,,! ,,pr9ce ,,by ,,niccol ,,ma*iavelli ,,translat$ ,,into ,,engli% ,,by ,,luigi ,,ricci ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,ed9burgh ,,glasg[ ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,melb\rne ,,capet[n ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,& ,,madras #aiji ,,preface ,( all ,ma*iavelli's works ,! ,pr9ce is und\bt$ly ! greate/2 & a new ,engli% edition ( x is likely to be welcome to all ^? :o h n ! advantage ( read+ x 9 ! classical ,italian orig9al4 ,= a true appreciation ( ,ma*iavelli1 impossible 9 a brief ,preface1 ,i mu/ ref] ! ,engli% read] to ,macaulay's ,essay on ! ,italian hi/orian & /atesman4#a ,9 x he w see h[ our ,au?or's ideas & "w 7 wrongfully & wilfully mis9t]pret$ by ! v m5 :o1 :ile pr(it+ by 8 wisdom1 h ) great +ratitude criticis$ ! /atesman & defam$ 8 "n1 z t ( ! inv5tor ( ! wor/ political sy/em ev] imag9$4 ,yet1 z 8 :ole life 0 an indefatigable & unremitt+ endeav\r to secure = 8 native ,flor5ce a good & popul> gov]nm5t1 & z he lo/ 8 great (fice ( ,secret>y to ! ,flor5t9e ,republic on acc\nt ( 8 av[$ lib]al op9ions1 x is n only unju/ b ridicul\s to accuse him ( help+ tyrants to enslave ! p4 ,:at he did 0 to %[ 9 ! mo/ delib]ate & 9 ! pla9e/ way ! arts by :i* free peoples 7 made slaves2 &1 _h 8 words ( advice be5 always he$$1 no tyrant 9 ,italy or else:]e c\ld h be5 successful 9 8 policy4 ,t he 0 n li/5$ to1 & 8 advice scorn$ & spurn$1 0 n ,ma*iavelli's fault4 ,^? :o /ill %>e ! op9ion ( 8 int]e/$ detractors %\ld read 8 private correspond5ce ) ! lead]s ( lib]al ideas 9 ,italy--_m ( 8 lett]s be+ /ill left unpubli%$ 9 ! ,,ms4 ,collection ( ,giuliano ,ricci 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 9 ! ,ricc>diana ,libr>y 7,no4 #bdfg71 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,ar*ives 7,/rozzi1 ,nos4 #acc & #ajbh7 ( ,flor5ce1 9 ! ,b>b]9i ,libr>y1 & 9 ! ,collezione ,gonnelli ( ! ,palat9e ,libr>y 9 ,rome4 ,,luigi ,,ricci4 #bb ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4 #a ,ma*iavelli by ,?omas ,bab+ton ,macaulay is available at ,project ,gut5b]g 9 ,critical1 ,hi/orical1 & ,miscellane\s ,essays2 ,vol4 #a1 ebook #eeija4 ,,cont5ts ,,niccol ,,ma*iavelli ,,to ,,lor5zo ,,! ,,magnific5t #a4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( ,gov]nm5t & ! ways by :i* !y are e/abli%$4 #b4 ,( ,h]$it>y ,mon>*ies4 #c4 ,( ,mix$ ,mon>*ies4 #d4 ,:y ! ,k+dom ( ,d>ius1 occupi$ by ,alex&]1 did n rebel aga9/ ! successors ( ! latt] aft] 8 dea?4 #e4 ,! way to gov]n ,cities or ,dom9ions t1 previ\s to be+ occupi$1 liv$ "u _! own ,laws4 #f4 ,( ,new ,dom9ions :i* h be5 acquir$ by "o's own ,arms & ,p[]s4 #g4 ,( ,new ,dom9ions acquir$ by ! ,p[] ( o!rs or by ,=tune4 #h4 ,( ^? :o h atta9$ ! position ( ,pr9ce by villa9y4 #i4 ,( ! ,civic ,pr9cipality4 #aj4 ,h[ ! /r5g? ( all ,/ates %\ld be measur$4 #aa4 ,( ,ecclesia/ical ,pr9cipalities4 #ab4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( ,militia & ,m]c5>y ,soldi]s4 #ac4 ,( ,auxili>y1 ,mix$1 & ,native ,troops #ad4 ,:at ! duties ( a ,pr9ce are ) reg>d to ! ,militia4 #af4 ,( ! ?+s = :i* ,m51 & especially ,pr9ces1 are prais$ or blam$4 #af4 ,( ,lib]ality & ,nigg>dl9ess4 #ag4 ,( ,cruelty & ,clem5cy1 & :e!r x is bett] to be lov$ or fe>$4 #ah4 ,9 :at way ,pr9ces mu/ keep fai?4 #ai4 ,t we mu/ avoid be+ despis$ & hat$4 #bj4 ,:e!r ,=tresses & o!r ?+s :i* ,pr9ces (t5 make are useful or injuri\s4 #ba4 ,h[ a ,pr9ce mu/ act 9 ord] to ga9 reputation4 #bb4 ,( ! ,secret>ies ( ,pr9ces4 #bc4 ,h[ ,flatt]]s mu/ be %unn$4 #bd4 ,:y ! ,pr9ces ( ,italy h lo/ _! ,/ates4 #be4 ,h[ mu* ,=tune c d 9 human affairs1 & h[ x may be oppos$4 #bf4 ,exhortation to lib]ate ,italy f ! ,b>b>ians4 ,,niccol ,,ma*iavelli ,,to ,,lor5zo ,,! ,,magnific5t ,,son ,,( ,,pi]o ,,di ,,m$ici ,x is cu/om>y = ^? :o wi% to ga9 ! fav\r ( a pr9ce to endeav\r to d s by (f]+ him gifts ( ^? ?+s :i* !y hold mo/ preci\s1 or 9 :i* !y "k him to take especial delight4 ,9 ?is way pr9ces are (t5 pres5t$ ) horses1 arms1 clo? ( gold1 gems1 & su*-l ornam5ts wor?y ( _! gr&eur4 ,9 my desire1 h[ev]1 to (f] to ,y\r ,highness "s humble te/imony ( my devotion1 ,i h be5 unable to f9d among my possessions any?+ :i* ,i hold s de> or e/eem s highly z t k ( ! de$s ( great m5 :i* ,i h acquir$ ?r\gh a long exp]i5ce ( mod]n ev5ts & a con/ant /udy ( ! pa/4 ,! results ( my long obs]vations & reflections are record$ 9 ! little volume :i* ,i n[ (f] to ,y\r ,highness3 & al?\gh ,i deem ?is "w unwor?y ( ,y\r ,highness's notice1 yet my confid5ce 9 y\r humanity assures me t y w accept x1 kn[+ t x is n 9 my p[] to (f] y a great] gift ?an t ( enabl+ y to und]/& 9 ! %orte/ possible "t all ^? ?+s :i* ,i h le>nt ?r\gh dang] & suff]+ 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s4 ,i h n s\ght to adorn my "w ) long phrases or high-s\nd+ words or any ( ^? allurem5ts & ornam5ts ) :i* _m writ]s seek to embelli% _! books1 z ,i desire no hon\r = my "w b su* z its tru? & ! gravity ( its subject may ju/ly des]ve4 ,nor w x1 ,i tru/1 be deem$ presumptu\s on ! "p ( a man ( humble & obscure condition to attempt to discuss & criticise ! gov]nm5t ( pr9ces2 = 9 ! same way t l&scape pa9t]s /ation !mselves 9 ! valleys 9 ord] to draw m\nta9s or elevat$ gr\nd1 & asc5d an em95ce 9 ord] to get a good view ( ! pla9s1 s x is necess>y to be a pr9ce to be able to "k ?or\ghly ! nature ( a p1 & to "k ! nature ( pr9ces "o mu/ be "o ( ! populace4 ,may ,i tru/1 !re=e1 t ,y\r ,highness w accept ?is little gift 9 ! _s 9 :i* x is (f]$2 & if ,y\r ,highness w deign to p]use x1 y w recognise 9 x my ard5t desire t y may atta9 to t gr&eur :i* =tune & y\r own m]its presage = y4 ,& %\ld ,y\r ,highness gaze d[n f ! summit ( t em95ce t[>ds ?is humble spot1 y w recognise ! great & unm]it$ suff]+s inflict$ on me by a cruel fate4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,! ,,ways ,,by ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,e/abli%$ ,all /ates & dom9ions :i* hold or h held sway ov] mank9d are ei!r republics or mon>*ies4 ,mon>*ies are ei!r h]$it>y ones1 9 :i* ! rul]s h be5 = _m ye>s ( ! same family1 or else !y are ^? ( rec5t f\ndation4 ,! newly f\nd$ ones are ei!r entirely new1 z 0 ,milan to ,francesco ,s=za1 or else !y are1 z x 71 new memb]s graft$ on to ! h]$it>y possessions ( ! pr9ce t annexes !m1 z is ! k+dom ( ,naples to ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,! dom9ions ?us acquir$ h ei!r be5 previ\sly accu/om$ to ! rule ( ano!r pr9ce1 or else h be5 free /ates1 & !y are annex$ ei!r by =ce ( arms ( ! pr9ce1 or ( o!rs1 or else fall to him by good =tune or m]it4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,( ,,h]$it>y ,,mon>*ies ,i w n "h speak ( republics1 hav+ already treat$ ( !m fully 9 ano!r place4 ,i w deal only ) mon>*ies1 & w %[ h[ ! v>i\s k9ds describ$ above c be gov]n$ & ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 h]$it>y /ates accu/om$ to ! reign+ family ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ !m is f> less ?an 9 new mon>*ies2 = x is suffici5t n to exce$ ! ance/ral usages1 & to accommodate "o's self to accid5tal circum/ances2 9 ?is way su* a pr9ce1 if ( ord9>y ability1 w always be able to ma9ta9 8 position1 unless "s v exceptional & excessive =ce deprives him ( x2 & ev5 if he be ?us depriv$ ( x1 on ! slighte/ mis=tune happ5+ to ! new occupi]1 he w be able to rega9 x4 ,we h 9 ,italy ! example ( ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 :o 0 able to )/& ! assaults ( ! ,v5etians 9 ! ye> '#hd1 & ( ,pope ,julius 9 ! ye> '#aj1 = no o!r reason ?an because ( ! antiquity ( 8 family 9 t dom9ion4 ,9 z mu* z ! legitimate pr9ce has less cause & less necessity to give (f5ce1 x is only natural t he %\ld be m lov$2 &1 if no extraord9>y vices make him hat$1 x is only reasonable = 8 subjects to be naturally atta*$ to him1 ! memories & causes ( innovations be+ =gott5 9 ! long p]iod ov] :i* 8 rule has exi/$2 :]eas "o *ange always leaves ! way prep>$ = ! introduction ( ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,( ,,mix$ ,,mon>*ies ,b x is 9 ! new mon>*y t difficulties really exi/4 ,fir/ly1 if x is n entirely new1 b a memb] z x 7 ( a mix$ /ate1 its disord]s spr+ at fir/ f a natural difficulty :i* exi/s 9 all new dom9ions1 because m5 *ange ma/]s will+ly1 hop+ to bett] !mselves2 & ?is belief makes !m take arms aga9/ _! rul]s1 9 :i* !y are deceiv$1 z exp]i5ce %[s !m t !y h gone f bad to worse4 ,?is is ! result ( ano!r v natural cause1 :i* is ! necess>y h>m inflict$ on ^? ov] :om ! pr9ce obta9s dom9ion1 bo? by 8 soldi]s & by an inf9ite numb] ( o!r injuries unavoidably caus$ by 8 occupation4 ,?us y f9d enemies 9 all ^? :om y h injur$ by occupy+ t dom9ion1 & y _c ma9ta9 ! fri5d%ip ( ^? :o h help$ y to obta9 ?is possession1 z y w n be able to fulfil _! expectations1 nor c y use /rong measures ) !m1 be+ "u an obligation to !m2 = :i* reason1 h[ev] /rong y\r armies may be1 y w always ne$ ! fav\r ( ! inhabitants to take possession ( a prov9ce4 ,x 0 f ^! causes t ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france1 ?\gh able to occupy ,milan )\t tr\ble1 imm$iately lo/ x1 & ! =ces ( ,ludovico alone 7 suffici5t to take x f him ! fir/ "t1 = ! inhabitants :o _h will+ly op5$ _! gates to him1 f9d+ !mselves delud$ 9 ! hopes !y _h *]i%$ & n obta9+ ^? b5efits t !y _h anticipat$1 c\ld n be> ! vexati\s rule ( _! new pr9ce4 ,x is inde$ true t1 aft] reconqu]+ ! rebel t]ritories !y are n s easily lo/ aga91 = ! rul] is n[1 by ! fact ( ! rebellion1 less av]se to secure 8 position by puni%+ (f5d]s1 inve/igat+ any suspici\s circum/ances1 & /r5g!n+ himself 9 weak places4 ,s t al?\gh ! m]e appe>ance ( su* a p]son z ,duke ,ludovico on ! fronti] 0 suffici5t to cause ,france to lose ,milan ! fir/ "t1 to make h] lose h] grip ( x ! second "t 0 only possible :5 all ! _w 0 aga9/ h]1 & aft] h] enemies _h be5 defeat$ & driv5 out ( ,italy2 :i* 0 ! result ( ! causes above m5tion$4 ,nev]!less x 0 tak5 f h] bo? ! fir/ & ! second "t4 ,! g5]al causes ( ! fir/ loss h be5 already discuss$2 x rema9s n[ to be se5 :at 7 ! causes ( ! second loss & by :at means ,france c\ld h avoid$ x1 or :at measures might h be5 tak5 by ano!r rul] 9 t position :i* 7 n tak5 by ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,be x obs]v$1 !re=e1 t ^? /ates :i* on annexation are unit$ to a previ\sly exi/+ /ate may or may n be ( ! same nationality & language4 ,if !y are1 x is v easy to hold !m1 especially if !y are n accu/om$ to fre$om2 & to possess !m securely x suffices t ! family ( ! pr9ces :i* =m]ly gov]n$ !m be ext9ct4 ,= ! re/1 _! old condition n be+ di/urb$1 & !re be+ no dissimil>ity ( cu/oms1 ! p settle d[n quietly "u _! new rul]s1 z is se5 9 ! case ( ,burgundy1 ,brittany1 ,gascony1 & ,norm&y1 :i* h be5 s long unit$ to ,france2 & al?\gh !re may be "s slight diff]5ces ( language1 ! cu/oms ( ! p are nev]!less simil>1 & !y c get along well toge!r1 & :oev] obta9s possession ( !m & wi%es to reta9 !m mu/ be> 9 m9d two ?+s3 ! "o1 t ! blood ( _! old rul]s is ext9ct2 ! o!r1 to make no alt]ation ei!r 9 _! laws or 9 _! taxes2 9 ?is way !y w 9 a v %ort space ( "t become unit$ ) _! old possessions & =m "o /ate4 ,b :5 dom9ions are acquir$ 9 a prov9ce diff]+ 9 language1 laws1 & cu/oms1 ! difficulties to be ov]come are great1 & x requires good =tune z well z great indu/ry to reta9 !m2 "o ( ! be/ & mo/ c]ta9 means ( do+ s w\ld be = ! new rul] to take up 8 resid5ce 9 !m4 ,?is w\ld r5d] _! possession m secure & durable1 x is :at ! ,turk has done 9 ,greece2 9 spite ( all ! o!r measures tak5 by him to hold t /ate1 x w\ld n h be5 possible to reta9 x _h he n gone to live !re4 ,be+ on ! spot1 disord]s c be se5 z !y arise & c quickly be rem$i$1 b liv+ at a di/ance1 !y are only he>d ( :5 !y get beyond rem$y4 ,besides :i*1 ! prov9ce is n despoil$ by y\r (ficials1 ! subjects are pleas$ ) ! easy accessibility ( _! pr9ce2 & wi%+ to be loyal !y h m reason to love him1 & %\ld !y be o!rwise !y w h great] cause to fe> him4 ,any ext]nal ,p[] :o wi%es to assail t /ate w be less dispos$ to d s2 s t z long z he resides !re he w be v h>d to dispossess4 ,! o!r & bett] rem$y is to plant colonies 9 "o or two ( ^? places :i* =m z x 7 ! keys ( ! l&1 = x is necess>y ei!r to d ?is or to ma9ta9 a l>ge =ce ( arm$ m54 ,! colonies w co/ ! pr9ce little2 ) little or no exp5se on 8 "p1 he c s5d & ma9ta9 !m2 he only injures ^? ^: l&s & h\ses are tak5 to give to ! new inhabitants1 & ^! =m b a small proportion ( ! /ate1 & ^? :o are injur$1 rema9+ poor & scatt]$1 c nev] d any h>m to him1 & all ! o!rs are1 on ! "o h&1 n injur$ & !re=e easily pacifi$2 &1 on ! o!r1 are fe>ful ( (f5d+ le/ !y %\ld be treat$ l ^? :o h be5 dispossess$ ( _! prop]ty4 ,to conclude1 ^! colonies co/ no?+1 are m fai?ful1 & give less (f5ce2 & ! injur$ p>ties be+ poor & scatt]$ are unable to d mis*ief1 z ,i h %[n4 ,= x mu/ be not$1 t m5 mu/ ei!r be c>ess$ or else annihilat$2 !y w rev5ge !mselves = small injuries1 b _c d s = great ones2 ! injury !re=e t we d to a man mu/ be su* t we ne$ n fe> 8 v5geance4 ,b by ma9ta9+ a g>rison in/ead ( coloni/s1 "o w sp5d mu* m1 & consume 9 gu>d+ x all ! rev5ues ( t /ate1 s t ! acquisition w result 9 a loss1 besides giv+ mu* great] (f5ce1 s9ce x injures e "o 9 t /ate ) ! qu>t]+ ( ! army on x2 :i* be+ an inconv5i5ce felt1 by all1 e "o becomes an enemy1 & ^! are enemies :i* c d mis*ief1 z1 ?\gh beat51 !y rema9 9 _! own homes4 ,9 e way1 !re=e1 a g>rison is z useless z colonies are useful4 ,fur!r1 ! rul] ( a =eign prov9ce z describ$1 %\ld make himself ! lead] & def5d] ( 8 less p[]ful neighb\rs1 & endeav\r to weak5 ! /rong] ones1 & take c>e t 8 possessions are n ent]$ by "s =eign] n less p[]ful ?an himself1 :o w always int]v5e at ! reque/ ( ^? :o are discont5t$ ei!r ?r\gh ambition or fe>1 z 0 se5 :5 ! toli invit$ ! ,romans into ,greece2 & 9 :atev] prov9ce !y ent]$1 x 0 always at ! reque/ ( ! inhabitants4 ,& ! rule is t :5 a p[]ful =eign] ent]s a prov9ce1 all ! less p[]ful inhabitants become 8 adh]5ts1 mov$ by ! envy !y be> to ^? rul+ ov] !m2 s mu* s t ) reg>d to ^! m9or pot5tates he has no tr\ble :atev] 9 w9n+ !m ov]1 = !y will+ly jo9 =ces ) ! /ate t he has acquir$4 ,he has m]ely to be c>eful t !y d n assume too mu* p[] & au?ority1 & he c easily ) 8 own =ces & _! fav\r put d[n ^? t are p[]ful & rema9 9 ev]y?+ ! arbit] ( t prov9ce4 ,& he :o does n gov]n well 9 ?is way w soon lose :at he has acquir$1 & :ile he holds x w meet ) inf9ite difficulty & tr\ble4 ,! ,romans 9 ! prov9ces !y took1 always foll[$ ?is policy2 !y e/abli%$ colonies1 flatt]$ ! less p[]ful )\t increas+ _! /r5g?1 put d[n ! mo/ p[]ful & did n all[ =eign rul]s to obta9 influ5ce 9 !m4 ,i w let ! s+le prov9ce ( ,greece suffice z an example4 ,!y made fri5ds ) ! ,a*i & ! toli1 ! k+dom ( ,mac$onia 0 ca/ d[n1 & ,antio*us driv5 out1 nor did !y all[ ! m]its ( ! ,a*i or ! toli to ga9 !m any increase ( t]ritory1 nor did ! p]suasions ( ,philip induce !m to befri5d him )\t l[]+ him1 nor c\ld ! p[] ( ,antio*us make !m cons5t to all[ him to hold any /ate 9 t prov9ce4 ,= ! ,romans did 9 ?is case :at all wise pr9ces %\ld d1 :o look n only at pres5t dang]s b also at future ones & dilig5tly gu>d aga9/ !m2 = be+ =ese5 !y c easily be rem$i$1 b if "o waits till !y are at h&1 ! m$ic9e is no long] 9 "t z ! malady has become incurable2 x happ5+ ) ?is z ) ^? hectic fev]s spok5 ( by doctors1 :i* at _! beg9n+ are easy to cure b difficult to recognise1 b 9 c\rse ( "t :5 !y h n at fir/ be5 recognis$ & treat$1 become easy to recognise & difficult to cure4 ,?us x happ5s 9 matt]s ( /ate2 = kn[+ af> (f 7:i* x is only giv5 to a prud5t man to d7 ! evils t are brew+1 !y are easily cur$4 ,b :51 = want ( su* k1 !y are all[$ to gr[ s t e "o c recognise !m1 !re is no long] any rem$y to be f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,romans1 obs]v+ ^! disord]s :ile yet remote1 7 always able to f9d a rem$y1 & nev] all[$ !m to proce$ 9 ord] to avoid a w>2 = !y knew t w> 0 n to be avoid$1 & c\ld be def]r$ only to ! advantage ( ! o!r side2 !y !re=e decl>$ w> aga9/ ,philip & ,antio*us 9 ,greece1 s z n to h to fight !m 9 ,italy1 ?