,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,,riding3 ,,on ,,the ,,flat ,,and ,,across ,,country4 ,a ,guide to ,practical ,horsemanship4 ,third ,edition4 ,illustrated by ,,sturgess4 ,square #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,standard4--8,a master of his subject40 ,,veterinary ,,notes ,,for ,,horse ,,owners4 ,a ,popular ,manual of ,veterinary ,surgery and ,medicine4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the ,field4--8,of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our notice1 this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable40 ,,training ,,and ,,horse ,,management ,,in ,,india4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,veterinary ,journal4--8,no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or veterinary surgeon40 ,,soundness ,,and ,,age ,,of ,,horses4 ,over #ajj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,the ,field4--8,is evidently the result of much careful research1 and the horseman1 as well as the veterinarian1 will find in it much that is interesting and instructive40 ,,indian ,,racing ,,reminiscences4 ,illustrated by ,i4 ,,knox ,,fergusson4 ,crown4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,the ,field4--8,the last page comes all too soon40 ,,the ,,student',s ,,manual ,,of ,,tactics4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 ,the ,times4--8,captain ,hayes's book deals exclusively with tactics1 and is a well-considered treatise on that branch of the art of war1 giving not merely rules1 but1 also1 principles and reason40 ,,illustrated ,,horse ,,breaking4 ,illustration ,,illustrated ,,horse ,,breaking4 ,,by ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace ,,hayes1 ,,late ,,of #8,,the ,,buffs4' ,,author ,,of 8,,riding3 ,,on ,,the ,,flat ,,and ,,across ,,country20 8,,veterinary ,,notes ,,for ,,horse ,,owners20 8,,racing ,,reminiscences ,,in ,,india20 8,,training ,,and ,,horse ,,management ,,in ,,india10 ,,etc4 ,fifty-two ,illustrations by ,j4 ,h4 ,,oswald ,,brown4 ,,london3 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 #hg1 ,,newgate ,,street4 ,,calcutta3 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co4 ,,bombay3 ,,thacker ,,co4 ,,limited #ahhi4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,page ,i4--,,theory ,,of ,,horse-,,breaking #a ,,ii4--,,principles ,,of ,,mouthing #da ,,iii4--,,horse-,,control #gg ,,iv4--,,rendering ,,horses ,,docile #adg ,v4--,,giving ,,horses ,,good ,,mouths #aff ,,vi4--,,teaching ,,horses ,,to ,,jump #ahh ,,vii4--,,mounting ,,horses ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,time #aig ,,viii4--,,breaking ,,horses ,,for ,,ladies' ,,riding #bji ,,ix4--,,breaking ,,horses ,,to ,,harness #bab ,x4--,,faults ,,of ,,mouth #baf ,,xi4--,,nervousness ,,and ,,impatience ,,of ,,control #bbb ,,xii4--,,jibbing ,,in ,,saddle #bbg ,,xiii4--,,jumping ,,faults #bcj ,,xiv4--,,vices ,,in ,,harness #bcc ,,xv4--,,aggressiveness #bdb ,,xvi4--,,riding ,,and ,,driving ,,the ,,newly-,,broken ,,horse #bdg ,,xvii4--,,stable ,,vices #bea ,,xviii4--,,teaching ,,the ,,horse ,,tricks #bei ,,xix4--,,testing ,a ,,horse',s ,,manners1 ,,mouth1 ,,and ,,temper #bga ,,xx4--,,on ,,improvised ,,gear #bgb ,,appendix #bgd ,,illustrations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4--;,,horse ,,bending ,,his ,,neck ,,to ,,the ,,rein ,,without ,,swinging ,,round ,,his ,,hind-,,quarters ,,at ,,the ,,same ,,time1 ,,in ,,answer ,,to ,,the ,,pull #eh #b4--,,shews ,,horse ,,having ,,answered ,,the ,,pull ,,of ,,off ,,rein ,,as ,,he ,,should1 ,,and ,,consequently ,,coming ,,straight ,,at ,,his ,,fence #fa #c4--,,the ,,proper ,,length ,,for ,a ,,standing ,,martingale #gj #d4--;,,first ,,loop ,,in ,,forming ,a ,,halter #gi #e4--,,second ,,step ,,in ,,forming ,a ,,rope ,,halter #gi #f4--,,rope-,,halter ,,on ,,pole1 ,,ready ,,for ,,use #hb #g4--;,,halting ,,vicious ,,horse ,,with ,,rope-,,halter ,,on ,,pole #hc #h4--,,pratt',s ,,method ,,of ,,haltering #hg #i4--,,noosing ,a ,,fore-,,leg #ij #aj4--,,pulling ,,up ,a ,,fore-,,leg ,,when ,,noosed #ia #aa4--,,picking ,,up ,a ,,fore-,,leg #ie #ab4--;,,how ,,to ,,hold ,,up ,a ,,fore-,,leg #ig #ac4--,,rarey',s ,,leg-,,strap #ajj #ad4--,,tying ,,up ,,fore-,,leg ,,with ,,stirrup ,,leather #aja #ae4--,,the ,,best ,,method ,,of ,,fastening ,,up ,a ,,fore-,,leg #ajc #af4--;,a ,,stirrup ,,leather ,,as ,,used ,,for ,,holding ,,up ,a ,,fore-,,leg #ajf #ag4--,,the ,,halter-,,twitch #aji #ah4--;,,do4 ,,do4 #aaj #ai4--,,pratt',s ,,rope-,,twitch1 ,,first ,,portion #aad #bj4--,,pratt',s ,,twitch ,,completed #aae #ba4--,,pratt',s ,,twitch ,,on ,,horse',s ,,head1 ,,and ,,tightened ,,at ,,word 8,,steady0 #aaf #bb4--;,,head-,,stall ,,twitch ,,on ,,horse #aag #bc4--,,the ,,bridle-,,twitch1 ,,front ,,and ,,near-,,side ,,view #aai #bd4--,,the ,,bridle-,,twitch1 ,,off-,,side ,,view #abj #be4--,,the ,,straight-,,jacket #abb #bf4--;,,horse ,,with ,,straight-,,jacket ,,on #abc #bg4--,,picking ,,up ,a ,,hind-,,leg #abg #bh4--;,,first ,,step ,,in ,,picking ,,up ,a ,,hind-,,leg ,,without ,,the ,,assistance ,,of ,a ,,helper #acj #bi4--,,second ,,step ,,in ,,picking ,,up ,a ,,hind-,,leg ,,without ,,the ,,assistance ,,of ,a ,,helper #acc #cj4--,,shewing ,,how ,,to ,,fasten ,a ,,rope ,,to ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,horse',s ,,tail ,,with ,a 8,,double ,,sheet ,,bend0 #acf #ca4--;,,hind ,,hoof ,,held ,,up ,,by ,,two ,,assistants ,,with ,,rope ,,from ,,tail #acg #cb4--,,leg ,,pulled ,,back ,,with ,,one ,,rope1 ,a ,,method ,,to ,,be ,,avoided1 ,,as ,,throwing ,,the ,,horse ,,off ,,his ,,balance #aci #cc4--,,mode ,,of ,,fastening ,a ,,rope ,,to ,a ,,short ,,tail #adj #cd4--,,short-,,tailed ,,horse ,,with ,,ropes ,,attached ,,to ,,tail #ada #ce4--;,,improvised ,,hobble ,,made ,,with ,a ,,stirrup ,,iron #add #cf4--,,wooden ,,gag #ade #cg4--;,,crupper ,,leading ,,rein #adi #ch4--,,throwing ,a ,,horse ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,pulling ,,his ,,head ,,round ,,with ,a ,,rope #aee #ci4--;,,horse ,,with ,,his ,,head ,,pulled ,,round ,,when ,,thrown #aei #dj4--;,,best ,,method ,,of ,,keeping ,a ,,horse ,,on ,,the ,,ground ,,that ,,has ,,fallen ,,in ,,harness #afc #da4--;,,horse ,,with ,,driving ,,gear ,,on #afh #db4--;,,horse ,,with ,,driving ,,pad ,,on1 ,,new ,,model #afi #dc4--;,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,of ,,position ,,of ,,driver #age #dd4--;,,driving ,,on ,,foot #ahd #de4--;,,do4 ,,do4 #ahe #df4--;,,horse ,,prepared ,,to ,,be ,,mounted ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,time #bjj #dg4--,,secong ,,stage ,,in ,,breaking ,a ,,horse ,,for ,,riding #bja #dh4--,,pulling ,,kicker',s ,,head ,,round ,,in ,,stall #bec #di4--,,tail ,,tied ,,with ,,tapes ,,to ,,prevent ,,horse ,,rubbing ,,it #beg #ej4--;,,commanche ,,bridle1 ,,off ,,side #bfb #ea4--;,,commanche ,,bridle1 ,,near ,,side #bfc #eb4--,,the ,,knot ,,on ,,off ,,side ,,of ,,commanche ,,bridle ,,enlarged #bfd ,,preface4 ,i offer this work to the favourable consideration of the public1 as an attempt to describe a reasoned-out system of horse-breaking1 which ,i have found1 by practical experience1 to be easy of execution1 rapid in its effects1 and requiring the possession of no exceptional strength1 activity1 pluck1 or horsemanship by the operator1 who1 to become expert in it1 will1 as a rule1 need only practice4 ,it is in accordance with our ,english and ,irish ideas on the subject2 for it aims at teaching the horse 8manners10 and giving him a snaffle-bridle mouth2 so that he will 8go up to the bridle10 and 8bend0 himself in thorough obedience to rein and leg4 ,as a personal explanation1 ,i may mention that after having spent many years racing and training in ,india1 during which time ,i practised the ordinary methods of breaking1 ,i returned to ,england1 where ,i learned the use of the standing martingale and long driving reins1 as applied specially to jumpers1 from ,mr4 ,john ,hubert ,moore1 who was the cleverest 8maker0 of steeplechasers ,ireland ever knew4 ,he1 ,i may remark1 obtained these methods1 in his youth1 from an old ,irish breaker1 named ,fallon1 who was born more than a century ago4 ,i had also valuable instruction in 8horse taming0 from ,professor ,sample4 ,having read an account of ,,mm4 ,raabe and ,lunel's 8hippo-lasso10 as a means of control for veterinary operations1 ,i conceived1 with happy results1 the idea of utilising this ingenious contrivance in breaking4 ,i also learned1 about the same time1 how to halter a loose horse without running any danger of being kicked1 or bitten4 ,having thus acquired a fair amount of information1 on what has always been to me a favourite subject1 ,i naturally wished to put it into practice4 ,as ,i knew1 judging from my former ignorance1 how much men in ,india stood in need of instruction in horse-breaking1 ,i determined to return to that country with the object of teaching this art2 so as to acquire the experience ,i needed1 and to 8pay my expenses0 at the same time4 ,i am glad to say that ,i was successful in both respects4 ,during a two years' tour1 ,i held classes at all the principal stations of the ,empire--from ,tricinopoly to ,peshawur1 and from ,quetta to ,mandalay--and1 having met a very large number of vicious animals and fine horsemen1 ,i obtained experience1 and greatly added to my stock of knowledge1 which ,i shall now try to utilise for the benefit of my readers4 ,as ,i proceeded through ,india1 ,i felt the necessity of rejecting some methods ,i had formerly prized1 altering others1 and adopting new ones2 so that the course of instruction which ,i was able to give to my more recent classes1 was far more extensive1 and of better proved utility1 than what ,i had to offer at the beginning of my travels4 ,the great want which ,i had1 at first1 felt was a method by which a person could secure and handle1 with perfect safety1 any horse1 no matter how vicious he might be4 ,however1 after many kicks1 a few bites1 and several lucky escapes1 ,i was able to perfect the required method1 which is so simple1 that the only wonder is that ,i did not think of it before4 ,i may explain that the ,australian horses met with in ,india1 where they form a considerable proportion of the animals used for riding and driving1 are far more dangerous and difficult to handle and control1 than ,british stock4 ,had ,i remained in ,england all my life1 ,i should not have acquired a quarter of the experience of vicious horses ,i was afforded1 during the time ,i lately spent in ,india4 ,it goes almost without saying1 that the harder the pupil is to teach1 the greater chance has the instructor of becoming expert in his business4 ,i need hardly say1 that ,i shall1 always1 be very grateful to any of my readers who may favour me with special information on this1 or kindred subjects4 ,i may mention1 that1 after returning from ,india1 ,i held classes in ,england1 ,gibraltar1 ,malta1 ,egypt1 ,ceylon1 ,singapore1 and ,china4 ,i have much pleasure in giving1 in the body of this work1 the sources from which ,i have taken various hints4 ,the chief claim ,i1 here1 make to originality1 is1 that in bringing together the results of experience in different countries1 ,i have endeavoured to reduce the art of breaking horses to a more or less complete system1 many of the principles of which1 ,i venture to think1 ,i have been the first to expound1 and that ,i have made several improvements in existing methods4 ,the new things which ,i have introduced need no special mention here4 ,my best thanks are due to ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,oswald ,brown1 for the faithful and painstaking manner in which he has illustrated the letter-press of this book4 ,the drawings speak for themselves4 ,although ,i am aware that the proceeding on my part may be deemed unusual2 still1 in order to strengthen my words1 ,i have ventured to submit to my readers1 in an appendix1 the recorded opinions of various members of my classes on the practical working of the theories and methods described in this book4 ,i shall1 at all times1 be ready to give practical instruction to persons wishing to learn this art of making the horse a safe1 and pleasant conveyance4 ,,junior ,,army ,,and ,,navy ,,club1 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,street1 ,,london4 ,s4,w4 ,january #a1 #ahhi4 ,,illustrated ,,horse-,,breaking4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,theory ,,of ,,horse-,,breaking4 ,object of horse-breaking--,causes of faults which can be remedied by breaking--,vice in the horse--,distinction between nervousness and deliberate vice--,mental qualities of the horse--,association of ideas in breaking--,value and scope of breaking--,on the possibility of overcoming any form of vice--,necessity for obtaining control over the horse--,on the nature of the coercion to be applied to unruly horses--,punishment--,fatigue as a means of subjugation--,effect of the voice--,personal influence in breaking--,advisability of possessing various methods of breaking--,a good mouth1 the chief requirement--,permanency in the effects of breaking--,expedition in breaking--,the ordinary method of breaking--,breaking by kindness alone--,the rough and ready style of breaking--,summary of the principles of the art of rendering horses docile4 ,the object of horse-breaking is to teach the animal to obey the orders of his master in the best possible manner4 ,hence1 this art includes instruction in the advantageous application of his powers1 as well as methods for rendering him docile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,causes of faults which can be remedied by breaking are3--#a4 ,nervousness2 or the unnecessary fear of the presence or handling of man1 or of the effect of any of the horse's other surroundings1 which1 however startling they might be to him in a wild state1 he can find by experience will not hurt him4 #b4 ,impatience of control1 which frequently co-exists with nervousness1 in the same animal4 #c4 ,ignorance of the meaning of the indications used by man to convey his wishes to the horse4 #d4 ,deliberate disobedience4 ,there is no doubt that sulkiness of temper is1 often1 inherited4 #e4 ,active hostility1 which1 as far as my experience goes1 is1 always1 the result of bad treatment1 whether brought on by cruelty1 or by allowing a naturally fractious animal to get the upper hand4 ,it is evident that vices caused by disease1 or infirmity1 do not come within the province of the breaker4 #f4 ,the fact of having been taught some trick--for instance1 kicking when touched behind the saddle--the practice of which constitutes a vice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vice in the ,horse1 from a breaking point of view1 may be held to signify the practice1 on the part of the animal towards man1 of disobedience--wilful or otherwise--of any legitimate command2 or want of docility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the distinction between nervousness and deliberate vice may be easily made1 if we observe how a horse acts after we have proved to him that he need have no fear of us4 ,for instance1 if we fix up a horse1 say1 in a 8strait-jacket10 7see page #aah7 so that he cannot kick1 and continue to 8gentle0 him over with our hand1 until he is thoroughly assured of the good faith of our intentions2 we might justly term him a vicious brute if he kicked at us1 without our touching him1 the moment the restraint was removed4 ,i may mention1 in this connection1 that fear of the near approach of man will often induce a purely nervous animal to kick out1 if a person1 and especially a stranger1 ventures to come within reach4 ,although we may frequently find a horse kick from nervousness1 he will rarely bite from that cause alone4 ,as a verbal distinction between faults due to deliberate vice1 and those caused by fear of man1 or of the animal's strange surroundings1 would not1 generally1 be understood at first glance1 ,i need not attempt to make it in these pages4 ,the more experience ,i acquire in the breaking of horses1 the more convinced ,i become1 that the so-called 8nervousness0 of animals that have been handled some time1 is largely made up of impatience of control1 and1 in many cases1 of active hostility4 ,without1 for a moment1 imputing intentional deceit to a 8nervous0 8old stager10 ,i make bold to assert that many crafty1 dangerous brutes pose before their owners as ill-used victims of a too highly strung nervous system4 ,take1 for instance1 an aged horse1 like many ,i have met1 that snorts with apparent terror at anyone that approaches him1 and is ready1 on the slightest chance of reaching his mark1 to strike out in front1 or lash out from behind1 if saddling or mounting him be attempted4 ,his nervous emotion1 the first time he was taken in hand1 or the first time he began his unpleasant tricks1 may have been thoroughly genuine2 but its exhibition was evidently attended with the result of his more or less successfully resisting control4 ,this act of insubordination having revealed to the horse the extent of his own power1 which1 to every animal1 is a pleasurable sensation1 was naturally repeated again and again1 until the vicious habit was confirmed2 although its necessity might have been1 scores and scores of times1 disproved by the saddling or mounting having been accomplished without the infliction of any pain to the horse1 however great the trouble may have been to the groom or rider4 ,in the case ,i have mentioned1 the fault lay with the person who had charge of the animal1 and who ought to have1 then and there1 mastered him the very first time he shewed resistance to a legitimate order4 ,whether the continued failure to resist discipline was caused by the infliction of cruelty1 or by the exhibition of incompetence on the part of the man1 matters little as regards their detrimental result on the animal1 except1 that unsuccessful punishment always aggravates a vice to a deplorable extent4 ,i am inclined to think that really nervous horses are not as naturally 8game0 as their more placid fellows2 while ,i am thoroughly convinced1 that the majority of the pseudo nervous sort are sulky1 treacherous brutes4 ,i am1 however1 ready to admit that there are many exceptions to the rule ,i have ventured to lay down4 ,at the same time1 it would be most unwise to ignore the fact that the repetition of any trick1 however it may be caused1 the practice of which renders the animal difficult of control1 has an increasingly bad effect on him the longer it be continued4 ,mental qualities of the ,horse4--,the possibility of our being able to obtain an easy mastery over the horse1 who is greatly our superior in strength and activity1 and quite our equal in pluck1 rests on the fact that instinct1 rather than reason1 guides his actions4 ,to investigate this1 we may try the experiment1 when standing to the side and a little to the rear of a kicker1 of touching him about the hocks or quarters with a conveniently long stick1 when1 if he 8lets out0 straight behind him1 we may conclude that this is a purely reflex or instinctive action on his part4 ,if the animal kicks at the stick1 as the cause of annoyance1 he certainly conducts himself in a manner that is not altogether irrational4 ,but if he tries to kick the man who holds the stick1 we cannot deny him the possession of reasoning power4 ,in order that my meaning be not misunderstood1 ,i here suppose that this experimental horse is one which would viciously kick a person who1 when standing behind him1 would be rash enough to touch the animal1 however gently1 with his hand2 and not one whose kick would be more of a push--to remove an offending object--than a blow4 ,luckily1 horses that can reason1 even to such a small extent as this1 are rare4 ,i usually teach horses to lie down 7see page #aec7 by tying up1 in the first instance1 one fore-leg1 arranging the necessary gear1 and then making the animal forcibly 8go down40 ,although many horses will 8fight0 desperately1 time after time1 when they are thus compelled to submit1 and at a moment when they are utterly helpless1 ,i have never found one that would resent1 as a result of this hard-earned experience1 the preliminary tying up of the fore-leg4 ,but after having even once been twitched in the usual way1 a horse will1 as a rule1 8fight0 the moment his muzzle is touched4 ,in the first case1 owing to the more distant connection1 the animal is unable to associate the idea of the irksome compulsion employed to make him lie down1 with that of tying up his leg2 apparently to us an extremely simple mental effort4 ,in the second instance1 the action of the muscles1 on the hand touching the muzzle1 would seem almost entirely instinctive4 ,the useful intelligence of the horse undoubtedly depends on the retentiveness of his memory1 upon which we should work in educating him to become our faithful servant4 ,if1 however1 we neglect the cultivation of this his chief mental gift1 and try to gain our end by stimulating other and weaker qualities of his mind1 we shall run a serious risk of spoiling his disposition4 ,it has been often remarked to me by good judges--and it is my own experience--that teaching horses a lot of tricks1 the acquisition of which demands some strain on their reasoning powers1 and petting them1 are very apt to cause them to become crafty and difficult to manage4 ,in acting as ,i have advised1 we follow the practice of judicious parents who educate their sons according to the lads' respective talents4 ,thus1 for instance1 a boy with an extremely retentive memory1 but small capacity for reasoning out problems1 would have a fair chance of shining as a linguist2 although he would1 certainly1 prove a failure as a mathematician4 ,the feeling of self-preservation is so strongly implanted in the mind of every animal1 and the retentiveness of the horse's memory is so great1 that1 if once the idea of his being our physical superior gets into his head1 he will1 naturally1 be inclined to resist our commands4 ,hence1 it is a maxim among all good breakers1 that1 if possible1 a horse should never be allowed to know his own power4 ,as a corollary to this1 ,i may state that if we have a dispute as to discipline with a horse1 we should not part company before making him yield2 lest he may carry away the mischievous impression that he has got the best of the battle4 ,the breaker need not attempt too much in any one lesson2 but what he undertakes he should succeed in performing before quitting his pupil4 ,for instance1 with a horse that will not allow his hind legs to be touched1 the breaker may reasonably content himself with making him quiet to handle about these parts1 without insisting on his standing submissively to be shod behind--an operation that may be attempted on the following day4 ,we should also make use of our knowledge of the limited scope of a horse's reasoning powers1 to change the subject of contention1 if we fear that there is any chance of our being worsted in a pitched battle with the animal2 so that the victory--even if it does not affect the original cause of dispute--shall always remain on our side4 ,as an illustration1 ,i may mention the advisability of forcibly making a determined and headstrong runaway lie down1 until he thoroughly 8gives in02 in order to make him yield the more readily to the indications of the rein4 ,association of ideas in breaking4--,as association of ideas is the most valuable aid we possess to memory1 we should largely utilise the practical working out of this principle in breaking4 ,the intelligent obedience to the voice of their driver1 in turning1 stopping1 going on1 and in varying their paces1 displayed by many cart-horses1 is a common instance2 as is1 also1 that of the 'bus horse1 who starts onward the moment he hears the door of the conveyance slammed-to by the conductor4 ,a friend of mine had a horse that became so increasingly difficult to mount1 that at last he found it impossible to get on to him by ordinary means1 on account of the animal 8breaking away0 the moment he attempted to put his toe into the stirrup4 ,living near a river1 he hit on the expedient of placing the horse with his off side 8broad-side on10 and close to1 a steep part of the bank1 and then attempting to mount on the near side4 ,as usual1 when the man's foot touched the iron1 the horse swung round1 and1 on this occasion only1 fell down twenty feet into the river4 ,the effect of this lesson1 which was entirely harmless1 was to make the animal perfectly steady to mount1 so long as he stood on the bank of the river1 in a position similar to that from which he had had his tumble2 but he was just as difficult to mount as ever1 anywhere else4 ,such a method1 to be perfect1 should be of universal1 and not of local1 application4 ,i may add1 with reference to my remarks on page #d1 that my friend's unruly brute of a horse would1 by many1 be deemed a nervous creature1 and a worthy recipient of any amount of kindness and petting4 ,the most effective means of applying the principle of association of ideas to the breaking of vicious horses1 is one by which the animal arrives at the right conclusion from wrong premisses2 as with ,pratt's rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 when making a horse steady to mount4 ,evidently mistaking the cause of the pain inflicted on him by its employment1 he connects the idea of punishment with the word 8steady10 and not with the application of the cord4 ,were he able to argue rightly on this subject1 he would remain quiet only when the twitch was on1 and would entirely disregard the verbal admonition1 for which he entertains such marked respect4 ,value and scope of breaking4--,the scope of breaking is wider than persons might generally imagine2 for not alone does it include the education of the untutored animal1 but it also embraces the correction of faults1 which1 while seriously detracting from the horse's value1 are usually looked upon as unavoidable dispensations that have to be borne with becoming philosophy2 as1 for instance1 prancing and refusal to walk quietly1 when 8fresh02 chucking up the head2 stargazing2 boring to one side2 shewing excitement in harness when the whip is cracked2 shying off the ball at polo2 refusal to stand perfectly steady when being mounted2 etc4 ,i need hardly say that the knowledge1 which ,i shall endeavour to impart to my readers1 of the art of giving a horse a snaffle-bridle mouth and to render him steady and reliable1 is of infinitely more value to everyone1 except1 perhaps1 to the showman who requires an advertisement1 than instruction1 which ,i shall also supply1 in methods for taming man-eaters1 and other exceptionally dangerous animals4 ,this art of 8horse taming0 is of very little practical use2 for the need of its application is of but rare occurrence4 ,even the celebrated ,rarey1 after subduing three or four 8savages10 when in ,england1 had to content himself with exhibiting them about the country1 as reformed characters1 for lack of new subjects on which to shew his skill4 ,when wishing to form a class for practical instruction in breaking1 during my tours1 ,i have frequently met with the objection that there were no vicious horses in that particular place4 ,as ,i always replied that ,i needed animals with only common faults of mouth and temper1 ,i was never at a loss for subjects to demonstrate the fact1 that there are but few horses that are entirely free from some riding or driving fault1 which1 more or less1 impairs their value1 and which1 as a rule1 can be readily overcome4 ,the more frequent vices ,i have encountered among army horses are3 unsteadiness at mounting2 8rushing0 at fences2 refusing to quit the ranks2 refusing to jump2 buckjumping 7among ,australian horses72 and 8difficult to shoe behind40 ,on the possibility of overcoming any form of vice4--,the influences which man1 being the weaker animal1 can apply to making the horse obedient to his wishes1 are3 affection2 the natural submission yielded by an inferior to a superior intellect2 fear2 and the impression--which is1 generally1 erroneous--that the order given cannot be resisted4 ,the first three are the usual means for rendering docile a high-couraged horse4 ,although we may1 to a certain extent1 use the last-mentioned influence with quiet horses1 and1 especially in mouthing1 we should remember that it is our last resource1 when all others fail1 in reducing a rebellious animal to submission4 ,if1 however1 the horse which we have taken in hand1 happen to reason sufficiently well to enable him to 8see through0 our artifices1 our labour will1 of course1 be in vain4 ,herein lies the whole question of success1 or failure1 in making vicious horses docile4 ,man-eaters1 like the historic ,cruiser1 the taming of whom made ,rarey famous1 being actuated1 almost entirely1 by instinctive hostility1 yield far more readily to authority1 than the sulky animal that1 having found out a method by which he can thwart the wishes of his would-be master1 craftily adheres to it1 with a fair show of reason on his side4 ,i may mention that the assertion made by many 8horse-tamers10 that they can cure any horse of any kind of vice1 is manifestly absurd4 ,of all forms of vice1 those caused by stubbornness are the most difficult to eradicate2 for the animal which sets its will in deliberate opposition to ours1 fights us with the weapons--those of reason--by which1 alone1 we are1 usually1 superior to it4 ,a horse that objects1 from nervousness1 or from mere impatience of control1 to have its hind quarters handled1 will quickly submit2 as will1 also1 in the vast majority of cases1 a 8refuser10 or jibber in saddle2 if they be broken in the manner which will be explained further on4 ,a jibber in draught1 however1 is apt to find out1 that although the breaker is all-powerful1 when it has no harness on2 the advantage is all the other way1 as soon as it gets between the shafts2 it being easier1 as ,professor ,sample used to say1 to break a horse than to break a horse and trap4 ,besides this1 it is impossible1 in many cases1 to directly apply breaking methods to animals in harness1 in the same manner as we can do in saddle4 ,for instance1 if a trapper be accustomed to jib1 as soon as it comes to a stiff incline2 to back into the ditch1 or fence2 and1 then1 to proceed to kick the vehicle to pieces2 all that the breaker can do1 is to take it out1 and endeavour to1 indirectly1 counteract the fault in some convenient place4 ,he may succeed1 to all appearance2 although the pupil may forget the instruction received1 if anything goes wrong1 such as an abrupt halt1 which cannot always be avoided1 the first time the horse is driven up a hill in a crowded thoroughfare4 ,in such a case1 if the animal 8shows fight10 it will1 almost to a certainty1 gain the victory1 and the good influence of the previous teaching will be lost4 ,for vices unconnected with harness1 on the contrary1 the breaker can always find some suitable spot on which to work his will on the disobedient one1 under every advantageous condition4 ,i say this with every reasonable reserve2 for we may meet with cases1 sometimes1 of saddle vices--such as running away on a race-course1 only1 when galloped--to which it is difficult to directly apply efficient breaking methods4 ,unless when caused by disease1 as1 for instance1 chronic sexual excitement in the mare1 defects of vision1 and pain in the legs or feet1 which might make a horse refuse to jump1 practically speaking1 almost any riding or driving vice 7,i naturally exclude those vices that concern the veterinary surgeon1 and not the breaker7 can be overcome in time1 say within a week or ten days2 although ,i readily admit that ,i have been beaten in a few cases 7about two per cent4 of faulty horses7 when my time was limited1 or when ,i did not possess the experience ,i have since acquired4 ,i have had many hundreds of horses with various forms of 8pain in the temper0 pass through my hands1 and1 out of all these1 selected from thousands of other animals1 ,i met with only one or two which ,i would call incapable of being made serviceable on account of absolute idiocy4 ,hence1 ,i conclude that cases of marked mental aberration are extremely rare in the horse4 ,i do not think that ,i met with more than one horse which appeared incapable1 from natural nervousness1 of being rendered quite steady4 ,as the breaker has to work on the material at hand1 and as he has no power to change the nervous organisation of the animal1 however well he may establish the habit of implicit obedience1 it is impossible for him to make a naturally sulky animal work with the gaiety of heart and pluck1 that an honest horse will display4 ,necessity for obtaining control over the ,horse4--,in order to fulfil the necessary conditions of safety for himself1 the breaker should be able1 by the system under which he works--to quote the words of that admirable horse-master1 ,professor ,sample--to make the animal rideable and driveable before he is either ridden or driven4 ,the breaker who employs the ordinary methods1 is not alone exposed to danger when mounting1 or even driving his pupils for the first few times2 but also in the preliminary handling1 unless1 indeed1 in the case of young foals4 ,the advice to go boldly up to the horse and show him that you are not afraid of him1 so freely tendered on such occasions1 should be treated by its recipient as a piece of 8cheap swagger10 or the outcome of pretentious ignorance2 for1 even granted that such a demeanour would efficiently soothe a terrified animal1 or cow a treacherously-disposed one--suppositions that are altogether absurd--such counsel would in no way supply the necessary foolhardiness for such an undertaking4 ,my advice to either amateur or professional is1 never to give a horse a chance of doing wrong2 so1 in order to be consistent after having said this1 ,i shall endeavour to describe a method by which any horse1 unsecured1 say1 in a yard or loose box1 can be brought under complete control with1 practically speaking1 no risk to the operator4 ,on the nature of the coercion to be applied to unruly ,horses4--,the only risk run in enforcing the obedience which it is absolutely necessary to exact from unruly horses1 is that of spoiling the animal's pluck and spirit--a contingency that can be incurred only when the fractiousness arises from 8nervousness10 or from want of comprehension2 for what we term pluck and spirit in the horse should have no taint of stubbornness4 ,the coercion employed should1 naturally1 be limited to what would be sufficient to overcome the wilfulness2 for we should never employ a general effect1 when a particular one will answer our purpose4 ,thus1 suppose we had a high-couraged1 generous animal1 that had been made difficult to mount by a bad rider1 on various occasions1 prodding the horse in the side with his toe1 when attempting to get into the saddle1 we might get control over the animal by ,pratt's twitch 7see page #aac71 or by tying him head and tail1 and then prove to him that we would not touch him with our toe1 when mounting4 ,the ,rareyfying of such an animal for this or any similar fault1 would be injudicious in the extreme2 as it would1 almost to a certainty1 injuriously affect one of his most valuable qualities1 namely1 his pluck4 ,as a sulky animal has little or no pluck to lose2 we may well content ourselves in gaining his obedience without troubling ourselves much about any possible deterioration of his courage4 ,punishment4--,the chief practical reasons against the employment of punishment in the breaking of horses are3 that it is very liable to fail in its object2 and that it is calculated to break the spirit of high-couraged animals1 and to increase the sulkiness of stubborn ones4 ,of course ,i don't mean to say that a vigorous 8shaking up10 and a sharp cut or two with a stick 