyes1 ! blue be+ ?us produc$4 ,! only pigm5t :i* occurs 9 ! human eye is a br[n "o1 :i* gives a col\r v>y+ f amb] yell[ to v d>k br[n1 almo/ black1 accord+ to ! quantity pres5t4 ,:5 a v little ( x is pres5t x gives1 9 comb9ation ) ! blue appe>ance ( ! unpigm5t$ iris1 a gre5 t9t1 s t gre5 eyes owe _! col\r to ! same comb9ation ( causes z does ! gre5 sk9 ( ! little tree-frogs1 or 8ra9ettes40 ,no solv5t w extract any pigm5t f ! sk9 ( ! blue frog--nor by ! f9e/ trituration c "o obta9 any col\r$ p>ticles f x2 only f9e black granules c be sep>at$4 ,alcohol removes ! yell[ pigm5t f ! sk9 ( a gre5 tree-frog 7kill$1 ( c\rse1 = ! exp]im5t71 & = a m9ute or two ! sk9 becomes blue :5 its yell[ pigm5t is ?us remov$ by imm]sion 9 _s2 b x rapidly becomes a dull greyi%-br[n 9 col\r1 & s rema9s2 ! gre5 _c be pres]v$ 9 _s-specim5s4 ,x is n fully expla9$ h[ su* a uni=m 8dead0 blue is produc$ by ! reflection ( light f f9e p>ticles1 z t obs]v$ 9 ! blue frog's sk94 ,x appe>s t ! blue & ! gre5 col\r 9 ! fea!rs ( birds is 9 mo/1 if n all1 cases produc$ 9 ! same way z ! blue & gre5 ( ! tree-frog's sk94 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ 7 x f\nd possible to produce a full dead-blue col\r by exp]im5tally plac+ a coat ( a transluc5t b turbid col\rless m$ium on a dead-black plate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has n be5 done z a delib]ate exp]im5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 record$ t ,goe! 0 delight$ to f9d :at he consid]$ to be a confirmation ( 8 !ory ( col\r :5 a fri5d %[$ him an oil-pa9t+ ( a g5tleman 9 a black coat :i* :5 wett$ ) a sponge turn$ bright blue4 ,! picture _h be5 rec5tly 8re/or$10 & ! v>ni% on ! black coat 0 n 8dry40 ,x 0 precipitat$ by ! wat] f ! sponge1 mix+ ) ! _s :i* held x 9 solution4 ,a f9e col\rless cl\d 0 ?us produc$ ov]ly+ ! black pa9t ( ! coat1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! c]ulean frog1 a dead-blue col\r1 due to reflection ( ! light by ! f9e p>ticles1 0 ! result4 ,"s fri5dly physici/ might repeat ?is exp]im5t & /udy ! matt] 9 detail4 ,! r$1 orange1 & yell[ col\rs ( birds' fea!rs are produc$ by pigm5ts :i* are ei!r insoluble or only soluble ) great difficulty 9 fluids ( ! nature ( e!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an exception 9 ! case ( ! ,african birds call$ ,turac\s1 or ,planta9-eat]s4 ,^! birds h "s l>ge quill-fea!rs 9 ! w+ ( a ri* crimson col\r4 ,?is spl5did r$ pigm5t c be wa%$ out ( ! fea!rs by wat] :i* is slightly alkal9e1 & a f9e blood-r$ solution is obta9$4 ,:y ?is curi\s exception exi/s we d n "k4 ,! extract$ col\r is f\nd to conta9 ! elem5t copp] z "o ( its *emical compon5ts4 ,planta9-eat]s kept 9 cages h sometimes wa%$ all ! col\r out ( _! fea!rs ow+ to ! wat] suppli$ to !m = ba?+ & dr9k+ hav+ become f\l & ammoniacal1 & ?us capable ( dissolv+ ! r$ pigm5t4 ,! cultivation on ! ,rivi]a ( fl[]s = sale z 8cut fl[]s0 9 ,p>is1 ,london1 & ,b]l91 9 ! cold] mon?s ( ! ye>1 is n[ an enorm\s bus9ess1 br++ _m ?\s&s ( p\nds ye>ly to ! small g>d5]s ar\nd ,hyres1 ,/4 ,raphael1 ,nice1 & ,m5tone4 ,roses1 violets1 c>nations1 8mimosa0 ( v>i\s k9ds1 anemones1 lilies1 & n>cissus are s5t lit]ally 9 tons by quick tra9s sev]al times a week f ^! realms ( sun%9e to ! dre>y ,nor?4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ?is trade 0 due to ! sugge/ion made "s fifty ye>s ago by ,alphonse ,k>r1 ! ,fr5* poet & j\rnali/1 :o _h a beautiful g>d5 ( 8 own at ,/4 ,raphael1 & f\nd t he c\ld produce fl[]s 9 pr(usion ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,two ye>s ago ,i visit$ ?is g>d5 7:i* n[ belongs to a ,fr5* pa9t]7 at ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 & f\nd x full ( int]e/+ fl[]s & %rubs1 enorm\s bamboos1 palm trees1 "s tw5ty diff]5t 8mimosas10 eucalyptus ( sev]al species1 camellia trees1 & rose-bu%es 9 quantity4 ,! influ5ce ( man on ! vegetation ( a fav\r$ locality l ! ,rivi]a is m /rik+ ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b x is wor? rememb]+ t ! mo/ famili> tree 9 ,engl&--! common elm--is n a native1 b introduc$ f ,s\? ,europe4 ,our native elm is ! wy*-elm1 or m\nta9 elm--a mu* h&som] tree1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 ?an ! s-call$ 8common elm40 ,!re are d\bts z to :e!r bo? ! spruce & ! l>* 7 n introduc$ by man at a v remote "t1 s t ! ,scot* fir w\ld be our only aborig9al p9e4 ,! oak1 bee*1 bir*1 a%1 haw?orn1 popl>1 & ald] are und\bt$ native ,engli% trees4 ,! holly-oak or ev]gre5 oak1 ! sycamore1 plane-tree1 sweet *e/nut1 horse *e/nut1 walnut1 & probably ! lime or l9d5 tree h be5 introduc$ by migrat+ m5 at v>i\s p]iods into our isl&s4 ,) ! exception ( rye & oats none ( ! plants :i* we cultivate = food are d]iv$ f our own wild plants1 & none ( our dome/icat$ animals h be5 produc$ f native wild k9ds4 ,,viii ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,jelly-,,fi%es ,mo/ p n[adays "k a jelly-fi% :5 !y see "o--& recognise t x is em95tly a product ( ! sea--"o sees !m wa%$ up on ! sea%ore1 s(t discs ( transp>5t jelly ( ! size ( *eese-plates 7,fig4 #b74 ,!y h a m\? 9 ! c5tre ( ! disc1 (t5 at ! end ( a dep5d+ trunk1 l ! clapp] ( a bell4 ,"s h t5tacles1 sometimes y>ds long1 :i* /+ l nettles4 ,!y also h eye-spots1 an int]nal sy/em ( canals & muscles :i* enable !m to swim by caus+ ! edge ( ! disc or bell to contract & exp& 9 alt]nate /rokes4 ,!re are hundr$s ( k9ds ( m>9e jelly-fi% v>y+ 9 size f a sixp5ce to t ( a d9n] table1 & until tw5ty-five ye>s ago none 7 kn[n to live 9 ponds1 lakes1 or riv]s4 ,al?\gh !y (t5 are c>ri$ up e/u>ies1 & may /ay = a "t 9 bracki% wat]1 or ev5 9 fre% wat]1 none 7 kn[n :i* really liv$ & br$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,!y 7 reg>d$1 z are />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s1 z di/9ctively m>9e1 & deb>r$ by ! delicacy ( _! wat]y jelly-l sub/ance f tol]at+ ! *ange f sea wat] to fre% wat] z a p]man5t ?+4 ,all fre%-wat] animals--fi%es1 %ell-fi%1 cray-fi%1 worms1 & polyps--are d]iv$ f closely simil> m>9e animals1 are 9 fact sea-?+s :i* h suff]$ a *ange1 & be5 able to /& x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! common jelly-fi% 7,aurelia aurita7 "o-?ird ! natural size2 or1 "o ( ! f\r arms or fle%y t5tacles surr\nd+ ! diamond-%ap$ m\?2 ,tc1 "o ( ! eight eye-be>+ t5tacles at ! edge ( ! disc2 ,,gp1 op5+ ( "o ( ! f\r sub-g5ital p\*es1 :i* br+ sea-wat] close to ! ov>ies & sp]m>ies1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n op5 into ^! p\*es2 x & y1 outl9e ( ! sub-g5ital p\*es se5 ?r\gh ! jelly4 ,^! be+ our preconceptions ab\t jelly-fi%1 great 0 ! excitem5t :51 9 #ahhj1 hundr$s ( beautiful little jelly-fi% 7 sudd5ly discov]$ briskly exp&+ & contract+1 ris+ & s9k+ 9 ! wat] ( a l>ge fre%-wat] tank 9 ! middle ( ,london 7,fig4 #c74 ,y nev] "k :o or :at may turn up 9 ,london4 ,a badg]1 a gre5 p>akeet1 a :ale1 an ,african pigmy1 an ,indian scorpion1 & a voice wor? t5 ?\s& a ye>1 h all1 to my k1 be5 /umbl$ ^u unexpect$ly at diff]5t times 9 ! highways ( ,london4 ,a new jelly-fi% 0 p]haps "o ( ! lea/ expect$ 8casual visitors40 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! l>ge tank f\r feet deep 9 :i* ! great tropical wat]-lily--! ,victoria regia--& o!r tropical wat] plants are gr[n 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,reg5t's ,p>k4 ,x came up by hundr$s e ye> = "s t5 ye>s aft] its fir/ appe>ance1 dy+ d[n 9 six weeks or s ea* season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! fre%-wat] jelly-fi% 7,limnocodium7 enl>g$ f\r times l9e> measurem5t1 z x is se5 dropp+ ?r\gh ! wat] 9 a glass j>4 ,,pt1 "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal t5tacles4 ,,mr1 ! m>g9 ( ! disc4 ,ve1 ! delicate muscul> frill or velum4 ,all ! specim5s 7 males1 & ! puzzle 0 to f9d out h[ x reproduc$ itself4 ,aft] a few seasons _h pass$ ,i det]m9$ to solve ?is problem4 ,i made ! guess t p]haps ! jelly-fi% 7 budd$ (f f a fix$ we$-l polyp gr[+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! tank--z is ! case ) _m ( ! m>9e jelly-fi%es4 ,i rememb] t "o lead+ memb] ( ! c\ncil1 :i* /ill presides ov] ! de/9ies ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 confid$ to me 9 a hu%$ :isp] 8 belief t ,provid5ce creat$ ?is new jelly-fi% ye> by ye> 9 ! tank 9 hon\r ( ! augu/ patroness ( ! ,botanic ,society--,h] ,royal ,highness ! ,du*ess ( ,teck4 ,i 0 oblig$ to make an end ( ?is flatt]+ !ory :5 ,i discov]$1 aft] long se>*+ ) my assi/ant--atta*$ to ! rootlets ( float+ wat] we$s a m9ute ?ree-bran*$ polyp 7,fig4 #d71 f :i*1 z we subsequ5tly 7 able to obs]ve1 ! jelly-fi% 7 p9*$ (f z t9y sph]es ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,no females ( ?is jelly-fi% 7 ev] discov]$4 ,! polyps liv$ on f ye> to ye>1 & budd$ (f ea* season a sw>m ( pretty b futile male jelly-fi%4 ,!y rip5$ & di$ on atta9+ a diamet] some:at less ?an t ( a %ill+4 ,!re 7 _m mo/ int]e/+ po9ts made out z to _! /ructure1 mode ( fe$+1 & gr[?4 ,y c\ld keep !m 9 a tall glass j> support$ ov] a small gas-jet 7!y liv$ be/ at a temp]ature ( #hj ,fahr471 & !y w\ld swim up by a s]ies ( /rokes to ! top ( ! wat]1 & !n drop l little p>a*utes ?r\gh ! eighte5 in*es ( dep? to ! bottom--tak+ 9 wat]-fleas & su* food on ! way--& imm$iately w\ld />t upw>ds aga94 ,i us$ to take !m alive 9 my pocket cork$ up 9 a te/-tube to %[ to fri5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,f\r ( ! m9ute club-%ap$ polyps adh]+ to a root-fibre ( a wat]-plant4 ,! r\nd$ end becomes nipp$ (f & swims away1 free1 z a "y jelly-fi%4 ,aft] !y _h disappe>$ f ! tank 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k 7ow+ to "s unhappy clean+ ( ! tank7 !y sudd5ly1 9 #aijc1 appe>$--x seems incr$ible--at ,%effield6 ,!n !y briefly %[$ up 9 #aije at ,muni*1 & at ,lyons _h be5 captur$ 9 #aija--;always 9 a tepid wat]-lily tank6 ,we nev] c\ld make out :]e !y came f orig9ally4 ,( c\rse1 ! polyp mu/ h be5 br\ght into ! tank ) "s bundle ( wat] plants f a tropical lake or riv]1 b we nev] _h any indication z to :5 or :i*4 ,s9ce ! days ( ! fre%-wat] jelly-fi% ( ,reg5t's ,p>k1 :i* 0 call$ 7a "n1 b :y %\ld x n h a "n87 ,limnocodium ,s[]bii--a jelly-fi% ( ab\t ! same size 7,fig4 #e7 b v diff]5t 9 %ape & t5tacles--0 discov]$ 9 ! great ,african fre%-wat] lake ,tanganyika--9 enorm\s numb]s1 & 0 nam$ ,limnocnida ,tanganyik4 ,only five ye>s ago ! same jelly-fi% 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,victoria ,nyanza1 & a little e>li] 9 backwat]s ( ! ,nig]4 ,x is a curi\s & significant fact be>+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ^! ?ree areas ( fre% wat] connect$ ) ! ?ree greate/ ,african riv]s--! ,congo1 ! ,nile1 & ! ,nig]--t ! same little jelly-fi% is f\nd 9 all ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,! ,african fre%-wat] jelly-fi% 7,limnocnida7 f\nd 9 ,tanganyika1 ,victoria ,nyanza1 & ! ,nig]4 ,& n[ we h j be5 rem9d$ ( ,limnocodium1 ! ,reg5ts ,p>k jelly-fi%1 f a remote & unexpect$ s\rce4 ,a ?\s& miles up ! ,yang-tse-,kiang ,riv]1 9 ,*9a1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hupi1 ! ,japanese capta9 ( a riv] /eam]1 ply+ !re & belong+ to a ,japanese company1 captur$ t5 jelly-fi% 9 ! muddy wat]s ( ! riv]4 ,he br\ght !m home1 pres]v$1 ,i suppose1 9 alcohol or =mal91 & !y h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,oka1 a ,japanese zoologi/ ( ,tokio1 9 a publication be>+ ! ,lat9 title ,annotationes ,zoologic nipon5ses1 issu$ 9 ,decemb] #aijg4 ,european sea capta9s h n r>ely be5 ard5t naturali/s1 b ,i ?9k ! ,japanese is ! fir/ capta9 ( a riv] /eamboat :o has discov]$ a new animal on 8 beat4 ,i h n he>d ( ,mississippi /eamboat capta9s amus+ !mselves 9 ?is way--o!r riv]s1 o!r ta/es4 ,dr4 ,oka describes ! jelly-fi% ?us br\ght to him z a ,limnocodium1 diff]+ 9 a few details f t ( ,reg5t's ,p>k1 s t he di/+ui%es ?is ,*9ese species z ,limnocodium ,kawaii1 nam+ x aft] ! naturali/ capta91 :o mu/ h a r>e ta/e = pick+ up /range & new ?+s1 & a r>e goodwill 9 br++ !m home ) him4 ,s "h is ano!r fre%-wat] jelly-fi%1 = x is n ! same z ! ,reg5t's ,p>k "o1 ?\gh closely l x4 ,possibly ,limnocodium is an ,asiatic g5us1 & ! orig9al ,s[]by's ,limnocodium w be f\nd 9 ano!r ,*9ese riv]4 ,b x may prove to be ,s\? ,am]ican1 z is ! wat]-lily ,victoria regia4 ,a v small fre%-wat] jelly-fi% 0 f\nd "s twelve ye>s ago--9 #ahig--;9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv] at ,philadelphia1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 lately describ$ by ! well-kn[n naturali/1 ,mr4 ,potts4 ,x 0 budd$ (f f a v m9ute polyp resembl+ t f\nd 9 ! ,reg5t's ,p>k1 b ! jelly-fi% 0 totally diff]5t f ,limnocodium4 ,only f\r or five specim5s ( ?is jelly-fi% h ev] be5 se51 & ! ,philadelphian naturali/s ought c]ta9ly to look x up aga94 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,philadelphian jelly-fi% & ( o!r fre%-wat] jelly-fi%es1 ) illu/rative plates1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 #aijf4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,b\l5g] has1 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 #aijh1 describ$ yet ano!r fre%-wat] jelly-fi% f ! ,fay\m ,lake 9 ,egypt4 ,,ix ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel ,?\gh ! ,scot* ,highl&]s are said to h a pr(\nd objection to eat+ eels on acc\nt ( ! resemblance ( ^! fi% to snakes 7n a v good reason1 s9ce ! quality & n ! %ape ( :at "o eats is ! important ?+71 yet eels h be5 a v popul> delicacy 9 ,engl& 9 pa/ days4 ,eel-pie ,isl&1 at ,ri*mond1 is kn[n to mo/ ,london]s1 & eel-pie %ops 7 famili> 9 ,london less ?an a c5tury ago4 ,a good ,?ames eel is /ill appreciat$ by ! few p :o n[adays take "s small am\nt ( intellig5t int]e/ 9 :at !y eat4 ,abroad1 eels are /ill popul>4 ,eel-traps are /ill work$ 9 ! riv]s4 ,9 su* di/ricts z ! flat c\ntry1 on ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic1 ne> ,v5ice1 millions ( "y eels are annually 8%eph]d$0 9 lagoons & res]voirs1 & re>$ to m>ketable size4 ,! inl& eel-fi%]ies ( ,d5m>k & ,g]many are c>efully regulat$ & enc\rag$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ^? ,/ates4 ,! fact is t railways1 ice-/orage1 & /eam-trawl+ h1 9 conjunction1 revolutionis$ our habits 9 reg>d to ! use ( fi% z a daily article ( diet4 ,fre%-wat] fi% are n[ almo/ unkn[n z a regul> s\rce ( food 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,! spl5did fi% ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! ,*annel1 & ! ,atlantic coa/ h pu%$ !m out ( ! m>ket4 ,?irty-eight ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 a /ud5t 9 ,leipzig & ,vi5na1 8bak$ c>p0 0 ! only fi% to be _h 9 ! d9+-rooms we frequ5t$4 ,once a week !re 7 fre% haddock1 = ^? :o fanci$ !m1 9 ! celebrat$ ,au]ba*'s ,kell]4 ,n[ ! railway & pack+ 9 ice h br\ght ,nor? ,sea fi% to ! c5tre ( ,europe1 & creat$ a ta/e = t excell5t food4 ,ev5 on ! ,m$it]ranean at ,nice1 ,i lately saw ,nor? ,sea turbot1 soles1 & haddock ly+ on ! m>ble-slabs 9 ! fi% m>ket side by side ) ! h&some b small bass1 mullet1 gurn>ds1 & sea-bream ( ! local fi%]y1 & ! c>p1 pike1 tr\t1 & eels ( ! fre% wat]s ( ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,nev]!less ! eel--! common fre%-wat] eel--is /ill valu$ on ! ,cont95t1 z is prov$ by ! fact t ! ,g]man ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t has rec5tly s5t an important (ficial ( ! ,fi%]ies ,dep>tm5t to ,gl\ce/] 9 ord] to make ext5sive pur*ases ( ! 8elv]s10 or "y eels :i* come up ! riv] ,sev]n 9 millions at ?is season4 ,! purpose ( ! ,g]man fi%]ies (ficials is to place _m hundr$ ?\s&s ( ^! "y eels 9 ,g]man riv]s :i* are n s well suppli$ by natural immigration z is ! ,sev]n1 & by s do+ to increase ! supply ( well-gr[n eels h]eaft] 9 ! riv] fi%]ies ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,?is int]e/+ practical attempt to increase ! supply ( eels 9 ,g]many w be fur!r appreciat$ :5 ,i relate :at has be5 discov]$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s z to ! reproduction1 migrations1 & habits ( ! common fre%-wat] eel4 ,x has be5 kn[n1 "t out ( m9d1 t 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( e ye> millions ( "y eels a little ov] two in*es 9 l5g?1 call$ 8elv]s0 9 ,engli% & 8civelles0 9 ,fr5*1 come up ! e/u>ies ( ! riv]s ( ,europe 9 a d5se body4 ,!y are s closely pack$ toge!r z ! n>r[] p>ts ( ! /ream are rea*$1 t ?\s&s may be tak5 out ( ! wat] by m]ely dipp+ a bucket into ! ranks ( ! procession4 ,i obta9$ a few ?\s& ( ^! 8elv]s0 lately f ! ,sev]n & plac$ !m on exhibition 9 ! c5tral c\rt ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,london4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon "n 8eel-f>e0 is giv5 to ?is annual m>* or 8swim0 ( ! "y eels f ! sea to ! fre% wat]s4 ,?\gh riv]side folk h nev] d\bt$ t ! elv]s are "y eels :i* h be5 hat*$ f spawn deposit$ by p>5t eels 9 ! sea1 & are 8runn+ up0 to fe$ & gr[ to maturity 9 ! riv]s & /reams inl&1 yet c\ntry folk away f ! big riv]s h que] notions z to ! orig9 & bre$+ ( eels4 ,!y cat* l>ge1 plump eels a c\ple ( feet long 9 /agnant ponds hundr$s ( miles f ! sea1 f> f riv]s1 & m ?an a ?\s& feet above ! sea-level4 ,!y h no notion t ^? eels orig9ally 8ran up0 z little eels f ! sea1 nor t _m ( !m make _! way across wet grass & by ra9-fill$ dit*es back to ! riv]s & to ! sea :5 !y are sev5 ye>s old4 ,b t is n[ kn[n to be ! fact4 ,j z !re are fi%1 l ! salmon1 :i* 8run d[n0 to ! sea to fe$ & gr[ big & 8run up0 to bre$ 9 ! small pools & rivulets f> f ! riv]'s m\?1 s !re are o!r fi%es1 ( :i* ! eel is "o1 :i* run up to fe$ & gr[ & run d[n to bre$--t is to say1 to deposit & f]tilise _! eggs 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,fi%]m5 :o "w riv]-fi%]ies = eels 7f> m valu$ abroad ?an 9 ,engl&7 di/+ui% 8yell[ eels0 & 8silv] eels0 7see ,plate ,i4 opposite title page74 ,we us$ to di/+ui% also snigs & grigs1 or n>r[-nos$ & broad-nos$ eels 7probably males & females74 ,! rem>kable fact1 admitt$ by bo? fi%]m5 & anatomi/s1 0 t y c\ld n really tell male f female1 nor1 inde$1 ev] f9d an eel 7t is1 a common eel1 z di/+ui%$ f ! mu* l>g] & well-kn[n cong] eel7 :i* 0 ripe1 or1 inde$1 %[$ any signs ( hav+ ei!r roe or milt )9 x4 ,a popul> leg5d exi/s t eels are produc$ by ! 8vivification0 ( horse-hair4 ,occasionally 9 summ] a long1 black1 & v ?9 ?readworm 7call$ ,gordius by naturali/s7 sudd5ly appe>s 9 great numb]s 9 riv]s1 & ^! are decl>$ by ! c\ntry-folk to be horse-hairs on _! way to become eels6 ,i rememb] a sudd5 sw>m ( !m "o summ] 9 ! upp] riv] at ,ox=d4 ,really1 !y are p>asitic worms :i* live inside insects = a "p ( _! lives1 & leave !m 9 summ]1 pass+ into ! wat]4 ,fanciful beliefs ab\t aquatic creatures are common1 because x is n v easy to get at ! tru? :5 x is n m]ely at ! bottom ( a well b at ! bottom ( a riv] or ( ! deep sea6 ,! fi%]m5 ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 :o ?9k v highly ( _! own k & intellig5ce1 believe t ! little :ite sea-acorns or rock-b>nacles are ! "y ( ! limpets :i* live side by side ) !m1 & are scornful ( ^? :o d5y ! correctness ( :at !y consid] an obvi\s conclusion6 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,sc&9avian naturali/1 ,pet]s51 %[$ t ! 8silv]0 eels are a lat] /age ( gr[? ( ! 8yell[0 eels2 t !y acquire a silv]y coat1 & t ! eye increases 9 size--z a sort ( 8w$d+ dress10 j be=e !y g d[n to ! sea to bre$4 ,i owe to ,pet]s5's k9dness ! col\r$ draw+s ( ! heads ( ! yell[ & ! silv] eel reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,i4 ,^! silv] eels are caught 9 "s numb]s ab\t ! ,dani% coa/ & riv] m\?s1 mov+ d[nw>ds2 & ,pet]s5 has be5 able to di/+ui% ! males f ! females by f9d+ ! /ill incompletely =m$ milt & roe )9 ! silv] eels4 ,n only t1 b "o ( ,pet]s5's assi/ants at ! ,dani% ,biological ,/ation has f\nd t y c tell ! age ( an eel by ! zones or r+s %[n by its scales1 :5 exam9$ ) a microscope1 j z ! age ( trees c be told by ! annual r+s ( gr[? 9 ! wood4 ,mo/ p1 ev5 if famili> ) eels1 ev5 cooks :o h sk9n$ an eel1 d n "k t !y h scales2 b !y h1--v small ones4 ,! age ( o!r fi%es has be5 simil>ly asc]ta9$ by annual zones ( gr[? m>k$ on ! scales2 & lately ! age ( plaice has be5 f\nd to be conv5i5tly giv5 by zones ( gr[? =m$ annually on ! little e>-/ones :i* we f9d 9 ! liquid-hold+ sac ( ! int]nal e>4 ,i am afraid _m ( my read]s w be surpris$ to le>n t fi%es h an int]nal he>+ app>atus simil> to our own1 also t !y h olfactory organs1 &1 9 "s cases1 a well-gr[n tongue6 ,! p[] ?us obta9$ ( tell+ ! age ( an eel has l$ to ! foll[+ k ab\t !m1 namely1 t female eels d n become 8silv]0 eels & 8run d[n0 be=e !y are sev5 ye>s old1 & (t5 n till eight & a half ye>s ( age1 or ev5 sometimes elev5 or twelve ye>s1 :5 !y are ne>ly #c feet long4 ,! male eel becomes 8silv]0 7in/ead ( 8yell[07 at an e>li] age--f\r & a half ye>s1--& r>ely def]s 8 nuptial outbur/ until he is sev5 or eight ye>s old4 ,! females ( ! same age are l>g] ?an ! males2 a usual size = silv] females ( sev5 ye>s old is a little ov] #b feet1 & ( a silv] male ( ! same age #bj in*es4 ,! fur!r facts :i* ,i am ab\t to relate z to ! migration & reproduction ( ! common eel are ( great int]e/4 ,! common 8yell[0 eels ( our ponds & riv]s1 z we h se51 :5 !y are f five to sev5 ye>s old & ov]1 put on1 z x 71 a w$d+ dress4 ,!y become 8silv]0 eels1 & desc5d ! riv]s to ! sea4 ,!re !y produce _! spawn4 ,! "y eels ?us produc$1 :5 only #b in*es long1 leave ! sea4 ,e ye> !y asc5d ! e/u>ies & riv]s ( ,europe z 8elv]s0 9 enorm\s numb]s1 _! procession up ! riv]s be+ kn[n z 8! eel-f>e40 ,"s eels1 %ut up 9 moats & ponds1 nev] escape--!y become m or less 8silv]0 & re/less1 b fail to get away4 ,o!rs crawl up ! banks 9 wet1 w>m wea!r1 :5 ! ponds are full to ! brim1 & ov] ! mead[s4 ,!y are f\nd sometimes on _! j\rney :5 !y 8444 h to pass ,?r\gh ! dewy grass10 & s to ! riv]1 & on to ! m>riage fea/ 9 ! deep sea4 ,! fact is1 t usually eels inhabit 9 l>ge numb]s ! riv]s & /reams1 & h no difficulty 9 gett+ d[n to ! sea :5 !y are adult4 ,^? :o1 z "y elv]s1 h w&]$ f> (f into sunk5 ponds & res]voirs1 are ecc5tric spirits :o h lo/ ! normal way ( life2 l fell[s ( colleges 9 ! old days1 !y h cut !mselves (f f ! matrimonial 8runn+ d[n10 b !y h comp5sations 9 quietude1 abundant food1 & a long life4 ,we n[ "k :]e ! silv] eels g :5 !y run d[n ! riv]s4 ,!y g into ! sea1 ( c\rse2 b we "k m ?an t4 ,x has n[ be5 discov]$ t !y make _! way = _m miles along ! sea-bottom--9 "s cases hundr$s ( miles--to no less a dep? ?an #ejj fa?oms4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean !y don't h v f> to g1 = !re is v deep wat] ne> ! l&1 & ,pr(essor ,grassi f\nd evid5ce ( _! pres5ce 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a4 ,b ! eels ( ! riv]s :i* empty into ! ,nor? ,sea & ,engli% ,*annel h mu* f>!r to g2 !y h to g "r out to ! deep wat] ( ! ,atlantic1 (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,t is ! ne>e/ po9t :]e #ejj fa?oms c be t\*$2 !re is no su* dep? 9 ! ,nor? ,sea nor 9 ! ,*annel4 ,!y nev] come back1 & no "o has ev] yet track$ !m on _! j\rney to ! deep wat]4 ,yet we "k t !y g !re1 & lay _! eggs !re1 & t f ^! remote fa/nesses a new g5]ation ( eels1 born 9 8! d>k unfa?om$ dep?s ( ocean10 return e ye> 9 _! millions z little 8elv]s0 to ! riv]s f :i* _! p>5ts swam =? 9 silv] w$d+ dress4 ,soon1 we h reason to hope1 by ! use ( suitable deep-s9k+ nets1 we %all int]cept1 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 "s ( ! silv] eels on _! way to ! ,atlantic deeps4 ,!y mu/ g 9 va/ numb]s1 & yet no "o has yet come across !m4 ,h[1 !n1 d we "k t ! silv] eels ev] g to ?is #ejj-;fa?om abysm8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,"y /ages ( ! common eel1 drawn ( ! natural size by ,pr(essor ,grassi4 ,a1 ,! ,leptocephalus1 transp>5t /age4 ,d1 ! elv]1 or "y eel1 :i* is col\r$1 & ( mu* small] size ?an ! transp>5t1 col\rless creature by ! *ange ( :i* x is produc$4 ,x is ! elv] :i* swims 9 millions up our riv]s4 ,b & ,c are int]m$iate /ages1 %[+ ! gradual *ange ( ,a into ,d4 ,! answ] is z foll[s3 ,a v curi\s1 col\rless1 transp>5t1 absolutely glass-l1 little fi%1 #b in*es long1 oblong & leaf-l 9 %ape1 has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s z a r>ity1 to be caught n[ & !n1 "o at a "t1 float+ ne> ! top 9 summ] seas 7,fig4 #f74 ,i us$ to get x at ,naples occasionally _m ye>s ago1 & x has sometimes be5 tak5 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,x is kn[n by ! "n 8,leptocephalus40 ,plac$ 9 a glass j> full ( sea-wat] x is ne>ly invisible on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy & fre$om f col\r4 ,ev5 its blood is col\rless4 ,! eyes alone are col\r$1 & "o sees ^! z two isolat$ black globes mov+ my/]i\sly to ! "r & ! left z ! invisible gho/ly fi% swims ar\nd4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago "o ( ^! kept 9 an aqu>ium at ,rosc(f1 9 ,brittany1 gradually %runk 9 bread?1 became cyl9drical1 col\r$ & opaque1 & assum$ ! complete *>act]s ( a "y eel6 ,to cut a long /ory %ort1 ^! ,leptocephali 7 f\nd twelve ye>s ago 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! deep wat] 7#djj fa?oms7 ( ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a by ! ,italian naturali/s ,grassi & ,cal&ruccio1 & !y conclusively %[$ t !y 7 ! "y phase--! tadpole1 z x 7--( eels4 ,!y %[$ t diff]5t k9ds ( eels--cong] eels1 ! ,murna1 & ! common eel--h ea* _! own k9d ( transp>5t 8,leptocephalus-"y-phase10 liv+ 9 b also above ! v deep wat]1 9 :i* !y are hat*$ f ! eggs ( ! p>5t eels4 ,! ,leptocephalus-"y :5 hat*$1 gr[ rapidly1 & asc5d to ne> ! surface imm$iately above ! deep wat]1 & are caught at dep?s ( t5 to a hundr$ fa?oms4 ,to become 8elv]s10 or "y eels1 !y h to und]go great *ange ( %ape & col\r1 & actually %r9k 9 bulk--a process :i* has n[ be5 completely obs]v$ & describ$4 ,x is n surpris+ t _! true nature 0 n at fir/ recognis$4 ,! pro( t ! silv] eels ( ,nor? & ,we/ ,europe g d[n to ! #ejj-;fa?om l9e (f ! ,iri% coa/1 9 ord] to lay _! eggs1 is t ! ,dani% naturali/ ,s*midt & 8 companions discov]$ !re two ye>s ago1 above ^! great dep?s 7& n[h]e else71 by employ+ a special k9d ( f9e-me%$ trawl+ net1 _m ?\s&s ( ! flat1 glass-l 8,leptocephalus-"y-/age10 or tadpole ( ! common eel1 & trac$ !m f !re to _! entrance into ! v>i\s riv]s4 ,!y %[$ t ! ,leptocephali gradually *ange on ! way l&w>d into eel-l 8elv]s40 ,! riv]s ne>e/ ! deep wat]1 su* z ^? op5+ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& & on ! ,spani% & ,fr5* %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 get _! elv]s 8runn+ up0 z e>ly z ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y4 ,! f>!r (f ! riv] ! f>!r ! elv]s h to travel f ! deep-sea nurs]y1 s t 9 ,d5m>k !y don't appe> until ,may4 ,n ! lea/ curi\s "p ( ! migration ( ! eel is ! passage ( ! "y elv]s into ! high] p>ts ( riv]s & remote /reams4 ,!y are sometimes se5 a hundr$ miles f ! sea1 actually wriggl+ 9 numb]s up ! face ( a damp rock or wall t5 or fifte5 feet high1 pu%+ "o ano!r f bel[ upw>ds1 s z to scale ! ob/acle & rea* high] wat]s1 l ,japanese soldi]s at a =t4 ,i f\nd !m 7s long ago t ,i hesitate to "n ! date--x 0 a ye> ( *ol]a 9 ,london1 foll[$ by a great w>7 9 a little rivulet :i* comes d[n ! cliff at ,ecclesb\rne1 ne> ,ha/+s1 close to a cottage frequ5t$ at t "t by ,d\glas ,j]rold4 ,!y 7 wriggl+ up 9 ! damp grass & ov]fl[ ( ! driblet #aej feet above ! %ore1 a /one's ?r[ bel[4 ,!y mu/ h come out ( ! sea1 attract$ by ! t9y ?read ( fre% wat] ent]+ x at ?is spot4 ,! ,danube & its tribut>y /reams conta9 no eels1 al?\gh ! riv]s :i* op5 into ! ,m$it]ranean are well /ock$ ) !m4 ,?is is suppos$ to be due to ! fact t ! ,black ,sea does n af=d a suitable bre$+-gr\nd1 & t ! way ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles is clos$ to eels by "s natural law1 z x has be5 to w>%ips by treaty4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t ! geological *anges 9 ! area ( sea & l& are intimately connect$ ) ! migrations ( ! eel1 & t ! eel is orig9ally a m>9e fi% :i* did n 9 remote ages travel f> f ! deep wat]s4 ,its gradually acquir$ habit ( runn+ up fre% wat]s to fe$ has l$ x /ep by /ep into a frequ5tation ( c]ta9 riv]s :i* h become 7by *anges ( l& & sea7 inconv5i5tly remote f its ance/ral haunts4 ,an int]e/+ "q is :e!r at ! n v di/ant p]iod :5 !re 0 cont9u\s l& jo9+ ,engl& to ,france & ! ,?ames & ! ,rh9e _h a common m\? op5+ into ! ,nor? ,sea1 eels exi/$ 9 ! area dra9$ by ^? two riv]s2 &1 if s1 by :at r\te did !y pass z silv] eels to ! deep sea1 & by :at r\te did ! new g5]ations ( "y eels hat*$ 9 ! deep sea travel to ! ,?ames & ,rh9e4 ,x seems mo/ probable t 9 ^? days !re 7 no eels 9 ! ,?ames & o!r ,nor? ,sea riv]s4 ,our pres5t k ( ! romantic hi/ory ( ! common eel ( our own riv]s we owe 9 l>ge "p to ! "w done by ! ,int]national ,committee = ! ,inve/igation ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,:o w\ld ev] h imag9$ :5 he caught a wriggl+ eel1 ) a hook & worm ?r[n into a /agnant pool 9 ! ,midl&s1 t ! muddy creature 0 "s five or six ye>s ago liv+ z a glass-l leaf-%ap$ prodigy 9 ! ,atlantic dep?s1 a hundr$ miles f ,irel&8 ,:o w\ld h dream$ t x _h come all t long j\rney by its own ef=ts1 & w\ld probably1 if x _h n be5 hook$1 h wriggl$ "o summ]'s night out ( ! pond1 across wet mead[s1 into a dit*1 & s to ! riv]1 & back to ! sea1 & to ! f>-away orgy 9 ! d>k salt wat]s ( ! ocean-floor1 to ! consummation ( its life & its /range1 my/]i\s end+8 ,!re are two po9ts ( int]e/ to be m5tion$ 9 reg>d to ! riv]s ,danube & ,?ames 9 connection ) eels4 ,i h tru/wor?y reports ( ! v r>e occurr5ce ( eels 9 /reams connect$ ) ! ,danube4 ,s9ce ! "y elv]s d n asc5d ! ,danube1 :]e d ^! r>e specim5s come f8 ,!re c be no d\bt t !y h made _! way individually into ! ,danube 8sy/em0 by migration ?r\gh canals or dit*es f tribut>ies ( ! ,rh9e or ! ,elbe4 ,a simil> explanation has to be (f]$ ( ! eels :i* at pres5t inhabit ! ,?ames4 ,i _c f9d any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce to-day ( an 8eel-f>e0--t is1 8a runn+ up ( elv]s0 9 ! riv] ,?ames4 ,probably ab\t ! same "t z ! f\l poison+ ( ! ,?ames wat] by ,london sewage & *emical works put an end to ! asc5t ( ! salmon 7ab\t ! ye> #ahcj71 ! entrance ( ! myriad sw>m ( "y eels 9 _! annual procession f ! sea also ceas$4 ,! elv]s 7 caught & made into fi%-cakes 9 ,london be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 j z !y are to-day at ,gl\ce/]4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k exactly :5 !y ceas$ to appe> 9 ! ,?ames4 ,a curi\s fact1 h[ev]1 is t "y eels--n s small z 8elv]s10 b f ?ree in*es 9 l5g? upw>ds--are tak5 close above ,london ev5 to-day4 ,f\r ye>s ago ,i obta9$ a numb] ( ?is small size f ,t$d+ton4 ,! "q arises z to :e!r ^! specim5s repres5t j a small numb] ( elv]s :i* h manag$ to swim ?r\gh ! f\l wat] ( ,london & em]ge into ! clean] "p ( ! riv] above4 ,?is is improbable4 ,x is m likely t !y h come into ! ,?ames by travell+ up o!r riv]s su* z ! ,avon--:i* are connect$ by cutt+s ) ! ,?ames tribut>ies4 ,b x c]ta9ly is rem>kable t eels ( only ?ree in*es 9 l5g?--& !re=e v "y--%\ld h manag$ to get n m]ely 8into0 ! ,?ames 7to ! upp] p>ts ( :i* no d\bt _m ?us travel & rema9 dur+ gr[?71 b actually 8d[n0 ! ,?ames s f> 9 ! direction ( its tidal wat] z is ,t$d+ton lock4 ,! specim5s f ,t$d+ton 7 plac$ by me 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,x ,,mod]n ,,horses ,,& ,,_! ,,ance/ors ,! ev]-increas+ developm5t ( motor traffic leads to speculation z to :at is to be 9 ! imm$iate future ! fate ( ! horse4 ,:at is its hi/ory 9 ! pa/8 ,x is 9 ne>ly all cases a matt] ( great difficulty to trace ! animals & plants :i* mank9d has dome/icat$ or cultivat$ to ! orig9al wild /ock f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$4 ,lately we h ga9$ new k on ! orig9 ( ! dome/icat$ bre$s ( ! horse4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! ,mongolian wild horse repres5ts ! *ief /ock f :i* ! horses ( ,europe & ^? convey$ by ,europeans to ,am]ica 7 d]iv$4 ,?is wild horse 0 =m]ly kn[n z inhabit+ ! ,kirghiz /eppes1 & 0 call$ ! ,t>pan4 ,x became ext9ct !re "s sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,! natives ( t di/rict ass]t$ t ! pure bre$ 0 only to be met ) f>!r ,ea/ 9 ! ,gobi ,des]t ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! ,t>pan itself %[$ signs ( mix$ blood 9 hav+ a m\se-col\r$ coat1 :i* is a sure indication among/ horses ( cross-bre$+4 ,prevalsky1 a ,russian travell]1 0 ! fir/ to obta9 specim5s ( ! pure-br$ wild horse ( ! ,gobi ,des]t1 :i* /ill exi/s4 ,live specim5s h be5 br\ght to ,europe1 & "s are 9 ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,b$=d4 ,a female is m\nt$ & exhibit$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 & also a skeleton & skulls4 ,prevalsky's horse1 or ! ,mongolian wild horse1 is ( small /ature1 /&+ ab\t twelve h&s at ! %\ld]4 ,! root ( ! tail is %ort-hair$1 ! mane %ort & upright1 )\t =elock4 ,! body col\r is yell[ dun1 ! mane & tail black1 z well z ! l[] "p ( ! legs1 & !re is a d>k /ripe d[n ! back4 ,! muzzle 9 pure-br$ specim5s is :ite4 ,! head is relatively l>ge & ! muzzle ?ick & relatively %ort4 ,a v decid$ "* is %[n by ! great size & relative l5g? ( ! r[ ( *eek-tee?1 x be+ "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! same r[ ( tee? 9 a ,d>tmoor pony ( ! same /ature4 ,a v int]e/+ fact1 :i* goes a long way to e/abli% ! view t ! ,european dome/icat$ horse is d]iv$ f ! ,mongolian wild horse1 comes to u 9 a mo/ /rik+ way f "s ( ! mo/ anci5t records ( ! human race4 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,france ! cont5ts ( caves =m]ly inhabit$ by m5 h be5 dug out & exam9$ ) increas+ c>e & accuracy ( late ye>s1 ?\gh fir/ inve/igat$ fifty ye>s ago4 ,simil> caves1 ?\gh n s prolific ( evid5ces ( human occupation1 h be5 explor$ 9 ,engl& 7,k5t's ,cav]n at ,torquay1 & o!rs74 ,! a/\nd+ fact has n[ become q cle> t ^! caves 7 inhabit$ by m5 ( no mean capacity f #ej1jjj to #bej1jjj ye>s ago1 :5 bone h>poons1 fl9t knives1 fl9t scrap]s1 & bone javel9-?r[]s 7 ! *ief weapons 9 use1 :5 ^! isl&s 7 solidly jo9$ to ! ,european cont95t1 :5 a %eet ( glacial ice1 alt]nately retreat+ & ext5d+1 cov]$ ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & :5 ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 hy5a1 lion1 be>1 bison1 great ox1 horse1 & lat] ! re9de]1 inhabit$ ! l& & 7 hunt$1 eat51 & utilis$ = _! bone1 tusks1 & sk9 by ^! anci5t m54 ,i rev]t to ?is subject 9 a lat] article 7page #cga71 b w\ld m]ely say n[ t x is all z c]ta9 & well-e/abli%$ a *apt] 9 man's hi/ory z t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o are really q mod]n 7dat+ f #hjjj ye>s at mo/7 z comp>$ ) ^! cave-m5 ( #ej1jjj ye>s ago1 & ! ev5 e>li] races :i* prec$$ !m 9 ,europe4 ,! bones ( ! animals kill$ & eat5 by ! cave-m5 are f\nd 9 "s cases 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,9 "o locality 9 ,france ! bones ( z _m z #hj1jjj horses 7:i* _h be5 cook$ & eat57 h be5 dug up & c\nt$6 ,! mo/ wond]ful & extraord9>y ?+ ab\t ^! cave-m5 is t !y c>v$ complete r\nd$ sculptures1 high reliefs1 l[ reliefs1 & l9e-engrav+s on mammo?'s ivory1 on re9de] horn1 on bones1 & on /ones--! l9e-engrav+s be+ ! late/ 9 date1 z %[n by _! position 9 ! deposits on ! floor ( ! caves1 :i* are (t5 z mu* z tw5ty feet or ?irty feet 9 ?ickness6 ,n only t1 b ^! c>v+s are (t5 real works ( art1 extremely well drawn1 & %[+ n m]e *ildi% ef=t b "w :i* 0 done ) ! int5tion & control ( an arti/'s m9d4 ,an imm5se numb] ( ^! c>v+s are n[ kn[n4 ,i h be=e me "o ( ! mo/ rec5t publications on ! subject--a s]ies ( plates %[+ ! c>v+s collect$ f caves 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,dordogne1 & ! ,l&es by ,m4 ,piette1 :o rec5tly di$4 ,i h exam9$ 8 collection & o!rs ( ! same k9d 9 ! great ,museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 ne> ,p>is4 ,we h 9 ,london "s ( ! e>li] collections1 & especially t ( ! ,vicomte de ,la/ic1 to pur*ase :i* my old fri5d ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 j\rney$ to ! ,dordogne 9 ! w9t] ( #ahfd4 ,_m animals1 z well z "s human be+s 7,fig4 #g71 are repres5t$ 9 ^! c>v+s--! mammo? itself1 c>v$ on a piece ( its own ivory1 is among !m1 & a good _m repres5t ! horse 7,fig4 #h74 ,n[ x is a fact t ! c>v+s ( ! horses ( t p]iod und\bt$ly repres5t a horse :i* is id5tical 9 proportions1 %ape ( head1 mane1 & tail1 ) ! wild ,mongolian horse1 & is unlike 9 ^? po9ts to mod]n ,european horses1 or to ! ,arabian horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,draw+ 7( ! actual size ( ! orig9al7 ( an ivory c>v+ 7fully r\nd$7 ( a female head4 ,! specim5 0 f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,brassemp\y1 9 ! ,l&es4 ,x is ( ! e>lie/ re9de] p]iod1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! hair or cap is rem>kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,draw+ 7( ! actual size ( ! orig9al7 ( a fully r\nd$ c>v+ 9 re9de]'s antl] ( ! head ( a neigh+ horse4 ,! head resembles t ( ! ,mongolian horse4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ arti/ic ( ! cave-m5's c>v+s yet discov]$4 ,x is ( ! ,paloli?ic age 7e>ly re9de] p]iod71 probably n less ?an fifty ?\s& ye>s old4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,mas d',azil1 ,arige1 ,france1 & is n[ 9 ! museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,x 01 until ! discov]ies ( ,m4 ,piette1 held t ?\gh ! cave-m5 kill$1 ate1 & made pictures ( ! horse ( ^? remote days1 yet t !y did n tame x1 put a halt] or a bridle on x1 & make use ( x4 ,"s ( ! c>v+s figur$ by ,m4 ,piette leave1 h[ev]1 no room = d\bt t ! cave-m5 fitt$ a bridle to ! head & muzzle ( ! horse4 ,^! c>v+s 7,fig4 #i7 %[ a twi/$ ?ong plac$ r\nd ! nose & pass+ ne> ! angle ( ! m\? :]e x is possible1 ?\gh n c]ta91 t a 8bit0 0 ins]t$4 ,connect$ to ?is ma9 encircl+ ?ong are f\r twi/$ cords 7on ea* side ( ! head71 :i* run horizontally backw>ds1 & ! two l[] ( ^! are jo9$ by a flat1 plate-l piece1 :i* is ornam5t$4 ,! :ole app>atus is fur!r connect$ to a twi/$ cord on ea* side1 :i* runs t[>ds ! back ( ! head1 b x is n %[n 9 ! c>v+ :at becomes ( x4 ,?us x seems cle> n only t ! cave-m5 ( ^! remote ages 7 wond]ful arti/s1 b t !y ma/]$ & muzzl$ ! horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,draw+ 7( ! actual size ( ! orig9al7 ( a flat c>v+ 9 %\ld]-bone1 ( a horse's head1 %[+ twi/$ rope-bridle & trapp+s4 a appe>s to repres5t a flat ornam5t$ b& ( wood or sk9 connect+ ! muzzl+ rope b ) o!r pieces c & d4 ,?is specim5 is f ! cave ( ,/4 ,mi*el d',arudy1 & is ( ! re9de] p]iod4 ,?is1 & o!rs l x1 are 9 ! museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,"s ( ! engrav+s ( horses' heads seem to indicate ! exi/5ce ( a horse alongside ! common] =m ) a n>r[]1 m tap]+ face1 & may possibly be due to ! introduction1 ev5 at t remote p]iod1 ( ano!r race di/9ct f ! ,nor!rn or ,mongolian wild horse4 ,t ?is admixture ( a di/9ct & m sl5d] horse ) ! ,nor!rn horse has tak5 place ov] & ov] aga9 9 hi/orical times is a matt] ( k4 ,! "q is1 :5 did x fir/ take place1 & :]e did ! m sl5d] horse come f8 ,9 lat] days we "k ?is m %apely bre$ z ! ,arab & ! ,b>b1 & ! introduction ( its blood at v>i\s times into ! m ,nor!rn /ock is well asc]ta9$4 ,! late/ great hi/orical case ( su* admixture is ! production ( ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by su* sires z ! ,d>ley ,arabian1 ! ,godolph9 ,b>b1 & ! ,bri]ley ,turk1 ^: blood is transmitt$ to mod]n racehorses ?r\gh ! great hi/oric sires1 ,h]od1 ,mat*em1 & ,eclipse1 ! ance/ors ( practically all mod]n racehorses4 ,! horse ( m ,s\!rn orig9 ?us recognis$ z di/9ct f ! prehi/oric ,european horse1 x is n[ conv5i5t to speak ( z ! ,s\!rn or ,arabian horse4 ,!re are c]ta9 curi\s /ructural features :i* seem to m>k ^! horses & _! (fspr+1 ev5 :5 _! /ra9 is bl5d$ ) t ( ! m ,nor!rn horse4 ,probably f ! "t ( ! cave-m5 onw>d ! selective bre$+ ( horses has be5 c>ri$ on1 s t 9 _m bre$s size has be5 va/ly increas$4 ,x is an important fact t ! ,engli% racehorse has nev] be5 select$ & br$ = 8po9ts0 7z cattle & %eep are71 b always by p]=mance on ! racec\rse4 ,?us x becomes an extremely int]e/+ matt] to see :at are ! *anges :i* ! bre$] ( ?or\ghbr$ /ock has unconsci\sly produc$--:at are ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! racehorse ( to-day & t ( #ej1 #ajj1 & #aej ye>s ago4 ,?is 0 po9t$ out to me by ! late ,duke ( ,devon%ire z a reason = support+ my proposal to secure & place 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ! skulls1 limb-bones1 ho(s1 & o!r inde/ructible p>ts ( great racehorses 7& ( o!r bre$s71 & also = hav+ v accurately measur$ r$uc$ models made ( su* horses1 9 ord] t we may aft] "s ye>s comp>e ! proportions & /ructure at pres5t arriv$ at ) ! lat] developm5ts :i* ! cont9ual selection ( w9n]'s blood 9 bre$+ mu/ unconsci\sly produce4 ,su* a collection 0 />t$ by me 9 ! museum1 b x ne$s ! assi/ance ( own]s ( horses--bo? z to plac+ record specim5s 9 ! museum & 9 pay+ = ! prep>ation ( accurately r$uc$ models by compet5t arti/s4 ,x already comprises ! skulls ( ,/ockwell1 ,b5d ,or1 & ,ormonde1 & sev]al c>efully made r$uc$ models ( celebrat$ horses4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,engli% racehorse has increas$ 9 size4 ,he is a bigg] animal to-day ?an he 0 #bjj ye>s ago1 & ! op9ion ( ! be/ au?orities is t he has increas$ on ! av]age an in* 9 height at ! )]s 9 e tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! racehorse has a mu* long] ?igh-bone & upp]-arm bone 79 proportion to ! re/ ( ! leg7 ?an has ! c>t-horse1 & x is probable t ?is l5g? has be5 cont9ually increas$ by ! selection ( w9n]s = bre$+4 ,!re are o!r po9ts ( sci5tific int]e/ z to mod]n horses & _! =efa!rs :i* are illu/rat$ by valuable specim5s & prep>ations plac$ by me 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,all ^? hairy w>m-blood$ quadrup$s :i* suckle _! "y1 & are h5ce call$ mammals1 are ! desc5dants ( small five-to$ ance/ors ab\t ! size ( a spaniel4 ,?is is equally true ( ! elephant1 ! gorilla1 ! horse1 & ! ox4 ,9 ! s&s & clays deposit$ s9ce ! "t ( ! *alk-sea1 ! rema9s 7bones & tee?7 ( ! ance/ors ( liv+ mammals are f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,^! s&s & clays are call$ 8! ,t]ti>ies10 & are divid$ into l[]1 middle1 & upp]--:il/ we recognise z 8,po/-,t]ti>ies0 7or ,quat]n>y7 ! lat] =m$ gravel & cave deposits 9 :i* ! rema9s & weapons ( ! cave-m5 h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,t]ti>ies consi/ ( a s]ies ( deposits am\nt+ to ab\t #cjjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & !y h tak5 sev]al million ye>s 9 deposit+--no "o c say h[ _m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hipp>ion ,,horse ,,fig4 #aj4--,to ! left1 ! =e-foot ( ! horse-ance/or1 ,hipp>ion1 %[+ ?ree toes3 to ! "r1 ! back view ( a long bone ( a mod]n horse's foot1 ) rudim5ts ( out] toes1 call$ spl9t-bones4 ,9 ! upp] ,t]ti>y we f9d ! rema9s ( a k9d ( horse 7! ,hipp>ion71 ) well-develop$ 8petti-toes0 7l ^? ( a pig7 on ea* side ( ! big c5tral toe 7,fig4 #aj74 ,9 ! middle ,t]ti>y we f9d small] ance/ral horses1 ) ?ree toes ( ne>ly equal size1 & 9 ! l[] ,t]ti>y a horse-ance/or z small z a fox-h\nd 7! ,hyraco!rium71 ) f\r toes on its front foot & ?ree on its h9d foot4 ,com+ v close to ?is 9 g5]al "* is ano!r small ext9ct animal ( ! same age1 ) five toes on ea* foot4 ,z ! toes h dw9dl$ 9 numb] & size1 leav+ at la/ only ! big c5tral toe 7z we pass upw>d f ! small ance/ors to ! big mod]n horse71 s ! *eek-tee?1 too1 h *ang$4 ,at fir/ !y _h %all[ cr[ns & divid$ fangs1 & %[$ f\r prom95ces on ! cr[n :i* 7 little1 if at all1 worn d[n dur+ life4 ,b z ! horse became a bigg] animal & took to eat+ co>se too?-we>+ grass1 8 tee? became deep]1 & cont9u$ to gr[ = a long "t1 :il/ ! cr[n 0 rubb$ d[n by ! h>d food1 & a curi\sly complex patt]n 0 br\ght into view by ! exposure ( ! irregul> bosses ( ! cr[n 9 cross section4 ,&1 mean:ile1 ! size & proportions ( ! horse-ance/ors *ang$ until1 aft] be+ pig-l1 !n tapir-l1 !y acquir$ ! p]fect =m & size = fleet & prolong$ movem5t ov] firm1 grass-gr[n pla9s4 ,horses & o!r l>ge animals h to run1 n only to escape pursuit by c>nivor\s enemies1 b 9 ord] to travel1 be=e !y die f ?ir/1 f a region sudd5ly dri$ up by dr\ght to a region :]e wat] c be _h4 ,_m ?\s&s ( wild animals p]i% e ye> f local dr\ghts 9 ,africa4 ,no small animals c exi/ 9 regions liable to be affect$ by sudd5 dr\ght4 ,?ree-to$ horses1 l ! upp] ,t]ti>y ,hipp>ion1 are occasionally born z 8mon/rosities0 f ord9>y horses at ! pres5t day4 ,all horses h ! remnant ( a toe on ea* side ( ! big c5tral toe--9 ! =m ( spl9t-bones--conceal$ b5ea? ! sk94 ,9 "s bre$s1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,%ire0 horses1 :i* h enorm\s hairy feet 9 proportion to _! huge /r5g? & weight1 ^! spl9t-bones t5d to develop ?ree little toe-jo9ts1 :i* are immovable1 b obvi\sly are 8petti-toes40 ,x is relat$ by ,suetonius t ,julius ,cs> us$ to ride a fav\rite horse :i* _h sev]al toes on ea* foot ) claws l a lion4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! 8mon/rosities0 allud$ to above1 a ?r[-back to ! ance/ral _m-to$ condition4 ,specim5s illu/rat+ ^!1 & all else :i* ,i am "h relat+ conc]n+ horses1 & mu* m :i* ,i h n space to tell1 may be se5 9 ! ,nor? ,hall ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,skulls ( horses & ( de] to %[ ! pre-orbital pit or cups pf1 & its abs5ce 9 ! ,mongolian 7,prevalsky's7 horse4 ,! ?ree-to$ ance/ral horse1 ,hipp>ion1 atta9$ a fair size 7t ( a big donkey71 & 0 %ap$ l ! rec5t fleet "o-to$ horses4 ,9 ! skull 9 front ( ! orbit1 ! ,hipp>ion has a /rongly m>k$ depression 9 ! bone1 z long & broad z a h5's egg1 & 9 %ape l "o-half ( an egg cut ?r\gh longwise 7see ,fig4 #aa pf74 ,^! pre-orbital cavities are kn[n 9 de]1 %eep1 & antelopes2 !y lodge a gl& resembl+ ! te>-gl&1 :i* has1 itself1 a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,simil> 8gl&s0 are f\nd 9 ! feet & ankle-jo9ts ( %eep & de]4 ,! fluid :i* !y secrete probably has an od\r 7n readily notic$ by man7 :i* helps to keep ! h]d toge!r1 or1 on c]ta9 tracks :5 ! fluid is sme>$ on to h]bage4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! skulls ( ! wild ,mongolian horse & ( ! fossil horse ( ! cave-m51 z also ^? ( ! common] ,european bre$s1 h no trace ( ?is pre-orbital cup or ( ! gl& :i* ,hipp>ion1 _! ?ree-to$ ance/or1 possess$4 ,nor1 inde$1 h ! asses & zebras4 ,b ! ,s\!rn horse1 ! ,arab1 & all ! bre$s into :i* 8 blood has prom95tly ent]$--z1 = in/ance1 ! ,engli% rac] 7s-call$ 8?or\ghbr$07 & ! 8,%ire0 horse 7:i* is d]iv$ f ! old ,engli% w>-horse1 9 ! mak+ ( :i* c]ta9ly f\r hundr$ ye>s ago ,arab blood & heavy ,nor!rn /ock 7 m+l$71 d %[1 z a rule1 a well-m>k$ if %all[1 cup-l depression 9 front ( ! orbit6 ,9 fact1 z ,mr4 ,lydekk] has po9t$ out1 ! pres5ce ( ?is 8pre-orbital cup0 is evid5ce ( ! desc5t ( its possessor f ,arab ance/ry4 ,_m specim5s ( horses' skulls %[+ ?is 8cup0 are exhibit$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,we h n be5 able to f9d any trace ( a gl& l ! 8l>mi]0 ( de] & ! 8crum50 ( antelopes on exam9+ ! s(t tissues :i* ov]lie ?is cavity 9 horses ( ,arab desc5t1 b x is n improbable t occasional in/ances ( su* survival w "s day come to light4 ,a v int]e/+ fact 9 connection ) ?is concavity & its indication ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,nor!rn 7,mongolian7 & ! ,s\!rn 7,arabian7 horse is t 9 ,india a fossil horse ( v late ,t]ti>y date has be5 f\nd1 a true "o-to$ horse1 n a ,hipp>ion1 :i* has ! pre-orbital cup well m>k$1 & is possibly ! ance/or ( ! ,arab4 ,!re is no v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! wild horse & wild asses & zebras4 ,!y are di/9ct 8species10 b w bre$ toge!r & produce 8mules10 :i* 9 r>e cases appe> to be !mselves f]tile1 al?\gh ?is is d\btful4 ,! inn] causes ( ! inf]tility ( mules are n really kn[n or und]/ood4 ,nor1 9 fact1 d we "k really & exp]im5tally :at are ! causes ( fecundity & ( infecundity 9 normally pair$ animals1 includ+ mank9d4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to mod]n ,/atecraft t ?is subject %\ld be /udi$1 & !re is a great field = exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,a cle> m>k ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! horse & ! o!r species ( ! g5us ,equus 7namely1 ! ,asiatic & ,african asses & ! zebras7 is f\nd 9 ! curi\s w>t-l knobs#a on ! legs1 :i* are call$ 8*e/nuts40 ,^! w>ty knobs appe> to be ! rema9s 9 a 8dri$ up0 condition ( gl&s1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! legs ( de] 9 a simil> position1 & secrete a glairy fluid4 ,9 new-born colts !y sometimes exude a fluid1 & also m r>ely 9 adult horses4 ,! fluid attracts o!r horses 7probably by its smell71 & also causes dogs to keep quiet4 ,! horse has "o ( ^! w>t-l 8*e/nuts0 above ! wri/ jo9t 7s-call$ knee7 on ! inn] side ( ! =e-leg4 ,& s h all ! asses & zebras4 ,b ! horse 7,fig4 #ab7 has also a simil> 8*e/nut0 on ! inn] side ( ea* ( its h9d-legs1 bel[ ! heel-bone1 or 8hock40 ,?is h9d-leg *e/nut is abs5t 9 all asses & zebras4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! horse & ass c be te/$ by my read]s on any roadside by _! own obs]vation4 ,! h9d-leg *e/nut is also abs5t 9 c]ta9 bre$s ( ponies f ,icel& & ! ,hebrides4 ,its pres5ce & abs5ce are int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! disappe>ance ( ! face-gl& or pre-orbital gl& 9 all rec5t horses1 asses1 & zebras4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,=e & h9d legs ( horse & ass1 to %[ ! 8*e/nuts10 & ! abs5ce ( t /ructure f ! h9d-leg ( ! ass4 ,! 8*e/nuts0 ( ! horse h sometimes be5 comp>$ errone\sly to ! 8pads0 on ! feet ( o!r animals1 & suppos$ to be survivals ( a 8pad0 9 ea* foot correspond+ to ! inn] ( ! ?ree toes ( ! ,hipp>ion4 ,! real repres5tative1 9 ! horse1 ( ! *ief pad ( ! foot ( animals :i* d n 7z ! horse does7 walk on ! v tip ( ! toe1 is a little knob call$ ! 8ergot40 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ac1 %[s h[ ?is ergot corresponds to ! *ief pad ( ! ?ree-to$ tapir's foot1 & s to t ( ! dog also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,diagram ( ! "u surface ( ! foot 9 ! dog1 tapir1 & horse1 to %[ t ! horny knob ( ! horse's foot1 call$ ! 8ergot10 corresponds to ! c5tral 8pad0 ( ! o!r two4 ,! abs5ce ( liv+ horses1 or ( any k9d ( ass or zebra1 f ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 :5 fir/ colonis$ by ,europeans 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 is a v s+ul> fact4 ,= we f9d a great numb] & v>iety ( fossil rema9s ( ext9ct horses 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x seems possible t "s epidemic disease swept !m f ! :ole ,cont95t n v _m c5turies be=e ,europeans arriv$--= !re is evid5ce 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ( ! co-exi/5ce !re ( peculi> k9ds ( horse ) ! 8,indian0 natives4 ,x is ev5 alleg$ t ,cabot1 9 #aecj1 saw horses 9 ,arg5t9a1 :i* 7 ! la/ survivors ( ! native ,s\? ,am]ican species4 ,& x is also said t ! ,araucanian ,indians ( ,patagonia h a peculi> bre$ ( ponies1 :i* may be d]iv$ 9 "p f a native ,s\? ,am]ican /ock4 ,i h nev] be5 able to procure a skull ( ?is bre$1 or any detail$ description ( x4 ,:at is q c]ta9 is t 9 ! great cave ( ,ultima ,sp]anza1 9 ,patagonia--f :i* ! hairy sk91 dri$ fle% & blood1 & unalt]$ dung z well z ! bones1 ( ! giant slo? ,mylodon 7 obta9$--a great numb] ( ! horny ho(s1 & ! tee? ( a peculi> horse 7 also f\nd "s eight ye>s ago1 & are pres]v$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 toge!r ) ! rema9s ( ! giant slo?4 ,! condition ( ^! rema9s is su* t !y _c be _m c5turies old4 ,! animals appe> to h be5 contemporane\s ) an e>ly race ( ,indians :o made use ( ! cave be=e ! arrival ( ,europeans4 ,a skull ( "o & a skeleton ( ano!r ( ! peculi> ext9ct ,s\? ,am]ican horses 7call$ ,onohippidium & ,hippidium71 :i* surviv$ until a late p]iod 9 ,patagonia & may possibly h be5 se5 by ,cabot1 are %[n 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,_! bones are f\nd 9 ! sup]ficial gravel & s& ( ! pampas4 ,to rev]t = a mom5t to ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$4 ,x appe>s t 9 ,engl& 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a happy new infusion ( ! ,arab race ) t ( exi/+ /ock 7:i* already conta9$ "s ,arab blood mix$ ) t ( ! ,nor!rn race7 produc$ once & = all a v p]fect & successful bre$4 ,t bre$ did n d]ive spe$ f ! ,arab1 b 8/am9a10--probably a p[]ful he>t4 ,x did n d]ive its size f ! ,arab1 b ! cross prov$ to be a l>ge horse4 ,x has nev] be5 improv$ s9ce by any fur!r admixture ( ,arab or ,s\!rn blood4 ,h5ce ! 7at fir/ sight7 mislead+ "n 8?or\ghbr$40 ,?is "n is n int5d$ to imply t ! bre$ is n orig9ally a 8bl5d10 b t ^? horses s call$ are pure-br$ f ! happy & wond]ful mixture :i* a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago 0 embodi$ 9 ! great sires ,mat*em1 ,h]od1 & ,eclipse4 ,,footnotes #a ,! names 8mal&]0 & 8sal&]0 h be5 rec5tly appli$ by zoological writ]s1 app>5tly by misconception1 to ^! 8callosities0 or 8*e/nuts40 ,^? names are us$ by vet]9>y surgeons to describe a diseas$ condition ( ?is "p ( ! horse's leg 7,italian 8mal &>e071 & d n apply to ! 8*e/nut0 itself1 :i* is sometimes call$ 8ca/or40 ,,xi ,a ,,rival ,,( ,,! ,,fabl$ ,,upas ,,tree ,we are s accu/om$ n[adays to dang] to life & heal? f m9ute1 invisible g]ms1 & to ex]t+ all our skill 9 ord] to de/roy !m1 t ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( l>ge & beautiful trees 9 our mid/ :i* c1 & d1 cause t]rible disease & suff]+ by _! m]e pres5ce1 comes z a %ock1 & produces a peculi> s5se ( insecurity great] ev5 ?an t excit$ by unse5 micro-organisms4 ,= ! trees ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak are cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s1 tra9$ up aga9/ ! walls ( our h\ses ) lov+ c>e1 & admir$ = ! beautiful autumn t9ts ( _! leaves4 ,yet x is n[ c]ta9 t !y are ! cause 9 _m p]sons ( mo/ t]rible suff]+ & illness4 ,i am glad to be able to w>n my read]s 9 reg>d to ^! plants1 & ,i %all be v mu* int]e/$ to he> :e!r ! in=mation :i* ,i am ab\t to give proves to be ( value 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,a m>ri$ c\ple1 fri5ds ( my own1 w5t to live1 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ago1 9 a newly built1 deta*$ h\se1 /&+ 9 its own g>d51 9 ! neighb\rhood ( an ,engli% city4 ,aft] !y _h be5 !re two ye>s ! lady develop$ a v pa9ful eruption or eczema on ! face1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 caus$ ! eyes1 nose1 & lips to swell to an extraord9>y degree1 accompani$ by ! =mation ( bli/]s & break+ ( ! sk94 ,! affection spread to ! body1 & caus$ con/ant pa9 & correspond+ pro/ration4 ,h] m$ical att5dants 7 unable ei!r to cure or to acc\nt = h] condition4 ,aft] "s mon?s %e left home1 & entirely recov]$4 ,b e ye> ! same di/ress+ & disfigur+ illness attack$ h] 7comm5c+ 9 ! mon? ( ,june71 & disappe>$ z soon z %e left h] h\se1 only to return :5 %e came back to x4 ,! doctors spoke ( h] affliction z a my/]i\s =m ( erysipelas1 & ev5 sugge/$ blood-poison+ z ! cause4 ,= long p]iods %e 0 s ill & 9 s mu* pa9 t %e 0 unable to see h] fri5ds1 & h] life 0 at times 9 dang]4 ,two ye>s ago a weekly newspap] publi%$ an acc\nt1 writt5 by a correspond5t1 ( an illness f :i* he _h suff]$--exactly agree+ ) t :i* _h = s _m ye>s tortur$ my fri5d's wife4 ,?is writ] /at$ t he _h asc]ta9$ t ! disease 0 due to ! action ( a poison giv5 (f by a creep] :i* grew on ! walls ( 8 h\se4 ,he _h suppos$ ?is plant to be a ,virg9ian creep]2 b he _h discov]$ t x 0 9 reality ! ,cali=nian poison-v9e call$ by botani/s ,rhus toxicod5dron4 ,! t]ribly poison\s nature ( ?is plant is well-kn[n to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is "o ( ! suma* trees1 ( :i* o!r poison\s k9ds are kn[n1 :il/ m ?an "o species is us$ 7especially 9 ,japan7 = prep>+ a res9\s v>ni% :i* is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( 8lacqu]$0 articles4 ,! writ] 9 ! weekly pap] /at$ t he _h cut d[n & burnt ! poison-v9e :i* grew on ! walls ( 8 h\se1 & t 8 suff]+s _h ceas$4 ,my fri5d happ5$ to read ?is acc\nt1 & imm$iately exam9$ 8 own h\se4 ,he f\nd a creep] resembl+ a ,virg9ian creep]1 b hav+ ?ree leaflets or divisions ( ! leaf in/ead ( five1 gr[+ ar\nd 8 draw+-room w9d[1 & actually spread+ its bran*es & leaves ov] ! w9d[ ( 8 wife's b$room4 ,he s5t specim5s ( ! creep] to ,kew1 :]e x 0 at once id5tifi$ z ! ,rhus toxicod5dron or ,am]ican poison-v9e or poison-ivy4 ,he caus$ ! plant to be remov$ & burnt1 &1 except = a slight attack 9 ,july1 due no d\bt to fragm5ts ( ! leaves /ill c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! =m ( du/1 8 wife has recov]$ h] heal?4 ,i h look$ into ?is matt] ) c>e1 & ,i f9d t 7presumably 9 ignorance7 nurs]ym5 9 ,engl& h sold specim5s ( ! poison-v9e = plant+ z creep]s1 "u ! "n ,ampelopsis ,hoggii4 ,! small]-leav$ ,virg9ian creep]1 ) self-atta*+ t5drils1 is kn[n z ,ampelopsis ,veit*ii1 & is1 l ! l>g] ,virg9ian creep] 7,a4 qu9quefoliata71 q h>mless4 ,! poison-v9e is n an ,ampelopsis at all1 n ev5 "o ( ! ,vitace or v9e family1 z t g5us is4 ,x is a ,suma* or ,rhus1 & belongs to a di/9ct family1 ! ,t]eb9?ace4 ,x has a ?ree-split leaf1 n five leaflets1 z has ! l>ge ,virg9ian creep]1 nor a small ?ree-po9t$ leaf1 z has ! ,ampelopsis ,veit*ii4 ,! ,veit*ii frequ5tly has ! leaf also split into ?ree leaflets1 b ! /alk ( ! middle leaflet is n relatively s long z x is 9 ! poison-v9e4 ,! diff]5ces & resemblances 9 ! leaves ( ^! plants are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad71 :i* has be5 prep>$ f actual specim5s = ?is book4 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are on _! gu>d aga9/ ?is plant1 kn[+ its t]rible prop]ties4 ,sir ,william ,?iselton ,dy]1 =m]ly director ( ,kew ,g>d5s1 tells me t specim5s ( ! 8,am]ican poison-v9e0 are gr[n 9 ! g>d5 at ,kew1 & t he has be5 pres5t :5 ,am]ican visitors 7ladies7 lit]ally scream$ ) horror on see+ x1 & ran f x z f a mad dog4 ,sev]al cases are on record ( ! my/]i\s poison+ produc$ by ?is plant 9 ,engl&2 b x is /rangely unfamili> to m$ical practition]s--inde$1 practically unkn[n to !m1 al?\gh ,i h asc]ta9$ t _m ,engli% p1 especially ladies1 h be5 victims = "s ye>s to its unsuspect$ influ5ce4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,h>v>d1 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 !y h made q rec5tly a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! poison-v9e 9 ! laboratory1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,! poison is an oil--a fix$ oil1 n a volatile "o1 z we might h imag9$ f its my/]i\s action at a di/ance4 ,! oil exi/s 9 all p>ts ( ! plant1 ev5 9 ! f9e hairs & cuticle ( ! leaf4 ,x c be extract$ by means ( e!r1 & is "o ( ! mo/ virul5t irritants kn[n1 hav+ a v curi\s p5etrat+ & p]si/5t action1 & produc+ viol5t pa9 & de/ruction ( tissue :5 plac$ on ! sk9 9 quantity s m9ute 7"o-?\s&? ( a milligram 9 two drops ( olive oil7 z to be beyond ! t]ms ( ev]yday language4 ,x seems to be usually br\ght to ! eyes1 nose1 lips1 & sk9 ( ! face & body by ! f+]s :i* h t\*$ a leaf or fragm5ts ( a leaf 9 p[d]4 ,! dead leaf 9 w9t] /ill reta9s ! oil1 & m9ute du/-l p>ticles c c>ry x4 ,! treatm5t = x is wa%+ ) soap1 oil1 & e!r at an e>ly /age ( ! attack--especial c>e be+ tak5 to free ! f+]s f any m9ute traces ( ! oil adh]+ to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,draw+s1 ab\t half ! natural size1 ( ! leaves ( ! common qu9quefoliate ,virg9ian creep] 7#a & #b71 ( ! adh]5t 8,ampelopsis ,veit*ii0 7#c & #d71 & ( ! poison-v9e1 ,rhus toxicod5dron 7#e & #f74 ,f specim5s 9 ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,note especially ! great] l5g? ( ! /alk ( ! c5tral leaflet 9 ! poison-v9e4 ,note also t ! common ,virg9ian creep] has sometimes only ?ree leaflets 7#b7 in/ead ( five1 & t 8,veit*ii0 has ei!r ?ree leaflets1 z 9 #c1 or has ! leaflets unit$ into "o ?ree-po9t$ leaf1 z 9 #d4 ,! poison ( ! poison-v9e only acts ^u a limit$ numb] ( individuals1 _m p be+ p]fectly immune4 ,at ! same "t1 ! effect ^u susceptible p appe>s to be enhanc$ ) e fre% attack2 ev5 aft] ! total removal ( ! poison-v9e & its du/ f proximity to a susceptible p]son1 he or %e is apt = "s "t--ow+ to ! ret5tion ( "s trace ( ! oil 9 ! sk9 or clo!s--to h slight attacks4 ,accord+ to a writ] :o two ye>s ago gave 9 ! ,spectator an acc\nt ( 8 own case1 ! fir/ symptom ( an attack is almo/ inv>iably a r$ness & irritation ( ! eyelids1 accompani$ by %iv]+4 ,9 a few h\rs ! eyelids are clos$1 ! features unrecognisable1 & ! sk9 cov]$ ) little bli/]s4 ,!n ! lips swell enorm\sly1 ! gl&s ( ! neck also4 ,9 f\r days ! arms & h&s are rea*$1 ea* f+] appe>+ z if t]ribly scald$ & requir+ sep>ate b&ag+4 ,!n sometimes ! l[] limbs are involv$4 ,aft] t5 days ! attack passes (f1 leav+ ! pati5t 9 a pitiable /ate ( weakness to gr[ a new sk9 & recov] f o!r pa9ful results ( ! poison+4 ,b no immunity is conf]r$ by an attack2 ! unhappy victim 7:o is ignorant ( ! cause ( 8 suff]+s7 may1 & frequ5tly does1 get a new dose ( ! poison z soon z he has recov]$1 & ! :ole c\rse ( ! illness has aga9 to be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,if ?is acc\nt %\ld fall into ! h&s ( any "o :o is be+ unwitt+ly poison$ by ! ,am]ican poison-v9e1 & may !re=e be sav$ by :at ,i h writt5 f fur!r suff]+1 ,i %all be greatly pleas$4 ,!re are v few plants :i* h a p[] ( diffus+ poison ar\nd !m2 usually x is necess>y to t\* or to eat portions ( a plant be=e x c ex]t any poison\s effect4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury /ory ( ! upas-tree ( ,java1 :i* 0 fabl$ to fill a :ole valley ) its poison\s emanation1 & to cause ! dea? ( animals & birds at a di/ance ( fifte5 miles1 is n[ kn[n to be a romantic inv5tion4 ,! tree 9 "q is m]ely "o hav+ a poison\s juice :i* 0 extract$ & us$ by ! wild] races ( ,java z an arr[ poison4 ,x is /at$ t "o ( ! /++-nettles ( tropical ,india has su* virul5t poison & su* an abundance ( x 9 ! hairs on its surface1 t explor]s h be5 injur$ by m]ely approa*+ x1 ! deta*$ hairs probably float+ 9 ! air & gett+ into ! eyes1 nose1 & ?roat ( any "o com+ ne> x4 ,! poison ( ! poison\s /+s ( bo? plants & ( animals has be5 to "s ext5t exam9$ ( late ye>s4 ,x is a curi\s fact t !re are proportionately few plants :i* /+ z comp>$ ) ! numb] & v>iety ( animals :i* d s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are an enorm\s numb] ( plants :i* are poison\s to man :5 eat5 by him1 b !re are v few animals :i* are s4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to my read]s to "k t ,i receiv$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! publication ( ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! 8,poison-v9e0 or 8,poison-ivy10 m ?an fifty lett]s & boxes conta9+ leaves4 ,at ,kew ,g>d5s ne>ly a hundr$ applications 7 made ) a reque/ = ! id5tification ( leaves4 ,! proportion ( cases 9 :i* leaves ( true poison-ivy 7,rhus toxicod5dron7 7 s5t to me seems to be ! same z t :i* !y obs]v$ at ,kew--only two samples ( ! leaves s5t to me 7 ^? ( ! true poison-ivy4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! plant has n be5 v l>gely introduc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & probably !re are n _m hundr$ cases exi/+ 9 ,engl& ( ! pa9ful malady :i* x c1 9 c]ta9 p1 produce4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 receiv$ in=mation ( sev]al in/ances ( ?is poison+ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :i* are ei!r n[ "u treatm5t or h be5 cur$1 & 9 "s cases ! poison-ivy has be5 discov]$ z ! cause1 ow+ to ! description :i* ,i publi%$4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! illness caus$ by ?is plant only attacks a small proportion ( ^? :o h&le x1 & x is possible t ! plant is m virul5t at "s seasons & 9 "s soils ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,new ,york1 x is a real dang]1 & is recognis$ z su*1 b z appe>s f a lett] :i* ,i quote bel[1 ! reason ( ! dread :i* ! 8poison-ivy0 excites 9 ! ,/ates dep5ds on ! fact t x is n !re a m]e g>d5 plant1 b gr[s wild 9 great abundance 9 ! woodl&s frequ5t$ by holiday-mak]s & lov]s ( natural =e/ & lakeside wild]ness4 ,! poison\s nature ( ! alli$ species ( ,rhus us$ = ! manufacture ( 8lacqu]0 or v>ni% is recognis$ by ! ,japanese & o!rs :o prep>e ?is product & h to h&le ! plant--!y we> gloves to protect ! h&s4 ,z %[+ :at k9d ( tr\ble ! 8poison-ivy0 & 8poison-oak0 7ano!r k9d ( ,rhus or ,suma*7 give 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i w quote a lett] ,i h receiv$ f an ,am]ican lady well kn[n 9 ,london society4 ,%e says3 8,i h kn[n1 suff]$1 & /ruggl$ aga9/ ! poison-ivy 9 ,am]ica f my e>lie/ ye>s1 :5 my poor "m lay = days ) bl9d$ & swoll5 eyes1 hav+ ga!r$ x inadv]t5tly4 ,! #8poison-ivy1' z we call x1 is a curse to c\ntry life1 outside ! purely artificial & cultivat$ g>d5s1 & ev5 !re x creeps 9 insidi\sly40 ,%e describes a beautiful f>m prop]ty on ,lake ,*ampla91 on ! ,canadian bord]1 :]e %e & h] family w\ld sp5d _m weeks 9 summ] 9 ord] to enjoy ! delights ( complete seclusion 9 wild1 unspoilt c\ntry3 8,! "o & only drawback to ! place 010 %e writes1 8! inexhau/ible quantity ( poison-ivy4 ,our fir/ duty _h be5 to tea* my two daught]s & _! gov]ness h[ to di/+ui% & avoid contact ) x4 ,! "o & only rule 0 t ! poison-ivy has ! clu/]s ( ?ree leaflets 7! middle leaflet ) a long] /alk1 ,e4,r4,l471 :]eas ! woodb9e 7n ! ,engli% woodb9e1 :i* is a convolvulus1 ,e4,r4,l471 or1 z y call x1 #8,virg9ian creep]1' has five leaflets 9 a clu/]4 ,e pa? :i* we us$ frequ5tly & necess>ily1 su* z ! pa? to ! boat-h\se1 & to ! cove :]e ! ba?+-h\se /ood1 we kept cle>$ ( ! ,rhus = a suffici5t wid?1 b 9 ! woods et]nal vigilance 0 ! price ( safety4 ,to uproot & burn is ! only way to de/roy x1 b1 ( c\rse1 t involves dang] to ! "o :o does ! "w1 because contact ) ! spade us$1 & ) ! g>m5ts :i* t\*$ ! ivy1 might communicate ! poison4 ,! f>m] & ! c\ntryfolk ab\t decl>$ t ! fumes f ! burn+ plant c\ld & did poison ^? :o brea!d !m4 ,we us$ to turn a flock ( %eep into ! mo/ us$ p>ts4 ,!y pref] ! poison-ivy to grass1 & gre$ily eat d[n e leaf )9 rea* 9 h$ge or pa?4 ,b t1 ( c\rse1 0 a m]e tempor>y safety1 z ! plant is mo/ t5aci\s ( life4 ,i p]sonally _h a mo/ griev\s exp]i5ce "o summ]4 ,i c only suppose t my dress1 ?\gh v %ort = wood & hill walk+1 bru%$ ov] ! poison\s plant1 & !n1 :5 ,i undress$1 came into contact ) my sk94 ,bo? legs became cov]$ ) ! eruption1 ev5tually develop+ pu/ules1 & ! agony ( it*+1 burn+1 & sm>t+ 0 indescribable4 ,! fir/ rem$y appli$ is usually a frequ5t use ( ba?s ( "s alkali1 g5]ally common soda4 ,) me x 0 altoge!r inadequate1 & ! doctor c>efully cov]$ ! affect$ p>ts ) a ?ick lay] ( bismu?1 & b&ag$ !m1 s z to exclude all air4 ,b x took weeks to cure me4 ,a v s]i\s result 9 _m cases is t !re is a recurr5ce ( ! it*+ = sev]al ye>s40 ,,xii ,,poisons ,,& ,,/+s ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals ,to give an acc\nt ( poison\s plants w\ld require a :ole volume4 ,among plants ( e degree & k9d are _m :i* produce special *emical sub/ances :i* are m or less poison\s1 & yet (t5 ( ! greate/ value to man :5 us$ 9 appropriate doses1 ?\gh injuri\s & ev5 deadly if swall[$ 9 l>ge quantity4 ,plants are laboratories :i* build up 9 a ?\s& v>ieties wond]ful *emical bodies1 "s cry/all9e1 "s oils1 "s volatile 7z p]fumes & aromatic sub/ances71 "s brilliantly col\r$ 7us$ z dyes71 "s pung5t1 "s antiseptic1 "s ( ! greate/ value z food1 & "s ev5 dige/ive1 simil> to or id5tical ) ^? =m$ 9 ! /oma* ( an animal4 ,man1 ! *emi/1 e ye> is le>n+ h[ to produce 9 8 own laboratories1 f coal & wood refuse1 _m ( ^! bodies1 s z to become to an ev]-increas+ ext5t indep5d5t ( ! some:at caprici\s & co/ly s]vices ( ! *emi/s suppli$ by nature--! plants4 ,9 a rec5t exhibition !re 0 a case %[+ on "o side ! v>i\s ess5tial oils us$ to make up a flask ( eau-de-,cologne1 & specim5s ( ! plants1 fl[]s1 leaves1 & fruits f :i* !y are di/ill$4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! case 0 a s]ies ( bottles %[+ ! /eps 9 ! process by :i* ! mod]n *emi/ manufactures f coal-t> & cok]-butt] ! same bodies :i* give value to ! vegetable extracts1 & !re 0 f9ally a bottle ( :at is call$ 8syn!tic eau-de-,cologne0--t is1 eau-de-,cologne put toge!r f ! products manufactur$ by ! human1 in/ead ( ! vegetable1 *emi/4 ,:il/ man has le>nt to avoid swall[+ poison\s plants1 al?\gh occasionally blund]+ ov] pretty-look+ b]ries & deceptive mu%rooms1 he has _h little to fe> 9 t way f animals4 ,to a small degree ?is is due to ! fact t only p>ts ( animals are eat5 by man1 & ^? v g5]ally are cook$ be=e be+ eat51 ! heat+ (t5 suffic+ to de/roy sub/ances pres5t 9 fle%1 fi%1 & f[l :i* w\ld be poison\s if tak5 raw4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 animals d n g5]ally protect !mselves f be+ eat51 z plants l>gely d1 by develop+ na/y or poison\s sub/ances 9 _! fle%1 ?\gh "s d4 ,!y fight r by claws1 tee?1 & poison gl&s !re) connect$1 or else escape by extra quick locomotion1 a me?od n possible to plants4 ,_m insects 7butt]flies1 beetles1 & bugs71 h[ev]1 produce na/y aromatic sub/ances :i* cause animals l birds & liz>ds to reject !m z food4 ,! toad & ! salam&] bo? produce a v deadly poison 9 _! damp1 s(t sk9s1 :i* causes any animal to drop !m f its m\?1 & to regret 8bitt]ly0 ! attempt to swall[ !m4 ,! frog has no su* poison 9 its sk91 b c jump out ( h>m's way4 ,! /rong yell[ & black m>k+ ( ! ,european salam&] is :at is call$ a 8w>n+0 coloration1 j z is ! yell[ & black outfit ( ! poison\s wasp4 ,animals le>n to leave ! yell[ & black liv]y unt\*$1 & ! creatures s m>k$ escape ! injury :i* w\ld be caus$ !m by t5tative bites4 ,!re is a curi\s v>iation z to susceptibility on ! "p ( man to poison 9 ! fle% ( fi%es & %ell-fi%es :5 tak5 by him z food4 ,! ^w 8idiosyncrasy0 is appli$ to su* individual susceptibility1 & is1 ( c\rse1 applicable to ! susceptibility %[n by "s p]sons to ! poison ( ! ,am]ican poison-v9e1 describ$ 9 ! la/ article1 & ( o!rs to acute inflammation f ! du/ ( hayfields4 ,"s p]sons _c eat lob/]1 crab1 or oy/]s or mussels )\t be+ poison$ 9 a v>y+ degree by c]ta9 sub/ances pres5t 9 ^? 8%ell-fi%0 ev5 :5 cook$4 ,(t5 a 8ra%0 is caus$ on ! sk91 & colic4 ,o!rs1 aga91 _c eat any fi% ( any k9d )\t be+ poison$ 9 a simil> way1 or possibly are only liable to be poison$ by grey mullet or by mack]el4 ,! mo/ curi\s cases ( ?is individual v>iability are f\nd 9 ! ra% & fev] caus$ by ! vegetable drug qu99e 9 r>e in/ances1 & ! viol5t excitem5t produc$ 9 "s p]sons by ! usually soporific laudanum4 ,all su* cases h v great int]e/ z %[+ u :at a small diff]5ce sep>ates an agreeable flav\r or a valuable m$ic9e f a rank poison1 & h[ readily ! *emical susceptibility ( a complex organism l man may v>y betwe5 tol]ation & dea?ly response1 )\t any concomitant indication ( su* diff]5ce be+ app>5t 79 our pres5t /ate ( k71 9 two individuals1 to "o ( :om t is poison :i* to ! o!r is meat4 ,!y also furni% a p>allel to t m>vell\s conv]sion ( 8tox90 into 8anti-tox910 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! blood ( an animal inject$ ) small1 increas+ doses ( deadly snake poison or diph!ria poison becomes an antidote to ! same poison tak5 into ! blood ( an unprep>$ animal4 ,!re is1 ov] & above ^! special cases ( fi% foods :i* are tol]at$ by "s & are poison to o!rs1 a :ole s]ies ( fi%es :i* _c be eat5 by any "o )\t s]i\s poison+ be+ ! result1 ev5 :5 ! fi% are c>efully cook$4 ,happily1 ^! fi%es are r>ely1 if ev]1 caught on our own coa/s4 ,!y produce1 :5 ev5 small bits are eat51 viol5t irritation ( ! inte/9e1 & dea?1 ! symptoms resembl+ 9 _m respects ^? ( *ol]a4 ,! curi\s bright-col\r$1 beak$ fi% ( tropical seas & coral reefs1 ) two or f\r l>ge front tee? & sph]ical sp9e-cov]$ bodies1 & ! trigg] fi% ( ! same regions1 are ! *ief ( ^! poison\s fi%4 ,b !re is a true an*ovy on ! coa/ ( ,japan1 & a small h]r+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & a goby on ! ,indian coa/ 7,pondi*]ry71 all ( :i* are deadly poison ev5 :5 cook$2 & !re are _m o!rs4 ,s "o has to be c>eful ab\t fi%-eat+ 9 ! remot] p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! poisons ( ^! fi% ) poison\s fle% h n be5 c>efully /udi$1 b !y seem to resemble *emically ! poisons produc$ by c]ta9 putrefactive microbes4 ,let u n[ rev]t to ! m special subject ( poison\s /+s4 ,e "o kn[s t al?\gh x is unpleasant to be prick$ by ! little sp9es on ! leaf ( a ?i/le1 x is n ! same unpleasantness z be+ 8/ung0 by a nettle4 ,!re is no poison 9 ! ?i/le4 ,! hairs :i* beset ! leaves ( ! common nettle are firm1 b brittle & holl[2 !y break (f 9 ! sk91 & a poison exudes f _! int]ior4 ,"u ! microscope--& x is q easy to exam9e x ) a high p[]--! holl[ nettle hair is se5 to be p>tly occupi$ by liv+ protoplasm--a transp>5t1 viscid sub/ance :i* %[s an active /ream+ movem5t1 & has emb$d$ 9 x a d5se k]nel or nucleus 7see ,fig4 #ae bis74 ,x is1 9 fact1 a liv+ 8cell10 or life unit4 ,! space 9 ! cell n occupi$ by protoplasm is fill$ ) cle> liquid1 :i* conta9s ! poison4 ,?is has be5 exam9$ *emically by us+ a l>ge quantity ( nettle hairs1 & is f\nd to conta9 =mic acid--! same irritat+ acid :i* is secret$ by ants :5 !y /+1 :5ce its "n4 ,b lat] obs]vations %[ t ! juice ( ! nettle hair conta9s also a special poison 9 m9ute quantities1 an album9\s sub/ance1 :i* resembles t conta9$ 9 ! poison-sacs at ! base ( ! tee? ( snakes4 ,9 tropical regions !re are nettles f> m p[]ful ?an t ( our own c\ntry4 ,! "o call$ ,urtica /imulans1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,java1 & t call$ ,laportea cr5ulata1 f\nd 9 ,h9do/an1 :5 bruis$ emit an effluvium :i* poison\sly affects ! eyes & m\?1 & if h&l$ produce convulsions & s]i\s swell+ & pa9 9 ! arms1 :i* may la/ = ?ree or f\r weeks1 & 9 "s cases cause dea?4 ,!y are n unkn[n 9 ! ho?\ses ( our botanical g>d5s1 & "y g>d5]s are sometimes badly /ung by !m4 ,!re are o!r plants provid$ ) poison\s /++ hairs besides ! true nettles or ,urticace1 ?\gh !y are n num]\s4 ,! ,am]ican plants call$ ,loasa /+ badly1 s d "s ( ! ,spurges 7,euphorbiace71 & "s ,hydrophylle4 ,! ,*9ese primrose 7,primula obconica71 lately introduc$ into gre5h\ses1 has be5 f\nd to be almo/ z injuri\s z ! poison-v9e4 ,its effects1 ( c\rse1 are limit$ to a mu* small] gr\p ( suff]]s4 ,& x is wor? :ile1 9 connection ) poison+ by primula & ! poison+ by ,rhus toxicod5dron ( only c]ta9 individuals pr$ispos$ to its influ5ce1 to po9t out t ! malady kn[n z hay fev] seems to be simil> 9 its "* to ^! vegetable poison+s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n t only c]ta9 individuals are liable to ! m viol5t & s]i\s =m ( hay fev]4 ,x is n at all improbable t ?is irritation ( ! air passages1 (t5 attribut$ to ! me*anical action ( ! poll5 ( grass & o!r plants--really is due to m9ute quantities ( a poison l t ( ! poison-v9e1 pres5t 9 ! poll5 ( "s hay plant yet to be suspect$1 tri$1 & convict$4#b ,) reg>d to a poison\s action at a di/ance be+ possibly ex]t$ by plants1 we mu/ n ov]look ! effects ( "s p]fumes dis*>g$ into ! air by fl[]s4 ,prim>ily su* p]fumes appe> to s]ve ! fl[]s by attract+ to !m special insects1 by ^: movem5ts & se>* = honey 9 ! fl[]s ! poll5 ( "o is convey$ to ano!r & f]tilisation effect$4 ,human be+s are sometimes injuri\sly affect$ by ! heavy p]fume giv5 out by lilies & o!r fl[]s1 heada*e & ev5 fa9t+ be+ ! result4 ,no in/ance is kn[n ( s]i\s injury or dea? result+ 9 ! regions :]e !y gr[ f ! ov]p[]+ p]fume ( su* fl[]s4 ,b t admirable /ory-tell]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 has made a legitimate use ( sci5tific possibilities 9 imag9+ ! exi/5ce ( a r>e tropical or*id :i* attracts l>ge animals to x by its wond]ful od\r4 ,! effects ( ! p]fume are n>cotis+2 ! animal1 hav+ sniff$ at ! or*id1 drops ins5sible at ! foot ( ! tree trunk on :i* ! or*id gr[s4 ,!n ! or*id rapidly1 ) animal-l cel]ity1 s5ds =? ^? smoo? gre5 f+]s or 8suck]s10 :i* y may see cl++ to ! pots & %elves on :i* an or*id is gr[+4 ,z !y sl[ly creep1 9 _! gr[?1 ov] ! poison$ animal1 !y absorb its life's blood pa9lessly & )\t di/urb+ ! dea?-slumb] ( ! victim4 ,mr4 ,wells supposes a retir$ civil-s]vant1 ) feeble heal? & a passion = or*ids1 to h pur*as$ an unkn[n specim51 :i*1 aft] "s mon?s ( nurs+1 is ab\t to blossom 9 ! little ho?\se ( 8 suburban home4 ,he goes quietly & alone "o aft]noon1 :5 8 h\sekeep] is prep>+ 8 tea1 to enjoy ! fir/ sight & smell ( ! unkn[n fl[]1 & is f\nd1 "s ?ree h\rs lat]1 ly+ ins5sible be=e ! or*id1 :i* is giv+ out an intoxicat+ od\r1 & is look+ v vigor\s & wick$4 ,a blood-r$ t9t p]vades its leaves & /alks1 & x has already pu%$ "s ( its f+]-l %oots r\nd ! or*id-lov]'s neck & b5ea? 8 %irt front4 ,:5 !y are pull$ away a few drops ( blood fl[ f ! sk9 :]e ! absorb5t %oots _h appli$ !mselves4 ,! victim recov]s4 ,:5 we take a survey ( ! 8/+s0 & poison-fangs & spurs ( animals1 we f9d a mu* great] abundance & v>iety ( ^! weapons ?an 9 plants4 ,!y s]ve animals n only z a means ( def5ce1 b v (t5 = ! purpose ( attack+ & p>alys+ _! prey4 ,we h to di/+ui% broadly betwe5 7a7 gut-poisons & 7b7 w\nd-poisons4 ,! slimy surface ( ! sk9 & ! juices ( animals are (t5 poison\s if introduc$ into w\nds1 b h>mless if swall[$1 ?\gh 9 ! toad & salam&] ! sk9 conta9s a poison :i* acts on ! m\? & /oma*4 ,?us ! blood ( ! eel is poison\s to high] animals if inject$ b5ea? ! sk91 ?\gh n poison\s :5 swall[$4 ,pa/eur f\nd t ! saliva ( a heal?y human baby a few weeks old produc$ convulsions :5 inject$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( a rabbit4 ,! fluid ( ! m\? 9 fi%es 7,murna71 9 "s liz>ds 7,helod]ma71 & "s w>m-blood$ quadrup$s1 l ! skunk1 is (t5 poison\s1 & is introduc$ into ! w\nd inflict$ by a bite4 ,! elaboration ( a sac ( ! m\?-surface secret+ a special quantity ( poison to be inject$ by aid ( a groov$ too?1 su* z we f9d 9 poison\s snakes1 is only a me*anical improvem5t ( ?is m g5]al condition4 ,! same g5]al poison\s quality is f\nd 9 ! slime ( ! sk9s ( fi%es :i* h sp9es by means ( :i* poison\s w\nds are inflict$ 7/+-rays74 ,& "h1 too1 an elaboration is effect$ 9 "s fi%es 9 :i* a sac is provid$ = ! accumulation ( ! poison1 & a specially groov$ sp9e1 to convey ! poison into ! w\nd inflict$ by x4 ,a common fi% on our coa/s1 ! weev] 7probably ! same ^w z vip]71 is provid$ ) groov$1 /++ sp9es1 b no special poison-sac4 ,"s ( ! poison-c>ry+ sp9es support ! front portion ( ! dorsal f91 :i* is ( a deep black col\r1 a /rik+ in/ance ( ! w>n+ coloration :i* poison\s animals (t5 possess4 ,! poison introduc$ into w\nds by ! sp9es or fangs ( animals is ess5tially simil> to t ( nettle hairs2 x has ! effect ( p>alys+ & ( produc+ convulsions4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t =mic acid (t5 9 insects accompanies ! p>alys+ poison--z x does 9 ! nettle--& produces int5se pa9 & irritation1 :i* ! m dang]\s n]ve-poison does n4 ,immunity to a giv5 w\nd-poison may be produc$ by ! injection ( doses ( x1 at fir/ excessively m9ute1 b gradually increas$ 9 quantity4 ,a rem$ial 8anti-tox90 is ?us prep>$ f ! blood ( immunis$ animals1 :i* is us$ z a cure or z a protection by inject+ x into o!r animals expos$ to bites or w\nds convey+ ! p>ticul> poison by ! use ( :i* ! anti-tox9 0 produc$4 ,bee-keep]s :o h (t5 be5 /ung become 9 _m cases immune1 & d n suff] f bee-/+4 ,m5 :o 9 ,france pursue a bus9ess z vip]-cat*]s1 are said to become immune to vip]'s poison 9 ! same way4 ,snakes & scorpions are b little1 if at all1 affect$ by _! own poison :5 x is inject$ into !m4 ,?is appe>s to be due to ! fact t ! poison-produc+ animal is always absorb+ into its blood v m9ute doses ( ! poison :i* x has elaborat$ & /or$ up 9 its poison-sac connect$ ) ! poison-gl&4 ,?is small quantity ( poison cont9ually absorb$ is cont9ually conv]t$ into an anti-tox9--j z happ5s :5 a horse is treat$ ) doses ( snake-poison to prep>e ! rem$ial anti-tox9 = use 9 cases ( snake-bite1 or ) diph!ria-poison 9 ord] to prep>e ! diph!ria anti-tox9 n[ s l>gely us$4 ,! anti-tox9 is a sub/ance v closely simil> 9 *emical con/itution to ! tox9 by ! conv]sion ( :i* x is =m$ 9 ! blood4 ,its action on ! tox9 7or ess5tial poison\s sub/ance ( ! v5om7 appe>s to be a v delicate & slight *emical di/urbance ( ! con/itution ( t *emical body4 ,yet x is en\gh to cause ! injuri\s quality ( ! tox9 to be sudd5ly & completely abrogat$1 al?\gh f ! po9t ( view ( *emical composition x is only1 z x 71 %ak5 or giv5 a twi/6 ,su* great practical diff]5ces 9 ! action on liv+ creatures ( *emical bodies hav+ !mselves s subtle a diff]5ce ( *emical /ructure z to almo/ defy our p[]s ( detection1 are n[ well kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,draw+ f life ( ! des]t scorpion 7,bu?us au/ralis1 ,l9471 f ,biskra1 ,n4 ,africa1 ( ! natural size4 7,f ,lanke/]1 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,zool41 vol4 xvi4 #ahha47 ,i made "s exp]im5ts a few ye>s ago on ! poison ( scorpions1 :i* 7 publi%$ by ! ,l9nan ,society4 ,i obta9$ live scorpions--a beautiful citron-col\r$ k9d1 ( l>ge size--f ,biskra1 9 ,alg]ia 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! poison-gl& & sac are d\ble1 & conta9$ 9 ! la/ jo9t ( ! tail1 :i* is swoll51 & ends 9 a spl5did curv$ sp9e or /+4 ,! scorpion c>ries its tail rais$ 9 a graceful curve ov] its back1 & /rikes ) ! /+ by a p[]ful =w>d /roke4 ,"o c seize ! tail by ! la/ jo9t b "o1 & ?us safely hold ! animal1 & see ! poison exude 9 drops f ! p]=at$ /+4 ,i f\nd t if ,i press$ ! /+ ?us held into ! scorpion's own body1 or into t ( ano!r scorpion1 no h>m result$ to ! w\nd$ animal1 al?\gh pl5ty ( ! poison ent]$ ! little w\nd made by ! /+4 ,a l>ge cockroa* or a m\se simil>ly w\nd$ by ! /+ 0 p>alys$1 & di$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,x is a cu/om 9 c\ntries :]e scorpions ab\nd1 & are tr\blesome1 & ev5 dang]\s to human life1 = ! natives to make a circle ( r$-hot *>coal1 & to place a l>ge scorpion 9 ! c5tre ( ! enclos$ area4 ,! scorpion1 x is /at$1 runs r\nd inside ! circle1 &1 f9d+ t escape is impossible1 delib]ately drives its /+ into its back1 & s commits suicide4 ,my exp]im5ts %[$ t ! scorpion c\ld n kill itself 9 ?is way1 z its poison does n act on itself4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,b\rne1 ( ,madras1 t al?\gh scorpions con/antly fight ) "o ano!r1 !y nev] attempt to use _! /+s 9 ^! battles1 b only _! p[]ful1 lob/]-l claws4 ,! /+s w\ld be useless1 & are res]v$ = _! attacks on animals susceptible to ! poison4 ,i also f\nd ! gr\nd = ! belief t ! scorpion kills itself :5 enclos$ 9 a fi]y circle4 ,incr$ible z x may appe> 9 reg>d to su* d5iz5s ( ! hot regions ( ! e>?1 bo? ! des]t scorpion & ! l>ge d>k-gre5 ,indian scorpions actually fa9t & become motionless & ins5sible :5 expos$ = a few m9utes to a temp]ature a little above t ( ! human body4 ,?is 0 c>efully asc]ta9$ by us+ an incubator & a !rmomet]4 ,! scorpion 9 ! fi]y circle la%es ab\t ) its /+1 & !n sudd5ly fa9ts ow+ to ! heat4 ,if remov$ f ! heat x recov]s completely2 b1 ( c\rse1 :5 x is suppos$ to h committ$ suicide1 no "o takes ! tr\ble to remove x4 ,i made1 sev]al times1 ! actual exp]im5t ( plac+ a l>ge active scorpion )9 a r+-l wall1 a foot 9 diamet]1 =m$ by live coals4 ,! scorpion nev] /ung itself4 ,on "o occasion x walk$ out ov] ! coals1 & on o!r occasions1 aft] la%+ its tail & runn+ ab\t1 fa9t$1 & became motionless4 ,jelly-fi%es are (t5 call$ 8sea-nettles10 because ( ! microscopic poison-be>+ ?reads :i* !y dis*>ge f _! sk94 ,^! are us$ to p>alyse _! prey1 &1 9 a few k9ds only1 are suffici5tly p[]ful to cause a 8/++0 effect :5 !y come into contact ) a ba!r's sk94 ,sea-anemones are also arm$ ) ^! m9ute ?reads1 & _! poison has be5 extract$ & /udi$4 ,! sp9es ( />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s h a v deadly poison associat$ ) !m1 :i* has rec5tly be5 exam9$4 ,among insects we h ! bees1 wasps1 & ants1 ) _! t]m9al /+s2 cat]pill>s1 ) poison\s hairs2 gnats1 ) poison\s m\? gl&s4 ,resid5ts 9 mosquito-infe/$ c\ntries become 8immune0 to ! poison ( gnat-bite1 b n to ! deadly g]ms ( mal>ia & yell[ fev] c>ri$ by ! gnats4 ,! c5tip$es h p[]ful jaws1 provid$ ) poison-sacs2 ! spid]s h /abb+ claws1 fitt$ ) poison-gl&s4 ,%ell-fi%1 su* z crabs & lob/]s1 d n possess /+s or poison-sacs1 b "s ( ! :elk-l sea-snails h poison-gl&s1 :i* secrete a fluid deadly to o!r %ell-fi%4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! poison-sp9es ( fi%es2 among reptiles x is only "s ( ! snakes :i* are poison\s1 & are kn[n to h poison-gl&s connect$ ) groov$ fangs4 ,only "o k9d ( liz>d--! ,helod]m ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 already m5tion$--has poison-gl&s 9 its m\?1 b x has no special poison-fangs1 only small tee?4 ,!re is a mo/ p]si/5t & curi\s popul> error to ! effect t ! rapidly mov+ bifid tongue ( snakes & liz>ds is a 8/+40 ,x is really q innocu\s4 ,no /+ is kn[n among birds1 al?\gh "s h fight+ 8spurs0 on ! leg1 & 8claws0 on ! w+4 ,only ! l[e/ ( ! mammals or w>m-blood$ hairy quadrup$s--namely1 ! ,au/ralian duck-mole 7,orni?orhyn*us7 & ! sp9y ant-eat] 7,e*idna7--h poison-gl&s & relat$ 8spurs10 or /+s4 ,!y h on ! h9d-leg a 8spur0 ( great size & /r5g?1 :i* is p]=at$ & connect$ ) a gl& :i* produces a poison\s milky fluid4 ,rec5t obs]vations1 h[ev]1 z to ! poison\s "* ( ?is fluid are want+4 ,_m mammals h l>ge sac-l gl&s1 :i* op5 by def9ite ap]tures1 9 "s cases betwe5 ! toes1 9 o!rs ^u ! legs1 at ! side or back ( ! head 7! elephant71 9 ! middle ( ! back or ab\t ! tail4 ,! fluid secret$ by ^! gl&s is n poison\s nor acrid1 b odorif]\s1 & seems to s]ve to attract ! individuals ( a species to "o ano!r4 ,!y resemble 9 /ructure & (t5 9 position ! poison-gl&s ( ! spurs ( ! duck-mole & sp9y ant-eat]4 ,_m insects produce a good deal ( irritation1 & ev5 dang]\s sores1 by bit+ & burr[+ 9 ! human sk91 )\t secret+ any active poison4 ,(t5 !y introduce microscopic g]ms ( disease 9 ?is way f "o animal to ano!r1 z1 = in/ance1 d gnats1 tsetze-flies1 & horse-flies1 & z d "s small k9ds ( tics4 ,! bites ( ! flea1 ( midges1 gnats1 & bugs are comp>atively h>mless unless g]ms ( disease are introduc$ by !m1 an occurr5ce :i*1 ?