\gh !y might at ! "t h avoid$ ei!r2 ?is !y did n *oose to d1 nev] c>+ to d t :i* is n[ e day to be he>d 9 ! m\?s ( our wise m51 to enjoy ! b5efits ( "t1 b pref]r+ ^? ( _! own virtue & prud5ce1 = "t br+s ) x all ?+s1 & may produce indiff]5tly ei!r good or evil4 ,b let u return to ,france & exam9e :e!r %e did any ( ^! ?+s2 & ,i w speak n ( ,*>les1 b ( ,l\is z ! "o ^: proce$+s c be bett] se51 z he held possession 9 ,italy = a long] "t2 y w !n see t he did ! opposite ( all ^? ?+s :i* mu/ be done to keep possession ( a =eign /ate4 ,k+ ,l\is 0 call$ into ,italy by ! ambition ( ! ,v5etians1 :o wi%$ by 8 com+ to ga9 half ( ,lomb>dy4 ,i w n blame ! k+ = com+ nor = ! "p he took1 because wi%+ to plant 8 foot 9 ,italy1 & n hav+ fri5ds 9 ! c\ntry1 on ! contr>y ! conduct ( ,k+ ,*>les hav+ caus$ all doors to be clos$ to him1 he 0 =c$ to accept :at fri5d%ips he c\ld f9d1 & 8 s*emes w\ld h quickly be5 successful if he _h made no mi/akes 9 8 o!r proce$+s4 ,! k+ !n hav+ acquir$ ,lomb>dy rega9$ imm$iately ! reputation lo/ by ,*>les4 ,g5oa yield$1 ! ,flor5t9es became 8 fri5ds1 ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 ! ,dukes ( ,f]r>a & ,b5tivogli1 ! ,lady ( ,furl1 ! ,lords ( ,fa5za1 ,pes>o1 ,rim9i1 ,cam]9o1 & ,piomb9o1 ! inhabitants ( ,lucca1 ( ,pisa1 & ( ,si5na1 all approa*$ him ) (f]s ( fri5d%ip4 ,! ,v5etians might !n h se5 ! effects ( _! tem]ity1 h[ to ga9 a few l&s 9 ,lomb>dy !y _h made ! k+ rul] ov] two-?irds ( ,italy4 ,consid] h[ little difficulty ! k+ w\ld h _h 9 ma9ta9+ 8 reputation 9 ,italy if he _h obs]v$ ! rules above giv51 & kept a firm & sure hold ov] all ^? fri5ds ( 81 :o be+ _m 9 numb]1 & weak1 & fe>ful "o ( ! ,*ur*1 ano!r ( ! ,v5etians1 7 always oblig$ to hold fa/ to him1 & by ^: aid he c\ld easily make sure ( any :o 7 /ill great4 ,b he 0 h>dly 9 ,milan be=e he did exactly ! opposite1 by giv+ aid to ,pope ,alex&] to occupy ! ,romagna4 ,nor did he p]ceive t1 9 tak+ ?is c\rse1 he weak5$ himself1 by ca/+ (f 8 fri5ds & ^? :o _h plac$ !mselves at 8 disposal1 & /r5g!n$ ! ,*ur* by add+ to ! spiritual p[]1 :i* gives x su* au?ority1 fur!r temporal p[]s4 ,& hav+ made ! fir/ mi/ake1 he 0 oblig$ to foll[ x up1 :il/1 to put a /op to ! ambition ( ,alex&] & prev5t him becom+ rul] ( ,tuscany1 he 0 =c$ to come to ,italy4 ,& n cont5t ) hav+ increas$ ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* & lo/ 8 fri5ds1 he n[ desir+ ! k+dom ( ,naples1 divid$ x ) ! k+ ( ,spa92 & :]e he alone 0 ! arbit] ( ,italy1 he n[ br\ght 9 a companion1 s t ! ambiti\s ( t prov9ce :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) him might h "s "o else to appeal to2 & :]e he might h left 9 t k+dom a k+ tribut>y to him1 he dispossess$ him 9 ord] to br+ 9 ano!r :o 0 capable ( driv+ him out4 ,! desire to acquire possessions is a v natural & ord9>y ?+1 & :5 ^? m5 d x :o c d s successfully1 !y are always prais$ & n blam$1 b :5 !y _c & yet want to d s at all co/s1 !y make a mi/ake des]v+ ( great blame4 ,if ,france1 !re=e1 ) h] own =ces c\ld h tak5 ,naples1 %e ought to h done s2 if %e c\ld n %e ought n to h divid$ x4 ,& if ! p>tition ( ,lomb>dy ) ! ,v5etians is to be excus$1 z hav+ be5 ! means ( all[+ ! ,fr5* k+ to set foot 9 ,italy1 ?is o!r p>tition des]ves blame1 n hav+ ! excuse ( necessity4 ,l\is _h ?us made ^! five mi/akes3 he _h cru%$ ! small] ,p[]s1 increas$ ! p[] 9 ,italy ( "o rul]1 br\ght into ! l& a v p[]ful =eign]1 & he _h n come to live !re himself1 nor _h he e/abli%$ any colonies4 ,/ill ^! mi/akes might1 if he _h liv$1 n h injur$ him1 _h he n made ! six?1 t ( tak+ ! /ate f ! ,v5etians2 =1 if he _h n /r5g!n$ ! ,*ur* & br\ght ! ,spani>ds into ,italy1 x w\ld h be5 "r & necess>y to humble !m2 hav+ once tak5 ^? measures1 he ought nev] to h cons5t$ to _! ru92 because1 _h ! ,v5etians be5 /rong1 x w\ld h kept ! o!rs f mak+ attempts on ,lomb>dy1 p>tly because ! ,v5etians w\ld n h cons5t$ to any measures by :i* !y did n get x = !mselves1 & p>tly because ! o!rs w\ld n h want$ to take x f ,france to give x to ,v5ice1 & w\ld n h _h ! c\rage to attack bo?4 ,if any "o urges t ,k+ ,l\is yield$ ! ,romagna to ,alex&] & ! k+dom to ,spa9 9 ord] to avoid w>1 ,i reply1 ) ! reasons already giv51 t "o ought nev] to all[ a disord] to take place 9 ord] to avoid w>1 = w> is n !reby avoid$1 b only def]r$ to y\r disadvantage4 ,& if o!rs allege ! promise giv5 by ! k+ to ! pope to und]take t ent]prise = him1 9 return = ! dissolution ( 8 m>riage & = ! c>d9al%ip ( ,rohan1 ,i reply ) :at ,i %all say lat] on ab\t ! fai? ( pr9ces & h[ x is to be obs]v$4 ,?us ,k+ ,l\is lo/ ,lomb>dy ?r\gh n obs]v+ any ( ^? conditions :i* h be5 obs]v$ by o!rs :o h tak5 prov9ces & wi%$ to reta9 !m4 ,nor is ?is any miracle1 b v reasonable & natural4 ,i spoke ( ?is matt] ) ,c>d9al ,rohan at ,nantes :5 ,val5t9e1 z ,ces>e ,borgia1 son ( ,pope ,alex&]1 0 commonly call$1 0 occupy+ ! ,romagna1 = on ,c>d9al ,rohan say+ to me t ! ,italians did n und]/& w>1 ,i repli$ t ! ,fr5* did n und]/& politics1 = if !y did !y w\ld nev] all[ ! ,*ur* to become s great4 ,& exp]i5ce %[s u t ! greatness 9 ,italy ( ! ,*ur* & also ( ,spa9 h be5 caus$ by ,france1 & h] ru9 has proce$$ f !m4 ,f :i* may be drawn a g5]al rule1 :i* nev] or v r>ely fails1 t :oev] is ! cause ( ano!r becom+ p[]ful1 is ru9$ himself2 = t p[] is produc$ by him ei!r ?r\gh craft or =ce2 & bo? ( ^! are suspect$ by ! "o t has become p[]ful4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:y ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,d>ius1 ,,occupi$ ,,by ,,alex&]1 ,,did ,,n ,,rebel ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,successors ,,( ,,! ,,latt] ,,aft] ,,8 ,,dea?4 ,consid]+ ! difficulties !re are 9 hold+ a newly acquir$ /ate1 "s may wond] h[ x came to pass t ,alex&] ! ,great became ma/] ( ,asia 9 a few ye>s1 & _h h>dly occupi$ x :5 he di$1 f :i* x might be suppos$ t ! :ole /ate w\ld h rebell$4 ,h[ev]1 8 successors ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 possession1 & _h no fur!r difficulty 9 do+ s ?an ^? :i* arose among !mselves f _! own ambitions4 ,i reply t ! k+doms kn[n to hi/ory h be5 gov]n$ 9 two ways3 ei!r by a pr9ce & 8 s]vants1 :o1 z m9i/]s by 8 grace & p]mission1 assi/ 9 gov]n+ ! realm2 or by a pr9ce & by b>ons1 :o hold _! positions n by fav\r ( ! rul] b by antiquity ( blood4 ,su* b>ons h /ates & subjects ( _! own1 :o recognise !m z _! lords1 & are naturally atta*$ to !m4 ,9 ^? /ates :i* are gov]n$ by a pr9ce & 8 s]vants1 ! pr9ce possesses m au?ority1 because !re is no "o 9 ! /ate reg>d$ z a sup]ior besides himself1 & if o!rs are obey$ x is m]ely z m9i/]s & (ficials ( ! pr9ce1 & no "o reg>ds !m ) any special affection4 ,examples ( ^! two k9ds ( gov]nm5t 9 our own "t are ! ,turk & ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,all ! ,turki% mon>*y is gov]n$ by "o rul]1 ! o!rs are 8 s]vants1 & divid+ 8 k+dom into sangiacates1 he s5ds to !m v>i\s adm9i/rators1 & *anges or recalls !m at 8 pleasure4 ,b ! ,k+ ( ,france is surr\nd$ by a l>ge numb] ( anci5t nobles1 recognis$ z su* by _! subjects1 & lov$ by !m2 !y h _! pr]ogatives1 :i* ! k+ _c deprive !m ( )\t dang] to himself4 ,:oev] n[ consid]s ^! two /ates w see t x w\ld be difficult to acquire ! /ate ( ! ,turk2 b hav+ conqu]$ x1 x w\ld be v easy to hold x4 ,! causes ( ! difficulty ( occupy+ ! ,turki% k+dom are1 t ! invad] c\ld n be invit$ by pr9ces ( t k+dom1 nor hope to facilitate 8 ent]prise by ! rebellion ( ^? ar\nd him1 z w be evid5t f reasons giv5 above4 ,because1 be+ all slaves1 & b\nd1 x w be m difficult to corrupt !m1 & ev5 if !y 7 corrupt$1 little effect c\ld be hop$ =1 z !y w\ld n be able to c>ry ! p ) !m = ! reasons m5tion$4 ,!re=e1 :oev] assaults ! ,turk mu/ be prep>$ to meet 8 unit$ =ces1 & mu/ rely m on 8 own /r5g? ?an on ! disord]s ( o!rs2 b hav+ once conqu]$ him1 & beat5 him 9 battle s t he c no long] raise armies1 no?+ else is to be fe>$ except ! family ( ! pr9ce1 & if ?is is ext+ui%$1 !re is no long] any "o to be fe>$1 ! o!rs hav+ no cr$it ) ! p2 & z ! victor be=e ! victory c\ld place no hope 9 !m1 s he ne$ n fe> !m aft]w>ds4 ,! contr>y is ! case 9 k+doms gov]n$ l t ( ,france1 because x is easy to ent] !m by w9n+ ov] "s b>on ( ! k+dom1 !re be+ always "s malcont5ts1 & ^? desir+ innovations4 ,^! c1 = ! reasons /at$1 op5 ! way to y & facilitate victory2 b aft]w>ds1 if y wi% to keep possession1 inf9ite difficulties arise1 bo? f ^? :o h aid$ y & f ^? y h oppress$4 ,nor is x suffici5t to ext+ui% ! family ( ! pr9ce1 = !re rema9 ^? nobles :o w make !mselves ! head ( new *anges1 & be+ nei!r able to cont5t !m nor ext]m9ate !m1 y w lose ! /ate :5ev] an occasion arises4 ,n[ if y w consid] :at 0 ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,d>ius y w f9d x simil> to ! k+dom ( ! ,turk1 & !re=e ,alex&] _h fir/ to completely ov]?r[ x & seize ! c\ntry1 aft] :i* victory1 ,d>ius be+ dead1 ! /ate rema9$ secure to ,alex&]1 = ! reasons discuss$ above4 ,& 8 successors1 _h !y rema9$ unit$1 might h enjoy$ x 9 peace1 nor did any tumults arise 9 ! k+dom except ^? fom5t$ by !mselves4 ,b x is impossible to possess ) su* ease c\ntries con/itut$ l ,france4 ,h5ce arose ! frequ5t rebellions ( ,spa91 ,france1 & ,greece aga9/ ! ,romans1 ow+ to ! num]\s pr9cipalities :i* exi/$ 9 ^? /ates2 =1 z long z ! memory ( ^! la/$1 ! ,romans 7 always unc]ta9 ( _! possessions2 b :5 ! memory ( ^! pr9cipalities _h be5 ext+ui%$ !y became1 ) ! p[] & duration ( ! empire1 secure possessions4 ,& aft]w>ds ! latt] c\ld1 :5 fight+ among !mselves1 draw ea* "o ) him a portion ( ^! prov9ces1 accord+ to ! au?ority he _h e/abli%$ !re1 & ^! prov9ces1 :5 ! family ( _! anci5t pr9ces 0 ext9ct1 recognis$ no o!r rul]s b ! ,romans4 ,consid]+ ^! ?+s1 !re=e1 let no "o be surpris$ at ! facility ) :i* ,alex&] c\ld hold ,asia1 & at ! difficulties t o!rs h _h 9 hold+ acquir$ possessions1 l ,pyrrhus & _m o!rs2 z ?is 0 n caus$ by ! great] or small] ability ( ! conqu]or1 b dep5d$ on ! dissimil>ity ( ! conditions4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,gov]n ,,cities ,,or ,,dom9ions ,,t1 ,,previ\s ,,to ,,be+ ,,occupi$1 ,,liv$ ,,"u ,,_! ,,own ,,laws4 ,:5 ^? /ates :i* h be5 acquir$ are accu/om$ to live at lib]ty "u _! own laws1 !re are ?ree ways ( hold+ !m4 ,! fir/ is to ru9 !m2 ! second is to g & live !re 9 p]son2 ! ?ird is to all[ !m to live "u _! own laws1 tak+ tribute ( !m1 & creat+ !re )9 ! c\ntry a /ate compos$ ( a few :o w keep x fri5dly to y4 ,because ?is /ate1 be+ creat$ by ! pr9ce1 kn[s t x _c exi/ )\t 8 fri5d%ip & protection1 & w d all x c to keep !m1 & a city us$ to lib]ty c be m easily held by means ( its citiz5s ?an 9 any o!r way1 if y wi% to pres]ve x4 ,!re is ! example ( ! ,sp>tans & ! ,romans4 ,! ,sp>tans held ,a!ns & ,!bes by creat+ )9 !m a /ate ( a few p2 nev]!less !y lo/ !m4 ,! ,romans1 9 ord] to hold ,capua1 ,c>?age1 & ,numantia1 de/roy$ !m1 b did n lose !m4 ,!y want$ to hold ,greece 9 almo/ ! same way z ! ,sp>tans held x1 leav+ x free & "u its own laws1 b !y did n succe$2 s t !y 7 compell$ to de/roy _m cities 9 t prov9ce 9 ord] to keep x1 because 9 tru? !re is no sure me?od ( hold+ !m except by ru9+ !m4 ,& :oev] becomes ! rul] ( a free city & does n de/roy x1 c expect to be de/roy$ by x1 = x c always f9d a motive = rebellion 9 ! "n ( lib]ty & ( its anci5t usages1 :i* are =gott5 nei!r by lapse ( "t nor by b5efits receiv$1 & :atev] "o does or provides1 s long z ! inhabitants are n sep>at$ or disp]s$1 !y d n =get t "n & ^? usages1 b appeal to !m at once 9 e em]g5cy1 z did ,pisa aft] be+ s _m ye>s held 9 s]vitude by ! ,flor5t9es4 ,b :5 cities or prov9ces h be5 accu/om$ to live "u a pr9ce1 & ! family ( t pr9ce is ext+ui%$1 be+ on ! "o h& us$ to obey1 & on ! o!r n hav+ _! old pr9ce1 !y _c unite 9 *oos+ "o f among !mselves1 & !y d n "k h[ to live 9 fre$om1 s t !y are sl[] to take arms1 & a pr9ce c w9 !m ov] ) great] facility & e/abli% himself securely4 ,b 9 republics !re is great] life1 great] hatr$1 & m desire = v5geance2 !y d n & _c ca/ aside ! memory ( _! anci5t lib]ty1 s t ! sure/ way is ei!r to de/roy !m or reside 9 !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,( ,,new ,,dom9ions ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,acquir$ ,,by ,,"o',s ,,own ,,arms ,,& ,,p[]s ,let no "o m>vel if 9 speak+ ( new dom9ions bo? z to pr9ce & /ate1 ,i br+ =w>d v exalt$ in/ances1 = z m5 walk almo/ always 9 ! pa?s trodd5 by o!rs1 proce$+ 9 _! actions by imitation1 & n be+ always able to foll[ o!rs exactly1 nor atta9 to ! excell5ce ( ^? !y imitate1 a prud5t man %\ld always foll[ 9 ! pa? trodd5 by great m5 & imitate ^? :o are mo/ excell5t1 s t if he does n atta9 to _! greatness1 at any rate he w get "s t+e ( x4 ,he w d l prud5t ar*]s1 :o :5 ! place !y wi% to hit is too f> (f1 kn[+ h[ f> _! b[ w c>ry1 aim at a spot mu* high] ?an ! "o !y wi% to hit1 n 9 ord] to rea* ?is height ) _! arr[1 b by help ( ?is high aim to hit ! spot !y wi% to4 ,i say !n t 9 new dom9ions1 :]e !re is a new pr9ce1 x is m or less easy to hold !m accord+ to ! great] or less] ability ( him :o acquires !m4 ,& z ! fact ( a private individual becom+ a pr9ce presupposes ei!r great ability or good =tune1 x w\ld appe> t ei!r ( ^! ?+s w\ld mitigate 9 "p _m difficulties4 ,nev]!less ^? :o h be5 want+ z reg>ds good =tune h ma9ta9$ !mselves be/4 ,! matt] is also facilitat$ by ! pr9ce be+ oblig$ to reside p]sonally 9 8 t]ritory1 hav+ no o!rs4 ,b to come to ^? :o h become pr9ces ?r\gh _! own m]its & n by =tune1 ,i reg>d z ! greate/1 ,moses1 ,cyrus1 ,romulus1 ,!seus1 & su* l4 ,& al?\gh "o %\ld n speak ( ,moses1 he hav+ m]ely c>ri$ out :at 0 ord]$ him by ,god1 /ill he des]ves admiration1 if only = t grace :i* made him wor?y to speak ) ,god4 ,b reg>d+ ,cyrus & o!rs :o h acquir$ or f\nd$ k+doms1 !y w all be f\nd wor?y ( admiration2 & if _! p>ticul> actions & me?ods are exam9$ !y w n appe> v diff]5t f ^? ( ,moses1 al?\gh he _h s great a ,ma/]4 ,& 9 exam9+ _! life & de$s x w be se5 t !y ow$ no?+ to =tune b ! opportunity :i* gave !m matt] to be %ap$ into ! =m t !y ?\ght fit2 & )\t t opportunity _! p[]s w\ld h be5 wa/$1 & )\t _! p[]s ! opportunity w\ld h come 9 va94 ,x 0 ?us necess>y t ,moses %\ld f9d ! p ( ,israel slaves 9 ,egypt & oppress$ by ! ,egyptians1 s t !y 7 dispos$ to foll[ him 9 ord] to escape f _! s]vitude4 ,x 0 necess>y t ,romulus %\ld be unable to rema9 9 ,alba1 & %\ld h be5 expos$ at 8 bir?1 9 ord] t he might become ,k+ ( ,rome & f\nd] ( t nation4 ,x 0 necess>y t ,cyrus %\ld f9d ! ,p]sians discont5t$ ) ! empire ( ! ,m$es1 & ! ,m$es weak & effem9ate ?r\gh long peace4 ,!seus c\ld n h %[$ 8 abilities if he _h n f\nd ! ,a!nians disp]s$4 ,^! opportunities1 !re=e1 gave ^! m5 _! *ance1 & _! own great qualities enabl$ !m to pr(it by !m1 s z to ennoble _! c\ntry & augm5t its =tunes4 ,^? :o by h]oic means su* z ^! become pr9ces1 obta9 _! dom9ions ) difficulty b reta9 !m easily1 & ! difficulties :i* !y h 9 acquir+ _! dom9ions arise 9 "p f ! new rules & regulations t !y h to introduce 9 ord] to e/abli% _! position securely4 ,x mu/ be consid]$ t !re is no?+ m difficult to c>ry out1 nor m d\btful ( success1 nor m dang]\s to h&le1 ?an to initiate a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,= ! re=m] has enemies 9 all ^? :o pr(it by ! old ord]1 & only lukew>m def5d]s 9 all ^? :o w\ld pr(it by ! new ord]1 ?is lukew>mness aris+ p>tly f fe> ( _! adv]s>ies1 :o h ! laws 9 _! fav\r2 & p>tly f ! incr$ulity ( mank9d1 :o d n truly believe 9 any?