7for preference71 or whip1 is not advisable for stopping the exhibition of 8calfish0 tricks by a young colt4 ,owing to the galling failures ,i have had--they were not many1 for ,i stopped in time--,i have made it a rule for my own guidance1 never to touch a mare1 so as to hurt her1 when breaking4 ,i am aware that punishment1 pushed to extreme limits1 has1 often1 proved efficacious in reducing an animal to obedience1 when all other means have failed4 ,as it would1 then1 amount to gross cruelty1 ,i cannot recommend its adoption in this form4 ,fatigue as a means of subjugation4--,fatigue may be used as a valuable adjunct to other means of breaking1 but should seldom be employed alone2 its effect1 usually1 appearing to be as transitory as the sensation itself4 ,thus1 if we1 while riding or driving a bolter1 in order to cure him of his vice1 allow him to run himself to a stand-still1 we shall1 in all probability1 find the animal quite as ready1 if not more so1 to run away1 the next time he is 8fresh40 ,in such a case1 the fact of the horse having been allowed to do the very thing he wanted to accomplish1 in defiance of the wishes of his would-be master1 can have no possible effect in forming in him the habit of obedience4 ,fatigue may1 often1 appear to be the sole cause of the quietness evinced by an animal under treatment of some of the breaking methods ,i describe4 ,this1 however1 will1 on investigation1 be found to be incorrect4 ,even the fatigue caused in1 say1 rendering an unruly horse quiet to shoe behind1 by keeping him on the ground and 8gentling0 him 7see page #aeg71 is out of all proportion small compared to the amount of control obtained4 ,one of the best examples ,i know of the fact1 that it is the feeling of powerlessness to rebel1 and not the sensation of fatigue1 that compels obedience by these methods1 is furnished by the experiment of making a violent horse1 like an ,australian buckjumper1 quiet to mount in the manner described on page #aig2 the effect produced being striking2 the feeling of helplessness1 evident2 and the amount of fatigue1 small4 ,effect of the voice4--,the human voice has a powerful controlling effect over the horse4 ,to apply it to advantage1 the same tone and the same word or words should be invariably used to express the same meaning4 ,all ambiguity of sound should be avoided4 ,the words employed should be expressed in a decided manner1 and in a clear tone of voice4 ,i have seen some very dangerous animals approached and handled by 8shouting at0 them1 and adopting a resolute manner1 when going up to them in the stable4 ,a horse1 undoubtedly1 recognises the voice more quickly than the appearance of a man4 ,personal influence in breaking4--,for obtaining quick results1 the breaker should have the horse entirely to himself2 so that no disturbing influence may distract the animal's attention4 ,the great objection to the practice of personal influence1 as a breaking agent1 is that1 although the animal may be perfectly obedient to the man who has had the exclusive handling of him1 he may be refractory with other people1 and may1 even1 jealously resent any interference from an outsider4 ,i have frequently been struck with this fact when breaking savage horses who would1 if they could help it1 allow no one1 except their groom1 to meddle with them2 for ,i always found that they were far more vicious to approach when their stable attendant was holding them1 than when he was absent4 ,we may often see the same trait of character evinced by dogs that would fly at any stranger who dared to touch them1 as long as they were with their master2 although they might be fairly amiable if he were not present4 ,however much we may admire1 in the abstract1 this fidelity to one1 in the horse1 it is very apt to detract from the animal's usefulness under civilised conditions1 especially1 if the owner be not regarded as the confidential friend in question4 ,when the groom is the object of this exclusive form of affection1 it is generally advisable to have him changed for a new man4 ,if a horse has to be rendered serviceable for general1 as well as particular use1 the breaker should refrain from accomplishing his ends by the exercise of his own personal influence1 and hence1 should get him to obey by rein and leg1 rather than by voice and petting4 ,advisability of possessing various methods of breaking4--,as the removal of the cause is the only proper plan for the treatment of either disease1 or vice1 and as these causes differ1 the breaker1 to be successful1 should be provided with various methods for enforcing his commands4 ,hence1 we may rest assured that the horse-tamer who advertises his one particular method1 as a certain cure for all forms of vice1 is as arrant a quack as the man who foists on the public a pill for the removal of every kind of disease4 ,in the following pages ,i shall describe various breaking methods1 which the reader can apply according as he recognises the cause of resistance to his wishes1 or of inability to understand them4 ,giving a ,horse a good mouth1 the chief requirement in breaking4--,the horse's mouth ought to be the foundation of all good breaking2 for an animal with a good mouth can hardly 8do wrong02 unless1 indeed1 under very exceptional circumstances4 ,as it is impracticable to be constantly repeating any 8taming0 method1 such as ,rareyfying1 or tying a horse by his head and tail1 we must disregard such practices as means for the maintenance of a permanent state of discipline--however useful they may be for enforcing authority in the first instance--and must trust to the influence of the rein1 which is ever constant on the mouth1 when riding or driving1 to keep the horse mindful of his duty when in action4 ,the use of the leg should1 of course1 not be neglected in riding4 ,the taming methods will1 naturally1 be required with animals that are difficult to handle when dismounted1 or when out of the shafts4 ,permanency in the effects of breaking4--,the primary step to establish the habit of obedience1 is1 naturally1 to make the horse obey in the first instance1 and then to repeat the process as may be needed4 ,such a procedure is thoroughly rational2 for it is founded on the fact that force of habit is the strongest influence which rules the equine mind4 ,i have often1 what ,i think unjustly1 incurred blame because1 after ,i had practically demonstrated to my pupils the feasibility of making a confirmed jibber1 obstinate refuser1 or almost unrideable buckjumper1 willing and quiet in one lesson1 that such animals have1 in the course of time1 become just as bad as ever2 on account of their respective owners not taking the trouble1 as advised by me1 of repeating the easy methods ,i shewed4 ,the reason men usually fail to subdue 8difficult0 horses1 is because they do not know how to take the first step towards making the animal obedient4 ,if1 however1 they be supplied with this all-important information1 their task should be one of increasing facility after each repetition2 and1 if persevered in1 would be rapidly completed2 but it must be repeated until the desired habit is established4 ,however well a horse may have been broken of a bad habit1 he will be far more likely to acquire it again under bad management1 than he would have been1 had he been originally free from it2 for no course of discipline1 although it may keep the animal under thorough control1 can efface out of his mind the memory of the practice of a former habit4 ,i need scarcely say that injudicious treatment will always be capable of spoiling any horse1 whether invariably quiet1 or reformed4 ,hence1 a teacher of breaking will be wise to confine himself to showing 8how it is done10 and not to risk his reputation in making the impossible attempt of permanently 8curing0 a vicious horse4 ,besides1 it is only 8human nature0 for the owner of an animal that has reverted to his evil courses1 to blame the breaker1 and not himself4 ,expedition in breaking4--,in order to give some idea of the possibilities of the system of breaking which ,i advocate and practise1 ,i may state that1 by it1 any unhandled horse1 no matter how wild or how old he may be1 can be made quiet to ride and obedient to the ordinary indications of the rein1 in from1 say1 two to four hours4 ,such a horse1 to become a reliable 8conveyance10 would1 probably1 require about six more lessons--two a day--of an hour and a half's duration each4 ,he ought1 by that time1 to have acquired a good mouth1 steady paces1 and 8cleverness0 to jump any ordinary fence4 ,army remounts that have never had even a halter on them1 should1 on an emergency1 speaking generally1 be fit for the riding-school in a couple of days4 ,i need not dwell on the value of such expedition in military exigencies1 and in all cases where time is an object4 8,spoiled0 horses1 such as jibbers1 rearers1 kickers1 and buckjumpers1 that have learned to know their own power1 would1 naturally1 take longer to break1 than entirely unhandled animals2 although the limit of five days need not1 usually1 be exceeded even with them4 ,the possibility of horses going back to their old tricks may always be provided against by judicious repetition of the necessary discipline1 which will be very rarely needed after the first three or four days1 if the animal be 8mouthed0 in the manner ,i shall hereafter describe4 ,without using any forcible methods1 which1 as a rule1 would not be required with a valuable horse1 the breaker ought not to need more than a week to make any ordinary horse thoroughly fit for all the usual requirements of saddle or harness4 ,to those who might advance the argument that because the ordinary method of breaking takes about ten times as long as the system ,i advocate1 it must1 therefore1 be more permanent in its influence1 ,i would beg to submit that such a contention would hold good1 only1 on the untenable supposition that the effects of the respective processes were equal in force4 ,i see no possible benefit1 except the very questionable one of giving the animal an exaggerated opinion of his own powers of resistance1 in taking a month to accomplish what may be quite as efficiently done in an hour2 as1 for instance1 making a fractious horse steady to mount1 or quiet to shoe behind1 or a sulky refuser to jump kindly4 ,we must surely admit that the repetition of an effect1 and not the time occupied in its production1 is the cause of the permanency of its influence4 ,the ordinary method of breaking4--,the usual method of rendering horses docile by early and continued handling1 followed by patient and skilful riding1 answers fairly well with men who regard breaking as a pleasure1 and have plenty of spare time to indulge their taste in this respect4 ,it is1 however1 inapplicable to circumstances under which the number of animals to be broken is out of proportion to the supply of labour2 especially in the case of inexpensive stock4 ,it is1 also1 besides being tedious1 often ineffective in the reduction to obedience of 8spoiled horses10 and of those that have been allowed to run wild for a considerable time before being 8taken up02 the reason being1 that it does not supply us with means for enforcing our commands1 then and there1 on exceptionally unruly animals1 which1 in order to be rendered docile1 must be confirmed in the habit of obedience4 ,breaking by kindness alone4--,while fully admiring the kindness of heart of those enthusiasts who regard a horse as a friend to be won by affection1 ,i must say that the better plan for making him a useful member of society1 is to treat him as a servant who has to be taught his work1 and from whom implicit obedience has to be demanded4 ,until he does his work honestly and well1 the less petting he gets the better2 for he is an animal that is very apt to become headstrong and fractious1 by a small amount of indulgence in his own way4 ,i entirely deprecate any fighting with the horse1 or punishment with whip and spur1 which he can resist2 but ,i insist on the necessity--after proving to the horse that he has nothing to fear1 and after teaching him to understand one's wishes--of shewing that he must obey4 ,i shall endeavour1 in due course1 to explain to the reader how such obedience can be peremptorily enforced4 ,the rough and ready style of breaking4--,the method of reducing a horse to discipline1 by forcibly securing him1 getting on his back1 and sticking on until he bucks himself to a standstill1 is applicable only to unbroken animals of a more or less mature age1 whose owners demand nothing further1 than to have them made 8quiet to ride40 ,the objections to this method1 as far as ,i can see1 are3 that it is not always possible to obtain the services of a rider of sufficient pluck and adhesiveness2 that some horses1 by 8throwing themselves over10 can get rid of any man off their back2 that if the horse wins the fight1 the victory will have the effect of making him much worse than he was before2 that the mastery1 even if the process be repeated1 is1 often1 not permanent1 especially with a new rider2 that it is apt to spoil the horse's mouth2 and that1 in the case of nervous or sulky animals1 it is liable to increase their particular faults4 ,the buckjumping style of breaking is1 of course1 only good as far as it goes1 and has no just claim to teach the manners that make the horse1 as assuredly as they do the man4 ,summary of the principles of the art of rendering ,horses docile may be summed up as follows3 #a4 ,to obtain control over the animal4 #b4 ,to prove to him that he has nothing to fear from us1 or from the surroundings in which we place him3 in other words1 to give him 8confidence0 and cure him of 8nervousness40 #c4 ,to teach him to understand the meaning of the indications by which we desire to convey our orders to him4 #d4 ,to make him obey our orders in the most implicit manner1 in the event of his offering deliberate resistance to them4 #e4 ,to instruct him how to use his powers to the best advantage4 #f4 ,to make1 by repetition1 these acts of obedience and 8cleverness0 thus taught1 into confirmed habits2 so that the horse1 who is1 essentially1 an animal of habit1 may become a permanently useful servant4 ,as an illustration1 ,i may say that we should conduct the education of a colt or filly1 according to the principles we should adopt with a recently-caught young savage whom we desired to make a useful servant4 ,while shewing him that we had complete control over him1 we should prove to him that he had nothing to fear from us1 and1 in doing so1 would gain his confidence and affection4 ,we should teach him our language1 and1 according as he understood our words1 so should we demand implicit obedience to our orders1 and would1 thus1 quickly establish the desired habit4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,principles ,,of ,,mouthing4 ,making a horse obey the rein--,manner in which a horse should carry his head and neck1 when in motion--,suitability of the horse to the bridle--,how the mouth-piece should act--,teaching the horse to bend his neck to the rein--,proper direction for the pull of the reins--,the running martingale--,bearing reins1 side reins1 and running reins--,teaching the horse to turn--,reining back--,lunging--,good hands--,snaffles and curbs--,elastic reins on dumb jockeys--,the standing martingale--,nose-bands4 ,making a ,horse obey the rein4--,in mouthing1 we should act on the principle ,i have advocated1 in the preceding chapter1 of making our equine servant accord ready obedience to the lawful commands of his master2 after we have taught him to understand our wishes expressed by the proper 8indications40 ,the breaker will do well always to bear in mind the old maxim1 that 8a horse should never get the chance of pulling successfully against the bit1 or unsuccessfully against the collar40 ,as a man on foot has as thorough command over a horse1 as the animal has over its rider--supposing that both know how to exercise their respective powers--the breaker should1 naturally1 commence his mouthing lessons on foot1 and should1 as a rule1 refrain from giving the horse the advantage of having him in the saddle1 until the habit of obedience to rein1 leg1 and1 if need be1 to voice1 is fully confirmed4 ,in all this1 we act on the retentiveness of the horse's memory1 which is his strongest mental quality1 in guarding ourselves from the ill consequences that might ensue from the exercise of the animal's reasoning powers1 which1 luckily for us1 are comparatively feeble1 or from his natural impatience of control4 ,with some horses1 especially with those that have learned to know their own power1 the process of inculcating the habit of obedience to the rein1 by simply working on the horse's mouth1 may be ineffective1 or may be too tedious for practical requirements4 ,in such a case1 ,i would advocate the advisability of exacting obedience1 in the first instance1 by some readily feasible method1 as advocated on page #aa2 so as to impress the animal with the idea of our supreme power over him1 and to banish from his mind any thought of resisting our will1 even on a point concerning which he would always prove victorious1 had he sufficient intelligence to see through our artifice4 ,our power over the horse1 when we are on his back1 being necessarily limited in extent1 it follows that1 with all our teaching1 we may1 at times1 be unable to control our mounts4 ,although young horses1 well bred and truly shaped1 will1 generally1 8carry0 themselves to the best advantage1 we may find that many animals1 even in a state of freedom1 and1 more particularly1 those that have been in bad hands1 contract a stiff and awkward carriage1 which1 as a rule1 may be easily remedied by two or three days' 8mouthing10 on the system ,i shall describe further on1 followed by good handling and the ordinary routine of saddle1 or harness work4 ,i in no way mean to say that careful riding or driving would not1 in time1 accomplish the object in view1 without the aid of the work on foot2 but ,i maintain that the preliminary mouthing is invaluable in the saving of time1 and that it can produce effects which are unattainable by any rider1 however good his hands may be4 ,manner in which a ,horse should carry his head and neck1 when in motion4--,when the animal takes a stride to the front1 the fore-limb1 which is connected to the body by muscular attachment1 is drawn forwards and upwards by certain muscles of the neck2 their action being naturally regulated by the depression or elevation of the head4 ,if the head be unduly raised1 the forward reach of the fore-legs will be curtailed by this 8high0 style of going2 and the speed will1 consequently1 suffer4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the head be brought down too low1 the animal1 if at the gallop or canter1 instead of 8going level10 will have a more or less pitching motion1 from too much weight being thrown on his forehand2 and will lose time in his stride by excessive bending of his knees1 which is necessary to enable his feet1 in that case1 to clear the ground4 ,owing to the variety in the conformation of different horses1 and in the work they are called upon to do1 it is impossible to lay down any fixed rule as to the angle at which the neck should be carried3 a fact that is of little moment2 as experience will enable us to form a sufficiently near approximation for all practical purposes4 ,the neck muscles1 which draw the fore-limb forward1 will naturally act to the best advantage when the neck vertebr are extended on each other2 that is1 when the neck is straight4 ,according as the neck is bent1 so will this forward 8pull0 be diminished4 ,the chief muscle that draws the fore-limb forward is attached to the head in such a manner1 that it acts best when the head is carried1 more or less1 at right angles to the neck4 ,hence1 we may take for granted1 especially1 as the correctness of the assumption can be verified by experience1 that this position of the head is the best one for requirements demanding the exhibition of speed1 or strength4 ,for military purposes1 8pace0 is to some extent sacrificed for obtaining increased control and 8handiness40 ,suitability of the ,horse to the bridle4--,when the horse carries his head and neck in an easy1 natural manner1 in fact1 in the best one for the display of his powers--as we have seen in the preceding paragraphs of this chapter--the mouth-piece of the snaffle will rest on the 8bars0 of the mouth1 as long as the reins are held not much above the level of the withers4 ,hence1 from the peculiar conformation of the horse1 we obtain two special advantages for rendering him obedient to the rein4 ,first1 the 8bars0--that portion of the gums of the lower jaw which are devoid of teeth and which are in front of the molars--are singularly suitable for the application of pressure2 being sensitive and smooth4 ,secondly1 when the horse carries his head and neck in the best manner for facilitating his movements1 the mouth-piece will be in the position easiest for the rider or driver to control the animal by the reins4 ,the breaker's task1 therefore1 as regards the carriage of the horse's head and neck1 will simply be to teach him to carry them in a perfectly natural way4 ,how the mouth-piece should act4--,if an impetuous1 hard-pulling horse gets his head up and tries to 8break away0 with a good rider1 the man will ease the reins1 8drop his hands10 and wait till the animal lowers its head1 before he takes a pull3 a rule that is followed by all our best horsemen4 ,when the animal finds its head released1 he will quickly bring it 8down40 ,the reasons for not pulling at the reins when the head is 8up10 are3 that1 when it is carried in this position1 the mouth-piece falls on the corners of the mouth1 pressure against which1 we find by experience1 is not effective in restraining the horse2 and that the horse will not1 as a rule1 lower his head as long as the rider continues to haul on the reins4 ,as soon as the head is brought down into its natural position1 the pressure of the mouth-piece will fall on the bars4 ,we may readily conceive1 that far more pain results from the superficial nerves of the bars being squeezed between two hard bodies--the mouth-piece and the bone--than that caused by pressure on the loose and mobile tissue which forms the corners of the mouth4 ,if1 in the case ,i have imagined1 the horse tries to get his head too low down1 our typical good rider will endeavour to make the animal bring it into its proper position4 ,the relief to the mouth obtained by arching the neck and bringing the chin close in to the chest1 as some hard-mouthed horses will do1 is due to a portion of the pull of the reins being1 then1 taken by the crown-piece of the bridle2 instead of the whole of the pressure1 as it should do1 falling on the bars4 ,a horse may1 also1 by stretching his head out1 get the mouth-piece off the bars1 and on to the corners of the mouth4 ,it is needless to say that such actions on his part1 are done with the object of 8saving0 the mouth4 ,as they are opposed to the possession of proper control over the horse1 the breaker should teach him to abandon1 if he has learnt1 these tricks1 and to acquire the habit of bending his neck to the rein1 and slackening his speed1 as his sole defence against the pressure of the mouth-piece4 ,the only alternative ,i can see for the use of pressure on the bars1 would be its application on the nose by some form of nose-band4 ,teaching the ,horse to bend his neck to the rein4--,having taught the horse to hold his head1 when he is ridden or driven1 in an easy1 natural position--namely1 in one that will allow the mouth-piece always to rest on the bars--we must then teach him1 on the reins being 8felt10 to bend his neck in order to 8save0 his mouth4 ,the partial check to the action of the muscles that draw the fore-limb forward1 caused by the bending of the neck 7see page #de7 will be an easily understood signal to the animal to moderate his pace4 ,proper direction for the pull of the reins4--,when the horse is in motion1 the forward propulsion by the hind-legs is given through the hip-joints2 while that by the fore-limbs1 passes through1 we may roughly say1 the elbow-joints4 ,as the former impetus greatly exceeds the latter1 we may assume that the centre of motion is a little in front of1 and a little below the level of1 the hip-joints4 ,to comply with mechanical requirements1 any pressure of the bridle on the mouth must1 therefore1 be in the direction of this centre of motion1 so that the regularity of the stride may be interfered with as little as possible4 ,the rule1 taught by experience1 of holding the hands1 when riding1 and especially when galloping1 just below the withers1 is in entire agreement with this fact4 ,if the rider's hands be unduly raised1 so as to make the horse carry his head too high1 there will be too much weight put on the hind-quarters4 ,as a point of interest1 ,i may state that1 under ordinary circumstances1 when a horse begins to tire in his gallop1 he will1 instead of 8going level10 throw increased weight on his forehand1 and his croup1 when his hind-quarters make their stroke1 will become more and more raised4 ,to accurately express this 8dwelling on his stride10 we may say1 that as the horse becomes fatigued1 the forward motion becomes1 proportionately1 converted into one of rotation1 the chief cause of this being that the weight of the rider falls principally on the forehand4 ,hence1 we find that1 at the finish of a race1 a good jockey 8sits down0 in his saddle1 8catches a good hold0 of the animal's head1 and holds his hands a little above the withers3 actions on his part which tend to relieve the horse's forehand of weight1 and1 consequently1 to make him use his powers to the best advantage4 ,in military riding1 which demands special control over the animal's movements1 the horse's head is drawn in1 and the rider's hand raised1 much more than they would be in ordinary work4 ,the running martingale4--,the legitimate uses of this gear are to aid in keeping the horse straight1 and to prevent the reins going over his head2 but not to keep the head down4 ,if this martingale be so short as to exert a downward pull on the reins1 too much weight will be thrown on the forehand4 ,if the horse raises his head even when this martingale is lengthened out1 so as to bring its rings on a level with the withers1 when it is pulled up1 the downward direction of the reins1 from the mouth-piece to the rings of the martingale1 will produce the same ill effect4 ,hence1 it is a maxim among all good jockeys1 that the head of the race-horse1 with whom a level style of galloping is one of the chief essentials to success1 should be kept down by the rider's hands1 and not by the running martingale4 ,it is the custom1 therefore1 among jockeys1 when they use this gear1 to lengthen it out1 so that1 when it is drawn up1 to test its length1 its rings will come up to the angle of the lower jaw1 when the head is held in a natural position--a length which will obviate any chance of there being a downward pull on the reins4 ,in the training of a race-horse that 8star-gazes10 the use of a running martingale1 in order to keep his head down1 besides interfering with his action1 is detrimental to the soundness of his legs and feet1 by reason of the extra weight thrown1 thereby1 on his forehand4 ,respecting the injurious effects of hampering the action of the neck muscles1 and of putting a severe downward pressure on the mouth1 especially during rapid motion1 ,i may quote the following interesting extract from #8,white's ,veterinary ,art1' which was written many years ago3 8,there is a great danger1 however1 of attempting to make the mouth at the time of riding1 by means of a running rein2 for if he is a stubborn or runaway horse1 there is great danger of throwing him down1 and in the most dangerous manner that can be4 ,for1 if he is determined to run away1 and the rider endeavours to prevent him by a running rein1 in drawing the nose down to his chest1 the muscles of the shoulder are so restrained that he must of necessity pull him down topsy-turvy4 ,since the body being propelled by the muscles of the hind parts1 the restraint thus imposed upon the extensor muscles of the fore-leg1 prevents their being thrown out to the extent required1 and he comes down with the most dangerous violence4 ,i have known this accident happen with horses that have had upright shoulders and very well-formed hind parts2 and ,i have also known very safe horses1 that have contracted a habit of going with their noses poked out1 become very unsafe1 and soon get broken knees by the endeavour to improve their carriage by a martingale or running rein40 ,bearing reins1 side reins1 and running reins4--,i would dispense with the use1 in breaking1 of these three appliances1 as ordinarily employed2 for the first acts by exerting pressure on the corners of the bars1 while the other two tend to keep the head in an unnaturally low position4 ,were the side reins lengthened out so as to act as a properly arranged standing martingale 7see page #gj71 or were the running reins attached high up on the saddle2 as near as possible on the level of the withers1 their use would be wholly unobjectionable4 ,with the long reins 7see page #agb71 the standing martingale 7see page #gj71 and driving pad 7see page #aff71 the horse can be quickly taught to carry himself properly1 without any injurious effect being produced4 ,teaching the ,horse to turn4--,when we fail to make a horse turn properly1 we find1 almost always1 that our want of success is due to the animal's hind-quarters not 8coming round0 in concert with his head and neck1 which1 as a rule1 can be 8bent0 to the right or left with facility4 ,i venture to dissent1 with all diffidence1 from the principle of the 8suppling0 lessons enjoined by that great master of equitation1 ,m4 ,baucher1 as first steps for 8forming the mouth10 for teaching the horse to bring his head round to one side or the other1 according to the indication used1 while the hind limbs remain fixed4 ,to my thinking1 precision in the simple movements of advancing to the front1 reining back1 and turning1 should be sought for1 before attempting any artificial evolutions1--such as the 8passage10 and 8shoulder-in10--only1 in which1 the bending of the head and neck is made independently of that of the hind-quarters4 ,as1 in riding1 all turns should be made with the aid of the support of the 8outward leg0--a fact too widely recognized for the ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,horse bending his neck to the rein without swinging round his hind-quarters at the same time1 in answer to the pull4 necessity of proof here--we should teach our pupil1 from the outset1 to avail himself of such assistance4 ,as the rider's weight tends to advance the position of the centre of gravity1 the natural turn1 especially at fast-paces1 will be a compromise between the turn 8on the centre10 and that 8on the haunches40 ,i may remark1 that the further the weight is thrown back1 and the greater is the support of the outward leg1 the more will the turn be made on the haunches4 ,the use of this leg-pressure1 although necessitated by the unequal distribution of the rider's weight1 is1 besides this1 valuable in all sharp turns made at speed4 ,the turn 8on the forehand0 can be taught by the rider1 after the simpler one is mastered4 ,in treating about turning1 ,i draw no distinction between the saddle and harness horse2 for the latter should be made as 8clever0 as the former1 in 8collecting0 himself and 8coming round40 ,let us suppose that a horse is ridden at a fence1 ,a ,b 7see ,fig4 #a71 and that he 8runs out0 to the left2 although the rider has pulled the animal's head round to the right1 in his endeavour to keep him straight4 ,in this case1 the horse yielded to the rein with his neck1 but refused to swing round his hind-quarters--a movement1 on his part1 which would have brought him at right angles to the fence 7see ,fig4 #b72 so that he would have had either to jump or to stop1 neither of which actions would affect in any way the precision with which the turn had been made4 ,again1 if a horse jibs in harness1 and refuses to turn1 say1 to the right1 we shall1 in the vast majority of cases1 have no difficulty in making him turn his head round in the required direction1 although he will obstinately keep his hind-quarters fixed4 ,the same may be said of a horse that rears4 ,if these animals would only turn their hind-quarters round with the same facility that they bend their necks1 they would lose their strongest 8defence0 against our 8aids0 7the reins and legs of the rider74 ,it is evident that in every turn1 the hind-quarters have to move round ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,shews horse having answered the pull of off rein as he should1 and consequently coming straight at his fence4 in the opposite direction to the head and neck2 the centre round which the movement is made1 being advanced or brought back1 according as the turn is made 8on the forehand10 or 8on the haunches40 ,reining back4--,it is an axiom of the riding-school1 worthy of implicit acceptance1 that1 until a horse has learned to rein back with facility and precision1 he cannot be considered to have a good mouth2 for1 by performing this movement in the manner described1 he shews that he is intelligently obedient to the indications of the rein1 in yielding to its pressure1 and1 at the same time1 in bringing his hind-legs 8well under0 him4 ,herein lies the value of the practice of reining back1 which teaches the animal to understand that a pull on the reins is quite as much a signal for him to 8collect0 himself1 as to moderate his pace4 ,hence1 the use of a judicious pull when going at high 8timber10 or when galloping through heavy ground1 especially1 when the horse is tired4 ,if1 when travelling fast1 the animal will only bend his neck to the rein1 while letting his hind-quarters sprawl out behind1 he will quickly tire1 and will1 also1 be a most unsafe 8conveyance10 from inability to raise his forehand1 as occasion may require4 ,lunging4--,although lunging usually forms a considerable portion of the work given to young horses1 during their period of breaking1 ,i mention it1 here1 solely with the object of advising its discontinuance altogether4 ,making a horse circle with the weight on his forehand1 while his hind-quarters are 8thrown out10 not alone teaches him an awkward style of moving1 but is also a fertile cause of sprain to the tendons and ligaments of the fore-limb4 ,again1 as it is much more easy for the vast majority of men to keep turning round in one direction--in one opposite to that in which the hands of a clock revolve1 for right-handed people--than in the other2 it follows1 that the generality of men1 when they lunge a colt or filly1 will circle the young one more to the left than to the right2 just as we may see done any day on ,newmarket ,heath1 opposite the railway station4 ,the injurious effects of such a practice are self-evident4 ,i shall describe1 further on1 a method of circling a horse--the breaker being on foot--by which the animal is made to move in a thoroughly 8balanced0 manner1 and by which his mouth can be 8formed0 at the same time4 ,i am confident that all good horsemen to whom it is new1 will1 on seeing how it is done1 adopt it unreservedly4 ,i am aware that the practice of lunging is discredited by many good breakers who are unacquainted with the method of circling which ,i have introduced4 ,good hands4--,the term 8,good hands0 signifies the ability of taking a pull at the rein--supposing it be required--when the horse's head is in the proper position for the mouth-piece to act on the 8bars0 of the animal's mouth2 and of