\gh exceptional1 is yet a great & t]rible dang]4 ,we n[ "k t x is 9 ?is way1 & ?is way only1 t mal>ia or ague1 yell[ fev]1 plague1 sleep+-sickness1 & "s o!r diseases are c>ri$ f infect$ to heal?y m54 ,v>i\s diseases ( horses & cattle are propagat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! m]e bites ( insects may be treat$ ) an application ( c>bolic acid dissolv$ 9 camphor4 ,! pa9 caus$ by ! acid /+s ( bees1 wasps1 ants1 & nettles c be alleviat$ by dabb+ ! w\nd ) weak ammonia 7h>t%orn74 ,insects :i* bury !mselves 9 ! sk91 su* z ! jigg]-flea ( ! ,we/ ,indies & tropical ,africa1 %\ld be dug out ) a ne$le or f9e blade4 ,! m9ute creature1 l a *eese-mite1 :i* burr[s & bre$s 9 ! sk9 ( man & causes ! affliction kn[n z ! it* mu/ be poison$ by sulphur\s acid--a result a*iev$ by rubb+ ! sk9 freely ) sulphur o9tm5t on two or ?ree successive days4 ,a s]i\s pe/ 9 ! summ] 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& is a little animal kn[n z ! h>ve/-man4 ,^! are ! "y ( a small r$ spid]-l creature1 call$ ,trombidium4 ,!y get on to ! feet ( p]sons walk+ 9 ! grass1 & crawl up ! legs & burr[ into ! t5d] sk94 ,b5z9e w keep !m away if appli$ to ! ankles or /ock+s :5 !y are ab\t1 & w also de/roy !m once !y h effect$ a lodgm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae bis4--,a4 ,highly magnifi$ draw+ ( a /++ hair ( ! common nettle4 ,! hair is se5 to be a s+le cell or capsule ( l>ge size1 tap]+ to its extremity1 b end+ 9 a little knob4 ,! h>d case e is fill$ ) liquid a1 & is l9$ ) slimy granul> 8protoplasm0 b1 :i* ext5ds 9 ?reads across ! cavity to ! 8nucleus0 c4 ,! ord9>y small cells ( ! nettle leaf are m>k$ d4 ,b %[s ! knobb$ end ( ! /++ hair1 & ! way 9 :i*1 ow+ to ! ?9ness ( its walls1 x breaks (f along ! l9e xy :5 press$1 leav+ a %>p project+ edge1 :i* p5etrates ! sk9 ( an animal1 :il/ ! protoplasm p1 di/5d$ ) poison\s liquid1 is %[n 9 ,c1 issu+ f ! brok5 end4 ,x w\ld escape 9 ?is way :5 ! %>p1 fre%ly brok5 end _h p5etrat$ "s animal's sk94 ,,footnotes #b ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ,i h se5 ! acc\nt by an ,am]ican physician--9 a rec5tly issu$ volume ( ,osl]'s ,treatise on ,m$ic9e--( 8 rec5t discov]y ( ! grass :i* produces 9 its poll5 ! poison ( hay fev]1 & ( ! prep>ation by him ( an anti-tox9 :i* appe>s to give relief to ^? :o suff] f hay fev]4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,dragon3 ,a ,,fancy ,,or ,a ,,fact ,i am ab\t to write ( loa?ly dragons1 8gorgons & hydras & *imras dire40 ,e "o kn[s :at a dragon looks l1 ?\gh probably mo/ p c\ld n give a m9ute description ( ! bea/4 ,a numb] ( q di/9ct creatures1 "s liv+ on l&1 "s 9 sea1 are spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible by a ^w :i* is translat$ z 8dragon40 ,! anci5t ,wel% *iefta9s1 l _m fight+ pr9ces ( old days1 bore a 8dragon0 on _! bann]s1 & 7 !mselves call$ 8dragons0 7,p5-dragon71 & :5 a knight slew su* a *iefta9 fabul\s /ories grew up z to 8 combat ) & slaught] ( a 8dragon40 ,! complete1 legitimate dragon ( ! pres5t day is ! dragon ( h]aldry1 :i* is ma9ta9$ 9 prop] =m & ) au?oris$ attributes by ! ,h]alds' ,college4 ,i h a draw+ ( ?is 8(ficial0 bea/ be=e me 7,fig4 #af74 ,he is repres5t$ z ( l>ge size1 b :e!r !oretically ! h]alds ( to-day consid] him to be z l>ge z a lion or t5 times z long & tall ,i d n "k4 ,8 body is liz>d-l1 & cov]$ ) scales resembl+ ^? ( "s liz>ds 7unlike a crocodile 9 ?is respect74 ,8 head is n unlike t ( a crocodile1 except+ t he has a %ort1 %>p horn on 8 nose1 & a be>d on 8 *91 & also a pair ( l>ge po9t$ e>s :i* no liv+ reptile possesses4 ,8 m\? is op51 %[+ tee? l ^? ( a crocodile1 & f x issues a rem>kable tongue1 t]m9at+ 9 an arr[-head-%ap$ weapon 7presumably a 8/+07 unlike any?+ kn[n 9 any liv+ animal4 ,8 tail is v long & snake-l 7an important fact :5 we come to consid] 8 ance/ry71 & is ?r[n into coils4 ,x t]m9ates 9 an arr[-head-%ap$ /ructure l t ( ! tongue1 q unlike any?+ kn[n 9 any real animal4 ,he has f\r p[]ful limbs1 :i* are n l ^? ( a liz>d or a crocodile4 ,!y resemble ^? ( an eagle1 & h grasp+ toes & claws1 ?ree direct$ =w>d & "o backw>d4 ,9 addition1 he has a pair ( w+s1 :i* are lea!ry1 & support$ by sev]al p>allel b>s1 a /ructure :i* gives ! w+s a remote resemblance to ^? ( a bat4 ,! w+ is q unlike t ( a pt]odactyle 7! great ext9ct fly+ liz>d71 & has no resemblance :atev] to t ( a bird1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 =m$ by sep>ate quill fea!rs set 9 a r[ on ! bones ( ! =e-arm & h&4 ,! w+s are always repres5t$ 7ev5 9 illegitimate & ,ori5tal dragons7 z mu* too small to c>ry ! dragon 9 flight4 ,! dragon has1 fur!r1 a cre/ ( sep>ate triangul> plates set 9 a r[ along ! mid-l9e ( 8 back1 ext5d+ f 8 head to ! end ( 8 tail4 ,"s liz>ds 7b n crocodiles7 h su* a cre/4 ,! mo/ l x is t ( ! ,new ,zeal& liz>d1 call$ ! ,sph5odon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,! h]aldic dragon3 obs]ve ! bat-l w+s1 ! e>s1 ! horn$ nose1 ! be>d1 ! arr[-l tongue & tail-piece1 ! scaly body1 ! dorsal cre/1 ! snake-l tail ) its unnatural arr[-l t]m9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,! h]aldic griff94 ,x alone ( ! dragon-l mon/]s has fea!ry w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,h]cules de/roy+ ! hydra 7copi$ f an anci5t ,greek vase74 ,su* is ! creature call$ 8!0 dragon4 ,b h]aldry recognises "s o!r t]rible bea/s alli$ to ! dragon2 9 fact1 :at zoologi/s w\ld call 8alli$ species40 ,! griff91 = in/ance 7,fig4 #ag71 is a f\r-legg$ bea/ l ! dragon1 b has ! beak & w+s & =efeet ( an eagle1 & ! h9d-legs & tail ( a lion4 ,! h]aldic hydra is a dragon1 su* z ,i h above describ$1 b ) sev5 heads & necks4 ,! anci5t ,greek repres5tation ( ! hydra de/roy$ by ,h]cules 7z pa9t$ on vases7 01 on ! contr>y1 bas$ ^u ! octopus1 or eight-arm$ cuttle-fi%1 ea* arm c>ry+ a snake-l head 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! wyv]n is an important v>iety ( ! dragon tribe1 well kn[n to h]alds1 b n to be se5 e day4 ,x s f> con=ms to natural laws t x has only two legs1 ! =e-limbs be+ ! w+s 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! true dragon & ! griff91 l ! angel ( ecclesia/ical art1 h actually six limbs--namely1 a pair ( =e-legs or arms1 a pair ( h9d-legs1 &1 9 addition1 a pair ( w+s4 ,occasionally an arti/ 7ev5 9 anci5t ,egyptian works ( art7 has attempt$ to avoid ?is r$undance ( limbs by repres5t+ an angel z hav+ ! arms !mselves provid$ ) an expanse ( quill fea!rs4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a less extraord9>y arrangem5t ?an ! outgr[? ( w+s 7:i* 9 birds1 bats1 & pt]odactyles actually are ! modifi$ arms or =e-limbs71 z an extra pair ( limbs root$ 9 ! back4 ,! wyv]n & ! cockatrice & ! basilisk 7,fig4 #bj7 7:i*1 l ! ,gorgon ,m$usa1 c /rike a man dead by ! m]e glance ( ! eye7 are rem>kable = con=m+ to ! inv>iable v]tebrate /&>d ( no m ?an two pairs ( limbs1 :e!r legs1 w+s1 or f9s4 ,! "n 8l9d-worm0 is giv5 to a wyv]n )\t w+s 7h5ce ! ,l9ton ,worm & ! ,laidley ,worm ( ,lambton71 & appe>s 9 v>i\s h]aldic devices & 9 leg5d>y art2 :il/ 9 ! arms ( ! ,visconti ( ,milan we climb d[n to a q simple s]p5t-l creature )\t legs or w+s1 kn[n z ! 8guivre40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,! h]aldic wyv]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,! h]aldic basilisk1 also call$ ! ,amphysian ,cockatrice4 ,obs]ve ! second head at ! end ( its tail--a feature due to p]v]sion ( ! obs]vation t !re are "s snake-l creatures 7,amphisb5a7 ) s simple a head t x is at fir/ sight difficult to say :i* end ( ! creature is ! head & :i* is ! tail4 ,)\t look+ fur!r into ! /range & fanta/ic catalogue ( imag9>y mon/]s1 "o mu/ recognise t x is a matt] ( great int]e/ to trace ! orig9 ( ^! m>vell\s creations ( human fancy1 & ! way 9 :i* !y h fir/ ( all be5 br\ght into pictorial exi/5ce1 & !n v>i\sly modifi$ & f9ally /]eotyp$ & ma9ta9$ by tradition & art4 ,x has n infrequ5tly be5 sugge/$1 s9ce geologi/s made u acqua9t$ ) ! bones ( huge & /range-look+ fossil reptiles dug f anci5t rocks1 t ! tradition ( 8! dragon0 is really a survival ( ! actual k & exp]i5ce ( ^! ext9ct mon/]s on ! "p ( 8long-ago races ( m540 ,x is a curi\s fact1 m5tion$ by a well-kn[n writ]1 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 t ! bones ( a great fossil reptile 7 pres]v$ & exhibit$ at ,aix 9 ,france z ! bones ( ! dragon sla9 by ,/4 ,mi*ael1 j z ! bones ( a :ale are %[n z ^? ( ! my?ical ,dun-c[ ( ,w>wick 9 t city4 ,!re are ?ree v good reasons = n ent]ta9+ ! sugge/ion t ! tradition ( ! dragon & simil> bea/s is due to human co-exi/5ce ) ! great reptiles ( ! pa/4 ,! fir/ is t ! age ( ! rocks kn[n z cretace\s & jurassic 7or olitic71 9 :i* are f\nd ! m or less complete skeletons ( ! great saurians--_m bigg] 9 ! body ?an elephants1 & ) huge tails 9 addition1 iguanodon1 megalosaurus1 diplodocus1 z well z ! w+$ pt]odactyles 7see ,plate ,,ii41 :]e a repres5tation is giv5 ( :at we "k z to ! =m & be>+ ( two species ( pt]odactyle7 & a va/ s]ies ( su* creatures--is s enorm\sly remote t n only man b all ! hairy w>m-blood$ animals l him1 did n come into exi/5ce until _m millions ( ye>s aft] ^! rocks _h be5 deposit$ by wat] & ! great reptiles buri$ 9 !m _h become ext9ct4 ,! cave-m5 ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod are mod]n1 ev5 close to u1 z comp>$ ) ! age :5 ! great saurians fl\ri%$4 ,t 0 j be=e ! "t :5 our *alk-cliffs 7 be+ =m$ z a sl[ly gr[+ s$im5t on ! floor ( a deep sea4 ,no accurate measure ( ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce !n is possible1 b we f9d t ab\t #bjj ft4 ?ickness ( deposit has be5 accumulat$ s9ce ! date ( ! e>lie/ human rema9s kn[n to u--:il/ ov] #ejjj ft4 h accumulat$ s9ce ! *alk began to be deposit$1 & ! great saurians ceas$ to exi/4 ,if we reckon1 9 accordance ) ! mo/ mod]ate e/imate1 a qu>t] ( a million ye>s = ! upp] #bjj ft4 ( deposit or human p]iod 7,plei/oc5e71 we mu/ suppose t tw5ty or ?irty times z long a p]iod has elaps$ to all[ "t = ! deposit ( ! #ejjj ft4 ( s& & rock s9ce ! great saurians ceas$ to exi/4 ,?is w\ld be "s six or sev5 million ye>s--a long :ile = tradition to run1 ev5 suppos+ man exi/$ all t "t1 :i* he did n4 ,& ! probability is t ?is e/imate ( ! "t is f> too small3 a hundr$ million ye>s is ne>] ! tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,real ,,dragons ,,! ,,ext9ct ,,fly+ ,,reptiles ,,kn[n ,,z ,,pt]odactyles4 ,,_! ,,bones ,,& ,,w+ ,,membranes ,,are ,,pres]v$ ,,9 ,,! ,,oolitic ,,rocks4 ,,"s ,,measur$ ,,eighte5 ,,feet ,,across ,,! ,,exp&$ ,,w+s4 ,f 8,ext9ct ,animals10 by ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]4 7,con/able ,co47 ,suppose t man came into exi/5ce z an intellig5t creature1 capable ( h&+ on a tradition1 z mu* z half a million or ev5 a million ye>s be=e ! date ( ! rema9s ( ! e>lie/ cave-m5 discov]$ 9 ,europe1 we yet get no long way d[n ! av5ue ( pa/ "t4 ,man w\ld /ill be sep>at$ by millions ( ye>s & long ages ( *ange & developm5t ( ! =ms ( animal life on ! e>?'s surface1 f ! p]iod ( ! great reptiles or saurians :o fl\ri%$ be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$4 ,& !re is good evid5ce t none ( ^? great saurians surviv$ ! date ( ! *alk4 ,!y di$ out & _! place 0 tak5 by ! e>lie/ ance/ors ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 horses1 cattle1 lions1 & monkeys1 f :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ages ! animals we "k by ^? names 7 develop$1 :il/ v late 9 ! hi/ory man 0 produc$4 ,! reptiles cont9u$ z small1 furtive creatures--! liz>ds & a few biggi% snakes & crocodiles--b no desc5dants ( 8! great ,d9osaurs0 surviv$4 ,ano!r reason aga9/ ! suppos$ survival ( a real tradition ( dragons is t1 ev5 9 reg>d to mu* lat]--imm5sely lat]--creatures1 su* z ! mammo? or hairy elephant1 :i* we "k 0 contempor>y ) man1 !re is no real tradition4 ,! natives ( ! sub-arctic regions 9 :i* ! skeletons & :ole c>cases ( ! mammo? are f\nd 9 a froz5 /ate1 & f :5ce _m hundr$s ( tusks ( ! mammo? h be5 s9ce ! e>lie/ times ye>ly export$ & us$ 9 ,europe z ivory1 h no 8tradition0 ( ^! creatures4 ,!y h fanciful /ories ab\t ! gho/s ( ! mammo?s1 b !y call _! tusks 8horns10 & h no leg5ds ( ! mon/] z a liv+ ?+4 ,! use ( mammo?'s ivory 9 ,nor!rn ,europe dates back = a ?\s& ye>s hi/orically1 & probably has nev] ceas$ s9ce ! days ( ! cave-m54 ,?ree ye>s ago ,i exam9$ ! ri*ly c>v$ dr9k+ horn ( a ,sc&9avian h]o1 dat+ f ! t5? c5tury1 & pres]v$ among/ ! treasures ( ,york ,m9/]1 & ,i h little d\bt t x is fa%ion$ f ! tusk ( a mammo?4 ,a ?ird reason = reject+ any connection ( ! dragon ) a real rem9isc5ce ( ! great ext9ct saurians is t its orig9 & its gradual build+ up 9 human fancy c be trac$ 9 ! same way z t ( _m o!r fanciful & leg5d>y creatures by ref]5ce to ! regul> op]ation ( ! imag9ation 9 successive ages ( mank9d4 ,all races ( m5 h imag9$ mon/]s by comb9+ into "o sev]al p>ts ( diff]5t animals4 ,! c5taur ( ! ,greeks is a bl5d ( man & horse1 ! great 8div9e0 *im]a ( ! ,greeks 0 a two-head$ bl5d ( lion & goat1 & any su* mix$ creature is te*nically call$ n[adays 8a *im]a04 ,! dragon is class$ by h]alds z a *im]a4 ,sometimes "o ( ^! imag9>y bea/s has its orig9 9 a t]rible or weird animal1 :i* really exi/s 9 "s di/ant l&1 & is celebrat$ or ev5 wor%ipp$ by ! inhabitants ( t di/ant l&1 ^: descriptions ( x are c>ri$ 9 a di/ort$ & exagg]at$ =m to regions :]e x does n exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,! ,*9ese ,imp]ial ,dragon1 f a draw+ on a tile ( ! old ,imp]ial ,palace ( ,nank94 ,x has five claws4 ,no "o outside ! ,imp]ial s]vice may use x1 "u p5alty ( dea?4 ,ord9>y p h to be cont5t ) a f\r-claw$ dragon4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,european h]aldic dragon1 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,a fly+ snake ) two pairs ( w+s--a 8fabul\s0 creature ?us drawn 9 an anci5t ,*9ese "w1 ! 8,%an ,hai ,k+40 ,?is book dates f ab\t #cej ,a4,d41 b probably is bas$ on records ( a ?\s& ye>s' e>li] date4 ,! dragon appe>s to be no?+ m nor less 9 its orig9 ?an "o ( ! great snakes 7py?ons71 (t5 #be ft4 9 l5g?1 :i* inhabit tropical ,india & ,africa4 ,its dang]\s "* & t]rible appe>ance & movem5t impress$ primitive mank9d1 & traditions ( x h pass$ ) migrat+ races bo? to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/1 s t we f9d ! my?ical dragon 9 anci5t ,*9a & 9 ,japan1 no less ?an 9 ,egypt & 9 ,greece4 ,x reta9s its snake-l body & tail1 especially 9 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese repres5tations 7,figs4 #ba & #bb72 b 9 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 legs & w+s h be5 gradually add$ to x = ! purpose ( mak+ x m t]rible & express+ "s ( its direful qualities4 ,*9ese traditions indicate ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,asia z ! home ( ! dragon1 :il/ ! anci5t ,greeks consid]$ x to h come f ! ,ea/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,greek ^w 8drakon0 actually meant pla9ly & simply a l>ge snake1 & is s us$ by ,ari/otle & o!r writ]s4 ,!re is a beautiful ,greek vase-pa9t+ 7,fig4 #bc7 %[+ ! dragon :i* gu>d$ ! gold5 apples ( ! ,hesp]ides z no?+ m ?an a gigantic snake 7)\t legs or w+s71 coil$ r\nd ! trunk ( ! tree on :i* ! apples are gr[+ 7l ! lat] pictures ( ! s]p5t on ! apple tree 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed571 :il/ ! ladylike ,hesp]ides are politely welcom+ ! robu/ ,h]cules to _! g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,! dragon gu>d+ ! tree 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides on :i* grew ! gold5 apples1 9 que/ ( :i*1 accord+ to ,greek leg5d1 ! h]o ,h]cules w5t4 ,! draw+ is copi$ f an anci5t ,greek vase1 & ! orig9al includes figures ( ! ,hesp]ides & ( ,h]cules1 n reproduc$ "h4 ,! wor%ip & propitiation ( ! s]p5t is an imm5sely old =m ( religion 7antec$5t to ,judaism71 & exi/s1 or has exi/$1 9 bo? ! old _w & ! new4 ,! ,egyptians rev]$ a great s]p5t-god call$ 8,ha-h]10 or 8great ,"l ( fe> & t]ror02 to him ! wick$ 7 h&$ ov] aft] dea? to be bitt5 & tortur$4 ,! evil _s 9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology 0 a huge snake--& ! connection1 n to say confusion1 ( ! t]rible snake ) ! dragon on ! "p ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians is %[n by ! words 9 ,revelation xx4 #a1 #b1 8! dragon1 t old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil1 & ,satan40 ,! m$ival devil ) goat's feet reta9$ ! dragon's tail ) its curi\s triangul> t]m9ation4 ,to ! ,greeks & ,romans snakes 7 n su* v t]rible creatures1 s9ce ! k9ds f\nd 9 ,s\? ,europe are small & h>mless--only ! vip] be+ poison\s--& !y reg>d$ ! s]p5t z a b5efic5t creature1 ! famili> ( ,esculapius ! god ( m$ic9e1 companion ( ! h\sehold gods 7! ,l>es71 & gu>dian ( sacr$ places1 tombs1 & conceal$ treasure 7,fig4 #bg74 ,! snake 0 ! special e>?-god1 subt]ranean 9 habit1 cunn+1 subtle1 & gift$ ) p[]s ( div9ation4 ,! conception ( ! s]p5t z an av5g+ mon/] kept cont9ually ?ru/+ itself f ! ,ea/ into ! popul> my?ology ( ! ,greeks1 & f9ally l$ to ! build+ up ( ! dragon z a w+$ & claw$ creature di/9ct f ! h>mless b cunn+ snake famili> to !m4 ,ev5 9 ,india !re arose a sort ( d\ble attitude t[>ds ! snake 7z is n uncommon 9 reg>d to deities74 ,on ! "o h& he 0 reg>d$ z all t 0 t]rible1 de/ructive1 & evil1 & on ! o!r z amiable1 k9dly1 & wise4 ,! s]vices ( ! beautiful rat-snake 9 de/roy+ h\se rats r5d]$ him & 8 k9d welcome & valu$ gue/s4 ,9 ,egypt we f9d repres5tations ( small w+$ snakes )\t legs1 & ! anci5t travell]1 ,h]odotus1 believ$ t !y repres5t$ real creatures1 z did ! ,roman naturali/1 ,pl9y4 ,v probably ! belief 9 w+$ snakes is due to ! simil>ity ( ! snake & ! eel 9 g5]al =m1 s9ce ! pair$ f9s ( ! eel close to ! head 7see ,figs4 #bd & #be7 correspond 9 position ) ! w+s %[n 9 ! ,egyptian draw+s ( w+$ s]p5ts4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( w+$ snake pictur$ on ,egyptian monum5ts 7see ,figs4 #bf1 #bg7 appe>s to me to be a realisation ( /ories & fancies bas$ on real exp]i5ce ( ! locu/4 ,x 0 ! t]rible & de/ructive locu/ ( :i* ,h]odotus tells--call+ x 8a w+$ s]p5t40 ,! ,egyptian pictures ( w+$ s]p5ts h w+s resembl+ ^? ( an insect 7see ,figs4 #bf & #bg71 & sometimes !y are repres5t$ ) "o & sometimes ) two pairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,a votive tablet 7anci5t ,rome7 %[+ :at is meant = a snake1 b has be5 8improv$0 by ! addition ( f9s l ^? ( ! eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,anci5t ,roman pa9t+ ( a s-call$ m>9e s]p5t--really an eel-l fi%--inaccurately repres5t$4 ,! f9s %[ h[1 f su* pictures1 ! belief 9 w+$ s]p5ts might take its orig94 ,ari/otle says t1 z a matt] ( common report 9 8 "t1 !re 7 w+$ s]p5ts 9 ,africa4 ,h]odotus1 on ! contr>y1 says !re 7 none except 9 ,arabia1 & he w5t across ! ,r$ ,sea f ! city ( ,bats 9 ord] to see !m4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 do+ s1 ?\gh he says he saw _! dead bodies & bones4 ,he says t !y hang ab\t ! trees 9 va/ numb]s1 are ( small size & v>i$ col\r1 & t !y are kept 9 *eck by ! bird kn[n z ! ,ibis1 :i* on t acc\nt is held sacr$1 s9ce !y increase s rapidly t unless dev\r$ !y w\ld r5d] x impossible = man to ma9ta9 himself on ! e>?4 ,!y invade ,egypt 9 sw>ms1 fly+ across ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,all ?is agrees ) my sugge/ion t ! w+$ 8s]p5ts0 he>d ( by ,h]odotus 7 really locu/s2 & ! creature drawn 9 ,fig4 #bg may well be a locu/ trans=m$ by fancy into a w+$ snake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,egyptian f\r-w+$ s]p5t--z drawn on anci5t ,egyptian temples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,two-w+$ s]p5t1 symbolic ( ! goddess ,eilei?ya1 f a draw+ on an ,egyptian temple4 ,x w\ld be a v int]e/+ b a l5g?y task to trace out ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! v>i\s traditional mon/]s1 su* z ! basilisk1 ! gorgon1 ! cockatrice1 ! salam&]1 & ! epimacus1 :i* h come into ,european leg5d & belief1 & to give "s acc\nt ( ! special deadly qualities ( ea*4 ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,george slaught]+ ea* 8 dragon & rescu+ a lovely maid5 f its clut*es are only appropriations by ! new religion ( ! simil> de$s ascrib$ to ,greek h]oes1 su* z ,h]cules1 ,bell]ophon1 & ,p]seus4 ,(t5 a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a mon/] has aris5 by a misund]/&+1 on ! "p ( a cr$ul\s p1 ( a draw+ or c>v+ %[+ a /range mixture ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t animals1 :i* 0 meant by ! man :o made x to be only symbolic ( a comb9ation ( qualities4 ,j z ! ,lat9s & m$ival p cr$ul\sly accept$ ,greek symbolic mon/]s z real1 & transmut$ ,greek h]oes into ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 s 7 ! ,greeks !mselves delud$ by /range c>v+s & blood-curdl+ leg5ds :i* rea*$ !m at v>i\s dates f my/]i\s ,asia into a belief 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( a v>iety ( fanta/ic mon/]s4 8,! ,greeks10 says ,m4 ,e4 ,potti]1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* writ] on ,greek my?ology1 8(t5 copi$ ,ori5tal repres5tations )\t und]/&+ !m40 ,! conv5tional dragon probably came f ,indian s\rces ?r\gh ,p]sia to ,*9a1 on ! "o h&1 spread+ ea/w>ds1 & to ! ,lat9s ( ! e>ly ,roman ,empire1 on ! o!r h&1 spread+ we/w>ds2 b at :at date exactly x is difficult to make out4 ,9 m$ival1 z well z 9 e>li] times1 m>vell\s bea/s 7 br\ght into imag9>y exi/5ce by ! some:at unscrupul\s ent]prise ( an arti/ 9 giv+ pictorial expression to ! actual words by :i* "s travell] describ$ a /range bea/ se5 by him 9 a =eign l&4 ,?us ! 8unicorn10 :i* 0 really ! rh9oc]os1 0 se5 by travell]s 9 ! e>lie/ times1 & 0 describ$ z an animal l a horse1 b ) a s+le horn gr[+ f its =ehead4 ,! h]aldic draughtsman accord+ly takes ! spirally twi/$ n>:al's tusk1 br\ght f ! nor!rn seas by adv5tur\s m>9]s 7! n>:al be+ call$ 8! unicorn fi%07 z 8 unicorn's horn1 & plants x on ! =ehead ( a horse1 & says1 8,behold6 ! unicorn40 ,mean:ile ! real 8unicorn10 ! rh9oc]os1 became prop]ly kn[n z navigation & ,ea/]n travel ext5d$1 & true unicorns' horns1 ! horns ( ! rh9oc]os1 ri*ly c>v$ & made into dr9k+ cups1 n at all l ! n>:al's tusk1 7 br\ght to ,europe f ,india4 ,"o 0 s5t to ,*>les ,,ii4 by 8! ,great ,sophy10 & h&$ ov] to ! ,royal ,society by ! ,k+ = exp]im5t4 ,^! horns 7 ass]t$ to be ! mo/ p[]ful antidote or de/roy] ( poison1 & a te/ = ! pres5ce ( poison 9 dr9k4 ,!re 0 no tru? :atev] 9 ! ass]tion1 z ! ,royal ,society at once %[$4 ,yet !y 7 valu$ at enorm\s prices1 & pieces 7 sold = _! weight 9 gold4 ,a ,g]man travell] 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? saw "o :i* 0 kept among ! ,que5's jewels at ,w9dsor1 & 0 valu$1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 at #aj1jjj4 ,cr$ulity1 fancy1 & ha/y judgm5t are acc\ntable = ! belief 9 my?ical & leg5d>y mon/]s4 ,yet !y h great int]e/ = ! sci5tific /udy ( ! gr[? ( human ?\ght & ( ! relation%ips ( ! races ( mank9d4 ,!y are (t5 pres5t$ to u 9 beautiful /ories1 c>v+s1 or pictures1 hav+ a *ildlike s9c]ity & a conceal$ symbolism :i* give to ! wondr\s creatures *>m & human value4 ,,xiv ,,oy/]s ,oy/]s are delicate morsels--/ill appreciat$ by t class ( ! population :i* nev]!less %udd]s at ! ?\ght ( eat+ ! high-flav\r$ 8:ilk0 or ! gri/ly 8p]iw9kle10 & neglects ! admirable mussel1 s rightly valu$ by our ,fr5* fri5ds4 ,!re are a numb] ( int]e/+ facts ab\t ! nature & life-hi/ory ( oy/]s1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( !m--a k ( :i* does n dim9i%1 b1 on ! contr>y1 r adds to ! pleasure ) :i* "o swall[s ! %ell-fi%4 ,i rememb] ! "t :5 8natives0 7 sold 9 ,london at sixp5ce ! score4 ,:5 ,i 0 a s*oolboy at ,/4 ,paul's !y 7 no m ?an sixp5ce a doz5 at ! be/ %ops 9 ,*eapside4 ,t inevitable =m ( ,briti% ent]prise :i* is kn[n z 8monopoly10 _m ye>s s9ce laid hold ( ! oy/] bus9ess1 & rapidly rais$ ! price ( ! be/ natives to eight times :at x _h be51 :ile ! typhoid 8sc>e0 came subsequ5tly z a sort ( poetical ju/ice1 & ?reat5$ to ru9 ! oy/] monopoli/s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no difficulty 9 free+ oy/]s f any possible contam9ation by ! typhoid g]m4 ,!y h only to be kept = t5 days or a =tnight 9 l>ge tanks ( sea-wat] ( unque/ionable purity--aft] removal f ! fatt5+ gr\nds 7tanks or wat]ways71 & !y rid !mselves ( any possible infection4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( ! oy/] m]*ant to make sure t ?is treatm5t is /rictly en=c$4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! anci5tly e/abli%$ habit ( dr5*+ an oy/] ) v9eg> be=e eat+ x is precisely ! be/ treatm5t1 except cook+ !m1 :i* c\ld h be5 adopt$ 9 ord] to de/roy ! vitality ( typhoid g]ms--al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( su* g]ms 0 unkn[n :5 ! practice arose1 & v9eg> or lemon-juice 0 tak5 ) uncook$ oy/]s z a matt] ( ta/e1 n z a safegu>d4 ,! oy/] is sometimes gr&iloqu5tly /yl$ 8! succul5t mollusc0--& x is class$ toge!r ) o!r bivalve %ells & true 8%ell-be>+0 %ell-fi%1 su* z :elks & snails 7n lob/]s & crabs1 :i* are ,cru/acea71 9 a great division ( animals kn[n to naturali/s z ! ,mollusca4 ,?is ^w is only a ,lat9 =m ( ! "n ,malakia1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! cuttle-fi%es by t wond]ful man ,ari/otle1 ! ,greek--& means 8s(t creatures40 ,a bivalve1 or two-%ell$ mollusc1 l ! oy/]1 may be comp>$ to an oblong notebook4 ,! h>d cov]s correspond to ! two %ells & ! back to a horny piece by :i* ! two %ells are unit$1 =m+ ! h+e4 ,if y place a piece ( indi>ubb] 7a ?icki% bit7 betwe5 ! cov]s ( ! notebook s t x lies ne> ! back1 & !n try to %ut ! book1 y f9d t x requires "s pressure to d s2 :5 y leave (f press+ !m ! cov]s gape4 ,! horny h+e-piece or ligam5t ( ! %ells ( ! oy/] & o!r bivalves acts 9 ?is way4 ,! %ells are only kept clos$ by a /rong muscle1 :i* runs across f %ell to %ell 7,figs4 #bh & #cjm74 ,:5 ! oy/] is at re/ or :5 x is dead ! muscle does n act1 & ! ela/ic h+e-piece or ligam5t causes ! %ells to gape4 ,! animal )9 ! %ells may be comp>$ to ! leaves ( ! notebook4 ,suppose !re are tw5ty-six leaves1 !n ! out]mo/ leaf on ea* side corresponds to ! two s(t liv+ membrane\s flaps :i* secrete ! two %ells or cov]s ( ! oy/] & lie closely on !m 7a1 b1 ,figs4 #bh & #cj72 ! next two on ea* side 7r %ort5$ leaves1 fold$ 9 f bel[7 are ! flat gills or 8gill-plates0 ( ! mollusc 7g#a to g#d 9 ,fig4 #bh72 :il/ we mu/ suppose ! tw5ty middle leaves to be 8pulp$0 & fus$ toge!r to repres5t ! body ( ! %ell-fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,an oy/] ) ! "r-side %ell remov$2 c1 ! pe>ly inn] surface ( ! left-side %ell2 d1 ! horny out] lay] project+ beyond c2 a1 ! ?ick edge ( ! 8mantle0-flap ( ! left side2 b1 ! ?ick edge ( ! mantle-flap ( ! "r side ?r[n back t[>ds ! c5tre1 s z to %[ :at und]lies x2 e1 not* 9 ! surface 7pull$ a little upw>ds & =w>ds7 :]e ! ligam5t is =m$2 h1 ! h+e surface1 :]e ! remov$ %ell re/$ on ! left-side %ell2 g#a to g#d1 ! f\r gill-plates or flaps1 two "r1 two left--! s-call$ be>d2 l1 ! f\r correspond+ lip lobes3 ! m\? lies deeply betwe5 ! second & ?ird--t is betwe5 ! "r pair & ! left pair2 m1 ! c5tral %ell-muscle1 :i* runs f "o %ell to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,"p ( a r[ ( ! la%+ hairs or 8cilia0 :i* cov] ! gills ( ! oy/]4 ,?is repres5ts "p ( a s+le r[1 only ! #a_/djj? ( an in* long f "o end to ! o!r4 ,! :ole surface ( ! gill & o!r p>ts is beset ) ^! hairs1 n 9 s+le r[s1 b closely1 z ! hairs ( fur are set4 ,! draw+ is int5d$ to %[ ! way 9 :i* ! hairs actively b5d d[nw>ds 7or 8la%071 & !n rise up aga9 9 regul> waves1 ! movem5t or wave pass+ along 9 ! same way z a wave ( b5d+ & return+ to ! upright passes ov] a ripe cornfield :5 a light breeze bl[s across x 7see also ,fig4 #dj74 ,! oy/]'s gill-plates1 commonly call$ 8! be>d10 are cov]$ on ! surface by microscopic hairs ( a v rem>kable k9d 7,fig4 #bi74 ,!y are s(t1 liv+ protoplasm1 & are cont9ually 8la%+10 b5d+ =w>ds & /raight5+ aga9 at ! rate ( "s ?ree or f\r hundr$ /rokes to ! m9ute4 ,!y all "w rhy?mically toge!r1 & produce a /rong curr5t 9 ! wat]1 :i* ba!s ! surface ( ! oy/] :5 ! %ells are op54 ,su* microscopic vibrat+ hairs are v common 9 aquatic animals1 & are call$ 8cilia40 ,! curr5t :i* !y produce causes oxyg5-hold+ wat] to fl[ f )\t ov] ! gills1 & s a]ate ! blood ( ! oy/]1 & also c>ries into ! *amb] protect$ by ! %ells excessively m9ute p>ticles1 *iefly microscopic plants1 :i* are driv5 on to ! small1 op5 m\? ( ! oy/]1 plac$ f> up on its body4 ,^! microscopic food-p>ticles are waft$ d[n ! oy/]'s ?roat by simil> vibrat+ hairs into ! /oma* & inte/9e4 ,an oy/] has no o!r means ( tak+ food1 & almo/ )\t cessation1 z ! oy/] lies on ! sea bottom ) its muscle relax$ & its %ell 8gap+10 ! n\ri%+ /ream is kept go+4 ,if poison\s matt]1 bad wat]1 or "s viol5t di/urbance make !mselves app>5t1 ! %ell-muscle acts1 & ! oy/] tightly closes 8 %ell4 ,su* ?+s make !mselves 8app>5t0 to ! oy/]1 = x has a n]v\s sy/em1 & ?\gh x has no eyes 7! ne>ly alli$ 8scallop0 has a numb] ( eyes7 x has a delicate s5se ( smell & t\*1 & also :at is usually consid]$ to be an organ ( he>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,! animal ( an oy/] remov$ f ! %ell3 a1 ! ?ick edge ( ! left side mantle-flap or skirt2 b1 same ( ! "r side2 l1 position ( ! m\?2 m1 %ell-muscle or adductor-muscle1 br++ ! two %ells tightly toge!r :5 x contracts4 ,! oy/] has also a he>t & blood-vessels 7,fig4 #cj7 & blood2 9 "s few bivalves & snails ! blood is r$ l our own4 ,! beat+ ( ! he>t may be se5 by c>eful exam9ation ( a fre%ly op5$ specim54 ,! oy/] has also a 8liv]10 or dige/ive gl&1 & a kidney & a s(t1 bran*$1 tubul> /ructure emb$d$ 9 ! body1 )9 :i* ! egg-cells & sp]m-cells gr[ by means ( :i* ! oy/] propagates itself 9 ! summ]4 ,our nor? ,european oy/] produces 9 ! same individual bo? egg-cells1 & ! male f]tilis+ sp]m-cells or sp]matozoa4 ,! eggs are j visible to ! unaid$ eye 7,fig4 #ca71 & z _m z a million are produc$ 9 ! w>m bre$+ season by a s+le ripe oy/]4 ,ab\t a =tnight aft] ! eggs h be5 %$1 ! same tubul> *amb]s 9 ! oy/]'s body :i* produc$ ! eggs by gr[? f _! inn] walls1 produce ! sp]matozoa1 s t !y are too late to f]tilise ! eggs ( ! same oy/]4 ,!y pass out ( ! oy/] into ! sea wat]1 & are c>ri$ )9 ! %elt] ( ! %ells1 & s on to ! surface ( ! protect$ bodies ( o!r neighb\r+ oy/]s by ! curr5ts creat$ by ! 8ciliat$0 gill-plates ( ^! neighb\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,! eggs ( ! oy/]--tak5 f a ripe individual--magnifi$ #ejj times l9e>4 ,! sp]m p>ticles or sp]matozoa 7,fig4 #cb7 are produc$ by millions1 & =m a cl\d f9] ?an du/ 9 ! sea wat]4 ,!y are c>ri$ )9 ! %ells ( bo? egg-produc+ & sp]m-produc+ oy/]s1 & are driv5 along into ! op5+s ( ! tubul> reproductive sacs1 & into ^? sacs 9 ! case ( ^? oy/]s :i* are at ! "t produc+ eggs4 ,!re !y f]tilise ! eggs4 ,! m9ute eggs beg9 to develop :il/ /ill )9 ! p>5t's body1 & cont9ue to d s :il/ rema9+ )9 ! %elt] ( ! %ell1 adh]+ to ! gill-plates 7,fig4 #cc74 ,9 a day or two ea* f]tilis$ egg has develop$ into a v m9ute creature1 provid$ ) a t9y circlet ( cilia or vibratile hairs1 ! movem5ts ( :i* cause x to swim 7,fig4 #cc;,f74 ,! p>5t oy/] is n[ said to be 8:ite-sick40 ,9 ! c\rse ( a c\ple ( days ! "y oy/] /ill )9 its p>5t's %ell becomes d>k 9 col\r1 & has =m$ on its surface a pair ( symmetrical %ells1 n l ^? ( an adult oy/]1 b convex 7,fig4 #cd7 l ^? ( a clam or a cockle4 ,! head region1 ) its circlet ( vibrat+ cilia1 c be project$ betwe5 ! op5 %ells or )drawn betwe5 !m :5 ! %ells are %ut4 ,! "m oy/]1 lad5 ) ^! little d>k specks1 is n[ said to be 8black-sick40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,! sp]ms or sp]matozoa ( a ripe oy/]1 z se5 swimm+ 9 a drop ( sea wat]3 magnifi$ #bjjj times l9e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,developm5t ( ! egg ( ! common oy/]1 aft] f]tilisation )9 ! tubul> passage ( ! reproductive sacs4 ,a1 surface view4 ,b1 section ?r\gh a v e>ly /age--! sep>ate cells or protoplasmic corpuscles :i* h result$ f ! divid+ up ( ! f]tilis$ s+le egg-cell are se52 bl1 9-pu%+ to =m ! gut2 sk1 9-pu%+ to =m ! rudim5t ( ! d\ble %ell4 ,c & ,d1 ! same a few h\rs lat]4 ,! m\?1 m1 is n[ se54 ,e1 /ill lat] /age surface view3 a r+ ( cilia has appe>$4 ,f1 ! "y free-swimm+ oy/] ne>ly ready to leave its "m's protection1 :o is n[ lad5 ) su* "y1 & is said to be 8:ite-sick40 ,! top ( ! head1 tp1 is n[ well m>k$ & surr\nd$ by a r+ ( la%+ cilia4 ,! outl9e ( ! "r-side %ell is se51 & ! foot1 ft1 betwe5 ! m\?1 m1 & ! anus1 a4 ,! /oma*1 /1 & ! inte/9e1 e1 %[ by transp>5cy4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a week or s ! brood ( d>k "y oy/]s escapes by ?\s&s f ! p>5t's %ell into ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,!y swim by _! circlet ( vibrat+ hairs1 or 8velum10 z x is call$1 t[>ds ! surface1 & are c>ri$ f> & wide by ! tides4 ,!y are active1 transp>5t little 8dots10 v unlike _! p>5t 7,fig4 #cd74 ,! next ?+ t happ5s to !m--aft] a few days1 p]haps weeks--is t ow+ to ! increas+ weight ( _! %ells1 !y s9k to ! bottom4 ,m ?an half p]i% by dropp+ ?us on to bad gr\nd2 a va/ numb] h already be5 eat5 by "y fi%es & %rimps4 ,^? :i* are lucky en\gh to fall on to some?+ h>d--/ones1 rocks1 old oy/]-%ells1 or ! %ells ( liv+ oy/]s--become cem5t$ to ^? h>d sub/ances by ! new %elly sub/ance =m$ by ! gr[+ edge ( ! l[]mo/ ( _! little %ells1 :i* n[ spread out1 lose _! cockle-l %ape z !y gr[1 & become1 ! "o 7! left by :i* x is fix$7 l>ge1 deep1 & boss$1 ! o!r flat4 ,! little oy/]s are only "o-=tie? ( an in* 9 diamet] :5 fir/ !y become fix$1 b !y gr[ rapidly1 fe$+ 9 ! same way z _! p>5ts4 ,va/ numb]s are eat5 by o!r animals4 ,9 "s localities 9 two ye>s1 9 o!rs 9 ?ree ye>s1 !y h gr[n to a c\ple ( in*es 9 l5g?1 & n[ produce 9 ! summ] bre$+ season a c]ta9 quantity ( eggs & sp]m to />t new g5]ations4 ,! oy/] cont9ues to gr[1 & at five to sev5 ye>s ( age is 9 full vig\r & maturity2 at t5 ye>s ( age x produces few eggs1 or sp]m-cells2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ano!r ye> or s1 "u natural conditions1 dies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,free-swimm+ "y oy/] or oy/]-l>va1 %[+ ! head1 ) its tuft ( cilia project+ f betwe5 ! two %ells1 l & r4 ,enorm\s z is ! output ( "y by a s+le oy/]--am\nt+ to some?+ l a million a ye> 9 probably f\r or five successive ye>s--yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t on ! :ole1 tak+ all ! v>i\s oy/]-b$s into acc\nt1 "s ( :i* increase :il/ o!rs dw9dle or actually die out altoge!r1 !re is no increase 9 ! oy/] population ( ! seas4 ,tak+ !m all r\nd1 five million "y oy/]s />t life 9 ord] t "o may f9ally come to maturity1 s _m & v>i$ & incessant are ! dang]s1 ! pr$atory enemies1 ! de/ructive effects ( cold curr5ts1 bad gr\nd1 & o!r *ances ( life & dea? on to :i* ! sw>m+ swimm+ "y are laun*$4 ,! above brief hi/ory applies to ! ,nor? ,sea or ,*annel oy/]1 :i* is also f\nd 7) o!r species7 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,am]ican & ! ,portuguese oy/] diff] f x 9 be+ ( di/9ct sexes1 & 9 ! fact t ! eggs are dis*>g$ into ! sea by ! females1 & are !re f]tilis$ by ! sp]m dis*>g$ by ! male oy/]s1 in/ead ( 9 ! p>5t's body4 ,o!r 8molluscs10 su* z snails & :elks1 enclose _! f]tilis$ eggs1 :5 !y lay !m1 9 egg-%ells4 ,"s snails enclose a s+le egg 9 a %ell :i* is fill$ up ) cle> liquid--correspond+ to ! 8:ite0 ( a bird's egg--9 :i* ! egg floats & develops4 ,! eggs ( ! common snail are n bigg] ?an a hemp-se$1 b "s ,indian snails lay eggs z big z ^? ( a rob91 ) a h>d1 calc>e\s %ell1 & ! "y snail has q a l>ge coil$ %ell ( its own be=e x escapes f ! egg-%ell4 ,s t x looks1 :5 "o ( ! big snail's eggs is brok51 z ?\gh a snail _h manag$ to get inside a bird's egg )\t mak+ a hole 9 x6 ,! :elks & _! k9d lay _m eggs 9 "o %ell or capsule1 & ! sea-slugs produce a sort ( firm jelly1 9 cords l v]micelli1 ! jelly enclos+ hundr$s ( little sacs fill$ ) liquid1 9 :i* ! true g]ms or f]tilis$ egg-cells float4 ,^! are all me?ods = protect+ ! "y 9 _! e>lie/ condition4 ,"o ( our pond-snails--! ,palud9a--keeps h] eggs1 :il/ !y develop1 inside ! dilat$ end ( ! tube :i* leads f ! egg-produc+ organ or ov>y to ! ext]ior4 ,! "y snails ne>e/ ! op5+ to ! ext]ior are ! fur!/ advanc$ 9 developm5t1 & are z big z a dri$ pea4 ,all /ages1 f ! m9ute g]m j f]tilis$ to well-=m$ "y1 may be f\nd 9 ^! snails1 & ! :ole c\rse ( _! developm5t & gradual *ange & gr[? c be m9utely /udi$ ) ! microscope 9 "o specim54 ,simil> devices = protect+ ! "y 9 _! e>lie/ helpless /ages ( gr[? f ! egg-%ell are f\nd 9 all classes ( animals4 ,:at is v curi\s is ! fact t1 ( two closely alli$ animals1 "o species w recklessly lay its eggs & leave !m1 :il/ ano!r has special arrangem5ts = reta9+ 9 ! p>5t's body ! eggs z !y develop1 & s pres]v+ !m f dang]4 ,su* p>5ts are call$ 8vivip>\s40 ,( c\rse1 9 all vivip>\s animals1 z well z 9 ^? :i* lay _! eggs 9 h>d %ells1 ! f]tilisation ( ! egg mu/ be effect$ )9 ! mat]nal body4 ,among/ our common fi%es !re is ! vivip>\s bl5ny1 (t5 f\nd 9 pools at l[ tide on ! sea%ore4 ,all ! o!r ,briti% fre%-wat] & m>9e fi%es lay _! eggs & ab&on !m1 except+ "s %>ks1 dog-fi%1 & skates1 :i* are vivip>\s2 o!rs ( ! %>k & skate tribe lay eggs ( l>ge size encas$ 9 h>d1 horny %ells4 ,e "o kn[s t frogs & toads lay _! eggs1 b !re are "s k9ds 9 :i* ! eggs rema9 inside ! "m's body dur+ ! developm5t ( ! "y1 :i* only escape into ! _w z well-=m$ little frogs4 ,all ! hairy1 w>m-blood$ quadrup$s kn[n z 8! mammals0 are vivip>\s1 except ! duck-mole & ! sp9y ant-eat] ( ,au/ralia4 ,^! extraord9>y little 8bea/s0 lay eggs l ^? ( a bird4 ,! mo/ +5i\s devices = ! protection ( ! "y are 7z p]haps ^? :o believe 9 ! sup]ior intellig5ce ( ! male w\ld expect7 put into practice by ! male p>5t4 ,?us1 !re is a l>ge fi% 9 tropical riv]s :i* takes ! eggs laid by ! female into 8 capaci\s m\?1 & swims ab\t ) !m = ?ree or f\r weeks1 giv+ !m ! advantage ( a curr5t ( wat] :i* runs ?r\gh 8 m\? to 8 gills4 ,:5 ! "y hat* !y swim out ( _! fond fa!r's m\?4 ,! male ( pipe-fi%es & ( ! little 8sea-horse0 receives ! eggs laid by ! female into a p\* excavat$ along 8 v5tral surface4 ,!re ! "y hat*1 & are gu>d$ by ! nurs+ fa!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s fa!rs imp>tially eat _! own "y1 z well z ^? ( o!r p>5ts1 & ! "m has a h>d job to protect h] (fspr+4 ,a female octopus 7! p\lp or eight-arm$ cuttle-fi%7 sits ov] h] eggs 9 a ne/ built ( pebbles at ! bottom ( ! sea 7or ( an aqu>ium tank 9 ! in/ance /udi$ by me _m ye>s ago at ,naples71 & squirts a /ream ( pure sea-wat] ov] !m4 ,%e res5ts ! approa* ( a fi% or a crab or a l&+-net ) spl5did fury & recklessness ( attack4 ,(t5 ! males ( fi%es1 frogs1 & birds gu>d ! eggs1 or gu>d ! ne/ :]e ! female is occupi$ 9 c>+ = ! eggs or ! "y4 ,!re are v>i\s species ( oy/]s common 9 all p>ts ( ! _w :i* are eat5 z delicacies4 ,primeval 7,neoli?ic7 man ate oy/]s 7! common sort7 9 ,d5m>k 9 enorm\s quantity--great heaps ( ! disc>d$ oy/]-%ells are f\nd1 buri$ among :i* are discov]$ /one axe-heads & bits ( rude pott]y4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies travell]s relate t ! oy/]s 8climb0 ! trees :i* ov]hang ! wat] ( quiet creeks & inlets ( ! sea4 ,! fact is t ! bran*es ( ! mangrove trees dip into ! wat]1 & ! "y oy/] 8spat0 atta*es itself to ! imm]s$ twigs4 ,aft] a ye> or two1 ! tree gr[s vigor\sly1 & raises its bran*es up 9 its gr[?1 s t ! oy/]s are c>ri$ f> up above ! sea waves4 ,( c\rse !y die "u ^! conditions1 b _! position sugge/s ! explanation t ! oy/]s h climb$ up ! trees4 ,%ip b>nacles fix !mselves1 simil>ly1 to ! twigs ( will[ trees 9 ! quiet sea lo*s ( ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&1 & ?is l$ #ejj ye>s ago to ! belief t ! catk9s ( ! will[ tree rip5 into b>nacles4 ,s9ce x 0 also held t ! little animal ( ! b>nacle hat*es out ( its %ell z a "y goose--! s-call$ 8b>nacle goose0--! m>vell\s /ory 0 believ$ t ^! geese are actually budd$ f will[ trees4 ,i believe t ! suppos$ relation%ip ( ! goose & ! %ip's b>nacle arose solely f ! accid5tal simil>ity ( ! names ( ! two animals--! 8b]nack0 goose & ! sea 8b>nacle0 be+ names ( indep5d5t orig94 ,! names 7 diff]5t orig9ally 9 s\nd & signification1 b 7 corrupt$ by fi%]-folk into "o & ! same ^w4 ,h5ce a fanta/ic fable took its gr[?4 ,9 ,p>is y may te/ & comp>e sev]al local v>ieties ( ! common oy/] 9 a celebrat$ oy/]-%op4 ,!re are ,c\rseilles1 ,cancales1 ,m>5nes1 ,o/5d1 ,zeel&1 ,arca*on1 ,engli% natives1 ,ctes ,r\ges 7r$ banks71 & ,black ,rocks4 ,& y c eat sea-ur*9s !re1 too1 if y wi%4 ,!y h n1 h[ev]1 got ! celebrat$ oy/]s f ! ,lake ,fus>o1 ne> ,naples4 ,?is 0 ! anci5t ,a*]usia palus1 & 9 ! neighb\r+ ,lake ,av]nus & ! ,lucr9e lake oy/]s 7 cultivat$ by ! anci5t ,romans1 ! "y oy/]s be+ made to affix !mselves at 8! fall ( ! spat0 to wood5 8/&s0 or frames1 :i* 7 !n plac$ 9 ! lake 7a salt-wat] lake71 :]e !y _h abundant m9ute vegetable food & grew l>ge & fat4 ,! same cultivation1 ) ! same %ape ( 8/&s10 is c>ri$ on at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,lake ,fus>o4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,gn!r1 ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 has publi%$ pictures ( ,roman tiles f ?is neighb\rhood %[+ ! oy/]s adh]+ 9 r[s to ! wood5 frames4 ,^! tiles 7 app>5tly sold to holiday visitors 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman emp]ors z a mem5to ( a happy day sp5t at ! ,lucr9e lake1 j z a sug> bas9 or a mug is n[ sold at our seaside resorts ) ! inscription1 8,a pres5t f ,m>gate10 or ,s\?port1 or ,blackpool1 & ! picture ( a %rimp above x4 ,! c>e ( ! bre$+ oy/] & ! plans adopt$ by ! own]s ( oy/]-b$s = cat*+ ! 8spat10 or "y oy/]s1 :5 !y fall to ! bottom1 by plac+ movable tiles or frames = !m to fix !mselves to1 =m an important "p ( ! craft ( ! oy/]-man4 ,x is a difficult bus9ess1 & is v>i\sly c>ri$ out 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,am]ica4 ,! "y oy/]s1 :5 !y h fix$ !mselves1 are c>ri$ on ! movable tiles or frames f "o region to ano!r = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ _! gr[? & avoid+ a v>iety ( dang]s to _! life & heal? 7sometimes f ! ,bay ( ,biscay to ! m\? ( ! ,?ames674 ,!y are (t5--b n always--f9ally f$ up 9 sea-ponds or inlets1 :i* are peculi> 9 conta9+ an enorm\s numb] ( ^? v m9ute microscopic plants1 ) beautifully %ap$ silice\s %ells1 :i* are kn[n z diatoms4 ,^! are s abundant 9 su* ponds z to =m a sort ( p[d] or cl\d ne> ! bottom1 & ! oy/]s draw !m1 day & night1 by _! gill-curr5ts into _! m\?s1 dige/ !m1 & gr[ f9e & fat4 ,! di/rict ( ,m>5nes1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,france1 is celebrat$ = hav+ sea-ponds or tanks 9 :i* a wond]ful diatom ( a bright blue col\r ab\nds2 s abundant are !y t ! cl\d produc$ by !m 9 ! pools is ( a deep cobalt-blue4 ,:5 oy/]s are plac$ 9 ^! tanks to fatt51 _! gills or be>ds become ri* blue-gre5 9 col\r4 ,!y lose ! col\r aft] t5 days1 :5 remov$ to ord9>y tanks4 ,^! are ! celebrat$ gre5 oy/]s or 8,m>5nes v]tes0 ( ,fr5* re/aurants4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( ! little diatoms--swall[$ by ! million & dige/$--is tak5 up by ! blood ( ! oy/] f its /oma*1 & is excret$ by c]ta9 corpuscles on ! surface ( ! gills--z ,i %[$ "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago--j z r$ madd] is deposit$ 9 ! bones ( a pig f$ ^u madd]1 & z ! fea!rs ( ! can>y take up ! col\r ( cay5ne pepp] :5 x is mix$ ) ! can>y's food4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t ! gre5 col\r ( ! gre5 oy/] is due to copp]--& t op9ion 0 support$ by ! curi\s fact t ! blood ( all oy/]s & o!r molluscs1 & also ( lob/]s1 scorpions1 & k+-crabs1 does really conta9 a m9ute quantity ( copp]1 j z our blood conta9s iron6 ,x 0 also support$ by ! fact t occasionally a fraudul5t fi%mong]1 :5 ask$ to supply gre5 oy/]s1 has be5 convict$ ( col\r+ ! be>ds ( ord9>y oy/]s ) gre5 copp] salt1 s z to imitate ! real article6 ,! real hi/ory ( ! gre5-be>d$ oy/]s is n[ q c]ta91 & any "o int]e/$ 9 ! matt] %\ld look at ! col\r$ pictures ( ! beautiful little blue-col\r$ ,navicula o/re>ia--! diatom on :i* ?is oy/] fe$s1 publi%$ by me 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce 9 #ahhe4 ,,xv ,,mat]nal ,,c>e ,,& ,,molluscs ,! ,am]ican & ,portuguese species ( oy/]s1 :i* are call$ respectively ,o/rea virg9iana & ,o/rea angulata1 z oppos$ to ! common oy/]1 :i* is kn[n z ,o/rea edulis1 are n h]maphrodite l ! latt]1 b h di/9ct males & females4 ,moreov]1 ! "y are n f]tilis$ )9 ! p>5t's body1 nor d !y pass _! e>lie/ /ages ( gr[? )9 ! p>5t's %ell adh]+ to ! 8be>d10 or gills1 z 9 ! common oy/]4 ,! eggs 7,fig4 #ca7 are1 on ! contr>y1 dis*>g$ by ! females into ! sea1 & at ! same "t ! males dis*>ge a cl\d ( microscopic sp]m filam5ts1 or sp]matozoa 7,fig4 #cb71 :i* d>t ab\t 9 ! wat] & f]tilise ! eggs4 ,t is a m prodigal & less c]ta9 process ?an t pursu$ by ! common oy/]4 ,! ,am]ican & ,portuguese oy/] h to pay = x4 ,! female produces 9 "o season n a million eggs1 z does ! common oy/]1 b n9e millions4 ,& out ( e fifty million s produc$ 79 "s five or six ye>s7 only a s+le male & a s+le female individual1 tak+ ! :ole oy/] population ( ^! species into consid]ation1 survive to maturity4 ,?is enorm\s excess ( egg-production 9 ord] to ensure ! survival ( a s+le pair to replace _! p>5ts is a v frequ5t ?+ 9 aquatic animals4 ,b !re are _m devices by :i* ! necessity = su* lavi% scatt]+ ( a new brood is avoid$4 ,! common oy/] is already a /ep 9 advance ( ! ,am]ican 9 ?is matt]1 s9ce x protects its "y 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages )9 ! %elt] ( its %ell4 ,a fur!r advance 9 ?is direction is f\nd 9 ! fre%-wat] mussels 7n to be confus$ ) ! v diff]5t sea-mussels1 s9ce !y are bitt] & t\gh1 & q in$ible1 ?\gh us$ z bait 9 sea-fi%+74 ,! pond-mussel 7,anodon7 & ! riv]-mussel 7,unio7 are ( di/9ct sexes1 & ! gills ( ! female become swoll5 up at ! bre$+ season s z to =m two l>ge bags1 into :i* ! eggs are laid by h]1 z _m z #ejj1jjj 9 numb]4 ,!y are f]tilis$ by ! sp]m filam5ts dis*>g$ by ! males1 :i* are c>ri$ into ! female's %ell by curr5ts produc$ by ! vibrat+ hairs on ! gills1 z 9 ! common oy/]4 ,b ! "y rema9 mu* long] 9 ! mussel's gills ?an d ! "y oy/]s 9 ^? ( _! p>5t's4 ,late 9 ! season y f9d ! bag-l gills ( ! female pond- & riv]-mussels full ( extraord9>y little creatures "o-?irtie? ( an in* long1 ea* provid$ ) a pair ( triangul> %ells4 ,!y are dis*>g$ into ! wat]1 & swim v actively by rapidly op5+ & %utt+ ! little %ells 7,fig4 #ce74 ,! common scallop 7,pect51 or ,pilgrim's %ell7 swims e n[ & !n 9 ! same way z d ^! "y mussels1 & s d "s o!r bivalves4 ,! "y fre%-wat] mussels produce a long1 /icky ?read1 :i* trails f ! %ell 7,fig4 #ce by74 ,v few h ! good *ance to get fur!r on 9 life ?an ?is /age1 = all dep5ds on _! /umbl+ across fi%--a /ickleback1 or a p]*1 or a pike--z !y bl9dly snap _! %ells & wobble ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! lucky triangul> mite ^: /icky ?read happ5s to t\* a fi%'s body becomes imm$iately fa/5$ by x to ! fi% & !n grips ! sk9 ) its snapp+ %ells1 ! edges ( :i* are provid$ ) a few long1 %>p tee?4 ,! fi% probably is q unaw>e ( ! lodgm5t ( ! "y mussel on its sk91 b !re x rema9s1 & gets buri$ = a "t 9 ! s(t tissues ( ! fi%1 becom+ ?us actually a p>asite = "s two or ?ree mon?s dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,x n\ri%es itself on ! juices ( ! fi%1 & gr[s to ! size ( a p9's head1 :il/ x is c>ri$ away f its bir?place by ! p]egr9ations ( its ho/1 ! fi%4 ,its %ell n[ ceases to be triangul>1 & becomes l t ( its p>5ts4 ,ev5tually ! "y mussel drops (f ! fi% & re/s on ! muddy bottom ( pond or riv]1 :]e x rema9s = _m ye>s1 gr[+ va/ly 9 size1 & b>ely mov+ dur+ its long life f ! spot :]e x fell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,"y ( ! pond-mussel aft] escap+ f ! mat]nal gill-p\*3 ,a1 z x escapes1 swimm+ by op5+ & %utt+ ! %ells2 %1 %ell ( "o side2 al1 %ell-muscle2 t1 tee? ( ! %ell's edge2 by1 adhesive filam5t4 ,b1 aft] x has fix$ to a fi%2 mt1 mantle2 f1 muscul> foot2 br1 gill processes2 pad1 aad1 al1 muscles2 auv1 he>t4 7,f draw+s by ! late ,frank ,balf\r47 ,a beautiful little bivalve common 9 we$y /reams 9 ,engl& is kn[n z ,cyclas 7x has no ,engli% "n72 x has a pair ( %ells %ap$ l ^? ( a cockle1 b smoo?1 & only half z big z "o's little f+]-nail4 ,! nurs+ ( ! "y 9 ! gill-sacs is c>ri$ to a mu* fur!r po9t by ,cyclas ?an by ! pond- or riv]-mussel4 ,be=e !y are eject$ by ! p>5t !y are q l>ge--l _! p>5t 9 appe>ance1 & half z big z a hemp-se$4 ,necess>ily !re are n _m produc$ 9 a season--!re is n room = m ?an tw5ty or ?irty "y 9 ! gill-sacs4 ,,xvi ,,! ,,he>t',s ,,beat ,! beat ( ! he>t is "o ( ^? great & elem5tal features ( man's life :i*1 9 spite ( our famili>ity ) x & its mom5t>y recurr5ce1 nev] loses its quality ( my/]y & isolation4 ,! ceaseless accompanim5t to our lives :i* ! he>t is always beat+1 l ! inexorable /roke ( an unse5 p5dulum1 fills ev5 ! /\te/ & brave/ at times ) a s5se ( awe4 ,x seems n[ & !n z ?\gh an indep5d5t liv+ ?+ 7 9 our brea/s1 & :5 x quick5s & /ruggles1 z x 71 ) its "w1 or langui%es & hesitates 9 its ef=ts we h a s5se ( helpless dom9ation by an exi/5ce--a liv+ ?+--ov] ^: vag>ies we h no control4 ,! he>t ( man is no special end[m5t ( ! human race1 nor ev5 ( ! high] animals4 ,z ,i m5tion$ a few pages back1 ! oy/] & o!r %ell-fi% h a he>t :i* keeps "t & beats ! seconds = _! unev5tful lives1 z does t ( man = 8 m v>i$ c>e]4 ,n only ! molluscs1 b ! insects1 ! spid]s1 ! crabs1 lob/]s1 & %rimps1 & ev5 ! worms1 h ea* a rhy?mically beat+ he>t4 ,9 all ( !m ! significance ( ?is he>t & its beat are ! same--x is driv+ ! n\ri%+1 oxyg5-c>ry+ blood ?r\gh ! great vessels 7art]ies71 :i* bran* f x l a tree into ! liv+ tissues ( ! body1 :5ce x returns by o!r vessels 7! ve9s7 back to ! he>t4 ,9 man & ! w>m-blood$ quadrup$s1 9 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es1 ! blood is ( a spl5did r$ col\r1 & ! transp>5t vessels c be easily trac$ 9 _! graceful ramifications & intricate networks1 9 consequ5ce ( ! r$ blood %[+ ?r\gh _! walls4 ,! r$ col\r is due to a peculi> body1 :i* c be easily sep>at$ f ! blood z cry/als4 ,x has ! special duty ( c>ry+ oxyg5 gas dissolv$ & atta*$ to x2 & ( giv+ up t ess5tial elem5t to cause sl[ burn+ or oxydation 9 all p>ts ( ! body :il/ tak+ up fre% supplies ( oxyg5 on its passage ?r\gh ! lungs or ! gills4 ,9 _m ( ! l[] animals 7= in/ance1 ! oy/]7 ! blood is devoid ( ?is r$ cry/all9e sub/ance 7:i*1 by ! bye1 is call$ hmoglob971 & accord+ly we _c easily cat* sight ei!r ( ! he>t or ! blood-vessels 7see1 h[ev]1 ,fig4 #cj74 ,b 9 %ell-fi% ! blood has a v pale blue t9t1 & ?is col\r is due to a sub/ance l hmoglob91 :i* also c be cry/allis$1 & is ! oxyg5-c>ri]4 ,"s sea-worms h a gre5 sub/ance ( a simil> nature dissolv$ 9 _! blood1 & "o c trace _! blood-vessels z a beautiful gre5 network4 ,a good _m worms1 = in/ance ! common e>?-worm & ! lee*es 7a discov]y made by ,cuvi]1 & ref]r$ to by him on 8 dea?b$71 & _m sea-worms h deep-r$-col\r$ blood1 due to ! pres5ce ( ! same cry/all9e sub/ance :i* we f9d 9 man's blood4 ,& ev5 a snail1 common 9 ! ponds at ,hamp/ead & su* places--! flat coil$ snail kn[n z ,planorbis--has blood ( a f9e crimson col\r1 due to ! pres5ce ( ! same r$ oxyg5-c>ri]1 z an exception to ! col\rless or pale-blue blood f\nd 9 mo/ %ell-fi%4 ,p]haps if oy/]s1 too1 _h r$ blood1 !re w\ld be a prejudice aga9/ eat+ !m 9 ! uncook$ condition4 ,! he>t is ess5tially an enl>gem5t ( ! great /em or ma9 blood-vessel :i*1 l ! trunk ( a tree1 has bran*+ roots at "o end ( x & ord9>y bran*es at ! o!r4 ,! trunk bran*es1 & roots ( ! 8he>t-tree0 are1 ( c\rse1 holl[ blood-hold+ tubes1 n solid fibr\s /ructures1 z are ! woody bran*es & trunk ( a vegetable tree4 ,fur!r1 ! f9e/ rootlets & ! f9e/ t]m9al bran*es 9 ! case ( ! he>t-tree are connect$ to "o ano!r by ! network ( v f9e bran*es or by great blood-hold+ cavities1 :i* occupy all p>ts ( ! body ( an animal4 ,! enl>g$ "p ( ! trunk ( ! tree-l sy/em ( blood-vessels--! he>t--has p[]ful muscles =m+ its walls1 ! fibres dispos$ s z to surr\nd ! conta9$ *amb]4 ,:5 ^! muscul> fibres contract1 !y squeeze ! walls ( ! *amb] toge!r & drive ! blood out ( x into ! =w>d bran*es1 call$ 8art]ies40 ,x is prev5t$ f go+ backw>ds into ! h9d] bran*es call$ 8ve9s0 7:i* we comp>e to ! roots ( a tree7 by flaps :i* are s set on ! inside ( ! great vessel at ! entrance to ^? bran*es t ! flaps are made to move out across ! space by ! backw>d curr5t1 & ?us prev5t any backw>d fl[1 :il/ a =w>d curr5t m]ely presses !m flat aga9/ ! wall ( ! vessel1 & ?us no ob/ruction to a =w>d fl[ is pres5t$4 ,^! flaps are call$ ! valves ( ! he>t4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t is t :il/ blood fl[s freely into ! he>t f ! ve9s or h9d] 7root-l7 set ( vessels1 x is driv5 by ! muscul> contraction ( ! he>t--only 9 "o direction--namely1 =w>ds into ! art]ies4 ,?is movem5t 9 "o direction is help$ 9 "s elongat$ he>ts by ! contraction ( ! wall ( ! he>t beg9n+ beh9d & spread+ quickly =w>d l a wave4 ,! he>t ( ! common e>?-worm & ( small transp>5t worms ) r$ blood l x1 :i* are common 9 ! mud ( ponds & riv]s & c be easily wat*$ ) ! microscope s t "o c see ?r\gh _! glass-l sk9 :at is go+ on inside !m1 %[s v beautifully ?is wave ( contraction4 ,! he>t 9 ^! worms is a long contractile vessel :i* runs ! :ole l5g? ( ! body along ! back4 ,y c wat* ! r$ blood fl[+ into x ?r\gh ! ve9s 9 ea* r+ or segm5t ( ! worm's body--sl[ly swell+ x out--s t x looks l a long r$ cord4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 !re is a movem5t l a fla% 9 its rapidity1 pass+ f beh9d =w>ds6 ,! walls ( ! r$ cord-l he>t contract s z to drive ! blood =w>d into ! art]ies1 :i* also are pres5t 9 e r+ ( ! worm's body4 ,at ! same "t y c see ! valves1 :i* hang at ! entrance ( ! ve9s to ! he>t1 sw+ ) a sudd5 8*uck0 & close ^? vessels aga9/ ! driv5 blood4 ,! r$ cord becomes col\rless progressively f beh9d =w>ds1 ow+ to ! squeez+ out ( ! blood1 & by ! "t ! movem5t has rea*$ ! head ( ! worm1 ! h9d] "p ( ! cord-l he>t is beg9n+ sl[ly to dilate aga9 ) ! influx ( r$ blood f ! ve9s4 ,:at causes ! muscles ( ! he>t to contract at regul> int]vals8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! 8/imulus0 :i* excites ! he>t muscles to contraction is 9 ^! simpl] animals m]ely ! t5sion or /ra9 produc$ by ! pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( blood :i* has fl[$ into ! he>t f ! ve9s4 ,! he>t muscle1 aft] its rapid contraction1 re/s2 x has no o!r re/1 no sleep1 z h all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,x mu/ re/ & take refre%m5t aft] ea* ef=t4 ,:il/ x re/s ! blood quietly fl[s 9 & dilates ! he>t's cavity2 !n ! re/$ muscul> wall ( ! he>t1 g5tly /ret*$ by ! recov]y aft] compression ( its ela/ic compon5ts1 n\ri%$ & oxyg5at$ by ! blood1 is ready = ano!r 8/roke10 & aga9 x contracts tightly1 empty+ its cavity ( blood1 :i* is driv5 into ! art]ies4 ,s x goes on--ef=t & re/1 ef=t & re/ alt]nat+ )\t cease4 ,:il/ x is ! /roke ( ! he>t :i* causes ! blood to fl[ ?r\gh ! art]ies into ! f9e/ network ( hair-l vessels1 :at is x t causes ! blood to fl[ on ?r\gh ! collect+ ve9s1 to rea* ! he>t1 & actually to di/5d t collaps$ cavity aft] its /roke8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a v l[ pressure is en\gh to effect ?is4 ,9 ! simple/ arrangem5ts ( worms & su*-l animals1 !re is probably "s pressure transmitt$ to ! blood 9 ! ve9s by ! he>t-/roke2 b ! ela/icity ( ! he>t-wall & its necess>y t5d5cy to resume its dilat$ condition aft] its squeez+ by its r+s ( muscle1 is :at is *iefly effective 9 draw+ on ! blood 9 ! ve9s into ! he>t4 ,9 man & ! high] animals ! :ole me*anism ( ! he>t is greatly complicat$ by ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em ^u x & ^u ! contraction or expansion ( ! blood vessels4 ,9 ?is way ! rate ( ! beat ( ! he>t is affect$ & br\ght into relation ) ! ne$s ( ! blood circulation 9 remote p>ts ( ! body4 ,! beat ( ! he>t 9 ! human species is m rapid 9 *ildr5 ?an 9 adults1 & m rapid 9 wom5 ?an 9 m51 & x diff]s 9 all individuals "u diff]+ conditions4 ,be=e bir? x is #adj p] m9ute1 9 ! fir/ mon? aft] bir? #acj1 & gradually dim9i%es to #ij at n9e ye>s ( age1 & at tw5ty-"o to #gj 9 man & to #hj 9 woman4 ,b ^! figures only repres5t a g5]al av]age2 !re are heal?y m5 ^: pulse usually is less ?an #de p] m9ute1 & !re are individuals :o1 )\t be+ invalids1 yet h ! movem5t ( ! he>t s liable to increase 9 rapidity ?r\gh m5tal or o!r excitem5t1 act+ by n]ves directly on ! he>t muscle1 t ! pulse (t5 goes up to #abj4 ,9 ! horse & ! ox ! pulse or he>t beat is #cf to #dj a m9ute2 9 ! %eep #fj to #hj2 9 ! dog #ajj to #abj2 9 ! rabbit #aej2 & 9 small creatures1 l mice & moles1 #bjj1 & ev5 m6 ,i d n "k :at is ! record = ! elephant1 b z x seems t ! l>g] ! mammal ! sl[] ! pulse1 "o w\ld n expect m ?an #bj to #be beats a m9ute 9 8 case4 ,x is easy to wat* ! beat+ ( ! he>t ( a flea or o!r small insects--"u ! microscope--s9ce ! sk9 is suffici5tly transp>5t4 ,x is n usually mu* m rapid ?an 9 man1 b 9 ! v transp>5t little fre%-wat] %rimps :i* are call$ wat]-fleas 7,entomo/raca7 ,i h se5 ! he>t beat+ s rapidly t ,i c\ld n c\nt its rate4 ,! he>t 9 insects & %rimps & _! l is rem>kable = ! fact t :il/ x pumps out blood ?r\gh art]ies bo? 9 front & beh9d1 x has no actual ve9s op5+ into x4 ,all ! ve9s1 :i* 9 _! ance/ors ent]$ ! he>t 9 a r[ on ea* side ( x1 h unit$1 & _! walls brok5 d[n1 s t ! he>t lies 9 a sac full ( v5\s blood f :i* x draws its fill1 :5 x dilates1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( valve-be>+ op5+s on its surface1 op5+s :i*1 9 an e>li] /age ( developm5t1 7 connect$ ) individual ve9s4 ,! he>t ( ! ,ascidians or sea-squirts1 common sac-l m>9e creatures ( mo/ v>i$ =m1 size1 & col\r1 is p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y 9 ! :ole animal s]ies4 ,i h (t5 wat*$ x 9 transp>5t individuals ( ?is gr\p4 ,x is an oblong sac ) bran*+ vessels at ei!r end4 ,x beats = "s ?irty or =ty /rokes s z to drive ! blood =w>ds2 x !n pauses1 & ! onlook] is a/\nd$ to see ! wave ( movem5t *ang$1 & ! he>t /eadily beat+ ! same numb] ( /rokes 9 ! rev]s$ direction4 ,:at 7 art]ies become ve9s1 & ! ve9s become art]ies4 ,!n aga9 !re is a pause--:i* seems l a mom5t ( hesitation & d\bt--& ! orig9al direction ( movem5t is resum$2 !n aga9 !re is a pause & a rev]sal1 & s on1 ) absolute regul>ity4 ,x is /ill a matt] = inve/igation z to :y & h[ ?is altoge!r exceptional alt]nat+ rev]sal ( ! he>t's action is br\ght ab\t4 ,x is a curi\s fact 9 illu/ration ( ! ess5tial "* ( ! he>t & its beat t 8he>ts0 are produc$ 9 "s animals by dilatation ( ! lymph-vessels--a sy/em ( delicate vessels1 difficult to see1 :i* take up ! col\rless fluid :i* ! blood-vessels exude into ! tissues & return x to ! he>t4 ,! eel has a pair ( ^! 8lymph-he>ts0 9 its tail1 & ! common frog has a pair ne> ! %\ld]-blades & ano!r pair at ! hips4 ,^! sacs h muscul> walls1 & pulsate rhy?mically l ! blood-he>t1 driv+ on ! lymph fluid ?r\gh ! lymph vessels to jo9 ! blood-/ream4 ,! simple/ ?+ 9 ! animal _w :i* c claim ! "n ( a he>t--or1 at any rate1 be comp>$ ) t organ--is f\nd 9 ^? microscopic animalcules :i* consi/ ( only a s+le 8cell0 or corpuscle ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,^! animalcules may be comp>$ to a s+le brick or unit ( /ructure1 :]eas all o!r animals consi/ ( ?\s&s1 or ev5 millions1 ( su* corpuscles or units aggregat$ & fitt$ toge!r z are ! bricks & planks ( a h\se4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! uni-cellul> animalcules y may obs]ve ) a high-p[] microscope a little sph]ical liquid-hold+ cavity1 :i* sl[ly enl>ges1 !n bur/s at ! surface & collapses4 ,aft] a brief int]val x =ms aga91 & aga9 bur/s to ! ext]ior4 ,9 ! 8bell-animalcule0--a beautiful active little creature only "o-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]--x may be se5 to =m1 swell1 collapse1 & re-=m z (t5 z tw5ty times 9 a m9ute 7see ,fig4 #da74 ,soluble col\r+ matt] tak5 9 by ! animalcule ) food is excret$ by ! liquid accumulat$ 9 & eject$ to ! ext]ior by ?is sph]ical *amb]4 ,x is call$ ! 8pulsat+0 or 8contractile0 vacuole1 & by its rhy?mical pulsat+ movem5t ( dilatation & collapse pres5ts def9ite po9ts ( simil>ity to ! alt]nately dilat+ & contract+ he>ts ( high] animals4 ,! ent]+ fl[ ( liquid "h1 z 9 ! ve9s & he>t ( high] animals1 is cont9u\s4 ,! rhy?m is due1 z is ! rhy?m ( ! he>t1 to ! alt]nation ( a brief p]iod ( activity or contraction1 & a brief p]iod ( consequ5t exhau/ion1 re/1 & repair on ! "p ( liv+ contractile sub/ance4 ,,xvii ,,sleep ,an ent]pris+ j\rnali/ has rec5tly publi%$ ! replies ( a numb] ( well-kn[n m5 to an inquiry z to h[ _m h\rs' sleep !y are 9 ! habit ( tak+1 & :at !y f9d to be ! be/ rem$y = sleeplessness4 ,su* an inquiry naturally leads on to fur!r ?\ghts ab\t 8,sleep40 ,:at a my/]i\s1 yet sweet & lovable ?+ x is6 ,h[ /range x is t we all regul>ly & gladly ab&on ourselves to x6 ,h[ t]rible is ! /ate ( ^? :o _c d s6 ,& !n "o is l$ to ask1 :at is x8 & :y is x8 ,d all liv+ ?+s sleep = "s "p ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 ,h[ does x diff] f m]e re/+1 & 9 :at does its virtue consi/8 ,%akespe>e has said ! mo/ beautiful words t h ev] be5 utt]$ ab\t sleep1 & t because he knew :at x 0 to seek = x 9 va9-- 8,me?\ght ,i he>d a voice cry1 #8,sleep no m6 ,macbe? does murd] sleep1' ! innoc5t sleep2 ,sleep1 t knits up ! ravell'd sleave ( c>e1 ,! dea? ( ea* day's life1 sore lab\r's ba?1 ,balm ( hurt m9ds1 great ,nature's second c\rse1 ,*ief n\ri%] 9 life's fea/40 ,& aga91 :5 ! /r5u\s life ( ! great ,bol+broke has at la/ ov]tax$ 8 bra91 & he c no m f9d re/ & unconsci\sness at night1 ,%akespe>e makes him say-- 8,h[ _m ?\s& ( my poore/ subjects ,are at ?is h\r asleep6 ,o sleep1 ,o g5tle sleep1 ,nature's s(t nurse1 h[ h ,i fright$ !e1 ,t ?\ no m wilt weigh my eyelids d[n1 ,& /eep my s5ses 9 =getfulness8 ,:y r1 sleep1 lie/ ?\ 9 smoky cribs1 ,^u uneasy pallets /ret*+ !e1 ,& hu%'d ) buzz+ night-flies to ?y slumb]1 ,?an 9 ! p]fum'd *amb]s ( ! great1 ,"u ! canopies ( co/ly /ate1 ,& lull'd ) s\nd ( sweete/ melody80 ,poets h z a rule be5 too ready to make mu* ( ! lik5ess ( sleep & dea?1 :]eas !re is an absolute diff]5ce 9 _! m]e appe>ance4 ,sleep makes ev5 ^? :o are ill-fav\r$ & co>se look beautiful1 imp>ts to its subjects a graci\sness ( expression & ( col\r1 & a g5tle rhy?mic movem5t1 :il/ suffus+ !m z x 7 ) an 8aura0 ( cont5t$ tru/fulness4 ,^! ?+s are f> f ! cold /illness ( pallid dea?4 ,& ?is dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 sleep1 ?\gh _m ( ! activities ( ! body & m9d are *eck$1 & ev5 arre/$1 !re are yet /ill pres5t ! nev]-ceas+ pulse ( ! he>t1 ! fl[ ( ! blood1 ! intake & output ( ! brea?1 & a c]ta9 subdu$ b /ill active t5sion ( muscles1 s t ?\gh ! body & limbs are relax$ !y nev] assume ! aspect ( complete me*anical collapse :i* we see 9 dea?4 ,! pupils ( ! eyes are /rongly contract$ dur+ sleep1 n relax$ & exp&$ z are ^? ( wide-awake p 9 ! d>k4 ,!re are "s well-kn[n works ( art--bo? pa9t+ & sculpture--9 :i* ! dead are n truly repres5t$1 b are made to reta9 ! resi/fulness & pose ( liv+ m5 & wom52 o!rs %[ true obs]vation 9 pres5t+ ! />tl+ & di/9ctive flaccidity ( ! newly dead1 :i* is foll[$ aft] a few h\rs by ! equally *>act]i/ic rigor mortis1 or /iffness ( ! dead4 ,!re are _m f9e /udies ( sleep by sculptors1 b none :i* to my ?9k+ s delicately & tru?fully pres5t its mo/ beautiful & peculi> effects on ! muscul> 8tone0 z a "w 9 ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y 9 ,p>is1 call$ 8,le ,nid0--a baby ( a ye> old & a little girl ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 asleep side by side on ! cu%ion ( a capaci\s arm-*air4 ,! pose & ! details ( muscul> relaxation diff] greatly & *>act]i/ically 9 ! two *ildr54 ,"o w\ld l to see sleep at diff]5t ages & "u v>i\s conditions ( fatigue simil>ly portray$1 = !re is a range & v>iety ( expression 9 ^? :o sleep1 n p]haps z ext5sive1 b z beautiful z t to be f\nd 9 ^? :o are awake4 ,all ?+s on ! e>? may be said 7if we use ! t]m 9 a wide s5se7 to sleep1 = all are affect$ by ! /imulation to activity caus$ by sunlight & by its cessation dur+ night4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t we h come to "k ( fi%es1 crabs1 worms1 & />-fi%es 7_m ( !m )\t eyes7 :i* live 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 :]e no light p5etrates & x is always night4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( _! food is 9 ! upp] sunlit lay]s ( wat]1 to :i* !y nev] p5etrate1 & f :i* p>ticles ( dead b nutriti\s matt] 7! bodies ( ^? :o h liv$ up !re7 ra9 d[n ^u !m incessantly1 l manna on ! ,israelites4 ,all ?+s accessible to ! sun's rays are n equally1 nor ev5 simil>ly1 affect$ by ! alt]nation ( day & night1 & "s n directly at all1 b only by ! sleep+ & wak+ ( o!r ?+s4 ,! food ( all liv+ ?+s comes ultimately f plants :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( sunlight1 & only 9 t pres5ce1 & 9 virtue ( its action ^u _! gre5 leaves1 manufacture />* & sug> f ! c>bonic acid :i* exi/s 9 ! air & wat] ar\nd !m1 :il/ !y are also ?us enabl$ to take up nitrog51 & s to =m _! liv+ sub/ance or protoplasm4 ,at night ^? p>ticles or cells ( ! liv+ protoplasm ( plants :i* are furni%$ ) transp>5t gre5 granules1 s z to entangle ! sunlight1 & by its aid fe$ on c>bonic acid1 cease ?is "w4 ,!y necess>ily repose f _! lab\r because ! light has gone4 ,?is is ! simple/ example ( ! sleep ( liv+ ?+s4 ,& t "h1 too1 z 9 high] creatures1 sleep is n a m]ely negative ?+--a m]e cessation--is %[n by ! fact t x is at night t o!r *anges g on 9 ! plant4 ,! manufactur$ food takes effect on ! cells or p>ticles n\ri%$ by x2 9 ! night ! well-f$1 enl>g$ 8cells0 9 ! gr[+ p>ts ( _m plants sl[ly divide ea* "o into two1 & ea* ( ^! aga9 into two1 & s on1 s z to increase _! total numb] & produce gr[? & developm5t ( ! plant4 ,?is alt]nation ( activities 9 day & night occurs ev5 9 ! invisible microscopic vegetation ( pools & /reams4 ,animals--ev5 ! mo/ m9ute1 only visible ) a /rong microscope--move ab\t 9 se>* ( 8bits0 ( food--9 fact1 bits ( o!r animals or ( plants--& !y1 too1 are1 ) special exceptions1 *eck$ 9 _! se>* = food by ! d>kness1 = ev5 extremely m9ute & simple animals are guid$ 9 _! se>* by light--t is to say1 by a m or less effici5t s5se ( sight4 ,?us we see t 9 a g5]al way ! sun is truly ! rul] ( life1 & t :5 he is hidd5 f u we all become quiesc5t1 a condition :i* may be rightly consid]$ z ! elem5t>y =m--! simple/ equival5t ( ! sleep ( man4 ,! quiesc5ce :i* falls on ! e>? ) ! sett+ ( ! sun has1 h[ev]1 become ! opportunity ( two diff]5t classes ( liv+ ?+s to seize an advantage4 ,bea/s ( prey1 _m ( !m1 sleep dur+ ! day1 & /eal =? at night on velvet foot to p\nce on ! slumb]+ animals :i* are _! necess>y food4 ,ano!r gr\p ( timid animals1 mo?s & small bea/s l mice1 h$gehogs1 & lemurs1 f9d _! safety 9 ! d>k1 & only !n v5ture =?4 ,ev5 s1 ! mo?s are met by special nocturnal enemies1 ! bats4 ,s t ! primitive arrangem5t is complicat$ by a wakefulness1 ex*ang+ day = night4 ,x is natural to apply ! ^w 8sleep0 to ! /ate ( pr(\nd repose :i* o!r liv+ ?+s appe> to ent] ^u at night1 s f> z we c judge by *anges ( activity & attitude--al?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sleep ( man is :at we really indicate by t ^w1 & t x is difficult to trace any?+ beyond a sup]ficial simil>ity betwe5 man's sleep & ! repose or quiesc5ce foll[+ ^u activity 9 o!r liv+ ?+s--except+ ^? :i* by _! /ructure & ! work+ ( _! me*anism are obvi\sly comp>able to man1 su* z bea/s1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es4 ,! 8sleep ( plants0 is ! t]m appli$ to ! clos+ ( ! fl[]1 ! droop+ ( ! fl[]-head & ( ! leaves ( _m ( ! common fl[]+ plants1 :i* occurs at sunset or dur+ ! lat] h\rs ( sunlight4 ,b x seems t ?is is n really comp>able to man's sleep4 ,! clos+ ( ! fl[] appe>s to be a protection ( its p]fume f useless evaporation dur+ ! d>kness1 & ! droop+ a device to avoid ! settlem5t ( dew & ! injuri\s action ( cold4 ,liv+ ?+s always furni% u ) examples ( adaptations resi/+ ! g5]al law--& z !re are mo?s :i* fly by night1 s also !re are fl[]s :i* rema9 clos$ by day & op5 at night to attract ^! mo?s1 by :om _! poll5 is c>ri$ & _! f]tilisation effect$4 ,! tobacco-plants ( our g>d5s are examples ( ^! night-op5+ fl[]s1 :i* attract ! nocturnal mo?s by _! heavy p]fume1 & !re are _m o!rs4 ,! movem5ts ( plants are mu* m def9ite & v>i$ ?an "o is apt to suppose4 ,leaves & fl[]s turn to or away f ! sun1 or to or f ! position :i* w fav\r a deposit ( moi/ure2 or1 aga91 _! t5drils w explore & seize ^u supports1 enabl+ !m to secure a hold1 & s to climb4 ,! s5sitive plant exhibits rapid droop+ movem5ts ( its leaflets & leaf-/alks :5 t\*$ or subject$ to vibration4 ,an alli$ plant :i* %[s sl[] b def9ite movem5t ( its leaflets has be5 suppos$ to furni% !reby prophetic indications ( ! wea!r1 & ev5 to =etell e>?quakes4 ,?is plant is ! ,abrus precatorius1 ! se$s ( :i* are call$ crab's-eyes1 & are us$ 9 ,india by jewell]s & druggi/s z weights--av]ag+ a little less ?an two gra9s4 ,!y are h>mless :5 eat51 b conta9 a poison call$ abr9e1 :i* causes !m rapidly to produce fatal results :5 introduc$ b5ea? ! sk94 ,"u ! "n 8jequ]ity0 !y 7 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 9 #ahhb = ! treatm5t ( oph?almia4 ,?is is ! plant :i* 0 celebrat$1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 z ! e>?quake plant or wea!r plant1 ow+ to ! /atem5ts ( an ,au/rian naturali/ z to its m>vell\s p[]s ( prophecy by ! movem5t ( its leaflets--/atem5ts :i* 7 c>efully exam9$ by botani/s at ,kew ,g>d5s at ! "t & %[n to be devoid ( ju/ification4 ,e>? tremors1 l o!r vibrations1 cause ! leaflets to move & *ange _! pose z !y may cause animals to utt] cries ( al>m1 b ! movem5ts ( ! leaflets h no m prophetic "* ?an h ^? ( ! delicate p5dulums1 call$ seismographs1 by :i* x is n[ usual to regi/] ! con/antly occurr+ slight vibrations ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,t bea/s & birds enjoy a nocturnal sleep simil> to t ( man1 :i* is occasionally--l 8 sleep--transf]r$ f night to daytime1 is a matt] ( common k4 ,^! animals1 l man1 l[] ! eyelids & adopt a position ( ease :5 sleep+1 ev5 ?\gh !y (t5 rema9 pois$ on _! legs4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :e!r fi%es sleep1 s9ce !y h no eyelids & rema9 :5 at re/ pois$ 9 ! wat]4 ,we made "s inquiries on ?is subject 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,m>9e ,biological ,association at ,plym\? "s ye>s ago1 & came to ! conclusion1 f ! obs]vation ( v>i\s m>9e fi%es 9 ! aqu>ium !re1 t fi%es d sleep at night4 ,!y come to re/ on ! bottom ( ! tanks1 & are n s quickly responsive to a t\* or intrusion ( any k9d z !y are 9 ! daytime4 ,x is probable t ?is condition ( repose is m def9itely m>k$ 9 "s k9ds ( fi%es ?an 9 o!rs1 b 9 all %all[-wat] m>9e organisms ! abs5ce ( light produces a correspond+ p]iod ( quiesc5ce4 ,t !re is a good deal m ?an ?is involv$ 9 ! sleep ( ! high] animals & ( man w be app>5t :5 we come to /udy x m closely4 ,! sleep ( man1 & ( animals :i* h1 l man1 a l>ge & well-develop$ n]v\s sy/em--has = its sali5t feature ! cessation or extreme l[]+ ( ! 8psy*ical0 activity ( ! bra94 ,:5 sleep is at its height ext]nal ag5ts 7su* z a t\*1 a s\nd1 a fla% ( light7 :i* 9 ! wak+ /ate set up ?r\gh ! n]ves ( ! organs ( ! s5ses complex *anges 9 ! bra91 no long] d s4 ,!y n only fail to excite consci\sness & to leave _! m>k on ! memory1 b !y d n produce ev5 a simple unconsci\s response4 ,yet if !y are ( a suffici5t degree ( viol5ce 7v>y+ accord+ to ! dep? ( ! sleep71 !y d rea* ! bra91 & ?us 8awake0 ! sleep]4 ,correspond+ to ! abs5ce ( receptive activity ( ! bra9 9 sleep is ! abs5ce ( outgo+ impulses f t organ2 !re is no su* control ( ! muscles z 9 ! wak+ /ate1 ! head nods1 ! eyelids droop1 & ! muscul> action by :i* ! erect po/ure is ma9ta9$ is 9 abeyance1 al?\gh 9 a greatly less5$ degree "s am\nt ( muscul> tone is unconsci\sly reta9$4 ,! passage f ! wak+ /ate to t ( deep sleep is n sudd5 b graduat$1 & s is ! process ( awak5+4 ,9 ! int]m$iate condition1 ei!r be=e or aft] deep sleep 7(t5 only a m9ute or two 9 duration7 ! bra9 c /ill receive1 m or less confus$ly1 impressions f ! ext]ior ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se1 & x is 9 ?is way t 8dreams0 are set go+1 & may be aft]w>ds ei!r =gott5 or rememb]$4 ,9 full sleep ! m9d is a blank4 ,z a rule heal?y sleep becomes gradually m complete 9 ! fir/ h\r1 & !n v sl[ly less pr(\nd4 ,b !re are n any suffici5t obs]vations on ! 8quality0 ( sleep aft] %ort or long duration4 ,9 sleep x is n only ! bra9 :i* is at re/3 ! :ole body %>es 9 ! condition4 ,! pulse & brea?+ are sl[]1 ! dige/ive organs & ! bladd] are m or less at re/4 ,bo? ! intake ( oxyg5 into ! lungs & ! expiration ( c>bonic acid are less5$4 ,! *emical *anges )9 ! body are less5$ ?\gh /ill proce$+1 & z a consequ5ce ! temp]ature is l[]$4 ,x is curi\s h[ incomplete at pres5t is ! physiologi/'s k ( bo? ! actual condition ( ! bra9 9 sleep & ( ! imm$iate causes :i* produce t condition4 ,x is probably true 7?\gh x is disput$7 t ! bra9 becomes pale dur+ sleep1 ow+ to a contraction ( ! blood vessels1 & t ! inactivity ( ! bra9 arises f ?is condition4 ,b x is n obvi\s :at det]m9es ! contraction ( ^! vessels at ! def9itely recurr+ p]iod ( sleep4 ,x is probable t ! n]v\s tissue ( ! bra9 is1 z are ! muscles ( ! body1 poison$ or *ok$ 7z x 77 by ! *emical products ( ! day's activity1 & s readily cease to be active until ! injuri\s products h _h "t to be c>ri$ away by ! blood /ream4 ,muscul> sub/ance und\bt$ly is affect$ 9 ?is way1 & t great muscle ! he>t1 ?\gh nev] re/+ = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 re/s aft] ea* pulse or contraction1 & recov]s itself 9 ! brief int]val4 ,x is also probable t ! exhau/ion by ! day's activity ( ! oxyg5 /or$ up 9 ! v>i\s tissues ( ! body produces a condition ( quiesc5ce :il/ ! /ore is repl5i%$4 ,/imulation ( ! n]ves ?r\gh ! s5se-organs ( sight1 he>+1 & t\* w prev5t or ret>d ?is natural quiesc5ce1 & ! cessation ( t /imulation is fav\r$ fir/ ( all by ! d>kness ( night & by ! clos+ ( ! eyelid1 z well z by ! removal ( clo!s :i* m or less irritate ! sk92 also by ! w\ld-be sleep] tak+ up a position ( p]fect re/1 & by ! ex]cise ( 8 w1 )draw+ 8 bra9 z mu* z possible f all ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! w\ld-be sleep] also controls1 :5 possible1 t int]nal /imulation ( ! bra9 :i* we call att5tion4 ,x is ! failure 7ow+ to unheal?y conditions7 to control ! latt] :i* leads to ! mo/ s]i\s k9d ( sleeplessness1 :5 ! bra9 gets = h\rs out ( re/ra9t & works incessantly l an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! di/urbance ( ! n]v\s sy/em set up by irritation ( ! dige/ive organs1 :e!r accompani$ by pa9 or n1 is an indep5d5t cause ( sleeplessness :i* (t5 co-op]ates ) ! fir/1 & is 7?r\gh ! me*anism ( ! n]ves7 (t5 set go+ 7?\gh x may arise indep5d5tly7 by an unheal?y excess 9 ! excitem5t ( ! bra9's activity4 ,!re is no panacea = sleeplessness2 ! only ?+ to d is to consult a fir/-rate physician1 & /rictly foll[ 8 advice4 ,!re are _m irregul>ities & abnormal manife/ations ( sleep4 ,!re is ! sleep :i* is induc$ by drugs su* z opium1 *loral1 & alcohol1 & t induc$ by *lor(orm1 e!r1 & nitric gas4 ,!re is ! heavy sleep accompani$ by /]tor\s brea?+1 & !re is ! unconsci\s condition call$ 8coma40 ,!n !re is ! prolong$ sleep+ call$ 8trance10 ( :i* t ( ! ,sleep+ ,beauty1 only to be brok5 by a kiss1 is an example4 ,x is n possible1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 to give an adequate acc\nt & explanation ( ! condition ( ! bra9 9 ^! diff]5t =ms ( sleep1 nor ( ! causes :i* induce t condition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ =ms ( sleep is ! condition call$ 8somnambulism10 or sleep-walk+1 9 :i* "p only ( ! bra9 is asleep1 & o!r p>ts connect$ ) v>i\s degrees ( m5tal activity are 9 wak+ ord]4 ,sleep-walk+ is a condition :i* occurs spontane\sly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8hypnotism0 is ! "n = a peculi> k9d ( sleep produc$ int5tionally by an op]ator on a pati5t by c]ta9 treatm5t & direction4 ,9 "o ( ! /ages ( artificially induc$ hypnotic or 8mesm]ic0 sleep--call$ ! somnambulic /age--only s mu* ( ! bra9 is asleep z is conc]n$ ) consci\s memory4 ,! bra9 receives /imulation ?r\gh ! s5se-organs1 & ! pati5t has ! eyes op5 & appe>s to be awake4 ,9 ?is /ate he is peculi>ly op5 to sugge/ion by words1 :i* c be made to set up ! mo/ extraord9>y illusions & consequ5t behavi\r4 ,on 8wak+0 ! pati5t has no memory ( :at has occurr$1 ?\gh a sugge/ion receiv$ 9 ! somnambulic /age may p]si/ 9 ! unconsci\s memory1 & cause conduct on ! "p ( ! pati5t 7_m h\rs aft] ! brief hypnotic sleep has pass$7 :i* is entirely inexplicable by ! pati5t himself or by ^? :o are n aw>e ( ! fact t he _h receiv$ a 8sugge/ion0 or 8direction0 :5 9 ! hypnotis$ /ate4 ,! s5ses ( smell1 he>+1 & t\* are (t5 abnormally acute 9 a hypnotis$ pati5t1 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! bra9 ( su* a p]son c be influ5c$ or 8communicat$ )0 except+ ?r\gh ! ord9>y *annels ( ! s5se-organs4 8,day-dream+0 & 8rev]ie0 are conditions resembl+ ! hypnotic sleep4 ,! bra9 ( ea* ( u is con/antly do+ mu* ( its "w 9 a /ate ( p>tial hypnotism1 & ! t]m 8unconsci\s c]ebration0 has be5 us$ to describe x4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ & difficult *apt] ( ! /udy ( m5tal disease belongs "h4 ,! prolong$ sleep ( "s animals 9 ! w9t]1 call$ 8hib]nation10 seems to be closely simil> to ord9>y sleep1 b is set up by ! depress+ action ( cont9u\s cold in/ead ( by ! daily recurr+ quiesc5ce ( night & by ! exhau/ion due to ! day's activity4 ,_m animals--su* z ! m>mot & dorm\se1 ! frog & ! snail--exhibit ?is w9t] sleep4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t ev5 9 midsumm] ! dorm\se c be made to 8hib]nate10 by expos+ x artificially to a l[ temp]ature1 & hib]nat+ animals c be r\s$ f _! long sleep by br++ !m into w>m?4 ,dur+ ! w9t] sleep hib]nat+ animals take no food1 ! pulse is sl[$ d[n1 & ! body temp]ature falls4 ,! scatt]$ fat ( ! body1 & fatty matt] & o!r mat]ial /or$ 9 special /ructures call$ 8hib]nat+ gl&s10 are oxidis$ & sl[ly consum$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 :i* may la/ = ?ree or ev5 f\r mon?s4 ,! animal on wak+ is (t5 9 a v emaciat$ condition4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! case t ! human natives ( high latitudes 7su* z ! ,norwegians71 :]e !re is no night 9 full summ]1 & :]e !re is prolong$ d>kness 9 w9t]1 h acquir$ ! habit ( keep+ awake = _m days 9 succession 9 summ]1 :il/ mak+ up = ! loss ( sleep by excessive indulg5ce 9 x dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x is by no means cle> h[ f> man is capable ( resi/+ ! dem& = recurr5t daily sleep )\t injury to heal?4 ,und\bt$ly _m m5 are compell$ by _! avocations to sleep by day & wake by night4 ,! l5g? & duration ( 8spells ( sleep0 & ! p[] to sleep little or n at all at "o season1 & almo/ un9t]rupt$ly at ano!r1 )\t injury to heal?1 are matt]s ( habit1 occupation1 & circum/ance4 ,we h no gr\nd = say+ t e man 8ought0 to sleep eight h\rs or m p] diem1 or1 on ! contr>y1 = insi/+ t he %\ld only sleep five or less4 ,all dep5ds on :at he is do+ :5 he is awake1 & :at o!r p are do+ 7s z to di/urb him7 :5 he is asleep2 & we d n ev5 "k :e!r t5 or twelve h\rs' sleep w\ld injure a man1 7 he able to take x1 nor c we sugge/ h[ x w\ld injure him suppos+ x did n int]f]e ) 8 fe$+ & ex]cise4 ,z to quantities ( sleep1 !re is ! curi\s fact t ! am\nt habitually tak5 9 ! civilis$ communities ( ?is "p ( ! _w diff]s at diff]5t ages4 ,babies sleep a good "p ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & probably s*oolboys & s*oolgirls 7"u our pres5t conditions ( life & "w7 ought to be giv5 t5 h\rs or m4 ,:il/ adult m5 sleep f six to eight or n9e h\rs1 x is a curi\s fact t old p--n v old p1 b ^? ( sixty-five or !reab\ts--(t5 f9d !mselves unable to sleep m ?an f\r h\rs at night1 & take an h\r or two 9 ! daytime to make up = ! defici5cy4 ,i rememb] he>+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 /ate ?is z to himself to 8 physician1 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>ke1 :o said x 0 v usual at 8 age1 & difficult to expla91 s9ce at a great] age1 :5 a man is call$ 8v old10 a m or less cont9u\s somnol5t condition sets 94 ,! fa!r ( a great judicial dignit>y ( ^! days1 himself a b>ri/] 9 l>ge practice1 :5 he 0 sixty ye>s old w\ld snat* fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes' sleep at any & e opportunity ?r\gh\t ! day1 ev5 at ! midday meal sometimes1 s z altoge!r to disconc]t ^? :o 7 ) him1 & he told me t he nev] slept m ?an f\r h\rs at night1 b got up & comm5c$ "w at f\r 9 ! morn+4 ,! cessation 9 e>ly old age ( ! desire = m ?an half ! am\nt ( sleep tak5 by y\ng] m5 sugge/s t ! regulat+ cause ( ! numb] ( h\rs :i* are ne$$ = sleep may be simply & directly ! actual am\nt ( "w done by body & m9d4 ,?is imp]ceptibly becomes less z m5 gr[ old]1 & s less recup]ative sleep is necess>y1 ?\gh :at "w !y d may be m effective & bett] adju/$ to its purpose :5 !y h arriv$ at ! condition :i* is call$ 8old age40 ,we h se5 t sleep 9 its wide/ s5se comprises ! simple condition ( quiesc5ce br\ght ab\t 9 ev5 ! m9ute/ liv+ ?+s by ! recurr+ night1 z well z ! /rangely elaborat$ v>ieties ( cessation ( activity 9 ! :ole or p>ts ( ! bra9 ( man & ( 8 body4 ,"s ( ^! cessations ( activity naturally & spontane\sly occur 9 unsophi/icat$ mank9d1 :5 d>kness falls on ! e>? at ea* succe$+ ev5+4 ,& x is h>dly possible to d\bt t a t5d5cy to p]iodic sleep has become fix$ 9 ! sub/ance ( liv+ ?+s by ! alt]nation ( night & day--z well z 9 "s cases by ! *ange ( ! seasons4 ,i mu/ conclude ^! notes ab\t sleep by relat+ a v curi\s case ( sleep1 resembl+ ! w9t]-sleep ( high] animals1 on ! "p ( a snail4 ,?is 0 ! case ( a des]t snail f ,egypt1 :i* 0 )drawn into its %ell1 ! m\? ( ! %ell be+ clos$ ) a gli/5+ film secret$ by ! snail1 z is usual ) snails 9 ?is c\ntry 9 w9t] :5 !y sleep4 ,! des]t snail 9 "q 0 affix$ to a tablet ( wood 9 a glass case 9 ! natural hi/ory dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum on ,m>* #be1 #ahdf4 ,on ,m>* #g1 #ahej1 t is f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 x 0 notic$ by a visitor look+ at ! case t ! snail _h em]g$ f 8 %ell & discol\r$ ! pap] ar\nd1 b _h aga9 retir$4 ,s ! (ficials unlock$ ! case & remov$ ! snail f ! tablet & plac$ him 9 tepid wat]4 ,he rapidly & completely recov]$1 crawl$ ab\t z a wide-awake snail %\ld1 & sat = 8 portrait4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z an in/ance ( unusually long sleep1 natural to ?is species ( snail1 & relat$ probably to ! frequ5tly prolong$ dryness ( ! snail's surr\nd+s4 ,we are l$ by su* a case z ?is on to :at are call$ examples ( 8susp5d$ animation40 ,:eel-animalcules1 & "s o!r m9ute creatures :i* are f\nd liv+ 9 t9y pools ( wat]1 on ! b>k ( trees1 & 9 ! holl[s ( leaves1 naturally dry up :5 ! wat] evaporates4 ,y may dry !m y\rself 9 a wat*glass2 !y appe> z no?+ m ?an %apeless du/ p>ticles mix$ ) ! dri$ mud ( a drop ( dirty wat]4 ,!y may be kept 9 ?is /ate = mon?s--ev5 ye>s4 ,i d n "k t any limit has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,b :5 y add pure ra9-wat] to ! du/ 9 ! wat*glass1 x s(t5s1 & 9 less ?an an h\r ! little :eel-animalcules h s(t5$ too1 & exp&$ into life1 swimm+ ab\t :il/ ! delicate spikes on _! 8:eels0 vibrate regul>ly z ?\gh !y _h nev] ceas$ to d s1 & z ?\gh ! animalcules _h n = ye>s be5 dri$-up little mummies4 ,( c\rse1 ! t]m 8susp5d$ animation0 has be5 appli$ 9 e>li] times to ! (t5 exagg]at$ /ories ( 8trance0 & dea?like sleep 9 human be+s4 ,b x is n[ ) m ju/ice appli$ to ^! in/ances ( dri$ animalcules :i* return to life :5 wett$1 & to simil> cases ( prolong$ ret5tion ( vitality by se$s1 s9ce x w\ld appe> t 9 ^! dri$ animalcules life really is actually & totally susp5d$1 al?\gh ! me*anism is !re :i* resumes its life :5 ! necess>y moi/ure is suppli$4 ,9 cases ( trance 9 man & hib]nation 9 animals1 ! he>t is /ill v sl[ly & feebly beat+1 & ! brea?+ is /ill--almo/ imp]ceptibly--at "w4 ,! *emical *anges are /ill v sl[ly & g5tly proce$+4 ,! buri$ ,indian wiz>d1 & ! snail1 & ! ,sleep+ ,beauty are moi/1 & *emically active1 ?\gh feebly s2 life is n absolutely susp5d$4 ,b 9 ! dri$ animalcule 7?\gh complete *emical desiccation is n effect$71 ! removal ( ! wat] f ! body actually arre/s ! *anges :i* we call life1 j z a ne$le may arre/ ! balance-:eel ( a wat*4 ,supply ! wat]1 or remove ! ne$le1 & life ceases to be susp5d$2 x goes on once m 7z "o ( ! rules ( ,bridge ambigu\sly enacts7 8z ?\gh no mi/ake _h be5 made40 ,,xviii ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,/ructure ,,( ,,liv+ ,,?+s ,)\t d\bt1 ! greate/ & mo/ important /atem5t :i* c be made ab\t liv+ ?+s is t !y are ei!r sep>ate m9ute p>ticles ( liv+ matt] or 7m commonly7 are built up by ?