+ new until !y h _h actual exp]i5ce ( x4 ,?us x arises t on e opportunity = attack+ ! re=m]1 8 oppon5ts d s ) ! zeal ( p>tisans1 ! o!rs only def5d him half-he>t$ly1 s t betwe5 !m he runs great dang]4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to inve/igate ?or\ghly ?is "q1 to exam9e :e!r ^! innovators are indep5d5t1 or :e!r !y dep5d ^u o!rs1 t is to say1 :e!r 9 ord] to c>ry out _! designs !y h to entreat or are able to =ce4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y inv>iably succe$ ill1 & accompli% no?+2 b :5 !y c dep5d on _! own /r5g? & are able to use =ce1 !y r>ely fail4 ,?us x comes ab\t t all arm$ prophets h conqu]$ & un>m$ ones fail$2 = besides :at has be5 already said1 ! "* ( p v>ies1 & x is easy to p]suade !m ( a ?+1 b difficult to keep !m 9 t p]suasion4 ,& s x is necess>y to ord] ?+s s t :5 !y no long] believe1 !y c be made to believe by =ce4 ,moses1 ,cyrus1 ,!seus1 & ,romulus w\ld n h be5 able to make _! in/itutions obs]v$ = s long _h !y be5 dis>m$1 z happ5$ 9 our own "t to ,fra ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 :o fail$ entirely 9 8 new rules :5 ! multitude began to disbelieve 9 him1 & he _h no means ( hold+ fa/ ^? :o _h believ$ nor ( compell+ ! unbeliev]s to believe4 ,!re=e su* m5 z ^! h great difficulty 9 mak+ _! way1 & all _! dang]s are met on ! road & mu/ be ov]come by _! own abilities2 b :5 once !y h ov]come !m & h begun to be held 9 v5]ation1 & h suppress$ ^? :o envi$ !m1 !y rema9 p[]ful & secure1 hon\r$ & happy4 ,to ! high examples giv5 ,i w add a less] "o1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is to be comp>$ 9 "s measure ) !m & w s]ve z an in/ance ( all su* cases1 t ( ,j]one ( ,syracuse1 :o f a private individual became ,pr9ce ( ,siracusa1 )\t o!r aid f =tune beyond ! opportunity2 = ! ,siracusans be+ oppress$ elect$ him z _! capta91 f :i* by m]it he 0 made pr9ce2 :ile /ill 9 private life 8 virtues 7 su* t x 0 writt5 ( him1 t he lack$ no?+ to reign b ! k+dom4 ,he aboli%$ ! old militia1 rais$ a new "o1 ab&on$ 8 old fri5d%ips & =m$ new ones2 & z he _h ?us fri5ds & soldi]s ( 8 own1 he 0 able on ?is f\ndation to build securely1 s t :ile he _h great tr\ble 9 acquir+ 8 position he _h little 9 ma9ta9+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,( ,,new ,,dom9ions ,,acquir$ ,,by ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,o!rs ,,or ,,by ,,=tune ,^? :o rise f private citiz5s to be pr9ces m]ely by =tune h little tr\ble 9 ris+ b v mu* 9 ma9ta9+ _! position4 ,!y meet ) no difficulties on ! way z !y fly ov] !m1 b all _! difficulties arise :5 !y are e/abli%$4 ,su* are !y :o are grant$ a /ate ei!r = money1 or by fav\r ( him :o grants x1 z happ5$ to _m 9 ,greece1 9 ! cities ( ,ionia & ( ! ,hellespont1 :o 7 creat$ pr9ces by ,d>ius 9 ord] to hold ^! places = 8 security & glory2 su* 7 also ^? emp]ors :o f private citiz5s became emp]ors by brib+ ! army4 ,su* z ^! dep5d absolutely on ! good w & =tune ( ^? :o h rais$ !m1 bo? ( :i* are extremely incon/ant & un/able4 ,!y nei!r "k h[ to1 nor are 9 a position to ma9ta9 _! rank1 = unless he be a man ( great g5ius x is n likely t "o :o has always liv$ 9 a private position %\ld "k h[ to comm&1 & !y are unable to comm& because !y possess no =ces :i* w be fri5dly & fai?ful to !m4 ,moreov]1 /ates quickly f\nd$1 l all o!r ?+s :i* are born & gr[ rapidly1 _c h deep roots1 s t ! fir/ /orm de/roys !m1 unless1 z already said1 ! man :o ?us becomes a pr9ce is ( su* great g5ius z to be able to take imm$iate /eps = ma9ta9+ :at =tune has ?r[n into 8 lap1 & lay aft]w>ds ^? f\ndations :i* o!rs make be=e becom+ pr9ces4 ,) reg>d to ^! two me?ods ( becom+ a pr9ce1--by ability or by good =tune1 ,i w "h adduce two examples :i* h tak5 place )9 our memory1 ^? ( ,francesco ,s=za & ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,francesco1 by appropriate means & ?r\gh great abilities1 f citiz5 became ,duke ( ,milan1 & :at he _h atta9$ aft] a ?\s& difficulties he ma9ta9$ ) little tr\ble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ces>e ,borgia1 commonly call$ ,duke ,val5t9e1 acquir$ ! /ate ?r\gh ! =tune ( 8 fa!r & by ! same means lo/ x1 & t al?\gh e measure 0 adopt$ by him & ev]y?+ done t a prud5t & capable man c\ld d to e/abli% himself firmly 9 t /ate t ! arms & ! fav\rs ( o!rs _h giv5 him4 ,=1 z we h said1 he :o does n lay 8 f\ndations be=eh& may by great abilities d s aft]w>ds1 al?\gh ) great tr\ble to ! ar*itect & dang] to ! build+4 ,if1 !n1 "o consid]s ! progress made by ! duke1 x w be se5 h[ firm 7 ! f\ndations he _h laid to 8 future p[]1 :i* ,i d n ?9k x sup]flu\s to exam9e1 z ,i "k ( no bett] precepts = a new pr9ce to foll[ ?an ! example ( 8 actions2 & if 8 measures 7 n successful1 x 0 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own b only by ! mo/ extraord9>y malignity ( =tune4 ,9 wi%+ to aggr&ise ! duke 8 son1 ,alex&] ,,vi4 _h to meet v great difficulties bo? pres5t & future4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he saw no way ( mak+ him rul] ( any /ate t 0 n a possession ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& 9 attempt+ to take t ( ! ,*ur*1 he knew t ! ,duke ( ,milan & ! ,v5etians w\ld n cons5t1 because ,fa5za & ,rim9i 7 already "u ! protection ( ! ,v5etians4 ,he saw1 moreov]1 t ! arms ( ,italy1 especially ( ^? :o might h s]v$ him1 7 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o w\ld fe> ! greatness ( ! pope1 & !re=e he c\ld n dep5d ^u !m1 be+ all "u ! ,ors9is & ,colonnas & _! adh]5ts4 ,x 01 !re=e1 necess>y to di/urb ! exi/+ condition & br+ ab\t disord]s 9 ! /ates ( ,italy 9 ord] to obta9 secure ma/]y ov] a "p ( !m2 ?is 0 easy1 = he f\nd ! ,v5etians1 :o1 actuat$ by o!r motives1 _h invit$ ! ,fr5* into ,italy1 :i* he n only did n oppose1 b facilitat$ by dissolv+ ! m>riage ( ,k+ ,l\is4 ,! k+ came ?us into ,italy ) ! aid ( ! ,v5etians & ! cons5t ( ,alex&]1 & _h h>dly arriv$ at ,milan be=e ! pope obta9$ troops f him = 8 ent]prise 9 ! ,romagna1 :i* he c>ri$ out by means ( ! reputation ( ! k+4 ,! duke hav+ ?us obta9$ ! ,romagna & defeat$ ! ,colonnas1 0 h9d]$ 9 ma9ta9+ x & proce$+ fur!r by two ?+s3 ! "o1 8 =ces1 ( :i* he d\bt$ ! fidelity2 ! o!r ! w ( ,france1 t is to say1 he fe>$ le/ ! arms ( ! ,ors9i ( :i* he _h avail$ himself %\ld fail him1 & n only h9d] him 9 obta9+ m b take f him :at he _h already conqu]$1 & he also fe>$ t ! k+ might d ! same4 ,he _h evid5ce ( ?is z reg>ds ! ,ors9i :51 aft] tak+ ,fa5za1 he assault$ ,bologna & obs]v$ _! backw>dness 9 ! assault4 ,& z reg>ds ! k+1 he p]ceiv$ 8 designs :51 aft] tak+ ! duk$om ( ,urb9o1 he attack$ ,tuscany1 & ! k+ made him desi/ f t ent]prise2 :]eupon ! duke decid$ to dep5d no long] on ! =tunes & arms ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ ?+ he did 0 to weak5 ! p>ties ( ! ,ors9is & ,colonnas 9 ,rome by ga9+ all _! adh]5ts :o 7 g5tlem5 & mak+ !m foll[]s ( himself1 by grant+ !m l>ge p5sions1 & appo9t+ !m to comm&s & (fices accord+ to _! rank1 s t _! atta*m5t to _! p>ties 0 ext+ui%$ 9 a few mon?s1 & entirely conc5trat$ on ! duke4 ,aft] ?is he await$ an opportunity = cru%+ ! ,ors9is1 hav+ disp]s$ ! adh]5ts ( ! ,colonna family1 & :5 ! opportunity arriv$ he made good use ( x1 = ! ,ors9i see+ at l5g? t ! greatness ( ! duke & ( ! ,*ur* meant _! own ru91 convok$ a diet at ,magione 9 ! ,p]ug9o4 ,h5ce sprang ! rebellion ( ,urb9o & ! tumults 9 ,romagna & inf9ite dang]s to ! duke1 :o ov]came !m all ) ! help ( ! ,fr5*2 & hav+ rega9$ 8 reputation1 nei!r tru/+ ,france nor o!r =eign =ces 9 ord] n to h to oppose !m1 he _h rec\rse to /ratagem4 ,he dissembl$ 8 aims s well t ! ,ors9i1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,signor ,pavolo1 made _! peace ) him1 :i* ! duke sp>$ no ef=ts to make secure1 pres5t+ !m ) robes1 money1 & horses1 s t 9 _! simplicity !y 7 induc$ to come to ,s9igaglia & fell into 8 h&s4 ,hav+ ?us suppress$ ^! lead]s & made _! p>tisans 8 fri5ds1 ! duke _h laid a v good f\ndation to 8 p[]1 hav+ all ! ,romagna ) ! du*y ( ,urb9o1 & hav+ ga9$ ! fav\r ( ! inhabitants1 :o began to feel ! b5efit ( 8 rule4 ,& z ?is "p is wor?y ( note & ( imitation by o!rs1 ,i w n omit m5tion ( x4 ,:5 he took ! ,romagna1 x _h previ\sly be5 gov]n$ by weak rul]s1 :o _h r despoil$ _! subjects ?an gov]n$ !m1 & giv5 !m m cause = disunion ?an = union1 s t ! prov9ce 0 a prey to robb]y1 assaults1 & e k9d ( disord]4 ,he1 !re=e1 judg$ x necess>y to give !m a good gov]nm5t 9 ord] to make !m peaceful & ob$i5t to 8 rule4 ,= ?is purpose he appo9t$ ,mess] ,remiro d' ,orco1 a cruel & able man1 to :om he gave ! fulle/ au?ority4 ,?is man1 9 a %ort "t1 0 highly successful 9 r5d]+ ! c\ntry ord]ly & unit$1 :]eupon ! duke1 n deem+ su* excessive au?ority exp$i5t1 le/ x %\ld become hateful1 appo9t$ a civil c\rt ( ju/ice 9 ! middle ( ! prov9ce "u an excell5t presid5t1 to :i* ea* city appo9t$ its own advocate4 ,& z he knew t ! h>%ness ( ! pa/ _h eng5d]$ "s am\nt ( hatr$1 9 ord] to purge ! m9ds ( ! p & to w9 !m ov] completely1 he resolv$ to %[ t if any cruelty _h tak5 place x 0 n by 8 ord]s1 b ?r\gh ! h>% disposition ( 8 m9i/]4 ,& tak+ him on "s pretext1 he _h him plac$ "o morn+ 9 ! public squ>e at ,ces5a1 cut 9 half1 ) a piece ( wood & blood-/a9$ knife by 8 side4 ,! f]ocity ( ?is spectacle caus$ ! p bo? satisfaction & amazem5t4 ,b to return to :]e we left (f4 ,! duke be+ n[ p[]ful & p>tly secur$ aga9/ pres5t p]ils1 be+ arm$ himself1 & hav+ 9 a great measure put d[n ^? neighb\r+ =ces :i* might injure him1 _h n[ to get ! respect ( ,france1 if he wi%$ to proce$ ) 8 acquisitions1 = he knew t ! k+1 :o _h lately discov]$ 8 error1 w\ld n give him any help4 ,he began !re=e to seek fre% alliances & to vacillate ) ,france 9 ! exp$ition t ! ,fr5* made t[>ds ! k+dom ( ,naples aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 :o 7 besieg+ ,gaeta4 ,8 int5tion 0 to assure himself ( !m1 :i* he w\ld soon h succe$$ 9 do+ if ,alex&] _h liv$4 ,^! 7 ! measures tak5 by him ) reg>d to ! pres5t4 ,z to ! future1 he fe>$ t a new successor to ! ,*ur* might n be fri5dly to him & might seek to deprive him ( :at ,alex&] _h giv5 him1 & he s\ght to provide aga9/ ?is 9 f\r ways4 ,fir/ly1 by de/roy+ all :o 7 ( ! blood ( ^? rul+ families :i* he _h despoil$1 9 ord] to deprive ! pope ( any opportunity4 ,secondly1 by ga9+ ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,roman nobles1 s t he might ?r\gh !m hold z x 7 ! pope 9 *eck4 ,?irdly1 by obta9+ z great a hold on ! ,college z he c\ld4 ,f\r?ly1 by acquir+ su* p[] be=e ! pope di$ z to be able to resi/ alone ! fir/ onslaught4 ,( ^! f\r ?+s he _h at ! dea? ( ,alex&] accompli%$ ?ree1 & ! f\r? he _h almo/ accompli%$4 ,= ( ! dispossess$ rul]s he kill$ z _m z he c\ld lay h&s on1 & v few escap$2 he _h ga9$ to 8 p>ty ! ,roman nobles2 & he _h a great %>e 9 ! ,college4 ,z to new possessions1 he design$ to become "l ( ,tuscany1 & already possess$ ,p]ugia & ,piomb9o1 & _h assum$ ! protectorate ov] ,pisa2 & z he _h no long] to fe> ! ,fr5* 7= ! ,fr5* _h be5 depriv$ ( ! k+dom ( ,naples by ! ,spani>ds 9 su* a way t bo? p>ties 7 oblig$ to buy 8 fri5d%ip7 he seiz$ ,pisa4 ,aft] ?is1 ,lucca & ,si5a at once yield$1 p>tly ?r\gh envy ( ! ,flor5t9es & p>tly ?r\gh fe>2 ! ,flor5t9es _h no res\rces1 s t1 _h he succe$$ z he _h done be=e1 9 ! v ye> t ,alex&] di$ he w\ld h ga9$ su* /r5g? & r5[n z to be able to ma9ta9 himself )\t dep5d+ on ! =tunes or /r5g? ( o!rs1 b solely by 8 own p[] & ability4 ,b ,alex&] di$ five ye>s aft] he _h fir/ drawn 8 sword4 ,he left him ) ! /ate ( ,romagna only firmly e/abli%$1 & all ! o!r s*emes 9 mid-air1 betwe5 two v p[]ful & ho/ile armies1 & suff]+ f a fatal illness4 ,b ! val\r & ability ( ! duke 7 su*1 & he knew s well h[ to w9 ov] m5 or vanqui% !m1 & s /rong 7 ! f\ndations t he _h laid 9 ?is %ort "t1 t if he _h n _h ^? two armies ^u him1 or else _h be5 9 good heal?1 he w\ld h surviv$ e difficulty4 ,& t 8 f\ndations 7 good is se5 f ! fact t ! ,romagna wait$ = him m ?an a mon?2 9 ,rome1 al?\gh half dead1 he rema9$ secure1 & al?\gh ! ,baglioni1 ,vitelli1 & ,ors9i ent]$ ,rome !y f\nd no foll[]s aga9/ him4 ,he 0 able1 if n to make pope :om he wi%$1 at any rate to prev5t a pope be+ creat$ :om he did n wi%4 ,b if at ! dea? ( ,alex&] he _h be5 well ev]y?+ w\ld h be5 easy4 ,& he told me on ! day t ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 0 creat$1 t he _h ?\ght ( ev]y?+ :i* might happ5 on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 & provid$ aga9/ ev]y?+1 except t he _h nev] ?\ght t at 8 fa!r's dea? he w\ld be dy+ himself4 ,review+ ?us all ! actions ( ! duke1 ,i f9d no?+ to blame1 on ! contr>y1 ,i feel b\nd1 z ,i h done1 to hold him up z an example to be imitat$ by all :o by =tune & ) ! arms ( o!rs h ris5 to p[]4 ,= ) 8 great c\rage & high ambition he c\ld n h act$ o!rwise1 & 8 designs 7 only fru/rat$ by ! %ort life ( ,alex&] & 8 own illness4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 deems x necess>y 9 8 new pr9cipality to secure himself aga9/ enemies1 to ga9 fri5ds1 to conqu] by =ce or fraud1 to make himself belov$ & fe>$ by ! p1 foll[$ & rev]5c$ by ! soldi]s1 to de/roy ^? :o c & may injure him1 introduce innovations into old cu/oms1 to be sev]e & k9d1 magnanim\s & lib]al1 suppress ! old militia1 create a new "o1 ma9ta9 ! fri5d%ip ( k+s & pr9ces 9 su* a way t !y are glad to b5efit him & fe> to injure him1 su* a "o c f9d no bett] example ?an ! actions ( ?is man4 ,! only ?+ he c be accus$ ( is t 9 ! creation ( ,julius ,,ii4 he made a bad *oice2 =1 z has be5 said1 n be+ able to *oose 8 own pope1 he c\ld /ill prev5t any "o be+ made pope1 & he ought nev] to h p]mitt$ any ( ^? c>d9als to be rais$ to ! papacy :om he _h injur$1 or :o :5 pope w\ld /& 9 fe> ( him4 ,= m5 commit injuries ei!r ?r\gh fe> or ?r\gh hate4 ,^? :om he _h injur$ 71 among o!rs1 ,san ,pietro ad ,v9cula1 ,colonna1 ,san ,giorgio1 & ,ascanio4 ,all ! o!rs1 if assum$ to ! pontificate1 w\ld h _h to fe> him except ,rohan & ! ,spani>ds2 ! latt] ?r\gh _! relation%ip & obligations to him1 ! =m] f 8 great p[]1 be+ relat$ to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,= ^! reasons ! duke ought above all ?+s to h creat$ a ,spani>d pope2 & if unable to1 !n he %\ld h cons5t$ to ,rohan be+ appo9t$ & n ,san ,pietro ad ,v9cula4 ,& :oev] ?9ks t 9 high p]sonages new b5efits cause old (f5ces to be =gott51 makes a great mi/ake4 ,! duke1 !re=e1 err$ 9 ?is *oice1 & x 0 ! cause ( 8 ultimate ru94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,atta9$ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,pr9ce ,,by ,,villa9y ,b z !re are /ill two ways ( becom+ pr9ce :i* _c be attribut$ entirely ei!r to =tune or to ability1 !y mu/ n be pass$ ov]1 al?\gh "o ( !m c\ld be m fully discuss$ if we 7 treat+ ( republics4 ,^! are :5 "o becomes pr9ce by "s nef>i\s or villa9\s means1 or :5 a private citiz5 becomes ! pr9ce ( 8 c\ntry ?r\gh ! fav\r ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,& 9 speak+ ( ! =m] means1 ,i w give two examples1 "o anci5t1 ! o!r mod]n1 )\t ent]+ fur!r into ! m]its ( ?is me?od1 z ,i judge !m to be suffici5t = any "o oblig$ to imitate !m4 ,aga?ocles ! ,sicilian rose n only f private life b f ! l[e/ & mo/ abject position to be ,k+ ( ,syracuse4 ,! son ( a pott]1 he l$ a life ( ! utmo/ wick$ness ?r\gh all ! /ages ( 8 =tune4 ,nev]!less1 8 wick$ness 0 accompani$ by su* vig\r ( m9d & body t1 hav+ jo9$ ! militia1 he rose ?r\gh all its grades to be prtor ( ,syracuse4 ,hav+ be5 appo9t$ to ?is position1 & hav+ decid$ to become pr9ce1 & to hold ) viol5ce & )\t ! support ( o!rs t :i* _h be5 grant$ him2 & hav+ imp>t$ 8 design to ,hamilc> ! ,c>?ag9ian1 :o ) 8 armies 0 fight+ 9 ,sicily1 he call$ toge!r "o morn+ ! p & s5ate ( ,syracuse1 z if he _h to delib]ate on matt]s ( importance to ! republic1 & at a giv5 signal _h all ! s5ators & ! ri*e/ m5 ( ! p kill$ by 8 soldi]s2 aft] _! dea? he occupi$ & held rule ov] ! city )\t any civil disord]s4 ,& al?