,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history7 ,,cromwell ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,,general ,,guide ,,with ,,plans ,,and ,,views ,,of ,,the ,,building1 ,,and ,,fifty-,,eight ,,illustrations4 ,,thirteenth ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,trustees ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,museum4 #aiac4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,duke ,,street1 ,,stamford ,,street1 ,s4,e41 ,,and ,,great ,,windmill ,,street1 ,w4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,museum1 ,,cromwell ,,road1 ,,from ,,the ,,south-,,west1 ,,showing ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,west ,,front ,,as ,,originally ,,projected ,,by ,,the ,,architect4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,thirteenth ,,edition4 ,this ,guide is intended for the use of those visitors who wish merely to get a general idea of the arrangements and contents of the ,natural ,history ,museum4 ,special ,guides have been published for the use of visitors who wish to make a closer study of the collections2 a list of them is given on pages #aaf-ah4 ,l4 ,,fletcher1 ,director4 ,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history74 ,april1 #aiac4 ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,museum4 ,director ,l4 ,,fletcher1 ,m4,a41 ,hon4 ,ph4,d4 7,berlin71 ,f4,r4,s4 ,assistant ,secretary ,c4 ,e4 ,,fagan1 ,i4,s4,o4 ,assistant in ,director's ,office ,,basil ,h4 ,,soulsby1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,clerks in ,director's ,office ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,holl2 ,w4 ,j4 ,,anderson4 ,assistant in ,general ,library ,b4 ,b4 ,,woodward4 ,,zoological ,,department4 ,keeper ,s4 ,f4 ,,harmer1 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,assistant ,keeper ,w4 ,r4 ,,ogilvie-,,grant4 ,assistants ,g4 ,a4 ,,boulenger1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,,oldfield ,,thomas1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,f4 ,j4 ,,bell1 ,m4,a42 ,r4 ,,kirkpatrick2 ,w4 ,t4 ,,calman1 ,d4,sc42 ,c4 ,t4 ,,regan1 ,m4,a42 ,a4 ,s4 ,,hirst2 ,j4 ,g4 ,,dollman1 ,b4,a42 ,w4 ,p4 ,,pycraft2 ,g4 ,c4 ,,robson1 ,b4,a42 ,h4 ,a4 ,,baylis1 ,b4,a4 ,,entomological ,,department4 ,keeper ,c4 ,j4 ,,gahan1 ,m4,a4 ,assistants ,sir ,g4 ,f4 ,,hampson1 ,bart42 ,e4 ,e4 ,,austen2 ,j4 ,,hartley ,,durrant 7,walsingham ,collection72 ,g4 ,j4 ,,arrow2 ,g4 ,,meade-,,waldo1 ,b4,a42 ,f4 ,w4 ,,edwards1 ,b4,a42 ,k4 ,g4 ,,blair1 ,b4,sc42 ,n4 ,d4 ,,riley2 ,b4 ,f4 ,,cummings4 ,,geological ,,department4 ,keeper ,a4 ,s4 ,,woodward1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,assistant ,keeper ,f4 ,a4 ,,bather1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,assistants ,r4 ,b4 ,,newton2 ,c4 ,w4 ,,andrews1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s42 ,g4 ,c4 ,,crick2 ,w4 ,d4 ,,lang1 ,b4,a42 ,w4 ,n4 ,,edwards1 ,b4,a4 ,,mineral ,,department4 ,keeper ,g4 ,t4 ,,prior1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,assistants ,l4 ,j4 ,,spencer1 ,m4,a42 ,g4 ,f4 ,,herbert ,,smith1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc42 ,w4 ,,campbell ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,,botanical ,,department4 ,keeper ,a4 ,b4 ,,rendle1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,assistants ,a4 ,,gepp1 ,m4,a42 ,e4 ,g4 ,,baker2 ,h4 ,f4 ,,wernham1 ,b4,sc42 ,j4 ,,ramsbottom ,b4,a42 ,a4 ,j4 ,,wilmott1 ,b4,a4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,page ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,museum vi ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations viii ,,historical ,,sketch #a ,,general ,,arrangement #i ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,museum ,,and ,,its ,,contents #ae ,,central ,,hall #ae ,,north ,,hall 7,domesticated ,animals1 c47 #ch ,,staircase ,,and ,,corridors #dj ,,west ,,wing #db ,ground ,floor #db ,bird ,gallery #db ,pavilion1 with ,british ,land and ,fresh-water ,vertebrates #df ,coral ,gallery #dh ,fish ,gallery #eb ,insect ,gallery #ed ,reptile ,gallery #eg ,starfish ,gallery #ei ,shell ,gallery #fj ,whale-,room #fc ,first ,floor #ff ,lower ,mammal ,gallery #ff ,second ,floor #gb ,upper ,mammal ,gallery #gb ,,east ,,wing #gd ,ground ,floor #gd ,fossil ,collections #gd ,first ,floor #ij ,mineral ,collections #ij ,second ,floor #ajj ,botanical ,collections #ajj ,,selected ,,list ,,of ,,publications #aje ,,guide-,,books #aaf ,,regulations ,,for ,,admission ,,of ,,students #aai ,,number ,,of ,,visitors ,,to ,,the ,,museum #abj ,,days ,,and ,,hours ,,of ,,admission ,,to ,,museum on back of cover4 ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,number4 ,page4 ,,leaf-,,butterfly #a #ai ,,somali ,,tsetse-,,fly #b #bj ,,common ,,gnat #c #bb ,,spot-,,winged ,,mosquito #d #bb ,,malaria ,,parasite #e #bc ,trypanosoma gambiense #f #bd ,,african ,,elephant #g #be ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,flying-,,fox #h #bg ,,skull ,,of ,,the ,,giant ,,tuatera #i #cb ,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,blue ,,shark #aj #cc ,,flying ,,fish #aa #ce ,,flying ,,gurnard #ab #ce ,,jaw ,,of ,,port ,,jackson ,,shark #ac #cf ,,female ,,okapi #ad #da ,,great ,,auk #ae #dc ,,egg ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,auk #af #de ,,venus' ,,flower-,,basket #ag #di ,,brain-,,coral #ah #ej ,,rough ,,sunfish #ai #ea ,gastrostomus bairdi #bj #eb ,saccopharynx flagellum #ba #eb ,,sucker-,,fish #bb #eb ,,lower ,,view ,,of ,,head ,,of ,,saw-,,fish #bc #ec ,,basking ,,shark #bd #ed ,,coconut ,,crab #be #ee ,,saddle-,,backed ,,tortoise #bf #eg ,,horned ,,frog #bg #eh ,,sea-,,lily #bh #ei ,,whelk #bi #fa ,,left ,,valve ,,of ,,giant ,,clam #cj #fb ,,pearly ,,nautilus #ca #fb ,,sperm-,,whale #cb #fe ,,platypus ,,or ,,duck-,,bill #cc #fg ,,yellow-,,bellied ,,pangolin #cd #fh ,,prongbuck ,,or ,,pronghorn ,,antelope #ce #fi ,,heads ,,of ,,rhinoceroses #cf #gj ,,northern ,,fur-,,seal #cg #ga ,,elephant-,,seal #ch #ga ,,great ,,panda #ci #gb ,,gorilla #dj #gc ,,skeleton ,,of ,,american ,,mastodon #da #ge ,,skull ,,of ,arsinotherium zitteli #db #gf ,,skeleton ,,of ,,toxodon #dc #gg ,,skeleton ,,of ,,dinoceras #dd #gh ,,skeleton ,,of ,,northern ,,sea-,,cow #de #gi ,,skull ,,of ,sivatherium giganteum #df #hj ,,skull ,,of ,samotherium boissieri #dg #ha ,,lizard-,,tailed ,,bird #dh #hb ,,skeleton ,,of ,,iguanodon #di #hc ,,skeleton ,,of ,,ichthyosaur #ej #hd ,,skeleton ,,of ,brontosaurus ingens #ea #he ,,skeleton ,,of ,,pariasaurus #eb #hf ,,giant ,,pterodactyle #ec #hg ,,pterichthys #ed #hh ,,turrilite #ee #hi ,,ammonite1 ,,from ,,the ,o,,lite #ef #hi ,,trilobite #eg #hi ,,colenso ,,diamond #eh #ia ,,south-,,west ,,view ,,of ,,museum iv4 ,,view ,,of ,,central ,,hall x4 ,,plan ,,of ,,ground ,,floor #db ,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,floors #ff ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,central ,,hall1 ,,looking ,,north3 ,,april1 #aiac4 ,,general ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history74 ,,historical ,,sketch4 ,sidenote3 ,foundation4 ,the ,british ,museum dates its foundation from the year #agec1 when an ,act of ,parliament was passed 8for the purchase of the ,museum or ,collection of ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 and of the ,harleian ,collection of ,manuscripts1 and for providing ,one ,general ,repository for the better ,reception and more convenient ,use of the said ,collections and of the ,cottonian ,library and of the ,additions thereto40 ,sidenote3 ,sir ,hans ,sloane4 ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 an eminent physician in ,london1 was for sixteen years ,president of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians1 and in #agbg succeeded ,sir ,isaac ,newton in the ,presidential ,chair of the ,royal ,society4 ,he was throughout his long life a diligent and miscellaneous collector1 having1 as stated in the ,preamble of the ,act of ,incorporation of the ,museum1 8through the course of many years1 with great labour and expense1 gathered together whatever could be procured1 either in our own or foreign countries1 that was rare and curious40 ,his collection1 which at the time of his death in #agec was contained in his residence1 the ,manor ,house1 ,chelsea1 consisted of 8,books1 ,manuscripts1 ,prints1 ,medals1 and ,coins1 ancient and modern1 ,seals1 ,cameos and ,intaglios1 ,precious ,stones1 ,agates1 ,jaspers1 ,vessels of ,agate and ,jasper1 ,crystals1 ,mathematical ,instruments1 ,drawings1 and ,pictures10 and included numerous zoological and geological specimens1 as well as an extensive herbarium of dried plants preserved in #ccc large folio volumes4 ,according to the terms of ,sir ,hans ,sloane's will1 this collection was purchased for the sum of #bj1jjj--;far below its intrinsic value--in order 8that it might be preserved and maintained1 not only for the inspection and entertainment of the learned and the curious1 but for the general use and benefit of the public to all posterity40 ,sidenote3 ,montagu ,house1 ,bloomsbury4 ,the valuable collection of manuscripts formed by ,sir ,robert ,cotton at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries was already the property of the nation1 having been presented by his grandson1 ,sir ,john ,cotton1 in the year #agjj4 ,the ,harley ,collection was obtained by purchase at the same time as the ,sloane1 and the three were brought together under the designation of 8the ,british ,museum10 placed under the care of a body of ,trustees1#a and lodged in ,montagu ,house1 ,bloomsbury1 purchased for their reception in #aged4 ,the ,museum was opened to the public on the #aeth of ,january1 #agei4 ,admission to the galleries of antiquities and natural history was at first by ticket only after application in writing1 and limited to ten persons1 for three hours in the day4 ,instead of being allowed to inspect the cases at their leisure1 visitors were conducted through the galleries by officers of the house4 ,the hours of admission were subsequently extended2 but it was not until the year #ahaj that the ,museum was freely accessible to the general public for three days in the week1 from ten to four o'clock4 ,the daily opening1 with longer hours in summer1 dates from #ahgi4 ,sidenote3 ,growth of ,collections necessitating additional space4 ,sidenote3 ,resolution to separate ,natural ,history ,collection4 ,at the time of the foundation of the ,museum1 the site allotted seemed amply sufficient for its purposes2 but gradually1 as the collections increased1 they outgrew the limits1 not only of the original ,montagu ,house1 but even of its successor1 the present classical building1 completed in #ahde from the designs of ,sir ,robert ,smirke4 ,the erection of the magnificent reading-room in #aheg disposed for a time of the difficulty of finding accommodation for the ever-growing library2 but the keepers of other departments continued urgent in their demands for more space1 and after much discussion of rival plans for keeping the collections together and obtaining the needful extension of room by acquiring the property immediately around the old ,museum1 or for severing the collections and removing a portion to another building1 the latter course was finally decided upon4 ,at a special general meeting of the ,trustees1 held on the #bast of ,january1 #ahfj1 attended by many members of the ,government in their official capacity1 a resolution1 moved by the ,first ,lord of the ,treasury1 was carried 8,that it is expedient that the ,natural ,history ,collection be removed from the ,british ,museum1 inasmuch as such an arrangement would be attended with considerably less expense than would be incurred by providing a sufficient additional space in immediate contiguity to the present building of the ,british ,museum40 ,sidenote3 ,purchase of a ,site at ,south ,kensington4 ,the ,house of ,commons1 in the ,session of #ahfc1 sanctioned the purchase of part of the site of the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb at ,south ,kensington1 with a view to appropriating it to the purpose of a ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,sidenote3 ,competitive designs4 ,in ,january1 #ahfd1 the ,commissioners of ,her ,majesty's ,works issued an advertisement for designs for a ,natural ,history ,museum and a ,patent ,museum1 to be erected on part of the land thus acquired2 a plan which had been prepared by ,mr4 ,hunt in ,september1 #ahfb1 from ,sir ,richard ,owen's suggestions1 being proposed as a model in respect to dimensions and internal arrangement4 ,sidenote3 ,captain ,fowke's plan4 ,the plans of the various competitors were submitted to ,her ,majesty's ,commissioners of ,works1 who awarded prizes to three of the number1 giving precedence to that of ,captain ,francis ,fowke1 ,r4,e41 and then referred the three selected plans to the ,trustees of the ,british ,museum4 ,as the internal arrangements in ,captain ,fowke's plan did not meet with the approval of the ,museum officers1 he was desired to modify them in conformity with the requirements of the ,trustees1 and was engaged in this labour when his death occurred1 in ,september1 #ahfe4 ,sidenote3 ,mr4 ,waterhouse engaged4 ,early in the year #ahff1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,waterhouse was invited by the ,chief ,commissioner of ,works to take up the unfinished work of ,captain ,fowke1 but found himself unable to complete the plan to his own satisfaction4 ,in ,february1 #ahfh1 he was accordingly commissioned to form a fresh design1 embodying the requirements of the officers of the ,natural ,history ,departments of the ,museum4 ,mr4 ,waterhouse was not long in submitting to the ,trustees his plan and model of the building1 with a disposition of galleries as required1 and these were formally accepted by the ,trustees in ,april1 #ahfh4 ,it was not1 however1 until ,february #ahga that the working plans had been thoroughly considered1 and had received the final approval of the ,trustees4 ,sidenote3 ,completion of building and removal of ,collections4 ,the actual work of erection commenced in the year #ahgc1 and the building was handed over to the ,trustees of the ,british ,museum by ,her ,majesty's ,commissioners of ,works in the month of ,june1 #ahhj4 ,as soon as the exhibition-cases were completed1 and the galleries sufficiently dry to receive the collections1 the labour of removing the ,natural ,history ,collection from ,bloomsbury was begun4 ,the departments of ,geology1 ,mineralogy1 and ,botany were arranged in their respective sections of the ,museum in the course of the year #ahhj1 and the portion of the ,museum which contained these departments was first opened to the public on ,april #ahth1 #ahha4 ,it was not until the following year that the cases destined to receive the larger collections of the ,zoological ,department were sufficiently near completion to allow of these collections following1 and three more years were required before all the galleries could be brought into a state fitted for public exhibition4 ,sidenote3 ,description of the building4 ,the following description of the structure was contributed by ,mr4 ,waterhouse3-- 8,the ,new ,natural ,history ,museum will1 from its position1 always be more or less identified with the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb1 which occupied the whole of the site between the ,horticultural ,gardens and ,cromwell ,road4 ,it was at one time thought that a portion1 at any rate1 of the ,exhibition buildings could with advantage have been converted into a ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,parliament1 however1 decided against the preservation of any part of these buildings1 and they were accordingly entirely removed4 8,in designing the present building1 ,captain ,fowke's original idea of employing terra-cotta was always kept in view1 though the blocks were reduced in size1 so as to obviate1 as far as possible1 the objection to the employment of this material1 arising from its liability to twist in burning4 ,for this and other reasons the architect abandoned the idea of a ,renaissance building1 and fell back on the earlier ,romanesque style which prevailed largely in ,lombardy and the ,rhineland from the tenth to the end of the twelfth century4 8,in #ahgc1 a contract was entered into by the ,government with ,messrs4 ,george ,baker and ,sons1 of ,lambeth1 for the erection of the building at a cost of #ceb1jjj4 ,other subsequent contracts have been entered into by the ,treasury1 especially one for the erection of the towers1 which in the first instance it was decided to omit4 ,sidenote3 ,exterior4 8,on looking at the exterior of the building1 one of the first points which strikes a spectator is that the site is lower than the street4 ,this arises from the fact that the whole surface of the ground between the three roads was excavated for the ,exhibition building of #ahfb1 and it was not thought desirable1 for economical considerations1 to refill the space4 ,the building is set back #ajj feet from the ,cromwell ,road1 and is approached by two inclined planes1 curved on plan and supported by arches1 forming carriage-ways4 ,between the two are broad flights of ,craigleith stone steps1 for the use of those approaching the building on foot4 ,the extreme length of the front is #fge feet1 and the height of the towers is #aib feet4 ,the return fronts1 east and west1 beyond the end pavilions1 have not yet been erected4#b ,sidenote3 ,interior4 ,central ,hall4 8,on entering the main portal1 the visitor has before him the great central apartment of the ,museum 7#agj feet long1 by #ig feet wide1 and #gb feet high71 which it is intended to use as an ,index or ,typical ,museum4 ,the double arch in the immediate foreground which spans the nave 7#eg feet wide71 carries the staircase from the first to the second floor4 ,opposite the spectator1 at the end of the hall1 is the first flight of the staircase1 #bj feet wide1 which rises from the ground to the first floor4 ,the galleries over the side recesses form the connection between the two staircases1 and are also intended for exhibition space1 as are also the floor of the main hall and the side recesses under the galleries4 ,the arches under the side-flights of the main staircase at the end of the hall lead into another large apartment1 with an extreme length of #ig by #gg feet measured into the arms of the cross4 ,sidenote3 ,side galleries4 8,branching out of the ,central ,hall1 near its southern extremity1 are two long galleries1 each #bgh feet #f inches long by #ej feet wide4 ,these galleries are repeated on the first floor1 and in a modified form on the second floor4 ,they are divided into bays by coupled piers arranged in two rows down the length of the galleries1 and planned in such a manner as to allow of upright cases being placed back to back between the piers and the outer walls1 so as to get the best possible light upon the objects displayed in the cases with the least amount of reflection from the glass1 and leaving the central space free as a passage4 ,owing to the nature of the specimens exhibited in one or two of these galleries requiring for their exhibition rather table-cases than wall-cases1 advantage has only been taken to a limited extent of this disposition of the plan4 ,these terra-cotta piers1 however1 are constructively necessary1 not only to conceal the iron supports for the floor above1 but to prevent these supports being affected in case of fire4 ,behind these galleries on the ground floor are a series of toplighted galleries1 devoted1 on the east side to ,geology and ,palontology1 and on the west to ,zoology4 ,sidenote3 ,towers4 8,the towers on the north of the building have each a central smoke-shaft from the heating apparatus1 the boilers of which are placed in the basement1 immediately between the towers1 while the space surrounding the smoke-shafts is used for drawing off the vitiated air from the various galleries contiguous thereto4 ,the front galleries are ventilated into the front towers1 which form the crowning feature of the main front4 ,these towers also contain1 above the second floor1 various rooms for the work of the different departments1 and on the topmost storey large cisterns for the purpose of always having at hand a considerable storage of water in case of fire4 ,on the western side of the building1 where it is intended that the ,zoological collection shall be placed1 the ornamentation of the terra-cotta 7which will be found very varied both within and without the building7 has been based exclusively on living organisms4 ,on the east side1 where ,geology and ,palontology find a home1 the terra-cotta ornamentation has been derived from extinct specimens4 8,the ,museum is the largest1 if not1 indeed1 the only1 modern building in which terra-cotta has been exclusively used for external faades and interior wall-surfaces1 including all the varied decoration which this involves40 99 99 99 99 99 ,sidenote3 ,gardens4 ,the gardens on the south1 east1 and west sides of the ,museum are open to the public whenever the ,museum itself is open1 under certain regulations1 posted at the entrance gates4 ,,general ,,arrangement4 ,sidenote3 ,use of the term ,natural ,history4 ,natural ,history is an old term1 used to describe the study of all the processes or laws of the ,universe1 and the results of the action of those processes or laws upon such of its constituent materials as are independent of the agency of man4 ,it is thus contrasted with the history of ,man and his works1 and the changes which have been wrought in the ,world by ,man's intervention4 ,this distinction afforded a convenient and rational basis for the division of the numerous and multifarious objects which had been collected together in the ,british ,museum at ,bloomsbury4 ,when it was decided to effect a separation of the collections1 those that were purely the products of what are commonly called 8natural0 forces were removed to ,south ,kensington1 while those showing the effects of ,man's handiwork remained at ,bloomsbury4 ,like most others of the kind1 this distinction cannot be applied very rigidly4 ,such lines of demarcation almost always overlap4 ,for instance1 examples of modification of animal or plant structure under ,man's influence legitimately find a place in a ,museum of ,natural ,history1 especially as they may afford illustrations of the mode of working of natural laws4 ,prehistoric stone-implements1 again1 are shown in the ,geological ,department1 in order to illustrate the co-existence of ,man with extinct ,mammals4 ,processes or laws cannot1 however1 be satisfactorily demonstrated in a museum2 therefore such branches of knowledge as deal chiefly with these1 as ,astronomy1 ,geology 7in the stricter sense of the word71 and the experimental sciences1 as ,physics1 ,chemistry and ,physiology1 though essentially belonging to the domain of ,natural ,history1 have not found a place in the ,natural ,history ,museum4 ,it is only the results of the working of these processes or laws1 as shown in the modifications of the arrangement of the elementary substances of which the material of the ,universe is composed1 which can be fully illustrated by specimens admitting of being readily preserved and permanently exhibited in a museum4 ,a ,natural ,history ,museum1 therefore1 in the sense in which the term is now usually understood1 is a collection of the various objects1 animate and inanimate1 found in a state of nature4 ,it will be readily understood that as the study of such objects is one of the principal means by which the laws leading to their formation or arrangement may be traced out1 it is of the utmost importance for the progress of those departments of knowledge which the ,museum is designed to cultivate1 to bring together as full an illustrative series of these objects as possible4 ,sidenote3 ,division into ,mineral1 ,vegetable1 and ,animal4 ,although the validity of the division of natural objects into inorganic and organic or living has been the subject of some discussion1 and although the separation of the latter into vegetable and animal is less absolute than was once supposed1 yet for practical purposes1 ,,mineral1 ,,vegetable1 and ,,animal remain the three great divisions or 8kingdoms0 into which natural bodies are grouped1 and this classification has formed the basis of the arrangement of the collections in the ,museum4 ,sidenote3 ,mineral ,department4 ,i4 ,inorganic substances occur in nature in a gaseous1 liquid1 or solid form4 ,with few exceptions1 it is only in the latter state that they can be conveniently preserved and exhibited in a museum1 and it is to such that the term 8mineral0 is commonly limited4 ,the collection1 classification1 and exhibition of specimens of this kind is the office of the ,mineral ,department of the ,museum1 to which is devoted the large gallery on the first floor of the east wing of the building4 ,sidenote3 ,botanical ,department4 ,,ii4 ,the study of the vegetable kingdom1 so far as it can be illustrated by preserved specimens1 is the province of the ,department of ,botany1 which occupies the upper floor of the east wing4 ,sidenote3 ,zoological ,department4 ,sidenote3 ,entomological ,department4 ,,iii4 ,in the same way the animal kingdom belongs to the ,department of ,zoology1 from which it has been found necessary to separate an ,entomological ,department4 ,to these two is assigned the whole of the western wing of the building4 ,sidenote3 ,geological ,department4 ,there is1 however1 a fifth department1 which owes its separate existence to a time when the terms ,zoology and ,botany were limited to the study of the existing forms of animal and plant life1 and the extinct or fossil forms were associated with minerals1 rather than with their living representatives4 ,this arrangement prevailed in the ,british ,museum until the year #aheg4 ,the fossils were then severed from this incongruous connection1 and placed in a separate department to which the name of 8,geology0 was given4#c ,the result is that there are two distinct zoological and botanical collections in the building1 one containing the remains of the animals and plants which lived through successive ages of the world's history from the earliest dawn of life down to close upon the present time1 and the other including those living at the particular period in which we dwell4 ,notwithstanding the objections which may be urged against this separation1 it prevails largely in museums1 and 7owing to certain conveniences1 as well as to the difficulty and expense of rearranging extensive collections and reorganising the staff in charge of them7 will probably be retained for some time to come4 ,it should1 however1 be mentioned that a few specimens illustrating some of the more important extinct forms have been intercalated among the recent ,mammals and ,reptiles2 while1 conversely1 skeletons and other specimens of recent animals have been introduced among the fossil ,vertebrates in the ,geological ,department4 ,again1 the more important remains of extinct ,cetaceans are now shown in the ,whale-,room1 and some of the specimens of recent ,elephants1 as well as all the ,sea-,cows1 in the ,geological ,department4 ,sidenote3 ,introductory ,collection4 ,besides the five ,departments1 into which the collection is divided for the purposes of custody and administration1 each of which is under the charge of an officer styled 8,keeper0 and a staff of ,assistants1 there is a sixth1 under the supervision of the ,director1 and arranged in the ,central ,hall1 