\s&s ( su* m9ute p>ticles :i* h 9 ea* individual animal & plant orig9at$ f a s+le su* p>ticle 7! f]tilis$ g]m71 by its division into two1 & ! subsequ5t division ( ^! two ea* into two1 & ( ! f\r s produc$ ea* into two--& s on1 until by repeat$ division into two1 millions ( corpuscles1 hang+ toge!r z "o mass1 are ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,simple 8cells10 consi/+ ( nak$ protoplasm1 *ang+ %ape & tak+ 9 solid food p>ticles4 ,a1 is a s]ies ( f\r successive *anges ( %ape ( a fre%-wat] animalcule1 ! proteus or amba2 ,b1 is a simil> s]ies ( ?ree views ( a sep>ate creep+ k9d ( corpuscle f\nd 9 ! blood & lymph-spaces ( animals1 & call$ a 8phagocyte40 ,x is also said to be 8amboid10 f its resemblance to ! amba or proteus-animalcule4 ,b1 is f ! blood ( ! gu9ea-pig4 ,x is n a p>asite1 b "o ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cells :i* build up ! animal body1 & are d]iv$ f ! s+le orig9al egg-cell 7see ,fig4 #ca7 by cont9u$ division4 ,! ?ree draw+s %[ ?ree *anges ( %ape occurr+ 9 ! same 8phagocyte0 9 a few m9utes4 ,x is engulph+ a fev]-produc+ blood-p>asite1 a spirillum1 m>k$ a1 into its s(t1 slimy protoplasm1 to be !re dige/$ & de/roy$4 ,9 ! same way ! amba1 ,a1 is se5 9 f\r /ages ( engulph+ ! vegetable p>ticle1 a4 ,9 ! f\r? figure ! lett] b po9ts to wat] tak5 into ! amba's protoplasm ) ! food-p>ticle a4 ,9 all ! figures1 c po9ts to ! 8vacuole0 or liquid-hold+ cavity1 :i* bur/s & re-=ms 9 ,a2 ! lett] d po9ts to ! cell-nucleus4 ,! p>ticles ( liv+ matt] are spok5 ( z 8cells0 = a v curi\s reason1 to :i* ,i w rev]t4 ,! liv+ matt] is call$ 8protoplasm0 7primitive or fundam5tal slime74 ,a 8cell0 9 ! language ( microscopi/s means a corpuscle or m or less r\nd$ or irregul>ly %ap$ p>ticle ( protoplasm4 ,cells commonly v>y 9 size f #a_/ejjj? to #a_/bjj? ( an in* 9 bread?1 & may be mu* l>g]4 ,protoplasm--! liv+ sub/ance ( 8cells0--is a slimy body1 almo/ liquid1 b yet t5aci\s4 ,x is transp>5t1 b cl\d$ by f9e granules1 & c (t5 be se5 ) a v high p[] ( ! microscope to consi/ ( m & ( less liquid matt]1 int]mix$ l an emulsion4 ,x (t5 has )9 x l>ge cavities fill$ ) liquid1 & also (t5 oil drops2 9 o!r cases h>d concretions or co>se granules4 ,b ap>t f o!r ?+s1 ! protoplasm ( a 8cell0 always conta9s )9 x a special1 firm]1 & d5s] "p1 enclos$ 9 an envelop+ coat or sk94 ,?is d5se body is ! 8nucleus10 or k]nel1 & is ( ! v greate/ importance 9 ! *emical *anges & movem5ts :i* con/itute ! life ( ! cell4 ,x is usually sph]ical1 & 9 ! liv+ /ate (t5 looks cle> & bright4 ,all cells1 :e!r !y are f\nd build+ up ! bodies ( plants & animals l s _m liv+ bricks1 or liv+ freely & s+ly z animalcules1 h ! ess5tial /ructure j describ$--a semi-liquid yet t5aci\s mat]ial enclos+ a globul> firm] body1 ! nucleus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a1 cells =m+ s(t vegetable tissue2 a1 cell-wall2 b1 protoplasm2 c1 liquid-hold+ cavity 9 ! protoplasm2 d1 ! nucleus4 ,b1 a pigm5t-cell f ! frog's sk91 exp&$4 ,c1 ! same cell contract$4 ,d1 a n]ve-cell3 obs]ve ! nucleus4 ,e1 a muscle-cell /ret*$4 ,f1 ! same contract$3 obs]ve ! nucleus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,copy ( "p ( ,rob]t ,hook's draw+ ( a magnifi$ piece ( cork1 %[+ ! 8cells0 s nam$ by him 9 #affe4 ,h[ did ^! visc\s nucleat$ corpuscles come to be call$ 8cells08 ,x 0 9 ?is wise4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hook1 secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 publi%$ a beautiful book ( folio size1 entitl$ ,micrographia4 ,9 ?is he pictur$ v>i\s m9ute insects & v>i\s natural products z se5 "u 8 microscope4 ,among ! objects figur$ & describ$ 0 a piece ( cork 7,fig4 #ch74 ,hook %[$ t x 0 built up ( a numb] ( empty1 air-hold+1 box-l *amb]s1 less ?an ! hundr$? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ^! he call$ 8cells10 comp>+ !m to ! 8cells0 ( ! bee's honeycomb4 ,lat] obs]v]s f\nd t ?is 8cellul>0 /ructure 0 v common 9 plants--b x 0 n until m ?an a hundr$ ye>s lat] t x 0 obs]v$ t ! 8cells0 :i* build up ! s(t /ems & leaves ( plants are n empty or m]ely air-hold+1 b conta9 a liquid or viscid matt]4 ,rob]t ,br[ne1 a great botani/1 :o liv$ )9 ! memory ( "s ( our old] naturali/s1 fir/ obs]v$ & describ$ ! 8nucleus10 or k]nel1 )9 ! cells ( "s lily-l plants1 & gave x t "n 7,fig4 #cg ,a1 d74 ,ab\t ! ?irties ( la/ c5tury1 by aid ( improv$ microscopes1 a /ructure l t ( ! vegetable 8cell0 & its 8nucleus0 0 discov]$ 9 "s animal mat]ials1 or 8tissues10 z !y are t]m$--= in/ance1 9 c>tilage 7,fig4 #ci74 ,! ^w 8tissue0 is appli$ to ea* ( ! v>i\s lay]s & masses1 su* z epid]m1 fibr\s tissue1 muscle1 n]ve1 c>tilage1 bone1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ 9 an animal body & sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 j z we may sep>ate ! 8tissues0 ( a man's clo!s--! lea!rn1 wooll51 silk51 cotton1 l953 ! cords1 laces1 ?reads1 & pads or /uff+4 ,! full mean+ ( ?is exi/5ce ( 8cells0 or 8cellul>0 /ructure 9 ! tissue ( plants & animals only gradually became evid5t4 ,a v rem>kable discov]]1 ,pr(essor ,s*wann1 ( ,lige 7) :om :5 he 0 an old man ,i sp5t an aft]noon a great _m ye>s ago71 0 ! fir/ to grasp ! great facts & to put =w>d :at has be5 ev] s9ce call$ 8! cell !ory0 ( animal & vegetable /ructure & life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,a piece ( c>tilage1 %[+ ! cells :i* h =m$ x emb$d$ 9 ! 7%ad$7 firm sub/ance1 & connect$ to "o ano!r by bran*+ processes ( protoplasm4 ,s*wann1 9 #ahcf1 %[$ t ! important ?+ ab\t a 8cell0 is n ! box or cell-wall s mu* z ! viscid cont5ts & ! nucleus4 ,b ! "n 8cell0 0 7/rangely en\gh7 reta9$ = ! cont5ts1 ev5 :5 ! box-l *amb] 0 abs5t--mu* z we speak ( 8a bottle ( w9e10 mean+ ! cont5ts ( ! bottle1 & n ! glass vessel hold+ x4 ,x 0 %[n t ! box-l case or cell-wall 7! orig9al 8cell0 ( ,hook7 is actually =m$ by ! liv+ nucleat$ plasm or viscid matt] )9 x1 j z a snail =ms its %ell1 by ! sep>ation or 8secretion0 ( a dead1 firm1 *emical deposit on its liv+ surface4 ,s*wann %[$ t all--n m]ely special exceptional in/ances1 b all--! tissues ( plants & ( animals are built up by nucleat$ cells1 ! cell-wall be+ (t5 n h>d & box-l1 b s(t1 gelat9\s1 irregul> 9 %ape1 & sometimes v ?91 sometimes v ?ick4 ,e liv+ cell is ?us surr\nd$ by ! *emical products ( its own activity1 or may deposit ^? products )9 itself z 9 ! goblet-cell & ! fat-cell se5 9 ,fig4 #dj1 ,c & ,d1 & ^! products diff] 9 diff]5t tissues4 ,! cells ( a tissue1 us+ ! ^w to mean ! s(t nucleat$ p>ticles or corpuscles ( protoplasm or 8cell-sub/ance10 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! microscopic liv+ 8weav]s0 or mak]s ( ! tissue4 ,! cells 9 "o tissue may =m a honeycomb ( boxes2 9 ano!r a jelly-l mass or a fibr\s network1 ) ! cell-sub/ance scatt]$ z nucleat$ p>ticles 9 x 7,fig4 #ci74 ,or ! cells may be elongat$ & contractile 7,fig4 #cg1 ,e1 ,f74 ,!y may be m or less fus$ ) "o ano!r1 z 9 fle% or muscul> fibre2 b we c always recognise ! pres5ce ( ! individual cells "u ! microscope by _! di/9ct & sep>ate 8nuclei40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,?ree k9ds ( cells1 magnifi$ a ?\s& times l9e>4 ,a1 a r[ ( cilia-be>+ cells4 ,b1 a s+le deta*$ ciliat$ cell3 obs]ve ! nucleus 9 ea* cell4 ,c1 a goblet-cell1 f a muc\s surface1 produc+ c1 a slimy secretion2 d1 ! wall ( ! cell2 b1 ! nucleus2 a1 ! protoplasm 9 :i* ! secretion c 0 accumulat$ until x bur/ out at ! free end ( ! cell4 ,d1 a fat-cell2 a1 ! nucleus surr\nd$ by protoplasm2 e1 ! ?9 lay] ( protoplasm envelop+ ! great oil drop f1 :i* has =m$ )9 x4 ,s*wann's mo/ important conclusion f ?is univ]sal pres5ce ( s(t corpuscles ( cell-sub/ance1 ea* ) its globul> nucleus1 9 all ! tissues & mo/ v>i$ p>ts ( animals z well z plants1 0 t ! life ( a liv+ ?+1 ! *emical & physical *anges :i* g on 9 x f bir? to dea?1 consi/ 9 *emical & physical *anges 9 ea* ( ^! microscopic1 nucleat$ bodies1 & t ! life ( ! :ole animal or plant is ! sum ( ! lives ( ^! microscopic units4 ,if we wi% to "k m ab\t ! real nature ( ! gr[? & activities ( liv+ ?+s1 said ,s*wann1 we mu/ ?or\ghly /udy & asc]ta9 ! *emical & physical *anges1 & ! prop]ties ( ! cell-sub/ance 9 all ! diff]5t v>ieties ( tissue4 ,t is ! celebrat$ 8cell-!ory0 ( ,s*wann4 ,& ?is exam9ation (1 & exp]im5t )1 ! cells ( all k9ds ( tissues ( plants & animals has be5 go+ on ev] s9ce ,s*wann made 8 hi/oric /atem5t m ?an sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,! bran* ( sci5ce call$ 8hi/ology0 is ! outcome ( t /udy4 ,microscopes h be5 imm5sely improv$ s9ce ,s*wann wrote1 fir/ 9 ,engl& by ! fa!r ( ! pres5t ,"l ,li/]1 !n lat] 9 ,g]many by ,abb & ,zeiss1 ( ,j5a4 ,a v>iety ( me?ods h be5 devis$ = mak+ ! 8cells0 9 ?ick1 solid tissues visible4 ,v ?9 sections--?9 en\gh to be transp>5t--7 at fir/ cut f ! fre% tissues1 & exam9$ by transmitt$ light4 ,?is did v well 9 a r\gh way1 b bett] results 7 obta9$ by h>d5+ ! tissues 9 alcohol or *romic acid1 :5 wond]fully f9e sections c\ld be cut & r5d]$ transluc5t by soak+ 9 v>ni%1 9 :i* !y 7 pres]v$ = /udy ) ! microscope1 betwe5 two plates ( glass4 ,! sections 7 /a9$ ) v>i\s dyes1 su* z c>m9e1 log-wood1 ! anil9e dyes1 etc41 & x 0 f\nd t ! nuclei ( ! cells & ! granules & fibres bo? 9 ! m9ute cells & 9 ! surr\nd+ sub/ance manufactur$ by !m1 c\ld be di/+ui%$ m cle>ly by means ( _! diff]+ aff9ity = ! dyes4 ,& :il/ endless section-cutt+ & /a9+ & c>eful draw+ & record ( ! /ructure discov]$1 0 proce$+ 9 hundr$s ( laboratories--o!r obs]v]s especially devot$ !mselves to ! difficult task ( see+ ! cell-sub/ance or protoplasm & its nucleus "u ! highe/ p[] ( ! microscope1 :il/ /ill alive6 ,x w\ld seem a hopeless task to exam9e ) a high-p[] microscope ! cells 7less ?an a ?\s&? ( an in* broad7 inside ! solid /em or leaves ( a plant or ( an animal's body )\t kill+ ! plant or animal & ! cells ( :i* !y consi/4 ,z mo/ ( my read]s "k1 ! front l5s 7or 8glass07 ( a high-p[] microscope has to be br\ght v close inde$ to any object 9 ord] to br+ x into focus--z ne> z ! "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in*4 ,!n ! object exam9$ mu/ be v small & transp>5t1 9 ord] t ! light may pass ?r\gh x1 z ?r\gh ! slide-picture 9 a magic lant]n1 & s =m a cle>1 well-def9$ picture 9 ! focus ( ! microscope1 :]e ! eye receives x4 ,=tunately1 !re are "s facts ab\t liv+ cells or corpuscles ( protoplasm :i* enable u to exam9e liv+ cells1 9 spite ( ^! difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are a :ole ho/ ( m9ute animals & plants--( _m diff]5t k9ds--:i* consi/ ( only "o cell or nucleat$ corpuscle ( protoplasm 7,fig4 #cf ,a72 !y are transp>5t1 ab\nd 9 fre% wat] & sea wat]1 & c be se>*$ = ) ! microscope 9 a drop ( wat] plac$ on a flat glass plate & cov]$ ) a specially ?9 glass slip4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 /udi$ = h\rs--& ev5 days--cont9u\sly1 & ! rem>kable int]nal curr5ts & movem5ts ( _! viscid 8protoplasm10 its *anges ( %ape1 its fe$+ & gr[?1 & ! details ( ! process ( division into two--by :i* x multiplies--h be5 asc]ta9$1 z well z ! action ^u x ( light1 heat1 electricity1 & me*anical %ock1 & ( all sorts ( *emical sub/ances1 c>efully introduc$ b5ea? ! cov]-glass4 ,a second fact ( great importance is t ! 8cells0 or protoplasmic corpuscles1 :i* build up a complex plant or animal1 d n die at once :5 ! plant or animal 8dies10 t is to say1 ! animal or plant may be 8kill$0 & f9e bits ( transp>5t tissue remov$ f x & plac$ b5ea? ! microscope1 :]e1 ) prop] c>e1 ! cells may be kept alive = "s "t4 ,! hairs ( _m plants are /r+s ( transp>5t 8cells10 or boxes1 conta9+ liv+1 /ream+1 active protoplasm4 ,^! hairs c be cut (f1 & ! cells w rema9 alive = a long "t :il/ !y are "u ! microscope 7see ,fig4 #ae bis74 ,! transp>5t wall ( ! eye--call$ ! cornea--c be remov$ f a frog aft] x has be5 kill$1 & ! /ill-liv+ cells 9 ! delicate glass-l tissue c be /udi$ ) ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope1 & give evid5ce ( _! life by _! movem5ts & o!r *anges4 ,mo/ conv5i5t & important = ?is /udy is ! blood--= !re ! cells are loose1 float+ 9 ! liquid4 ,! cells 9 a m9ute drop ( human blood c be kept alive = h\rs1 if ! glass slide is kept w>m1 z x easily c be1 & ,i h se5 ! cells 9 a drop ( frog's blood 7skilfully treat$7 /ill alive1 & exhibit+ active movem5ts1 a =tnight aft] ! frog1 f :i* ! drop ( blood came1 0 dead & buri$4 ,^! float+1 mov+ cells ( ! blood are ! 8phagocytes10 :i* engulf & dige/ disease g]ms & o!r p>ticles 7,fig4 #cf ,b74 ,o!r m num]\s cells ( ! blood are ! oxyg5-c>ri]s1 or r$ corpuscles1 :i* d n %[ any movem5ts or *anges ( an active k9d :il/ alive4 ,,xix ,,protoplasm1 ,,life ,,& ,,dea? ,! result ( ! /udy ( liv+ cell-sub/ance1 or protoplasm1 is to %[ t e cell has an individual life1 & (t5 makes ?is manife/ by its movem5t1 *ange ( %ape1 & int]nal curr5ts ( granules1 z well z by ! special *emical sub/ances x produces & consumes4 ,all dep5d = _! activity ^u ! pres5ce ( free oxyg52 all are kill$ by heat f> less ?an t ( boil+ wat]2 !y cont9ually imbibe wat] *>g$ ) ! *emical sub/ances :i* n\ri% !m & cause !m to gr[ 9 bulk & to divide into two2 & !y manufacture v>i\s *emical bodies 9 ! protoplasm & emit heat1 electrical dis*>ges1 & sometimes light4 ,"s or o!r ( !m1 9 fact1 d 9 _! small microscopic way all t ! complex1 big animal or plant1 ( :i* !y are con/itu5ts1 is se5 to d4 ,! cells ( ! liv] manufacture ! bile1 ^? ( ! saliv>y gl&s ! saliva1 & ^? ( ! inte/9al wall a muc\s fluid1 & squeeze out or eject ^? products into ! adjac5t ducts 7see ,fig4 #dj ,c74 ,o!r cells lay d[n 7z cell-wall or coat+7 fibr\s & h>d sub/ances :i* =m ! skeleton2 o!rs become conv]t$ into horn & are %$ f ! surface ( ! sk9 9 man z 8scurf02 o!rs =m ! great contractile masses call$ muscles4 ,"o lot are told (f to control ! o!r cells by some?+ resembl+ a sy/em ( electrical wires & batt]ies--^! are ! n]ve-cells 7,fig4 #cg ,d71 ) _! f9e1 ?read-l bran*es1 ! n]ve-fibres1 :i* are long en\gh to p]meate e "p ( ! body & place x 9 connection ) ! n]ve-cells 9 ! great c5tres call$ bra91 sp9al cord1 & ganglia4 ,at "o "t x 0 ?\ght t ! cells 9 ! tissues ( plants & animals c\ld orig9ate de novo by a sort ( precipitation ( liquid matt]4 ,b x is n[ kn[n t e cell has orig9at$ by ! division ( a pre-exi/+ cell into two1 ! nucleus ( ! "m cell fir/ divid+ & !n ! re/ ( ! cell4 8,e cell orig9ates by ! fission ( a prec$+ cell0 is ! law1 & to t is add$1 8,e individual organism1 plant or animal1 itself orig9ates f a s+le cell1 ! f]tilis$ g]m-cell40 ,^! are two laws ( fundam5tal importance 9 ! /udy ( liv+ ?+s4 ,!y are true ( man z well z ( ! smalle/ worm2 ( ! bigge/ tree z well z ( ! mo/ insignificant moss or wat]-we$4 ,:5 ! f]tilis$ egg-cell divides1 & its prog5y keep on divid+ & gr[+ 9 bulk by ! conv]sion ( nutrim5t into protoplasm1 ! divid+ cells d n necess>ily become entirely nipp$ (f f "o ano!r4 ,9 l>ge tracts ( cells 7or tissues7 we (t5 f9d t ! neighb\r+ cells are connect$ to "o ano!r by excessively f9e filam5ts ( protoplasm4 ,only tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 suppos$1 :il/ ! neighb\r+ cells 7 ?us connect$ z a rule 9 animals1 z well z be+ (t5 connect$ to ! f9e/ n]ve-filam5ts1 yet t 9 plants ! firm1 box-l cases :i* surr\nd ! protoplasm--& :5 se5 dri$ & empty by ,rob]t ,hook l$ him to introduce ! ^w 8cell0 to describe !m--=m completely %ut cases1 s t ! liv+ protoplasm ( ea* plant-cell is entirely cut (f f its neighb\r4 ,?is has n[ be5 f\nd by improv$ me?ods ( microscopic exam9ation to be a mi/ake4 ,! cell-wall 9 a great _m plants1 ?\gh s firm & cleanly cut 9 appe>ance1 is yet p]=at$ by f9e ?reads ( ! cell protoplasm1 s t ea* cell is 9 liv+ communication ) its neighb\r4 ,?us1 9 plants z well z 9 animals1 ! individual cell-units =m a m or less cont9u\s :ole ( liv+ matt]1 sep>at$ by dead1 in]t cell-walls & products ( cell activity2 b1 nev]!less1 connect$ 9 def9ite tracts & regions to "o ano!r by cont9uity ( ! liv+ matt] 9 ! =m ( excessively f9e ?reads4 ,^? animals & plants :i* are built up ( _m cells ( _m v>ieties--t is to say1 all b ! microscopic unicellul> k9ds--may be consid]$ z composite organisms--cell-/ates or communities 9 :i* ! individual cells1 all d]iv$ f "o orig9al "m-cell1 are ! citiz5s1 liv+ 9 gr\ps & habitations 7tissues71 hav+ _! diff]5t occupations & capacities1 c>ry+ on di/9ct op]ations & work+ toge!r = ! common good1 ! 8life10 z we call x1 ( ! individual plant or animal :i* !y con/itute4 ,?is comp>ison %\ld s]ve m]ely z an illu/ration ( ! individual "* & co-ord9at$ activity ( ! cells ( a _m-cell$ plant or animal4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! sep>ate cells are all d]iv$ by b9>y division f ! orig9al g]m-cell1 t !y h n come into juxtaposition f di/9ct s\rces1 b (t5 are held toge!r by ?reads ( _! liv+ mat]ial1 :i* rema9 aft] ! process ( division ( "o cell into two4 ,protoplasm has be5 call$ 8! physical basis ( life40 ,s9ce ! activities to :i* we give ! "n 8life0 reside 9 protoplasm1 & are *emical & physical activities l ^? ( o!r bodies1 ev5 ?\gh m subtle & complicat$--we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ protoplasm z ! sub/ance 9 u & o!r organisms :i* 8lives40 ,dea? consi/s 9 ! de/ruction--! *emical undo+ or decomposition ( protoplasm4#c ,9 simple microscopic unicellul> animals & plants1 ?is is obvi\s--s long z ! protoplasm reta9s its *emical /ructure x is n 8dead40 ,?us1 x is possible ) _m small simple organisms--su* z animalcules & ! se$s ( plants--to dry !m1 & to expose !m to extreme cold1 & to deprive !m 7by aid ( a vacuum pump7 ( all access ( free oxyg5 or o!r gases4 ,all *emical *ange is ?us necess>ily arre/$4 ,b ! atomic /ructure ( ! *emical molecules 9 ! protoplasm is n de/roy$4 ,sir ,james ,dew>1 ,m4 ,becqu]el1 & o!rs h %[n ?is by mo/ c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts4 ,se$s ( clov]1 mu/>d1 & :eat s treat$ d n 8die02 ! me*anism rema9s intact1 & :51 aft] _m weeks1 ! se$s are moi/5$1 w>m$1 & admitt$ to contact ) ! atmosph]e1 ! me*anism aga9 beg9s to "w1 ! protoplasm resumes its activity1 ! se$ 8spr\ts40 ,simil>ly ,dew> has %[n t bact]ia are n kill$ by extreme cold1 ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog54 ,:5 ?us froz5 !y rema9 in]t--b are ev5 9 ?is condition liable to be 8kill$0 by exposure to ! blue & ultra-blue rays ( sunlight6 ,life 0 def9$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z 8! #8cont9u\s' adju/m5t ( int]nal to ext]nal relations10 & ?is impli$ t :at is call$ 8susp5d$ animation0 0 n really a possible ?+1 b t !re c\ld only be an app>5t or approximate susp5sion4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems t j z we may /op a wat* by hold+ back ! balance-:eel ) a ne$le1 & yet n 8kill0 ! wat*--= x w resume its movem5t z soon z ! ne$le is remov$--s ! *anges ( ! *emical molecules ( protoplasm c be arre/$1 b if ! *emical 8/ructure0 is un9jur$ ! me*anism ( protoplasm c resume its activity :5 ! arre/+ causes are remov$4 ,! inactive1 un*ang+ protoplasm is n 8dead10 x has n be5 8kill$0 s long z its me*anism is intact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! fact t ?is me*anism--! *emical /ructure ( protoplasm--is v easily de/roy$4 ,a unicellul> organism is *emically de/roy$ by cru%+ or disruption1 & ! consequ5t admixture ( an excess ( wat] ) its p>ticles1 also by a temp]ature high en\gh to cause pa9 if appli$ to our sk91 b yet mu* bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 also by /rong sun-light1 & by v _m v>ieties ( *emical sub/ances1 especially acids1 ev5 :5 v mu* dilut$4 ,complex animals & plants are liable to h ! protoplasm ( ess5tial & important cells ( ! body de/roy$1 :]eupon ! de/ruction or dea? ( ! o!r cells1 n involv$ 9 ! orig9al tr\ble1 frequ5tly & z a rule results4 ,! protoplasm ( ! cells ( a complex animal is dep5d5t on ! prop] activity ( _m o!r cells besides ^? ( its own tissue or locality 9 ! body4 ,if ! protoplasm ( c]ta9 n]ve-cells or ( blood-cells or ( dige/ive-cells is poison$ or injur$ or *emically upset1 o!r cells lose z a consequ5ce--n at once b aft] a %ort int]val--_! necess>y *emical food1 _! oxyg51 _! accu/om$ temp]ature1 & s bit by bit ! great 8body0--! complex organism--ceases to live1 t is to say1 its protoplasm und]goes /ep by /ep & bit by bit irrevocable *emical *ange or break+ d[n4 ,:5 a man ent]s ^u t condition :i* we call 8dea?10 ! g5]al muscul> movem5ts fir/ cease1 !n ! movem5ts ( respiration 7s t a mirror held to ! m\? 0 us$ to te/ ! com+ & go+ ( ! brea?1 & ! abs5ce ( a film ( moi/ure on ! mirror's surface 0 held to be a pro( ( dea?71 !n ! movem5t ( ! he>t1 :i* is foll[$ by ! awful pallor ( ! bloodless face & lips1 & ! *ill+ ( ! :ole body1 no long] w>m$ by ! blood-/ream4 ,b = long aft] ^! *anges h occurr$ ! protoplasm ( ! cells 9 _m p>ts is n injur$4 ,! be>d ( a corpse w gr[ aft] all ! great arre/s ( movem5t above not$ h be5 e/abli%$ = h\rs4 ,9 cold-blood$ animals1 su* z ! frog1 ! protoplasm ( ! muscles is /ill un9jur$ _m h\rs aft] decapitation1 & !y c be /imulat$ & made to contract4 ,dea?1 9 fact1 only occurs 9 ! tissues ( a multicellul> animal1 z _! protoplasm becomes *emically de/roy$ by injuri\s temp]ature1 poison\s accumulations1 or active bact]ial g]ms1 :i* become pr$om9ant ow+ to ! /oppage ( ! great me*anisms ( brea?+1 circulation1 & n]ve control4 ,is x1 !n1 necess>y to suppose t a some?+1 an ess5ce1 a _s1 an intangible exi/5ce call$ 8life0 or 8vitality10 or ! 8anima animans10 passes away1 or1 z x 71 evaporates f a ?+ :i* 0 liv+ & is n[ dead8 ,assur$ly no m ?an x is necess>y to suppose t an ess5ce or ?+ call$ 8dea?0 takes possession ( x :5 x ceases to c>ry on ! *anges :i* we call 8liv+40 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t we reg>d ! unique & truly awe-inspir+ processes :i* g on 9 ! protoplasm ( liv+ ?+s z some?+ simple1 easily und]/ood & acc\nt$ =1 because we h giv5 up ! notion t life is an entity :i* ent]s into liv+ ?+s f )\t & escapes f !m at dea?4 ,! real fact is1 t ! notion ( 8spirits10 :e!r ( a l[] or ( a high] k9d1 suppos$ to ent] into & 8affect0 v>i\s natural objects1 includ+ trees1 riv]s1 & m\nta9s1 z well z animals & man1 does n help u1 & only /&s 9 ! way ( our ga9+ m complete k ( natural processes4 ,:5 we say t life & ev5 its mo/ trem5d\s outcome--! m9d ( man--are to be /udi$ & _! gradual developm5t trac$ z "p ( ! ord]ly unfold+ ( natural processes1 we are no :it less rev]5t1 9 no degree less impress$ by ! wond]1 imm5sity1 & my/]y ( ! univ]se1 ?an ^? :o1 ) happy & ob/9ate adh]5ce to primitive conceptions1 ?9k t !y c expla9 ?+s by call+ up vital ess5ces & w&]+ spirits4 ,,footnotes #c ,protoplasm is n a s+le *emical comp\nd2 x is ! "n giv5 to ! s(t1 slimy sub/ance ( cells1 & conta9s _m *emical comp\nds--proteids1 fats1 & o!rs2 "s on ! way to assume great] *emical complexity2 o!rs 9 process ( de/ruction4 ,! critical highe/ *emical body conceal$ 9 protoplasm has no g5]ally recognis$ "n4 ,x is a proteid-l body1 consi/+ *iefly ( c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 ) "s sal9e con/itu5ts4 ,?is is ! real ultimate 8liv+ matt]10 & ,i sugge/$ 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica 7article ,protozoa7 9 #ahhf t x %\ld be call$ 8plasmog540 ,,xx ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,protoplasm ,:5 ! *emi/ exam9es liv+ cell-sub/ance or protoplasm--z free z possible f dead envelopes & products ( its own activity--s z to make out1 if he c1 :at x is *emically1 he f9ds t x consi/s ( ! elem5ts c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 ) "s sulphur4 ,phosphorus & "s pota%1 soda & lime 9 small quantity1 are also v usually associat$ ) ! elem5ts nam$4 ,^! are comb9$ 9 ! protoplasm s z to =m *emical comp\nds resembl+ & includ+ :ite ( egg1 & are call$ 8proteids40 ,a *emical comp\nd is a v def9ite & special ?+1 & :5 "o says s-&-s is a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 "o means t x is n a m]e 8mixture10 b is compos$ ( *emical elem5ts 7"s out ( ! long li/ ( ab\t eighty inde/ructible1 undecomposable1 8simple0 bodies--gases1 liquids1 metallic & non-metallic solids--recognis$ by *emi/s & kn[n z su*71 peculi>ly unit$ to1 or 8comb9$0 )1 "o ano!r 9 def9ite proportions by weight4 ,take1 z an example1 wat]4 ,wat] is a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 =m$ by ! *emical union ( two pure elem5ts1 ! gases hydrog5 & oxyg5--eighte5 ounces ( wat] consi/ ( two ounces ( hydrog5 & sixte5 ounces ( oxyg54 ,at a temp]ature above t ( boil+ wat] ! gases1 :5 !y unite1 contract to =m wat]-vap\r1 ?ree p9ts ( ! unit+ gases 7consi/+ ( two p9ts ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg57 =m+ two p9ts only ( wat]-vap\r4 ,?is1 :5 x is cool$ to a temp]ature bel[ #bab deg4 ,fahr41 sudd5ly contracts to a few ?imblefuls ( pure liquid wat]4 ,nei!r oxyg5 nor hydrog5 8uncomb9$0 liquefy till f> bel[ z]o4 ,a proteid1 9 ! same way1 is a *emical comb9ation ( ! elem5ts already m5tion$--c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & sulphur--b ! proportions by volume ( ^! elem5ts to ea* o!r are repres5t$ by v high figures1 n m]ely by two to "o1 z 9 ! case ( wat]4 ,x is ! c>bon 9 !m t makes 8proteids0 turn black :5 !y are de/roy$ by burn+1 & x is ! sulphur :i* causes ! smell ( rott5 eggs4 ,:il/ an ultimate molecule or physical p>ticle ( wat] consi/s ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg5--! molecule ( ! proteid call$ 8album50 is built up by sev5ty-two atoms ( c>bon1 "o hundr$ & twelve atoms ( hydrog51 eighte5 atoms ( nitrog51 twelve atoms ( oxyg51 all br\ght into relation ) "o atom ( sulphur4 ,probably 9 "s o!r proteids ! numb] ( ^! atoms mu/ all be multipli$ by ?ree4 ,! elaborate 8atomic composition0 ( a molecule ( proteid r5d]s x v un/able2 x easily falls to pieces1 ! elem5ts comb9+1 9 o!r & simpl] proportions1 to =m less 8delicate0 bodies4 ,liv+ protoplasm consi/s *iefly ( proteids & ( comp\nds :i* are on ! way up1 =m+ /ep by /ep m elaborate comb9ations till !y rea* ! proteid /age--& ( _m o!rs :i* are degradation products1 com+ d[n1 z x 71 f ! giddy heights ( ! proteid comb9ation4 ,! protoplasm ( a cell conta9s f9] & gross] granules1 :i* are ^! asc5d+ & desc5d+ sub/ances2 x also conta9s o!rs 9 solution & invisible--=1 l a lump ( jelly 7su* z ! cook s]ves up %ap$ by a m\ld & soak$ ) flav\r & col\r71 protoplasm c soak up ei!r a l>ge or a small quantity ( wat]1 & ) ! wat] 7t is ! important po9t7 all sorts ( *emical bodies soluble 9 wat]4 ,j z a lump ( quiv]+ calves'-foot jelly 7:i* is a *emical comp\nd ( a l[] grade ?an proteids1 b l !m71 :5 plac$ 9 a %all[ di% ( wat] col\r$ r$ by c>m9e1 does n dissolve 9 ! wat]1 b absorbs ! wat] & ! c>m9e1 all[+ ! col\r$ wat] & any *emical bodies 9 solution 9 x to diffuse into & become physically1 ?\gh n *emically1 a "p ( its sub/ance1 s protoplasm takes up wat] & ! comp\nds dissolv$ by x4 ,j z a 8jelly0 ( wat]-hold+ gelat9e c give up its wat] & become h>d & horny1 s is protoplasm capable ( gradually giv+ up mu* ( its wat]1 & ev5 9 "s cases ( becom+ h>d & horny1 yet able to return1 :5 remoi/5$1 to its active /ate4 ,moreov]1 a 8jelly0 c be made to 8soak up0 or take into itself wat] & let x pass ?r\gh its sub/ance1 s z to wa% out f x all soluble matt]s4 ,9 ! same way ! protoplasm ( a liv+ cell is suppli$ ) n\ri%+ & oxyg5at+ fluids :i* diffuse into x1 & is 8wa%$ out10 purifi$1 & cleans$ ( wa/e or effete *emical comp\nds by ! wat] :i* fir/ p]meates x1 & !n diffuses out ( x into surr\nd+ wat]y fluids c>ry+ ! excess ( soluble *emical bodies ) x4 ,:il/ proteids are ! comp\nds ( ! highe/ /age ( *emical complexity recognis$ 9 protoplasm1 & appe> to =m ! bulk ( its sub/ance1 we mu/ c>efully avoid ! error 7:i* is n uncommon7 ( suppos+ t protoplasm is itself a def9ite *emical comp\nd4 ,x is n4 ,cell-protoplasm includes ! nucleus1 t d5s] c5tral body3 & is a /ructure consi/+ ( 8proteids0 & ( _m granules & du/-l p>ticles1 & ( m & ( less liquid or wat]y p>ts :i* are less complex 9 *emical nature ?an are proteids4 ,"s ( ! visible granules & invisible liquids pres5t 9 protoplasm are be+ built up to ! proteid /age ( elaboration1 :il/ "s are /eps 9 degradation & decomposition4 ,we h no reason to suppose t ! molecules ( any proteid kn[n at pres5t to ! *emi/ really are ! highe/ degree ( *emical complexity atta9$ to 9 liv+ protoplasm4 ,probably !re is pres5t a fur!r /age ( elaboration1 a *emical body ev5 m complex ?an is 8proteid10 :i* is cont9ually attract+ ! l[] *emical comp\nds to itself & z cont9ually break+ d[n4 ,?is is ! ultimate *emical sub/ance ( life4 ,x is hidd5 invisibly 9 ! protoplasm1 yet all ! *emical *anges :i* g on 9 ! protoplasm ( a cell are ei!r lead+ up to ?is supreme life-/uff or are lead+ d[nw>ds f x4 ,?is ultimate comp\nd1 :i* we suppose to exi/ b h n demon/rat$1 has be5 call$ 8plasmog540 ,x is ?is body 9 :i* resides ! peculi> prop]ty ( liv+ matt]1 namely1 t ( attract+ to itself sub/ances conta9+ ! s-call$ 8organic0 elem5ts--c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5--& ( act+ on !m 9 su* a way t !y 8n\ri%0 x--t is to say1 comb9e *emically ) x to =m m 8plasmog540 ,! int]m$iate /eps lead+ up to plasmog5 & ! products aris+ f its incessant break+ d[n are =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is unique *emical body1 & by x alone4 ,*emi/s h n yet succe$$ 9 mak+ !m2 only ! less elaborate k9ds h be5 8artificially0 con/ruct$ )\t ! aid ( ! liv+ plasmog54 ,to con/ruct plasmog5 itself is a task = ! *emi/s ( ! di/ant future4 ,9 e>ly geological ages plasmog5 came into be+2 x has gone on ev] s9ce 8n\ri%+0 itself1 ma9ta9+ itself1 gr[+ & spread+ ov] ! e>?4 ,x is improbable t ! conditions :i* l$ to its =mation h ev] recurr$4 ,all subsequ5t plasmog5 has be5 =m$ by ! gr[? & increase ( t fir/ sample ( x1 :i* once 9 a remote p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory 0 built up by *emical conditions1 :i* came to an end z soon z !y _h produc$ x4 ,! only process 9 nature ( :i* we "k1 :i* resembles ! 8build+0 action ( plasmog51 ! ultimate molecule ( life1 buri$ 9 ! cell's protoplasm1 is ! selective action ( cry/als1 :i* draw to !mselves f a solution or magma ( all sorts ( *emical bodies ^? molecules ( a *emical nature id5tical ) _! own1 & build !m up into special & def9ite cry/all9e =ms4 ,b !re is a v wide gap betwe5 ?is process & ev5 ! m]e assimilation by liv+ matt] ( ! organic elem5ts1 s z to raise !m f a l[] to a high] grade ( *emical complexity ( comb9ation4 ,& ov] & above ?is we h add$1 9 ! case ( liv+ mat]ial1 to ! m]e p[] ( assimilation & gr[? ! almo/ un?9kable complications & v>iations ( specific =m & quality1 & yet fur!r ( individual =m & quality1 :i* are det]m9$ by special complications & v>iations ( ! plasmog51 t unique comp\nd conceal$ 9 ! cell-protoplasm4 ,we _c at pres5t1 if ev]1 picture to ourselves adequately ! me*anism ( plasmog51 ?\gh ! attempt has be51 & mu/ be1 made4 ,b we c wat* its work+s closely2 we c asc]ta9 ! conditions :i* promote1 *eck1 or modify its activity2 9 fact1 we c obs]ve its output & exp]im5t on x 9 a ?\s& ways1 & s get m & m k ( x4 ,we are n l$ to suppose t x is possess$ by a demon1 nor t 9 x resides an else:]e unkn[n ess5ce4 ,x is en\gh = u to satisfy ourselves t its qualities1 :il/ !y c be gr\p$ ) ! *emical & physical qualities ( o!r bodies1 s f> transc5d !m 9 complexity & 9 imm5sity ( result--! :ole creation ( plant & animal life--t _! appe>ance con/itutes 9 effect a new dep>ture1 a sudd5 &1 to u1 unacc\ntable acquirem5t4 ,b !n we mu/ rememb] t x is also an unacc\ntable ?+ to u t wat] sudd5ly becomes ice at a l[ temp]ature1 & sudd5ly becomes vap\r at a high temp]ature1 ev5 if we are able to imag9e ! me*anism :i* necessitates ^? *anges4 ,we _c 8expla90 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,ev5 ?\gh we c classify !m & arrange !m 9 ord]1 & m or less satisfactorily guess :at _! inn] me*anism is1 we _c1 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 trace !m 9 detail to a fir/ beg9n+4 ,ev5 ?\gh we believe t su* a hi/ory lies beh9d u1 we ourselves _c z yet %[ h[ exactly e quality & prop]ty & =m ( matt] has develop$ 9 due ord] z a matt] ( necessity dur+ ! cool+ ( ! cosmic gas4 ,all we c d is to asc]ta91 bit by bit1 "s sequ5ces1 "s l9es ( ord]ly developm5t & int]action1 add+ ?us /ep by /ep to our k ( :at has tak5 place4 ,,xxi ,,! ,,simple/ ,,liv+ ,,?+s ,9 old times1 if "o want$ to comp>e a man to ! humble/ & simple/ ( animals1 "o call$ him 8a worm40 ,b really a worm is a v elaborate creature1 ) sk91 muscles1 blood-vessels1 kidneys1 n]v\s sy/em1 ph>ynx1 /oma*1 & an inte/9e1 & is built up by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( protoplasmic cells4 ,%akespe>e got ne>] ! m>k :5 he made "o ( 8 uncompromis+ pr(essional 8murd]]s0 exclaim1 z he /abb$ ! "y ,macduff to ! he>t1 8,:at1 y egg60 ,an egg is a s+le cell or corpuscle ( protoplasm1 & ! simple/ liv+ ?+s are ( ! same /ructure--m]e units1 s+le corpuscles ( protoplasm1 (t5 less ?an ! "o-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & invisible except ) ! microscope1 ?\gh 9 "s cases big en\gh to be se5 by ! nak$ eye z !y swim or crawl 9 a glass ( pond-wat]4 ,_m ?\s&s ( k9ds ( ^! simple/ animals & plants h be5 c>efully record$1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 & nam$ by naturali/s4 ,_m ( ^! unicellul> animals 7or 8,protozoa07 crawl by a curi\s irregul> fl[+ movem5t ( ! viscid t5aci\s protoplasm ( :i* !y consi/4 ,!re is no firm coat or cell-wall1 only ! ?9ne/ pellicle on ! surface4 ,! ,proteus-animalcule 7,fig4 #cf;,a7 is s call$ because ( its con/ant *ange ( %ape2 x is also call$ ,amba on ?is acc\nt4 ,x fl[s out into broad1 sometimes elongat$1 f+]-l processes1 ( :i* "o or sev]al ( diff]5t sizes may be =m$ at ! same "t1 & !n quickly disappe> z ! :ole creature moves4 ,solid p>ticles ( food--m9ute unicellul> plants--are engulf$ by ! mov+ viscid protoplasm & dige/$ )9 x--t is to say1 *emically dissolv$1 j z food is dige/$ 9 ! /oma* ( a big animal4 ,! col\rless cells ( our blood & lymph 7,fig4 #cf;,b7 are call$ 8amboid10 because ( _! id5tity ) an ,amba 9 %ape & movem5t & dige/ive p[]4 ,9 "s ( ^! animalcules 7sun-animalcules & o!rs7 ! processes ( ! protoplasm are 9 ! =m ( v f9e1 long spread+ ?reads :i* entangle a food p>ticle1 & !n contract1 draw+ x up into ! disc-l c5tral body4 ,a :ole gr\p or division ( ^! simple/ animals are provid$ ) special mov+ or vibrat+ hair-l ext5sions ( ! protoplasm call$ 8cilia10 t be+ ! ,lat9 "n = 8eyela%es10 to :i* !y are comp>$4 ,^! cilia are arrang$ ) great regul>ity 9 r[s1 circlets1 or spirals1 on ! surface ( ! 8cell40 ,!y are f\nd n only on cells :i* are indep5d5t unicellul> animals & plants1 b also on cells :i* =m ! clo?+ or surface lay] ( _m l>g] animals 7,fig4 #dj;,a & ,b74 ,?us1 9 ourselves1 !y are f\nd l9+ ! w9dpipe1 & !y also l9e ! int]nal cavity ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,! gills ( ! oy/]1 & su* %ell-fi%1 & o!r p>ts ( _! sk91 are pav$ ) ciliat$ or cilia-be>+ cells1 set side by side 9 ?\s&s4 ,a s+le 8cilium0 is l a little la% ( a :ip1 & is always mak+ its la%+ movem5t4 ,= a fraction ( a second x is /raight & upright1 !n sudd5ly curves ov] & b5ds to "o side ) a 8flick10 & imm$iately recov]s its upright position 7see ,fig4 #bi1 p4 #aca74 ,all ! cilia on "o cell or "o surface 8beat0 9 ! same direction1 & ) a common rhy?m1 s t if ! cell is a free1 indep5d5t animalcule x is driv5 along ?r\gh ! wat] by ! rapid /rokes ( ^! numb]less t9y 8o>s10 or 8paddles40 ,if ! cilia are on a surface--l ! oy/]'s gill--!y drive ! wat] along & create a con/ant curr5t4 ,ea* cilium consi/s ( an ela/ic & a contractile fibre closely fus$ toge!r3 ! contraction ( ! "o "p causes a flick or b5d+ ( ! hair-l cilium1 ! ela/icity ( ! o!r sub/ance causes x at once to /raight5 out aga94 ,! ciliat$ unicellul> animalcules 7(t5 call$ ! infusoria1 because !y fl\ri% 9 decompos+ 8infusions07 n only swim by means ( _! cilia1 b h a def9ite m\? or op5+ 9 ! firm out] lay] ( ! protoplasm ( ! cell1 into :i* solid p>ticles ( food are driv5 by :irlpool-l curr5ts set up by special l9es ( cilia 7,fig4 #da;,aa74 ,! m\? leads ?r\gh a def9ite 8gullet0 into ! int]ior ( ! cell4 ,rememb] t ! :ole creature is b a s+le m9ute cell or corpuscle ( protoplasm6 ,x is only f ! hundr$? to ! ?\s&? ( an in* long--) nucleus 7e 9 ! figure7 ( d5s] /ructure )9--j l1 9 ess5tial /ructure & prop]ties1 "o s+le cell ( ! _m ?\s&s :i* build up ! liv]1 or are pack$ 9 lay]s to =m our out] sk91 or are pil$ side by side 7by self-division7 to make ! /ems & leaves ( plants4 ,yet "h is su* a cell--self-suffic+4 ,:5 x divides 7z x does7 ! two result+ cells d n rema9 9 contact z !y d :5 a g]m cell 7a f]tilis$ egg-cell7 divides4 ,!y simply sep>ate1 & ea* swims away1 & c>ries on its own life4 ,_m ( !m are fitt$ out ) ^! cilia z a mo/ s]viceable locomotor app>atus1 & z produc]s ( food curr5ts driv+ ! food "r 9 to a p]man5t1 def9itely-%ap$ m\?4 ,"s h also a sep>ate op5+ by :i* ! undige/$ rema9s ( ! food are extrud$4 ,!y h also a liquid-hold+ cavity or s]ies ( cavities :i*1 :5 di/5d$1 contract & dis*>ge _! cont5ts to ! ext]ior4 ,?is is an app>atus = 8wa%+ out0 ! protoplasm ( ! unicellul> animalcule & gett+ rid ( excretory products2 x is def9itely comp>able 9 its use1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 orig91 to ! _m-cell$ kidneys & bladd] ( high] animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,two specim5s ( a bell-animalcule 7,vorticella74 ,a1 ext5d$4 ,b1 ) retract$ disc & coil$ /alk4 a1 ! ciliat$ disc2 b1 ! firm r+ beh9d ! disc1 call$ 8p]i/ome02 c1 ! pulsat+ *amb]1 call$ (t5 ! contractile vacuole2 d1 a completely dige/$ p>ticle ( food on its way to be ca/ out ?r\gh ! gullet2 e1 ! sausage-%ap$ nucleus2 f1 a p>ticle ( food :i* has j sunk into ! protoplasm f ! gullet1 & is surr\nd$ by a little wat]2 g1 ! gullet2 h1 ! res]voir lead+ f ! pulsat+ *amb] to ! gullet2 i1 ! holl[ /alk2 k1 ! spirally atta*$ muscle )9 ! /alk2 l1 ! atta*m5t ( ! /alk to a we$ m4 ,"o ( ! num]\s k9ds ( 8bell-animalcules0 af=ds an excell5t example 9 :i* we c wat* ! /ructures & life-processes 9 a s+le cell 7,fig4 #da74 ,x is a pe> or bell-%ap$ body1 little m ?an "o-?\s&? ( an in* broad1 support$ on a long1 holl[ /alk 7?\gh sometimes x breaks (f f its /alk & swims freely72 inside ! /alk is a muscle 7k71 s atta*$ t :5 x contracts x %ort5s ! /alk by ?r[+ x into a close-set1 corkscrew spiral 7,fig4 #da;,b74 ,! bell-%ap$ body has a relatively firm surface1 b5ea? :i* is s(t1 viscid protoplasm & a l>ge sausage-l nucleus4 ,! body c exp& itself s z to look l a solid bell or trumpet-%ap$ figure1 ) a flat1 disc-l surface :]e ! 8holl[0 ( ! bell %\ld be1 or x c draw ! edges ( ! disc toge!r & assume ! %ape ( a ball4 ,a l9e ( 8cilia0 is set on ! edge ( ! bell's disc 7a7 & takes a spiral c\rse4 ,!re is a deep pit on "o side ( ! disc4 ,?is is ! m\?4 ,x is easy to fe$ ?is m9ute 8egg0 ( a creature6 ,a p[d] ( f9e p>ticles--boil$ bact]ia1 9 fact1 are :at ,i h us$--is introduc$ into ! wat] betwe5 two slips ( glass 9 :i* ! bell-animalcule is display+ itself "u our microscope4 ,we see ! p>ticles :irl+ ab\t 9 a vortex1 hitt+ ! disc ( ! bell-animalcule & !n driv5 into ! pit or cavity ( ! op5 m\?1 :5ce !y s9k1 enclos$ 9 a sph]e or droplet ( wat] 7f7 into ! int]nal protoplasm6 ,if ! 8boil$ bact]ia10 be=e !y are introduc$1 are /a9$ ) an alkal9e blue1 su* z blue litmus1 !y are se5 9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds to turn r$--%[+ t an acid has be5 secret$ by ! protoplasm 7probably accompani$ by a f]m5t7 into ! little sph]e ( wat]1 9 :i* ! dige/ion ( ! boil$ bact]ia n[ goes on4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes y w see ! little sph]e ( wat] dw9dl+ 9 size--! n\ri%+ liquid be+ absorb$ by ! protoplasm--& !n y w see ! undige/$ fragm5ts pass$ on by a sl[ movem5t to ! ve/ibule or 8pit0 ( ! m\?1 extrud$ ?r\gh a tempor>y op5+ f ! protoplasm1 & :irl$ away by ! wat] curr5ts6 ,if y col\r ! 8boil$ bact]ia0 ) wat]-soluble anil9-blue--z ,i did _m ye>s ago--y w see t ! col\r vani%es f ! p>ticles tak5 into ! bell-animalcule's protoplasm1 & pres5tly an indep5d5t sph]e ( bright blue liquid beg9s to =m 9 ! protoplasm4 ,?is sph]e or globule is ! r5al organ m5tion$ above--"h v simple & s+le 7,fig4 #dj;c74 ,x is call$ ! pulsat+ *amb] or 8contractile vacuole40 ,x enl>ges rapidly1 fill+ ) blue liquid 7:5 special col\r$ food has n be5 suppli$ ! liquid is col\rless71 !n sudd5ly contracts1 squirt+ its blue cont5ts out ?r\gh a special res]voir 7h7 into ! m\?-pit 7z %[n by an arr[ 9 ! figure74 ,! nucleus ( ^! unicellul> animals is (t5 elongat$ 7e71 & %ap$ accord+ to ! g5]al %ape ( ! animalcule2 b x is ! same ?+ z ! 8nucleus0 ( all cells1 :e!r ( plants or animals--a d5s] 8k]nel0 ( protoplasm1 limit$ by its own delicate %ea? or membrane4 ,x %[s1 l ! cell-nucleus ( ord9>y cells1 a special aff9ity = c]ta9 dyes1 :i* d n /a9 ! re/ ( ! cell1 s t x c be made v obvi\s & cle> :5 ! animalcule is kill$ by alcohol1 picric acid1 or o!r pres]vative solutions1 & !n /a9$2 & x %[s a curi\s break+-up ( its sub/ance into ?read-l fibres :5 ! animalcule is ab\t to divide into two--z is se5 also 9 all cells :5 ! regul> process ( division ( "o cell into two comm5ces4 ,! l>g] animalcules h enabl$ u to f9d out :at are ! special prop]ties ( ! nucleus ( cells1 z contra/$ ) ^? ( ! re/ ( ! protoplasm4 ,! trumpet animalcule 7,/5tor7 is a s+le cell1 & ?\gh only "o-?irtie? ( an in* long1 is l>ge en\gh to be cut into pieces by v skilful use ( a f9e blade4 ,x is f\nd t1 if we cut ! ,/5tor into f\r or five bits1 all cont9ue to 8live02 t is to say1 to swim ab\t by ! vibration ( ! hair-l cilia on _! surface4 ,b ^? bits :i* h no "p ( ! nucleus 9 !m die aft] a few h\rs4 ,!y _c take n\ri%m5t nor gr[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! bits :i* comprise a slice ( nucleus comm5ce to contract1 & %ape !mselves l ! orig9al ,/5tor1 !n =m a m\?1 & take n\ri%m5t1 & gr[ up to be fully-siz$1 complete ,/5tors--animalcules l t by ! cutt+-up ( :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,?is & simil> exp]im5ts are held to prove t ! processes ( nutrition1 gr[?1 & production ( specific =m are dep5d5t on ! nucleus4 ,9 its abs5ce1 y may h contractility & active movem5t = a "t1 b no repair1 no build+-up ( new mat]ial1 no direct$ or seem+ly 8purposive0 movem5t4 ,su* movem5ts1 viz41 advance 9 "o direction1 arre/1 hesitat+1 or explor+ movem5t to ! "r & left1 foll[$ by rapid retreat or advance 9 a /raight l9e1 are (t5 exhibit$ by ^! m9ute animalcules1 & _c be di/+ui%$ 9 "* f ^?1 say1 ( a fly or ev5 ( a m\se4 ,^! facts ?r[ a great light on ! significance ( ! /ructure ( ! protoplasmic corpuscle :i* we call a 8cell10 & %[ t ! univ]sal pres5ce ( ! nucleus 9 e 8cell0 is due to ! fact t x plays ! mo/ important "p 9 ! life ( ! cell4 ,x is ! seat ( control1 & conta9s sub/ances 9 virtue ( :i* ! *anges :i* con/itute gr[? & =m-production take place1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ! re/ ( ! protoplasm _c 8c>ry on10 al?\gh = a "t x lives2 t is to say1 rema9s *emically undecompos$1 & %[s active movem5t4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n und]rate ! importance ( ! g5]al protoplasm1 )\t ! pres5ce ( "s ( :i* ! nucleus _c d its "w1 nor ev5 exi/4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t :5 a cell divides1 !re are curi\s & elaborate proce$+s 9 ! nucleus1 by :i* ea* daught] cell gets its due half ( ! all-important nucle> sub/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,six successive /ages 9 ! division ( a 8cell10 to %[ ! appe>ance ( ! ,v-%ap$ filam5ts ( col\rable matt] or *romat94 a1 re/+-cell1 ) *romat9 disp]s$ z f9e irregul> filam5ts 9 ! nucleus2 b1 ! *romat9 takes ! =m ( a wrea? ) twelve loops--x lies horizontally across ! cell2 c1 ! loops break f "o ano!r1 & =m twelve sep>ate ,v-%ap$ pieces2 d1 ea* ( ! twelve pieces divides along its l5g? into two p>allel ,v-%ap$ pieces2 e1 ! divid$ pieces n[ sep>ate f "o ano!r1 s z to =m two wrea?-l gr\ps ( twelve ,v-%ap$ pieces at ea* end ( ! cell2 f1 ! wall ( ! cell =ms across betwe5 ! sep>at$ gr\ps ( ,v-%ap$ pieces1 :i* lose _! regul> arrangem5t4 ,ea* gr\p becomes enclos$ 9 a capsule1 & is ! nucleus ( a new cell4 ,?is is ! regul> process ( cell-division1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! *romat9 ( ! nucleus is brok5 up1 s z to be equally %>$ by ! two daught] cells4 ,9 "s species ( animals ! cells h z _m z ?irty-six ,v-%ap$ *romat9 bodies2 9 o!rs z few z two4 ,diff]5t plants also %[ a simil> diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( *romat9 bodies *>act]i/ic ( ! species4 ,:5 a cell divides ! fission or splitt+ ( ! cell is prec$$ by peculi> *anges 9 ! nucleus4 ,!re is a mat]ial 9 ! nucleus ( e cell--( ^? :i* are simple animalcules1 z well z ( ^? :i* are g]m-cells & sp]m-cells1 & ( ^? :i* =m1 heap$ up 9 enorm\s numb]s1 ! liv+ sub/ance ( l>g] animals & plants--a mat]ial :i* is an elaborat$ sort ( proteid 7see p4 #ahe7 & /a9s /rongly ) c>m9e1 logwood1 & su* dyes1 & is call$ 8*romat940 ,x exi/s (t5 9 ! %ape ( m9ute granules & filam5ts 7,fig4 #db;a71 b always takes on1 soon] or lat]1 ! =m ( an irregul>ly undulat$ ?read or ?reads4 ,:5 ! cell is ab\t to divide into two--z all gr[+ & active cells d--! ?read arranges itself l a zigzagg+ girdle ar\nd ! equator ( ! globul> nucleus 7,fig4 #db;b74 ,! m>g9 ( ! nucleus !n seems to melt away into ! g5]al protoplasm1 & ! zigzag bits ( ! /a9able ?read break f ea* o!r1 =m+ a r+-l gr\p ( ,v-%ap$ pieces 7,fig4 #db;c74 ,!re is a rem>kable fact z to ! numb] ( ^! ,v-%ap$ pieces4 ,!y are id5tical 9 numb] 9 all ! cells ( "o species or k9d ( animal or plant1 b may be ( a diff]5t numb] 9 alli$ species4 ,! salam&] has tw5ty-f\r ( !m2 "s worms h only two1 "s insects ?irty-six1 "s plants eight1 o!rs twelve1 & s on4 ,:5 ! ,v-%ap$ pieces h ?us tak5 up _! position 9 ! divid+ cell1 ea* splits longitud9ally1 s z to =m two ,v-%ap$ pieces ly+ "o ov] ! o!r 7,fig4 #db;d74 ,!n ! halves sep>ate & travel away f ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is way two circlets1 ea* made up by ! correct numb] ( ,v-%ap$ pieces1 come into place at opposite sides ( ! cell 7,fig4 #db;e74 ,aft] ?is ! protoplasm becomes nipp$ 9 betwe5 ! two circlets s z to sep>ate ! cell into two halves1 ea* ) its circlet ( exactly ! correct numb] ( ,v-%ap$ pieces ( 8*romat90 =m$ by ! splitt+ ( ^? ( ! p>5t cell 7,fig4 #db;f74 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! nuclei ( ! new cells are accurately provid$ ) n m]ely half ( ! nucle> *romat9 ( ! "m cell1 b ) half tak5 f all p>ts ( x1 ow+ to ! ?read-l =m ( ! *romat9 & ! longitud9al splitt+ ( ! ?read4 ,f]tilisation ( ! egg-cell by ! sp]m-cell consi/s ess5tially 9 ! junction or fusion ( ! nucle> *romat9 ?reads ( ! egg-cell ) ! nucle> *romat9 ?reads ( a s+le sp]m-cell or sp]matozoon1 :i* s9ks into ! egg-cell & fuses ) x4 ,?is has be5 witness$ & /udi$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! lead+ fact ( int]e/ is t ! egg-cell & ! sp]m-cell h only half ! numb] ( ,v-%ap$ nucle> pieces :i* ! ord9>y cells ( ! same animal or plant possess4 ,?us a salam&]'s ripe egg & ripe sp]matozoid h ea* only twelve ,v-%ap$ pieces--n tw5ty-f\r4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ! p>5t cells1 :i* divide to =m ! egg-cell ( ! female & ! sp]matozoid ( ! male1 n splitt+ _! ,v-%ap$ nucle> bits2 consequ5tly1 ! numb] is r$uc$ to half 7t is1 twelve7 9 ! daught] cells result+ f ! division4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! fusion ( egg-cell & sp]m-cell occurs--ea* br++ twelve ,v-%ap$ pieces--! prop] numb] is re-e/abli%$1 namely1 tw5ty-f\r4 ,9 ! fir/ division ( ?is f]tilis$ g]m-cell--! cell result+ f ! fusion ( egg-cell & sp]m-cell--! ,v-%ap$ nucle> pieces split 9 ! regul> way1 & ! fir/ two embryo-cells are =m$1 ea* ) its tw5ty-f\r pieces4 ,ea* ( ^! cells und]goes ! regul> process1 & s by cont9u$ gr[? & division into two an imm5se s]ies ( cells are produc$1 :i* may sep>ate z !y =m1 or 9 ! case ( multi-cellul> creatures1 rema9 9 cont9uity ) "o ano!r z a bulky plant or animal4 ,cle>ly ! :ole process arises f ! value to ! gr[+ mass ( protoplasm ( hav+ its sub/ance closely s[n or dott$ ) c5tres ( nucle> matt]--t specially active1 co-ord9at+ mat]ial--& ( hav+ ^? c5tres ( equal volume & quality2 &1 la/ly1 ( hav+ t nucle> matt] equally1 or ne>ly equally1 d]iv$ f ! male & female p>5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n c]ta9 f obs]vation ( :at occurs :5 ! twelve male & twelve female ,v-%ap$ pieces 7or :atev] ! numb] may be 9 any giv5 animal or plant :i* h become gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! f]tilis$ g]m-cell7 split & sep>ate to =m ! nucleus ( two new cells--t exactly twelve male & twelve female pieces g into ea* ( ! new cells4 ,x is c]ta9 t tw5ty-f\r pieces g into ea*1 b al?\gh x is possible t exactly half ( !m are male & half female 9 orig91 x is n c]ta9 f obs]vation t ?is is necess>ily s4 ,suppos+ diff]5t proportions to obta9 9 ea* ( ! two fir/ embryo-cells1 x w\ld help to acc\nt = ! facts t (fspr+ are n an exact bl5d ( _! p>5ts 9 all _! qualities1 & t all ! (fspr+ ( ! same two p>5ts are n exactly alike1 b (t5 v diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,"s ( ! simple/ liv+ ?+s1 consi/+ ( b "o microscopic cell1 are animals1 & "s are plants4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 an animal & a plant is %[n v cle>ly by "s ( ^! microscopic creatures4 ,animals fe$ on ! fle% or 8proteid0 sub/ances manufactur$ by o!r animals or by plants2 !y also fe$ on oils or fats1 & on ! sug> & />* manufactur$ by o!r animals or by plants4 ,b !y _c con/ruct ^! 8foods0 !mselves f ! simpl] /able *emical comp\nds call$ 8m9]al bodies10 :i*1 nev]!less1 conta9 ! elem5ts !y require--c>bon1 nitrog51 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,su* /able m9]al bodies are c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 & wat]4 ,9 fact1 ord9>y 8smell+ salts0 7:i* is *emically c>bonate ( ammonia7 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 if we add to x a trace ( phosphates1 sulphates1 & *lorides ( pota%1 soda & lime1 conta9 all ! actual *emical elem5ts t an animal ne$s4 ,yet no animal c be n\ri%$ by su* a 8m9]al0 s\p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! special di/9ction ( plants--( gre5 plants1 be x not$--t !y c fe$ on ?is simple diet1 &1 moreov]1 _c fe$ on any?+ else4 ,! gre5 col\r+ matt] :i* gives its beautiful t9t to ! grass & we$s & ! leaves ( ! big trees :i* clo! ! e>? is absolutely ess5tial 9 ?is process2 s also is sunlight4 ,! liv+ protoplasm ( ! gre5-col\r$ p>ts ( plants is cr[d$ ) microscopic discs or plates ( a brilliant transp>5t gre5 col\r4 ,! peculi> sub/ance caus+ ! col\r is call$ 8leaf-gre510 or 8*lorophyll40 ,x c be dissolv$ out ( a leaf1 n by wat]1 b by _s or by e!r1 & sep>ately /udi$4 ,x may be se5 9 solution 7to cite a comm]cial in/ance7 9 ! liqueur kn[n z 8crme de m5!10 be+ us$ to give its f9e gre5 col\r to t prep>ation4 ,sunlight %9+ on to ! gre5 p>ts ( plants is 8scre5$0 or 8/ra9$0 by ! leaf-gre51 s t only "s ( ! col\r$ rays pass ?r\gh x1 & x is only by ?is peculi>ly 8/ra9$0 gre5 sunlight t ! protoplasm ( ! cells ( ! leaf is /imulat$ to its rem>kable *emical activity4 ,! c>bonic acid 9 ! air or 9 ! wat] 9 :i* ! gre5 plant is liv+ is tak5 up by ! protoplasm4 ,c>bonic acid consi/s ( oxyg5 & ( c>bon4 ,! protoplasm1 :5 ! gre5 sunlight acts on x1 actually takes out ( c>bonic acid & ?r[s (f z a gas 7se5 z bubbles 9 ! case ( a wat] plant7 "s ( its con/itu5t oxyg51 ?us keep+ up ! supply ( free oxyg5 9 air & wat]4 ,!n at ! same "t x comb9es ! c>bon & ! re/ ( ! oxyg5 ) wat] 7hydrog5 & oxyg57 inside itself1 =m+ solid />*1 :i*1 ) ! microscope1 we c see actually manufactur$ z little oblong gra9s 9 ! gre5 cells4 ,n only ?is1 b ! elem5t nitrog5 is1 s to speak1 8=c$0 9 o!r cells ( ! plant to comb9e ) ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! newly-=m$ />* 7c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg571 & ?us ! fir/ /eps lead+ to ! build+ up ( ^? wond]ful bodies1 ! proteids1 are pass$4 ,no?+ ( ! sort c be done by ! protoplasm ( an animal cell4 ,consequ5tly we di/+ui% among ! simple/ liv+ ?+s ^? :i* are provid$ ) leaf-gre51 & fe$1 z d ! l>g] gre5 plants1 on dissolv$ 8m9]al0 solids & gases4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( k9ds ( !m--s+le simple cells4 ,"s are kn[n to microscopi/s z ,diatoms & ,desmids--(t5 ( curi\s sp9dle or cresc5t-%ape1 o!rs />-l4 ,! diatoms =m on _! surface a delicate1 wond]fully-sculptur$ coat ( glass-l silica 7qu>tz71 :i* resi/s de/ruction & p]si/s long aft] ! protoplasm is dead & wa%$ away4 ,!y are fav\rite objects = exam9ation ) ! microscope on acc\nt ( _! great beauty & v>iety4 ,^? simple/ liv+ ?+s :i* h n got leaf-gre5 to enable !m to fe$ on m9]al food mu/--unless !y are p>asites 7z _m important k9ds are7--get _! food1 z d bigg] animals1 by fe$+ on ! solid sub/ance ( o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,all liv+ ?+s are1 9 fact1 ultimately dep5d5t on ! gre5 plants--:e!r microscopic or ( l>g] k9ds--n only = food1 b = oxyg5 gas4 ,if y c\ld take away gre5 plants altoge!r f ! _w1 ! animals w\ld eat "o ano!r & use up ! oxyg5 gas ( ! atmosph]e1 & at ! la/ !re w\ld be a few only ( ! /ronge/ left1 l ! la/ survivor ( ! %ipwreck$ crew ( ! ,nancy ,bell1 & ev5 !y w\ld be suffocat+ = want ( oxyg54 ,! s+le cells1 :i* are indep5d5t animalcules1 & fe$ l animals on :ole creatures small] ?an !mselves1 or on bits ( ! fre% sub/ance ( o!r animals or ( plants1 are ( extraord9>y div]sity ( =m & activity4 ,unlike ! unicellul> plants1 ^: food is dissolv$ 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y live1 ! s+le-cell animals ( necessity take _! food 9 8lumps0 into _! inside & dige/ x1 & s _! cell-protoplasm has ei!r a s(t surface :i* c take up a food-morsel at any po9t or x has a firm surface ) a def9ite m\?1 or ap]ture1 9 x 7see ,fig4 #da7 :]e ! m\? is m>k$ by an arr[4 ,_m ( !m1 especially ^? ) s(t glut9\s protoplasm1 :i* ext5ds f ! ma9-mass 9 long ?reads or bran*+ processes se>*+ = food-morsels1 =m m>vell\s1 p]=at$ %ells by *emical deposit1 ei!r ( silica or lime/one 7,radiol>ia & ,=am9if]s74 ,! k9ds ) a firm or t\gh surface to ! cell-protoplasm & a p]man5t m\? & gullet lead+ into ! cell-sub/ance h v usually a s+le l>ge la%+-:ip 7,flagellata71 :i* drives !m ?r\gh ! wat] 9 se>* ( prey1 or !y are clo!d ) hundr$s ( su* la%+ ?reads ( small] size--! 8cilia0 describ$ above 7p4 #aie7--;arrang$ 9 r[s or circles1 :5ce ^! animalcules are call$ 8,ciliata40 ,! ciliates or "o-cell$ animals are enabl$ by _! cilia to move ) all ! grace1 v>iety1 facility1 & app>5t intellig5ce ( ! highe/ animals1 & also to create p[]ful vortex-curr5ts by :i* food p>ticles are driv5 into ! cell-m\?4 ,x is a mo/ rem>kable & ?\ght-/irr+ fact t "h we h 8animalcules0 :i* are no m ?an isolat$ units ( ! k9d & /ructure :i* g by hundr$s ( ?\s&s to build up a l>g] animal--j z bricks are units ( ! k9d :i* to ! numb] ( _m ?\s&s build up a h\se4 ,& yet ea* ( ^! free-liv+ units has a complete organisation--m\?1 ph>ynx1 r5al organ1 locomotive organs1 & s on--simil> 9 activity & g5]al %ape to ! sy/em ( l>ge1 capaci\s organs built up by ! agglom]ation ( millions ( cell-units to =m ! body ( a high] animal4 ,x is z ?\gh a s+le brick 7 provid$ ) door1 w9d[s1 /aircase1 fireplace1 *imneys1 & w9e-cell>6 ,x is cle> t !re is only a resemblance & n an id5tity ( orig9 betwe5 ! organs ( ! multicellul> animal & ^? ( ! s+le-cell$ animalcule4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( an animal f ! s+le egg-cell1 & also ! s]ies ( exi/+ _m-cell$ animals1 lead+ f simple =ms to ! mo/ complex1 proves ?is4 ,& 9 view ( t fact ! wond]ful elaboration ( ^! dim9utive creatures--_m ( !m s small z to be absolutely invisible to ! nak$ eye--is all ! m curi\s & impressive4 ,we h1 9 fact1 p>allel organisation & elaboration ( /ructures ) special uses1 9 two absolutely sep>at$ grades or /rata ( liv+ ?+s--! "o grade m>k$ (f by ! limitation t only a s+le cell1 a s+le nucleat$ corpuscle ( protoplasm1 is to be ! basis & mat]ial ( elaboration--! o!r & high] grade p]mitt+ ! use ( millions ( s+le cells1 ( endless v>iety & pla/icity1 capable ( hang+ toge!r & be+ gr\p$ 9 lay]s & tissues1 9 su* enorm\s masses t an elephant or a :ale is ! result4 ,& we see t ! same ne$s are met1 n actually 9 ! same way1 b 9 ! same k9d ( way1 9 ! two cases--! food-orifice1 ! cilia1 & ! 8pulsat+ vacuole0 ( ! unicellul> animalcule d ! same s]vices z ^? done by ! /ructurally diff]5t m\?1 legs1 & kidneys ( ! elephant4 ,,xxii ,,tadpoles ,,& ,,frogs ,! season ( tadpoles is n a season recognis$ by h\sekeep]s & g\rmets 7except 9 ,france1 :]e frogs are eat5 9 ,april71 b "o de> to s*oolboys & all lov]s ( ,nature4 ,! ponds on hea?s & 9 ! corn]s ( mead[s n[ %[ great masses ( s(t jelly-l balls ( ! size ( a m>ble1 huddl$ toge!r & m>k$ ea* by a little black spot at its c5tre1 z big z a rape-se$4 ,?is is ! 8spawn0 ( our common frog4 ,! spawn ( ! common toad is v simil>1 b ! black spots are set 9 long /r+s ( jelly1 n 9 sep>ate balls4 ,! little black body is precisely ! same ?+ z ! yell[ "p ( a h5's egg1 & ! jelly ar\nd x corresponds to ! 8:ite0 ( ! bird's egg2 b !re is no?+ to repres5t ! %ell4 ,! 8yelk0 ( ! bird's egg is1 x is true1 mu* l>g]1 b corresponds to ! black sph]e ( ! frog's egg--! actual g]m--& is l ! latt] a s+le protoplasmic cell1 di/5d$ ) n\ri%+ granul> matt]4 ,x is ! excess ( ?is matt] :i* makes ! yell[ ball ( ! bird's egg s mu* bigg] ?an ! black or r deep-br[n g]m ( ! frog4 ,! little black sph]es elongate f day to day 9 ! w>m spr+ wea!r1 & at la/ ! m9ute tadpoles 7see ,fig4 #dc & its explanation7 break loose f ! jelly1 hang+ on to its surface by aid ( a t9y suck]1 & fe$+ on ! m9ute gre5 vegetable gr[?s :i* h appe>$ all ov] ! jelly-l mass4 ,_! rate ( gr[? dep5ds v mu* on ! temp]ature1 & is mu* m rapid 9 ,italy & ! ,s\? ( ,france ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,at fir/ !y are s small t x is difficult to di/+ui%1 except ) a pocket-l5s1 ! little black plume-l gills on ea* side ( ! head1 & x is only z !y gr[ bigg] & lose ^! little plumes t ! "y ?+s assume ! *>act]i/ic %ape ( a r\nd$ head--really head & body--) a long flatt5$ tail :i* /rikes vigor\sly to ! "r & left1 & enables ! tadpole to swim l a fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,/ages 9 ! gr[? f ! egg ( ! common frog--drawn ( ! natural size4 #a4 ,egg 9 its jelly-l envelope4 #b4 ,v "y tadpoles adh]+ to we$ by _! suck]s 7plac$ j bel[ ! m\?74 #c4 ,v "y tadpole1 %[+ two pair ( ext]nal gills3 a ?ird pair is pres5t1 b s small z to be invisible )\t magnification4 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,/ages 9 ! lat] gr[? ( ! tadpole3 ! ext]nal gills h disappe>$1 b ! legs h n yet made _! appe>ance4 #g4 ,tadpole ( full size1 ) =e & h9d legs4 #h4 ,! tadpole has n[ become a small frog1 & has left ! wat]4 ,! tail has %runk1 b has n entirely disappe>$3 x rema9s ?r\gh\t life hidd5 by ! sk9 & ! l>ge ?ighs ( ! gr[+ frog4 ,?is figure has be5 k9dly suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co41 f ,dr4 ,gad['s volume on ! 8,amphibia & ,reptiles10 9 ! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,i suppose t e "o1 or ne>ly e "o1 kn[s t ^! sw>m+ little black tadpoles are ! "y ( frogs & toads4 ,z ! season goes on !y gr[ to z mu* z an in* & a qu>t] 7sometimes an in* & ?ree-qu>t]s7 9 l5g?1 & develop a numb] ( gold5 metallic-look+ spots 9 ! sk91 :i* give !m a br[ni% hue4 ,bo? ! =e & ! h9d limbs h n[ develop$1 b are hidd5 b5ea? ! sk91 & all ?is "t ! tadpole is brea?+1 l a fi%1 by means ( gills1 conceal$ f view by a fold ( sk94 ,v e>ly x acquires a pair ( lungs1 & by ! "t ! legs break ?r\gh ! sk9 7! h9d legs d s fir/7 ! lungs are inflat$1 & help 9 respiration4 ,n[ ! head becomes modell$ l t ( a "y frog1 ! tail ceases to gr[1 its flat transp>5t bord] is absorb$ & eat5 by 8phagocytes10 & ! legs become /rong & l>ge4 ,soon ! gills atrophy1 & ! "y creature crawls out ( ! wat] & sp5ds mu* ( its "t 9 ! damp grass & h]bage ne> its native pond1 rapidly assum+ ! %ape ( a frog4 ,an int]e/+ fact is t all ! "t t x is a tadpole ! little animal eats vegetable food or s(t animal food 7ev5 o!r tadpoles71 has horny lips1 & a v long inte/9e1 coil$ l a wat*-spr+4 ,b z soon z x leaves ! wat] x becomes purely c>nivor\s1 fe$+ on small insects & worms1 & its inte/9e /raight5s out & becomes1 relatively to ! increas$ size ( ! body1 q %ort4 ,ev5 ^? :o "k frog-spawn :5 !y see x & some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! tadpole & its *ange into ! "y frog or toad 7z ! case may be7 d n1 z a rule1 "k ab\t ! lay+ ( ! eggs4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ 7end ( ,m>*7 ! full-gr[n frogs & toads :i* h pass$ ! w9t] buri$ 9 holes & cracks 9 ! gr\nd 9 a /ate ( torpor wake up & make _! way to neighb\r+ good-siz$ ponds4 ,9 ^! ! eggs are deposit$4 ,! male frogs wait = ! females :om !y seize f beh9d1 plac+ _! arms "u h]s & r\nd ! *e/4 ,!y hold s firmly t no?+ w p]suade !m to let g4 ,!y (t5 reta9 _! hold = days or ev5 weeks4 ,sometimes by mi/ake !y seize a fi% & hold on securely to its head--a fact :i* has l$ to ! belief among c\ntry-folk t ! frog is an enemy ( ! c>p1 & tries to bl9d him by =c+ 8 h&s into ! c>p's eyes4 ,at ?is season a frog w clasp y\r f+] or ! h&le ( a /ick s p]si/5tly t y c lift him out ( ! wat]4 ,a l>ge pad ( a black col\r gr[s 9 ! bre$+-season on ! inside ( ! fir/ f+] ( ! frog's h&1 & is ri*ly suppli$ ) n]ves4 ,x is ?is gr[? :i* is s5sitive & :5 t\*$ sets up ! cramp-l clasp+ action ( ! muscles ( ! arms4 ,! eggs are ev5tually squeez$ f ! female's body1 & are f]tilis$ by ! sp]matic fluid ( ! male z !y pass into ! wat]4 ,!y are1 :5 8laid10 cov]$ ) only a ?9 transp>5t lay] ( album5 7or :ite ( egg71 & x is only aft] a few h\rs t ?is imbibes wat] & swells up into a ball-l mass ar\nd ea* little black egg4 ,ye>s ago ,i us$ to collect ! spawn+ toads & frogs at ,bad51 ne> ,vi5na1 9 ord] to obs]ve 79 ! laboratory ( ! celebrat$ microscopi/1 ,pr(essor ,/rick]1 ! mo/ gift$ ( 8 day7 ! e>lie/ *anges 9 ! little black egg1 ! size ( a rape-se$1 :i* foll[ ^u f]tilisation4 ,prop]ly plac$ 9 a wat*-glass full ( wat] "u a l[ p[] ( ! microscope "o little egg c\ld be wat*$ = h\rs4 ,if x _h n be5 f]tilis$1 no?+ occurr$4 ,b if x _h be51 !n !re 7 /range movem5ts ( its surface & a puck]+ & s9k+ 9 along "o def9ite l9e1 com+ & go+1 b at la/ becom+ well m>k$ l a deep furr[4 ,)\t actually splitt+1 ! little sph]e 0 divid$ by ! cleft into two halves4 ,!n1 at "r angles to ! fir/ cleft1 a second began to =m1 & s on1 until 9 ! c\rse ( h\rs ! sph]e became divid$ on its surface l a blackb]ry4 ,! sep>ate pieces ?us m>k$ out are ! fir/ 8cells10 or units1 ( liv+ protoplasm ( ! "y tadpole4 ,!y cont9ue to divide & to *emically conv]t ! granul> matt] ) :i* !y are *>g$ into liv+ mat]ial :il/ ! mass sl[ly1 9 ! c\rse ( days 7tak+ up wat] = its increase 9 actual size71 becomes elongat$1 & %[s ! rudim5ts ( head1 eyes1 e>s1 sp9al cord1 & project+ tail4 ,x is a fasc9at+ task to wat* ?is gradual developm5t--& a difficult1 b necess>y1 "o 7:i* has n[ be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! m9ute/ detail by pati5t /ud5ts71 to h>d5 ) *emical solutions ! gr[+ embryos tak5 at successive /ages1 to emb$ !m 9 wax or p>aff9 7z ,/rick] 0 ! fir/ to d71 & to cut !m into ! f9e/ slices1 !n to cl>ify ^! slices 9 balsam-v>ni%1 exam9e !m ) ! microscope1 & record & draw e 8cell10 e con/itu5t unit1 z !y increase 9 numb] & complication ( arrangem5t4 ,t wond]fully difficult feat has n[ be5 c>ri$ out n only 9 ! case ( ! frog & toad1 b 9 ! case ( hundr$s ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals ( all sorts4 ,?us we "k ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? f ! egg 9 its m9ute/ details 9 e k9d ( animal--! 8cell-l9eage0 ( ! tissues ( ! full-gr[n animal trac$ back to ! s+le orig9al egg-cell4 ,! egg ( animals is always orig9ally a s+le 8cell0--t is to say1 a m9ute corpuscle ( slimy consi/5ce1 ) a d5se capsulat$ k]nel or 8nucleus0 )9 x4 ,! k]nel or nucleus divides into two1 & ! cell itself divides2 ea* ( ! daught] cells aga9 divides1 & s ! process cont9ues1 until ?\s&s1 & 9 l>g] animals millions1 ( cells are ! result1 z ! mass ( cells takes up n\ri%m5t & increases 9 volume4 ,:5 7z is ! case 9 _m animals1 e4g4 />fi%es1 worms1 & mammals7 !re is only a little granul> food-mat]ial mix$ 9 ) ! protoplasm ( ! egg-cell1 t cell is ( small size1 only ! "o two-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet] 7see ,fig4 #ca74 ,b 9 ! frog !re is mu* granul> food-mat]ial1 & ! egg-cell is di/5d$ to ! size ( a rape-se$4 ,:5 !re is /ill m1 z 9 ! bird & _m fi%es1 ! egg-cell does n entirely divide z x does 9 small] eggs on comm5c+ gr[? aft] f]tilisation4 ,! protoplasm collects into a disc incompletely sep>at$ f ! food-mat]ial1 & x is ! disc only :i* divides into two1 f\r1 eight1 & ev] s _m m cells4 ,"s ( ! cells result+ f ! division ( ! disc =m ! embryo's body1 & o!rs spread1 z !y multiply1 all ov] ! re/ ( ! egg-ball f its edges s z to enclose ! granul> food-mat]ial 9 a sac1 call$ ! yelk sac4 ,9 ! frog1 on ! contr>y1 ! protoplasm does n sep>ate z a disc3 ! :ole egg-cell or ball divides to =m ! embryo-cells1 & ! food granules are includ$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! divid+ cells4 8,gr[? f ! egg0 is a long /ory2 we mu/ rev]t n[ to ! tadpoles & _! p>5ts4 ,!re is a tradition t ,dr4 ,edw>ds1 ! fa!r ( ,h5ri & gr&fa!r ( ,alphonse ,milne ,edw>ds1 directors ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,p>is1 kept "s tadpoles 9 a sort ( cage sunk 9 ! ,se9e1 s t !y c\ld n come to ! surface to brea! air nor escape on to ! l&1 & t !y grew to be v big tadpoles1 mu* l>g] ?an ! size at :i* tadpoles usually *ange into frogs4 ,i tri$ to repeat ?is exp]im5t :5 ,i 0 a boy--)\t success--& ,i h nev] he>d ( any "o hav+ succe$$ ) x4#d ,x is n cit$ or cr$it$ at ! pres5t day4 ,b "s ?irty ye>s ago x 0 discov]$ t some?+ ( ?is k9d happ5s 9 ! case ( ! ,mexican salam&]4 ,! ,engli% 8newts0 & ! s-call$ salam&]s are creatures ( liz>d-l %ape1 :i* are closely relat$ to frogs & toads4 ,!y lay eggs 9 ! wat]1 & ! "y are tadpoles1 ) beautiful l>ge plume-l gills on ea* side ( ! head4 ,! tadpole ( ! common ,engli% newt may ei!r lose its gills & leave ! wat] 9 ! summ]1 if x 0 hat*$ e>ly 9 ! season1 or may rema9 long] 9 ! gill$ condition1 & gr[ to m ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 if x 0 hat*$ late4 ,9 c]ta9 lakes 9 ,mexico !re is a tadpole-l creature ) gill-plumes1 :i* gr[s to eight in*es or m 9 l5g?1 & becomes adult & bre$s :5 9 t condition4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8axolotl10 & 0 consid]$ to be a di/9ct k9d ( gill-be>+ adult tadpole-l animal simil> to "s few o!rs :i* are kn[n 7,sir5 & ,necturus74 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y 7 br\ght to ,europe & kept 9 a cage ) only a small provision ( wat]1 "s ( ^! axolotls 7 f\nd to leave ! wat]1 lose _! gills1 *ange _! col\r & %ape 9 sev]al respects1 & become1 9 fact1 trans=m$ into a t]re/rial salam&]1 ( a k9d already kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x 0 ?us e/abli%$ t ! axolotl ( ! ,mexican lake is no?+ m nor less ?an ! tadpole ( a species ( salam&] or newt1 :i* has 8giv5 up0 ! habit ( leav+ ! wat]1 & actually gr[s to full size1 & lays its eggs )\t becom+ conv]t$ into a gill-less l&-dwell+ creature6 ,! greate/ int]e/ 0 excit$ =ty ye>s ago1 :5 ! discov]y 0 made t1 by gradually dry+ up ! wat] 9 :i* ! axolotl is kept1 x c be induc$ to resume its trans=mation1 & become *ang$ into a salam&]4 ,?us1 ! notion ( conv]t+ ! tadpoles ( ! common frog into v big tadpoles by prev5t+ !m f leav+ ! wat]1 seems n to h be5 an unreasonable "o4 ,!re are "s v big k9ds ( tadpoles1 :i* are ! "y ( toads ( o!r k9ds ?an our ,briti% species4 ,9 ,engl& we h only two k9ds ( frogs--! common frog & ! edible frog--& two k9ds ( toads1 ! common toad & ! natt]-jack or crawl+ toad 7di/+ui%$ by ! pale l9e along ! middle ( 8 back74 ,b on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe !re are o!rs besides ^? :i* we h4 ,!re is ! beautiful little gre5 tree-frog1 & !re are ! fire-belli$ toad1 & ! ob/etric toad 7! male ( :i* c>ries ! eggs aft] !y are laid1 coil$ 9 a /r+ ar\nd 8 h9d legs72 & !n !re is ! little spur-heel$ toad 7,pelobates fuscus71 :i* smells l g>lic1 & is rem>kable = hav+ a broad1 horny claw on 8 heel4 ,?is toad is only ab\t two in*es & a half long 7measur$ f sn\t to v5t7 :5 full gr[n1 b its tadpole (t5 exce$s f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & 9 r>e cases atta9s ! gigantic size ( sev5 in*es1 s t x actually %r9ks 9 size :5 x ceases to be a tadpole1 & takes on ! adult =m4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i f\nd "s ( ^! huge tadpoles 9 a pond ne> ,antw]p1 & ?\ght !y mu/ be a realisation ( ,dr4 ,edw>ds' exp]im5t4 ,!y 7 enorm\s1 & x 0 only on br++ !m home t ,i he>d = ! fir/ "t ( ! spur-heel$ toad & its gigantic tadpoles 7,fig4 #dd ,c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,outl9e draw+s ( ?ree ,european tadpoles ( ! actual size ( nature4 ,a1 a full-siz$ tadpole ( ! ,common ,frog1 ,rana tempor>ia1 "o in* & ?ree-t5?s long4 ,b1 a fair-siz$ tadpole ( ! ,ob/etric ,toad1 ,alytes ob/etricans1 common ne> ,p>is1 two in*es & f\r-fif?s long4 ,c1 a tadpole ( ! ,g>lic ,toad1 ,pelobates fuscus1 common 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,g]many1 f\r in*es & a half long4 ,specim5s ( z mu* z sev5 in*es 9 l5g? h be5 captur$4 ,among frogs & toads f di/ant l&s are "s :i* br+ =? _! "y alive1 ! female reta9+ ! eggs 9 h] body in/ead ( lay+ !m 9 wat]4 ,! black-&-yell[ salam&] ( ,europe 7:i*1 l ! common toad1 has a highly poison\s secretion 9 ! sk97 reta9s its eggs inside its body until ! tadpoles are well advanc$ 9 developm5t1 :5 !y pass f h]--ab\t sev5ty 9 numb]--into ! wat]4 ,9 ! closely alli$ black ,alp9e salam&] only two1 out ( ?irty or m eggs produc$1 develop4 ,^! two rema9 inside _! "m until !y h ceas$ to h gills & h become t]re/rial air-brea?+ "y salam&]s l _! "m4 ,! ,alp9e salam&] lives :]e !re are no pools suitable = ! tadpoles1 & s !y nev] ent] ! wat]1 b rema9 inside ! "m's body4 ,"s exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 made ) ^! two species ( salam&] by v>y+ ! conditions z to moi/ure 9 :i* ! "y gr[ to maturity1 & results ( consid]able int]e/ h be5 obta9$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s arrangem5ts 9 reg>d to ! "y is se5 9 ! ,sur9am toad1 ( :i* we _h liv+ specim5s five or six ye>s ago 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,9 ?is toad ! sk9 ( ! female's back becomes v s(t & pla/ic at ! bre$+-season4 ,z %e lays ! eggs ! male takes !m "o by "o & presses !m into ! s(t sk9 ( h] back1 into :i* !y s9k4 ,! eggs are ?us emb$d$ sep>ately to ! numb] ( fifty or sixty1 ea* 9 a little pit 9 ! "m's back4 ,!y sl[ly develop1 ea* 9 its 8pit10 ! orifice ( :i* is clos$ by a sort ( lid4 ,:5 ! "y h gr[n to ! condition ( little toads1 !y pu% op5 ! lids ( ! pits & swim out ( _! "m's back4 ,specim5s ( ^! toads1 ) ! eggs & "y1 9 v>i\s /ages1 emb$d$ 9 _! "m's back1 are to be se5 9 mo/ museums ( natural hi/ory4 ,toads & frogs cat* _! prey by ?r[+ =w>d ! /icky tongue :i* is atta*$ ne> ! front ( ! l[] jaw1 & s lick up _! victim ) />tl+ abruptness4 ,! ,cape frog ( ,s\? ,africa 7,x5opus71 l ! ,sur9am toad 7,pipa71 has no tongue1 & is also rem>kable = possess+ h>d1 po9t$ ends to its toes4 ,x r>ely1 if ev]1 leaves ! wat]4 ,,footnotes #d ,i am told by ,mr4 ,b\l5g]1 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 :o is ! greate/ au?ority on ^! animals1 t ! explanation ( ?is is t unaw>es ,dr4 ,edw>ds made use ( ! "y tadpoles ( ! ob/etric toad 7,alytes71 :i* is v common ne> ,p>is1 ?\gh x does n occur 9 ,engl&4 ,^! tadpoles regul>ly gr[ to be ?ree in*es & m 9 l5g? 7see ,fig4 #dd ,b74 ,dr4 ,edw>ds ?\ght he _h us$ ! tadpoles ( ! common frog1 b _h1 by accid5t1 got hold ( ^? ( ,alytes4 ,,xxiii ,,ab\t ,,! ,,/>s ,! "y a/ronom] 9 ,two on a ,t[]--t bitt]-sweet /ory 9 :i* our great noveli/ ,h>dy tells ( ! weird fasc9ation ) :i* ! /udy ( ! />s appeals to a s5sitive nature1 exclaims3 8,! imag9>y picture ( ! sky z ! concavity ( a dome ^: base ext5ds f horizon to horizon ( our e>?1 is gr&1 simply gr&1 & ,i wi% ,i _h nev] got beyond look+ at x 9 t way4 ,b ! actual sky is a horror40 8,!re is10 he cont9ues1 8a size at :i* dignity beg9s2 fur!r on !re is a size at :i* gr&eur beg9s2 fur!r on !re is a size at :i* solemnity beg9s2 fur!r on a size at :i* awfulness beg9s2 fur!r on a size at :i* gha/l9ess beg9s4 ,t size fa9tly approa*es ! size ( ! /ell> univ]se40 8,if y are *e]ful & wi% to rema9 s10 he concludes1 8leave ! /udy ( a/ronomy alone4 ,( all ! sci5ces1 x alone des]ves ! "* ( ! t]rible4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y are re/less & anxi\s ab\t ! future1 /udy a/ronomy at once--y\r tr\bles w be r$uc$ amaz+ly4 ,b y\r /udy w r$uce !m 9 a s+ul> way1 by r$uc+ ! importance ( ev]y?+1 s t ! sci5ce is /ill t]rible1 ev5 z a panacea40 ,! facts reveal$ by ! /udy ( a/ronomy :i* h ?is feature ( gha/l9ess & t]ror relate to ! enorm\s di/ances 9 space at :i* ! />s are plac$1 & to _! enorm\s numb]4 ,"o may sometimes see on ! coa/ or 9 "s m>%l& a 8pile-driv]0 at "w4 ,at a qu>t] ( a mile di/ance y c see ! great weight hoi/$ up by cranks & *a9s above ! 8pile10 :i* /&s upright b n yet driv5 v f> into ! gr\nd4 ,y see ! weight let g2 x drops v]tically on to ! pile1 & y wat* x ris+ "s two or ?ree feet on its return j\rney upw>ds1 :5 sudd5ly y he> ! s\nd ( a %>p bl[1 & only aft] an ef=t realise t ! s\nd 0 made m ?an a second ago1 & t ! workm5 h _h "t to raise ! weight #c ft4 be=e ! s\nd travell$ to y4 ,s\nd travels less ?an a qu>t] ( a mile 9 a second4 ,light also takes "t to travel1 b x advances ev] s mu* m quickly ?an s\nd1 namely1 #ahf1jjj miles 7& a bit m7 9 a second4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easy to calculate ! numb] ( miles trav]s$ by light 9 a m9ute or 9 a ye>4 ,!re are ?irty million seconds 9 a ye>4 ,! light ( ! sun takes eight m9utes to rea* ! e>?1 s1 in/ead ( /at+ ! numb] ( miles ( ?is di/ance1 we may say t ! sun is eight 8light-m9utes0 di/ant f ! e>? 7ab\t #hi1jjj1jjj miles74 ,?is is an enorm\s figure4 ,! sun & 8 planets may be repres5t$ proportionately by a gold5 ball a foot 9 diamet]1 & a numb] ( little sph]es v>y+ 9 size f t ( a dri$ pea to a boy's m>ble1 plac$ at di/ances f ! gold5 ball v>y+ f #ej ft4 to #bjj ft4 ,su* a model is %[n 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 ,london4 ,m9ute & scatt]$ f> ap>t z ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em appe> :5 ?us repres5t$1 yet ! sol> sy/em is a compact little gr\p :5 we come to consid] ! di/ance f x ( ! o!r suns--! 8fix$ />s10 :i* exi/ lit]ally 9 millions beyond x4 ,! ne>e/ ( ^! />s 7its "n is ,alpha ,c5tauri7 is no less ?an ?ree light-ye>s di/ant f u4 ,a light-ye> is five & a half billion 7t is1 five & a half million million7 miles4 ,! ne>e/ sun to u aft] our own sun is1 !re=e1 ab\t sixte5 billion miles away1 & if its light 7 sudd5ly ext+ui%$1 we %\ld n "k ( its ext9ction = ?ree ye>s4 ,h[ _m--we may well ask--h[ _m ( ^! fix$ />s--suns l our own--are !re8 ,r\ghly speak+1 we c see ) ! nak$ eye1 reckon+ bo? ! nor!rn hemisph]e & ! s\!rn toge!r 7= ! />s se5 f ! =m] are o!r ?an ^? se5 f ! latt]71 ab\t #hjjj4 ,n _m aft] all1 "o is incl9$ to say4 ,b /op a m9ute & he> :at ! telescope reveals4 ,) ! be/ telescope ab\t "o hundr$ million c be se51 less & less brilliant & m difficult to see 9 proportion to _! remot5ess4 ,& n[ we g fur!r ev5 ?an t4 ,= )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! great sci5ce ( a/ronomy has be5 rejuv5at$ by ! application ( photography to its task4 ,! inv5tion ( ! 8dry0 plate1 a s5sitive photographic plate :i* does n spoil by prolong$ exposure z ! 8wet0 plate does1 enables ! a/ronom] to keep 8 telescope fix$ by sl[-mov+ clockwork on to a giv5 region ( ! sky = f\r or five h\rs or m1 & ! v fa9t />s1 invisible by ! aid ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope--/>s ! light f :i* is s feeble t x c\ld n affect ! plate 9 a few seconds or m9utes1 h "t by ! cont9u$ action ( _! fa9t light to pr9t !mselves on ! plate & sign1 z x 71 a def9ite record ( _! exi/5ce = man to see & measure1 ?\gh !y are !mselves = ev] invisible to 8 eye4 ,x is n possible to say h[ _m may be record$ 9 ?is way by photography2 x dep5ds on l5g? ( exposure4 ,b "s ?\s&s ( millions ( />s c c]ta9ly be s record$4 ,^! 8unnumb]$ ho/s0 are ( v>i\s degrees ( brightness1 & by me?ods :i* a/ronom]s h inv5t$1 b _c be describ$ "h1 x is actually kn[n h[ !y diff] 9 size f "o ano!r 7_m are f> bigg] ?an our sun71 & ) "s approa* to c]ta9ty1 h[ f> (f !y are4 ,/>s ( f\r1 five1 t51 & m 8light-ye>s0 away f u are well kn[n4 ,a/ronom]s actually e/imate ! decreas+ abundance 9 space ( />s z "o passes f a sph]e or spatial envelope ( fifty light-ye>s' di/ance to "o ( #bej light-ye>s4 ,f9ally1 reasons h be5 giv5 ( late = consid]+ _m ( ! 8photographic0 />s to be at a di/ance ( #cb1jjj light-ye>s4 ,i w n produce ! awful figure 9 miles1 b ! read] c ref] back to ! numb] ( billion miles 9 a light-ye>6 ,& :at is beyond t8 ,no "o has se51 nor c any "o guess4 ,we _c imag9e a limit to space2 nei!r c we imag9e un5d+ space dott$ ) an inf9ity ( suns6 ,x is a legitimate &1 inde$1 a necess>y inf]5ce1 f :at we "k ( ^! millions ( suns--int5sely hot1 light-giv+ sph]es--t !y1 too1 l our own sun1 are accompani$ by mu* small] bodies1 planets :i* circle r\nd !m1 z our sun's planets circle r\nd him4 ,^? planets h cool$ d[n1 z h ^? ( ! sol> sy/em1 & s d n give out light4 ,9 any case1 !y are too small to be se5 at s va/ a di/ance4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 probable t ! *anges on "s--inde$1 _m--( ^! planets h l$ to ! production ( liv+ mat]ial simil> to1 b n necess>ily id5tical )1 t on ?is e>?4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 m likely ?an n t !re are intellig5t be+s exi/+ on ! planets ( ?\s&s ( suns invisible to our eyes3 suns reveal$ only by ! pr9t on a photographic plate ( _! light1 :i* has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to travel f ! regions ( unse5 obscurity to u4 ,to h arriv$ by sob] obs]vation & reason+ at ?is conception is1 inde$1 a trem5d\s flight ( human ?\ght & +5uity6 ,x is ! c\rage1 ! audacity--"o may almo/ call x ! sup]human calmness--( a/ronom]s1 9 ! face ( ?is truly ov]:elm+ imm5sity--t n only r$eems _! /udy f ! oppressive & t]rify+ "* ) :i* x at fir/ assails ! human _s1 b gives to _! proce$+s & discov]ies1 s f> z ! ord9>y man c foll[ !m1 an unequall$ fasc9ation4 ,! d>+1 ! pati5ce1 ! accuracy1 & ! supreme intellectual gifts ( ! great a/ronom]s rightly fill o!r m5 ) pride 9 ! fact t !re are human m9ds capable ( reveal+ ?+s ( su* /up5d\s va/ness & ( indicat+ _! ord] & relation to "o ano!r4 ,x is a spl5did fact1 & "o :i* mu/ give hope & c\rage to all m51 t ! a/ronom]'s m9d does n tott]--x is equal to 8 task4 ,a/ronom]s are1 9 fact1 triumphant3 !y are v f> inde$ f suff]+ f ! depression :i* ,mr4 ,h>dy's "y />-gaz] exp]i5c$4 ,among ! _m conclusions ( a/ronom]s z to ! movem5ts ( ! 8heav5ly bodies0 none is m /range & my/]i\s 9 its sugge/ion ?an t rec5tly arriv$ at to ! effect t 9 all ?is va/ array ( millions ( />s1 ! limits ( :i* we c nei!r discov] nor imag9e1 !re are two huge /reams mov+ 9 opposite directions1 & 9 "o or o!r all ! />s are involv$4 ,:5ce d !y />t8 ,:]e are !y go+8 ,!re is no answ]4 ,ano!r conclusion1 :i* is arriv$ at q simply by ! exam9ation ) ! spectroscope ( ! light com+ f ! /> nam$ ,vega by a/ronom]s1 is t our sun & its att5dant planets are mov+ t[>ds t />4 ,x is true t x is _m billions ( miles away f u1 b we are ru%+ t[>ds x some:at rapidly accord+ to mundane notions--namely1 at ! rate ( n9ete5 miles a second6 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is a fact likely to make ! s5tim5tal "y a/ronom] z mis]able z any ( ! records ( imm5sity4 ,9 fact1 ! only com=t to be got 9 view ( ?is fact is 9 ! enorm\s di/ances :i* sep>ate u f o!r />s1 & ! l5g? ( "t :i* mu/ elapse be=e any s]i\s consequ5ce c ensue f ?is al>m+ c>e]4 ,& !re is fur!r ! probability t ! g5]al result ( attractions & repulsions 9 ! va/ roadway ( space w1 :5 ! "t comes1 take u safely pa/ ,vega1 j z a motor-c> passes safely ?r\gh ! traffic & ob/ruct+ 8refuges0 & lamp-/&>ds ( ! ,london /reets z y recl9e 9 x1 ab&on$ to ! natural =ces describ$ z 8*auffeurs40 ,! spectroscope has done no less ?an photography to reanimate ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,! fact is t1 ) ^! two help+ means ( obs]vation1 x has become possible = ! ord9>y man to witness & appreciate "s ( ! discov]ies ( a/ronom]s1 ?\gh ! true & accurate h&l+ ( all t is reveal$ conc]n+ ! />s is ess5tially a matt] ( measurem5t1 & !re=e only to be dealt ) /rictly by ma!maticians4 ,! desire to obta9 ev] m & m accurate measurem5t ( ! movem5t & ! size ( ! heav5ly bodies is ! ma9spr+ ( all a/ronomical discov]y1 &1 inde$1 ! attempt to ga9 m & m detail$ measurem5t ( ! factors at "w is ! motive--m or less imm$iate--( all accurate inve/igation ( nature4 ,rec5tly ! a/ronom]s ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* h photograph$ ! new comet 7! ?ird ( #aijg7 9 a way 9 :i* no comet has ev] be5 photograph$ be=e4 ,on _m consecutive nights = sev]al weeks !y 7 at "w photograph+ x on ! dry plate1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree h\rs1 & ! pictures obta9$ 7:i* ,i h se5 at ! rooms ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society7 %[ ! mo/ wond]ful *anges ( =m ( its tail1 s t !y look m l ! record ( ! *anges ( "s liv+ creature ?an ^? ( a heav5ly body4 ,already1 9 ,octob] #aiji1 ,halley's comet1 :i* has be5 anxi\sly await$1 has be5 se51 ?\gh x is n expect$ to be bright & visible to all until ,may #aiaj4 ,comets are among ! exceptional delights ( ! a/ronom]--t is to say1 big comets1 = two or ?ree small comets visible only by a telescope or by photography turn up e ye>4 ,"s comets are expect$ visitors1 o!rs make _! appe>ance q casually1 "s because !y app>5tly h no regul> p]iod1 "s because t p]iod is z yet undiscov]$4 ,edmund ,halley 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! law ( movem5t ( a comet & to pr$ict ! return 9 #ageh ( t se5 9 #afhb4 ,he did n live to witness ! v]ification ( 8 pr$iction4 ,?is comet1 n[ call$ ,halley's comet1 01 he conjectur$1 ! same :i* _h appe>$ 9 #aeca & 9 #afjg4 ,8 pr$iction ( its return prov$ to be a ye> out 7ow+ to p]turbations caus$ by ,neptune & ,uranus1 two planets undiscov]$ 9 8 day71 b x appe>$ 9 #agei1 & w5t r\nd once aga9 & reappe>$ 9 #ahce1 & n[ is eag]ly expect$ by a/ronom]s to appe> 9 full brilliancy 9 #aiaj4 ,its p]iod is ab\t sev5ty-five or sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,,xxiv ,,comets ,a comet is s call$ f ! hair-l /ream ( light or 8tail10 :i* /ret*es to a great] or less l5g? f its bright head or 8nucleus40 ,a l>ge comet1 :5 se5 to greate/ advantage1 may h a tail :i* /ret*es across "o-?ird ( ! 8vault ( heav510 & may be reckon$ by a/ronom]s at z mu* z "o hundr$ & tw5ty million miles long4 ,donati's comet--:i* "s ( my read]s w rememb]1 z ,i d1 :5 x visit$ u 9 #aheh--0 ( ?is impos+ size4 ,halley's comet1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x 0 la/ 8"h10 namely1 9 #ahce1 %[$ a tail e/imat$ by a/ronom]s to be fifty million miles long4 ,! tail 0 m ?an twice z long :5 ,halley's comet appe>$ 9 #adef4 ,!re 0 a big comet 8on view0 9 #ahaa--! ye> celebrat$ = its w9e--& 9 rec5t times a f9e comet appe>$ 9 #ahfa1 & ano!r 7,coggia's comet7 9 #ahgd4 ,! anci5t records ( comets are naturally full ( exagg]ation4 ,up to ,milton's "t--two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago--!y caus$ ! greate/ t]ror & excitem5t by _! sudd5 appe>ance 9 ! sky4 ,?is is due to ! fact t mank9d f ! v e>lie/ p]iods ( :i* we h record has n m]ely gaz$ at ! 8/>ry ho/0 by night 9 solemn wond]1 b ev5 9 e>ly prehi/oric times /udi$ & wat*$ ! />s s z to "k mu* ( _! movem5ts & regul> com+s & go+s4 ,! e>lie/ prie/s1 ! e>lie/ 8wise m510 7 ^? :o knew ! />s & c\ld fix ! seasons by _! place2 ! e>lie/ temples--,/oneh5ge1 & o!rs old] /ill--7 />-temples or obs]vatories1 & _! prie/s 7 a/ronom]s4 ,to su* a pit* did rev]5ce = />-k atta9 t our ance/ors confus$ ! a/ral signs ( *ang+ season & cycle ) ! cause itself ( *ange1 & attribut$ all k9ds ( mundane ev5ts & ea* man's fate to 8! influ5ce ( ! />s40 ,h5ce ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a flam+ comet 0 held to be a port5t1 & 0 always suppos$ ei!r to =etell or ev5 to produce "s v unpleasant ev5t1 su* z a big w> or a pe/il5ce1 or ! dea? ( "s "o suppos$ to be ( consequ5ce4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek poetry en%r9es ! sup]/ition1 :i* is h&$ on by ,virgil1 & f9ally by ,milton4 ,9 ,pope's translation ( ! ,iliad we f9d ! helmet ( ! t]rible ,a*illes describ$ z %9+ 8,l ! r$ />1 t f 8 flam+ hair ,%akes d[n diseases1 pe/il5ce1 & w>40 ,& ,milton1 9 #affe1 9 8 ,p>adise ,lo/1 wrote-- 8,on ?'o!r side1 ,inc5/ ) indignation1 ,satan /ood ,unt]rifi'd2 & l a comet burn'd1 ,t fires ! l5g? ( ,ophiu*us huge ,9 ?' ,arctic sky1 & f 8 horrid hair ,%akes pe/il5ce & w>40 ,9 ?is ye> ( ! celebration ( ! t]c5t5>y ( ,milton's bir?1 x is n a little curi\s to f9d t ,john ,milton1 himself a s*ol> ( ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool1 wrote ^? l9es :5 ,edmund ,halley1 ! future ,a/ronom] ,royal1 _h j ent]$ ! same great s*ool1 !n /&+ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 z x did :5 ,i 0 8"o ( ! fi%es10 & us$ to see m5 hang+ 9 ! ,old ,bailey--,i once saw five#e--on ,monday morn+s z ,i pass$ on my way to ! s*ool4 ,to a ,paul9e x is n )\t significance t ! return ( ,halley's comet is await$ )9 a ye> ( ,milton's t]c5t5>y1 & t ! greate/ a/ronom] & ! greate/ poet ( _! age 7 ,london boys & ,paul9es4 ,anci5t records tell ( comets ( gigantic size1 ( ! %ape ( a sword1 ! head z big z ! moon1 & s on4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t )9 hi/oric times !re h be5 any mu* bigg] ?an t ( #aheh4 ,milton1 9 ! l9es above quot$1 0 n ref]r+ to an imag9>y comet1 b to "o :i* actually did appe> :5 he 0 a boy ( t5 7#afah71 9 ! con/ellation call$ ,ophiu*us4 ,x 0 ( enorm\s size1 ! tail be+ record$ z long] ev5 ?an t ( #aheh4 ,x 0 held responsible by educat$ & le>n$ m5 ( ! day = disa/]s4 ,evelyn says 9 8 di>y1 8,! effects ( t comet1 #afah1 /ill work+ 9 ! prodigi\s revolutions n[ beg9n+ 9 ,europe1 especially 9 ,g]many40 ,! comet ( #affe 01 ) equal assurance1 reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,london4 ,9 t ye> 0 publi%$ ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 !n rec5tly f\nd$ 8= ! promotion ( natural k40 ,x conta9s an acc\nt ( a pap] by a le>n$ ,fr5* g5tleman1 ,m4 ,auz\t1 9 :i* an attempt is made to pr$ict ! movem5ts among ! />s ( ! comet ( #affd4 ,a/ronom]s _h long kn[n & be5 able to pr$ict ! movem5ts ( ! planets & ! sw++ ( ! con/ellations1 b1 z ! ,fr5* au?or obs]ves1 8all ! _w _h be5 hi!rto p]suad$ t ! motions ( comets 7 s irregul> t !y c\ld n be r$uc$ to any laws40 ,he also hop$1 by exam9+ ! movem5ts ( ! comets ( #affd & #affe1 to det]m9e 8! great "q :e!r ! e>? moves or n40 ,at t "t ! e>? 