slackening them when the horse attempts to escape the pressure by bringing his head into a wrong position1 or when the animal yields to the indication of the rein4 ,the action of the mouth-piece1 and the advisability of refraining from pulling at the reins when the head is in a wrong position1 have been fully dealt with in the preceding pages4 ,i may1 however1 draw attention to the fact that when the horse's head is in the wrong position for the action of the bridle1 it is in an unfavourable one for the movements of the fore-limb2 being raised or depressed to an undue extent1 or too much flexed or extended on the neck 7i4e4 chin drawn in1 or poked out74 ,hence1 the natural tendency of the horse will be1 if his mouth be not interfered with1 to bring his head in the position which is the best for his own movements1 and which is the most suitable for the action of the mouth-piece of the bridle4 ,a hard-pulling horse1 for instance1 ridden or driven by a man with 8good hands10 will1 probably1 get his head 8up10 on feeling the pressure of the mouth-piece1 when he tries to break away4 ,being inconvenienced in his movements by this awkward carriage of the head1 and lacking1 on account of the slackness of the reins1 the incentive to keep it 8up10 he lowers it1 to again experience the restraining pull4 ,this will1 probably1 go on for a few times1 until1 wearied by a contest in which he finds himself baffled1 he yields to the indication of the rein1 and slackens his pace4 ,feeling that he 8saves0 his mouth the moment he does this1 by the rider 8giving0 to him1 he remains 8in hand0 for the rest of the journey4 ,the typical 8mutton-fisted0 man1 on the contrary1 will keep hauling away at the reins1 after the horse has got the mouth-piece on to the corners of the mouth1 or1 by getting his chin into his chest1 and his head down1 has transferred the pressure on to his poll4 ,consequently1 the animal1 experiencing the relief thus obtained1 will naturally conclude that he has got the best of the battle1 and will continue on his own course as long as he pleases4 ,the harder such a man pulls on the reins1 the more likely will he be to incite the animal to shew fight4 ,in this case1 the man foolishly pits the strength of his arms against the greatly superior power of the horse's neck4 ,the rider with good hands1 on the contrary1 uses a pull on the reins1 merely as a means of letting the animal know1 that1 if it will obey his wishes1 it will 8save0 its own mouth2 a hint which1 as a rule1 is readily taken4 ,i need hardly say that the severer the bit1 the better should be the hands of the man who employs it4 ,a really fine horseman can ride with success in almost any kind of bit4 ,snaffles and curbs4--,the only advantage possessed by the curb over the snaffle is1 as a rule1 its greater power of control4 ,this superiority is attended with the serious objections that3 7#a7 the use of the curb is1 often1 irritating to the horse1 who1 if roused1 can always successfully resist its control2 and 7#b7 that it is1 more or less1 detrimental to the action of the horse1 by tending to make him averse from 8going up to his bridle10 and by obliging him1 so as to 8save0 his mouth1 to carry his head in a more or less constrained manner4 ,as we can easily obtain the necessary control with the snaffle during breaking1 it is evident that we should altogether dispense with the use of the curb during this process1 so as to avoid the introduction of any disturbing element in the working out of the principle of using indications1 rather than severity4 ,the thin1 so-called1 racing snaffle should not be used2 as it is apt to wound the bars of the mouth1 and thereby irritate the horse into shewing fight1 which is the very thing we should seek to avoid while using the reins1 of which1 when we are in the saddle or driving seat1 we are masters only on sufferance4 ,elastic reins on dumb jockeys4--,these contrivances should not be employed in breaking2 for they never allow the complete freedom from pressure which the horse should experience as a reward for obedience1 when he bends his neck and yields to the rein2 unless1 indeed1 the elastic lines are ineffectually loose1 or the animal draws in his head to an immoderate extent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,the proper length for a standing martingale4 ,the standing martingale4--,the use of this martingale is to prevent the horse from getting the mouth-piece off the bars1 when he throws up his head4 ,hence1 if we employ it lengthened out1 so that it will be just short enough to accomplish this object1 and no more 7see ,fig4 #c71 it will give us the immense advantage of having the mouth-piece always in an effective position1 with but little drawback4 ,i1 here1 suppose that it is attached to the rings of the snaffle and not to the nose-band4 ,at first glance1 it may be considered that this mechanical restraint would be a constant source of danger1 in the event of the animal getting into difficulties4 ,i have frequently heard it urged1--but only by men who had not seen its use practically demonstrated1--that if a horse1 on making a 8blunder0 at a fence1 could not extend his head more than the properly lengthened out martingale would allow him to do1 he would1 being thus deprived of this supposed means of recovering his equilibrium1 run a great risk of falling4 ,we may see the fallacy of this argument1 if we consider that the only effect of this poking out of the head1 is to endanger the equilibrium1 which becomes unstable1 the moment a perpendicular line drawn through the centre of gravity1 falls beyond the fore-feet4 ,we find1 therefore1 by observing the comparative tightness1 before and after jumping1 of the standing martingale1 that the horse's tendency1 when fencing1 is to bring his head back1 on advancing the fore-limbs4 ,if he adopts1 with the martingale on1 the other and unsafe course1 the pain caused by the consequent severe pressure of the mouth-piece on the bars1 will soon teach him to save his mouth by holding his head in a proper position4 ,besides the increased control obtained by the mouth-piece always remaining on the bars1 the presence of the standing martingale1 by stopping him from poking out his nose1 will tend to prevent him going 8uncollectedly0 behind1 and1 even on this account alone1 will be specially useful for the hunter1 chaser1 and polo pony4 ,whatever be the horse's work1 whether on the flat1 across country1 or in harness1 he should be ridden or driven in a standing martingale1 if he has the habit of trying to get the mouth-piece off the bars of the mouth1 or has any tendency to go uncollectedly4 ,objection to its use can be taken1 only1 in the case of the 'cross-country horse1 who will be much more liable to be brought to grief by the practice of either of the faults just mentioned1 than by this martingale4 ,when he has learnt to carry himself properly1 but not till then1 should its employment be discontinued4 ,its constant use quickly teaches the horse to hold his head and to carry himself in the desired style2 for obedience to the indications it automatically affords1 is at once rewarded by relief to the mouth4 ,no such useful lesson can be learned by the employment of the running martingale2 for1 with it1 no saving of the mouth is obtained by any yielding of the head and neck to the rein4 ,when it is on1 whatever relief is procured1 must be the result of the action of the rider's hands1 which cannot possibly 8give and take0 with the same precision as the fixed martingale4 ,i may mention1 that this gear has the great advantage of preventing a rider with 8bad hands10 from hauling on the reins when the mouth-piece is on the corners of the mouth4 ,hence1 the worse the rider1 the more need he has of using a standing martingale with a horse that requires one4 ,that good horseman1 ,mr4 ,blew of ,the ,field1 remarks to me that he has seen one or two falls result from the use of the standing martingale1 in cases of horses1 out hunting1 getting their fore-feet into a deep 8gripe10 and1 then1 being prevented by this gear1 from throwing up the head1 and1 thus1 relieving the fore-hand4 ,he1 consequently1 advises that it should be employed1 only1 in breaking4 ,those fine steeplechase riders1 ,colonel ,hickman of the #bast ,hussars and ,colonel ,wardrop of the #abth ,lancers1 as well as many other good 'cross-country performers1 consider1 with me1 that its addition renders horses requiring such restraint1 safer over fences than they would be without it4 ,although the solution of this debatable question may be left to each man's own individual feeling on the matter1 there can be no doubt as to its paramount importance in breaking1 which is the subject1 at present1 before us4 ,the statement may be advanced1 that men with really fine hands will gain nothing from the employment of the standing martingale4 ,i entirely dissent from this2 for it is impossible for any man1 however delicate his touch may be1 or strong his arms1 to prevent1 as this martingale will do1 the animal from getting his head up1 and thereby successfully resisting control1 for the time being4 ,i may mention that many of our finest ,irish riders are its devoted admirers4 ,when a horse pulls hard1 he will1 almost invariably1 try to advance his chin further than the standing martingale--at a proper length1 let it be understood--will allow him to do4 ,hence1 this amount of restraint will always be a direct saving to the arms2 while it will be taken off the mouth1 and the controlling indication afforded1 the moment the animal brings his head back into its natural position4 ,i need hardly explain1 that the horse being unable to bring forward the bars of the lower jaw1 will try1 when resisting the action of the standing martingale1 to advance his poll as much as possible1 by bending the joint connecting the lower jaw to the head1 and that by which the head is attached to the neck4 ,if the standing martingale be fixed on to the nose-band1 it will fail to act in the manner described2 owing to the fact that the pressure thus exerted on the nose by this strap1 causes little or no pain2 unless1 indeed1 it be specially arranged to produce this effect1 as in the way described on page #bag4 ,nose-bands4--,the use of the nose-band is to prevent the horse relieving the bars of some of the pressure of the mouth-piece1 by opening his mouth2 an action on his part which will tend to render this pressure oblique1 and to transfer a portion of it to his poll4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,horse-,,control4 ,the breaking enclosure--,making a rope-halter--,haltering a loose horse--,making a loose horse stand still--,taking up a fore-leg--,holding up a fore-leg--,tying up a fore-leg--,blindfolding a horse--,applying the halter-twitch--,the rope-twitch--,the head-stall twitch--,the bridle-twitch--,the strait-jacket--,lifting up a hind-leg--,gagging a horse4 ,the breaking enclosure4--,in order to carry out the system of breaking horses1 it is a great advantage to have a proper enclosure1 of about #bj yards square1 with walls around it about #g ft4 high4 ,the ground inside should be quite soft1 so that horses which are made to lie down on it1 may not run any chance of hurting themselves4 ,i may here impress on the reader the danger there is to the breaker of having any one standing right behind him when he is handling vicious horses2 for1 in such a case1 if the animal make an offensive movement1 the man will probably knock up against the other1 and thus fail to get out of harm's way4 ,making a rope-halter4--,the simplest way to do this is to take a half-inch rope1 about #i yards long2 make it double for about #c ft4 #f in42 put a knot on the doubled part1 so as to form a large loop1 in which make a small loop1 for the leading rein to pass through4 ,the second knot should divide the large loop1 so that the head-piece should be about twice as long as the nose-band4 ,the halter will now be ready to be put on 7see ,figs4 #d and #e74 ,the nose-band may be made sufficiently long1 and the loop through which the loose end passes1 tight enough to prevent the nose-band and leading rein 7the free end of the rope71 forming a running noose1 which might hurt the horse4 ,or1 if required1 a knot may be made with the leading rein at the ring through which it passes2 so that the nose-band of the halter may not squeeze the horse's jaws together4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,first loop in forming a rope-halter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,second step4 ,the rope employed should be soft1 and not too thick1 so as to allow the knots to be made with facility4 ,the reader will observe1 that this halter which ,i have devised1 is only an improvised adaptation1 which need not take half a minute to make1 of the ordinary rope-halter4 ,i have no doubt that others1 prompted by necessity1 like myself1 have hit on this rough-and-ready method2 although ,i have never seen a halter made in quite the same manner as ,i have described4 ,haltering a loose ,horse4--,let us suppose that the animal is in some suitable enclosure1 such as a yard1 loose box1 or small paddock2 for it is almost needless to say1 that if he were at liberty in the open1 and averse from being captured1 no man unaided could possibly catch him4 ,the first thing to do is to make the rope-halter--as described in the preceding part of this chapter--if one be not at hand1 and then to get the horse to stand quietly in some convenient corner4 ,we may make him move1 or stop1 as may be required1 by gently working a long pole held in the hands across the body1 alternately1 behind and in front of him2 and1 having got him into the proper position1 we may induce him to stand steady1 as ,i have found by experience1 by touching him on the neck1 and then rubbing it with the end of the pole4 ,i have hardly ever known this to fail in its object4 ,horses1 almost always1 like having their necks scratched4 ,as soon as the animal will stand still1 while his neck is being 8gentled0 with the stick1 the halter may be put on the end of the pole by a couple of turns 7see ,fig4 #f71 while the free end of the rope may be twisted once or twice round the pole1 to prevent it hanging down too low4 ,the operator will now take the pole1 with the halter then rigged on to it1 and will endeavour to bring the crown-piece of the halter behind the ears1 without frightening the animal2 while holding the end of the pole a little above ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,rope-halter on pole1 ready for use4 its head 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,he can take the precautions ,i have described1 for making the horse stand still1 as he may think necessary4 ,as soon as the crown-piece of the halter comes behind the ears1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,haltering vicious horse with rope-halter on pole4 the operator should swing the pole smartly down in front of the animal's nose1 and then under the lower jaw2 a proceeding which will bring the halter into its proper place4 ,nothing now remains except to withdraw the pole4 ,care should be taken not to bring the pole under the lower jaw1 until the nose-band is in front of the ears2 for1 if it remains behind them1 when the end of the stick is brought down1 the horse will be lassoed and not haltered4 ,the precautions necessary to be taken in haltering the horse will depend on the amount of his vice1 or timidity4 ,a horse can be thus caught best1 when he is standing in the corner of a wall which is too high for him to look over4 ,in a circular enclosure1 the animal will be able1 by turning round1 to defeat the intentions of his would-be captor1 much more easily than he could do in a rectangular one4 ,in a roped-in arena1 the horse can get his head away from the halter1 easier than he could do when close to a wall4 ,there is no fear of a horse1 however vicious he may be1 of 8charging home0 on the operator1 if the man keeps the pole across the animal's face1 ready1 if need be1 to give him a tap or two on the muzzle4 ,the larger the enclosure1 the less will a horse attempt to 8savage0 any one approaching him4 ,in extreme cases1 a blow on the forehead might be necessary4 ,i may mention that the brain is covered at the forehead1 by only a thin plate of bone4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt1 the ,american 8horse-tamer10 gives1 in his book1 a method for haltering a loose horse1 by putting the crown-piece of the halter on the end of the pole 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,in applying this1 the horse is very apt to shy away from the halter1 which has to be put on from the front4 ,the manner of haltering which ,i have described1 and which was shewn to me by ,mr4 ,banham1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 appears to be much better than ,pratt's plan4 ,making a loose ,horse stand still4--,if timidity ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 is the only cause that renders a loose horse difficult to halter1 we may make him stand still after having put him in a proper enclosure1 by cutting him1 with the whip1 about the hocks and hind-heels whenever he attempts to turn round1 and to shew his hind-quarters to the breaker4 ,if the animal attempts to pass by1 the man should stop him with the point of the whip4 ,as soon as the horse understands that he exposes himself to punishment by turning round1 he will1 proportionately1 abstain from doing so4 ,he will then be readily induced to stand still by the point of the whip preventing him from passing2 and the fear of punishment1 from turning round4 ,as a rule1 the operator can quickly get up to his forehand by 8gentling0 his crest with the end of the whip or pole1 and afterwards with the hand4 ,the foregoing method1 which ,i learned from that excellent teacher1 ,professor ,sample1 is not altogether suitable for horses that 8strike out in front40 ,the punishment that has to be inflicted during its application1 may be an objection to its employment4 ,taking up a fore-leg4--,having haltered the horse1 we may1 in order to gain further control over him1 take up a fore-leg in two ways4 #a4 ,if we are afraid that the horse1 on our approaching him1 will 8strike out10 or kick1 we ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,noosing a fore-leg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,pulling up a fore-leg when noosed4 may1 as ,colonel ,rawlins1 ,r4,h4,a41 shewed me1 form a noose about two feet and a half in diameter1 with a rope1 and having laid it on the ground1 give the free end to an assistant to hold4 ,we may1 then1 make the horse move about until he places one fore-foot within the noose 7see ,fig4 #i71 when the assistant should pull the rope1 and thus lasso the pastern4 ,the end of the rope may1 now1 be thrown over the animal's back to the other side1 and the leg pulled up 7see ,fig4 #aj72 or1 if the animal will not stand this being done1 the leg may be pulled back by the rope1 and lifted up by another assistant4 ,if the horse 8shews fight10 it may be necessary to blindfold him at this stage of the proceedings4 ,the long pole may1 also1 be called into requisition to 8gentle0 the horse1 and thus render him comparatively quiet4 ,the operator can always quickly accomplish his object1 in the manner described1 if he will only exercise a little patience4 ,i may mention that this method of noosing the leg1 is precisely similar to that employed in securing the limbs of wild elephants1 in ,india1 when they have been driven into a stockade4 #b4 ,the best way for lifting up a fore-leg1 with the hand1 is1 as ,i have found out1 to grasp1 say1 the near fore1 with the left hand2 pinch it with the fingers to stimulate the flexors of the knee to contract2 turn the elbow in1 and press it against the upper part of the fore-arm1 so as to throw the weight from the near1 on to the off fore1 and thus to render the picking-up of the near fore a very easy matter 7see ,fig4 #aa74 ,if required1 an upward pull is given with the left arm1 and the foot is caught with the right hand as the horse lifts it up4 ,i may add1 that the muscles against which the man's elbow presses assist in raising the foot from the ground4 ,by this plan the breaker can stand at the side of the leg that has to be raised1 and a little away from it1 thus keeping out of danger1 as much as possible4 ,if ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,picking up a fore-leg4 he attempts to lift the fore-leg of a bad cow-kicker1 in the ordinary way1 by catching hold of the pastern1 he will run a great risk of getting hit on the head or body1 by having to stoop down while standing close to1 and a little behind1 the fore-leg4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,leach1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 shewed me a neat method for lifting up the leg of a heavy cart-horse1 by catching the hair of the fetlock1 and then drawing up the leg4 ,the slight irritation caused by the pull at the roots of the hair will cause the horse to readily bend the knee4 ,holding up a fore-leg4--,if the fore-leg be held up by the hand passing under the fetlock or pastern1 as is frequently done1 the horse1 by bearing a portion of his weight on the man's hand1 can easily kick with either hind-leg4 ,the foot should1 on the contrary1 be held by the hoof1 under which the fingers pass1 while the thumb presses down on the sole 7see ,fig4 #ab74 ,the animal will now avoid placing weight on the man's hand2 for by doing so he would cause the joints of the foot to become bent in a painful manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,how to hold up a fore-leg4 ,a convenient way for holding up the fore-leg1 for 8gentling0 and other purposes1 is that shewn by ,fig4 #aj4 ,tying up a fore-leg4--,having 8picked up0 the foot1 we may secure it as follows3 #a4 ,by ,rarey's leg strap1 which is about #c ft4 long1 and is furnished1 at one end1 with a buckle1 below which1 a leather 8keeper0 is placed on both sides 7see ,fig4 #ac74 ,to apply it1 the free end is passed round the pastern1 from the outside1 through the keeper at the back of the buckle1 thus forming a loop4 ,another turn is taken round the forearm1 and a second loop is made by passing the end through the buckle4 ,the strap can now be tightened up as may be required1 and the end run through the second keeper4 ,fig4 #ad shews how this can be equally well done with a stirrup leather1 with which two or three turns have been taken round the pastern2 so as to bring the punched holes sufficiently near ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,rarey's leg-strap4 the buckle4 7,see1 also1 ,fig4 #af47 ,the objections to the employment of this method of tying up the leg are3 7a7 ,that it is apt to irritate the animal by the compression needed to keep the strap in its place2 7b7 ,that1 when the leg is thus fixed1 the horse1 in the event of his 8coming down10 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,tying up fore-leg with stirrup-leather4 is liable to hurt his knee1 8capped knee0 being the usual result of the injury2 on account of the broad extensor tendon being1 necessarily1 tightly stretched over the part4 ,i have had this accident occur1 on different occasions1 when making a horse lie down1 even when he had knee-caps on1 and when the ground was quite soft2 7c7 ,the heel of the shoe1 if one be on1 is apt to bruise and cut the elbow2 7d7 ,the compression exercised by the strap on the fore-arm numbs the leg1 and tends to make the animal fall awkwardly1 if he is made to lie down2 7e7 ,unless the strap is kept very tight1 it is apt to slip down the fore-arm1 and thus exercise an injurious strain on the fetlock joint4 #b4 ,by far the best way for tying up a fore-leg is the one described by ,mr4 ,saunders in #8,our ,horses1' by which the leg is simply suspended1 at any length required1 from the surcingle4 ,mr4 ,saunders advises the use of a small loop to connect the surcingle and strap together 7see ,fig4 #ae71 with the object1 ,i presume1 of keeping the limb in a plane parallel to the general direction of the horse's body4 ,this is certainly an advantage when making a horse lie down1 although ,i have found1 for ordinary purposes of control1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,the best method of fastening up a fore-leg4 that the employment of the small loop may be dispensed with1 and the leg-strap passed through the surcingle1 or girth4 ,this method of suspending the leg is most useful1 when gentling the fore-limb1 and when shoeing a 8difficult0 animal2 as the foot can be retained at any convenient height from the ground without irritating the horse1 and1 consequently1 without inciting him to 8fight40 ,i have learned1 on more than one occasion1 by bitter experience1 that it is possible for a horse to effectually cow-kick with the hind-leg of the side on which a fore-leg is tied up4 ,a stirrup leather1 with two or three holes punched at convenient distances1 will make a capital leg-strap 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,it has the advantage of having1 at the back of the buckle1 no leather keeper1 which is always liable to give way1 by reason of the strain exerted on it4 ,for suspending a fore-leg1 we need punch no extra holes in the leather1 if we take1 as before ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,a stirrup-leather as used for holding up a fore-leg4 described1 a few turns with it round the pastern1 before passing its end through the lower part of the buckle4 ,this way would naturally take a few seconds longer than if the holes were punched at proper distances1 and1 consequently1 is not as applicable as the other1 to horses that are extremely difficult to handle4 ,blindfolding a ,horse4--,after the animal has been secured in the manner described1 or after he has been simply haltered1 a further step in the process of rendering him helpless may be taken1 by throwing a rug1 or other convenient cloth1 over his head1 and then applying the rope-twitch 7see page #aac74 ,if he be dangerous to approach1 the rug may be placed on the end of a long pole1 and then brought over his head1 or a blindfolding halter may be put on1 now1 or in the first instance4 ,the originating idea of this appliance is1 ,i believe1 of ,french origin4 ,it consists of an ordinary halter1 with a cloth filling up the space between the cheek-pieces1 brow-band1 and nose-band2 so as to cover the horse's eyes4 ,blindfolding is an efficient means of control with the majority of horses1 although it excites some to offer more vigorous resistance than they would otherwise do4 ,i have never found a horse that would1 when blindfolded1 attempt to kick1 or strike out1 on the chance of hitting his man1 unless he was touched about the limbs or body2 nor bite1 whether touched or not1 under similar circumstances4 ,i1 therefore1 think that the breaker runs no risk whatsoever in going up to the animal's head1 when it is1 thus1 temporarily deprived of sight1 no matter how vicious it may be4 ,applying the halter-twitch4--,at this stage of the proceedings1 the breaker may apply a modification of ,pratt's twitch1 by making a half hitch with the free part of the rope of the halter1 passing the loop over the ears 7see ,fig4 #ag71 bringing the lower part of the loop under the animal's upper lip1 and then pulling it taut 7see ,fig4 #ah74 ,he may jerk the rope 7leading rein7 three or four times1 accompanying the action on each occasion with the word 8steady40 ,i may ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,the halter-twitch4 mention that the part of the rope which passes under the upper lip1 should be kept slack1 except ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 when the jerk is given1 and that any other suitable word may be substituted for that of 8steady40 ,it is now perfectly safe to remove the blindfolding apparatus2 as no horse will attempt any aggressive movement towards the man who holds the leading rein1 when thus secured4 ,the rope may be jerked and the word 8steady0 used1 as may be required4 ,the pain inflicted by the application of this twitch1 is a necessary evil1 which may well be disregarded2 for its amount is trifling in comparison with the extent of control obtained by its means4 ,if employed carefully1 no mark need be left on the mucous membrane4 ,the proper use of this twitch is thoroughly rational1 for it keeps the horse quiet by its deterrent effect1 and not by retaining the horse in a continued state of suffering1 as is done by the ordinary twitch4 ,the word 8steady10 or any convenient substitute for it1 should never be omitted2 for1 after the animal has learned1 as he will do in a minute or two1 to connect it with the idea of pain1 the twitch may be removed1 and the word alone used1 in order to keep him in subjection4 ,in this experiment1 it is evident that the horse fears the word1 and not the twitch2 for1 no matter how often the rope is put on1 he will not resent its application more than he did on the first occasion4 ,the oftener1 on the contrary1 the ordinary twitch is employed1 the shyer will the animal become of having his muzzle touched4 ,the chief advantages of the rope-twitch over the common one1 are3 that it can be easier procured and applied2 it does not inflict so much pain1 which1 with it1 is momentary1 and not continuous1 as with the other2 it is more effective2 it is not so liable to slip off2 it can be retained in position for any reasonable length of time1 to be used as required2 it has a more or less permanently good effect on the horse's temper1 and not a bad one1 like the other2 and it does not make the horse shy of having his mouth touched4 ,the fact of numbers of horses being rendered difficult to bridle1 by the employment of the ordinary twitch1 will1 naturally1 occur to the reader4 ,the general substitution of this twitch for the ordinary one1 by veterinary surgeons1 would certainly remove a grave reproach against us which now exists4 ,it is1 of course1 used by them1 only1 faute de mieux4 ,if1 when the ordinary twitch is twisted up tight1 its stick be struck or jerked1 as some do1 on the animal moving1 it will doubtless have a deterrent effect1 as well as the one produced by the brutal and needless infliction of continued pain4 ,the rope-twitch4--,everything ,i have said in the preceding paragraphs1 respecting the halter-twitch1 applies equally well to its original form1 as described in ,mr4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt's book1 #8,the ,horse's ,friend1' which was published at ,buffalo in #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,frasier1 who was ,pratt's assistant for some years1 in ,america1 tells me1 that this twitch was not invented by ,pratt1 long before whose time it was in use4 ,he thinks that it was1 probably1 the idea of the 8horse-tamer10 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,pratt's rope-twitch1 first portion4 ,fanchion1 who practised his art many years ago in the ,states4 ,pratt calls it 8the double-hitch ,bonaparte bridle40 ,it is made as follows3 ,take a rope1 and make a simple knot with it at one end1 at a distance of about eighteen inches from which make another knot loosely1 and pass the ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,pratt's twitch completed4 first knot through the second1 so as to form a loop which will not draw tight4 ,make a halter by taking a turn of the rope through the fixed loop 7see ,fig4 #ai74 ,place the halter over the horse's head1 and the loop in his mouth4 ,make a half hitch with the free part of the rope1 pass it over the horse's head and under his upper lip1 and draw moderately tight 7see ,figs4 #bj and #ba74 ,by making the fixed loop long1 one can obtain more power than with the halter-twitch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,pratt's twitch on horse's head1 and tightened at word 8steady40 ,if an ordinary head-stall or snaffle-bridle is on1 the twitch may be applied by knotting the end of the rope to one of the ,d's on the cheek-pieces of the former1 or to one of the rings of the latter1 and passing the half hitch over the ears and under the upper lip1 as before described4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,head-stall twitch on horse4 ,if there be much difficulty in applying the rope-twitch1 the horse may be tied head and tail 7see page #aig71 and it can then be put on without trouble2 the animal being1 of course1 released1 immediately after this is done4 ,head-stall twitch4--,fig4 #bb will explain this ready and effective method of applying the twitch4 ,the rope is passed through the upper ring of the cheek-piece of the head-stall1 and is tied on to the lower ring4 ,the turn over the ears and under the upper lip is1 then1 taken1 with the portion of rope which1 after being drawn out1 is included between the two rings4 ,the bridle-twitch4--,this is a useful and ready means for making the horse stand quiet after he is bridled1 and is applied by passing one of the snaffle-reins under the upper lip1 and drawing it tight to the opposite side 7see ,figs4 #bc and #bd74 ,i was shewn this twitch by ,mr4 ,esa1 of the firm of ,shaikh ,ibrahim ,co41 ,poona4 ,the strait-jacket4--,for ,english readers1 ,i ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,the bridle-twitch1 front and near-side view4 venture to apply this term to the hippo lasso of ,,mm4 ,raabe and ,lunel4 ,it consists of a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,the bridle-twitch1 off-side view4 breachen and breast-band1 supported by straps passing over the back1 and connected by traces1 which proceed from the breachen1 through ,d's1 with rollers on them1 at the end of the breast-band1 back again through similar ,d's on the breachen1 and then forward2 to become finally attached to buckles on the sides of the breast-band 7see ,fig4 #be74 ,a strap and buckle1 laid along the top of the back1 connects the two back straps together4 ,a felt guard may be used with the supporting strap of the breast-band1 so as to prevent it hurting the back4 ,the breachen should be lined with felt4 ,the back straps should be made of strong stirrup leather4 ,the traces should be particularly strong1 close to the breachen4 ,the breachen and breast-band should be provided1 at their respective centres1 with a ,d1 to which ropes may be attached1 in order to keep the animal steady1 before and behind4 ,this gear may be applied in the following way3 ,if the horse is quiet1 the breast-band and breachen may be put on separately1 with the back straps supporting them1 and may be ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,the strait-jacket4 connected together by the strap on the top of the ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,horse with strait-jacket on4 back1 and by the traces on each side4 ,the breast-band should rest high up against the fore-arms1 and the breachen behind1 and a little below the level of the stifles 7see ,fig4 #bf74 ,if the animal is dangerous to handle1 only1 behind2 the breast-band may be put on1 and the breachen attached to it1 in the manner just described1 but without putting it over the quarters4 ,a rope can now be fixed to the ,d in the centre of the breachen1 which1 by the aid of the rope1 can be pulled over the croup into its proper position1 by an assistant from behind4 ,before doing this1 the traces should be let out1 to be pulled tight1 the moment the breachen slips over the tail4 ,in this and other cases of difficulty1 ropes may be attached to the ends of the traces1 so that the assistants who hold them1 need run no risk of getting kicked4 ,when the horse strikes out1 as well as kicks1 the different parts of the strait-jacket may be connected together1 with the exception of1 say1 the near trace1 the end of which may be held by an assistant1 