some of the specimens in which are intended to serve as an introduction to those exhibited in the others4 ,sidenote3 ,the specimens all arranged in three series4 ,inclusive of the last-named collection1 the whole of the specimens contained in the ,museum1 whether ,animal1 ,vegetable1 or ,mineral1 are arranged in the three following distinct series1 as follows3-- ,sidenote3 ,introductory or ,elementary ,series4 ,i4 ,an ,elementary or ,introductory ,series1 by which the study of every group should commence4 ,in this series1 limited1 so far as the cases in the ,central ,hall are concerned1 to ,vertebrated ,animals and ,botany1 the leading features of the structure1 and1 so far as may be1 the development of the various parts of some of the more typical members of each group1 are demonstrated in a simple manner1 and the terms used in describing and defining them explained by means of illustrative examples4 ,this idea is carried out in the ,department of ,minerals in a series of cases placed on the north or left-hand side of the gallery containing the rest of the collection4 ,sidenote3 ,exhibited ,systematic ,series4 ,,ii4 ,the ,exhibited ,systematic ,series1 in which the more important types of animals1 plants1 or minerals are shown1 by means of specimens1 arranged in a systematic manner2 or one which exhibits1 so far as may be1 their natural relations to each other4 ,classification is an important feature in this series1 which properly should be so extensive and so arranged as to enable visitors to the ,museum1 without recourse to assistance from the officials1 to find every well-known and markedly distinct type of animal1 plant1 or mineral1 and satisfy themselves about1 at least1 its external characters4 ,in practice1 with the amount of space available1 and the resources at the disposal of the authorities1 it has1 however1 been found impracticable to carry out this ideal in anything like its entirety1 and in most instances only a selection of specimens is in consequence exhibited4 ,while the two series above mentioned have for their object the diffusion of scientific knowledge1 the next ministers mainly to its advancement1 so that between them the twofold object of a ,national ,museum of ,natural ,history is carried out4 ,sidenote3 ,reserve or ,study ,systematic ,series4 ,,iii4 ,the ,reserve or ,study ,systematic ,series contains the exceedingly numerous specimens 7in many groups the great bulk of the collection7 showing the minute distinctions required for working out the problems of variation according to age1 sex1 season and locality1 for fixing the limits of geographical distribution1 or determining the range in geological time3 distinctions which1 in most cases1 can only be appreciated when the specimens are kept under such conditions as to admit of ready and close examination and comparison4 ,it is to this part of the collection that naturalists resort to compare and name the animals and plants collected in exploring expeditions1 to work out natural-history problems1 and generally to advance the knowledge of science4 ,in fact1 these reserve collections1 occupying comparatively little space1 kept up at relatively small cost1 and visited by comparatively few persons1 constitute1 from a scientific point of view1 the most important part of the ,museum2 for by their means new knowledge is obtained1 which1 given forth to the world in the form of memoirs and books1 is ultimately diffused over a far wider area than that influenced even by the exhibited portions of the ,museum4 ,indeed1 without the means of study afforded by the reserve series1 the order displayed in the arrangement of the exhibition galleries1 and the instruction which may be gleaned from the same1 would not be possible4 ,it is important to bear in mind that if all the specimens required for enlarging the boundaries of knowledge were displayed in the public galleries1 so that each could be distinctly seen1 a museum many times larger than the present one would not suffice to contain them2 the specimens themselves would be inaccessible to those capable of deriving instruction from their examination1 while1 owing to the effects of exposure to light upon preserved natural objects1 many would lose their chief characteristics4 ,this portion of the collection must1 in fact1 be treated as are the books in a library and used for consultation and reference by accredited students4#d ,in some parts of the ,museum the reserve collections are contained in drawers beneath the cases in which the corresponding exhibited portion is placed4 ,this applies principally to the fossil specimens1 the shells1 and the minerals4 ,the reserve birds and insects have special rooms devoted to them1 and the extensive series of reptiles1 fishes1 and other animals preserved in spirit is kept1 for the purpose of safety1 in a separate building behind the ,museum4 ,in the ,botanical ,department the reserve collections are kept in the well-known form of an ,herbarium1 or ,hortus siccus4 ,sidenote3 ,supplementary ,collections4 ,the great bulk of the specimens being arranged in these three series1 supplementary collections for facilitating the study of the distribution of animals and plants in space and in time would be advantageous4 ,the first1 constituting a geographical series1 might show by illustrative examples the leading characteristics of the fauna and flora of each great region of the earth's surface2 the second1 or palontological series1 would give examples of the fossil remains found most abundantly in each formation1 arranged so far as may be in chronological order4 ,sidenote3 ,geographical4 ,sidenote3 ,geological4 ,the only attempt hitherto made at exhibiting a geographical series in the ,museum is the collection of terrestrial and fresh-water vertebrated animals of the ,british ,isles1 arranged in the pavilion at the west end of the bird gallery4 ,it would be difficult in the present building to find room for other geographical collections1 however interesting and instructive4 ,with regard to palontological collections1 although the specimens in the ,department of ,geology1 so called1 are mainly arranged not geologically1 or according to stratigraphical position1 but according to their natural affinities1 yet1 in many cases1 it has been found convenient to adopt a mixed arrangement1 the specimens within each large natural group being classified according to the sequence in age of the strata in which they were buried4 ,such an arrangement1 however1 is only applicable to the fossils of a particular region1 owing to the difficulties in accurately determining the correspondence in age of formations occurring in distant parts of the earth's surface2 hence a large and varied palontological collection1 such as that of the ,british ,museum1 is best arranged in the main upon a systematic or zoological and botanical basis4 ,a limited series showing the more characteristic ,british rock-formations with their included fossil remains1 placed in chronological sequence1 is arranged in one of the galleries of the ,geological ,department4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,museum ,,and ,,its ,,contents4 ,on entering the ,museum1 the visitor should bear in mind that the principal front faces the south1 so that he will be looking due north1 with the east on his right1 and the west on his left hand4 ,it must also not be forgotten that a museum in a state of active growth is continually receiving additions as well as undergoing changes in the arrangement of its contents1 and since these often occur faster than new editions of the ,guide can be produced1 there may be variations in the positions of some of the specimens from those here given4 ,,the ,,central ,,hall4 ,sidenote3 ,statues and ,cases in the ,central ,hall4 ,on entering the hall the visitor will notice the bronze statue of the late ,sir ,richard ,owen1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,superintendent of the ,natural ,history ,departments of the ,british ,museum 7#ahef-ahhd74 ,it is the work of ,mr4 ,t4 ,brock1 ,r4,a41 and was placed in the ,museum on ,march #agth1 #ahig4 ,to the right of this is a marble statue of the late ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 sculptured by ,mr4 ,e4 ,onslow ,ford1 ,r4,a41 which was unveiled on ,april #bhth1 #aijj4 ,in the first bay on the left is a bust1 by ,mr4 ,brock1 of the late ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,flower1 ,director of the ,natural ,history ,departments of the ,british ,museum from #ahhd to #ahih4 ,most of the cases placed on the floor of the hall illustrate general laws or points of interest in natural history which do not come appropriately for illustration within the systematic collections of the departmental series4 ,sidenote3 ,pigeons illustrating ,variation under ,domestication4 ,one group1 in a case near the entrance to the hall1 on the right1 shows the great variation to which a species may become subject under the influence of domestication1 as illustrated by examples of the best-marked breeds of ,pigeons1 all derived by selection from the wild ,rock-,dove 7,columba livia71 specimens of which are shown at the top of the case4 ,sidenote3 ,fowls and ,canaries illustrating ,variation under ,domestication4 ,in the corresponding case on the left are further illustrations of the same subject4 ,a pair of red ,jungle ,fowl 7,gallus bankiva1 or ,g4 ferrugineus7 of ,india represents the species from which the breeds of ,domesticated ,fowls are generally considered to have been derived4 ,as examples of extreme modifications in opposite directions produced by selection1 are exhibited the ,japanese ,long-tailed ,fowls1 in which some of the feathers 7tail-coverts7 attain a length of nine feet1 and specimens of a breed in which the tail is absent4 ,there is also shown a group of ,fowls living wild in the woods of the ,fiji ,islands1 which are descendants from domesticated birds introduced in the eighteenth century4 ,a pair of ,cochin ,fowls is exhibited in the same case to display development in point of size and in the abundance of feathers on the limbs2 while a pair of white 8,silkies0 illustrates a modification of the plumage1 accompanied by a rudimentary condition of the tail-feathers4 ,the pair of ,coloured ,dorkings exemplifies a breed cultivated in ,england4 ,a series of ,canaries is shown in a case in the archway leading from the east side of the central hall to the north hall1 as an example of a late addition to domesticated animals1 these birds having been first imported into ,europe from the ,canary ,islands in the early part of the sixteenth century4 ,specimens are exhibited of the wild birds1 and of some of the modifications produced by selection4 ,sidenote3 ,ruffs and ,reeves1 illustrating ,changes of ,plumage according to ,sex and ,season4 ,a case placed to the north of the one containing ,fowls illustrates a remarkable instance of external differences in the two sexes and changes in plumage at different seasons1 not under the influence of domestication4 ,the birds in it belong to one species1 the ,ruff 7,pavoncella1 or ,machetes1 pugnax71 of which the female is called ,reeve2 a member of the ,plover family 7,charadriid74 ,in the upper division of the case are shown the eggs1 newly-hatched young1 and young males and females in the first autumn plumage2 as well as adult males and females in winter1 when both sexes are exactly alike in colour and distinguishable externally by size alone4 ,the large group occupying the lower part of this case consists of adult birds in the plumage assumed in the breeding time 7,may and ,june74 ,in the female the only alteration from the winter state is a darker and richer colouring1 but in the males there is a special growth of elongated feathers about the head and neck1 constituting the 8ruff0 from which the bird derives its name4 ,in addition to this peculiarity1 another1 rare among wild animals1 may be observed1 namely1 striking diversity of colour in different individuals4 ,of the twenty-three specimens shown no two are entirely alike4 ,sidenote3 ,wild ,ducks illustrating ,seasonal ,change of ,plumage4 ,next in order stands a case displaying the variations1 according to season and age1 in the plumage of the ,wild ,duck1 or ,mallard 7,anas boscas74 ,the most noticeable feature in the plumage-changes is the assumption in summer by males of an 8eclipse-plumage10 resembling the one worn by females at all seasons4 ,at other times the males are more brilliantly coloured than their partners4 ,the eclipse-plumage corresponds to the winter1 or non-breeding1 dress of other birds which have a seasonal change4 ,sidenote3 ,adaptation of ,colour to surrounding ,conditions4 ,on the same side of the hall follow two cases illustrating the adaptation of the colour of animals to their natural surroundings1 by means of which they are rendered less conspicuous to their enemies or their prey4 ,the first contains a specimen of a ,mountain or ,variable ,hare 7the common species of the north of ,europe71 a ,stoat1 and a ,weasel1 together with some ,willow-,grouse and ,ptarmigan1 as well as an ,arctic ,fox1 in their summer dresses4 ,all were obtained in ,norway1 and show the general harmony of their colouring at this season with that of the rocks and plants among which they live4 ,the second case displays examples of the same animals obtained from the same country in winter1 when the ground was covered with snow4 ,such striking changes as these only occur in latitudes and localities where the differences between the general external conditions in the different seasons are extreme1 where the snow disappears in summer and remains on the ground during most of the winter4 ,even some of the species here shown do not habitually turn white in the less severe winters of their southern range1 as the ,stoat in ,england and the ,variable ,hare in ,ireland4 ,a few permanent inhabitants of still more northern regions1 where the snow remains throughout the year1 such as the ,polar ,bear1 ,alaskan ,bighorn ,sheep1 ,greenland ,falcon1 and ,snowy ,owl1 retain the white dress throughout the year4 ,the whiteness of these animals must not be confounded with albinism1 or whiteness occurring in individuals of species normally of a different colour1 which is illustrated in a case on the other side of the hall4 ,sidenote3 ,protective ,resemblance of ,desert ,animals to their ,surroundings4 ,the case on the east side of the hall nearest the great staircase contains examples of conformity of general style of colouring to surrounding conditions1 as exemplified by some of the commoner ,birds1 ,mammals1 and ,reptiles of the ,egyptian desert1 placed on the stones and sand amid which they habitually dwell4 ,the advantage of this colouring in concealing the herbivorous species from their enemies1 and in enabling the carnivorous to approach their prey unperceived1 is obvious4 ,many excellent cases of concealment by adaptation to surroundings1 especially in eggs and young ,birds1 may be seen among the groups in the ,bird-gallery4 ,sidenote3 ,mimicry4 ,more special modifications for the same purpose are shown in the adjacent bay on the east side of the hall by ,insects which closely resemble the objects1 such as leaves1 twigs1 etc41 among which they dwell4 ,the close imitation of a dead leaf1 presented by the ,leaf-,butterfly 7,callima inachis71 when its wings are closed1 could not be surpassed4 ,in a further stage of the same condition1 called 8,mimicry10 the object resembled1 or mimicked1 is another living animal1 belonging to a different species1 family1 or even order4 ,the resemblance in these instances is also believed to be for protection1 or to be in some way advantageous to the animal in which it occurs4 ,we know1 however1 so little of the habits and life-history of animals in a state of nature that many of the purposes supposed to be served by particular colours or appearances can only be regarded at present as conjectural4 ,whatever be the real explanation1 the facts shown by the specimens in this bay are very curious1 and worthy of careful consideration4 ,sidenote3 ,group illustrating ,albinism4 ,the next case on the east side of the middle of the hall contains a series of specimens illustrating albinism1 a condition in which the pigment1 or colouring matter1 usually present in the skin1 hair1 or feathers1 and giving the characteristic hue1 is absent4 ,individuals in this condition occur among many animals of various kinds1 and are called 8albinos40 ,in some of the specimens shown in the case the albinism is complete1 but in many it is partial1 the absence of colouring matter being limited to certain portions of the surface4 ,other examples of complete or partial albinism are shown in the ,north ,hall4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,the ,,leaf-,,butterfly 7,callima inachis7 ,,in ,,flight ,,and ,,at ,,rest4 ,sidenote3 ,group illustrating ,melanism4 ,the adjacent case shows examples of the opposite condition called melanism1 depending upon an excess of dark colouring matter or pigment in the skin and its appendages1 such as hair1 feathers1 etc41 beyond what is commonly met with in the species4 ,this is by no means so frequent as albinism4 ,a black ,leopard in the middle of the case is a good illustration4 ,this is not a distinct species1 but merely an individual variety of the common ,leopard1 born from parents of the normal colour4 ,a black ,bullfinch is introduced as an example of acquired melanism1 this bird having turned black in captivity4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,the ,,somali ,,tsetse-,,fly 7,glossina longipennis74 ,enlarged #d diameters4 ,shows the complete closure of the wings in the resting position1 and the prominent proboscis1 characteristic of the genus4 ,sidenote3 ,group illustrating ,intermediate ,forms in ,nature4 ,another group shows that two forms of ,crows which appear quite distinct1 and1 judged by their external characters1 might be regarded as different species1 may in a state of nature unite1 and produce hybrid offspring4 ,in the same case is exhibited a series of ,goldfinches to show a complete gradation between birds of different colouring1 which have been regarded as different species4 ,both these examples may by some naturalists be considered instances1 not of the crossing of distinct species1 but of 8dimorphism10 or the occurrence of a single species in nature in two different phases4 ,from whatever point of view they may be regarded1 they illustrate the difficulty of defining and limiting the meaning of the term 8species10 of such constant use in natural history4 ,sidenote3 ,mosquitoes and ,tsetse-,flies4 ,in the middle line of the hall are placed cases containing greatly enlarged models of certain ,insects concerned in the spread of disease1 such as ,mosquitoes or ,gnats 7figs4 #c and #d71 a ,house-,fly1 ,tsetse-,fly 7fig4 #b71 and ,plague-,flea2 also still more enlarged gelatine models of mammalian blood-corpuscles1 showing the parasites by which they are infested in the diseases respectively communicated by means of ,mosquitoes and ,tsetses4 ,models of the parasites themselves are also shown 7figs4 #e and #f74 ,malaria1 or ague1 is a disease caused by extremely minute parasites which live in the red corpuscles of the blood4 ,formerly malaria was believed to be contracted by merely breathing the air of marshy districts1 but it is now proved that the parasites are transmitted from man to man by the 8bite10 or rather 8stab10 of a ,mosquito or ,gnat4 ,the ,common ,mosquito or ,stabbing ,gnat 7,culex pipiens71 fig4 #c1 does not transmit the malaria-parasite2 the ,spot-winged ,mosquitoes 7fig4 #d7 of the genus ,anopheles1 abundant in ,england and nearly all parts of the world1 being the carriers4 ,the parasite multiplies not only in the human blood1 but in the stomach and tissues of the ,gnat--as shown in the models 7fig4 #e74 ,tsetse-,flies are ,african blood-sucking ,flies1 with the mouth-parts adapted for piercing the skins of wild and domesticated mammals1 human beings1 and even crocodiles4 ,the blood of some of the larger ,african animals is sometimes infected with a microscopic parasite 7fig4 #f71 which1 if sucked up by ,tsetse-,flies when feeding1 and subsequently introduced by them into the veins of domesticated animals such as horses and cattle1 produces the fatal nagana1 or ,tsetse-,fly disease4 ,sleeping-sickness in man is caused in a similar manner1 and is conveyed from infected to healthy individuals by two kinds of ,tsetse-,fly1 including that of which an enlarged model1 #bh times 7linear7 natural size1 is exhibited4 ,the parasites and the red blood-corpuscles are enlarged #f1jjj diameters4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--7;a7 ,,the ,,common ,,gnat 7,culex pipiens74 ,enlarged4 ,,fig4 #d4--7;b7 ,,the ,,spot-,,winged ,,mosquito 7,anopheles maculipennis74 ,enlarged4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,life-,,history ,,of ,,the ,,malaria ,,parasite4 a1 malarial germ1 or sporozoite1 as introduced into the blood by the mosquito2 b1 sporozoite after entry into blood-corpuscle2 c1 growth of sporozoite into an ambula2 d1 division of ambula to form merozoites2 e1 liberated merozoites2 f1 growth of merozoites into a crescent at expense of corpuscle2 g1 male1 and h1 female crescent2 i1 male cell with projections1 which lengthen and are set free as spermatozoa2 j1 fertilisation of ovum by spermatozoon2 k1 fertilised egg as the active motile vermicule2 sphere formed from the l1 enlarged vermicule1 after this has bored through the stomach-wall of the mosquito2 m1 segment of sphere at final stage of development1 containing countless needle-shaped spores1 which1 when it bursts1 escape as sporozoites into the organs of the mosquito's body and pass through the salivary glands into the proboscis1 and so infect a man bitten or pricked by the mosquito4 ,the ,house-,fly--see enlarged models of the perfect insect and its preliminary stages1--although not provided with a piercing proboscis1 and consequently incapable of biting1 sometimes plays an important part in spreading deadly diseases1 such as cholera and enteric 7typhoid7 fever4 ,in this case the disease-causing organisms are carried by the insect either in its intestine or adherent to the outer surface of its body1 and thus ,house-,flies may spread disease by contaminating food4 ,plague1 which is a disease of rats and a few other rodents1 especially the bobac ,marmot1 is communicated to man by the bite of the flea known as ,xenopsylla cheopis1 one of several species of fleas with which rats are infested4 ,when a rat dies1 the fleas that it has been harbouring seek another host1 and may bite human beings1 in which case1 if the rat itself was suffering from the disease1 an epidemic of plague may be the result4 ,the model of the ,plague-,flea exhibited is enlarged #bjj times 7linear74 ,the ,arachnida1 a group which includes the ,spiders and can generally be distinguished from ,insects by the number of their legs 7four pairs instead of three pairs71 include also the ,ticks1 which are responsible for the transmission of many deadly diseases which attack ,man and ,domestic animals4 ,enlarged models of a disease-carrying ,tick are in course of preparation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,trypanosoma gambiense1 the parasite of ,sleeping-sickness1 very highly magnified4 ,the occurrence of three kinds of individual1 as shown in the figure1 appears to be characteristic of this and certain other species of ,trypanosoma4 7,after ,col4 ,sir ,d4 ,bruce47 ,sidenote3 ,african ,elephant4 ,in the middle line of the hall is placed a magnificent mounted skin of an ,african ,elephant 7,elephas africanus71 fig4 #g1 from ,rhodesia1 standing about #aa feet #d inches in height4 ,the skull of the same individual is mounted on a stand below4 ,near by are exhibited three tusks1 the largest of which measures #aj feet #b inches in length4 ,on the north wall1 on either side of the ,darwin statue1 are mounted two ,african ,elephant heads4 ,sidenote3 ,bays or ,alcoves round the ,hall4 ,most of the bays or alcoves round the hall1 five on each side1 are 7with the exception of the one at the north end of the right side7 devoted to the ,introductory or ,elementary ,collection1 designed to illustrate the more important points in the structure of certain types of animal and plant life1 and the terms used in describing them4 ,this has been called the 8,index ,museum10 as it was thought at one time that it would form a sort of epitome or index of the general collections in the galleries4 ,it is now mainly restricted to a display of the leading structural features in ,vertebrated ,animals and in ,plants4 ,the space being limited1 the number of specimens is necessarily restricted4 ,in examining this collection the visitor should follow each case in the usual order of reading a book1 from left to right1 and carefully study the printed explanatory labels1 to which the specimens are intended to serve as illustrations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,african ,,elephant 7,elephas africanus74 ,the skull and tusks seen in the foreground are those of the stuffed specimen1 the tusks in which have been modelled from another individual4 ,the bays on the west side 7left-hand on entering the hall7 are devoted to the ,vertebrata1 or ,animals possessing a 8backbone40 ,in ,nos4 ,i and ,,ii are shown the characters of the ,mammals1 which form the highest modification of this type2 the wall-cases of ,no4 ,i containing specimens of the bony framework 7internal skeleton74 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,i4 ,skeleton of ,mammals4 ,in the first case 7south side of the recess7 may be seen a complete skeleton of a good example of the class--a ,baboon ,monkey1 with the bones laid out on a tablet1 and their names affixed4 ,below is a skeleton of the same animal articulated1 or with the bones in their natural relation to each other1 and also named4 ,by examining these two specimens an idea may be obtained of the general framework of the bodies of animals of this class4 ,in other parts of the case are exhibited various modifications of the skeleton to suit different conditions of life4 #a4 ,man1 showing a skeleton adapted for the upright posture4 #b4 ,a ,bat1 or flying ,mammal1 in which1 by the great elongation of the fingers1 the fore-limbs are converted into wings 7fig4 #h71 supporting a web of skin stretched between them4 #c4 ,a ,sloth1 in which the tips of both limbs are reduced to mere hooks1 by the aid of which the creature hangs back-downwards from the boughs of the trees among which it passes its entire existence4 #d4 ,the ,baboon serves as an example of an animal walking on all four limbs in the 8plantigrade0 position1 i4e41 with the whole of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet applied to the ground4 #e4 ,a small species of ,antelope shows the characteristic form of a running animal1 in which the limbs perform no office but that of supporting the body on the ground4 ,this animal stands on the tips of the toes of its elongated1 slender feet in the 8digitigrade0 fashion4 #f4 ,a ,porpoise1 adapted solely for swimming in the water4 ,the fore-limbs are converted into flattened paddles1 and the hind-limbs are entirely absent1 their function being performed by the tail4 ,the rudimentary pelvic bones are preserved4 ,the rest of the case is occupied by details of the skull in some of its principal modifications4 ,at the top are