0 8suspect$0 to move r\nd ! sun1 b no pro( ( t motion _h be5 giv54 ,m4 ,auz\t did n succe$ 9 8 laudable attempt1 simply because ,newton's great discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation _h n !n be5 made4 ,edmund ,halley 0 ! intimate fri5d & passionate admir] ( ,newton4 ,he paid out ( 8 own pocket = ! publication ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia by ! ,royal ,society 9 #afhf1 ! society hav+ exp5d$ all its available funds 9 pr9t+ a great "w on ,fi%es 7:i* %[s h[ at ! fir/1 z n[1 ! society c>$ = ! :ole range ( ! /udy ( ,nature74 ,halley 0 able to %[ t comets move regul>ly r\nd ! sun1 9 ob$i5ce to ! same law ( gravitation :i* controls ! movem5ts ( ! planets & ( our e>? itself2 s t _m ( !m are regul> memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,halley especially calculat$ out ! =m ( ! orbit ( ! comet ( #afhb z an ellipse1 & ! "t ( its j\rney & recurr5ce1 or 8p]iod10 z x is call$1 :i* he %[$ to be ab\t sev5ty-five or sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,he pr$ict$ its recurr5ce 9 #ageh4 ,halley di$ 9 #agdb1 at ! ripe age ( eighty-six1 hav+1 among/ o!r good de$s1 f\nd$ ! ,royal ,society ,club1 :i* /ill d9es e ,?ursday 9 ! session4 ,8 comet reappe>$ 9 #agei1 a few mon?s lat] ?an he _h1 ow+ to incomplete details us$ 9 8 calculation1 expect$2 b ! accuracy ( 8 s*eme ( its movem5t 0 demon/rat$4 ,x duly appe>$ aga9 9 #ahce1 & x is n[ await$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj4 ,halley himself _h id5tifi$ 8 comet ) t ( #afjg & ( #aeca1 & lately1 by ! aid ( records f an anci5t seat ( a/ronomical obs]vation--actually f ,*9a--x has be5 trac$ back to ! mon? ( ,may 9 ! ye> #bdj ,b4,c4 ,x has caus$ con/]nation & t]ror times en\gh s9ce !n1 ( "s ( :i* we h record4 ,f9ally1 x has become ! lead+ in/ance ( ! triumph ( sci5tific k & accuracy ov] ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,halley's comet caus$ great al>m 9 ,rome 9 ! ye> #ff ,a4,d4 ,a ?\s& ye>s lat] 7#ajff7 x 0 se5 :5 ,william ! ,conqu]or 0 prep>+ to desc5d on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 & is actually repres5t$ 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry4 ,a numb] ( m5 are drawn 7or r 8/it*$071 ) f+]s po9t$ & eyes rais$ to a %ape 9 ! sky :i* resembles a />-fi% ) a l>ge triangul>-ribb$ petticoat atta*$ to x1 end+ 9 eight flames or tongues 7,fig4 #de74 ,! picture is labell$ 8,i/i mirant /ella40 ,!re is n[ no d\bt1 z accurate calculations h demon/rat$1 t ,william ! ,conqu]or's 8/>0 0 ,halley's comet--a fact :i* mu/ give its reappe>ance 9 #aiaj an additional int]e/ 9 ! eyes ( ,engli%m54 ,! %ape giv5 to ! repres5tations ( />s 9 old pictures & engrav+s is a puzzle4 ,:y d !y repres5t a /> by ! %ape ( a />-fi%8 ,no /> ev] looks l t1 or produces a picture ( t %ape on ! ret9a4 ,! ?+ is purely conv5tional4 ,! %ape :i* we call 8/>-%ap$0--a t]m we apply to fl[]s & o!r ?+s--is n 9 ! lea/ l a real /> z se5 by an unprejudic$ p]son4 ,:at "o really sees is an ill-def9$ po9t ( light4 ,! pret5d$ conv5tional /> ( anci5t draw+s p]haps arose f ! simple artifice ( pictur+ tongue-l flames ar\nd or ^u any repres5tation ( a fire or a s\rce ( light--8to %[ :at x 0 meant to be40 ,!n ! notions ( p]fection & symmetry 9 reg>d to ! cele/ial bodies l$ to ! 8tongues0 be+ arrang$ = ! purposes ( draughtsman%ip z p]fectly symmetrical-po9t$ rays ( a six- or eight-limb$ geometrical design--& latt]ly x is possible t ! my/ical figure kn[n z ! 8p5tacle0 0 utilis$ by a/rolog]s & o!rs z ! emblem ( a />4 ,h[ev] !y arose1 nei!r ! weird & a/oni%+ repres5tations ( m$ival times nor ! geometrical decorative 8/>s0 ( lat] date seem to h any relation to an attempt to repres5t a /> z x really appe>s to ! human eye & ! int]pret+ bra9 beh9d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,copi$ f a portion ( ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 %[+ ,h>old's m5 look+ ) sup]/iti\s wond] at ! comet :i* appe>$ 9 ! heav5s imm$iately be=e ! dep>ture ( ,william ! ,conqu]or's exp$ition to ,engl& 9 ,a4,d4 #ajff4 ,t comet 0 none o!r ?an ,halley's comet1 & has n[ return$1 & is visible f ! e>? = ! twelf? "t s9ce ! ,conque/4 7,f a lecture on ,halley's comet1 deliv]$ 9 #aijh1 by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,turn]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,halley's successor 9 ,ox=d1 publi%$ by ! ,cl>5don ,press47 ,! orbits ( comets1 says ,pr(essor ,turn]1 ( ,ox=d1 9 a delightful lecture deliv]$ 9 ,dubl9 9 ! summ] ( #aijh1 f :i* ,i h cull$ _m int]e/+ facts & pres5t$ !m to my read]s1 8diff] f ^? ( ! planets 9 be+ f> m highly elliptical4 ,our own pa? r\nd ! sun is ne>ly a circle1 s t our di/ance f him rema9s ne>ly ! same all ! ye> r\nd2 b ! di/ance ( a comet f ! sun v>ies greatly f #8p]ihelion1' :5 x is ne>1 & consequ5tly bright1 to #8aphelion1' :5 he is s di/ant & fa9t t we lose sight ( him40 ,! sun is n at ! c5tre ( ! ellipse describ$ by a comet's pa?1 b is q ne> to "o end ( x1 s t comets approa* ! sun f> m closely ?an d ! planets1 "s tak+ s close a turn r\nd ! sun t ! heat f x to :i* !y are expos$ is #bjjj times z great z t :i* ! e>? receives4 ,if ! orbit ( a comet is really elliptic1 !n !re at la/ comes a "t1 ?\gh x may be only aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 :5 ! comet1 hav+ r\nd$ ! sun at close qu>t]s1 & j\rney$ (f into space1 has 8 j\rney br\ght to a turn+-po9t at ! o!r end ( ! ellipse1 & beg9s to draw ne> aga91 advanc+ t[>ds ! sun4 ,! l5g? ( ! orbit ( ,halley's comet is ab\t #cbee million miles1 & ! bread? at its broade/ is ab\t #hjj million miles1 & he takes ab\t ?irty-eight ye>s to travel ! full l5g? 7along ! curve7 & ?irty-eight ye>s to come back aga96 ,o!r comets h o!r l5g?s & bread?s ( orbit1 & take long] or %ort] p]iods to g r\nd4 ,b ! conditions ( attraction affect+ a comet may be su* t ! return j\rney nev] occurs4 ,!y may be su* t ! comet goes on indef9itely travell+ away f our sun1 until he is caught by "s o!r />1 & 8 orbit *anges its %ape1 ) ! new sun z attract+ c5tre4 ,^! are ! 8w&]+ comets0 z di/9ct f ! 8p]iodic comets10 :i* h be5 %[n to con=m to ,halley's s*eme ( _! movem5t & recurr5ce4 ,& n[ "s "o w ask1 p]haps impati5tly1 8,:at1 aft] all1 is a comet80 ,we h se5 t _m are cont9u\sly1 & o!rs casually1 memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,:at d !y consi/ (8 ,spectrum-analysis %[s t !y consi/ *iefly ( ! *emical elem5t c>bon4#f ,?\gh !y h weight1 & are attract$ by ! sun1 yet !y seem to be = all _! size & t]rify+ %ape & gl>e incr$ibly light & airy ?+s4 ,h]s*el decl>$ t ! tail ( a big comet probably consi/$ ( b two or ?ree p\nds ( solid matt]--diffus$1 r>efi$1 & lum9\s4 ,& ! head or nucleus c]ta9ly does n weigh _m hundr$s ( tons4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury a/ronom]s obs]v$ a comet pass "r 9 among ! moons ( ! planet ,jupit]4 ,y might expect ! moons to be t]ribly knock$ ab\t by su* an impact4 ,!y 7 n2 !y 7 n deflect$ 9 ! smalle/ appreciable degree f _! position & regul> movem5t6 ,"o is naturally incl9$ to look ^u ! tail ( a comet z some?+ l ! smoke ( a railway eng9e trail+ beh9d ! advanc+ 8head40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x does n always trail beh9d1 b is always turn$ away f ! sun1 s t :5 ! comet is travell+ away f ! sun ! tail is 9 front6 ,x is n[ held t ! tail is caus$ by ! radiant en]gy 7light & heat7 ( ! sun1 bl[+1 z x 71 ! light] p>ticles f ! inc&esc5t head1 & caus+ !m to spread out 9 a long track ( v>iable %ape4 ,! photographs ( ! ?ird comet ( ! ye> #aijh %[ t ! tail c v>y to an a/oni%+ ext5t & ) great rapidity--t is to say1 9 f\r or five h\rs4 ,x is se5 9 ^? photographs z a scimit>-l curv$ blade1 !n ) a second head or nucleus beh9d ! lead+ "o1 !n actually b5t l ! lett] ,z1 & !n divid$ into sev5 di/9ct div]g+ 8plumes10 & !n x returns to its =m] simple %ape--all 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,a/ronom]s h n[ %[n t !re is a close connection betwe5 comets & ! %[]s ( 8%oot+ />s0 or meteors :i* frequ5tly /rike ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,x is consid]$ probable t comets ev5tually break d[n into /reams ( meteors1 & t _! 8life0 7if "o may use t t]m7 is1 relatively to t ( o!r heav5ly bodies 7:i* are all und]go+ *ange &1 9 _m cases1 decay71 n a v long "o4 ,b !re are no facts at pres5t kn[n :i* enable u to tell :e!r a giv5 comet is "y or old1 & x w\ld h be5 a decid$ %ock _h x be5 f\nd t ,halley's comet1 :i* has s happily sp5t e sev5ty-six? ye> ) u = s _m c5turies1 _h 8bur/ up10 or by 8indisposition0 _h be5 unable to pay 8 usual visit z expect$ 9 #aiaj4 ,,footnotes #e ,! pirates ( ! ,fl[]y ,l&4 #f ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,rol/on1 ( ! ,sol> ,physics ,obs]vatory1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 = "s in=mation on ?is matt]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x appe>s t ! spectra ( ^! bodies indicate c>bon--9 "s =m--z ! pr9cipal con/itu5t4 ,z to ! p>ticul> =m ( c>bon1 !re is /ill a consid]able d\bt1 s mu* t1 9 describ+ ! spectrum ( ,moreh\se's comet1 ,pr(essor ,fro/ says 7,a/rophysical ,j\rnal1 xxix41 p4 #ei1 #aiji73--8,we avoid ! /ill unsettl$ "q ( ! #8c>bon' b&s 7( ! s-call$ #8,swan' spectrum7 :i* h be5 s (t5 ascrib$ to a hydroc>bon1 specifically acetyl5e1 & we use = !m ! simple designation #8c>bon4'0 ,9 addition to ?is 8c>bon0 !re is ! cyanog5 spectrum pres5t 9 mo/ cases4 ,sodium & iron h be5 detect$ 9 ! spectra ( "s few comets1 e4g4 ,wells 7#ahhb1 ii471 :il/ ,holmes 7#ahib7 %[$ only cont9u\s spectrum4 ,an int]e/+ sugge/ion is made by ,newall1 namely1 t ! spectrum is n indicative ( ! comet's composition1 b ( t ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! body passes4 ,?us ! p]si/5t id5tification ( ! cyanog5 b&s 9 comet>y spectra is attribut$1 prim>ily1 to ! 8heat+ up0 ( cyanog5 exi/+1 free1 9 circum-sol> space4 ,till #aijg mo/ ( ! comet>y spectrograms %[$ only ! 8c>bon0 & cyanog5 radiations1 b 9 ,daniel's comet ( t ye>1 & 9 ,moreh\se's ( #aiji1 o!r l9es 7 detect$ = :i* orig9s h n1 z yet1 be5 f\nd4 ,?us1 "s =m ( c>bon unkn[n 7occasionally7 sodium & iron seems to sum up our pres5t k ( comet>y composition4 ,,xxv ,,ab\t ,,*ol]a ,:at is ?is t]rible disease :i* e few ye>s travels f ! banks ( ! ,indian ,ganges1 :]e x is always pres5t1 & makes its way to "o or m ( ! great cities ( ,europe1 kill+ its ?\s&s ) horrify+ rapidity8 ,! ^w 8*ol]a0 is us$ by ! great ,greek physician ( antiquity1 ,hippocrates1 & by 8 foll[]s d[n to ! days ( our own ,syd5ham1 to describe a malady :i* occurs commonly 9 summ]1 is (t5 ( sev]e "*1 b r>ely fatal1 & is *>act]is$ by ! exudation f ! walls ( ! inte/9e ( copi\s fluid1 usually accompani$ by vomit+ & sometimes by 8cramps40 ,?is malady is n[ di/+ui%$ by physicians z 8simple *ol]a10 or ,european *ol]a1 ! la/ "n be+ mislead+1 s9ce ! disease occurs all ov] ! _w4 ,x is caus$ by a special microbe1 :i* multiplies 9 ! inte/9es & produces a poison4 ,o!r microbes produce simil> results4 ,"o :i* causes lum9osity 9 f\l salt wat] has be5 f\nd to produce *ol]a-l results :5 cultivat$ 9 a /ate ( purity & swall[$ by man4 ,o!r poisons besides ^? produc$ by microbes set up a sort ( 8*ol]a0 9 animals & man4 ,drugs ( bo? m9]al & vegetable orig9 h ?is effect1 z e "o kn[s1 & are us$ 9 small quantities to produce purg+4 ,microbes :i* are not$ = o!r obvi\s effects :i* !y produce by ! poisons !y =m 9 man's inte/9es--su* z ! microbe ( typhoid fev]--also produce *ol]a-l purg+4 ,b ! "n 8*ol]a10 or 8! *ol]a10 is n[ appli$ )\t any fur!r qualification to :at w\ld be m correctly describ$ z 8,indian *ol]a10 or 8epidemic *ol]a40 ,x is a disease :i* fir/ became kn[n to ,europeans 9 ,india 9 #ahag1 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x resembles 8simple0 *ol]a 9 its g5]al features1 b is usually mu* m viol5t 9 its attack1 & (t5 causes complete collapse 9 two or ?ree h\rs f its onset1 & dea? 9 z _m m4 ,! ma9 po9t ab\t x is1 h[ev]1 t x is a quickly spread+ 8epidemic0 disease2 x invades a :ole population1 & travels f place to place along def9ite r\tes4 ,al?\gh ! outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ,india 9 #ahag 0 ! fir/ to attract ! att5tion ( ,europeans1 x 0 no?+ new 9 ,india1 & 0 recognis$ 9 di/ant ages by ,h9du writ]s4 ,its usual "n on ! delta ( ! ,ganges is 8m$no-neidan40 ,n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! population p]i%$ ( *ol]a 9 "s di/ricts ( ,india 9 #ahag1 & ,engli% troops 7 attack$ by x ) t]rible results4 ,*ol]a gradually made its way 9 subsequ5t ye>s ?r\gh ,p]sia to ,russia1 & at la/ to ,we/]n ,europe2 b x 0 n until late 9 ! ye> #ahca t ,indian *ol]a arriv$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> x caus$ some?+ l a panic4 ,!re h be5 at lea/ ?ree subsequ5t outbur/s ( ,indian *ol]a 7be=e t ( ! ye> #aijh7 :i* h rea*$ ,europe1 & two ( ^! h rea*$ ,engl& & caus$ pr(\nd al>m & anxiety4 ,t 9 #ahed rea*$ u j be=e ! ,crimean ,w>1 & caus$ su* rapid & num]\s dea?s 9 ,london1 especially 9 ! ,we/ ,end 7,/4 ,james's1 ,we/m9/]71 t ! corpses 7 remov$ 9 c>ts z 9 ! days ( ! plague4 ,x 0 !n t ! ,broad ,/reet pump became fam\s1 & ! c>efully demon/rat$ hi/ory ( a cesspool leak+ into ! well ( ! pump1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a *ol]a pati5t 9 ! h\se to :i* ! cesspool 0 atta*$ & ( ! infection ) *ol]a ( heal?y p :o s5t all ! way f ,hamp/ead to fet* :at !y ?\ght 0 ! beautifully pure1 cool1 & palatable wat] ( ,broad ,/reet1 ,/4 ,james's1 caus$ a mo/ vivid & salut>y impression on ! public m9d4 ,! 8wat]-c>riage0 ( ! *ol]a infection 0 e/abli%$ z a fact1 & ! subsequ5t abolition ( surface wells & pumps1 z well z ( cesspools1 9 ,london & o!r cities 0 ! result4 ,inde$1 ! active developm5t ( sanitation & sanit>y measures ( all k9ds 9 ,great ,brita9 may be trac$ to ! panic caus$ by ! *ol]a 9 #ahed & to ! well-f\nd$ conviction t x 0 9 ! p[] ( ! community1 by ! con/ruction ( sew]s & ! provision ( unta9t$ wat]-supply1 to protect itself aga9/ su* disa/] 9 ! future4 ,ye>s pass$ by1 & /ill ! actual g]m ( *ol]a 0 unkn[n4 ,9 ,india x 0 n ev5 admitt$ t its diffusion 0 especially connect$ ) wat]-supply4 ,! me?ods ( obs]v+ ) ! microscope ^? m9ute sw>m+ organisms :i* are call$ 8bact]ia0 became imm5sely improv$4 ,!y 7 isolat$1 cultivat$ 9 purity1 & ! activity ( a va/ numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( diff]5t %apes1 sizes1 & modes ( gr[? 0 asc]ta9$4 ,!y 7 di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! %ape z bacilli1 spirilla1 micrococci1 & s on1 & sep>ate k9ds 7 *>act]is$--"o produc+ ord9>y putrefaction1 ano!r ! s\r+ ( milk1 ano!r ! 8*ees+0 ( ! same fluid1 ano!r ! de/ruction ( tee? & ( bone1 ano!r ! t]rible an?rax ( cattle or wool-sort]s' disease1 ano!r 7a spiral ?read 9 ! blood ?is67 ! recurr5t fev] ( ,ea/ ,europe--ea* produc+ its own special poison or o!r *emical sub/ance4 ,s x w5t on till ,ko*1 ( ,b]l91 discov]$ ! bacillus ( tub]cle & ,hans5 t ( leprosy4 ,o!rs _h fail$ to f9d :at ,ko* n[ f\nd z ! result ( a special mission on behalf ( ! ,g]man ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t to ,india 7und]tak5 z ne>ly z ,i c recollect ab\t ! ye> #ahhd7--namely1 ! liv+ organism 7,fig4 #df7 :i* by its gr[? 9 man's inte/9e causes ,indian *ol]a4 ,ko* f\nd a spiral ?readlike 8bact]ium0 9 *ol]a pati5ts1 :i* readily breaks up into little curv$ segm5ts l a comma 7ea* less ?an ! "o t5-?\s&? ( an in* 9 l5g?71 & sw>ms by ! million 9 ! inte/9es ( su* pati5ts4 ,he %[$ t x c be cultivat$ 9 dilute gelat9is$ bro?1 & obta9$ 9 spoonfuls4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only ) great difficulty t he c\ld produce *ol]a 9 animals by adm9i/]+ ?is pure conc5trat$ gr[? ( *ol]a g]ms to !m4 ,!n a mo/ c\rage\s ?+ 0 done4 ,a great & v acute inve/igator ( *ol]a 9 ,muni*1 ,pett5k(] by "n--:o did n believe t ,ko*'s comma-bacillus 0 really ! effective g]m ( *ol]a--himself swall[$ a :ole spoonful--_m millions--( ! cultivat$ *ol]a g]m4 ,8 assi/ants did ! same--& none ( !m suff]$ any ill effect6 ,few1 if any1 ( ! inve/igators ( ?is "q gave up1 z a consequ5ce1 _! conviction t ,ko*'s bacillus 0 ! real & active cause ( *ol]a4 ,!y suppos$ t x mu/ be necess>y = ! human inte/9e to be 9 a fav\rable condition--an unheal?y condition--= ! ,ko*'s bacillus to multiply 9 x4 ,x 0 by ?is "t kn[n t bact]ia ( all k9ds are exce$+ly s5sitive 9 reg>d to ! acidity or alkal9ity1 ! oxyg5ation or de-oxyg5ation ( ! fluids & organic sub/ances 9 :i* !y c1 :5 exactly suit$1 multiply ) trem5d\s rapidity4 ,?us ! tub]cle bacillus _c be cultivat$ on pure blood-s]um1 b if a trace ( glyc]9e be add$ to ! s]um ! tub]cle bacillus gr[s1 divides1 multiplies l yea/ 9 a brew+-vat4 ,a little lat] ,pett5k(]'s audaci\s exp]im5t 0 repeat$ by ,dr4 ,met*nik(f 9 ,p>is4 ,he swall[$ a cultivat$ mass ( ! *ol]a g]m on ?ree successive days1 & _h no injuri\s result4 ,o!rs 9 8 laboratory did ! same1 ) ! result ( only a slight inte/9al di/urbance4 ,b ( a doz5 :o ?us put ! matt] to ! pro( 9 ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur1 "o individual acquir$ an attack ( true ,indian *ol]a1 accompani$ by all ! mo/ viol5t symptoms1 :i* v ne>ly caus$ 8 dea?4 ,?is exp]im5t put an end to all discussion1 & demon/rat$1 once = all1 t ! comma-bacillus 7or spirillum7 ( ,ko* is really capable ( produc+ ,indian *ol]a1 & is ! actual ag5t ( ?is disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;a1 b1 c1 d4 ,! *ol]a spirillum1 or comma-bacillus ( ,ko*2 a1 spirillum /age ( gr[?1 ) vibrat+ flagellum1 by :i* x is driv5 along ) screw-l movem5t2 b1 ! spirillum has lo/ its flagellum1 & is motionless3 x is m>k$ (f into sep>ate segm5ts2 c1 ! segm5ts h sep>at$ f "o ano!r z comma-%ap$ pieces1 h5ce ! "n 8comma-bacillus0 giv5 to x by ,ko*2 d1 a numb] ( comma-bacilli ( *ol]a :i* h develop$ tails ( vibratile protoplasm 7l a s+le cilium71 & are swimm+ ab\t1 be+ driv5 by ! la%+ ( ^! tails2 e1 a cubical packet ( s>c9a2 f1 a d\ble r[ ( ! sph]ical units 7cocci or micrococci71 :i* =m a s>c9a-packet2 g1 simil> cocci sep>at$4 ,! circum/ances :i* det]m9e :e!r ! *ol]a-bacillus1 :5 x gets into ! human inte/9e1 w develop & cause an attack ( *ol]a1 or w simply be dige/$ or w rema9 alive1 b inactive1 = a "t1 h yet to be exactly det]m9$4 ,obvi\sly a k ( !m mu/ be ( imm5se importance4 ,c]ta9 exp]im5ts %[ t o!r m9ute p>asitic organisms--especially ^? call$ ,s>c9a 7,fig4 #df1 e71 :i* (t51 b by no means always1 are abundant 9 ! human inte/9e--fav\r ! gr[? ( ! *ol]a-bacillus--9 fact1 prep>e ! gr\nd or soil1 z we may call x1 = t deadly organism4 ,?is has be5 %[n exp]im5tally by s[+ *ol]a-bacillus on plates ( slightly acid gelat9e1 or jelly4 ,x w n gr[ on ?is1 b if at c]ta9 po9ts on ! surface ( ! jelly ! ,s>c9a organism is plant$1 !n x is f\nd t all ar\nd ! po9ts :]e ! ,s>c9a is gr[+ ! *ol]a-bacillus also fl\ri%es & multiplies4 ,& x seems probable t1 j z !re are microbes :i* are adjuvant or helpful to ! *ol]a microbe1 s !re are o!rs :i* are repressive or de/ructive ( x4 ,we "k t ?is is ! case ) reg>d to "s o!r microbes--namely1 t a microbe :i* w fl\ri% abundantly on a prep>$ jelly if x is alone1 is entirely repress$ & arre/$ 9 its gr[? by ! pres5ce ( "o o!r asc]ta9$ k9d4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ?us t "s ( ! common] putrefactive k9ds ( microbes occurr+ 9 riv] wat] are repressive ( ! typhoid-bacillus1 :i*1 if x %\ld get !re1 fl\ri%es be/ 9 ! pure/ wat] or 9 wat] conta9+ no o!r microbe4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = ?9k+ t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts !re may be microbes pres5t :i* make _! way into ! human inte/9e1 & !n actually repress ! *ol]a-bacillus1 %\ld x subsequ5tly be tak5 9 ) food or wat]4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ( imm5se importance to discov] su* a microbe1 if x exi/1 & ! inquiry is at ! pres5t mom5t proce$+ 9 ,p>is4 ,a v /rik+ & at fir/ sight a/oni%+ fact 9 reg>d to ?is subject is t !re are a v l>ge numb] & v>iety ( microbes habitually pres5t 9 ! human dige/ive tract4 ,!re are s _m diff]5t k9ds--diff]+ altoge!r f "o ano!r 9 _! *emical action--:i* are pres5t 9 great] or less abundance 9 ?is tract f "o end to ! o!r1 t no "o is at pres5t able to say ev5 approximately h[ _m !re are1 nor to give any?+ l a complete acc\nt ( _! prop]ties4 ,! fact is t _! isolation & /udy1 & ! def9ite det]m9ation ( _! prop]ties1 is n an easy job4 ,_m work]s are engag$ on x1 & x w be ye>s be=e ! matt] is ?re%$ out4 ,"o mo/ curi\s result ( ^! /udies is t a p]son may h ! *ol]a-bacillus 9 8 inte/9e--n gr[+ ) any activity1 b /ill alive--& yet be p]fectly well4 ,he c1 !re=e1 c>ry ! *ol]a-bacillus f "o locality to ano!r & spread ! disease1 & yet be entirely devoid ( suspicion1 free himself f disease1 & c]tifi$ z heal?y6 ,! same is true ( ! bacillus ( typhoid fev]4 ,p]sons :o h _h typhoid fev] h be5 %[n to reta9 ! typhoid-bacillus fl\ri%+ = z long z f\rte5 ye>s aft]w>ds 9 _! inte/9e1 )\t any ill effects to !mselves1 & to h be5 ! con/ant s\rce ( infection & disease to ^? liv+ 9 ! same h\se ) !m by spread+ ! bacillus4 ,! classical case ( ?is is t ( a woman :o c>ri$ on a bak]'s bus9ess at ,/rasburg4 ,infection by & protection f microbes is by no means s simple a ?+ z x is sometimes repres5t$ to be4 ,n[ t we are q sure z to ,ko*'s comma-bacillus1 or spirillum1 be+ ! def9ite poison-produc+ ag5t caus+ ,indian *ol]a1 x is comp>atively easy to und]/& its mode ( disp]sal & infection1 & consequ5tly h[ to avoid its attack4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! laboratories devot$ to ! /udy ( su* matt]s--kept 9 conf9em5t1 s to speak1 = t5 ye>s & m--& its prop]ties & conditions ( life are well kn[n4 ,= in/ance1 x is de/roy$ by 8dryness10 h5ce x _c be c>ri$ 9 a liv+ infective /ate z 8du/0 9 ! air4 ,x is also de/roy$ by exposure to a heat a good deal bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 s t wat] itself c be fre$ f x by boil+1 & food dipp$ 9 boil+ 7or ne>ly boil+7 wat]1 or heat$ on a metal tray b5ea? :i* a _s or gas flame is burn+1 c be r5d]$ safe j be=e x is swall[$1 ev5 :5 *ol]a is rife 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,ord9>y lime is a great de/roy] ( ! bacillus1 & c be us$ on a l>ge scale to aboli% x 9 refuse4 ,:5 ! *ol]a is ne> "o _c be too scrupul\sly clean4 ,! f+]s mu/ be c>efully wa%$ ) antiseptic be=e a meal1 & ev]y?+ purifi$ by heat only a few mom5ts be=e be+ put into ! m\?1 s9ce flies & c>eless h&l+ may soil food or any?+ else expos$ 9 a cool condition ev5 = a few m9utes4 ,x is be/ :5 *ol]a is actually pres5t 9 ! h\se or t[n 9 :i* y live to swall[ no?+ :i* has be5 all[$ to get cool2 ev]y?+ %\ld be heat$ & eat5 :5 hot4 ,mephi/opheles1 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 compla9s ( ! sw>m+1 pullulat+ life on ! e>?4 ,he--! great de/roy]--says3 8,h[ _m h ,i s5t to grass6 ,yet "y1 fre% blood1 d :at ,i w ,keeps ev] circulat+ /ill4 ,9 wat]1 9 ! e>?1 9 air1 ,9 wet1 dry1 cold--ev]y:]e ,g]ms )\t numb] are unfurl'd1 ,& b = fire1 & fire alone1 ,!re w\ld be no?+ 9 ! _w ,t ,i c\ld truly call my own40 ,! v]sion is ,sir ,!odore ,m>t9's4 ,mephi/opheles might be a bact]iologi/ expla9+ ! difficulty ( deal+ ) disease g]ms4 ,9 any case1 x is ! ,mephi/ophelian _s ( annihilation1 & flame z its in/rum5t1 :i* man br+s to 8 s]vice 9 ! conte/ ) *ol]a g]ms4 ,! great c>ri]s ( *ol]a are human be+s !mselves travell+ 9 c>avans1 pilgrimages1 %iploads4 ,= ! fact has n[ be5 e/abli%$ t a man may h>b\r inside him ! *ol]a-bacillus )\t its multiply+ l>gely or r5d]+ him s]i\sly ill4 ,once x is br\ght by su* an individual into a fav\rable locality1 x is spread by wat] contam9at$ by him1 & yet us$ = dr9k & dome/ic purposes2 & also x is spread by 8 t\*+ ?+s 9 :i* ! bacillus c gr[1 su* z cook$ food1 fruits1 etc41 swall[$ subsequ5tly by unsuspect+ pur*as]s or employ]s4 ,y h1 9 ord] to avoid *ol]a 7& simil> infections71 n only to h v clean f+]s y\rself1 b to see to x t y\r s]vants' f+]s are clean also1 or else t any?+ !y t\* is aft]w>ds heat$ = a few m9utes to ne> boil+-po9t be=e y let x ent] y\r m\?4 ,a little hi/ory illu/rative ( ! ne$ ( ?is precaution is on record4 ,9 ,egypt dur+ a rec5t outbreak ( *ol]a !re 0 a v weal?y lady :o liv$ alone 9 an isolat$ palace "u ! *>ge ( a physician4 ,%e _h a delicate appetite2 h] food 0 mo/ c>efully prep>$4 ,%e drank & us$ only boil$ /]ilis$ wat]2 no "o 0 all[$ to approa* h] except h] s]vants1 :o nev] left ! palace gr\nds1 & 7 9 good heal?4 ,%e sick5$ ( *ol]a & di$4 ,x 0 a puzzle z to h[ %e _h acquir$ ! infection4 ,h] physician at la/ discov]$ t %e daily p>took ( cold *ick5-bro?1 prep>$ c>efully by h] cook4 ,! cook1 ?\gh practically well1 0 f\nd to be infect$ ) ! *ol]a-bacillus1 :i* _h probably lodg$ 9 8 inte/9e "s weeks previ\sly at ! comm5cem5t ( ! outbreak ( ! disease 9 ,egypt4 ,?\gh liv+ 9 him ! *ol]a-bacilli _h n f\nd a fav\rable field ( gr[?4 ,?is man 9 h&l+ ! cold bro?1 ! clo? us$ to rub ! spoon ) :i* x 0 /irr$1 or ! bas9 itself1 _h1 x 0 f\nd by mak+ ! actual exp]im5t1 be5 able to transf] ! m9ute bacillus to ! cold bro?1 a mo/ fav\rable & n\ri%+ m$ium = its gr[?1 & s 8 isolat$ c>efully gu>d$ employ] receiv$ an abundant crop ( ! bacilli & develop$ a fatal attack ( *ol]a4 ,_h ! lady tak5 ! bro? hot1 !re w\ld h be5 no liv+ *ol]a-bacillus 9 x1 & if %e _h ?us gu>d$ h]self 9 reg>d to all food1 by ! use ( heat & great cleanl9ess1 %e w\ld h escap$ infection4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ developm5t ( k & speculation ) reg>d to ! microbes :i* infe/ ! human inte/9e & o!r regions ( ! human body is 7z ,i m5tion$ above7 connect$ ) ! fact t "o k9d or species ( microbe has ! p[] ( fav\r+ ! gr[? ( ano!r1 if pres5t alongside ( x1 & t ano!r k9d has ! p[] ( *eck+ or antagonis+ its gr[?4 ,?us common putrefactive microbes ( riv] wat] are ho/ile to ! *ol]a-bacillus & to ! typhoid-bacillus4 ,^? disease-produc+ bacilli live longe/ & be/ 9 v pure wat]6 ,?us1 too1 x is f\nd t ! microbe ( s\r milk--! lactic-bacillus--is antagoni/ic to ! common putrefactive microbe ( ! inte/9al cont5ts--! well-kn[n bacillus coli4 ,9 virtue ( ! acid :i* x produces1 ! microbe ( s\r milk arre/s ! excessive gr[? & activity ( ! putrefactive bacillus coli4 ,h5ce ! utility ( s\r milk 9 _m cases ( inte/9al tr\ble4 ,we conta9 )9 u a microbian flora ( su* v>iety & abundance ( k9ds & s nicely balanc$ 9 _! antagonisms & co-op]ations 9 a heal?y man1 t "o _c wond] at ! timidity ( ! m$ical man :o hesitates to int]f]e ) _! conflicts & e/abli%$ modus viv5di4 ,yet t seems to be ! direction 9 :i* action w h to be tak54 ,x seems likely t 9 diff]5t localities--t[ns1 =e/s1 highl&s1 l[l&s1 seabo>ds--!re are preval5t diff]5t microbes :i* ent] ! bodies ( human visitors & act z di/urb]s ( ! native microbian flora previ\sly e/abli%$ 9 ! /rang]4 ,t !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! microbian flora 7includ+ h]e9 m9ute m\lds & fungi z well z bact]ia7 ( diff]5t localities1 is %[n by ! great exp]im5t ( *eese-mak+ :i* mank9d c>ries on4 ,ea* k9d ( *eese--,/ilton1 ,*e%ire1 ,dut*1 ,roque=t1 ,gruyre1 ,gorgonzola1 etc4--is ! result ( ! comb9$ & successive action on milk ( a va/ numb] ( microbes2 & x is ! fact t ! comb9ation :i* produces any giv5 k9d ( *eese is only f\nd & 7unconsci\sly ( ! exact nature ( :at he is do+7 br\ght into activity by man at c]ta9 places4 ,y _c make ,*e%ire *eese 9 ,france nor ,gruyre 9 ,*e%ire1 & s on4 ,x is sugge/$--& ! matt] is be+ pursu$ by exp]im5t & obs]vation at ! pres5t "t 9 ,france--t possibly among/ ! o!r ?+s :i* g to make up ! qualities ( ! air :i* agrees or disagrees ) "o 9 any giv5 locality--are ! local microbes4 ,?is mu/ n be reg>d$ z a conclusion :i* has be5 fully work$ out--x is an +5i\s & promis+ sugge/ion made by ,met*nik(f z ! result ( "s obs]vations1 & w be fully inquir$ into4 ,! fact :i* ,i h m5tion$ above 7p4 #bdb7--t ! pres5ce ( ! microbe ,s>c9a fav\rs ! gr[? ( ! *ol]a-bacillus--inde$1 enabl+ x to gr[ & fl\ri% 9 conditions 9 :i* x 0 in]t until ! ,s>c9a 0 8s[n0 alongside ( x--r5d]s x wor? inve/igat+ ! "q z to :e!r !re are 8local0 g]ms or microbes :i* 9 ?is or t region are abundant & get into man's food & dr9k1 & s into 8 inte/9e1 & become e/abli%$ !re1 help+ or antagonis+ ! gr[? ( o!r microbes already !re or subsequ5tly introduc$4 ,?us1 to ! v>i\s consid]ations 9 reg>d to ! 8air0 ( a locality1 su* z r>efaction1 moi/ure1 temp]ature1 movem5t1 ozone1 & ! p]fumes & exhalations ( p9e trees1 rosem>y1 & sweet-smell+ grasses1 :i* seem to be ^? :i* are ! mo/ likely to affect ! heal? ( inhabitants & visitors1 x is n improbable t we mu/ add ! influ5ce ( an invisible local flora ( microbes4 ,! inquiry is a long & labori\s "o1 b x w be c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,! microbes1 :e!r 9 air or wat]1 or on ! surfaces ( ?+s1 c be collect$ by wa%+ !m into w>m liquid gelat9e4 ,!n ! gelat9e is p\r$ out on a plate1 & h>d5s z a ?9 %eet ( jelly4 ,?is is protect$ f all fur!r contam9ation1 &1 aft] a few h\rs1 ea* invisible microbe emb$d$ immovably 9 ! jelly makes itself app>5t4 ,x multiplies enorm\sly :il/ rema9+ /uck to "o spot1 & is no long] invisible1 b pres5ts itself to ! eye z a little sph]e1 or disc1 ( *>act]i/ic %ape1 col\r1 & quality1 consi/+ ( _m hundr$ ?\s&s ( cr[d$ microbes produc$ by ! gr[? & division ( ! orig9al invisible "o4 ,"s doz5s or "s hundr$s ( little gr[+ 8dots10 & ( _m v>i\s k9ds1 w ?us reveal !mselves 9 ! jelly accord+ to ! numb] & k9ds ( utt]ly invisible p>5t microbes introduc$ by y\r 8wa%+s0 into ! jelly4 ,& s ! inve/igator has ! means ( gett+ at ea* k9d ( invisible microbe q deta*$ f ! o!rs1 & ( sep>at+ x = fur!r cultivation & exp]im5t z to its *emical & disease-produc+ qualities4 ,^! microbial g>d5s ( jelly-plates are1 inde$1 a wond]ful revelation & a fitt+ 8horticultural0 accompanim5t to ! d>k & gloomy =e/s ( rampant wild microbes 9 our insides1 :]e all are /ruggl+ = ! soil1 "o cru%+ out ano!r by its %e] exub]ance1 a ?ird *ok$ by ! encircl+ luxuriance ( a f\r?1 j z ! trees1 mosses1 & climb]s ( a tropical jungle are budd+1 pu%+1 grasp+1 de/roy+ "o ano!r 9 _! irrepressible gr[?4 ,pett5k(]1 ( ,muni*1 :5 he f\nd 7z ,met*nik(f did lat]7 t ! *ol]a-bacillus c\ld be swall[$ 9 spoonfuls )\t produc+ any h>m1 came to ! conclusion t1 ?\gh x 0 a necess>y ag5t ( ! disease 8*ol]a10 yet t !re 0 /ill an unkn[n additional det]m9+ 8cause0 ( a local "* :i* mu/ be pres5t 9 ord] to r5d] ! 8*ol]a-bacillus0 effective4 ,met*nik(f is n[ seek+ ?is 8local0 cause & p>allel antagoni/ic causes1 9 ! microbian flora ( localities :i* locally effect an entry into ! human body1 & are1 on ! "o h&1 8fav\rable10 or on ! o!r h& 8antagoni/ic40 ,take z a concrete example ,v]sailles4 ,:5 *ol]a has be5 rife 9 ,p>is1 !re has be5 no *ol]a at ,v]sailles4 ,!re is some?+ at or ab\t ,v]sailles :i* does n p]mit *ol]a to fl\ri% 9 m5 :o live !re4 ,! guess--! hypo!sis--:i* is be+ inve/igat$ at ?is mom5t1 is t !re is possibly a microbe pres5t at ,v]sailles :i* ent]s into ! microbial jungle ( ! inte/9e ( mank9d !re1 & is inimical to1 repressive (1 ! *ol]a-bacillus :5 x also arrives !re4 ,simil>ly1 ! sugge/ion is ent]ta9$1 & is be+ exp]im5tally te/$1 t !re is 9 ,p>is a microbial inhabitant ( ! inte/9e :i* is fav\rable to ! en]getic gr[? ( ! *ol]a-bacillus :5 x puts 9 an appe>ance1 b t ?is fav\r+ 7z yet undet]m9$7 microbe does n exi/ at ,v]sailles4 ,^! imag9+s & guesses z to fav\r+ & antagonis+ microbes mu/ n be confus$ ) ! def9itely asc]ta9$ facts z to ! *ol]a-bacillus4 ,b !y are q suffici5tly important & probable to ju/ify _! n>ration to a discreet & sympa!tic public4 ,,xxvi ,,sea-,,breezes1 ,,m\nta9 ,,air1 ,,& ,,ozone ,fifty ye>s ago p 7 v fond ( talk+ ab\t 8ozone10 & ! ^w is popul>ly us$ n[adays to signify a my/]i\s attribute ( ! air ( ! sea-coa/ or moorl& )\t its real significance be+ g5]ally und]/ood4 ,:5 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge ! o!r day w>n$ p aga9/ hurt+ _! nasal passages by sniff+ up an unduly /rong dose ( ozone produc$ by a special ozone-mak+ app>atus1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t mo/ p :o read :at he said wond]$ :at 8ozone0 might be4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 notic$ t ! sp>ks f a frictional electrical ma*9e are accompani$ by a peculi> pung5t smell 9 ! air4 ,_m ye>s aft] t1 namely 9 #ahdj1 ! great *emical exp]im5t]1 ,s*nbe91 ! fri5d & correspond5t ( ,f>aday & discov]] ( gun-cotton1 f\nd t ! smell 9 "q is produc$ by a special gas1 :i* is =m$ 9 ! air :5 electric dis*>ges take place4 ,he f\nd t ?is gas 0 a p[]ful oxydis]--w\ld1 9 fact1 oxydise iodide ( potassium s z to set free iod9e--& ?us its pres5ce c\ld be detect$ by means ( pap] slips coat$ ) a mixture ( />* & iodide ( potassium4 ,:5 !y 7 expos$ 9 air :i* conta9$ ev5 m9ute traces ( ?is /range gas !y became purple-blue1 ow+ to ! lib]ation ( iod9e & ! =mation ( its well-kn[n blue comb9ation ) ! />*4 ,s*nbe9 f\nd t 9 breezy1 fre% places 8 te/-pap]s turn$ blue1 & conclud$ f t 7confirm$ by o!r evid5ce7 t ?is smell+ gas1 to :i* he gave ! "n ozone--:i* simply means 8! smell+ /uff0--is pres5t 9 good1 ord9>y atmosph]ic air1 z well z 9 artificially 8electrifi$0 air4 ,x is de/roy$ :5 su* air is heat$ above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & seems to be1 z x 71 8tak5 out0 ( ! air by all sorts ( dead organic matt]1 s t x is n pres5t 9 ! air ( l>ge cities4 ,i rememb] t :5 ,i 0 a boy we us$ to te/ ! air = ozone ) ,s*nbe9's pap]s 7,i am aw>e t _! col\r *ange is n absolute pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ozone1 z o!r oxydis+ gases might1 if pres5t1 act 9 ! same way71 & we us$ to f9d m ozone :5 a s\?-we/ w9d 0 bl[+ ?an 9 a nor?-ea/]6 ,s*nbe9 wrote sixty pap]s on ozone--b its real nature 0 made out by o!rs :o succe$$ him1 *iefly by ,&rews1 ( ,belfa/1 & ,tait1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x turns out t ozone is a cond5s$ =m ( ! elem5tal gas oxyg5--squeez$1 z x 71 & lit]ally 8int5sifi$10 s t ?ree measures ( oxyg5 gas become only two ( ozone4 ,x v readily *anges back aga9--two measures ( ozone exp&+ to =m ?ree ( oxyg54 ,x is produc$ by ! action ( an electric dis*>ge ^u oxyg5 gas driv5 ov] ! dis*>ge & 9 greate/ quantity :5 t k9d ( g5tly-buzz+ electric sp>k :i* is call$ 8! sil5t dis*>ge0 is us$4 ,x c be produc$ 9 quantity by pass+ atmosph]ic air1 or bett]1 pure dry oxyg5 gas ?r\gh a glass tube 9 :i* su* a sil5t dis*>ge is made to take place4 ,z mu* z sev5te5 p>ts 9 a hundr$ ( ! gas c be ?us conv]t$ into 8ozone10 & "s tw5ty ye>s ago two ,fr5* *emi/s succe$$ 9 gett+ ev5 a l>g] proportion1 & by submitt+ x to a trem5d\s pressure at a temp]ature ( #ajj degrees bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( wat]1 !y obta9$ pure ozone z a transp>5t liquid4 ,x 0 ( a d>k indigo-blue col\r1 & some:at dang]\s & explosive :5 ! pressure "u :i* x _h =m$ 0 remov$4 ,ord9>y oxyg5 gas has s9ce !n be5 also liquefi$ 9 ! laboratory3 x is ( a pal] blue col\r4 ,! 8smell0 :i* old writ]s _h notic$ & ,s*nbe9 _h nam$ 0 ?us actually obta9$ z a di/9ct blue liquid4 ,x is ?is :i*1 ?\gh pres5t only 9 m9ute quantities1 gives special oxydis+ activity to fre% air4 ,:5 pure1 or pres5t ev5 to ! small ext5t ( #d p] c5t4 9 air1 ozone is a de/ructive ag5t1 a sort ( extra-quality oxyg5 ( triple in/ead ( d\ble p[]4 ,indi>ubb] is rott$ & de/roy$ by x 9 a few m9utes--a sort ( combu/ion or quick oxydation tak+ place--& x is1 ( c\rse1 dang]\s to ! s(t] p>ts ( ! human body1 su* z ! air passages & lungs & ! eyes--:5 pres5t 9 m ?an a m9imal proportion4 ,i believe t no "o has yet det]m9$ exactly h[ great a p]c5tage ( ozone c be tol]at$ by a human be+ 9 ! air tak5 into ! lungs4 ,9 ord9>y fre% c\ntry or sea-coa/ air only "o "p by measure 9 #gjj1jjj has be5 f\nd to be ozone1 t is1 #a_/gjjj p] c5t4 ,b x is q likely t mu* m is occasionally pres5t1 s9ce x is v difficult to arrange a satisfactory exam9ation ( ! air ( any locality s z to det]m9e h[ mu* ozone x conta9s4 ,x is said t at high] levels ! atmosph]e conta9s m ozone ?an x does at l[] levels4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t ozone %\ld ?us h attract$ g5]al att5tion & int]e/ z ! di/9ctive & specially active ag5t pres5t 9 ! pure air ( ! sea-coa/ & ! m\nta9-top4 ,p n infrequ5tly1 on arriv+ at ! seaside1 sniff up ! od\rs ( decompos+ seawe$ 7conta9+ a little iod9e71 & ?9k !y are smell+ ! 8ozone40 ,x is d\btful :e!r en\gh ozone is ev] pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e "u simple natural conditions to affect ev5 a highly-s5sitive nose4 ,b x is easy to produce en\gh by pass+ air ov] a sil5t electrical dis*>ge to fill a l>ge room ) its peculi> smell4 ,:e!r x really is ( b5efit to ! human be+ :o inhales a prop]ly limit$ p]c5tage ( x seems n to h be5 cle>ly decid$ by exp]im5t1 al?\gh bo? 9 ,london & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica !re are ent]pris+ m$ical m5 :o are conv9c$ ( its value & are us+ x4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly seem t if ! peculi> b5efit :i* is (t5 d]iv$ f sea air or f m\nta9 air is due to ! pres5ce ( ?is extra oxyg5 9 su* air1 !n no?+ c be simpl] or m rational ?an to introduce ! prop] & useful p]c5tage ( ozone into ! air ( specially-arrang$ *amb]s 9 ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns1 s t we c visit or ev5 inhabit !m & brea! ozonis$ air at w )\t go+ on a j\rney = x4 ,b x is a rem>kable fact t1 z ) v>i\s natural s-call$ 8m9]al wat]s10 s ) v>i\s 8airs0 :i* p f9d b5eficial--no "o has yet cle>ly & decisively %[n1 9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r !y ex]t any *emical effect ( a special k9d on ! p :o seem to b5efit by dr9k+ ! "o or brea?+ ! o!r2 /ill less has any "o %[n :at is ! p>ticul> *emical +r$i5t ( ! air or ( ! wat] ( any giv5 resort :i* ex]ts ! b5eficial effect attribut$ to t air or t wat]4 ,! air 9 diff]5t localities diff]s mo/ obvi\sly & importantly 9 f\r p>ticul>s1 namely1 z to :e!r x is /ill or w9dy1 :e!r x is cool or hot relatively to ! local surface1 :e!r x is heavy or r>efi$1 :e!r x is dry or saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,x is also an important fact t ! atmosph]e consi/s ( lay]s & curr5ts diff]+ 9 ^! qualities1 & t ! high] lay]s c be rea*$ by asc5d+ to high-ly+ l&s4 ,at ! same "t x seems t 9 a flat c\ntry ! asc5t ( a comp>atively l[ hill br+s y into a lay] or 8/ratum0 ( air diff]+ m f t ( ! pla9 or valley ?an w\ld be ! case 7 y to asc5d to ! same height 9 a m\nta9\s region4 ,! seaside & ! m\nta9 may owe ! b5eficial "* ( _! air to "s ( ! v>y+ qualities not$ above4 ,*emical diff]5ces may or may n be important1 & seem h>dly to h be5 z yet br\ght )9 ! range ( accurate k4 ,ozone may be m or less pres5t1 s may p]fumes & volatile oils1 su* z are giv5 (f by p9e trees1 & !re may be m or less m9ute quantities ( c>bonic acid & ( sulphur\s acid1 & /ill m9ut] quantities ( ! newly-discov]$ gases--argon & helium--:i*1 = all we "k1 may h "s effect on ! human body4 ,!re seems to be a great field op5 = accurate inve/igations 9 reg>d to ! action ^u human heal? ( all ^! v>y+ conditions ( ! air4 ,9 ! meantime1 we proce$ by guesswork1 & are influ5c$ by tradition & beliefs :i* are bas$ on a sort ( exp]i5ce1 b are ( a v vague & unsatisfactory description4 ,! case is mu* ! same ) reg>d to ! natural wat]s ( celebrat$ resorts4 ,s f> z _! *emical composition is kn[n1 !y c be manufactur$ & appli$ = dr9k+ or ba?+ any:]e4 ,b m9ute quantities ( c]ta9 gases & o!r elem5ts may be pres5t 9 ^! natural wat]s & h escap$ until n[ ! obs]vation ( ! *emi/1 & x is possible1 ?\gh n demon/rat$1 t ^! r>e *emical con/itu5ts may h "s action on ^? :o dr9k or ba! 9 ! wat]4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans natural m9]al wat]s h be5 s\ght1 & ! spr+s :i* dis*>ge !m h be5 frequ5t$1 n because _! *emical composition 0 kn[n1 b because exp]i5ce seem$ to %[ t !y produc$ a b5eficial result4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! ba?s & spr+s frequ5t$ at ! pres5t day are n s mu* !mselves ! cause ( ! b5efit to ! cure-seek]s z are ! *ange ( sc5e & diet1 & ! repose & regul> life will+ly accept$ by ^? :o travel s f> to rea* ^! spr+s4 ,) reg>d to ozone1 !re rema9s some?+ m to be said1 namely1 9 reg>d to its application1 9 a f> less dilut$ =m ?an is possible :5 x is tak5 into ! lungs1 to ! de/ruction ( putrefy+ organic matt] & putrefactive & disease-produc+ bact]ia4 ,x is n[ "s five or six ye>s s9ce air conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( ozone--produc$ by ! action ( ! electric dis*>ge--0 us$ = ! purification ( ! wat]-supply ( l>ge t[ns4 ,x is a fact t riv] wat] into :i* su* ozone conta9+ air is pump$ becomes pure 9 ! highe/ degree1 9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction by ! ozone's oxydis+ action1 bo? ( ! bact]ial g]ms always pres5t 9 va/ numb]s 9 riv] wat] & ( ! organic matt] on :i* ! bact]ia dep5d4 ,?is application ( ozone is 9 use 9 sev]al l>ge t[ns = ! purification ( dr9k+-wat]1 = :i* purpose x has v great advantages4 ,x has also be5 successfully us$ by ,dr4 ,all51 ! director ( ! ,plym\? ,m>9e ,laboratory1 = keep+ ! wat] ( ! m>9e aqu>ium !re 9 a /ate ( purity & well *>g$ ) oxyg5 gas4 ,a simil> use has be5 made ( oxyg5 conta9+ a consid]able p]c5tage ( ozone by ent]pris+ surgeons = ! cleans+ ( ulc] & abscess4 ,x is cle> t su* a gas may pres5t me*anical advantages ov] any liquid application4 ,ozone is n1 app>5tly1 9 fav\r or fa%ion ) ! g5]al body ( m$ical practition]s at ! pres5t day1 b possibly fur!r exam9ation & det]m9ation ( its physiological prop]ties may lead to its receiv+ m att5tion 9 m$ic9e4 ,already ! p]oxide ( hydrog5--:i* is m or less correctly describ$ z 8ozonis$ wat]10 & is us$ 7"u ! "n 8,auricom\s hair-wa%07 to *ange d>k hair by its oxydis+ action to a gold5 t9t--is us$ by surgeons = wa%+ out purul5t w\nds & abscess4 ,^? :o use ! gas itself only g a /ep fur!r4 ,"s day we may see a m g5]al use ( ozone2 on ! o!r h&1 x rema9s to be se5 by direct & accurate exp]im5t :e!r its prop]ties are z valuable to man z we may hope !y w prove to be4 ,,xxvii ,,oxyg5 ,,gas ,,= ,,a?letes ,,& ,,o!rs ,s9ce ! prec$+ *apt] on ozone 0 writt5 ,i h le>n$ t ?is peculi> triple-cond5s$ v>iety ( oxyg5 7x is call$ by *emi/s 8,o#c0 :]eas ord9>y oxyg5 is 8,o#b07 is n[ be+ mo/ successfully appli$ to ! purification ( ! wat]-supply ( sev]al l>ge cities4 ,a notable case is t ( ! great w9t] resort1 ,nice4 ,ozone gas is "o ( ! mo/ effective de/roy]s ( organic impurity kn[n2 x de/roys bo? bact]ial g]ms & ! putrescible impurities ( wat] completely1 & is itself conv]t$ 9 ! process into h>mless heal?-giv+ oxyg51 :il/ ! wat] is r5d]$ absolutely free ( all g]ms4 ,x is readily manufactur$ by treat+ oxyg5 ) ! electric dis*>ge1 & is produc$ at a co/ :i* r5d]s its use 9 wat]-purification an economical & f9ancially satisfactory me?od4 ,! use ( ozone gas z a m$ic9al application to cavities 9 ! liv+ body 9 :i* disease-produc+ bact]ia are lodg$ is mak+ progress4 ,x has to be adm9i/]$ ) great c>e by a m$ical exp]t1 & ?\gh !re has be5 delay & opposition on acc\nt ( ! novelty ( ! treatm5t1 !re are signs t ozone w become e/abli%$ z a valuable !rapeutic ag5t4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t s little has be5 done ( late by sci5tific obs]v]s ei!r z to ! pres5ce ( ozone 9 ! atmosph]e or z to ! action ( ozone on ! heal?y animal body :5 pres5t 9 m9ute quantity 9 ! air tak5 into ! lungs4 ,! g5]al op9ion appe>s to be t x is ei!r altoge!r abs5t f ! atmosph]e or pres5t only 9 quantity s m9ute z to be negligible f ! po9t ( view ( ! physiologi/ except 9 v high m\nta9 regions1 & !re ! exact quantity rema9s undet]m9$4 ,! only exp]im5ts 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s on ! subject ( its action on animals are "s :i* l$ ! inquir]s to ! conclusion t con/ant exposure 79 a clos$ *amb]7 to an atmosph]e conta9+ #d p] c5t4 ( ozone caus$ dea? aft] five or six days by an inflammation ( ! lungs4 ,cle>ly x is desirable t fur!r inve/igation on ?is subject by compet5t au?orities %\ld be made1 & ! effect ( small] quantities ( ozone 9 ! air respir$1 :e!r cont9u\sly or at int]vals1 %\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,! action ( ord9>y oxyg5 gas is a sep>ate matt]4 ,! atmosph]e :i* we brea! consi/s ( "o "p by volume ( ?is gas & ( f\r p>ts ( nitrog5 gas4 ,x is ! oxyg5 :i* is necess>y to u & to all animals1 & ! nitrog5 is m]ely an in]t dilut+ accompanim5t ( ! ess5tial oxyg5 gas4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to increase or to dim9i% ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! air brea!d accord+ly z "o introduces additional pure oxyg5 or1 on ! o!r h&1 dilut+ nitrog5 into a collapsible bag or sac f :i* "o cont9u\sly draws brea?4 ,su* a bag c be connect$ by a tube to a helmet or mask envelop+ ! head4 ,! expir$ air is dis*>g$ by a specially provid$ passage4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t x 0 dang]\s to brea! pure undilut$ oxyg51 al?\gh ! proportion ( oxyg5 to nitrog5 9 ! air tak5 into ! lungs might be increas$ to z mu* z a half )\t injury1 &1 inde$1 ) great b5efit 9 "s s]i\s conditions ( collapse4 ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! ,london ,hospital ,m$ical ,college1 has1 h[ev]1 rec5tly %[n t oxyg5 gas1 ( #ig p] c5t4 purity1 may be brea!d cont9u\sly = z mu* z two h\rs )\t any ill-effects or s5se ( inconv5i5ce4 ,contr>y to :at has be5 /at$1 x is nei!r excit+ nor unpleasant4 ,he has made ! exp]im5t on himself & on "s ( 8 assi/ants1 & 9 do+ s has made use ( su* an app>atus z t above-m5tion$--s z to ensure ! 9-take ( undilut$ oxyg54 ,dr4 ,hill & ,mr4 ,m>t9 ,flack h fur!r f\nd t ! exhau/ion & lab\r+ ( ! he>t :i* is br\ght on by su* special ex]tion z t involv$ 9 runn+ a hundr$ y>ds race or a qu>t]-mile race1 is almo/ completely avoid$ if ! runn] 8fills 8 lungs0 ) oxyg5 gas be=e />t+4 ,! runn] takes ! oxyg5 gas into ! lungs = "s two or ?ree m9utes be=e />t+ to race2 ( c\rse1 ! lungs are n ?us actually 8fill$0 ) oxyg51 b a mu* l>g] proportion ( t gas is lodg$ 9 !m ?an :5 ord9>y air is brea!d1 & a full supply is ?us af=d$ to ! blood4 ,! 8di/ress0 caus$ by viol5t a?letic ef=ts appe>s to be entirely due to ! us+ up ( ! available oxyg5 by ! unusual activity ( ! muscles4 ,! he>t itself suff]s mo/1 ! brea?+ becomes lab\r$1 & !re is a s5se ( suffocation1 due simply to ! urg5t dem& by ! blood1 he>t & muscles = m oxyg54 ,if1 !re=e1 we ensure t !re is an extra supply ( pure oxyg5 9 ! lungs be=e ! unusual ef=t is made1 we av]t ^! di/ress+ symptoms3 ! unusual quantity ( oxyg5 ne$$ is ready = use4 ,dr4 ,hill himself & "y m5 :o h tri$ ! plan ( inspiration ( oxyg5 be=e a foot-race1 decl>e t !y _c believe t !y are really runn+ h>d1 ev5 :5 surpass+ _! usual p]=mance4 ,!y come 9 at ! end ( ! qu>t]-mile1 hav+ beat5 _! record2 & ) no s5se ( hav+ made a special ef=t2 !y feel fre% & ready to />t aga9 aft] m oxyg5 & a %ort re/4 ,moreov]1 ! aft]-effect on ! muscles is /at$ to be su* t 8/iffness0 & :at is call$ 8grogg9ess0 7due 9 ord9>y circum/ances to ! ret5tion ( lactic acid 9 ! muscle7 d n sup]v5e4 ,swimm+ & div+1 z "o w\ld expect1 are greatly affect$ by ! prelim9>y oxyg5 inhalation2 ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* subm]sion c be endur$ )\t discom=t is d\bl$1 & ! great ef=t ( fa/ swimm+ r5d]$ less rapidly exhau/+4 ,cycl+ uphill at a rapid pace becomes1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hill's own frequ5t exp]i5ce1 possible aft] oxyg5 inhalation :5 9 ord9>y conditions x 0 impossible4 ,hockey play]s & box]s he has f\nd notably b5efit$ by oxyg5 giv5 bo? 9 ! int]vals ( & aft] ! ex]cise4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be expect$ t a wid] practical application %\ld be made ( ?is simple me?od ( increas+ our p[] ( su/a9+ muscul> ef=t1 & ( endur+ subm]sion4 ,dr4 ,hill sugge/s t ! div]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :o1 )\t any app>atus1 plunge into ! %all[ sea & rema9 bel[ long en\gh to f9d1 cut1 & br+ to ! surface ! valuable sponges ( comm]ce1 might use ! me?od ( prelim9>y inhalation ( pure oxyg5 gas4 ,he has also tri$ ! me?od ) a "y racehorse1 b ow+ to ! fact t ! c\rse run 0 only a mile1 & ! animal p]fectly fit & /rong1 he tells me t no advantage 0 f\nd to result f ! inhalation4 ,) an old] c>t-horse some:at tir$ by a day's "w--he obta9$ ! mo/ satisfactory results1 ! animal becom+ obvi\sly recup]at$ & work+ )\t di/ress4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :e!r ! adm9i/ration ( oxyg5 gas to a man or to a horse :5 ab\t to run a race %\ld be consid]$ z 8dop+40 ,x may p]haps be object$ to by sportsm51 z involv+ ! provision ( special app>atus :i* all competitors w\ld n be equally able to secure4 ,b x is n 8dop+10 s9ce t applies to ! use ( a drug1 :i*1 :il/ excit+ to viol5t ef=t1 produces an injuri\s aft]-effect4 ,oxyg5 is n 9 ?is category2 to take an extra quantity ( oxyg5 into ! lungs be=e />t+ on a race is no m unnatural or risky ?an to take an extra dr9k ( wat] into ! /oma* or to swall[ meat extract & su* special prep>ations be=e or dur+ a race4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to see :e!r a runn] 9 ! ,m>a?on race w\ld 7z ,dr4 ,hill w\ld expect7 be greatly assi/$ if 8 tra9] c>ri$ ) him a supply ( pure oxyg51 & f "t to "t refre%$ him ) x4 ,football play]s might also be giv5 oxyg5 at half-"t2 an oxyg5at$ team w\ld1 "o surmises1 beat its un9spir$ competitors4 ,a ,fife team is report$ to h done s4 ,on ! roads fav\r$ by cycli/s "o may expect h]eaft] to f9d at ! bottom ( a long asc5t hawk]s ( 8brea?s ( oxyg50 provid$ ) gas-bags & call+ out 8,buy ! lady a breff1 sir60 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? not+ t ! relief af=d$ by oxyg5-brea?+ is no less def9ite :5 ! gas is tak5 imm$iately aft] a race or su/a9$ ef=t ?an :5 us$ z a prelim9>y4 ,! excess ( *oke-gas or c>bonic acid =m$ dur+ great muscul> ef=t is n ! pr9cipal cause ( ! di/ress exp]i5c$4 ,t gas is ?r[n (f by increas$ expiration4 ,x is ! us+ up ( ! oxyg5 & ! insuffici5cy ( ! supply 9 ! atmosph]ic air inspir$ t causes1 "u ^! circum/ances1 gidd9ess1 exhau/ion1 & (t5 collapse4 ,! difficulty 9 brea?+ & ! pro/ration exp]i5c$ by _m p 9 m\nta9-climb+ is l>gely due1 n m]ely to ! muscul> ef=t ( climb+1 b to ! fact t ! r>efi$ atmosph]e at heights ( #hjjj ft4 to #ae1jjj ft4 & m gives into ! lungs 9 e inspiration b a fraction ( ! oxyg5 :i* is inspir$ at l[ levels1 & moreov]1 ow+ to ! l[ pressure1 mu* less is held 9 ! blood4 ,ev5 :5 convey$ by mule1 cog-rail1 or balloon to ^! heights--&1 !re=e1 )\t muscul> ex]tion1 s5sitive p suff] sev]ely f tempor>y 8oxyg5-/>vation40 ,!y z well z ! labori\s m\nta9e] c\ld be sav$ f all su* inconv5i5ce by ! use ( a skilfully-con/ruct$ 8travell]'s flask0 ( oxyg5 gas4 ,! obs]vations & exp]im5ts z to ! possible use ( pure oxyg5 by a?letes sugge/ t we might all b5efit by occasional if n frequ5t use ( su* an atmosph]e4 ,inde$1 !re are "s individuals--among/ o!rs a well-kn[n & di/+ui%$ actor--:o be=e mak+ "s special ef=t1 or ev5 :5 feel+ tir$ & unequal to _! daily "w1 inhale "u m$ical sup]vision a c]ta9 quantity ( oxyg5 gas4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly seem t s9ce c\ntry air1 sea air1 & m\nta9 air are useful & refre%+1 an artificial supply ( extra oxyg5 might be inhal$ 9 ,london1 ei!r 9 "o's own h\se or 9 e/abli%m5ts provid$ = ! purpose1 ) def9ite b5efit to heal?1 especially if ! inhalation 7 comb9$ ) ex]cise4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,hill h come ab\t 9 connection ) "w und]tak5 = ! purpose ( improv+ ! div+ & life-sav+ app>atus nam$ aft] its inv5tor1 ,fleuss4 ,?is inv5tion consi/s ess5tially 9 a wat]-tight helmet & jacket connect$ ) a cyl9d] ( compress$ oxyg5 gas :i* is c>ri$ by ! div]4 ,! advantage ( su* an arrangem5t is t ! div] is free f pump+ app>atus & c g :]e an ord9>y div] c\ld n4 ,mr4 ,fleuss 0 able1 by div+ ) ?is app>atus1 to prev5t an imm5se loss ( prop]ty by arre/+ ! flood+ ( ! ,sev]n tunnel :i* 0 imm95t dur+ its con/ruction4 ,a difficulty 9 reg>d to ! ,fleuss app>atus has be5 t oxyg5 gas is a poison1 caus+ inflammation ( ! lungs & convulsions :5 "u a pressure ( f two to ?ree atmosph]es--t is to say1 at f #cj ft4 to #fj ft4 dep? 9 wat]4 ,! pressure ex]cis$ by ! air ( ! atmosph]e at sea-level is equal to t ex]cis$ by a column ( wat] #cj ft4 high1 & h5ce at #cj ft4 dep? 9 ! sea ! oxyg5 gas w\ld be "u ! pressure bo? ( ! atmosph]e itself & ( wat] to ! same am\nt--:i* is express$ by say+ t x is "u two atmosph]es' pressure1 or twice ! atmosph]e's pressure4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is1 9 pla9 figures1 #ae lb4 on e squ>e in* ( surface4 ,( c\rse1 ! oxyg5 is compress$ f> beyond ?is po9t 9 ! cyl9d]s 9 :i* x is c>ri$4 ,9 us+ x1 x is all[$ to escape by op5+ a valve lead+ into an ela/ic sac1 & is !n & !re subject to ! pressure dep5d+ on ! dep? ( wat] to :i* ! div] has desc5d$4 ,x is f\nd to be dang]\s = a div] ) ?is app>atus to desc5d to a dep? ( m ?an #cj ft4 hav+ pure oxyg5 9 8 app>atus1 because ! oxyg5 is !n compress$ "u a pressure ( two atmosph]es4 ,accord+ly1 ,dr4 ,haldane1 ( ,ox=d1 has propos$ t ! oxyg5 %\ld be dilut$ ) atmosph]ic air1 s z to give a mixture ( equal volumes ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,) ?is mixture ! div] c safely desc5d to a dep? ( #fj ft4 ,! app>atus is provid$ ) a p>tition conta9+ cau/ic soda1 :i* absorbs ! c>bonic gas ?r[n out ( ! lungs 9 expiration4 ,) su* an app>atus a div] c safely rema9 "u wat] at a dep? ( #fj ft41 & walk ab\t & explore = z long z two h\rs4 ,a mo/ important application ( ?is self-conta9$ div+ app>atus is f\nd 9 its use 9 ! exploration ( m9es1 :]e smoke or gase\s products result+ f an explosion r5d] x impossible = rescue p>ties to p5etrate )\t its use4 ,x has be5 ! means ( sav+ _m lives 9 su* circum/ances4 ,a =m ( ?is app>atus is made 9 :i* ! oxyg5 is suppli$1 n by a cyl9d] ( compress$ gas1 b by granules ( a *emical comp\nd call$ pneumatog51 a p]oxide ( sodium & potassium1 :i* :5 brea!d into absorbs c>bonic acid f ! air expir$ by ! lungs1 & gives (f pure oxyg54 ,subm>9e %ips are n[ be+ provid$ ) a dress or outfit ( ?is description = ea* memb] ( ! crew1 s t 9 ! case ( ! entrance ( wat] into ! subm>9e1 e man c put on 8 8oxyg5 helmet10 & "o by "o1 :5 ! %ip is full ( wat]1 !y c pass out by ! conn+ t[] & float to ! surface4 ,! p]fect$ div+ dress1 ) self-conta9$ dilut$ oxyg5 supply & o!r improvem5ts1 has be5 con/ruct$ by ,siebe1 ,gorman1 & ,co41 & 0 exhibit$ by ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill at a soiree ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,,xxviii ,,sp>r[s1 ,,tr\t1 ,,& ,,selective ,,bre$+ ,! talk ab\t ! urg5t ne$ = ! de/ruction ( sp>r[s rem9ds me t ! ^w 8sp>r[0 is appli$ commonly 9 ?is c\ntry to at lea/ two v diff]5t b common birds4 ,no d\bt f>m]s & g>d5]s "k well en\gh ! h\se-sp>r[ 7,pass] dome/icus or ,fr+illa dome/ica ( ,l9nu71 :i* is ! "o !y consid] injuri\s4 ,b "s boys & "s newly-fl$g$ proprietors ( c\ntry places may inadv]t5tly confuse ! h\se-sp>r[ ) a v diff]5t bird1 ?\gh only a little small] & ( a g5]al br[n col\r+1 also call$ 8sp>r[10 namely1 ! h$ge-sp>r[ 7,acc5tor modul>is74 ,! h$ge-sp>r[ is a true d5iz5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,x does n live on gra91 b on insects & grubs1 & is useful on t acc\nt to agriculturi/s4 ,its eggs are pure blue4 ,a spott$ egg ( a cuckoo laid among/ !m readily cat*es ! eye1 s t cuckoos' eggs are (t5 f\nd 9 h$ge-sp>r[s' ne/s4 ,x seems t x is all a mi/ake on ! "p ( ! cuckoo h5 :5 ?is occurs4 ,! /ra9 ( cuckoos prop]ly atta*$ to h$ge-sp>r[s lay a beautiful blue egg diff]+ only 9 its some:at l>g] size f ^? ( ! h$ge-sp>r[ itself1 & h5ce difficult to detect4 ,^! blue cuckoo-eggs--prop] to cuckoos :i* make use ( ! h$ge-sp>r[ z fo/]-"m--escape detection bo? by boys & ! fo/]-p>5ts1 & successfully hat* out & propagate ! race ( blue-egg$ cuckoos ) a memory & a s5se ( smell :i* br+ !m back if !y are h5-birds to ! little h$ge-sp>r['s ne/ :5 !y are gr[n up & h an egg to dispose (4 ,! spott$ grey or br[ni% eggs are1 if n discov]$ by boys1 eject$ 7!re is reason to believe7 by ! h$ge-sp>r[s !mselves4 ,!y 7 deposit$ by mi/ake by "s pippet-lov+ or w>bl]-seek+ /ra9 ( cuckoo 9 a hurry1 or are ?r[-backs to a common ance/ral col\r+ ( ! egg due1 p]haps1 to ! male p>5t n be+ ( ! true blue /ra94 ,a v f9e s]ies ( 8clut*es0 & ne/s ( h$ge-sp>r[1 rob91 %rike1 re$-w>bl]1 pippet1 yell[-hamm]1 & o!r birds ) ! accompany+ cuckoo's egg may be se5 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 & !y %[ h[ closely ! p>asitic egg (t5 resembles t ( ! fo/]-p>5t1 ?\gh /rik+ failures also occur4 ,! h$ge-sp>r[ is plac$ 9 t gr\p ( small birds :i* includes ! rob91 ! ?ru%es1 & ! w>bl]s2 x is n a f9*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h\se-sp>r[ is a f9*1 alli$ to ! *aff9*1 ! goldf9*1 & ! brambl+4 ,x has1 l all ! f9*es1 a v p[]ful broad-bas$ beak1 & is m ?an a mat* = bigg] birds ?an itself4 ,x is really a p>asite or 8comm5sal0 7messmate7 ( man1 liv+ & fl\ri%+ entirely by help+ itself to ! gra9 & ! "y buds ( %rubs gr[n by man1 & 9 t[ns to ! wa/e fragm5ts ( 8 food & ! gra9 left 9 horse-dung4 ,:e!r x does any good 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> by eat+ grubs seems to be d\btful1 b ! conclusion is ju/ifi$ t x does m h>m ?an good1 especially z x drives away o!r small birds :i* are exclusively insectivor\s4 ,x has gone ) ,european man to all temp]ate climates4 ,!re are ,spani%1 ,african1 ,italian & ,indian species1 closely relat$ to ! common h\se-sp>r[1 :i* ,i %\ld l to see put out side by side ) x & "s ( its v>ieties = ! public edification 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,^! are ! true 8sp>r[s10 & %\ld be comp>$ side by side ) ! h$ge-sp>r[1 & ! diff]5ces po9t$ out4 ,!re is ano!r true sp>r[ 9 ,engl&1 call$ ! 8tree-sp>r[10 :i* is n ne>ly s common z ! h\se-sp>r[4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 s closely alli$ to "o ano!r t hybrids h be5 produc$ betwe5 ! two4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h$ge-sp>r[ is a great deal too remote f ! f9*es to int]bre$ ) ! h\se-sp>r[ or any o!r ( ! f9* gr\p4 ,!re ought to be a c>eful report on ! probable effects1 9 e direction1 ( a great de/ruction ( h\se-sp>r[s be=e any v dra/ic measures are tak5 9 t direction4 ,! employ]s ( gamekeep]s %\ld rememb] t by de/roy+ owls1 hawks1 & weasels !y may n only enable small injuri\s birds to fl\ri% 9 excess1 b t !y may enc\rage disease & weakness 9 ! game-birds :i* !y s eag]ly desire to multiply1 s9ce ! natural ext]m9ation ( weakly birds by birds & animals ( prey is put an end to :5 ! latt] are aboli%$4 ,9 all su* matt]s m k is ne$$1 & reasonable p w n take irretrievable action until !y h tak5 ! tr\ble to obta9 ?or\gh k4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ?\gh ! h\se-sp>r[ does n naturally s+1 yet h&-re>$ h\se-sp>r[s h be5 made1 by association ) bull-f9*es1 to acquire ! song ( t bird--a truly a/oni%+ in/ance ( hidd5 or lat5t capacity4 ,a lov] ( tr\t-fi%+ has be5 writ+ lately ^u ! "q z to :e!r ! tr\t 9 mu*-fi%$ riv]s & lakes d or d n exhibit increas$ 8w>9ess10 or ev5 8intellig5t caution0 9 avoid+ ! flies s cunn+ly ?r[n be=e or above !m by ! skilful angl]4 ,x is argu$ t !re _c really be any increas$ indisposition ( tr\t to take ! fly bas$ on exp]i5ce1 because on an e/imate ( ! numb] ( tr\t 9 a riv] l ! ,te/1 & ( ! limit$ numb] ( angl]s1 e fi%]man w\ld h to hook & lose "s ?\s&s ( fi% e ye> = ! exp]i5ce to be g5]al among tr\t t ! horrid artificial flies 8hide a /ill m horrid hook40 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 held t ! tr\t _c communicate _! exp]i5ces to "o ano!r by any =m ( conv]sation 7?\gh lead]%ip & imitative habit might h "s effect71 & x is also n sugge/$ t a tr\t :i* _h acquir$ an ov]p[]+ av]sion to ! angl]'s fly z a result ( be+ hook$ & break+ free1 c\ld transmit t av]sion to its (fspr+ by ! m]e fact ( reproduction4 ,h5ce x is ma9ta9$ t !re is no su* increas+ 8w>9ess0 9 ,engli% & ,scot* tr\t4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t 9 discuss+ ?is matt] ! fundam5tal pr9ciple %\ld h be5 ov]look$ by :i* ,d>w9 & ,wallace h long ago expla9$ to ! satisfaction ( naturali/s1 ! av]sions & cauti\s proce$+s ( all k9ds ( animals1 f ! smalle/ insects up to birds1 bea/s1 & fi%es4 ,! pr9ciple ( natural selection & survival ( ! fitte/ acc\nts = ! increas$ caution ( tr\t 9 well-fi%$ riv]s 9 ! simple/ way4 ,assume 7z is p]fectly reasonable7 t "s tr\t are m %y ?an o!rs 8by nature10 t is to say1 are born s1 t "s are born ) a slightly m rapid response to ! sight ( food ?an o!rs--z "o sees (t5 en\gh ) a lot ( ! "y ( any animal--!n ! increas$ %yness or pret5d$ 8intellig5ce0 ( ! tr\t aft] _m ye>s' fi%+ foll[s z a necessity4 ,! ra% fi% are caught & de/roy$1 ! %y fi% rema9 9 ! riv]1 &--"h is ! important po9t1 a well-asc]ta9$ fundam5tal law ( h]$ity--propagate _! l4 ,!y produce %y fi%4 ,e ye> ?is selection goes on till y get a race ( fi% 9 ! well-fi%$ riv] :i* are s %y t !y cease to rise at all6 ,?is unpleasant result is avoid$ by ! proprietors ( tr\t /reams to a c]ta9 ext5t by introduc+ a race ( tr\t :i* has n 9 consequ5ce ( ov]-fi%+ develop$ an innate %yness ( "* 7su* z ! ,lo* ,lev5 & "s o!rs7 to mix & bre$ ) ! timid ov]-fi%$ race4 ,x is 9 ! same way t ! human population ( c\ntry villages1 mo/ sad to see1 is e ye> r5d]$ less intellig5t ?an x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,all ! ent]pris+1 intellig5t "y m5 & maid5s are 8fi%$0 away1 drawn by baits & hooks to ! great t[ns2 only ! dull & relatively incapable are left 9 ! village to m>ry & produce a new g5]ation4 ,! village population necess>ily becomes made up ( a dull /ock--incapable1 z appe>s f (ficial reports1 ( be+ educat$ beyond a v l[ /age4 ,9 "s di/ricts #gj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 are ?us un9tellig5t1 ?\gh n unheal?y or imbecile4 ,x is possible t ! want ( home-tra9+ & example 9 v e>ly *ildhood is to "s ext5t a cause ( ! dullness ( village *ildr54 ,& s x goes on1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 z facilities = leav+ ! village increase & inducem5ts to /ay or return decrease4 ,! #cj p] c5t4 ( ! new g5]ation :o h any 8wits0 leave ! village1 nev] to return4 ,& no "o re-/ocks ! village4 ,t mu/ be tak5 9 h& soon4 ,,xxix ,,! ,,feeble-,,m9d$ ,a consid]able proportion ( ! "y :i* are produc$ z a new g5]ation ( ei!r plants or animals are n m]ely unlike _! p>5ts 9 "s small p>ticul>s ( col\r1 proportion1 activity1 & s on1 b are1 z comp>$ ) ! normal or usual /&>d ( ! species1 8defective02 t is to say1 !y are want+ 9 "s organ or "p1 z ?\gh maim$1 or by "s cause re/rict$ or r$uc$ 9 reg>d to t "p4 ,?is occurs 9 human be+s1 & 9 dome/icat$ animals m obvi\sly ?an 9 wild animals & plants1 = two reasons3 fir/ly1 because 9 wild conditions ! defective "y die (f v e>ly 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & s escape human obs]vation2 :]eas man protects 8 own 8defective0 "y1 & (t51 also1 ^? ( dome/icat$ animals1 s t !y are all[$ to 8gr[ up0 m or less2 secondly1 su* defective /ructure appe>+ at bir?1 & !re=e call$ 8cong5ital10 is c>ri$ on by h]$ity1 m or less completely1 %\ld ! defective animal or plant be all[$ to bre$4 ,su* bre$+ ( defective individuals is prev5t$ 9 wild nature by _! e>ly de/ruction2 _! defects cause _! e>ly dea? by unfitt+ !m = ! competition & /ruggle :i* are 9 natural conditions rigidly sev]e4 ,only a few survive among ! _m ?\s&s ( ea* species born into conditions ( limit$ food & space--conditions :i* are n suffici5t to support m ?an a v small numb] s z to enable !m to rea* ! adult or bre$+ /age ( life4 ,b man1 on ! contr>y1 protects 8 own "y1 & (t5 ^? ( 8 dome/icat$ animals & plants1 f ?is de/ructive competition1 & ?us all[s ^? :i* are to a c]ta9 ext5t defective to bre$4 ,! (ficial returns ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al record e ye> a proportion ( dea?s ( infants :i* are ent]$ z due to 8cong5ital defects40 ,^! defects are ( _m & v>i\s k9ds4 ,a frequ5t 8cong5ital defect0 is "o :i* does n necess>ily cause dea?1 namely1 ! imp]fection ( ! wond]fully elaborate organ ( sight1 r5d]+ x useless4 ,*ildr5 (t5 are born bl9d1 & s are a c]ta9 proportion ( ea* species ( animal normally provid$ ) eyes--dogs1 horses1 cattle1 birds1 fi%4 ,ev5 insects1 lob/]s1 & crabs are 9 q consid]able & def9ite numb] born bl9d4 ,! inborn or cong5ital defects ( ! eyes :i* result 9 bl9dness are ( sev]al k9ds4 ,! :ole ( ! eyeball or eye-/ructure may be atrophi$1 t is to say1 dw9dl$ & incomplete1 or "o ess5tial "p only may be defective1 & ! re/ q well-=m$2 or1 aga91 ! n]ves connect+ ! eye ) ! bra9 or ! sev]al p>ts ( ! bra9 conc]n$ 9 ! function ( sight may1 "o or m ( !m1 be defective4 ,wild animals born 9 ?is condition mu/ p]i%1 except :5 !y happ5 to be born 9 cav]ns or 9 ! deep sea4 ,!n !y are no worse (f ?an animals ) 8good0 eyes4 ,b ! animals ) good eyes1 or ev5 ) only some:at defective eyes1 w foll[ up ! gleams ( light :i* 9 mov+ ab\t !y h ! =tune to enc\nt]1 & s w escape f ! cav]n or d>k dep?s ( ! sea1 leav+ beh9d 9 ! d>k only ^? ) defective eyes4 ,^! w bre$ toge!r1 & p]petuate _! defective eyes 9 a m & m m>k$ degree 9 successive g5]ations4 ,always ^? :i* c see1 or see only a little1 w leave ! d>k place1 & s at la/ !re w be a race ( animals e/abli%$ 9 su* places ) defective eyes 7z 9 ! ocean1 at a dep? ( two ?\s& fa?oms1 & 9 ! great caves ( ,europe1 & notably 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 ,u4,s4,a471 & (t5 ! eyes w altoge!r disappe>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a digression4 ,! cause ( cong5ital defect 9 eyes is n obvi\s4 ,! failure ( ! g]m9al sub/ance ( ! reproductive egg or p>ticle deta*$ f p>5ts ) s\nd eyes1 to unfold itself--to develop--into a creature ) s\nd eyes l ^? ( its p>5ts1 is app>5tly due1 9 "s in/ances1 to "o cause1 & 9 o!r in/ances to o!r causes1 ( none ( :i* c x be said t we h a satisfactory & compreh5sive k4 ,! same want ( full k exi/s 9 reg>d to ! causation ( o!r cong5ital defects4 ,^! are z num]\s & v>i$ z ! p>ts ( ! body :i* may be f bir? onw>ds1 9 "o in/ance or ano!r1 di/ort$1 devoid ( "s ess5tial inn] /ructure1 swoll5 to great size1 or %runk51 or ev5 abs5t altoge!r4 ,su* defects are sometimes caus$ by me*anical pressure or nipp+ 9 e>ly /ages ( gr[? be=e bir?1 b !re are _m :i* _c be acc\nt$ = 9 t way4 ,! wond] really is n t ! inconceivably complex /ructure ( high] animals %\ld sometimes fail1 9 ?is or t "p1 to develop 9 due c\rse f ! simple-look+ g]m1 de/itute ( visible /ructure1 b t x %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 s regul>ly & completely come (f successfully 9 millions ( in/ances e day4 ,we c imag9e or sugge/ di/urb+ ag5cies :i* may be ! causes ( failure1 b x is v difficult to demon/rate ) c]ta9ty ! causes :i* h be5 at "w 9 ea* & e case4 ,"o result ( failure ( ! g]m to 8gr[ up0 into ! p]fect lik5ess ( its p>5ts is t x may 8?r[ back10 z ! bre$]s say1 & resemble 9 ?is or t quality a remote1 ev5 an extremely remote1 ance/or4 ,x is sugge/$ by "s inquir]s t ! cong5ital or inborn defect1 frequ5t 9 human be+s1 :i* is call$ 8feeble-m9d$ness0 is a rev]sion or ?r[-back to ! condition ( ! bra9 9 ! animal ance/ors ( man4 ,t is possible1 &1 9 view ( "s cases1 seems probable4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t we d n "k :at are ! causes :i* fav\r ?r[+-back1 or 8atavism10 z x is call$1 9 reg>d to all sorts ( /ructures1 & t ! me*anical conditions connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ! cavity ( ! skull 9 :i* ! bra9 itself gr[s are s v elaborate t x is obvi\s t a v slight di/urbance ( "o elem5t or ano!r might arre/ or turn aside ! gr[? ( t va/ly complex organ1 :i* has become s mu* l>g] & m delicate 9 man ?an 9 ! animals f :i* he has1 at no remote p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>?1 tak5 8 orig94 ,mank9d h always )9 ! p]iod ( writt5 records 7a m]e trifle 9 ! lapse ( "t s9ce man became man7 reg>d$ m5tal defect & ab]ration z due to fanta/ic causes4 ,to ?is day we use ! ^w 8lunatic0 = "o ( ! two typical =ms ( m5tal ab]ration3 we imply t ! moon is conc]n$ 9 its production4 ,! o!r =m ( bra9-failure has appropriat$ ! t]m 8idiot10 :i*1 x is surpris+ to f9d1 0 less ?an two c5turies ago appli$ 9 common spee* to any p]son :o 0 *>act]is$ by indep5d5ce ( judgm5t4 ,! t]m 8s(ty0 is a common & really m suitable t]m = ?is class1 :il/ 8crack$0 is ! ^w appli$ to a lunatic4 ,! notion t m5tal ab]ration is due to 8possession0 by evil spirits1 :i* c be expell$ & ! pati5t accord+ly cur$1 0 preval5t a c5tury ago1 & ! belief is common at ! pres5t day 7?\gh q errone\s7 t p 8g mad0 9 virtue ( "s immat]ial & unacc\ntable influ5ce1 & may !re=e 8g sane0 aga94 ,! lunacy laws & ! laws relat+ to ! c>e ( ! feeble-m9d$ 9 ?is c\ntry are admitt$ to be ta9t$ ) ignorance & misconception1 & bo? are 9 process ( correction by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day4 ,! approv$ pr(essional t]ms us$ 9 di/+ui%+ ! v>ieties ( 8! m9d diseas$0 are n accept$ ) mu* fav\r by ! public1 & x is unnecess>y to introduce !m "h4 ,! important fact is t p]sons ( diseas$ m9d may be sep>at$ into two gr\ps--7a7 ! idiots or s(ties1 & 7b7 ! lunatics or crack$ p4 ,! idiotic gr\p are ^? ) a defective am\nt or quality ( bra9 sub/ance 7:e!r ! skull itself is small or abnormally di/5d$ by 8wat] on ! bra9071 & are m or less incapable ( be+ educat$4 ,!y are (t5 subject to epileptic fits1 & are usually weakly 9 build1 ?\gh !y sometimes h great muscul> /r5g?4 ,! 8feeble-m9d$10 ( :om s mu* has lately be5 writt51 ow+ to ! rec5t report ( a ,gov]nm5t ,commission1 belong to ?is gr\p4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ! m m>k$ section ( idiots 9 t !y are n absolutely devoid ( "s intellig5ce1 & are capable1 "u prop] sup]vision1 ( "s degree ( self-control4 ,"s ( !m ev5 c take "p 9 indu/rial op]ations1 ?\gh !y require con/ant direction :5 s employ$1 & are nev]1 ev5 9 ! lea/ s]i\s cases1 susceptible ( m5tal developm5t beyond a /rangely & abruptly limit$ degree4 ,contra/$ ) ! idiots are ! lunatics2 !y (t5 are gift$ ) ! highe/ receptivity1 & frequ5tly are m5 or wom5 ( ! highe/ education & intellect1 normal 9 e feature ( body & m9d except t _! m5tal ma*9]y works 9 a defective1 8mad0 way z to "o or m subjects--(t5 only z to "o subject or class ( subjects4 ,!y exhibit 9 diff]5t individuals a va/ v>iety ( illusions & prop5sities :i* may be m]ely unreasonable or may be dang]\s to !mselves & to o!rs4 ,x seems t ! idiotic & feeble-m9d$ are devoid (1 or defective 91 g5]al m5tal receptivity1 al?\gh 9 reg>d to a few ?+s !y may h ret5tive b un9tellig5t memory4 ,ev5 ! less afflict$ among !m are incapable ( 8?9k+0 at all1 because _! defective memory or receptivity gives !m no?+ to ?9k ab\t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lunatic exhibits ! ord9>y receptivity ( a heal?y human be+1 b ?9ks wrongly or absurdly ^u "o or a few l9es1 ?\gh normally & s\ndly ^u e o!r4 ,! ,/ate 9 civilis$ c\ntries has long s9ce made provision = ! prop] m$ical c>e & re/ra9t ( lunatics & ( ! extreme cases ( ! o!r class1 ! idiots4 ,b by an ov]sight 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* ! grav$igg] 9 ,hamlet w\ld consid] v natural1 ! less extreme cases ( idiocy--! s-call$ feeble-m9d$--h be5 left )\t ,/ate gu>dian%ip4 ,x is a fact t ^! cases occur bo? 9 ! weal?ie/ & ! poore/ class ( ! community1 ?\gh !y are put away "u m$ical c>e by well-to-d families1 & are left by ! v poor to w&] ab\t & get into t]rible mis*ief4 ,h5ce !re has gr[n up a belief t feeble-m9d$ (fspr+ are m frequ5tly produc$ by m5tally s\nd p>5ts :o are v poor ?an by ^? :o are ri* or well-to-d1 ?\gh !re are n facts or figures :i* e/abli% t conclusion4 ,x has fur!r be5 ma9ta9$ t ?is suppos$ l>ge proportional rate ( production ( feeble-m9d$ among ! poore/1 ill-f$1 ill-h\s$1 & vici\s dregs ( ! community is due to ! action ( defective nutrition1 alcoholism1 & lack ( fre% air & heal?y occupation ^u ! p>5ts1 & t a det]ioration ( ! reproductive mat]ial1 a twi/1 z x 71 ( ! inn] sub/ance ( ! /ock or bre$ 9 ! direction ( feeble-m9d$ness1 has be5 ?us e/abli%$4 ,9 reply to ?is some:at ha/y b at fir/ sight plausible conclusion1 we ma9ta9 7#a7 t ! def9ite defect call$ feeble-m9d$ness is z common 9 well-n\ri%$1 well-to-d families z 9 ! poore/2 7#b7 t x is n prov$ t lack ( food & good air c act ^u ! g]ms conta9$ 9 a p>5tal animal1 s z to alt] x 9 su* a way t ! bra9 ( (fspr+ begott5 by t p>5t w n develop 9 normal /ructure & proportion2 &1 moreov]1 t 8x has n be5 %[n0 7t is ! important clause ( ! /atem5t7 t defective food & air c s alt] ! g]ms 9 a p>5t z to cause o!r de=mation or /ructural defect 9 ! "y :i* gr[ f ^? g]ms4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 true t su* defect ( food & air may cause ! dea? ( ! p>5t1 or may directly cause ! dea? ( ! "y1 if ! "y are subject$ to su* defective conditions ( life4 ,x is necess>y to po9t out1 9 reply to ^? :o hold ! />vation !ory1 ( feeble-m9d$ness t x is capable ( be+ h&$ on by h]$it>y transmission once x has appe>$1 & t 9 ! mo/ wret*$ gr\ps ( ! population1 bo? 9 cities & 9 c\ntry villages1 ! feeble-m9d$ are n tak5 9 *>ge by any au?ority1 b leave _! p>5ts & %ift = !mselves1 &1 ow+ to _! weakness1 accompani$ by unre/ra9$ animal desires1 !y become1 9 an irregul> way & at a v e>ly age1 !mselves ! p>5ts ( feeble-m9d$ *ildr54 ,?us feeble-m9d$ness is increas$ 9 ! poore/ class1 b n 9 t ( ! ri*4 ,! facts asc]ta9$ are too horrible & pa9ful = citation "h4 ,! rec5t ,commission has made x cle> t x is absolutely necess>y = ! ,/ate to int]f]e & prev5t ?is t]rible increase ( helpless imbeciles4 ,!re are eighty-f\r s*ools 9 ,london = ! education ( *ildr5 :o are n includ$ "u ! extreme t]ms idiots or imbeciles1 b are 8feeble-m9d$ & defective40 ,!y are att5d$ by #fjjj *ildr51 ( :om ab\t two-?irds le>n "s useful manual "w1 :il/ ! re/ are hopeless1 & require p]man5t cu/odial c>e--:i* at pres5t is n to be _h by ^? ^: p>5ts _c pay = x--b w1 !re is e reason to hope1 soon be provid$ = !m by ! ,/ate4 ,9 its abs5ce !y con/itute a real & gha/ly dang] to ! community1 s9ce "s ( !m are c]ta9 to propagate _! k9d1 & n only w ?us add to ! exi/+ l>ge body ( imbeciles1 b p]petuate ! ta9t ( feeble-m9d$ness 9 ! race4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q z to :e!r !re is a def9ite gap--a diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 ^! poor1 defective *ildr5 & ! m>k$ly /upid boys & girls ( "s village s*ools4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t !re is4 ,! "o gr\p does n pass by a gradual s]ies into ! o!r4 ,x has be5 /at$ t 9 "s remote c\ntry di/ricts ( ,engl& only "o-?ird ( ! s*ool *ildr5 c be taught m ?an ! m]e/ elem5ts ( writ+1 read+1 & ari?metic2 ! majority are immovably dull1 only ! m9ority are z bright z ord9>y ,london *ildr54 ,b ev5 ! dull village *ildr5 get s f> z to ma/] ! elem5ts ( le>n+1 & probably _! bra9s are n /ructurally defective1 b only inactive = ! "t be+4 ,!y may h]eaft] become village ,hampd5s4 ,x c]ta9ly does seem to be ! fact t ! villages are cont9ually depriv$ ( ! m intellig5t memb]s ( _! population by ! attractions ( ! big t[ns1 & t only ! dull] portion /ay to bre$ 9 ! village l ! bl9d animals 9 a cave4 ,b dullness is n id5tical ) feeble-m9d$ness4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ev5 9 t[ns ! multiplication ( ! h>d-work+1 cauti\s1 & capable section ( ! community is at a /&/ill4 ,its memb]s seek com=t1 intellectual ex]cise1 & self-culture2 !y refuse to deprive !mselves ( ^! ?+s1 :i* co/ money1 & to sp5d t money on br++ up l>ge families4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f> m num]\s 8work+-class0 has no su* ambition z a rule1 & no anxiety z to :at is to become ( its (fspr+1 h[ev] num]\s4 ,! m *ildr5 ! l>g] are ! e>n+s ( ! family1 & all 9 turn %ift = !mselves at an e>ly age4 ,! rates pay = su* education z !y require1 & _! p>5ts h no desire to pu% !m up ! social ladd]2 b food1 lodg+1 & clo!s co/ money4 ,! work+-man :o desires to read1 see ?+s = himself1 & be m ?an an animat$ cog on a :eel1 _c af=d to h *ildr5 & transmit to !m t modicum ( intellig5ce above ! av]age :i* di/+ui%es him f 8 fell[s1 & dem&s = its cultivation ! money ) :i* he might keep a l>ge family4 ,consequ5tly ! population is m & m l>gely repl5i%$ by ! un5t]pris+ poor & ! un5t]pris+ ri*2 ! gr\p :i* is ent]pris+ & capable1 & directs ! "w & ?\ght ( ! civilis$ _w1 is1 by ! v qualities :i* make ! increase ( its /ra9 desirable1 deb>r$ f contribut+ its fair proportion to ! increase ( ! population4 ,is x possible = ! community1 by any sy/em or by legislation1 to ov]come or evade ?is un=tunate t5d5cy8 ,! neglect by bo? ! local & c5tral gov]nm5t to provide any sup]vision ( feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 has _h a special result ( a /range & unhappy description4 ,let me ha/5 to say t n[ t we h secur$ by rec5t legislation ! vitally important m$ical inspection ( *ildr5 9 connection ) ,bo>d s*ools1 & ! regi/ration & (ficial inspection ( feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 :i* w surely be made compulsory be=e ano!r ye> has pass$1 ! dang] ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak w v %ortly no long] exi/4 ,x is ?is4 ,feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 7^: condition falls %ort ( t ( actual idiocy7 are almo/ impossible to manage z memb]s ( an ord9>y family or h\sehold4 ,_! condition is (t5 n prop]ly recognis$2 _! p>5ts or gu>dians f9d !m to be ob/9ate1 untea*able1 & dirty4 ,(t51 :5 ! family is poor1 !y are1 "u ^! circum/ances1 8bo>d$ out0 = a v small paym5t1 or ev5 tak5 *>ge (1 out ( *>ity4 ,none ( ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 ^! transactions "k t !y are deal+ ) a hopelessly untea*able *ild1 born ) ?is defective bra94 ,!y f9d scold+ has no effect 9 guid+ ! *ild1 mild *a/isem5t fails1 & ! poor ignorant fo/]-p>5t 7sometimes ev5 ! *ild's own "m7 becomes exasp]at$ & det]m9$ to subdue :at seems to be m]e ob/9acy & indiff]5ce4 ,! awful demon ( cruelty is let loose4 ,:at seems at fir/ a virtu\s det]m9ation to control & regulate ! *ild's behavi\r = its own good leads to ! infliction ^u x ( bl[s ( savage viol5ce1 !n to ! less dang]\s b revolt+ attempt to en=ce ob$i5ce by ! pa9 caus$ by a burn1 & to />vation z a f9al in/rum5t ( discipl9e4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ! cases ( cruelty to *ildr5 & adolesc5ts :i* f "t to "t are br\ght into ! law c\rts h _! orig9 9 ! fact t ! victim 0 8feeble-m9d$10 & t ! gu>dian f\nd guilty ( cruelty did n 7any m ?an d ! judge & jury7 und]/& or1 inde$1 "k any?+ at all ab\t su* a condition4 ,(t5 ! feeble-m9d$ness itself has be5 attribut$ to ! cruel treatm5t ( ! *ild1 :]eas ! latt] really 0 set go+ by ! =m]4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ! community is to blame = all[+ 8feeble-m9d$0 *ildr5 to be bo>d$ out except 9 prop] m$ical in/itutions1 gu>ante$ & inspect$ by ,/ate au?ority4 ,x is ! same /ory z t :i* 0 once common en\gh 9 reg>d to 8lunatics10 b has n[ be5 put an end to by ! law4 ,! bo>d+-out ( *ildr51 :e!r heal?y or weak-m9d$1 %\ld 9 all cases be illegal1 except "u prop] (ficial sanction & gu>antee4 ,x is n only = ! sake ( ! *ildr5 t ?is provision is necess>y4 ,x is c]ta9 t fooli% p h be5 l$1 9 ! abs5ce ( all re/ra9t & int]f]5ce by public au?ority1 to und]take )\t evil int5tion ! c>e ( disc>d$ *ildr51 & h be5 l$ on by ! hopeless dullness & ob/9acy ( a *ild ) defective bra9 into cruel treatm5t ( x2 & :5 9 "s cases ! *ild has di$ z ! natural consequ5ce ( its cong5ital feebl5ess1 ! mis]able gu>dians h be5 f\nd guilty ( caus+ its dea?4 ,?\gh little excuse c be made = su* miscreants1 x is greatly to be desir$ t ! law %\ld /ep 9 at an e>li] p]iod1 & bo? ensure prop] c>e = ! feeble-m9d$ *ild & remove f unqualifi$ gu>dians ! *ance ( develop+ f a /ate ( m]e ignorance into "o ( crim9al responsibility4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,commission on ! ,treatm5t ( ! ,feeble-,m9d$1 :i* has rec5tly report$1 has adopt$ ! view :i* ,i h expla9$ 9 ?is article z to ! orig9 ( feeble-m9d$ness4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce 0 tak5 by ! ,commission f m$ical exp]ts & o!rs4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ! witnesses ma9ta9$ ! op9ion t feeble-m9d$ness arises f ! action ( defici5cy ( food1 ( ov]cr[d+1 & possibly ( drunk5ness ^u individuals ( heal?y /ra91 ^: (fspr+1 z a consequ5ce1 exhibit feeble-m9d$ness4 ,"s naturali/s1 :o h committ$ !mselves to a pi\s belief 9 :at is vaguely call$ 8! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s10 ?9k !mselves call$ ^u to support ?is op9ion1 9 consequ5ce ( a notion t _! belief w\ld be r5d]$ m reasonable ?an x is at pres5t 7 su* an orig9 ( feeble-m9d$ness demon/rat$4 ,ap>t f ! fact t x is n demon/rat$1 x is difficult to see h[1 suppos+ x 71 su* a causation c\ld be consid]$ z a transmission ( an acquir$ "*4 ,! ill-f$1 drunk5 p>5t ( a feeble-m9d$ *ild 7:5 discov]$ & exam9$7 is n f\nd to h 8acquir$0 a condition ( ! bra9 agree+ ) t ( 8 or h] feeble-m9d$ (fspr+1 ?\gh sometimes su* p>5t is f\nd to h be5 himself or h]self born ) a defective bra94 ,no !ory ( organic memory1 ( engrams1 inscripts1 or transf] ( molecul> vibrations c enable u to pres5t a plausible me*anical s*eme ( ! way 9 :i* ! acquir$ g5]al condition 7re/rict+ ourselves to :at is new & acquir$7 ( an ill-f$ p>5t c be def9itely & specifically re-embodi$ 9 8 or h] (fspr+1 z ! peculi> /ructural condition ( bra9 :i* is call$ 8feeble-m9d$ness40 ,x has n be5 %[n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 t privation 9 reg>d to ! food ( a p>5tal organism gives rise to new cong5ital qualities 9 ! reproductive g]ms :i* t organism ?r[s (f4 ,,xxx ,,dea?-,,rates ,! *ief index or measure ( ! heal? ( any locality is :at is call$ 8! dea?-rate0 ( t locality4 ,al?\gh !re are sev]al o!r important evid5ces z to ! heal?9ess or unheal?9ess ( any giv5 area1 ! 8dea?-rate0 is ! *ief & mo/ obvi\s indication ( ! advantage\s or disadvantage\s action ( ! conditions ( any giv5 city or o!r *os5 area ^u human life4 ,its records are m easily kept ) an approa* to accuracy ?an are records ( cases ( sickness n t]m9at+ 9 dea?4 ,! cause ( dea? has to be c]tifi$ 9 civilis$ communities by a m$ical man2 ! total numb] ( dea?s 9 a ye> is giv5 by ! numb] ( burial c]tificates4 ,! dea?-rate is /at$ at s _m p] ?\s& ( ! population p] annum4 ,?us1 9 a city ( #e million inhabitants1--t is to say1 #e ?\s& ?\s&s--a record ( eighty ?\s& dea?s 9 ! ye> gives #af dea?s = e ?\s& p]sons liv+4 ,t is call$ 8an annual dea?-rate ( #af40 ,! record = any s+le mon? may be /at$ 7z x is /at$ at int]vals 9 ! newspap]s7 8z at ! rate ( s _m 9 ! ?\s& p] annum10 by multiply+ ! actual mon?ly numb] p] ?\s& by #ab4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! city j cit$1 if ! dea?-rate 7 ! same 9 e mon? ( ! ye>--namely1 #af--;x w\ld mean t #fejj p]sons di$ regul>ly e mon?4 ,b we %\ld probably f9d t 9 "s mon? or o!r z few z #edag p]sons di$4 ,t w\ld be report$ 8z at ! rate (0 #ac p] ?\s& p] annum2 s9ce1 if e mon? gave only #edag dea?s1 we %\ld get #fe1jjj dea?s a ye>1 :i* works out at #ac 9 ! ?\s& 9 a population ( #e millions4 ,9 o!r mon?s x might run z high z #ai or #bj 7repres5t+ ov] #hjjj dea?s a mon?71 al?\gh1 tak+ all ! mon?s toge!r1 ! dea?s are at ! rate ( #af 9 ! ?\s& = ! ye>4 ,! bald /atem5t ( ! dea?-rate1 ( c\rse1 admits ( mu* analysis :]e prop] records are kept4 ,?us ! dea?-rate f diff]5t diseases & gr\ps ( diseases c be /at$1 & ! dea?-rate 9 ea* gr\p at diff]5t ages & = ! two sexes c be giv5 :]e prop] records are kept4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! records ( population 9 v>i\s areas & = ! :ole c\ntry1 & ( ! dea?s f v>i\s causes1 & at diff]5t ages1 are collect$ & tabulat$ by ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al & 8 (ficials4 ,! annual reports issu$ by him %[ :at an amaz+ progress has be5 made 9 increas+ ! security ( life 9 our great cities )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,?us1 9 ,london1 ! dea?-rate 01 fifty ye>s ago1 #bd 9 ! ?\s&4 ,9 #aijf x 0 only #ae4a 9 ! ?\s&--x has gradually fall51 ye> by ye>1 s t n[ x is less ?an two-?irds ( :at x 0 half a c5tury ago4 ,9 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool x 0 ab\t #bf tw5ty ye>s ago1 & has fall5 to #ai 9 ,man*e/] & to a little ov] #bj 9 ,liv]pool4 ,9 ! same p]iod ! improvem5t has be5 7omitt+ fractions7 f #ai to #ad 9 ,bri/ol2 f #bj to #af 9 ,birm+ham2 f #bj to #ad 9 ,leice/]4 ,?is great dim9ution 9 ! dea?