while another helper holds a rope attached to the ,d which is on the near side of the breast-band4 ,the loop formed by the breast-band and its back strap is1 now1 passed over the horse's neck1 the end of the near trace passed through the near side ,d of the breast-band1 and the remaining fixings accomplished4 ,or1 if the animal be not very violent1 the gear may be connected together2 the loop made by the breast-band and its back strap1 passed over the head and neck2 and the breachen pulled over the croup by a rope4 ,if the precaution of putting on the rope-twitch be taken1 no difficulty need be experienced in subsequently applying the strait-jacket4 ,lifting up a hind-leg4--,the two methods to which ,i need direct my readers' attention1 for performing this operation1 are as follows3 #a4 ,if the operator has two assistants--one to ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,picking up a hind-leg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,first step in picking up a hind-leg without the assistance of a helper4 hold the horse1 the other to hold up1 say1 the near fore-leg--he may get alongside the animal's near hind2 catch the tendo ,achillis 7the hamstring7 with the left hand1 and the pastern1 backhanded1 with the right hand2 give a signal to the assistant to let go the near fore2 then lift the leg1 and place it resting on his left thigh 7see ,fig4 #bg74 ,if he has no one to hold up the near fore1 he may 8pick it up0 in the way previously described2 grasp the hoof with the right hand1 while facing to the horse's rear 7see ,fig4 #bh72 take a step forward with the left foot2 catch the hamstring with the left hand 7see ,fig4 #bi72 let go the near fore1 and1 at the same moment1 seize the pastern1 backhanded1 with the right hand2 and place1 as before1 the animal's leg on the left thigh4 ,this method1 which1 ,i believe1 ,i have been the first to devise1 ensures almost complete immunity from danger4 ,as long as one has hold of the fore-hoof with the hand1 one can get forward1 out of danger1 if the horse tries to kick4 ,the grasp of the left hand deprives the hind-leg of the greater part of its action1 and the hind pastern is caught so quickly after1 even if not before1 the near fore reaches the ground1 that the animal has not time to make a deliberately offensive movement4 ,by catching the pastern in the way described1 we aid in preventing the animal from cow-kicking1 to do which1 he must bend his hock2 for the muscle which flexes the foot extends the hock4 ,were we to catch the canon bone1 instead of the pastern1 we should1 besides losing this advantage1 have less ability to act on the lever formed by the bones below the hock1 by reason of our shifting the point of application of the 8power10 closer to the fulcrum 7the head of the tibia74 ,the irritation caused by the grasp of the hand on the hamstring--which is composed of two tendons--stimulates their muscles to contract1 and1 thus1 to keep the hock extended4 ,in this operation1 we should follow the principles1 already laid down1 of removing the cause of any pain or irritation1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,second step in picking up a hind leg without the assistance of a helper4 inflicted by us on the horse1 the moment he yields to our wishes4 ,i need hardly say1 that if the horse overpowers the grip of our hands on his hind-leg1 and kicks out behind1 he can do us no harm1 for we are then in front of his hind-leg4 ,if the animal will not submit1 we should apply the rope-twitch 7see page #aac72 and1 by its aid1 and a little 8gentling10 proceed as before described4 #b4 ,in order to 8gentle0 the hind limb1 or to take it up and let it down at will1 while maintaining complete control over it1 we may proceed as follows3 ,put on1 say1 the near hind pastern1 a hobble with a ,d attached to it4 ,take a strong cord about #bj ft4 long1 and tie with it a 8double sheet bend0 7see ,fig4 #cj7 to the end of the tail1 in the middle of the cord4 ,pass one end through the ,d to the near side1 the other end through it to the off side1 and give the respective ends to an assistant on each side to hold 7see ,fig4 #ca74 ,these men should stand at right angles to the horse1 and can lift the leg by ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,shewing how to fasten a rope to the end of horse's tail with a 8double sheet bend40 pulling equally on their respective cords4 ,in this manner1 the leg will be brought straight up under ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,hind hoof held up by two assistants with rope from tail4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,leg pulled back with one rope1 a method which should be avoided2 as it throws the horse off his balance4 the body1 so as not to throw the animal off his balance4 ,the fact of thus keeping the joints of the leg flexed will obviate any chance of his straining himself while struggling1 which he might do by the old method of using only one cord1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,mode of fastening a rope to a short tail4 which will necessitate the leg being pulled back1 and will1 consequently1 disturb the animal's equilibrium ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 7see ,fig4 #cb74 ,by the other and better method1 which was taught me by ,colonel ,w4 ,gatacre1 the foot may be lifted up1 and put down again1 without causing the animal any inconvenience4 ,it is a most valuable means for 8gentling0 the hind limb2 for its action is irresistible1 and1 at the same time1 causes no irritation4 ,if the horse's tail is too short to make a knot in its hair1 we may pass a loop made in the middle of a doubled cord over the dock1 and further secure it by a half hitch 7,figs4 #cc and #cd74 ,i have devised the following method for improvising a hobble for lifting up a hind-leg1 which1 ,i think1 will be found useful4 ,place a stirrup iron1 foot part pointing to the rear1 at the back of the hind pastern2 take a few turns1 with the stirrup-leather1 round the pastern and iron1 and buckle up 7,fig4 #ce74 ,gagging a ,horse4--,this is useful for preventing the animal using his teeth aggressively1 and1 also1 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,improvised hobble made with a stirrup iron4 for breaking him of this objectionable habit4 ,the ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,wooden gag4 one ,i use is made out of a block of hard wood1 #e inches long and #b inches square1 which is made octagonal by planing off the corners4 ,lately1 ,i have had this gag made with a semicircular groove1 about a third of an inch broad1 running down the centre of each face of the octagonal1 in order to make it more 8punishing40 ,a hole is bored1 down the centre1 for a chain which is attached to the head-stall4 ,i use leather guards on each side to prevent the animal from getting the gag out of his mouth 7see ,fig4 #cf74 ,this is a modification of ,rarey's wooden mouthing bit1 which was a round block of wood4 ,general ,peat suggested to me the advisability of having the gag made with sharp edges1 and not round2 so as to teach the horse1 by the pain inflicted on his gums1 not to bite4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,rendering ,,horses ,,docile4 ,the crupper leading rein--,gentling the horse--,throwing the horse with the strait-jacket--,making the horse lie down by means of the cord--,keeping the horse in a constrained position on the ground4 ,in this chapter1 we need consider only quick methods of removing a horse's nervousness1 and proving to him that he need have no fear of us1 or of his other surroundings2 for the ordinary ways of accustoming him to the presence of man1 are too self-evident to need any special mention here4 ,the breaker1 however1 should remember that1 by adopting a system of 8gentling10 which requires several days1 if not weeks1 for its completion1 he runs the risk of allowing the horse to find out his own power of resistance--a species of knowledge which our rapid style of breaking never permits him to acquire4 ,if the animal sulks1 or exhibits deliberate impatience of control1 he should be conquered1 then and there1 as ,i have mentioned on page #aa4 ,the crupper leading-rein4--,whichever style of breaking be adopted1 the first step that ,i would advise1 is to accustom the horse to the 8crupper leading-rein10 which can be readily made by taking a long rope1 doubling it1 making a loop in the middle by knotting it1 and passing the loop under the horse's tail1 and the ends of the rope through the halter1 or rings of the snaffle 7see ,fig4 #cg74 ,by using this leading-rein in preference to one attached to the head-stall or halter1 the animal will never attempt to 8hang on0 the leading-rein1 as he will often do with the other1 and1 when led1 instead of 8going on his fore-hand10 will move1 as he ought to do1 8collectedly10 on ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 account of the pressure of the rope making him 8bring his hind-quarters well under him40 ,i do not know who invented this form of crupper1 which was known to ,fanchion1 ,magner1 ,pratt1 ,rockwell1 and all the other ,american 8horse-tamers40 ,gentling the ,horse4--,having put on this crupper leading-rein1 the horse may be gentled all over with a long pole4 ,we may1 then1 lift up his fore and hind legs1 successively1 and handle him all over4 ,every display of confidence on his part should be rewarded by encouraging words1 patting1 and1 if procurable1 a piece of carrot1 or1 if he will eat it1 a bit of bread1 or lump of sugar4 ,if we have got a strait-jacket at hand1 we may use it with advantage1 in the event of his proving very nervous4 ,if the horse shews fight1 we may employ the gag and rope-twitch1 invariably using1 with the latter1 the word 8steady10 and discontinuing the application of the rope as soon as the animal obeys the word4 ,throwing the ,horse with the strait-jacket4--,if we want to produce a stronger1 or different effect1 we may make the horse lie down by means of the strait-jacket4 ,to do this1 one assistant should stand at his head1 another should hold a rope attached to his tail1 so that he may not throw himself forward on to his mouth2 while an assistant at each of the traces should pull them tight1 and thus bring him down4 ,as soon as he is on the ground1 he should be gentled and handled1 all over1 for a few minutes4 ,the process may be repeated1 or lengthened1 as may be required4 ,if1 say1 the off-trace be tightened up and buckled1 the aid of the assistant1 who would otherwise have held this trace1 may be dispensed with4 ,this method of throwing the horse is the gentlest in its action of any ,i have ever seen4 ,if the appliances and help be at hand1 and the breaker be not pressed for time1 ,i would recommend that this method of throwing should be always used1 as a preliminary to that of making a horse lie down by pulling his head round1 which ,i shall presently describe2 so as to take some of the 8fight0 out of him1 and to prevent him1 as much as possible1 from 8knocking himself about40 ,making the ,horse lie down by means of the cord4--,if the horse refuses to give in1 we may make him lie down in the following manner1 which ,professor ,sample informs me was invented by the ,american 8horse-tamer10 ,hamilton4 ,it is a modified and greatly improved form of ,rarey's method4 ,place on the horse1 a surcingle which has three rings on its pad1 and attach a crupper to the rearmost ring4 ,tie a rope to the tail for an assistant to hold2 so as to be able to pull the horse over1 on the proper side1 if he appears likely to fall the wrong way4 ,put on the horse's head1 a leather head-stall1 having a circular ,d on one side1 or attach an iron ring to the ,d1 so that the cord which has to be employed1 may run smoothly through it4 ,fix a strong cord to the middle ring on the pad2 pass it through the ring on the side of the head-stall1 and back through the front ring on the pad4 ,put kneecaps on1 and suspend to the surcingle the fore-leg of the side1 away from which the head will be turned 7see ,fig4 #ch74 ,the buckle of the leg-strap should be put on the inside1 so that when the horse lies on his off side1 there may be no difficulty in undoing the strap1 in order to let him up4 ,then1 all being ready1 take the end of the cord1 draw the head round1 say1 to the near side1 bring the cord across the base of the neck1 and pull on it from the off side1 until the animal yields1 and rolls over on to that side4 ,when the horse goes down1 comparatively1 easily1 the free part of the cord may be drawn over his back1 as in ,fig4 #ch1 and not under his neck4 ,no attempt should be made to throw him forcibly down2 for the effect we should aim at is that produced by his 8giving in0 to power which he finds irresistible4 ,hence1 the more he fights1 and ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,throwing a horse by means of pulling his head round with a rope4 pits the strength of his muscles against the action of our mechanical appliances1 the better will be the result4 ,if the horse appears likely to fall on his near side1 the assistant who holds the rope should pull him over on to his off side2 for1 if he fell on the near side1 he would be in the awkward position of having his neck doubled under him4 ,the horse may now be kept1 say ten minutes1 on the ground1 with his head pulled round to his side 7see ,fig4 #ch71 and 8gentled40 ,when 8gentling0 the horse on the ground1 the breaker should remain at his back1 so as to keep out of reach of his heels4 ,having carefully attached a rope-noose to the off hind pastern1 the breaker may pull that hind limb toward himself1 and gentle it4 ,i need hardly say that it is quite immaterial to which side the horse's head is drawn1 provided that1 in either case1 the opposite leg be tied up4 ,keeping a horse in a constrained position on the ground4--,if the animal goes down without a struggle1 and sulks on the ground1 he should be forced to 8shew fight0 by keeping him in the constrained position depicted in ,fig4 #ci1 until he has got rid of the most of his 8temper0 by ineffectual struggling4 ,when a horse begins to groan1 and to considerably moderate the violence of his struggles1 we may feel confident that 8the sulk0 has been taken out of him1 more or less1 and that he is fit to be allowed to get on to his feet again4 ,if an error happens to be made with respect to the amount of the effect produced1 it should be on the side of leniency1 rather than on that of severity2 for the operation can be always repeated1 and more time given on the next occasion1 without running any risk of unduly cowing the animal4 ,whatever punishment we employ1 should never be pushed beyond the point necessary to gain our required object1 which1 in this case1 is the attainment of authority over the horse4 ,my own practice is1 with animals that are ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,horse with his head pulled round when thrown4 simply impatient of control1 to produce the desired effect by making them lie down several times2 and1 with stubborn ones1 by keeping them down1 with their heads pulled round4 ,the latter method might alone be employed1 if the ground be hard or slippery1 or if the horse's fore-legs be liable to become sprained4 ,in such cases1 both the strait-jacket and throwing gear might be put on the horse1 who might be made to lie down with the former1 and have his head pulled round by the latter2 after doing which1 the strait-jacket could be taken off1 so as to give the animal entire liberty to kick as much as he pleased4 ,we might use a body-piece on the horse to save the point of his hip that is on the ground1 from getting rubbed4 ,i cannot impress my readers too much with the value1 for overcoming stubbornness1 of the foregoing method1 which1 ,i believe1 ,i have been the first to use4 ,this throwing gear is exactly similar in its action to that described in ,pratt's book1 although differing from it in its construction4 ,pratt used to employ a rope which was looped round the neck and passed through the mouth1 for pulling round the head4 ,he also had a single rope to form both surcingle and crupper4 ,the chief objection to ,pratt's method1 as far as ,i can see1 was1 that the ropes passing through the mouth and under the tail were apt to hurt those parts4 ,the employment of the tail-rope is an improvement which ,i have devised1 and which ,i have found most useful4 ,as the surcingle has to be girthed up tight1 ,i like to use a felt saddle-cloth1 or numdah1 under it1 to prevent it slipping forward2 in which case1 it might squeeze the withers1 or the crupper might rub the root of the tail4 ,in order to make a horse 8give in0 to the required degree1 after he submits to lie down readily with one leg tied up1 ,i like to continue the process with both fore-legs free1 until he goes down without any trouble4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,best method of keeping a horse on the ground that has fallen in harness4 ,the process of obtaining control over the horse1 as a rule1 had best be completed in one lesson1 which can be repeated as may be required4 ,we may utilise the knowledge that a horse cannot get up off the ground1 when his head is pulled round1 for keeping him down--for instance1 when he has fallen in harness--by holding his head in an upward and backward direction1 while keeping his neck bent by aid of the pressure of the knee 7see ,fig4 #dj74 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,giving ,,horses ,,good ,,mouths4 ,mouthing gear--,bridling and saddling a horse for the first time--,mouthing on foot4 ,mouthing gear4--,the gear ,i use for giving a horse a good mouth--in other words1 for teaching him to obey the indications of the rein and leg--consists of a bridle with a heavy1 smooth snaffle1 which has leather guards on each side2 a standing martingale2 long reins2 a driving pad1 or cross-trees which prevent the reins going over the horse's back1 and which is kept in place by a crupper and rein-bearers hanging down on each side of the quarters 7see ,figs4 #da and #db74 ,the standing martingale is attached to the ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,horse with driving gear on4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,horse with driving pad on1 new model4 rings of the snaffle and to the girth of the driving pad1 and is lengthened out1 as much as is compatible with its preventing the animal from getting the snaffle off the bars of his lower jaw1 and on to the corners of his mouth 7see page #gj and ,fig4 #c74 ,the reins are #bb ft4 long1 are made of #a inch 8circular0 webbing2 they pass through the rein-bearers1 and buckle on to the rings of the snaffle4 ,the reins are separate from each other2 so that1 if the horse tries to bolt away when being driven on foot1 he can always be pulled round and held fast1 by letting go one rein and holding the other tight4 ,the rein-bearers are made about #c ft4 #f in4 long on each side for a horse about #aeb high1 and can be taken up or let out as may be necessary4 ,bridling and saddling a ,horse for the first time4--,these operations may be accomplished with great ease1 by means of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 and1 if necessary1 by tying up one fore-leg2 especially1 if the animal has been rendered quiet in the manner described in ,chapter ,,iii4 ,mouthing on foot4--,after making the horse sufficiently steady to pay attention to the instruction about to be given--if this has not already been done--the breaker1 while remaining on foot1 should take the reins in his hands1 and1 by gently 8feeling the mouth10 8clucking0 to him1 and1 at times1 cracking the whip1 should get him to circle round him1 to the left1 for instance4 ,if the animal resents the outward rein touching his quarters1 the driver should1 at first1 work with this rein on the driving pad or cross-trees1 as in ,fig4 #da1 and then1 as the horse gradually learns to bear the pressure without flinching1 he should bring it down1 as in ,fig4 #dd4 ,by the aid of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 to be used by an assistant as may be necessary1 it is very easy to overcome any resentment the horse may evince to the rein coming against his hind-legs4 ,we need not1 except1 perhaps1 in very rare cases1 employ this form of punishment here2 for the horse1 on finding that the rein does not hurt him1 will quickly cease from manifesting irritation at its presence4 ,the employment of pressure with the outward rein will teach the horse the use of support from the rider's outward leg4 ,when we have got the animal to circle quietly to the left for a few times1 we should turn him to the right with the right rein1 acting on his mouth and quarters1 so as to teach him1 on feeling the indication of the rein on his mouth and side1 to turn his quarters1 as well as his head and neck 7see page #ef74 ,he should now be circled to the right on the same principle4 ,after he has learned to do his circles readily and collectedly1 with the reins hanging down1 he should be made to perform them with the outward rein on the driving pad2 so as to accustom him to the feel of the rein in the position it would occupy1 when he is being ridden1 or driven in harness4 ,if he refuses to turn when the rein is on the pad1 a cut or two with the whip will soon teach him to come round quickly4 ,when he is perfect in circling and turning at the trot1 we should teach him to rein back1 taking care to ease the reins and allow him to 8collect0 himself1 after each step he takes to the rear4 ,when turning1 stopping1 restraining1 or reining back the horse1 our pull on the reins--to use ,mr4 ,john ,hubert ,moore's expression--should resemble that which we would employ in drawing a cork out of a bottle1 it being free from any snatch or jerk4 ,while circling the horse1 the breaker should stand to the side and a little to the rear of the animal 7see ,fig4 #dc74 ,this mouthing on foot should1 ,i think1 be confined almost entirely to circling1 with1 of course1 frequent changes1 and occasional reining back1 and should be continued until the required softness of mouth and suppleness of neck are attained4 ,if the animal be found to be 8harder0 on one side of the mouth1 than on the other1 he should be worked more on the former1 than on the latter2 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,bird's-eye view of position of driver4 until he goes equally well on both4 ,the reader need only see this method of driving on foot practically demonstrated1 to recognise its immense utility1 and to acknowledge the fact that it entirely does away with any necessity for the objectionable process of lunging 7see page #fd74 ,american horse-tamers use the long reins1 without the standing martingale or driving pad1 and pass them through rings on a specially prepared surcingle1 through the shaft tugs of ordinary single harness1 or through the irons of stirrup leathers4 ,men who try to mouth horses in this manner1 are apt to fail to teach their pupils to bend their necks to the rein1 and1 at the same time1 to go up to the bridle2 for the animal thus instructed1 will always be liable to resist the action of the mouth-piece by chucking up his head and getting the mouth-piece off the bars1 and on to the corners of the mouth4 ,in breaking for harness1 and1 especially1 for fast trotting on level ground1 the necessity for teaching the horse to bend his neck1 to get his hind-quarters under him1 and to moderate his speed in response to a pull on the reins1 is not nearly so imperative1 as in educating the charger1 hunter and steeple-chaser1 who must have always a 8spare leg10 ready for any emergency4 ,the principle of the specially constructed driving pad and cross-trees1 is an idea of my own1 which ,i have found of great use4 ,by its employment1 we have no need of the bearing reins1 which some of the old ,irish breakers were accustomed to use2 for1 if the horse holds his head too low down1 it can be easily got up into its proper position when circling the animal1 by 8playing0 with the outward rein1 which1 in this case1 should rest on the driving pad4 ,i cannot approve of rendering the neck rigid by the combined employment of martingale and bearing reins4 ,with respect to the objections to the use of the last-mentioned appliance1 see page #ee4 ,with skittish animals that jump about much when being mouthed1 and with horses that rear1 the standing martingale is of great service in preventing the rein getting over the back1 and in giving the breaker command over these refractory subjects4 ,besides this1 ,i find that the presence of the driving pad and rein-bearers is of great use in allowing me to shift the rein up and down as ,i like4 ,the breaker should avoid driving the horse on foot1 straight in front of him1 more than he can help2 for1 if he does so1 he can hardly escape1 at times1 from keeping a 8dead pull0 on the animal's mouth4 ,the objectionable practice of driving 8youngsters0 on foot for miles along a road1 as may be seen in full operation at ,newmarket and other training resorts1 is the fruitful cause of the dead mouths and habit of boring possessed by many race-horses4 ,the young animal1 to relieve the bars of his mouth of the constant pressure of the mouth-piece1 naturally1 gets his chin into his chest1 in order to transfer a portion of the pull on to the crown of his head4 ,instead of acting in this fashion1 the breaker1 if he wants to take his pupil for a walk on foot1 might1 after having mouthed him in the manner ,i have described1 put on the leading-rein crupper 7see page #adh71 and lead him where he wished1 without incurring any risk of spoiling his mouth4 ,the whole of this mouthing on foot1 might be taught the horse in one lesson of1 say1 an hour's duration4 ,with a young animal that had never been bridled before1 the instruction might be spread over two days1 a couple of lessons of half-an-hour's duration each1 being given on each day4 ,in point of fact1 one or two lessons will1 in almost all cases1 be sufficient to teach the horse to obey the indications of the rein properly4 ,after that1 he will require only a few days' careful riding and bending to make his mouth perfect4 ,if the animal prove headstrong or sulky1 he should be brought under control1 in the manner described in the preceding chapter4 ,the method of mouthing which ,i have described1 is as applicable to 8spoiled0 horses1 as it is to animals that have never been handled4 ,to my thinking1 one great beauty in it--apart from its immense advantage of never giving the animal the chance of getting the upper hand1 which he might easily do1 were the rider in the saddle--is1 that the breaker who employs it1 can tell at any moment how his pupil is progressing1 by his touch on the reins1 and can1 accordingly1 with well-grounded confidence1 use his own judgment in regulating the amount of instruction4 ,the man1 however1 who trusts to tying the horse up with side-or pillar-reins to the breaking snaffle1 in order to get his mouth soft1 must necessarily work1 more or less1 in the dark1 and by rule of thumb4 ,instead of tying a horse up in a fixed position1 and thereby cramping the action of his muscles1 we retain them supple and ready to respond to our slightest touch1 by keeping them in a constant state of change1 from contraction to relaxation1 without1 however1 inducing fatigue1 the effect of which1 on the nerves1 is to cause the muscles to work in a slow and ill-regulated manner4 ,after having broken the horse thoroughly to the snaffle1 we may1 if required for special work1 break him1 in the same manner1 to the curb1 the principles of which ,i have described in my book on ,riding on the ,flat and ,across ,country4 ,when one is unprovided with a driving pad made after my pattern1 one may use1 as a makeshift1 a saddle1 through the stirrup-irons of which one may pass the reins 7see ,fig4 #dd72 not forgetting the standing martingale1 a substitute for which may be readily made by connecting the rings of the snaffle to the rings of a running martingale1 by a loop of leather1 or cord4 ,colonel ,wardrop1 who commands the #abth ,lancers1 shewed me a method he practises1 of driving horses over jumps with long ropes which pass ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,driving on foot4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 through the stirrup-irons and rings of the snaffle1 and are fixed on tightly to the girths and stirrup-irons1 on their respective sides 7see ,fig4 #de74 ,this excellent authority on the art of training horses to safely negotiate the difficult lines of country met with in ,ireland1 tells me that he has found this method of great use for teaching horses to 8gather themselves together0 in proper style1 when coming up to the big banks and ditches that may be seen to perfection in the counties of ,kildare and ,tipperary4 ,for reasons which ,i have fully explained in this book1 ,i would advise that the horse should1 at first1 be thoroughly taught to obey the indications of the rein in the manner ,i have described4 ,after that1 ,colonel ,wardrop's plan might be useful for giving the horse a few practical lessons over the obstacles in question4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,teaching ,,horses ,,to ,,jump4 ,before this instruction is commenced1 the horse ought to be got under control1 and thoroughly well mouthed4 ,we may begin to teach him to jump in an enclosure1 similar to that described on page #gg3 first of all1 making him circle and turn with the long reins on foot1 at a smart trot4 ,a rounded log of wood1 not less than #ae feet in length1 and #aj inches or more in diameter1 may then be placed across the horse's track1 which should have been made soft4 ,if the animal shews a little reluctance to face the obstacle1 we may 8work0 him up to it with the reins1 keeping him straight by the pressure of the outward rein against his quarter1 as he turns from one side to the other1 and stimulating him with the voice and sound of the whip4 ,if he persists in refusing1 we should put on the crupper leading-rein 7see page #adh71 and after running him about1 and pulling him from side to side by it1 a few times1 in order to make him understand its use1 we should try to lead him over in this manner4 ,or1 having given it to an assistant to go on in front1 we may give him another trial with the long reins4 ,in this1 as in all other breaking operations with the horse1 we should exercise great patience1 and should renew our efforts again and again if we do not at first succeed4 ,if the animal 8shews fight10 ,i would advise that the whip should be put aside altogether2 for the moment1 according to my experience1 its cut1 or even crack1 fails to prompt him to go on1 it will incite him to offer increased resistance4 ,instead of its effect1 we should employ that of the long reins1 in circling him1 turning him sharply and backing him1 until he gives in1 or until we are forced to employ stronger means4 ,mr4 ,john ,hubert ,moore1 who taught me this admirable method for curing this and other forms of jibbing1 considers that its great efficacy is due to the punishment inflicted on the animal's mouth and hocks4 ,professor ,sample1 however1 holds that it is owing to the fact of the animal imagining that he has no power to resist the command to go forward1 after having been forced to turn as the breaker wished4 ,i may observe that it is not the act of turning a jibber to the right and to the left which will overcome his sulkiness1 but its continued repetition2 and that the sharper this is done the better will be the effect4 ,hence1 ,i am inclined to think that the punishment theory is the right one4 ,the horse seems1 as with the rope-twitch 7see page #aaa71 to fail to connect the idea of pain1 in this case1 with the man who inflicts it1 as he undoubtedly does1 when whipped1 or spurred2 and1 probably1 on that account1 yields the more readily to its influence4 ,if the animal prove thoroughly stubborn1 and time be of consequence1 he should be made to lie down1 and held with his head turned round 7see page #aeh71 until he appears to 8give in40 ,the driving gear should be again put on1 and another trial given4 ,this process may have to be repeated4 ,such strong measures will hardly ever be necessary1 if we commence with the fence low enough4 ,when putting the animal through the course of the discipline which ,i have described1 for overcoming stubbornness by the use of the long reins1 ,i have found that the good effect has been greatly increased1 by utilising the action of the outward rein on the pad4 ,the log may be gradually raised to a height of three feet1 which will be sufficient for the first lesson1 and the horse made to jump freely1 when circling to the right1 as well as to the left4 ,a second fence may be made on the other side of the enclosure1 opposite to the first one4 ,when the horse has learned to jump with the outward rein low down1 he should be taught to do so with it resting on the pad2 as it will then be1 more or less1 in the position it will occupy1 when held by the rider4 ,by teaching a horse in an enclosure1 he will be free from outside disturbing influences1 and1 having become accustomed to go round the track1 will the more readily jump any obstacle placed across it4 ,by this method1 horses may quickly learn to jump1 and not alone to clear the obstacle1 but also to negotiate it in the exact style they are required to do1 when a man is on their back4 ,the more horses are practised in this manner1 the more they appear to like jumping1 and very rarely exhibit1 as they will do with a rider1 any dislike to the work1 from numerous repetitions1 backwards and forwards1 over the same fence4 ,the old plan of teaching a horse to jump by leading him over fences with a cavesson and one or two leading-reins1 is an abomination that no horseman should perpetrate2 for its tendency is to make the animal jump in the very way he ought not to do1 namely1 with the weight on the fore-hand1 and not on the hind-quarters4 ,besides this1 horses are very apt to resist any forward pull on either cavesson or head-stall4 ,the action of the crupper leading-rein1 on the contrary1 while leaving the head entirely free1 is to make the horse get his hind-legs well under him1 as we may see by the way he throws up his hind-quarters1 when being led by it over a fence4 ,we all have1 of course1 heard the well-founded objection to the use of the cavesson and leading-rein for teaching horses to jump1 that it makes them slow to 8get away0 on landing over a fence2 a fault1 no doubt1 caused by the habit of having the weight on the fore-hand4 ,if we want a horse to jump 8big0 and 8get away0 quick1 we must 8catch a good hold of his head20 the very opposite of which is done by the cavesson method4 ,the system of turning horses loose into a small circular course1 fenced in and provided with obstacles1 and then making them jump with a long whip1 is good as far as it goes2 but neither it1 nor the lunging plan1 has any pretensions to teaching obedience to the rein when jumping1 without which a safe and clever style is unattainable4 ,by using a circular track1 the horse can be taught to jump at any pace1 and the nature of the fences1 which should never be made weak enough to 8chance10 varied as may be desired4 ,the breaker might have three circles1 each containing three jumps of different kinds2 for instance1 a post and rails1 water jump1 hurdle1 double bank1 stone wall1 hedge1 open ditch1 ditch and bank1 and bank and ditch4 ,two or three lessons of this sort will be sufficient to make the generality of horses clever enough to carry a rider in good style4 ,the horse should then be saddled2 a man or boy put up1 without giving him1 at first1 any reins to hold2 and the horse driven over the fences1 as before4 ,when the