\gh he 0 twice beat5 by ! ,c>?ag9ians & ultimately besieg$1 he 0 able n only to def5d ! city1 b leav+ a portion ( 8 =ces = its def5ce1 ) ! rema9d] he invad$ ,africa1 & 9 a %ort "t lib]at$ ,syracuse f ! siege & br\ght ! ,c>?ag9ians to great extremities1 s t !y 7 oblig$ to come to t]ms ) him1 & rema9 cont5t$ ) ! possession ( ,africa1 leav+ ,sicily to ,aga?ocles4 ,:oev] consid]s1 !re=e1 ! actions & qualities ( ?is man1 w see few if any ?+s :i* c be attribut$ to =tune2 =1 z above /at$1 x 0 n by ! fav\r ( any p]son1 b ?r\gh ! grades ( ! militia1 :i* he _h ga9$ ) a ?\s& h>d%ips & p]ils1 t he arriv$ at ! position ( pr9ce1 :i* he aft]w>ds ma9ta9$ by s _m c\rage\s & p]il\s exp$i5ts4 ,x _c be call$ a virtue to kill "o's fell[-citiz5s1 betray "o's fri5ds1 be )\t fai?1 )\t pity1 & )\t religion1 by :i* me?ods "o may inde$ ga9 an empire1 b n glory4 ,= if ! virtues ( ,aga?ocles 9 brav+ & ov]com+ p]ils1 & 8 greatness ( s\l 9 support+ & surm\nt+ ob/acles be consid]$1 "o sees no reason = hold+ him inf]ior to any ( ! mo/ r5[n$ capta9s4 ,nev]!less 8 b>b>\s cruelty & inhumanity1 toge!r ) 8 c\ntless atrocities1 d n p]mit ( 8 be+ nam$ among ! mo/ fam\s m54 ,we _c attribute to =tune or m]it t :i* he a*iev$ )\t ei!r4 ,9 our own times1 dur+ ! reign ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 ,oliv]otto du ,f]mo _h be5 left a "y boy "u ! c>e ( 8 mat]nal uncle1 ,giovanni ,fogliani1 :o br\ght him up1 & s5t him 9 e>ly y\? to fight "u ,paolo ,vitelli1 9 ord] t he might1 "u t discipl9e1 obta9 a good milit>y position4 ,on ! dea? ( ,paolo he f\ght "u 8 bro!r ,vitellozzo1 & 9 a v %ort "t1 be+ ( great intellig5ce1 & active 9 m9d & body1 he became "o ( ! lead]s ( 8 troops4 ,b deem+ x s]vile to be "u o!rs1 he resolv$1 ) ! help ( "s citiz5s ( ,f]mo1 :o pref]r$ s]vitude to ! lib]ty ( _! c\ntry1 & ) ! fav\r ( ! ,vitellis1 to occupy ,f]mo2 he !re=e wrote to ,giovanni ,fogliani1 h[1 hav+ be5 = _m ye>s away f home1 he wi%$ to come to see him & 8 city1 & 9 "s measure to revisit 8 e/ates4 ,& z he _h only lab\r$ to ga9 hon\r1 9 ord] t 8 fell[-citiz5s might see t he _h n sp5t 8 "t 9 va91 he wi%$ to come hon\rably accompani$ by "o hundr$ horsem51 8 fri5ds & foll[]s1 & pray$ him t he w\ld be pleas$ to ord] t he %\ld be receiv$ ) hon\r by ! citiz5s ( ,f]mo1 by :i* he w\ld hon\r n only him1 ,oliv]otto1 b also himself1 z he _h be5 8 pupil4 ,giovanni did n fail 9 any duty t[>ds 8 nephew2 he caus$ him to be hon\rably receiv$ by ! p ( ,f]mo1 & lodg$ him 9 8 own h\ses4 ,aft] wait+ "s days to arrange all t 0 necess>y to 8 villa9\s projects1 ,oliv]otto invit$ ,giovanni ,fogliani & all ! pr9cipal m5 ( ,f]mo to a gr& banquet4 ,aft] ! d9n] & ! ent]ta9m5ts usual at su* fea/s1 ,oliv]otto artfully introduc$ c]ta9 important matt]s ( discussion1 speak+ ( ! greatness ( ,pope ,alex&]1 & ( 8 son ,ces>e1 & ( _! ent]prises4 ,to :i* disc\rses ,giovanni & o!rs hav+ repli$1 he all at once rose1 say+ t ^! matt]s %\ld be spok5 ( 9 a m secret place1 & )drew into a room :]e ,giovanni & ! o!r citiz5s foll[$ him4 ,!y 7 no soon] seat$ ?an soldi]s ru%$ out ( hid+-places & kill$ ,giovanni & all ! o!rs4 ,aft] :i* massacre ,oliv]otto m\nt$ 8 horse1 rode ?r\gh ! t[n & besieg$ ! *ief magi/rate 9 8 palace1 s t ?r\gh fe> !y 7 oblig$ to obey him & =m a gov]nm5t1 ( :i* he made himself pr9ce4 ,& all ^? be+ dead :o1 if discont5t$1 c\ld injure him1 he =tifi$ himself ) new ord]s1 civil & milit>y1 9 su* a way t )9 ! ye> t he held ! pr9cipality he 0 n only safe himself 9 ! city ( ,f]mo1 b _h become =midable to all 8 neighb\rs4 ,& 8 ov]?r[ w\ld h be5 difficult1 l t ( ,aga?ocles1 if he _h n all[$ himself to be deceiv$ by ,ces>e ,borgia1 :5 he besieg$ ! ,ors9is & ,vitellis at ,s9igaglia1 z already relat$1 :]e he also 0 tak51 "o ye> aft] ! p>ricide he _h committ$1 & /rangl$1 toge!r ) ,vitellozzo1 :o _h be5 8 tea*] 9 ability & atrocity4 ,"s may wond] h[ x came ab\t t ,aga?ocles1 & o!rs l him1 c\ld1 aft] inf9ite trea*]y & cruelty1 live secure = _m ye>s 9 _! c\ntry & def5d !mselves f ext]nal enemies )\t be+ conspir$ aga9/ by _! subjects2 al?\gh _m o!rs h1 ?r\gh _! cruelty1 be5 unable to ma9ta9 _! position 9 times ( peace1 n to speak ( ! unc]ta9 times ( w>4 ,i believe ?is arises f ! cruelties be+ us$ well or badly4 ,well us$ may be call$ ^? 7if x is p]missible to use ! ^w well ( evil7 :i* are committ$ once = ! ne$ ( secur+ "o's self1 & :i* aft]w>ds are n p]si/$ 91 b are ex*ang$ = measures z useful to ! subjects z possible4 ,cruelties ill us$ are ^? :i*1 al?\gh at fir/ few1 increase r ?an dim9i% ) "t4 ,^? :o foll[ ! =m] me?od may rem$y 9 "s measure _! condition1 bo? ) ,god & man2 z did ,aga?ocles4 ,z to ! o!rs1 x is impossible = !m to ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,:5ce x is to be not$1 t 9 tak+ a /ate ! conqu]or mu/ arrange to commit all 8 cruelties at once1 s z n to h to recur to !m e day1 & s z to be able1 by n mak+ fre% *anges1 to reassure p & w9 !m ov] by b5efit+ !m4 ,:oev] acts o!rwise1 ei!r ?r\gh timidity or bad c\nsels1 is always oblig$ to /& ) knife 9 h&1 & c nev] dep5d on 8 subjects1 because !y1 ?r\gh cont9ually fre% injuries1 are unable to dep5d ^u him4 ,= injuries %\ld be done all toge!r1 s t be+ less ta/$1 !y w give less (f5ce4 ,b5efits %\ld be grant$ little by little1 s t !y may be bett] enjoy$4 ,& above all1 a pr9ce mu/ live ) 8 subjects 9 su* a way t no accid5t %\ld make him *ange x1 = good or evil2 = necessity aris+ 9 adv]se times1 y are n 9 "t ) sev]ity1 & ! good t y d does n pr(it y1 z x is judg$ to be =c$1 & y w d]ive no b5efit :atev] f x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,civic ,,pr9cipality ,b we n[ come to ! case :]e a citiz5 becomes pr9ce n ?r\gh crime or intol]able viol5ce1 b by ! fav\r ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 :i* may be call$ a civic pr9cipality4 ,to arrive at ?is position dep5ds n entirely on wor? or entirely on =tune1 b r on cunn+ assi/$ by =tune4 ,"o atta9s x by help ( popul> fav\r or by ! fav\r ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,= 9 e city ^! two opposite p>ties are to be f\nd1 aris+ f ! desire ( ! populace to avoid ! oppression ( ! great1 & ! desire ( ! great to comm& & oppress ! p4 ,& f ^! two oppos+ int]e/s arises 9 ! city "o ( ?ree effects3 ei!r absolute gov]nm5t1 lib]ty1 or lic5se4 ,! =m] is creat$ ei!r by ! populace or ! nobility dep5d+ on ! relative opportunities ( ! two p>ties2 = :5 ! nobility see t !y are unable to resi/ ! p !y unite 9 creat+ "o ( _! numb] pr9ce1 s z to be able to c>ry out _! own designs "u ! %ad[ ( 8 au?ority4 ,! populace1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 unable to resi/ ! nobility1 endeav\r to create a pr9ce 9 ord] to be protect$ by 8 au?ority4 ,he :o becomes pr9ce by help ( ! nobility has great] difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ 8 p[] ?an he :o is rais$ by ! populace1 = he is surr\nd$ by ^? :o ?9k !mselves 8 equals1 & is ?us unable to direct or comm& z he pleases4 ,b "o :o is rais$ to ! lead]%ip by popul> fav\r f9ds himself alone1 & has no "o or v few :o are n ready to obey him4 ,besides :i*1 x is impossible to satisfy ! nobility by fair deal+ & )\t inflict+ injury on o!rs1 :]eas x is v easy to satisfy ! mass ( ! p 9 ?is way4 ,= ! aim ( ! p is m hone/ ?an t ( ! nobility1 ! latt] desir+ to oppress1 & ! =m] m]ely to avoid oppression4 ,x mu/ also be add$ t ! pr9ce c nev] insure himself aga9/ a ho/ile populace on acc\nt ( _! numb]1 b he c aga9/ ! ho/ility ( ! great1 z !y are b few4 ,! wor/ t a pr9ce has to expect f a ho/ile p is to be ab&on$1 b f ho/ile nobles he has to fe> n only ab&onm5t b _! active opposition1 & z !y are m f>see+ & m cunn+1 !y are always 9 "t to save !mselves & take sides ) ! "o :o !y expect w conqu]4 ,! pr9ce is1 moreov]1 oblig$ to live always ) ! same p1 b he c easily d )\t ! same nobility1 be+ able to make & unmake !m at any "t1 & increase _! position or deprive !m ( x z he pleases4 ,& to ?r[ fur!r light on ?is "p1 ,i w\ld say1 t ! nobles are to be consid]$ 9 two diff]5t mann]s2 t is1 !y are ei!r to be rul$ s z to make !m entirely dep5d on y\r =tunes1 or else n4 ,^? t are ?us b\nd to y & are n rapaci\s1 mu/ be hon\r$ & lov$2 ^? :o are n b\nd mu/ be consid]$ 9 two ways1 !y ei!r d ?is ?r\gh pusillanimity & natural want ( c\rage1 & 9 ?is case y ought to make use ( !m1 & especially su* z are ( good c\nsel1 s t !y may hon\r y 9 prosp]ity & 9 adv]sity y h n to fe> !m4 ,b :5 !y are n b\nd to y ( set purpose & = ambiti\s ends1 x is a sign t !y ?9k m ( !mselves ?an ( y2 & f su* m5 ! pr9ce mu/ gu>d himself & look ^u !m z secret enemies1 :o w help to ru9 him :5 9 adv]sity4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 :o becomes pr9ce by fav\r ( ! populace1 mu/ ma9ta9 its fri5d%ip1 :i* he w f9d easy1 ! p ask+ no?+ b n to be oppress$4 ,b "o :o aga9/ ! p's wi%es becomes pr9ce by fav\r ( ! nobles1 %\ld above all endeav\r to ga9 ! fav\r ( ! p2 ?is w be easy to him if he protects !m4 ,& z m51 :o receive good f ^? !y expect$ evil f1 feel "u a great] obligation to _! b5efactor1 s ! subject populace w become ev5 bett] dispos$ t[>ds him ?an if he _h become pr9ce ?r\gh _! fav\r4 ,! pr9ce c w9 _! fav\r 9 _m ways1 :i* v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 = :i* no c]ta9 rule c be giv51 & w !re=e be pass$ ov]4 ,i w only say1 9 conclusion1 t x is necess>y = a pr9ce to possess ! fri5d%ip ( ! p2 o!rwise he has no res\rce 9 times ( adv]sity4 ,nabis1 pr9ce ( ! ,sp>tans1 su/a9$ a siege by ! :ole ( ,greece & a victori\s ,roman army1 & def5d$ aga9/ !m 8 c\ntry & ma9ta9$ 8 own position4 ,x suffic$ :5 ! dang] arose = him to make sure ( a few1 :i* w\ld n h be5 en\gh if ! populace _h be5 ho/ile to him4 ,& let no "o oppose my op9ion 9 ?is by quot+ ! trite prov]b1 ,he :o builds on ! p1 builds on mud2 because t is true :5 a private citiz5 relies ^u ! p & p]suades himself t !y w lib]ate him if he is oppress$ by enemies or by ! magi/rates2 9 ?is case he might (t5 f9d himself deceiv$1 z happ5$ 9 ,rome to ! ,grac*i & 9 ,flor5ce to ,mess] ,georgio ,scali4 ,b :5 x is a pr9ce :o f\nds himself on ?is basis1 "o :o c comm& & is a man ( c\rage1 & does n get fright5$ 9 adv]sity1 & does n neglect o!r prep>ations1 & "o :o by 8 own c\rage & measures animates ! mass ( ! p1 he w n f9d himself deceiv$ by !m1 & he w f9d t he has laid 8 f\ndations well4 ,usually ^! pr9cipalities are 9 dang] :5 ! pr9ce f ! position ( a civil rul] *anges to an absolute "o1 = ^! pr9ces ei!r comm& !mselves or by means ( magi/rates4 ,9 ! latt] case _! position is weak] & m dang]\s1 = !y are at ! m]cy ( ^? citiz5s :o are appo9t$ magi/rates1 :o c1 especially 9 times ( adv]sity1 ) great facility deprive !m ( _! position1 ei!r by act+ aga9/ !m or by n obey+ !m4 ,! pr9ce is n 9 "t1 9 su* dang]s1 to assume absolute au?ority1 = ! citiz5s & subjects :o are accu/om$ to take _! ord]s f ! magi/rates are n ready 9 ^! em]g5cies to obey 81 & he w always 9 d\btful times lack m5 :om he c rely on4 ,su* a pr9ce _c base himself on :at he sees 9 quiet times1 :5 ! citiz5s h ne$ ( ! /ate2 = !n e "o is full ( promises & ea* "o is ready to die = him :5 dea? is f> (f2 b 9 adv]sity1 :5 ! /ate has ne$ ( citiz5s1 !n he w f9d b few4 ,& ?is exp]i5ce is ! m dang]\s1 9 t x c only be _h once4 ,!re=e a wise pr9ce w seek means by :i* 8 subjects w always & 9 e possible condition ( ?+s h ne$ ( 8 gov]nm5t1 & !n !y w always be fai?ful to him4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,h[ ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,all ,,/ates ,,%\ld ,,be ,,measur$ ,9 exam9+ ! "* ( ^! pr9cipalities x is necess>y to consid] ano!r po9t1 namely1 :e!r ! pr9ce has su* a position z to be able 9 case ( ne$ to ma9ta9 himself alone1 or :e!r he has always ne$ ( ! protection ( o!rs4 ,! bett] to expla9 ?is ,i w\ld say1 t ,i consid] ^? capable ( ma9ta9+ !mselves alone :o c1 ?r\gh abundance ( m5 or money1 put toge!r a suffici5t army1 & hold ! field aga9/ any "o :o assails !m2 & ,i consid] to h ne$ ( o!rs1 ^? :o _c take ! field aga9/ _! enemies1 b are oblig$ to take refuge )9 _! walls & /& on ! def5sive4 ,we h already discuss$ ! =m] case & w speak 9 future ( x z occasion arises4 ,9 ! second case !re is no?+ to be said except to enc\rage su* a pr9ce to provision & =tify 8 own t[n1 & n to tr\ble ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,& :oev] has /rongly =tifi$ 8 t[n &1 z reg>ds ! gov]nm5t ( 8 subjects1 has proce$$ z we h already describ$ & w fur!r relate1 w be attack$ ) great reluctance1 = m5 are always av]se to ent]prises 9 :i* !y =esee difficulties1 & x c nev] appe> easy to attack "o :o has 8 t[n well gu>d$ & is n hat$ by ! p4 ,! cities ( ,g]many are extremely lib]al1 h little surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & obey ! emp]or :5 !y *oose1 & !y d n fe> him or any o!r pot5tate t !y h ab\t !m4 ,!y are =tifi$ 9 su* a mann] t e "o ?9ks t to r$uce !m w\ld be t$i\s & difficult1 = !y all h ! necess>y moats & ba/ions1 suffici5t artill]y1 & always keep 9 ! public /oreh\ses food & dr9k & fuel = "o ye>4 ,beyond :i*1 to keep ! l[] classes satisfi$1 & )\t loss to ! public1 !y h always en\gh means to give !m "w = "o ye> 9 ^! employm5ts :i* =m ! n]ve & life ( ! t[n1 & 9 ! indu/ries by :i* ! l[] classes live2 milit>y ex]cises are /ill held 9 reputation1 & _m regulations are 9 =ce = ma9ta9+ !m4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 :o possesses a /rong city & does n make himself hat$1 _c be assault$2 & if he 7 to be s1 ! assailant w\ld be oblig$ to retire %amefully2 = s _m ?+s *ange1 t x is almo/ impossible = any "o to hold ! field = a ye> ) 8 armies idle4 ,& to ^? :o urge t ! p1 hav+ _! possessions outside & see+ !m burnt1 w n h pati5ce1 & ! long siege & self-int]e/ w make !m =get _! pr9ce1 ,i reply t a p[]ful & c\rage\s pr9ce w always ov]come ^? difficulties by n[ rais+ ! hopes ( 8 subjects t ! evils w n la/ long1 n[ impress+ !m ) fe> ( ! enemy's cruelty1 n[ by dextr\sly assur+ himself ( ^? :o appe> too bold4 ,besides :i*1 ! enemy w\ld naturally burn & ru9 ! c\ntry on fir/ arriv+ & 9 ! "t :5 m5's m9ds are /ill hot & eag] to def5d !mselves1 & !re=e ! pr9ce has /ill less to fe>1 = aft] "s days1 :5 p h cool$ d[n1 ! damage is done1 ! evil has be5 suff]$1 & !re is no rem$y1 s t !y are ! m ready to unite ) _! pr9ce1 z x appe>s t he is "u an obligation to !m1 _! h\ses hav+ be5 burnt & _! possessions ru9$ 9 8 def5ce4 ,x is ! nature ( m5 to be z mu* b\nd by ! b5efits t !y conf] z by ^? !y receive4 ,f :i* x foll[s t1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 a prud5t pr9ce w n f9d x difficult to uphold ! c\rage ( 8 subjects bo? at ! comm5cem5t & dur+ a /ate ( siege1 if he possesses provisions & means to def5d himself4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,pr9cipalities ,x n[ rema9s to u only to speak ( ecclesia/ical pr9cipalities1 ) reg>d to :i* ! difficulties lie :olly be=e !y are possess$4 ,!y are acquir$ ei!r by ability or by =tune2 b are ma9ta9$ )\t ei!r1 = !y are su/a9$ by ! anci5t religi\s cu/oms1 :i* are s p[]ful & ( su* quality1 t !y keep _! pr9ces 9 p[] 9 :atev] mann] !y proce$ & live4 ,^! alone h a /ate )\t def5d+ x1 h subjects )\t gov]n+ !m1 & ! /ates1 n be+ def5d$1 are n tak5 f !m2 ! subjects n be+ gov]n$ d n di/urb !mselves1 & nei!r ?9k ( nor are capable ( ali5at+ !mselves f !m4 ,only ^! pr9cipalities1 !re=e1 are secure & happy4 ,b z !y are upheld by high] causes1 :i* ! human m9d _c atta9 to1 ,i w ab/a9 f speak+ ( !m2 = be+ exalt$ & ma9ta9$ by ,god1 x w\ld be ! "w ( a presumptu\s & fooli% man to discuss !m4 ,h[ev]1 ,i might be ask$ h[ x has come ab\t t ! ,*ur* has rea*$ su* great temporal p[]1 :51 previ\s to ,alex&] ,,vi41 ! ,italian pot5tates1--& n m]ely ! really p[]ful ones1 b e "l or b>on1 h[ev] insignificant1 held x 9 slight e/eem z reg>ds temporal p[]2 :]eas n[ x is dread$ by a k+ ( ,france1 :om x has be5 able to drive out ( ,italy1 & has also be5 able to ru9 ! ,v5etians4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ?is is well kn[n1 ,i d n ?9k x sup]flu\s to call x to m9d4 ,be=e ,*>les1 ,k+ ( ,france1 came into ,italy1 ?is c\ntry 0 "u ! rule ( ! pope1 ! ,v5etians1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & ! ,flor5t9es4 ,^! pot5tates _h to h two *ief c>es3 "o1 t no =eign] %\ld ent] ,italy by =ce ( arms1 ! o!r t none ( ! exi/+ gov]nm5ts %\ld ext5d its dom9ions4 ,^? *iefly to be wat*$ 7 ! pope & ! ,v5etians4 ,to keep back ! ,v5etians requir$ ! ru9 ( all ! o!rs1 z 9 ! def5ce ( ,f]r>a1 & to keep d[n ! pope !y made use ( ! ,roman b>ons4 ,^! 