diagrams of the structure of bone and cartilage as shown by the microscope4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,the ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,flying-,,fox1 ,,or ,,fox-,,bat 7,pteropus medius74 cl1 clavicle2 cv1 cervical vertebr2 d1 dorsal vertebr2 fb1 fibula2 fm1 femur2 h1 humerus2 hx1 great toe1 or hallux2 l1 lumbar vertebr2 mc1 metacarpals2 mt1 metatarsals2 ph1 phalanges1 or finger- and toe-bones2 pv1 pelvis2 px1 thumb1 or pollex2 r1 radius2 s1 sacral vertebr2 sc1 scapula2 sk1 skull2 tb1 tibia2 ts1 tarsus2 u1 ulna4 ,in the wall-case on the opposite 7north7 side of the bay the study of the skeleton of ,mammals is continued by illustrations of the structure of the limbs4 ,at the top of the case is a diagram showing the correspondence of the hand and the foot in their complete typical form1 with the names applied to the different bones4 ,the series of specimens below shows the principal deviations actually occurring from this typical condition1 which1 as may be seen1 is very nearly preserved in the human hand4 ,one series shows some of the stages of modification for special purpose 7specialisation7 by which a typical five-fingered hand becomes converted into the single-toed fore-foot of the ,horse2 while another series ends with the fore-foot of the ,ruminants1 sometimes1 but erroneously1 called a 8cloven hoof10 in which only two toes remain4 ,similar changes are shown in the toes of the hind-foot1 illustrating the same common plan running through infinite modifications in detail1 enabling the organ to perform such a variety of purposes1 and to exhibit such diversity of outward appearance4 ,the existence of this common plan is now generally regarded as due to inheritance from a common ancestor4 ,sidenote3 ,teeth of ,mammals4 ,the central case of the bay contains a collection illustrating the principal characters of the teeth of ,mammals4 ,its inspection should commence at the north-east corner1 where the visitor will find himself after completing the survey of the specimens of skeletons in the wall-cases4 ,in the first division are placed specimens showing the general characters of teeth1 their form1 the different tissues of which they are composed1 the two great types of dentition in ,mammals1 homodont and heterodont1#e the names and serial correspondence of the different teeth1 and their development and succession4 ,the principal modifications of teeth according to function are next shown by examples of forms adapted for fish-eating1 flesh-eating1 insect-eating1 grass-eating1 etc4 ,the remainder of the case is taken up by examples of the dentition of the families of ,mammals arranged in order1 and prepared so as to display not only the shape of the crowns1 but also the number and character of the roots by which they are implanted4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,,ii4 ,classification of ,mammals4 ,in bay ,no4 ,,ii the two wall-cases contain a collection arranged to show in a serial manner the orders and sub-orders of existing ,mammals1 by examples selected to illustrate the predominating characters by which these are distinguished4 ,a brief popular account of the characteristics of the group1 and a map showing its geographical distribution1 are placed with each4 ,this is intended to serve not only for an introduction to the study of the class by visitors to the museum1 but also as a guide to a method of arrangement which may be adopted in smaller institutions4 ,among the illustrations of the order ,primates is placed the skeleton of a young ,chimpanzee dissected by ,dr4 ,tyson1 which formed the subject of his work on the 8,anatomy of a ,pigmie10 published in #afii1 the earliest scientific description of any ,man-like ,ape4 ,sidenote3 ,skin of ,mammals4 ,the central case of this bay contains illustrations of the outer covering or skin and its modifications in the class of ,mammals1 divided into the following sections3 #a4 ,expansion of skin to aid in locomotion1 as the webs between the fingers of swimming and flying animals1 the parachutes of flying animals4 #b4 ,the development of bony plates in the skin1 found among ,mammals only in the ,armadillos and their allies4 ,the cast of a section of the tail of a gigantic extinct species 7,glyptodon7 shows a bony external as well as an internal skeleton4 #c4 ,the outer covering modified into true scales1 much resembling in structure the nails of the human hand4 ,this occurs in only one family of ,mammals1 the ,pangolins1 or ,manid4 #d4 ,hair in various forms1 including bristles and spines4 ,the two kinds of hair composing the external clothing of most ,mammals1 the long1 stiffer outer hair1 and the short1 soft under-fur1 are shown by various examples4 #e4 ,the special epidermal appendages found in nearly all ,mammals on the ends of the fingers and toes1 called according to the various forms they assume1 nails1 claws1 or hoofs4 #f4 ,the one or two unpaired horns of the ,rhinoceroses1 shown by sections to consist of a solid mass of hair-like epidermic fibres4 #g4 ,the horns of ,oxen1 ,goats1 and ,antelopes1 each consisting of a hollow conical sheath of horn1 covering a permanent projection of the frontal bone 7the horn-core74 #h4 ,the antlers of ,deer1 forming solid1 bony1 and generally branched projections1 covered during growth with soft hairy skin1 and in most cases shed and renewed annually4 ,on the wall is arranged a series of antlers of an individual ,stag or ,red ,deer 7,cervus elaphus71 grown and shed 7except the last7 in thirteen successive years1 showing the changes which took place in their size and form1 and the development of the branches1 or tines1 in each year4 ,in old age the number of these tines tends to diminish4 ,on the north side of the table-case are shown dissections of the principal internal organs of ,mammals4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,,iii4 ,general structure of ,birds4 ,bay ,no4 ,,iii is devoted to the class of ,birds4 ,an ,albatross 7,diomedea exulans7 mounted with the wings expanded shows the most important characters by which a ,bird is externally distinguished from other animals4 ,the body is clothed with feathers1 which 7in the majority of ,birds71 by their great size and special arrangement upon the fore-limbs1 enable these to act as organs of flight4 ,the mouth is in the form of a horny beak4 ,a nestling ,albatross shows that at this stage of its existence the bird is not clothed with ordinary feathers1 but with soft down1 which serves to keep the body warm1 although it confers no power of flight4 ,an ,emu and an ,apteryx in the lower compartment of the case display the exceptional condition 7found only in a comparatively few members of the class7 of ,birds with wings so small as to be concealed beneath the general feathery covering of the body1 and quite useless4 ,in the ,penguins1 of which two species are shown in the case1 the wings are reduced to the condition of fins1 and are serviceable only for progress through water4 ,in the first wall-case the principal features of the skeleton of the class are shown4 ,sections of bones exhibit the large air-cavities within2 a complete skeleton of an ,eagle1 with the bones separated and named1 and mounted skeletons of the ,ostrich1 ,penguin1 ,pelican1 ,vulture1 ,night-,parrot1 ,fowl1 etc41 show the chief modifications of the skeleton4 ,the ,apteryx possesses the smallest1 and the ,frigate-bird the longest bones of the wing1 the correspondence of which can be readily traced by means of the labels attached to them4 ,the under surfaces of the skulls of various birds are shown with the different bones coloured to indicate their limits and relations2 these are followed by a series of the different types of sternum or breast-bone4 ,the second wall-case contains further illustrations of the anatomy of ,birds4 ,in the left-hand part a series of wings of ,birds displays the form characteristic of different groups2 while above them are a few of the different types of tails1 supplementing the series of tails in the table-case4 ,very instructive is a series of skins of white chickens of the same brood at different ages1 displaying the gradual replacement of the down by the adult plumage4 ,the table-case in the middle of the bay contains illustrations of the external characters1 the beak1 the feathers1 and the tail1 as well as of the fore and hind limbs1 or wings and feet4 ,by the aid of the explanatory labels1 the essential characters and the principal modifications of all these parts may easily be followed4 ,two cases on the wall in the vestibule leading to the ,fish ,gallery illustrate the chief modifications of the eggs of ,birds1 and their differences in structure1 number1 form1 size1 texture of surface1 and colour4 ,on the side of the main staircase opposite are specimens illustrating the parasitic nesting habits of certain ,cuckoos and various other ,birds2 while near by is a remarkably fine series of the eggs of ,cuckoos with those of the ,birds among which they were respectively deposited4 ,on the opposite 7east7 side of the staircase the visitor will find a case showing the remarkable variation in colouring and markings displayed by the eggs of the ,guillemot4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,,iv4 ,general structure of ,reptiles and ,amphibians4 ,the fourth bay on the west side of the hall exhibits the leading peculiarities in the structure of ,reptiles and ,amphibians4 ,owing to the large number of groups in the former class now extinct1 many fossil specimens1 or plaster reproductions of the same1 are shown4 ,the wall-case on the south side of this bay illustrates the different ordinal groups of ,reptiles--living and extinct4 ,very instructive are the skeletons of ,tortoises and ,turtles1 showing the relations of the vertebr and limb-bones to the bony part of the shell4 ,lizards and ,snakes are mostly represented by coloured casts4 ,the extinct ,dinosaurs are represented by a small-sized model of ,iguanodon1 together with a photograph of the skeleton and a plaster-cast of the bones of the hind-foot showing the three toes4 ,the adjacent side of the table-case shows the modifications of the backbone1 or vertebral column1 of the ribs1 and of the limbs1 in the different groups of the class4 ,specially noticeable are examples of five types of ,skink-like ,lizards1 exhibiting the gradual diminution in the size of the limbs and their final disappearance4 ,the opposite1 or north1 side of the table-case displays the different modifications of the skull and teeth of living and extinct ,reptiles4 ,in some1 like ,crocodiles and ,ichthyosaurs1 the jaws are armed with a full series of sharply pointed teeth1 while in others1 like the ,tortoises and ,turtles1 they are devoid of teeth and encased in horn4 ,very remarkable is the approximation to a carnivorous mammalian type presented by the dentition of some of the extinct mammal-like ,reptiles1 or ,theromorphs1 and equally noticeable are the palatal crushing teeth of certain other extinct ,reptiles known as ,placodus and ,cyamodus4 ,the peculiar dentition of the ,new ,zealand ,tuatera1 and likewise that of its extinct ,european and ,indian ally ,hyperodapedon 7fig4 #i71 are also shown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,skull ,,of ,,the ,,giant ,,tuatera 7,hyperodapedon gordoni71 from the ,triassic ,sandstone of ,lossiemouth1 ,elgin1 7 nat4 size74 ,a1 upper surface of skull2 ,b1 palatal aspect of skull2 ,c1 under side of front of lower jaw2 ,pmx1 premaxillary bone2 ,mx1 maxillary2 ,pl1 palatal teeth2 ,md1 lower jaw2 ,o1 orbit1 or eye-socket2 ,n1 nostrils2 ,s1 temporal pit2 ,s'1 lateral temporal fossa4 ,the brain and other internal organs of ,reptiles are displayed in the left half of the wall-case on the north side of this bay1 in which are also shown the eggs of many species1 in some cases with the embryo4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,blue ,,shark 7,carcharodon rondeletii71 with portion of backbone on a large scale4 pl1 functional upper jaw1 and su1 its reflected portion2 md1 lower jaw2 hy1 ceratohyal2 br1 branchial arches2 co1 pectoral girdle2 ph1 cartilaginous portion of pectoral1 or front paired fin2 r1 dermal portion of pectoral fin2 pu1 pelvic1 or hind paired1 fin2 c1 centra1 or bodies1 of the vertebr2 na1 neural1 or upper1 and ha1 hmal1 or lower1 arch4 ,the median fins are not lettered4 ,in the right half of the same case are exhibited a number of preparations showing the external form and internal structure of ,frogs and ,salamanders1 or ,amphibians1 living and extinct4 ,the ,giant ,salamander of ,japan 7,megalobatrachus or ,cryptobranchus7 is represented by a stuffed specimen2 but the ,newts1 ,salamanders1 and ,frogs are shown in spirit4 ,very curious is the almost colourless and blind ,olm 7,proteus7 from the caves of ,carniola2 as also are the so-called ,ccilians1 or ,apoda1 which have the habits and1 in some degree1 the appearance of large worms4 ,special specimens exhibit the structure of the extinct ,labyrinthodonts1 in which the hinder half of the skull is completely roofed over by bone2 while the teeth in many instances exhibit a curious in-folded arrangement from which the group derives its name4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,v4 ,structure of ,fishes4 ,the last bay 7,no4 ,v7 on the west side of the ,central ,hall is devoted to the display of the form and structure of ,fishes4 ,the wall-case on the left side of this bay exhibits the external form of several characteristic types of ,fishes1 such as the ,pike1 ,cod1 ,turbot1 ,dog-fish1 and ,skate1 with the names of the various fins affixed4 ,a striking specimen is the skeleton--mainly cartilaginous--of the ,great ,blue ,shark 7,carcharodon rondeletii71 fig4 #aj1 which occupies the greater portion of this case4 ,it should be noted that1 as in all ,sharks and ,rays1 the upper jaw does not correspond with that of the higher ,vertebrates2 and particular attention should be devoted to the structure and arrangement of the arches supporting the gills4 ,in the south side of the table-case in this bay are shown a number of dissections1 mounted in spirit1 displaying the different types of skeletal structure presented by the fins in various groups of ,fishes4 ,one of the most remarkable of these types occurs in ,ceratodus forsteri1 the ,queensland ,lung-fish1 in which the skeleton of the fin consists of a central jointed rod1 from each side of which diverge narrower jointed rods4 ,alongside are specimens showing special modifications of certain fins1 as in the ,flying ,fish 7fig4 #aa7 and ,flying ,gurnard 7fig4 #ab71 for the purpose of sustaining the body in the air1 or1 as in ,pentanemus1 to serve as organs of touch4 ,specimens of the ,west ,indian ,goby and the ,lump-,sucker show modifications of the pelvic fins in connection with a sucker on the lower surface of the body2 while other preparations display the pectoral 7,doras7 and pelvic fins 7,monocentris7 reduced to the condition of saw-like spines4 ,the structure of the skull of ,fishes is illustrated in another part of the same side of this case4 ,from this the visitor may learn how the primitive cartilaginous skull of the ,sharks 7fig4 #aj71 ,rays1 ,chimras1 and ,lung-fishes has been gradually modified1 by the addition of superficial sheathing-bones1 into the bony skull of modern ,fishes1 such as the ,cod and ,perch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,the ,,flying ,,fish 7,exoctus74 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,the ,,flying ,,gurnard 7,dactylopterus74 ,the north side of the table-case in bay ,v is mainly devoted to the display of the different types of scales1 spines1 and teeth found among ,fishes4 ,in one corner are the enamelled 8ganoid0 scales of the modern ,american ,bony ,pike 7,lepidosteus7 and the ,african ,bichir 7,polypterus7 alongside those of certain extinct forms4 ,a scale of the ,tarpon1 or ,king-of-the-,herrings1 illustrates the largest development in point of size of the modern 8cycloid0 type4 ,spines of the ,porcupine-fish show an extreme development of this kind of structure4 ,diagrams and spirit-preparations illustrate the mode of attachment and succession of fish-teeth4 ,a large series of the teeth of ,sharks and ,rays displays the gradual passage from those of the ordinary pointed form to others arranged in a pavement-like manner and adapted solely for crushing4 ,both types occur in the ,port ,jackson ,shark 7fig4 #ac71 but those of some ,rays are solely of the pavement modification4 ,very remarkable is the dental structure in the ,parrot-fish4 ,the west end of this side of the case shows the various modifications assumed by the teeth of the modern ,bony ,fishes2 among which1 as exemplified by the ,wrasse1 teeth are developed on the bones of the throat1 as well as on those of the jaws4 ,throughout this case specimens1 or models1 of the teeth of extinct ,fishes are placed side by side with those of their nearest living relatives4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,a ,,jaw ,,of ,,the ,,port ,,jackson ,,shark 7,cestracion philippi71 showing sharp teeth in front and crushing ones behind4 ,the wall-case on the north side of this bay shows the history of the development of various ,fishes1 together with the form and structure of the gills1 brain1 heart1 digestive system1 and other organs4 ,sidenote3 ,lancelet4 ,a small case affixed to the pillar at the entrance of the fifth bay illustrates the structure of the ,lancelet 7,branchiostoma1 or ,amphioxus71 by the aid of spirit-specimens1 enlarged models1 and coloured diagrams4 ,one of the most remarkable features in the structure of this strange and primitive little creature is the outer cavity enclosing the part of the body which contains the large and complex pharynx4 ,the ,lancelet was formerly included among the ,fishes1 but is now accorded the rank of a class 7,cephalochorda7 to itself4 ,leaving bay ,,vi1 next the principal staircase on the east side of the central hall1 which is devoted to illustrations of heredity1 especially in relation to the ,mendelian theory1 and to modes of ,flight in ,vertebrates and ,insects1 we pass on to a table-case assigned to the illustration of 8,mimicry0 and kindred phenomena4 ,most of the examples shown occur among ,insects2 but one example among ,mammals and a second in ,birds are illustrated4 ,very striking is a coloured sketch showing a group of red and black caterpillars from ,singapore grouped side by side on the stem of a plant so as to present a remarkable similarity to a succulent fruit4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,,viii4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,,ix4 ,in bay ,,viii1 on the eastern side of the central hall1 is displayed an exhibition illustrating trees1 native to or grown in ,britain4 ,the winter and summer states are indicated by photographs1 and the foliage1 flowers1 fruits1 seedlings1 and texture of wood and bark by specimens1 models1 and drawings4 ,bays ,,ix and ,x are intended to illustrate the general characters of the great groups of the ,vegetable ,kingdom4 ,bay ,,ix1 in course of arrangement1 is devoted to the ,cryptogams 7,ferns1 ,mosses1 ,fungi1 ,seaweeds1 and ,lichens74 ,at the back of the bay is a fine polished section of a buttress from the base of the ,tapang 7,abauria excelsa71 the largest tree in ,borneo1 which attains a height of #bej feet4 ,sidenote3 ,bay ,x4 ,seed-bearing ,plants4 ,the last bay 7,no4 ,x7 is devoted to the ,seed-bearing ,plants1 which are characterised by the formation of a seed--the result of the fertilisation of an ovule by the male cell which is developed in the pollen4 ,the series begins on the left hand side with the ,pteridosperms1 an extinct group combining the characters of ,ferns and ,seed-plants and forming a link between them4 ,then follow the ,gymnosperms 7,cycads1 ,pines1 ,firs1 etc471 in which the seed is borne naked on an open scale which generally forms1 with others like it1 the characteristic cone4 ,certain points in the development of pollen and ovule recall similar stages in the ,fern group1 and indicate that the ,gymnosperms stand nearer to the ,cryptogams than do the ,angiosperms1 the other and larger group of ,seed-plants4 ,the ,gymnosperms are also the older group1 and contain many extinct forms4 ,in the ,angiosperms the seed is enclosed in the fruit1 and in the development of pollen and ovule almost all traces of a cryptogamic ancestry have been lost2 the great development of the flower is a characteristic feature of the ,angiosperms4 ,the arrangement of the vegetative parts of the plant is based on its separation into root1 stem1 and leaf4 ,in the right-hand wall-case the upper series of specimens illustrates the leaf1 its form1 veining1 direction1 the characters of its stalk and stipules1 its modification for special purposes1 and its arrangement on the stem and in the bud4 ,below1 the stem and root are similarly treated1 and above are some anatomical drawings4 ,the display of the root is continued in the lower part of the opposite wall-case4 ,in the central case the chief types of the flower with its parts1 the fruit1 and the seed are exhibited4 ,at the back of the bay is a large transverse section of the ,karri tree 7,eucalyptus diversicolor7 of ,western ,australia1 a species which grows to a height of #djj feet4 ,the tree from which the section was cut was about #bjj years old when felled4 ,the ,introductory ,collection of ,minerals will be found in the gallery devoted to the ,mineral ,department 7see p4 #ij74 ,,the ,,north ,,hall4 ,sidenote3 ,domesticated ,animals1#f ,hybrids1 and ,economic ,zoology4 ,the ,north ,hall1 or that portion of the building situated to the northward of the principal staircase1 is used for the exhibition of the more important breeds of ,domesticated ,animals1 as well as of examples of ,hybrids and other ,abnormalities4 ,a series of specimens illustrative of ,economic ,zoology is likewise temporarily placed here4 ,the examples of ,domesticated ,mammals include ,horses1 ,cattle1 ,sheep1 ,goats1 ,llamas1 ,dogs1 ,cats1 and ,rabbits4 ,one of the main objects of this series is to show the leading characteristics of the well-established breeds1 both ,british and foreign4 ,in addition to ,domesticated ,animals properly so called1 there are also exhibited examples of what may be termed ,semi-domesticated ,animals1 such as white or parti-coloured ,rats and ,mice4 ,the skulls and skeletons of celebrated ,horses#g of all breeds1 including those of the ,thoroughbreds 8,persimmon0 7presented by ,his ,majesty ,king ,edward ,,vii471 8,stockwell10 8,bend ,or10 and 8,ormonde10 and of the ,shire 8,blaisdon ,conqueror10 form a notable feature of the series4 ,in another case is exhibited the dentition of the ,horse at different periods of existence2 while on the opposite side of the same is illustrated the evolution of the ,horse from three-toed and four-toed ancestors1 and also certain peculiarities distinguishing the skulls of ,thoroughbreds and ,arabs from those of most other breeds4 ,among the more notable exhibits are a mounted specimen of a ,spanish ,fighting ,bull1 which belongs to an altogether peculiar breed1 and heads of ,spanish ,draught ,cattle1 presented by ,h4,m4 ,king ,edward ,,vii4 ,among the ,sheep1 attention may be directed to the four-horned1 fat-tailed1 and fat-rumped breeds1 and also to the small breed from the island of ,soa1 as well as the curious spiral horned ,wallachian ,sheep4 ,the so-called wild cattle of ,chillingham ,park are included in this series1 since they are not truly wild animals1 but are descended from a domesticated breed4 ,the celebrated ,greyhound 8,fullerton0 is shown among the series of ,dogs1 which also comprises examples of the ,afghan ,greyhound1 and of the ,slughi or ,arab ,greyhound4 ,small-sized models of ,cattle1 ,horses1 ,sheep1 and ,pigs also form a feature of the series4 ,a hybrid between the ,zebra and the ,ass is shown in one of the cases2 while photographs illustrate the results of experiments undertaken by ,professor ,ewart in cross-breeding between ,burchell's ,zebra and the ,horse4 ,an example of the ,lion-,tiger hybrids born many years ago in ,atkins' menagerie is likewise shown4 ,a fine series of hybrid ,ducks and hybrid ,pheasants is exhibited in the north hall4 ,sidenote3 ,skeletons of ,man and ,horse4 ,facing the visitor as he approaches the middle of the north hall are the skeletons of a ,man and of a ,horse1 arranged for comparison with each other1 and also to show the position of the bones of both in relation to the external surface4 ,in the case of the ,horse1 the skin of the same animal from which the skeleton was prepared was carefully mounted1 and1 when dry1 divided in the middle line2 one half1 lined with velvet1 has been placed behind the skeleton4 ,in the case of the ,man1 the external surface is shown by a papier-mach model1 similarly lined and placed in a corresponding position4 ,as all the principal bones of both skeletons have their names attached1 a study of this group will not only afford a lesson in comparative anatomy1 but be of practical utility to the artist4 ,sidenote3 ,section of 8,big ,tree40 ,against the wall dividing the north hall from the central hall is placed a section of a very large ,wellingtonia or 8,big ,tree0 7,sequoia gigantea71 which was cut down in #ahib near ,fresno1 in ,california4 ,it is about fifteen feet in diameter1 and perfectly sound to the centre1 showing distinctly #a1cce rings of annual growth1 which afford exact evidence of the age of the tree4 ,an instantaneous photograph1 taken while the tree was being felled1 is placed near by1 and shows its general appearance when living4 ,the height of the tree was #bgf feet4 ,the exhibits of ,economic ,zoology at present occupy the northern division of this hall4 ,in the western wall-case are specimens showing the injuries caused to trees by various insects4 ,the table-cases contain examples of the damage done in ,britain to fruit1 roots1 corn1 and garden and vegetable produce1 with specimens of the insects1 and hints as to methods of destruction4 ,there are also examples of injury done by insects abroad to cotton1 tea1 coffee1 etc4 ,in the cases under the windows are various parasites affecting man and domesticated animals4 ,,staircase ,,and ,,corridors4 ,sidenote3 ,statue of ,darwin4 ,on the first landing of the great staircase1 facing the centre of the hall1 is placed the seated marble statue of ,,charles ,,darwin 7b4 #ahji1 d4 #ahhb71 to whose labours the study of natural history owes so vast an impulse4 ,the statue was executed by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,boehm1 ,r4,a41 as part of the 8,darwin ,memorial0 raised by public subscription4 ,it was unveiled and placed under the care of the ,trustees of the ,museum on the #ith of ,june1 #ahhe1 when an address was delivered on behalf of the ,memorial ,committee by the late ,professor ,huxley1 ,p4,r4,s41 to which ,his late ,majesty ,king ,edward ,,vii4 7then ,prince of ,wales71 as representing the ,trustees1 replied4 ,sidenote3 ,statue of ,banks4 ,above the first landing the staircase divides into two flights1 each leading to one of the corridors which flank the west and east sides of the hall and give access to the galleries of the first floor of the building4 ,near the southern ends of these corridors two staircases join to form a central flight leading to the second floor4 ,on the landing at the top is a marble statue by ,chantrey of ,,sir ,,joseph ,,banks 7b4 #agdc1 d4 #ahbj71 who for #da years presided over the ,royal ,society and was ,trustee of the ,museum4 ,his botanical collections are preserved in the adjoining gallery1 but his library of works on natural history1 also bequeathed to the ,museum1 remains at ,bloomsbury1 where the statue1 erected by public subscription in #ahbf1 stood until it was removed to its present situation in #ahhf4 ,on the wall above is displayed a series of unusually fine heads of ,indian ,big ,game ,animals1 bequeathed by ,mr4 ,a4 ,o4 ,hume1 ,c4,b41 in #aiab4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,a ,,female ,,okapi 7,okapia johnstoni74 ,sidenote3 ,african ,antelopes4 ,the west1 south1 and east corridors contain a portion of the collection of mounted ,mammals for which there is not room in the gallery immediately adjoining4 ,the specimens placed here include a large number of species of the finest ,african ,antelopes1 animals remarkable for their beauty1 for their former countless numbers1 and for their threatened extermination in consequence of the inroads of civilized man into their domain4 ,sidenote3 ,giraffes and ,okapi4 ,in a case at the head of the staircase leading to the east corridor are several mounted specimens of ,giraffes1 and near by a skeleton of the same4 ,alongside the former is placed a case containing the heads and necks1 together with skulls1 of the various local races of ,giraffes2 while in a third are displayed three specimens of their near ally the ,okapi 7fig4 #ad7 of the ,congo ,forest1 as well as a skeleton of the same4 ,sidenote3 ,collections of ,humming-,birds4 ,the collection of ,humming-,birds 7,trochilid7 arranged and mounted by the late ,mr4 ,john ,gould1 and purchased for the ,museum in #ahha1 is principally shown in the vestibule leading from the hall to the ,fish-gallery1 but a few cases are placed on the pillars of the staircase4 ,another large collection of these birds1 presented in #aiac by ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,balston1 of ,maidstone1 is exhibited in the corridor leading to the ,whale-room4 ,,west ,,wing4 ,the whole of the west wing of the building is devoted to the collections of recent ,zoology4 7,a7 ,,ground ,,floor4 ,sidenote3 ,bird ,gallery4#h ,the ground floor is entered from the west side 7left hand7 of the central hall1 near the main entrance of the building4 ,the long gallery1 extending the entire length of the front of the wing as far as the west pavilion1 is assigned to the exhibited collection of ,birds1 the study-series of the same group being kept in cabinets in a room behind4 ,sidenote3 ,systematic ,series in ,wall-cases4 ,the wall-cases contain mounted specimens of all the principal genera1 placed in systematic order1 beginning with the ,crows and ,birds of ,paradise on the left hand on entering1 and ending with the ,ostriches1 ,emus1 etc41 on the right4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history7 ,ground ,floor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,the ,,great ,,auk ,,or ,,gare-,,fowl 7,plautus1 or ,alca1 impennis71 ,,and ,,its ,,egg4 ,among the multitude of species exhibited in this gallery1 which form1 however1 but a small proportion of the different kinds of ,birds known to inhabit the globe1 only a few of the more striking can be mentioned4 ,the various types of the ,birds-of-,prey are very fully represented3 from the ,condor of the ,andes1 the large ,sea-,eagle of ,bering ,strait1 and the ,great ,eagle-,owl of ,europe 7all of which are placed in separate cases71 to the ,dwarf ,falcon in case #ec1 which is not much larger than a sparrow1 and preys upon insects4 ,among the large group of ,perching-,birds1 attention may be directed to the cases of ,birds of ,paradise and ,bower-,birds in the first bay on the left4 ,in separate cases in the sixth bay on the opposite side of the gallery are placed skeletons of the ,dodo and ,solitaire1 large ,pigeon-like birds with wings too small for flight1 once inhabiting the islands of ,mauritius and ,rodriguez1 respectively1 but now extinct4 ,other cases on the right-hand side of the gallery are occupied by the ,game-,birds1 and the ,wading and ,swimming ,birds4 ,here may be noticed a nearly complete series of the genera of ,pheasants and ,pigeons1 showing the various forms4 ,special attention may be directed to the ,great ,auk 7fig4 #ae71 from the ,northern ,atlantic1 which became extinct only in the last century4 ,casts of the eggs 7fig4 #af7 of this curious bird are also exhibited4 ,a case in the #gth bay contains a series of ,penguins1 flightless birds which may be regarded as representing the northern ,auks and ,guillemots in the southern oceans4 ,particularly interesting is the great ,emperor ,penguin1 which lays its eggs and rears its young in winter amidst the ice of the ,antarctic4 ,most of the specimens exhibited were obtained during the ,british ,antarctic ,expedition of #ahci-dc1 under the command of ,captain ,sir ,james ,clark ,ross4 ,other noteworthy types are the ,great ,bustard1 once an inhabitant of ,england1 and the ,flamingos2 a pair of the latter being exhibited with their nest4 ,in the first two bays on the right side of the gallery are placed specimens of the ,ostrich group1 characterised by the flat or raft-like form of the breast-bone4 ,owing to the rudimentary character of their wings1 these ,birds lack the power of flight4 ,they include the largest existing ,birds1 the ,ostriches1 ,emus1 and ,cassowaries1 as well as the small ,kiwis 7,apteryx7 of ,new ,zealand1 together with the extinct ,moas 7,dinornis1 etc471 of the same country1 and the ,roc 7pyornis7 of ,madagascar4 ,a fossil egg of the latter is placed alongside eggs of the existing species of the group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,egg ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,auk ,,or ,,gare-,,fowl3 ,size of nature4 ,sidenote3 ,groups of ,british ,birds and ,nests4 ,down the middle line of the gallery1 as well as in many of the bays1 are placed groups showing the nesting-habits of various species of ,british birds4 ,the great value of these groups consists in their absolute truthfulness to nature4 ,the surroundings are not selected by chance or from imagination1 but in every case are carefully executed reproductions of those that were present round the individual nest4 ,when it has been possible1 the actual rocks1 trees1 or grass1 have been preserved1 but in cases where these could not be used1 they have been accurately modelled from nature4 ,great care has also been taken in preserving the natural form and characteristic attitudes of the ,birds themselves4 ,among the more attractive cases are1 near the centre of the gallery1 a pair of ,puffins feeding their single young one1 and ,black-throated ,divers with their eggs in a hollow in the grass on the edge of a mountain-loch in ,sutherland4 ,hen-harriers--the male grey and the female brown--are shown with their nest among the heather from the moorland of the same county4 ,on the left of these is a ,peregrine ,falcon's eyrie1 on the ledge of a rocky cliff1 containing three white downy nestlings4 ,near by are various species of ,ducks1 notably the ,red-headed ,pochard on the sedgy border of a ,norfolk mere4 ,in the last bay but one on the right side is a nest of the ,heron1 in a fir-tree1 with the two old birds and three nearly fledged young4 ,various species of ,gulls and a particularly beautiful group of ,arctic ,terns from the ,shetland ,islands are exhibited in the middle line towards the west end of the gallery and in the eighth and ninth bays4 ,in the eighth bay on the right side and in the adjoining passage are ,plovers1 ,sandpipers1 ,snipes1 etc41 some of which 7especially the ,ringed and ,kentish ,plovers7 show the wonderful adaptation of the colouring of the eggs and young birds to their natural surroundings for the purpose of concealment4 ,in the second passage leading to the ,coral-gallery are ,ptarmigan and ,capercaillie from ,scotland1 and in the adjacent part of the middle line ,wood-,pigeons and ,turtle-,doves building their simple1 flat nests of sticks in ivy-clad trees4 ,in the fourth1 sixth and seventh bays on the left are ,sand-,martins and ,kingfishers1 showing1 by means of sections of the banks of sand or earth1 the form and depth of the hole in which the eggs are placed2 and also nests of the ,swift1 ,swallow1 and ,house-,martin1 all in portions of human habitations4 ,sidenote3 ,pavilion1 with ,british ,land and ,fresh-water ,vertebrates4#i ,the 8pavilion0 at the west end of the ,bird-gallery is devoted to the exhibition of the land and fresh-water ,vertebrated ,animals of the ,british ,islands4 ,the larger ,mammals and ,fishes occupy the wall-case on the north side1 which is surmounted with horns4 ,in the two pairs of centre cases is exhibited the series of ,british ,birds1 supplemented by the groups1 to which reference has been made already4 ,the wall-case on the north side of the archway contains a group of ,gannets and other sea-birds from the ,bass ,rock in the ,firth of ,forth4 ,on the opposite side are two striking groups with the surroundings true to nature1 the one of the ,golden ,eagle and the other of the ,buzzard1 both taken in ,scotland4 ,other groups in the pavilion display the ,kestrel1 the ,peregrine ,falcon1 and the ,merlin amid natural surroundings4 ,among the ,mammals1 especial attention may be directed to a case of ,british ,hares and ,rabbits4 ,in another case may be seen a female ,badger and her young2 in a third is a group of ,otters2 in a fourth a vixen ,fox with her cubs2 in a fifth a ,mole-hill with its inhabitants2 in a sixth a pair of ,martens2 in a seventh ,polecats and their young2 while other cases are devoted to ,stoats1 ,weasels1 ,hedgehogs1 ,squirrels1 ,rats1 ,mice1 etc4 ,here it may be mentioned that the animal inhabitants of any country or district are collectively termed its 8fauna40 ,the ,british ,islands in this respect belong to the great zoological region called ,palarctic1 or ,eastern ,holarctic1 embracing all ,europe1 the north of ,africa1 and the western and northern portions of ,asia4 ,as in the case of other islands1 the species belonging to groups in which the power of locomotion is limited to land or fresh-water are not numerous compared with those inhabiting large continental tracts4 ,their numbers can only increase under exceptional circumstances1 and have a tendency to diminish as the growth of human population and increase of the area of cultivated land gradually reduce their native haunts4 ,in this way the ,brown ,bear1 the ,wolf1 the ,beaver1 and the ,wild ,boar have disappeared from ,britain within the historic period1 while other species1 such as the ,badger1 ,marten1 and ,wild ,cat1 with difficulty maintain a more or less precarious existence4 ,all these were originally derived from the mainland of ,europe1 probably before the formation of the channel which now separates it from ,great ,britain4 ,the wider and older channel which separates ,ireland from ,great ,britain has been a greater barrier to the emigration of animal life than that between the latter and the ,continent1 many species 7as the ,polecat1 ,wild ,cat1 ,mole1 ,squirrel1 ,dormouse1 ,harvest-,mouse1 ,water-,rat1 ,short-tailed ,field-,mouse1 ,brown ,hare1 ,roedeer1 as well as ,snakes and ,toads7 never having crossed what is now the ,irish ,sea1 unless by human agency4 ,on the other hand1 those species that have the power of travelling through the air or traversing the ocean are far less fixed in their habitat2 and it results from this that the list of so-called 8,british ,birds0 receives accessions from time to time from stragglers which find their way from the ,european continent or ,asia1 or even across the ,atlantic4 ,slight but permanent variations from the continental type may be recognised in many native ,british species1 some of the most marked among vertebrated animals being the ,irish ,stoat1 the ,squirrel1 the ,red ,grouse1 the ,st4 ,kilda ,wren1 the ,coal-,tit1 the ,goldcrest1 and several species of fresh-water fishes1 mostly belonging to the genera ,salmo and ,coregonus4 ,some of the latter1 such as the ,vendace1 the ,gwyniad1 and their allies1 of which specimens are exhibited in the wall-case in the pavilion1 have an extremely local distribution1 being found only in certain small groups of mountain lakes4 ,of the ,seals1 only two species are really natives of ,britain1 the ,common ,seal 7,phoca vitulina7 and the great ,grey ,seal 7,halichrus grypus72 specimens of both these are shown in the pavilion4 ,those desirous of studying more minutely the characteristics of ,british ,mammals should examine the series of skins and skulls exhibited in a special case on the right side of the central west window4 ,sidenote3 ,coral ,gallery4#aj ,parallel with the ,bird-gallery1 on the north side 7right on entering71 and approached by several passages1 is a long narrow gallery containing the collection of ,corals and ,sponges and allied types4 ,commencing at the eastern end1 some of the lowest forms of animal life are exhibited in the wall-case and table-cases2 they belong to a group called ,,protozoa1 and1 for the greater part1 are so minute1 that they can be studied only with the microscope2 their structure is therefore illustrated chiefly by means of models and figures4 ,the next divisions of the gallery are occupied by the ,sponges1 most conspicuous among these being a series showing the variations of the common ,bath-,sponge 7cases #a and #b71 the beautiful flinty ,venus' ,flower-basket or ,euplectella 7fig4 #ag71 the ,japanese ,glass-rope ,sponge or ,hyalonema 7case #c71 and the gigantic ,neptune's ,cup or ,poterion1 of which several specimens are placed on separate stands4 ,special interest attaches to the case showing the different kinds of ,sponges used in commerce4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,venus' ,,flower-,,basket 7,euplectella imperialis and ,e4 aspergillum74 7,one-sixth natural size47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,brain-,,coral4 7,meandrina cerebriformis74 ,nearly the whole of the remainder of the gallery is given up to ,corals4 ,in life these organisms display an immense variety of form and colour1 sometimes presenting a marvellous resemblance to vegetable growths2 but the part exhibited in the gallery is merely the dried1 hard1 horny1 or stony basis or supporting skeleton1 either of isolated individuals1 or of colonies4 ,corals are allied to the well-known ,sea-anemones of the ,british and other coasts2 the combined skeletons of myriads of these animals form the coral-reefs which constitute the bases of thousands of islands in the ,indo-,pacific ,ocean4 ,among the larger reef-making species are the ,brain-,corals 7,meandrina71 one of which is shown in figure #ah4 ,near the west end of the gallery is placed a magnificent specimen of the ,black ,coral of the ,mediterranean 7,gerardia savalia71 obtained off the coast of the island of ,euba in the gean ,sea4 ,the drawing in the case shows a magnified view of the 8animals0 or polyps of this species as they appear in life4 ,in case #ac are specimens and drawings of the ,red ,coral 7,corallium rubrum71 so largely used for ornamental purposes1 and also of the crimson ,organ-pipe ,coral 7,tubipora musica74 ,arranged on shelves on the south wall of the western end of this gallery is a series of ,pennatulid 7,sea-pens1 ,sea-rushes1 or ,sea-ropes7 preserved in spirit4 ,these ,zoophytes live at the bottom of the sea1 with their lower ends fixed in the sand and mud2 the skeleton being never more than a straight internal rod in addition to innumerable microscopic spicules4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,rough ,,sunfish 7,orthagoriscus mola74 ,approached through the ,coral-gallery1 and running backwards at right angles with it1 are several galleries containing other portions of the zoological collections4 ,sidenote3 ,fish ,gallery4#aa ,i4 ,the ,fish-gallery is nearest to the central hall1 and contains the exhibited portion of the collection of ,fishes4 ,the greater number of specimens1 preserved in spirit1 are1 however1 placed for safety in a detached building outside the ,museum1 where they are available for study under special regulations4 ,the gallery contains mounted examples1 models1 and skeletons of many of the more remarkable members of the class4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #bj #ba4--,,two ,,deep-,,sea ,,fishes 7a4 ,gastrostomus bairdi and b4 ,saccopharynx flagellum74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,sucker-,,fish 7,echeneis remora74 ,the wall-cases on the east side of the gallery 7right on entering7 contain the fishes with completely bony skeletons 7,teleostei72 to which division belong by far the greater part of the species now inhabiting the waters of the globe4 ,large and remarkable examples are placed in separate cases opposite to the wall-cases4 ,as the colours of fishes are very fugitive1 and disappear more or less completely after death1 most of the mounted examples have been painted4 ,the fishes allied to the ,perch1 ,gurnard1 ,mackerel1 ,sword-,fish1 ,wrasse1 ,cod1 ,plaice1 ,catfish1 ,salmon1 ,pike1 and ,eel are represented by numerous examples4 ,specially noticeable1 so far as size and external form are concerned1 are the ,sunfishes1 ,orthagoriscus 7fig4 #ai74 ,even more strange are several of the species of deep-sea ,fishes exhibited in a table-case in the ,fish-gallery1 which live at depths where the sun's rays cannot penetrate1 and many of which are self-luminous4 ,two deep-sea ,fishes are shown in the accompanying illustrations 7figs4 #bj and #ba74 ,from another point of view1 special attention may be given to the ,sucker-,fish or ,remora 7,echeneis remora71 fig4 #bb1 which attaches itself by the sucker on the top of its head to the bodies of ,fishes or ,turtles1 or to the bottom of ships4 ,as it attaches itself back-downwards1 the under-parts are coloured dark while the back is light2 a condition just the reverse of that obtaining in ordinary ,fishes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,lower ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,head ,,of ,a ,,saw-,,fish4 7,pristis antiquorum47 ,the western or left side of the gallery is devoted to the exhibition of certain very different types of ,fishes1 which were much more numerously represented in ancient times than at present4 ,the majority have a cartilaginous skeleton4 ,among these may be specially mentioned the ,bichir of the tropical ,african rivers1 the ,gar-,pike of ,north ,america1 the ,sturgeons1 the ,lung-,fishes 7,dipnoi7 of ,south ,america1 ,africa1 and ,australia1 the ,chimras1 and finally the ,sharks and ,rays4 ,among the two latter are included the singular ,hammer-headed ,shark 7,zygna71 and the ,saw-,fishes 7,pristis71 which have long projecting flattened snouts1 with a row of teeth arranged something like those of a saw on each side 7fig4 #bc74 ,a remarkably large specimen from the coast of ,british ,guiana of a species of this group 7,pristis perrotteti7 is exhibited4 ,another very small division of ,fishes comprises the ,lampreys and ,hags1 of which a few specimens are shown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,the ,,basking ,,shark 7,selache maxima74 ,the largest exhibited specimen of the class is the head of a full-grown example of the great ,basking ,shark 7,selache1 or ,cetorhinus1 maxima71 fig4 #bd1 captured on the #bnd of ,march1 #ahge1 near ,shanklin1 in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,the length of the entire specimen was twenty-eight feet1 but1 as the minute size of the teeth indicates1 it is a comparatively harmless fish4 ,a smaller female specimen is suspended from the roof2 and below this is placed a model of the skeleton of the same species4 ,near by is a young specimen of another basking species1 the ,elephant-,shark 7,rhinodon typicus71 which when adult is said to attain a length of at least fifty feet4 ,it inhabits the ,indian and ,pacific ,oceans4 ,models of some of the more remarkable types of extinct ,fishes are exhibited in cases on the same side of the gallery4 ,sidenote3 ,insect ,gallery4#ab ,,ii4 ,a small gallery is devoted to the group of ,arthropoda or ,invertebrate animals with jointed limbs1 such as ,lobsters1 ,crabs1 ,spiders1 ,centipedes1 and ,insects4 ,at the south end of this gallery are exhibited specimens of ,crabs and ,lobsters4 ,among the former1 special attention may be directed to the specimens of the ,giant ,crab 7,macrocheira7 of ,japan1 and also to the ,coconut ,crab 7,birgus latro71 fig4 #be1 which climbs trees to feed on young cocoanuts1 and is related to the ,hermit-,crabs4 ,in the central table-cases1 besides ,crustacea 7,crabs1 ,lobsters1 etc471 are displayed representative ,scorpions and ,spiders1 including several examples of the large ,bird-eating ,spiders of ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,the ,,coconut ,,crab 7,birgus latro74 ,the northern half of this gallery is devoted to the exhibited series of ,insects4 ,next to the door on the east side are the nests of ,white ,ants or ,termites1 while on the opposite side are some remarkable cocoons of social ,caterpillars of various ,moths1 and also a series of preparations showing the metamorphoses or changes undergone by ,insects as they grow to maturity4 ,at the sides of the gallery are models of various galls1 with drawings of the insects which cause them2 and others showing the life-histories of certain ,beetles1 ,bees1 and ,moths4 ,beneath a shelf1 on the west side1 are four cabinets containing a collection of ,british ,butterflies and ,moths with their caterpillars1 prepared and presented by ,lord ,walsingham2 and near by stands a cabinet containing a collection of the ,butterflies and ,moths of the ,british islands formed by the late ,mr4 ,william ,buckler1 most of the specimens in which were bred by him during the preparation of his 8,larv of ,british ,butterflies and ,moths40 ,above these are maps illustrating the geographical distribution of certain ,beetles 7,calosoma1 ,carabus1 ,julodis and ,stigmodera72 actual specimens of the insects being placed in position on the maps4 ,the wall-cases at the end of the gallery are devoted exclusively to the nests of ,ants1 ,wasps1 and ,bees4 ,on the east wall is a large case containing specimens and drawings explaining the structure of ,insects4 ,on the west side1 next the ,walsingham collection1 are cabinets containing a selection of ,british ,insects4 ,lower down are other cabinets in the series of foreign ,butterflies2 while foreign ,moths and other ,insects are arranged in adjacent cabinets4 ,in another part of the gallery are exhibited coloured drawings of a few of the smallest ,insects known1 namely the ,mymarid1 a group of minute parasitic ,hymenoptera2 and above is a drawing of a ,house-,fly1 enlarged in the same proportion--thirty diameters--to show the contrast4 ,a few specimens of the insects themselves are placed in the microscope below4 ,in the table-cases in the middle of the gallery are specimens and illustrations of some of the principal families of ,insects1 with explanations of the characters by which these may be recognised4 ,the first case 7next to the west door7 contains an introductory series1 and then follow the various orders in sequence commencing with the most primitive forms or ,aptera1 among which ,campodea1 a small ,british insect1 may be specially noticed4 ,the classification of ,butterflies1 ,bees and ,ants1 and ,beetles is shown in the last three cases2 and attention may be specially directed to a series of drawings illustrating the transformations of ,fleas1 ,gnats1 ,midges1 etc4 ,the main collection of insects is kept in cabinets in the 8,insect ,room0 in the basement1 but is open to students under the regulations mentioned at the end of this guide4 ,sidenote3 ,reptile ,gallery4#ac ,,iii4 ,the long ,reptile-gallery contains mounted specimens and skeletons of ,reptiles1 including ,crocodiles1 ,lizards1 ,snakes1 and ,tortoises1 as well as restorations or casts of the remains of many groups now entirely extinct4 ,the most noticeable specimen in this gallery is the model of the skeleton of the gigantic extinct ,north ,american land ,reptile known as ,diplodocus carnegii1 which measures over eighty feet in length1 and was presented by ,mr4 ,andrew ,carnegie in #aije4 ,restored models of the skeletons of the ,iguanodon1 a ,british ,dinosaur1 and of the ,north ,american ,horned ,dinosaur 7,triceratops7 are also noteworthy4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,saddle-,,backed ,,tortoise 7,testudo abingdoni71 ,,of ,,abingdon ,,island1 ,,galapagos ,,group4 ,the ,crocodiles and their extinct relatives occupy the cases on the left of the entrance from the ,bird-gallery and also a stand in the middle of the gallery2 and among these may be specially noticed the ,indian ,gharial1 of which both the skeleton and skin are exhibited4 ,the two small cases on each side of the west doorway are occupied by extinct forms and the peculiar ,tuatera ,lizard of ,new ,zealand4 ,at the south end of the east side are arranged the ,turtles and ,tortoises1 including examples of the ,giant ,tortoises of the ,galapagos 7fig4 #bf7 and ,mascarene ,islands1 as well as a large species 7,testudo calcarata7 from ,north ,africa4 ,opposite the ,turtles and ,tortoises are the ,snakes1 among which two large ,pythons1 coloured to nature1 form attractive exhibits4 ,extinct groups occupy a small case on each side of the east door4 ,beyond these come the ,lizards1 which occupy the cases opposite the ,crocodiles4 ,the series of ,old ,world ,monitor ,lizards and ,american ,iguanas is specially noteworthy2 and attention may be likewise directed to the curious worm-like ,amphisbnas1 of which the majority inhabit ,tropical ,america4 ,casts of remains of the extinct marine ,ichthyosaurs and ,plesiosaurs are shown in the small cases on the sides of the doorway in the east wall4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,the ,,horned ,,frog 7,ceratophrys cornutus7 ,,of ,,brazil4 ,sidenote3 ,amphibians 7,salamanders and ,frogs74 ,in the ,reptile-gallery is placed a large table-case containing a selection of the more important forms of ,amphibians1 which are divided into such as possess a tail3--,salamanders and ,newts2 and those without tails3--,frogs and ,toads4 ,during some period of their existence most of these animals live in the water1 when they breathe by gills1 and are in this respect akin to ,fishes4 ,the comparatively enormous size attained by certain tropical species of ,frogs and ,toads1 such as the ,south ,american ,horned ,frog 7fig4 #bg71 should be noticed4 ,the largest representative of the group is the ,giant ,salamander of ,japan and ,china4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,a ,,sea-,,lily1 ,,the ,,larval ,,stage ,,of ,,the ,,rosy ,,feather-,,star4 7,antedon rosacea71 much magnified4 a1 arms2 b1 basals2 r1 radials2 s1 stalk4 ,sidenote3 ,starfish ,gallery4#ad ,,iv4 ,a small gallery is devoted to ,starfishes and their allies collectively constituting the class ,,echinoderma4 ,specimens of these are arranged systematically in table-cases #a-bd2 and in case #cf are specimens illustrating the anatomy of the skeleton1 and models and figures showing the remarkable changes undergone by these animals in the course of their development4 ,in a separate case on the east side of the gallery is a case containing specimens of a