breaker finds that the animal jumps as well with the man up as he did without him1 he may take off the long reins1 put on the ordinary ones1 and hand them to the rider1 who should then take the horse over the fences as before2 the breaker using the crack of the whip1 as a stimulus1 if required4 ,the rider should not be given spurs1 unless he is a fine horseman1 and unless the horse requires them to make him more lively2 but not as a means for overcoming any reluctance he may have to jumping1 which should be accomplished in the manner ,i have laid down4 ,after the animal has learned all we can teach him in our enclosures1 he should be made over to a good rider1 to school him in the country1 and1 if possible1 with hounds4 ,i need hardly say1 that a horse should not be jumped1 if he is at all sore on his legs or feet4 ,this plan of schooling horses over a circular line of fences1 was1 in my case1 the natural outcome of the practice ,i adopted during my various tours1 of breaking horses in a square enclosure of about #bj yards side4 ,i have never seen or heard of it done by any one else1 except those ,i have taught2 although it could hardly fail to suggest itself to a person accustomed to drive horses on foot1 in a confined space1 with the object of teaching them to jump4 ,one great advantage1 among many others1 of teaching a horse to jump in the way ,i have detailed1 is1 that1 by circling and turning the animal in front of the fences1 we can cure him of all impetuosity caused by their proximity1 and1 at the same time1 make him willing to jump1 with thorough light-heartedness1 the moment he receives the indication from the rein to go straight1 and clear the obstacle4 ,we can all understand1 how valuable such training is1 for the hunter and trooper4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,mounting ,,horses ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,time4 ,having rendered the horse quiet1 given him a good mouth1 and taught him to jump1 we may next proceed to mount him in the following safe and easy manner1 which1 ,i believe1 ,i have been the first to adopt4 ,put on a snaffle bridle1 and knot the reins on the animal's neck1 so that they will not hang down4 ,place over the bridle a head-stall1 to the off-side ,d of which1 attach a short leading-rein1 and saddle the horse4 ,take a strong cord2 tie a double sheet bend in the hair of the tail with one end of it 7see ,fig4 #cj72 pass the other end through the ,d of the halter on the near side2 pull the horse's head well round1 and secure the cord by a slip knot4 ,if the animal resents his head being brought round1 tie him loosely at first1 and let him go round and round1 stopping him1 if necessary1 by catching hold of the leading-rein until he stands still4 ,when he does this1 he may be tied a little tighter1 and so on4 ,the requisite extent to which the head should be turned round1 will be attained when he is tied up just short of what would cause him to fall down1 if he were allowed to go round on his own account4 ,the outer girth should be unloosed1 passed over the cord1 and buckled again1 so as to bring the cord close to the animal's near side 7see ,fig4 #df72 or the surcingle may be placed over it4 ,having taken the leading-rein in the left hand1 we should walk the horse round and round several times1 testing him as to his amenability to discipline by stopping him by means of the leading-rein1 and then pulling him round again4 ,if he resists these actions on our part1 we may feel convinced that he is not under proper control4 ,in which case1 we may continue ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,horse prepared to be mounted for the first time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,second stage in breaking a horse for riding4 to make him revolve1 or may force him to lie down1 and hold him with his head turned round1 as described on page #aeh1 until he gives in4 ,as many horses1 especially ,australian buck-jumpers1 are very shy of being touched with the heels1 or even gripped closely with the knees1 it is well to try if the animal we have in hand is affected with this form of timidity4 ,for this object1 we may gently prod the horse with the rounded end of a pole1 in the ribs1 while an assistant takes him round with the leading-rein1 until he ceases to mind the touch of the pole4 ,a few applications of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 will also have a good effect in rendering him quiet in this respect4 ,we may now get an assistant to catch hold of the mane1 on the near side1 with his left hand1 the stirrup-iron with his right hand1 and go through the various stages of mounting1 beginning with putting his left foot in the stirrup 7see ,fig4 #dg71 catching the pommel or cantle of the saddle1 as he sees fit1 with the right hand1 and hopping round on the right foot1 while we keep the horse revolving by means of the leading-rein4 ,i may add that the ,australian rough-riders1 who are marvellously expert at getting on to a difficult horse1 place the right hand on the pommel of the saddle1 and not on the cantle1 as is the practice in other places1 and consequently place the left hand high up on the mane4 ,as a matter of course1 the assistant should not finally throw his leg over1 until the animal ceases to resist4 ,when the horse has got accustomed to the presence of the man in the saddle1 the rider may touch him with his heels1 lightly at first1 and gradually stronger1 without hurting him1 until he stands the contact unmoved4 ,when the horse has stopped trying to get free1 we may slacken off the cord a little1 take him round and round again1 and so on1 until it is safe to let him loose altogether4 ,before doing this1 we should1 as before1 test his quietness1 by stopping him with the leading-rein1 and then pulling him round again4 ,when most of the tension has been taken off the cord1 we may give the leading-rein to the rider1 to hold in his right hand1 so that he can stop the horse if necessary2 while we make the animal go round by touching him lightly with the whip4 ,after the cord has been removed1 the rider may take the reins1 and keep the animal1 at first1 going round in small circles1 and1 then1 gradually enlarging them1 until he can take the horse in any direction he likes4 ,in all my experience with numbers of horses that had1 for years1 successfully resisted the most determined efforts to mount them1 ,i have never failed to accomplish this object in one lesson1 by means of the method just described2 nor has any horse1 after ,i have removed the cord1 shewed the slightest return to unruliness4 ,the method of making the horse1 by the use of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 steady to mount1 which ,i shall describe in ,chapter ,,ix41 is specially valuable for this particular purpose2 while the head and tail plan1 by producing a powerful moral effect1 renders the animal not alone easy to mount1 but also quiet to ride4 ,as ,i have pointed out on page #ca1 we should1 in all cases1 confirm the habit of obedience by repetition4 ,i may mention that the method of tying a horse 8head and tail10 with the object of making him quiet1 has been in use for many years2 though ,i am unable to say who was its inventor4 ,if practised without my improvements of leading-rein and surcingle1 or girth1 over the cord1 it has the serious faults1 that as soon as the horse begins to revolve quickly1 the operator has1 practically1 no further control over him until he stops of his own accord1 or tumbles down 8all of a heap10 and that it is impossible to mount him safely4 ,the man1 if expert1 and if the horse has no tendency to hit out with his off-fore1 might run in and catch him by the head-stall1 if he thought that the animal was in danger of falling1 on account of going round too fast4 ,the conduct of such confidential horses1 ,i need hardly say1 is not the standard by which we should gauge the safety of any method of breaking1 which1 in order to be generally useful1 should not demand from the person who practises it1 the possession of exceptional activity1 or foolhardiness4 ,when the off-side leading-rein is on1 the breaker can1 with perfect safety1 catch it while the horse is turning round2 for1 at that time1 it swings entirely clear of the fore-limb1 and in a convenient position for the breaker to lay hold of it4 ,if a man mounts a horse tied head and tail1 with the cord unconfined by girth or surcingle1 he is placed in the uncomfortable dilemma of riding without any 8grip0 on the saddle1 by having his left leg pulled upwards and outwards by the cord1 or of having this limb imprisoned between the cord and the animal's side2 while1 in either case1 the man is in a most dangerous position1 on an animal that is revolving round and round1 with little or no control over its own movements4 ,we may see1 therefore1 that the simple head and tail method1 without the improvements ,i have described1 is not applicable for mounting purposes4 ,the plan of gaining command over a horse by tying him head and tail1 and allowing or forcing him to revolve round until he falls down1 is unworthy the consideration of educated men4 ,it is based on the wrong assumption that all ailments of temper spring from the same cause2 the supposed remedy is not under the control of the operator2 the effect is physical1 rather than moral1 and consequently is not lasting2 and the results of the violent twisting of the hocks1 and of the fall1 if the animal comes down on the side to which his head is turned1 as he often does1 are apt to injure him4 ,professor ,sample gives a thoroughly sound and rational exposition of the head and tail method1 which would well repay the attention of all horsemen who have not already seen it4 ,this ,american gentleman is unrivalled in the marvellous power he possesses of teaching1 in a wonderfully short time1 horses to perform difficult feats of obedience4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,breaking ,,horses ,,for ,,ladies' ,,riding4 ,almost any horse that is quiet for a man to ride1 will carry a lady steadily the first time the attempt is made4 ,the few special requirements to make a well-broken-in saddle horse perfect as a lady's hack1 are3 7#a7 ,that he must stand without moving when she is being put on1 or when she mounts from a chair or block4 7#b7 ,that he must not shy at the habit1 or sidle away from it4 7#c7 ,that he must 8bend0 himself more readily1 and go more 8collectedly10 than if he had to carry a man4 7#d7 ,that he must understand the touch of the whip on his off side1 as equivalent to the pressure of the right leg4 7#e7 ,and that he must learn1 always1 to 8strike off10 in the canter1 with the off fore leading4 ,on a good mover1 a fine horsewoman will neither feel1 nor exhibit discomfort when the animal may happen to lead with the near fore2 although1 at first starting1 the lead with the other leg is more agreeable4 ,i may add1 that the canter is a pace of three time2 the succession of beats being3 a4 leading fore2 b4 non-leading fore and its opposite hind-leg2 c4 hind-leg of side opposite to leading fore4 ,hence1 the more a fore-leg leads in the canter1 the more likely is it to suffer from the injurious effects of concussion4 ,it is obvious that if we wish to keep a horse sound1 we should not let him canter too much with the same leg leading4 ,the first three of the conditions1 just mentioned1 which are indispensable to the lady's horse1 can be quickly fulfilled by instruction on foot2 although the remainder of the animal's education should be completed by a good rider4 ,i may remark1 that many ladies ride so well1 that any special preparation for their use1 is almost needless4 ,besides this1 the short habits of the present day are but little apt to make animals go unsteadily4 ,the employment of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac7 will speedily correct any unsteadiness at mounting which cannot be remedied1 without delay1 by ordinary means4 ,the horse may be broken of any tendency to shy at1 or sidle away from1 the habit1 by putting the side-saddle on1 fixing a rug to its near side1 and giving the animal a few circling lessons on foot with the long reins 7see page #agb74 ,the same practice1 with frequent spells at reining back1 will teach him to bend and collect himself to the required extent4 ,some work with the long reins1 while the lady is in the saddle1 will do the horse good1 if he be at all awkward4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,breaking ,,horses ,,to ,,harness4 ,the place which ,i prefer to all others1 for breaking a horse to harness1 is an enclosure about thirty yards square1 the ground of which is level1 and hard enough to allow the wheels to run smoothly4 ,whether intended partially for saddle purposes1 or not1 ,i would advise that the horse should be broken in the manner already described1 before trying him between the shafts4 ,before putting him in1 we should circle him for half-an-hour or more1 with the long reins on foot 7see page #agb71 and get an assistant1 while the animal is going round1 to gentle him under the belly and about the hind-quarters1 as recommended by ,pratt and others1 with a long pole1 without hurting him1 so as to accustom him to its touch4 ,the whip should also be cracked about the horse1 without hitting him1 until he ceases to mind its noise4 ,if the horse resents these operations1 which inflict no pain on him1 the rope-twitch 7see page #aac7 may be employed to enforce the required obedience2 or the animal may be made to lie down 7see page #aec71 and gentled4 ,when the horse has been made quiet1 he will readily take to double harness if put alongside a steady break-horse for a few times1 and1 when accustomed to this work1 will1 as a rule1 go by himself without any trouble2 although he may be a little awkward at first4 ,if we want to put the animal into single harness1 right off1 and if we have got the gear at hand1 we may harness the horse1 put the strait-jacket over the harness1 buckling it up1 just tight enough1 to prevent him kicking when it is on2 and then drive him1 on foot1 with the long reins passed through the shaft-tugs1 for a short time4 ,we may now put him into the shafts of some suitable1 light two-wheeled trap1 retaining the strait-jacket over the harness4 ,two assistants1 one on each side1 may be employed to hold separate reins attached to the snaffle1 while the driver stands on the near side1 on about a line with the wheels1 holding another pair of reins1 which pass through the rings of the pad1 and are1 of course1 fixed to the snaffle4 ,if sufficient help be at hand1 it is an advantage to have two other assistants to hold the traces of the strait-jacket ready to let out or draw tight1 as may be required4 ,after the horse has gone quietly for a bit1 the strait-jacket may be removed1 a kicking-strap substituted1 and1 after a little1 an assistant may be put on the driving seat1 with all proper precaution4 ,when the horse has thoroughly settled down to his work1 the breaker may get on to the seat1 and dispense with the help of the other men1 if he sees fit4 ,with one man to hold the rope-twitch1 and with the aid of a kicking-strap1 the breaker1 if expert1 may easily manage to put a horse in single harness for the first time4 ,in an enclosure such as ,i have described1 the breaker may circle the horse in the trap1 with the long reins on foot1 by himself1 and1 in a short time1 after the animal has settled down1 he may get an assistant to sit in the trap4 ,when the horse is found to go quietly inside the enclosure1 he may be tried outside4 ,i think it always the best and easiest plan to break a horse to harness1 without blinkers4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,faults ,,of ,,mouth4 ,boring--,chucking up the head--,pulling--,rearing--,shying--,star gazing--,tender-mouthed--,turn1 difficult to--,yawing4 ,the classification of vices and faults adopted in this1 and the following chapters1 is1 necessarily1 somewhat arbitrary2 as their causes are more often complex1 than simple4 ,the fact of many of them not possessing generally accepted names1 has obliged me1 in some cases1 to sacrifice elegance and correctness of expression1 for an attempt at conciseness and clearness of meaning4 ,boring4--,when the horse has got into the habit of carrying his head too low1 we should get it into proper position by circling the animal on foot with the long reins 7see page #agb71 and by reining him back4 ,when he bores on one rein more than the other1 we should adopt the same procedure2 although we should devote our attention1 mainly1 to getting him to turn readily to the side on which his mouth is 8hard10 until he bends to it1 as easily as to the other4 ,after half-an-hour's judicious driving1 the horse ought to carry himself1 and obey the rein in the desired manner2 although he may require half-a-dozen lessons to confirm the habit4 ,chucking up the head4--,here we should teach the horse1 in the manner just described1 to 8save0 his mouth1 by carrying his head in a proper position1 and by bending his neck to the pull of the rein 7see remarks on the standing martingale1 page #gj74 ,mr4 ,kemp1 ,a4,v4,d41 tells me that the animal may be easily broken of this objectionable habit by using a nose-band1 inside the part that goes over the nose1 three or four cowrie shells small marbles would have the same effect are sewn2 the nose-band being kept in position by a standing martingale1 which1 of course1 should be of the proper length 7see page #gj74 ,this plan is on the same principle1 as the method ,i have described2 for1 in both1 the horse relinquishes the trick1 on finding out that its practice inflicts pain1 and that he can save himself from punishment1 by obeying the rein4 ,pulling4--,we should give the hard puller1 at least1 a dozen lessons with the long reins on foot1 teaching him1 somewhat sharply1 that he must obey the rein4 ,it is1 also1 well to use the word whoa10 or any other suitable one1 as recommended by ,pratt1 ,magner1 and others1 whenever we pull him up2 so that he may learn to stop on hearing it4 ,making him lie down and keeping him on the ground 7see page #aeh7 will be of great service in reducing the runaway to obedience4 ,the breaker will naturally have to regulate the severity and frequency of this beneficial discipline1 as he may see fit4 ,rearing4--,the rearer should1 in the same manner1 be taught to swing his quarters round1 on either rein being pulled1 with the outward rein kept low down2 and1 when he is perfect at this1 the lesson should be completed1 with this rein on the driving pad4 ,if he rears1 as a defence against the action of the rein1 the breaker should pull all the harder4 ,if this brings the animal 8over20 so much stronger will be the effect produced4 ,when jibbing is combined with rearing1 if we find that the desired result is not obtained by the process of driving on foot1 as speedily as we may wish2 we may make the horse lie down1 and keep him on the ground1 with his head turned round 7see page #aeh71 until he gives in4 ,we may also apply the same discipline to those terribly dangerous animals that endeavour to crush their rider1 by throwing themselves backward4 ,shying4--,leaving out all cases of shying which are due to defective sight1 ,i venture to say that the vast majority of shyers can be made to relinquish this annoying trick1 merely by giving them good mouths with the long reins on foot4 ,this mouthing practice1 not alone1 makes the horse attentive1 as well as obedient1 to the indications of the rein1 but it also teaches discipline1 and gives the animal confidence in his director2 and1 hence1 removes the two causes of shying3 namely1 fear1 and wilfulness4 ,if the shyer shows great timidity1 which is often combined with impatience of control 7see page #d71 the animal should be rendered quiet1 as described in ,chapter ,,iii4 ,all these remarks apply equally well to shying off the ball at polo1 and off the peg at tent-pegging1 and to other forms of yawing about1 and not going straight4 ,stargazing4--,see 8,chucking up the head40 ,tender-mouthed4--,we may overcome any undue tenderness of the mouth1 or unwillingness to 8go up to the bridle10 by circling the horse on foot with the long reins1 with1 and without1 a rider on the animal's back4 ,when the horse finds that he does not get his mouth 8pulled about10 he will1 in two or three lessons1 gain confidence1 and will allow a steady pull on the reins4 ,turn1 difficult to4--,the practice with the long reins on foot1 advocated for the correction of shying1 etc41 will be found to be an effective remedy in this case2 and is specially applicable for polo ponies that shy off the ball1 and are difficult to turn quickly4 8,yawing40--,the animal may be broken of this habit1 when ridden1 of going from side to side1 instead of straight1 by the method recommended for shying4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,nervousness ,,and ,,impatience ,,of ,,control4 ,buck-jumping--,difficult to bridle1 handle1 mount1 dismount1 ball1 or drench--,difficult to put into a railway train1 ship's horse-box1 etc4--,difficult to shoe--,nervous of being touched with the heel--,unsteady with the whip2 under fire2 when drawing swords1 etc4 ,buck-jumping4--,the best procedure ,i know to overcome this vice1 is to circle the horse with the long reins on foot1 frequently turning him 7see 8,shying10 page #bbj71 for about half-an-hour2 make him lie down1 and keep him on the ground with his head turned round 7see page #aeh71 till he1 apparently1 8gives in02 then let him up2 tie him head and tail1 and saddle him1 with one girth over the cord 7see page #aig72 let him revolve round1 and while he does so1 gentle him on the ribs with the end of the long pole 7see page #bjc71 until he stands its touch4 ,the horse can now be mounted in the manner described on page #aig4 ,if we have got a rider that does not mind the chance of a fall1 we may omit the head and tail business1 and have the horse saddled and mounted with the long reins on him1 when he recovers his feet after undergoing his discipline on the ground4 ,the breaker who holds the long reins1 should pull the horse round1 from side to side1 the moment the assistant gets into the saddle2 and1 having obtained control over him1 should circle and turn him several times1 until he goes quite freely4 ,the long reins can now be taken off1 and the snaffle reins given to the rider1 who1 previous to this1 should not touch the reins2 although he may use the breast-plate1 or other convenient object1 as an aid1 in case of accident1 for retaining his balance4 ,difficult to bridle1 handle1 mount1 dismount1 ball1 or drench4--,teaching the animal1 with the rope-twitch1 to pay attention to the word 8steady60 7see page #aaa71 will cure all these vices4 ,in ,chapter ,,iii4 ,i have described at some length various methods to be adopted with horses difficult to handle4 ,the use of the rope-twitch is singularly efficacious for making animals steady to mount and dismount4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,pallin1 ,a4,v4,d41 informs me that he has invariably succeeded with horses that were deemed impossible to drench1 in making them drink1 by mounting them2 sitting well forward2 drawing the head round to the off-side by the head-stall with the left hand2 and then giving them the draught out of a bottle with the right hand4 ,this gentleman also advises to have a man on the back of a horse that is difficult to ball1 while the operator is giving the bolus4 ,i need hardly say that the aim of these expedients1 valuable as they are1 is to make the horse take the drench1 or ball1 at the time1 and not to make him permanently quiet1 in this respect4 ,difficult to put into a railway train1 ship's horse-box1 etc4--,use the crupper leading-rein1 the rope-twitch1 or the ,comanche bridle 7see page #bfa71 or both4 ,before making the actual attempt1 the appliance1 whichever one be used1 should be put into requisition a few times1 so that the animal may understand what is demanded of him4 ,difficult to shoe4--,use the rope-twitch 7see page #aac72 lift the foot1 if a fore one1 with the rope-noose 7see page #hh71 or suspend it from the surcingle 7see page #ajb72 if a hind one1 with the hobble1 and double cord attached to the tail 7see page #ace74 ,gentle the limb1 and gradually accustom the hoof to the hammer2 correcting the horse with the twitch1 if obliged to do so4 ,if the horse be very obstinate1 or very violent1 it may be well to bring him under control1 by making him lie down1 and1 if necessary1 holding him down with his head pulled round 7see page #aeh74 ,nervous of being touched with the heel4--,tie the horse head and tail and gentle him with the end of the long pole in the ribs 7see page #bjc72 or use the rope-twitch while the rider is in the saddle1 and while he touches the animal1 so as not to hurt him1 with his unarmed heel4 ,unsteady with the whip2 under fire2 when drawing swords1 etc4--,teach the horse1 while he is under the provocation to which he objects1 by the use of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 to stand quietly on receiving the command 8steady602 or use the head-and-tail method4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,jibbing ,,in ,,saddle4 ,speaking generally1 we may consider jibbing to be the determined manifestation of stubbornness in the horse4 ,acting on the sound principle that we should apply no more coercion to the animal than is absolutely necessary1 we should at first try the effect of driving the jibber1 on foot1 with the long reins 7see page #agb74 ,after it has consented to go quietly without anyone on its back1 we may put an assistant in the saddle without giving him the reins1 and continue driving the animal until it moves freely in every direction4 ,the rider may then take the reins1 and circle and turn the animal several times before taking it for a regular ride4 ,if the horse resolutely sulks1 the breaker1 to expedite matters1 may make it lie down with the proper tackle and hold it down1 with its head turned round 7see page #aeh71 until it1 apparently1 gives in2 after which it may get another trial at circling4 ,if it still resists1 it should be put down again1 and1 so on1 for three1 or four times4 ,this change of discipline is most efficacious for the jibber1 who quickly seems to recognise the fact1 that the irksome constraint on the ground is a punishment for its misbehaviour4 ,having failed1 after putting forth all its powers of opposition1 to resist the one form of coercion1 it will have but little energy left to stiffen its neck against the other4 ,by adopting this plan with patience1 as well as firmness1 and without using the whip1 except to crack it1 the breaker ought to succeed with almost any jibber in one lesson of a couple of hours' duration4 ,the desired effect can be produced much easier in a secluded enclosure1 than in the open4 ,i believe ,i have been the first to employ this method of making a horse lie down in combination with the driving on foot as a remedy for jibbing4 ,it is not uncommon to meet with1 in the mounted branches of the ,army1 horses that will go anywhere in company1 but will refuse to quit the ranks by themselves1 or to act as single riding horses4 ,this peculiarity2 the habit of trying to shoulder the rider's leg up against a wall1 tree1 or other convenient object2 and all other forms of jibbing1 should be treated in the manner just described4 ,for jibbing in harness1 see page #bcf4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,jumping ,,faults4 8,chancing0 fences--,jumping too slowly--,refusing--,running out at fences--,rushing at fences4 8,chancing0 fences4--,this dangerous fault may be corrected by driving the horse with the long reins over fences 7see ,chapter ,,vi47 which are too stiff to chance1 but which are well within the compass of the animal's powers4 ,jumping too slowly4--,many horses commit this fault without attempting1 in any way1 to refuse4 ,it is often caused by the practice of teaching animals to jump by means of the cavesson and leading-rein2 for1 by employing this method1 the weight is unduly thrown on the fore-hand1 and consequently the horse1 not having his hind-legs well under him when he 8lands0 over the fence1 is unable to get quickly away from it4 ,besides this1 the horse has to moderate his speed in accordance with that of the man in front of him4 ,by driving horses with the long reins on foot1 in the manner described in ,chapter ,,vi41 we teach them to go with their hind-legs well under them and at any pace we like2 and1 by so doing1 we can quickly get them out of the habit of 8dwelling0 at their fences4 8,refusing40--,see ,chapters ,,vi4 and ,,xii4 ,before taking in hand a horse that jumps 8unkindly10 we should carefully examine him in order to see if his fault arises from disease1 or infirmity4 ,if such be the case1 the animal should not be tried at jumping1 until he is sound4 ,running out at fences4--,for this1 we should use the long reins on foot4 ,by their proper employment1 we can make a horse go so straight that he will turn neither to one side1 nor to the other1 when jumping a #c ft4 #f in4 post and rails1 for instance1 which is only #c ft4 long1 and is unprovided with wings of any sort4 ,rushing at fences4--,this fault can also be easily overcome by the employment of the long reins on foot1 and the horse made to regulate his pace1 according to the wish of his rider1 without shewing any impatience4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,vices ,,in ,,harness4 ,difficult to harness--,difficult to unharness--,getting the tail over the rein and kicking--,hanging against the pole--,jibbing--,kicking--,lying down--,plunging forward at starting--,pulling away from the pole--,undue fear of the whip4 ,difficult to harness4--,place the trap in the centre of the enclosure1 and drive the horse1 on foot1 with the long reins1 all about it1 and back him between the shafts1 so that he may get accustomed to it4 ,we may then tie up one fore-leg1 apply the rope-twitch1 and have the horse harnessed by drawing up the cart1 while he is kept standing still4 ,after repeating this1 once or twice1 the leg may be let down1 and the harnessing performed as before4 ,after the horse has become quite steady1 he may be backed into the shafts4 ,or1 we may put the strait-jacket on over the harness1 make the horse lie down two or three times with it1 and having got him on to his feet again1 draw the traces of the strait-jacket so tight1 that1 if he attempt to move1 he will fall down4 ,while keeping him in this position1 we may try to bring the shafts over his back1 letting him fall if he begins to struggle4 ,in the great majority of cases1 the horse will quickly learn to regard the falling down as a punishment for his unsteadiness1 which he cannot resist2 and will accordingly give in1 and stand quietly4 ,after he does so1 we may gradually slacken out the traces of the strait-jacket1 until we can remove this apparatus altogether4 ,we may tie up the leg1 or employ the rope-twitch1 as may be advisable4 ,for safety sake1 in single harness1 we should use a kicking-strap4 ,if the animal is very determined in his resistance1 we may take the obstinacy out of him1 by making him lie down1 and keeping his head turned round 7see page #aeh74 ,difficult to unharness4--,use the rope-twitch1 which will be sufficient in almost all cases4 ,to prevent the animal springing forward1 we may employ the strait-jacket1 or make him lie down4 ,getting the tail over the rein and kicking4--,i regret to say that ,i know no means of permanently breaking a horse of the habit of whisking his tail over the rein1 at times1 when it is within reach4 ,we may1 however1 by driving the animal on foot1 and accustoming him to bear the rein under the tail1 or by using the rope-twitch 7see page #aac71 teach the horse not to kick1 when he finds the rein in that position4 ,i presume that the horse might be taught1 by the rope-twitch1 not to whisk his tail over the rein1 on feeling it touch his hind-quarters2 although1 not having practically tested this expedient1 ,i cannot speak positively as to its merits4 ,i have rendered several animals that were previously addicted to the habit in question1 quiet when the rein got under their tails1 or touched their quarters1 by the means described2 and by gentling those parts when the animal was tied head and tail 7see page #bjc74 ,i have met some cases1 in which the kicking was caused by pain due to pressure on melanotic tumours that were on the under surface of the dock4 ,hanging against the pole4--,the remedy1 here1 would be driving with the long reins4 ,for the first few times that the animal was driven with another horse1 he might have a pair of reins to himself1 as well as the pair which connects him to his fellow4 ,jibbing4--,we should break the unharnessed horse of jibbing in the manner described in ,chapter ,,xii41 and may then put him in a light trap1 inside the enclosure1 and try to circle him1 with the long reins1 on the side to which he more readily bends4 ,having accomplished this1 we should endeavour to get him1 by a wide sweep1 to turn to the other rein1 and1 if we are successful1 should circle him freely in it2 turning and changing him1 as we may deem advisable4 ,if the animal remain obstinate1 we should take him out1 and put him again through the necessary discipline of the long reins2 or we may keep him on the ground with his head turned round 7see ,chapter ,,xii474 ,as soon as we think he has given in1 we may put him into the shafts1 and give him another trial4 ,in attempting to start1 or turn the animal1 we should1 on no account1 use the whip1 except1 perhaps1 to crack it2 but should continue to pull the horse's head from side to side with the reins1 so as to make him strike off in the desired direction4 ,i think it best to refrain from speaking to the horse1 while all this is being done4 ,when the horse circles and turns with perfect obedience to the rein1 we may1 while keeping him at a walk1 get an assistant to quietly mount into the trap1 and give him the reins1 as soon as the animal shews that he does not mind his presence behind him4 ,the horse may now be taken into the open1 and circled and turned by the man in the cart1 a few times1 before being taken for a steady drive4 ,before the animal is harnessed1 we should satisfy ourselves that the jibbing is not caused by any ailment1 such as sore shoulders1 which should be cured before we proceed further4 ,we should be careful not to use any words1 or other signals that might remind the animal of previous acts of disobedience which1 presumedly1 had been successful in their object4 ,as before remarked1 ,i like to use1 when breaking a horse of jibbing1 a plain bridle2 because ,i find animals go kinder without blinkers1 than with them4 ,if a jibber appears afraid of the whip1 it is well1 in the first instance1 to prove to him 7see page #bda7 that we are not going to hurt him1 when we crack it1 or flourish it about4 ,kicking4--,we should put the animal through the course of discipline described in ,chapter ,,ix4 ,the strait-jacket put on loosely1 or the kicking-strap1 will prevent him doing any mischief4 ,before putting the animal between the shafts1 he should be well driven with the long reins1 for from thirty minutes1 to an hour2 so that he may pay attention to the indications of the rein4 ,if he persists in kicking1 he should be made to lie down1 and1 then1 gentled on the ground2 or he may be kept down with his head turned round 7see page #aeh7 until he gives in4 ,mr4 ,mitchell1 ,a4,v4,d41 who is an excellent breaker1 tells me that he has obtained admirable results with bad kickers1 by fixing1 parallel to their sides1 two stout poles1 each about #g feet long1 secured in front of the chest and