-rate has be5 co9cid5t ) ! exp5diture ( public funds on ! improvem5t ( ! wat] supply & ! sewage arrangem5ts ( ^? cities1 z well z ) ! en=cem5t ( regulations to prev5t ov]cr[d+1 & ) ! demolition ( ! mo/ insanit>y h\ses4 ,rules z to ! removal ( fil? f ! neighb\rhood ( dwell+-h\ses h be5 obey$1 & sick p]sons suff]+ f infecti\s diseases h be5 remov$ f dwell+-h\ses & convey$ to special hospitals4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! dim9i%$ dea?-rate is due to ! action ?us tak51 & m w be done 9 ! future to ! same end4 ,! prop] provision ( pure milk 7at a reasonable price7 = ! food ( ! y\nge/ *ildr51 ( regul> meals = old] *ildr51 & ! protection ( adults f ! too frequ5t inducem5t to indulge 9 ! use ( di/ill$ spirits1 w be tak5 9 h& by ! municipalities1 & lead to a fur!r dim9ution 9 ! dea?-rate4 ,we may1 inde$1 soon h to ask :e!r1 9 a population :i* has become s mu* less subject to dim9ution by dea? ?an 0 =m]ly ! case1 !re is n too great an increase by bir?--too great1 t is to say1 = ! exi/+ means ( employm5t & food-production4 ,a mo/ s]i\s1 inde$1 an al>m+ fact1 has rec5tly come to light 9 ! /udy ( ?is "q1 namely1 t ! increase ( ! population is due 7z po9t$ out on p4 #bgi7 to ! proportionately l>g] numb] ( bir?s among/ ! poor]1 & ev5 de/itute1 sections ( ! community :o h n ! means ( tra9+ & re>+ _! *ildr5 satisfactorily1 & are !mselves likely to transmit incapacity ( "o k9d & ano!r to _! (fspr+2 :il/ ^? :o h valuable h]$it>y qualities & are prosp]\s h--x is cle>ly e/abli%$--relatively few *ildr5--&1 9 fact1 d n increase ! population4 ,:e!r ?is condition ( ?+s con/itutes a real dang]1 h[ x w ultimately "w out if left alone1 & h[ ! difficulty is to be met1 are problems = /atesm5 :i* _c be solv$ (f-h&1 b require k n only ( ! crude facts ( /ati/ics1 b also ( ! causes at "w4 ,sci5tific k--t is to say1 ?or\gh & unassailable k--( ! laws ( h]$ity1 ( psy*ology1 & ( ! natural hi/ory ( human populations1 are among ! ess5tial qualifications = ^? :o h to face & deal ) ?is difficult matt]4 ,& :o is !re :o has ?is k or is ev5 try+ to obta9 x8 ,n ! ,/ate 9 ?is c\ntry or its (ficials3 = 9 e dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t 7h[ev] capable "s ( ! subord9ates may be7 !re is a det]m9$ opposition to & fe> ( ,sci5ce on ! "p ( ! political & highly paid *iefs--! jeal\s fe> due to complete & deadly ignorance4 ,,xxxi ,,gossam] ,f9e z gossam]6 ,t[n-br$ folks nev] see x1 & d n believe 9 its exi/5ce2 !y ?9k x is a poetical figm5t1 l 8honey-dew40 ,t1 too1 is nev]!less a real ?+--a honey-l juice p\r$ out by ! little plant-lice or aphides4 ,gossam] is a v real & a mo/ beautiful ?+4 ,y may see x on ! hill-sides 9 f9e ,octob] wea!r1 :5 ! sun is bright b l[ en\gh to illum9ate ! delicate ?reads & reveal ! 8veil ( silk & silv] ?90 spread ov] ,nature's lovel9ess4 ,! innum]able ?reads gli/51 & are s f9e t !y %9e ) iridesc5t col\rs1 z d ! equally delicate soap-bubbles fabricat$ by m5 & boys1 & f ! same cause4 ,:5 ! eye gets accu/om$ to !m & traces !m--rippl+ & glimm]+ ov] acres & acres ( grass-l&--"o feels disconc]t$1 almo/ awe/ruck1 by ! revelation ( ?is va/ network ( ?reads4 ,sometimes ! g5tle curr5ts ( air break !m loose f ! h]bage1 & !y float at a high] level & envelop ! puzzl$ intrud] 9 an almo/ invisible entanglem5t ( fairy l9es4 ,sometimes !y become felt$ toge!r 9 flakes & float or re/ z incr$ibly delicate tissue1 wov5 by unse5 my/]i\s ag5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,a "y spid] 7f\r times ! natural l5g?7 rais+ its body upw>ds1 :il/ ! f\r silk ?reads 7gossam]7 spun by x float 9 ! air1 & s draw out fur!r liquid silk f ! spid]4 ,!y increase 9 l5g? to ?ree or f\r y>ds1 :5 !y float upw>ds1 c>ry+ ! spid] ) !m4 7,aft] ,mc,cook47 ,:5 ! slopes ( ! new golf c\rse at ,wimbl$on 7 cov]$ la/ autumn ) gossam]1 my fri5ds 7 ask+ :at 0 its orig91 "s boldly ass]t+ t x 0 impossible t su* a va/ acreage ( ?reads c\ld be produc$1 z o!rs ma9ta9$1 by t9y unse5 spid]s6 ,yet t is ! true hi/ory ( gossam]4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m9ute spid]s1 "y1 & ( a small k9d1 are pres5t 9 grass fields 9 autumn1 & ?r[ out ^! m>vell\sly f9e ?reads f _! little bodies 7,fig4 #dg74 ,^? :o at fir/ sight d\bt ?is orig9 ( gossam] are only 9 accordance ) _! =efa!rs4 ,! ,fr5* peasants call x fil de la ,vi]ge2 old ,engli% writ]s held x to be 8dew evaporat$40 ,a great discov]] & lead] ( sci5ce 9 8 "t1 ,rob]t ,hook1 :o 0 elect$ ) ,nehemiah ,grew z secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #afgg1 & publi%$ a wond]ful illu/rat$ book call$ ,micrographia 7see p4 #agc71 wrote ( gossam]4 ,he 0 s f> f recognis+ its true nature t he says3 8,x is n unlikely t ^? great :ite cl\ds :i* appe> all ! summ] "t may be ( ! same sub/ance40 ,yet x is n[ a simple & c]ta9 fact ( obs]vation t ! c\ntless ?reads 9 "q are ! "w ( m9ute spid]s6 ,! pretty "n 8gossam]0 has puzzl$ ! etymologi/s & l$ to "s f>-fet*$ sugge/ions4 ,t fav\r$ by ! au?ority ( ! great ,ox=d diction>y ( ! ,engli% language is t x is a corruption ( 8,g-summ]10 because gossam] appe>s 9 autumn & is associat$ ) ,/4 ,m>t9's summ]4 ,?is is l say+ t ! ^w 8cray-fi%0 ref]s to fi% t live 9 a 8cray0 or brook1 in/ead ( d]iv+ x f ! ,fr5* ^w crevisse4 ,! ,g]mans call gossam] ,somm]web54 ,b ! ,lat9 ^w = cotton is gossypium2 & !re is an ,italian ^w1 gossamp9o1 :i* occurs 9 an ,engli% =m1 gossamp9e1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & means a k9d ( silk or cotton obta9$ f ! fluffy hairs ( a plant call$ bombax4 ,we also f9d 8gossam]0 spelt 8gossamire0 9 ,engli% ( t date2 & x seems to me mo/ likely t an ,italian ^w gossamira1 signify+ 8fairy-cotton0 or 8magic goose-d[n10 is ! orig9 ( our ^w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,view ( ! l[] surface ( ! head & body ( a l>ge ,burmese spid]1 kn[n z ,liphi/ius1 to %[ ! sp9n]ets 7#c & #d71 :i* are really r$uc$ or rudim5t>y legs1 & are 9 ?is spid] reta9$ 9 _! orig9al position1 in/ead ( be+ pu%$ d[n to ! end ( ! body1 z !y are 9 all o!r spid]s 7see ,fig4 #di1 spn71 ,i4 to ,,vi41 ! basal jo9ts ( ! legs & palps ( ! head-region2 #a1 ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t2 #b1 ! second2 #c & #d1 ! legs ( ! ?ird & f\r? abdom9al segm5ts1 :i* are ! sp9n]ets2 #aa1 ! elev5? abdom9al segm5t--9 front ( x rudim5ts ( ! segm5ts #e to #aj are se52 an1 anus2 a1 b1 inn] & out] lobes ( ! fir/ pair ( sp9n]ets4 ,!re are #ejj diff]5t k9ds ( spid] c>efully describ$ z occurr+ 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & ab\t #bjjj o!rs f remot] regions4 ,precisely :i* ( !m =ms ! 8gossam]0 ( our mead[s x is difficult to say1 z all h ! habit ( secret+ a viscid fluid f "o or two pairs ( project+ sp9n+ knobs or /alks1 :i* are se5 at ! h9d] end ( ! body 7,figs4 #dh1 #di1 & #ej74 ,! viscid fluid is p\r$ out by a great numb] ( m9ute tubes1 & h>d5s at once into a ?read1 :i* is wond]fully f9e1 yet /rong4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( spid]s make use ( ^! ?reads = diff]5t purposes1 h5ce _! "n 8sp9n]s40 ,"s make burr[s 9 ! gr\nd & l9e !m ) a felt ( ^! ?reads1 o!rs enclose _! eggs 9 a case =m$ by w9d+ !m r\nd ! eggs1 o!rs =m 8sn>es0 ( ! mo/ m>vell\s me*anical +5uity ) !m1 by :i* insects are entangl$ & are !n p>alys$ by ! poison\s /ab ( ! spid]'s claws1 & h _! juices suck$ out ( !m at ! spid]'s leisure4 ,! sn>es ( spid]s are 9 "s species m]ely irregul> webs fa/5$ & susp5d$ by ?reads1 9 o!r cases !y are gracefully-modell$ funnels or cups1 :il/ a ?ird k9d1 ! disc-l webs made up ( radiat+ & circul>ly-dispos$ ?reads fix$ 9 a geometrical patt]n1 excel--9 ! me*anical precision ( _! workman%ip & ! ma/]ly treatm5t ( eng9e]+ difficulties--! con/ructions ( any o!r k9d ( animal4 ,x is among/ ?is k9d ( spid]s t ! =mation by ! sp9n+ knobs ( ?reads or l9es & _! use 9 v>i\s ways is mo/ g5]al & frequ5t4 ,! small] spid]s expel ! viscid ?read1 draw+ x out f _! bodies by _! own movem5t away f ! object to :i* x at fir/ adh]$4 ,:5 x breaks loose f t support x is c>ri$ upw>ds by air-curr5ts & drawn out f ! sp9n]s body to _m y>ds' l5g? 7,fig4 #dg74 ,x !n becomes a 8fly+-l9e10 & ! spid] may sail away on x or run up x & disappe>4 ,! celebrat$ /ory ( ! ,indian juggl]'s p]=mance--traditional & ev5 solemnly atte/$ by witnesses1 b fail+ to pass ! te/ ( photography--mu/ h be5 sugge/$ by ?is common1 yet wond]ful1 proce$+ ( small spid]s4 ,! juggl]1 /&+ 9 an op5 place1 surr\nd$ by a r+ ( spectators1 uncoils a rope1 #ej feet long1 f 8 wai/1 & hold+ "o end1 ?r[s ! o!r up into ! air4 ,! rope1 )\t any support1 rema9s /ret*$ & upright4 ,a small boy n[ ent]s ! r+ & climbs up ! rope1 draws x up aft] him1 & disappe>s ) x 9 ! upp] air6 ,t is an illusion1 b x is precisely :at ?\s&s ( small spid]s are cont9ually do+4 ,a big spid]--! well-gr[n female ( ! common g>d5 spid]1 = in/ance1 _c d ?is--h] ?read is n /rong en\gh1 & h] weight is too great4 ,b ! male ( ! same species1 :o is mu* small]1 =tunately = him1 c safely run on a hang+ l9e--& ?us c rapidly escape f ! side ( 8 mi/ress1 :o1 aft] receiv+ 8 c>esses1 has an unpleasant habit ( seiz+1 kill+1 & suck+ ! blood ( ! adv5tur\s male1 %\ld he l+] long] 9 h] company1 & fail 9 ! agility & rapidity ( 8 exit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,section ?r\gh ! body ( a spid] to %[ ! sp9n+ organs4 h1 he>t connect$ by f\r big ve9s ) b1 ! lung-bosks or air-gills2 f1 g5ital lid2 ov1 ov>y2 a1 ! anus2 spn1 ! ?ree pairs ( sp9n]ets or sp9n+ w>ts2 c1 e1 & d1 ! ?ree k9ds ( gl&s produc+ liquid silk1 viz41 cyl9drical1 tree-=m1 & pyri=m4 ,^! are "o ?\s& 9 numb] 9 ! common g>d5 spid]1 & ea* has its sep>ate sp\t or spigot /&+ up on "o ( ! sp9n]ets 7see next figure74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,"o ( ! two middle sp9n]ets ( ! common g>d5 spid] 7,epeira diadema71 to %[ ! ?ree k9ds ( sp\ts or spigots 7"o ?\s& 9 all7 correspond+ to ! ?ree k9ds ( silk-gl&s4 ,ea* k9d ( 8spigot0 p\rs out a diff]5t k9d & size ( ?read4 sp4c1 "o ( ! big spigots ( ! cyl9drical gl&s2 sp4t1 middle-siz$ spigots belong+ to ! tree-=m gl&s2 ss & s4ss1 ! small-siz$ spigots ( ! v num]\s pyri=m gl&s4 ,! ?reads ( ! g>d5 spid] 7! ,porte-croix ( ! ,fr5*1 :ite-cross spid]1 ,epeira diadema1 ,fig4 #ea7 are fix$ by a/ronom]s 9 _! telescopes = ! purpose ( giv+ f9e l9es 9 ! field ( view1 by :i* ! relative positions ( />s may be accurately measur$4 ,= a c5tury a/ronom]s desir$ to make use ( su* l9es ( ! greate/ possible f95ess1 & procur$ at fir/ silv] wire drawn out to ! extreme limit ( t5uity atta9able ) t metal4 ,!y also tri$ hairs 7#a_/ejj? ( an in* ?ick7 & ?reads ( a silk-worm's cocoon1 :i* are split into two compon5t ?reads ea* only #a_/bjjj? ( an in* ?ick4 ,b 9 #ahbj an ,engli% in/rum5t mak] nam$ ,tr\ghton introduc$ ! spid]'s l9e4 ,?is c be readily obta9$ ?ree or f\r times small] 9 bread? ?an ! silk-worm's ?read1 & has also advantages 9 its /r5g? & fre$om f twi/4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! ?read1 ! spid] is c>efully fix$ on a m9iature 8rack10 & ! ?read1 :i* at ! mom5t ( issue f ! body is a viscid liquid1 is made to adh]e to a w9d]1 by turn+ :i* ! desir$ l5g? ( firm b ela/ic ?read c be procur$4 ,x has be5 propos$ to use spid]s' silk 9 manufactures z a sub/itute = silk-worms' silk1 & pione]s h wov5 gloves1 /ock+s1 & o!r articles f x4 ,x appe>s t !re are species ( spid] 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w ^: ?read is co>s] & m suitable = ?is purpose ?an t ( any ( our ,briti% spid]s4 ,b x is e/imat$ t ! exp5se 9 fe$+ ! spid]s--:i* require insect food--w\ld make ! ?read obta9$ f !m f> too co/ly to compete ) silk-worm silk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,! common g>d5 spid]1 m correctly call$ ! :ite cross spid] 7,epeira diadema73 a female drawn a little 7"o-fif?7 l>g] ?an life4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( ! l[] animals besides spid]s h ! p[] ( produc+ ?reads4 ,! cat]pill>s ( "s mo?s are especially not$ = ?is1 s9ce _! ?read is famili> to u all z 8silk40 ,x is secret$ z a viscid fluid by a pair ( tubes op5+ at ! m\?1 & h>d5s on escape4 ,ev5 "s m>9e creatures--! mussels--produce ?reads1 9 ?is case f a gl& or sac 9 ! muscul> foot1 by means ( :i* !y fix !mselves to rocks4 ,a v big mussel--! ,p9na--call$ ,capo lungo by ! ,m$it]ranean fi%]m5 & ,capy longy at ,plym\?1 :]e !y are also f\nd1 produces a suffici5t quantity ( f9e horny ?reads to be us$ 9 weav+1 & gloves h be5 made at ,g5oa f ! %ell-fi% silk4 ,! ?reads produc$ by ! h>d5+ ( ! t5aci\s fluid exud$ by ^! v>i\s animals 7 probably simply protective 9 orig94 ,! curi\s cat]pill>-l creature ,p]ipatus spits out a viscid fluid :5 x is di/urb$1 :i* h>d5s into ?reads1 & hopelessly entangles any small enemy :i* may v5ture to attack x4 ,?reads ( a poison\s nature are ?r[n out by jelly-fi%es1 polyps1 & sea anemones1 & s]ve !m bo? z def5ce & z means ( p>alys+ & captur+ prey4 ,a lat] /age 9 ! use ( su* ?reads is _! 8felt+0 to =m a case or tube 7z 9 ! sea anemone call$ ,c]ian?us71 & s _! application has gradually develop$ to ! =mation ( egg-cases1 sn>es1 & ! wond]ful web ( ! geometric spid]1 & ! c\ntless 8fly+-l9es0 ( small] spid]s1 :i* make up ! my/]i\s ?+ we call 8gossam]40 ,z to ! limits ( ! t5uity ( ! ?reads ( gossam] !re are no direct obs]vations4 ,probably !y are (t5 z f9e z ! #a_/af1jjj? or #a_/bj1jjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! cond5sation ( a v m9ute quantity ( moi/ure on gossam] ?reads & spid]s' webs no d\bt helps to make !m m readily visible to u 9 ,octob] wea!r ?an !y are 9 full summ]1 :5 su* moi/ure w\ld n cond5se except 9 e>ly morn+ or at sunset4 ,x seems /range t man %\ld h be5 unable to produce a ?read s f9e z t ( ! spid]1 b ?is reproa* has n[ be5 remov$4 ,spun glass is easily obta9$ #a_/ajjj? ( a in* 9 diamet]2 b ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,boys1 ,f4,r4,s41 has1 by fus+ qu>tz 7rock-cry/al7 by ! oxy-hydrog5 flame1 & draw+ x out by means ( a small arr[ 7a /raw71 dis*>g$ f a b[--! ne> end ( ! arr[ be+ adh]5t to a fus$ droplet ( qu>tz :i* is held fa/--produc$ ?reads ( great /r5g? & ( extraord9>y t5uity4 ,! f95ess c be regulat$ by ! rapidity ) :i* ! draw+ is effect$4 ,! ?reads are prep>$ 7= use 9 susp5d+ sw++ b>s 9 delicate measurem5ts ( =ce7 ( a ?ickness ( #a_/aj1jjj? ( an in*4 ,"s h be5 made s f9e z to be n only invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b to be only vaguely indicat$ by ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope4 ,!y are e/imat$ to be only "o-million? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is difficult to =m any m5tal picture or conception ( ^! f9e/ qu>tz ?reads spun by ,mr4 ,boys4 ,b ! foll[+ fact helps u to realise h[ delicate !y are4 ,a gra9 ( s& j visible to ! eye--t is to say1 #a_/ajj? an in* long1 ! same 9 bread?1 & ! same 9 height--w\ld make tw5ty miles ( su* ?read4 ,,xxxii ,,! ,,jump+ ,,bean ,"o way ( ?9k+ ( ! six hundr$ ?\s& k9ds or species ( insects--^? t9y1 ubiquit\s fell[-creatures ( ours :i* inhabit ne>ly e corn] & cranny ( ! e>?'s surface--is to associate !m ) ! plants ^u :i*1 ei!r = food or protection1 ! great] numb] ( !m are dep5d5t4 ,?is makes !m appe> less ov]:elm+ 9 _! a/oni%+ &1 at fir/ sight1 mean+less v>iety1 ?an :5 "o calls !m to m9d p9n$ out 9 long l9es 9 innum]able draw]s & cases1 or assort$1 l ) l1 9 ! wond]fully accurate & int]m9able pictures ( !m produc$ by ^? pati5t b5efactors ( mank9d ! sy/ematic entomologi/s4 ,e plant ( any size has a numb] ( insects associat$ ) x1 liv+ m or less completely on its sub/ance1 or mak+ its home 9 "s "p ( ! plant4 ,"s trees are kn[n to h m ?an a hundr$ & fifty k9ds or species ( insects ?us dep5d5t on !m1 ^? :i* are veget>ian s]v+ 9 _! turn z food to a v>iety ( c>nivor\s insects4 ,! ways 9 :i* insects are associat$ ) plants may be briefly /at$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t (t51 ?\gh n always1 "o p>ticul> species ( plant1 & t only1 is capable ( s]v+ ! ne$s ( a giv5 species ( insect4 ,?us1 ! leaves ( a giv5 plant are ! necess>y food ( ! grubs ( "o or m insects :i* bite _! food2 its int]nal juices s]ve o!rs :i* suck2 its roots o!rs2 its nect> 9 ! fl[] o!rs1 :i* 9 return s]ve ! plant by c>ry+ away its poll5 & f]tilis+ ! o!r plants ( ! same species :i* !y visit4 ,protection is s\ght & obta9$ f ! same plant by insects :i* burr[ 9 its leaves1 or roll !m up1 or cut !m into slices & c>ry !m away1 or hide 9 its b>k1 or 9 ! fl[]s1 or 9 o!r p>ts--or burr[ = food & %elt] into its wood4 ,o!rs lay _! eggs 9 ! s(t buds1 produc+ or n produc+ accord+ to _! k9d di/ort$ gr[?s1 kn[n z 8galls0 7"o plant is kn[n to h z _m z ?irty species ( gall-flies :i* make use ( x74 ,o!r insects lay _! eggs 9 ! fl[]-buds & immature fruits1 or place !m on ! plant s t ! "y grubs1 :5 hat*$1 c at once eat into ^? s(t p>ts4 ,o!rs bore into ! wood or into h>d or fle%y fruits expressly to lay _! eggs1 or into ! ripe se$s4 ,c]ta9 ants live 9 *amb]s specially provid$ by ! woody p>ts ( ! plant = !m1 & b5efit bo? !mselves & ! plant by dev\r+ o!r insects :i* seek ! plant 9 ord] to dev\r x4 ,9 a museum ( natural hi/ory !re %\ld be exhibit$ at lea/ "o plant ) specim5s & enl>g$ models ( all ! insects :i* dep5d ^u x = food1 protection1 or nurs]y1 & ) accompany+ illu/rations ( ! way 9 :i* ^? purposes are s]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,on ! "r two jump+ beans2 on ! left ! cat]pill> remov$ f a jump+ bean4 ,! figures are a little l>g] ?an life-size1 z is %[n by ! l9e drawn ne> ! cat]pill> giv+ its actual l5g?4 ,! %ape ( ! 8beans10 z segm5ts ( a trip>tite sph]e1 is se54 ,"o %[s a r\nd hole1 ) a lid-l piece m>k$ a1 remov$ f ! hole4 ,?is hole did n exi/ :5 ! bean fir/ came into my possession 9 ,novemb] #aijh4 ,at t "t ! cat]pill> )9 0 active1 & ! bean or fruit-segm5t (t5 jump$4 ,9 ,april ! cat]pill> cut ?is r\nd hole f )91 leav+ ! circul> lid 9 place1 & became a *rysalis4 ,! lid 0 pu%$ out1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 by ! mo? :5 x escap$ f ! *rysalis 9 ,july4 7,drawn f nature = ?is "w47 ,a curi\s product ( ! relation%ip ( an insect & a plant is ! s-call$ 8jump+ bean10 :i* is br\ght to ?is c\ntry f ,mexico1 & may be pur*as$ 9 "s ( ! ,london %ops :i* deal 9 8miscellane\s0 articles4 ,!y h be5 kn[n = "s ye>s1 b are becom+ n[ a regul> article ( comm]ce4 ,z "o buys !m 7,fig4 #eb7 !y are segm5ts ( a globul> fruit :i* has divid$ into ?ree1 comp>able to ! famili> segm5ts ( an orange1 b less num]\s4 ,!y are ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* long1 light1 q dry1 & app>5tly holl[1 )\t any visible op5+4 ,two sides ( ! little capsule are flat1 & ! ?ird side is bulg$ & r\nd$1 s t ! capsule easily rocks :5 re/+ on t side4 ,:5 ^! dry fruits or segm5ts ( a fruit are br\ght into a w>m room or plac$ ne> a fire s z to make !m z w>m z ! h&1 !y comm5ce to rock & move ) curi\s little j]ks4 ,!y jump z mu* z "o-eigh? ( an in* f ! gr\nd1 & advance z mu* z a qu>t] ( an in* at a "t1 ?\gh by roll+ !y may progress a good deal m4 ,!y w (t5 move sev5 or eight times 9 ! same direction s z to make a progress ( a c\ple ( in*es on a flat surface1 & ,i h f\nd t if a cool surface or protection f w>m? is )9 rea* !y w 9 ! c\rse ( "t arrive at t cool area & come to re/4 ,:5 ! plate on :i* !y are plac$ becomes cool or ! temp]ature ( ! room falls to :at we %\ld call 8*illy10 !y cease to move1 b c be r\s$ aga9 by r5ew$ w>m?4 ,h[ & :y d ^! 8beans10 or1 r1 fruit-segm5ts 7= !y are n beans71 move 9 ?is det]m9$ purposeful mann]8 ,! :ole proce$+ has a my/]i\s & uncanny aspect4 ,!y h no legs1 no spr+2 !y are simple little smoo? capsules1 & yet !y jump & seem+ly 8walk0 ab\t4 ,! explanation is t !re is a grub inside ea* s-call$ 8bean40 ,cut "o ( ! beans or capsules op51 & y f9d t x is a v ?9-wall$ & holl[ case1 b coil$ on itself 9 ! cavity y op51 & ab\t half fill+ x1 is a yell[i% :ite grub 7,figs4 #eb & #ec74 ,x is n a 8maggot10 b a 8cat]pill>10 t is to say1 x is n legless1 b has eight pairs ( legs--namely1 ?ree pairs ( %ort walk+ legs 9 front1 f\r pairs ( suck]-l legs1 & a h9d] pair ( l>g] size call$ 8clasp]s40 ,x has a h>d br[n plate on its head1 & possesses h>d jaws4 ,x refuses to leave ! op5$ capsule1 & crawls back aga9 if =cibly remov$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs sp9s a silk5 cov] to replace ! piece ( 8%ell0 y h cut away4 ,mr4 ,rollo has lately succe$$ 9 gett+ ! cat]pill> to pat* up its injur$ resid5ce ) a ?9 piece ( glass1 su* z is us$ by microscopi/s1 :i* he put 9 place ( a side ( ! capsule remov$ by a knife4 ,he 0 ?us able subsequ5tly to wat* ?r\gh ! glass ! movem5ts ( ! little creature :5 x causes ! m5d$ capsule or 8bean0 to jump4 ,x re>s itself f ! l[] surface ( ! capsule1 & gives a s]ies ( %>p bl[s to ! ro(1 project+ its body ) ea* bl[1 & ?us ov]balances ! capsule1 or1 if ! flat side is ly+ d[nw>ds1 j]ks x along mu* z "o may sit ) "o's feet on ! rail ( a *air & cause x to j]k along ! floor by ! sw++ movem5ts ( ! body4 ,! cat]pill> does n die at once :5 remov$ f ! capsule2 x has be5 kept alive 9 a glass tube = a mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,! cat]pill> ( ! mo?1 ,c>pocapsa saltitans1 remov$ f ! jump+ bean3 magnifi$ ?ree diamet]s4 ,obs]ve ! jaws 7) :i* ! circul> plate is cut 9 ! bean be=e ! grub becomes a *rysalis71 eyes1 ?ree pairs ( po9t$ legs1 f\r suck] legs plac$ 9 ! middle region1 & foll[$ by ?ree segm5ts )\t legs1 & a t]m9al segm5t ) a pair ( suck]s4 7,drawn f nature = ?is "w47 ,s f> s good4 ,! next que/ions are3 ,:at ,mexican plant is x t =ms ! capsule or trip>tite fruit 9 :i* ! cat]pill> is f\nd8 ,h[ did ! cat]pill> get !re8 ,:at k9d ( an insect does x turn into1 & :58 ,i w answ] ! la/ "q fir/4 ,! cat]pill> turns into a *rysalis 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye>1 hav+ fir/ cut a p]fectly circul> r+ 9 ! %ell ( ! capsule4 ,! circul> plate ?us )9 ! r+ is n di/urb$1 & _c be obs]v$ )\t v close inspection4 ,! mak+ ( ?is p]fectly circul> cut )\t remov+ ! piece m>k$ out mu/ be effect$ by a rotation ( ! cat]pill>'s head & jaws z a c5tre-bit--an a/oni%+ p]=mance4 ,b :5 ! mo? em]ges f ! *rysalis1 a g5tle pu% is en\gh to cause ! little circul> plate to fall out1 & ! mo? creeps ?r\gh ! hole to ! out] _w4 ,! mo?1 :i* comes out ( ! *rysalis-coat1 is a v pretty little creature 7see ,fig4 #ed71 measur+ two-?irds ( an in* across ! op5$ w+s1 :i* are m>k$ ) d>k & r$di%-br[n-col\r$ b&s4 ,x is a close ally ( ! ,briti% codl+ mo?1 ! cat]pill> ( :i* eats its way into ! core ( apples1 & is famili> to all gr[]s & eat]s ( t fruit4 ,! codl+ mo? & ! ,mexican 8jump]0 belong to a gr\p ( small mo?s call$ ,tortric91 & !y are nam$ respectively ,c>pocapsa saltitans 7! "o ^: grub or cat]pill> inhabits ! 8jump+ bean07 & ,c>pocapsa pomonana1 ! codl+ mo?4 ,!re are o!r ,briti% species ( ,c>pocapsa1 ! grubs ( :i* eat into ! acorn1 ! walnut1 ! *e/nut1 & ! bee*nut--a di/9ct k9d or species = ea*4 ,none ( ^! grubs cause ! nuts !y attack to 8jump40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,! mo?1 ,c>pocapsa saltitans1 :i* escapes f ! jump+ bean or segm5t ( ! fruit ( ! ,mexican spurge1 ,seba/iana palm]i1 9 :i* its cat]pill> & *rysalis h pass$ _! lives4 ,! cross$ l9es indicate ! natural size ( ! mo?4 7,drawn f nature = ?is "w47 ,! 8jump+ bean0 ( ,mexico is a segm5t ( ! triply divid$ fruit ( a l>ge spurge1 :i* is call$ ,seba/iana palm]i4 ,! spurges are kn[n 9 ,engl& z little gre5-leav$ annuals1 ) yell[-gre5 fl[]s & a milky juice4 ,botani/s call !m ! ,euphorbiace1 & 9 t 8natural ord]0 are includ$ ! boxwood tree & "s tropical trees ( great value & importance4 ,none o!r ?an ! ,brazilian indi>ubb] tree1 ,hevea1 ( :i* we he> s mu* n[adays1 its rubb] to ! value ( #ad1jjj1jjj be+ export$ e ye> f ,brazil1 is "o ( !m4 ,s also is ! ,*9ese c&le-tree1 :i* furni%es a tall[-l fat1 made into c&les 9 ,*9a4 ,o!rs are ! croton oil & ! ca/or oil %rubs1 natives ( ,india1 & ! manihot or tapioca plant4 ,! fruits ( ,seba/iana 7! jump+ bean7 are v mu* l ^? ( ! croton2 & z !re are crotons 7?\gh n ! "o ( ! purgative oil7 9 abundance 9 ,mexico1 x has tak5 "s "t to make sure t ! 8jump+ bean0 is n ! fruit ( a croton1 b t ( ! alli$ plant ,seba/iana4 ,x appe>s t !re is no comm]cial value = ?is plant1 & t ^? capsules :i* happ5 to conta9 a grub & move are collect$ f ! gr\nd by ! native ,mexican boys & sold z curiosities4 ,! mo? 7,c>pocapsa saltitans7 lays its eggs on ! ,seba/ian %rub1 & ! "y grub1 on hat*+1 eats its way into ! "y fruit :5 ! latt] is /ill q s(t & ! se$ un=m$1 & s leaves no hole to m>k its entrance4 ,z ! fruit swells ! grub eats out ! se$ & surr\nd+ pulp ( ! segm5t ( ! fruit into :i* x ent]$ e>ly 9 life4 ,by ! "t ! fruits are dry & fall to ! gr\nd ! cat]pill> is fully gr[n4 ,( c\rse1 x is only a v few ( ! capsules :i* are ?us invad$ by a grub4 ,! "q v naturally arises1 8,:y %\ld ! cat]pill> put itself to ! great muscul> ef=t ( mak+ ! little capsule 9 :i* x is conta9$ jump & move ov] ! gr\nd80 ,x seems probable t ^! movem5ts are made 9 ord] to br+ ! capsule f an expos$ position :5 x falls on to ! gr\nd--:]e x might be cru%$ or eat5 by "s animal--into a position ( %elt]1 ei!r into a hole1 or "u "s /one or fall5 wood4 ,! w>m? ( ! sun 9 an expos$ position excites ! cat]pill> to activity1 :i* ceases :5 x has rea*$ ! %ade (f]$ by "s protect+ cranny4 ,9 ! same way ,i h appli$ artificial heat &1 alt]natively1 %elt] f heat1 s z to cause ! movem5ts or ! re/+ ( ! jump+ bean 9 a ,london sitt+-room4 ,^! ?+s & o!rs ( absorb+ int]e/ may be se5 9 ! truly wond]ful museum ( ,kew ,g>d5s1 :]e p]haps ! visitor w be dispos$ to sp5d m "t 9 cold wea!r ?an 9 ! summ]4 ,! p>k at ,kew ,g>d5s1 ) its spl5did =e/ & lakes1 & its ,italian t[]1 is "o ( ! beautiful ?+s ( ,engl&1 & x has a special quality ev5 9 ?is season ( mi/ & veil$ sun%9e4 ,i f\nd !re rec5tly1 "u ! trees1 z ,i did fifty ye>s ago1 a r>e & /range-look+ fungus1 ! ,phallus impudicus ( botani/s1--a furtive d5iz5 ( ! glades :i* 9 late spr+ are purple ) wild hyac9?s4 ,! same spot 9 ,june pres5ts )9 a few m9utes' j\rney f ! smoke & smell & noise ( ,piccadilly a p]fect sample ( :at is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ beautiful sight 9 ,nature--bright sunlight break+ ?r\gh ! "y gre5 leaves ( a =e/ on to gre5 h]bage4 ,& close by are ! azaleas6 ,,xxxiii ,,protective ,,col\r+ ,,9 ,,animals ,e "o is famili> ) "s ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ! natural col\r ( an animal helps to hide x f view4 ,gre5 cat]pill>s1 = in/ance1 are less visible :5 among ! gre5 leaves :i* !y eat ?an !y w\ld be 7 !y br[n1 blue1 r$1 yell[1 or black4 ,! little gre5 tree-frog is difficult to see :5 he is cl++ to a leaf1 because 8 col\r is ! same z t ( ! leaf4 ,s&y-br[n-col\r$ animals1 birds1 reptiles1 & bea/s ( prey1 are f\nd on ! s&s ( ! des]t2 :ite birds1 foxes1 h>es1 & be>s on ! ,arctic sn[4 ,! simil>ity ( ! col\r+ ( ^! animals to t ( ! gr\nd on :i* !y live results 9 _! escap+ ! obs]vation ( man's eye1 & we are entitl$ to believe t !y escape = ! same reason ! obs]vation ( o!r animals4 ,!y are ?us 9 _m cases protect$ f ! attacks ( enemies se>*+ = !m z prey1 or 9 o!r cases !y may !mselves be enabl$ ! m easily 9 consequ5ce ( _! conceal+ col\r to creep ^u o!r animals & seize !m z food4 ,"s ( ! simpl] cases ( ?is resemblance betwe5 an animal & its surr\nd+s are easy to obs]ve1 & ! value ( ! resemblance z protection1 or z a means ( secret attack1 is pla9 en\gh4 ,b !re are f> m num]\s cases 9 :i* ! significance ( col\r z concealm5t1 is n s imm$iately obvi\s4 ,!re are ! curi\s /ick insects1 ) long bodies & delicate long legs1 sometimes ) bud-l knobs on ! body :i* look l bits ( ! bran*es ( trees1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( _! col\r1 b on acc\nt ( _! %ape4 ,%ape or modell+ has a great deal to d ) ! effective concealm5t ( an animal4 ,!n1 too1 !re is ! curi\s fact t "s insects 7& also "s birds7 :5 at re/ on ! /ems ( trees1 are practically invisible1 b if !y spread _! w+s are conspicu\s4 ,! bee*-leaf butt]fly ( ,assam & ,africa is ( a purple col\r1 m>k$ ) a great orange-col\r$ b> on ea* =e-w+ :5 ! w+s are op51 & x is obvi\s en\gh4 ,b :5 ! w+s are clos$ & ! insect is at re/1 ! und]sides only are se51 & are col\r$ s z to repres5t ! ve9+ & fungus m>ks ( a dry br[n leaf1 s t n ev5 a human obs]v]1 let alone a bird or a liz>d1 c di/+ui% at two-feet di/ance ! butt]fly f dri$ leaves plac$ ne> x4 ,a well-kn[n little mo?1 ) pale gre5 mottl$ w+s1 is ! only case 9 :i* ,i h myself wat*$ ! protection af=d$ by col\r at "w4 ,x 0 on a summ]'s ev5+1 :5 ,i saw ?is little mo? zigzagg+ up & d[n ) ! mo/ extraord9>ily irregul> flight1 & a bird pursu+ x4 ,twice ! bird swoop$ & j miss$ 8 prey ow+ to a sudd5 turn & drop on ! "p ( ! mo?4 ,& !n to my great delight ! mo? flopp$ aga9/ ! /em ( a tree on :i* 0 gr[+ a gre5i%-grey li*54 ,! bird swoop$ aga9 close to ! tree1 b fail$ to see ! insect1 & quitt$ ! *ase4 ,x took me an appreciable "t to detect ! little mo? re/+ aga9/ ! li*51 & closely mat*+ x 9 col\r4 ,!re are endless examples kn[n ( su* 8protective resemblances10 "s ( !m 7su* z t ( ! buff-tip mo?1 :i*1 ) its w+s clos$1 looks l a brok5 bir* twig7 be+ mo/ unexpect$ & fasc9at+4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ,madagasc>1 ! :iti%-grey tree li*5s are imitat$ by ?read-l gr[?s on beetles1 tree-bugs1 locu/s1 & ev5 liz>ds1 ) a wond]ful conceal+ effect1 & "s o!r flat membrane-l insects are s mu* l ! gre5i% & yell[i% b>k ( trees1 t we actually lo/ a specim5 = "s "t 9 ! case labell$ 8,mimicry10 9 :i* a s]ies ( ^! ?+s 0 arrang$ by me = ! edification ( visitors to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,x 0 f\nd1 aft] a day or two1 to h be5 pres5t all ! "t ) o!r specim5s on a piece ( b>k1 f :i* x 0 indi/+ui%able4 ,"s eight ye>s ago a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican pa9t]1 ,mr4 ,abbott ,?ay]1 0 able to add v importantly to our k ( ! ways 9 :i* col\r s]ves to conceal animals :5 9 _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,mr4 ,?ay] 0 able to d ?is ow+ to ! fact t he 0 a devot$ /ud5t ( woodl& life4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 alone 0 n en\gh4 ,mr4 ,?ay] _h ! special ability to deal ) ?is subject :i* comes f ! tra9$ eye ( an arti/4 ,he _h1 above all1 ! k ( 8tone values0 & ( ! illusive & delusive effects ( false %ad+ & ( col\r-spots & b>s1 & ( complem5t>y col\rs & 8irradiation0--:i* only a pa9t] :o deals e day 9 ! mo/ practical way ) ^! matt]s c atta9 to4 ,mr4 ,?ay] %[$ eight ye>s ago--& demon/rat$ conclusively by means ( models1 "o ( :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at my reque/--t 9 v _m cases x is ( no use = an animal to be ( ! same col\r z its surr\nd+s1 s9ce if ! animal 7a bird1 or a quadrup$1 or a fi%7 is ( plump & r\nd$ %ape & is obs]v$ "u ! op5 canopy ( heav51 a deep %ad[ w exi/ on its l[] surface & make x z obvi\s z a %ad$ *>coal draw+ on a piece ( light-br[n pap]4 ,b if ! back ( ! animal is ( a d>k t9t & its belly :ite or :iti%1 !n ! effect ( light & %ade is 7,mr4 ,?ay] %[$7 completely c\nt]act$ & ! animal becomes totally invisible 9 its natural surr\nd+s4 ,mr4 ,?ay]'s model demon/rat+ ?is consi/s ( two life-size wood5 models ( ducks seat$ on a /ick--"o to ! left1 ! o!r to ! "r4 ,! /ick1 ) ! two models on x1 is fix$ horizontally 9 a box1 :i* is op5 above 7t is1 has no lid7 & is also op5 9 front4 ,! box is1 9 fact1 a little /age1 lit f above by ! light ( ! sky1 & its ?ree rema9+ sides are suffici5tly high to =m a complete backgr\nd to ! model ducks1 ^: p]* runs across ! 8sc5e0 at "s #g 94 or #h 94 f ! floor ( ! box4 ,! box itself is l9$ ) a pale purpli%-br[n flannel1 & ea* bird is tightly cov]$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,:5 s prep>$ ! box is plac$ on a table "u a skylight 7:]e x is to /ay71 ! table be+ high en\gh to br+ ! ducks j bel[ ! l9e ( sight4 ,( c\rse1 deep %ad[s are =m$ by ! top-light on ! "u side ( ! beak1 head1 & body ( ! models1 & 9 spite ( _! col\r be+ itself id5tical ) t ( ! walls ( ! box1 !y are z obvi\s z x is possible = any?+ to be4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,?ay] takes 8 pa9ts & v c>efully d>k5s ! back ( "o ( ! ducks & :it5s its belly & ! "u side ( its head & beak4 ,! light & d>k regions m]ge into "o ano!r along ! side ( ! bird by skilful gradation4 ,:5 ?is %ad+ & :it5+ is f9i%$ 7&1 ( c\rse1 ! p]fection ( ! result dep5ds on ! cont9uance ( ! "r am\nt ( sunlight1 :i* is n a ?+ "o c always ensure 9 a ,london museum7 ! duck-model s treat$ is absolutely invisible at a di/ance ( #aj ft4 or #ae ft4--& ev5 :5 "o is ne>] escapes notice--look+ l a haze or vague %ad[ ( a bird ev5 to an obs]v] :o kn[s nev]!less t x is !re & is really z solid & l>ge z ! untreat$ model by its side4 ,if n[ "s "o /ret*es out 8 h& s z to cut (f ! top-light fall+ on ! pa9t$ model1 x imm$iately becomes z solid to ! eye z ! untreat$ "o1 & :5 ! h& is )drawn x melts away aga9 l ,banquo's gho/4 ,! models made by ,mr4 ,?ay] 71 s long z ,i 0 director1 exhibit$ 9 ! small room betwe5 ! fi% gall]y & ! c5tral hall ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 &1 if !y h n yet be5 remov$1 are well wor? a visit4 ,mr4 ,?ay]'s models "w p]fectly1 & a/oni% e "o :o sees !m4 ,! great po9t ( int]e/ ab\t !m1 h[ev]1 is1 t ! bird ) d>k back & light belly is really 9 ! condition :i* is q common 9 a numb] ( birds1 especially ducks & wad+ birds1 :]e x mu/ act z a means ( conceal+ ! bird--j z x does 9 ! pa9t$ model4 ,( c\rse1 !re are va/ numb]s ( birds n s %ad$1 b x is possible to expla9 ! d>k] & light] col\r+1 9 v>i\s arrangem5ts se5 9 birds1 z help+ to produce concealm5t or disappe>ance f view1 :5 ! habits & natural surr\nd+s ( ! bird are kn[n4 ,s1 too1 ) _m hairy quadrup$s 7mammals1 or 8animals10 or 8bea/s10 z !y are (t5 call$74 ,! :ite hair "u ! tail & ab\t ! rump1 helps a runn+ animal to escape ! vision ( its pursu]--bl5d+1 z ,mr4 ,?ay] %[s t x does--) ! :ite col\r ( ! sky-l9e4 ,9 ! case ( fi%--especially fre%-wat] fi%--! d>k back & light belly are v common1 & al?\gh !y d n help to conceal ! fi% :5 se5 f above1 swimm+ ov] a light-col\r$ riv]-b$1 yet :5 look$ at by o!r fi%es or by ott]s 9 ! wat]1 ! effect ( ! light f above on ?is disposition ( d>k & light t9ts on ! fi%'s body mu/ be ! same z t demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,?ay]'s 8disappe>+ duck10 & mu/ (t5 r5d] ! fi% absolutely invisible1 ev5 at close qu>t]s4 ,mr4 ,?ay] has pursu$ ?is subject dur+ ! pa/ sev5 ye>s1 & la/ autumn he gave "s int]e/+ demon/rations 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 ,london4 ,he %[$ a model ( a :ite egret1 :i* 0 b little noticeable :5 /&+ up cle> aga9/ a bright1 :ite-cl\d$ sky4 ,! long plumes on ! w+s1 develop$ 9 ! bre$+ season1 7 %[n 7by putt+ !m on & tak+ !m (f7 to assi/ 9 caus+ invisibility1 s9ce !y made ! side ( ! body flat & conceal$ ! %ad[ on its r\nd$ und]side4 ,a simil> bird-model m>k$ ) /rong black on ! neck & legs--! re/ be+ :ite--refus$ 7s to speak7 to %ape itself z a bird at all1 & look$ at a di/ance ( tw5ty y>ds l a bit ( rock or /ump ( wood ) a twig & dead leaf atta*$4 ,! effect ( diff]5t tones ( br[n c>dbo>d cut into ! =m ( a butt]fly1 :5 se5 on diff]5t backgr\nds1 0 %[n2 b ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 made ) a black-gre5 piece ( clo? cut to ! %ape ( a butt]fly & fa/5$ on to a %eet ( dead-black clo? 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! pres5ce ( :ite cl\d light ( mod]ate brilliancy4 ,at five y>ds "o c\ld see ! outl9e ( ! d>k-gre5 butt]fly-%ap$ piece2 at fifte5 y>ds "o c\ld j di/+ui% ! edge sep>at+ ! d>k-gre5 piece f ! black clo?4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,?ay] /uck 9 ! middle ( ! d>k-gre5 butt]fly-w+ a small circle ( pure :ite 7ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* across74 ,! effect 0 entirely to oblit]ate ! previ\sly visible edge2 "o c\ld no long] see ! d>k-gre5 area at all--"o only saw a :ite spot on a cont9u\s d>k gr\nd1 ! d>k-gre5 & ! black 7 m]g$ into "o4 ,t is no d\bt due to ! p[]ful /imulation ( ! s5sitive 8ret9a0 ( ! eye by ! :ite light ( ! spot2 ! feeble /imulation by ! d>k-gre5 & black1 ?\gh ^! rema9 physically z di/9ct f "o ano!r z be=e1 ceases to affect ! bra91 :i* is1 z x 71 entirely occupi$ ) ! /rong :ite spot4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?ay]1 is ! value to butt]flies & o!r animals ( a viol5tly contra/$ :ite spot or b& on a d>k g5]al col\r+4 ,! fr+e ( :ite dots & connect$ :ite flakes ne>] ! c5tre ( ! w+--common on ! w+s ( butt]flies--has1 simil>ly1 ! result ( r5d]+ ! w+-outl9e imp]ceptible & ! butt]fly invisible4 ,_m su* relations ( col\r spots & b&s1 z well z ( d>k & light m>k+s1 h be5 elucidat$ by ,mr4 ,?ay]1 & w be illu/rat$ by col\r$ draw+s 9 ! book :i* he is prep>+ on ! subject4 ,:ile x is ! fact t ,mr4 ,?ay] has ?r[n new light on ! col\r-protection & invisibility ( animals1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are o!r explanations ( c]ta9 cases ( brilliant col\r+ 9 animals besides t :i* he has s well illu/rat$4 8,w>n+0 col\rs1 recognition m>ks1 & sexually attractive col\r+ all c]ta9ly & demon/rably exi/ 9 well-kn[n & well-/udi$ k9ds ( animals4 ,x is v possible t "s ( ^! col\r-m>k+s h be5 produc$ by a slight *ange 9 :at 7 previ\sly 8conceal+0 patt]ns or col\r-m>k+s4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! human obs]v] is to reg>d any col\r1 spot1 or patt]n on a bird1 fi%1 bea/1 or insect z a 8m>k0 or di/+ui%+ 8sign40 ,we exam9e ^! ?+s at close qu>t]s1 & d n1 unless we reflect a good deal on ! matt] & exp]im5t ) ! object1 realise t :at is a m>k ( di/9ction or recognition :5 se5 at a few in*es' di/ance may be an illusive & obscur+ col\r-s*eme :5 se5 at a di/ance ( "s feet1 & 9 natural & habitual surr\nd+s4 ,x is n unlikely t we %all arrive at def9ite k ( ! psy*ological 8sight int]pretations0 ( animals by a fur!r /udy ( ?is subject4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t ! ret9al picture produc$ 9 an animal's eye by c]ta9 spots ( col\r1 %ade1 & light exhibit$ by ano!r animal1 are n int]pret$ by ! receptive animal 9 ! same way z !y w\ld be by a scrut9is+1 inquir+1 reason+ man1 ev5 "o :o is :at we call a 8savage40 ,moreov]1 ?\gh _m ,engli% naturali/s h travell$ & se5 8life & light0 9 ! sunny regions ( ! e>?1 !re are few /ud5ts ( ! col\r-m>k+s ( animals 9 our museums1 especially 9 great cities1 :o h adequate exp]i5ce ( :at col\r-m>k+s really c effect 9 ! way ( concealm5t & illusion :5 light & surr\nd+ objects are z !y are1 9 ! tropics or sub-tropical regions4 ,x is a fa%ion n[adays 9 ! be/-provid$ museums ( natural hi/ory to exhibit /uff$ bea/s1 birds1 & insects 9 :at are call$ 8_! natural surr\nd+s40 ,! fatal objection to su* exhibitions is t 7 ! bea/s1 birds1 & insects plac$ 9 _! mo/ usual 8natural surr\nd+s10 !y w\ld be invisible6 ,x is ! m]it ( ,mr4 ,?ay] to h drawn att5tion to ^! consid]ations1 & to h c>ri$ out "s int]e/+ demon/rations ( ! m frequ5t significance ( col\r-m>k+s z means ( concealm5t & illusion ?an _h be5 recognis$ be=e 8 "w4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n possible to consid] ! yell[ & black liv]y ( wasps1 ( c]ta9 evil-ta/+ grubs1 & ( poison\s salam&]s z any?+ b a 8dang]-flag10 a w>n+ to o!r animals t ! yell[ & black animal _h bett] n be bitt5 & ta/$4 ,s ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( animals :o h bitt5 yell[ & black creatures is appeal$ to1 & ensures ! safety ( ! yell[ & black g5try f t5tative bites :i* w\ld kill !m4 ,o!r recognition m>ks by :i* ill-ta/+1 nause\s butt]flies are di/+ui%$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y escape attack1 &1 n only t1 b are 8mimick$0 7z ! yell[ & black poison\s wasp is mimick$ by "s innocu\s flies :i* ?us escape attack7 by o!r pleasant-ta/+ butt]flies :i* fly ) !m1 are consid]$ by ,mr4 ,?ay] to be wrongly int]pret$ z recognition or 8w>n+0 m>ks4 ,he %[s1 ) m or less success1 t ! m>k+s ( ! butt]flies kn[n z ,heliconi are effective z concealm5t1 & is !re=e incl9$ to d5y _! value z 8w>n+0 m>ks1 s]v+ to indicate a noxi\s qu>ry be/ left unta/$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q possible t :at are 8concealm5t m>k+s0 :5 view$ by an aggressive bird or liz>d at a di/ance1 may be recognis$ z 8w>n+ m>ks0 :5 se5 by ! same obs]v]s at close qu>t]s1 & x is also possible t ! latt] may h become ! m important or only important result ( ! col\r m>ks ( a giv5 butt]fly :i* 7 once useful z 8concealm5t40 ,! possible *ange ( significance ( col\r spots & m>k+s 9 wild animals may be illu/rat$ by ! effect on human be+s ( ! burgl>'s crpe mask4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t probably ! mo/ prom95t result ( ! appe>ance 9 a h\se full ( p 9 ! dead ( night ( a man ) a crpe mask ov] 8 face w\ld be t]ror to ^? :o saw him4 ,! mask w\ld be int]pret$ z a 8m>k0 or 8sign0 ( evil1 n to say viol5t int5tions on ! "p ( ! mask$ man4 ,x w\ld be a 8w>n+ col\r10 & mo/ una?letic individuals w\ld sev]ely avoid x2 9 fact1 retire f x 9 al>m4 ,b actually1 ! burgl>'s mask--z possibly "s noxi\s insects' di/9ctive m>k+s--0 n inv5t$ = ! purpose ( caus+ al>m4 ,f> f x6 ,! burgl>1 or nocturnal malefactor1 dons 8 crpe mask 9 ord] to cov] ! :ite glitt] ( 8 face1 & s to escape obs]vation4 ,9 orig9 x is a protective coloration lead+ to invisibility1 & only second>ily has x become a 8w>n+ col\r0 or 8m>k0 at close qu>t]s4 ,!re w be mu* m asc]ta9$1 & mu* in/ructive discussion z to ! col\rs & m>k+s ( n only animals1 b also ( fl[]s & foliage1 be=e ?is wond]ful subject is ?ra%$ out4 ,i h only be5 able "h to indicate its outl9es4 ,,xxxiv ,,hop-,,blight ,hops h = _m ye>s n[ be5 a v unc]ta9 inve/m5t = ^? :o1 9 ,engl&1 devote capital to ! gr[+1 dry+1 & m>ket+ ( ?is crop4 ,9 "s ye>s a =tune may be made1 9 "s ye>s a dead loss1 9 _m a b>e return ( exp5diture4 ,h5ce1 x is n surpris+ t ,engli% hop-gr[]s %\ld wi% = legislation :i* %all make _! bus9ess m secure by tax+ ! hops produc$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 & import$ by our brew]s4 ,! :ole subject ( 8hops0 is a v complicat$ "o4 ,x is ! fact t e plant & animal cultivat$ by civilis$ man has l$ to ! accumulation ( an a/oni%+ am\nt ( detail$ k & exp]i5ce 9 ea* case1 & t !re are increas+ difficulties & surprises 9 reg>d to v>ieties1 & ! competition ( new supplies br\ght f all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,new areas ( cultivation1 new me?ods ( transport1 new fa%ion & ta/e cont9ually di/urb1 & ev5 de/roy1 old-e/abli%$ indu/ries4 ,x is = /atesm5 to consid] h[ f> ! remorseless curr5t ( un=ese5 *anges %\ld be *eck$ & manipulat$1 s z to prev5t disa/] 9 ! old-e/abli%$ & fl\ri%+ indu/ries ( ! c\ntryside4 ,! hop 7call$ ,humulus lupulus by botani/s7 is a native ( ?is c\ntry1 & ( ! m temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans nev] made 8be]10 & 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! hop4 ,m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,g]man & ,sc&9avian peoples made use ( v>i\s fragrant h]bs 7sweet gale1 b>k ( tam>isk & oak7 to flav\r ! sweet be] :i* !y brew$ f malt$ gra91 j z borage1 cucumb]1 & o!r plants are /ill us$ to flav\r 8cups40 ,wild hops 7 us$1 among/ o!r h]bs1 = ?is purpose1 & gradually--b only gradually--became ! fav\rite s\rce ( flav\r4 ,! hop owes its selection n m]ely to its bitt] tonic quality1 b also to its wond]ful & mo/ delicate p]fume4 ,n only t1 b ! hop is f\nd to be effective 9 *eck+ cont9u$ f]m5tation & s\r+--& also to h a n>cotic sleep-produc+ quality1 = :i* x is /ill us$ m$ic9ally4 ,di/9ct *emical comp\nds are f\nd 9 hops to :i* ^! sev]al prop]ties are due4 ,a w>m 8hop-pill[0--a pill[ /uff$ ) dri$ hop-fl[]s--has giv51 & /ill gives1 sleep to _m a wakeful c\ntryman4 ,! old] use ( o!r fragrant plants 9 ! mak+ ( be] survives 9 "s =eign be]s1 su* z ! ,norwegian ale1 ! be] ( ,l\va91 & ! 8gre50 spruce-be] ( ,j5a4 ,hops 7 fir/ cultivat$ ) a view to obta9+ v>ieties :i* w\ld furni% abundant & l>ge1 well-flav\r$ fl[]-heads4 ,! fl[]-heads are 8cones10 consi/+ ( num]\s m9ute fl[]s1 protect$ by ov]lapp+ gre5-col\r$ scales or bracts4 ,! cultivat$ hop 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 & ! cultivation ( hops 9 hop-g>d5s & ! skilful dry+ ( ! fl[]-heads 9 l>ge bulk 0 comm5c$1 & regulat$ by law4 ,! male or poll5-produc+ hop-v9e is di/9ct f ! female se$-be>+ hop-v9e2 x is ! female fl[]-cone :i* c>ries ! valuable fragrant & res9\s products :i* ! brew] desires4 ,hops are artificially propagat$ by root-cutt+s1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! hop-gr[] f9ds t x is n desirable to all[ ! female fl[]s to be f]tilis$1 s9ce1 al?\gh ! hops weigh m aft] ! sett+ ( ! se$1 ! valuable extractive sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! fl[] are dim9i%$1 us$ up 9 ! gr[? ( ! se$4 ,h5ce1 (t5 only "o male hop-v9e to e #bjj female hop-v9es is all[$ 9 a hop-g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,e>ly w+$ female hop-l\se1 produc$ vivip>\sly by ! fir/ g5]ation ( daught]s ( ! 8,f\ndress10 ,fig4 #eh4 ,^! w+$ females migrate f ! plum tree1 :]e !y 7 born1 to ! hop-v9es by aid ( _! w+s1 & produce vivip>\sly ! =m drawn 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,male hop-l\se1 n appe>+ until late autumn4 ,x does n foll[ because a plant is a native ( a giv5 c\ntry t x c be easily cultivat$ any:]e 9 t c\ntry1 or t its f9e/ cultivat$ v>ieties w be h>dy4 ,only a few limit$ t]ritories 7ow+ to ! nature ( ! soil1 climate1 & exposure7 9 ,g]many 7*iefly 9 ,bav>ia71 & 9 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 ,worce/]%ire1 & ,h]e=d%ire1 seem to be really fav\rable to hop-gr[+ 9 ,europe4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h ( late ye>s prov$ a v successful gr\nd1 al?\gh hops 7 introduc$ f ,europe & fir/ cultivat$ ) consid]able success 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,! same dang]s & tr\bles att5d ! hop-crop 9 all ^! regions4 ,^! are blight1 r$-spid]1 mildew & m\ld1 besides sev]al less important insect pe/s4 ,! hop-blight1 or 8black-blight10 is a plant-l\se or aphis 7,fig4 #ee7 l ! rose-aphis1 & does great & increas+ damage to ! hop-crop 9 ,engl&1 de/roy+ ! "y & t5d] %oots 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july4 ,9 #ahhb ! hop-crop 0 r$uc$ f #dei1jjj cwt4 7( ! prec$+ ye>7 to #aae1jjj cwt4 by ?is insect1 & ! wages paid = hop-pick+ f #cej1jjj to #aej1jjj4 ,^! figures give an idea bo? ( ! damage done by blight & ( ! am\nt & value ( ! annual crop1 = ! m]e pick+ ( :i* s l>ge a paym5t is made4 ,r$-spid] is a small mite or ac>id :i* has done a good deal ( damage 9 ,k5t4 ,b mildew & m\ld are m s]i\s4 ,^! are due to a delicate1 ?read-l k9d ( fungus1 :i* spreads on ! leaf4 ,_m k9ds are kn[n 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w & on v>i\s plants4 ,!y may gr[ on "o k9d ( plant )\t do+ injury to x1 b if !y get on to ano!r1 cause deadly de/ruction ( ! foliage4 ,x 0 an o!rwise h>mless m\ld1 or leaf-fungus1 :i* de/roy$ ! c(fee plantations ( ,ceylon4 ,x _h liv$ 9 ! ,ceylon =e/s on o!r plants )\t attract+ notice2 b :5 ! c(fee tree 0 introduc$ & cultivat$ 9 l>ge areas1 ?is little fungus seiz$ on x1 grew ) t]rible activity1 & receiv$ ! "n 8va/atrix0 f ! botani/s :o trac$ its hi/ory1 & %[$ t x 0 ! de/roy] ( ! c(fee plantations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,ord9>y w+less female hop-l\se1 multiply+ p>!nog5etically ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,hop-gr[]s are con/antly cont5d+ ) ^! pe/s 9 ! same way z o!r gr[]s ( crops h to cont5d ) simil> pe/s1 b ! hop-gr[]s h ! m difficult & delicate 8pati5t0 to /e] ?r\gh its diseases4 ,! f9e/ k9ds ( hops are n robu/2 x is a *ance :e!r or no !y w suff] f a wet & cold season1 or o!r irregul>ity ( climate1 to su* a degree z to fall ready victims to blight & mildew4 ,yet !y pay bett]1 provid$ ! season is fav\rable1 & s ! gr[] risks plant+ ! f9e1 delicate v>iety in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) ! m c]ta9 b small] pr(its yield$ by a m robu/ v>iety ( hop4 ,! hop-lice1 or blight insects1 are de/roy$ by wa%+ ) s(t soap & quassia--a process requir+1 ev5 :5 a ma*9e is us$1 a good deal ( c>e & lab\r4 ,mildew & m\ld are de/roy$ & also prev5t$ by du/+ ! hop-v9es 9 hot summ] wea!r ) f9ely p[d]$ sulphur4 ,b bo? diseases c be combat$ by keep+ ! s\rce ( infection away f ! hop-g>d54 ,! m\ld-fungus c be *eck$ by burn+ all leaves & plants attack$ by x )9 ! hop-g>d54 ,if ! infect$ leaves are left to rot !y c>ry on ! p>asitic fungus to a new season4 ,an int]e/+ fact has be5 discov]$ ab\t ! hop-blight aphis 7call$ by zoologi/s ,phorodon humuli74 ,x appe>s t ! w9t] brood ( ?is little insect 7:5 ! hop-v9e has di$ d[n7 deposit _! eggs on ! b>k ( ! sloe 7! wild plum71 & also t any cultivat$ plum trees s]ve !m = ! same purpose4 ,:5 ! hop is dead !y mu/ ( necessity get n\ri%m5t & %elt] f ! plum tree4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 if y c keep all plum trees at a di/ance ( half a mile f y\r hop-g>d5 y w r5d] x v difficult1 if n impossible1 = ! blight aphis to c>ry on f season to season4 ,x w r>ely1 if ev]1 travel half a mile1 & n 9 any numb]4 ,b hop-gr[]s h n always ! control ( ! cultivation = half a mile ar\nd _! hop-fields1 ?\gh l>ge gr[]s %\ld be able to acquire x4 ,! skilful gr[] ev5 f9ds x useful to leave "o or two plum trees 9 ! hop-field1 s z to attract ! w9t] brood ( ! blight aphis to !m1 & !n he falls ^u ! deva/at+ b m9ute rascals ) quassia & o!r poisons1 & ensures _! de/ruction4 ,! increase ( plum or*>ds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( hop-g>d5s is probably a *ief cause ( ! increas$ loss by hop-blight ( late ye>s 9 ,k5t4 ,! hop-l\se has o!r enemies besides ! gr[]4 ,^! are ! lady-birds 7less prettily call$ 8lady-bugs071 :i* fe$ gre$ily on ! p>asites1 s t :5 ! hop-gr[] sees pl5ty ( !m on a hop-v9e he does n tr\ble to wa% x4 ,& !re are o!r pr$ace\s insects :i* t5d to keep ! hop-lice d[n4 ,cultivation & excessive production h result$ 9 putt+1 z x 71 too heavy a task ^u ! natural enemies ( ! pe/1 :il/ ! m delicate b valuable v>ieties ( hop _c )/& ! attacks ( blight1 :i* less valuable v>ieties w\ld tol]ate )\t fatal injury4 ,ano!r complicat$ & difficult problem = ! hop-gr[] is ! 8cur+0 ( ! hops :5 ga!r$4 ,he has to arrange to gr[ a numb] ( v>ieties :i* w n be all ready = pick+ at ! same mom5t1 s t ! hop-pick]s may be employ$ = "s six weeks1 & ga!r ea* k9d at ! exact "t ( rip5ess4 ,!n ! ga!r$ hops h to be 8dri$0 & 8cur$40 ,9 ,g]many 7:]e ! highe/-pric$ hops are produc$7 small cultivators dry !m 9 ! sun1 & !y are 8cur$0 by ! pur*as]1 b 9 ,engl& !y are dri$ 9 kilns 7call$ 8oa/s0 9 ,k5t7 ne> ! hop-gr\nds4 ,!y are cur$ ) sulphur fumes on ! spot z soon z dri$4 ,! object ( ! dry+ & cur+ is quickly to get rid ( ! wat]1 :i* =ms #ge p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! gre5 fl[]-heads1 b is r$uc$ by dry+ to #aj p] c5t41 & to de/roy ! 8m\ld0 7fungus7 :i* may be pres5t1 & to keep ! hops free f new access ( m\ld by ! slight deposit ( sulphur fumes on _! surface4 ,! dry+ & fumigat+ require a great deal ( skill1 & a f9e crop may be injur$ or ev5 r5d]$ wor?less by want ( c>e1 rapidity1 & judgm5t 9 treat+ ! fre%ly ga!r$ fl[]-cones4 ,x is said t x takes ye>s to acquire ! art1 & t skill$ hop-cur]s are m difficult to obta9 ?an =m]ly4 ,! natural difficulties & fluctuations ) :i* ! ,engli% hop-gr[] has to cont5d are made f> m s]i\s by ! fact t he does n "k :at w be ! yield ( ! ,am]ican & ,g]man hop-plantations1 & s _c prep>e be=eh& = ! dem&s ( ! m>ket4 ,x appe>s t ice-/orage is n[ be+ made use ( 9 "s di/ricts to hold ov] any excess ( produce ( p>ticul> k9ds ( hop beyond ! special dem& = ^? k9ds4 ,b a =midable s\rce ( tr\ble exi/s 7&1 x appe>s1 mu/ always exi/7 9 ! enorm\s *anges & expansion ( ! brew+ indu/ry 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,x is actually ! case t !re has be5 a greatly increas$ & un=ese5 dem& = hops ( less highly develop$ aroma1 = ! purpose ( brew+ light ales ) little ( ! p]fume giv5 by ! f9e/ & hi!rto mo/ highly pric$ hops4 ,s t1 hav+ exp5d$ skill & money to produce ! f9e/ hops1 & hav+ be5 fav\r$ by ! wea!r1 a gr[] may f9d t 8 pa9s h be5 ?r[n away1 & t !re is a sudd5 fall+-(f 9 ! dem& = ! beautiful high-pric$ crop :i* he has ga!r$ 94 ,!re is no rem$y = ^! _w-wide fluctuations 9 ! m>ket1 & ! only way 9 :i* ! gr[] c protect himself is by comb9+ ) o!rs to procure in=mation f e "p ( ! _w z to ! probable production & ! probable dem& ( ! v>i\s qualities ( hops a ye> or m 9 advance ( 8 plant+4 ,m has be5 done 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,g]many 9 ?is way ?an 9 ,engl&1 & x is probable t ! future success or failure ( hop-gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry dep5ds m on ! possibility ( obta9+ correct in=mation 9 reg>d to ! t5d5cies ( production 9 all hop-gr[+ c\ntries1 & 9 reg>d to ! dem& 9 all ! brew+ indu/ries ( ! _w1 ?an on any?+ else4 ,?is brief sket* ( ! hop-gr[+ indu/ry is suffici5t to %[ :at a v difficult problem is be=e ^? :o desire to take legislative measures = ! pres]vation ( ! old indu/ry ( ! hop-g>d5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b x mu/ n be at once assum$1 because ! case is a difficult & complicat$ "o1 t no?+ c be done1 & t ! beautiful hop-v9es & ! f9e/ hops are necess>ily to be bani%$ f ! ,engli% soil4 ,,xxxv ,,gre5-,,flies1 ,,plant-,,lice1 ,,& ,,p>!nog5esis ,! m9ute 8gre5-flies0 :i* attack all k9ds ( plants1 & among :i* are rank$ ! hop-l\se or hop-blight1 ! rose aphis or gre5-fly ( rose trees1 ! woolly blight or aphis ( apple trees & pe> trees1 & ! t]rible v9e-kill]--! ,phyllox]a va/atrix--=m a special gr\p ( bug-l insects kn[n z ! ,aphides4 ,!y h s(t cyl9drical bodies1 six legs1 sometimes two pairs ( transp>5t w+s1 sometimes none1 & a %>p beak 79 "s k9ds ?is is "o & a half times z long z ! body71 ) :i* !y prick ! s(t p>ts ( plants1 :5 !y suck up ! juices :i* issue f ! w\nd 7,fig4 #ei74 ,!re is 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! _w a special k9d ( aphis or plant-l\se peculi> to ea* ( _m k9ds ( fl[]+ plants1 includ+ mo/ trees4 ,a v complete1 illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! k9ds or species ( ,briti% aphides1 am\nt+ to "s two hundr$1 0 produc$ by ! late ,mr4 ,buckton1 ,f4,r4,s41 & publi%$ by ! ,ray ,society4 ,!re are _m facts ( extraord9>y int]e/ ab\t ^! t9y sw>m+ insects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are closely relat$ to ! m9ute scale-insects or ,coccid1 sev]al species ( :i* produce ! celebrat$ lac ( lacqu]-"w & ! dyes kn[n z lake1 co*9eal1 & k]mes1 ! latt] a dye manufactur$ 9 ,s\? ,europe & us$ to col\r wool & clo? crimson be=e co*9eal rea*$ u f ,mexico4 ,! ,coccid include also ! 8mussel-scale0 & o!r de/ructive diseases ( fruit trees4 ,a beautiful purple col\r c be extract$ f cru%$ masses ( "s k9ds ( aphides 7z well z f ,coccid71 & has be5 us$ z a dye4 ,! aphides h v g5]ally a gre5 col\r1 l _m insects 7cat]pill>s & leaf insects7 :i* pass _! lives ^u gre5 leaves & fe$ on !m4 ,x is (t5 suppos$ t ?is gre5 col\r is m]ely ! gre5 col\r+ matt] 7s-call$ *lorophyll7 ( ! leaf1 tak5 up by ! insects 9 fe$+ on ! leaf4 ,b ?is is n s2 x is a peculi> sub/ance d]iv$ 9 a crude /ate f ! plant-juice1 b dige/$ 9 ! /oma* & complet$ 9 ! insects' blood & tissues4 ,!n1 aga91 ! aphides produce curi\s secretions1 (t5 9 great abundance1 :i* surr\nd !m z ! lac surr\nds ! lac-insect4 ,! ?reads :i* are produc$ 9 su* abundance1 by ! woolly aphis ( apple trees1 z to look l masses ( cotton wool adh]+ to ! twigs ( ! tree1 are ( ?is nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,f\ndress or /ock-"m ( ! hop-l\se3 ! individual hat*$ f a w9t] egg1 laid on ! b>k ( a plum tree1 :o produces vivip>\sly a w+less virg9 brood4 ,t brood produces w+-be>+ "y1 :i* fly (f to ! hop-plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,side view ( w+$ vivip>\s female ( ! hop-l\se1 b1 ! /abb+ beak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,an ant 8milk+0 a 8plant-l\se0 or 8gre5-fly0 = honey-dew4 ,! drop ( honey-dew is se5 exud+ f "o ( ! two long tubes or sp\ts 7call$ 8cornicles07 on ! back ( ! plant-l\se at a4 ,^! sp\ts are se5 at ! h9d] "p ( ! body 9 ! draw+s ( ! hop-l\se 7,figs4 #ee to #ei74 ,! ant is caus+ ! aphis to p\r out its honey-dew 79 fact 8milk+0 x7 by 8drumm+0 on ! body ( ! plant-l\se ) its clubb$ ant5n1 & has tak5 ! drop ( honey-dew betwe5 its jaws4 ,?is draw+ 0 made f life by ! late ,mr4 ,buckton1 ,f4,r4,s41 a great /ud5t ( ^! creatures4 ,! ant is t k9d kn[n z ,myr9ica rubra4 ,! plant-l\se is ! ,aphis sambuci or blight ( ! eld]-tree4 ,ano!r curi\s production ( ! aphides--common on ! leaves ( elms & o!r trees infe/$ by !m--is kn[n z 8honey-dew40 ,x is /icky & sweet1 & 0 suppos$ by old writ]s to h di/ill$ f ! />s1 or o!rwise to h dropp$ f heav54 ,x is ?is sweet secretion :i* has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a mo/ curi\s fri5d%ip betwe5 ants & aphides1 or plant-lice4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t an ant w approa* an aphis1 & tickle x1 :5 at once ! aphis exudes f its cornicles 7see ,fig4 #fj7 a drop ( sweet honey-dew1 :i* ! ant swall[s--j z a man may milk a c[ & dr9k ! milk4 ,& ! resemblance goes fur!r1 = ! ants take possession ( c]ta9 aphides1 & keep !m ei!r und]gr\nd or 9 specially con/ruct$ *amb]s1 :]e !y c ga9 ready access to !m & 8milk0 !m = honey-dew4 ,!re has be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( exagg]ation 9 ! description ( ^! facts by "s ( ! old] writ]s2 b x is und\bt$ly true t "s species ( ants keep special flocks or h]ds ( aphides1 & fe$ on _! sweet secretion4 ,o!r small insects n\ri% !mselves on ! enorm\s sw>ms ( plant-lice 9 a less g5tle way1 b a way :i* man is v glad to see 9 active op]ation1 namely1 by bit+ !m & suck+ out _! s(t entrails--?us de/roy+ !m 9 great numb]s4 ,! lady-bird beetle is especially active 9 ?is matt]1 bo? :5 x is a grub & on atta9+ its adult =m4 ,a tru/wor?y obs]v] saw z _m z =ty aphides consum$ by a lady-bird 9 an h\r4 ,:]e ! plant-lice or aphides ab\nd1 !re come also 9 c\ntless sw>ms ! beetles kn[n z lady-birds4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfi1 su* a cl\d ( ^! beetles pass$ ov] & settl$ on ! fields & g>d5s ( ,k5t1 ,sussex1 & ,surrey1 z to cause some?+ l t]ror2 x 0 impossible to walk 9 ! lanes )\t cru%+ hundr$s "u foot4 ,b ! little lady-birds are n l ! t]rible locu/1 :i* appe>s 9 millions & dev\rs all vegetation be=e x2 on ! contr>y1 !y are :at are call$ 8b5eficials10 & come solely to fe$ on & de/roy ! plant-lice ( ! hops1 plum trees1 & apple trees4 ,a fir/-rate hop crop 9 ! ye> #ahgj 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! abundance ( lady-birds 9 #ahfi4 ,x is ?is b5efic5t activity ( ! lady-birds :i* has giv5 !m _! "n4 ,9 ,italy !y are call$ ,be/iol9e del ,signore1 also ,madonn9e1 & ,m>iol9e1 & 9 ,france ,bte ,dieu4 ,9 ,engli% !y are 8our lady's bless$ bugs10 :i* save ! crops f de/ruction4 ,! ex]tions ( ! aphides 9 prick+ ! plants !y infe/ s z to get at _! juices lead to ! gr[? ( galls on ! leaves1 & also on ! rootlets ( _m plants1 & (t5 ! leaves become roll$ up into bag-l bodies fill$ ) aphides4 ,_m trees & small] plants are kill$ by ^! attacks1 b x is probable t :]e ! plants h n be5 r5d]$ delicate by nurs+ & cultivation1 & :]e ! aphides are n a /range =eign k9d1 introduc$ by man's c>elessness or by "s r>ely 7if ev]7 occurr+ w9d or flood1 ! aphides d n actually de/roy any plants by _! visitation1 except+ ! weakl+s1 & t _! numb]s are kept )9 b\nds by _! natural enemies ! lady-birds & o!r su* c>nivor\s insects4 ,we mu/ n[ notice ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! wond]ful ?+s :i* h be5 discov]$ ab\t ^! t9y insects1 :i* are ev5 small] ?an fleas4 ,any "o :o has a rose-g>d5 & *ooses to sp5d "s h\rs a day 9 /udy+ ! 8gre5-fly0 c foll[ out ! facts4 ,!y reproduce !mselves--t is to say1 propagate--) a/\nd+ rapidity4 ,! great ,l9nu1 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 came to ! conclusion1 f 8 obs]vation ( "o k9d or species1 t 9 "o ye> a s+le aphis w\ld produce a qu9tillion ( desc5dants6 ,)\t insi/+ ^u ! exact numb]s 9 diff]5t k9ds ( aphides1 we may say t t is a fair indication ( ! rate at :i* !y produce "y4 ,no soon] does a "m aphis produce "s ?irty or =ty "y1 ?an 9 a few h\rs or days1 accord+ to ! w>m? ( ! season & ! abundance ( food1 ^! "y h gr[n to full size & !mselves ea* produce ! same numb] ( "y1 & s on ?r\gh ! summ]1 & ev5 into ! autumn4 ,n9ete5 g5]ations 9 sixte5 weeks h be5 c\nt$ 9 "s k9ds ( ! plant-lice4 ,h5ce x is no wond] t ^! little creatures increase exce$+ly & cov] ! leaves & %oots on :i* !y fe$2 no wond] t !y furni% a pl5tiful n\ri%m5t = ! lady-birds :i* prey on !m4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s ?+ is ?is1 t ^! abundant & rapidly reproduc+ broods ( aphis are all females1 & t !y d n lay eggs1 b extrude _! "y 9 a m or less complete /ate ( developm5t1 t is to say1 !y are vivip>\s4 ,!y are all females6 ,x is only late 9 ! season t males are produc$6 ,9 fact1 ! summ] broods ( ! 8gre5-fly0 & o!r aphides :i* d s mu* damage to rose bu%es1 hops1 & o!r cultivat$ plants1 are produc$ by females alone1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a male4 ,^! m9ute insects pres5t true in/ances ( t v rem>kable & int]e/+ occurr5ce :i* is call$ 8p>!nog5esis10 or virg9al propagation4 ,x is fur!r a notewor?y ?+ t ! virg9al aphis mo!rs d n lay or deposit eggs1 b t ! "y gr[ f ! eggs inside _! mo!rs 7,fig4 #fa71 & are only extrud$ :5 !y are complete little six-legg$ insects1 capable ( walk+1 & ready to fe$ !mselves by /abb+ ! s(t leaves ( ! plant on :i* !y f9d !mselves1 & suck+ up its juices4 ,! summ] aphides are spok5 ( z be+ bo? 8vivip>\s0 & 8p>!nog5etic40 ,! words are really useful1 & we _c get on )\t !m4 ,no case is kn[n to m$ical m5 or to naturali/s ( ! bir? ( "y f an unimpregnat$ or virg9 "m among :at are call$ ! high] animals--^? :i* are class$ z v]tebrates1 & include mank9d1 mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 batra*ians1 & fi%es4 ,b ?\gh uncommon1 ?is virg9al reproduction 7or 8p>!nog5esis07 does occur con/antly 9 a v few k9ds ( small insects & 9 "s small %rimp-l creatures4 ,x has excit$ ! greate/ int]e/ among/ naturali/s f ! e>ly days :5 x 0 fir/ obs]v$ until ! pres5t1 & x has be5 v c>efully /udi$ 9 ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ?is matt] x is necess>y to "k ! *ief facts ab\t ! ord9>y process ( reproduction 9 animals & plants4 ,all animals & plants are built up ( m9ute p>ticles ( liv+ matt] call$ 8cells0 7see p4 #agj74 ,really1 ^! are n cells1 or holl[ boxes1 or cases4 ,we use ! ^w 8cell0 = ! cont5ts ( a cell4 ,ea* is a droplet ( protoplasm or liv+ matt] ly+ 9 a small or l>ge envelope or case ( dead matt] :i* x has produc$ ar\nd itself 7,fig4 #fa74 ,obs]v]s us+ _! microscopes saw at fir/ only ! case1 & call$ x a 8cell10 & ! ^w 8cell0 is n[ us$ almo/ univ]sally = ! s(t /uff )9 ! cell 7see p4 #agc74 ,ea* s(t cell ( 8plasm0 or 8protoplasm0 has a v special /ructure4 ,! exi/5ce 9 x ( a c5tral k]nel1 or 8nucleus0 ( peculi>ly active sub/ance1 is ! mo/ obvi\s feature4 ,^! 8cells0 are s small 7= in/ance1 ^? :i* build up ! human body7 t f "o to two ?\s& c\ld be plac$ side by side on a l9e an in* long4 ,!y are ! 8units0 :i* make up ! body ( an animal or plant1 j z bricks & planks & rods make up a build+ con/ruct$ by human contrivance4 ,two mo/ important ?+s ab\t !m are--fir/1 t ea* is always ! seat ( *emical activity1 absorb+ liquid mat]ial1 *ang+ x & ei!r fix+ x or ?r[+ x out 9 a new *emical condition2 &1 second1 t z a result ea* cell gr[s1 & aft] a v little gr[? divides into two4 ,?is 8divid+ into two0 is imm5sely important1 = 9 ?is way ! numb] ( cells =m+ a v "y or small animal or plant is increas$ f a few ?\s&s to _m millions :il/ ! organism gr[s4 ,& n only t1 b we f9d on trac+ ! "y animal or plant back to its beg9n+ z an individual t x actually />t$ z a s+le cell4 ,! g]m ( e liv+ ?+1 !n1 is a s+le nucleat$ p>ticle ( protoplasm--a cell :i* we call ! 8egg-cell10 because 8eggs0 are m]ely %ells & pack+ to hold & protect ?is all-important egg-cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,a s+le egg-tube or ov>ian tube 7usually !re are _m7 ( an insect4 ,! y\nge/ & smalle/ eggs are at ! n>r[ end4 o o are l>g] egg-cells ) a /riat$ %ell or envelope2 g1 nucleus ( ! egg-cell4 ,! un%ad$ egg is "o gr[n to full size1 & 9 ! p>!nog5etic aphis w\ld develop :]e x is )\t f]tilisation into a "y aphis4 ,e individual fl[]1 tree1 insect1 snail1 fi%1 & man />t$ z a s+le egg-cell1 :i* became deta*$ f ! "m's body4 ,take ! case ( a common m>9e animal1 ! />-fi%4 ,at ! bre$+ season1 e>ly 9 ! ye>1 ! female />-fi% dis*>ges ?\s&s ( ^! egg-cells into ! sea-wat]4 ,ea* floats sep>ately 9 a delicate case ( its own4 ,be=e any "o ( ^? float+ egg-cells c comm5ce to divide s z to build up a new mass ( cells--a new "y />-fi%--x mu/ und]go ! process ( 8f]tilisation40 ,t is to say1 its sub/ance mu/ fuse ) t ( a 8sp]m-cell40 ,^! 8sp]m-cells0 are dis*>g$ into ! sea-wat] 9 c\ntless ?\s&s by ! male />-fi%es4 ,!y are excessively m9ute1 actively wriggl+ ?reads1 swoll5 out at "o end to =m a little knob1 ! 8nucleus0 ( ! sp]m-cell 7see p4 #acd = figures ( ! sp]matozoa1 & eggs ( ! oy/]74 ,! wat] is r5d]$ cl\dy by ! abundance ( ^! microscopic filam5ts1 :i* are call$ 8sp]matozoa40 ,"o sp]m-cell1 or sp]matozoon comes into contact1 9 ! sea-wat]1 ) ea* ( ! dis*>g$ float+ egg-cells4 ,x burr[s into x & fuses or melts & mixes ) ! sub/ance ( ! egg-cell4 ,! :ole process is easy to wat* ) a microscope1 & ,i am writ+ ( :at ,i1 9 common ) _m o!rs1 h actually se54 ,! egg-cell aft] ?is process consi/s really ( ! sub/ance ( two equal cells--! egg-cell & ! sp]m-cell--completely fus$ s z to =m a s+le cell1 hav+ a s+le 8nucleus10 :i* has result$ f ! fusion ( ! nucleus ( ! egg-cell ) t ( ! sp]m-cell4 ,n[1 & n be=e1 ! egg-cell c divide1 take up n\ri%m5t1 & cont9ue to divide & gr[1 s z to =m a con/antly increas+ mass ( "y cells1 a "y animal :i* gradually assumes ! =m ( a />-fi%4 ,all animals1 & plants1 too1 reproduce !mselves 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ! animal or plant is n aquatic 9 its habits ! sp]m-cell & ! egg-cell _c be dis*>g$ & take _! *ance ( com+ into contact ) "o ano!r outside ! p>5t's body2 ! sp]m-cells are1 9 su* cases1 receiv$ into a *amb] ( ! egg-produc+ p>5t's body1 & !re ! fusion ( ! egg-cells ) !m1 "o sp]m-cell to "o egg-cell1 takes place4 ,p>!nog5esis !n consi/s 9 ! omission ( ! fusion ( a sp]m-cell ) ! egg-cell4 ,! egg-cell develops1 divides aga9 & aga91 & produces ! "y animal )\t ! addition to x ( a sp]m-cell--)\t1 9 fact1 be+ 8f]tilis$10 z x is call$4 ,t is :at happ5s 9 ! summ] broods ( ! little plant-lice or aphides 7,fig4 #eg74 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! cold wea!r comes ! virg9 mo!rs sudd5ly produce two k9ds ( "y--males z well z females--& !n ! solit>y w9t] egg1 :i* ! late autumn females lay to la/ ?r\gh w9t] until spr+1 is f]tilis$ by a sp]m-cell d]iv$ f ! late produc$ autumn male 7,fig4 #ef7 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,ano!r p>!nog5etic animal is ! r>e little fre%-wat] %rimp call$ ,apus1 :i* goes on multiply+ 9 ?is mann] 9 wayside ponds = ye>s1 ?\s&s ( female individuals be+ produc$ 9 successive seasons1 lay+ _! eggs & c>ry+ on ! race = an indef9ite "t until at la/--"o f9e day--we d n "k :y !n & n be=e1 t r>e creature a male ,apus is hat*$4 ,:y ^! & "o or two o!r su* small %rimps & insects are able to set aside ! almo/ univ]sal law z to ! necessity = f]tilisation ( ! egg-cell by a sp]m-cell1 naturali/s h n yet f\nd out4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ^! exceptional creatures h be5 d]iv$ f ance/ors :i* _h _! eggs f]tilis$ 9 ! regul> way1 & t ?is elim9ation ( ! male is a special device1 an innovation4 ,!re are incomplete attempts at x 9 o!r insects4 ,?us x has be5 discov]$ t ! que5 bee produces only females f ! eggs :i* are f]tilis$ be=e %e lays !m4 ,:5 ! /ock ( sp]m-cells :i* %e receiv$ f a drone 9 h] nuptial flight is exhau/$1 or if we c>efully remove by a pa9less op]ation ! int]nal sac 9 :i* !y are /or$1 ! eggs are no long] f]tilis$1 b !y are n r5d]$ /]ile or abortive4 ,!y develop into drones6 ,& drones or male bees are produc$ 9 no o!r way1 & only drones are s produc$1 nev] work]-females 7s-call$ neut]s7 nor que5s4 ,ano!r curi\s fact is t 9 re>+ mo?s 9 captivity "s naturali/s h q unexpect$ly f\nd t :5 !y h hat*$ out female mo?s f ! *rysalids & kept !m f ! mom5t ( hat*+ q ap>t f ! male mo?s 7:i* are ( ano!r size & col\r1 & easily di/+ui%$71 ^! females w sometimes lay eggs--unf]tilis$ eggs--:i* give bir? to cat]pill>s1 :i* fe$ & complete all _! *anges4 ,! second g5]ation ( mo?s s produc$ are male & female1 b ! females1 be+ kept ap>t aga91 produce a p>!nog5etic brood1 & ! process has be5 repeat$ to a ?ird g5]ation4 ,^! in/ances are v r>e4 ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t !m is t1 app>5tly1 ! p>!nog5esis is only due to ! exp]im5tal int]f]5ce ( an entomologi/1 & t unless "s su* accid5t _h befall5 ! mo?s1 ! eggs w\ld h be5 f]tilis$ 9 ! usual way1 s9ce !re 0 no defici5cy ( male mo?s4 ,^! facts h l$ to _m int]e/+ speculations1 & are p>ticul>ly curi\s 9 reg>d to ! inquiry z to :at det]m9es ! sex ( (fspr+1 ab\t :i* s5sational ann\ncem5ts are sometimes made 9 ! =eign correspond5ce columns ( our newspap]s4 ,"h we f9d ! p>!nog5etic eggs ( ! mo?s produc+ bo? males & females1 ^? ( ! aphides & ! pond-%rimp produc+ pr$om9antly females1 & ^? ( ! que5 bee produc+ exclusively males 7drones74 ,biologi/s h n yet arriv$ at a solution ( ! problem rais$ by ^! div]g5t results4 ,x is necess>y1 9 reg>d to ?is subject1 to rememb] t _m l[] animals & plants c reproduce or propagate by sep>at+ 8buds10 or l>ge bits ( _! bodies1 built up ( ?\s&s ( cells1 &1 !re=e1 n to be confus$ ) ! s+le egg-cell4 ,! egg-cell is a cell specially prep>$ = fusion ) a sp]m-cell1 necessitat+--except 9 v r>e in/ances--! union 9 ! new individual or "y ( liv+ mat]ial f two sep>ate p>5tal organisms1 &1 !re=e1 9 _m cases1 f two widely sep>ate l9es ( ance/ry4 ,a snippet1 or bit cut f a begonia leaf1 w produce a new individual plant2 a bit cut or torn f a polyp w simil>ly give rise to a new individual3 b ! p>!nog5etic egg is n to be confus$ ) ^! masses ( cells4 ,x is a true egg-cell :i* might h be5 f]tilis$1 & x is f\nd 9 animals su* z insects & cru/aceans1 :i* are m highly elaborat$ 9 /ructure ?an any :i*1 l ! polyps & zoophytes1 multiply by buds & cutt+s4 ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,deadly ,,phyllox]a ,x 0 only aft] long & pati5t inve/igation t ! v>i\s broods ( ! t]rible ,phyllox]a :i*1 betwe5 #ahfh & #ahhh1 de/roy$ half ! v9ey>ds ( ,france1 became kn[n1 _! relations to "o ano!r det]m9$1 & ! f9al cure = ! deva/ation caus$ by !m decid$ ^u & put into practice4 ,9 all ord9>y plant-lice or gre5-fly 7aphides7 at ! end ( ! summ]1 ! la/ p>!nog5etic brood produces a g5]ation ( di/9ct males & females1 :i* diff] a good deal 9 appe>ance f ! virg9al broods ( ! spr+ & summ]4 ,ea* female1 aft] receiv+ sp]m-cells f a male1 lays a s+le egg1 :i* consi/s ( a f]tilis$ egg-cell enclos$ 9 an egg-%ell4 ,x is deposit$ 9 a safe place 9 a crack ( ! b>k ( a tree1 or on ! rootlets ( "s plant1 & rema9s un*ang$ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ f e su* egg hat*es a s+le female aphis1 :i* fe$s & increases 9 size4 ,9 a v %ort "t 7a week or s7 ?is solit>y female 7,fig4 #eh7 proce$s to produce1 )\t male int]v5tion1 "y :i* gr[ f true egg-cells :i* are n laid b rema9 inside h]4 ,! "y are born or pass out ( h] z small six-legg$ insects4 ,!y fe$ & gr[ up1 & 9 turn produce 8p>!nog5etically0 & vivip>\sly broods ( "y l !mselves4 ,! fir/ female ?us hat*$ f ! w9t] egg is call$ a 8f\ndress10 or 8/ock-"m10 because %e />ts a :ole colony ( "y :i*1 by virg9al propagation ( successive broods1 may numb] _m millions 9 a season4 ,^! are kn[n z 8virg9-mo!rs0 7,fig4 #eg71 & ev5tually _! lat] g5]ations always produce males & females1 s t we di/+ui%1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 f\r sets ( aphides1 />t+ f ! egg1 namely 7#a7 ! f\ndresses1 7#b7 ! num]\s g5]ations ( virg9-mo!rs1 7#c7 ! males1 & 7#d7 ! egg-lay+ females4 ,9 diff]5t k9ds ( plant-lice any ( ^! 8sets0 may be ei!r w+$ or w+less 7,figs4 #ee1 #ef1 #ei72 _m g5]ations ( ! virg9-mo!rs are w+less1 b n all1 9 all species4 ,accord+ to ! species or k9d ( aphis & its requirem5ts 9 reg>d to ! plants on :i* x fe$s1 w+s are develop$ s z to enable ! aphis to fly f "o tree or locality to ano!r1 or are n develop$ if ! aphis has to rema9 :]e x 0 born4 ,! :ole s]ies ( successive broods ( "s k9ds ( aphis rema9 on "o plant & ab\t ! same "p ( x1 & !n !re is little ne$ = w+s4 ,o!rs h _! summ] broods on ! twigs or leaves1 b ! lat] broods desc5d 9 w9t] to ! roots ( ! same plant4 ,! woolly aphis ( ! apple trees & pe> trees behaves 9 ?is way2 o!r species aga9 produce a late-w+$ brood1 :i* leaves ! plant on :i* its p>5ts 7 fe$+1 & travels "s di/ance to ! twigs or to ! roots ( a q di/9ct k9d ( plant to produce an autumn brood1 & f ^! ! f9al males & females are born1 & ! w9t] eggs are !n deposit$4 ,! hop-l\se leaves ! hop :5 ! hop-v9e dies d[n 9 autumn4 ,! abundant w+less =m 7,fig4 #eh7 ( :i* !re h usually be5 t5 g5]ations1 produces at la/ a w+$ 8migrant0 brood 7,fig4 #ei7 :i* flies away to plum trees & sloe bu%es1 p]haps a qu>t] ( a mile di/ant4 ,!re ! migrants produce w+less females on ! plum tree4 ,!y are foll[$ to ! plum trees by a f9al migrant brood f ! dy+ hops :i* are males--! fir/ yet se5 7,fig4 #ef74 ,! males f]tilise ! w+less females born on ! plum tree--& ! latt] lay ea* "o f]tilis$ egg 9 ! crevices ( ! b>k ( ! plum tree ne> ! "y buds4 ,w9t] n[ sets 93 all are dead except ! eggs4 ,9 ! foll[+ late spr+ a f\ndress hat*es out f ea* egg s deposit$4 ,! 8f\ndress0 7,fig4 #eh7 9 ?is species1 ! hop aphis1 is w+less4 ,%e produces p>!nog5etically & vivip>\sly a brood ( w+less females4 ,!y simil>ly produce on ! plum tree a ?ird g5]ation ( virg9 females1 b ^! h w+s6 7,fig4 #ee74 ,!y fly back to ! hop-v9es1 :i* are n[ well ris5 f ! gr\nd & (f] abundant juice to ! w+less virg9 brood :i* escapes f ! w+$ migrants z soon z !y h settl$ on ! hop1 & fe$ & gr[ & produce new w+less broods 7,fig4 #eg7 9 rapid succession4 ,! phyllox]a ( ! v9e is a plant-l\se or aphis1 :i* exhibits an int]e/+ adaptation ( w+$ & w+less broods to ! requirem5ts ( ! insect's nutrition & multiplication4 ,a 8f\ndress0 hat*es f an egg on ! b>k ( ! v9e :]e x has pass$ ! w9t]4 ,x proce$s to attack ! "y leaves & to produce a brood ( "y4 ,! leaves ( ! v9e :5 ?us attack$ swell up & produce galls1 9 :i* ! "y phyllox]a are enclos$1 & !re ! phyllox]as cont9ue to multiply1 produc+ m galls & ?us de/roy+ ! leaves4 ,"s ( ! "y broods n[ crawl d[n ! v9e to its roots2 o!rs /ay on ! leaves & cont9ue _! de/ructive "w !re4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( =m & size among/ ^! broods4 ,^? :i* g to ! roots attack ! rootlets & produce knobs & swell+s on !m1 lead+ to _! de/ruction z fe$+ organs4 ,mean:ile ! root-phyllox]as multiply exce$+ly1 & ^? on ! leaves are /ill fe$+ & multiply+4 ,f "o f\ndress "m z _m z tw5ty-five millions are produc$ 9 six mon?s4 ,at la/ 9 ! autumn ! root-p>asites produce a w+$ g5]ation ( virg9-mo!rs1 :i* come up f ! gr\nd & fly away to o!r v9es1 ^u :i* !y produce males & females4 ,^! females ea* lay a f]tilis$ egg on ! b>k ( ! previ\sly heal?y v9e1 & s ! infection is spread4 ,! root-infe/+ =ms cont9ue to multiply1 & 9 w>m climates !re is no cessation ( ?is process ev5 9 w9t]4 ,?is p>asite--! ,phyllox]a va/atrix--0 introduc$ ) "s ,am]ican species ( grape-v9e--br\ght ov] z exp]im5tal samples f ,colorado--ab\t #ahfd4 ,9 its native c\ntry x does comp>atively little h>m1 = ! roots ( ! ,am]ican species ( v9e are1 ?\gh attack$ by x1 n s]i\sly injur$4 ,!y h ! prop]ty ( ?r[+ out new rootlets :5 ^? already exi/+ are punctur$ & injur$ by ! phyllox]a1 & s are n kill$ by ! attack1 z is ! ,european grape-v9e4 ,! introduction ( ?is deadly p>asite to ,europe 0 a m]e *ance1 due to ignorance & /upid want ( sup]vision ( importations on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 su* z is common 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh less s 9 ,france & ,g]many--"p ( ! bl9d mix+-up ( ! nicely adju/$ products ( all p>ts ( ! e>? :i* civilis$ man is always br++ ab\t ) disa/r\s & t]rify+ results4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s ,france lo/ #djj million p\nds 9 consequ5ce2 ?ree million acres ( v9ey>ds 7 de/roy$4 ,o!r c\ntries--,g]many1 ,italy1 & ! ,cape--also suff]$4 ,all sorts ( rem$ies 7 sugge/$ & tri$1 su* z ! application ( poisons to ! roots & ! s9k+ ( ! v9ey>ds "u wat]4 ,gradually ! only effective me?od ( deal+ ) ! case has be5 e/abli%$4 ,! old ,european v9e-/ocks or /&>ds h be5 grubb$ up 9 all b ! v *oice/ v9ey>ds1 & ,am]ican v9es h be5 plant$ 9 _! place4 ,on to ^! h be5 graft$ cutt+s ( ! local ,fr5* v9es1 & !y h tak5 k9dly to _! new conditions4 ,! produce ( ! ,fr5* v9ey>ds is n[ great] ?an x has ev] be54 ,x _h fall5 f an annual yield ( #a1cjj1jjj1jjj gallons to #fej1jjj1jjj--;b 9 #aijj x _h ris5 aga9 to a yield ( m ?an #a1djj1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,?is hi/ory is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! va/ importance to civilis$ communities ( a k & control ( ev5 su* m9ute liv+ ?+s z ! plant-lice1 & ( ! extraord9>ily l>ge results :i* obscure liv+ ?+s may produce4 ,x mu/ t5d to conv9ce reasonable m5 ( ! importance ( accurate k z to liv+ ?+s & ( ! necessity ( exp5d+ public money 9 con/antly improv+ & ext5d+ t k4 ,an +5i\s illu/ration ( ! enorm\s fecundity ( ! plant-lice occurs to me z wor? giv+ 9 conclusion4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,huxley--a c>eful & tru/wor?y au?ority--calculat$ t ! produce ( a s+le aphis w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( t5 g5]ations1 suppos+ all ! individuals to survive1 8conta9 m pond]able sub/ance ?an five hundr$ millions ( /\t m52 t is1 m ?an ! :ole population ( ,*9a40 ,& ?is calculation is held by "s au?orities to be bel[ r ?an above ! m>k6 ,,xxxvii ,,clo!s ,,mo?s ,! way 9 :i* ! lives ( all animals & plants are int]wov5 ) t ( o!r animals & plants1 (t5 9 obscure & unsuspect$ ways1 comes home to man :5 he contemplates ! numb]s & v>iety ( liv+ ?+s :i* exi/ ) him & ^u him--t is to say1 at 8 exp5se & to ! detrim5t ( ! /ores :i* he accumulates1 ! clo?+ ) :i* he cov]s himself1 & ! build+s :i* he con/ructs4 ,man n only has c>efully tak5 a numb] ( animals & plants 9 h& & cultivat$ !m z food-giv]s1 z s\rces ( clo?+1 & o!r useful mat]ial1 b1 mu* to 8 annoyance1 he f9ds1 p] contra1 t o!r animals 7& plants1 too71 ) simil> self-seek+ habit1 make use ( him 9 8 turn1 & ( 8 belong+s1 ) a complete disreg>d ( 8 conv5i5ce1 treat+ him & 8 arrangem5ts z s mu* available 8food-/uff10 & %[+ no atom ( respect to him z ! "l ( creation4 ,j z 9 deal+ ) ! m deadly attacks ( disease-produc+ p>asites1 s 9 meet+ ! de/ructive invasions made by 8 fell[-creatures ( all sizes & k9ds 9 se>* ( food & %elt]--man has to be cont9ually on ! al]t1 & to wage a con/ant w>f>e1 unless he w cons5t to see himself & 8 possessions mo?-eat51 fly-bl[n1 worm-burr[$1 r$uc$ to fragm5ts & p[d]4 ,& ?is w>f>e he has incessantly c>ri$ on ) increas+ skill & k f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any record4 ,! sp>r[ & ! rat1 ( :i* !re has lately be5 mu* talk1 are examples ( fairly l>ge1 easily detect$ enemies ( ?is k9d4 ,! almo/ ultra-microscopic bact]ia--simil> to ^? :i* produce disease by multiply+ 9 ! liv+ body--are examples ( ! mo/ m9ute liv+ pe/s :i* injure man by caus+ s\rness1 putrefaction1 & de/ructive rot 9 8 food & /ores4 ,e ye> civilis$ man is ga9+ great] k ( ^! 8f]m5t organisms10 & va/ly increas$ skill 9 pres]v+ 8 possessions1 su* z food & dr9k1 f ! attacks ( _! ubiquit\s sw>ms4 ,betwe5 ! l>g] depr$ators1 su* z birds & rats1 & ! smalle/1 su* z ! microscopic bact]ia & m\lds 7to :om alone putrefaction is due1 & )\t :om x w\ld nev] occur71 !re are a ho/ ( small tr\blesome creatures1 :i* belong *iefly to ! gr\p ( animals call$ 8insects0--beetles1 mo?s1 flies1 & bugs--:i* give man incessant occupation 9 w>d+ (f _! attacks ^u 8 food1 8 clo!s1 8 furniture1 8 build+s1 8 crops & fruit trees1 & 8 dome/icat$ animals4 ,! /udy ( ^! ?+s & ( ! means ( grappl+ ) !m is ! fasc9at+ occupation ( ^? :o are call$ 8economic0 zoologi/s & botani/s4 ,( c\rse1 9 ord] to c>ry on _! inquiries successfully !y h to br+ to be> on ! que/ions !y inve/igate z complete & ?or\gh a k z possible ( all ! k9ds ( animals & plants1 & ( _! ways ( fe$+1 reproduc+1 & protect+ !mselves 9 natural conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widely celebrat$ & anci5tly dete/$ ( insect pe/s is ! clo!s mo?4 ,x is ! cat]pill> ( ?is mo? :i* is objectionable--bit+ (f1 eat+1 & us+ to weave a case ! hair ( furs & ! f9e filam5ts ( wooll5 fabrics4 ,n e "o is able to recognise ! clo!s mo?1 :i* is a v small creature ( a greyi%-yell[ col\r4 ,! w+s :5 set = fly+ measure only half an in* 9 expanse1 & :5 ! mo? is walk+ or at re/1 %ut closely to ! body s z to give x an almo/ cyl9drical %ape1 ) an att5uat$ sn\t4 ,mu* bigg] mo?s occasionally get into our rooms1 b d no h>m4 ,^! little clo!s mo?s lay _! eggs on fur or wool1 & ! cat]pill>s :i* hat* f !m d ! damage4 ,! mo?s !mselves h no jaws & take no food4 ,b ! cat]pill> or grub1 ?\gh s(t & readily cru%$1 has a pair ( v h>d1 m9ute1 d>k-col\r$ jaws1 ) :i* x works away1 cropp+ ! fur & wool on :i* x lives4 ,! mo?s are se5 9 h\ses commonly betwe5 ,janu>y & ,octob]1 & x is1 ( c\rse1 ! object ( ! victimis$ h\sehold] to de/roy !m be=e !y c lay eggs1 or1 :at is m practical1 to keep wooll5 & fur clo!s away f _! rea*4 ,?+s :i* are 9 daily use are n v liable to receive a deposit ( eggs f ! clo!s mo?1 & z a rule ! enemy may be kept at bay by daily %ak+ & beat+ ! ?+s 9 "q1 & hang+ !m up 9 ! air4 ,b coats1 flannels1 etc41 :i* are hidd5 away1 left quietly 9 draw]s or cupbo>ds1 (f] ! undi/urb$ conditions :i* ! clo!s mo? seeks4 ,!re is no safety = !m unless !y are wrapp$ up or %ut 9 ) a quantity ( naphtol or ( camphor1 or1 z is n[adays m usual1 plac$ 9 a refrig]at+ *amb]4 ,! little cat]pill> :i* does all ! damage is ( a dull :ite col\r1 ) a r$di% head4 ,x is rem>kable = ! fact t x makes a sort ( movable tunic or case = itself out ( ! hair or wool :i* x crops1 & x crawls ab\t protect$ by ?is case4 ,!re are n _m insects :i* ?us con/ruct portable cases = !mselves :5 9 ! grub or cat]pill> /ate ( life4 ,su* 8cases0 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! v simil> 8cocoons0 by :i* "s mo?-grubs surr\nd !mselves 7z1 = in/ance1 ! silkworm mo?7 :5 _! gr[? is complet$1 & !y become quiesc5t & h>d1 & are kn[n z *rysalids4 ,su* 8cocoons0 are con/ruct$ 9 ! same way z ! l9+ ( ! clo!s mo?'s case1 by ?reads ( silk secret$ by ! cat]pill>1 b !y are made once = all :5 ! grub has ceas$ activity4 ,! little clo!s mo? cat]pill>1 on ! o!r h&1 has cont9ually to enl>ge its tunic or case z x itself increases 9 size4 ,!re is a hole at ! end1 f :i* ! head & ?ree legs ( ! cat]pill> em]ge1 s t x c crawl & fe$ freely4 ,! out] surface ( ! case consi/s ( cut l5g?s ( ! fibre on :i* ! grub is liv+1 & s is protective 9 resembl+ ! surr\nd+ mat]ial & hid+ ! m9ute ravag]4 ,x is easy en\gh = ! little grub to add a bit to ! case at ! end f :i* its head protrudes1 &1 be+ v flexible1 x c turn "r r\nd 9 ! tube & put its head out at ! o!r end & secrete a bit m !re1 cem5t+ cut hairs to ! out] surface4 ,b 9 ord] to increase ! bread? ( ! tube or case1 ! cat]pill> has1 f "t to "t1 to und]take a =midable op]ation4 ,x actually slits up ! case l5g?wise = ab\t half its ext5t1 & fills 9 ! gap+ space ) new mat]ial2 !n x cuts up ! opposite face ( ! same half ( ! tube1 & puts 9 a new pat* !re4 ,& aft] t1 x has to treat ! rema9+ half ( ! tube 9 ! same way1 mak+ two m cuts1 "o opposite ! o!r1 & fill+ 9 ! gap 9 ea* case z be=e4 ,/ud5ts ( ^! little creatures h amus$ !mselves by *ang+ ! position ( ! cat]pill> & its case1 f fur or wool ( "o col\r to fur or wool ( ano!r col\r1 & 9 ?is way ! indu/ri\s cat]pill> is made to "w 9 diff]5t col\r$ fibre 9 successive enl>gem5ts ( 8 case1 s t x becomes a ,joseph's coat ( _m col\rs4 ,an int]e/+ fact ab\t ! movable case made by ! clo!s mo? cat]pill> is t ! ne>e/ ?+ 9 nature to x is ! case made by ! aquatic grubs or cat]pill>s ( ano!r k9d ( insects--! caddis-worms 78case-worms07 :i* are common 9 ponds & /reams4 ,!y %[ extraord9>y p[]s 9 mak+ _! cases s t !y balance nicely 9 ! wat]1 z ! animal crawls along on ! bottom ( a pool1 ) 8 head & six legs em]g+ f "o end ( ! case4 ,caddis-worms are ( v>i\s k9ds or species1 & "s atta* to _! cases little brok5 /icks1 o!rs m9ute empty snail-%ells1 o!rs ! f9e gre5 ?reads ( wat]-plants4 ,! caddis-worm becomes *ang$ into a delicate fly1 ) transp>5t w+s1 j z ! clo!s-grub becomes *ang$ into a mo?--& x is an int]e/+ fact t ! caddis-flies1 ?\gh !y are class$ ) ! ,may-flies & su* net-w+$ insects1 & n ) ! mo?s & butt]flies 7! ,lepidopt]a1 or insects ) w+s cov]$ ) du/-l scales1 :i* give ! col\r & patt]ns to ! w+s71 yet agree ) mo?s 9 hav+ "s scales on ! w+s & ) "o k9d ( m9ute mo?1 namely1 ! clo!s mo?1 9 hav+ grubs :i* make movable cases4 ,! clo!s mo? cat]pill> 0 kn[n to ! ,romans by ! "n ,t9ea1 & is describ$ ) correct detail by ! ,roman naturali/ ,pl9y4 ,mod]n naturali/s h accept$ ?is "n ,t9ea z t ( ! g5us to :i* ! clo!s mo? belongs4 ,!re are ?irty diff]5t ,briti% species ( ,t9ea1 ( :i* f\r are guilty ( attack+ animal fabric1 & s caus+ tr\ble to man4 ,! "o :i* builds a case & is ! titul> *ief ( ! clan ( clo!s mo?s--8!0 clo!s mo?1 j z "o may say 8!0 ,mac9to%--is sci5tifically indicat$ by ! "n ,t9ea pellionella4 ,! o!r ?ree d n =m movable cases :5 9 ! cat]pill> /age1 & attack co>s] /uff ?an fur & f9e wool4 ,"o ( !m is kn[n z ! 