large ,starfish to illustrate the variability in the number of rays from #d to #g4 ,in a case on the opposite side is shown ,luidia savignei from ,mauritius1 one of the largest of ,starfishes4 ,the ,feather-stars 7,antedon7 are also members of this group2 but the most beautiful and remarkable specimens in the gallery are the ,sea-,lilies1 or ,crinoids1 collected by the 8,challenger0 ,expedition4 ,one specimen was found attached to an old telegraph-wire taken up in the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,these deep-sea ,crinoids1 of which representatives1 now extinct1 were abundant in earlier periods of the world's history1 are exhibited on tables in the corners of the gallery1 by cases #cg and #ch4 ,some of the larval stages of the ,feather-stars 7fig4 #bh7 resemble stalked ,crinoids4 ,the wall-cases contain representatives of the groups collectively known as ,worms4 ,case #a contains the ,tape-,worms or ,cestoda1 and the ,flukes or ,trematoda1 the life-history of a species of each being illustrated by specimens1 figures1 and models4 ,in case #b the ,round-,worms are illustrated by models of ,trichina1 and the anatomical structure of various other kinds is shown by the aid of diagrams4 ,case #c contains specimens of free-living terrestrial and marine ,worms1 ,leeches1 and ,gephyreans4 ,case #d is devoted to specimens of ,echinoderms preserved in spirit1 especially ,holothurians1 such as ,trepangs or ,sea-,cucumbers1 the ,bche-de-,mer of the ,french4 ,sidenote3 ,shell ,gallery4#ae ,v4 ,a large gallery is devoted to the great group of ,shell-fish or ,,mollusca1 the exhibition of which is1 however1 mainly restricted to their shells4 ,in some cases the form of the soft parts is1 however1 shown either by specimens in spirit or by means of models4 ,in wall-cases on the west side of the gallery is a series of shells arranged on tablets to show the leading structural types1 such as univalve1 bivalve1 multivalve1 etc42 then the nature of the outer coat1 or 8skin02 and1 thirdly1 some of the more striking styles of ornamentation and colouring4 ,following these1 a division is devoted to the display of the general form of the shells of bivalves1 special attention being directed to the nature of the hinge by which the two valves are joined4 ,fresh-water ,mussels 7,unionid7 are selected as examples of great variability in the form of the shell in closely allied species4 ,near by is a small series of the shells of boring bivalves1 many in the various substances they perforate4 ,alongside are shown in a similar manner modifications in form and structure presented by ,univalve or ,gastropod shells2 many of the shells having been cut to show their internal structure4 ,specimens of the horny or shelly plate 7operculum7 closing the mouth of many ,gastropod shells are also exhibited4 ,in one compartment are displayed spirit-preparations of ,cephalopod ,molluscs1 such as ,octopus1 ,cuttle-fish1 ,squids1 ,nautilus1 ,argonaut or ,paper-,nautilus1 etc4 ,specimens of the horny beaks possessed by all members of this class are also exhibited2 and a ,pearly ,nautilus 7fig4 #ca71 with the shell cut in two in order to show the air-chambers and the comparatively small space occupied by the 8animal10 will be found of special interest4 ,from the roof are suspended life-sized models of a ,giant ,squid 7,architenthis7 and a ,giant ,octopus4 ,the ,cephalopods were extraordinarily numerous in past ages1 and many of the fossil forms are exhibited in the ,geological ,department4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,the ,,whelk 7,buocinum undatum71 a ,gastropod ,mollusc4 a1 siphon2 b1 foot2 c1 tentacles2 d1 eyes2 e1 operculum4 ,the main shell-collection is contained in four parallel rows of table-cases1 the arrangement commencing on the right as the gallery is entered4 ,the first two rows contain the marine forms of ,gastropods--a division which includes ,snails1 ,slugs1 ,whelks 7fig4 #bi71 and all those ,molluscs which crawl upon the under surface of their bodies2 the ,cowries1 ,cones1 ,volutes1 ,mitras1 and ,murexes forming some of the most attractive groups4 ,the two rows of cases on the left contain ,land-,shells1 ,bivalves1 and ,cephalopods4 ,the ,cockles1 ,oysters1 ,clams1 ,piddocks1 ,teredos1 ,scallops1 and ,ark-,shells represent some of the principal types of ,bivalves1 so called on account of their shells being formed of two pieces or valves4 ,a ,giant ,clam 7fig4 #cj71 at the ,s4 end of the gallery1 weighs #caj lbs41 and measures #cf inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,left ,,valve ,,of ,,the ,,giant ,,clam 7,tridacna gigantea71 a ,bivalve ,mollusc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,the ,,pearly ,,nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius74 a1 body2 b1 funnel2 c1 eye2 d1 hood2 e1 tentacles2 f1 muscle of attachment to the shell2 g1 siphuncle4 ,sidenote3 ,sea-,mats1 ,lamp-shells1 and ,sea-squirts4 ,in the same gallery are exhibited examples of three other groups of marine organisms1 respectively known as ,polyzoa1 ,brachiopoda1 and ,tunicata4 ,the ,polyzoa live in colonies1 and include the so-called ,sea-,mat4 ,they are often mistaken for sea-weeds1 although in reality they are animals of comparatively high organisation4 ,the ,brachiopods have two shells like ,bivalve ,molluscs1 but the valves are dorsal and ventral--that is to say1 back and front--instead of right and left4 ,one valve is frequently perforated1 hence the name of 8,lamp-shells10 from a resemblance to an ancient ,roman lamp4 ,sea-squirts1 ,tunicates1 or ,ascidians1 are worthy of the attention of the visitor on account of their affinity with the ,vertebrate stock1 of which they may be regarded as a degenerate type4 ,it is in the larv or 8,ascidian ,tadpoles0 that the evidence of ,vertebrate relationship is most conspicuous1 as shown by certain important characters in the nervous system1 skeleton1 and respiratory organs4 ,a series of large shells occupies some of the space in the wall-cases1 among which attention may be directed to the thick and often handsomely coloured ,helmet-shells 7,cassis71 which1 together with the pink ,queen-conch 7,strombus71 were formerly largely used in the now nearly obsolete art of cameo-cutting4 ,in addition to these1 a selection of ,british shells1 and series of the eggs of ,molluscs1 as well as specimens illustrating the formation of pearls1 and other points of special interest connected with ,molluscs1 are displayed4 ,these specimens include not only the ,pearl-oyster1 but some of the other shells used in the mother-of-pearl trade4 ,,whale-,,room4 ,sidenote3 ,whale-,room4 ,approached by a staircase1 leading down from the last 7or western-most7 of the passages which connect the ,bird-gallery with the ,coral-gallery1 is a separate room in which are placed the specimens of ,whales and their relatives4 ,for these1 on account of their large size1 no other place could be found in the ,museum2 but the room has1 unfortunately1 the disadvantage of being too small to display such large animals to full advantage4 ,it is also intersected by columns1 which interfere with the complete view of the larger specimens4 ,as it is almost impracticable to preserve the skins of the larger species of ,whales1 owing to the oil with which they are saturated1 the exhibition of the characters of these animals is carried out by means of their skeletons and artificial models of one side of the body4 ,complete models1 which are much better than actual skins1 of many of the smaller kinds1 are shown4 ,a general account of the structure and classification of the ,cetacea1 as ,whales are technically termed1 with reference to those exhibited in this gallery1 will be found in a ,special ,guide4#af ,sidenote3 ,fresh-water ,dolphins4 ,sidenote3 ,narwhal4 ,on the left side of the entrance is a case containing a stuffed specimen1 a skeleton1 and several skulls of the ,susu1 or ,fresh-water ,dolphin 7,platanista gangetica7 of the rivers of ,india1 and also of the ,dolphins of the ,rio de la ,plata 7,pontoporia blainvillei7 and of the ,river ,amazon 7,inia geoffroyensis74 ,among the specimens fronting the visitor as he enters the room1 one of the most interesting1 on account of its remarkable dentition1 is the ,narwhal1 or ,sea-,unicorn4 ,it has only two teeth1 which lie horizontally in the upper jaw4 ,in the female both remain permanently concealed within the bone of the jaw1 so that this sex is practically toothless2 but in the male1 while the right tooth remains similarly concealed and rudimentary 7as shown in the specimen1 by removal of part of the bone which covered it71 the left is immensely developed1 attaining a length equal to that of half the entire animal1 and projecting horizontally from the head in the form of a long1 straight1 tapering and pointed tusk1 spirally grooved on the surface4 ,in rare cases1 as in the skull exhibited near the skeleton1 both teeth are fully developed1 and it is noticeable that in such specimens the direction of the spiral is the same in both tusks4 ,sidenote3 ,sperm-,whale4 ,to the right of the entrance is placed a specimen of the bony framework of one of the most colossal of animals1 the ,cachalot1 or ,sperm-,whale 7,physeter macrocephalus71 fig4 #cb1 prepared from an old male cast ashore near ,thurso1 on the north coast of ,scotland1 in ,july1 #ahfc1 on the estate of ,captain ,d4 ,macdonald1 ,r4,e41 by whom it was presented to the ,museum4 ,upon one side of this skeleton has been built the model of the external form of the animal4 ,the ,sperm-,whale is the principal source of supply of sperm-oil and spermaceti3 the former being obtained by boiling the fat or blubber lying beneath the skin over the whole body4 ,the latter1 in a liquid state at the ordinary temperature of the living animal1 is contained in cells which fill the immense cavity on the top of the skull4 ,this ,whale1 which feeds chiefly on ,cephalopods 7,squids and ,cuttle-fishes71 but also on ,fishes1 is distributed throughout the warm and temperate regions of the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,oceans1 and sometimes enters ,british waters4 ,in order to render this skeleton more instructive1 the names have been attached to the principal bones1 thus enabling the visitor to trace at a glance the extraordinary modification from the normal mammalian form the huge skull of this species has undergone4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,an ,,old ,,male ,,sperm-,,whale ,,or ,,cachalot4 ,skeleton and outline of animal3 b1 nostril or blowhole2 p1 rudimentary pelvic bone4 ,length of specimen #ed feet4 ,sidenote3 ,whalebone ,whales4 ,most of the largest ,cetacea belong to the group called 8,whalebone ,whales10 in which a series of horny plates termed 8whalebone0 grow from the palate in place of teeth1 and serve to strain the water taken into the mouth from the small marine animals on which these ,whales subsist4 ,a representative of this group is the skeleton of the ,common ,rorqual or ,fin-,whale 7,balnoptera musculus7 in the south-west portion of the room4 ,this ,whale1 which is sixty-eight feet long1 was captured in #ahhb in the ,moray ,firth1 ,scotland4 ,the flukes of the tail and the back-fin were preserved with the skeleton and are placed above the wall-case behind2 the small pelvic bones1 and a rudimentary nodule representing the femur or thigh-bone1 the only trace of the hind leg of this gigantic animal1 are also shown4 ,the external form is modelled in plaster4 ,in front is a skeleton and half-model of the ,black or ,north ,atlantic ,right-,whale 7,balna glacialis or biscayensis74 ,below this skeleton is placed a lower jaw of the ,greenland ,right-,whale 7,balna mysticetus71 the species which formerly yielded most of the 8whalebone0 of commerce1 and also a miniature wooden model of the entire animal1 on the scale of one inch to the foot4 ,remains of extinct ,cetaceans--notably the solid bony beaks of the skulls of ,beaked ,whales 7,ziphiid7 from the ,red ,crag of the east coast of ,england--are placed in this gallery4 ,a special table-case1 near the ,sperm-,whale1 shows the curious ear-bones of various ,cetaceans1 both recent and fossil4 ,these bones are perfectly sufficient for the identification of the kind of ,whale from which they were taken4 ,in a case on the opposite side of the gallery is displayed the horny wart1 termed by sailors the 8bonnet10 found on the nose of the ,black ,right-,whale4 ,,first ,,floor4 ,the upper floors of the wings of the ,museum consist merely of single galleries extending along the whole front of the building2 for the galleries which run backwards on the ground floor form only a single storey4 ,illustration3 ,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history74 ,first ,floor4 ,second ,floor4 ,sidenote3 ,lower ,mammal ,gallery4 ,the ,lower ,mammal-,gallery is entered from the western corridor of the central hall4 ,together with the adjacent corridor1 it contains the greater part of the exhibited series of recent ,mammals1 with the exception of the ,cetacea1 ,sirenia1 and ,proboscidea1 which are downstairs1 and the orders ,primates1 ,chiroptera1 ,insectivora1 and ,rodentia1 which are in the upper gallery4 ,as three special guides#ag are devoted to these galleries1 a very brief notice will serve on this occasion4 ,both stuffed specimens and skulls and skeletons are exhibited1 although the former constitute by far the greater portion of the series4 ,a few remains of extinct types1 or plaster reproductions of the same1 are introduced here and there2 and photographs of living animals are hung on the walls1 where will also be found some instructive series showing the modifications assumed by the teeth of certain groups4 ,wherever possible1 the horns and antlers of the ,ruminants1 as well as the horns of the ,rhinoceroses1 are placed in juxtaposition to the animals to which they respectively belong4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,the ,,platypus ,,or ,,duck-,,bill 7,ornithorhynchus anatinus74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,the ,,yellow-,,bellied ,,pangolin 7,manis tricuspis7 in a characteristic attitude4 ,sidenote3 ,ruminants1 etc4 ,the series commences on the right side of the gallery with the lowest forms4 ,down the middle is a row of large ,mammals1 comprising various ,deer1 ,seals1 and ,rhinoceroses4 ,on the right of the entrance a small case contains the ,australian ,platypus or ,duck-bill 7fig4 #cc7 and the ,echidnas of ,australia and ,new ,guinea1 which lay eggs1 and are the lowest of all living ,mammals4 ,in the adjacent bay are the ,marsupials1 such as ,kangaroos1 ,phalangers1 or so-called ,opossums1 ,wombats1 and ,bandicoots of ,australasia1 and the true ,opossums of ,america4 ,the eighth and ninth bays on the left side contain the so-called ,edentate ,mammals1 such as the ,south ,american ,sloths1 ,ant-eaters1 and ,armadillos1 the ,scaly ,ant-eaters or ,pangolins 7fig4 #cd7 of tropical ,asia and ,africa1 and the ,african ,aard-,vark or ,ant-,bear4 ,the ,sea-,cows1 as represented by the ,dugong1 the ,manatee1 and the recently extinct ,rhytina of ,bering ,island1 are shown in the ,geological ,department4 ,in the second bay are the ,pigs and ,hippopotamuses2 in the third the ,camels1 and near by the ,chevrotains1 or ,mouse-,deer4 ,following these are the ,deer 7,cervid71 many of which1 as already stated1 are placed in the middle line of the gallery4 ,properly speaking1 the ,giraffes and their recent and extinct allies1 the former represented by the ,okapi of ,central ,africa 7fig4 #ad1 p4 #da71 should come here2 but1 as already mentioned1 it has been found convenient to remove the ,giraffe group into the east corridor of the central hall4 ,in one of the cases in the bays stands the ,prongbuck or ,pronghorn ,antelope 7fig4 #ce71 the sole living representative of a family characterised by the circumstance that the horns have hollow branched sheaths which are shed annually4 ,next in order come the ,antelopes1 a large number of which are placed in the corridors outside the gallery4 ,this series1 it may be remarked1 is particularly fine1 and1 in fact1 unique4 ,at the last two bays on the right side of the gallery the visitor reaches the ,goats2 and in the 8pavilion10 at the west end of the gallery1 he comes to the ,sheep1 ,musk-,oxen1 and ,oxen1 of which there is a magnificent display1 both as regards mounted specimens and horns4 ,many of the cases in the middle of the gallery and the bays have been fitted with artificial groundwork1 one of the most striking being the ,european ,reindeer case1 for which the materials were brought from ,norway4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,prongbuck ,,or ,,pronghorn ,,antelope 7,antilocapra americana74 ,continuing our survey down the left side of the gallery1 the bay next the pavilion and an adjacent case in the middle line contain the ,zebras1 ,wild ,asses and the ,wild ,horse1 among which is a specimen of the extinct ,quagga4 ,following this are the ,rhinoceroses and ,tapirs1 some of the former being exhibited in the middle of the gallery4 ,adult specimens of all the living species except the one-horned ,rhinoceros sondaicus of ,java are exhibited4 ,the cut 7fig4 #cf7 shows the form of the head and the number of the horns in three members of the group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,heads ,,of ,,the ,,white ,,rhinoceros 7,rhinoceros simus1 a71 ,,black ,,rhinoceros 7,r4 bicornis1 b71 ,,and ,,great ,,indian ,,rhinoceros 7,r4 unicornis1 c74 ,sidenote3 ,hyraxes4 ,in a small case by themselves are exhibited the ,hyraxes1 which represent a subordinal group of ,ungulates4 ,in this place should come the ,elephants 7,proboscidea71 but it has been found advisable to exhibit the existing species of this group alongside their extinct relatives in the ,geological ,department1 and in the central hall4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,,male ,,and ,,female ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,fur-,,seal1 ,,or ,,sea-,,bear 7,otaria ursina74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,male ,,elephant-,,seal1 ,,or ,,sea-,,elephant 7,mirounga leonina74 ,next in order follow the ,seals1 ,walruses1 and ,sea-,bears 7fig4 #cg72 and after these again1 the land ,carnivora4 ,among the former1 particular attention may be directed to the specimens of ,sea-,elephants or ,elephant-,seals 7fig4 #ch7 of the ,southern ,seas and the ,pacific coast of ,california4 ,the visitor should also notice the various smaller southern ,seals1 obtained during the 8,discovery0 ,expedition1 in the case in the bay4 ,among the land ,carnivora1 special interest attaches to the huge ,brown ,bear from ,alaska1 the black and white ,bear-like ,great ,panda 7fig4 #ci7 of ,north-eastern ,china1 and the case of ,tigers1 in which both the long-haired ,manchurian and the short-coated ,indian race are shown4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,great ,,panda 7luropus melanoleucus74 ,,second ,,floor4 ,sidenote3 ,upper ,mammal ,gallery4 ,the portion open to the public of the gallery on this floor in the western wing of the building contains such of the ,mammalian orders 7apart from ,proboscidea1 ,cetacea1 and ,sirenia7 as are not shown in the lower gallery4 ,in the first two wall-cases on the right on entering the gallery is displayed a series of ,bats1 some stuffed1 and others in spirit4 ,in the third wall-case are the ,insect-eating ,mammals 7,insectivora71 such as ,shrew-mice1 ,moles1 ,hedgehogs1 etc4 ,next come the ,rodents1 and then the ,lemurs1 ,monkeys1 and ,apes1 the greater number of the last being exhibited in the large case in the middle of the gallery4 ,among the more striking specimens may be mentioned the series of ,gorillas 7fig4 #dj7 and ,chimpanzees1 and the ,proboscis and ,snub-nosed ,monkeys4 ,nearly all the left side of this gallery is devoted to ,anthropology1 that is to say1 to the representation of the zoological characters of the different races of ,mankind#ah2 the series including busts1 skeletons1 skulls1 hair1 and portraits4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,the ,,gorilla 7,anthropopithecus gorilla74 ,at the west end of the portion of this gallery open to the public stands a case exhibiting many of the structural differences distinguishing the man-like ,apes from ,man himself2 and also showing different types of human skulls and the method of measuring the same4 ,on the adjacent screens and partitions are diagrams1 photographs1 and sketches illustrating hand and finger prints1 and identification by means of the latter4 ,,east ,,wing4 ,,ground ,,floor4 ,sidenote3 ,fossil ,collection4 ,the ground floor of this wing consists1 as on the other side of the building1 of a gallery running west and east the whole length of the wing in front1 of a smaller parallel gallery behind this1 and leading from the latter a series of galleries running north and south4 ,with the exception of a certain number of recent skeletons introduced for comparison1 and some of the specimens of ,elephants and ,sirenians or ,sea-,cows1 the whole of this floor is occupied by the collection of the remains of animals and plants which flourished in geological periods previous to the one in which we are now living4 ,some of these belong to species still existing upon the earth1 but the great majority are extinct4 ,they are arranged mainly upon zoological principles1 that is1 the groups which are believed to have natural affinities are placed together2 but within some of the great divisions thus mapped out1 especially of the ,invertebrata and ,plants1 it has been found convenient to adopt a stratigraphical or even geographical grouping1 the fossils of different geological formations being kept apart1 and those of the ,british ,isles separated from those of foreign localities4 ,this portion of the ,museum is more fully described in the special ,guides#ai than is possible in the present work4 ,sidenote3 ,elephants1 ,sea-,cows1 and ,extinct ,mammals4 ,the front gallery1 entered from the central hall1 is devoted to ,elephants and ,sea-,cows1 both living and extinct1 and to extinct and fossil ,mammals of other groups4 ,down the middle are placed a number of large and striking objects1 of too great size to be contained in the wall-cases4 ,the first is a nearly complete skeleton of the ,american ,mastodon 7fig4 #da71 an animal closely allied to modern ,elephants1 from which it is chiefly distinguished by the characters of its cheek-teeth4 ,this is followed by a skeleton of the existing ,indian ,elephant 7,elephas maximus71 and the mounted skin of a tuskless male of the same species1 brought home from ,india by ,his ,majesty ,king ,edward ,,vii41 when ,prince of ,wales4 ,further down the gallery is the skull of the extinct ,e4 ganesa--remarkable for the immense length of its tusks--from the ,siwalik ,hills of ,india2 and another of the ,mammoth 7,e4 primigenius71 with huge curved tusks1 in a perfect state of preservation1 found in the ,brick-earth at ,ilford1 ,essex4#bj ,then follow skeletons of the great extinct ,irish ,deer 7,cervus giganteus71 male and female1 the former distinguished by its magnificent spreading antlers1 resembling those of a ,fallow ,deer on a large scale4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,mastodon 7,mastodon americanus74 ,greatly reduced4 ,the next central case is occupied by the skulls and portions of jaws of a remarkable horned hoofed quadruped1 ,arsinotherium 7fig4 #db71 from the ,upper ,eocene of the ,fayum1 ,egypt4 ,it belongs to an ancient group not closely related to any living animal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,skull of ,arsinotherium zitteli1 from the ,upper ,eocene ,strata of the ,fayum1 ,egypt4 ,about #a_/abth natural size4 ,equally peculiar is the ,toxodon 7fig4 #dc7 from the ,pampas of ,s4 ,america1 of which a model of an entire skeleton is exhibited4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,toxodon 7,toxodon platensis74 ,from the ,pampas ,formation of ,argentina4 ,about #a_/ahth natural size4 ,near by is placed a model of a skeleton of the ,dinoceras 7fig4 #dd71 one of the most remarkable of the many wonderful forms of animal life discovered in the ,tertiary beds of the western portion of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,this animal combines in some respects the characters of a ,rhinoceros with those of an ,elephant1 and has others altogether special to itself4 ,the group to which it belonged became extinct in the ,oligocene1 or ,middle ,tertiary1 period1 without leaving any successors4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,dinoceras4 ,from the ,eocene of ,wyoming1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,one-thirtieth natural size4 ,sidenote3 ,sea-,cows4 ,near the pavilion is a skeleton 7fig4 #de7 of an interesting animal1 the ,northern ,sea-,cow 7,rhytina gigas or stelleri71 the last resort of which was ,bering ,island in the ,north ,pacific1 where it was completely exterminated towards the close of the eighteenth century4 ,in the same case is placed the skeleton of a smaller allied animal1 the ,halitherium1 from the ,oligocene of ,south ,germany4 ,these1 with their existing representatives1 the ,manatee and ,dugong1 constitute the order ,sirenia1 aquatic ,mammals of fish-like form1 presenting considerable external resemblance to ,cetacea 7,whales and ,dolphins71 but differing in many points of structure and habit4 ,all the exhibited specimens of the group1 both living and extinct1 are shown in this gallery4 ,sidenote3 ,fossil remains of ,man4 ,the wall-cases on the south side 7right on entering7 contain typical series of chipped and polished flint implements of human workmanship1 and also remains of ,man found1 under circumstances which may justify the appellation of 8fossil10 in caves or ,pleistocene deposits1 associated with the bones of ,mammals either completely or locally extinct4 ,then follow in systematic order the bones and teeth of the other ,primates1 the ,carnivora1 ,ungulata1 and ,sirenia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,sea-,,cow 7,rhytina gigas or stelleri74 ,from ,bering ,island4 ,length of specimen1 #ai feet #f inches4 ,sidenote3 ,elephants and ,ruminants4 ,the greater part of the north side of the gallery is devoted to the exhibition of the remains of ,proboscidea 7,dinotheres1 ,mastodons1 and ,elephants71 as well as teeth and skulls of the two existing species of ,elephants4 ,the forerunners of the ,proboscidea from the ,eocene strata of ,egypt1 as represented by ,palomastodon and ,mritherium1 are of special interest4 ,attention may likewise be directed to the skull of the gigantic ,ruminant ,sivatherium 7fig4 #df71 from the ,siwalik deposits of ,northern ,india1 an ally of the living ,african ,okapi 7p4 #da71 with which it is connected by ,helladotherium of the ,grecian ,tertiary deposits2 another still more nearly allied type being ,samotherium1 from the ,isle of ,samos1 of which a skull 7fig4 #dg7 is exhibited4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,skull ,,of ,sivatherium giganteum1 an ,extinct ,ruminant from the ,pliocene ,deposits of the ,siwalik ,hills1 ,india4 ,about #a_/acth natural size4 ,sidenote3 ,edentates4 ,in the 8pavilion10 or large room at the end of the gallery1 are skeletons and bones of the members of the order ,edentata1 mostly from ,south ,america1 including fine specimens of the great ,ground-,sloths1 the largest of which1 the ,megatherium1 is shown in the act of rearing itself