behind the quarters1 so that the animal cannot get free from them2 and then letting him kick1 till he is tired4 ,this method1 by giving the horse nothing to kick at1 will soon teach him the uselessness of doing so4 ,in most cases1 ,i would be inclined to use the rope-twitch1 in order to make the horse learn the salutary lesson of connecting1 in his own mind1 the idea of punishment1 with the practice of his favourite vice4 ,the old expedient of tying a kicker's tail to the splinter bar1 is often successful in breaking the animal of this objectionable habit4 ,in other cases1 it serves only to aggravate the vice4 ,the tail may1 here1 be easily secured by a double sheet bend 7see ,fig4 #cj74 ,lying down4--,the habit of lying down in harness1 is1 no doubt1 in many instances1 difficult to cure4 ,to accomplish this end1 particular attention should be paid to making the animal obey the indications of the rein1 by driving him on foot with the long reins4 ,the trap used to practise him in1 should be a very light1 two-wheeled one4 ,if he lies down1 a sharp slap on his muzzle will generally make him jump up4 ,the lesson1 of course1 should be given in the enclosure4 ,in extreme cases1 he should be put through the discipline detailed for jibbing4 ,plunging forward at starting4--,use the rope-twitch 7see page #aac72 or drive the animal1 in the enclosure1 on foot1 with the long reins1 while he is in the trap1 after having given him a good long mouthing lesson 7see page #agb71 and practise him at circling1 turning1 starting1 and pulling up4 ,pulling away from the pole4--,see that the coupling chain is not too tight4 ,treat as for 8,hanging against the pole0 7page #bcf74 ,undue fear of the whip4--,circle the horse with the long reins on foot 7see page #agb71 and get an assistant to crack the whip all about him1 without touching him with it1 until he ceases to mind it2 or do so1 while he is tied head and tail4 ,an application or two of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac7 will expedite matters4 ,the breaker should 8make much of0 the horse1 when the animal stands quietly under the provocation given4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,aggressiveness4 ,biting--,kicking--,savaging--,striking out in front4 ,biting4--,apply the wooden gag 7see page #ade72 tie up one fore-leg1 or put on the strait-jacket2 and gentle the horse all over1 to shew him that he cannot bite1 and that1 when he vainly attempts to do so1 he will hurt his mouth1 by the pressure of the gag on his gums4 ,on this account1 its action is most salutary1 and differs entirely from that of a muzzle1 which simply protects the object of the animal's resentment1 without either checking the practice of the habit1 or punishing him for indulging in it4 ,i need hardly say1 that1 with the gag on1 the horse is unable to bring his teeth together4 ,the fore-leg may be let down1 or the strait-jacket taken off1 as soon as the horse is quiet to handle with the gag alone4 ,this instrument may be kept in the horse's mouth1 for an hour at a time1 during which period he should be handled with gentleness and freedom2 particular care being taken not to irritate the animal1 whose confidence and affection we should now endeavour to win4 ,the worst biter ought to be rendered safe to handle1 when the gag is out of his mouth1 by three of these lessons a day1 for two or three days4 ,for safety-sake1 the breaker might teach the horse the use of the word 8steady60 with the rope-twitch 7see page #aac74 ,though many bad1 treacherous biters have passed through my hands1 ,i have never met one that would attempt to bite when the gag was taken out of his mouth1 after he had been gentled1 with it on1 for a quarter of an hour1 or even less4 ,it might be advisable1 with very vicious horses1 to make them lie down1 and hold them with their heads turned round1 until they had 8given in0 7see page #aeh74 ,kicking4--,a horse that tries to deliberately kick anyone that comes within reach1 may be broken of the habit by the rope-twitch 7see page #aac72 or by making him lie down 7see page #aec74 ,in such cases1 it is well to thoroughly mouth the animal on foot with the long reins2 so as to make him more attentive to the indications of the rein1 than to the practice of his favourite vice4 ,the man who drives on foot1 in the enclosure1 is secure from getting kicked by the horse2 for1 if the animal attempts to lash out at him1 he can always pull the horse's head round with the rein4 ,mouthing on foot1 is specially applicable to horses that are in the habit of kicking at other horses1 hounds1 etc4 ,it is advisable to teach a kicker to turn his hind-quarters away from us 7see page #hf71 when we approach him2 supposing1 of course1 that he is free to do so4 ,savaging4--,put the animal through the discipline advised for biting1 in the preceding paragraph2 give several 7say1 half-a-dozen7 good mouthing lessons1 with the long reins1 on foot2 and1 if the animal be inclined to savage horses1 or men1 while being ridden1 substitute for the ordinary breaking snaffle1 the wooden gag 7see page #ade7 during his mouthing lessons2 and1 also1 ride him in it1 for a few times4 ,savaging at polo may be easily cured in this manner4 ,an expert breaker can always manage to pull round a horse that rushes at him1 while the animal is being driven on foot4 ,even when the horse backs and kicks1 as well as attempts to savage1 the driver can easily keep him in control1 by pulling him round1 alternately1 with each rein4 ,one has1 naturally1 to be quicker when a horse rushes at one than when he backs4 ,i confine the expression1 8savaging10 to the habit some animals have of worrying the object of their dislike1 with or without rushing at it2 and1 8biting10 to the simple act of snapping with the teeth4 ,practical horsemen will understand this somewhat arbitrary distinction4 ,i may remark that horses often bite1 without1 apparently1 any vicious intention4 ,striking out in front4--,we may tie up one fore-leg1 put the strait-jacket on1 apply the rope-twitch1 or tie the horse head and tail1 and then gentle both fore-legs4 ,the use of the rope-twitch will1 generally1 be found to be the quickest method4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,riding ,,and ,,driving ,,the ,,newly-,,broken ,,horse4 ,having made the horse as perfect as we can on foot1 we should complete his education by riding him with skill and judgment4 ,if we find that he shews signs of becoming unruly1 or of recommencing some of his old tricks1 it is far better to get off1 and make him steady1 in the manner before detailed1 before proceeding further2 than to risk any chance of a defeat while on his back4 ,if he happen to develop such symptoms1 we may feel assured that the fault is on our side1 in having carried out his instruction on foot1 in an imperfect manner4 ,as ,i accord unqualified admiration for our best ,english and ,irish styles of riding1 whether on the flat1 across country1 or in the school1 ,i shall refrain from going over old ground1 and shall content myself1 here1 with adding a few remarks which have special reference to the recently handled animal4 ,when mounting1 the breaker should make the animal stand perfectly still1 until it gets the proper indication to move forward4 ,he should make the horse carry himself in good style1 by keeping him up to the bit with the pressure of the leg1 and by having a nice light feeling on his mouth4 ,all horses should be taught to rein back with ease and precision4 ,according as the animal requires to be bent and collected for his own particular work1 so should he be instructed in turning1 circling and changing1 with the proper leg1 shouldering in1 and passaging4 ,when the reins are taken up in both hands1 they should be used in the same style as that recommended for the long reins 7see page #agd74 ,if necessary1 the horse may now be taught to obey the reins when held in one hand1 and may be practised in the use of the curb4 ,when the horse has learnt to go smoothly1 his mouth should be interfered with as little as possible4 ,i am entirely against the practice of keeping the animal in a constant state of attention to signals from the reins2 as it makes him rely on his rider1 rather than on his own cleverness1 to extricate him out of difficulties1 and renders him uncertain1 and lacking in self-confidence4 ,this is especially the case in jumping1 at which work the rider should limit his interference1 if the horse is going too fast1 to dropping his hands1 and taking a pull1 thirty or forty yards from the fence1 and1 then1 letting the horse measure his own distance1 and take off1 as suits him best4 ,if the animal's attention be distracted by the rider's interference at this critical moment1 the risk of an accident will be greatly enhanced4 ,the foregoing is the substance of the advice given by ,mr4 ,john ,hubert ,moore to his pupil1 that well-known fine horseman1 ,colonel ,hickman of the #bast ,hussars1 who attributes the immunity he has enjoyed from bad falls1 over all kinds of country1 and on all sorts of horses1 to its rigid observance4 ,when the newly-broken horse is put into the shafts1 he should be driven according to the principles laid down for riding him1 in so far as they apply to harness work4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,stable ,,vices4 ,difficult and vicious to catch--,hanging back on the head-stall--,kicking--,kicking at night--,pawing at night--,pawing back the litter--,rubbing the tail--,sleeping standing4 ,difficult and vicious to catch4--,if the animal be viciously inclined1 make him quiet by the methods described in the preceding chapters4 ,teach him to come up to you when you call him 7see page #bfa72 and to turn his quarters away from you1 when you approach him 7see page #hg74 ,hanging back on the head-stall4--,the ,americans employ the crupper leading-rein 7see page #adh71 to hitch up a horse given to this fault4 ,i have been told that a good way is to shorten the rack chain1 by tying it with a piece of thin twine1 so that when the animal pulls on the chain1 he will break the twine1 and will then cease to pull1 on the presumed supposition that he has broken the chain4 ,for horses with this habit1 it is common to place a broad band across the lower part of the stall1 so as to allow the animal to rest against it1 if he likes4 ,kicking4--,see ,chapter ,,xv4 ,we may1 also1 teach the animal to 8stand over0 in his stall1 by pulling his head round with a cord attached to the side of the head-stall1 passed through a ring on the top of the roller1 and carried outside of the stall1 while giving1 simultaneously with the pull on the cord1 some appropriate verbal order1 such as 8over60 7,see ,fig4 #dg47 ,kicking at night4--,i have no experience in breaking horses of this habit4 ,i would suggest the employment of the strait-waistcoat1 which should ,illustration3 ,fig #dg4--,pulling kicker's head round in stall4 be loose enough to allow the animal to lie down and get up4 ,i have seen it recommended1 in such cases1 to hang some soft object1 such as a large bag filled with hay1 behind the animal1 so that1 when he kicked1 it would give to the stroke1 and would then swing back and hit him1 without hurting him2 the effect being that the horse would get tired of kicking the inoffensive object1 and would1 accordingly1 drop the habit4 ,if this method be adopted1 ,i would suggest that the animal should1 before being left for the night1 be accustomed to the stuffed bag1 or whatever else is used1 touching him4 ,tying up one fore-leg1 or applying the rope-twitch1 will keep him quiet while this is being done4 ,i take for granted that he has been1 previously1 made thoroughly docile1 with the exception of this particular vice4 ,the strait-jacket1 loosely put on1 would1 ,i have no doubt1 prevent the kicking4 ,if it was properly applied1 and1 gradually let out1 say1 a hole or two1 each night1 it would1 in all probability1 break the horse of the habit4 ,pawing at night4--,i have prevented the practice of this vice by employing a spancel 7coupling strap7 to connect the animal's fore-legs together1 so as to give him freedom to lie down1 but not to paw4 ,the use of this strap would1 no doubt1 in time1 cure the vice4 ,pawing back the litter4--,i note that a correspondent1 replying to a query1 in the ,field1 as to some means of stopping this practice1 which causes the horse to sleep1 more or less1 on the bare floor1 states that connecting the fore-legs in the manner ,i have just described1 will accomplish the object in view1 and1 after a few repetitions1 will wean the animal from the habit4 ,rubbing the tail4--,although this vice comes more within the province of the veterinary surgeon1 than within that of the breaker1 a few remarks on it may not1 here1 be out of place4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,pallin1 ,a4 ,v4 ,d41 who is a thorough good authority on all ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,tail tied with tapes to prevent horse rubbing it4 matters connected with horses1 tells me that he has always found the plan of tying the animal's tail round1 with two separate pieces of tape 7see ,fig4 #dh7 to be efficacious in stopping the practice of this habit4 ,i may add1 that this result may1 also1 as a rule1 be obtained by the application1 with the finger1 from time to time1 of a little blue mercurial ointment1 round the inside of the anus4 ,if the rubbing be due to the presence of worms1 or to skin disease1 appropriate remedies should be employed4 ,sleeping standing4--,there are many horses that will never1 voluntarily1 lie down--a habit which seriously detracts from their capacity for work4 ,such horses might be taught to lie down 7see page #aec71 and1 when they had done so1 might be kept in the recumbent position by the strait-jacket4 ,having no experience in this matter1 ,i offer the advice1 merely1 as a possibly useful suggestion4 ,in all cases1 a good1 deep bed of straw will be a strong inducement for a horse to lie down4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,teaching ,,the ,,horse ,,tricks4 8,begging0--,bowing--,circling steadily for ,circus ,work--,coming up to ,call--,driving without ,reins--,following--,jumping over another ,horse1 etc4--,kissing--,laughing--,lying down--8,no0--,picking up a ,handkerchief1 etc4--,see-sawing on a ,plank1 etc4--,shaking ,hands--,shaking the ,head--,waltzing--8,yes40 ,i may mention1 that the pluckier a horse is1 the more amenable will he be to instruction4 ,in teaching these tricks1 it is well to accustom the animal to some invariable and suitable signal1 whether vocal1 or manual1 for each separate feat2 and to award his obedience by a piece of carrot1 lump of sugar1 crust of bread1 bite of lucern1 bit of sugar-cane1 caress1 or other appropriate mark of approval4 8,begging40--,the horse may be taught to 8beg0--that is1 to stand with one fore-leg bent and off the ground--by attaching a strap1 or cord1 to the pastern of that limb1 and1 then1 pulling up the foot1 while at the same time1 repeating the word 8beg60 ,after a little1 a cutting whip1 or cane1 to tap the leg1 may be substituted for the cord4 ,bowing4--,while standing at the animal's shoulder1 lightly prick him on the breast with a pin2 so as to make him bend his neck1 and bite at the offending object4 ,he will1 thus1 soon learn to make his bow1 at the mere advance of the hand in the direction of the indicated part4 ,circling steadily for circus-work4--,fix the horse's head in position1 so as to obtain adequate control1 by side-reins2 and circle the horse in the ring1 with the long reins 7see page #agb71 until he learns to canter round1 at a steady1 uniform rate of speed4 ,gradually dispense with the use of the long reins4 ,coming up to call4--,we may make the horse come up to us1 when we call him1 in two ways3 #a4 ,by getting him to stand still in the manner described on page #hf2 and making him come up1 by threatening him with the whip1 alternately1 on either side4 ,in this way1 he can be taught to come up1 by1 simply1 holding up the whip4 #b4 ,by the use of the ,comanche bridle 7see ,figs4 #di1 #ej1 and #ea71 in making the horse turn round towards one1 first1 at one side1 and1 then1 on the other2 always accompanying the pull of the cord1 with the words1 8,come here60 or some similar expression4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,frasier taught me this method4 ,following4--,see preceding paragraph4 ,jumping over another ,horse1 etc4--,let us suppose that we want to make one horse stand ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,comanche bridle1 off side4 perfectly still1 and unheld1 while another jumps over him4 ,we might1 then1 adopt the following procedure4 ,take an enclosed ring1 like that of a circus1 and close to its side1 and on one of its diameters1 construct a trench about #c feet deep1 and #b feet #f inches wide1 with a ramp leading ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,comanche bridle1 near side4 down to it4 ,within this trench1 place a clotheshorse1 or other convenient stand1 with rugs over it1 and teach1 with the long reins 7see page #agb71 the jumper to go round the circle1 and jump this ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,the knot on off side of ,comanche bridle enlarged4 stand4 ,we should continue the instruction1 until he will jump it without reins4 ,to attain this1 when he is loose1 we may have to keep on the standing martingale1 or use side-reins2 so as to obtain the necessary control4 ,we may1 then1 substitute1 for the dummy1 the real horse1 and teach him to stand perfectly still1 by means of the rope-twitch 7see page #aac74 ,all that1 now1 remains1 is to gradually fill up the trench1 while continuing the lessons4 ,kissing4--,this is done by accustoming the horse to take some coveted bit of food out of one's mouth4 ,laughing4--,this is accomplished in the same way1 as a horse is taught to shake his head1 by pricking him with a pin1 except that1 here1 the irritation is applied to the muzzle4 ,the horse1 thus1 learns1 on the signal being given1 to turn up his upper lip1 and shew his teeth4 ,i forget where ,i1 first1 saw mention of this trick1 which appears to me1 neither useful1 nor amusing4 ,lying down4--,make the horse lie down in the manner described on page #aec4 ,when he does so1 without offering any resistance1 let down the strapped-up leg1 and repeat the lesson1 until perfect obedience is obtained4 ,we may1 then1 take off the throwing gear1 and make him lie down1 by drawing his head round to1 say1 the near side1 with the rein1 while standing alongside the off shoulder4 ,the horse will1 now1 easily learn to lie down1 on receiving a signal to do so1 by bringing his head round1 or1 even1 by simply saying the words1 8,lie down10 if they have been employed from the commencement of the teaching4 ,it is1 always1 well to conduct these lessons on a soft piece of ground with plenty of litter on it2 so as to afford the animal an inducement to lie down4 ,colonel ,salkeld of the #bnd ,bengal ,cavalry has suggested to me the advisability of giving this instruction to army horses1 when ordered1 after parade1 at a time when they are1 more or less1 tired4 8,no40--,take a pin1 and prick the horse on the crest with it1 until he shakes his head1 which he will1 readily1 do1 on that part becoming irritated2 as that action is the only means he possesses of getting rid of any annoying object which may pitch on that region4 ,by continuing to touch the horse with the pin1 we can make him so sensitive as to shake his head1 when touched1 only1 by the finger2 and1 finally1 even by1 merely1 raising the hand1 which will be a suitable signal to make an animal signify his dissent from a question he may be asked4 ,this is an old circus trick4 ,obeying without reins4--,mr4 ,rockwell1 the ,american horse-tamer1 instructed three horses so well1 that he was able to drive them together in a trap1 and make them moderate their speed1 turn1 stop1 and go on1 in perfect obedience1 by signals1 without reins4 ,professor ,sample used to drive tandem with a leader that did his work without either reins1 or traces6 ,the following would be appropriate signals for performing these feats3--8,clicking0 with the tongue2 for 8go on40 8,steady02 for 8moderate speed40 ,holding up whip1 or saying 8whoa60 for 8stop40 ,holding whip to the left1 or 8left02 for 8turn to the left40 ,holding whip to the right1 or 8right02 for 8turn to the right40 ,the right-about-turn1 and left-about-turn1 might be indicated by bringing the whip round1 to the right rear1 or to the left rear1 as the case might be4 ,the signals should be taught the horse by employing them1 on all occasions1 when using the equivalent indications of the rein1 which1 to be additionally impressive1 should be given sharper than usual4 ,picking up a handkerchief1 etc4--,this is1 usually1 taught while standing at the horse's side1 by pricking him on the ribs with a pin1 or pinching him1 so as to make him turn round and snap1 and1 consequently1 to seize with his teeth1 a handkerchief that is held in a convenient position for him to do so4 ,when he catches hold of the handkerchief1 the teacher should take it gently away1 and should substitute some appropriate dainty4 ,the horse will1 then1 soon learn to recognise the fact1 that he gets a reward for taking hold of the handkerchief2 and1 then1 can be readily taught to pick it up1 or to take it off one of his legs1 to which it is loosely tied4 ,horses that are naturally ticklish1 and inclined to snap1 are the quickest to learn this trick1 in this manner4 ,instead of getting the horse to catch hold by irritating him1 the same object may be obtained by tying up1 in the handkerchief1 a piece of carrot1 or other bonne bouche1 and inducing the animal to lift up the handkerchief1 in his endeavour to get at the contained morsel4 ,see-sawing on a plank1 etc4--,employ the rope-twitch 7see ,figs4 #ai-bb1 pages #ajh-ah71 and ,comanche bridle 7see ,figs4 #di-ea74 ,shaking hands4--,teach1 as in 8begging1 q4v41 the animal to advance his foot1 by pulling it forward4 ,shaking the head4--,see 8,no40 ,waltzing4--,tie the horse head and tail 7see ,fig4 #de1 page #bjj71 and make him go round by flourishing the whip4 ,as the animal obeys1 gradually slacken out the cord1 until it can be removed4 8,yes40--,see 8,bowing40 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,testing ,a ,,horse',s ,,manners1 ,,mouth1 ,,and ,,temper4 ,if we circle a horse with the long reins 7see page #afh71 turn1 jump1 and rein him back1 we shall be able to form a good idea of his manners1 mouth1 and temper1 by the way in which he goes through his 8facings40 ,we may1 further1 test him1 by cracking a whip near him1 touching him all over with a long pole1 and gently prodding him in the ribs4 ,as a final proof1 we may make him lie down1 in the manner described on page #aec2 when it will be easy to see whether he be actuated by a plucky spirit1 or by a sullen disposition1 which will1 always1 cause him to adopt a policy of passive resistance4 ,the methods ,i have here1 briefly described1 are of great practical value4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,on ,,improvised ,,gear4 ,although ,i have described in the foregoing pages1 a variety of special appliances2 still it is well to draw attention to the fact that the whole system of breaking can be carried out with gear which can be improvised without difficulty4 ,we can make a standing martingale with a piece of doubled cord1 knotted near the centre to form a loop for the girth to pass through2 while the free ends are connected to the rings of the snaffle3 or the cord1 or strap may be attached to the ring of the breast-plate1 in front of the chest2 or1 as mentioned on page #ahb1 a cord may connect the rings of the standing martingale to those of the snaffle4 ,a stirrup-leather will serve as a leg-strap 7see ,figs4 #ad and #af1 pages #aja and #ajb74 ,ropes will do for driving reins2 a saddle1 for a driving-pad 7see ,figs4 #dc and #dd1 page #ahe74 ,a head-stall1 strong roller1 couple of iron rings1 crupper1 stirrup-leather1 pair of knee-caps1 and a strong cord1 are all that is required for making a horse lie down4 ,an ordinary rope will serve to form a twitch4 ,any stable rug will do for blindfolding the horse4 ,no special rope is needed for forming a halter1 or for noosing a fore-leg4 ,for lifting up a hind-leg1 all that we require is a stout cord for the tail1 and a stirrup-iron and leather1 with which to make a hobble 7see ,fig4 #cd1 page #add74 ,for driving on foot1 we would1 of course1 want a heavy smooth snaffle4 ,i need hardly say1 that a person who wished to go in thoroughly for breaking1 ought to provide himself with a driving-pad1 or pair of cross-trees1 specially made 7see ,figs4 #dj and #da1 page #afh74 ,either of these could be made for five-and-twenty shillings4 ,the strait-jacket 7see ,fig4 #be1 page #abb7 is not a necessity4 ,,appendix4 ,,copies ,,of ,,testimonials1 ,,etc41 ,,received ,,from ,,members ,,of ,,captain ,,hayes' ,,classes4 8,,bombay1 #bnd ,february1 #ahhg4 8,,to 8,,captain ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes1 8,great ,western ,hotel4 8,,dear ,,sir1--,i am happy to inform you that the mare you broke for me to riding in ,september1 #ahhe1 still goes quietly4 ,she has not given me any trouble at all since that day4 ,even when she had not had a saddle on for months1 she gave no trouble4 ,as she could not be made to move an inch under the saddle by whip1 or spur1 or coaxing1 before you tried your hand on her1 and as you spent only twenty minutes' time on her1 ,i think she is a good proof of the value of your system4 8,yours truly1 8,,geo4 ,a4 ,,kittredge4 8,managing ,director1 ,bombay ,tramways ,company40 ,copy of ,testimonial from ,captain ,hayes' ,trimulgherry ,class4 ,,trimulgherry1 ,,deccan1 #hth ,november1 #ahhe4 8,we1 the undersigned1 having on several occasions witnessed ,captain ,hayes' method of breaking all sorts of horses1 have much pleasure in recording our appreciation of its merits4 ,this system of breaking the most nervous or vicious animals is1 in our opinion1 except with those suffering from some form of disease1 invariably efficacious4 ,in addition to the breaking in1 ,captain ,hayes has shewn us many new and very useful points connected with the management of horses4 ,the system is very cheap at the money3-- 8,c4 ,f4 ,,morton1 ,,colonel1 #adth ,hussars4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,english1 ,,captain1 #adth ,hussars4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,waddel1 ,v4 ,s41 #adth ,hussars4 ,t4 ,,graham1 ,,riding ,,master1 #adth ,hussars4 ,g4 ,,hamilton1 ,,captain1 #adth ,hussars4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,skyring ,,hemery1 ,,lieut41 #adth ,hussars4 ,,stuart ,,robertson1 ,,lieut41 #adth ,hussars4 ,r4 ,,garth1 ,,major1 #adth ,hussars4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,richardson1 ,,lieut41 #adth ,hussars4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,norman1 ,,lieut41 #adth ,hussars4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,mitchell1 ,,lieut41 #adth ,hussars4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,king1 ,,captain1 #adth ,hussars4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,gough1 ,,bt41 ,,lt4-,,col41 #adth ,hussars4 ,t4 ,,miller1 ,,lieutenant1 #adth ,hussars4 ,,loftus ,,thackwell1 ,,capt41 ,r4 ,,fs41 #adth ,hussars4 ,f4 ,,mugford1 ,q4 ,m41 #adth ,hussars4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,arbuthnot1 ,,lieut41 #crd ,m4 ,l4 ,c4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,logan-,,home1 ,,lieut41 #crd ,m4 ,l4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,vans ,,agnew1 ,,lieut41 #crd ,m4 ,l4 ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,o4 ,,fitzgerald1 ,,lt4-,,col41 #crd ,cavalry1 ,h4 ,c4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,garrett1 ,a4 ,a4 ,g41 ,h4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,nicolls1 ,,lieut41 ,r4 ,a40 ,the 8,pioneer10 #ahth ,november1 #ahhe4 ,,captain ,,hayes' ,,horse-,,breaking4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the 8,,pioneer04 ,,sir1--,captain ,hayes is shortly going from this to the ,bengal ,presidency1 and as during his stay he has taught his system of breaking in all sorts of nervous and vicious horses to a large number of people 7and horses7 here1 ,i shall be much obliged if you can find room in the ,pioneer for this 7and ,i am but endorsing the opinion of many7 my testimony to the excellence of his system4 ,it is most easily acquired1 and has only to be seen to be appreciated4 ,his simple method of compelling a refractory horse to enter a railway-box is1 in my opinion1 alone worth all the money asked for the whole system4 ,,deccan4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,morton1 ,colonel4 #adth ,hussars4 ,copy of ,testimonial from ,members of ,captain ,hayes' ,calcutta ,class4 ,we1 the undersigned1 having attended a series of lectures conducted by ,captain ,hayes on the theory and practice of horse-breaking1 hereby certify that ,captain ,hayes has completely succeeded in all that he promised to effect4 ,we have seen him cure confirmed buck-jumpers and jibbers1 so that they were quietly ridden and driven round the school2 also savage or nervous horses have speedily been reduced to quietness and obedience4 ,all this had been effected without violence or cruelty4 ,his system appears to us admirable3-- _/99 8,f4 ,b4 ,,peacock1 ,c4 ,s41 ,,charles ,h4 ,,moore1 ,stewards1 ,calcutta ,turf ,club4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,mcdonnell1 ,v4 ,c41 ,j4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,keswick1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,cunningham1 ,high ,court1 ,calcutta4 ,j4 ,,lambert1 ,deputy ,commissioner of ,police4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,perman4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,anderson4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,beames4 ,,francis ,j4 ,e4 ,,spring4 ,a4 ,,milton4 ,t4 ,,palmer4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,kilburn4 ,p4 ,l4 ,,richards4 ,h4 ,k4 ,,gordon4 ,,thos4 ,,brae4 ,r4 ,,john ,,charlton4 ,f4 ,,hilton4 ,j4 ,,lauter1 ,v4 ,s4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,apcar4 ,f4 ,,aithison4 ,j4 ,,posford1 ,c4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,graf4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,edwards1 ,a4 ,v4 ,d4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,apcar4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,rowe4 ,,wm4 ,,macklin4 ,a4 ,,willson4 ,,gopee ,,nauth ,,roy4 ,,thos4 ,r4 ,,pratt4 ,l4 ,p4 ,d4 ,,broughton1 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,,alex4 ,,campbell4 ,,wm4 ,,duff ,,bruce4 ,a4 ,t4 ,,rawlinson4 ,,latham ,,hamilton4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,reid1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,frank ,,whitney4 ,j4 ,,hard4 ,h4 ,,st4 ,a4 ,,goodrich4 ,s4 ,,keith ,,douglas4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,dickson4 ,,geo4 ,,evans ,,gordon4 ,,geo4 ,,cheetham4 ,a4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,douglas4 ,,chas4 ,l4 ,,johnstone4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,west4 ,h4 ,,paget4 ,,arthur ,j4 ,c4 ,,forbes4 ,,kil4 ,,euler4 ,,robert ,,philip ,,heilgers4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,anderson4 ,g4 ,,wense4 ,,charles ,,brock4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,macintosh4 ,c4 ,,deas4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,mcinnes4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,maples1 ,manager1 ,calcutta ,tramways ,co4 ,,john ,,croft4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,turnbull1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,r4 ,,hardie4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,bourdillon1 ,c4 ,s4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,egerton4 ,h4 ,,melvill1 ,bo4 ,s4 ,c4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,beresford4 ,r4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,thomas4 ,,wm4 ,,charles ,,fox4 ,,thomas ,a4 ,,apcar4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,jourdain4 ,j4 ,,leppoc ,,cappel1 ,c4 ,s4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,mcdonell4 ,t4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,quinton1 ,major1 #ajth ,hussars4 ,o4 ,,dignum4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,onslow1 #ajth ,b4 ,lancers4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,apcar4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,barnes4 ,,cecil ,,rawlinson1 ,,captain1 ,l4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,de ,c4 ,h4 ,,helbert1 ,r4 ,w41 ,fusiliers4 ,e4 ,v4 ,,westamacott1 ,c4 ,s40 8,indian ,planters' ,gazette10 #ith ,march1 #ahhf4 8,regarding a most determined jibber cured by ,captain ,hayes at ,mozufferpore1 ,mr4 ,tom ,barclay of ,bhicanpore writes us as follows3--#8,i have driven him daily1 or rather ,colonel ,fergus ,graham1 who has been staying here1 has driven him daily for miles1 stopping at different places1 and starting again1 and we have never had any trouble4 ,he trots nicely1 and in fact goes as kindly as the most perfect trap horse ever foaled4 ,captain ,hayes may congratulate himself on curing the most vicious1 inveterate jibber in ,india4 ,i tried to sell him in ,calcutta for ,rs4#ejj1 and no one would look at him4 ,now ,i would not take ,rs4#a1ejj1 for he is as fine a trapper as there is in the country4'0 ,copy of ,testimonial from ,captain ,hayes' ,lucknow ,class4 8,we1 the undersigned1 wish to place on record our appreciation of ,captain ,m4 ,h4 ,hayes' methods of breaking horses of all kinds4 ,the methods are various1 and are applicable to all sorts of unbroken or refractory horses2 most simple in application1 and thoroughly efficacious4 ,some of the subjects submitted to ,captain ,hayes to test his methods1 were as follows3-- 8,a chestnut waler of ,e-,a41 ,r4 ,h4 ,a41 would not allow itself to be mounted1 being most violent if mounting it were attempted1 in a short time allowed any one to mount and dismount4 8,an unbroken remount and bad buck-jumper of #agth ,lancers1 in the course of two hours1 became quiet to ride and perfectly tractable4 ,ample proof was afforded of the complete control that could be quickly gained over any horse4 ,a stubborn refuser of the #hth ,b4 ,c4 very soon took a delight in jumping2 and a confirmed jibber of the #agth ,lancers was glad in a short time to move in any direction asked4 ,these few instances we consider convincing proof of the great power of ,captain ,hayes' system3-- 8,t4 ,a4 ,,cooke1 ,lt4-,col41 #agth ,lancers4 ,b4 ,p4 ,,portal1 #agth ,lancers4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,jenkins1 ,capt41 #agth ,lancers4 ,c4 ,d',,aguilar1 #agth ,lancers4 ,h4 ,,mcgee1 ,capt41 #agth ,lancers4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,benson1 ,major1 #agth ,lancers4 ,c4 ,,coventry1 #agth ,lancers4 ,a4 ,,porter1 ,capt41 ,b4 ,s4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,cook1 ,bt4 ,lt4-,col41 ,a4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,barnard ,,smith1 ,lt4-,col4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,pollock1 #hth ,b4 ,c4 ,r4 ,k4 ,,ridgeway1 ,capt41 ,b4 ,s4 ,c4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,harrison1 ,major1 ,g4 ,l4 ,i4 ,g4 ,l4 ,,evans1 ,c4 ,s4 ,g4 ,r4 ,,gambier1 ,major1 ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,archdale1 ,capt41 ,r4 ,w4 ,fus4 ,h4 ,,chapman1 ,col41 #hth ,b4 ,c4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,aberigh-,,mackay1 ,capt41 #hth ,b4 ,c4 ,r4 ,d4 ,,loudon1 ,capt41 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,d4 ,,brown1 ,lieut41 ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,biddulph1 ,lieut41 ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,hewat1 ,capt41 ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,p4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,pemberton1 ,col41 ,r4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,stevenson1 ,h4 ,l4 ,i4 ,,charsley ,,thomas1 ,lt4-,col40 ,copy of ,report by the ,director1 ,army ,remount ,operations for ,india4 8,captain ,hayes visited the ,saharanpore ,army ,reserve ,remount ,dept on the #afth and #agth of ,april1 #ahhf1 and gave some lectures on horse-breaking1 as well as proving by practical demonstration his power of curing horses of nervousness1 and rendering them easy to handle4 ,he first of all operated on a bay waler gelding that had only recently arrived from ,australia in ,february last1 and would not allow himself to be handled or approached for treatment in hospital4 8,in five hours after making him over to him1 he was saddled and bridled1 and ridden round the school by a ,dept ,riding-boy4 8,a brown waler mare1 which had been five months in the ,dept and would not allow herself to be snaffled or handled in any way1 was then taken in hand1 and in five hours was able to be saddled1 bridled1 and ridden about by ,captain ,hayes' ,assistant #8,ted4' 8,i am of opinion1 and so were those who witnessed his mode of breaking a horse of obstinacy1 nervousness1 vice1 c41 that the treatment he showed us will be a valuable adjunct to those who have executive work to do in ,remount ,depts4 8,,ben4 ,,williams1 ,colonel4 8,director1 ,army ,remount ,operations for ,india40 ,,saharanpore1 #bjth ,april1 #ahhf4 ,copy of ,testimonial from ,colonel ,truman and ,officers1 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 8,,mhow1 ,,central ,,india1 #bast ,january1 #ahhg4 8,having attended one of ,captain ,hayes' ,classes of ,instruction in horse-breaking here1 we have much pleasure in testifying to the excellence of the system adopted by him3-- ,w4 ,r4 ,,truman1 ,,lt4-,,col41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,banks1 ,,major1 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,u4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,de ,,burgh1 ,,capt41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,d4 ,,macdougal1 ,,capt41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,thompson1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,brooks1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,follet1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,b4 ,r4 ,,dietz1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,danby1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,r4 ,,cooper1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,daunt1 ,,lieut41 #gth ,dragoon ,guards40 ,the ,calcutta 8,englishman10 ,february #ai1 #ahhf4 8,to the ,editor4 8,,sir1--,in the interests of humanity and in justice to ,captain ,hayes1 who has so successfully introduced his system of taming vicious horses in ,calcutta1 ,i hope you will give publicity to the following case of the complete cure of a terribly vicious horse belonging to this company4 ,the horse in question is a roan ,kabulee1 which has been in our possession1 and worked well in a car for over two years1 but was so savage that no ,european could approach him either in or out of his stall4 ,any attempt to go near him was always met by vigorous striking with his fore feet and biting1 generally followed by a rush at the person nearest to him1 and an endeavour to get his fore legs over the man's head4 ,he was always dangerous1 on one occasion having savaged off a syce's hand1 and at another time he took off a man's finger in one vicious snap4 ,on ,tuesday afternoon last ,i took him to ,captain ,hayes1 who1 in about an hour1 completely cured him1 and this without punishment or cruelty of any kind4 ,two simple1 but ingenious contrivances were used1 which1 without hurting him in any way1 prevented him from doing any mischief to those approaching him1 and after a few minutes1 handling by ,captain ,hayes1 he was pronounced cured1 and ,i was agreeably surprised to find that1 on the removal of his gear1 he was not only quiet but safe4 ,i must confess to some scepticism at first1 as to the performance of the cure1 but both yesterday and to-day he is perfectly quiet and tame1 and will not only allow ,europeans to approach and handle him1 but will follow them about the yard when loose4 ,captain ,hayes has clearly demonstrated that jibbers1 kickers1 buck-jumpers1 and extremely nervous horses1 can all be cured without even being touched by the whip4 8,,jno4 ,r4 ,,maples4 8,managing ,agent1 ,calcutta ,tramways ,company40 ,copy of ,testimonial from class held in the ,royal ,artillery ,riding ,school1 ,woolwich4 8,,woolwich1 ,august1 #ahhg4 8,we1 the undersigned1 having been through a course of ,practical ,instruction in ,lectures given by ,captain ,hayes on his system of ,breaking1 ,mouthing ,horses1 and curing them of bad habits1 c41 have great pleasure in certifying that we have gained much valuable practical knowledge4 ,captain ,hayes gives such excellent reasons for all he does1 that he infuses confidence into those he instructs4 ,with practice any one may use his various methods with the probability of arriving at as great success as himself in the management of horses3-- 8,s4 ,,parr ,,lynes1 ,col4 ,supt4 ,riding ,estab41 ,r4,a4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,crookenden1 ,major1 ,r4,a4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,jeffreys1 ,capt4 ,r4,h4,a4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,vores1 ,lieut4 ,r4,h4,a4 ,h4 ,,mclaughlin1 ,capt4 ,r4,a ,h4 ,,rouse1 ,lieut4 ,r4,a4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,powell1 ,lieut4 ,r4,a4 ,,charles ,d4 ,,guinness1 ,lieut4 ,r4,h4,a4 ,j4 ,,st4 ,l4 ,,wheble1 ,capt4 ,r4,a4 ,g4 ,,mcmicking1 ,lieut4 ,r4,h4,a4 ,,hector ,,corbyn1 ,lieut4 ,r4,a40 ,,index4 ,aggressiveness1 #bdb ,association of ideas1 #ab ,ball1 ,difficult to1 #bbc ,banham1 ,mr41 #hf ,banks and ditches1 #ahg ,bars of the mouth1 #df1 #fe ,baucher1 #ef ,bearing-reins1 #ee ,begging1 #bei ,bending the neck to the rein1 #di ,biting1 #bdb ,blew1 ,mr41 #gd ,blindfolding1 #ajg ,boring1 #baf ,bowing1 #bfj ,boy1 #aj ,bridle1 difficult to1 #aab1 #bbc ,bridle1 suitability of horse to the1 #df ,bridle twitch1 #aah ,bridling horse for first time1 #aga ,buck-jumpers1 #bjc1 #bbb ',bus horse1 #ab ,capped ,knee1 #aja ,carrying head and neck1 #dd ,cart horses1 #ab ,catch1 difficult to1 #bea ,causes of faults1 #b ,chance of doing wrong1 #bc 8,chancing0 fences1 #bcj ,chucking up the head1 #bag ,circling1 #agb1 #bfj ,coercion1 #bc ,collar1 #db ,comanche bridle1 #bfb1 #bfc ,coming up to call1 #bfa ,control1 horse1 #gg ,cowkicking1 #aje ,cruiser1 #ag ,crupper leading-rein1 #adh ,curbs1 #fh ,defeats1 #bj ,defence1 #fj ,deliberate vice1 #c ,difficult to ball1 #bbc 8 8 bridle1 #aab 8 8 catch1 #bea 8 8 dismount from1 #bbc 8 8 drench1 #bbc 8 8 handle1 #bbc 8 8 harness1 #bcc 8 8 mount1 #aj1 #ab1 #bbc 8 8 put into train1 #bbe 8 8 shoe1 #bbe ,difficult to unharness1 #bce ,direction of pull of the reins1 #ej ,dismount from1 difficult to1 #bbc ,docile1 rendering horses1 #adg ,dogs1 #bh ,doing wrong1 not getting a chance of1 #bc ,double hitch ,buonaparte bridle1 #aad ,double sheet-bend1 #acf ,drench1 difficult to1 #bbc ,driving newly-broken horse1 #bdg ,driving pad1 #aff ,dumb jockeys1 #fi 8,dwelling0 on his stride1 #ea ,elastic reins1 #fi ,esa1 ,mr41 #aah ,expedition in breaking1 #cc ,fatigue1 #be ,fanchion1 #aad1 #aea ,fence1 riding at a1 #ei ,fences1 running out at1 #bca 8 1 rushing at1 #bcb ,field1 the1 #bef ,fighting the horse1 #cg ,finish of a race1 #ea ,fire1 unsteady under1 #bbf ,first step1 #cb ,fixing hind quarters1 #fj ,following1 #bfa ,foreleg1 holding up1 #if 8 1 lifting up1 #ic1 #id1 #if 8 1 taking up1 #hh 8 1 tying up1 #ii1 #ajb ,frasier1 ,mr41 #aac ,gagging a horse1 #adc ,gag1 wooden1 #ade ,gateacre1 ,colonel1 #adc 8,game10 nervous horses not1 #f ,gear1 improvised1 #bgb ,gentling hind leg1 #ace ,gentling neck1 #ha1 #hh ,gentling the horse1 #aea ,going level1 #ea ,good hands1 #fe ,good mouth chief requirement1 #cj ,groom1 #bh1 #bi ,ground1 keeping horse on the1 #aeg ,haltering1 ,pratt's ,method of1 #hf ,halter1 rope1 #gh ,halter twitch1 #ajh ,haltering loose horse1 #hj ,hamilton1 #aec ,hands1 good1 #fe ,handle1 difficult to1 #bbc ,hanging against the pole1 #bcf 8 on the headstall1 #bea ,handkerchief1 picking up a1 #bfh ,hard pulling1 #ff ,harness1 breaking to1 #bab 8 1 difficult to1 #bcc 8 1 faults in1 #bcc 8 1 lying down in1 #bdj 8 1 plunging when starting in1 #bda ,head and neck1 carrying the1 #dd ,head and tail1 tying the1 #aig1 #bjf ,head1 chucking up the1 #bag 8 1 position of the1 #ff ,headstall1 hanging on the1 #bea ,headstall twitch1 #aag1 #aah ,hickman1 ,colonel1 #gd1 #bdi ,hind-leg1 gentling1 #ace 8 8 1 lifting up1 #abf1 #ace ,hind-quarters1 fixing1 #fj ,hippo-lasso1 #aai ,hobble1 improvising a1 #adc ,holding horse down1 #afe ,holding up fore-leg1 #if ,horse-breaking1 object of1 #a 8 8 1 scope of1 #ad 8 8 1 value of1 #ad ,horse-control1 #gg ,how it is done1 #cb ,idiocy1 #ba ,improvised gear1 #bgb ,instinct1 #g ,intelligence of the horse1 #i ,jibbing1 #ah1 #ai1 #fj1 #bbg1 #bcf ,jump1 teaching to1 #ahh ,jumping faults1 #bcj ,jumping over another horse1 #bfa ,jumping too slowly1 #bcj ,keeping a horse on the ground1 #aeg ,kemp1 ,mr41 #bag ,kicker1 touching a1 #g ,kicking1 #bch1 #bdd1 #beb ,kicking at night1 #beb ,kicking from nervousness1 #d ,kindness1 #cf ,kissing1 #bfe ,ladies' horses1 breaking1 #bji ,laughing1 #bfe ,leach1 ,mr41 #if ,leading-rein1 crupper1 #adh ,leg1 outward1 #ef ,leg strap1 ,rarey's1 #ii 8 8 1 stirrup leather1 #aje ,lie down1 making a horse1 #aec ,lifting up fore-leg1 #ic1 #id1 #if 8 8 hind-leg1 #abf ,linguist1 #aj ,litter1 pawing back the1 #bef ,log for jumping1 #ahh ,loose horse1 haltering1 #hj ,lunging1 #fd ,lying down1 #bfe ,lying down in harness1 #bdj ,magner1 #aea1 #bah ,making horse lie down1 #aec ,manners1 testing1 #bga ,martingale1 running1 #eb 8 1 standing1 #gj ,mathematician1 #aj ,memory of the horse1 #i ,mental qualities of the horse1 #g ,methods of breaking1 various1 #bi ,military exigencies1 #cd 8 riding1 #eb ,mitchell1 ,mr41 #bci ,moore1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h41 #agd1 #aij1 #bdi ,mount1 difficult to1 #ab1 #bbc ,mounting1 ,australian method1 #bjd 8 horse for first time1 #aig ,mouth1 #cj 8 1 faults of1 #baf 8 1 testing1 #bga ,mouthing gear1 #aff 8 1 on foot1 #agb 8 1 principles of1 #da ,mouth-piece1 action of1 #dg ,muscles of the neck1 #dd1 #de ,mutton fist1 #fg ,neck1 gentling1 #ha1 #hh ,neck muscles1 #dd1 #de ,neck1 scratching the1 #ha ,nervousness1 #c1 #ah1 #bbf ,newmarket1 #fe1 #agi ,night1 kicking at1 #beb 8 1 pawing at1 #bef 8,no601 #bff ,noosing fore-leg1 #ic ,nose-bands1 #gf ,obeying the rein1 #da ,obeying without reins1 #bfe ,obey1 making horse1 #cg ,object of horse-breaking1 #a ,ordinary method of breaking1 #ce ,outward leg1 #ef ,pad1 driving1 #aff ,pallin1 ,mr41 #bbd1 #bef ,pawing at night1 #bef ,pawing back the litter1 #bef ,peat1 ,general1 #adf ,permanency of breaking1 #ca1 #ce ,personal influence1 #bh ,petting horses1 #aj ,plunging when starting in harness1 #bda ,pole1 gentling with the1 #ha1 #hh1 #ic 8 1 hanging against the1 #bcf 8 1 pulling away from the1 #bda ,polo1 savaging at1 #bde 8 1 shying off the ball at1 #bbj ,possibility of overcoming any vice1 #af ,pratt1 ,mr41 #aac1 #aea1 #bah ,pratt's method of haltering1 #hf 8 twitch1 #aac ,principle of rendering horses docile1 #ch ,pulling1 #ff1 #bah ,pulling away from the pole1 #bda 8 successfully1 #db ,punishment1 #bd ,quick breaking1 #cc ,quiet to ride1 #cg ,raabe and ,lunel1 #aai ,racing snaffle1 thin1 #fi ,ranks1 refusing to quit the1 #bbi ,rarey1 #ae1 #ag ,rareyfying1 #bd ,rarey's leg strap1 #ii ,rawlins1 ,colonel1 #ic ,rearing1 #fj1 #bai ,reasoning1 #h1 #ag ,refusing1 #bca ,rein-bearers1 #aga ,rein1 getting tail over the1 #bce ,reining back1 #fc ,rein1 obeying the1 #da ,reins1 #aga ,reins1 pull of the1 #ej ,rideable and driveable1 #bb ,riding newly-broken horse1 #bdg ,river1 #ac ,rockwell1 ,mr41 #aea1 #bfg ,rope-halter1 #gh ,rope-twitch1 #aac 8 8 1 advantages of1 #aab ,rough and ready method1 #cg ,rubbing the tail1 #bef ,running martingale1 #eb ,running out at fences1 #bca ,running reins1 #ee ,rushing at fences1 #bcb ,saddling horse for first time1 #aga ,salkeld1 ,colonel1 #bff ,sample1 ,professor1 #ai1 #bb1 #aij1 #bjh1 #bfg ,saunders1 ,mr41 #ajb ,savage1 young1 #ci ,savaging1 #bdd ,savaging at polo1 #bde ,saving the mouth1 #di1 #ej1 #fg1 #fh ,scope of breaking1 #ad ,scratching horse's neck1 #ha ,see-sawing on a plank1 #bfi ,self-preservation1 #aj ,shaking hands1 #bfi ,shaking the head1 #bgj ,sheet bend1 double1 #acf ,shoe1 difficult to1 #bbe ,short tail1 tying rope to1 #adc ,shying1 #bbj ,shying off the ball at polo1 #bbj ,side reins1 #ee ,sleeping standing1 #beh ,snaffles1 #fh ,spoiled horses1 #cd1 #cf ,sprinter bar1 tying tail to1 #bdj ,stable vices1 #bea ,standing behind breaker1 #gh ,standing martingale1 #gj ,stand still1 making horse1 #hf ,stargazing1 #ec1 #bbj 8,steady601 #aaa ,stirrup leather for leg strap1 #aje ,strait jacket1 #aah 8 8 1 throwing with the1 #aeb ,striking out in front1 #bdf ,stubbornness1 #ah ,suitability of horse to bridle1 #dg ,sulking1 #aeh ,sulky horse1 #bd ,sword1 unsteady with a1 #bbj ,tail over the rein1 getting the1 #bce ,tail1 rubbing the1 #bef ,tail1 short1 #adc 8 to sprinter bar1 tying #bdj 8 with tape1 tying1 #beg ,taking up fore-leg1 #hh 8 8 hind-leg1 #abf ,tape1 tying tail with1 #beg ,teaching horses tricks1 #aj1 #bei ,temper1 testing1 #bga ,tender mouthed1 #bbj ,testing manners1 #bga 8 mouth1 #bga 8 temper1 #bga ,then and there1 #cf ,thin racing snaffle1 #fi ,throwing with strait jacket1 #aeb ,tiring in the gallop1 #ea ,touched1 nervous of being1 #bbf ,touching a kicker1 #g ,train1 difficult to put into1 #bbe ,turn1 difficult to1 #bba 8 1 teaching to1 #ef ,turning1 #ei ,twitch1 bridle1 #aah 8 1 headstall1 #aag1 #aah 8 1 ordinary1 #aab1 #aac 8 1 ,pratt's1 #aac ,twitch1 rope1 #aac ,tying up fore-leg1 #ii1 #ajb ,unharness1 difficult to1 #bce ,value of breaking1 #ad ,various methods1 #bi ,vice1 deliberate1 #c ,vice in the horse1 #c ,vices1 #bj 8 1 stable1 #bea ,voice1 #bg ,waltzing1 #bgj ,wardrop1 ,colonel1 #gd1 #ahb ,whip1 undue fear of1 #bda 8 1 unsteady with the1 #bbf ,white's ,veterinary ,art1 #ed ,without reins1 obeying1 #bfg 8,yawing10 #bba 8,yes10 #bgj ,yield1 making the horse1 #aa ,young horses1 #dc 8 savage1 #ci ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes' ,,books ,,on ,,horses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,capt4 ,hayes' ,books on ,horses4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,veterinary ,,hints ,,for ,,horse-,,owners4 ,a ,handbook of ,veterinary ,medicine and ,surgery1 written in popular language4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged1 with ,additional ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,in the press4 8,of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our notice1 this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable4 ,some notice is accorded to nearly all the diseases which are common to horses in this country1 and the writer takes advantage of his ,indian experience to touch upon several maladies of horses in that country1 where veterinary surgeons are few and far between40--,the ,field4 8,the work is written in a clear and practical way40--,saturday ,review4 8,the book leaves nothing to be desired on the score of lucidity and comprehensiveness40--,veterinary ,journal4 8,the present edition is nearly double the size of the first one1 and the additional articles are well and clearly written1 and much increase the value of the work4 ,we do not think that horse-owners in general are likely to find a more reliable and useful book for guidance in an emergency40--,the ,field4 ,,riding3 on the ,flat and ,across ,country4 ,a ,guide to ,practical ,horsemanship4 ,illustrated by ,,sturgess4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,imperial #afmo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,in the press4 8,the book is one that no man who has ever sat in a saddle can fail to read with interest40--,illustrated ,sporting and ,dramatic ,news4 8,a master of his subject40--,standard4 8,an excellent book on riding40--,truth4 8,it has1 however1 been reserved for ,captain ,hayes to write what in our opinion will be generally accepted as the most comprehensive1 enlightened1 and #8all round' work on riding2 bringing to bear1 as he does1 not only his own great experience1 but the advice and practice of many of the best recognized horsemen of the period40--,the ,sporting ,life4 8,an eminently practical teacher1 whose theories are the outcome of experience1 learned not in the study1 but on the road1 in the hunting-field1 and on the racecourse40--,baily's ,magazine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cap4 ,hayes' ,books on ,horses4 ,,horse ,,training ,,and ,,management ,,in ,,india4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 8,we entertain a very high opinion of ,captain ,hayes' book on ,horse ,training and ,management in ,india1 and are of opinion that no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our empire40--,the ,veterinary ,journal4 8,a useful guide in regard to horses anywhere 444 ,concise1 practical1 and portable40--,saturday ,review4 8,we have always been able to commend ,captain ,hayes' books as being essentially practical1 and written in understandable language4 ,as trainer1 owner1 and rider of horses on the flat and over country1 the author has had a wide experience1 and when to this is added competent veterinary knowledge1 it is clear that ,captain ,hayes is entitled to attention when he speaks40--,the ,field4 ,,illustrated ,,horse ,,breaking ,,in ,,theory ,,and ,,practice4 ,with #eb ,plates by ,j4 ,h4 ,,oswald ,,brown4 ,uniform with 8,riding40 #bas4 ,,soundness ,,and ,,age ,,of ,,horses4 ,a ,veterinary and ,legal ,guide to the ,examination of ,horses for ,soundness4 ,by ,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 8#8,soundness and ,age of ,horses' is more technical1 and shows that ,captain ,hayes has not confined his experiences of horses to the mere riding of them4 ,all who have horses to buy1 sell1 or keep1 will find plenty to interest them in this manual1 which is full of illustrations1 and still fuller of hints and #8wrinkles4'0--,the ,referee4 8,captain ,hayes' work is evidently the result of much careful research1 and the horseman1 as well as the veterinarian1 will find in it much that is interesting and instructive40--,the ,field4 99 99 99 99 99 ,capt4 ,hayes' ,books on ,horses4 ,,indian ,,racing ,,reminiscences4 ,being ,anecdotes of ,men1 ,horses1 and ,sport4 ,illustrated with ,twenty-two ,portraits and a number of smaller ,engravings4 ,imperial #afmo4 #hs4 #f;d4 8,all sportsmen who can appreciate a book on racing1 written in a chatty style and full of anecdote1 will like ,captain ,hayes' latest work4 ,in this book1 as in his others1 ,captain ,hayes shows himself a thorough master of his subject1 and has so skilfully interwoven technicalities1 history1 and anecdote1 that the last page comes all too soon40--,the ,field4 8,no racing reminiscences have ever been recorded so graphically1 with such a loving lingering over the days that were1 and with such a wide personal acquaintance with the horses1 the men1 and the times1 as ,captain ,hayes has done in his new book40--,the ,indian ,planter's ,gazette4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,practical ,,tactics4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4 8,captain ,hayes' book deals exclusively with tactics1 and is a well-considered treatise on that branch of the art of war1 giving not merely rules1 but also principles and reasons4 ,we would particularly draw attention to the chapter on the defensive1 which subject is treated with more fulness than is usually found in ,english books4444 ,a valuable chapter on machine-guns winds up the work40--,the ,times4 ,,in ,,preparation4 ,,the ,,horsewoman4 ,a ,practical ,guide for ,ladies in the ,art of ,riding4 ,illustrated4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 and ,a4 ,m4 ,,hayes4 ,imperial #afmo4 ,,the ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,horse4 ,a ,familiar ,treatise on ,equine ,conformation4 ,describing the ,points in which the perfection of each class of ,horses consists4 ,illustrated by numerous ,drawings from ,photographs and exact measurements of ,living ,typical ,animals4 ,illustrated by ,j4 ,h4 ,,oswald ,,brown4 ,oblong #dto4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,and ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,,illustrated ,,catalogue4 ,,london3 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,and ,,co41 #hg ,,newgate ,,street4 ,january1 #ahhi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,in ,imperial #afmo4 ,uniform with ,hayes' 8,riding3 on the ,flat and ,across ,country10 8,hindu ,mythology10 c4 ,handsomely bound4 ,rs4 #aj4 7#abs4 #f;d47 ,,riding ,,for ,,ladies4 ,with ,hints on the ,stable4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,power ,o',,donoghue4 ,,author ,,of 8,,ladies ,,on ,,horseback10 8,a ,,beggar ,,on ,,horseback10 c4 ,with #ia ,illustrations drawn expressly for the ,work by ,a4 ,chantrey ,corbould4 ,illustration ,this able and beautiful volume will form a ,standard on the ,subject1 and is one which no lady can dispense with4 ,the scope of the work will be understood by the following3 ,,contents4 ,i4 ,ought ,children to ,ride8 ,,ii4 8,for ,mothers ,children40 ,,iii4 ,first ,hints to a ,learner4 ,,iv4 ,selecting a ,mount4 ,v41 ,,vi4 ,the ,lady's ,dress4 ,,vii4 ,bitting4 ,,viii ,saddling4 ,,ix4 ,how to ,sit1 ,canter1 c4 ,x4 ,reins1 ,voice1 and ,whip4 ,,xi4 ,riding on the ,road4 ,,xii4 ,paces1 ,vices1 and ,faults4 ,,xiii4 ,a ,lesson in ,leaping4 ,,xiv4 ,managing ,refusers4 ,,xv4 ,falling4 ,,xvi4 ,hunting ,outfit ,considered4 ,,xvii4 ,economy in ,riding ,dress4 ,,xviii4 ,hacks and ,hunters4 ,,xix4 ,in the ,hunting ,field4 ,,xx4 ,shoeing4 ,,xxi4 ,feeding4 ,,xxii4 ,stabling4 ,,xxiii4 ,doctoring4 ,,xxiv4 ,breeding4 ,,xxv4 8,tips40 8,when there may arise differences of opinion as to some of the suggestions contained in this volume1 the reader1 especially if a woman1 may feel assured she will not go far astray in accepting what is said by one of her own sex1 who has the distinction of three times beating the ,empress of ,austria in the hunting field1 from whom she #8took the brush4' #8,riding for ,ladies' is certain to become a classic40 --,new ,york ,sportsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,riding ,,for ,,ladies4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,power ,o',,donoghue4 ,illustration ,,ninety-,,one ,,illustrations ,,by ,a4 ,,chantrey ,,corbould4 ,handsomely ,bound4 ,rs4 #aj4 ,cash ,rs4 #i4 7#abs4 #f;d47 8,mrs4 ,power ,o',donoghue 7more power to her--not that she wants it7 shows no sign of #8falling off4' ,indeed1 she shows her readers how to become riders1 and to stick on gracefully4 ,she sketches her pupils #8in their habits as they ride1' and gives them a bit of her mind about bits1 and tells them about spurs on the spur of a moment40--,punch4 8,mrs4 ,o',donoghue is great on the subject of a lady's riding-dress1 and lays down some useful information which should not be forgotten4444 ,from first to last she never errs on the side of anything approaching to bad taste1 which is more than can be said for some equestriennes40--,field4 8,it is a characteristic of her book1 as of all books of any value1 that it has a distinctive character4 ,sound common sense1 and a thoroughly practical way of communicating instruction1 are its leading traits40--,daily ,news4 8,we venture to think that any clever girl reading what ,mrs4 ,o',donoghue has to say on the subject will learn more than a dozen riding lessons can teach her4--,illustrated ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,new ,work by the ,author of 8,the ,tribes on my ,frontier40 ,,behind ,,the ,,bungalow ,,by ,,eha4 ,,with ,,very ,,many ,,clever ,,sketches ,by the ,illustrator of 8,the ,tribes40 ,illustration ,,chapters3 ,i4--,,engaging ,a ,,boy4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,boy ,,at ,,home4 ,,iii4--,,dogboys4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,ghorawalla ,,or ,,syce4 ,v4--,,bootlair ,,sahib1 ,,anglice--,,the ,,butler4 ,,vi4--,,domingo1 ,,the ,,cook4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,man ,,of ,,lamps4 ,,viii4--,,the ,,hamal4 ,,ix4--,,the ,,body ,,guard4 ,x4--,,that ,,dhobie4 ,,xi4--,,the ,,ayah-,,ma4 ,,xii4--,r4 ,r4 ,,the ,,pundit4 ,,xiii4--,,hurree1 ,,the ,,dirzee4 ,,xiv4--,,the ,,malee4 ,,xv4--,,the ,,bheestie4 ,,xvi4--,,tom1 ,,the ,,barber4 ,,xvii4--,,our ,,nowkers--,,the ,,march ,,past4 ,,postscript4 ,,the ,,doodwallah4 ,,the ,,miscellaneous ,,wallas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,,behind ,,the ,,bungalow4 ,by the ,author of 8,,tribes ,,on ,,my ,,frontier40 ,,and ,,illustrated ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,artist4 ,illustration ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,third ,edition4 ,in ,imperial #afmo1 uniform with 8,lays of ,ind10 8,riding10 8,hindu ,mythology10 c4 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,,the ,,tribes ,,on ,,my ,,frontier3 ,an ,indian ,naturalist's ,foreign ,policy4 ,,by ,,eha4 ,,with ,,fifty ,,illustrations ,,by ,f4 ,c4 ,,macrae4 ,illustration ,in this remarkably clever work there are most graphically and humorously described the surroundings of a ,mofussil bungalow4 ,the twenty chapters embrace a year's experiences1 and provide endless sources of amusement and suggestion4 ,the numerous able illustrations add very greatly to the interest of the volume1 which will find a place on every table4 ,,the ,,chapters ,,are-- ,i4--,a ,durbar4 ,,ii4--,the ,rats4 ,,iii4--,the ,mosquitos4 ,,iv4--,the ,lizards4 ,v4--,the ,ants4 ,,vi4--,the ,crows4 ,,vii4--,the ,bats4 ,,viii4--,bees1 ,wasps1 et hoc genus omne4 ,,ix4--,the ,spiders4 ,x4--,the ,butterfly3 ,hunting ,him4 ,,xi4--,the ,butterfly3 ,contemplating ,him4 ,,xii4--,the ,frogs4 ,,xiii4--,the ,bugs4 ,,xiv4--,the ,birds of the ,garden4 ,,xv4--,the ,birds at the ,mango ,tope4 ,,xvi4--,the ,birds at the ,tank4 ,,xvii4--,the ,poultry ,yard4 ,,xviii4--,the ,white ,ants4 ,,xix4--,the ,hypodermatikosyringophoroi4 ,,xx4--,etcetera4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,the ,,tribes ,,on ,,my ,,frontier4 ,third ,edition4 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 8,it is a very clever record of a year's observations round the bungalow in #8,dustypore4' 444 ,it is by no means a mere travesty4444 ,the writer is always amusing1 and never dull40--,field4 8,the book is cleverly illustrated by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,macrae4 ,we have only to thank our ,anglo-,indian naturalist for the delightful book which he has sent home to his countrymen in ,britain4 ,may he live to give us another such40--,chambers' ,journal4 ,illustration 8,a most charming series of sprightly and entertaining essays on what may be termed the fauna of the ,indian bungalow4444 ,we have no doubt that this amusing book will find its way into every ,anglo-,indian's library40--,allen's ,indian ,mail4 8,this is a delightful book1 irresistibly funny in description and illustration1 but full of genuine science too4444 ,there is not a dull or uninstructive page in the whole book40--,knowledge4 8,it is a pleasantly-written book about the insects and other torments of ,india which make ,anglo-,indian life unpleasant1 and which can be read with pleasure even by those beyond the reach of the tormenting things ,eha describes40--,graphic4 8,the volume is full of accurate and unfamiliar observation40--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,,new ,,and ,,important ,,work4 ,in ,one ,volume1 #hvo4 ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,rs4 #af4 7#bes47 ,a ,text ,book of ,medical ,jurisprudence for ,india4 ,,by ,i4 ,b4 ,,lyon1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,brigade-,surgeon1 ,bombay ,medical ,service2 ,chemical ,analyst to ,government2 ,professor of ,chemistry and ,medical ,jurisprudence1 ,grant ,medical ,college1 ,bombay2 ,fellow of the ,university of ,bombay4 ,illustration --3o3-- ,revised as to the legal matter by ,j4 ,d4 ,,inverarity1 ,of the ,inner ,temple1 ,barrister-at-,law and ,advocate of the ,high ,court1 ,bombay4 --3o3-- ,a work that will be indispensable to ,medical ,officers in charge of ,dispensaries1 ,students1 ,officers of ,police1 ,magistrates1 and the ,medical and ,legal ,services generally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,one volume1 royal #hvo4 ,illustrated4 ,rs4 #af4 7#bes47 ,,lyon',s ,,medical ,,jurisprudence ,,for ,,india4 ,illustration3 ,,sections ,,of ,,dhatura ,,seeds 7enlarged74 ,illustration3 ,,sections ,,of ,,capsicum ,,seeds 7enlarged74 8,will be absolutely indispensable to every member of the two professions in ,india1 while the student will find in it everything he needs4 ,we may congratulate ,dr4 ,lyon on his admirable system of arrangement and the lucidity and simplicity of his style4 ,his book is to the layman eminently readable1 and probably no better book of reference has ever been prepared for professional men in ,india4--,times of ,india4 ,illustration3 ,,dhatura ,,capsules 7,d4 alba7 ,illustration3 ,exterior1 ,natural size4 ,section ,natural size4 ,enlarged ,section4 ,,cocculus ,,indicus4 8,the special feature of ,dr4 ,lyon's book is that ,indian ,law and ,indian ,practice are in each case contrasted with the ,law and ,practice in ,england1 and the most conscientious care is expended in making the book absolutely exhaustive as a manual for ,indian purposes4 ,to all those who are engaged in the administration of the ,law1 as well as to students1 the book will be found quite invaluable4 ,the work is a monument of industry and research40--,home ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,illustration ,,sterndale',s ,,mammalia ,,of ,,india4 ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,seventy ,,illustrations4 ,rs4 #aj 7#abs4 #f;d47 ,illustration ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,in ,imperial #afmo4 ,uniform with 8,riding10 8,riding for ,ladies10 8,hindu ,mythology40 ,rs4 #aj4 7#abs4 #f;d47 ,a ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,mammalia ,,of ,,india1 ,,burmah ,,and ,,ceylon4 ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,sterndale1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 c41 ,,author ,,of 8,,seonee10 8,,the ,,denizens ,,of ,,the ,,jungle10 8,,the ,,afghan ,,knife10 ,,etc4 ,,with #agj ,,illustrations ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,and ,,others4 ,illustration ,the geographical limits of the present work have been extended to all territories likely to be reached by the sportsman from ,india4 ,it is copiously illustrated1 not only by the author himself1 but by careful selections made by him from the works of well-known artists4 8,it is the very model of what a popular natural history should be40--,knowledge4 8,an amusing work with good illustrations40--,nature4 8,full of accurate observation1 brightly told40--,saturday ,review4 8,the results of a close and sympathetic observation40--,athenum4 8,it has the brevity which is the soul of wit1 and a delicacy of allusion which charms the literary critic40--,academy4 8,the notices of each animal are1 as a rule1 short1 though on some of the larger mammals--the lion1 tiger1 pard1 boar1 c4--ample and interesting details are given1 including occasional anecdotes of adventure4 ,the book will1 no doubt1 be specially useful to the sportsman1 and1 indeed1 has been extended so as to include all territories likely to be reached by the sportsman from ,india4 ,those who desire to obtain some general information1 popularly conveyed1 on the subject with which the book deals1 will1 we believe1 find it useful40--,the ,times4 8,has contrived to hit a happy mean between the stiff scientific treatise and the bosh of what may be called anecdotal zoology40--,the ,daily ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,denizens ,,of ,,the ,,jungles4 ,illustration3 7,reduced from ,original47 ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,sterndale1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,,etc4 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,oblong ,imperial #dto4 ,rs4 #ab4 7#afs47 ,,denizens ,,of ,,the ,,jungles3 ,a ,series of ,sketches of ,wild ,animals1 ,,illustrating ,,their ,,forms ,,and ,,natural ,,attitudes4 ,,with ,,letterpress ,,description ,,of ,,each ,,plate4 ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,sterndale1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 ,,author ,,of 8,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,mammalia ,,of ,,india10 8,,seonee10 ,,etc4 ,i4--,denizens of the ,jungles4 ,aborigines--,deer--,monkeys4 ,,ii4--8,on the ,watch40 ,tiger4 ,,iii4--8,not so fast ,asleep as he ,looks40 ,panther--,monkeys4 ,,iv4--8,waiting for ,father40 ,black ,bears of the ,plains4 ,v4--8,rival ,monarchs40 ,tiger and ,elephant4 ,,vi4--8,hors de ,combat40 ,indian ,wild ,boar and ,tiger4 ,,vii4--8,a ,race for ,life40 ,blue ,bull and ,wild ,dogs4 ,,viii4--8,meaning ,mischief40 ,the ,gaur--,indian ,bison4 ,,ix4--8,more than ,his ,match40 ,buffalo and ,rhinoceros4 ,x4--8,a ,critical ,moment40 ,spotted ,deer and ,leopard4 ,,xi4--8,hard hit40 ,the ,sambur4 ,,xii4--8,mountain ,monarchs40 ,marco ,polo's ,sheep4 8,the plates are admirably executed by photo-lithography from the author's originals1 every line and touch being faithfully preserved4 ,it is a volume which will be eagerly studied on many a table4 ,mr4 ,sterndale has many an amusing and exciting anecdote to add to the general interest of the work40--,broad ,arrow4 8,the ,volume is well got up and the drawings are spirited and natural40--,illustrated ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 8,splendidly ,illustrated ,record of ,sport40--,graphic4 ,in ,demy #dto4 ,thirty ,plates and ,map4 ,rs4 #be4 7#b #bs47 ,,large ,,game ,,shooting ,,in ,,thibet ,,and ,,the ,,north-,,west4 ,,by ,,colonel ,,alexander ,a ,,kinloch4 ,illustration3 ,reduced from the ,photo-,lithographed ,original4 8,colonel ,kinloch1 who has killed most kinds of ,indian game1 small and great1 relates incidents of his varied sporting experiences in chapters1 which are each descriptive of a different animal4 ,the photo-gravures of the heads of many of the animals1 from the grand gaur1 popularly miscalled the bison1 downwards1 are extremely clever and spirited40--,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,splendidly ,illustrated ,book of ,sport4 ,in ,demy #dto2 ,rs4 #be2 elegantly bound4 7#b #bs47 ,thirty ,plates and a ,map4 ,large ,game ,shooting in ,thibet1 the ,himalayas1 and ,northern ,india4 ,by ,colonel ,,alexander ,a4 ,,kinloch4 ,containing descriptions of the country and of the various animals to be found2 together with extracts from a journal of several years' standing4 ,with thirty illustrations and map of the district4 8,an attractive volume1 full of sporting adventures in the valleys and forest hills extending along the foot of the ,himalayas4 ,its pages are also interesting for the graphic description they give of the beasts of the field1 the cunning instinct which they show in guarding their safety1 the places which they choose for their lair1 and the way in which they show their anger when at bay4 ,colonel ,kinloch writes on all these subjects in a genuine and straightforward style1 aiming at giving a complete description of the habits and movements of the game40--,british ,mail4 8,if ,carlyle had ever condescended to notice sport and