7 divid$ into two factions1 ! ,ors9is & ! ,colonnas1 & z !re 0 con/ant qu>rell+ betwe5 !m1 & !y 7 con/antly "u arms1 be=e ! eyes ( ! pope1 !y kept ! papacy weak & infirm4 ,& al?\gh !re arose n[ & !n a resolute pope l ,sextus1 yet 8 =tune or ability 0 nev] able to lib]ate him f ^! evils4 ,! %ortness ( _! life 0 ! reason ( ?is1 = 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s :i*1 z a g5]al rule1 a pope liv$1 he _h great difficulty 9 suppress+ ev5 "o ( ! factions1 & if1 = example1 a pope _h almo/ put d[n ! ,colonnas1 a new pope w\ld succe$ :o 0 ho/ile to ! ,ors9is1 :i* caus$ ! ,colonnas to spr+ up aga91 & he 0 n 9 "t to suppress !m4 ,?is caus$ ! temporal p[] ( ! pope to be ( little e/eem 9 ,italy4 ,!n arose ,alex&] ,,vi4 :o ( all ! pontiffs :o h ev] reign$1 be/ %[$ h[ a pope might prevail bo? by money & by =ce4 ,) ,duke ,val5t9e z 8 in/rum5t1 & on ! occasion ( ! ,fr5* invasion1 he did all t ,i h previ\sly describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! actions ( ! duke4 ,& al?\gh 8 object 0 to aggr&ise n ! ,*ur* b ! duke1 :at he did result$ 9 ! aggr&isem5t ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* aft] ! dea? ( ! duke became ! heir ( 8 lab\rs4 ,!n came ,pope ,julius1 :o f\nd ! ,*ur* p[]ful1 possess+ all ,romagna1 all ! ,roman b>ons suppress$1 & ! factions de/roy$ by ! sev]ity ( ,alex&]4 ,he also f\nd ! way op5 = accumulat+ weal? 9 ways nev] us$ be=e ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,^! measures 7 n only foll[$ by ,julius1 b increas$2 he resolv$ to ga9 ,bologna1 put d[n ! ,v5etians & drive ! ,fr5* f ,italy1 9 all :i* ent]prises he 0 successful4 ,he m]its ! great] praise1 z he did ev]y?+ to increase ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* & n ( any private p]son4 ,he also kept ! ,ors9i & ,colonna p>ties 9 ! conditions 9 :i* he f\nd !m1 & al?\gh !re 7 "s lead]s among !m :o might h made *anges1 !re 7 two ?+s t kept !m /eady3 "o1 ! greatness ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* !y dread$2 ! o!r1 ! fact t !y _h no c>d9als1 :o are ! orig9 ( ! tumults among !m4 ,= ^! p>ties are nev] at re/ :5 !y h c>d9als1 = ^! /ir up ! p>ties bo? )9 ,rome & outside1 & ! b>ons are =c$ to def5d !m4 ,?us f ! ambitions ( prelates arise ! discords & tumults among ! b>ons4 ,8 hol9ess1 ,pope ,leo ,x41 !re=e1 has f\nd ! pontificate 9 a v p[]ful condition1 f :i* x is hop$1 t z ^? popes made x great by =ce ( armies1 s he ?r\gh 8 goodness & inf9ite o!r virtues w make x bo? great & v5]at$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,militia ,,& ,,m]c5>y ,,soldi]s ,hav+ n[ discuss$ fully ! qualities ( ^! pr9cipalities ( :i* ,i propos$ to treat1 & p>tially consid]$ ! causes ( _! prosp]ity or failure1 & hav+ also %[$ ! me?ods by :i* _m h s\ght to obta9 su* /ates1 x n[ rema9s = me to treat g5]ally ( ! me?ods ( attack & def5ce t c be us$ 9 ea* ( !m4 ,we h said already h[ necess>y x is = a pr9ce to h 8 f\ndations good1 o!rwise he is c]ta9 to be ru9$4 ,! *ief f\ndations ( all /ates1 :e!r new1 old1 or mix$1 are good laws & good arms4 ,& z !re _c be good laws :]e !re are n good arms1 & :]e !re are good arms !re %\ld be good laws1 ,i w n n[ discuss ! laws1 b w speak ( ! arms4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t ! arms by :i* a pr9ce def5ds 8 possessions are ei!r 8 own1 or else m]c5>ies1 or auxili>ies1 or mix$4 ,! m]c5>ies & auxili>ies are useless & dang]\s1 & if any "o keeps 8 /ate bas$ on ! arms ( m]c5>ies1 he w nev] /& firm or sure1 z !y are disunit$1 ambiti\s1 )\t discipl9e1 fai?less1 bold among/ fri5ds1 c[>dly among/ enemies1 !y h no fe> ( ,god1 & keep no fai? ) m54 ,ru9 is only def]r$ z long z ! assault is po/pon$2 9 peace y are despoil$ by !m1 & 9 w> by ! enemy4 ,! cause ( ?is is t !y h no love or o!r motive to keep !m 9 ! field beyond a trifl+ wage1 :i* is n en\gh to make !m ready to die = y4 ,!y are q will+ to be y\r soldi]s s long z y d n make w>1 b :5 w> comes1 x is ei!r fly or be (f4 ,i ought to h little tr\ble 9 prov+ ?is1 s9ce ! ru9 ( ,italy is n[ caus$ by no?+ else b ?r\gh h] hav+ reli$ = _m ye>s on m]c5>y arms4 ,^! 7 some:at improv$ 9 a few cases1 & appe>$ c\rage\s among !mselves1 b :5 ! =eign] came !y %[$ _! wor?lessness4 ,?us x came ab\t t ,k+ ,*>les ( ,france 0 all[$ to take ,italy )\t ! slighte/ tr\ble1 & ^? :o said t x 0 ow+ to our s9s1 spoke ! tru?1 b x 0 n ! s9s t !y believ$ b ^? t ,i h relat$4 ,& z x 0 ! s9s ( pr9ces1 !y too h suff]$ ! puni%m5t4 ,i w expla9 m fully ! defects ( ^! arms4 ,m]c5>y capta9s are ei!r v capable m5 or n2 if !y are1 y _c rely ^u !m1 = !y w always aspire to _! own greatness1 ei!r by oppress+ y1 _! ma/]1 or by oppress+ o!rs aga9/ y\r int5tions2 b if ! capta9 is n an able man1 he w g5]ally ru9 y4 ,& if x is repli$ to ?is1 t :oev] has arm$ =ces w d ! same1 :e!r ^! are m]c5>y or n1 ,i w\ld reply t z armies are to be us$ ei!r by a pr9ce or by a republic1 ! pr9ce mu/ g 9 p]son to take ! position ( capta91 & ! republic mu/ s5d its own citiz5s4 ,if ! "o s5t turns out incompet5t1 x mu/ *ange him2 & if capable1 keep him by law f go+ beyond ! prop] limits4 ,& x is se5 by exp]i5ce t only pr9ces & arm$ republics make v great progress1 :]eas m]c5>y =ces d no?+ b damage1 & also an arm$ republic submits less easily to ! rule ( "o ( its citiz5s ?an a republic arm$ by =eign =ces4 ,rome & ,sp>ta 7 = _m c5turies well arm$ & free4 ,! ,swiss are well arm$ & enjoy great fre$om4 ,z an example ( m]c5>y armies 9 antiquity !re are ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o 7 oppress$ by _! m]c5>y soldi]s1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! fir/ w> ) ! ,romans1 ev5 :ile !y /ill _h _! own citiz5s z capta9s4 ,philip ( ,mac$on 0 made capta9 ( _! =ces by ! ,!bans aft] ! dea? ( ,epam9ondas1 & aft] ga9+ ! victory he depriv$ !m ( lib]ty4 ,! ,milanese1 on ! dea? ( ,duke ,philip1 hir$ ,francesco ,s=za aga9/ ! ,v5etians1 :o hav+ ov]come ! enemy at ,c>avaggio1 alli$ himself ) !m to oppress ! ,milanese 8 employ]s4 ,! fa!r ( ?is ,s=za1 be+ a soldi] 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,que5 ,giovanna ( ,naples1 left h] sudd5ly un>m$1 by :i* %e 0 compell$1 9 ord] n to lose ! k+dom1 to ?r[ h]self into ! arms ( ! ,k+ ( ,aragon4 ,& if ! ,v5etians & ,flor5t9es h 9 times pa/ increas$ _! dom9ions by means ( su* =ces1 & _! capta9s h n made !mselves pr9ces b h def5d$ !m1 ,i reply t ! ,flor5t9es 9 ?is case h be5 fav\r$ by *ance1 = ( ! capable lead]s :om !y might h fe>$1 "s did n conqu]1 "s met ) opposition1 & o!rs direct$ _! ambition else:]e4 ,! "o :o did n conqu] 0 ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 ^: fidelity c\ld n be kn[n z he 0 n victori\s1 b e "o w admit t1 _h he conqu]$1 ! ,flor5t9es w\ld h be5 at 8 m]cy4 ,s=za _h always ! ,bracces*i aga9/ him1 !y be+ con/antly at enmity4 ,francesco direct$ 8 ambition t[>ds ,lomb>dy2 ,braccio aga9/ ! ,*ur* & ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,b let u look at :at foll[$ a %ort "t ago4 ,! ,flor5t9es appo9t$ ,paolo ,vitelli _! capta91 a man ( great prud5ce1 :o _h ris5 f a private /ation to ! highe/ reputation4 ,if he _h tak5 ,pisa no "o c d5y t x 0 highly important = ! ,flor5t9es to reta9 8 fri5d%ip1 because _h he become ! soldi] ( _! enemies !y w\ld h _h no means ( oppos+ him2 & 9 ord] to reta9 him !y w\ld h be5 oblig$ to obey him4 ,z to ! ,v5etians1 if "o consid]s ! progress !y made1 x w be se5 t !y act$ surely & glori\sly s long z !y made w> ) _! own =ces2 t x 0 be=e !y comm5c$ _! ent]prises on l& t !y f\ght c\rage\sly ) _! own g5tlem5 & arm$ populace1 b :5 !y began to fight on l& !y ab&on$ ?is virtue1 & began to foll[ ! ,italian cu/om4 ,& at ! comm5cem5t ( _! l& conque/s !y _h n mu* to fe> f _! capta9s1 _! l& possessions n be+ v l>ge1 & _! reputation be+ great1 b z _! possessions increas$1 z !y did "u ,c>magnola1 !y _h an example ( _! mi/ake4 ,= see+ t he 0 v p[]ful1 aft] he _h defeat$ ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & kn[+1 on ! o!r h&1 t he 0 n ent]pris+ 9 w>f>e1 !y consid]$ t !y w\ld n make any m conque/s ) him1 & !y nei!r w\ld nor c\ld dismiss him1 = fe> ( los+ :at !y _h already ga9$4 ,!y 7 !re=e oblig$1 9 ord] to make sure ( him1 to h him kill$4 ,!y !n _h = capta9s ,b>tolommeo da ,b]gamo1 ,rob]to da ,san ,sev]9o1 ,c\nt di ,pitigliano1 & su* l1 f :om !y _h to fe> loss in/ead ( ga91 z happ5$ subsequ5tly at ,vail1 :]e 9 "o day !y lo/ :at !y _h labori\sly ga9$ 9 eight hundr$ ye>s2 = ) ^! =ces1 only sl[ & trifl+ acquisitions are made1 b sudd5 & miracul\s losses4 ,& z ,i h cit$ ^! examples f ,italy1 :i* has n[ = _m ye>s be5 gov]n$ by m]c5>y =ces1 ,i w n[ deal m l>gely ) !m1 s t hav+ se5 _! orig9 & progress1 !y c be bett] rem$i$4 ,y mu/ und]/& t 9 ^! latt] times1 z soon z ! empire began to be repudiat$ 9 ,italy & ! pope to ga9 great] reputation 9 temporal matt]s1 ,italy 0 divid$ into _m /ates2 _m ( ! pr9cipal cities took up arms aga9/ _! nobles1 :o1 fav\r$ by ! emp]or1 _h held !m 9 subjection1 & ! ,*ur* enc\rag$ ?is 9 ord] to increase its temporal p[]4 ,9 _m o!r cities "o ( ! inhabitants became pr9ce4 ,?us ,italy hav+ fall5 almo/ entirely into ! h&s ( ! ,*ur* & a few republics1 & ! prie/s & o!r citiz5s n be+ accu/om$ to be> arms1 !y began to hire =eign]s z soldi]s4 ,! fir/ to br+ reputation = ?is k9d ( militia 0 ,alb]igo da ,como1 a native ( ,romagna4 ,! discipl9e ( ?is man produc$1 among o!rs1 ,braccio & ,s=za1 :o 7 9 _! day ! arbit]s ( ,italy4 ,aft] ^! came all ^? o!rs :o up to ! pres5t day h comm&$ ! armies ( ,italy1 & ! result ( _! pr[ess has be5 t ,italy has be5 ov]run by ,*>les1 prey$ on by ,l\is1 tyrannis$ ov] by ,f]r&o1 & insult$ by ! ,swiss4 ,! sy/em adopt$ by !m 01 9 ! fir/ place1 to increase _! own reputation by discr$it+ ! infantry4 ,!y did ?is because1 z !y _h no c\ntry & liv$ on _! e>n+s1 a few foot soldi]s did n augm5t _! reputation1 & !y c\ld n ma9ta9 a l>ge numb] & !re=e !y re/rict$ !mselves almo/ entirely to cavalry1 by :i* ) a small] numb] !y 7 well paid & hon\r$4 ,!y r$uc$ ?+s to su* a /ate t 9 an army ( #bj1jjj soldi]s !re 7 n #bjjj foot4 ,!y _h also us$ e means to sp>e !mselves & ! soldi]s any h>d%ip or fe> by n kill+ ea* o!r 9 _! enc\nt]s1 b tak+ prison]s )\t a bl[4 ,!y made no attacks on =tifications by night2 & ^? 9 ! =tifications did n attack ! t5ts at night1 !y made no /ockades on dit*es r\nd _! camps1 & did n take ! field 9 w9t]4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 p]mitt$ by _! milit>y rules1 & adopt$1 z we h said1 to avoid tr\ble & dang]1 s t !y h r$uc$ ,italy to slav]y & degradation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,( ,,auxili>y1 ,,mix$1 ,,& ,,native ,,troops ,auxili>y =ces1 :i* are ! o!r k9d ( useless =ces1 are :5 "o calls on a pot5tate to come & aid "o ) 8 troops1 z 0 done 9 rec5t times by ,julius1 :o see+ ! wret*$ failure ( 8 m]c5>y =ces1 9 8 ,f]r>a ent]prise1 _h rec\rse to auxili>ies1 & arrang$ ) ,f]r&o1 ,k+ ( ,spa91 t he %\ld help him ) 8 armies4 ,^! =ces may be good 9 !mselves1 b !y are always dang]\s = ^? :o borr[ !m1 = if !y lose y are defeat$1 & if !y conqu] y rema9 _! prison]4 ,& al?\gh anci5t hi/ory is full ( examples ( ?is1 ,i w n dep>t f ! example ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 :i* is /ill fre%4 ,no?+ c\ld be less prud5t ?an ! c\rse he adopt$2 =1 wi%+ to take ,f]r>a1 he put himself entirely into ! p[] ( a =eign]4 ,b by good =tune !re arose a ?ird cause :i* prev5t$ him reap+ ! effects ( 8 bad *oice2 = :5 8 auxili>ies 7 beat5 at ,rav5na1 ! ,swiss rose up & drove back ! victors1 aga9/ all expectation ( himself or o!rs1 s t he 0 n tak5 prison] by ! enemy :i* _h fl$1 nor by 8 own auxili>ies1 hav+ conqu]$ by o!r arms ?an !irs4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 be+ totally dis>m$1 hir$ #aj1jjj ,fr5*m5 to attack ,pisa1 by :i* measure !y ran great] risk ?an at any p]iod ( _! /ruggles4 ,! emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 to oppose 8 neighb\rs1 put #aj1jjj ,turks into ,greece1 :o aft] ! w> w\ld n g away aga91 :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! s]vitude ( ,greece to ! infidels4 ,any "o1 !re=e1 :o wi%es n to conqu]1 w\ld d well to use ^! =ces1 :i* are mu* m dang]\s ?an m]c5>ies1 z ) !m ru9 is complete1 = !y are all unit$1 & owe ob$i5ce to o!rs1 :]eas ) m]c5>ies1 :5 !y h conqu]$1 x requires m "t & a good opportunity = !m to injure y1 z !y d n =m a s+le body & h be5 engag$ & paid by y1 !re=e a ?ird p>ty t y h made lead] _c at once acquire en\gh au?ority to be able to injure y4 ,9 a ^w1 ! greate/ dang]s ) m]c5>ies lies 9 _! c[>dice & reluctance to fight1 b ) auxili>ies ! dang] lies 9 _! c\rage4 ,a wise pr9ce1 !re=e1 always avoids ^! =ces & has rec\rse to 8 own1 & w\ld pref] r to lose ) 8 own m5 ?an conqu] ) ! =ces ( o!rs1 n deem+ x a true victory :i* is ga9$ by =eign arms4 ,i nev] hesitate to cite ! example ( ,ces>e ,borgia & 8 actions4 ,?is duke ent]$ ,romagna ) auxili>y troops1 lead+ =ces compos$ entirely ( ,fr5* soldi]s1 & ) ^! he took ,imola & ,=li2 b z !y seem$ unsafe1 he _h rec\rse to m]c5>ies1 & hir$ ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli2 aft]w>ds f9d+ ^! unc]ta9 to h&le1 unfai?ful & dang]\s1 he suppress$ !m1 & reli$ ^u 8 own m54 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! =ces c be easily se5 if "o consid]s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reputation ( ! duke :5 he _h only ! ,fr5*1 :5 he _h ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli1 & :5 he _h to rely on himself & 8 own soldi]s4 ,8 reputation w be f\nd to h con/antly increas$1 & he 0 nev] s highly e/eem$ z :5 e "o saw t he 0 ! sole ma/] ( 8 =ces4 ,i d n wi% to g away f rec5t ,italian in/ances1 b ,i _c omit ,hi]o ( ,syracuse1 :om ,i h already m5tion$4 ,?is man be+1 z ,i said1 made head ( ! army by ! ,syracusans1 imm$iately recognis$ ! uselessness ( t m]c5>y militia :i* 0 compos$ l our ,italian m]c5>y troops1 & z he ?