on its hind-legs and powerful tail to seize and tear down the branches of a tree in order to feed upon the leaves4 ,that this was the habit of this huge animal is clearly indicated by the structure of its bones and teeth4 ,the mounted specimen is not an actual skeleton1 but is composed of plaster-casts of the real bones1 most of which are shown in the wall-case at the north side of the room4 ,of the ,mylodon1 a smaller but nearly allied animal1 an almost perfect skeleton is exhibited in a glass case near the ,megatherium4 ,near by is a portion of the skin of a closely similar animal 7,grypotherium listai71 from a cave in ,patagonia1 showing the hair1 and also the nodules of bone embedded in the hide4 ,sidenote3 ,marsupials4 ,not far off is shown one of the glyptodons1 huge extinct ,armadillo-like animals1 of which the body is enclosed in a solid barrel-like bony case4 ,as these animals far surpassed in size their diminutive existing representatives1 so the gigantic ,marsupials of the corresponding period in ,australia 7,pleistocene1 or latest ,tertiary71 such as ,diprotodon and ,nototherium1 greatly exceeded any of the species now existing on that continent2 of ,diprotodon a complete skeleton is exhibited4 ,on the other hand1 all the ,mammals of the earlier geological periods of which remains are known are of diminutive size1 as seen in the series of jaws1 teeth1 etc41 mostly from the ,purbeck 7,upper ,oolite7 beds of ,dorset and the ,stonesfield ,slate 7,great ,oolite7 of ,oxfordshire1 exhibited in the centre window-case on the east side of the room4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,skull ,,of ,samotherium boissieri1 an ,extinct ,okapi-like ,ruminant from the ,pliocene ,strata of ,samos4 ,about th natural size4 ,sidenote3 ,extinct ,birds4 ,the south side of this room 7right on entering7 is chiefly reserved for the remains of extinct ,birds1 including the famous ,lizard-tailed ,bird 7,archopteryx7 of the ,solenhofen beds of ,bavaria 7fig4 #dh71 the oldest known member of the class4 ,although presenting many ,reptile-like characters1 it had well-developed feathers on the wings and tail1 the impressions of which are beautifully preserved in the specimen4 ,a series of skeletons of the 8,moas10 or ,dinornithid1 of ,new ,zealand1 birds in which no trace of a wing has been discovered1 shows the diversity in size of different members of the group1 some far exceeding any existing ,ostrich1 while others are scarcely larger than a good-sized ,turkey4 ,some of these remains are so recent as still to be covered with dried skin1 and even feathers4 ,several eggs are also shown2 but1 large as these are1 they are greatly exceeded in size by those of the ,roc 7pyornis7 from ,madagascar4 ,the skull and certain other remains of a gigantic extinct bird1 ,phororhachos1 from ,patagonia are also shown in this room4 ,these birds appear to have been allied to the existing ,south ,american ,seriema4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,skeleton ,,and ,,impressions ,,of ,,the ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,lizard-,,tailed ,,bird 7,archopteryx macrura71 ,,from ,,the ,,upper ,,jurassic 7,,lithographic ,,stone7 ,,of ,,solenhofen1 ,,bavaria4 ,about th natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,the ,,iguanodon 7,iguanodon bernissartensis71 a ,biped ,dinosaur from the ,wealden of ,belgium4 ,about #a_/hjth natural size4 ,sidenote3 ,extinct ,reptiles4 ,the long corridor north of the fossil ,mammal-gallery contains a fine assemblage of ,reptilian remains4 ,the south side is devoted to the ,great ,sea-,lizards 7,sauropterygia and ,ichthyopterygia71 mostly from the ,lias formation4 ,the skeleton of an ,ichthyosaur from the ,lias is shown in fig4 #ej4 ,skeletons of ,plesiosaurians and ,pliosaurians from the ,oxford ,clay are mounted in central cases4 ,ranged in the cases on the north side are remains of the gigantic ,dinosaurs1 which vastly exceeded in size any other land-animals4 ,a mounted plaster cast of a complete skeleton of the ,iguanodon 7fig4 #di71 found 7with many others7 in the ,wealden strata at ,bernissart in ,belgium1 is exhibited in the gallery of recent ,reptiles2 but a large series of bones of the same reptile is shown here4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,an ,,ichthyosaur 7,ichthyosaurus tenuirostris74 ,from the ,lias of ,somersetshire4 ,about #a_/ajth natural size4 ,in the centre of this gallery is placed a large portion of the skeleton of a gigantic ,dinosaur 7,cetiosaurus leedsi7 from the ,upper ,jurassic ,oxford ,clay near ,peterborough4 ,it is nearly allied to the ,north ,american ,diplodocus1 of which1 as mentioned on page #eg1 the model of a complete skeleton is exhibited in the recent ,reptile ,gallery4 ,both ,cetiosaurus and ,diplodocus resemble ,brontosaurus 7fig4 #ea7 in the extremely small size of the skull4 ,another central case contains an actual skull and other remains of the ,american ,cretaceous horned ,dinosaur ,triceratops 7see page #eg71 and in wall-case #h is placed a plaster cast of the skull of the contemporary ,tyrannosaurus1 the largest known carnivorous ,dinosaur4 ,at the eastern end of the gallery are the ,pterosauria or ,ornithosauria1 commonly called ,pterodactyles or ,flying ,reptiles4 ,their most gigantic representatives were the species of ,pteranodon from the ,upper ,cretaceous of ,kansas 7fig4 #ec74 ,at the west end is the nearly complete skeleton of ,pariasaurus 7fig4 #eb7 from the ,karoo formation 7,trias7 of ,south ,africa4 ,it occurs also in ,russia1 and belongs to a primitive section of the ,theromorphs1 or ,anomodonts1 which include the ancestors of ,mammals4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,skeleton ,,of ,brontosaurus ingens1 ,a ,,four-,,footed ,,dinosaur ,,from ,,the ,,jurassic ,,formation ,,of ,n4 ,,america4 #a_/aej natural size4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,skeleton ,,of ,,pariasaurus4 ,about #a_/adth natural size4 ,sidenote3 ,extinct ,fishes4 ,of the galleries running northwards from the ,fossil ,reptile gallery1 the one nearest to the central hall is used for the display of the ,fossil ,fishes1 many belonging to groups now extinct4 ,perhaps the most remarkable of all1 and certainly most unlike existing forms1 are the armoured ,devonian ,fishes known as ,cephalaspis1 ,pterichthys 7fig4 #ed71 etc4 ,the well-preserved fishes from the ,chalk are especially noteworthy1 and a specimen of ,portheus in a central case1 #ad feet in length1 is one of the largest bony fishes known4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,a ,,giant ,,pterodactyle 7,pteranodon occidentalis7 ,,from ,,the ,,cretaceous ,,of ,,kansas4 7,original span about #ah feet47 ,compare the wing1 which is supported by the outermost finger1 with that of the ,bat in ,fig4 #h4 ,sidenote3 ,extinct ,invertebrates and ,plants4 ,the next gallery contains the ,cephalopods1 a group of ,molluscs abounding in extinct species1 of which the ,belemnites1 ,turrilites 7fig4 #ee71 and ,ammonites 7fig4 #ef7 are some of the best-known4 ,the form and structure of their nearest living representatives1 the various species of ,cuttle-fishes1 ,squids1 ,argonauts1 and ,nautilus 7fig4 #ca1 page #fb7 are illustrated by models1 drawings1 and specimens placed near the entrance of the gallery and along the top-line of the wall-cases4 ,the third gallery contains the remaining ,mollusca1 with the ,brachiopoda1 ,polyzoa1 ,echinoderma1 ,worms1 and ,crustacea2 the fourth1 the ,corals1 ,sponges1 ,protozoa1 and ,fossil ,plants4 ,in these last two galleries most of the ,british specimens are placed in the table-cases1 and those of foreign origin in the cases round the walls4 ,among numerous other groups which cannot be mentioned1 great interest attaches to the ,trilobites 7fig4 #eg7 of the ,palozoic epoch1 which are related to the modern ,king-,crabs and also have affinity with the ,scorpions4 ,very extensive is the collection of ,fossil ,plants from the ,coal-,measures1 among which ,lepidodendron and ,sigillaria1 as well as numerous kinds of fern-like leaves1 are among the most common4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,upper 7,a7 ,,and ,,lower 7,b7 ,,surfaces ,,of ,,pterichthys1 ,,an ,,armoured ,,devonian ,,fish4 ,sidenote3 ,historical ,collections4 ,the table-cases of the end gallery contain certain special collections of historical interest1 either from the circumstances under which they were formed1 or the manner in which they came into possession of the ,museum1 or from their containing a large number of type specimens described and figured in various publications4 ,hence it has been considered undesirable to break up and disperse these among the general collection4 ,they include the original collection formed by ,william ,smith1 the pioneer of geology in this country1 the ,searles ,wood collection of ,crag ,mollusca1 the ,edwards collection of ,eocene ,mollusca1 the ,davidson collection of ,brachiopoda1 the types of ,sowerby's 8,mineral ,conchology10 and lastly1 but not least in interest1 specimens from the collection of ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 which formed part of the nucleus of the ,british ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,a ,,turrilite1 ,,from ,,the ,,chalk4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,,an ,,ammonite1 ,,from ,,the ,o,,lite4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,a ,,trilobite1 ,,from ,,the ,,lower ,,cambrian ,,of ,,shropshire4 ,sidenote3 ,british ,stratigraphical ,collection4 ,in the wall-cases on the west side of this gallery is exhibited a stratigraphical collection1 showing a series of rock-specimens1 often with their included fossil remains1 representing the various geological formations of the ,british ,isles2 they are arranged in the order of their sequence in time1 commencing near the entrance door with the most recent1 and gradually passing down to the most ancient fossil-bearing strata4 ,along the top of the case is displayed a running section of all the water-formed rocks of ,england in the order of their succession1 each bed being distinctively coloured1 and named to correspond with the actual specimens placed beneath4 ,the stratigraphical collection is followed by some illustrations of rock-formation1 and certain curious rock-structures simulating fossils4 ,on the east side are exhibited additional specimens of marine ,reptiles from the ,lias and a series of footprints of ,reptiles from the ,trias of ,n4 ,america1 the ,new ,red ,sandstone of ,england1 etc4 ,,first ,,floor4 ,sidenote3 ,gallery of ,minerals4 ,the gallery on this floor1 entered from the south end of the east corridor of the hall1 contains the extensive ,mineral collections1 a fuller description of which will be found in special guides4#ba ,sidenote3 ,introductory ,collections4 ,entering the gallery the visitor will find1 in the first window-case on the left-hand side1 a series of specimens selected and labelled to serve as an introduction to the study of ,minerals4 ,beginning with a definition of what is meant by a ,mineral1 it shows how essential characters were gradually recognised1 and how ,minerals are distributed into kinds and classified4 ,in the next three window-cases specimens are arranged to illustrate the characters of ,minerals and the various terms used in their description4 ,sidenote3 ,rocks4 ,in the remaining six window-cases on the same side of the gallery1 a corresponding series of specimens illustrative of the characters and classification of ,rocks is exhibited2 and the eleven window-cases on the opposite side contain a collection illustrating the various kinds of ,rocks4#bb ,sidenote3 ,general ,collection of ,minerals4 ,in the table-cases of the gallery are exhibited specimens of every important ,mineral species and variety preserved in the ,museum4 ,the cases containing this general collection are numbered from #a to #da1 and the eight panes of each case are severally distinguished by the letters a to h4 ,for the use of the student there is published an ,index to the names of all the numerous ,mineral species and varieties represented in the collection1 with references to the table-cases in which the specimens are placed4#bc ,the system of classification1 which includes not only ores1 but all known ,minerals1 is not easy for the visitor to follow1 and it is therefore convenient to indicate the positions in the gallery of those minerals--as1 for instance1 precious and ornamental stones1 and metallic ores--which have an interest for all2 for details1 reference must be made to the ,mineral ,guide4 ,most of these ,minerals occur as crystals1 the forms of which can be referred to six systems of crystallisation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,the ,,colenso ,,diamond1 ,,from ,,south ,,africa4 ,,natural ,,size4 ,sidenote3 ,native ,elements4 ,i4 ,in cases #a and #b are the native metals1 as ,copper1 ,silver1 ,gold1 and ,platinum2 and non-metals1 as ,sulphur1 ,diamond1 and ,graphite4 ,the large symmetrical ,south ,african 8,colenso0 ,diamond 7fig4 #eh71 weighing #acj carats1 presented by the late ,professor ,john ,ruskin1 is worthy of special attention 7case #a;f74 ,models of some famous diamonds1 including 8,the ,cullinan ,diamond10 the largest ever found 7weight before being cut1 #cjbe carats1 or about #a lb4 av47 are exhibited4 ,sidenote3 ,sulphides4 ,,ii4 ,the next six cases contain ,minerals which have mostly a metallic lustre and consist of metals in chemical combination with elements of the ,sulphur or ,arsenic groups4 ,argentite 7#c;d7 is an important ,silver-ore1 containing #hg per cent4 of ,silver and #ac of ,sulphur4 ,blende 7#d;b7 is a valuable ,zinc-ore1 and contains #fg per cent4 of ,zinc and #cc per cent4 of ,sulphur4 ,galena 7#d;e7 is by far the most important ore of ,lead 7,lead #hg1 ,sulphur #ac1 per cent474 ,copper-glance 7#c;e7 is a common ore of ,copper 7,copper #hj1 ,sulphur #bj1 per cent474 ,cinnabar 7#c;h7 is the ore from which ,mercury or ,quicksilver is obtained 7,mercury #hf1 ,sulphur #ad1 per cent474 ,pyrites 7#e;d71 one of the most common of ,minerals1 is a compound of ,iron and ,sulphur 7,iron #dg1 ,sulphur #ec1 per cent474 ,erubescite 7#e;e71 ,copper pyrites 7#e;f71 and ,tetrahedrite1 or ,grey ,copper-ore 7#g;a71 are valuable sources of ,copper4 ,sidenote3 ,chlorides1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,common ,salt1 the chloride of the metal ,sodium1 is exhibited in case #h;f1 and ,fluor-spar1 a fluoride of ,calcium belonging to the same division1 begins at case #g;e4 ,sidenote3 ,oxides4 ,,iv4 ,the next division consists of compounds of ,oxygen and includes most of the stony ,minerals4 ,cuprite 7#aj;a71 an important ore of ,copper 7,copper #hi1 ,oxygen #aa1 per cent471 is at first ruby-red in colour1 but becomes blackened by exposure to light4 ,spinel 7#aj;e71 in its transparent varieties1 is one of the precious stones2 the deep red being the ,spinel ,ruby 7less dense and less hard than the true ,ruby71 the rose-tinted the ,balas ,ruby1 and the yellow or orange-red the ,rubicelle of the jewellers3 sometimes1 it has a dark blue colour4 ,on account of their hardness1 the less valuable specimens are used for the jewelling of watches4 ,magnetite1 or ,magnetic ,iron-ore 7#aj;f71 the richest ore of ,iron1 of which it contains #gb per cent41 is the natural magnet4 ,uraninite1 or ,pitchblende 7#aj;h71 consists mainly of ,uranium and ,oxygen1 but contains traces of ,helium and ,radium1 of which latter it is the commercial source4 ,chrysoberyl 7#i;e7 is another precious stone1 almost equal in lustre and hardness to the ,sapphire2 one variety is a beautiful greenish-yellow2 another1 with a peculiar play of light1 is the ,cat's-eye2 and a third1 green by sunlight1 but red by candle- or lamp-light1 is known as ,alexandrite4 ,corundum 7#i;f71 when clear and of the proper colour1 is1 after the ,diamond1 the most precious of stones4 ,when pure1 it is colourless1 but with minute traces of colouring ingredient it assumes the richest and most varied hues2 when red it is ,ruby1 and when blue ,sapphire2 the yellow1 green1 and purple varieties were at one time known respectively as the ,oriental ,topaz1 ,emerald1 and ,amethyst4 ,the prefix 8,oriental0 was at first used to suggest that the stones are not ordinary ,topaz1 ,emerald1 and ,amethyst1 but other similarly coloured minerals coming from the ,east 7,india1 ,ceylon1 ,siam1 ,pegu1 etc472 it was afterwards understood to suggest only the excellence of their characters4 ,the ,star-stone1 another variety of ,corundum1 when placed in a strong light shows a six-rayed star4 ,hmatite 7#aa;a7 is a valuable ore of iron 7,iron #gj1 ,oxygen #cj1 per cent474 ,cassiterite1 or ,tin-stone 7#aa;f71 is the ore of ,tin1 of which metal it contains #gi per cent4 ,zircon 7#ac;b71 when clear and without flaws1 is one of the precious stones3 one variety with peculiar red tints is the ,hyacinth or ,jacynth1 while the colourless1 yellowish1 and dull green phases are termed ,jargoon3 the colourless variety1 owing to its high refractive and dispersive power1 approaches the ,diamond in brilliancy4 ,quartz1 which is ,silica1 the oxide of ,silicon1 is the most common of ,minerals4 ,in its clear and transparent variety it is the ,crystal of the ancients and the ,rock-,crystal of modern times2 it is the ,brazilian ,pebble of spectacle-makers 7#ad;c74 ,after the clear come the smoky varieties1 including the ,scotch ,cairngorm and ,occidental ,topaz 7#ad;g74 ,next follows the ,amethyst 7#ad;g71 one of the less valuable1 though one of the most beautiful1 of gem stones4 ,the ,quartz ,cat's-eye 7#ac;f7 is a variety presenting a similar play of light to that of the ,chrysoberyl ,cat's-eye already referred to3 the effect is due to enclosed fibres of an ,asbestos-like mineral in the specimens from ,ceylon1 and to fibres of ,crocidolite in the blue1 and of altered ,crocidolite in the brownish-yellow specimens from ,south ,africa4 ,jasper 7#ac;g7 is a coloured mixture of ,silica and ,clay1 distinguished from ordinary ,quartz by its opacity and dull earthy fracture4 ,it is of various colours1 chiefly red1 brown1 yellow1 and green2 the colours being arranged sometimes in a nodular form1 as in ,egyptian ,jasper1 at other times in stripes1 as in ,riband ,jasper4 ,the ,lydian or ,touch-stone 7#ae;a71 by reason of its hardness and black colour1 has been used from remote ages to test the purity of precious metals4 ,hornstone 7#ae;a7 is a variety of ,silica without evident crystallisation1 and generally presenting a more or less splintery fracture2 in one kind1 ,flint 7#ae;b71 the surface of fracture is generally shell-shaped 7conchoidal71 sometimes conical1 as is well shown by specimens in the case4 ,chalcedony 7#ae;b71 which has a lustre nearly that of wax1 is translucent4 ,the specimens of ,enhydros from ,uruguay 7#ae;d7 are of especial interest as containing imprisoned water4 ,heliotrope1 or ,bloodstone 7#af;a71 is a green stone with red1 blood-like spots4 ,next follow the ,plasma and ,chrysoprase1 which are green stones3 and the ,sard1 generally brownish-red2 as also the ,sardonyx1 its banded variety4 ,all were much prized by the ancients because1 though hard and tough enough to resist ordinary wear and tear1 they are more suited to the display of the engraver's skill than the still harder and more precious stones4 ,then come the ,agates 7#af;b71 chiefly formed of thin layers of porous ,chalcedony of different colours1 though the material of many of the white layers is a compact ,semi-opal4 ,most are now brought from ,uruguay1 in ,south ,america1 and cut and polished at ,oberstein1 in ,germany1 where in former times ,agates were collected in quantity from the mountains of the district4 ,sometimes the layers are parallel1 and the stone is then an ,onyx1 useful as a material for cameos3 or the bands of a section are arranged in parallel sets of zigzag lines1 and the stone is then called a ,fortification-agate2 but in the ordinary agate the layers are variously curved4 ,moss-agates1 or ,mocha-stones 7#af;e71 are varieties of ,chalcedony enclosing moss-like forms of oxides of ,manganese and ,iron1 and green earthy ,chlorite4 ,carnelian 7#af;e7 is a beautiful red stone much valued by the engraver3 its fracture has a peculiar waxy lustre1 and is distinct from that of the ,sard1 which is dull and horn-like4 ,opal1 including the ,precious or ,noble ,opal 7#af;f71 among the specimens of which is a fine suite from ,queensland presented by the late ,professor ,story-,maskelyne1 is hydrated ,silica4 ,sidenote3 ,carbonates4 ,witherite1 the carbonate of ,barium 7#ah;a71 is used in the manufacture of plate-glass4 ,strontianite 7#ah;b71 the carbonate of ,strontium1 is one of two minerals from which ,strontium nitrate is made for use in the manufacture of fireworks1 owing to the fine crimson colour which the salt gives to the flame3 the ,strontium minerals are also employed in connection with sugar-refining4 ,cerussite 7#ah;b7 is the corresponding carbonate of ,lead1 and when abundant is a valuable ore of that metal4 ,calcite 7#ah;e71 a carbonate of the metal ,calcium1 is represented by a fine suite of specimens1 illustrating an almost endless variety of crystalline form4 ,the clear variety from ,iceland is largely used in optical instruments for polarising light4 ,chalybite1 or ,spathic ,iron-ore 7#bj;h71 is the carbonate of ,iron1 and a valuable ore of that metal4 ,the most important ,english ,iron-ore1 ,clay ,ironstone1 is a mixture of ,chalybite and ,clay4 ,calamine 7#ai;h71 a carbonate of ,zinc1 is an important ,zinc-ore4 ,chessylite 7#ba;d7 and ,malachite 7#bb;b7 are respectively the blue and green carbonates of ,copper1 and are used as ores of that metal4 ,malachite is found in large masses2 by reason of the high polish which it takes and its beautiful markings1 it is much used for ornamental work of various kinds4 ,sidenote3 ,silicates4 ,passing to the ,silicates1 we come to ,olivine 7#bb;f71 one of the less hard of the precious stones2 when of a yellow colour it is known as ,chrysolite1 while the green variety is the ,peridot of jewellers4 ,hiddenite 7#bc;a7 is a rare emerald-green variety of ,spodumene1 and ,kunzite is a lilac-coloured variety which is used as a gem stone4 ,asbestos 7#bd;c71 a kind of ,hornblende 7a mineral common in rocks of igneous origin71 is found in long fibres2 in some of its varieties it is so flexible that it can be woven into gloves and other articles4 ,the term ,asbestos1 meaning unquenched or unquenchable1 was applied by the ancient ,greeks1 because1 owing to being unaltered by heat1 wicks made of this mineral were used in maintaining the perpetual sacred fires of their temples4 ,napkins of ,asbestos were cleaned by being thrown into the fire2 ,asbestos-cloth was also used in the process of cremation to keep the ashes of the body distinct from those of the fuel4 ,it is now employed for lining iron-safes1 packing for steam-pipes and boilers1 and in gas-stoves1 for which purposes its low conductivity for heat renders it serviceable4 ,jade or ,nephrite 7#bd;d71 a valued mineral1 belongs to the same group as ,hornblende4 ,the various shades of colour and the beautiful polish which this tough mineral will take are illustrated by specimens in the case4 ,several worked specimens from ,new ,zealand and ,china are exhibited4 ,an immense water-worn mass1 weighing #aaef lb41 found some years ago in ,asiatic ,russia1 is mounted on a separate stand near by4 ,meerschaum 7#bc;g71 the light soft porous mineral used for tobacco-pipes1 is a hydrated silicate of ,magnesium4 ,serpentine 7#be;a7 is another hydrated ,magnesium-silicate3 the ease with which it is worked and polished1 its green colour1 and varied markings render it much sought after as a material for mantel-pieces1 tables1 and other indoor work3 exposed to the weather it soon loses its polish4 ,topaz 7#be;c7 in its clear varieties is one of the precious stones4 ,the crystals from the ,urulga river1 ,siberia1 are remarkably fine1 and of a delicate brown colour2 they are kept covered1 as the action of light slowly bleaches them4 ,the yellow crystals from ,brazil assume a peculiar pink colour when heated1 and are then known to jewellers as ,burnt or ,pink ,topaz4 ,a fine orange-red crystal from ,brazil is exhibited4 ,garnet also belongs to the group of precious stones2 when the red is tinged with violet1 the stone is the ,almandine or ,syrian ,garnet 7named after ,syriam in ,pegu71 and when cut en cabochon1 the ,carbuncle of jewellery 7#bf;f72 the ,cinnamon-stone or ,hessonite varies in tint from hyacinth-red to honey-yellow 7#bf;e72 the ,pyrope1 including the 8,cape ,ruby0 and the ,bohemian garnet1 is blood-red 7#bf;e71 ,demantoid is an emerald-green 7#bf;g74 ,jadeite 7#bg;a7 is one of the green stones which1 under the name of ,jade1 are wrought into ornaments in ,china3 from jade it is distinguished by its chemical composition1 structure1 and higher specific gravity4 ,among the specimens of ,epidote 7#bg;c7 a remarkable series from the ,untersulzbachthal1 ,austria1 is exhibited4 ,mica 7#bh;a7 is the name given to a group of minerals differing much from each other in chemical composition and optical properties1 but having as a common character an easy splitting1 or cleavage1 in a single direction1 and thus affording plates remarkably thin1 transparent1 tough1 and elastic4 ,one of these minerals1 ,muscovite 7#bh;d71 has been used in ,russia in place of glass for windows1 and is now in common use for lanterns and stoves1 not being so easily cracked as glass by changes of temperature2 it is often known in commerce as talc1 a term restricted by mineralogists to a different mineral4 ,the group of ,felspars1 the most important of the rock-forming minerals1 begins at case #bh;f4 ,after the ,felspars comes ,beryl1 of which the bright green variety1 ,emerald 7#bi;c71 is one of the most valued of precious stones4 ,it was in ancient times worked in ,egypt1 as is proved by specimens found in the old workings by ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson1 and presented by him to the ,museum4 ,emeralds occur in the ,urals2 but the locality for the finest stones has long been ,muzo1 about seventy miles from ,santa ,f de ,bogot1 in ,south ,america4 ,faceted specimens of the colourless ,beryl1 of the bluish-green ,beryl1 known in jewellery as ,aquamarine1 and of pink ,beryl from ,california and ,madagascar1 are exhibited 7#cj;a74 ,in cases #cj;f to #cb;d will be found examples of the ,zeolite group of minerals4 ,tourmaline 7#cc;a71 when free from flaws1 is1 in some of its varieties1 to be classed with the precious stones2 among these being a pink variety called ,rubellite4 ,fine specimens of ,rubellite from ,burma1 the ,urals1 and ,madagascar1 are shown in the case2 one specimen from ,burma1 poor in colour but remarkable for its size and shape1 was brought home by ,colonel ,symes1 to whom it had been presented by the ,king of ,ava in the year #agie4 ,the pink-and-green tourmalines from ,maine1 ,u4,s4,a41 and the magnificent crystals from ,san ,diego ,co41 ,california1 are among the more beautiful of the mineral products of the ,united ,states4 ,examples of the blue ,tourmaline1 or ,indicolite1 are shown in case #cc;b4 ,a rich blue mineral1 the ,lapis-lazuli of jewellery 7#cd;b71 brought from ,persia1 ,siberia1 ,bokhara1 and ,chili1 is a mixture of various species4 ,when powdered1 ,lapis-lazuli furnished the once costly pigment ultramarine2 but by the discovery of a method of producing