8tape/ry mo?10 because its cat]pill> e/abli%es itself 9 old tape/ry & c>pets1 & burr[+ into ^! ?icki% mat]ials is conceal$ )\t ! aid ( any self-provid$ tunic or case4 ,! "n ,t9ea is (t5 us$ by entomologi/s 9 an exp&$ =m z ,t9e9a1 to indicate ! :ole s]ies ( m9ute mo?s ( :i* ! g5us ,t9ea is only "o little gr\p4 ,_m ( ^! mo?s are mu* small] ev5 ?an ! clo!s mo?1 & !y are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & 9 all sorts & conditions ( life--9 relation to trees1 %rubs1 & plants ( all k9ds4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t !re are z _m z #bjj1jjj di/9ctly m>k$ diff]5t k9ds ( ^! m9ute creatures4 ,! insect collectors & /ud5ts :o occupy !mselves ) ! magnific5t butt]flies & l>g] mo?s 7( :i* !re are an enorm\s v>iety ( k9ds7 refuse to deal ) ! some:at dull-look+ & almo/ innum]able m9ute mo?s :i* are class$ z ,micro-lepidopt]a1 9 contra/ to ! ,macro-lepidopt]a 7or big mo?s & butt]flies74 ,consequ5tly !y h become ! fav\rite /udy ( a few en?usia/s1 :o are kn[n z ,micro-lepidopt]i/s1 & h a wide b n un9t]e/+ field ( exploration all to !mselves4 ,! ,micro-lepidopt]a include1 besides ! ,t9e9a1 a gr\p ( less m9ute ?\gh small mo?s1 ) n>r[1 fr+$ w+s1 among/ :i* are ! w9d[ mo?1 ! milk mo?1 ! tabby mo?1 ! meal mo?1 & ! grease mo?4 ,?\gh ! clo!s mo?s may well be describ$ z 8t9y0 mo?s1 yet ! ^w ,t9ea1 z appli$ to !m1 has no su* orig91 b is ! "n giv5 to ! de/ructive grub by ! ,romans4 ,! same ^w has un=tunately be5 appli$ by m$ical m5 & botani/s to a vegetable p>asite :i* causes a sk9 disease 7r+worm7 result+ 9 baldness4 ,! ,t9ea calvans ( ! doctors has only ?is 9 common ) ! mo? ,t9ea pellionella--t x causes hair to disappe> & baldness to ensue2 b ! vegetable p>asite attacks ! hair on a liv+ man's head1 ! cat]pill> t on 8 fur coat4 ,,xxxviii ,,/one ,,& ,,wood ,,bor]s ,bor+ into wood is a fav\rite proce$+ on ! "p ( _m small creatures1 insects1 %rimps1 & %ip-worms1 by :i* !y n only acquire n\ri%m5t1 b at ! same "t p5etrate m & m deeply into safe qu>t]s & concealm5t4 ,x is n surpris+ t x has become ! necess>y & regul> mode ( life ( a ho/ ( small animals1 & consequ5tly t man :o wants wood 9 good s\nd blocks & planks = 8 v>i\s con/ructions is a good deal put out by ! voracity ( ! wood-bor+ community4 ,to "s ext5t he has giv5 up ! task ( *eck+ _! proce$+s1 & n[ uses metal :]e he =m]ly us$ wood1 b t only applies to a limit$ field4 ,wood is /ill ! great mat]ial ( r\gh con/ruction1 & ! ma9 sub/ance us$ 9 fitt+s & furniture4 ,9 our own c\ntry & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w !re are l>ge grubs or cat]pill>s1 su* z ^? ( ! goat mo?1 ?ree in*es long & z ?ick z "o's f+]1 :i* eat into ! /ems ( trees & spoil ! timb]4 ,! grub ( ! h&some mo? kn[n z ! wood leop>d is ano!r ( ^!4 ,x attacks popl> trees1 & we us$ to take x 9 numb]s 9 ! ,london p>ks & squ>es :5 ,i 0 a collector4 ,! goat mo? is specially de/ructive to will[ trees4 ,b !re are a v l>ge s]ies ( small] grubs & adult insects :i* injure trees or bore or dev\r wood already cut & dri$4 ,among ^! are ! saw-flies & a numb] ( beetles1 & 9 ,sicily & ! tropics !re are ! wond]ful :ite ants :i* are n ants at all1 b m l ,may-flies4 ,! de/ruction caus$ by ^! bor]s & eat]s ( wood is increas$ by ! fact t :5 !y h riddl$ a piece ( wood1 moi/ure p5etrates x1 & vegetable 8m\lds0 fl\ri% )9 x & complete ! break-up4 ,among ! mo/ de/ructive bor]s ( wood are ^? :i* attack ! %ips & pi]s ( wood plac$ by man 9 ! sea4 ,^! are c]ta9 %ell-fi%1 call$ %ip-worms 7,t]$o71 :i* are really peculi>ly modifi$ mussels4 ,!re is also a t9y %rimp-l creature1 ! ,limnoria t]ebrans1 :i* does enorm\s damage by its bor+s to pi]s ( wood erect$ 9 ! sea4 ,true insects d n fl\ri% 9 ! sea4 ,!re are m>9e bivalve %ell-fi% :i* bore into clay1 s&/one1 *alk1 & ev5 into h>d granite-l rock4 ,!y d n use jaws or tee? = ?is purpose1 b ! surface ( _! %ells1 :i* are %>p & sp9y1 & also ! s& :i* adh]es to _! s(t muscul> bodies l em]y p[d] to ! pewt]-plate ( a lapid>y's :eel4 ,y may see ! l>ge & small holes made by ,pholas 7call$ also 8! piddock07 & o!r bivalve %ell-fi% 9 ! clay & *alk rocks ( ! sea%ore on mo/ p>ts ( ! ,engli% coa/4 ,mo/ bor+ animals swall[ ! mat]ial :i* !y excavate 9 ! act ( bor+1 j z ! e>?-worm swall[s ! soil into :i* x bores1 & z _m s&-worms d1 ?r[+ out f ! h9d end ( ! body1 9 ! =m ( a little coil$-up heap1 a va/ quantity ( undige/$ matt] :i* has pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,b _m insects :i* swall[ "s ( ! mat]ial dis5gag$ by _! jaws remove1 9 addition1 a l>ge quantity :i* is eject$ f ! bor+ z p[d]1 l sawdu/1 & o!rs d n swall[ any ( ! mat]ial into :i* !y bore4 ,s1 too1 ! ,pholas & m>9e-bor+ mussels d n swall[ ! mat]ial :i* !y loos54 ,x is a v sl[ process1 ! bor+ 9 rock1 & ! f9e p>ticles rubb$ away by incessant movem5t are c>ri$ (f 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,to "s ext5t ! m>9e creatures :i* bore 9 rocks seem to be help$ by *emical action1 s9ce !y %[ a pref]5ce = *alk & lime/one1 easily dissolv$ by weak acid secret$ by ! bor]1 ?\gh1 cle>ly en\gh1 !y are n dep5d5t on su* *emical aid s9ce we f9d !m also bor+ 9 insoluble granite rock & %ale & clay4 ,!re is "o true worm-bor] :i* p]=ates h>d lime/one pebbles & *alk rocks1 s z to give !m ! appe>ance :i* we call 8worm-eat50 :5 caus$ by ano!r sort ( worm & obs]v$ 9 a v diff]5t mat]ial1 namely1 old furniture & woodwork4 ,at ,t5by1 9 ,s\? ,wales1 ! lime/one pebbles on ! bea* are q commonly riddl$ ) ^! worm-holes1 truly 8worm-eat540 ,:5 !y are n too abundant "o c see t ! holes are arrang$ 9 pairs l a figure #h1 ab\t half ! size "h pr9t$4 ,on splitt+ ! rock or /one "o f9ds a deeply-runn+ ,u-%ap$ d\ble tube excavat$ 9 ! /one4 ,9 ?is ! little worm liv$4 ,x is easie/ to get at ! worms 9 a fre% & liv+ /ate on a coa/ :]e !re are *alk-rocks & sea-wa%$ lumps ( *alk4 ,! *alk is easy to split & cut at l[ tide1 & !n ! little key-hole ap]tures c be brok5 across & ! s(t r$ worm extract$4 ,x is a beautiful r$-blood$ little worm--little m ?an half an in* long--) two tactile horns on its head & little bri/les & gills on ! r+s ( its annulat$ body4 ,x is a true 8worm10 l ! e>?-worm1 :at naturali/s call by ! n displeas+ "n an 8annelid40 ,x seems at fir/ sight impossible t ?is delicate little ?+ %\ld 8worm-eat0 ! h>de/ lime/one4 ,x has no jaws1 b "o ( ! r+s or segm5ts ( ! front "p ( ! body has two ( its bri/les swoll5 to relatively gigantic size1 h>d & black4 ,^! are its bor+ organs1 b ,i h no d\bt t x is help$1 especially 9 its "y /ate :5 comm5c+ to bore1 by an acid secretion f ! surface ( ! body4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w 8worm10 ! bor+ ( *alk & /ones by ! little m>9e creature j m5tion$ 7^: "n is ,polydora7 is ! only in/ance ( a 8worm-eat50 condition be+ produc$ by a real worm4 ,! worm-eat5 condition ( wood is produc$ ei!r by ! grub ( a m9ute beetle 7:i* is n 9 ! /rict s5se a 8worm07 or by an +5i\s human mak] ( 8antiques0 :o imitates ! little holes on ! surface ( ! woodwork ( old furniture1 s z to pass (f clev] reproductions = really anci5t cab9et "w4 ,! little holes to imitate ^? ( ! true insect furniture-bor] are sometimes produc$ by dis*>g+ a gun load$ ) f9e %ot at ! piece ( furniture :i* is to be pass$ (f z anci5t4 ,b kn[+ pur*as]s probe ! holes s made ) a c>pet ne$le1 & discov] ! lead-%ot sunk 9 ! wood4 ,h5ce !re has aris5 a pr(ession ( specially-skill$ 8worm-eat]s10 :o1 by c>eful bor+1 imitate ! holes made by insect grubs4 ,& n[ we come at la/ to ! actual1 real furniture worm or grub4 ,x is ! grub ( a small beetle--! ,anobium dome/icum1 sc>cely "o-fif? ( an in* long 7,fig4 #fb;c71 greyi%-br[n 9 col\r1 ( a cyl9drical %ape1 ) ! head completely conceal$ or ov]hung by ! next division ( ! body1 ! ?orax4 ,! grubs are long]1 s(t1 pale1 & fle%y4 ,! sign ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,anobium 9 y\r furniture is ! exi/5ce ( small circul> holes "h & !re on ! surface ( ! wood1 ) occasionally a little heap ( yell[ du/ on ! gr\nd b5ea? !m4 ,?is la/ sign is 9 fact ! only pro( y c h t ! holes are n anci5t & ! burr[s des]t$1 & t ! enemy is /ill alive & at "w4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 c y see ei!r ! grub or ! complet$ beetle into :i* x *anges aft] =m+ a cocoon )9 ! burr[s1 = !y v seldom leave _! excavations4 ,b if y break up ! wood y w f9d a surpris+ numb] ( long1 cyl9drical passages1 runn+ side by side1 & = _m in*es1 ?r\gh ! deep] "p ( ! wood1 s t x may be q rott5 & ready to crumble1 al?\gh pres5t+ an un9jur$ surface save = ! little r\nd holes "h & !re4 ,9 ^! passages y w f9d bo? ! grubs & ! adult beetles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;a1 ! dea?-wat* beetle 7,xe/obium tessellatum7 ( ! natural size 7"o-?ird ( an in* long72 b1 ! same beetle enl>g$2 c1 ! beetle 7,anobium dome/icum7 ^: grub is ! furniture-worm1 ( ! natural size1 a side view4 ,a closely-alli$ & some:at small] species ( ,anobium common 9 h\ses is ( a m voraci\s "*1 n conf9+ itself to dry wood1 b eat+ bread1 biscuits1 rhub>b1 g+]1 & ev5 cay5ne pepp]4 ,?is second k9d1 call$ ,anobium paniceum1 is ! real 8book-worm02 x gets into old libr>ies1 & ! grubs bore _! cyl9drical tunnels f cov] to cov] ( ! undi/urb$ volumes4 ,9 a public libr>y tw5ty-sev5 folio volumes /&+ side by side 7 p]=at$ 9 a /raight l9e by "o individual ,anobium grub or book-worm1 & s regul> 0 ! tunnel ?us eat5 out t a /r+ c\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( x1 & ! entire set ( tw5ty-sev5 volumes lift$ up at once by x4 ,!re are "o or two o!r grubs :i* less commonly injure books1 & pass z 8book-worms40 ,b ! mo/ notable ( ! insect enemies ( books & pap]s is a curi\s little w+less insect :i* nev] passes ?r\gh a grub /age ( exi/5ce1 b hat*es out 9 ! complete =m ( 8 p>5ts4 ,he is ab\t a ?ird ( an in* long1 has ! %ape ( an elongat$ kite1 ) a long tail & six legs1 & is call$ by old writ]s 8! silv]-fi%10 & by entomologi/s ,lepisma 7,fig4 #fc74 ,?is little pe/ does n burr[1 b nibbles1 & has de/roy$ _m a valuable old docum5t & anci5t book4 ,pa/e & sug> are a great attraction to him1 & he w de/roy a boxful ( pr9t$ labels or a valuable manuscript1 leav+ only ! ink-m>k$ p>ts unt\*$1 b ready to crumble4 ,closely alli$ to ! book-worm beetle1 ,anobium1 is a l>g] beetle1 call$ ,xe/obium tessellatum 7,fig4 #fb a7 :i* infe/s old woodwork1 its grubs mak+ correspond+ly l>g] tunnels4 ,! entire woodwork ( a h\se has _h to be remov$ & replac$ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is creature's depr$ation1 & su* pieces ( furniture z a f\r-po/ b$/ead h be5 riddl$ & made rott5 9 two or ?ree ye>s by its burr[+4 ,x is /ill common 9 ,engl& 9 old wood-panell$ rooms & 9 wood5 mantelpieces4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ fact ab\t x is t x is ! mak] ( ^? nocturnal tapp+s :i* are kn[n z ! 8dea?-wat*40 ,x is ! beetle itself 7,fig4 #fb a71 n ! grub1 :i* makes ^! s\nds4 ,x makes !m by delib]ately /rik+ ! wood on :i* x /&s1 ) its head4 ,! taps are usually f five to sev5 9 quick succession1 ! s\nd dy+ away 9 int5sity 9 ! lat] /rokes4 ,a second1 & ev5 a ?ird1 beetle w !n reply ) simil> taps f ! woodwork ( "s o!r "p ( ! room4 ,ye>s ago ,i us$ to be g5tly lull$ to sleep by ^! 8raps0 9 my rooms at ,ox=d1 accompani$ by ! s\nd ( spasmodic ru%es ( mice beh9d ! woodwork4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght ! tapp+ 0 caus$ by ! fall+ ( drops ( wat] ?r\gh a leaky ro(1 b soon asc]ta9$ ! actual cause4 ,"o does n notice ^! tapp+s until ! dead ( night :5 all else is /ill1 & !y are s my/]i\s & p]si/5t t "o c und]/& sup]/ition aris+ 9 connection ) !m1 & t ! n]ves ( any "o already ov]wr\ght1 might be s affect$ by !m z to lead to ! belief t evil spirits are 8rapp+10 or t a gho/ly c(f9 is be+ nail$ toge!r = a dy+ man4 ,! little beetle has (t5 be5 track$ by a naturali/1 & discov]$ 9 "s conceal$ position nodd+ its dim9utive b h>d head ) %>p j]ks1 & produc+ an almo/ incr$ible volume ( s\nd 9 proportion to its size4 ,if ! beetle1 :5 discov]$1 is kept 9 captivity 9 a wood5 box1 x is easy to set x 8tapp+0 or 8rapp+0 by tapp+ oneself ) a p5cil on ! table on :i* ! box is plac$1 :5 ! fai?ful little dea?-wat* w unfail+ly reply4 ,possibly "s ( ! 8raps0 record$ by ! pione]s ( _s-rapp+1 :5 n produc$ by ! toes ( design+ m$iums l ! "y ladies ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 7 actually made by dea?-wat* beetles4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! some:at ecc5tric supposition t disembodi$ spirits endeav\r to make signals to liv+ humanity by 8rapp+0 owes its orig9 7long be=e ! n9ete5?-c5tury craze = 8_s-rapp+07 to ! measur$ tap-tap-tapp+ ( ! dea?-wat* beetle1 & ! consequ5t sup]/ition at a "t :5 ! beetle 0 n kn[n to be ! 8tapp]40 ,:il/ ! bigg] beetle1 ,xe/obium1 is ! common dea?-wat*1 x has be5 prov$ t ! little furniture beetle1 ,anobium1 is also a tapp]1 mak+ regul> & p]si/5t /rokes l ! tick+ ( a wat*4 ,ano!r insect1 call$ ! book-l\se 7,atropos div9atoria71 v m9ute1 only "o-tw5tie? ( an in*1 s(t1 :ite1 & w+less1 n a beetle at all1 b also a dev\r] ( lit]ature 7,fig4 #fd71 is decl>$ by "s good obs]v]s to be a 8tick]0 or 8tapp]10 b o!r naturali/s d5y t x c make su* s\nds4 ,x seems unlikely on acc\nt ( ! extremely small size & s(tness ( ! book-l\se1 b ! matt] ne$s fur!r inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,! silv]-fi% insect 7,lepisma sac*>9a74 ,! l9e to ! "r %[s its natural size4 ,a curi\s fact is t ! grubs ( beetles su* z ,anobium & ,xe/obium 7or o!r closely alli$ k9ds7 are n arre/$ 9 _! tunnell+ by s(t metal4 ,!y _c tackle iron plate or brass %eet+1 b !y w p5etrate t9foil &1 :at is m a/oni%+1 lead plate & lead5 wat]pipes4 ,specim5s %[+ su* p]=ations are 9 ! museums ( ,ox=d & ,london1 & ,i h receiv$ an acc\nt ( a lead pipe pack$ 9 wood 9 ! wall ( a h\se be+ p]=at$ by ^! beetle-grubs4 ,once at "w on ! wood1 8! /raight=w>d int5tions0 ( ! grub are n to be div]t$ by su* an ob/acle z lead3 x goes /raight on ?r\gh ! lead z x w\ld ?r\gh ! cov] ( a book or a knot 9 ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,! book-l\se1 or ,atropos div9atoria1 a s(t1 cream-col\r$1 w+less insect small] ?an a flea4 ,x is believ$ by "s obs]v]s to be capable ( mak+ s\nds l ! tick+ ( a wat*4 ,i h sometimes be5 ask$ to give advice z to ! be/ me?od ( de/roy+ ! furniture worm or grub4 ,if ! piece ( furniture 7or its pieces7 c )\t injury be 8bak$0 9 a hot *amb] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at a temp]ature a little above t ( boil+ wat]1 t is ! easie/ me?od ( de/roy+ ! pe/4 ,or1 aga91 ,i %\ld sugge/ plac+ ! piece ( furniture 9 a refrig]at+ *amb] = a week or two4 ,if nei!r ( ^! me?ods c be us$1 ! piece ( furniture %\ld be plac$ 9 a v hot room1 & creosote or bisulphide ( c>bon or solution ( cyanide ( potassium %\ld be inject$ ) a v f9e-nos$ syr+e into ! little circul> holes ( ! burr[s on ! surface ( ! wood2 !n ! piece ( furniture mu/ be at once expos$ to ! cold1 :i* w cause ! air to be drawn into ! burr[s & diffuse ! volatile poison )94 ,! 8worm holes0 on ! surface %\ld1 z soon z ! piece ( furniture is q cold1 be clos$ by melt$ p>aff94 ,if ! piece ( wood :i* x is desir$ to 8cure0 w /& subm]sion 9 wat] = a few m9utes1 & is n l>g] ?an a cricket bat1 x is1 ( c\rse1 easy1 by fir/ w>m+ x ?r\gh & !n plung+ x into wat] conta9+ corrosive sublimate or o!r poison1 fairly to impregnate ! burr[s1 & make an end ( ! beetles & _! grubs4 ,pa9t+ is ! common & approv$ means ( protect+ wood aga9/ ^! attacks1 & 9 "s positions metal %ea?+ is us$4 ,! me?od mo/ l>gely us$ = protect+ wood 9 ! op5 air aga9/ 8worm0 & 8m\ld0 is t ( =c+ creosote into its pores--an improvem5t on ! old sy/em ( pa9t+ ) coal t>4 ,a m exp5sive b beautiful me?od ( protect+ wood is to =ce h>d p>aff9 9 a melt$ condition by pressure into ! pores4 ,! wood becomes wond]fully firm & wat]pro(4 ,nei!r damp & m\ld1 nor bor+ insect1 nor %rimp c !n p5etrate x4 ,?is me?od 0 introduc$ "s ye>s ago1 b ,i d n "k :e!r x has be5 l>gely us$4 ,,xxxix ,,*ri/mas ,,f>e ,mo/ ,engli% p :o c af=d x eat m ?an is good = !m on ,*ri/mas ,day1 & consid] x m or less ( a religi\s duty to d s1 ev5 ?\gh !y %r9k f ! ordeal4 ,x is an int]e/+ t5d5cy1 & at ! same "t "o readily expla9$4 ,primitive m51 & our own remote ance/ors1 _h few1 if any1 joys great] ?an ^? af=d$ by an abundant meal ( roa/$ meat4 ,:5 a great bea/ su* z a mammo? 0 tak5 9 a skilfully-prep>$ pitfall1 & slaught]$1 ! :ole tribe ( palaeoli?ic huntsm5 assembl$ & gorg$ !mselves ) its fle%1 :i*1 x seems fairly c]ta91 !y cook$ on op5 fires4 ,! /ronge/ seiz$ ! mo/ & ate ! mo/1 & 7 able to be> up ! longe/ 9 some?+ l full vig\r until su* "t z ano!r big bea/ %\ld be kill$1 & ano!r opportunity = 8gorg+0 %\ld arise1 :5 !y w\ld naturally aga9 get ! l>ge/ %>e1 hav+ eat5 mo/ on ! previ\s occasion1 & s be+ lea/ fami%$4 ,h5ce ! belief t a great appetite is a f9e ?+1 & t ! m y c eat1 ! /rong] & bett] y are1 is "o ( ! deeply-laid traditions ( humanity :i* civilis$ m5 h inh]it$ f b>b>ians1 & are only sl[ly comm5c+ to criticise & to put aside4 ,! negroes :o accompany ,european sportsm5 9 ,c5tral ,africa gorge !mselves :5 elephants are kill$1 & a rec5t acc\nt tells ( ! s]i\s illness & dang] to an exp$ition caus$ by ! :ole c\ntryside flock+ to ! c>casses ( tw5ty-?ree elephants kill$ by an ivory-hunt]4 ,! blacks cont9u$ to eat ! fle% ( ! elephants = ?ree weeks1 :5 x _h become decid$ly 8high10 & _m di$1 :il/ o!rs took weeks to recov]1 9 consequ5ce4 ,! notion ( 8fe/ivity10 :i*1 especially 9 ,engl&1 has be51 ev5 9 rec5t times1 t ( eat+ & dr9k+ to excess1 is prehi/oric & b>b>ic4 ,s]i\s physiologi/s & m$ical m5 h express$ ! op9ion t we %all nev] arrive at a satisfactory mode ( n\ri%+ ourselves s z to take nei!r too mu* nor :at is 9 itself injuri\s to heal?1 until ! practice ( seek+ gaiety & celebrat+ a memory or hon\r+ a fri5d or fri5ds by means ( pr(use eat+ 7(t5 foll[$ by we>isome spee*es7 has giv5 place to a mode ( rejoic+ :i* is m likely to produce hil>ity & lightness ( he>t1 & less c]ta9 to be foll[$ by pa9ful & injuri\s results4 ,we c]ta9ly eat less & dr9k less ( intoxicat+ liquors ?an we did1 b !re is1 x seems1 /ill room = improvem5t4 ,to connect heavy fe$+ ) ,*ri/mas1 ! ?ird 9 rank ( ! great fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 is n a univ]sal cu/om1 & is1 9 fact1 a peculi>ity ( our own c\ntry1 aris+ f ! re>+ & managem5t ( cattle 9 e>ly times1 :5 ,engli% pa/ure l& furni%$ a spl5did means ( enri*+ its own]s by ! production ( 8hides0 & lea!r4 ,l>ge numb]s ( cattle _h to be /all$ dur+ w9t] & f$ on /or$ h]bage1 & a great _m 7 at ?is season kill$ & ! meat 8salt$ d[n10 s9ce x w\ld n pay to keep !m on /or$ food4 ,x 0 n until ! introduction ( 8root-crops0 t ox5 c\ld be kept 9 any numb] ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s4 ,h5ce !re 0 an excess ( fre% meat & fat ab\t ,*ri/mas "t1 & ! 8roa/ beef10 plum pudd+s1 & m9cemeat ( ,*ri/mas f>e 7 abundant4 ,! true ,*ri/mas pudd+ & m9ce-pie _h meat z "p ( _! compon5ts1 &1 ( c\rse1 beef-suet ent]s l>gely into _! composition at ! pres5t day4 ,! practice ( eat+ sweet fruits & pres]ves ) meat 7z 9 ! true m9ce-pie7 /ill l+]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 b has become less g5]al ?an x is 9 ,g]many4 ,we /ill eat r$-currant jelly ) roa/ mutton1 & also ) h>e1 & apple sauce is consid]$ appropriate to roa/ pork & to goose2 b pickl$ plums & *]ries & sug>$ crab-apples1 :i* are usually tak5 ) meat 9 ,g]many1 are n kn[n to u4 ,i h he>d a s*oolboy express indignation at be+ giv5 plums ) roa/ meat4 ,m9cemeat1 = m9ce-pies1 0 orig9ally 7l a 8,corni% pa/y10 9 :i* rais9s are mix$ ) meat7 "o ( ^! comb9ations ( sweetness & /r5g?--( sug> & meat--! ta/e = :i* has unacc\ntably disappe>$ 9 ^! days ( me*anical uni=mity & lack ( 8homely *e]40 ,! introduction ( ! turkey z a ,*ri/mas di% dates f ! e>ly "t ( ! importation ( t bird into ,europe1 namely1 ab\t #aeej4 ,x is already spok5 ( 9 connection ) ,*ri/mas f>e 9 #aegj4 ,! 8turkey-cock10 z its full "n 01 is an ,am]ican bird1 & 0 br\ght orig9ally f ,mexico to ,europe1 ?\gh x is possible t ! m nor!rn ,am]ican species may h be5 also introduc$ by ! navigator1 ,jean ,cabot4 ,!re is a v gorge\s turkey-cock ( iridesc5t bright blue & gre51 ) orange-r$ w>ts on 8 head & neck1 f\nd 9 ,honduras4 ,b he has nev] be5 acclimatis$4 ,he is on view 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,! turkey belongs to ! pheasant family1 & is comp>$ by old writ]s to ! peacock1 & also to ! gu9ea-f[l 7,numida meleagris ( orni?ologi/s74 ,inde$1 !re 0 great confusion :5 ! turkey fir/ arriv$ betwe5 x & ! gu9ea-f[l1 & x appe>s to be ow+ to ?is mix+ up ( ! two birds t ! ,am]ican bird 0 call$ a turkey-cock1 s9ce ! gu9ea-f[l is an ,african bird1 & came into ! h&s ( ,europeans ?r\gh ,mussulman trad]s or 8,turks40 ,s f> did ! confusion g t ! great ,l9nu appli$ ! ,lat9 "n ,meleagris1 :i* 0 t ( ! gu9ea-f[l1 to ! 8turkey0 ( ,am]ica6 ,"s p ?9k t ! turkey-cock e/abli%$ 8 mislead+ "n by 8 cry1 :i* !y say is repres5t$ by ! words 8,turk-turk-turk40 ,probably ! turkey-cock1 ?\gh an ,am]ican bird1 0 import$ by trad]s :o 7 call$ 8,turkey m]*ants0 because _! *ief bus9ess 0 ) ! ,levant9e & ,morocco ports4 ,ano!r mi/ake or vagu5ess z to ! native home ( ! turkey 0 hit ^u by ! ,fr5*1 :o call$ x ! ,p\le d',inde1 :5ce _! mod]n "n = x1 ,d9don2 & ! same error is f\nd 9 an old ,g]man "n = x1 ,kalkuttis* ,hn 7f ,calicut1 on ! ,malab> coa/ ( ,india1 :]e ! turkey 0 introduc$ f ,am]ica 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & has fl\ri%$ ev] s9ce74 ,! ,sw$i% "n = ! turkey is ,kalcon1 & is only a modification ( ?is old ,g]man "n4 ,probably few animals or birds h be5 s p]si/5tly misrepres5t$ by ! names giv5 to !m z ! ,am]ican bird :i* we call ! turkey4 ,our f>my>d names = him are f> bett]4 ,9 ,scotl& !y call him ! 8,bubbly-jock10 :i* vividly sugge/s 8 airs & graces1 :il/ 9 ,suffolk we call him a 8,gobble-cock40 ,i "k an old f>mh\se ne> ,woodbridge1 9 ,suffolk1 :i* be>s ! delightful "n ( 8,gobblecock ,hall40 8,! squire ( ,gobblecock ,hall0 w\ld h furni%$ ,r&olph ,caldecott ) inspiration = a ,*ri/mas picture /ory2 & s1 inde$1 w\ld ! c\ntry r\nd ! 8,hall10 ) its va/ s&y tract1 t5 miles long1 kn[n z ,hollesley ,hea?1 end+ on ! sea%ore ne> ,or=d ,ca/le4 ,! mislead+ indication z to ! native l& ( an animal--due to ! "n commonly appli$ to x--is rem>kable 9 ! case ( ! gu9ea-pig4 ,?\gh ! gu9ea-f[l is correctly s call$1 s9ce x comes f ! ,gu9ea ,coa/ ( ,africa1 ! gu9ea-pig has no?+ to d ) t coa/1 b comes f ,s\? ,am]ica6 ,x is n a pig1 b a rod5t1 & x does n come f ,gu9ea4 ,x appe>s t ! %ips ( ! 8,gu9ea m]*ants0 ( ?is c\ntry e/abli%$ trad+ relations ) ,s\? ,am]ican ports1 & h5ce ! little 8pig0 7,%akespe>e calls ! h$gehog 8h$ge-pig07 :i* !y br\ght home 0 call$ a 8gu9ea-pig10 j z ! big 8cock0 import$ by ,turkey m]*ants 0 call$ a 8,turkey-cock40 ,! gu9ea-pig suff]s o!r 8indignities ( appellation40 ,! ,g]mans call him ,me]s*we9*51 t is1 8little sea-pig40 ,app>5tly 8sea0 pig1 because he 0 br\ght ov] ! sea4 ,b ?is leads to unju/ifiable sugge/ions z to ! gu9ea-pig's "*4 ,= ! ,g]mans call ! porpoise ,me]s*we91 :i* w\ld seem to mean 8pig ( ! sea02 & ^? imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ,g]man language h be5 kn[n to take allusions made by ,g]man writ]s to ! =m] animal z int5d$ to apply to ! "y ( ! latt]4 ,?us "o reads 9 an ,engli% m$ical book ( a numb] ( 8"y porpoises0 be+ f$ ^u c>rots :5 x 0 really 8gu9ea-pigs0 :i* consum$ ?is nutrim5t4 ,! ,g]man physiologi/s1 :o (t5 make use ( gu9ea-pigs 9 _! inve/igations1 n[ call !m ,cobayas1 s z to avoid any fur!r misund]/&+4 ,! ,fr5* ^w = a porpoise1 m>s\91 is a corruption ( ! ,g]man "n ,me]s*we94 ,i h po9t$ out above ! orig9 ( heavy fe$+ at ,*ri/mas4 ,:e!r x is necess>y or n to cont9ue t precise mode ( celebration1 ! s5tim5ts ( peace & goodwill :i* belong to ,*ri/mas1 ! meet+ ( k9sm51--&1 above all1 ! d$ication ( _m ( its cu/oms to *ildr51--are ?+s to be *]i%$ & treat$ t5d]ly4 ,! #be? day ( ,decemb] 0 fix$ by ! ,*ur* = ! celebration ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 b x is fairly c]ta9 t ! p]iod ( ! ye> indicat$ 9 ! ,gospel z t :5 ! %eph]ds 7 wat*+ _! flocks & saw ! /> ( ,be?lehem1 0 n ,decemb]1 b ,octob]4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! *ildr5 owe _! %>e 9 ,*ri/mas to ! comb9ation ) x ( cu/oms prop] to ! ,epiphany1 :i* celebrates ! br++ ( gifts to ! *ild ,*ri/ by ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/4 ,x appe>s t ! greate/ & gaye/ ( ! fea/s ( pagan ,rome--! 8,saturnalia0--0 held at ! end ( ,decemb]1 & t ! e>ly ,*ur* 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 adapt$ a pagan cu/om to its own uses1 & fix$ ! fea/ ( ! ,nativity at ?is date expressly 9 ord] to take ov]1 z x 71 ! gaiety ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,! brilliant foliage & b]ries ( ! holly-tree 7 us$ = decorations at ! ,saturnalia1 & ?us became a ,*ri/mas emblem4 ,! fun & frolic ( ! ,saturnalia 7 transf]r$ to ! "n ( ,*ri/mas1 & ?us x comes ab\t t ! ,yule ,log & ! ,"l ( ,misrule & ! ,abbot ( ,unreason1 & also snapdragon & cl[n1 h>lequ9 & columb9e1 are f\nd 9 full sw+ at ,*ri/mas-tide4 ,lat] ,/4 ,ni*olas1 :o took ! place ( ,neptune1 & 0 ! patron sa9t ( sailors1 became associat$ ) ,*ri/mas celebrations z ,santa ,claus or ,fa!r ,*ri/mas4 ,8 regul> day 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 & s x 0 easy to po/pone 8 fe/ivities to ?ree weeks lat]4 ,mi/letoe is n a ,*ri/mas decoration4 ,x comes to u f ! ,druids1 & belongs to ! ,new ,ye>4 ,x is n all[$ to appe> 9 *ur*1 & %\ld n be hung up 9 private h\ses till ,*ri/mas is ov] & ! ,new ,ye> has come4 ,! hang+ up ( ! mi/letoe is 9 itself a beautiful survival ( an anci5t wor%ip1 & %\ld be associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ,/oneh5ge & ! prehi/oric /> temples1 ^: prie/s 7 a/ronom]s4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day !y solemnly di/ribut$ bran*es ( ! mi/letoe to ! p z a *>m ensur+ f]tility4 ,9 ,decemb] !re are _m hundr$weight ( mi/letoe cut d[n & despat*$ f ! anci5t ,druidical haunts ( ! ,wel% bord]1 & f ov]-sea ,brittany1 to all-dev\r+ ,london1 :]e x is he$lessly nail$ up 9 doorways1 & made ! excuse = mu* giggl+ & embrac+4 ,may ^? :o read ^! l9es treat x ) due rev]5ce1 & :5 !y kiss b5ea? ! beautiful /range bran* ) its :ite b]ries1 ?9k ( our ance/ors--! noble y\?s & lovely maid5s ( prehi/oric days1 :o kiss$ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 & s5t ?is liv+ tok5 ( _! happy lives d[n ! long ages--to u1 di/ract$ hu/l]s ( ! motor-c>4 ,prehi/oric fe$+ may n be good = u1 b ! prehi/oric rite ( ! mi/letoe mu/ n be neglect$ 9 ^! days ( /range political aspirations on ! "p ( ^? :o h n discov]$ its s$ative virtue4 ,,xl ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,opium ,t ,europe is ! orig9al home ( ! opium-poppy1 & n ,asia1 is ev5 m contradictory ( our settl$ traditions & belief ?an ! fact t ,europeans gave tobacco to ! ,ea/4 ,yet x is ! fact t opium1 l tobacco1 came to ! ,f> ,ea/ f ,europe4 ,! opium-poppy does n gr[ wild 9 ,asia2 x is a cultivat$ v>iety ( a ,m$it]ranean poppy1 ! ,papav] setig]um1 :i* has a pale purple fl[]1 & 0 convey$1 long ago1 by man f ! ,levant to ,asia4 ,we h true poppies ( f\r species :i* gr[ wild 9 ,engl&1 all ) spl5did sc>let or crimson petals1 easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! %ape ( ! se$boxes1 or capsules1 :i* !y =m4 ,if y scrat* ! surface ( ! se$ capsule ( "o ( ^! poppies a milky juice appe>s4 ,x is ?is :i* is collect$ f ! capsules ( ! mu* l>g] opium-poppy 9 ,india & ,*9a1 & :5 dri$ =ms a h>d br[n cake1 :i* is call$ 8opium40 ,x consi/s ( res9\s matt]1 9 :i* is conta9$ a small quantity ( ! invaluable n>cotic call$ 8morphia10 & also small quantities ( o!r p[]ful poisons4 ,! pale-purple poppy ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7,papav] setig]um7 0 cultivat$ hundr$s--ev5 ?\s&s--( ye>s ago 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe & on ! ,m$it]ranean %ores ( ,africa--n = opium1 b = ! oil :i* c be express$ f ! se$1 8poppy-se$ oil40 ,! oil is free f n>cotic prop]ties4 ,! purple poppy is /ill cultivat$ = t oil 9 ,france1 & poppy-se$ oil is an article ( comm]ce us$ z food1 bo? 9 ! pure /ate & = adult]at+ o!r oils4 ,! e>lie/ cultivation ( ?is poppy is ev5 z remote 9 ,europe z #gjjj ye>s1 = we f9d t ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s ( ! ,/one ,age cultivat$ x1 & t ! v>iety !y obta9$ 0 ne>] to ! wild ,papav] setig]um ?an to its cultivat$ d]ivative1 ! mod]n opium-poppy1 ,papav] somnif]um4 ,h[ & :5 x fir/ 0 recognis$ t ! n>cotic sub/ance 8opium0 c\ld be prep>$ f ! juice exud+ f ! cut capsule is n exactly kn[n1 b x is probable t x 0 n until ! e>ly ,middle ,ages t ! poppy 0 cultivat$ = ! habitual use ( opium z a n>cotic indulg5ce1 & t its e>li] cultivation 01 z to "s ext5t at ! pres5t day1 = ! sake ( ! oil conta9$ 9 ! se$1 its use 9 m$ic9e requir+ b a v small supply4 ,! anci5t ,greeks 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! cultivat$ poppy4 ,hom] m5tions x1 & at a mu* lat] p]iod ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides d s4 ,!y call x 8mekon10 & 7 aw>e ( ! somnif]\s prop]ties ( ! sap4 ,dioscorides1 ^: wond]ful book on plants dates f ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 speaks ( ! drug d]iv$ f ! sap by ! "n 8opos10 & x is f t ^w t ! "n 8opium0 has come4 ,! ,romans cultivat$ ! poppy be=e ! republic1 & mix$ its se$s ) _! fl\r 9 mak+ bread4 ,! /ory ( ,k+ ,t>qu9 tak+ ! gov]nor ( a rebelli\s prov9ce into a poppy-field1 lopp+ (f ! heads ( ! tall] poppies ) 8 /ick1 & !n turn+ to 8 visitor1 )\t a ^w1 b ) a look :i* said1 8,t is ! way to gov]n0--is evid5ce ( ! v e>ly cultivation ( ! poppy by ! ,romans4 ,hebrew writ+s d n m5tion ! opium poppy1 ?\gh x seems to be c]ta9 t x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,asia ,m9or = at lea/ #cjjj ye>s4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! plant 0 cultivat$ 9 m anci5t times 9 ,egypt1 al?\gh 9 ,pl9y's "t ! ,egyptians us$ ! juice ( ! poppy m$ic9ally4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 01 & 9 our own day x is1 "o ( ! *ief objects ( cultivation 9 t c\ntry1 especially = ! manufacture ( opium4 ,! cultivat$ v>iety ,p4 somnif]um ( ! pres5t day diff]s f ! wild ,p4 setig]um1 9 hav+ ! se$-capsule surm\nt$ by t5 or twelve /igmas 7! free ends ( ! leaves :i* are unit$ to =m ! capsule71 in/ead ( by eight z 9 ! wild =m4 ,x seems t ! introduction ( ! poppy f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean into ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,*9a is due to ,arab trad]s1 & is co9cid5t ) ! rise ( ,mohamm$anism2 & x is probable t x 0 valu$ & cultivat$ f t "t onw>ds1 n s mu* = ! sake ( its se$ & oil1 z = ! n>cotic juice1 :i* 0 made up by ,arabian 8confection]s0 into a k9d ( pa/e1 & eat51 z 7 o!r vegetable extracts--su* z 8bang10 f hemp--= ! sake ( ! pleasurable effects produc$ by its poison\s action on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! opium poppy does n occur at all 9 ! wild /ate 9 ! ,middle & ,f> ,ea/4 ,9 #aeaf opium 0 already an article ( trade f ,india to ,*9a4 ,! poppy 0 cultivat$1 & ! use ( opium kn[n & frequ5t 9 ,india = "s five c5turies be=e t date4 ,probably ! cultivation ( ! plant 9 ,*9a 0 n />t$ until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! ,*9ese :o hit ^u ! mode ( indulg+ 9 opium by smok+ x 9 a pipe4 ,!re is no record1 writt5 or pictorial1 ( ?is practice e>li] ?an #agcj1 ab\t fifty ye>s be=e :i* date 7#afhj7 we f9d ! smok+ ( tobacco repres5t$ on ,*9ese pott]y4 ,v soon ! ,*9ese 7 n cont5t to import _! opium f ,india1 b l>ge areas 7 put "u cultivation ) ! ,indian poppy 9 ,*9a & ,man*uria4 ,= a c5tury or m ! export ( opium f ,india to ,*9a cont9u$ & increas$ z ! consumption ( ! drug increas$1 ! native ,*9ese production n be+ suffici5t to meet ! dem&4 ,9 #agcj & #agif ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t issu$ edicts =bidd+ ! smok+ ( opium1 & 9 ! la/ c5tury ! ef=ts ( ! ,*9ese au?orities to prev5t ! importation ( ,indian opium1 :e!r ) a view to suppress a dang]\s vice or to fav\r ! home-gr[n article1 l$ to w> ) ,engl&4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a--= in/ance1 ,amoy--?ree-f\r?s ( ! population are1 or 7 until lately1 opium-smok]s4 ,n[ x is believ$ t ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t is g5u9ely det]m9$ to put a /op to ! dang]\s & en]vat+ indulg5ce 9 ?is n>cotic1 & ! opium-gr[]s ( ,india w h to limit _! output1 & employ _! l& & lab\r = o!r crops4 ,x is ! fact t ! eat+ ( opium 7= x is n 8smok$0 !re7 does v little h>m 9 ,india1 s9ce x is n us$ by a l>ge proportion ( ! p nor 9 excess4 ,_m p]sons :o h /udi$ ! subject ma9ta9 t ! widely-spread injury caus$ by opium 9 ,*9a is due to ! %ort "t dur+ :i* x has be5 9 use !re z comp>$ ) ,india4 ,x is held t a population aft] a few c5turies becomes immune to su* poison\s b attractive indulg5ces by ! kill+ out ( ^? :o _c resi/ excess--& ! sugge/ion is t ! simple/ way ( deal+ ) su* crav+s = poison is to let ^? :o h !m & _c resi/ _! dem&1 freely indulge & die1 & _! /ock ) !m4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a sl[ & t$i\s way ( eradicat+ an evil t5d5cy4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ! only way1 & h]eaft]1 :5 ! production by c>eful & re/rict$ bre$+ ( a s\nd & heal?y population becomes recognis$ z be+ "p ( ! duty ( ! mak]s & adm9i/rators ( ! law 9 civilis$ /ates1 x is n improbable t we %all see some?+ ( ! k9d delib]ately put into practice4 ,! opium-pipe & ! mode ( smok+ at pres5t 9 use 9 ,*9a are v diff]5t f ! pipe & smok+ ( tobacco us$ !re or else:]e4 ,i inve/igat$ ! matt] myself tw5ty ye>s ago 9 an opium-d5 ne> ! ,london ,docks1 "u ! in/ruction ( a polite ,*9aman4 ,! opium-pipe has a v n>r[ cavity1 ab\t "o-six? ( an in* wide4 ,! prep>$ opium1 9 a condition resembl+ treacle1 is sme>$ on ! walls ( ! cavity ) a p91 & ! pipe is held to a light$ lamp4 ,! flame drawn into ! pipe causes ! opium to frizzle & give (f smoke1 b x does n 8light0 & cont9ue to burn4 ,ea* :iff :i* ! smok] inhales has to be procur$ by apply+ ! pipe to ! lamp4 ,! smoke is ta/eless1 & x requires a good deal ( pati5ce & sev]al re-sme>+s ( ! inside ( ! pipe be=e ! smok] beg9s to exp]i5ce ! pleasant effects ( ! drug4 ,^! consi/ 9 ! production ( a s5se ( p]fect cont5tm5t & indiff]5ce to all tr\ble & c>e1 :il/ ! imag9ation gives a rose-col\r1 or an ev5 m allur+ aspect1 to all t "o sees or ?9ks (--until a g5tle sleep closes ! sc5e4 ,! ,*9ese1 hav+ obta9$ ! se$s1 cultivat$ ! opium-poppy1 & made opium be=e ! prep>$ article 0 import$ 9 any great quantity f ,india4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no d\bt z to ! injury :i* is done to a population by ! habitual use ( opium4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is no "o :o kn[s any?+ ab\t m$ic9e & ! use ( drugs :o does n speak ( opium ) rev]5ce & ev5 affection4 ,=ty ye>s ago1 at a d9n]-p>ty :]e ! lead+ physicians ( ,london 7 pres5t1 x 0 sugge/$ t !y %\ld ea* write d[n 9 ord] ( m]it ! t5 drugs to :i* !y atta*$ ! greate/ value4 ,i he>d f "o :o 0 pres5t t !y all put opium 9 ! fir/ place1 & t m]cury1 iodide ( potassium1 & ipecacuanha foll[$ 9 t ord] 9 ! majority ( ! li/s4 ,! value ( opium z a m$ic9al ag5t is "o ?+2 its deadly effect on ^? :o h become victims to its daily use is ano!r4 ,! orig9 ( ! m$ic9al use ( opium c be trac$ to ,egypt 9 ,pl9y's "t1 b beyond t no?+ is kn[n4 ,z ,i am writ+ ( botanical matt]s1 ,i may briefly ref] to an ambiguity ab\t ! names 8banana0 & 8planta940 ,!re is no diff]5ce 7z is sometimes sugge/$7 betwe5 ! fruits indicat$ by ^! two words4 ,our ^w 8planta90 is m]ely a corruption ( ! ,spani% ^w platano1 :i* is ! "n ( ! plane-tree4 ,x 0 loosely appli$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica by ! ,spani% coloni/s to ! banana palm 7,musa sapi5tum71 j z !y call$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican bison a buffalo1 & z ! ,anglo-,am]icans call a /ag an elk1 & a r$ ?ru% a rob94 ,! banana palm is n an ,am]ican tree1 b 0 introduc$ !re f ! ,ea/ ,indies by ! e>ly navigators1 & 0 v soon cultivat$ by ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians z well z by ! coloni/s4 ,!re h be5 great au?orities--= in/ance1 ,humboldt--:o h believ$ t !re is a native ,s\? ,am]ican banana palm z well z an ,ea/ ,indian "o2 b ! def9ite conclusion ( botani/s1 aft] c>eful inquiry1 is t !re is only "o species1 & t x is ( ,s\? ,asian orig94 ,!re are an enorm\s numb] ( cultivat$ v>ieties--=ty-f\r are describ$2 !y c all be arrang$ 9 two gr\ps1 ! l>ge-fruit$ bananas 7fruit #g in*es to #ae in*es long71 & ! small-fruit$ bananas1 commonly call$ fig-bananas 7fruits #a in* to #f in*es long74 ,all are equally entitl$ to ! "n 8planta90 z well z 8banana40 ,! f9e/ flav\r$ v>ieties are cultivat$ 9 ,h9du/an1 & !re only1 be+ (t5 ( v great value & r>ity4 ,^? :i* come into ! ,engli% m>ket are *iefly1 if n entirely1 ( ,we/ ,indian production4 ,! foliage ( ! banana palm consi/s ( oblong leaves ( magnific5t size & unbrok5 surface2 small trees are to be se5 9 ho?\ses 7!y be> fruit at ,kew71 & are frequ5tly us$ = decorative purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,! human skull f ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,p>is4 ,"o-?ird ! size 7l9e>7 ( nature4 a-b is a l9e drawn f a po9t above ! br[ ridges 7a7 to a po9t on ! ext]ior ( ! skull correspond+ to ! inn] atta*m5t ( ! membrane call$ ! 8t5torium0 :i* sep>ates ! c]ebrum above f ! c]ebellum b5ea? x4 ,! "p ( ! skull above ?is l9e 7or r ! horizontal plane1 ! edge ( :i* x repres5ts7 is ! cranial dome1 & is 9 ?is skull comp>atively %all[4 ,comp>e x ) ! same l9e & ! cranial dome 9 ,fig4 #ge ( a ,re9de] ,man1 :i* agrees ) a mod]n ,european skull 9 ! great] height ( ! dome above ! l9e a-b4 ,! l9e drawn f ! l9e a-b to ! po9t e is ! v]tical l9e erect$ at ! middle po9t ( ! l9e a-b4 ,x gives ! measure ( ! greate/ height ( ! cranial dome4 ,! l9e f f simil>ly falls on to ! po9t half-way betwe5 ! l9e e & ! po9t b4 ,x measures ! height ( ! back "p ( ! cranial dome4 ,comp>e ^! & ! o!r l9es 9 ! o!r figures ( human skulls & t ( ! *impanzee 7,fig4 #ha71 :i* are all drawn to ! same scale z ?is figure1 namely1 "o-?ird ! l9e> measurem5t4 c is ! po9t on ! top ( ! skull kn[n z ! 8bregma02 x is ! po9t :]e ! frontal bone meets ! two p>ietal bones4 ,! l9e c-a cuts (f a curv$ area ly+ 9 front ( x4 ,?is is 8! frontal boss10 & ! v]tical l9e to d1 drawn f its mo/ prom95t po9t to ! l9e a-c1 gives a v good measure ( ! am\nt ( prom95ce & volume ( ! =ehead4 ,comp>e ?is area & ! l9e d 9 ! o!r skulls figur$1 especially 9 ! well-develop$ skull ( ! ,re9de] ,man 7,fig4 #ge7 & 9 ! *impanzee's skull4 ,! read] is ref]r$ also 9 reg>d to ^! measurem5ts to my ,k+dom ( ,man 7,con/able ,co474 ,besides ^! l9es ( measurem5t1 ! read] %\ld note ! great br[ ridges1 ! prom95ce ( ! :ole face bel[ ! orbits 7n m]ely ( ! tee?-sockets74 ,fig4 #fe gives ! actual /ate ( ! skull4 ,9 ,fig4 #hj ! same skull is drawn z re/or$ by ,pr(4 ,m>cel9 ,b\le4 ,,xli ,,! ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,m5 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aijh-ji a v int]e/+ discov]y 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! daily newspap]s--! discov]y ( a human skull & "s bones buri$ 9 a cave call$ ! ,grotto ( ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 9 ! c5tral dep>tm5t ( ,france1 kn[n z ! ,corrze1 n v f> f ,p]igueux1 9 ! ,dordogne4 ,an acc\nt 0 giv5 ( ?is discov]y by ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le1 ( ! ,p>is ,museum1 to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 & ! description ( ! bones1 :i* _h be5 c>efully piec$ toge!r1 & 7 exhibit$ to ! meet+ ( ! ,academy1 0 s5t by him to me 7see ,fig4 #fe74 ,"s exagg]at$ /atem5ts z to ! monkey-l "* ( ! race to :i* ^! bones belong$ 7exagg]at$1 b n altoge!r devoid ( tru?7 7 circulat$ by imag9ative correspond5ts 9 ! newspap]s4 ,x is ! fact t ^! human rema9s are ( enorm\s antiquity1 & belong to a v peculi> & primitive race kn[n z ! ,ne&] ,m51 s call$ because a skull & "s bones ( ?is same race 7 f\nd fifty ye>s ago 9 a cave 9 ! ,ne&] valley1#g ne> ,elb]feld1 on ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,fr5* ar*ologi/s1 or 8prehi/orians10 z we n[ call !m--are ! lead+ discov]]s 9 all t relates to v e>ly man4 ,! caves 9 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,france 7,dordogne1 ,pyr5ees1 & ,rivi]a7 & ! gravels 9 ! nor? h furni%$ ! mo/ wond]ful & int]e/+ evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( human be+s at an imm5sely remote p]iod 9 ?is "p ( ,europe4 ,en?usia/ic excavators & collectors ( ,fr5* nationality h discov]$1 pres]v$1 & describ$ ! weapons1 c>v+s1 & draw+s made by ! old cave-dwell]s ( ,s\!rn ,france1 buri$ by ! accumulat$ deposits ( ages deep 9 ! cav]ns :]e ! human arti/s :o made ^! ?+s us$ to live4 ,9 ,engl& only two su* caves conta9+ ! implem5ts ( prehi/oric m5 h be5 f\nd--:il/ a few are kn[n 9 ,belgium1 ,moravia1 & ,switz]l&4 ,al?\gh we "k an imm5se numb] ( ! fl9t in/rum5ts1 bone h>poons1 & c>v+s & draw+s ( ! anci5t cave-dwell]s1 yet skulls & bones ( ! m5 !mselves are extremely r>e4 ,bones1 skulls1 & tee? ( ! animals !y kill$ & ate are abundant 9 ! caves--su* z ^? ( great bulls1 de]1 & horses4 ,! bones also ( animals :i* liv$ 9 ^! caves & cont5d$ ) ! anci5t m5 = ! possession ( ! %elt] af=d$ by !m1 are abundant3 bones ( hyna1 ( be>1 ( lion1 & wolf4 ,b human bones are exce$+ly r>e4 ,?is arises p>tly f ! fact t human bones are n s ?ick & /rong z ^? ( l>ge animals1 & m easily s(t51 break up1 & are lo/4 ,x is also due p>tly to ! fact t ! m5 7 n ne>ly s num]\s z ! wild animals2 b x is *iefly due to ! fact t ^! p usually1 b n always1 buri$ _! dead 9 ! op52 & :il/ ! bones ( animals :i* _h be5 eat5 7 left ab\t 9 heaps on ! floor ( ! caves1 & became cem5t$ toge!r by ! petrify+ deposit caus$ by wat] dripp+ f ! walls ( ^! lime/one cav]ns or by /reams actually flood+ ! cav]ns1 ! bodies ( ! m5 !mselves 7 remov$ :5 !y di$ by _! fri5ds & families1 & buri$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 :]e !y h gradually dissolv$ & brok5 up4 ,only a few "h & !re ( ! m anci5t races 7 buri$ 9 a cave1 & are 9 consequ5ce pres]v$ until ! pres5t day4 ,obvi\sly1 x w\ld only be an exceptional hon\r or sup]/ition :i* w\ld cause ! giv+ up ( a cave to ! int]m5t ( a dead body1 or only r>ely t a corpse c\ld be tol]at$ 9 ! floor ( ! cave /ill inhabit$ by liv+ m54 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t all ! bones ( all ! m5 & animals :i* h liv$ on ! e>?'s surface are naturally & z a matt] ( c\rse p]man5t endur+ ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 !y are buri$ 9 soil or s& p]meat$ by wat]1 !y sl[ly s(t5 & decay1 dissolve & disappe>4 ,:5 wa%$ into /reams & riv]s or into ! sea1 !y break up & dissolve4 ,no bones 7 dr$g$ up f ! floor ( ! ocean by ! explor]s ( ! ,*all5g] exp$ition4 ,a bone sunk 9 ! sea gradually dissolves4 ,only ^? bones 7& ! same is true ( %ells7 are p]man5tly pres]v$ :i* happ5 to get into c]ta9 fav\rable positions1 emb$d$ 9 clay or h>d deposit1 :i* is n di/urb$1 & becomes sl[ly rais$ up & free f soak+ wat] be=e ! bone is dissolv$2 or1 aga91 ^? :i* h be5 protect$ 9 ! accumulat$ deposits ( ! floor ( a cav]n cov]$ 9 by lay]s ( h>d calc>e\s slab or /alagmite1 :i* usually is =m$ by ! wat] dripp+ f ! lime/one ro( & walls4 ,! lime/one is dissolv$ l sug>1 & is deposit$ :5 ! wat] evaporates--8petrify+0 ! floor ( ! cave4 ,x is ow+ to ?is r>ity ( ! natural pres]vation ( bones t we nev] f9d m ?an a few ( ^? ( ext9ct animals ( v>i\s degrees ( antiquity1 & nev] m ?an a v few ( ^? ( ! anci5t m5 :o liv$ 9 cav]ns & made 8fl9t implem5ts40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,an unpoli%$ b beautifully *ipp$ fl9t knife1 ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age1 f ,d5m>k4 7,?is figure & ,fig4 #fg are f ! guide to ! antiquities ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74 ,z a prelim9>y to deal+ bel[ ) ! /ory ( 8! ,ne&] ,m50--to :i* race ! newly-f\nd skull & bones f ! ,corrze belong--x w help to make ! importance ( t skeleton obvi\s if ,i v briefly & dogmatically /ate :at are ! great p]iods 9 ! prehi/oric record ( man1 & ! probable di/ance 9 "t f u ( ^? p]iods4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :at ,i h to say applies only to ! 8prehi/oric hi/ory0 ( man 9 ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,m$it]ranean region1 = x is only ?is "p ( ! _w :i* has be5 suffici5tly c>efully exam9$ to yield any def9ite conclusions4 ,let u suppose t we c travel back ?r\gh ! ages1 & proce$ to d s4 ,we f9d t !re are ?ree well-m>k$ successive p]iods 9 ,europe--:i* are call$ ! ,iron ,age1 ! ,bronze ,age1 & ! ,/one ,age4 ,:5 we g back to ,julius ,cs> conqu]+ ,gaul & p>ts ( ,g]many & ,brita91 we f9d t ! ,romans _h /eel swords1 & freely made use ( t metal = a v>iety ( tools & con/ructive purposes4 ,! ,gauls & ,belgi & ,allemanni & ,britons 7 /ill 9 ! ,bronze ,age2 !y _h beautifully made bronze swords & dagg]s & helmets & %ields1 :i* 7 weak] & s(t] ?an ^? ( iron us$ by ! ,romans4 ,! use ( iron 0 soon spread by ! conqu]ors1 & ! re/ ( ,europe ent]$ on ! ,iron ,age4 ,:5 ! ,anglo-,saxons arriv$ 9 ,engl& !y _h iron weapons4 ,at :at date precisely ! ,romans !mselves took to ! use ( iron is n kn[n1 probably !y le>nt its use f ! peoples ( ,africa2 b at no di/ant date1 a few hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 !y1 too1 & ! ,greeks 7 9 ! ,bronze ,age4 ,9 ,we/]n ,europe we see ! ,bronze ,age1 z we travel back 9 "t1 disappe>+1 & we come to ! ,/one ,age1 ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,copp] 0 us$ at ! lat] /age ( ! ,/one ,age1 & !n ! alloy ) t91 :i* is call$ 8bronze40 ,at ! "t t ! big /ones ( ,/oneh5ge 7 set up 7! small] /ones ( ! out] circle are m anci5t7 ! ,/one ,age 0 com+ to its end1 & ! ,bronze ,age com+ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,a poli%$ fl9t axe-head1 ( ,neoli?ic ,age1 f ,d5m>k4 ,ev]y:]e1 b n always )9 ! same ?\s& ye>s or s1 we see z we g /ill f>!r back1 ! use ( metal giv+ place to ! use ( /one4 ,9 ,europe we see a highly-develop$ mat]ial civilisation f ?ree to sev5 ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! p till ! l&1 s[ crops1 keep h]ds1 build h\ses 7( wood71 make pott]y1 combs = ! hair1 necklaces ( amb] & ( %ells1 & o!r ornam5ts1 b !y h no metal weapons or implem5ts4 ,!y sometimes use native gold to make decorative ornam5ts2 b _! knives1 dagg]s1 swords1 saws1 & hamm]s are all ( /one1 ei!r fl9t or d5se gre5/one4 ,we rea* ?is purely ,/one ,age 9 ,europe at #bjjj ,b4,c42 9 ,egypt we d n get back to x s soon1 b1 ab\t #ejjj ,b4,c41 we !re come ^u a pre-,ph>aonic population :i* made use ( beautifully-f9i%$ /one knives 9 place ( metal4 ,! fir/ p we come ^u 9 ,europe z we pass f ! ,bronze to ! ,/one ,age _h a great deal ( skill & an elaborate social organisation4 ,_! /one weapons 7 beautifully *ipp$ & (t5 highly poli%$ 7,figs4 #ff & #fg74 ,we f9d ! slabs ( grit ^u :i* !y rubb$ ! *ipp$ fl9t adzes 9 ord] to make !m smoo?4 ,b soon we f9d1 z we g back1 t poli%+ is unkn[n1 & t ! *ipp$ fl9t adzes are us$ 9 a r\gh /ate4 ,on ent]+ ! ,/one ,age we f9d t we are only on ! fr+e ( an imm5se p]iod ( 8/one-weapon$ humanity10 ext5d+ back = t5s ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations ( m51 :5 /one 7& 9 ,europe especially1 t /one :i* we call 8fl9t07 0 ! "o great /&-by ( ! human race--! "o h>d cutt+ mat]ial :i* man le>nt to %ape & apply to 8 own purposes--s z to make holes ) x1 saw ) x1 scrape ) x1 cut ) x1 kill ) x4 ,on acc\nt ( its prodigi\s range 9 "t x is f\nd necess>y to divide ! ,/one ,age into two p]iods--a lat]1 call$ ! 8,neoli?ic0 7! new /one p]iod71 & an old]1 /ret*+ back until ! traces ( x are lo/ 9 geologic *anges ( ! e>?1 :i* is call$ ! 8,paloli?ic0 7! old /one p]iod74 ,?us if we />t on a "t-j\rney to explore ! e>lie/ traces ( man 9 ,europe1 we pass along ! c5turies back1 ?r\gh ! ,iron & ! ,bronze ,ages ( humanity1 & arrive at ! va/ ,/one ,age1 :i* /ret*es away into ! obscurity ( m ?an a hundr$ ?\s&1 probably ( _m hundr$ ?\s&1 ye>s4 ,! lat] or new] fr+e ( ! ,/one ,age is call$ ! 8,neoli?ic10 or new] ,/one ,age1 or ,age ( ,poli%$ ,/one1 because ! m5 ( t p]iod poli%$ _! /one implem5ts aft] *ipp+ !m into %ape4 ,t :i* we dimly see beyond is ! 8,paloli?ic10 or old] p]iod ( 8/one-weapon$0 humanity1 :5 poli%+ 0 unkn[n4 ,! ,neoli?ic civilisation compris$ ! ,swiss & ,gla/onbury lake-dwell]s1 :o built h\ses on piles 9 ! wat]3 also ! mak]s ( ! kit*5-midd5s ( ,d5m>k1 & ! build]s ( ! great /one av5ues1 circles1 & cromle*s1 & ! elevators ( ! solit>y big /ones call$ 8m5hirs0--mo/ ( !m r\gh] & probably two ?\s& or ?ree ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ! big /ones ( ,/oneh5ge4 ,our j\rney has n[ br\ght u into ! full d>kness ( prehi/oric times4 ,we _c tell h[ f> back ?is 8,neoli?ic0 p]iod rea*es1 b !re are ?+s f\nd :i* make x c]ta9 t x rea*es to #gjjj ,b4,c41 & probably a good deal f>!r4 ,we are n[ f> 9 "t beh9d ! mo/ anci5t ,greeks & ! m anci5t ,egyptians4 ,europe is a ri*1 moi/ pa/ure-l&1 peat bogs are abundant & luxuriant woodl&s2 ! climate is mild2 ! wild animals are ^? :i* to-day inhabit ,c5tral ,europe1 b m abundant4 ,! dome/icat$ animals kept by ! m5 are ^? :i* we h to-day1 & _m ( ! crops & cultivat$ plants are ^? ( our own "t1 su* z :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & rye4 ,we "k also by _! rema9s t ! ,neoli?ic m5 f$ on *e/nuts1 hazel nuts1 walnuts1 plums1 apples1 pe>s1 & /rawb]ries1 & cultivat$ ! v9e1 ! pale opium-poppy1 & ! n>r[-leav$ flax4 ,hemp 0 n kn[n to !m4 ,z we pu% back /ill f>!r into ! night ( antiquity--we _c say at h[ _m ?\s& ye>s f to-day1 :e!r t51 tw5ty1 or fifty ?\s&--! climate becomes v cold1 ! glaci]s ext5d f> d[n ! valleys1 & we note t ! level ( sea & l& has *ang$4 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& are "p ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,!re are /range animals 9 ! s\? ( :at 0 ,engl&1 & !re1 z well z 9 ,france1 re9de] ab\nd1 wild horses1 ! bison1 ! ,sib]ian saiga antelope1 ! great ox1 be>s1 gluttons1 & wolves2 & !re are m5 liv+ 9 caves--! natural cav]ns :i* =m 9 lime/one rock4 ,^! m5 are *ipp+ fl9ts 7b d n poli% !m7 & c>v+ bones1 b n[ h no h]ds1 nor cultivat$ fields1 nor pott]y 7"s v r\gh fragm5ts h be5 f\nd71 nor build+s1 nor e>?works4 ,!y are l "s mod]n savages1 ,nature's g5tlem51 8:o toil n1 nei!r d !y sp910 b !y hunt & fi%4 ,!y live entirely on ! produce ( ! *ase & on fi%1 wild fruits1 & roots4 ,!y we> undress$ sk9s & furs1 & pa9t or tattoo _! faces4 ,!y make twi/$ ropes 7probably ( sk97 :i* !y fix z a halt] r\nd ! head & jaw ( ! wild horse1 z %[n by _! own c>v+s 7,figs4 #h & #i74 ,probably !y ride him4 ,!y c]ta9ly eat him4 ,at ,solutr1 ne> ,mcon1 ! bones ( no less ?an a hundr$ ?\s& horses 7 f\nd pil$ up z a sort ( kit*5-midd5 r\nd a camp ( ,paloli?ic m56 ,!y h ! art ( mak+ fire1 & h a wond]ful arti/ic skill 9 c>v+ & draw+ on bone & ivory & on /ones1 & 9 pa9t+ on ! walls ( _! caves1 ! animals :i* surr\nd !m & are hunt$ by !m 7,fig4 #ga74 ,!y make great numb]s ( c>v$ h>poons or too!d spe>-heads 7,fig4 #fh7 f bone1 & also ne$les = sew+ sk9s2 :il/ f fl9t !y *ip spe>-heads1 knives1 h&-hat*ets1 & saws4 ,!y decorate _! c>v+s ) spirals1 loz5ges1 & circles cut 9 l[ relief 7,fig4 #fi74 ,b _! truly a/oni%+ skill & m5tal developm5t is %[n 9 _! c>v+s & engrav+s ( animals & fi% 7,fig4 #gj71 :i* are execut$ ei!r on bones or /ones1 or on pieces ( ! ivory ( ! mammo?4 ,besides ! re9de]1 horses1 goats1 saiga antelope1 rh9oc]os1 mammo?1 & seal1 _! c>v+s include /atuettes & draw+s ( m5 & wom5 7,fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,a4 ,p]=at$ h>poon ( ! transition p]iod 7,azilian or ,r$ ,de] p]iod71 betwe5 ,paloli?ic & ,neoli?ic1 made f antl] ( r$ de]1 f\nd 9 quantity 9 ! upp] lay]s ( deposit 9 ! cav]n ( ! ,mas d',azil 7,arige74 ,b & ,c4 ,imp]=ate h>poons or lance heads made f re9de] antl] ( ! ,magdal5ian p]iod 7,re9de] epo*74 ,b f ,bruniquel ,cave 7,t>n-et-,g>onne74 ,c f a cav]n 9 ! ,hautes ,pyr5es4 ,same size z ! objects4 ,at ! be/ p]iod "s ( ^! c>v+s %[ a ma/]y ( ! mat]ial1 a directness & a simplicity & beauty ( ess5tial l9e1 toge!r ) true obs]vation ( *>act]i/ic =m1 :i* sep>ate ^! works f ^? ( ! ord9>y savage ( mod]n times1 & h caus$ liv+ arti/s ( au?ority to decl>e t ^! craftsm5 _h ^? def9ite gifts :i* entitle !m to be recognis$ z bro!r arti/s--an assurance :i* confirms my own impression bas$ on a long /udy ( l>ge s]ies ( ! actual specim5s4 ,! be/ works ( _! lat] p]iod 7= _! skill took "t to develop1 & foll[s ! laws ( gr[? ( all art7 repres5t animals1 su* z de]1 9 movem5t & (t5 turn+ r\nd or =e%ort5$ 7,fig4 #gj72 "s ( _! c>v+s ( horses' heads are wor?y ( ! ,p>!non 7,fig4 #i74 ,on ! o!r h&1 z is (t5 obs]v$ 9 primitive art1 _! repres5tations ( ! human face & figure are v inf]ior1 & t5d to c>icature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,a piece ( mammo? ivory c>v$ ) spirals & scrolls f ! cave ( ,arudy 7,hautes ,pyr5es74 ,same size z ! object4 ,we are n[ 9 ! ,paloli?ic p]iod1 &1 :at is m1 we h quitt$ :at geologi/s call ! rec5t or mod]n epo*1 & h ent]$ on 8geologic0 times2 ?is is ! ,plei/oc5e or ,quat]n>y epo*4 ,x is a legitimate & useful ?+ ?us to draw a /rong l9e betwe5 ! ,neoli?ic & ! ,paloli?ic portions ( ! ,/one ,age4 ,! ,neoli?ic m5 belong1 s to speak1 to our own days4 ,!y 71 ev5 sev5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 only a little r\gh] 9 _! tools ?an 7 ! peasants ( ! remot] p>ts ( ,c5tral ,europe a few hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!y _h n ev5 z mu* t5d5cy to or gift = arti/ic "w z ! pl\ghm5 ( our own days1 & h left none beh9d !m4 ,except+ t !y us$ /one axes & knives in/ead ( /eel ones1 !y really l$ ! life ( m$ival c\ntry-folk4 ,b once y pass !m 9 y\r j\rney backw>ds--once y ent] ! ,plei/oc5e circle--y f9d t climate1 l& surface1 animals1 plants1 mode ( life are z utt]ly *ang$ z 7 y sudd5ly transf]r$ f ! ,engli% c\ntryside to ,t]ra del ,fuego or to an ,eskimo village4 ,! ,paloli?ic m5 & _! :ole surr\nd+s & arts ( life h no t\* ( famili>ity = ! mod]n inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,c>v+ on an antl] ( a gr\p ( ?ree r$ de] & f\r fi%es1 rem>kable = ! attitude & movem5t ( ! de]3 a1 h9d legs ( front de]1 ! re/ brok5 away3 bf1 second de]3 c1 ?ird de] look+ back3 d1 loz5ge m>ks1 suppos$ to be ! arti/'s signature3 bh1 ! h9d legs ( ! second de]1 wond]fully true to nature 9 _! 8hang+0 pose4 ,f ! cav]n ( ,lor!t1 ne> ,l\rdes 7,hautes ,pyr5es71 deposit ( ! ,re9de] epo*4 ,! c>v+ runs all r\nd a cyl9drical rod ( bone 7z v _m ( ^! c>v+s d71 & is "h repres5t$ z 8un-roll$0 or 8develop$10 t is to say1 laid out flat4 ,! draw+ is a little r$uc$ z comp>$ ) ! actual c>v+4 ,:5 we explore ?is ,paloli?ic1 ,plei/oc5e1 or ,quat]n>y epo*--! la/ ( ! geologi/s' long s]ies ( epo*s & deposits--we f9d t x repres5ts by no means a trivial episode 9 ! _w's long *ange4 ,x is true t comp>$ to geologic p]iods :i* foll[ on bel[ x--namely1 ! ,plioc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,eoc5e ( ! ,t]ti>y1 ! ,*alk & ! va/ ages bel[ t :ite sea-s$im5t1 indicat$ by ! sixty ?\s& feet ( /ratifi$ rock 7,jurassic1 ,triassic1 ,c>bonif]\s1 ,devonian1 ,silurian1 ,cambrian671 ! ,plei/oc5e exhibits b a small ?ickness ( deposit 7am\nt+ to b two or ?ree hundr$ feet ( s& & gravel7 z its contribution to ! e>?'s cru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,pa9t+ ( a bison 9 orange-br[n1 grey1 black1 & :ite1 ! outl9e p>tly engrav$1 f ! ro( ( ! cave ( ,altamira1 ne> ,sant&]1 9 ! nor? ( ,spa91 ^u :i* _m o!rs z well z wild-bo>1 horses1 & de] are depict$4 ,! orig9al is ab\t two & a half feet long4 ,^! draw+s 7 execut$ by ! ,re9de] ,m5 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,upp] or ,po/-,glacial ,plei/oc5e4 ,yet1 on acc\nt ( ! ne>ness to our own times ( ! ev5ts :i* took place 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 geologi/s & prehi/orians h /udi$ its details ) m9ute c>e1 & h accumulat$ an imm5se array ( facts & specim5s by digg+ & c>efully collect+ 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,!y h divid$ up ?is ,plei/oc5e p]iod & ! deposits 9 riv]-valley & cave :i* h occurr$ )9 its limits into ?ree great consecutive ages4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! di/9ctive wild animals :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ea*1 by ! climate :i* is indicat$1 & by ! progressive developm5t ( ! art & workman%ip ( ! ,paloli?ic m5 discov]$ 9 successive lay]s ( deposit4 ,let me "h ref] ! read] to ! tabul> /atem5t on page #chd bis4 ,^! ages ( ! ,plei/oc5e are3--,no4 #a4 ,! ,upp] or ,po/-,glacial ,plei/oc5e1 or ,epo* ( ! ,re9de]4 ,! climate 0 cold & dry1 l t ( ! ,russian /eppes4 ,! cont5ts ( ! celebrat$ cave ( ,la ,madele9e1 9 ! ,dordogne1 & ! upp] lay]s ( deposit 9 a :ole s]ies ( caves 7includ+ ,k5t's ,cav]n & ! ,creswell ,cave 9 ,engl&7 belong to ?is age4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* ! caves 7 inhabit$ by ! arti/ic race 8:o came no "o kn[s :5ce1 & w5t no "o kn[s :i!r10 accompani$ by ! re9de]4 ,be=e !m !re 0 no c>v+ 9 ! caves1 or only v r\gh "w1 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! m5 :o inhabit$ ! caves be=e ?is p]iod belong$ to a totally di/9ct & inf]ior race4 ,! 8,re9de] ,m50 mu/ h develop$ _! art by gradual /eps be=e !y arriv$ 9 ! caves ( ,we/]n ,europe--:]e we d n "k4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! climate became mu* mild]1 & ! r$ de] ( our own day took ! place ( ! re9de]1 dur+ a long transition 9 :i* ! 8,re9de] ,m50 & _! art disappe>$1 & ! pa/oral1 l&-till+1 /one-build+1 pott]y-mak+ communities ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age came into exi/5ce1 %[+ no trace ( ! art ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! mammo? & rh9oc]os1 bison1 & auro*s1 &1 9 fact1 all ! common] animals ( an e>li] p]iod 7 pres5t ne>ly all ?r\gh ! ,re9de] p]iod 7!y disappe> 9 ! late 8transition p]iod0 ( ! r$ de]1 call$ 8,azilian071 & 7 kn[n to ! 8,re9de] ,m510 b great h]ds ( re9de] & ( horses occupi$ ! grassy l&s 9 ?is age1 :i* 7 n abundant previ\sly4 ,^! h]ds probably 7 to "s ext5t protect$ by ! m51 :il/ ! lion1 be>1 hyna1 mammo?s1 & rh9oc]oses 7 dim9i%+ 9 numb]1 & 7 kept at a di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,back & front view ( a fl9t implem5t ( ! ,m\/i] type 7p]iod ( ! ,ne&] ,m5 or ,middle ,plioc5e71 half ! size 7l9e>7 ( ! object4 ,obs]ve ! bulb ( p]cussion at b1 & ! completion ( "o face by a s+le bl[4 ,note also ! f9e edge & po9t ( ! weapon4 ,! next l[] division ( ! ,plei/oc5e is ,no4 #b1 ! ,middle ,plei/oc5e or ,la/ ,glacial ,age1 or bett]1 ! ,epo* ( ! ,mammo?4 ,! climate 0 cold & humid4 ,= ! ?ird & la/ "t great glaci]s exi/$ ov] ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & only bits ( ! s\? ( ,engl& & ! c5tral & s\!rn p>ts ( ,france 7 free f ! ice-cov]+1 & c>ri$ a ri* vegetation4 ,deep] deposits 9 caves are ( ?is age1 & also mu* ( ! riv] gravels ( ! l[] t]races ( ,engli% & ,fr5* riv]s4 ,by ! ,fr5* x is (t5 call$ ! ,m\/i]ian p]iod1 because x is well se5 9 ! ri* deposits ( ! caves & plateau ( ,le ,m\/i]1 on ! riv] ,vezre 7an afflu5t ( ! ,dordogne71 :i* conta9 bones ( mammo? & rh9oc]os1 & fl9t implem5ts ( a special =m 7,fig4 #gb71 b no c>v+s or arti/ic "w4 ,hynas made "s ( ! cav]ns into _! d5s1 & ! cave-lion & ! cave-be> 7 !re too4 ,! m5 ( ?is p]iod actually conte/$ ) ^! c>nivors = ! possession ( ! caves1 & made great fires to keep out wild bea/s1 z well z to grill ! meat on :i* !y f$4 ,!y 7 ( an inf]ior race to ! ,re9de] ,m51 & _h n su* comm& ( ! situation z _! successors4 ,we f9d _! rema9s1 _! fl9t weapons1 & 9 r>e cases _! own bones z well z ! bones ( ! mammo? & hairy rh9oc]os 7on :i* !y f$71 & ! bones ( _! competitors1 ! hynas1 be>s1 & lions1 9 ! deep] deposits ( "s caves1 und]ly+1 & sep>at$ (t5 by calc>e\s deposit f1 ! lay]s :i* belong to ! subsequ5t & prosp]\s days ( ! ,re9de] ,m54 ,mo/ /rik+ is ! fact t 9 ! lay]s ( deposit ( ?is old] age1 !re are no works ( art nor any implem5ts c>v$ f bone or ivory4 ,^! e>li] m51 devoid ( art & liv+ at a l[ level ( savag]y1 7 ! ,ne&] ,m54 ,x is 9 ?is lay] & "u ^! conditions t ! few brok5 skulls1 agree+ 9 %ape & "* ) t ( ! ,ne&] ,valley1 h be5 f\nd4 ,la/ly we come to division ,no4 #c1 ! ,l[] ,plei/oc5e1 or ,epo* ( ! ,hippopotamus4 ,! lat] climate ( ?is age 0 mild4 ,x came betwe5 two glacial p]iods1 ow+ to ! retreat ( ! glaci]s1 :i* _h e>li] increas$ 9 ext5t s z to produce ! second ,great ,glacial p]iod4 ,! hippopotamus swam 9 ! ,?ames & ,sev]n 9 ^? days1 & left its bones & tee? 9 ! old] gravels ( ^? & o!r ,european riv]s1 :]e we n[ f9d !m4 ,! big almond-%ap$ & leaf-%ap$ fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,engli% 7,fig4 #gc7 & ,fr5* gravels 7,fig4 #gd7 belong to ?is p]iod4 ,we h no k :atev] ( ! m5 :o made !m4#h ,! mammo? 0 n !re1 b ano!r species ( elephant 7,e4 antiquus7 & a peculi> rh9oc]os 7,r4 m]ckii74 ,! deepe/ & olde/ deposits 9 "s caves belong to ?is age1 z well z ! high-ly+ gravels ( ,/4 ,a*euil1 ( _m ,engli% riv]-valleys1 & ( ,*elles on ! ,se9e4 ,?is p]iod is n repres5t$ by mu* deposit 9 caves1 ?\gh "s caves conta9 v deep-ly+ lay]s enclos+ bones or tee? ( ! animals *>act]is+ ?is p]iod4 ,old] ?an ! ,age ( ! ,hippopotamus are deposits :i* are reckon$ by geologi/s z 8,plioc5e0--no long] ,plei/oc5e--& are call$ 8,t]ti>y10 n 8,quat]n>y40 ,! =e/ b$ ( ,norfolk 7reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le z ( transitional "*1 z %[n 9 ! tabul> view on p4 #chd bis71 ! ,norwi* crag1 ! ,suffolk r$ & corall9e crag1 & v ext5sive s&y deposits all ov] ,europe belong to ! ,plioc5e4 ,! e>lie/ or fir/ great ext5sion ( glaci]s occurr$ late 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! animals are v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,plei/oc5e2 ! great ma/odon & ! tapir are !re1 & ! sabre-too!d tig]4 ,implem5ts manufactur$ by man are f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,plei/oc5e1 & !re is no reason to d\bt t we %all f9d 8 workman%ip 9 ! ,plioc5e1 too1 ?\gh x is n admitt$ t ?is has yet be5 done4 ,x is a "q /ill eag]ly /udi$ & debat$ z to :e!r ! r\ghly *ipp$ fl9ts f\nd 9 gravels on high d[ns 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & call$ 8eoli?s10 are 7z ,i ?9k _m ( !m are7 ! "w ( man1 & :e!r ! high-ly+ gravels 9 :i* !y are f\nd are to be reg>d$ z ( ! olde/ ,plei/oc5e ,age or z late ,plioc5e4 ,x is an excit+ & deeply int]e/+ field ( practical exploration & reason$ inf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,fl9t pick f ! ,l[] ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,?ames ,valley4 ,two-?irds ! size ( ! object4 ,x w h be5 ga!r$ f :at ,i h said t1 9 seek+ = k ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 ! p]iod ( ,paloli?ic ,man1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u extreme c>e 9 remov+ ! deposits f a cave in* by in*1 & keep+ all objects f\nd di/9ct f "o ano!r & assign$ to _! prop] lay]4 ,! same sy/em is n[ appli$ ) great success to ! exploration ( anci5t cities 9 ,egypt & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,a r\gh type ( fl9t implem5t f ! ,l[] ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,somme ,valley 7,/4 ,a*euil74 ,"o-half ! size ( ! object4 ,z to ! actual bones & skulls ( m5 discov]$ 9 ^! ,plei/oc5e deposits1 !y %[ u t ! ,re9de] ,m5 7 a f9e1 full-bra9$ p1 z we %\ld expect1 ) z l>ge a bra9 cavity on ! av]age z t ( mod]n ,europeans4 ,! skulls ( ?is race1 :i* d n diff] 9 "* f ^? ( highly develop$ mod]n races1 7 fir/ f\nd at ,cromagnon1 & h5ce we may call !m 8! ,cromagn>ds0 7,fig4 #ge74 ,! ,ne&] ,m5 are ! m5 ( ! middle p]iod--! la/ glacial p]iod--:o 7 displac$ by ! spl5did & accompli%$ ,cromagn>ds4 ,! ,ne&] ,m51 ( :i* ! new ,fr5* specim5 7,fig4 #fe7 f ! cave ( ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts is "o1 7 a v inf]ior race1 & s diff]5t f any liv+ race ( m5 z to ju/ify ! recognition ( !m z a di/9ct species ( man1 ! ,homo ,ne&]?al5sis4 ,only a few o!r imp]fect skulls & skeletons ( !m are kn[n 7,figs4 #gf & #gg71 & %[ !m to h be5 %ort p1 ) v l[1 flat heads & retreat+ =eheads4 ,x is 9 accordance ) :at "o w\ld expect1 t !y %\ld make no works ( art1 & %\ld be displac$1 z climatic conditions *ang$ = ! bett]1 by ! arrival ( ! f9e1 full-bra9$ ,cromagn>ds or ,re9de] ,m54 ,b :]e did !y1 ^! delightful arti/s & happy hunt]s ( ! ,re9de] ,epo*1 come f8 ,we _c say4 ,& :at became ( !m8 ,we d n "k4 ,!y did n give rise to ! ,neoli?ic race1 b 7 replac$1 turn$ out by t race4 ,to !m1 inde$1 are appropriate ! words ( ! ,roman poet--,prolem s9e matre creatam1 mat] s9e prole defuncta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,a pr(ile & a front view ( ! skull & l[] jaw ( a man ( ! ,cromagn>d race or ,re9de] ,m54 ,?is is ! type-skull f ,cromagnon4 ,! tee? h fall5 out ( _! sockets1 & ! articul> condyle ( ! up-turn$ "p ( ! l[] jaw is brok5 away4 ,! cranial dome & ! =ehead are z l>ge z 9 good mod]n ,european skulls4 ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #fe1 & ref] to ! explanation ( t figure = ! mean+ ( ! lett]s & dott$ l9es4 ,n4,b4--,?is draw+1 & "o or two ( ! o!r figures ( skulls1 are rev]s$1 giv+ "r side = left1 to facilitate ! comp>ison ( "o ) ! o!r4 ,all are "o-?ird 7l9e>7 ( ! natural size4 ,table %[+ ! ,geologic ,hi/ory ( ,man 9 ,we/]n ,europe 7,,aft] ,,m>cel9 ,,b\le1 ,,) ,,"s ,,additions7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,geological ,geological ,*>act]i/ic ,human ,indu/ry4 ,divisions4 ,conditions ,animals4 & ,=mations4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,quat]n>y4 ,,p]iod ,,( ,,metals4 ,rec5t alluvium1 ,! pres5t species4 ,,pres5t4 peat-bogs4 ,dome/icat$ animals4 ,age ( iron4 ,climate closely ,age ( bronze4 simil> to ,age ( copp]4 ! pres5t4 ,,neoli?ic ,,p]iod1 or p]iod ( poli%$ /one4 ,transitional ,deposits--,r$ ,de]1 ,beav]4 ,transitional ,indu/ry 7,,azilian74 ,,plei/oc5e ,upp] lay]s ( ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,re9de]4 ,,pal,,oli?ic ,,p]iod1 cav]n deposits4 ,,or1 ,,p]iod ,,( ,upp] "p ( ,,*ipp$ ,,fl9ts4 ! loess ( ! ,rh9e4 ,climate ,re9de]1 ,bison1 cold & dry2 ,horse1 ,saiga ,,magdal5ian4 conditions l antelope1 wolf1 ,,upp]4 ^? ( ! fauna ( ! ,sculptures1 8/eppes0 ( /eppes4 engrav+s1 & ,t>t>y & pa9t+s3 small ,russia4 & v v>i$ *ipp$ fl9ts4 ,,cromagn>d ,,race4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,deposits =m$ ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,mammo?4 ,,m\/i]ian4 by ! fill+ ( cav]ns4 ,mammo?1 ,rh9oc]os ,comm5cem5t ( ,loess ( ! ) p>tition$ "w 9 bone3 ,rh9e4 ,gravels no/rils 7,r4 fl9ts usually ( l[-levels ti*orh9us71 be>1 work$ only on ,,middle4 & ( ! hy5a1 & lion ( "o face4 inf]ior t]races4 ! cav]ns1 wolf1 ,,ne&] ,,race etc4 ,musk ox4 ,homo ,mora9es ( ! ,ne&]?al5sis4 ?ird great glacial p]iod4 ,climate cold & humid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------- ,gravels ( ! ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,*ellean4 middle t]races4 ,,hippopotamus4 ,calc>e\s tufa4 ,fir/ indisputable ,climate w>m4 ,elephas antiquus1 traces ( man 9 ,,l[]4 ,rh9oc]os m]ckii1 ,europe3 ! l>ge ,mora9es ( ! ,hippopotamus major1 fl9t weapons are second great ,sabre-too!d ,tig]1 *ipp$ on bo? glacial p]iod4 monkeys1 etc4 faces4 ,climate cold & 7,heidelb]g human humid4 jaw probably ( ,ne&] race47 ,transitional ,deposits ( ! ,norfolk ,,=e/ ,,b$s1 - ( ,/4 ,pre/ & ( ,solilhac4 ,climate temp]ate4 --------------------- ,,t]ti>y4 ,plateau 7high ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,elephas ,,upp] level7 gravels4 ,,m]idionalis4 ,eoli?s ( ,,plioc5e4 ,pre/wi*4 ,mora9es ( ! ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 fir/ great ,equus ,/5onis1 ext5sion ( ,sabre-too!d ,tig]1 glaci]s4 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,n4,b4--,! horse1 ! bison 7,bison ,europu71 ! great ox or auro*s 7,bos primig5ius71 ! ibex1 ! *amois1 ! great ,iri% de] 7,megac]os71 ! l>ge c>nivors & o!rs1 appe> ?r\gh\t ! middle & upp] ,plei/oc5e1 b are m abundant at "o p]iod ?an at ano!r1 & 9 "o locality ?an ano!r4 ,?us ! bison ab\nd$ 9 ! nor? ( ,spa9 9 late ,magdal5ian times1 :il/ ! re9de] 0 r>e or abs5t1 & its place tak5 by ! r$ de]1 :i* lat] replac$ ! re9de] 9 ,france4 ,! horse has be5 f\nd 9 t5s ( ?\s&s at ,solutr1 ne> ,mcon 7,middle ,plioc5e71 :il/ ! great ,iri% de] ab\nd$ at a v late p]iod 9 ,irel& 7,azilian871 & is r>e at any "t else:]e4 ,i mu/ cle>ly /ate t1 :il/ ?is table is practically t publi%$ by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le1 he is n responsible = ! recognition ( ! ,eoli?s ( ,pre/wi*1 nor = ! t]ms 8,cromagn>d0 & 8,ne&]40 ,,footnotes #g ,s nam$ aft] "o ,neumann1 a religi\s en?usia/1 :o inhabit$ ! cave4 #h ,see1 h[ev]1 f>!r on z to ! l[] jaw f\nd at ,heidelb]g4 ,,xlii ,,! ,,cave-,,m5',s ,,skulls ,a c]ta9 numb] ( human skulls & a few complete skeletons h be5 f\nd 9 ! cave-deposits1 & ev5 9 op5 gr\nd 7z at ,pr$mo/1 9 ,moravia7 associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals1 or ) c>v+s & ornam5ts l ^? :i* occur abundantly 9 ! cav]ns4 ,! anci5t cave-m5 ( ! ,cromagn>d type--(t5 call$ 8! ,re9de] ,m50--buri$ _! dead sometimes 9 ! caves1 b m usually 9 ! op54 ,sometimes ! skeletons are f\nd 9 a cr\*+ position1 z ?\gh ti$ up :5 buri$2 m r>ely 7z 9 "s examples f\nd 9 ! caves at ,m5tone7 !y are /ret*$ out & decorat$ ) a necklace or wrea? made ( %ells1 or ( ! tee? or small bones ( animals4 ,9 _m cases ! fle% 0 remov$ f ! corpse1 & r$ o*re 0 sme>$ on ! bones 7z by "s rec5t savages74 ,! 8,re9de]0 p us$ r$ o*re & *>coal to col\r ! engrav+s ( animals 7,fig4 #ga7 :i* !y made on ! walls ( _! caves1 & probably = pa9t+ or tattoo+ _! own faces4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! wall pa9t+s1 wond]ful repres5tations ( bison1 great ox1 de]1 & o!r animals1 proves t ^! m5 _h artificial light 7lamps or tor*es7 to s5d fitful gleams on to ! pa9t+s1 & x is probable t ! 8wall pictures0 _h to d ) "s k9d ( wit*craft4 ,/one lamps h actually be5 discov]$ 9 ! caves4 ,_! c]emonial treatm5t ( ! dead %[s t already ! l9es 7 laid = t wor%ip ( ! 8spirits ( ! dep>t$10 :i* became g5]al1 & is especially famili> to u 9 ! comp>atively mod]n civilisation ( ,rome & ! ,etruscans4 ,!re is also evid5ce t !y made simple musical in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,?ree views ( ! skull-top f ne> ,elb]feld on ! ,rh9e1 kn[n z ! ,ne&]?al skull--7,middle ,plei/oc5e1 ,m\/i]ian1 or la/ ,glacial ,p]iod3 epo* ( ! ,mammo?74 ,^! figures are p>tly copi$ by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,wor?+ton ,g4 ,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s41 f excell5t figures publi%$ by him 9 8 int]e/+ book1 ,man1 ! ,primitive ,savage 7,/an=d1 #ahii74 ,9 all respects ! measurem5ts ( ?is skull-top agree v closely ) ^? ( ! skull f ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 ,a4 ,a view f 9 front4 ,b4 ,side view %[+ ! l9e a-b1 & ! o!r l9es1 a-c1 d1 e1 & f1 exactly z 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,! %all[ness ( ! cranial dome & ! small projection ( ! frontal boss d1 agree exactly ) ! measurem5ts ( ! ,*apelle skull %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,c4 ,view ( ! skull-top f bel[4 ,?is gives ! outl9e ( ! ,ne&]-man's skull z se5 f above1 & %[s ! curi\s vizor-l expansion ( ! ridges ov] ! orbits1 ! p9*+ 9 j beh9d !m1 & ! elongate %ape ( ! skull1 ) its great bread? 9 ! h9d] region4 ,! ,fr5* skull f ! ,*apelle agrees exactly 9 outl9e ) ?is1 & 9 bo? ! volume ( ! cranial cavity giv5 by ?is l>ge expanse am\nts to #afjj cubic c5timetres1 9 spite ( ! flatness ( ! cranial dome--a great] volume ?an t ( ! ,cromagnon skull drawn 9 ,fig4 #ge1 or ( ! av]age mod]n ,european4 ,9 ! cave-deposits ( ! ,po/-,glacial or ,re9de] ,age1 ! human skulls & skeletons :i* h be5 f\nd 7n indicat+ m ?an ?irty or =ty individuals altoge!r f widely sep>ate localities7 %[ a v well-develop$ race1 ) l>ge bra9-case 7,fig4 #ge71 q equal to t ( mod]n ,europeans4 ,"s ( ^! m5 7 v tall1 "o ( ! skeletons f ! ,m5tone caves be+ t ( a man #f ft4 #c 94 9 height4 ,! cavity ( ! skull 7:i* corresponds v closely 9 size ) t ( ! bra9 :i* x conta9$7 w\ld hold ab\t #aeej units ( wat] 7! unit ref]r$ to is a cubic c5timetre1 #aeej ( :i* are equal to a little less ?an two & a half ,engli% p9ts74 ,x is n surpris+ t ^! ,re9de] ,m5 _h f9e bra9s1 = _! c>v+s & pictures %[ !m to h be5 real arti/s1 n m]e savage scrawl]s4 ,?is race is call$ ! 8,cromagn>ds10 aft] ! fir/ skulls discov]$ at ,cromagnon1 9 ,c5tral ,france4 ,!y _h big1 /rong l[] jaws1 ) prom95t *9s1 l _m f9e mod]n races 7e4g4 ! ,new ,zeal&]s71 & f9e1 n>r[ noses4 ,! face & upp] jaws 7 some:at prom95t1 ?\gh n ne>ly s mu* s z 9 mod]n negroes4 ,! skull-bones 7 ?ick & /rong4 ,! bra9-case or cranial "p ( ! skull 0 oblong r ?an r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,! ,gibralt> skull f a cave 9 ,gibralt>1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,london4 ,x is ( ! ,ne&] race4 ,comp>e ! dott$ l9es & lett]+ ) ^? ( ,fig4 #fe1 & ! explanation !re giv54 ,! draw+ is "o-?ird 7l9e>7 ( ! natural size4 ,! skulls ( ! old] race--t ( ! ,la/ ,glacial or ,m\/i]ian ,age--! ,ne&] ,m51 7 long skulls1 too1 b _h a peculi>ly flatt5$ %ape & a retreat+ =ehead4 ,! bony ridges ov] ! eyes1 correspond+ to ! eyebr[s1 7 enorm\s1 & project$ =w>ds l ! vizor ( a cap 7,figs4 #fe1 #gf1 & #gg74 ,!re are b few specim5s to guide our conclusions1 b !y %[ t ?\gh ( %ort /ature 7"s n m ?an #e ft4 #d 9471 ^! p 7 v muscul>4 ,! top ( a skull f ! cave 9 ! ,ne&] ,valley1 kn[n z ! ,ne&]?al skull1 two imp]fect skulls f ! cave ( ,spy1 9 ,belgium1 an imp]fect skull f ,brunn1 9 ,moravia1 & o!r fragm5ts f ,krap9a1 9 ,croatia1 &1 la/ly1 "o f a cave 9 ,gibralt>1 are ! be/ kn[n4 ,o!rs1 includ+ fragm5ts ( sev]al skeletons less fully describ$1 :i* h be5 f\nd at ,pr$mo/1 9 ,moravia1 probably belong to ?is race4 ,b ! newly obta9$ skull & bones f ! c5tre ( ,france 7,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts7 are ! mo/ important ( all yet discov]$4 ,!y all date f ! middle ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 ! age ( ! la/ great glaci]s1 e>li] ?an ! age ( ! ,re9de]4 ,! ,gibralt> skull 7,fig4 #gg7 we h all kn[n = a long "t2 x has be5 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons = =ty ye>s1 & two ye>s ago 0 v c>efully exam9$ & figur$ by ,pr(essor ,sollas1 ( ,ox=d4 ,x is a specially valuable specim51 because x %[s ! bones ( ! face z well z ! bra9-case4 ,f o!r specim5s we "k ! l[] jaw4 ,! l[] jaw 0 deep & p[]ful1 b1 l t ( an ape1 _h a rec$+ *91 or r1 we %\ld say1 _h no 8*9-prom95ce0 at all 7comp>e ,figs4 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1 & #hb74 ,! new ,fr5* specim5 7,fig4 #fe7 is /rongly progna?\s4 ,! orbits are enorm\s1 & ! nose v flat & q unique 9 its great bread?4 ,"o ( ! two ,ne&]-man skulls f ! ,belgian cave ( ,spy %[s ! face bones1 & ^! agree ) :at has j be5 /at$ z to ! ,fr5* skull4 ,h5ce x appe>s t a %ort race ) a v /range & l[-br[$ type ( skull prec$$ ! m5 ( ! ,re9de] ,age4 ,:51 ?irty ye>s ago1 only ! orig9al skull-top f ! ,ne&] cave 7,fig4 #gf7 0 kn[n1 ,vir*[1 ( ,b]l91 consid]$ x to be probably t ( an idiot1 :il/ ,huxley express$ ! op9ion t x indicates a race ( m5 ) decid$ly l[ developm5t1 & 9 "s respects m ape-l *>act]s ?an mod]n ,europeans2 b he held t x is n to be consid]$ z 8a miss+ l9k10 nor z tak+ u appreciably ne>] f mod]n man to ! apes1 s9ce x is mo/ closely approa*$ by ! flat skulls1 already well kn[n1 ( "s ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian natives1 bo? 9 %ape & 9 ! cubical capacity ( ! bra9-cavity4 ,:at ,i mean by ! flatness ( ! skull may be und]/ood by look+ at a side view ( a monkey's skull 7,fig4 #ha7 & ( an ord9>y ,european human skull 7take ! ,cromagnon skull z equival5t1 ,fig4 #ge7 plac$ upright1 s t ! eyes are look+ =w>d4 ,if 9 an outl9e or photograph ( ea* ( ^! skulls y draw a /raight l9e f a po9t betwe5 ! eyebr[s back to a po9t j bel[ ! mo/ project+ ridge ( ! h9d]mo/ region ( ! skull1 y w f9d t above t l9e 9 ! monkey's skull is a slightly curv$ surface--! ro( ( ! bra9-case4 ,b 9 ! human skull above ! simil>ly drawn l9e ! ro( bulges s z to =m an almo/ hemisph]ical dome1 ris+ sometimes v]tically 9 ! front region to =m 8! /raight1 high =ehead0 7:i* ,%akespe>e comm5d$1 ev5 9 woman74 ,x swells out 9 ! h9d] region also4 ,n[ ! ,ne&] skulls1 & to a less ext5t ! skulls ( _m ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 are m l ! monkey's 9 ?is matt]2 ! dome ( ! ro( is %all[ & flat1 & ! =ehead does n rise up1 b slopes backw>ds1 s t ! :ole cont5ts ( ! bra9-case are less5$ by ! r$uction ( ! frontal & upp] region4 ,& !re is reason to consid] ?is frontal region ( ! bra9 z specially connect$ ) "s ( ! high] intellectual qualities ( ! m9d4 ,we "k a little m ab\t ! skull ( ! ,ne&] race s9ce ,huxley wrote1 ow+ to ! fur!r discov]y ( specim5s4 ,! ,au/ralian's skull has usually a m project+ upp] jaw & upp] front tee? ?an has ! ,ne&] ,man's4 ,! ,ne&] skulls /& alone 9 ! great bread? ( ! orbits & ( ! nasal region z comp>$ ) all kn[n skulls4 ,!y are also alone 7! ,gibralt> skull & ! new ,fr5* specim5 are ! only ones :i* %[ x7 9 ! cont\r ( ! upp] jaw4 ,9 o!r human skulls !re is a broad depression ( ! surface--a nipp+-91 z x 7--beh9d ! root ( ! can9e too? on ea* side4 ,?is is abs5t 9 ! ,ne&] race2 ! bone "h is flat1 & n 9-pu%$4 ,?is abs5ce ( 8modell+10 abs5ce ( ! can9e 8fossa0 or valley 7z x is call$71 is se5 9 ! l>g] apes z well z 9 ! ,ne&] ,m54 ,?is po9t does n %[ 9 our figures4 ,"s writ]s ?9k x probable t ! ,ne&] ,m5 ( ! late ,glacial ,age 7 ! ance/ors ( ! ,cromagn>ds ( ! ,re9de] ,age1 & also t ! arti/ic ,cromagn>ds 7 trans=m$1 aft] _m ?\s& ye>s1 into ! comp>atively dull & in>ti/ic p ( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,x seems to me1 on ! contr>y1 m probable 7z is held by "s ( ! ,fr5* prehi/orians7 t ! ,re9de] ,m5 di$ out1 & 7 replac$ by ! ,neoli?ic h]dsm5 :o migrat$ into ,we/]n ,europe z ! climate became mild]4 ,! notion t ! ,esquimaux ( to-day are ! ,re9de] ,m5 ( ,france :o h migrat$ nor?w>ds ) _! re9de]1 foll[+ ! rec$+ ice1 has be5 ent]ta9$1 b is reg>d$ by ! mo/ c>eful inquir]s z unt5able4 ,z to ! e>li] *ange ( race1 ,i hold t x is n possible to cont5d t ! ,ne&] ,m5 develop$ into ! ,cromagn>ds ( ! ,re9de] ,age actually 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,if ! l[] race or species gave rise to ! high]1 ! enorm\s trans=mation did n occur "h nor 9 ,europe at all1 nor dur+ ! lat] ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,human skulls ( ! ,re9de] ,age are kn[n :i* pres5t an approa* to ! *>act]s ( ! ,ne&] race1 su* z ! heavy bony eyebr[s4 ,b x seems t ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! survival ( "s ,ne&] families alongside ( ! p[]ful ,cromagn>d m5 & ! int]bre$+ ( ! two4 ,! ,cromagn>ds _h probably liv$ ) _! re9de] 9 "s m s\!rn area dur+ ! late ,glacial ,age1 & arriv$ 9 s\!rn ,france z ! climate improv$ & became suitable to _! accu/om$ qu>ry4 ,h[ & :]e !y develop$ f a l[] type ( m5 we h at pres5t no indication4 ,a v rem>kable discov]y ( ! la/ five ye>s made 9 ! c\rse ( ! c>eful excavation ( ! f\r cav]ns ( ,m5tone by ! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco1 :]e z _m z sixte5 human skeletons ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,age h be5 br\ght to light1 gives u a new po9t ( view z to ! pres5ce ( m ?an "o race 9 ,europe 9 ^! imm5sely remote times1 z 9 lat] p]iods4 ,9 "o ( ! caves1 & 9 a position %[+ !m to date f ! deepe/ lay] ( ! middle ,plei/oc5e1 or late ,glacial ,age1 two complete skeletons h be5 f\nd 7& may be se5 alongside ^? ( ! ,cromagnon race 9 ! museum at ,monaco71 :i* are obvi\sly diff]5t f ^? ( bo? ! ,ne&] & ! ,cromagnon p4 ,!y h skulls :i* decid$ly resemble t ( ! mod]n negro race1 s t !y h be5 def9itely assign$ to a new race hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,european caves1 & are spok5 ( z 8! negroid skeletons0 & 8! ,grimaldi race40 ,?is is inde$ a />tl+ fact4 ,!re 0 l& /ret*+ across ! ,m$it]ranean 9 ^? days1 & ^! skeletons sugge/ t already !re 0 a negroid race 9 ,africa1 individuals ( :i* _h w&]$ nor? z f> z ! m>itime ,alps4#i ,two or ?ree negroid skulls ( ,neoli?ic 7!re=e v mu* lat]7 ,age h be5 f\nd 9 ,brittany & 9 ,switz]l&4 ,:5 we reflect t ! negroid skeletons ( ,m5tone & ^? ( ! contempor>y ,ne&] ,m5 are probably m ?an #ajj1jjj ye>s old1 we are at once impress$ ) ! important conclusion t already 9 t remote p]iod ?ree great bran*es ( ! human race _h come into exi/5ce--! negroid1 ! ,ne&]1 & probably1 at a m di/ant spot1 also ! highly develop$ ,cromagn>ds4 ,! orig9 ( ! really primitive race ( man is ?r[n back 9 "t by ^! facts to a /ill m remote p]iod1 9 fact1 to an e>li] geologic epo*4 ,& x is to be not$ ov] & above ^! facts t we h no indication z to :]e ! mu* lat] race1 ! ,neoli?ic ,m51 came f1 nor :o 7 _! contempor>ies outside ! ,european area2 nor aga9 d we "k :]e ! hi/oric races :o succe$$ ! ,neoli?ic ,m5 took _! orig94 ,:5 o!r regions ( ! e>? h be5 exam9$ z c>efully z ,we/]n ,europe has be51 we %all no long] be 9 su* complete d>kness4 ,:5 "o v5tures to speculate z to ! /ory ( ! e>lie/ m5 9 ,europe1 "o c b feel1 ev5 aft] h&l+ ! specim5s & c>efully foll[+ ! excavations1 h[ small & fragm5t>y & difficult to int]pret is ! evid5ce at pres5t br\ght to light4 ,& yet !re ! evid5ce is1 ga!r$ ) ! utmo/ c>e & intellig5t me?od1 discuss$ & int]pret$ by m5 ( r>e k & exp]i5ce1 :o1 aft] long comp>ison ( cont5d+ op9ions & ! discov]y ( an ev]-increas+ body ( fact1 h arriv$ at a def9ite c]ta9ty z to ! sequ5ce ( arts1 races1 animals1 & climates :i* ,i h giv5 above1 & is aga9 summ>is$ 9 ! tabul> /atem5t on page #chd bis4 ,h]eaft] ^! conclusions w be modifi$ & ext5d$ by excavations 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 at pres5t unt\*$4 ,! "o po9t ^u :i* ! be/ au?orities w n commit !mselves is ! exact1 or ev5 approximately exact1 numb] ( ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* ^! ev5ts h occupi$4 ,! :ole /ory1 s f> z x is at pres5t work$ out1 is a m>vell\s result ( pati5t rese>* & sci5tific reason+4 ,"s ( ! cave collections ^u :i* x is bas$ are to be se5 9 ,london1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,! skull-top ( ! primitive k9d ( man f ,plei/oc5e s&s 9 ,java1 call$ ,pi!can?ropus4 ,"o-?ird 7l9e>7 ( ! natural size4 ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #fe1 & ref] to t figure = ! explanation ( ! lett]s & dott$ l9es4 ,!re is "o o!r discov]y ( a fossil man :i* comes prop]ly at ?is po9t1 to cap & confirm :at has already be5 said4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago a skull-top & a ?igh-bone 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,dubois at ,tr9il1 9 ! isl& ( ,java1 at a dep? ( ?irty feet 9 a s&y deposit1 consid]$ by good au?ority 7b n c]ta9ly7 to be ( ,plioc5e age4 ,f rec5t reports on ! deposit x seems t x may v well be ( ,plei/oc5e age4 ,^! rema9s h become celebrat$ z ^? ( a monkey-l man1 & ! "n ,pi!can?ropus has be5 giv5 to ! creature to :i* !y belong$4 ,?is skull-top 7or cranial ro(7 is n[ 9 ,utre*t1 & is well kn[n 7,fig4 #gh74 ,x indicates a race ( m5 or m5-l creatures1 ) ! flatness ( skull1 rec$+ =ehead1 & l>ge bony eye-ridges1 su* z we see 9 ! ,ne&] ,m5 & 9 "s ,s\? ,au/ralians1 b greatly exagg]at$4 ,! skull 0 s l[ & flat z greatly to resemble t ( ! ,gibbon1 ?\gh mu* l>g]4 ,! volume ( ! cranial cavity 7%[+ ! size ( ! bra97 0 ab\t #ijj units--f> small] ?an t ( ! av]age ,au/ralian--! skull ( smalle/ cavity among liv+ races ( m54 ,! volume ( ! bra9-cavity ( ! l>ge/ ape 7gorilla7 am\nts to ab\t #ejj units 7cubic c5timetres72 s t1 all[+ = r>e individual fluctuations ( z mu* z "o-f\r? m or "o-f\r? less 7an am\nt ( v>iation :i*1 great z x is1 is def9itely kn[n & record$ 9 specim5s ( ! skulls ( human races71 we get ! foll[+ li/ ( 8cranial capacities0 or bra9-sizes1 =m+ a ne>ly unbrok5 s]ies betwe5 ! highe/ ,european & ! ape4 ,! middle figure repres5ts ! normal or av]age1 & ! fir/ & la/ figure 9 ea* gr\p ! con/ant1 ?\gh r>e1 m9imum & maximum4 ,gorilla1 #cej1 #ejj1 #fej2 ,java race1 #fge1 #ijj1 #aabe2 ,au/ralians1 #ijj1 #abjj1 #aejj2 ,cromagn>d & ,european1 #aafe1 #aeej1 #aidj 7,european skulls ( ?is great capacity are kn[n74 ,! ,ne&]-man skulls are left out ( ! above li/--al?\gh ! ,corrze specim5 all[s ( a satisfactory measurem5t ( its capacity--= a v curi\s reason1 :i* is expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,footnotes #i ,9 ?is connection x seems to be important to note ! 8,e?iopic0 "* ( ! arrangem5t ( ! hair 9 ! little c>v+ ( a woman's head f ! ,brassemp\y ,cave 7dep4 ,l&es71 %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,,xliii ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,ne&] ,,m5 ,s9ce writ+ :at prec$es ,i h be5 able m ?an once to gratify my ke5 desire to exam9e ! wond]ful human skull f ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 9 ! ,corrze 7,c5tral ,france74 ,! skull has be5 photograph$1 & an excell5t figure ( x is reproduc$ 9 our ,fig4 #fe4 ,b x is "o ?