\ght x unsafe ei!r to reta9 !m or dismiss !m1 he _h !m cut 9 pieces & !nce=w>d made w> ) 8 own arms & n ^? ( o!rs4 ,i w\ld also call to m9d a figure out ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* well illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,:5 ,david (f]$ to ,saul to g & fight ) ! ,phili/9e *ampion ,golia?1 ,saul1 to enc\rage him1 arm$ him ) 8 own arms1 :i* :5 ,david _h tri$ on he refus$ say+1 t ) !m he c\ld n fight s well2 he pref]r$1 !re=e1 to face ! enemy ) 8 own sl+ & knife4 ,9 %ort1 ! arms ( o!rs ei!r fall away f y1 or ov]burd5 y1 or else imp$e y4 ,*>les ,,viii41 fa!r ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,xl1 hav+ ?r\gh good =tune & brav]y lib]at$ ,france f ! ,engli%1 recognis$ ?is necessity ( be+ arm$ ) 8 own =ces1 & e/abli%$ 9 8 k+dom a sy/em ( m5-at-arms & infantry4 ,aft]w>ds ,k+ ,l\is 8 son aboli%$ ! infantry & began to hire ,swiss1 :i* mi/ake be+ foll[$ by o!rs is1 z may n[ be se51 a cause ( dang] to t k+dom4 ,= by giv+ su* reputation to ! ,swiss1 ,france has di%e>t5$ all h] own troops1 ! infantry hav+ be5 aboli%$ & ! m5-at-arms be+ oblig$ to =eign]s = assi/ance2 = be+ accu/om$ to fight ) ,swiss troops1 !y ?9k !y _c conqu] )\t !m4 ,:5ce x comes t ! ,fr5* are insuffici5tly /rong to oppose ! ,swiss1 & )\t ! aid ( ! ,swiss !y w n v5ture aga9/ o!rs4 ,! armies ( ! ,fr5* are ?us ( a mix$ k9d1 p>tly m]c5>y & p>tly h] own2 tak5 toge!r !y are mu* bett] ?an troops entirely compos$ ( m]c5>ies or auxili>ies1 b mu* inf]ior to national =ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,:at ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,a ,,pr9ce ,,are ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,militia ,a ,pr9ce %\ld !re=e h no o!r aim or ?\ght1 nor take up any o!r ?+ = 8 /udy1 b w> & its ord] & discipl9e1 = t is ! only art t is necess>y to "o :o comm&s1 & x is ( su* virtue t x n only ma9ta9s ^? :o are born pr9ces1 b (t5 enables m5 ( private =tune to atta9 to t rank4 ,& "o sees1 on ! o!r h&1 t :5 pr9ces ?9k m ( luxury ?an ( arms1 !y lose _! /ate4 ,! *ief cause :i* makes any "o lose x1 is ! contempt ( ?is art1 & ! way to acquire x is to be well v]s$ 9 ! same4 ,francesco ,s=za1 ?r\gh be+ well arm$1 became1 f a private position1 ,duke ( ,milan2 8 sons1 ?r\gh wi%+ to avoid ! fatigue & h>d%ip ( w>1 f dukes became private p]sons4 ,= among o!r evils caus$ by be+ dis>m$1 x r5d]s y contemptible2 :i* is "o ( ^? disgraceful ?+s :i* a pr9ce mu/ gu>d aga9/1 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,because !re is no comp>ison :atev] betwe5 an arm$ man & a dis>m$ "o2 x is n reasonable to suppose t "o :o is arm$ w obey will+ly "o :o is un>m$2 or t any un>m$ man w rema9 safe among arm$ s]vants4 ,= "o be+ disda9ful & ! o!r suspici\s1 x is n possible = !m to act well toge!r4 ,& yet a pr9ce :o is ignorant ( milit>y matt]s1 besides ! o!r mis=tunes already m5tion$1 _c be e/eem$ by 8 soldi]s1 nor h confid5ce 9 !m4 ,he ought1 !re=e1 nev] to let 8 ?\ghts /ray f ! ex]cise ( w>2 & 9 peace he ought to practise x m ?an 9 w>1 :i* he c d 9 two ways3 bo? by action & by /udy4 ,z to action1 he mu/1 besides keep+ 8 m5 well discipl9$ & ex]cis$1 engage cont9ually 9 hunt+1 & ?us accu/om 8 body to h>d%ips2 & on ! o!r h& le>n ! nature ( ! l&1 h[ ! m\nta9s rise1 h[ ! valleys are dispos$1 :]e ! pla9s lie1 & und]/& ! nature ( ! riv]s & swamps1 & to ?is he %\ld devote great att5tion4 ,?is k is useful 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "o le>ns to "k "o's c\ntry1 & c ! bett] see h[ to def5d x4 ,!n by means ( ! k & exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 "o locality1 "o c easily und]/& any o!r t x may be necess>y to v5ture on1 = ! hills & valleys1 pla9s & riv]s ( ,tuscany1 = in/ance1 h a c]ta9 resemblance to ^? ( o!r prov9ces1 s t f a k ( ! c\ntry 9 "o prov9ce "o c easily arrive at a k ( o!rs4 ,& t pr9ce :o is lack+ 9 ?is skill is want+ 9 ! fir/ ess5tials ( a lead]2 = x is ?is :i* tea*es h[ to f9d ! enemy1 take up qu>t]s1 lead armies1 arrange m>*es & occupy positions ) advantage4 ,philopm51 pr9ce ( ! ,a*i1 among o!r praises be/[$ on him by writ]s1 is laud$ because 9 times ( peace he ?\ght ( no?+ b ! me?ods ( w>f>e1 & :5 he 0 9 ! c\ntry ) 8 fri5ds1 he (t5 /opp$ & ask$ !m3 ,if ! enemy 7 on t hill & we f\nd ourselves "h ) our army1 :i* ( u w\ld h ! advantage8 ,h[ c\ld we safely approa* him ma9ta9+ our ord]8 ,if we wi%$ to retire1 :at ought we to d8 ,if !y retir$1 h[ %\ld we foll[ !m8 ,& he put be=e !m z !y w5t along all ! cases t might happ5 to an army1 he>d _! op9ion1 gave 8 own1 =tify+ x by argum5t2 s t ?r\gh ^! cont9u$ cogitations !re c\ld nev] happ5 any incid5t :5 lead+ 8 armies = :i* he 0 n prep>$4 ,b z to ex]cise = ! m9d1 ! pr9ce ought to read hi/ory & /udy ! actions ( em95t m51 see h[ !y act$ 9 w>f>e1 exam9e ! causes ( _! victories & losses 9 ord] to imitate ! =m] & avoid ! latt]1 & above all1 d z "s em95t m5 h done 9 ! pa/1 :o h imitat$ "s "o1 :o has be5 mu* prais$ & glorifi$1 & h always kept _! de$s & actions be=e !m1 z !y say ,alex&] ! ,great imitat$ ,a*illes1 ,cs> ,alex&]1 & ,scipio ,cyrus4 ,& :oev] reads ! life ( ,cyrus writt5 by ,x5ophon1 w p]ceive 9 ! life ( ,scipio h[ glori\sly he imitat$ him1 & h[1 9 *a/ity1 affability1 humanity1 & lib]ality ,scipio con=m$ to ^? qualities ( ,cyrus describ$ by ,x5ophon4 ,a wise pr9ce %\ld foll[ simil> me?ods & nev] rema9 idle 9 peaceful times1 b by indu/ry make su* good use ( ! "t z may s]ve him 9 adv]sity1 s t :5 =tune *anges %e may f9d him prep>$ to resi/ h] bl[s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,( ,,! ,,?+s ,,= ,,:i* ,,m51 ,,& ,,especially ,,pr9ces1 ,,are ,,prais$ ,,or ,,blam$ ,x rema9s n[ to be se5 :at are ! me?ods & rules = a pr9ce z reg>ds 8 subjects & fri5ds4 ,& z ,i "k t _m h writt5 ( ?is1 ,i fe> t my writ+ ab\t x may be deem$ presumptu\s1 diff]+ z ,i d1 especially 9 ?is matt]1 f ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,b my int5tion be+ to write some?+ ( use to ^? :o und]/& x1 x appe>s to me m prop] to g to ! real tru? ( ! matt] ?an to its imag9ation2 & _m h imag9$ republics & pr9cipalities :i* h nev] be5 se5 or kn[n to exi/ 9 reality2 = h[ we live is s f> remov$ f h[ we ought to live1 t he :o ab&ons :at is done = :at ought to be done1 w r le>n to br+ ab\t 8 own ru9 ?an 8 pres]vation4 ,a man :o wi%es to make a pr(ession ( goodness 9 ev]y?+ mu/ necess>ily come to grief among s _m :o are n good4 ,!re=e x is necess>y = a pr9ce1 :o wi%es to ma9ta9 himself1 to le>n h[ n to be good1 & to use x & n use x accord+ to ! necessity ( ! case4 ,leav+ on "o side !n ^? ?+s :i* conc]n only an imag9>y pr9ce1 & speak+ ( ^? t are real1 ,i /ate t all m51 :5 spok5 (1 & especially pr9ces1 :o are plac$ at a great] height1 are not$ = "s ( ^? qualities :i* br+ !m ei!r praise or blame4 ,?us "o is consid]$ lib]al1 ano!r mis]ly2 "o a free giv]1 ano!r rapaci\s2 "o cruel1 ano!r m]ciful2 "o a break] ( 8 ^w1 ano!r fai?ful2 "o effem9ate & pusillanim\s1 ano!r fi]ce & high-spirit$2 "o humane1 ano!r pr\d2 "o lascivi\s1 ano!r *a/e2 "o frank1 ano!r a/ute2 "o h>d1 ano!r easy2 "o s]i\s1 ano!r frivol\s2 "o religi\s1 ano!r incr$ul\s1 & s on4 ,i "k t e "o w admit t x w\ld be highly praisewor?y 9 a pr9ce to possess all ! above-nam$ qualities t are reput$ good1 b z !y _c all be possess$ or obs]v$1 human conditions n p]mitt+ ( x1 x is necess>y t he %\ld be prud5t en\gh to avoid ! disgrace ( ^? vices :i* w\ld lose him ! /ate1 & gu>d himself aga9/ ^? :i* w n lose x him1 if possible1 b if n able to1 he c indulge !m ) less scruple4 ,& yet he mu/ n m9d incurr+ ! disgrace ( ^? vices1 )\t :i* x w\ld be difficult to save ! /ate1 = if "o consid]s well1 x w be f\nd t "s ?+s :i* seem virtues w\ld1 if foll[$1 lead to "o's ru91 & "s o!rs :i* appe> vices result1 if foll[$1 9 "o's great] security & well be+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,( ,,lib]ality ,,& ,,nigg>dl9ess ,beg9n+ n[ ) ! fir/ qualities above nam$1 ,i say t x w\ld be well to be consid]$ lib]al2 nev]!less lib]ality us$ 9 su* a way t y are n fe>$ w injure y1 because if us$ virtu\sly & 9 ! prop] way1 x w n be kn[n1 & y w n incur ! disgrace ( ! contr>y vice4 ,b "o :o wi%es to obta9 ! reputation ( lib]ality among m51 mu/ n omit e k9d ( sumptu\s display1 & to su* an ext5t t a pr9ce ( ?is "* w consume by su* means all 8 res\rces1 & w be at la/ compell$1 if he wi%es to ma9ta9 8 "n = lib]ality1 to impose heavy *>ges on 8 p1 become an extortion]1 & d ev]y?+ possible to obta9 money4 ,?is w make 8 subjects beg9 to hate him & he w be little e/eem$ be+ poor1 s t hav+ by ?is lib]ality injur$ _m & b5efit$ b few1 he w feel ! fir/ little di/urbance & be endang]$ by e accid5t4 ,if he recognises ?is & wi%es to *ange 8 sy/em1 he incurs at once ! *>ge ( nigg>dl9ess2 a pr9ce1 !re=e1 n be+ able to ex]cise ?is virtue ( lib]ality )\t risk if x is kn[n1 mu/ n1 if he is prud5t1 object to be call$ mis]ly4 ,9 c\rse ( "t he w be ?\ght m lib]al1 :5 x is se5 t by 8 p>simony 8 rev5ue is suffici5t1 t he c def5d himself aga9/ ^? :o make w> on him1 & und]take ent]prises )\t burd5+ 8 p1 s t he is really lib]al to all ^? f :om he does n take1 :o are inf9ite 9 numb]1 & nigg>dly to all to :om he does n give1 :o are few4 ,9 our times we h se5 no?+ great done except by ^? :o h be5 e/eem$ nigg>dly2 ! o!rs h all be5 ru9$4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 al?\gh he _h made use ( a reputation = lib]ality 9 ord] to atta9 ! papacy1 did n seek to reta9 x aft]w>ds1 s t he might be able to make w> on ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & he e>n$ on s _m w>s )\t impos+ an extraord9>y tax1 because 8 extra exp5ses 7 cov]$ by ! p>simony he _h s long practis$4 ,! pres5t ,k+ ( ,spa91 if he _h be5 ?\ght lib]al1 w\ld n h engag$ 9 & won s _m ent]prises4 ,= ^! reasons a pr9ce mu/ c>e little = ! reputation ( be+ a mis]1 if he wi%es to avoid robb+ 8 subjects1 if he wi%es to be able to def5d himself1 to n become poor & contemptible1 & n to be =c$ to become rapaci\s2 ?is vice ( nigg>dl9ess is "o ( ^? vices :i* enable him to reign4 ,if x is said t ,cs> atta9$ ! empire ?r\gh lib]ality1 & t _m o!rs h rea*$ ! highe/ positions ?r\gh be+ lib]al or be+ ?\ght s1 ,i w\ld reply t y are ei!r a pr9ce already or else on ! way to become "o4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ?is lib]ality is h>mful2 9 ! second1 x is c]ta9ly necess>y to be consid]$ lib]al1 & ,cs> 0 "o ( ^? :o wi%$ to atta9 ! ma/]y ov] ,rome1 b if aft] atta9+ x he _h liv$ & _h n mod]at$ 8 exp5ses1 he w\ld h de/roy$ t empire4 ,& %\ld any "o reply t !re h be5 _m pr9ces1 :o h done great ?+s ) _! armies1 :o h be5 ?\ght extremely lib]al1 ,i w\ld answ] by say+ t ! pr9ce may ei!r sp5d 8 own weal? & t ( 8 subjects or ! weal? ( o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ case he mu/ be sp>+1 b 9 ! second he mu/ n neglect to be v lib]al4 ,?is lib]ality is v necess>y to a pr9ce :o m>*es ) 8 armies1 & lives by plund]1 sack+ & extort+1 & is deal+ ) ! weal? ( o!rs1 = )\t x he w\ld n be foll[$ by 8 soldi]s4 ,& y may be v g5]\s inde$ ) :at is n ! prop]ty ( y\rself or y\r subjects1 z 7 ,cyrus1 ,cs>1 & ,alex&]2 = sp5d+ ! weal? ( o!rs w n dim9i% y\r reputation1 b increase x1 only sp5d+ y\r own res\rces w injure y4 ,!re is no?+ :i* de/roys itself s mu* z lib]ality1 = by us+ x y lose ! p[] ( us+ x1 & become ei!r poor & despicable1 or1 to escape pov]ty1 rapaci\s & hat$4 ,& ( all ?+s t a pr9ce mu/ gu>d aga9/1 ! mo/ important are be+ despicable or hat$1 & lib]ality w lead y to "o or o!r ( ^! conditions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wis] to h ! "n ( a mis]1 :i* produces disgrace )\t hatr$1 ?an to incur ( necessity ! "n ( be+ rapaci\s1 :i* produces bo? disgrace & hatr$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,( ,,cruelty ,,& ,,clem5cy1 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,bett] ,,to ,,be ,,lov$ ,,or ,,fe>$ ,proce$+ to ! o!r qualities be=e nam$1 ,i say t e pr9ce mu/ desire to be consid]$ m]ciful & n cruel4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 take c>e n to misuse ?is m]cifulness4 ,ces>e ,borgia 0 consid]$ cruel1 b 8 cruelty _h settl$ ! ,romagna1 unit$ x1 & br\ght x peace & confid5ce4 ,if ?is is consid]$ a b5efit1 x w be se5 t he 0 really mu* m m]ciful ?an ! ,flor5t9e p1 :o1 to avoid ! "n ( cruelty1 all[$ ,pi/oia to be de/roy$4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 mu/ n m9d incurr+ ! *>ge ( cruelty = ! purpose ( keep+ 8 subjects unit$ & confid5t2 =1 ) a v few examples1 he w be m m]ciful ?an ^? :o1 f excess ( t5d]ness1 all[ disord]s to arise1 f :5ce spr+ murd]s & rap9e2 = ^! z a rule injure ! :ole community1 :ile ! executions c>ri$ out by ! pr9ce injure only "o individual4 ,& ( all pr9ces1 x is impossible = a new pr9ce to escape ! "n ( cruel1 new /ates be+ always full ( dang]s4 ,:]e=e ,virgil makes ,dido excuse ! inhumanity ( h] rule by its be+ new1 :]e %e says3 ,res dura1 et regni novitas me talia cogunt ,moliri1 et late f9es cu/ode tu]i4 ,nev]!less1 he mu/ be cauti\s 9 believ+ & act+1 & mu/ n inspire fe> ( 8 own accord1 & mu/ proce$ 9 a temp]ate mann] ) prud5ce & humanity1 s t too mu* confid5ce does n r5d] him incauti\s1 & too mu* diffid5ce does n r5d] him intol]ant4 ,f ?is arises ! "q :e!r x is bett] to be lov$ m ?an fe>$1 or fe>$ m ?an lov$4 ,! reply is1 t "o ought to be bo? fe>$ & lov$1 b z x is difficult = ! two to g toge!r1 x is mu* saf] to be fe>$ ?an lov$1 if "o ( ! two has to be want+4 ,= x may be said ( m5 9 g5]al t !y are ungrateful1 voluble1 dissembl]s1 anxi\s to avoid dang]1 & covet\s ( ga92 z long z y b5efit !m1 !y are entirely y\rs2 !y (f] y _! blood1 _! goods1 _! life1 & _! *ildr51 z ,i h be=e said1 :5 ! necessity is remote2 b :5 x approa*es1 !y revolt4 ,& ! pr9ce :o has reli$ solely on _! words1 )\t mak+ o!r prep>ations1 is ru9$1 = ! fri5d%ip :i* is ga9$ by pur*ase & n ?r\gh gr&eur & nobility ( _s is m]it$ b is n secur$1 & at times is n to be _h4 ,& m5 h less scruple 9 (f5d+ "o :o makes himself lov$ ?an "o :o makes himself fe>$2 = love is held by a *a9 ( obligation :i*1 m5 be+ selfi%1 is brok5 :5ev] x s]ves _! purpose2 b fe> is ma9ta9$ by a dread ( puni%m5t :i* nev] fails4 ,/ill1 a pr9ce %\ld make himself fe>$ 9 su* a way t if he does n ga9 love1 he at any rate avoids hatr$2 = fe>1 & ! abs5ce ( hatr$ may well g toge!r1 & w be always atta9$ by "o :o ab/a9s f int]f]+ ) ! prop]ty ( 8 citiz5s & subjects or ) _! wom54 ,& :5 he is oblig$ to take ! life ( any "o1 to d s :5 !re is a prop] ju/ification & manife/ reason = x2 b above all he mu/ ab/a9 f tak+ ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 = m5 =get m easily ! dea? ( _! fa!r ?an ! loss ( _! patrimony4 ,!n also pretexts = seiz+ prop]ty are nev] want+1 & "o :o beg9s to live by rap9e w always f9d "s reason = tak+ ! goods ( o!rs1 :]eas causes = tak+ life are r>] & m quickly de/roy$4 ,b :5 ! pr9ce is ) 8 army & has a l>ge numb] ( soldi]s "u 8 control1 !n x is extremely necess>y t he %\ld n m9d be+ ?\ght cruel2 = )\t ?is reputation he c\ld n keep an army unit$1 or dispos$ to any duty4 ,among ! notewor?y actions ( ,hannibal is numb]$ ?is1 t al?\gh he _h an enorm\s army1 compos$ ( m5 ( all nations & fight+ 9 =eign c\ntries1 !re nev] arose any diss5sion ei!r among !m or aga9/ ! pr9ce1 ei!r 9 good =tune or 9 bad4 ,?is c\ld n be due to any?+ b 8 inhuman cruelty1 :i* toge!r ) 8 inf9ite o!r virtues1 made him always v5]at$ & t]rible 9 ! sight ( 8 soldi]s1 & )\t x 8 o!r virtues w\ld n h suffic$ to produce t effect4 ,?\ghtless writ]s admire on ! "o h& 8 actions1 & on ! o!r blame ! pr9cipal cause ( !m4 ,& t x is true t 8 o!r virtues w\ld n h suffic$ may be se5 f ! case ( ,scipio 7v r>e n only 9 8 own times1 b 9 all times ( :i* memory rema9s71 ^: armies rebell$ aga9/ him 9 ,spa91 :i* arose f no?