sportsmen he might probably have invented some curious and expressive phrase for the author of this book4 ,it is the work of a genuine ,shikhari4 ,the heads have been admirably reproduced by the photograph4 ,the spiral or curved horns1 the silky hair1 the fierce glance1 the massive jaws1 the thick neck of deer1 antelope1 yak or bison1 are realistic and superior to anything that we can remember in any bookshelf full of ,indian sport40--,saturday ,review4 8,the splendidly illustrated record of sport4 ,the photo-gravures1 especially the heads of the various antelopes1 are lifelike3 and the letterpress is very pleasant reading40--,graphic4 ,indian ,notes about ,dogs3 their ,diseases and ,treatment4 ,by ,major ,c----4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 cloth4 ,rs4 #a-h4 ,indian ,horse ,notes3 an ,epitome of useful ,information4 ,by ,major ,c----1 ,author of 8,indian ,notes about ,dogs20 ,second ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 cloth4 ,rs4 #b4 ,horse-,breeding and ,rearing in ,india3 with ,notes on ,training for the ,flat and ,across ,country2 and on ,purchase1 ,breaking-in1 and ,general ,management4 ,by ,major ,j4 ,humfrey4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #c-h4 7#fs47 ,useful ,hints to ,young ,shikaris on the ,gun and ,rifle4 ,by 8,,the ,,little ,,old ,,bear40 ,reprinted from the ,asian4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #b-h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,rudyard ,kipling's ,stories in ,prose and ,verse4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #d4 7#fs47 ,,plain ,,tales ,,from ,,the ,,hills3 ,a ,,collection ,,of ,,stories ,,by ,,rudyard ,,kipling1 ,author of 8,departmental ,ditties and other ,verses40 8,there are rattling stories of flirtation and sport1 with a good deal of the ,lever swing2 there are funny stories of practical jokes and sells1 full of the irresponsible vivacity of the youngsters whom such toys delight2 and there are sad little stories of deeper things1 told with no affectation of solemnity1 but rather more throat-lumping for that40--,sunday ,times4 8,they sparkle with fun2 they are full of life1 merriment and humour40--,allen's ,indian ,mail40 8,we have seen entertainers who1 with nothing but a piano and a decanter of water1 could move an audience to laughter and tears for a whole evening2 and ,mr4 ,rudyard ,kipling's skill as a raconteur irresistibly reminds us of such feats40--,broad ,arrow4 ,in square #cbmo42 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,departmental ,,ditties ,,and ,,other ,,verses4 ,,being ,,humorous ,,poems ,,of ,,indian ,,officialdom4 ,,third ,,edition1 ,,with ,,additional ,,poems4 8,they reflect with light gaiety the thoughts and feelings of actual men and women1 and are true as well as clever4444 ,mr4 ,,kipling achieves the feat of making ,anglo-,indian society flirt and intrigue visibly before our eyes4444 ,his book gives hope of a new literary star of no mean magnitude rising in the east40--,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunter in ,the ,academy4 8,as for that terrible1 scathing piece1 8,the ,story of ,uriah10 we know of nothing with which to compare it1 and one cannot help the wretched feeling that it is true4444 #8,in ,spring ,time' is the most pathetic lament of an exile we know in modern poetry40--,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,crown #hvo4 ,uniform with 8,veterinary ,notes40 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,,soundness ,,and ,,age ,,of ,,horses4 ,,with ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,seventy ,,illustrations4 ,illustration ,a ,complete ,guide to all those features which require attention when purchasing ,horses1 distinguishing mere defects from the symptoms of unsoundness2 with explicit instructions how to conduct an examination of the various parts4 ,,by ,,captain ,m4 ,,horace ,,hayes1 ,,author ,,of 8,,riding10 8,,veterinary ,,notes10 8,,training ,,and ,,horse ,,management10 ,,etc4 ,,illustrated ,,horse-,,breaking4 ,,by ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,uniform with 8,riding10 c4 7#ba s47 ,,illustrated ,,horse-,,breaking ,,by ,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,illustration #a4 ,theory of ,horse ,breaking4 #b4 ,principles of ,mounting4 #c4 ,horse ,control4 #d4 ,rendering ,docile4 #e4 ,giving ,good ,mouths4 #f4 ,teaching to ,jump4 #g4 ,mount for ,first ,time4 #h4 ,breaking for ,ladies' ,riding4 #i4 ,breaking to ,harness4 #aj4 ,faults of ,mouth4 #aa4 ,nervousness and ,impatience4 #ab4 ,jibbing4 #ac4 ,jumping ,faults4 #ad4 ,faults in ,harness4 #ae4 ,aggressiveness4 #af4 ,riding and ,driving ,newly-broken ,horse4 #ag4 ,stable ,vices4 ,,with ,,fifty-,,one ,,illustrations ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,oswald ,,browne4 99 99 99 99 99 ,uniform with 8,lays of ,ind10 8,hindu ,mythology10 c4 ,third ,edition4 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,imperial #afmo4 ,rs4 #g-h4 7#ajs4 #f;d47 ,,in ,,the ,,press4 ,,riding3 ,,on ,,the ,,the ,,flat ,,and ,,across ,,country4 ,illustration ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,practical ,,horsemanship1 ,,by ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,,profusely ,,illustrated4 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,third ,edition4 ,enlarged4 ,rs4 #g-h4 7#ajs4 #f;d47 ,in the ,press4 ,,riding3 ,,on ,,the ,,flat ,,and ,,across ,,country4 ,by ,,captain ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,,reviews ,,of ,,former ,,editions4 ,illustrated ,sporting and ,dramatic ,news4--8,the book is one that no man who has ever sat in a saddle can fail to read with interest40 ,the ,field4--8,the general directions are in most cases in accordance with our own opinions2 and ,mr4 ,hayes has supplemented his own experience of race-riding by resorting to ,tom ,cannon1 ,fordham1 and other well-known jockeys for illustration4 #8,the ,guide' is1 on the whole1 thoroughly reliable2 and both the illustrations and the printing do credit to the publishers40 ,the ,sporting ,life4--8,it has1 however1 been reserved for ,captain ,hayes to write what in our opinion will be generally accepted as the most comprehensive1 enlightened1 and #8all round' work on riding1 bringing to bear as he does not only his own great experience1 but the advice and practice of many of the best recognized horsemen of the period40 ,illustration ,society4--8,the whole book is written in a style eminently suited to the subject40 ,athenum4--8,is an eminently sensible and useful manual4444 ,is in all respects satisfactory40 ,scotsman4--8,a thoroughly practical treatise40 ,graphic4--8,is as practical as ,captain ,horace ,hayes' #8,veterinary ,notes' and #8,guide to ,horse ,management in ,india4' ,greater praise than this it is impossible to give40 ,vanity ,fair4--8,three-fourths of those who indulge in what they call riding in ,hyde ,park would do well to learn this book by heart40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,,in ,,the ,,press4 ,third ,edition1 thoroughly revised and with many new ,illustrations4 ,,veterinary ,,notes ,,for ,,horse-,,owners4 ,a ,handbook of ,veterinary ,medicine and ,surgery1 written in ,popular ,language4 ,,by ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace ,,hayes4 ,,reviews ,,of ,,former ,,editions4 ,saturday ,review4--8,the work is written in a clear and practical way40 ,illustration ,the ,field4--8,of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our notice1 this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable4 ,the author tells us1 in the preface to the first edition1 that any merit which the book may possess is to be ascribed to the teaching of the ,principal and ,professors of the ,new ,veterinary ,college at ,edinburgh1 where he studied4 ,it is much to be desired that every student would make as much use of his opportunities as ,capt4 ,hayes has done4 8,some notice is accorded to nearly all the diseases which are common to horses in this country1 and the writer takes advantage of his ,indian experience to touch upon several maladies of horses in that country1 where veterinary surgeons are few and far between4 ,the description of symptoms and the directions for the application of remedies are given in perfectly plain terms1 which the tyro will find no difficulty in comprehending2 and1 for the purpose of further smoothing his path1 a chapter is given on veterinary medicines1 their actions1 uses1 and doses4 ,this information will be most acceptable to the majority of horse-owners1 and may be invaluable in an emergency when no advice better than that of the village cow doctor can be obtained40 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,in ,imperial #afmo4 ,illustrated4 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,,indian ,,racing ,,reminiscences3 ,,being ,,entertaining ,,narratives ,,and ,,anecdotes ,,of ,,men1 ,,horses1 ,,and ,,sport4 ,illustrated with ,twenty-,two ,portraits and a ,number of ,smaller ,engravings4 ,,by ,m4 ,,horace ,,hayes4 ,illustration 8,such a useful work as this cannot fail to be useful and interesting both in ,england and the ,colonies40--,indian ,daily ,news4 8,captain ,hayes has done wisely in publishing these lively sketches of life in ,india4 ,the book is full of racy anecdote1 and the author writes so kindly of his brother officers and the sporting planters with whom he came into contact1 that one cannot help admiring the genial and happy temperament of the author4 ,he is well known as an authority on everything connected with the horse and horse-racing40--,bell's ,life4 8,in this book1 as in his others1 ,captain ,hayes shows himself a thorough master of his subject1 and has so skilfully interwoven technicalities1 history1 and anecdote1 that the last page comes all too soon4 ,all sportsmen who can appreciate a book on racing1 written in a chatty style and full of anecdote1 will like ,captain ,hayes' latest work40--,field4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,revised4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,,training ,,horse ,,management ,,in ,,india4 ,,by ,,captain ,m4 ,,horace ,,hayes4 8,no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or veterinary surgeon40--,the ,veterinary ,journal4 8,a useful guide in regard to horses anywhere4444 ,concise1 practical1 and portable40--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,the ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 and with additional ,illustrations by the ,author4 ,post #hvo4 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,,seonee3 ,,or1 ,,camp ,,life ,,on ,,the ,,satpura ,,range4 ,a ,tale of ,indian ,adventure4 ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,sterndale1 ,,author ,,of 8,,mammalia ,,of ,,india10 8,,denizens ,,of ,,the ,,jungles40 ,illustration ,illustrated by the ,author4 ,with a ,map and an ,appendix containing a brief ,topographical and ,historical account of the ,district of ,seonee in the ,central ,provinces of ,india4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,uniform with 8,lays of ,ind10 8,riding10 c4 ,rs4 #g-h4 7#ajs4 #f;d47 ,,hindu ,,mythology3 ,,vedic ,,and ,,puranic4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,wilkins1 ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,missionary ,,society1 ,,calcutta4 ,illustrated by ,one ,hundred ,engravings chiefly from ,drawings by ,native ,artists4 ,illustration ,,reviews4 8,his aim has been to give a faithful account of the ,hindu deities such as an intelligent native would himself give1 and he has endeavoured1 in order to achieve his purpose1 to keep his mind free from prejudice or theological bias4 ,to help to completeness he has included a number of drawings of the principal deities1 executed by native artists4 ,the author has attempted a work of no little ambition and has succeeded in his attempt1 the volume being one of great interest and usefulness2 and not the less so because he has strictly refrained from diluting his facts with comments of his own4 ,it has numerous illustrations40--,home ,news4 8,mr4 ,wilkins has done his work well1 with an honest desire to state facts apart from all theological prepossession1 and his volume is likely to be a useful book of reference40--,guardian4 8,in ,mr4 ,wilkins' book we have an illustrated manual1 the study of which will lay a solid foundation for more advanced knowledge1 while it will furnish those who may have the desire without having the time or opportunity to go further into the subject1 with a really extensive stock of accurate information40--,indian ,daily ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,,lays ,,of ,,ind4 ,by ,,aliph ,,cheem4 ,,comic1 ,,satirical1 ,,and ,,descriptive ,poems ,illustrative of ,anglo-,indian ,life4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,the ,,author1 ,,lionel ,,inglis1 ,r4 ,a4 ,,sterndale1 ,,and ,,others4 ,eighth ,edition4 ,cloth1 gilt4 ,rs4 #g-h4 7#ajs4 #f;d47 ,,reviews ,,of ,,previous ,,editions4 8,this is a remarkably bright little book4 #8,aliph ,cheem1' supposed to be the nom de plume of an officer in the #ahth ,hussars1 is1 after his fashion1 an ,indian ,bon ,gaultier4 ,in a few of the poems the jokes1 turning on local names and customs1 are somewhat esoteric2 but1 taken throughout1 the verses are characterized by high animal spirits1 great cleverness1 and most excellent fooling40--,the ,world4 8,aliph ,cheem presents us in this volume with some highly amusing ballads and songs1 which have already in a former edition warmed the hearts and cheered the lonely hours of many an ,anglo-,indian1 the pictures being chiefly those of ,indian life4 ,there is no mistaking the humour1 and at times1 indeed1 the fun is both #8fast and furious4' ,many portions remind us of the #8,bab ,ballads4' ,one can readily imagine the merriment created round the camp fire by the recitation of #8,the ,two ,thumpers1' which is irresistibly droll4444 ,the edition before us is enlarged1 and contains illustrations by the author1 in addition to which it is beautifully printed and handsomely got up1 all which recommendations are sure to make the name of ,aliph ,cheem more popular in ,india than ever40--,liverpool ,mercury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,reviews of 8,lays of ,ind40 8,the #8,lays' are not only ,anglo-,indian in origin1 but out-and-out ,anglo-,indian in subject and colour4 ,to one who knows something of life at an ,indian #8station' they will be especially amusing4 ,their exuberant fun at the same time may well attract the attention of the ill-defined individual known as #8the general reader4'0--,scotsman4 ,illustration 8,to many ,anglo-,indians the lively verses of #8,aliph ,cheem' must be very well known1 while to those who have not yet become acquainted with them we can only say read them on the first opportunity4 ,to those not familiar with ,indian life they may be specially commended for the picture which they give of many of its lighter incidents and conditions1 and of several of its ordinary personages4444 ,we have read the volume with real pleasure1 and we have only to add that it is nicely printed and elegantly finished1 and that it has several charming woodcuts1 of which some are by the author1 whom ,indian gossip1 by the way1 has identified with ,captain ,yeldham1 of the #ahth ,hussars40--,bath ,chronicle4 8,satire of the most amusing and inoffensive kind1 humour the most genuine1 and pathos the most touching pervade these #8,lays of ,ind4' 444 ,from ,indian friends we have heard of the popularity these #8,lays' have obtained in the land where they were written1 and we predict for them a popularity equally great at home40--,monthly ,homopathic ,review4 8,the author1 although assuming a nom de plume1 is recognised as a distinguished cavalry officer1 possessed of a vivid imagination and a sense of humour amounting sometimes to rollicking and contagious fun4 ,many of his #8,lays' suggest recollections of some of the best pieces in the #8,ingoldsby ,legends1' or in the #8,biglow ,papers' of ,russell ,lowell1 while revealing a character of their own40--,capital and ,labour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,e4 ,,busteed',s 8,,echoes ,,from ,,old ,,calcutta40 ,a ,,most ,,interesting ,,series ,,of ,,sketches ,,of ,,calcutta ,,life1 ,,chiefly ,,towards ,,the ,,close ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,century4 ,post #hvo4 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,illustration3 ,door of ,black ,hole4 ,grated ,windows4 ,,the 8,,black ,,hole0 ,,of ,,calcutta4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,in ,post #hvo1 uniform with 8,seonee40 ,rs4 #f4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,a ,,new ,,and ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,echoes ,,from ,,old ,,calcutta4 ,,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,busteed1 ,m4,d41 ,c4,i4,e4 8,we hear that ,dr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,busteed1 whose charming little book on #8,old ,calcutta' commanded a deserved popularity among ,indian readers1 is now engaged in his retirement at home in bringing out a new edition1 which will be much amplified1 and illustrated by portraits of ladies and gentlemen of the settlement who were local celebrities a century ago4 ,dr4 ,,busteed has devoted himself to research with indefatigable industry1 and fortunately his literary style is as graceful and entertaining as his knowledge is profound and accurate40--,calcutta ,englishman4 8,it is a pleasure to reiterate the warm commendation of this instructive and lively volume which its appearance called forth some few years since4 ,it would be lamentable if a book so fraught with interest to all ,englishmen should be restricted to ,anglo-,indian circles4 ,a fresh instalment of letters from ,warren ,hastings to his wife must be noted as extremely interesting1 while the papers on ,sir ,philip ,francis1 ,nuncomar1 and the romantic career of ,mrs4 ,grand1 who became ,princess ,benevento and the wife of ,talleyrand1 ought by now to be widely known40--,saturday ,review4 8,dr4 ,busteed has unearthed some astonishing revelations of what ,european ,life in ,india resembled a century back4 ,perhaps for the first time has the ,black ,hole drama been told in a way fully to bring home to the mind the appalling nature of the sufferings undergone by our countrymen and countrywomen40--,daily ,telegraph4 ,,chapters3 ,i4--,,the ,,black ,,hole4--,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,calcutta4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,black ,,hole4--,,the ,,imprisonment4 ,,iii4--,,philip ,,francis ,,and ,,his ,,times--#a4 ,,arrival ,,in ,,calcutta4 ,,iv4-- 8 #b4 ,,nuncomar4 ,v4-- 8 #c4 ,,duel ,,between ,,francis ,,and ,,hastings4 ,,vi4-- 8 #d4 ,,home ,,and ,,social ,,life4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,first ,,indian ,,newspaper4 ,,viii4--,,madame ,,grand4 ,,ix4--,,letters ,,from ,,warren ,,hastings ,,to ,,his ,,wife4 ,x4--,,letters ,,from ,,mrs4 ,,hastings4 ,,xi4--,,an ,,old ,,calcutta ,,grave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,,game1 ,,shore1 ,,and ,,water ,,birds ,,of ,,india4 ,illustration ,,by ,,col4 ,a4 ,,le ,,messurier4 ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,twenty-,,one ,,illustrations4 #hvo1 folding lengthways for the ,pocket1 ,rs4 #aj4 7#aes47 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,,game1 ,,shore1 ,,and ,,water ,,birds ,,of ,,india4 ,,by ,,col4 ,a4 ,,le ,,messurier1 ,r4,e4 #aba ,,illustrations4 #hvo1 folding lengthways for the ,pocket1 ,rs4 #aj4 7#aes47 ,illustration ,a ,,vade ,,mecum ,,for ,,the ,,sportsman1 ,,embracing ,,all ,,the ,,birds ,,at ,,all ,,likely ,,to ,,be ,,met ,,with ,,in ,a ,,shooting ,,excursion4 8,compact in form1 excellent in method and arrangement1 and1 as far as we have been able to test it1 rigidly accurate40--,knowledge4 8,will be a source of great delight1 as every ornithological detail is given1 in conjunction with the most artistic and exquisite drawings40--,home ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,culture ,,and ,,manufacture ,,of ,,indigo3 ,with ,description of a ,planter's ,life and ,resources4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,read4 ,with ,nineteen ,illustrations by the ,author4 ,rs4 #e4 7#gs4 #f;d47 ,illustration 8,a concise and readable manual1 not only of everything relating to the industry1 but of the whole round of business and recreation that makes up the ,planter's life4444 ,the writer is at once accurate and graphic1 and on the strength merely of reading these bright pages one almost feels competent to take full charge of a #8concern4'0--,englishman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 #cjj ,illustrations4 ,imperial #afmo4 ,rs4 #aj4 7#abs4 #f;d47 ,uniform with 8,lays of ,ind10 8,hindu ,mythology10 8,riding10 8,natural ,history of the ,mammalia of ,india10 c4 ,a ,,popular ,,handbook ,,of ,,indian ,,ferns4 ,,by ,,colonel ,r4 ,h4 ,,beddome1 ,,author ,,of ,,the 8,,ferns ,,of ,,british ,,india10 8,,the ,,ferns ,,of ,,southern ,,india40 8,it is the first special book of portable size and moderate price which has been devoted to ,indian ,ferns1 and is in every way deserving of the extensive circulation it is sure to obtain40--,nature4 8,i have just seen a new work on ,indian ,ferns which will prove vastly interesting1 not only to the ,indian people1 but to the botanists of this country40--,indian ,daily ,news4 8#8,the ,ferns of ,india4' ,this is a good book1 being of a useful and trustworthy character4 ,the species are familiarly described1 and most of them illustrated by small figures40--,gardeners' ,chronicle4 8,those interested in botany will do well to procure a new work on the #8,ferns of ,british ,india4' ,the work will prove a first-class text book40--,free ,press4 ,illustration ,,three ,,hundred ,,illustrations ,,by ,,the ,,author4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #e-h4 7#gs4 #f;d47 ,a ,,tea ,,planter',s ,,life ,,in ,,assam4 ,,by ,,george ,m4 ,,barker4 ,,with ,,seventy-,,five ,,illustrations ,,by ,,the ,,author4 ,illustration ,this book aims at conveying to all interested in ,india and the tea industry an entertaining and useful account of the topographical features of ,assam2 the strange surroundings--human and animal--of the ,european resident2 the trying climate2 the daily life of the planter2 and general details of the formation and working of tea gardens4 8,mr4 ,barker has supplied us with a very good and readable description1 accompanied by numerous illustrations drawn by himself4 ,what may be called the business parts of the book are of most value40--,contemporary ,review4 8,cheery1 well-written little book40--,graphic4 8,a very interesting and amusing book1 artistically illustrated from sketches drawn by the author40--,mark ,lane ,express4 ,a ,complete ,list of ,indian ,tea ,gardens1 ,indigo ,concerns1 ,silk ,filatures1 ,sugar ,factories1 ,cinchona ,concerns1 and ,coffee ,estates2 with their ,capital1 ,directors1 ,proprietors1 ,agents1 ,managers1 ,assistants1 c41 and their ,factory ,marks by which the chests may be identified in the market4 #es4 7,rs4 #c47 ,with ,supplement containing ,list of ,,ceylon ,,tea ,,gardens with their ,acreage4 #fs4 7,rs4 #c-h47 8,the strong point of the book is the reproduction of the factory marks1 which are presented side by side with the letterpress4 ,to buyers of tea and other ,indian products on this side1 the work needs no recommendation40--,british ,trade ,journal4 ,ceylon ,tea ,estates1 a ,list of1 with their ,districts and ,acreage under ,tea4 ,compiled by ,w4 ,,straford4 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 7,rs4 #a47 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,crown #hvo4 7in preparation74 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,gardening ,,for ,,bengal ,,and ,,upper ,,india4 ,,by ,,thomas ,a4 ,c4 ,,firminger1 ,m4,a4 ,,thoroughly ,,revised ,,and ,,brought ,,down ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,time ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,jackson1 ,editor of 8,the ,indian ,agriculturist40 ,illustration ,,part ,i4 ,,operations ,,of ,,gardening4 ,chap4 ,i4--,climate--,soils--,manures4 ,chap4 ,,ii4--,laying-out a ,garden--,lawns--,hedges--,hoeing and ,digging--,drainage--,conservatories--,b etel ,houses--,decorations--,implements--,sha des--,labels--,vermin--,weeds4 ,chap4 ,,iii4--,seeds--,seed ,sowing--,pot ,culture--,planting--,cuttings--,layers- -,gootee--,grafting and ,inarching--,budding--,pruning and ,root ,pruning--,conveyance4 ,chap4 ,,iv4--,calendar of ,operations4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,garden ,,plants4 #a4 ,culinary ,vegetables4 #b4 ,dessert ,fruits4 #c4 ,edible ,nuts4 #d4 ,ornamental ,annuals4 #e4 ,ornamental ,trees1 ,shrubs1 and ,herbaceous ,perennials4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth4 ,rs4 #b-h4 ,,the ,,amateur ,,gardener ,,in ,,the ,,hills4 ,,hints ,,from ,,various ,,authorities ,,on ,,garden ,,management1 ,,and ,,adapted ,,to ,,the ,,hills2 ,,with ,,hints ,,on ,,fowls1 ,,pigeons1 ,,and ,,rabbit ,,keeping2 ,and various ,recipes connected with the above subjects which are not commonly found in ,recipe ,books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,complete in ,one ,volume1 ,rs4 #e 7#gs4 #f;d472 ,interleaved1 ,rs4 #e-h4 7#hs4 #f;d47 ,a ,,text ,,book ,,of ,,indian ,,botany3 ,,morphological1 ,,physiological1 and ,,systematic4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,gregg1 ,,lecturer ,,on ,,botany1 ,,hughli ,,college4 ,,with #bdj ,,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #e4 7#gs4 #f;d47 ,,manual ,,of ,,agriculture ,,for ,,india4 ,,by ,,lieut4 ,f4 ,,pogson4 #a4 ,origin and ,character of ,soils1--#b4 ,ploughing and ,preparing for ,seed4--#c4 ,manures and ,composts4--#d4 ,wheat ,cultivation4--#e4 ,barley4--#f4 ,oats4--#g4 ,rye4--#h4 ,rice4--#i4 ,maize4--#aj4 ,sugar-producing ,sorghums4--#aa4 ,common ,sorghums4--#ab4 ,sugarcane4--#ac4 ,oil ,seed4--#ad4 ,field ,pea ,crops4--#ae4 ,dall or ,pulse4--#af4 ,root ,crops4--#ag4 ,cold ,spice4--#ah4 ,fodder4--#ai4 ,water-,nut4--#bj4 ,ground-,nut4--#ba4 ,rush-,nut or ,chufas4--#bb4 ,cotton4--#bc4 ,tobacco4--#bd4 ,mensuration4--,appendix4 ,illustration 8,a work of extreme practical value40--,home ,news4 8,mr4 ,pogson's advice may be profitably followed by both native and ,european agriculturists1 for it is eminently practical and devoid of empiricism4 ,his little volume embodies the teaching of a large and varied experience1 and deserves to be warmly supported40--,madras ,mail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,prepared for the use of the ,survey ,department of ,india1 and published under the authority of the ,government of ,india4 ,royal #hvo4 ,rs4 #af4 7#cjs4 #j;d47 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,surveying ,,for ,,india3 ,illustration ,,detailing ,,the ,,mode ,,of ,,operations ,,on ,,the ,,trigonometrical1 ,,topographical1 ,,and ,,revenue ,,surveys ,,of ,,india4 ,,compiled ,,by ,,sir ,h4 ,l4 ,,thuillier1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,royal ,,artillery1 ,,and ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,r4 ,,smyth1 late ,,bengal ,,artillery4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,eighth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #g4 7#ajs4 #f;d47 ,,the ,,management ,,and ,,medical ,,treatment ,,of ,,children ,,in ,,india ,,by ,,edward ,a4 ,,birch1 ,m4,d41 ,surgeon-,major1 ,bengal ,establishment4 ,,second ,,edition ,,revised3 ,,being ,,the ,,eighth ,,edition ,,of 8,,goodeve',s ,,hints ,,for ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,children ,,in ,,india40 ,dr4 ,goodeve4--8,i have no hesitation in saying that the present edition is for many reasons superior to its predecessors4 ,it is written very carefully1 and with much knowledge and experience on the author's part1 whilst it possesses the great advantage of bringing up the subject to the present level of ,medical ,science40 ,the ,medical ,times and ,gazette1 in an article upon this work and ,moore's 8,family ,medicine for ,india10 says3--8,the two works before us are in themselves probably about the best examples of medical works written for non-professional readers4 ,the style of each is simple1 and as free as possible from technical expressions4 ,the modes of treatment recommended are generally those most likely to yield good results in the hands of laymen2 and throughout each volume the important fact is kept constantly before the mind of the reader1 that the volume he is using is but a poor substitute for personal professional advice1 for which it must be discarded whenever there is the opportunity40 ,,our ,,administration ,,of ,,india4 ,,being ,a ,,complete ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,revenue ,,and ,,collectorate ,,administration ,,in ,,all ,,departments4 ,with ,special ,reference to the ,work and ,duties of a ,district ,officer in ,bengal4 ,,by ,h4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,phillips4 ,rs4 #d-d4 7#fs47 8,in eleven chapters ,mr4 ,phillips gives a complete epitome of the civil1 in distinction from the criminal1 duties of an ,indian ,collector4 ,the information is all derived from personal experience4 ,a polemical interest runs through the book1 but this does not detract from the value of the very complete collections of facts and statistics given40--,london ,quarterly ,review4 8,it contains much information in a convenient form for ,english readers who wish to study the working of our system in the country districts of ,india40--,westminster ,review4 8,a very handy and useful book of information upon a very momentous subject1 about which ,englishmen know very little40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,miscellaneous ,,publications4 ,under the ,patronage of the ,government of ,india4 ,statistics of ,hydraulic ,works1 and ,hydrology of ,england1 ,canada1 ,egypt1 and ,india4 ,collected and reduced by ,,lowis ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,c4,e41 ,author of 8,canal and ,culvert ,tables10 8,hydraulic ,manual10 8,aid to ,engineering ,solution10 c4 ,in ,royal #hvo4 ,rs4 #aj4 7#aes47 ,the ,reconnoitrer's ,guide and ,field ,book1 adapted for ,india4 ,by ,major ,m4 ,j4 ,,king-,,harman1 ,b4,s4,c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,in roan4 ,rs4 #d4 ,can be used as an ordinary ,pocket ,note ,book1 or as a ,field ,message ,book2 the pages are ruled as a ,field ,book1 and in sections1 for written description or sketch4 8,to officers serving in ,india this guide will be invaluable40--,broad ,arrow4 ,the ,student's ,manual of ,tactics4 ,by ,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,for the use of candidates preparing for the ,militia1 ,military ,competitive ,examination1 and for promotion4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #d-d4 7#fs47 8,there is no better ,manual on ,tactics40--,naval and ,military ,gazette4 8,principles reasoned out1 and details explained in such a way that the student cannot fail to get a good grasp of the subject40--,broad ,arrow4 ,calcutta to ,liverpool1 by ,china1 ,japan1 and ,america1 in #ahgg4 ,by ,lieut4-,general ,sir ,,henry ,,norman4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth4 ,rs4 #b-h4 7#cs4 #f;d47 ,the only book on this interesting route4 ,english ,etiquette for ,indian ,gentlemen4 ,social and ,official4 ,by ,w4 ,,trego ,,webb1 ,bengal ,educational ,department4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth4 ,rs4 #a-d4 ,letters on ,tactics and ,organizations3 ,english ,military ,institutions and ,continental ,systems4 ,by ,capt4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,maude1 ,r4,e4 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #e4 7#fs47 ,the ,invasion and ,defence of ,england4 ,by ,capt4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,maude1 ,r4,e4 ,sewed1 #as4 8,one of the best we have read on the subject40--,broad ,arrow4 ,the ,land ,marks of ,snake ,poison ,literature4 ,by ,,vincent ,,richards1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 ,rs4 #b-h4 ,ince's ,guide to ,kashmir4 ,revised and ,rewritten by ,surgeon-,major ,,joshua ,,duke4 ,with ,large ,maps of the ,district4 ,fcap1 cloth4 ,rs4 #f4 ,banting in ,india1 with some ,remarks on ,diet and ,things in ,general4 ,by ,surgeon-,major ,,joshua ,,duke4 ,third ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,queries at a ,mess ,table4 ,what shall we ,eat8 ,what shall we ,drink8 ,by ,surgeon-,major ,,joshua ,,duke4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 gilt4 ,rs4 #b-d4 ,myam-,ma3 ,the ,home of the ,burman4 ,by ,,tsaya 7,rev4 ,h4 ,,powell74 ,crown #hvo4 ,rs4 #b4 ,a ,memoir of the late ,justice ,onoocool ,chunder ,mookerjee4 ,by ,m4 ,,mookerjee4 ,third ,edition4 #abmo4 ,rs4 #a4 7#bs4 #f;d47 ,a most interesting and amusing illustration of ,indian ,english4 8,the reader is earnestly advised to procure the life of this gentleman1 written by his nephew1 and read it40--,the ,tribes on my ,frontier4 ,kashgaria 7,eastern or ,chinese ,turkestan71 ,historical1 ,geographical1 ,military1 and ,industrial4 ,by ,colonel ,,kuropatkin1 ,russian ,army4 ,translated by ,major ,,gowan1 ,h4 ,m4's ,indian ,army4 #hvo4 ,rs4 #f-h4 7#ajs4 #f;d47 ,the ,indian ,cookery ,book4 ,a ,practical ,handbook to the ,kitchen in ,india3 adapted to the ,three ,presidencies4 ,containing ,original and ,approved ,recipes in every department of ,indian ,cookery2 ,recipes for ,summer ,beverages and ,home-made ,liqueurs2 ,medicinal and other ,recipes2 together with a variety of things worth knowing4 ,by a ,thirty-five ,years' ,resident4 ,rs4 #c4 7#ds4 #f;d47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 ,,published ,,in ,,calcutta ,,annually4 ,super ,royal #hvo4 ,leather backs1 #cfs4 ,,thacker',s ,,indian ,,directory1 ,,embracing ,,the ,,whole ,,empire ,,governed ,,by ,,the ,,viceroy ,,of ,,india1 ,,and ,,also ,,the ,,native ,,states4 ,with ,complete and ,detailed ,information of the ,cities of ,calcutta1 ,bombay and ,madras4 ,,with ,,almanac1 ,,army ,,list1 ,,and ,,general ,,information4 ,from the ,london 8,,times40 8,the work now #8includes in the ,mofussil ,directory an account of every district and principal town in ,british and ,foreign ,india1 and every native ,state1' thus forming a complete guide to the whole of our possessions in the ,east4 ,the value of such a work1 if it is accurate and trustworthy1 is obvious1 and almost goes without saying2 and1 after putting its pages to the test of a careful scrutiny where our personal experience enables us to do so1 we are able to pronounce it apparently deserving of all commendation4444 ,the alphabetical list of residents throughout ,india in the three great provinces1 with their addresses1 must be of great service to those who have business with our ,eastern ,empire40 ,,the ,,indian ,,medical ,,gazette4 ,a ,record of ,medicine1 ,surgery1 and ,public ,health1 and of ,general ,medical ,intelligence1 ,indian and ,european4 ,edited by ,k4 ,mc,l,e,o,d1 ,m4,d41 and ,l4 ,a4 ,,waddell1 ,m4,b4 ,published ,monthly4 ,subscriptions ,rs4 #ah per ,annum1 including ,postage4 ,the ,indian ,medical ,gazette has earned for itself a world-wide reputation by its solid contributions to ,tropical ,medicine and ,surgery4 ,it is the sole representative medium for recording the work and experience of the ,medical ,profession in ,india2 and its arrangements with all the leading ,medical ,journals in ,great ,britain and ,america enable it not only to diffuse this information broadcast throughout the world1 but also to cull for its ,indian readers1 from an unusual variety of sources1 all information which has any practical bearing on medical works in ,india4 ,it is indispensable to every ,member of the ,medical ,profession in ,india who wishes to keep himself abreast of medical progress4