+ to look at a picture ( su* a specim51 & ano!r to take x into "o's h&s & closely exam9e x4 ,! skull is 9 ! c>e ( my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le1 :o is at ! head ( ! great collection ( rema9s ( ext9ct animals 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4 ,x has be5 treat$ by him ) great skill s z to r5d] ! bone firm & h>d1 :il/ deta*$ portions h be5 fitt$ into place1 s t x is fairly complete 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! skull 0 f\nd 7toge!r ) _m bones ( ! skeleton ( ! same individual7 by two en?usia/ic local ar*ologi/s buri$ at su* dep? & 9 su* position 9 ! cave kn[n z ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts z to leave no d\bt z to its belong+ to "o ( a race ( m5 contempor>y ) ! mammo? & hairy rh9oc]os--a race :i* inhabit$ ,europe 9 ! great glacial p]iod--call$ by prehi/orians 8! ,m\/i]ian p]iod10 :i* _c be less ?an a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s beh9d u1 & probably is m4 ,! *ief importance ( ?is skull lies 9 ! fact n only t its position 9 ! cave-deposits1 & !re=e its relative age1 0 c>efully asc]ta9$1 b t x agrees 9 its v peculi> =m ) ! ,ne&]?al skull 7f ! ,rh9el&71 ! ,spy skulls 7,belgium71 & ! ,gibralt> skull4 ,x1 9 fact1 confirms ! conclusion t at ?is p]iod ! caves ( ,we/]n ,europe 7 inhabit$ by a race ( m5 ) peculi> skulls1 :i* may be call$ ! ,ne&] race 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/-discov]$ skull ( ! k9d4 ,!y 7 altoge!r diff]5t f ! ,re9de] ,m51 or ,cromagn>ds1 :o came lat] ^u ! sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,draw+ "o-?ird ! size ( nature1 ( ! left side ( ! l[] jaw ( a mod]n ,european4 ,obs]ve ! small size z comp>$ ) ! jaw 9 ,figs4 #hj1 #ha1 & #hb1 also ! prom95t *93 ! small bread? ( ! up-turn$ ramus1 & ! deep bay or not* 7n se5 9 ! o!r l[] jaws7 sep>at+ ! coronoid process f ! condyle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,outl9e 7"o-?ird ! size ( nature7 ( ! skull ( ! ,ne&] ,man f ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ) all fractures & defects made good4 ,! bony sockets ( ! tee? & ! tee? !mselves 7lo/ & atrophi$ by inflammatory disease 9 ! actual skull7 are "h giv5 _! full size & heal?y condition4 ,! l[] jaw is se5 to be v simil> to t f ,heidelb]g 7,fig4 #hb74 ,f a photograph tak5 by ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le f a ca/ ( ! actual skull4 ,! ca/ 0 8made good0 by modell+ ^u x ! defici5t p>ts4 ,! fact 0 publi%$ "s f\r mon?s ago t ! new ,corrze skull agrees ) ! celebrat$ skull-top 7call$ a 8calv>ia0 by anatomi/s7 ( ! ,ne&]?al 7,fig4 #gf7 9 ! extraord9>y %all[ness or abs5ce ( 8dome10 9 ! retreat+ =ehead1 ! ?ick prom95t eyebr[ ridges1 & 9 ! excessive 8l[ness10 or want ( elevation ( ! back region4 ,b fur!r /udy ( ! new skull has enabl$ ,pr(essor ,b\le to %[1 z he demon/rat$ to me1 t ! outl9e ( ! new skull look$ at f above co9cides n m]ely approximately1 b exactly ) t ( ! ,ne&]?al skull4 ,!re is ! same great l5g? f eyebr[s to occiput1 & ! same great bread? at a s]ies ( correspond+ regions4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t bo? ^! skulls are ( enorm\s size--a good deal bigg] 9 l5g? & bread? ?an mod]n ,european skulls1 & n small & ape-l1 ?\gh !y are f> %all[] 7t is1 less high 9 ! dome7 ?an any skulls ( liv+ m54 ,i _h1 myself1 always be5 a/oni%$ by ! great bread? & l5g? ( ! ca/s ( ! ,ne&]?al skull :i* we possess 9 ,engl&1 & suppos$ t possibly ! ca/s 7 c>elessly made4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,b\le %[s t bo? ! ,ne&]?al & ! ,corrze skull are s mu* l>g] 9 bread? & l5g? ?an av]age ,european skulls1 t 9 spite ( its flat1 depress$ %ape1 ! ,corrze skull 7& consequ5tly ! ,ne&]?al skull1 too7 has a bra9-cavity hold+ #afjj cubic c5timetres1 :il/ ! av]age mod]n ,european skull only holds #aejj to #aeej4 ,! e/imate giv5 by =m] obs]v]s = ! ,ne&]?al skull 0 z l[ z #abjj4 ,?is calculation 0 bas$ on ! dim9ution ( volume caus$ by ! flatness ( ! skull1 & w\ld be correct 7 ! skull ( ! ,ne&] race no long] or broad] ?an an ord9>y ,european skull4 ,if we imag9e a skull ( ! ord9>y ,european proportionate height1 b z long & z broad z ! ,ne&] skulls1 !n its volume w\ld be some?+ l #bjjj cubic c5timetres4 ,?is is a v rem>kable result4 ,! anci5t ,ne&] ,m5's bra9 0 n small]1 b actually a little bigg] ?an t ( mod]n ,europeans2 x 0 bigg] 9 regions :]e ! mod]n ,european is small1 & small] :]e t is l>ge6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,! skull ( a male *impanzee4 ,drawn "o-?ird ! natural size 7l9e>7 to comp>e ) ! human skulls & jaws "h figur$4 ,! dott$ l9es & ! lett]s a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 & f h ! same signification z 9 ,fig4 #fe1 to :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made4 ,! flatness ( ! cranial dome & ! r$uction ( ! frontal boss 7d7 are v m>k$4 ,s are ! relatively l>ge size ( ! jaws & tee?4 ,comp>e ! %ape ( ! l[] jaw ) t f ,heidelb]g 7,fig4 #hb71 & ) t ( a mod]n ,european 7,fig4 #gi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,! ,heidelb]g jaw1 f a l[] ,plei/oc5e deposit1 ne> ,heidelb]g4 ,obs]ve ! abs5ce ( *9 & ! great bread? ( ! up-turn$ "p ( ! jaw4 ,comp>e ) ! l[] jaws drawn to ! same scale 9 ,figs4 #gi1 #hj1 & #ha4 ,"o-?ird ! size ( nature4 ,if we _h any suffici5t k ( ! m5tal qualities :i* belong to diff]5t regions ( ! bra9 7if1 inde$1 su* localisation ( qualities is possible71 we might draw "s int]e/+ conclusions f ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two races4 ,b un=tunately our k on t matt] is v defective4 ,we are n 9 a position to say t l5g? & bread? ( ! bra9 ei!r c or _c comp5sate 7s to speak7 = %all[ness4 ,x is probable t ! m5tal qualities ( ! two =ms ( bra9 7 9 important respects diff]5t1 b t is all t c at pres5t be said4 ,no accr$it$ bra9 /ud5t w\ld1 until m is kn[n1 v5ture to draw conclusions z to m5tal quality f su* facts z m]e bread?1 l5g?1 & dep? ( ! cranial cavity4 ,! ,corrze skull has a /rongly-project+ face1 dep5d+ n m]ely on a protrusion ( ! d5t>y bord] ( ! upp] jaw1 b on a =w>d ?ru/ ( ! entire face4 ,?is is n %[n by ! ,gibralt> skull 7,fig4 #gg74 ,x is n improbable t ?is region has be5 flatt5$ 9 ! ,gibralt> skull :il/ x 0 buri$ 9 ! cave deposit & s(t5$ by wat]4 ,! l[] jaw is pres]v$ 9 ! new ,fr5* specim51 & is v rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! retreat+ *9 & ! l[ness & backw>d flexion ( ! articul> process1 z well z = ! l>ge size ( ! surface by :i* x articulates ) ! skull4 ,all ! *eek-tee? h be5 %$ 7see ,fig4 #fe71 & ! sockets clos$ ow+ to inflammation1 %[+ t primitive ,european man 0 subject to ! same tr\ble ) 8 tee? f :i* civilis$ m5 ( to-day suff]4 ,9 comp>+ ! skull ) ! skulls ( mod]n races1 ,pr(essor ,b\le is n incl9$ to insi/ mu* on ! resemblance to ,au/ralian & ,tasmanian skulls pres5t$ by ! ?ick & l>ge br[-ridges4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! skull is giv+ to ,pr(essor ,b\le _m facts ( importance :i* w be publi%$ ere long4 ,! articul> surfaces or 8condyles0 ( ! skull 7= in/ance7 by :i* x 0 set on ! neck v]tebr are s set t ! head mu/ h be5 habitually c>ri$ ) a droop l t ( an animal1 & n pois$ upright on ! neck z 9 mod]n races ( man4 ,n less important ?an ! skull are "s ( ! bones ( ! arm & leg4 ,inde$1 !y %[ m novel *>act]s ?an ! skull1 & def9itely di/+ui% ! ,ne&] ,m5 s z to ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ !m z a di/9ct species1 ,homo ,ne&]?al5sis4 ,! ?igh-bone is v %ort3 z comp>$ ) t ( a mod]n ,european1 x is z #ad to #ah4 ,also x is ?ick & curv$4 ,?is 0 already kn[n 9 ! ,ne&] ,man ( ! ,spy cave1 & its confirmation by ! specim5 f ! ,corrze e/abli%es ?is %ortness ( ! ?igh z a specific "*4 ,!re are also /range features 9 ! articulation ( ! bones ( ! ?umb & ( ! heel :i* ,pr(essor ,b\le w make kn[n :5 he publi%es 8 full acc\nt ( ?is mo/ a/oni%+ skeleton4 ,x is wor? not+ "h t ano!r skull ( ! same race--t ( a "y individual--0 dug out 9 #aijh at ,m\/i] by ,mr4 ,haus]1 a ,swiss explor]4 ,! specim5 0 brok5 into _m fragm5ts & has n be5 satisfactorily put toge!r1 s t at pres5t x is n possible to say :e!r x gives any fur!r in=mation z to ! ,ne&] ,man4 ,also 9 #aiji ! ,fr5* explor]s h f\nd ano!r skull & skeleton ( ! same age & race at ,f]assi1 ne> ,m\/i]1 on ! ,veyz]e4 ,x has be5 c>efully remov$1 b n yet /udi$4 ,! bones ( ! h& & ( ! foot are complete1 & w be available = confirm+ ! obs]vations made on ! skeleton ( ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 ,we h1 a few pages back1 not$ t beh9d ! ,glacial or ,m\/i]ian p]iod ( ! ,plei/oc5e 7! second ( our li/1 ! ,re9de] p]iod be+ ! late/71 geologi/s recognise a ?ird or w>m p]iod :i* is repres5t$ by deep] cave-deposits & by "s ( ! old] s&s1 clays1 & gravels ( our riv] valleys4 ,z 9 ! ,m\/i]ian deposits1 s 9 ^! old] deposits 7call$ 8,*ellean0 aft] a ,fr5* t[n%ip7 we f9d abundant l>ge fl9t implem5ts 7,figs4 #gc1 #gd7 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( man4 ,b ! animals associat$ ) him 7 n ! mammo? & ! hairy rh9oc]os2 !y 7 ! ,elephas antiquus & a di/9ct k9d ( rh9oc]os1 & mo/ di/9ctively ! hippopotamus4 ,^! b$s & _! animal rema9s & work$ fl9ts occur abundantly 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 & h be5 m or less mi/ak5 = & confus$ ) ! glacial ,m\/i]ian deposits :i* also are common 9 ,engl&4 ,no bones or skulls ( ! m5 ( ?is ,*ellean p]iod h be5 f\nd1 except+ a l[] jaw1 :i* 0 n long ago discov]$ 9 a deposit ( ?is w>m] & e>li] age1 ne> ,heidelb]g 7,fig4 #hb74 ,?is jaw-bone is rem>kably well pres]v$1 & ! great diff]5ce betwe5 x & t ( a mod]n ,european may be se5 by comp>+ our ,figures #gi & #hb4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( *91 ! great bread? ( ! up-turn$ "p ( ! jaw & ! %all[ness ( ! not* sep>at+ ! condyle or articulat+ knob f ! m =w>dly plac$ 8coronoid0 process 7a well-m>k$ triangul> process 9 ! mod]n ,european jaw71 ! ,heidelb]g jaw diff]s f ! mod]n ,european1 & resembles t ( ! *impanzee 7,fig4 #ha74 ,dr4 ,s*oett5sack ( ,heidelb]g1 :o has describ$ ?is rem>kable jaw-bone & has v k9dly pres5t$ ca/s ( x to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 to ,ox=d1 to ,cambridge1 & to myself1 0 ( ! op9ion t x indicat$ a di/9ct race or ev5 a di/9ct species ( man4 ,b ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le has f\nd t :5 ! l[] jaw ( ! skull f ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts is 8recon/ruct$10 n only by replac+ ! p>ts brok5 away1 b by re/or+ ! tee? & ! absorb$ sockets ( ! tee?1 x comes out v closely id5tical ) ! ,heidelb]g jaw4 ,9 ,fig4 #hj ,i h reproduc$ ! pr(ile ( ,pr(essor ,b\le's complete re/oration ( ! 8,*apelle0 skull1 & x w be se5 t ! l[] jaw diff]s v little f t ( ! ,heidelb]g specim54 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,b\le has publi%$ a photograph 9 :i* he atta*es ! ,heidelb]g l[] jaw to ! re/or$ ,*apelle skull 9 place ( its own1 & ! simil>ity ( ! two becomes v obvi\s4 ,z w be se5 by ! draw+s :i* ,i give "h1 ! ,heidelb]g jaw is ev5 m p[]ful ?an t ( ! ,*apelle skull4 ,! l[] jaw ( a mod]n ,european 7,fig4 #gi71 drawn to ! same scale z ! o!r two1 & z t ( ! *impanzee 7,fig4 #ha71 is an elegant little ?+ ) its =w>dly-project+ *91 its %ort measurem5t f front to back1 & ! n>r[ness & delicacy ( its up-turn$ "p or ramus1 ) its well-m>k$ angle at ! l[] corn] & deeply cut upp] bord] betwe5 ! condyle 7h9d]mo/ projection ) knob7 & ! coronoid4 ,! imp]fect l[] jaw 7)\t tee? & ) ! articul> condyle brok5 away7 ( ! ,cromagnon skull1 drawn 9 ,fig4 #ge1 %\ld also be comp>$3 x is1 ?\gh brok51 simil> to t ( ! mod]n ,european4 ,l[] jaws diff] 9 "s ( ! po9ts :i* we h be5 look+ at1 f "o ano!r1 b !re is no kn[n liv+ race ( m5 ! l[] jaw ( :i* is n f> ne>] to t ( ! mod]n ,european 7,fig4 #gi71 ?an to t f ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts or f ,heidelb]g 7,fig4 #hb72 & ,i may add t ! imp]fect l[] jaw ( ! ,ne&]-man skull1 f ! ,spy ,cave 9 ,belgium1 agrees 9 ! abs5ce ( *9 & 9 o!r po9ts ) t ( ,heidelb]g & ( ! ,*apelle skull4 ,!re is n suffici5t gr\nd af=d$ by ! *>act]s ( ! l[] jaw = consid]+ t ! race indicat$ by ! ,heidelb]g specim5 0 di/9ct f ! ,ne&] race1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ,fig4 #hj ) ,fig4 #hb4 ,z ^! pages are go+ to press1 ,i am able to add t ,i h se5 9 ,p>is a v int]e/+ & /rik+ re/oration ( ! appe>ance 9 ! fle% or dur+ life ( ! head ( ! man ( ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 c>efully modell$ 9 ,pr(essor ,b\le's laboratory by a "y sculptor1 by apply+ 8 clay to a ca/ ( ! complet$ re/oration ( ! skull4 ,x is1 ,i und]/&1 propos$ to publi% ?is re/oration fir/ly z /rictly det]m9$ by anatomical fact & devoid ( hair1 & !n to add ! hair ( ! scalp1 ! eyebr[s1 eyela%es1 & be>d1 & to place artificial eyes 9 position4 ,we %all ?us get a repres5tation ( ?is anci5t race or species ( man1 bas$ on ! sure f\ndation ( ! actual bones4 ,fanciful portraits ( 8primitive man0 h be=e to-day be5 produc$ by "s imag9ative arti/s1 b ?is w be ! fir/ portrait ( him ) an inn] framework ( tru?4 ,,index ,amba1 t]m appli$ to proteus animalcule1 #aid ,&rews1 discov]ies (1 ) reg>d to ozone1 #beb ,animalcules1 bell1 unicellul> /ructure exemplifi$ 91 #aig-aii ciliat$ unicellul>1 graceful movem5ts (1 #bjg dri$1 examples ( 8susp5d$ animation0 91 #afh1 #afi proteus1 processes ( protoplasm 91 #aie sun1 processes ( protoplasm 91 #aie unicellul> plants &1 ess5tial diff]5ces betwe51 #bjd-bjg ,animals1 aquatic1 excess ( egg production to ensure survival to maturity1 #adc1 #add av]sions & cauti\s proce$+s (1 #bfi bl9dness (1 cong5ital1 #bgb1 #bgc col\r-protection & invisibility (1 #cjd1 #cab 8concealm5t0 & 8w>n+0 m>ks1 di/9ction betwe51 #caj-cac de/ructive invasions made by v>i\s1 #cci1 #cdj devices adopt$ = protection ( "y by1 #ach1 #aci1 #add dome/icat$1 reasons = cont9u$ cong5ital defects 91 #bga1 #bgb hib]nation (1 #afe1 #aff l[]1 v>i\s ?read-produc+1 #bic1 #bid mank9d &1 causes ( cong5ital defects 91 #bgc p>!nog5etic p[]s possess$ by c]ta91 #ccj1 #cca poison\s1 me?ods ( self-protection us$ by1 #aja 8w>n+0 coloration possess$ by1 #ajg propagation (1 #acb-acg1 #add-ade1 #cbi-ccj sleep (1 sali5t features connect$ )1 #afa-afd /ructure ( multicellul> & unicellul>1 comp>isons betwe51 #bjg-bjh unicellul>1 uses made ( cilia by1 #aid-aig1 #bjg wild1 cong5ital defects less obvi\s 91 #bga1 #bgb wood-bor+1 #cdf1 #cdg ,anopheles ,gnat1 #c ,ants1 aphides &1 fri5d%ip betwe51 #cbd1 #cbe ,aphides-- enemies (1 #cai1 #cbe hop-blight caus$ by species (1 #cag1 #cai p>!nog5etic propagation (1 #cbf-cbg1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #ccf rapid propagation (1 #cbf1 #cch relation%ip ( ,coccid to1 #cbb1 #cbc secretive productions (1 #cbc-cbe v>i\s species (1 #cbb ,ar*ology1 discov]ies 9 connection ) pre-hi/oric man1 #cga-cgb1 #cia1 #cid-cie1 #cih1 #djj1 #djb ,art1 k compatible )1 #de ,a/ronom]s1 /up5d\s nature ( "w1 #bbd ,a/ronomy1 ,halley's discov]ies 9 connection )1 #bbf ,newton's discov]y ( law ( gravitation z affect+1 #bcj photography z affect+ /udy (1 #bbb spectroscope z affect+ /udy (1 #bbd1 #bbe ,atavism1 feeble-m9d$ness result+ f1 sugge/ion z to1 #bgd ,a?letes1 exp]im5ts z to possible use ( pure oxyg5 by1 #bfj-bfc ,auz\t1 ,m41 a/ronomical pr$ictions attempt$ by1 #bbi1 #bcj ,bacon1 ,"l1 quotation f1 #a1 #ad ,bact]ia1 de/ructive invasion made by1 #cdj microscopic obs]vation (1 improvem5t 91 #bci ,balf\r1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,ar?ur1 spee* at ,man*e/] by1 #f1 #g 7quotation7 ,bananas1 cultivat$ v>ieties (1 #cfi planta9s &1 id5tity (1 #cfh ,bayeux tape/ry1 #bca ,becqu]el1 ,m41 exp]im5ts (1 #ahc ,beetles1 book-worm1 depr$ations (1 #cej-cea dea?-wat*1 tapp+ made by1 #cea1 #ceb wood-bor+1 #cea1 #ceb wood-bor+1 #cdi-cej lady-bird1 b5eficial activity (1 #cai1 #cbe1 #cbf orig9 ( "n1 #cbe p]=ation ( s(t metal by grubs (1 #cec ,bell-animalcules1 #aig ,bir?-rate1 increas$1 among/ poor] classes1 #bhe1 #bhf ,blood1 lack ( r$ col\r 91 cause (1 #adh1 #adi r$-col\r$1 cause & special duty (1 #adh ,bonap>te1 ,pr9ce ,rol&1 ,fr5* repres5tative at ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration1 #ci ,book-worm beetle1 #cej ,b\l5g]1 ,*>les1 ,egyptian fre%-wat] jelly-fi% describ$ by1 #fd ,boys1 ,c4 ,v41 f9e qu>tz ?reads spun by1 #bid1 #bie ,caddis-worms1 movable cases made by grubs (1 #cdc ,cal&ruccio1 discov]y ( "y ( ! eel by1 #ga-gb ,cambridge--,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration1 ,address by ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] at1 #cc-cg held at1 #ah1 #cc1 #ch notable repres5tatives at1 #cc1 #ch1 #ci ,cave-m51 anci5t1 arti/ic skill (1 #hj1 #ha horse ma/]$ & muzzl$ by1 #hj1 #ha ,caves1 c>e tak5 9 excavation (1 #chh discov]ies ( human rema9s 9 deposits (1 #cga1 #cgd1 #chc1 #cic1 #cie1 #djb1 #djg-dji discov]y ( bones ( anci5t m5 91 r>ity (1 #cgb-cgd ,fr5* & ,engli%1 evid5ces ( human occupation f\nd 91 #gh-gi ,cells1 def9ition & orig9 ( t]m1 #agj-agc1 #cbh egg-cell1 process ( f]tilisation1 #bjb-bjd1 #ccj1 #ccb important "p play$ by nucleus 9 life (1 #aih-bjj1 #cbh1 #cbi individual "* & co-ord9at$ activity (1 #agj1 #ahj-ahb1 #ahd1 #cbh process ( division1 #bjj-bjb1 #cbh 8,cell-!ory10 explanation ( ,pr(essor ,s*wann's1 #agd-agf ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 discov]y at1 important1 #cga1 #cgd1 #cij1 #djb ,*ildr51 feeble-m9d$1 numb] att5d+ s*ools provid$ =1 #bgh result ( neglect to provide sup]vision =1 #bgi-bha ,*9a1 introduction ( opium smok+ into1 #cff1 #cfg ,*9ese primrose1 simil>ity betwe5 poison\s prop]ties ( ,rhus toxicod5dron &1 #ajd ,*ol]a1 bacillus (1 organisms fav\r+ or *eck+ gr[?1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf-bdi c>ri]s (1 #bde causes (1 #bcg ,met*nik(f's & ,pett5k(]'s exp]im5ts 9 connection )1 #bdj-bda def9ition ( ^w1 #bcg1 #bch g]ms1 de/ruction (1 #bdd1 #bde ,indian1 active developm5t ( sanitation 9 ,great ,brita91 due to panic caus$ by1 #bci date ( fir/ appe>ance 9 ,engl&1 #bch diffusion ?r\gh wat]-supply1 #bci discov]y by ,ko* ( bacillus produc+1 #bdj epidemic nature (1 #bch ,europeans fir/ attack$ by1 #bch recognition (1 by ,h9du writ]s1 #bch precautions to be obs]v$ = prev5tion (1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf ,*ol]a-bacillus4 ,see ,*ol]a ,*ri/mas f>e1 orig9 (1 #cef-ceh ,cilia1 animals provid$ )1 & action (1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjg def9ition ( t]m1 #aid uses made (1 by unicellul> animals1 #aie-aig1 #bjg 8,cirrhip$es10 ,d>w9's discov]y ) reg>d to1 #bc1 #bd ,civilisation1 sci5tific k z affect+1 #af ,clo!s mo?s1 #cda ,coccid1 relation%ip ( aphides to1 #cbc ,col\r1 9 bird's fea!rs1 #ee1 #ef nature & prop]ties ( light z affect+1 #eb-ee ,comets1 anci5t records (1 exagg]ation 91 #bbg1 #bbi composition (1 #bcd1 #bce ,donati's1 impos+ size (1 #bbg e>ly sup]/itions ) reg>d to1 #bbg1 #bbh elliptical orbits (1 #bcc ,halley's--,*9ese a/ronomical obs]vations relat+ to antiquity (1 #bcj l5g? & bread? ( orbit1 #bcc l5g? ( tail1 #bbg pr$ict$ recurr5ces by discov]] (1 #bbf1 #bcj rec5t appe>ance (1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bcf significance ( date ( return1 #bbh1 #bbi sup]/ition & con/]nation caus$ by1 #bcj1 #bca ,william ! ,conqu]or's 8/>10 id5tical )1 #bca important1 v>i\s1 #bbg ,milton's ref]5ce 9 ,p>adise ,lo/ to1 #bbh1 #bbi p]iodic & w&]+1 di/9ction betwe51 #bcc1 #bcd photographs obta9$ at ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 ( new1 #bbe1 #bbf %oot+ />s &1 connection betwe51 #bce1 #bcf signification ( "n1 #bbg sup]/itions ) reg>d to1 #bbi ,corrze skull1 #cga ,cromagn>ds1 designation ( ,re9de] m5 z1 reason =1 #cij ,cuba1 measures adopt$ = prev5tion ( yell[ fev] & mal>ia 91 #b1 #c ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration at ,cambridge1 #ah1 #cc1 #ch ,d>w91 ,*>les-- comp>ison betwe5 !ories ( ,lam>ck &1 #ai1 #bj connection ) ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 #cf e/abli%m5t ( 8natural selection0 !ory1 #cd ext5t ( "t sp5t 9 exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 #ah-ai1 #bb-bc fri5dly relations betwe5 ,wallace &1 #ac1 #cg geological discov]ies (1 #bd ,h5sl['s influ5ce ^u1 #cf 8,natural selection0 !ory expla9$1 #bg-bi /udy ( disease influ5c$ by discov]ies & rese>* (1 #ci1 #dj ,d>w9ism 7,wallace71 #ae1 #af 7quotation7 ,dea?-rate1 dim9i%$1 reasons acc\ntable =1 #bhd1 #bhe heal? ( locality det]m9$ by1 #bhc records (1 me?ods ( keep+1 #bhc1 #bhd ,dea?-wat* beetle1 #cea1 #ceb ,de ,la/ic1 ,vicomte1 c>v+s f caves 9 collection (1 #gi ,dew>1 ,sir ,james1 exp]im5ts (1 #ahc ,div]s1 ,m$it]ranean1 sugge/$ inhalation ( pure oxyg5 gas by1 #bfa ,div+1 ,fleuss app>atus1 dilut$ oxyg5 supply to1 #bfc-bfe ,donati's comet1 #bbg ,dragon1 h]aldic1 description (1 #aad1 #aae ,dragons1 classification (1 by h]alds1 #abj conv5tional1 probable s\rces (1 #abf probable orig91 #aba-abc snakes &1 connection betwe51 #abj-abc tradition (1 reasons = discr$it+ sugge/$1 #aah-abj ,drugs1 individual v>iability 7idiosyncrasy7 ) reg>d to1 #ajb ,eau-de-,cologne1 volatile oils f aromatic plants ( ,rivi]a us$ 9 manufactur+1 #dg 8,eel-f>e10 t]m = annual 8runn+ up0 ( "y eels1 #fg1 #gj1 #gc1 #ge ,eel-fi%]ies1 regulation & enc\ragem5t by ,dani% ,gov]nm5t ( inl&1 #fe ,g]man ,gov]nm5t ( inl&1 #fe1 #ff ,eels1 age (1 k result+ f p[] ( tell+1 #fi %[n by scales1 #fi common1 p]iod :5 *ange f 8yell[0 to 8silv]0 takes place 91 #fg1 #fi1 #gj reproduction1 migrations & habits (1 #ff-fg1 #fi-gf 8leptocephalus-"y-phase0 or tadpole (1 #ga-gc1 #ge migrations (1 geological *anges z affect+1 #gd ,pet]s5's rese>*es ) reg>d to 8silv]10 #fh1 #fi popul>ity (1 abroad1 #fe1 #ff r>e occurr5ce (1 9 riv] ,danube1 #gd1 #ge 8,elv]s10 t]m = "y eels1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf ,europe1 iron1 /one1 & bronze ages (1 #cge-cgg ,evelyn1 di>y (1 #bbi 7quotations7 ,feeble-m9d$1 di/9ctions betwe5 lunatics &1 #bgd-bgf laws relat+ to lunatics &1 ne$ = improvem5t 91 #bge necessity = /ate gu>dian%ip (1 #bgf-bgh ,feeble-m9d$ *ildr51 #bgh ,feeble-m9d$ness1 atavism sugge/$ cause (1 #bgd h]$it>y transmission (1 #bgg occurr5ce ( cases 9 all classes ( community1 #bgf views ( ,gov]nm5t ,commission on orig9 (1 #bha ,fe/ivals1 ,*ri/mas1 orig9 ( *ildr5's cu/oms associat$ )1 #cfa-cfb ,engli% ,*ri/mas1 introduction ( turkey 9 connection )1 #ceh orig9 ( heavy fe$+ at1 #ceg prehi/oric & b>b>ic cu/oms 9 connection )1 #cef-ceg ,fev]1 yell[1 comp>ative dea?-rate f1 9 ,panama ,canal zone1 #b-d measures adopt$ 9 ,cuba & ,panama = prev5tion (1 #b1 #c ,fi%1 %ell-fi% &1 individual susceptibility to poison f1 #ajb1 #ajc ,fi%es1 age (1 me?od ( tell+1 #fi poison\s1 #ajc poison-sp9es (1 #ajg1 #aaa ,fix$ />s1 #bba ,flack1 ,mr4 ,m>t91 exp]im5ts (1 ) reg>d to oxyg5 gas1 #bfj ,fleuss app>atus1 #bfc-bfe ,fl[]s1 p]fumes dis*>g$ into ! air by1 v>i\s effects (1 #aje1 #ajf ,france1 cultivation ( purple v>iety ( poppy 91 #cfd ,fr5* ar*ologi/s1 lead+ discov]ies ) reg>d to prehi/oric man made by1 #cga1 #cgb ,frogs1 common1 eggs (1 #bji1 #bab gr[? f ! egg1 #bac-bae ,engli% species1 #baf ,european species1 #baf1 #bai gre5 tree-frog ( ,rivi]a1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ee me?od ( cat*+ prey1 #bai ,furniture worm1 #cea1 #ceb ,gases-- oxyg51 action ( ord9>y1 #bei exp]im5ts z to possible use by a?letes1 #bfj-bfc ,fleuss div+ app>atus & dilut$ supply (1 #bfc-bfe ozone1 de/ructive p[]s (1 #bec discov]ies ( ,&rews & ,tait ) reg>d to1 #beb exp]im5ts ( ,s*nbe9 ) reg>d to1 #bea1 #beb me?ods ( produc+1 #beb1 #bec1 #beh nature (1 #beb proportion (1 to fre% c\ntry or sea-coa/ air1 #bec result ( exp]im5ts ) reg>d to1 #bei signification ( "n1 #beb !rapeutic value & uses (1 #beh1 #bei use 9 wat]-purification1 #bef1 #beh ,geology1 ,d>w9's discov]ies 91 #bd table %[+ hi/ory ( man 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 #chd bis ,g]many1 cu/om ( eat+ pres]ves ) meat 91 preval5t1 #ceh pr$om9ance ( sci5tific k 91 #h ,gnats1 ,anopheles1 mal>ia g]m c>ri$ by1 #c ,/egomyia1 yell[ fev] g]ms c>ri$ by1 #b1 #c ,gorgas1 ,colonel1 "w (1 9 connection ) yell[ fev] & mal>ia1 #b-e 8,gossam]10 orig9 ( t]m1 #bhi ,grassi1 discov]y ( ! hi/ory ( ! eel by1 #gj-gb ,gre5-flies1 #cbb ,gre5 tree-frog1 #di1 #ej ,griff91 h]aldic1 #aaf ,gu9ea-pig1 native home & orig9al introduction (1 #cfj1 #cfa v>i\s names giv5 to1 #cfj1 #cfa ,halley1 ,edmund1 a/ronomical discov]ies (1 #bbf date ( dea?1 #bcj f\ndation ( ,royal ,society ,club by1 #bcj law ( movem5t ( comets discov]$ by1 #bbf1 #bcj ,milton &1 s*ol>s ( ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool1 #bbh1 #bbi ,newton &1 fri5d%ip (1 #bcj ,halley's comet1 #bbf1 #bcj ,hans51 leprosy-bacillus discov]$ by1 #bdj ,hay fev]1 individual susceptibility to1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aje probable cause1 #aje simil>ity betwe5 vegetable poison+s &1 #aje ,he>t1 action ( n]v\s sy/em ^u1 9 man & high] animals1 #aea muscul> contraction1 cause (1 #aej1 #aea rate ( beat 9 high] & l[] animals1 #aeb-aed 9 human species1 #aea1 #aeb significance ( its beat1 #adg1 #adh valves1 action (1 #adi ,h$ge-sp>r[1 #bfg ,h5sl[1 ,pr(essor1 ,d>w9 z influ5c$ by1 #cf ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 def9ition ( ^w 8species0 by1 #ad1 #ae ,h]twig1 ,pr(essor1 ,g]man repres5tative at ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration1 #cc ,hill1 ,dr4 ,leon>d1 exp]im5ts (1 ) reg>d to use ( oxyg5 gas1 #bfj-bfe ,hipp>ion horse1 #hd1 #he1 #hf ,hippopotamus age1 #chj1 #chf ,hi/ology1 orig9 (1 #agf ,hook1 ,rob]t1 ,micrographia by1 #agc1 #bhh1 #bhi ,hook]1 ,sir ,joseph1 ,d>w9 & ,wallace pap]s communicat$ to ,l9nean ,society by1 #ab1 #ac ,hop-blight1 causes (1 #cag-cai prev5tion (1 #cah1 #cai ,hop-l\se1 #cag ,hops1 brew+ indu/ry z affect+ gr[]s (1 #cba cultivation (1 #cae-caf cur+ (1 #cbj ,engli% gr[]s z affect$ by ,am]ican & ,g]man hop-plantations1 #cbj1 #cba uses made (1 #cae ,horses1 abs5ce f ,am]ican cont95t 9 fifte5? c5tury ( liv+ asses1 zebras1 &1 #hi ance/ral1 *ange 9 size & proportions (1 #hd1 #he l[] ,t]ti>y ,hyraco!rium1 #hd middle ,t]ti>y1 #hd 8pre-orbital cup0 9 ,hipp>ion1 #he1 #hf upp] ,t]ti>y ,hipp>ion1 #hd-hf ance/ry (1 sci5tific po9ts ( int]e/ ) reg>d to1 #hc-ij desc5t f ,arab ance/ry evid5c$ by pres5ce ( 8pre-orbital cup0 91 #hf ,engli% ?or\ghbr$1 hi/ory & ance/ors (1 #hb1 #ij 8,ergot0 (1 #hi ,european1 /ock f :i* d]iv$1 #gg-gh fossil rema9s ( ext9ct1 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 #hi1 #ij m>k ( diff]5ce betwe5 asses1 zebras1 &1 #hg1 #hh ma/]y & muzzl+ (1 by anci5t cave-dwell]s1 #hj1 #ha ,mongolian wild1 abs5ce ( 8pre-orbital cup0 91 #hf d]ivation ( ,european horses f1 #gg-gh description (1 #gh prehi/oric ,european1 v]ifi$ by anci5t c>v+s f\nd 9 caves1 #gi-ha selective bre$+ (1 f "t ( cave-m5 onw>d1 #hb1 #hc ,s\!rn or ,arabian bre$s (1 pres5ce ( 8pre-orbital cup0 91 #hf1 #hg ,h\se-sp>r[s1 #bff ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 calculation (1 ) reg>d to fecundity ( plant-lice1 #cch ,hydra1 h]aldic1 d]ivation (1 #aaf ,hyraco!rium horse1 #hd ,india1 practice ( opium eat+ 91 #cff ,infants1 bl9dness (1 cong5ital1 #bgb mortality (1 v>i$ cong5ital defects caus+1 #bgb ,insects1 association (1 ) plants1 #bif col\r-protection & invisibility (1 #cjd-cab de/ructive invasions made by v>i\s1 #cci-cde jump+ bean z exemplify+ association ( plants &1 #big1 #bih-cjj1 #cjb p>!nog5etic p[]s possess$ by c]ta91 #cca1 #ccb poison\s1 me?ods ( self-protection us$ by1 #aja1 #ajb v>i\s weapons (1 #aaa 8silv]-fi%10 depr$ations (1 #cea sk9 burr[+1 #aab1 #aac wood-bor+1 #cdf-ced ,jelly-fi%es1 common1 description (1 #eh fre%-wat]1 discov]y ( ,african1 #fa1 #fb ,*9ese1 #fc ,philadelphian1 #fc1 #fd ,reg5t's ,p>k1 #ei1 #fj reproduction (1 #fj1 #fa poison-be>+ ?reads ( sea-anemones &1 #aaj ,jump+ bean1 ,mexican1 cat]pill> conta9$ 91 #bbi1 #cjj1 #cjb movem5ts (1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjb plant f :i* d]iv$1 #cja1 #cjb relation%ip ( insect & plant exemplifi$ 91 #big1 #bih-cjj1 #cjb ,kew ,g>d5s1 beauty & int]e/ (1 #cjb1 #cjc specim5s ( ,rhus toxicod5dron at1 #ic1 #id ,ko* 7,b]l971 *ol]a-bacillus discov]$ by1 #bdj tub]cle-bacillus discov]$ by1 #bdj ,ladybird1 #cbe ,lam>ck1 inf]iority ( sci5tific me?ods1 z comp>$ ) ,d>w91 #ai-bb1 #bf ,philosophical ,zoology by1 #bj ,lanke/]1 ,sir ,ray1 address by1 ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration at ,cambridge1 #cc-cg ,leprosy1 bacillus (1 discov]y by ,hans51 #bdj 8,leptocephali10 discov]y (1 #gj-gb ,life1 protoplasm ! seat (1 #ahb-ahd1 #cbh ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s def9ition (1 #ahc1 #ahd ,light1 rate at :i* x travels1 #bba ,locu/s1 w+$ s]p5ts &1 probable connection betwe51 #abd-abe ,lunatics1 di/9ctions betwe5 feeble-m9d$ &1 #bgd-bgf laws relat+ to feeble-m9d$ &1 ne$ = improvem5t 91 #bge ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 ,d>w9 & ,wallace pap]s communicat$ to ,l9nean ,society by1 #ab1 #ac ,mal>ia1 comp>ative dea?-rate f1 9 ,panama ,canal zone1 #b-d measures adopt$ 9 ,cuba & ,panama = prev5tion (1 #b1 #c ,mammo? age1 #chj1 #chf ,man1 sleep (1 comp>$ ) repose or quiesc5ce ( o!r liv+ ?+s1 #aei-afa ,mank9d1 cong5ital defects 91 causes (1 #bgc ,m5tal defect1 #bgd ,met*nik(f1 ,pr(essor1 discov]ies ) reg>d to use & value ( 8phagocytes10 #ci exp]im5t by1 9 connection ) *ol]a-bacillus1 #bda exp]im5ts & inve/igations (1 = prev5tion ( 8s5ile *ange10 #dj-dc influ5ce ( ,d>w9's discov]ies ^u /udy ( disease by1 #ci1 #dj rese>*es (1 ) reg>d to microbian flora ( localities1 #bdi ,russian & ,fr5* repres5tative at ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration1 #cc1 #ch ,tol/oi's meet+ )1 #dc1 #dd use ( s\r milk prep>$ ) lactic f]m5t introduc$ by1 #da1 #db ,micrographia 7,hook71 #agc1 #bhi ,microscopes1 improvem5ts 91 #agc1 #agf-agh ,milton1 celebration ( t]c5t5>y ( bir?1 ,halley's comet 9 relation to1 #bbh ,halley &1 s*ol>s ( ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool1 #bbh1 #bbi ,mi/letoe1 pre-hi/oric rites associat$ )1 #cfb ,mollusca1 animals class$ z1 & def9ition ( ^w1 #abi ,molluscs1 protection ( "y1 #acg-aci1 #add1 #adf ,mongolian wild horses1 #hf ,morley1 ,"l1 in/allation (1 z ,*ancellor ( ,man*e/] ,univ]sity1 #f ,morphia1 product ( opium poppy1 #cfc ,mo?s1 ,briti% species alli$ to ,mexican 8jump]10 #cjj1 #cja clo!s1 mis*ief effect$ by cat]pill> (1 #cda-cdc movable case made by cat]pill> (1 #cda-cdc propagation (1 #cda v>i\s species (1 #cdc-cde ,mexican 8jump]10 #cjj1 #cja silk ?reads produc$ by cat]pill>s ( c]ta91 #bic ,m\nta9-climb+1 use ( oxyg5 gas 91 sugge/$1 #bfc ,m\/i]ian p]iod1 def9ition (1 #chd1 #che1 #djh skulls & skeletons f\nd 9 cave-deposits allott$ to1 #cga1 #che1 #cic-cie1 #djf1 #djh ,mussels1 pond & riv]1 propagation (1 #add1 #ade protection ( "y1 #add ,myc51 discov]y (1 by ,s*liemann1 #af ,ne&] m51 comp>ison betwe5 skulls ( ,au/ralian aborig9es &1 #cif1 #cig inf]iority (1 z comp>$ ) ,cromagn>ds1 #cij reasons = recognition (1 z di/9ct & primitive species1 #cga1 #che1 #cij1 #djb-djc1 #djg ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 civilisation compris$ 91 #cgg-cgh1 #chj def9ition (1 #cgg ,nettles1 poison\s /++ hairs (1 #ajc1 #ajd ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 discov]y ( law ( gravitation1 #bcj ,halley &1 fri5d%ip (1 #bcj ,opium1 d]ivation ( ^w1 #cfd eat+1 practice 9 ,india (1 #cff m$ic9al value (1 #cfh poppy us$ = manufacture (1 #cfc1 #cfd smok+1 introduction by ,*9ese (1 #cff-cfg ,osborne1 ,pr(essor1 ,unit$ ,/ates repres5tative at ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration1 #cc ,oxyg5 gas1 #bei ,oy/]s1 c>e ( bre$+1 me?ods adopt$ =1 #ada classification (1 #abi common1 protection ( "y1 #acd1 #add de/ruction ( typhoid g]ms 91 #abh1 #abi ,fr5* 8gre510 #ada1 #adb gill-plates or 8be>d10 #aca gr[? & maturity (1 #acd1 #acf he>t & blood-vessels1 #acb lake1 cultivation by anci5t ,romans1 #adj1 #ada n]v\s sy/em1 #acb primeval man &1 #aci propagation ( ,am]ican & ,portuguese species1 #acg1 #adc1 #add common or ,nor? ,sea & ,*annel species1 #acb-acg1 #adc /ructure & nature (1 #abi-acg ,ozone gas1 #bea ,paloli?ic p]iod1 def9ition (1 #cgg p]iod ( *ipp$ fl9ts1 primitive arts & surr\nd+s (1 #cgh-cha ,panama1 measures adopt$ = prev5tion ( yell[ fev] & mal>ia 91 #b1 #c ,p]ri]1 ,edmond1 ,fr5* repres5tative at ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,celebration1 #ci ,pet]s51 rese>*es (1 ) reg>d to 8silv]0 eels1 #fh1 #fi ,pett5k(] 7,muni*71 exp]im5t by1 9 connection ) *ol]a-bacillus1 #bdj 8,phagocytes10 use & importance (1 #ci1 #agi ,philosophical ,transactions1 date ( fir/ publi%$ numb]1 #bbi ,philosophical ,zoology 7,lam>ck71 #bj ,phyllox]a1 #ccf injury & loss caus$ by1 #ccd1 #ccg introduction into ,europe1 #ccg p>asitic nature (1 #ccg propagation (1 #ccf1 #ccg ,piette1 ,m41 c>v+s f caves 9 collection ( ! late1 #gi1 #hj ,planets1 *anges on1 probable result (1 #bbc1 #bbd ,plant-lice1 #cbb ,plants1 ,am]ican1 poison\s /++ hairs possess$ by c]ta91 #ajd association (1 ) insects1 #bif jump+ bean z exemplify+ association ( insects &1 #big1 #bih-cjj1 #cjb movem5ts (1 def9ite & v>i$1 #afj1 #afa poison\s1 special *emical sub/ances produc$ f1 #ajj use (1 9 manufacture ( ,eau-de-,cologne1 #ajj1 #aja ,plasmog51 =mation (1 #aij-aib ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 discov]y ( rema9s belong+ to1 #chc1 #che1 #chf skeletons1 f\nd 9 cav]ns ( ,m5tone1 #cih-cii epo*s1 table (1 #chd bis ,plioc5e p]iod1 discov]y ( rema9s belong+ to1 #chf1 #chh di/9ctions betwe5 ,plei/oc5e &1 #chf-chg ,poison\s animals1 #aja fi%1 #ajc insects1 #ajb plants1 #ib1 #ajj1 #ajd ,poisons1 di/9ctions betwe5 gut-poisons & w\nd-poisons1 #ajf-ajg immunity f w\nd-poisons1 me?od ( produc+1 #ajg1 #ajh ,poppies1 cultivat$ v>iety f :i* opium manufactur$1 #cfc cultivation (1 9 remote ages1 #cfd1 #cfe e>lie/ cultivation (1 = oil1 #cfc1 #cfd ,engli% v>ieties (1 #cfc opium1 introduction f ,europe into ,f> ,ea/ (1 #cfc-cfe orig9 ( m$ic9al uses (1 #cfd1 #cfe ,population1 increas$1 due to high] bir?-rate among/ poor] classes1 #bgi1 #bhe1 #bhf ,po/-,t]ti>ies 7or ,quat]n>y71 gravel & cave-deposits t]m$1 #hc ,proteids1 build+ up (1 9 plants1 #bjd1 #bje cell-protoplasm consi/+ (1 #ahi1 #aij *emical composition (1 #ahh1 #ahi 8,proteus10 def9ition ( t]m z appli$ to unicellul> animals1 #aic1 #aid ,protoplasm1 *emical elem5ts conta9$ 91 #ahg dea? caus$ by de/ruction (1 #ahc-ahe active life (1 #ahb-ahd1 #cbh explanation ( t]m1 #agj-agb1 #cbh ,quat]n>y 7,po/-,t]ti>ies71 #chd bis ,re9de] age1 #chd bis ,re9de] m5 7or ,cromagn>ds71 arti/ic "w (1 #chc1 #cij1 #cia1 #cic bra9 cavity (1 comp>able ) mod]n ,european1 #chh1 #cij cu/oms (1 #cia1 #cic skulls & skeletons (1 f\nd 9 cave-deposits1 #cia1 #cic ,rhus toxicod5dron1 ,am]ican poison-v9e or1 poison\s nature (1 #ib case ( poison+ by1 record$ 9 ,! ,spectator1 #if diff]5ces & resemblances betwe5 ,virg9ian creep]1 ,veit*ii1 &1 #ic individual susceptibility to poison (1 #id1 #if1 #ajb pa9ful malady produc$ 9 c]ta9 p]sons by poison (1 #ia1 #ib recognition 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan ( dang] (1 #ib1 #ih results ( exam9ation 9 laboratory at ,univ]sity ( ,h>v>d 7,mass471 ) reg>d to1 #id simil>ity betwe5 poison\s prop]ties ( ,*9ese primrose &1 #ajd specim5s at ,kew ,g>d5s1 #ic1 #id use 9 ,japan1 #ib ,rivi]a1 cultivat$ trees & plants (1 #dg-di fl[]s = sale1 cultivat$ 91 #ef1 #eg gre5 tree-frog (1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ee meteorological conditions (1 #df primitive vegetation (1 #df1 #dg tree-frog1 blue v>iety (1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef vegetation (1 influ5ce ( man ^u1 #eg ,salam&]s1 ,european species1 v>i\s1 #bah ,mexican1 v>i\s species (1 #bae1 #baf ,sanitation1 active developm5t 9 ,great ,brita91 *ol]a panic z affect+1 #bci ,s*liemann1 discov]y ( ,troy & ,myc5 by1 #af ,s*nbe91 exp]im5ts (1 ) reg>d to ozone1 #bea1 #beb ,s*wann1 ,pr(essor1 8cell !ory0 (1 expla9$1 #agd-agf ,sci5ce1 discov]ies 91 satisfaction exp]i5c$ by ^? mak+1 #a s5sibility to art compatible ) capacity =1 #dd /ate (ficials' opposition to1 #bhf value & importance (1 #g1 #h ,scorpions1 poison (1 exp]im5ts ) reg>d to1 #ajh-aaj ,sea-anemones1 poison-be>+ ?reads ( jelly-fi%es &1 #aaj ,s]p5ts1 w+$1 probable connection betwe5 locu/s &1 #abd-abe wor%ip & propitiation (1 #abb-abc ,%ell-fi%1 poison-gl&s (1 #aaa bor+ 9 /one1 #cdg1 #cdh ,siebe1 ,gorman & ,co41 p]fect$ div+ dress con/ruct$ by1 #bfe 8,silv]-fi%0 book-worm4 ,see ,insects ,skulls1 anci5t & mod]n1 comp>ison betwe51 #daj comp>ison betwe51 ( v>i\s p]iods1 #cic-dja ,corrze1 comp>ison betwe5 ,ne&]?al &1 #djc-djf discov]y (1 #cga1 #cgd1 #cij1 #djb re/oration (1 #daj-daa ,european1 comp>$ ) ,ne&]?al & ,corrze1 #djf ,sleep1 alt]nation ( night & day 9 its be>+ ^u p]iodic1 #aeg-aeh1 #aei1 #afg1 #afh animals' w9t]1 #afe1 #aff arti/s' v>i$ portrayal (1 #aef1 #aeg def9ition ( t]m1 v>i$1 #aeg-afa irregul>ities & abnormal manife/ations (1 #afd-aff l5g? & duration (1 conditions affect+1 #aff-afg man's1 comp>$ ) repose or quiesc5ce ( o!r liv+ ?+s1 #aei-afa sali5t feature connect$ )1 #afa-afd ,%akespe>e on1 #aee1 #aef 7quotations7 ,snails1 :elks & propagation (1 #acg1 #ach protection ( "y1 #acg1 #ach ,snakes1 dragons &1 connection betwe51 #abj-abc w+$ s]p5ts1 & probable orig9 (1 #aba-abe ,sol> sy/em1 comp>ative di/ance f 8fix$ />s10 #bba-bbb ,s\nd1 rate at :i* x travels1 #bba ,sp>r[s-- h$ge & h\se1 di/9ction betwe51 #bfg diff]5ces betwe51 #bff-bfh cuckoo eggs laid 9 ne/s (1 #bff1 #bfg use to agriculturi/s1 #bfg h\se & tree1 close connection betwe51 #bfh h>m done by1 #bfg1 #bfh hidd5 or lat5t capacity 91 #bfh probable effects ( de/roy+1 #bfh v>i\s species relat$ to1 #bfh ,spectator1 ,!1 case ( poison+ by ,rhus toxicod5dron record$ 91 #if ,spid]s1 g>d51 use made by a/ronom]s ( ?read (1 #bfb1 #bfc gossam] ?reads ( m9ute autumn1 #bhg-bhi sp9n]ets (1 #bhi-bia ?reads produc$ by1 v>i\s uses made (1 #bhi-bib v>i\s species (1 #bhi ,spurges 7,euphorbiace71 v>i\s species (1 #cja ,/>-fi%es1 propagation (1 #cbi-ccj ,/>s1 e>ly sup]/itions ) reg>d to1 #bbg1 #bbh fix$1 comp>ative di/ance ( sol> sy/em f1 #bba e/imat$ numb] (1 #bbb measurem5t (1 #bbe 8photographic10 e/imat$ di/ance (1 #bbc %ape (1 #bca1 #bcc 8,vega10 position (1 #bbd1 #bbe ,/egomyia ,gnat1 #b1 #c ,/+s1 poison\s1 ,am]ican plants possess+1 #ajd comp>ison betwe5 plants & animals possess+1 #ig1 #ajf nettles & o!r plants provid$ )1 #ajc1 #ajd ,/one-bor]s1 %ell-fi% & worm1 #cdg-cdi 8,susp5d$ animation10 examples (1 #afh1 #afi ,symbolism1 leg5d>y mon/]s 9 relation to1 #abe1 #abg ,tadpoles1 food (1 #baa1 #bab gr[? & developm5t (1 #baj1baa gigantic1 #bah ,tait1 discov]ies (1 ) reg>d to ozone1 #beb ,tape/ry1 ,bayeux1 repres5tation ( ,halley's comet 91 #bca ,t]ti>ies1 !1 s& & clay deposits t]m$1 #hc ,?ay]1 ,abbott1 col\r-protection & invisibility ( animals z demon/rat$ by1 #cjf-cab ,tr\ghton1 use ( spid]'s l9es 9 telescopes introduc$ by1 #bib ,tissue1 explanation ( t]m1 #agd ,toads1 ,engli% species1 #baf ,european species1 v>i\s1 #baf-bai gigantic tadpoles ( spur-heel$1 #baf-bah me?od ( cat*+ prey1 #bai ,tol/oi1 ,met*nik(f's meet+ )1 #dc1 #dd 8,tox910 conv]sion into 8anti-tox910 #ajb ,trees1 ,engli%1 d]ivation ( v>i\s1 #eg ,tree-sp>r[s1 #bfh ,tr\t1 8natural selection0 !ory 9 relation to increas$ caution (1 #bfi1 #bgj ,troy1 discov]y (1 by ,s*liemann1 #af ,tub]cle-bacillus1 discov]y by ,ko*1 #bdj ,turkey-cock1 native home & orig9al introduction (1 #ceh-cei v>i\s names giv5 to1 #cei ,two on a ,t[] 7,h>dy71 quotation f1 #bbj ,unicorn1 h]aldic1 orig9 (1 #abg ,univ]sities1 ext5sion & diffusion ( sci5ce by1 ne$ =1 #f1 #h1 #i ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 reasons = ineffici5cy (1 #aj ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 result ( usurpation by weal?y classes1 #i1 #aj ,upas-tree1 ,java1 fabl$ effect (1 #if 8,vega10 position ( our sun & planets ) reg>d to />1 #bbd1 #bbe ,village population1 increas+ deg5]acy (1 #bgj1 #bgh1 #bgi ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russel1 ,d>w9ism by1 #ae1 #af 7quotation7 fri5dly relations betwe5 ,d>w9 &1 #ac1 #cg !ories (1 #ab-ad1 #bf ,wood1 protection aga9/ 8worm0 & 8m\ld10 me?ods advocat$ =1 #ced1 #cee 8worm-eat510 production (1 #cdi ,wood-bor]s1 animal1 #cdf-cdg dea?-wat* beetle1 #cea-ceb furniture beetle1 #cdh-cej ,worms1 /one-bor+1 #cdg-cdi ,wyv]n1 h]aldic1 #aaf ,yell[ fev]1 #b-d ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$ ,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,selection ,,( ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,me?u5 ,,& ,,company3 ,,london #cf ,,essex ,,/reet ,w4,c4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,g5]al ,lit]ature #b ,anci5t ,cities #ae ,antiqu>y's ,books #ae ,ard5 ,%akespe>e #ae ,classics ( ,art #af 8,complete0 ,s]ies #af ,connoisseur's ,libr>y #af ,h&books ( ,engli% ,*ur* ,hi/ory #ag ,illu/rat$ ,pocket ,libr>y ( ,pla9 & ,col\r$ ,books #ag ,lead]s ( ,religion #ah ,libr>y ( ,devotion #ah ,little ,books on ,art #ai ,little ,gall]ies #ai ,little ,guides #ai ,little ,libr>y #bj ,little ,qu>to ,%akespe>e #ba ,m9iature ,libr>y #ba ,new ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e #ba ,new ,libr>y ( ,music #bb ,ox=d ,biographies #bb ,romantic ,hi/ory #bb ,h&books ( ,!ology #bb ,we/m9/] ,comm5t>ies #bc ,fiction #bc ,books = ,boys & ,girls #bh ,novels ( ,alex&re ,dumas #bi ,me?u5's ,sixp5ny ,books #bi ,,febru>y #aiaj ,a ,,selection ,,( ,,messrs4 ,,me?u5',s ,,publications ,9 ?is ,catalogue ! ord] is accord+ to au?ors4 ,an a/]isk d5otes t ! book is 9 ! press4 ,colonial ,editions are publi%$ ( all ,messrs4 ,,me?u5',s ,novels issu$ at a price above #bs4 #f;d41 & simil> editions are publi%$ ( "s works ( ,g5]al ,lit]ature4 ,colonial editions are only = circulation 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies & ,india4 ,all books m>k$ net are n subject to disc\nt1 & _c be b\ght at less ?an ! publi%$ price4 ,books n m>k$ net are subject to ! disc\nt :i* ! booksell] all[s4 ,messrs4 ,,me?u5',s books are kept 9 /ock by all good booksell]s4 ,if !re is any difficulty 9 see+ copies1 ,messrs4 ,me?u5 w be v glad to h e>ly in=mation1 & specim5 copies ( any books w be s5t on receipt ( ! publi%$ price plus po/age = net books1 & ( ! publi%$ price = ord9>y books4 ,?is ,catalogue conta9s only a selection ( ! m important books publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,me?u54 ,a complete & illu/rat$ catalogue ( _! publications may be obta9$ on application4 ,addle%aw 7,p]cy74 ,,sir ,,philip ,,sidney4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ad5ey 7,w4 ,f471 ,m4,a4 ,see ,b5nett 7,w4 ,h474 ,ady 7,cecilia ,m474 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,milan ,,"u ,,! ,,s=za4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,aldis 7,janet74 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,lett] ,,writ]s1 ,,m>quise ,,de ,s,,vign1 ,,dame ,,de ,,b\rbilly1 #afbf-if4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,alex&] 7,william71 ,d4,d41 ,ar*bi%op ( ,armagh4 ,,?\ghts ,,& ,,c\nsels ,,( ,,_m ,,ye>s4 ,demy #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 99,all5 7,m474 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,v]ona4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,amh]/ 7,lady74 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,egyptian ,,hi/ory ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day4 ,illu/rat$4 ,a ,new & ,*eap] ,issue4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,&rewes 7,bi%op74 ,,preces ,,privatae4 ,translat$ & edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,f4 ,e4 ,,brightman1 ,m4,a41 ( ,pusey ,h\se1 ,ox=d4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,anon4 ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,problems ,,book4 ,prose & ,v]se4 ,compil$ f ,! ,saturday ,we/m9/] ,gazette ,competitions1 #aijd-aijg4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,v5ice ,,& ,,h] ,,treasures4 ,illu/rat$4 ,r\nd corn]s4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,ari/otle4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,(4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,,john ,,burnet1 ,m4,a4 ,*eap] issue4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,atk9son 7,c4 ,t471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 sometime ,demy ( ,magdal5 ,college4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g]many1 f #agae-ahae4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,atk9son 7,t4 ,d474 ,,engli% ,,ar*itecture4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,engli% ,,ar*itecture4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,att]idge 7,a4 ,h474 ,,napoleon',s ,,bro!rs4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 net4 ,aves 7,erne/74 ,,co-,,op]ative ,,indu/ry4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,bagot 7,ri*>d74 ,,! ,,lakes ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,italy4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,ba9 7,r4 ,nisbet71 ,,! ,,la/ ,,k+ ,,( ,,pol& ,,& ,,8 ,,contempor>ies4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,balf\r 7,graham74 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition 9 "o ,volume4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,buckram1 #fs4 ,b>+ 7,! ,hon4 ,maurice74 ,,) ,,! ,,russians ,,9 ,,man*uria4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,ye> ,,9 ,,russia4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,russian ,,essays ,,& ,,/ories4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,l&m>ks ,,9 ,,russian ,,lit]ature4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,b>+-,g\ld 7,s474 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,napoleon ,,bonap>te4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,wide ,royal #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,trag$y ,,( ,,! ,c,,s>s3 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,c,,s>s ,,( ,,! ,,julian ,,& ,,claudian ,,h\ses4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,royal #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,buckram4 #fs4 ,also ,m$ium #hvo4 #f;d4 ,,old ,,engli% ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,buckram4 #fs4 ,,! ,,vic> ,,( ,,morw5/[4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,) a ,portrait4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,old ,,c\ntry ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,l>ge ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,g>l& ,,( ,,c\ntry ,,song3 ,engli% ,folk ,songs ) _! ,traditional ,melodies4 ,collect$ & arrang$ by ,s4 ,,b>+-,,g\ld & ,h4 ,f4 ,,%epp>d4 ,demy #dto4 #fs4 ,,songs ,,( ,,! ,,we/3 ,folk ,songs ( ,devon & ,cornwall4 ,collect$ f ! ,m\?s ( ! ,p4 ,by ,s4 ,,b>+-,,g\ld1 ,m4,a41 & ,h4 ,,fleetwood ,,%epp>d1 ,m4,a4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition1 "u ! musical editor%ip ( ,,cecil ,j4 ,,%>p4 ,l>ge ,imp]ial #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,/range ,,survivals3 ,,"s ,,*apt]s ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,york%ire ,,oddities3 ,incid5ts & ,/range ,ev5ts4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,cornwall4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,d>tmoor4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,devon4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,nor? ,,wales4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,s\? ,,wales4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,brittany4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,rh9e3 ,f ,cleve to ,ma9z4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,rivi]a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,pyr5ees4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,b>k] 7,e471 ,m4,a41 7,late7 ,fell[ ( ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,political ,,?\ght ,,( ,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,b>on 7,r4 ,r4 ,n471 ,m4,a4 ,,fr5* ,,prose ,,composition4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,key1 #cs4 net4 ,b>?olomew 7,j4 ,g471 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,see ,rob]tson 7,c4 ,g474 ,ba/able 7,c4 ,f471 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,nations4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,ba/ian 7,h4 ,*>lton71 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,batson 7,mrs4 ,/eph574 ,a ,,concise ,,h&book ,,( ,,g>d5 ,,fl[]s4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,summ] ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,pleasure4 ,illu/rat$4 ,wide ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,beckett 7,ar?ur74 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,d[ns3 ,impressions & ,rem9isc5ces ( ! ,sussex ,d[ns4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,beck=d 7,pet]74 ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,hunt+4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,,o?o ,,paget4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 ,begbie 7,h>old74 ,,ma/] ,,work]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,behm5 7,jacob74 ,,dialogues ,,on ,,! ,,sup]s5sual ,,life4 ,edit$ by ,,b]n>d ,,holl&4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,bell 7,mrs4 ,ar?ur ,g474 ,,! ,,skirts ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,city4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,belloc 7,h471 ,m4,p4 ,,p>is4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hills ,,& ,,! ,,sea4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,on ,,no?+ ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,on ,,ev]y?+4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,m>ie ,,anto9ette4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,! ,,pyr5ees4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,bellot 7,h4 ,h4 ,l471 ,m4,a4 ,see ,jones 7,l4 ,a4 ,a74 ,b5nett 7,joseph74 ,,=ty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,music1 #ahfe-aije4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 net4 ,b5nett 7,w4 ,h471 ,m4,a4 ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,b5nett 7,w4 ,h47 & ,ad5ey1 7,w4 ,f474 ,a ,,biblical ,,introduction4 ,) a concise ,bibliography4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,b5son 7,ar*bi%op74 ,,god',s ,,bo>d4 ,communion ,addresses4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,b5son 7,r4 ,m474 ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,hol9ess4 ,an ,exposition ( ,psalm cxix4 ,analytical & ,devotional4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 99,b5susan 7,samuel ,l474 ,,home ,,life ,,9 ,,spa94 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,b]ry 7,w4 ,gr9ton71 ,m4,a4 ,,france ,,s9ce ,,wat]loo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,be?am-,edw>ds 7,miss74 ,,home ,,life ,,9 ,,france4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,b9dley 7,t4 ,h]b]t71 ,b4,d4 ,,! ,,oecum5ical ,,docum5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fai?4 ,) ,introductions & ,notes4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,b9yon 7,laur5ce74 ,see ,blake 7,william74 ,blake 7,william74 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4 ,) ,g5]al ,introduction by ,,laur5ce ,,b9yon4 ,illu/rat$4 ,qu>to4 #bas4 net4 ,body 7,george71 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,s\l',s ,,pilgrimage3 ,devotional ,read+s f ! ,publi%$ & ,unpubli%$ writ+s ( ,george ,body1 ,d4,d4 ,select$ & arrang$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,,burn1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,demy #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,b\lt+ 7,w474 ,,tasso ,,& ,,8 ,,times4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,bovill 7,w4 ,b4 ,=/]74 ,,hung>y ,,& ,,! ,,hung>ians4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,b[d5 7,e4 ,m474 ,,! ,,imitation ,,( ,,buddha3 ,be+ ,quotations f ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature = ea* ,day 9 ! ,ye>4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,brabant 7,f4 ,g471 ,m4,a4 ,,rambles ,,9 ,,sussex4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,bradley 7,a4 ,g474 ,,r\nd ,,ab\t ,,wilt%ire4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,nor?umb]l&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,braid 7,james74 ,op5 ,*ampion1 #aija1 #aije & #aijf4 ,,advanc$ ,,golf4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,braid 7,james7 & ,o!rs4 ,,great ,,golf]s ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+4 ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,lea*4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,brails=d 7,h4 ,n474 ,,mac$onia3 ,,its ,,races ,,& ,,_! ,,future4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,brodrick 7,m>y7 & ,morton 7,a4 ,&]son74 ,a ,,concise ,,diction>y ,,( ,,egyptian ,,ar*,,ology4 ,a ,h&book = ,/ud5ts & ,travell]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,br[n 7,j4 ,wood71 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,build]s ,,( ,,flor5ce4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #dto4 #ahs4 net4 ,br[n+ 7,rob]t74 ,,p>acelsus4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction1 ,notes1 & ,bibliography by ,,m>g>et ,l4 ,,lee & ,,ka?>9e ,b4 ,,locock4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,buckton 7,a4 ,m474 ,,eag] ,,he>t3 ,a ,my/]y ,play4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #as4 net4 ,budge 7,e4 ,a4 ,wallis74 ,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,! ,,egyptians4 ,illu/rat$4 ,two ,volumes4 ,royal #hvo4 #c #cs4 net4 ,bull 7,paul71 ,army ,*apla94 ,,god ,,& ,,our ,,soldi]s4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,bulley 7,miss74 ,see ,dilke 7,lady74 ,burns 7,rob]t71 ,,! ,,poems4 ,edit$ by ,,&rew ,,lang & ,w4 ,a4 ,,craigie4 ,) ,portrait4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,wide ,demy #hvo4 gilt top4 #fs4 ,bussell 7,f4 ,w471 ,d4,d4 ,,*ri/ian ,,!ology ,,& ,,social ,,progress 7,! ,bampton ,lectures ( #aije74 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,butl] 7,sir ,william71 ,lieut4-,g5]al1 ,g4,c4,b4 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,) "s o!r ,wayside ,?\ghts1 #ahfe-aijh4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,butl9 7,f4 ,m474 ,,among ,,! ,,danes4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ca9 7,georges71 ,curator ( ! ,c>navalet ,museum1 ,p>is4 ,,walks ,,9 ,,p>is4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,,allison1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,cam]on 7,m>y ,lovett74 ,,old ,,etruria ,,& ,,mod]n ,,tuscany4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,c>d5 7,rob]t ,w474 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,g5oa4 ,illu/rat$ ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,c>lyle 7,?omas74 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,flet*]1 ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,,! ,,lett]s ,,& ,,spee*es ,,( ,,oliv] ,,cromwell4 ,) an ,introduction by ,c4 ,h4 ,,fir?1 ,m4,a41 & ,notes & ,app5dices by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,lomas4 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 net4 ,celano 7,bro!r ,?omas (74 ,,! ,,lives ,,( ,,francis ,,( ,,assisi4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,,f]r]s ,,h[ell4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,*amb]s 7,mrs4 ,lamb]t74 ,lawn ,t5nis = ,ladies4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,*&l] 7,ar?ur71 ,bi%op ( ,bloemfonte94 ,,ara ,c,,li3 ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,my/ical ,,!ology4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,*e/]field 7,"l74 ,,! ,,lett]s ,,( ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,*e/]field ,,to ,,8 ,,son4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction by ,c4 ,,/ra*ey1 ) ,notes by ,a4 ,,cal?rop4 ,two ,volumes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,*e/]ton 7,g4 ,k474 ,,*>les ,,dick5s4 ,) two ,portraits 9 ,photogravure4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,all ,,?+s ,,consid]$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,trem5d\s ,,trifles4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,claus5 7,george71 ,a4,r4,a41 ,r4,w4,s4 ,,six ,,lectures ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,l>ge ,po/4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,aims ,,& ,,ideals ,,9 ,,art4 ,eight ,lectures deliv]$ to ! ,/ud5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,clutton-,brock 7,a47 ,,%elley3 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,poet4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,cobb 7,w4 ,f471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,psalms3 ) an ,introduction & ,notes4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,cock%ott 7,w9ifr$71 ,/4 ,hilda's ,hall1 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,pilgrim ,,fa!rs1 ,,_! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,colony4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,coll+wood 7,w4 ,g471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,john ,,rusk94 ,) ,portrait4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,colvill 7,hel5 ,h474 ,,/4 ,,t]esa ,,( ,,spa94 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 99,condam9e 7,rob]t de la74 ,,! ,,upp] ,,g>d54 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,conrad 7,joseph74 ,,! ,,mirror ,,( ,,! ,,sea3 ,memories & ,impressions4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,coolidge 7,w4 ,a4 ,b471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,alps4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,coop] 7,c4 ,s471 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,see ,we/ell 7,w4 ,p47 ,c\lton 7,g4 ,g474 ,,*auc] ,,& ,,8 ,,engl&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,c[p] 7,william74 ,,! ,,poems4 ,edit$ ) an introduction & ,notes by ,j4 ,c4 ,,bailey1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,crane 7,walt]71 ,r4,w4,s4 ,,an ,,arti/',s ,,rem9isc5ces4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 net4 ,,india ,,impressions4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,crispe 7,t4 ,e474 ,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,a ,k4,c4 ,) #b ,portraits4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,cr[ley 7,ralph ,h474 ,,! ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,s*ool ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,dante 7,alighi]i74 ,,la ,,comm$ia ,,di ,,dante4 ,! ,italian ,text edit$ by ,,paget ,,toynbee1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,litt4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,davey 7,ri*>d74 ,,! ,,pageant ,,( ,,london4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,davis 7,h4 ,w4 ,c471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,balliol ,college4 ,,engl& ,,"u ,,! ,,normans ,,& ,,angev9s3 #ajff-abgb4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,deans 7,r4 ,/orry74 ,,! ,,trials ,,( ,,five ,,que5s3 ,,ka?>9e ,,( ,,aragon1 ,,anne ,,boleyn1 ,,m>y ,,que5 ,,( ,,scots1 ,,m>ie ,,anto9ette & ,,c>ol9e ,,( ,,brunswick4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,de>m] 7,mabel74 ,a ,,*ild',s ,,life ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,l>ge ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,d',e/e 7,m>g>et74 ,,9 ,,! ,,can>ies ,,) ,a ,,cam]a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,dick9son 7,g4 ,l471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,! ,,greek ,,view ,,( ,,life4 ,sev5? & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,dit*field 7,p4 ,h471 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,! ,,p>i% ,,cl]k4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,old-,,"t ,,p>son4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,d\glas 7,hugh ,a474 ,,v5ice ,,on ,,foot4 ,) ! ,it9]>y ( ! ,gr& ,canal4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,d\glas 7,james74 ,,! ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,pulpit4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,d[d5 7,j471 ,d4,d41 ,late ,"l ,bi%op ( ,ed9burgh4 ,,fur!r ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,pray] ,,book4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,driv] 7,s4 ,r471 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,s]mons ,,on ,,subjects ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,duff 7,nora74 ,,matilda ,,( ,,tuscany4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,dumas 7,alex&re74 ,,! ,,crimes ,,( ,,! ,,borgias ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,) an ,introduction by ,r4 ,s4 ,,g>nett4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,crimes ,,( ,,urba9 ,,gr&i] ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,crimes ,,( ,,! ,,m>quise ,,de ,,br9villi]s ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,crimes ,,( ,,ali ,,pa*a ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,my ,,memoirs4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,m4 ,,wall]4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,&rew ,,lang4 ,) ,frontispieces 9 ,photogravure4 ,9 six ,volumes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ea* volume4 ,,vol4 ,i4 #ahjb-ahba4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 #ahcj-ahca4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahbb-ahbe4 ,,vol4 ,v4 #ahca-ahcb4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 #ahbf-ahcj4 ,,vol4 ,,vi4 #ahcb-ahcc4 ,,my ,,pets4 ,newly translat$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,,all9son1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,duncan 7,david71 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,lett]s ,,( ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ,dunn-,pattison 7,r4 ,p47 ,,napoleon',s ,,m>%als4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,,edw>d ,,! ,,black ,,pr9ce4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,durham 7,! ,e>l (7 ,a ,,report ,,on ,,canada4 ,) an ,introductory ,note4 ,demy #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,dutt 7,w4 ,a474 ,,! ,,norfolk ,,broads4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,wild ,,life ,,9 ,,ea/ ,,anglia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,"s ,,lit]>y ,,associations ,,( ,,ea/ ,,anglia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,edmonds 7,major ,j4 ,e471 ,r4,e42 ,d4,a4,q4-,m4,g4 ,see ,wood 7,w4 ,birkbeck74 ,edw>des 7,tickn]74 ,,! ,,lore ,,( ,,! ,,honey ,,bee4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,,lift-,,luck ,,on ,,s\!rn ,,roads4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,eg]ton 7,h4 ,e471 ,m4,a4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,briti% ,,colonial ,,policy4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ev]ett-,gre5 7,m>y ,anne74 ,,elizabe?2 ,,electress ,,palat9e ,,& ,,que5 ,,( ,,bohemia4 ,revis$ by h] ,niece ,s4 ,c4 ,,lomas4 ,) a ,prefatory ,note by ,a4 ,w4 ,,w>d1 ,litt4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,fairbro!r 7,w4 ,h471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,t4 ,h4 ,,gre54 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,fea 7,allan74 ,,! ,,flight ,,( ,,! ,,k+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,secret ,,*amb]s ,,& ,,hid+-,,places4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,james ,,ii4 ,,& ,,8 ,,wives4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,fell 7,e4 ,f4 ,b474 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,lib]ty4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,fir? 7,c4 ,h471 ,m4,a41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory at ,ox=d4 ,,cromwell',s ,,army3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,soldi] dur+ ! ,civil ,w>s1 ! ,commonweal?1 & ! ,protectorate4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,fitz,gerald 7,edw>d74 ,,! ,,rub,,iy,t ,,( ,,om> ,,khayy,m4 ,pr9t$ f ! ,fif? & la/ ,edition4 ,) a ,comm5t>y by ,mrs4 ,,/eph5 ,,batson1 & a ,biography ( ,om> by ,e4 ,d4 ,,ross4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,flet*] 7,b4 ,f4 & ,h4 ,p474 ,,! ,,engli% ,,home4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,flet*] 7,j4 ,s474 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,york%ire4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,flux 7,a4 ,w471 ,m4,a41 ,william ,d[ ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 9 ,m',gill ,univ]sity ,montreal4 ,,economic ,,pr9ciples4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,foot 7,con/ance ,m474 ,,insect ,,wond]l&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,=el 7,a474 ,,! ,,s5ses ,,( ,,insects4 ,translat$ by ,,macleod ,,ye>sley4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,f\qu 7,la ,motte74 ,,s9tram ,,& ,,8 ,,companions4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,,f>quh>son4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,half ,:ite ,vellum1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,fras] 7,j4 ,f474 ,,r\nd ,,! ,,_w ,,on ,a ,,:eel4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,galton 7,sir ,francis71 ,f4,r4,s42 ,d4,c4,l41 ,oxf42 ,hon4 ,sc4,d41 ,camb42 ,hon4 ,fell[ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,memories ,,( ,,my ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,g>nett 7,lucy ,m4 ,j474 ,,! ,,turki% ,,p3 ,,_! ,,social ,,life1 ,,religi\s ,,beliefs ,,& ,,in/itutions1 ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,gibb9s 7,h4 de ,b471 ,litt4,d41 ,m4,a4 ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,engl&3 ,,hi/orical ,,outl9es4 ,) #e ,maps4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fifte5? ,edition ,revis$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 ,,engli% ,,social ,,re=m]s4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,see also ,hadfield1 ,r4,a4 ,gibbon 7,edw>d74 ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,edw>d ,,gibbon4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,,birkbeck ,,hill1 ,,ll4,d4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,,! ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 ,app5dices1 & ,maps1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,,bury1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory at ,cambridge4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,sev5 ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 ,gilt ,top4 ,ea* #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,gibbs 7,philip474 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,george ,,villi]s3 ,,fir/ ,,duke ,,( ,,buck+ham1 ,,& ,,"s ,,m5 ,,& ,,wom5 ,,( ,,! ,,/u>t ,,c\rt4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,gloag 7,m4 ,r47 & ,wyatt 7,kate ,m474 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,engli% ,,g>d5s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,glov] 7,t4 ,r471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,classical ,lectur] ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,! ,,conflict ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,roman ,,empire4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,godfrey 7,elizabe?74 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,remembrance4 ,be+ ,lyrical ,selections = e day 9 ! ,ye>4 ,arrang$ by ,e4 ,godfrey4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,engli% ,,*ildr5 ,,9 ,,! ,,old5 ,,"t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,godley 7,a4 ,d471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,ox=d ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,lyra ,,frivola4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,v]ses ,,to ,,ord]4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,second ,,/r+s4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,goll 7,augu/74 ,,crim9al ,,types ,,9 ,,%akespe>e4 ,au?oris$ ,translation f ! ,dani% by ,mrs4 ,,*>les ,,weekes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,gordon 7,l9a ,duff7 7,mrs4 ,aubrey ,wat]field74 ,,home ,,life ,,9 ,,italy3 ,,lett]s ,,f ,,! ,,ap5n9es4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,go/l+ 7,frances ,m474 ,,! ,,bretons ,,at ,,home4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,graham 7,h>ry74 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,scotti% ,,wom54 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,grahame 7,k5ne?74 ,,! ,,w9d ,,9 ,,! ,,will[s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,gwynn 7,/eph571 ,m4,p4 ,a ,,holiday ,,9 ,,connem>a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs #f;d4 net4 ,hall 7,cyril74 ,,! ,,"y ,,c>p5t]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 ,hall 7,hammond74 ,,! ,,"y ,,eng9e]3 or ,,mod]n ,,eng9es ,,& ,,_! ,,models4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 ,hall 7,m>y74 ,a ,,woman',s ,,trek ,,f ,,! ,,cape ,,to ,,cairo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 net4 ,hamel 7,frank74 ,,fam\s ,,fr5* ,,salons4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hannay 7,d474 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,navy4 ,vol4 ,i41 #abag-afhh4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #afhi-ahae4 ,demy #hvo4 ,ea* #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hannay 7,james ,o471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,_s ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,mona/icism4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,des]t4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,h>p] 7,*>les ,g474 ,,! ,,autoc> ,,road-,,book4 ,f\r ,volumes ) ,maps4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,ea* #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,s\? ,,( ,,! ,,?ames4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,wales ,,& ,,we/ ,,midl&s4 ,headley 7,f4 ,w474 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,mod]n ,,socialism4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,h5d]son 7,b4 ,w471 ,fell[ ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,pr9cipate ,,( ,,! ,,emp]or ,,n]o4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new & *eap] issue4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,h5d]son 7,m4 ,/urge74 ,,george ,,m]$i?3 ,,noveli/1 ,,poet1 ,,re=m]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,h5d]son 7,t4 ,f47 & ,watt 7,francis74 ,,scotl& ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,h5ley 7,w4 ,e474 ,,engli% ,,lyrics4 ,,*auc] ,,to ,,poe1 #acdj-ahdi4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 99,heywood 7,w474 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,p]ugia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,hill 7,george ,francis74 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,sculpture4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,h9d 7,c4 ,lewis71 ,,days ,,9 ,,cornwall4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hobh\se 7,l4 ,t471 late ,fell[ ( ,c4,c4,c41 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hodgetts 7,e4 ,a4 ,brayley71 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,russia ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/rat$4 ,two volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #bds4 net4 ,hodgson 7,mrs4 ,w471 ,,h[ ,,to ,,id5tify ,,old ,,*9ese ,,porcela94 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,po/ #hvo4 #fs4 ,holdi* 7,sir ,t4 ,h471 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,c4,b41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,! ,,indian ,,bord]l&1 #ahhj-aijj4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,holdswor? 7,w4 ,s471 ,d4,c4,l4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,law4 ,9 ,f\r ,volumes4 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,demy #hvo4 ,ea* #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,holl& 7,clive74 ,,tyrol ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hollway-,cal?rop 7,h4 ,c471 late ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,burs> ( ,eton ,college4 ,,petr>*3 ,,8 ,,life1 ,,"w1 ,,& ,,times4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,horsburgh 7,e4 ,l4 ,s471 ,m4,a4 ,,lor5zo ,,! ,,magnific5t3 & ,,flor5ce ,,9 ,,h] ,,gold5 ,,age4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,wat]loo3 ) ,plans4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 ,hosie 7,alex&]74 ,,man*uria4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hulton 7,samuel ,f474 ,,! ,,cl]k ,,( ,,ox=d ,,9 ,,fiction4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 99,humphreys 7,john ,h471 ,,proportional ,,repres5tation4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,hut*9son 7,horace ,g474 ,,! ,,new ,,=e/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hutton 7,edw>d74 ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,umbria4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,spa94 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,flor5ce ,,& ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,tuscany1 ,,) ,,g5oa4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,engli% ,,love ,,poems4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,c\ntry ,,walks ,,ab\t ,,flor5ce4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,9 ,,unkn[n ,,tuscany4 ,) an ,app5dix by ,,william ,,heywood4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,rome4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hyett 7,f4 ,a474 ,,flor5ce3 ,,h] ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,art ,,to ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,republic4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ibs5 7,h5rik74 ,,br&4 ,a ,drama4 ,translat$ by ,,william ,,wilson4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,+e 7,w4 ,r71 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,*ri/ian ,,my/icism4 7,! ,bampton ,lectures ( #ahii47 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,innes 7,a4 ,d471 ,m4,a4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,9 ,,india4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,engl& ,,"u ,,! ,,tudors4 ,) ,maps4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 99,innes 7,m>y74 ,,s*ools ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,james 7,norman ,g4 ,b474 ,,! ,,*>m ,,( ,,switz]l&4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,jebb 7,camilla74 ,a ,,/> ,,( ,,! ,,salons3 ,,julie ,,de ,,lesp9asse4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,jeff]y 7,reg9ald ,w471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,?irte5 ,,colonies ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 #adig-agfc4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,j5ks 7,e471 ,m4,a41 ,b4,c4,l4 ,,an ,,outl9e ,,( ,,engli% ,,local ,,gov]nm5t4 ,second ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,r4 ,c4 ,k4 ,,ensor1 ,m4,a4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,j5n+s 7,osc>71 ,m4,d4 ,,e>ly ,,woodcut ,,initials4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #dto4 #bas4 net4 ,j]n+ham 7,*>les ,edw>d74 ,,! ,,maxims ,,( ,,m>maduke4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 ,john/on 7,sir ,h4 ,h471 ,k4,c4,b4 ,,briti% ,,c5tral ,,africa4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #dto4 #ahs4 net4 99,,! ,,negro ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 net4 ,jones 7,r4 ,crompton71 ,m4,a4 ,,poems ,,( ,,! ,,inn] ,,life4 ,select$ by ,r4 ,c4 ,,jones4 ,?irte5? ,edition4 ,fcap #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,julian 7,lady7 ( ,norwi*4 ,,revelations ,,( ,,div9e ,,love4 ,edit$ by ,,grace ,,w>rack4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 #8,kappa4' ,,let ,,y\? ,,b ,,"k3 ,a ,plea = ,reason 9 ,education4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,keats 7,john74 ,,! ,,poems4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction & ,notes by ,e4 de ,s,,l9c\rt1 ,m4,a4 ,) a ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure4 ,second ,edition ,revis$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,keble 7,john74 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,ye>4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,w4 ,,lock1 ,d4,d41 ,w>d5 ( ,keble ,college4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d42 padd$ morocco4 #es4 ,kempis 7,?omas 74 ,,! ,,imitation ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,dean ,,f>r>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d42 padd$ morocco1 #es4 ,also translat$ by ,c4 ,,bigg1 ,d4,d4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,k]r 7,s4 ,p>nell74 ,,george ,,selwyn ,,& ,,! ,,wits4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,kipl+ 7,rudy>d74 ,,b>rack-,,room ,,ballads4 #id? ,?\s&4 ,tw5ty-sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,lea!r4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,seas4 #gi? ,?\s&4 ,fifte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,lea!r4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,five ,,nations4 #ff? ,?\s&4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,lea!r4 #es4 net4 ,,dep>tm5tal ,,ditties4 ,eighte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,lea!r4 #es4 net4 ,knox 7,w9ifr$ ,f474 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,a ,,sa9t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,lamb 7,*>les & ,m>y71 ,,! ,,works4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,v4 ,,lucas4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,sev5 ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,lane-,poole 7,/anley74 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,egypt ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,lanke/] 7,sir ,ray71 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sci5ce ,,f ,,an ,,easy ,,*air4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lea* 7,h5ry74 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,l9ks4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,le ,braz 7,anatole74 ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,p>dons4 ,translat$ by ,,frances ,m4 ,,go/l+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lees 7,fr$]ick74 ,a ,,summ] ,,9 ,,t\ra9e4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,l9dsay 7,lady ,mabel74 ,,anni ,,dom9i3 ,a ,,gospel ,,/udy4 ,) ,maps4 ,two ,volumes4 ,sup] ,royal #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,llewellyn 7,ow57 & ,rav5-,hill 7,l474 ,,! ,,s\?-,,b\nd ,,c>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lock 7,walt]71 ,d4,d41 ,w>d5 ( ,keble ,college4 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,! ,,ma/]-,,build]4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,bible ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,life4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lodge 7,sir ,oliv]71 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,sub/ance ,,( ,,fai?1 ,,alli$ ,,) ,,sci5ce3 ,a ,cate*ism = ,p>5ts & ,tea*]s4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,univ]se3 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,advance ,,9 ,,sci5tific ,,k ,,^u ,,our ,,und]/&+ ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,man4 ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,unrecognis$ ,,human ,,faculty4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,l(?\se 7,w4 ,f471 ,m4,a4 ,,e?ics ,,& ,,atonem5t4 ,) a ,frontispiece4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,lorim] 7,george ,horace74 ,,lett]s ,,f ,a ,,self-,,made ,,m]*ant ,,to ,,8 ,,son4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sev5te5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,old ,,gorgon ,,graham4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lorim] 7,norma74 ,,by ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,egypt4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #afs4 net4 8,loyal ,s]viteur40 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,bay>d4 ,adapt$ by ,,amy ,g4 ,,&rewes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,lucas 7,e4 ,v474 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,*>les ,,lamb4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? & ,revis$ ,edition 9 ,"o ,volume4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,w&]] ,,9 ,,holl&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,w&]] ,,9 ,,london4 ,illu/rat$4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,w&]] ,,9 ,,p>is4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,op5 ,,road3 ,a ,little ,book = ,wayf>]s4 ,fifte5? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es42 ,india ,pap]1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,fri5dly ,,t[n3 a ,little ,book = ! ,urbane4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es42 ,india ,pap]1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,fireside ,,& ,,sun%9e4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,"* ,,& ,,com$y4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,g5tle/ ,,art4 ,a ,*oice ( ,lett]s by ,ent]ta9+ ,h&s4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,a ,,swan ,,& ,,h] ,,fri5ds4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,h] ,,inf9ite ,,v>iety3 ,a ,,fem99e ,,portrait ,,gall]y4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,li/5]',s ,,lure3 ,,an ,,oblique ,,n>ration4 ,six? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,good ,,company3 ,a ,,rally ,,( ,,m54 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,"o ,,day ,,& ,,ano!r4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,ov] ,,bem]ton',s3 ,,an ,,easy-,,go+ ,,*ronicle4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,m4 7,r474 ,,! ,,?