+ b 8 excessive k9dness1 :i* all[$ m lic5se to ! soldi]s ?an 0 consonant ) milit>y discipl9e4 ,he 0 reproa*$ ) ?is 9 ! s5ate by ,fabius ,maximus1 :o call$ him a corrupt] ( ! ,roman militia4 ,! ,locri hav+ be5 de/roy$ by "o ( ,scipio's (fic]s 7 n rev5g$ by him1 nor 0 ! insol5ce ( t (fic] puni%$1 simply by reason ( 8 easy nature2 s mu* s1 t "s "o wi%+ to excuse him 9 ! s5ate1 said t !re 7 _m m5 :o knew r h[ n to err1 ?an h[ to correct ! errors ( o!rs4 ,?is disposition w\ld 9 "t h t>ni%$ ! fame & glory ( ,scipio _h he p]sev]$ 9 x "u ! empire1 b liv+ "u ! rule ( ! s5ate ?is h>mful quality 0 n only conceal$ b became a glory to him4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to be+ fe>$ & lov$1 t m5 love at _! own free w1 b fe> at ! w ( ! pr9ce1 & t a wise pr9ce mu/ rely on :at is 9 8 p[] & n on :at is 9 ! p[] ( o!rs1 & he mu/ only tr\ble himself to avoid incurr+ hatr$1 z has be5 expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,9 ,,:at ,,way ,,pr9ces ,,mu/ ,,keep ,,fai? ,h[ laudable x is = a pr9ce to keep good fai? & live ) integrity1 & n ) a/ut5ess1 e "o kn[s4 ,/ill ! exp]i5ce ( our times %[s ^? pr9ces to h done great ?+s :o h _h little reg>d = good fai?1 & h be5 able by a/ut5ess to confuse m5's bra9s1 & :o h ultimately ov]come ^? :o h made loyalty _! f\ndation4 ,y mu/ "k1 !n1 t !re are two me?ods ( fight+1 ! "o by law1 ! o!r by =ce3 ! fir/ me?od is t ( m51 ! second ( bea/s2 b z ! fir/ me?od is (t5 insuffici5t1 "o mu/ h rec\rse to ! second4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to "k well h[ to use bo? ! bea/ & ! man4 ,?is 0 cov]tly taught to pr9ces by anci5t writ]s1 :o relate h[ ,a*illes & _m o!rs ( ^? pr9ces 7 giv5 to ,*iron ! c5taur to be br\ght up1 :o kept !m "u 8 discipl9e2 ?is sy/em ( hav+ = tea*] "o :o 0 half bea/ & half man is meant to indicate t a pr9ce mu/ "k h[ to use bo? natures1 & t ! "o )\t ! o!r is n durable4 ,a pr9ce be+ ?us oblig$ to "k well h[ to act z a bea/ mu/ imitate ! fox & ! lion1 = ! lion _c protect himself f sn>es1 & ! fox _c def5d himself f wolves4 ,"o mu/ !re=e be a fox to recognise sn>es1 & a lion to fright5 wolves4 ,^? t wi% to be only lions d n und]/& ?is4 ,!re=e1 a prud5t rul] ought n to keep fai? :5 by s do+ x w\ld be aga9/ 8 int]e/1 & :5 ! reasons :i* made him b9d himself no long] exi/4 ,if m5 7 all good1 ?is precept w\ld n be a good "o2 b z !y are bad1 & w\ld n obs]ve _! fai? ) y1 s y are n b\nd to keep fai? ) !m4 ,nor are legitimate gr\nds ev] want+ to a pr9ce to give col\r to ! non-fulfilm5t ( 8 promise4 ,( ?is "o c\ld furni% an inf9ite numb] ( mod]n examples1 & %[ h[ _m times peace has be5 brok51 & h[ _m promises r5d]$ wor?less1 by ! fai?lessness ( pr9ces1 & ^? t h be5 be/ able to imitate ! fox h succe$$ be/4 ,b x is necess>y to be able to disguise ?is "* well1 & to be a great feign] & dissembl]2 & m5 are s simple & s ready to obey pres5t necessities1 t "o :o deceives w always f9d ^? :o all[ !mselves to be deceiv$4 ,i w only m5tion "o mod]n in/ance4 ,alex&] ,,vi4 did no?+ else b deceive m51 he ?\ght ( no?+ else1 & f\nd ! way to d x2 no man 0 ev] m able to give assurances1 or affirm$ ?+s ) /rong] oa?s1 & no man obs]v$ !m less2 h[ev]1 he always succe$$ 9 8 deceptions1 z he knew well ?is side ( ! _w4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 necess>y = a pr9ce to h all ! above-nam$ qualities1 b x is v necess>y to seem to h !m4 ,i w\ld ev5 be bold to say t to possess !m & to always obs]ve !m is dang]\s1 b to appe> to possess !m is useful4 ,?us x is well to seem pi\s1 fai?ful1 humane1 religi\s1 s9c]e1 & also to be s2 b y mu/ h ! m9d s wat*ful t :5 x is ne$ful to be o!rwise y may be able to *ange to ! opposite qualities4 ,& x mu/ be und]/ood t a pr9ce1 & especially a new pr9ce1 _c obs]ve all ^? ?+s :i* are consid]$ good 9 m51 be+ (t5 oblig$1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! /ate1 to act aga9/ fai?1 aga9/ *>ity1 aga9/ humanity1 & aga9/ religion4 ,&1 !re=e1 he mu/ h a m9d dispos$ to adapt itself accord+ to ! w9d1 & z ! v>iations ( =tune dictate1 &1 z ,i said be=e1 n deviate f :at is good1 if possible1 b be able to d evil if necessitat$4 ,a pr9ce mu/ take great c>e t no?+ goes out ( 8 m\? :i* is n full ( ! above-nam$ five qualities1 &1 to see & he> him1 he %\ld seem to be all fai?1 all integrity1 all humanity1 & all religion4 ,& no?+ is m necess>y ?an to seem to h ?is la/ quality1 = m5 9 g5]al judge m by ! eyes ?an by ! h&s1 = e "o c see1 b v few h to feel4 ,ev]ybody sees :at y appe> to be1 few feel :at y are1 & ^? few w n d>e to oppose !mselves to ! _m1 :o h ! maje/y ( ! /ate to def5d !m2 & 9 ! actions ( m51 & especially ( pr9ces1 f :i* !re is no appeal1 ! end is ev]y?+4 ,let a pr9ce !re=e aim at liv+ & ma9ta9+ /ate ! /ate1 ! means w always be judg$ hon\rable & prais$ by e "o1 = ! vulg> is always tak5 by appe>ances & ! result ( ?+s2 & ! _w consi/s only ( ! vulg>1 & ! few f9d a place :5 ! _m h no?+ to re/ ^u4 ,a c]ta9 pr9ce ( ! pres5t "t1 :om x is well n to "n1 nev] does any?+ b prea* peace & good fai?1 b he is really a great enemy to bo?1 & ei!r ( !m1 _h he obs]v$ !m1 w\ld h lo/ him bo? /ate & reputation on _m occasions4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,t ,,we ,,mu/ ,,avoid ,,be+ ,,despis$ ,,& ,,hat$ ,b z ,i h n[ spok5 ( ! mo/ important ( ! qualities 9 "q1 ,i w n[ deal briefly ) ! re/ on ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t ! pr9ce mu/1 z already /at$1 avoid ^? ?+s :i* w make him hat$ or despis$2 & :5ev] he succe$s 9 ?is1 he w h done 8 "p1 & w f9d no dang] 9 o!r vices4 ,he w *iefly become hat$1 z ,i said1 by be+ rapaci\s1 & usurp+ ! prop]ty & wom5 ( 8 subjects1 :i* he mu/ ab/a9 f do+1 & :5ev] "o does n attack ! prop]ty or hon\r ( ! g5]ality ( m51 !y w live cont5t$2 & "o w only h to combat ! ambition ( a few1 :o c be easily held 9 *eck 9 _m ways4 ,he is r5d]$ despicable by be+ ?\ght *angeable1 frivol\s1 effem9ate1 timid1 & irresolute2 :i* a pr9ce mu/ gu>d aga9/ z a rock ( dang]1 & manage s t 8 actions %[ gr&eur1 high c\rage1 s]i\sness1 & /r5g?2 & z to ! gov]nm5t ( 8 subjects1 let 8 s5t5ce be irrevocable1 & let him adh]e to 8 decisions s t no "o may ?9k ( deceiv+ him or mak+ him *ange4 ,! pr9ce :o creates su* an op9ion ( himself gets a great reputation1 & x is v difficult to conspire aga9/ "o :o has a great reputation1 & he w n easily be attack$1 s long z x is kn[n t he is e/eem$ & rev]5c$ by 8 subjects4 ,= a pr9ce mu/ h two k9ds ( fe>3 "o int]nal z reg>ds 8 subjects1 "o ext]nal z reg>ds =eign p[]s4 ,f ! latt] he c def5d himself ) good arms & good fri5ds1 & he w always h good fri5ds if he has good arms2 & int]nal matt]s w always rema9 quiet1 if !y are n p]turb$ by conspiracy2 & ev5 if ext]nal p[]s s\ght to fom5t "o1 if he has rul$ & liv$ z ,i h describ$1 he w always if he /&s firm be able to su/a9 e %ock1 z ,i h %[n t ,nabis ! ,sp>tan did4 ,b ) reg>d to ! subjects1 if n act$ on f outside1 x is /ill to be fe>$ le/ !y conspire 9 secret1 f :i* ! pr9ce may gu>d himself well by avoid+ hatr$ & contempt1 & keep+ ! p satisfi$ ) him1 :i* x is necess>y to accompli%1 z has be5 relat$ at l5g?4 ,& "o ( ! mo/ pot5t rem$ies t a pr9ce has aga9/ conspiracies1 is t ( n be+ hat$ or despis$ by ! mass ( ! p2 = :oev] conspires always believes t he w satisfy ! p by ! dea? ( _! pr9ce2 b if he ?\ght to (f5d !m by do+ ?is1 he w\ld fe> to engage 9 su* an und]tak+1 = ! difficulties t conspirators h to meet are inf9ite4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t !re h be5 v _m conspiracies1 b few h turn$ out well1 = :oev] conspires _c act alone1 & _c f9d companions except among ^? :o are discont5t$2 & z soon z y h disclos$ y\r int5tion to a malcont5t1 y give him ! means ( satisfy+ himself1 = by reveal+ x he c hope to secure ev]y?+ he wants2 to su* an ext5t t see+ a c]ta9 ga9 by do+ ?is1 & see+ on ! o!r h& only a d\btful "o & full ( dang]1 he mu/ ei!r be a r>e fri5d to y or else a v bitt] enemy to ! pr9ce if he keeps fai? ) y4 ,& to r$uce ! matt] to n>r[ limits1 ,i say1 t on ! side ( ! conspirator !re is no?+ b fe>1 jeal\sy1 suspicion1 & dread ( puni%m5t :i* fright5s him2 & on ! side ( ! pr9ce !re is ! maje/y ( gov]nm5t1 ! laws1 ! protection ( fri5ds & ( ! /ate :i* gu>d him4 ,:5 to ^! ?+s are add$ ! goodwill ( ! p1 x is impossible t any "o %\ld h ! tem]ity to conspire4 ,= :]eas g5]ally a conspirator has to fe> be=e ! execution ( 8 plot1 9 ?is case he mu/ also fe> aft]w>ds1 hav+ ! p = an enemy1 :5 8 crime is accompli%$1 & ?us n be+ able to hope = any refuge4 ,numb]less in/ances might be giv5 ( ?is1 b ,i w cont5t myself ) "o :i* took place )9 ! memory ( our fa!rs4 ,mess] ,annibale ,b5tivogli1 ,pr9ce ( ,bologna1 ance/or ( ! pres5t ,mess] ,annibale1 0 kill$ by ! ,cannes*i1 :o conspir$ aga9/ him4 ,he left no relations b ,mess] ,giovanni1 :o 0 !n an infant1 b aft] ! murd] ! p rose up & kill$ all ! ,cannes*i4 ,?is arose f ! popul> goodwill t ! h\se ( ,b5tivogli enjoy$ at t "t 9 ,bologna1 :i* 0 s great t1 z !re 0 nobody left aft] ! dea? ( ,annibale :o c\ld gov]n ! /ate1 ! ,bolognese he>+ t !re 0 "o ( ! ,b5tivogli family 9 ,flor5ce1 :o _h till !n be5 ?\ght ! son ( a blacksmi?1 came to fet* him & gave him ! gov]nm5t ( ! city1 & x 0 gov]n$ by him until ,mess] ,giovanni 0 old en\gh to assume ! gov]nm5t4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t a pr9ce ne$ tr\ble little ab\t conspiracies :5 ! p are well dispos$1 b :5 !y are ho/ile & hold him 9 hatr$1 !n he mu/ fe> ev]y?+ & ev]ybody4 ,well-ord]$ /ates & wise pr9ces h /udi$ dilig5tly n to drive ! nobles to desp]ation1 & to satisfy ! populace & keep x cont5t$1 = ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important matt]s t a pr9ce has to deal )4 ,among ! k+doms t are well ord]$ & gov]n$ 9 our "t is ,france1 & !re we f9d numb]less good in/itutions on :i* dep5d ! lib]ty & security ( ! k+2 ( ^! ! *ief is ! p>liam5t & its au?ority1 because he :o e/abli%$ t k+dom1 kn[+ ! ambition & insol5ce ( ! great nobles1 & deem+ x necess>y to h a bit 9 _! m\?s to *eck !m2 & kn[+ on ! o!r h& ! hatr$ ( ! mass ( ! p to ! great1 bas$ on fe>1 & wi%+ to secure !m1 did n wi% to make ?is ! special c>e ( ! k+1 to relieve him ( ! dissatisfaction t he might incur among ! nobles by fav\r+ ! p1 & among ! p by fav\r+ ! nobles4 ,he !re=e e/abli%$ a ?ird judge t1 )\t direct *>ge ( ! k+1 kept 9 *eck ! great & fav\r$ ! less] p4 ,nor c\ld any bett] or m prud5t measure h be5 adopt$1 nor bett] precaution = ! safety ( ! k+ & ! k+dom4 ,f :i* ano!r notable rule c be drawn1 t pr9ces %\ld let ! c>ry+ out ( unpopul> duties devolve on o!rs1 & be/[ fav\rs !mselves4 ,i conclude aga9 by say+ t a pr9ce mu/ e/eem 8 nobles1 b n make himself hat$ by ! populace4 ,x may p]haps seem to "s1 t consid]+ ! life & dea? ( _m ,roman emp]ors t !y are in/ances contr>y to my op9ion1 f9d+ t "s :o liv$ always nobly & %[$ great /r5g? ( "*1 nev]!less lo/ ! empire1 or 7 kill$ by _! subjects :o conspir$ aga9/ !m4 ,wi%+ to answ] ^! objections1 ,i w discuss ! qualities ( "s emp]ors1 %[+ ! cause ( _! ru9 n to be at v>iance ) :at ,i h /at$1 & ,i w also p>tly consid] ! ?+s to be not$ by :oev] reads ! de$s ( ^! times4 ,i w cont5t myself ) tak+ all ^? emp]ors :o succe$$ to ! empire f ,m>cus ! philosoph] to ,maxim9us2 ^! 7 ,m>cus1 ,commodus 8 son1 ,p]t9ax1 ,heliogabalus1 ,alex&]1 & ,maxim9us4 ,& ! fir/ ?+ to note is1 t :]eas o!r pr9ces h only to cont5d aga9/ ! ambition ( ! great & ! insol5ce ( ! p1 ! ,roman emp]ors _h a ?ird difficulty1 t ( hav+ to support ! cruelty & av>ice ( ! soldi]s1 :i* 0 su* a difficulty t x 0 ! cause ( ! ru9 ( _m1 x be+ difficult to satisfy bo? ! soldi]s & ! p4 ,= ! p love tranquillity1 & !re=e l pr9ces :o are pacific1 b ! soldi]s pref] a pr9ce ( milit>y _s1 :o is insol5t1 cruel1 & rapaci\s4 ,!y wi% him to ex]cise ^! qualities on ! p s t !y may get d\ble pay & give v5t to _! av>ice & cruelty4 ,?us x came ab\t t ^? emp]ors :o1 by nature or art1 _h n su* a reputation z c\ld keep bo? p>ties 9 *eck1 inv>iably 7 ru9$1 & ! great] numb] ( !m :o 7 rais$ to ! empire be+ new m51 kn[+ ! difficulties ( ^! two opposite dispositions1 conf9$ !mselves to satisfy+ ! soldi]s1 & ?\ght little ( injur+ ! p4 ,?is *oice 0 necess>y1 pr9ces n be+ able to avoid be+ hat$ by "s "o4 ,!y mu/ fir/ try n to be hat$ by ! mass ( ! p2 if !y _c accompli% ?is !y mu/ use e means to escape ! hatr$ ( ! mo/ p[]ful p>ties4 ,& !re=e ^! emp]ors1 :o be+ new m5 _h ne$ ( extraord9>y fav\rs1 adh]$ to ! soldi]s m will+ly ?an to ! p2 :e!r ?is1 h[ev]1 0 ( use to !m or n1 dep5d$ on :e!r ! pr9ce knew h[ to ma9ta9 8 reputation ) !m4 ,f ^! causes x result$ t ,m>cus1 ,p]t9ax1 & ,alex&]1 be+ all ( mode/ life1 lov]s ( ju/ice1 enemies ( cruelty1 humane & b5ign1 _h all a sad end+ except ,m>cus4 ,m>cus alone liv$ & di$ 9 hon\r1 because he succe$$ to ! empire by h]$it>y "r & did n owe x ei!r to ! soldi]s or to ! p2 besides :i*1 possess+ _m virtues :i* made him rev]$1 he kept bo? p>ties 9 _! place z long z he liv$ & 0 nev] ei!r hat$ or despis$4 ,b ,p]t9ax 0 creat$ emp]or aga9/ ! w ( ! soldi]s1 :o be+ accu/om$ to live lic5ti\sly "u ,commodus1 c\ld n put up ) ! hone/ life to :i* ,p]t9ax wi%$ to limit !m1 s t hav+ made himself hat$1 & to ?is contempt be+ add$ because he 0 old1 he 0 ru9$ at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,:5ce x may be se5 t hatr$ is ga9$ z mu* by good works z by evil1 & !re=e1 z ,i said be=e1 a pr9ce :o wi%es to ma9ta9 ! /ate is (t5 =c$ to d evil1 = :5 t p>ty1 :e!r populace1 soldi]y1 or nobles1 :i*ev] x be t y consid] necess>y to y = keep+ y\r position1 is corrupt1 y mu/ foll[ its hum\r & satisfy x1 & 9 t case good works w be inimical to y4 ,b let u come to ,alex&]1 :o 0 ( su* goodness1 t among o!r ?+s = :i* he is prais$1 x is said t 9 ! f\rte5 ye>s t he reign$ no "o 0 put to dea? by him )\t a fair trial4 ,nev]!less1 be+ consid]$ effem9ate1 & a man :o all[$ himself to be rul$ by 8 "m1 & hav+ ?us fall5 into contempt1 ! army conspir$ aga9/ him & kill$ him4 ,look+1 on ! o!r h&1 at ! qualities ( ,commodus1 ,sev]us1 ,anton9us1 extremely cruel & rapaci\s2 to satisfy ! soldi]s !re 0 no injury :i* !y w\ld n inflict on ! p1 & all except ,sev]us end$ badly4 ,sev]us1 h[ev]1 _h su* abilities t by ma9ta9+ ! soldi]s fri5dly to him1 he 0 able to reign happily1 al?\gh he oppress$ ! p1 = 8 virtues made him s admirable 9 ! sight bo? ( ! soldi]s & ! p t ! latt] 71 z x 71 a/oni%$ & /upefi$1 :ile ! =m] 7 respectful & cont5t$4 ,z ! de$s ( ?is rul] 7 great = a new pr9ce1 ,i w briefly %[ h[ well he c\ld use ! qualities ( ! fox & ! lion1 ^: natures1 z ,i said be=e1 x is necess>y = a pr9ce to imitate4 ,kn[+ ! slo? ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 ,sev]us1 :o 0 lead] ( ! army 9 ,slavonia1 p]suad$ ! troops t x w\ld be well to g to ,rome to av5ge ! dea? ( ,p]t9ax1 :o _h be5 sla9 by ! ,imp]ial gu>d1 & "u ?is pretext1 )\t reveal+ 8 aspirations to ! ?rone1 m>*$ ) 8 army to ,rome & 0 9 ,italy be=e 8 design 0 kn[n4 ,on 8 arrival 9 ,rome ! s5ate elect$ him emp]or ?r\gh fe>1 & ,julian di$4 ,!re rema9$ aft] ?is beg9n+ two difficulties to be fac$ by ,sev]us be=e he c\ld obta9 ! :ole control ( ! empire3 "o 9 ,asia1 :]e ,nigr9us1 head ( ! ,asiatic armies1 _h decl>$ himself emp]or2 ! o!r 9 ! we/ f ,alb9us1 :o also aspir$ to ! empire4 ,& z he judg$ x dang]\s to %[ himself ho/ile to bo?1 he decid$ to attack ,nigr9us & deceive ,alb9us1 to :om he wrote t hav+ be5 elect$ emp]or by ! s5ate he wi%$ to %>e t dignity ) him2 he s5t him ! title ( ,cs> &1 by delib]ation ( ! s5ate1 he 0 decl>$ 8 colleague2 all ( :i* 0 accept$ z true by ,alb9us4 ,b :5 ,sev]us _h defeat$ & kill$ ,nigr9us1 & pacifi$ ?