an artificial and cheap form of the latter1 the use of the mineral as a pigment has ceased4 ,sidenote3 ,sulphates1 ,phosphates1 etc4 ,the sulphates of ,strontium1 ,celestite 7#ce;c71 of ,barium1 ,barytes or ,heavy ,spar 7#cf;a71 and of ,lead1 ,anglesite 7#cf;e71 are all represented by series of specimens4 ,gypsum1 or ,selenite 7#cf;f71 is a hydrated sulphate of the metal ,calcium3 when heated1 it gives up its water of crystallisation and falls to a white powder1 known as 8,plaster of ,paris10 which1 when moistened1 again combines with water and yields a coherent solid4 ,gypseous ,alabaster1 a massive variety of ,gypsum 7#cf;h71 owing to its whiteness1 fine texture1 and softness is used as a material for statuettes and other indoor ornaments4 ,oriental ,alabaster is a harder substance1 ,stalagmitic ,calcite1 carbonate of ,calcium4 ,borax 7#cg;c71 a borate of ,sodium1 is much used as a flux1 also in soldering1 and in the preparation of easily fusible enamels4 ,it was formerly carried over the ,himalayas on sheep and goats from lakes in ,tibet1 but is now obtained largely from the ,borax-lakes of the ,united ,states1 and is also extensively prepared from the boracic acid lagoons in ,tuscany4 ,nitratine or ,soda-nitre 7#cg;d71 found in ,chili in beds of large extent1 is largely used for the preparation of ,nitric ,acid and ,saltpetre1 and is also used as a fertiliser4 ,calaite or ,turquoise 7#ch;g71 a phosphate of the metals ,aluminium and ,copper1 is generally massive2 only very rarely does it occur in the crystalline state4 ,being as hard as ,felspar and taking a good polish1 it has been much prized in jewellery2 that which comes into the market is chiefly brought from the ,turquoise-mines not far from ,nishapur1 in ,persia4 ,sidenote3 ,amber4 ,as a supplement to the collection of simple ,minerals1 is arranged1 in case #da1 a group of natural substances which either belong or are closely related to the ,mineral ,kingdom1 although1 in the formation of most1 organised matter has played a very important part4 ,the most important of these are ,coal and ,amber4 ,coal 7#da;a71 in most of its varieties1 gives structural evidence of its vegetable origin3 its chemical composition depends on the amount of change which has taken place1 and thus is less definite than in the preceding minerals4 ,in the variety called ,anthracite all traces of the original organised structure have disappeared4 ,amber 7#da;c71 in ancient times regarded as one of the precious stones1 is likewise of vegetable origin4 ,it is fossil resin1 chiefly derived from trees allied to the pines2 its originally sticky condition is proved by the insects sometimes found enclosed4 ,sidenote3 ,larger ,mineral ,specimens4 ,in the pavilion at the east end of the gallery the visitor will find many mineral specimens which1 owing to their size1 cannot be satisfactorily exhibited in the table-cases4 ,among these1 attention may be directed to the magnificent series of ,minerals in the wall-cases1 and to the large specimen of ,gypsum1 or ,selenite1 presented by ,h4,r4,h4 the late ,prince ,consort1 which1 with some fine masses of ,iceland ,spar1 is exhibited in a special case4 ,of the four table-cases in the windows of the pavilion1 the first three contain a series illustrating the various kinds of ,pseudomorphs1 or minerals in which the original constituent has been altered and replaced by a new substance which preserves the crystalline form of the first4 ,the fourth displays a set of specimens selected by the late ,professor ,ruskin to illustrate varieties of ,silica4#bd ,sidenote3 ,meteorites4 ,the most important feature of the pavilion is the collection of ,meteorites1#be of which the smaller specimens are shown in the four central cases4 ,the fall of masses of stone and iron from the sky1 though observed again and again since the most remote ages1 was very rarely credited by anyone beside the spectators themselves2 and till the beginning of the nineteenth century no attempt was made to collect such specimens for examination and comparison4 ,in the special guide it is shown how evidence of the actual fall of such bodies at length became irresistible1 and a description is given of the circumstances attending their fall1 of their general characters1 and their chemical composition3 illustrative specimens1 collected together for easy reference1 will be found in one of the cases4 ,it is also shown that meteorites are closely related1 not only to shooting stars1 but also to comets1 and probably to nebul and fixed stars4 ,,second ,,floor4 ,sidenote3 ,botanical ,gallery4 ,the upper floor of the ,east wing is devoted to the ,department of ,botany4 ,the ,collections of this ,department consist of two portions1 the one open to the public and consisting of specimens suitable for exhibition1 and mainly intended to illustrate the various groups of the ,vegetable ,kingdom and the broad facts on which the natural system of the classification of plants is based2 the other set apart for the use of persons engaged in the detailed scientific study of plants4 ,on the landing outside the gallery is a series of tree-sections representing some common ,british-grown trees1 with sections and bark of the ,cork-,oak 7,quercus suber71 and large sections of the ,white ,fir and ,douglas ,pine from ,british ,columbia4 ,the ,douglas ,pine was cut down in #ahhe when #ecc years old2 its age is indicated by the annual rings seen in transverse section of the wood1 and a record of events has been painted on the surface4 ,a collection of plant-abnormalities is also shown4 ,sidenote3 ,system of ,classification4 ,the system of classification followed in the exhibition-cases in the public gallery is a modification of one widely used on the ,continent and in ,america4 ,in the first bay on the left-hand side an attempt has been made to illustrate1 by means of books dealing with the subject1 the history and development of modern systems of classification4 ,there is a ,guide#bf to this exhibition4 ,the series of specimens 7starting on the north1 or left-hand1 side of the gallery7 begins with the simpler orders of ,dicotyledonous ,seed-plants1 those in which petals are wanting in the flower or if present are free from each other1 and passes on to the less simple orders with united petals4 ,the orders are represented by dried or otherwise prepared specimens of the plants themselves1 drawings1 fruits1 and prepared sections of the woods4 ,diagrams are employed to indicate the characters in the flowers on which the grouping is based4 ,the use of the same colour for corresponding structures throughout the diagrams readily conveys to the eye the points of agreement or difference on which the classification rests4 ,the geological history of each natural order is indicated on a table of strata1 and its present distribution on the surface of the earth given on a small map of the world4 ,descriptive labels afford particular information respecting each specimen4 ,the ,dicotyledonous ,plants extend to the fifth case on the left side of the gallery1 and are followed by the ,monocotyledonous orders1 which fill a portion of the last case on the same side1 the two half-cases at the end of the gallery1 and the first case returning towards the door4 ,the ,gymnosperms are placed in the next case4 ,then follow the ,cryptogams1 a case being devoted to the higher1 vascular orders1 and another to the cellular plants4 ,the series closes with an interesting collection of models of the larger ,british ,fungi1 coloured and mounted in accordance with their natural habitats4 ,a ,catalogue of these models has been prepared4#bg ,in the table-case in the last bay is placed an illustrated collection of the ,british ,mycetozoa1 to which there is also a ,guide4#bh ,a large chalk-like mass of ,diatom-earth containing twelve billion ,diatoms is placed in a case by itself near the entrance to the gallery4 ,the table- and window-cases in the bays contain exhibitions of interest under the following heads3 ,insectivorous plants 7at present in the ,central ,hall71 ,parasitic plants1 ,water-plants1 ,xerophytic plants1 ,epiphytic plants1 ,adaptations for ,defence1 ,climbing plants1 ,fertilisation of flowers 7also in the ,hall71 and ,dispersal of seeds1 a selection of ,british plants dried in sand and preserving their form and colour1 and a series of ,lichens from ,chili4 ,attention may likewise be directed to a series of coloured drawings of ,british ,plants4 ,at the entrance of the gallery on the right is placed a camera to exhibit stereoscopic views of plants in their natural colours2 and on the left is a model of a large fungus 7,hydnum74 ,at the end of the gallery the larger specimens of ,palms are set up against the screen dividing the gallery from the ,herbarium2 other ,palms1 ,cycads1 ,tree-ferns1 etc41 are placed in the bays next the appropriate wall-cases4 ,suspended from the roof is a fine specimen of the 8,wabo0 ,bamboo 7,dendrocalamus7 from ,burma1 #ha feet long2 and on the floor of the gallery are specimens of the ,vegetable ,sheep 7,raoulia7 of ,new ,zealand1 a large arial root of a ,banyan1 a ,brazilian ,tree-lily 7,vellozia71 a large ,bamboo from ,demerara1 an ,australian ,grass-tree 7,kingia71 a ,brazilian ,palm 7,acrocomia71 a ,sugar-cane1 and a ,japanese ,cycad4 ,sidenote3 ,british ,plants4 ,a collection of ,british ,plants is exhibited in glazed frames fastened by hinges to uprights4 ,the classification of the ,flowering ,plants and ,ferns is that used in ,bentham's 8,handbook of the ,british ,flora10 and descriptions are attached as labels to each plant4#bi ,three series of frames contain specimens of the ,british ,flowering ,plants and ,ferns4 ,the fourth frame is occupied with the ,mosses and ,stoneworts 7,charace71 and forms the beginning of the exhibition of ,cellular ,plants4 ,the series is continued in the frames on the other side of the gallery containing the lower ,fungi and coloured drawings of the larger ,fungi2 a small series of the larger kind of ,fungi found near ,london is also shown4 ,in the first bay to the right on entering are series of coloured drawings 7natural size7 of edible and poisonous fungi1 and of field and cultivated mushrooms and poisonous or worthless species often mistaken for mushrooms4 ,a ,guide#cj to the latter series has been prepared4 ,the ,british ,lichens are arranged in a cabinet of shallow glass-topped drawers4 ,sidenote3 ,herbarium4 ,above the entrance to the great ,herbarium is a life-size photograph of an ,orchid 7,phalnopsis7 from the ,philippine ,islands4 ,the portion reserved for the use of the scientific student consists mainly of the great ,herbarium of ,flowering ,plants4 ,this is a collection of dried plants1 respectively fastened on single sheets of stiff folio paper1 and representing1 so far as it has been possible to obtain them1 every species of living plant and the distribution of each of these on the surface of the earth4 ,the various species are collected under their respective genera1 which are arranged in their natural orders2 the whole being classified according to the system of ,bentham and ,hooker's 8,genera ,plantarum40 ,the plants of the ,british ,isles form a small separate collection4 ,the important herbarium of ,sir ,hans ,sloane is kept distinct in its original form1 the plants being pasted on the pages of #ccc large folios4 ,there are other ancient herbaria of great historic and scientific interest1 as well as an excellent working library and a collection of drawings of plants4 ,the ,herbarium of ,vascular ,cryptogams 7,ferns7 and ,cellular ,plants 7,mosses1 ,liverworts1 ,alg1 ,lichens1 and ,fungi7 is in a separate room entered from the head of the great staircase4 ,,selected ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,trustees ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,museum4 ,the ,history of the ,collections contained in the ,natural ,history ,departments of the ,british ,museum4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,libraries2 ,botany2 ,geology2 ,minerals4 #aijd1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,zoology4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,appendix4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,gnther1 ,f4,r4,s4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #es4 ,catalogue of the ,library of the ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history74 ,by ,b4 ,b4 ,woodward4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,a-,d4 #aijc1 #dto4 #al4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,e-,k4 #aijd1 #dto4 #al4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,l-,o4 #aiaj1 #dto4 #al4 ,report on the ,zoological ,collections made in the ,indo-,pacific ,ocean during the voyage of ,h4,m4,s4 8,alert10 #ahha-b4 ,edited by ,a4 ,gnther4 #ed ,plates4 #ahhd1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,report on the ,collections of ,natural ,history made in the ,antarctic ,regions during the voyage of the 8,southern ,cross40 #ec ,plates4 #aijb1 roy4 #hvo4 #bl4 ,national ,antarctic ,expedition1 #aija-aijd4 8,discovery0 ,report4 ,natural ,history3-- ,vol4 ,i4 ,geology4 #aj ,plates1 #gb ,text-figures1 #b ,maps4 #aijg1 #dto4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,zoology 7,vertebrata2 ,mollusca2 ,crustacea74 #cc ,plates 7#ag coloured71 #adf ,text-figures1 #a ,map4 #aijg1 #dto4 #cl4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,zoology and ,botany 7,invertebrata3 ,marine ,alg1 ,musci74 #ea ,plates1 #h ,text-figures1 and #a ,chart4 #aijg1 #dto4 #bl4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,zoology 7,various ,invertebrata74 #fe ,plates1 #a ,text-figure4 #aijh1 #dto4 #al4 #aes4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,zoology and ,botany4 #bh ,plates1 #ai ,text-figures4 #aiaj1 #dto4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,zoology and ,botany4 #h ,plates1 #a ,key-plate1 #a ,text-figure4 #aiab1 #dto4 #afs4 ,a ,monograph of ,christmas ,island 7,indian ,ocean73 ,physical ,features and ,geology by ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 with descriptions of the ,fauna and ,flora by numerous contributors4 #bb ,plates 7#g ,coloured71 #a ,map1 and #bg ,illustrations in text4 #aijj1 #hvo4 #al4 ,first ,report on ,economic ,zoology4 ,by ,f4 ,v4 ,theobald4 #ah ,woodcuts4 #aijc1 roy4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,second ,report on ,economic ,zoology4 ,by ,f4 ,v4 ,theobald4 #bi ,illustrations4 #aijd1 roy4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,,mammals4 ,catalogue of ,monkeys1 ,lemurs1 and ,fruit-eating ,bats4 #ba ,woodcuts4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,gray4 #ahgj1 #hvo4 #ds4 ,catalogue of ,chiroptera4 ,by ,knud ,andersen4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,megachiroptera4 #he ,text-figures4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #bl4 #ajs4 ,catalogue of ,carnivorous1 ,pachydermatous1 and ,edentate ,mammalia4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,gray4 #dg ,woodcuts4 #ahfi1 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,catalogue of ,seals and ,whales4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,gray4 ,second ,edition4 #aja ,woodcuts4 #ahff1 #hvo4 #hs4 ,supplement4 #aa ,woodcuts4 #ahga1 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,catalogue of ,ruminant ,mammalia 7,pecora1 ,linnus74 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,gray4 #d ,plates4 #ahgb1 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,monograph of the ,okapi4 ,by ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lankester1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,atlas4 ,compiled with the assistance of ,w4 ,g4 ,ridewood1 ,d4,sc4 #dh ,plates4 #aiaj1 #dto4 #al4 #es4 ,catalogue of the ,marsupialia and ,monotremata4 ,by ,o4 ,thomas4 #bh ,plates 7#d ,coloured74 #ahhh1 #hvo4 #al4 #hs4 ,catalogue of ,mammals of ,western ,europe4 ,by ,gerrit ,s4 ,miller #bac ,text-figures4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #al4 #fs4 ,catalogue of ,heads and ,horns of ,indian ,big ,game bequeathed by ,a4 ,o4 ,hume1 ,c4,b4 ,by ,r4 ,lydekker1 ,f4,r4,s4 #af ,text-figures and a ,portrait4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #bs4 ,,birds4 ,catalogue of the ,birds in the ,british ,museum3-- ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,passeriformes1 or ,perching ,birds4 ,cichlomorph3 ,part ,,iv4 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,woodcuts1 and #ae ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhc1 #hvo4 #al4 #fs4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ----4 ,cichlomorph3 ,part ,v42 and ,certhiomorph4 ,by ,h4 ,gadow4 ,woodcuts1 and #i ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhc1 #hvo4 #ags4 ,vol4 ,x4 ----4 ,fringilliformes3 ,part ,i4 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,woodcuts1 and #ab ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhe1 #hvo4 #al4 #bs4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ----4 ,fringilliformes3 ,part ,,ii4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,sclater4 ,woodcuts1 and #ah ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhf1 #hvo4 #al4 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ----4 ,fringilliformes3 ,part ,,iii4 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,woodcuts1 and #af ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhh1 #hvo4 #al4 #hs4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 ----4 ,sturniformes4 ,also the families ,atrichiid and ,menurid4 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,woodcuts1 and #ae ,coloured ,plates4 #ahij1 #hvo4 #al4 #hs4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 ----4 ,oligomyod4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,sclater4 ,woodcuts1 and #bf ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhh1 #hvo4 #al4 #ds4 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ----4 ,tracheophon4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,sclater4 ,woodcuts1 and #bj ,coloured ,plates4 #ahij1 #hvo4 #al4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,picari4 ,upup and ,trochili1 by ,o4 ,salvin4 ,coraci 7part71 by ,e4 ,hartert4 ,woodcuts1 and #ad ,coloured ,plates4 #ahib1 #hvo4 #al4 #afs4 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ----4 ,coraci 7contin47 and ,halcyones1 by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,bucerotes and ,trogones1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant4 ,woodcuts1 and #ag ,coloured ,plates4 #ahib1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,picari4 ,scansores4 ,by ,e4 ,hargitt4 ,woodcuts1 and #ae ,coloured ,plates4 #ahij1 #hvo4 #al4 #fs4 ,vol4 ,,xix4 ----4 ,scansores and ,coccyges4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,sclater and ,g4 ,e4 ,shelley4 #ac ,coloured ,plates4 #ahia1 #hvo4 #al4 #es4 ,vol4 ,,xx4 ,psittaci1 or ,parrots4 ,by ,t4 ,salvadori4 ,woodcuts1 and #ah ,coloured ,plates4 #ahia1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,xxi4 ,columb1 or ,pigeons4 ,by ,t4 ,salvadori4 #ae ,coloured ,plates4 #ahic1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 ,game ,birds4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant4 #h ,coloured ,plates4 #ahic1 #hvo4 #al4 #fs4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 ,fulicari and ,alectorides4 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 #i ,coloured ,plates4 #ahid1 #hvo4 #al4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4 ,limicol 7,wading ,birds74 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 #g ,coloured ,plates4 #ahif1 #hvo4 #al4 #es4 ,vol4 ,,xxv4 ,gavi 7,terns1 ,gulls1 and ,skuas71 by ,h4 ,saunders4 ,tubinares 7,petrels and ,albatrosses71 by ,o4 ,salvin4 ,woodcuts1 and #h ,coloured ,plates4 #ahif1 #hvo4 #al4 #as4 ,vol4 ,,xxvi4 ,platale 7,ibises and ,spoonbills7 and ,herodiones 7,herons and ,storks71 by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,steganopodes 7,cormorants1 ,gannets1 ,frigate-birds1 ,tropic-birds1 and ,pelicans71 ,pygopodes 7,divers and ,grebes71 ,alc 7,auks71 and ,impennes 7,penguins71 by ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant4 ,woodcuts1 and #ad ,coloured ,plates4 #ahih1 #hvo4 #al4 #es4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 ,chenomorph 7,palamede1 ,phnicopteri1 ,anseres71 ,crypturi1 and ,ratit4 ,by ,t4 ,salvadori4 #ai ,coloured ,plates4 #ahie1 #hvo4 #al4 #abs4 7,volumes ,i4 to ,,vi41 and ,,ix4 are out of print47 ,a ,hand-list of the ,genera and ,species of ,birds4 ,by ,r4 ,bowdler ,sharpe4 ,vol4 ,v4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #al4 ,general ,index to ,vols4 ,i4-,v4 ,edited by ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #ajs4 7,vols4 ,i4-,,iv4 are out of print47 ,catalogue of the ,birds' ,eggs3-- ,vol4 ,i4 ,ratit4 ,carinat 7,tinamiformes-,lariformes74 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,oates4 #ah ,coloured ,plates4 #aija1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,carinat 7,charadriiformes-,strigiformes74 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,oates4 #ae ,coloured ,plates4 #aijb1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,carinat 7,psittaciformes-,passeriformes74 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,oates and ,savile ,g4 ,reid4 #aj ,coloured ,plates4 #aijc1 #hvo4 #al4 #es4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,carinat 7,passeriformes continued74 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,oates and ,savile ,g4 ,reid4 #ad ,coloured ,plates4 #aije1 #hvo4 #cjs4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,carinat 7,passeriformes completed74 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant4 #bb ,coloured ,plates4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #bl4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,reptiles4 ,catalogue of the ,chelonians1 ,rhynchocephalians1 and ,crocodiles4 ,new ,edition4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,boulenger4 #gc ,woodcuts and #f ,plates4 #ahhi1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,catalogue of the ,lizards4 ,second ,edition4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,boulenger4 ,plates4 #c ,volumes4 #ahhe-hg1 #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,,ii41 #al4 each4 ,,iii41 #al4 #fs4 7,vol4 ,i4 out of print47 ,catalogue of the ,snakes4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,boulenger4 ,vol4 ,i4 #bf ,woodcuts and #bh ,plates4 #ahic1 #hvo4 #al4 #as4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #be ,woodcuts and #bj ,plates4 #ahid1 #hvo4 #ags4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #cg ,woodcuts and #be ,plates4 #ahif1 #hvo4 #al4 #fs4 ,,fishes4 ,catalogue of the ,fishes4 ,second ,edition4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,catalogue of the ,perciform ,fishes4 ,containing the ,centrarchid1 ,percid1 and ,serranid 7part74 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,boulenger4 ,woodcuts and #ae ,plates4 #ahie1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,catalogue of the ,fresh-water ,fishes of ,africa4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,boulenger4 ,vol4 ,i4 #bgj ,text-figures4 #aiji1 ,imp4 #hvo4 #al4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #chb ,text-figures4 #aiaa1 ,imp4 #hvo4 #bl4 #es4 ,,insects4 ,coleopterous ,inserts4 ,illustrations of ,typical ,specimens of ,coleoptera4 ,part ,i4 ,lycid4 ,by ,c4 ,o4 ,waterhouse4 #ah ,coloured ,plates4 #ahgi1 #hvo4 #afs4 ,hymenopterous ,insects4 ,list of ,hymenoptera1 with descriptions and figures of the ,typical ,specimens4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,tenthredinid and ,siricid4 #af ,coloured ,plates4 #ahhb1 #hvo4 #al4 #ahs4 ,catalogue of ,british ,hymenoptera4 ,by ,f4 ,smith4 ,second ,edition4 ,part ,i4 ,andrenid and ,apid4 ,new ,issue4 #aa ,plates4 #ahia1 #hvo4 #fs4 ,catalogue of ,british ,hymenoptera of the ,family ,chalcidid4 ,by ,c4 ,morley4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,revision of the ,ichneumonid4 ,by ,c4 ,morley3-- ,pt4 ,i4 ,tribes ,ophionides and ,metopiides4 #a ,plate4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #ds4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,tribes ,rhyssides1 ,echthromorphides1 ,anomalides1 and ,paniscides4 #a ,plate4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #es4 #f;d4 ,dipterous ,insects4 ,a ,monograph of the ,culicid1 or ,mosquitoes4 ,by ,f4 ,v4 ,theobald3-- ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aic ,text-figures and #ag ,plates4 #aijc1 #hvo4 #al4 #as4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #big ,text-figures and #af ,plates4 #aijg1 #hvo4 #al4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,v4 #bfa ,text-figures and #f ,plates4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #al4 #es4 7,volumes ,i4 and ,,ii4 are out of print47 ,handbook of the ,tsetse-,flies 7,genus ,glossina74 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,austen4 #aj ,coloured ,plates1 #bd ,text-figures1 and a ,map4 #aiaa1 roy4 #hvo4 #es4 #f;d4 ,illustrations of ,british ,blood-sucking ,flies1 with ,notes by ,e4 ,e4 ,austen4 #cd ,coloured ,plates4 #aijf1 roy4 #hvo4 #bes4 ,illustrations of ,african ,blood-sucking ,flies other than ,mosquitoes and ,tsetse-,flies4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,austen4 #ac ,coloured ,plates and #c ,text-figures4 #aiji1 roy4 #hvo4 #al4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,lepidopterous ,insects4 ,illustrations of ,typical ,specimens of ,lepidoptera ,heterocera4 ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,butler and ,sir ,g4 ,f4 ,hampson4 ,parts ,v4-,,ix4 ,coloured ,plates4 #ahha-ic1 #dto4 #bl4 to #bl4 #ajs4 a part4 7,parts ,i4-,,iv4 out of print47 ,catalogue of the ,lepidoptera ,phaln ,moths4 ,by ,sir ,g4 ,f4 ,hampson1 ,bart43-- ,vol4 ,i4 ,syntomid4 #bhe ,woodcuts4 #ahih1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #ag ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,arctiad 7,nolin1 ,lithosian74 #daa ,woodcuts4 #aijj1 #hvo4 #ahs4 ,atlas of #ah ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,arctiad 7,arctian7 and ,agaristid4 #bid ,woodcuts4 #aija1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #ai ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #afs4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,noctuid 7,agrotin74 #abe ,woodcuts4 #aijc1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #bc ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #afs4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,noctuid 7,hadenin74 #agb ,woodcuts4 #aije1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #ah ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,noctuid 7,cucullian74 #agb ,woodcuts4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #ab ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,noctuid 7,acronyctin74 #ahd ,woodcuts4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #ags4 ,atlas of #ae ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #acs4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,noctuid 7,acronyctin1 ,,ii474 #afb ,woodcuts4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #ad ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #abs4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,noctuid 7,acronyctin1 ,,iii474 #bdg ,woodcuts4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,atlas of #aa ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #abs4 ,vol4 ,x4 ,noctuid 7,erastrian74 #bad ,woodcuts4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #al4 ,atlas of #bf ,coloured ,plates1 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #al4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,noctuid 7,eutelian ,stictopterin1 ,sarrothripin1 ,acontian74 #bge ,woodcuts4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #al4 ,atlas of #af ,coloured ,plates1 #hvo4 #ags4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,noctuid 7,catocalin1 part74 #acd ,woodcuts4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #ags4 #f;d4 ,catalogue of the ,leech ,collection of ,palarctic ,butterflies4 ,by ,r4 ,south4 #b ,coloured ,plates and a ,portrait4 #aijb1 #dto4 #al4 ,orthopterous ,insects4 ,synonymic ,catalogue of ,orthoptera4 ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby3-- ,vol4 ,i4 ,orthoptera ,euplexoptera1 ,cursoria1 et ,gressoria4 7,forficulid1 ,hemimerid1 ,blattid1 ,mantid1 ,phasmid47 #aijd1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,orthoptera ,saltatoria1 ,part ,i4 7,achetid et ,phasgonurid47 #aijf1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,orthoptera ,saltatoria1 ,part ,,ii4 7,locustid vel ,acridiid74 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #al4 ,homopterous ,insects4 ,a ,synonymic ,catalogue of ,homoptera4 ,part ,i4 ,cicadid4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,distant4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #es4 ,,spiders4 ,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,spiders of ,burma1 based upon the ,collection made by ,e4 ,w4 ,oates and preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,by ,t4 ,thorell4 #ahie1 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,worms4 ,catalogue of ,british ,non-parasitical ,worms4 ,by ,g4 ,johnson1 ,m4,d41 c4 ,woodcuts and #bd ,plates4 #ahfe1 #hvo4 #gs4 ,catalogue of ,chtopoda4 ,a4 ,polychta3 ,pt4 ,i4 ,arenicolid4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,ashworth1 ,d4,sc4 #ae ,plates1 #fh ,text-figures4 #aiab1 roy4 #hvo4 #al4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,echinoderms4 ,catalogue of ,british ,echinoderms4 ,by ,f4 ,j4 ,bell4 ,woodcuts and #af ,plates4 #ahib1 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,corals4 ,catalogue of the ,madreporarian ,corals3-- ,vol4 ,i4 ,the ,genus ,madrepora4 ,by ,g4 ,brook4 #ce ,plates4 #ahic1 #dto4 #al4 #ds4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,the ,genus ,turbinaria2 the ,genus ,astropora4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,bernard4 #cc ,plates4 #ahif1 #dto4 #ahs4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,the ,genus ,montipora2 the ,genus ,anacropora4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,bernard4 #cd ,plates4 #ahig1 #dto4 #al4 #ds4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,the ,family ,poritid4 ,i4--,the ,genus ,goniopora4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,bernard4 #af ,plates4 #aijc1 #dto4 #al4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,the ,family ,poritid4 ,,ii4--,the ,genus ,porites4 ,part ,i4--,porites of the ,indo-,pacific ,region4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,bernard4 #ce ,plates4 #aije1 #dto4 #ces4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,the ,family ,poritid4 ,,ii4--,the ,genus ,porites4 ,part ,,ii4--,porites of the ,atlantic and ,west ,indies1 with the ,european ,fossil ,forms4 ,the ,genus ,goniopora1 ,supp4 to ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,bernard4 #ag ,plates4 #aijf1 #dto4 #al4 ,,plants4 ,illustrations of ,australian ,plants collected in #aggj during ,captain ,cook's ,voyage ,round the ,world in ,h4,m4,s4 8,endeavour40 ,being a series of lithographic reproductions of copper-plates1 with descriptive text4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,bart41 and ,dr4 ,d4 ,solander4 ,with ,introduction and ,determinations by ,j4 ,britten3-- ,part ,i4 #aja ,plates4 #aijj1 fol4 #bes4 ,part ,,ii4 #adb ,plates4 #aija1 fol4 #ces4 ,part ,,iii4 #gg ,plates and #c ,maps4 #aije1 fol4 #bes4 ,catalogue of the ,african ,plants collected by ,dr4 ,friedrich ,welwitsch in #ahec-fa3-- ,vol4 ,i4 ,dicotyledons4 ,by ,william ,philip ,hiern4 ,part ,i4 ,ranunculace to ,rhizophorace4 #ahif1 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,part ,,ii4 ,combretace to ,rubiace4 #ahih1 #hvo4 #ds4 ,part ,,iii4 ,dipsace to ,scrophulariace4 #ahih1 #hvo4 #es4 ,part ,,iv4 ,lentibulariace to ,ceratophylle4 #aijj1 #hvo4 #es4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,monocotyledons1 ,gymnosperms1 and ,cryptogamia4 ,part ,i4 ,monocotyledons and ,gymnesperms4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,rendle4 #ahii1 #hvo4 #fs4 ,part ,,ii4 ,cryptogamia4 ,by various ,authors4 #aija1 #hvo4 #fs4 ,flora of ,jamaica4 ,by ,w4 ,fawcett and ,a4 ,b4 ,rendle4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,orchidace4 #cb ,plates4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,synopsis of the ,british ,basidiomycetes3 a ,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,drawings and ,specimens in the ,department of ,botany4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,smith4 #ade ,text-figures and #e ,plates4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,a ,monograph of the ,british ,lichens3 a ,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,species in the ,department of ,botany1 ,british ,museum4 ,part ,,ii4 ,by ,miss ,a4 ,lorrain ,smith4 #ei ,plates4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #al4 7,part ,i41 by ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,crombie1 out of print47 ,a ,monograph of the ,mycetozoa3 a ,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,species in the ,herbarium of the ,british ,museum4 ,by ,arthur ,lister4 ,second ,edition1 revised by ,miss ,g4 ,lister4 #bja ,plates 7#abj being coloured73 #ef ,text-figures4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #al4 #ajs4 ,,fossils4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,mammalia4 ,by ,r4 ,lydekker4 ,parts ,i4-,v4 ,woodcuts4 #ahhe-hg1 #hvo4 #ds4 to #fs4 a volume4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,birds4 ,by ,r4 ,lydekker4 ,woodcuts4 #ahia1 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia4 ,by ,r4 ,lydekker4 ,parts ,i4-,,iv4 ,woodcuts4 #ahhh-ij1 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 a volume4 ,a descriptive ,catalogue of the ,marine ,reptiles of the ,oxford ,clay1 based on the ,leeds ,collection4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews3-- ,part ,i4 #id ,text-figures1 #aa ,plates4 #aiaj1 #dto4 #al4 #es4 ,part ,,ii4 #gc ,text-figures1 #ad ,plates4 #aiac1 #dto4 #al4 #es4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,fishes4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,woodward4 ,woodcuts and ,plates4 ,parts ,i4-,,iv4 #ahhi-aija1 #hvo4 #al4 #as4 a volume4 ,a descriptive ,catalogue of the ,tertiary ,vertebrata of the ,faym1 ,egypt4 ,based on the ,collection of the ,egyptian ,government in the ,geological ,museum1 ,cairo1 and on the ,collection in the ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history71 ,london4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews4 #ih ,text-figures and #bf ,plates4 #aijf1 #dto4 #al4 #aes4 ,systematic ,list of the ,edwards ,collection of ,british ,oligocene and ,eocene ,mollusca4 ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,newton4 #ahia1 #hvo4 #fs4 ,catalogue of the ,australasian ,tertiary ,mollusca4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,harris4 #h ,plates4 #ahig1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,cephalopoda4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,foord and ,g4 ,c4 ,crick4 ,woodcuts4 ,part ,i4 #ahhh1 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,part ,,ii4 #ahia1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,part ,,iii4 #ahig1 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,list of ,types of ,fossil ,cephalopoda4 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,crick4 #ahih1 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,catalogue of ,british ,fossil ,crustacea1 with their ,synonyms and the ,range in ,time of each ,genus and ,order4 ,by ,h4 ,woodward4 #ahgg1 #hvo4 #es4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,bryozoa4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,gregory3-- ,the ,jurassic ,bryozoa4 #bb ,woodcuts and #aa ,plates4 #ahif1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,the ,cretaceous ,bryozoa4 ,vol4 ,i4 #fd ,woodcuts and #ag ,plates4 #ahii1 #hvo4 #afs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ge ,woodcuts and #i ,plates4 #aiji1 #hvo4 ,catalogue of the ,blastoidea in the ,geological ,department4 ,with an account of the morphology and systematic position of the group1 and a revision of the genera and species4 ,by ,r4 ,etheridge1 jun41 and ,p4 ,h4 ,carpenter4 #bj ,plates1 etc4 #ahhf1 #dto4 #al4 #es4 ,list of ,genera and ,species of ,blastoidea4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,bather4 #ahii1 #hvo4 #cs4 ,catalogue of the ,palozoic ,plants in the ,department of ,geology and ,palontology4 ,by ,r4 ,kidston4 #ahhf1 #hvo4 #es4 ,catalogue of the ,mesozoic ,plants in the ,department of ,geology3-- ,the ,wealden ,flora4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,seward4 ,part ,i4 ,thallophyta-,pteridophyta4 #ag ,woodcuts and #aa ,plates4 #ahid1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,part ,,ii4 ,gymnosperm4 #i ,woodcuts and #bj ,plates4 #ahie1 #hvo4 #aes4 ,the ,jurassic ,flora4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,seward4 ,part ,i4 ,the ,yorkshire ,coast4 #ec ,woodcuts and #ba ,plates4 #aijj1 #hvo4 #al4 ,part ,,ii4 ,the ,liassic and ,oolitic ,floras of ,england 7excluding the ,inferior ,oolitic ,plants of the ,yorkshire ,coast74 #bj ,woodcuts and #ac ,plates4 #aijd1 #hvo4 #ajs4 ,catalogue of the ,fossil ,plants of the ,glossopteris ,flora in the ,department of ,geology4 ,being a ,monograph of the ,permo-carboniferous ,flora of ,india and the ,southern ,hemisphere4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,newell ,arber4 #ea ,text-figures and #h ,plates4 #aije1 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these ,publications can be purchased of ,messrs4 ,,longmans1 ,,green ,co41 #ci1 ,paternoster ,row1 ,e4,c42 ,mr4 ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 #aa1 ,grafton ,street1 ,new ,bond ,street1 ,w42 and ,messrs4 ,,dulau ,co41 ,ltd41 #cg1 ,soho ,square1 ,w42 or at the ,natural ,history ,museum1 ,cromwell ,road1 ,london1 ,s4 ,w4 ,a more detailed list can be obtained on application to the ,,director of the ,museum4 ,,guide-,,books4 ,a ,general ,guide to the ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history74 #acth ,edition4 ,with #eh ,woodcuts1 #b ,plans1 and #b ,views4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,,zoological ,,department4 ,guide to the ,specimens illustrating the ,races of ,mankind4 #bnd ,edition4 #af ,illustrations4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #d;d4 ,guide to the ,galleries of ,mammals 7other than ,ungulates74 #hth ,edition4 #eb ,woodcuts and #d ,plans4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,guide to ,great ,game ,animals4 #da ,woodcuts and #ab ,plates4 #aijg1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,specimens of the ,horse ,family 7,equid74 #bf ,illustrations4 #aijg1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,domesticated ,animals 7other than ,horses74 #bnd ,edition4 #be ,illustrations4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,guide to the ,whales1 ,porpoises1 and ,dolphins 7order ,cetacea74 #cc ,illustrations4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #d;d4 ,guide to the ,gallery of ,birds4 #bnd ,edition4 #be ,plates1 and #g ,illustrations in text4 #aiaj1 #dto4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,guide to the ,gallery of ,birds3-- ,part ,i4 ,general ,series4 #aije1 #dto4 #f;d4 ,part ,,ii4 ,nesting ,series of ,british ,birds4 #bnd ,edition4 #d ,plates4 #aiji1 #dto4 #d;d4 ,guide to the ,gallery of ,reptilia and ,amphibia4 #bnd ,edition4 ,illustrated by #gf text and other ,figures4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,gallery of ,fishes4 #if ,illustrations4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,british ,vertebrates4 #bf ,text-figures1 #a ,plan4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,exhibited ,series of ,insects4 #bnd ,edition4 #fb ,illustrations4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,crustacea1 ,arachnida1 ,onychophora1 and ,myriopoda4 #ij ,text-figures4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,shell and ,starfish ,galleries 7,mollusca1 ,polyzoa1 ,brachiopoda1 ,tunicata1 ,echinoderma1 and ,worms74 #eth ,edition4 #abe ,woodcuts and #a ,plan4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,guide to the ,coral ,gallery 7,protozoa1 ,porifera or ,sponges1 ,hydrozoa1 and ,anthozoa74 #bnd ,edition4 #ij ,illustrations and #a ,plan4 #aijg1 #hvo4 #as4 ,,geological ,,department4 ,a ,guide to the ,fossil ,mammals and ,birds4 #ith ,edition4 #f ,plates and #hh ,text-figures4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,a ,guide to the ,fossil ,reptiles1 ,amphibians1 and ,fishes4 #ith ,edition4 #h ,plates and #aaf ,text-figures4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #i;d4 ,a ,guide to the ,fossil ,invertebrate ,animals4 #bnd ,edition4 #g ,plates and #if ,text-figures4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,elephants 7,recent and ,fossil74 #ca ,illustrations4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,,mineral ,,department4 ,a ,guide to the ,mineral ,gallery4 #aath ,edition4 ,with ,plan4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #a;d4 ,the ,student's ,index to the ,collection of ,minerals4 #bdth ,edition4 ,plan4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #b;d4 ,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,minerals1 with a ,guide to the ,mineral ,gallery4 #acth ,edition4 #da ,woodcuts and ,plan4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,rocks and ,guide to the ,museum ,collection4 #dth ,edition4 ,with ,plan4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #as4 ,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,meteorites1 with a ,list of the ,meteorites represented in the ,collection4 #ajth ,edition4 ,with ,plan4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,,botanical ,,department4 ,list of ,british ,seed-plants and ,ferns exhibited in the ,department of ,botany4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #d;d4 ,guide to ,sowerby's ,models of ,british ,fungi4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,smith4 #crd ,edition4 #ia ,woodcuts4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #d;d4 ,guide#ca to ,drawings of ,field and ,cultivated ,mushrooms1 and ,poisonous or ,worthless ,fungi1 often mistaken for ,mushrooms4 #b ,plates1 containing #bh coloured figures2 #d ,text-figures4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #as4 ,guide to the ,british ,mycetozoa4 ,by ,arthur ,lister4 #crd ,edition4 #df ,woodcuts4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,books and ,portraits illustrating the ,history of ,plant ,classification exhibited in the ,department of ,botany4 #bnd ,edition4 #d ,plates4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #d;d4 7,special ,guide ,series1 ,no4 #b47 ,,special ,,guides4 ,no4 #d4--,memorials of ,darwin3 a collection of ,manuscripts1 ,portraits1 ,medals1 ,books1 and ,natural ,history ,specimens to commemorate the ,centenary of his ,birth4 #bnd ,edition4 #b ,plates4 #aiaj1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,no4 #e4--;,exhibition of ,animals1 ,plants1 and ,minerals mentioned in the ,bible4 #bnd ,edition4 #g ,text-figures4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #f;d4 ,,hints ,,for ,,collectors4 ,handbook of ,instructions for ,collectors4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,third ,edition4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,instructions for ,collectors3-- ,no4 #a4--,mammals4 #dth ,edition4 ,text illustrated4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #b4--;,birds and their ,eggs4 #eth ,edition4 #f ,figures in text4 #aiab1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #c4--,reptiles1 ,batrachians1 and ,fishes4 #crd ,edition4 #aijc1 #hvo4 #d;d4 ,no4 #d4--;,insects4 #eth ,edition4 ,text illust4 #aiaa1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #e4--;,diptera 7,two-winged ,flies74 #crd ,edition4 ,text illust4 #aijh1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #f4--,mosquitoes 7,culicid74 #crd ,edition4 #a ,plate1 #a ,figure in text4 #aijd1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #g4--;,blood-sucking ,flies1 ,ticks1 etc4 #crd ,edition4 #ac ,figures in text4 #aijg1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #h4--,spiders1 ,centipedes1 etc4 #bnd ,edition4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #i4--,soft-bodied ,invertebrate ,animals2 ,shells of ,molluscs4 #crd ,edition4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #aj4--,plants4 #dth ,edition4 #c ,figures in text4 #aiji1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,no4 #aa4--;,fossils and ,minerals4 #crd ,edition4 #aijf1 #hvo4 #c;d4 ,,economic ,,series4 ,no4 #a4--,the ,house-,fly as a danger to health4 ,its ,life-history1 and how to deal with it4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,austen4 #b ,plates 7#d figures71 and #c text-figures4 #aiac1 #hvo4 #a;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,guide-,books can be obtained only at the ,natural ,history ,museum4 ,postage extra4 ,written communications respecting them should be addressed to ,,the ,,director4 ,,regulations ,,for ,,the ,,admission ,,of ,,students4 #a4 ,the ,exhibition ,galleries are open free daily except on ,good ,friday1 ,christmas ,day1 and any ,fast or ,thanksgiving ,day appointed by authority4 7,for hours of admission see back of cover47 #b4 ,the hours for the ,study ,collections are1 throughout the year1 from ten till four o'clock every day in the week1 except ,sunday4 #c4 ,persons desiring special facilities for study or drawing in the ,exhibition ,galleries1 or admission to the ,study ,collections1 must apply in writing to the ,director of the ,museum for a ,student's ticket1 specifying the profession or business1 and place of abode of the applicant1 and the ,department of the ,museum 7viz41 ,zoology1 ,entomology1 ,geology1 ,mineralogy1 or ,botany7 to which admission is required4 #d4 ,every such application must be made two days1 at least1 before admission is required1 and must be accompanied by a written recommendation from a householder 7whose address can be identified from the ordinary sources of reference71 or a person of known position1 with full signature and address1 stated to be given on personal knowledge of the applicant1 and certifying that he or she will make proper use of the department of ,natural ,history to which such admission is required4 #e4 ,if such application or recommendation be unsatisfactory1 the ,director will either refuse admission1 or submit the case to the ,trustees for their decision4 #f4 ,tickets of ,admission must be produced if required1 and are not transferable4 #g4 ,the privilege of admission is granted upon the following conditions3-- 7a7 ,that it may be at any time suspended by the ,director4 7b7 ,that it may be at any time withdrawn by the ,trustees in their absolute discretion4 #h4 ,all communications respecting the ,departments of ,natural ,history should be addressed to-- ,,the ,,director1 ,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history71 ,,cromwell ,,road1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,,number ,,of ,,visitors ,,to ,,the ,,museum ,,from ,,the ,,date ,,of ,,opening 7#ah,,th ,,april1 #ahha74 #ahha #bca1bhd #ahhb #bgh1jbg #ahhc #bgg1cca #ahhd #cge1bca #ahhe #dba1cej #ahhf #chb1gdb #ahhg #ceh1agh #ahhh #cgb1hjb #ahhi #cfa1jdf #ahij #cee1fhb #ahia #cge1ijf #ahib #cea1iag #ahic #djh1bjh #ahid #dac1egb #ahie #ddf1gcg #ahif #dec1ief #ahig #dbb1fjg #ahih #dai1jjd #ahii #dbb1bij #aijj #dhe1bhh #aija #dag1fia #aijb #dcc1fai #aijc #dhf1gcc #aijd #dgj1eeg #aije #eff1cac #aijf #dgb1eeg #aijg #dig1dcg #aijh #eag1jdc #aiji #ece1aaf #aiaj #eae1efb #aiaa #dce1fhd #aiab #dee1fac ,,number ,,of ,,visits ,,to ,,particular ,,departments ,,for ,,the ,,purpose ,,of ,,study4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,zoology4 ,geology4 ,mineralogy4 ,botany4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ahhc #e1bbi #b1dec #fag #a1jbc #ahhd #f1hah #a1iia #fea #iic #ahhe #h1cac #a1iei #fbf #a1aje #ahhf #h1cgb #b1dff #gfa #a1jbf #ahhg #h1iee #c1bij #fbj #a1dhc #ahhh #h1gig #c1aaa #gcc #b1bad #ahhi #h1cfj #c1cci #fhc #a1cdd #ahij #i1jcd #c1gga #fbc #a1bdd #ahia #i1ddc #b1ifa #idf #b1bbf #ahib #aj1icb #d1ajg #a1gea #b1ehe #ahic #aj1hgb #d1iee #a1gad #b1bgd #ahid #aj1gcj #e1agf #a1iid #b1abi #ahie #h1ahi #e1ihf #b1jgc #b1bjf #ahif #g1iie #e1iec #a1hda #b1eee #ahig #i1gjh #d1hhi #a1bdh #b1gah #ahih #aj1hcj #e1bcd #a1agc #b1idj #ahii #aj1gbh #d1dgi #a1bfd #b1fdi #aijj #aa1ibc #d1ddg #a1cad #b1chj #aija #ab1hac #d1egc #a1bie #b1cib #aijb #aj1fcc #d1ace #a1cff #b1jfh #aijc #aa1fbg #d1fja #a1eda #b1ajh #aijd #aa1hbd #d1hed #iji #b1ceh #aije #aa1haa #d1ifh #iid #a1ici #aijf #aj1hac #d1aga #hfg #b1jfe #aijg #aa1jdc #e1edd #hee #b1bde #aijh #aj1bbj #e1hjc #ihg #b1cae #aiji #aa1dfa #e1jeg #hch #b1gab #aiaj #ab1ddc #d1iif #hej #c1jji #aiaa #ab1age #f1jch #fhb #c1jhd #aiab #ab1efd #e1igd #a1dae #c1ifb ,l4 ,,fletcher1 ,director4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,duke ,,street1 ,,stamford ,,street1 ,s4,e41 ,,and ,,great ,,windmill ,,street1 ,w4 ,,british ,,museum 7,,natural ,,history74 ,,days ,,and ,,hours ,,of ,,admission4 ,the ,exhibition ,galleries are open to the ,public1 free daily-- on ,,week-,,days1 throughout the year from #aj ,a4,m41 in ,january to #d ,p4,m4 ,february #a to #ad #d4cj #ae to end #e ,march #e4cj ,april to ,august 7inclusive7 #f ,september #e4cj ,october #e ,november and ,december #d 7on ,,mondays and ,,saturdays1 from the beginning of ,may to the middle of ,july1 to #h ,p4,m41 and from the middle of ,july to the end of ,august1 to #g ,p4,m472 on ,,sundays1 in ,january from #b to #d ,p4,m4 ,february #a to #ad #b #d4cj #ae to end #b #e ,march #b #e4cj ,april #b #f ,may to ,august 7inclusive7 #b4cj #g ,september #b #e4cj ,october #b #e ,november and ,december #b #d ,the ,museum is closed on ,good ,friday and ,christmas ,day4 ,by ,order of the ,trustees1 ,l4 ,,fletcher1 ,director4 ,,footnotes #a ,the ,trustees under the ,act of ,incorporation were the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 the ,lord ,chancellor1 the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons1 the ,bishop of ,london1 and the principal ,officers of ,state for the time being2 six representatives of ,founders' families2 the ,presidents of the ,royal ,society and ,college of ,physicians2 and fifteen other ,trustees to be elected by them4 ,subsequently1 the ,presidents of the ,society of ,antiquaries and of the ,royal ,academy of ,arts1 a ,trustee by special nomination of the ,sovereign1 and three more family ,trustees were added to the ,board4 #b ,in judging the appearance of the exterior of the building1 it should be remembered that these fronts are required to complete the design1 as the externally unsightly brick galleries which run back from the main front1 and are now conspicuous when the ,museum is seen from either west or east1 are intended to be concealed by them 7see ,frontispiece74 #c ,palontology1 or the study of fossil animals and plants1 would have been a more appropriate designation1 as ,geology1 the science which investigates the history of the earth1 and the changes which its surface has undergone in attaining its present condition1 has a much wider scope4 #d ,for conditions as to admission and regulation1 see p4 #aai4 #e ,in the homodont type the teeth are alike1 in the heterodont they are divided into groups4 #f ,see ,special ,guide1 price #f;d4 #g ,see ,special ,guide1 price #as4 #h ,see ,special ,guides1 price respectively #bs4 #f;d41 #f;d41 #d;d4 #i ,see ,special ,guide1 price #as4 #aj ,see ,special ,guide1 price #as4 #aa ,see ,special ,guide1 price #as4 #ab ,see ,special ,guide1 price #as4 #ac ,see ,special ,guide1 price #f;d4 #ad ,see ,special ,guide1 price #f;d4 #ae ,see ,special ,guide1 price #f;d4 #af 8,guide to the ,whales1 ,porpoises1 and ,dolphins exhibited in the ,department of ,zoology40 ,price #d;d4 #ag 8,guide to the ,galleries of ,mammals10 7#f;d472 8,guide to ,great ,game ,animals 7,ungulata710 7#as472 and 8,guide to the ,horse ,family10 7#as474 #ah ,see 8,guide to the ,specimens ,illustrating the ,races of ,mankind 7,anthropology740 ,price #d;d4 #ai 8,guide to the ,fossil ,mammals and ,birds10 price #f;d42 8,guide to the ,fossil ,reptiles1 ,amphibians1 and ,fishes10 price #i;d42 and 8,guide to the ,fossil ,invertebrate ,animals10 price #as4 #bj ,see 8,guide to the ,elephants 7,recent and ,fossil740 ,price #f;d4 #ba 8,guide to the ,mineral ,gallery40 ,price #a;d4 8,introduction to the ,study of ,minerals1 with a ,guide to the ,mineral ,gallery40 ,price #f;d4 #bb 8,introduction to the ,study of ,rocks and ,guide to the ,museum ,collection40 ,price #as4 #bc 8,the ,student's ,index to the ,collection of ,minerals40 ,price #b;d4 #bd ,catalogue of a series of specimens illustrative of the more common forms of ,native ,silica4 ,by ,john ,ruskin1 ,f4,g4,s41 #ahhd4 ,price #as4 #be ,see 8,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,meteorites1 with a ,list of the ,meteorites represented in the ,collection40 ,price #f;d4 #bf 8,books and portraits illustrating the ,history of ,plant ,classification exhibited in the ,department of ,botany40 ,price #d;d4 #bg 8,guide to ,sowerby's ,models of ,british ,fungi40 ,price #d;d4 #bh 8,guide to the ,british ,mycetozoa40 ,price #c;d4 #bi ,a 8,list of ,british ,seed-plants and ,ferns0 has been drawn up in the form of a ,guide4 ,price #d;d4 #cj 8,guide to ,mr4 ,worthington ,smith's ,drawings of ,field and ,cultivated ,mushrooms and ,poisonous or ,worthless ,fungi1 often mistaken for ,mushrooms40 ,with reduced reproduction of the drawings4 ,price #as4 #ca ,,note4--,the plates may be had separately in one sheet mounted on linen and varnished4 ,price #as41 or #as4 #b;d4 post free4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book2 otherwise they were not changed4 ,simple typographical errors were corrected2 occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained4 ,ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained2 occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed4 ,since screen sizes vary from device to device1 and we do not know the dimensions of the pages in the original book1 the 8scale0 sizes given in the captions of some illustrations do not apply to the sizes shown in an e,book4 ,also1 to make the identifiers within some illustrations readable1 the illustrations have not been resized uniformly in this e,book1 so their sizes1 relative to each other1 are not always the same as the ones in the original book4 ,illustrations and ,sidenotes have been positioned between paragraphs in this e,book4 ,consequently1 the page references in the ,list of ,illustrations do not always match the placement in this e,book1 and some of the ,sidenotes refer to material towards the middle or end of the paragraphs that follow them4 ,page #ee3 8feed on young cocoanuts0 was printed with the 8a04