\ghts ,,( ,,lucia ,,halliday4 ,) "s ( h] ,lett]s4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,m4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,macaulay 7,"l74 ,,critical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,essays4 ,edit$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,,montague4 ,m4,a4 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,mc,cabe 7,joseph7 7=m]ly ,v ,rev4 ,f4 ,,antony1 ,o4,s4,f474 ,,! ,,decay ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,rome4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,mc,cullagh 7,francis74 ,! ,fall ( ,abd-ul-,hamid4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,mac,cunn 7,flor5ce ,a474 ,,m>y ,,/u>t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,l>ge ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,mc,dougall 7,william71 ,m4,a4 7,oxon41 ,m4,b4 7,cantab474 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,social ,,psy*ology4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 #8,mdlle4 ,mori' 7,au?or (74 ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,( ,,si5a ,,& ,,h] ,,times4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,maet]l9ck 7,maurice74 ,,! ,,blue ,,bird3 ,a ,,fairy ,,play ,,9 ,,five ,,acts4 ,translat$ by ,,alex&] ,,teixeira ,,de ,,mattos4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,deckle ,edges4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,also ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,pap] cov]s1 #as4 net4 ,mahaffy 7,j4 ,p471 ,litt4,d4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,egypt ,,( ,,! ,,ptolemies4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,maitl& 7,f4 ,w471 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,roman ,,canon ,,law ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl&4 ,royal #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,m>ett 7,r4 ,r471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,?re%old ,,( ,,religion4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,m>riott 7,*>les74 ,a ,,spani% ,,holiday4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,m>riott 7,j4 ,a4 ,r471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,"l ,,falkl&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,masefield 7,john74 ,,sea ,,life ,,9 ,,nelson',s ,,"t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,sailor',s ,,g>l&4 ,select$ & ,edit$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,prose ,,miscellany4 ,select$ & ,edit$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ma/]man 7,c4 ,f4 ,g471 ,m4,a41 ,m4,p4 ,,t5nyson ,,z ,a ,,religi\s ,,tea*]4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,engl&4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,mayne 7,e!l ,colburn74 ,,en*ant]s ,,( ,,m54 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,meak9 7,annette ,m4 ,b471 ,fell[ ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,woman ,,9 ,,transition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,galicia3 ,,! ,,switz]l& ,,( ,,spa94 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,m$ley 7,d4 ,j471 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,,orig9al ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,engli% ,,con/itutional ,,hi/ory1 ,,compris+ ,a ,,select$ ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,*>t]s ,,& ,,/atutes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,me?u5 7,a4 ,m4 ,s471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,trag$y ,,( ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,,engl&',s ,,ru93 ,,discuss$ ,,9 ,,f\rte5 ,,lett]s ,,to ,a ,,protectioni/4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #c;d4 net4 ,meynell 7,ev]>d74 ,,corot ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,miles 7,eu/ace71 ,m4,a4 ,,life ,,aft] ,,life3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,re9c>nation4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,conc5tration3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,acquire ,,x4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,millais 7,j4 ,g474 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,lett]s ,,( ,,sir ,,john ,,ev]ett ,,millais1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,milne 7,j4 ,g471 ,m4,a4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,egypt ,,"u ,,roman ,,rule4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,mitton 7,g4 ,e471 ,,jane ,,au/5 ,,& ,,h] ,,times4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,l>ge ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,m(fat 7,m>y ,m474 ,,que5 ,,l\isa ,,( ,,prussia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,money 7,l4 ,g4 ,*iozza74 ,,ri*es ,,& ,,pov]ty4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,also ,cr4 #hvo4 #as4 net4 ,,money',s ,,fiscal ,,diction>y1 #aiaj4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,moore 7,t4 ,/urge74 ,,art ,,& ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,moorh\se 7,e4 ,hallam74 ,,nelson',s ,,lady ,,hamilton4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,morgan 7,j4 ,h471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,lords ,,& ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,,"l ,,*ancellor4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #as4 net4 ,morton 7,a4 ,&]son74 ,see ,brodrick 7,m474 ,norway 7,a4 ,h47 ,,naples4 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,oman 7,c4 ,w4 ,c471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls'1 ,ox=d4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 99,,engl& ,,be=e ,,! ,,conque/4 ,) ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ox=d 7,m4 ,n471 ( ,guy's ,hospital4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,nurs+4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,pakes 7,w4 ,c4 ,c474 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,hygi5e4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 ,p>k] 7,eric74 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,zoo2 ,,by ,,day ,,& ,,night4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,p>sons 7,mrs4 ,c474 ,,! ,,incomp>able ,,siddons4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,patmore 7,k4 ,a474 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiii4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,patt]son 7,a4 ,h474 ,,man ,,& ,,nature ,,on ,,tidal ,,wat]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,peel 7,rob]t71 & ,m9*9 7,h4 ,c471 ,m4,a4 ,,ox=d4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,petrie 7,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s71 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,egyptology at ,univ]sity ,college4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,egypt4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,six ,volumes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ea*4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,k+s ,,to ,,xvi? ,,dyna/y4 ,six? ,edition4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,xvii? ,,& ,,xviii? ,,dyna/ies4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,xix? ,,to ,,xxx? ,,dyna/ies4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ,,egypt ,,"u ,,! ,,ptolemaic ,,dyna/y4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 ,litt4,d4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,egypt ,,"u ,,roman ,,rule4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,milne1 ,m4,a4 ,,vol4 ,,vi4 ,,egypt ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,,/anley ,,lane-,,poole1 ,m4,a4 ,,religion ,,& ,,consci5ce ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,egypt4 ,lectures deliv]$ at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,syria ,,& ,,egypt1 ,,f ,,! ,,tell ,,el ,,am>na ,,lett]s4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,egyptian ,,tales4 ,translat$ f ! ,papyri4 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,i,vth to ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,egyptian ,,tales4 ,translat$ f ! ,papyri4 ,second ,s]ies1 ,x,v,i,i,ith to ,x,i,xth ,dyna/y4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,egyptian ,,decorative ,,art4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,lectures deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 99,phelps 7,ru? ,s474 ,,skies ,,italian3 ,a ,,little ,,brevi>y ,,= ,,travell]s ,,9 ,,italy4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,phy?ian 7,j4 ,erne/74 ,,trees ,,9 ,,nature1 ,,my?1 ,,& ,,art4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,podmore 7,frank74 ,,mod]n ,,spiritualism4 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,,mesm]ism ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,sci5ce3 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,m5tal ,heal+4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,poll>d 7,alfr$ ,w474 ,,%akespe>e ,,folios ,,& ,,qu>tos4 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,bibliography ( ,%akespe>e's ,plays1 #aeid-afhe4 ,illu/rat$4 ,folio4 #bas4 net4 ,p[ell 7,ar?ur ,e474 ,,food ,,& ,,heal?4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,p[] 7,j4 ,o',connor74 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,an ,,orator4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,price 7,l4 ,l471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college1 ,oxon4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,political ,,economy ,,f ,,adam ,,smi? ,,to ,,arnold ,,toynbee4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,pull5-,burry 7,b474 ,,9 ,a ,,g]man ,,colony2 or1 ,,f\r ,,weeks ,,9 ,,new ,,brita94 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,pycraft 7,w4 ,p474 ,,bird ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ragg 7,lonsdale71 ,b4,d4 ,oxon4 ,,dante ,,& ,,8 ,,italy4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,rappoport 7,angelo ,s474 ,,home ,,life ,,9 ,,russia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,rav5-,hill 7,l474 ,see ,llewellyn 7,ow574 ,rawl+s 7,g]trude74 ,,co9s ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,!m4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,rea 7,lilian74 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,m>ie ,,madele9e ,,c\ntess ,,( ,,la ,,fayette4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,read 7,c4 ,/an=d71 ,m4,b4 7,lond471 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,,fads ,,& ,,fe$+4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,rees 7,j4 ,d471 ,c4,i4,e41 ,m4,p4 ,,! ,,real ,,india4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,rei* 7,emil71 ,doctor ,juris4 ,,woman ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,ages4 ,illu/rat$4 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,reid 7,ar*dall71 ,m4,b4 ,! ,laws ( ,h]$ity4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,ri*mond 7,wilfrid71 ,*apla9 ( ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,,! ,,cre$ ,,9 ,,! ,,epi/les4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,rob]ts 7,m4 ,e474 ,see ,*ann] 7,c4 ,c474 ,rob]tson 7,a471 ,d4,d41 ,"l ,bi%op ( ,exet]4 ,,regnum ,,dei4 7,! ,bampton ,lectures ( #aija47 ,a ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,rob]tson 7,c4 ,grant71 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls' ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,select ,,/atutes1 ,,cases1 ,,& ,,con/itutional ,,docum5ts1 #affj-ahcb4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,rob]tson 7,sir ,g4 ,s471 ,k4,c4,s4,i4 ,,*itral3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,m9or ,,siege4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,roe 7,fr$74 ,,old ,,oak ,,furniture4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,royde-,smi? 7,n4 ,g474 ,,! ,,pill[ ,,book3 ,a ,,g>n] ,,( ,,_m ,,moods4 ,collect$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,poets ,,( ,,our ,,day4 ,select$1 ) an ,introduction4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 ,rumbold 7,! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,horace71 ,b>t41 ,g4,c4,b41 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,! ,,au/rian ,,c\rt ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahs4 net4 ,russell 7,w4 ,cl>k74 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,admiral ,,"l ,,coll+wood4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ryley 7,m4 ,b]es=d74 ,,que5s ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,,! ,,little ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,glori\s ,,mess]1 ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,fri>s4 ,done into ,engli%1 ) ,notes by ,,william ,,heywood4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 #8,saki' 7,h4 ,munro74 ,,reg9ald4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,reg9ald ,,9 ,,russia4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,s&]s 7,lloyd74 ,,! ,,holl& ,,h\se ,,circle4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,scott 7,erne/74 ,,t]re ,,napol,,on1 ,,& ,,! ,,exp$ition ,,( ,,discov]y ,,despat*$ ,,to ,,au/ralia ,,by ,,ord] ,,( ,,bonap>te1 #ahjj-ahjd4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,sl9c\rt 7,hugh de74 ,,great ,,ralegh4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,sel\s 7,edmund74 ,,tommy ,,smi?',s ,,animals4 ,illu/rat$4 ,elev5? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,tommy ,,smi?',s ,,o!r ,,animals4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 99,%af] 7,s>a ,a474 ,a ,,:ite ,,pap] ,,g>d54 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,%akespe>e 7,william74 ,,! ,,f\r ,,folios1 #afbc2 #afcb2 #affd2 #afhe4 ,ea* #d #ds4 net1 or a complete set1 #ab #abs4 net4 ,folios #b1 #c & #d are ready4 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,william ,,%akespe>e4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,,george ,,wyndham4 ,demy #hvo4 ,buckram1 gilt top4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,%>p 7,a474 ,,victorian ,,poets4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,sidgwick 7,mrs4 ,alfr$74 ,,home ,,life ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,sime 7,john74 ,see ,little ,books on ,art4 ,slad5 7,d\glas74 ,,sicily3 ,! ,new ,w9t] ,resort4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,smi? 7,adam74 ,,! ,,weal? ,,( ,,nations4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction & num]\s ,notes by ,,edw9 ,,cannan1 ,m4,a4 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,smi? 7,sophia ,s474 ,,dean ,,swift4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,snell 7,f4 ,j474 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,exmoor4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 #8,/ancliffe4' ,,golf ,,d',s ,,& ,,dont',s4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #as4 ,/ead 7,francis ,h471 ,m4,a4 ,,h[ ,,old ,,age ,,p5sions ,,began ,,to ,,be4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,/ev5son 7,r4 ,l474 ,,! ,,lett]s ,,( ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son ,,to ,,8 ,,family ,,& ,,fri5ds4 ,select$ & ,edit$ by ,,sidney ,,colv94 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,two ,volumes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,vailima ,,lett]s4 ,) an ,et*$ ,portrait by ,,william ,,/rang4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 ,buckram4 #fs4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,r4 ,l4 ,,/ev5son4 ,see ,balf\r 7,g474 ,/ev5son 7,m4 ,i74 ,,f ,,s>anac ,,to ,,! ,,m>quesas4 ,be+ ,lett]s writt5 by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,i4 ,,/ev5son dur+ #ahhg-hh4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,lett]s ,,f ,,samoa1 #ahia-ie4 ,edit$ & arrang$ by ,m4 ,c4 ,,balf\r4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,/orr 7,v]non ,f471 ,m4,a41 ,canon ( ,w9*e/]4 ,,developm5t ,,& ,,div9e ,,purpose4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,/reatfeild 7,r4 ,a474 ,,mod]n ,,music ,,& ,,musicians4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,swanton 7,e4 ,w474 ,,fungi ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,!m4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 net4 99,sykes 7,ella ,c474 ,,p]sia ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,symes 7,j4 ,e471 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,tabor 7,m>g>et ,e474 ,,! ,,sa9ts ,,9 ,,art4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,taylor 7,a4 ,e474 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,metaphysics4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,taylor 7,john ,w474 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?ibaudeau 7,a4 ,c474 ,,bonap>te ,,& ,,! ,,consulate4 ,translat$ & ,edit$ by ,g4 ,k4 ,,=tescue1 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?ompson 7,francis74 ,,select$ ,,poems ,,( ,,francis ,,?ompson4 ,) a ,biographical ,note by ,,wilfrid ,,meynell4 ,) a ,portrait 9 ,photogravure4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,tile/on 7,m>y ,w474 ,,daily ,,/r5g? ,,= ,,daily ,,ne$s4 ,sixte5? ,edition4 ,m$ium #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,also an edition 9 sup]ior b9d+1 #fs4 ,toynbee 7,paget71 ,m4,a41 ,d4 ,litt4 ,,dante ,,9 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature3 ,,f ,,*auc] ,,to ,,c>y4 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,see also ,ox=d ,biographies4 ,toz] 7,basil74 ,,! ,,horse ,,9 ,,hi/ory4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,tr5* 7,h]b]t74 ,,deirdre ,,w$d$1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,poems4 ,second & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 #fs4 ,,new ,,poems4 ,second ,edition4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 #fs4 ,,apollo ,,& ,,! ,,seaman4 ,l>ge ,po/ #hvo4 ,pap]1 #as4 #f;d4 net2 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,trevelyan 7,g4 ,m471 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,engl& ,,"u ,,! ,,/u>ts4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,triggs 7,inigo ,h471 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,,t[n ,,plann+3 ,,pa/1 ,,pres5t1 ,,& ,,possible4 ,illu/rat$4 ,wide ,royal #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,vaughan 7,h]b]t ,m471 ,b4,a4 7,oxon74 ,,! ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,/u>ts1 ,,h5ry ,,/u>t1 ,,c>d9al1 ,,duke ,,( ,,york4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,m$ici ,,popes 7,,leo ,x4 ,,& ,,clem5t ,,vii474 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,! ,,naples ,,rivi]a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,,flor5ce ,,& ,,h] ,,treasures4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,v]non 7,hon4 ,w4 ,w>r571 ,m4,a4 ,,read+s ,,on ,,! ,,inf]no ,,( ,,dante4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,moore4 ,two ,volumes4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,read+s ,,on ,,! ,,purgatorio ,,( ,,dante4 ,) an ,introduction by ! late ,,dean ,,*ur*4 ,two ,volumes4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,read+s ,,on ,,! ,,p>adiso ,,( ,,dante4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ripon4 ,two ,volumes4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,v9c5t 7,j4 ,e474 ,,?r\gh ,,ea/ ,,anglia ,,9 ,a ,,motor ,,c>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,waddell 7,col4 ,l4 ,a471 ,,ll4,d41 ,c4,b4 ,,lhasa ,,& ,,its ,,my/]ies4 ,) a ,record ( ! ,exp$ition ( #aijc-aijd4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,m$ium #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,wagn] 7,ri*>d74 ,,ri*>d ,,wagn]',s ,,music ,,dramas3 ,int]pretations1 embody+ ,wagn]'s own explanations4 ,by ,,alice ,,leighton ,,clea!r & ,,basil ,,crump4 ,9 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,vol4 ,i4--,,! ,,r+ ,,( ,,! ,,nibelung4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,,p>sifal1 ,,loh5gr91 & ,,! ,,holy ,,grail4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4--,,tri/an ,,& ,,isolde4 ,wa9eman 7,paul74 ,a ,,summ] ,,t\r ,,9 ,,f9l&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,walkley 7,a4 ,b474 ,,drama ,,& ,,life4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,wat]h\se 7,elizabe?74 ,,) ,,! ,,simple-,,he>t$3 ,little ,homilies to ,wom5 9 ,c\ntry ,places4 ,second ,edition4 ,small ,pott #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,,companions ,,( ,,! ,,way4 ,be+ ,selections = ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,read+4 ,*os5 & arrang$ by ,,elizabe? ,,wat]h\se4 ,l>ge ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,?\ghts ,,( ,a ,,t]ti>y4 ,second ,edition4 ,small ,pott #hvo4 #as4 net4 ,watt 7,francis74 ,see ,h5d]son 7,t4 ,f474 ,weigall 7,ar?ur ,e4 ,p474 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,antiquities ,,( ,,upp] ,,egypt3 ,f ,abydos to ! ,sudan ,fronti]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,wel* 7,ca?>9e74 ,,! ,,little ,,dauph94 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,wells 7,j471 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,wadham ,college4 ,,ox=d ,,& ,,ox=d ,,life4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,) #c ,maps4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,we/ell 7,w4 ,p]cival74 ,,! ,,"y ,,naturali/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,we/ell 7,w4 ,p]cival71 ,f4,l4,s41 ,m4,b4,o4,u41 & ,coop] 7,c4 ,s71 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,! ,,"y ,,botani/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 99,:eel] 7,e!l ,r74 ,,fam\s ,,blue ,,/ock+s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,:ibley 7,c474 ,see ,h5ley 7,w4 ,e474 ,:ite 7,george ,f471 ,lieut4-,col4 ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,spa9 ,,& ,,portugal1 #aghh-ahih4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,:itley 7,miss74 ,see ,dilke 7,lady74 ,wilde 7,osc>74 ,,de ,,pr(undis4 ,twelf? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,osc> ,,wilde4 ,9 ,twelve ,volumes4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #es4 net ea* volume4 ,i4 ,,"l ,,ar?ur ,,savile',s ,,crime ,,& ,,! ,,portrait ,,( ,,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,du*ess ,,( ,,padua4 ,,iii4 ,,poems4 ,,iv4 ,,lady ,,w9d]m]e',s ,,fan4 ,v4 ,a ,,woman ,,( ,,no ,,importance4 ,,vi4 ,,an ,,ideal ,,husb&4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,be+ ,,e>ne/4 ,,viii4 ,a ,,h\se ,,( ,,pomegranates4 ,,ix4 ,,int5tions4 ,x4 ,,de ,,pr(undis ,,& ,,prison ,,lett]s4 ,,xi4 ,,essays4 ,,xii4 ,,salom1 ,a ,,flor5t9e ,,trag$y1 & ,,la ,,sa9te ,,c\rtisane4 ,williams 7,h4 ,noel74 ,,! ,,wom5 ,,bonap>tes4 ,! ,"m & ?ree ,si/]s ( ,napoleon4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,two ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #bds4 net4 ,a ,,rose ,,( ,,savoy3 ,,m>ie ,,adel,,ide ,,( ,,savoy1 ,,du*esse ,,de ,,b\rgogne1 ,,"m ,,( ,,l\is ,,xv4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 99,,! ,,fasc9at+ ,,duc ,,de ,,ri*elieu3 ,,l\is ,,fran,,ois ,,arm& ,,du ,,plessis1 ,,m>,,*al ,,duc ,,de ,,ri*elieu4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,wood 7,sir ,evelyn71 ,f4,m41 ,v4,c41 ,g4,c4,b41 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,f ,,mid%ipman ,,to ,,field-,,m>%al4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,revolt ,,9 ,,h9du/an4 #aheg-ei4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,wood 7,w4 ,birkbeck71 ,m4,a41 late ,s*ol> ( ,worce/] ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ,edmonds 7,major ,j4 ,e471 ,r4,e41 ,d4,a4,q4-,m4,g4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,) an ,introduction by ,h4 ,,sp5s] ,,wilk9son4 ,) #bd ,maps & ,plans4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,wordswor? 7,w474 ,,! ,,poems4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,,n[ell ,c4 ,,smi?1 late ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,demy #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,poems ,,by ,,william ,,wordswor?4 ,select$ ) an ,introduction by ,,/op=d ,a4 ,,brooke4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,wyatt 7,kate ,m474 ,see ,gloag 7,m4 ,r474 ,wyllie 7,m4 ,a474 ,,norway ,,& ,,its ,,fjords4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,yeats 7,w4 ,b474 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,iri% ,,v]se4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"y 7,filson74 ,see ,! ,complete ,s]ies4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,a ,,selection ,,( ,,s]ies4 ,anci5t ,cities4 ,g5]al ,editor1 ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,w9dle1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,e4 ,h4 ,,new1 & o!r ,arti/s4 ,,bri/ol4 ,by ,alfr$ ,h>vey1 ,m4,b4 ,,cant]bury4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,cox1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,*e/]4 ,by ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,w9dle1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,dubl94 ,by ,s4 ,a4 ,o4 ,fitzpatrick4 ,,ed9burgh4 ,by ,m4 ,g4 ,williamson1 ,m4,a4 ,,l9coln4 ,by ,e4 ,mansel ,sympson1 ,m4,a4 ,,%rewsbury4 ,by ,t4 ,aud51 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,wells & ,,gla/onbury4 ,by ,t4 ,s4 ,holmes4 ,! ,antiqu>y's ,books4 ,g5]al ,editor1 ,j4 ,,*>les ,,cox1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,,ar*,,ology ,,& ,,false ,,antiquities4 ,by ,r4 ,munro4 ,,bells ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,!4 ,by ,canon ,j4 ,j4 ,rav54 ,second ,edition4 ,,brasses ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,!4 ,by ,h]b]t ,w4 ,mackl94 ,second ,edition4 ,,celtic ,,art ,,9 ,,pagan ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,times4 ,by ,j4 ,romilly ,all54 ,,domesday ,,inque/1 ,,!4 ,by ,adolphus ,ball>d4 ,,engli% ,,*ur* ,,furniture4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,cox & ,a4 ,h>vey4 ,second ,edition4 ,,engli% ,,co/ume4 ,f ,prehi/oric ,times to ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,george ,cl9*4 ,,engli% ,,mona/ic ,,life4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,abbot ,gasquet4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,engli% ,,seals4 ,by ,j4 ,h>vey ,bloom4 ,,folk-,,lore ,,z ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,gomme4 ,,gilds ,,& ,,companies ,,( ,,london1 ,,!4 ,by ,george ,unw94 ,,manor ,,& ,,manorial ,,records1 ,,!4 ,by ,na?aniel ,j4 ,hone4 ,,m$i,,val ,,hospitals ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,!4 ,by ,ro?a ,m>y ,clay4 ,,old ,,s]vice ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,*ur*4 ,by ,*ri/oph] ,wordswor?1 ,m4,a41 & ,h5ry ,littlehales4 ,,p>i% ,,life ,,9 ,,m$i,,val ,,engl&4 ,by ! ,"r ,rev4 ,abbott ,gasquet4 ,second ,edition4 99,,p>i% ,,regi/]s ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,!4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,cox4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,prehi/oric ,,age ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,by ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,w9dle4 ,second ,edition4 ,,royal ,,=e/s ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,!4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,cox1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,%r9es ,,( ,,briti% ,,sa9ts4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,wall4 ,! ,ard5 ,%akespe>e4 ,demy #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net ea* volume4 ,an edition ( ,%akespe>e 9 s+le ,plays4 ,edit$ ) a full ,introduction1 ,textual ,notes1 & a ,comm5t>y at ! foot ( ! page4 ,,all',s ,,well ,,t ,,ends ,,well4 ,,antony ,,& ,,cleopatra4 ,,cymbel9e4 ,,com$y ,,( ,,errors1 ,,!4 ,,hamlet4 ,second ,edition4 ,,julius ,,caes>4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,v4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,vi4 ,,pt4 ,i4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,vi4 ,,pt4 ,,ii4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,vi4 ,,pt4 ,,iii4 ,,k+ ,,le>4 ,,k+ ,,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,,life ,,& ,,dea? ,,( ,,k+ ,,john1 ,,!4 ,,love',s ,,lab\r',s ,,lo/4 ,,macbe?4 ,,measure ,,= ,,measure4 ,,m]*ant ,,( ,,v5ice1 ,,!4 ,,m]ry ,,wives ,,( ,,w9dsor1 ,,!4 ,,midsumm] ,,night',s ,,dream1 ,a4 ,,o!llo4 ,,p]icles4 ,,romeo ,,& ,,juliet4 ,,tam+ ,,( ,,! ,,%rew1 ,,!4 ,,tempe/1 ,,!4 ,,timon ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,,titus ,,&ronicus4 ,,troilus ,,& ,,cressida4 ,,two ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,v]ona1 ,,!4 ,,twelf? ,,night4 ,classics ( ,art4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,la+4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,wide ,royal #hvo4 ,gilt top4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4 ,by ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,flor5t9e ,,sculptors ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,wilhelm ,bode1 ,ph4,d4 ,translat$ by ,jessie ,haynes4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,,george ,,romney4 by ,ar?ur ,b4 ,*amb]la94 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,ghirl&aio4 ,g]ald ,s4 ,davies4 ,second ,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,mi*elangelo4 ,by ,g]ald ,s4 ,davies4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,rub5s4 ,by ,edw>d ,dillon1 ,m4,a4 #bes4 net4 ,,raphael4 ,by ,a4 ,p4 ,opp4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,,titian4 ,by ,*>les ,ricketts4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 99,,turn]',s ,,sket*es ,,& ,,draw+s4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,f9b]g4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,velazquez4 ,by ,a4 de ,b]uete4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,! 8,complete0 ,s]ies4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 ,,! ,,complete ,,cook4 ,by ,lilian ,:itl+4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,complete ,,cricket]4 ,by ,alb]t ,e4 ,knight4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,complete ,,foxhunt]4 ,by ,*>les ,ri*>dson4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,golf]4 ,by ,h>ry ,v>don4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,hockey-,,play]4 ,by ,eu/ace ,e4 ,:ite4 #es4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,lawn ,,t5nis ,,play]4 ,by ,a4 ,wallace ,my]s1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,motori/4 ,by ,filson ,"y4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,new ,edition 7,sev5?74 ,,! ,,complete ,,m\nta9e]4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,abraham4 #aes4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,o>sman4 ,by ,r4 ,c4 ,lehmann1 ,m4,p4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,complete ,,photograph]4 ,by ,r4 ,*ild ,bayley4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,rugby ,,football]1 ,,on ,,! ,,new ,,zeal& ,,sy/em4 ,by ,d4 ,gallah] & ,w4 ,j4 ,/ead4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,complete ,,%ot4 by ,g4 ,t4 ,teasdale ,buckell4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,net4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,! ,connoisseur's ,libr>y4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,wide ,royal #hvo4 #bes4 net4 ,,engli% ,,furniture4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,rob9son4 ,second ,edition4 ,,engli% ,,col\r$ ,,books4 ,by ,m>t9 ,h>die4 ,,european ,,enamels4 ,by ,h5ry ,h4 ,cunynghame1 ,c4,b4 ,,glass4 ,by ,edw>d ,dillon4 ,,goldsmi?s' ,,& ,,silv]smi?s' ,,"w4 ,by ,nelson ,dawson4 ,second ,edition4 99,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,h]b]t4 ,,ivories4 ,by ,a4 ,maskell4 ,,jewell]y4 ,by ,h4 ,clif=d ,smi?4 ,second ,edition4 ,,mezzot9ts4 ,by ,cyril ,dav5port4 ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,dudley ,hea?4 ,,porcela94 ,by ,edw>d ,dillon4 ,,seals4 ,by ,walt] de ,gray ,bir*4 ,h&books ( ,engli% ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,,burn1 ,b4,d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,*ur*4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,maude4 ,,! ,,saxon ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,cruttwell4 ,,! ,,m$i,,val ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,papacy4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,j5n+s4 ,,! ,,re=mation ,,p]iod4 ,by ,h5ry ,gee4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,puritanism4 ,by ,bruce ,blaxl&4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,by ,alfr$ ,plumm]4 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,pocket ,libr>y ( ,pla9 & ,col\r$ ,books4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ea* volume4 ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,illu/rations4 ,,old ,,col\r$ ,,books4 ,by ,george ,pa/on4 #bs4 net4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,dea? ,,( ,,john ,,mytton1 ,,esq4 ,by ,nimrod4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,sportsman4 ,by ,nimrod4 ,,h&ley ,,cross4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,surtees4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,mr4 ,,sponge',s ,,sport+ ,,t\r4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,surtees4 ,,jorrocks' ,,jaunts ,,& ,,jollities4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,surtees4 ,second ,edition4 ,,ask ,,mamma4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,surtees4 ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,field4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,surtees4 ,,! ,,t\r ,,( ,,dr4 ,,syntax ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,! ,,picturesque4 ,by ,william ,combe4 ,,! ,,t\r ,,( ,,dr4 ,,syntax ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,consolation4 ,by ,william ,combe4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,t\r ,,( ,,dr4 ,,syntax ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,a ,,wife4 ,by ,william ,combe4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,johnny ,,quae ,,g5us4 ,by ! ,au?or ( #8,! ,?ree ,t\rs4' ,,! ,,engli% ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?1 f ! ,designs ( ,t4 ,r[l&son1 ) ,metrical ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or ( #8,doctor ,syntax4' ,two ,volumes4 ,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,life3 ,a ,poem4 ,by ! ,au?or ( #8,dr4 ,syntax4' ,,life ,,9 ,,london4 ,by ,pi]ce ,egan4 ,,real ,,life ,,9 ,,london4 ,by an ,amateur 7,pi]ce ,egan74 ,two ,volumes4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,an ,,actor4 ,by ,pi]ce ,egan4 ,,! ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield4 ,by ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,,! ,,milit>y ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,johnny ,,newcombe4 ,by an ,(fic]4 ,,! ,,national ,,sports ,,( ,,great ,,brita94 ,) ,descriptions & #ej ,col\r$ ,plates by ,h5ry ,alk54 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,a ,,po/ ,,capta94 ,by a ,naval ,(fic]4 ,,gamonia4 ,by ,lawr5ce ,raw/one1 ,esq4 ,,an ,,academy ,,= ,,gr[n ,,horsem54 ,by ,ge(frey ,gambado1 ,esq4 ,,real ,,life ,,9 ,,irel&4 ,by a ,real ,paddy4 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,johnny ,,newcombe ,,9 ,,! ,,navy4 ,by ,alfr$ ,burton4 ,,! ,,old ,,engli% ,,squire4 ,by ,john ,c>eless1 ,esq4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,spy4 ,by ,b]n>d ,blackmantle4 ,two ,volumes4 #gs4 net4 ,,) ,,pla9 ,,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,grave3 ,a ,poem4 ,by ,rob]t ,blair4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4 ,inv5t$ & engrav$ by ,william ,blake4 ,,w9dsor ,,ca/le4 ,by ,w4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,london4 ,by ,w4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,,frank ,,fairlegh4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,sm$ley4 ,,h&y ,,&y4 ,by ,samuel ,lov]4 ,,! ,,compleat ,,angl]4 ,by ,izaak ,walton & ,*>les ,cotton4 ,,! ,,pickwick ,,pap]s4 ,by ,*>les ,dick5s4 ,lead]s ( ,religion4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,,bee*+1 ,m4,a41 ,canon ( ,we/m9/]4 ,) ,portraits4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,,c>d9al ,,newman4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton4 ,,john ,,wesley4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,ov]ton1 ,m4,a4 ,,bi%op ,,wilb]=ce4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,daniell1 ,m4,a4 ,,c>d9al ,,mann+4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,hutton1 ,m4,a4 ,,*>les ,,simeon4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,g4 ,m\le1 ,d4,d4 ,,john ,,knox4 ,by ,f4 ,mac,cunn4 ,second ,edition4 ,,john ,,h[e4 ,by ,r4 ,f4 ,horton1 ,d4,d4 ,,?omas ,,k54 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,cl>ke1 ,m4,a4 ,,george ,,fox1 ,,! ,,quak]4 ,by ,t4 ,hodgk91 ,d4,c4,l4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,john ,,keble4 ,by ,walt] ,lock1 ,d4,d4 ,,?omas ,,*alm]s4 ,by ,mrs4 ,oliphant4 ,,lancelot ,,&rewes4 ,by ,r4 ,l4 ,ottley1 ,d4,d4 ,second ,edition4 ,,augu/9e ,,( ,,cant]bury4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,cutts1 ,d4,d4 ,,william ,,laud4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,hutton4 ,m4,a4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,john ,,donne4 ,by ,augu/us ,jessop1 ,d4,d4 ,,?omas ,,cranm]4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,mason1 ,d4,d4 ,,bi%op ,,latim]4 ,by ,r4 ,m4 ,c>lyle & ,a4 ,j4 ,c>lyle1 ,m4,a4 ,,bi%op ,,butl]4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,spoon]1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,libr>y ( ,devotion4 ,) ,introductions & 7:]e necess>y7 ,notes4 ,small ,pott #hvo1 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,confessions ,,( ,,/4 ,,augu/9e4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,,! ,,imitation ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,ye>4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,lyra ,,innoc5tium4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,temple4 ,second ,edition4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,devotions4 ,second ,edition4 ,a ,,s]i\s ,,call ,,to ,a ,,dev\t ,,& ,,holy ,,life4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,et]nity4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,way4 ,second ,edition4 ,,on ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,god4 ,,! ,,psalms ,,( ,,david4 ,,lyra ,,apo/olica4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,songs4 ,,! ,,?\ghts ,,( ,,pascal4 ,second ,edition4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,consolation ,,f ,,! ,,sa9ts ,,& ,,fa!rs4 ,,devotions ,,f ,,! ,,apocrypha4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,combat4 ,,! ,,devotions ,,( ,,/4 ,,anselm4 ,,bi%op ,,wilson',s ,,sacra ,,privata4 ,,grace ,,ab\nd+ ,,to ,,! ,,*ief ,,( ,,s9n]s4 ,,lyra ,,sacra3 ,a ,book ( ,sacr$ ,v]se4 ,second ,edition4 ,a ,,day ,,book ,,f ,,! ,,sa9ts ,,& ,,fa!rs4 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,heav5ly ,,wisdom4 ,a ,selection f ! ,engli% ,my/ics4 ,,light1 ,,life1 ,,& ,,love4 ,a ,selection f ! ,g]man ,my/ics4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,dev\t ,,life4 ,,! ,,little ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,glori\s ,,mess] ,,/4 ,,francis ,,& ,,( ,,8 ,,fri>s4 ,,dea? ,,& ,,immortality4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,guide4 ,,devotions ,,= ,,e ,,day ,,9 ,,! ,,week ,,& ,,! ,,great ,,fe/ivals4 ,,preces ,,privat4 ,,hor ,,my/ic3 ,a ,day ,book f ! ,writ+s ( ,my/ics ( ,_m ,nations4 ,little ,books on ,art4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,demy #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ea* volume consi/s ( ab\t #bjj pages1 & conta9s f #cj to #dj ,illu/rations1 includ+ a ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure4 ,,albre*t ,,dur]4 ,j4 ,all54 ,,arts ,,( ,,japan1 ,,!4 ,e4 ,dillon4 ,,bookplates4 ,e4 ,almack4 ,,botticelli4 ,m>y ,l4 ,bloom]4 ,,burne-,,jones4 ,f4 de ,lisle4 99,,*ri/ian ,,symbolism4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,j5n]4 ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,art4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,j5n]4 ,,claude4 ,e4 ,dillon4 ,,con/able4 ,h4 ,w4 ,tompk9s4 ,,corot4 ,a4 ,poll>d & ,e4 ,birn/+l4 ,,enamels4 ,mrs4 ,n4 ,dawson4 ,,fr$]ic ,,leighton4 ,a4 ,corkran4 ,,george ,,romney4 ,g4 ,pa/on4 ,,greek ,,art4 ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s4 ,,greuze ,,& ,,b\*]4 ,e4 ,f4 ,poll>d4 ,,holbe94 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,=tescue4 ,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bradley4 ,,jewell]y4 ,c4 ,dav5port4 ,,john ,,hoppn]4 ,h4 ,p4 ,k4 ,skipton4 ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds4 ,j4 ,sime4 ,,millet4 ,n4 ,peacock4 ,,m9iatures4 ,c4 ,dav5port4 ,,our ,,lady ,,9 ,,art4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,j5n]4 ,,raphael4 ,a4 ,r4 ,dryhur/4 ,second ,edition4 ,,rembr&t4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,%>p4 ,,turn]4 ,f4 ,tyrrell-,gill4 ,,v&yck4 ,m4 ,g4 ,smallwood4 ,,velasquez4 ,w4 ,wilb]=ce & ,a4 ,r4 ,gilb]t4 ,,watts4 ,r4 ,e4 ,d4 ,sket*ley4 ,! ,little ,gall]ies4 ,demy #afmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ea* volume conta9s #bj plates 9 ,photogravure1 toge!r ) a %ort outl9e ( ! life & "w ( ! ma/] to :om ! book is devot$4 ,a ,,little ,,gall]y ,,( ,,reynolds4 ,a ,,little ,,gall]y ,,( ,,romney4 ,a ,,little ,,gall]y ,,( ,,hoppn]4 ,a ,,little ,,gall]y ,,( ,,millais4 ,a ,,little ,,gall]y ,,( ,,engli% ,,poets4 ,! ,little ,guides4 ,) _m ,illu/rations by ,e4 ,h4 ,,new & o!r arti/s1 & f photographs4 ,small ,pott #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 lea!r1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,! ma9 features ( ^! ,guides are 7#a7 a h&y & *>m+ =m2 7#b7 illu/rations f photographs & by well-kn[n arti/s2 7#c7 good plans & maps2 7#d7 an adequate b compact pres5tation ( ev]y?+ t is int]e/+ 9 ! natural features1 hi/ory1 ar*ology1 & ar*itecture ( ! t[n or di/rict treat$4 ,,cambridge ,,& ,,its ,,colleges4 ,a4 ,h4 ,?ompson4 ,second ,edition4 ,,engli% ,,lakes1 ,,!4 ,f4 ,g4 ,brabant4 ,,isle ,,( ,,wight1 ,,!4 ,g4 ,cl9*4 ,,malv]n ,,c\ntry1 ,,!4 ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,w9dle4 ,,nor? ,,wales4 ,a4 ,t4 ,/ory4 ,,ox=d ,,& ,,its ,,colleges4 ,j4 ,wells4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,,c\ntry4 ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,w9dle4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral4 ,g4 ,cl9*4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,g4 ,e4 ,tr\tbeck4 ,second ,edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,buck+ham%ire4 ,e4 ,s4 ,roscoe4 ,,*e%ire4 ,w4 ,m4 ,galli*an4 ,,cornwall4 ,a4 ,l4 ,salmon4 ,,d]by%ire4 ,j4 ,c4 ,cox4 ,,devon4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld4 ,,dorset4 ,f4 ,r4 ,hea?4 ,second ,edition4 ,,essex4 ,j4 ,c4 ,cox4 ,,hamp%ire4 ,j4 ,c4 ,cox4 ,,h]t=d%ire4 ,h4 ,w4 ,tompk9s4 ,,k5t4 ,g4 ,cl9*4 ,,k]ry4 ,c4 ,p4 ,crane4 ,,middlesex4 ,j4 ,b4 ,fir?4 ,,monm\?%ire4 ,g4 ,w4 ,wade & ,j4 ,h4 ,wade4 ,,norfolk4 ,w4 ,a4 ,dutt4 ,,nor?ampton%ire4 ,w4 ,dry4 99,,nor?umb]l&4 ,j4 ,e4 ,morris4 ,,nott+ham%ire4 ,l4 ,guil=d4 ,,ox=d%ire4 ,f4 ,g4 ,brabant4 ,,som]set4 ,g4 ,w4 & ,j4 ,h4 ,wade4 99,,/af=d%ire4 ,c4 ,e4 ,masefield4 ,,suffolk4 ,w4 ,a4 ,dutt4 ,,surrey4 ,f4 ,a4 ,h4 ,lamb]t4 ,,sussex4 ,f4 ,g4 ,brabant4 ,second ,edition4 99,,wilt%ire4 ,f4 ,r4 ,hea?4 ,,york%ire1 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,rid+4 ,j4 ,e4 ,morris4 ,,york%ire1 ,,! ,,nor? ,,rid+4 ,j4 ,e4 ,morris4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,brittany4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld4 ,,norm&y4 ,c4 ,scudamore4 ,,rome4 ,c4 ,g4 ,ellaby4 ,,sicily4 ,f4 ,h4 ,jackson4 ,! ,little ,libr>y4 ,) ,introductions1 ,notes1 & ,photogravure ,frontispieces4 ,small ,pott #hvo4 ,ea* ,volume1 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 net2 lea!r1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,anon4 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,engli% ,,lyrics4 ,second ,edition4 ,au/5 7,jane74 ,,pride ,,& ,,prejudice4 ,two ,volumes4 ,,nor?ang] ,,abbey4 ,bacon 7,francis74 ,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,"l ,,bacon4 ,b>ham 7,r4 ,h474 ,,! ,,+oldsby ,,leg5ds4 ,two ,volumes4 ,b>net 7,mrs4 ,p4 ,a474 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,engli% ,,prose4 ,beck=d 7,william74 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,caliph ,,va!k4 ,blake 7,william74 ,,selections ,,f ,,william ,,blake4 ,borr[ 7,george74 ,,lav5gro4 ,two ,volumes4 ,,! ,,romany ,,rye4 ,br[n+ 7,rob]t74 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,e>ly ,,poems ,,( ,,rob]t ,,br[n+4 ,cann+ 7,george74 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,anti-,,jacob93 ) ,,george ,,cann+'s additional ,poems4 ,c[ley 7,abraham74 ,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,abraham ,,c[ley4 ,crabbe 7,george74 ,,selections ,,f ,,george ,,crabbe4 ,craik 7,mrs474 ,,john ,,halifax1 ,,g5tleman4 ,two ,volumes4 ,cra%aw 7,ri*>d74 ,,! ,,engli% ,,poems ,,( ,,ri*>d ,,cra%aw4 ,dante 7,alighi]i74 ,,! ,,inf]no ,,( ,,dante4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,,c>y4 ,,! ,,purgatorio ,,( ,,dante4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,,c>y4 ,,! ,,p>adiso ,,( ,,dante4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,,c>y4 ,d>ley 7,george74 ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,george ,,d>ley4 ,deane 7,a4 ,c474 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,light ,,v]se4 ,dick5s 7,*>les74 ,,*ri/mas ,,books4 ,two ,volumes4 ,f]ri] 7,susan74 ,,m>riage4 ,two ,volumes4 ,,! ,,inh]itance4 ,two ,volumes4 ,gaskell 7,mrs474 ,,cran=d4 ,haw?orne 7,na?aniel74 ,,! ,,sc>let ,,lett]4 ,h5d]son 7,t4 ,f474 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,scotti% ,,v]se4 ,keats 7,john74 ,,poems4 ,k+lake 7,a4 ,w474 ,,eo!n4 ,second ,edition4 ,lamb 7,*>les74 ,,elia1 ,,& ,,! ,,la/ ,,essays ,,( ,,elia4 ,lock] 7,f474 ,,london ,,lyrics4 ,longfell[ 7,h4 ,w474 ,,selections ,,f ,,longfell[4 ,m>vell 7,&rew74 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,&rew ,,m>vell4 ,milton 7,john74 ,,! ,,m9or ,,poems ,,( ,,john ,,milton4 ,moir 7,d4 ,m474 ,,mansie ,,wau*4 ,ni*ols 7,j4 ,b4 ,b474 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,engli% ,,sonnets4 ,ro*ef\cauld 7,la74 ,,! ,,maxims ,,( ,,la ,,ro*ef\cauld4 ,smi? 7,horace & ,james74 ,,reject$ ,,addresses4 ,/]ne 7,laur5ce74 ,a ,,s5tim5tal ,,j\rney4 ,t5nyson 7,alfr$1 ,"l74 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,poems ,,( ,,alfr$1 ,,"l ,,t5nyson4 ,,9 ,,memoriam4 ,,! ,,pr9cess4 ,,maud4 ,?ack]ay 7,w4 ,m474 ,,vanity ,,fair4 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,,p5d5nis4 ,?ree ,volumes4 ,,esmond4 ,,*ri/mas ,,books4 ,vaughan 7,h5ry74 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,h5ry ,,vaughan4 ,walton 7,izaak74 ,,! ,,compleat ,,angl]4 ,wat]h\se 7,elizabe?74 ,a ,,little ,,book ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,dea?4 ,twelf? ,edition4 ,wordswor? 7,w474 ,,selections ,,f ,,wordswor?4 ,wordswor? 7,w47 & ,col]idge 7,s4 ,t47 ,,lyrical ,,ballads4 ,! ,little ,qu>to ,%akespe>e4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,,craig4 ,) ,introductions & ,notes4 ,pott #afmo4 ,9 #dj ,volumes4 ,lea!r1 price #as4 net ea* volume4 ,mahogany ,revolv+ ,book ,case4 #ajs4 net4 ,m9iature ,libr>y4 ,,euphranor3 ,a ,dialogue on ,y\?4 ,by ,edw>d ,fitz,gerald4 ,demy #cbmo4 ,lea!r1 #bs4 net4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,edw>d1 ,,"l ,,h]b]t ,,( ,,*]bury4 ,writt5 by himself4 ,demy #cbmo4 ,lea!r1 #bs4 net4 ,,polonius3 or ,wise ,saws & ,mod]n ,in/ances4 ,by ,edw>d ,fitz,gerald4 ,demy #cbmo4 ,lea!r1 #bs4 net4 ,,! ,,rub,,iy,t ,,( ,,om> ,,khayy,m4 ,by ,edw>d ,fitz,gerald4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,lea!r1 #as4 net4 ,! ,new ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,,saleeby1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ed94 ,demy #hvo4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,!4 ,by ,f4 ,cavanagh4 ,second ,edition4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,nation1 ,,!4 ,by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,gor/4 ,second ,edition4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,control ,,( ,a ,,sc\rge1 ,,!3 or1 ,h[ ,canc] is ,curable4 ,by ,*as4 ,p4 ,*ilde4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,occupation4 ,by ,sir ,?omas ,oliv]4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,dr9k ,,problem1 ,,!1 9 its ,m$ico-,sociological ,aspects4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,n4 ,kelynack4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,drugs ,,& ,,! ,,drug ,,habit4 ,by ,h4 ,sa9sbury4 ,,functional ,,n]ve ,,diseases4 ,by ,a4 ,t4 ,s*(ield4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 99,,h]$ity1 ,,! ,,laws ,,(4 ,by ,ar*dall ,reid4 #bas4 net4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,!4 ,by ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on4 ,fif? ,edition4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,infant ,,mortality4 ,by ,george ,newman4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,tub]culosis 7,,consumption71 ,,!4 ,by ,ar?ur ,new%olme4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,air ,,& ,,heal?4 ,by ,ronald ,c4 ,macfie4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,second ,edition4 ,! ,new ,libr>y ( ,music4 ,edit$ by ,,erne/ ,,newman4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hugo ,,wolf4 ,by ,erne/ ,newman4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,h&el4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,/reatfeild4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,ox=d ,biographies4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,ea* volume1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 net2 lea!r1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,dante ,,alighi]i4 ,by ,paget ,tonybee1 ,m4,a41 ,d4 ,litt4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,girolamo ,,savon>ola4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,s4 ,horsburgh1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 ,,john ,,h[>d4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,,alfr$ ,,t5nyson4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,b5son1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,raleigh4 ,by ,i4 ,a4 ,taylor4 ,,erasmus4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,h4 ,capey4 ,,! ,,"y ,,pret5d]4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,t]ry4 ,,rob]t ,,burns4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,h5d]son4 ,,*a?am4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,m',d[all4 ,,francis ,,( ,,assisi4 ,by ,anna ,m4 ,/odd>t4 ,,cann+4 ,by ,w4 ,alison ,phillips4 ,,beaconsfield4 ,by ,walt] ,si*el4 ,,johann ,,wolfgang ,,goe!4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,atk9s4 ,,fran,,ois ,,f5elon4 ,by ,visc\nt ,/4 ,cyres4 ,romantic ,hi/ory ,edit$ by ,,m>t9 ,,hume1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo4 ,a s]ies ( attractive volumes 9 :i* ! p]iods & p]sonalities select$ are su* z af=d romantic human int]e/1 9 addition to _! hi/orical importance4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,gov]ness ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s1 ,,m>g>et ,,( ,,au/ria4 ,eleanor ,e4 ,tremayne4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,two ,,engli% ,,que5s ,,& ,,philip4 ,m>t9 ,hume1 ,m4,a4 #aes4 net4 ,,! ,,n9e ,,days' ,,que54 ,ri*>d ,davey4 ,) a ,preface by ,m>t9 ,hume1 ,m4,a4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,h&books ( ,!ology4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,inc>nation4 ,by ,r4 ,l4 ,ottley1 ,d4,d4 ,f\r? ,edition revis$4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,be?une-,bak]1 ,m4,a4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religion4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons4 ,m4,a4 ,litt4 ,d4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,cre$s4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,burn1 ,d4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,am]ica4 ,by ,alfr$ ,caldecott1 ,d4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,xxxix4 ,,articles ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl&4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d4 ,six? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,comm5t>ies4 ,g5]al ,editor1 ,,walt] ,,lock1 ,d4,d41 ,w>d5 ( ,keble ,college4 ,dean ,irel&'s ,pr(essor ( ,exegesis 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,rackham1 ,m4,a4 ,demy #hvo4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,paul ,,! ,,apo/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,l4 ,g\dge1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,ed4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,exodus4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,m',neile1 ,b4,d4 ,) a ,map & #c ,plans4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,ezekiel4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,a4 ,r$pa?1 ,m4,a41 ,d4 ,litt4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction & ,notes by ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,d4,d4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,additions ,,& ,,corrections ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,d4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 #as4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,s4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,james4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction & ,notes by ,r4 ,j4 ,kn[l+1 ,d4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,a ,,selection ,,( ,,works ,,( ,,fiction ,albanesi 7,e4 ,m>ia74 ,,susannah ,,& ,,"o ,,o!r4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,love ,,& ,,l\isa4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,eyes ,,( ,,m>y4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,i ,,"k ,a ,,maid54 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,inv9cible ,,amelia3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,polite ,,adv5turess4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 99,,! ,,glad ,,he>t4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,all]ton 7,m>k74 ,,su* ,,& ,,su* ,,?+s4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,annesley 7,maude74 ,,?is ,,day',s ,,madness4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,bagot 7,ri*>d74 ,a ,,roman ,,my/]y4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,passport4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,temptation4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,an?ony ,,cu?b]t4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,love',s ,,proxy4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,donna ,,diana4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ca/+ ,,( ,,nets4 ,twelf? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,bailey 7,h4 ,c474 ,,/orm ,,& ,,treasure4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ball 7,oona ,h47 7,b>b>a ,burke74 ,,_! ,,ox=d ,,ye>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,b>b>a ,,goes ,,to ,,ox=d4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,b>+-,g\ld 7,s474 ,,arm9ell4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,uri?4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ro> ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,m>g]y ,,( ,,que!r4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,love4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,jacquetta4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,kitty ,,alone4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,no,,mi4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,broom-,,squire4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,d>tmoor ,,idylls4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,guavas ,,! ,,t9n]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bladys ,,( ,,! ,,/ewponey4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,pabo ,,! ,,prie/4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,w9efr$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,royal ,,georgie4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,*ris ,,( ,,all ,,sorts4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,9 ,,dewisl&4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,frobi%]s4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,domitia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,mrs4 ,,curg5v5 ,,( ,,curg5v54 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,b>r 7,rob]t74 ,,9 ,,! ,,mid/ ,,( ,,al>ms4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,c\ntess ,,tekla4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,mutable ,,_m4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,begbie 7,h>old74 ,,! ,,curi\s ,,& ,,div]t+ ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,sir ,,john ,,sp>r[2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,an ,,op5 ,,m9d4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,belloc 7,h474 ,,emmanuel ,,burd51 ,,m]*ant4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,cab9et4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,b5son 7,e4 ,f474 ,,dodo3 ,a ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,day4 ,fifte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,birm+ham 7,george ,a474 ,,! ,,bad ,,times4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,spani% ,,gold4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,p>ty4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,b[5 7,m>jorie74 ,i ,,w ,,ma9ta94 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,bre!rton 7,ralph ,h>old74 ,,an ,,hone/ ,,man4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,capes 7,b]n>d74 ,,:y ,,did ,,he ,,d ,,x8 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ca/le 7,agnes & ,eg]ton74 ,,fl[] ,o' ,,! ,,orange1 & ,o!r ,tales4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,clif=d 7,mrs4 ,w4 ,k474 ,,! ,,gett+ ,,well ,,( ,,doro?y4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,conrad 7,joseph74 ,,! ,,secret ,,ag5t3 ,a ,simple ,tale4 ,f\r? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,set ,,( ,,six4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,corelli 7,m>ie74 ,a ,,romance ,,( ,,two ,,worlds4 ,tw5ty-,n9? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,v5detta4 ,tw5ty-,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,!lma4 ,=tie? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,arda?3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,dead ,,self4 ,n9ete5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,lili?4 ,sixte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,wormwood4 ,sev5te5? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,b>abbas3 ,a ,,dream ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,trag$y4 ,=ty-,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,sorr[s ,,( ,,satan4 ,fifty-,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,*ri/ian4 ,twelf? ,edition4 #agg? ,?\s&4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,temporal ,,p[]3 ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,supremacy4 ,second ,edition4 #aej? ,?\s&4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,god',s ,,good ,,man3 ,a ,,simple ,,love ,,/ory4 ,?irte5? ,edition4 #aej? ,?\s&4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,holy ,,ord]s3 ,,! ,,trag$y ,,( ,a ,,quiet ,,life4 ,second ,edition4 #abj? ,?\s&4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,mighty ,,atom4 ,tw5ty-eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,boy3 a ,sket*4 ,elev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,cameos4 ,?irte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,cotes 7,mrs4 ,ev]>d74 ,see ,duncan 7,s>a ,jeannette74 ,crockett 7,s4 ,r474 ,,lo*9v>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,be>]4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,crok] 7,mrs4 ,b4 ,m474 ,,! ,,old ,,cantonm5t4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,johanna4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,happy ,,valley4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,n9e ,,days' ,,wond]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,peggy ,,( ,,! ,,b>tons4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,angel4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,/ate ,,secret4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ka!r9e ,,! ,,arrogant4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,cu!ll 7,edi? ,e474 ,,only ,a ,,gu>droom ,,dog4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,dawson 7,w>r+ton74 ,,! ,,sc>4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,sc\rge4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,d\glas 7,!o474 ,,c\s9 ,,hugh4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,doyle 7,a4 ,conan74 ,,r\nd ,,! ,,r$ ,,lamp4 ,elev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,duncan 7,s>a ,jeannette7 7,mrs4 ,ev]>d ,cotes74 ,a ,,voyage ,,( ,,consolation4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,c\s9 ,,c9d]ella4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,burnt ,,(f]+4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,elliott 7,rob]t74 ,,! ,,immortal ,,*>latan4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,f5n 7,g4 ,manville74 ,,syd ,,belton2 or1 ,! ,boy :o w\ld n g to ,sea4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,f9dlat] 7,j4 ,h474 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,graves ,,( ,,balg[rie4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,ladd] ,,to ,,! ,,/>s4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,f9dlat] 7,m>y74 ,a ,,n>r[ ,,way4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ov] ,,! ,,hills4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,rose ,,( ,,joy4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,bl9d ,,bird',s ,,ne/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,francis 7,m4 ,e474 7,mrs4 ,francis ,blundell74 ,,/epp+ ,,we/w>d4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,m>g]y ,o' ,,! ,,mill4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,h>dy-,,on-,,!-,,hill4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,galatea ,,( ,,! ,,:eatfield4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,fras] 7,mrs4 ,hugh74 ,,! ,,slak+ ,,( ,,! ,,sword4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,giannella4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,9 ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,! ,,"l4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,fry 7,b4 & ,c4 ,b474 ,a ,,"m',s ,,son4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,g]>d 7,l\ise74 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,c5tip$e4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,gibbs 7,philip74 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,revolt4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,giss+ 7,george74 ,,! ,,cr[n ,,( ,,life4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,gl5don 7,george74 ,,! ,,emp]or ,,( ,,! ,,air4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hamilton 7,cosmo74 ,,mrs4 ,,skeff+ton4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,h>rad5 7,beatrice74 ,,9 ,,v>y+ ,,moods4 ,f\rte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,s*ol>',s ,,daught]4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hilda ,,/raf=d & ,,! ,,remittance ,,man4 ,twelf? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,int]play4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hi*5s 7,rob]t74 ,,! ,,prophet ,,( ,,b]keley ,,squ>e4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,tongues ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,felix4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,woman ,,) ,,! ,,fan4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,byeways4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,allah4 ,eighte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,black ,,spaniel4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,call ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,b>b>y ,,%eep4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,hilli]s 7,a%ton74 ,,! ,,ma/]-,,girl4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hope 7,an?ony74 ,,! ,,god ,,9 ,,! ,,c>4 ,elev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,*ange ,,( ,,air4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,man ,,( ,,m>k4 ,six? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,c\nt ,,antonio4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,phroso4 ,illu/rat$4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,simon ,,dale4 ,illu/rat$4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,quisante4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,dolly ,,dialogues4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,s]vant ,,( ,,! ,,public4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,tales ,,( ,,two ,,p4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,great ,,miss ,,driv]4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hueff] 7,=d ,maddox74 ,,an ,,engli% ,,girl3 ,a ,,romance4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,mr4 ,,apollo3 ,a ,,j ,,possible ,,/ory4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hutt5 7,b>oness von74 ,,! ,,halo4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,hyne 7,c4 ,j4 ,cutcliffe74 ,,mr4 ,,horrocks1 ,,purs]4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,pr9ce ,,rup]t1 ,,! ,,buccane]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,jacobs 7,w4 ,w474 ,,_m ,,c>goes4 ,?irty-fir/ ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sea ,,ur*9s4 ,fifte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,ma/] ,,( ,,craft4 ,illu/rat$4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,light ,,freights4 ,illu/rat$4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,skipp]',s ,,woo+4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,at ,,sunwi* ,,port4 ,illu/rat$4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,dial/one ,,lane4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,odd ,,craft4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,lady ,,( ,,! ,,b>ge4 ,illu/rat$4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sal?av54 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sailors' ,,knots4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,james 7,h5ry74 ,,! ,,s(t ,,side4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,bett] ,,sort4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,b[l4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,le ,queux 7,william74 ,,! ,,hun*back ,,( ,,we/m9/]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,clos$ ,,book4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,beh9d ,,! ,,?rone4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,crook$ ,,way4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,l9dsey 7,william74 ,,! ,,sev]$ ,,mantle4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,london 7,jack74 ,,:ite ,,fang4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lubbock 7,basil74 ,,deep ,,sea ,,w>riors4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lucas 7,/ ,john74 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,r\nd4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,lyall 7,edna74 ,,d]rick ,,vaughan1 ,,noveli/4 #dd? ,?\s&4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,ma>t5s 7,ma>t574 ,,! ,,new ,,religion3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,novel4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,bro!rs ,,all2 ,,m ,,/ories ,,( ,,dut* ,,peasant ,,life4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,price ,,( ,,lis ,,doris4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,m',c>?y 7,ju/9 ,h474 ,,! ,,duke',s ,,motto4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,macnaughtan 7,s474 ,,! ,,=tune ,,( ,,*ri/9a ,m',,nab4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,malet 7,lucas74 ,,colonel ,,end]by',s ,,wife4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,c\nsel ,,( ,,p]fection4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,wages ,,( ,,s94 ,sixte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,c>issima4 ,fif? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,gateless ,,b>ri]4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,calmady4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,mann 7,mrs4 ,m4 ,e474 ,,! ,,p>i% ,,nurse4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,%eaf ,,( ,,corn4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,he>t-,,smit]4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,av5g+ ,,*ildr54 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,m>% 7,ri*>d74 ,,! ,,c[>d ,,beh9d ,,! ,,curta94 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,surpris+ ,,husb&4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,royal ,,indiscretion4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,live ,,m5',s ,,%oes4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,m>%all 7,ar*ibald74 ,,_m ,,junes4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,squire',s ,,daught]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,mason 7,a4 ,e4 ,w474 ,,clem5t9a4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,maud 7,con/ance74 ,a ,,daught] ,,( ,,france4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,maxwell 7,w4 ,b474 ,,vivi54 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,ragg$ ,,mess5g]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,fabul\s ,,fancies4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,gu>d$ ,,flame4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,odd ,,l5g?s4 ,second ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,hill ,,rise4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,c\ntess ,,( ,,maybury3 ,,betwe5 ,,y ,,& ,i4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,meade 7,l4 ,t474 ,,drift4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,resurgam4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,victory4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,girl ,,( ,,! ,,p4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hepsy ,,gipsy4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,hon\rable ,,miss3 ,a ,,/ory ,,( ,,an ,,old-,,fa%ion$ ,,t[n4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,mit=d 7,b]tram74 ,,! ,,sign ,,( ,,! ,,spid]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,moleswor? 7,mrs474 ,,! ,,r$ ,,grange4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,montague 7,c4 ,e474 ,a ,,h9d ,,let ,,loose4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,montgom]y 7,k4 ,l474 ,,colonel ,,kate4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,morrison 7,ar?ur74 ,,tales ,,( ,,mean ,,/reets4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,*ild ,,( ,,! ,,jago4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,hole ,,9 ,,! ,,wall4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,div]s ,,vanities4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,nesbit 7,e471 7,mrs4 ,h4 ,bl&74 ,,! ,,r$ ,,h\se4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,noble 7,edw>d74 ,,lords ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ollivant 7,alfr$74 ,,owd ,,bob1 ,,! ,,grey ,,dog ,,( ,,k5muir4 ,) a ,frontispiece4 ,elev5? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,opp5heim 7,e4 ,phillips74 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,m54 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ox5ham 7,john74 ,a ,,weav] ,,( ,,webs4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,ed4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,gate ,,( ,,! ,,des]t4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,pr(it ,,& ,,loss4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,long ,,road4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,hyac9?1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,/ories4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,my ,,lady ,,( ,,%ad[s4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,pa9 7,b>ry74 ,,! ,,exiles ,,( ,,faloo4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,p>k] 7,gilb]t74 ,,pi]re ,,& ,,8 ,,p4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,mrs4 ,,fal*ion4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,translation ,,( ,a ,,savage4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,trail ,,( ,,! ,,sword4 ,illu/rat$4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,:5 ,,valmond ,,came ,,to ,,pontiac3 ,! ,/ory ( a ,lo/ ,napoleon4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,an ,,adv5tur] ,,( ,,! ,,nor?4 ,! ,la/ ,adv5tures ( #8,pretty ,pi]re4' ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,seats ,,( ,,! ,,mighty4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sixte5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,/rong3 a ,romance ( ,two ,k+doms4 ,illu/rat$4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,pomp ,,( ,,! ,,lavilettes4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nor!rn ,,lights4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,pa/ure 7,mrs4 ,h5ry de la74 ,,! ,,tyrant4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,patt]son 7,j4 ,e474 ,,wat*]s ,,by ,,! ,,%ore4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,pemb]ton 7,max74 ,,! ,,foot/eps ,,( ,a ,,?rone4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,i ,,cr[n ,,!e ,,k+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,love ,,! ,,h>ve/]3 ,a ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,%ires4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,! ,,gre5 ,,he>t4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,phillpotts 7,ed574 ,,ly+ ,,prophets4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,mi/4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,human ,,boy4 ,) a ,frontispiece4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,sons ,,( ,,! ,,morn+4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,riv]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,prison]4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,secret ,,woman4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,knock ,,at ,a ,,v5ture4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,portreeve4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,poa*]',s ,,wife4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,/rik+ ,,h\rs4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,folk ,,afield4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,pick?all 7,m>maduke74 ,,sa,d ,,! ,,fi%]man4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 #8,q' 7,a4 ,t4 ,quill] ,c\*74 ,,! ,,:ite ,,wolf4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,mayor ,,( ,,troy4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,m]ry-,,g>d5 ,,& ,,o!r ,,/ories4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,major ,,vig\reux4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,qu]ido 7,israel74 ,,toil ,,( ,,m54 ,translat$ by ,f4 ,s4 ,,arnold4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,rawson 7,maud ,/epney74 ,,! ,,en*ant$ ,,g>d54 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,easy ,,g ,,luckies3 ,,or1 ,,"o ,,way ,,( ,,liv+4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,happ9ess4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,rhys 7,grace74 ,,! ,,bride4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ridge 7,w4 ,pett74 ,,erb4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,son ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,break] ,,( ,,laws4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mrs4 ,,gal]',s ,,bus9ess4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,wickhamses4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,"n ,,( ,,g>l&4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,spl5did ,,bro!r4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,rit*ie 7,mrs4 ,david ,g474 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,cassock4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,rob]ts 7,c4 ,g4 ,d474 ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,wood4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,rob9s 7,elizabe?74 ,,! ,,conv]t4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,ros5krantz 7,b>on ,palle74 ,,! ,,magi/rate',s ,,own ,,case4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,russell 7,w4 ,cl>k74 ,,my ,,dani% ,,swee!>t4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,8 ,,isl& ,,pr9cess4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ab&on$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,ma/] ,,rockafell>',s ,,voyage4 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,s&ys 7,sydney74 ,,jack ,,c>/airs ,,( ,,! ,,p[] ,,h\se4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,s]geant 7,adel9e74 ,,! ,,passion ,,( ,,paul ,,m>illi]4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,%akespe> 7,olivia74 ,,uncle ,,hil>y4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,sidgwick 7,mrs4 ,alfr$74 ,,! ,,k9sman4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,sev]9s4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,/ew>t 7,newton ,v474 ,a ,,son ,,( ,,! ,,emp]or43 ,,be+ ,,passages ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,enzio1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,s>d9ia ,,& ,,corsica4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,swayne 7,m>t9 ,lutrell74 ,,! ,,bi%op ,,& ,,! ,,lady4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,?ur/on 7,e4 ,temple74 ,,mirage4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,und]hill 7,evelyn74 ,,! ,,column ,,( ,,du/4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,vor/ 7,m>ie ,van74 ,,! ,,s5tim5tal ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,jimmy ,,bul/rode4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,9 ,,ambu%4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,wa9eman 7,paul74 ,,! ,,wife ,,( ,,ni*olas ,,flem+4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,watson 7,h4 ,b4 ,m>riott74 ,,twi/$ ,,eglant9e4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,high ,,toby4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,midsumm] ,,day',s ,,dream4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,ca/le ,,by ,,! ,,sea4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,private]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,poppy ,,%[3 ,,be+ ,,div]s ,,& ,,div]se ,,tales4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,fl[] ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,webl+ 7,peggy74 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,virg9ia ,,p]fect4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 99,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,mir?4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,wells 7,h4 ,g474 ,,! ,,sea ,,lady4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also ,m$ium #hvo4 #f;d4 ,weyman 7,/anley74 ,,"u ,,! ,,r$ ,,robe4 ,illu/rat$4 ,tw5ty-,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,:itby 7,beatrice74 ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,an ,,accid5t4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,:ite 7,edmund74 ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,h9du/an4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,:ite 7,p]cy74 ,,love ,,& ,,! ,,wise ,,m54 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,williamson 7,mrs4 ,c4 ,n474 ,,! ,,adv5ture ,,( ,,pr9cess ,,sylvia4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,woman ,,:o ,,d>$4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,sea ,,c\ld ,,tell4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,papa4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,williamson 7,c4 ,n4 & ,a4 ,m474 ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,conductor3 ,! ,/range ,adv5tures ( a ,motor ,c>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sev5te5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,also ,cr4 #hvo4 #as4 net4 ,,! ,,pr9cess ,,passes3 ,a ,romance ( a ,motor4 ,illu/rat$4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,my ,,fri5d ,,! ,,*auffeur4 ,illu/rat$4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,lady ,,betty ,,across ,,! ,,wat]4 ,t5? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,c> ,,( ,,de/9y ,,& ,,its ,,err& ,,9 ,,spa94 ,illu/rat$4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,botor ,,*ap]on4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,sc>let ,,runn]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,set ,,9 ,,silv]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,"l ,,lovel& ,,discov]s ,,am]ica4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,wyll>de 7,dolf74 ,,! ,,pa?way ,,( ,,! ,,pione] 7,n\s ,autres74 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,books = ,boys & ,girls4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,gett+ ,,well ,,( ,,doro?y4 ,by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d4 ,second ,edition4 ,,only ,a ,,gu>d-,,room ,,dog4 ,by ,edi? ,e4 ,cu!ll4 ,,ma/] ,,rockafell>',s ,,voyage4 ,by ,w4 ,cl>k ,russell4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,syd ,,belton3 ,or1 ! ,boy :o w\ld n g to ,sea4 ,by ,g4 ,manville ,f5n4 ,second ,edition4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,grange4 ,by ,mrs4 ,moleswor?4 ,second ,edition4 ,a ,,girl ,,( ,,! ,,p4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,meade4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,hepsy ,,gipsy4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,meade4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,hon\rable ,,miss4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,meade4 ,second ,edition4 ,,!re ,,0 ,,once ,a ,,pr9ce4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,mann4 ,,:5 ,,arnold ,,comes ,,home4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,mann4 ,! ,novels ( ,alex&re ,dumas4 ,m$ium #hvo4 ,price #f;d4 ,d\ble ,volumes1 #as4 ,,act4 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,capta9 ,,pamphile4 ,,amaury4 ,,! ,,bird ,,( ,,fate4 ,,! ,,black ,,tulip4 ,,! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,epp/e94 ,,ca!r9e ,,blum4 ,c,,cile4 ,,! ,,*atelet4 ,,! ,,*evali] ,d',,h>m5tal4 7,d\ble volume47 ,,*icot ,,! ,,je/]4 ,,! ,,comte ,,de ,,montgom]y4 ,,consci5ce4 ,,! ,,convict',s ,,son4 ,,! ,,corsican ,,bro!rs2 & ,,o?o ,,! ,,ar*]4 ,,crop-,,e>$ ,,jacquot4 ,,dom ,,gor5flot4 ,,! ,,fatal ,,combat4 ,,! ,,f5c+ ,,ma/]4 ,,f]n&e4 ,,gabriel ,,lamb]t4 ,,georges4 ,,! ,,great ,,massacre4 ,,h5ri ,,de ,,nav>re4 ,h,l,,ne ,,de ,,*av]ny4 ,,! ,,horoscope4 ,,l\ise ,,de ,,la ,,valli,,re4 7,d\ble volume47 ,,! ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,iron ,,mask4 7,d\ble volume47 ,,ma,,tre ,,adam4 ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,hell4 ,,nanon4 7,d\ble volume47 ,,olympia4 ,,paul9e2 ,,pascal ,,bruno2 & ,,bontekoe4 ,p,,re ,,la ,,ru9e4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,?ieves4 ,,! ,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,antony4 ,,rob9 ,,hood4 ,,samuel ,,gelb4 ,,! ,,sn[ball ,,& ,,! ,,sultanetta4 ,,sylv&ire4 ,,! ,,tak+ ,,( ,,calais4 ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,sup]natural4 ,,tales ,,( ,,/range ,,adv5ture4 ,,tales ,,( ,,t]ror4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,muskete]s4 7,d\ble volume47 ,,! ,,trag$y ,,( ,,nantes4 ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s ,,aft]4 7,d\ble volume47 ,,! ,,wild-,,duck ,,%oot]4 ,,! ,,wolf-,,lead]4 ,me?u5's ,sixp5ny ,books4 ,m$ium #hvo4 ,albanesi 7,e4 ,m>ia74 ,,love ,,& ,,l\isa4 ,i ,,"k ,a ,,maid54 ,an/ey 7,f474 ,a ,,bay>d ,,( ,,b5gal4 ,au/5 7,j474 ,,pride ,,& ,,prejudice4 ,bagot 7,ri*>d74 ,a ,,roman ,,my/]y4 ,,ca/+ ,,( ,,nets4 ,,donna ,,diana4 ,balf\r 7,&rew74 ,,by ,,/roke ,,( ,,sword4 ,b>+-,g\ld 7,s74 ,,furze ,,bloom4 ,,*eap ,,jack ,,zita4 ,,kitty ,,alone4 ,,uri?4 ,,! ,,broom ,,squire4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ro> ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,,no,,mi4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,little ,,tu',,p5ny4 ,,w9efr$4 ,,! ,,frobi%]s4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,love4 ,,arm9ell4 ,,bladys ,,( ,,! ,,/ewponey4 ,b>r 7,rob]t74 ,,j5nie ,,baxt]4 ,,9 ,,! ,,mid/ ,,( ,,al>ms4 ,,! ,,c\ntess ,,tekla4 ,,! ,,mutable ,,_m4 ,b5son 7,e4 ,f474 ,,dodo4 ,,! ,,v9tage4 ,bront 7,*>lotte74 ,,%irley4 ,br[nell 7,c4 ,l474 ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,japan4 ,burton 7,j4 ,bl\ndelle74 ,,across ,,! ,,salt ,,seas4 ,caffyn 7,mrs474 ,,anne ,,maulev]]4 ,capes 7,b]n>d74 ,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,w9e4 ,clif=d 7,mrs4 ,w4 ,k474 ,a ,,fla% ,,( ,,summ]4 ,,mrs4 ,,kei?',s ,,crime4 ,corbett 7,julian74 ,a ,,bus9ess ,,9 ,,great ,,wat]s4 ,crok] 7,mrs4 ,b4 ,m474 ,,angel4 ,a ,,/ate ,,secret4 ,,peggy ,,( ,,! ,,b>tons4 ,,johanna4 ,dante 7,alighi]i74 ,,! ,,div9e ,,com$y 7,c>y74 ,doyle 7,a4 ,conan74 ,,r\nd ,,! ,,r$ ,,lamp4 ,duncan 7,s>a ,jeannette74 ,a ,,voyage ,,( ,,consolation4 ,,^? ,,delightful ,,am]icans4 ,eliot 7,george74 ,,! ,,mill ,,on ,,! ,,floss4 ,f9dlat] 7,jane ,h474 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,graves ,,( ,,balg[rie4 ,gallon 7,tom74 ,,rick]by',s ,,folly4 ,gaskell 7,mrs474 ,,cran=d4 ,,m>y ,,b>ton4 ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\?4 ,g]>d 7,doro!a74 ,,holy ,,matrimony4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,london4 ,,made ,,( ,,money4 ,giss+ 7,g474 ,,! ,,t[n ,,travell]4 ,,! ,,cr[n ,,( ,,life4 ,glanville 7,erne/74 ,,! ,,inca',s ,,treasure4 ,,! ,,klo( ,,bride4 ,gleig 7,*>les74 ,,bunt]',s ,,cruise4 ,grimm 7,! ,bro!rs74 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,hope 7,an?ony74 ,a ,,man ,,( ,,m>k4 ,a ,,*ange ,,( ,,air4 ,,! ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,c\nt ,,antonio4 ,,phroso4 ,,! ,,dolly ,,dialogues4 ,hornung 7,e4 ,w474 ,,dead ,,m5 ,,tell ,,no ,,tales4 ,+raham 7,j4 ,h474 ,,! ,,?rone ,,( ,,david4 ,le ,queux 7,w474 ,,! ,,hun*back ,,( ,,we/m9/]4 ,levett-,yeats 7,s4 ,k474 ,,! ,,traitor',s ,,way4 ,,orra94 ,l9ton 7,e4 ,lynn74 ,,! ,,true ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,jo%ua ,,davidson4 ,lyall 7,edna74 ,,d]rick ,,vaughan4 ,malet 7,lucas74 ,,! ,,c>issima4 ,a ,,c\nsel ,,( ,,p]fection4 ,mann 7,mrs4 ,m4 ,e474 ,,mrs4 ,,pet] ,,h[>d4 ,a ,,lo/ ,,e/ate4 ,,! ,,c$> ,,/>4 ,,"o ,,ano!r',s ,,burd5s4 ,,! ,,patt5 ,,exp]im5t4 ,a ,,w9t]',s ,,tale4 ,m>*mont 7,a4 ,w474 ,,mis] ,,hoadley',s ,,secret4 ,a ,,mom5t',s ,,error4 ,m>ryat 7,capta974 ,,pet] ,,simple4 ,,jacob ,,fai?ful4 ,m>* 7,ri*>d74 ,a ,,metamorphosis4 ,,! ,,twick5ham ,,pe]age4 ,,! ,,goddess4 ,,! ,,joss4 ,mason 7,a4 ,e4 ,w474 ,,clem5t9a4 ,ma!rs 7,hel574 ,,honey4 ,,griff ,,( ,,griffi?sc\rt4 ,,sam',s ,,swee!>t4 ,,! ,,f]ryman4 ,meade 7,mrs4 ,l4 ,t474 ,,drift4 ,mill] 7,e/h]74 ,,liv+ ,,lies4 ,mit=d 7,b]tram74 ,,! ,,sign ,,( ,,! ,,spid]4 ,montresor 7,f4 ,f474 ,,! ,,ali54 ,morrison 7,ar?ur74 ,,! ,,hole ,,9 ,,! ,,wall4 ,nesbit 7,e474 ,,! ,,r$ ,,h\se4 ,norris 7,w4 ,e474 ,,8 ,,grace4 ,,giles ,,+ilby4 ,,! ,,cr$it ,,( ,,! ,,c\nty4 ,,"l ,,leon>d ,,! ,,luckless4 ,,mat!w ,,au/54 ,,cl>issa ,,furiosa4 ,oliphant 7,mrs474 ,,! ,,lady',s ,,walk4 ,,sir ,,rob]t',s ,,=tune4 ,,! ,,prodigals4 ,,! ,,two ,,m>ys4 ,opp5heim 7,e4 ,p474 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,m54 ,p>k] 7,gilb]t74 ,,! ,,pomp ,,( ,,! ,,lavilettes4 ,,:5 ,,valmond ,,came ,,to ,,pontiac4 ,,! ,,trail ,,( ,,! ,,sword4 ,pemb]ton 7,max74 ,,! ,,foot/eps ,,( ,a ,,?rone4 ,i ,,cr[n ,,!e ,,k+4 ,phillpotts 7,ed574 ,,! ,,human ,,boy4 ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,mi/4 ,,! ,,poa*]',s ,,wife4 ,,! ,,riv]4 #8,q' 7,a4 ,t4 ,quill] ,c\*74 ,,! ,,:ite ,,wolf4 ,ridge 7,w4 ,pett74 ,a ,,son ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,lo/ ,,prop]ty4 ,,george & ,,! ,,g5]al4 ,,erb4 ,russell 7,w4 ,cl>k74 ,,ab&on$4 ,a ,,m>riage ,,at ,,sea4 ,,my ,,dani% ,,swee!>t4 ,,8 ,,isl& ,,pr9cess4 ,s]geant 7,adel9e74 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,bee*wood4 ,,balb>a',s ,,money4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,diamond4 ,,! ,,love ,,t ,,ov]came4 ,sidgwick 7,mrs4 ,alfr$74 ,,! ,,k9sman4 ,surtees 7,r4 ,s474 ,,h&ley ,,cross4 ,,mr4 ,,sponge',s ,,sport+ ,,t\r4 ,,ask ,,mamma4 ,wal=d 7,mrs4 ,l4 ,b474 ,,mr4 ,,smi?4 ,,c\s9s4 ,,! ,,baby',s ,,gr&mo!r4 ,,tr\blesome ,,daught]s4 ,wallace 7,g5]al ,lew74 ,,b5-,,hur4 ,,! ,,fair ,,god4 ,watson 7,h4 ,b4 ,m>riott74 ,,! ,,adv5tur]s4 99,,capta9 ,,=tune4 ,weekes 7,a4 ,b474 ,,prison]s ,,( ,,w>4 ,wells 7,h4 ,g474 ,,! ,,sea ,,lady4 ,:ite 7,p]cy74 ,a ,,passionate ,,pilgrim4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ?is text4 ,page #fi--;add$ miss+ ^w 8to03 8f five to sev50 ,page #aja--8;=m0 *ang$ to 8f03 8drop !m f its0 ,fig4 #cc caption--8arius0 *ang$ to 8anus03 8& ! anus10 ,page #aff--8;disburb0 *ang$ to 8di/urb03 8to di/urb him0 ,page #ahh--8;hyrodg50 *ang$ to 8hydrog503 8twelve atoms ( hydrog50 ,page #aig--8microsope0 *ang$ to 8microscope03 8"u our microscope0 ,page #bcd--8;,h]s*ell0 *ang$ to 8,h]s*el03 8,h]s*el decl>$ t0 ,fig4 #fe caption--8,fig4 #fd0 *ang$ to 8,fig4 #fe03 8,fig4 #fe gives ! actual0 ,page #cgi--8;,arrige0 *ang$ to 8,arige03 8,mas d',azil 7,arige70 ,page #cia--8,pr$mont0 *ang$ to 8,pr$mo/03 8z at ,pr$mo/0 ,page #cid--8,pr$mort0 *ang$ to 8,pr$mo/03 8f\nd at ,pr$mo/0 ,page #dbc--8,?r\ghton0 *ang$ to 8,tr\ghton03 8,tr\ghton1 use ( spid]'s l9es0