+s 9 ! ,ea/1 he return$ to ,rome & *>g$ ,alb9us 9 ! s5ate ) hav+1 unm9dful ( ! b5efits receiv$ f him1 traitor\sly s\ght to assass9ate him1 & /at$ t he 0 !re=e oblig$ to g & puni% 8 +ratitude4 ,he !n w5t to ,france to meet him1 & !re depriv$ him ( bo? 8 position & 8 life4 ,:oev] exam9es 9 detail ! actions ( ,sev]us1 w f9d him to h be5 a v f]oci\s lion & an extremely a/ute fox1 & w see him to h be5 fe>$ & respect$ by all & n hat$ by ! army2 & w n be surpris$ t he1 a new man1 %\ld h be5 able to hold ! empire s well1 s9ce 8 great reputation def5d$ him always f t hatr$ t 8 rapacity might h produc$ 9 ! p4 ,b ,anton9us 8 son 0 also a man ( great ability1 & possess$ qualities t r5d]$ him admirable 9 ! sight ( ! p & also made him popul> ) ! soldi]s1 = he 0 a milit>y man1 capable ( endur+ ! mo/ extreme h>d%ips1 disda9ful ( delicate food1 & e o!r luxury1 :i* made him lov$ by all ! armies4 ,h[ev]1 8 f]ocity & cruelty 7 s great & unhe>d (1 ?r\gh 8 hav+1 aft] execut+ _m private individuals1 caus$ a l>ge "p ( ! population ( ,rome & all t ( ,alex&ria to be kill$1 t he became hat$ by all ! _w & began to be fe>$ by ^? ab\t him to su* an ext5t t he 0 f9ally kill$ by a c5turion 9 ! mid/ ( 8 army4 ,:5ce x is to be not$ t ?is k9d ( dea?1 :i* proce$s f ! delib]ate action ( a det]m9$ man1 _c be avoid$ by pr9ces1 s9ce any "o :o does n fe> dea? himself c inflict x1 b a pr9ce ne$ n fe> mu* on ?is acc\nt1 z su* actions are extremely r>e4 ,he mu/ only gu>d aga9/ committ+ any grave injury to any "o he makes use (1 or has ab\t him = 8 s]vice1 l ,anton9us _h done1 hav+ caus$ ! dea? ) contumely ( ! bro!r ( t c5turion1 & also ?reat5$ him e day1 al?\gh he /ill reta9$ him 9 8 bodygu>d1 :i* 0 a fooli% & dang]\s ?+ to d1 z ! fact prov$4 ,b let u come to ,commodus1 :o might easily h kept ! empire1 hav+ succe$$ to x by h]$ity1 be+ ! son ( ,m>cus1 & x w\ld h suffic$ = him to foll[ 9 ! /eps ( 8 fa!r to h satisfi$ bo? ! p & ! soldi]s4 ,b be+ ( a cruel & be/ial disposition1 9 ord] to be able to ex]cise 8 rapacity on ! p1 he s\ght to amuse ! soldi]s & r5d] !m lic5ti\s2 on ! o!r h&1 by n ma9ta9+ 8 dignity1 by (t5 desc5d+ into ! !atre to fight ) gladiators & committ+ o!r contemptible actions1 little wor?y ( ! imp]ial dignity1 he became despicable 9 ! eyes ( ! soldi]s1 & be+ hat$ on ! "o h& & despis$ on ! o!r1 he 0 conspir$ aga9/ & kill$4 ,!re rema9s to be describ$ ! "* ( ,maxim9us4 ,he 0 an extremely w>like man1 & z ! armies 7 annoy$ ) ! effem9acy ( ,alex&]1 :i* we h already spok5 (1 he 0 aft] ! dea? ( ! latt] elect$ emp]or4 ,he did n enjoy x = long1 z two ?+s made him hat$ & despis$3 ! "o 8 base orig91 z he _h be5 a %eph]d 9 ,?race1 :i* 0 g5]ally kn[n & caus$ great disda9 on all sides2 ! o!r1 because he _h at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 rule def]r$ go+ to ,rome to take possession ( ! ,imp]ial seat1 & _h obta9$ a reputation = great cruelty1 hav+ ?r\gh 8 prefects 9 ,rome & o!r p>ts ( ! empire committ$ _m acts ( cruelty4 ,! :ole _w be+ ?us mov$ by indignation = ! bas5ess ( 8 blood1 & also by ! hatr$ caus$ by fe> ( 8 f]ocity1 he 0 conspir$ aga9/ fir/ by ,africa & aft]w>ds by ! s5ate & all ! p ( ,rome & ,italy4 ,8 own army also jo9$ !m1 = besieg+ ,aquileia & f9d+ x difficult to take1 !y became enrag$ at 8 cruelty1 & see+ t he _h s _m enemies1 !y fe>$ him less & put him to dea?4 ,i w n speak ( ,heliogabalus1 ( ,macr9us1 or ,julian1 :o be+ entirely contemptible 7 imm$iately suppress$1 b ,i w come to ! conclusion ( ?is disc\rse by say+ t ! pr9ces ( our "t h less difficulty ?an ^! ( be+ oblig$ to satisfy 9 an extraord9>y degree _! soldi]s 9 _! /ates2 = al?\gh !y mu/ h a c]ta9 consid]ation = !m1 yet x is soon settl$1 = none ( ^! pr9ces h armies t are inextricably b\nd up ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t & ! rule ( _! prov9ces z 7 ! armies ( ! ,roman empire2 & !re=e if x 0 !n necess>y to satisfy ! soldi]s r ?an ! p1 x 0 because ! soldi]s c\ld d m ?an ! p2 n[1 x is m necess>y to all pr9ces1 except ! ,turk & ! ,soldan1 to satisfy ! p ?an ! soldi]s1 = ! p c d m ?an ! soldi]s4 ,i except ! ,turk1 because he always keeps ab\t him twelve ?\s& infantry & fifte5 ?\s& cavalry1 on :i* dep5d ! security & /r5g? ( 8 k+dom2 & x is necess>y = him to po/pone e o!r consid]ation ( ! p to keep !m fri5dly4 ,x is ! same ) ! k+dom ( ! ,soldan1 :i* be+ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! soldi]s1 he is b\nd to keep _! fri5d%ip reg>dless ( ! p4 ,& x is to be not$ t ?is /ate ( ! ,soldan is diff]5t f t ( all o!r pr9ces1 be+ simil> to ! ,*ri/ian pontificate1 :i* _c be call$ ei!r a h]$it>y k+dom or a new "o1 = ! sons ( ! dead pr9ce are n 8 heirs1 b he :o is elect$ to t position by ^? :o h au?ority4 ,& z ?is ord] is anci5t x _c be call$ a new k+dom1 !re be+ none ( ^! difficulties :i* exi/ 9 new ones2 z al?\gh ! pr9ce is new1 ! rules ( t /ate are old & arrang$ to receive him z if he 7 _! h]$it>y "l4 ,b return+ to our matt]1 ,i say t :oev] /udies ! prec$+ argum5t w see t ei!r hatr$ or contempt 7 ! causes ( ! ru9 ( ! emp]ors nam$1 & w also obs]ve h[ x came ab\t t1 "s ( !m act+ 9 "o way & "s 9 ano!r1 9 bo? ways !re 7 "s :o _h a =tunate & o!rs an un=tunate end+4 ,z ,p]t9ax & ,alex&] 7 bo? new rul]s1 x 0 useless & injuri\s = !m to try & imitate ,m>cus1 :o 0 a h]$it>y pr9ce2 & simil>ly ) ,c>acalla1 ,commodus1 & ,maxim9us x 0 p]nici\s = !m to imitate ,sev]us1 z !y _h n suffici5t ability to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,?us a new pr9ce _c imitate ! actions ( ,m>cus1 9 8 dom9ions1 nor is x necess>y = him to imitate ^? ( ,sev]us2 b he mu/ take f ,sev]us ^? portions t are necess>y to f\nd 8 /ate1 & f ,m>cus ^? t are useful & glori\s = cons]v+ a /ate t is already e/abli%$ & secure4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,:e!r ,,=tresses ,,& ,,o!r ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,pr9ces ,,(t5 ,,make ,,are ,,useful ,,or ,,injuri\s ,"s pr9ces1 9 ord] to securely hold _! possessions1 h dis>m$ _! subjects1 "s o!rs h kept _! subject l&s divid$ into p>ts1 o!rs h fom5t$ enmities aga9/ !mselves1 o!rs h endeav\r$ to w9 ov] ^? :om !y suspect$ at ! comm5cem5t ( _! rule3 "s h con/ruct$ =tresses1 o!rs h ru9$ & de/roy$ !m4 ,& al?\gh "o _c pron\nce a def9ite judgm5t z to ^! ?+s )\t go+ into ! p>ticul>s ( ! /ate to :i* su* a delib]ation is to be appli$1 /ill ,i w speak 9 su* a broad way z ! matt] w p]mit (4 ,a new pr9ce has nev] be5 kn[n to dis>m 8 subjects1 on ! contr>y1 :5 he has f\nd !m dis>m$ he has always arm$ !m1 = by arm+ !m ^! arms become y\r own1 ^? t y suspect$ become fai?ful & ^? t 7 fai?ful rema9 s1 & f be+ m]ely subjects become y\r p>tisans4 ,& s9ce all ! subjects _c be arm$1 :5 y b5efit ^? t y arm1 y c deal m safely ) ! o!rs2 & ?is diff]5t treatm5t t !y notice r5d]s y\r m5 m oblig$ to y1 ! o!rs w excuse y1 judg+ t ^? h necess>ily great] m]it :o h great] dang] & heavi] duties4 ,b :5 y dis>m !m1 y comm5ce to (f5d !m & %[ t y di/ru/ !m ei!r ?r\gh c[>dice or lack ( confid5ce1 & bo? ( ^! op9ions g5]ate hatr$ aga9/ y4 ,& z y _c rema9 un>m$1 y are oblig$ to resort to a m]c5>y militia1 ( :i* we h already /at$ ! value2 & ev5 if x 7 good x _c be suffici5t 9 numb] to def5d y aga9/ p[]ful enemies & suspect$ subjects4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 a new pr9ce 9 a new dom9ion always has 8 subjects arm$4 ,hi/ory is full ( su* examples4 ,b :5 a pr9ce acquires a new /ate z an addition to 8 old "o1 !n x is necess>y to dis>m t /ate1 except ^? :o 9 acquir+ x h sid$ ) y2 & ev5 ^! "o mu/1 :5 "t & opportunity s]ve1 r5d] weak & effem9ate1 & arrange ?+s s t all ! arms ( ! new /ate are 9 ! h&s ( y\r own soldi]s :o 9 y\r old /ate live ne> y4 ,our =efa!rs & ^? :o 7 e/eem$ wise us$ to say t x 0 necess>y to hold ,pi/oia by means ( facti\s & ,pisa ) =tresses1 & = ?is purpose !y fom5t$ diff]5ces among _! subjects 9 "s t[n 9 ord] to possess x m easily4 ,?is1 9 ^? days :5 ,italy 0 fairly divid$1 0 d\btless well done1 b does n seem to me to be a good precept = ! pres5t "t1 = ,i d n believe t ! divisions ?us creat$ ev] d any good2 on ! contr>y x is c]ta9 t :5 ! enemy approa*es1 ! cities ?us divid$ w be at once lo/1 = ! weak] faction w always side ) ! enemy & ! o!r w n be able to /&4 ,! ,v5etians1 actuat$1 ,i believe1 by ! a=esaid motives1 *]i%$ ! ,guelf & ,ghibell9e factions 9 ! cities subject to !m1 & al?\gh !y nev] all[$ !m to come to blood%$1 !y yet enc\rag$ ^! diff]5ces among !m1 s t ! citiz5s1 be+ occupi$ 9 _! own qu>rels1 might n act aga9/ !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n avail !m any?+1 z 0 se5 :51 aft] ! defeat ( ,vaila1 a "p ( ^? subjects imm$iately took c\rage & took f !m ! :ole /ate4 ,su* me?ods1 besides1 argue weakness 9 a pr9ce1 = 9 a /rong gov]nm5t su* diss5sions w nev] be p]mitt$4 ,!y are pr(itable only 9 "t ( peace1 z by means ( !m x is easy to manage "o's subjects1 b :5 x comes to w>1 ! fallacy ( su* a policy is at once %[n4 ,)\t d\bt1 pr9ces become great :5 !y ov]come difficulties & opposition1 & !re=e =tune1 especially :5 x wants to r5d] a new pr9ce great1 :o has great] ne$ ( ga9+ a great reputation ?an a h]$it>y pr9ce1 raises up enemies & compels him to und]take w>s aga9/ !m1 s t he may h cause to ov]come !m1 & ?us raise himself high] by means ( t ladd] :i* 8 enemies h br\ght him4 ,!re are _m :o ?9k !re=e t a wise pr9ce ought1 :5 he has ! *ance1 to fom5t a/utely "s enmity1 s t by suppress+ x he w augm5t 8 greatness4 ,pr9ces1 & especially new ones1 h f\nd m fai? & m usefulness 9 ^? m51 :om at ! beg9n+ ( _! p[] !y reg>d$ ) suspicion1 ?an 9 ^? !y at fir/ confid$ 94 ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 ,pr9ce ( ,si5a1 gov]n$ 8 /ate m by ^? :om he suspect$ ?an by o!rs4 ,b ( ?is we _c speak at l>ge1 z x v>ies accord+ to ! subject2 ,i w m]ely say t ^! m5 :o at ! beg9n+ ( a new gov]nm5t 7 enemies1 if !y are ( a k9d to ne$ support to ma9ta9 _! position1 c be v easily ga9$ by ! pr9ce1 & !y are ! m compell$ to s]ve him fai?fully z !y "k !y mu/ by _! de$s cancel ! bad op9ion previ\sly held ( !m1 & ?us ! pr9ce w always d]ive great] help f !m ?an f ^? :o1 s]v+ him ) great] security1 neglect 8 int]e/4 ,& z ! matt] requires x1 ,i w n omit to rem9d a pr9ce :o has newly tak5 a /ate ) ! secret help ( its inhabitants1 t he mu/ consid] well ! motives t h induc$ ^? :o h fav\r$ him to d s1 & if x is n natural affection = him1 b only because !y 7 n cont5t$ ) ! /ate z x 01 he w h great tr\ble & difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ _! fri5d%ip1 because x w be impossible = him to cont5t !m4 ,& on well exam9+ ! cause ( ?is 9 ! examples drawn f anci5t & mod]n times x w be se5 t x is mu* easi] to ga9 ! fri5d%ip1 ( ^? m5 :o 7 cont5t$ ) ! previ\s condition & 7 !re=e at fir/ enemies1 ?an t ( ^? :o n be+ cont5t$1 became 8 fri5ds & help$ him to occupy x4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om ( pr9ces 9 ord] to be able to hold securely _! /ate1 to erect =tresses1 z a bridle & bit to ^? :o h designs aga9/ !m1 & 9 ord] to h a secure refuge aga9/ a sudd5 assault4 ,i approve ?is me?od1 because x 0 anci5tly us$4 ,nev]!less1 ,mess] ,niccolo ,vitelli has be5 se5 9 our own "t to de/roy two =tresses 9 ,citt di ,ca/ello 9 ord] to keep t /ate4 ,guid' ,ubaldo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 on return+ to 8 dom9ions f :i* he _h be5 driv5 by ,ces>e ,borgia1 raz$ to _! f\ndations all ! =tresses ( t prov9ce1 & consid]$ t )\t !m x w\ld be m difficult = him to lose aga9 ! /ate4 ,! ,b5tivogli1 9 return+ to ,bologna1 us$ simil> measures4 ,!re=e =tresses may or may n be useful accord+ to ! times2 if !y d good 9 "o way1 !y d h>m 9 ano!r4 ,! "q may be discuss$ ?us3 a pr9ce :o fe>s 8 own p m ?an =eign]s ought to build =tresses1 b he :o has great] fe> ( =eign]s ?an ( 8 own p ought to d )\t !m4 ,! ca/le ( ,milan built by ,francesco ,s=za has giv5 & w give m tr\ble to ! h\se ( ,s=za ?an any o!r disord] 9 t /ate4 ,!re=e ! be/ =tress is to be f\nd 9 ! love ( ! p1 = al?\gh y may h =tresses !y w n save y if y are hat$ by ! p4 ,:5 once ! p h tak5 arms aga9/ y1 !re w nev] be lack+ =eign]s to assi/ !m4 ,9 our times we d n see t !y h pr(it$ any rul]1 except ! ,c\ntess ( ,=li on ! dea? ( h] consort ,c\nt ,girolamo1 = %e 0 ?us enabl$ to escape ! popul> ris+ & await help f ,milan & recov] ! /ate2 ! circum/ances be+ !n su* t no =eign] c\ld assi/ ! p4 ,b aft]w>ds !y 7 ( little use to h] :5 ,ces>e ,borgia attack$ h] & ! p be+ ho/ile to h] alli$ !mselves ) ! =eign]4 ,s t !n & be=e x w\ld h be5 saf] = h] n to be hat$ by ! p ?an to h ! =tresses4 ,hav+ consid]$ ^! ?+s ,i w\ld !re=e praise ! "o :o erects =tresses & ! "o :o does n1 & w\ld blame any "o :o1 tru/+ 9 !m1 ?9ks little ( be+ hat$ by 8 p4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,h[ ,a ,,pr9ce ,,mu/ ,,act ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,ga9 ,,reputation ,no?+ causes a pr9ce to be s mu* e/eem$ z great ent]prises & sett+ a r>e example4 ,we h 9 our own day ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,aragon1 at pres5t ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,he may almo/ be t]m$ a new pr9ce1 because f a weak k+ he has become = fame & glory ! fir/ k+ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & if y reg>d 8 actions y w f9d !m all v great & "s ( !m extraord9>y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign he assail$ ,granada1 & t ent]prise 0 ! f\ndation ( 8 /ate4 ,at fir/ he did x leisurely & )\t fe> ( be+ int]f]$ )2 he kept ! m9ds ( ! b>ons ( ,ca/ile occupi$ 9 ?is ent]prise1 s t ?9k+ only ( t w> !y did n ?9k ( mak+ innovations1 & he ?us acquir$ reputation & p[] ov] !m )\t _! be+ aw>e ( x4 ,he 0 able ) ! money ( ! ,*ur* & ! p to ma9ta9 8 armies1 & by t long w> lay ! f\ndations ( 8 milit>y p[]1 :i* aft]w>ds has made him fam\s4 ,besides ?is1 to be able to und]take great] ent]prises1 & always "u ! pretext ( religion1 he _h rec\rse to a pi\s cruelty1 driv+ out ! ,moors f 8 k+dom & despoil+ !m4 ,no m admirable or r>e example c be f\nd4 ,he also attack$ "u ! same pretext ,africa1 und]took 8 ,italian ent]prise1 & has lately attack$ ,france2 s t he has cont9ually contriv$ great ?+s1 :i* h kept 8 subjects' m9ds unc]ta9 & a/oni%$1 & occupi$ 9 wat*+ _! result4 ,& ^! actions h aris5 "o out ( ! o!r1 s t !y h left no "t = m5 to settle d[n & act aga9/ him4 ,x is also v pr(itable = a pr9ce to give "s r>e examples ( himself 9 ! int]nal adm9i/ration1 l ^? relat$ ( ,mess] ,b]nab ( ,milan1 :5 x happ5s t "s "o does some?+ extraord9>y1 ei!r good or evil1 9 civil life1 & to take a means ( rew>d+ or puni%+ him :i* w be mu* talk$ ab\t4 ,& above all a pr9ce mu/ endeav\r 9 e action to obta9 fame = be+ great & excell5t4 ,a pr9ce is fur!r e/eem$ :5 he is a true fri5d or a true enemy1 :51 t is1 he decl>es himself )\t res]ve 9 fav\r ( "s "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,?is policy is always m useful ?an rema9+ neutral4 ,= if two neighb\r+ p[]s come to bl[s1 !y are ei!r su* t if "o w9s1 y w h to fe> ! victor1 or else n4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! two cases x w be bett] = y to decl>e y\rself op5ly & make w>1 because 9 ! fir/ case if y d n decl>e y\rself1 y w fall a prey to ! victor1 to ! pleasure & satisfaction ( ! "o :o has be5 defeat$1 & y w h no reason nor any?+ to def5d y & nobody to receive y4 ,=1 :oev] w9s w n desire fri5ds :om he suspects & :o d n help him :5 9 tr\ble1 & :oev] loses w n receive y z y did n take up arms to assi/ 8 cause4 ,antio*us w5t to ,greece1 be+ s5t by ! toli to expel ! ,romans4 ,he s5t orators to ! ,a*i :o 7 fri5ds ( ! ,romans to enc\rage !m to rema9 neutral1 on ! o!r h& ! ,romans p]suad$ !m to take up arms on _! side4 ,! matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! c\ncil ( ! ,a*i = delib]ation1 :]e ! ambassador ( ,antio*us s\ght to p]suade !m to rema9 neutral1 to :i* ! ,roman ambassador repli$3 ,z to :at is said t x is be/ & mo/ useful = y\r /ate n to m$dle 9 our w>1 no?+ is fur!r f ! tru?2 = if y d n m$dle 9 x y w become1 )\t any fav\r or any reputation1 ! prize ( ! victor4 ,& x w always happ5 t ! "o :o is n y\r fri5d w want y to rema9 neutral1 & ! "o :o is y\r fri5d w require y to decl>e y\rself by tak+ arms4 ,irresolute pr9ces1 to avoid pres5t dang]s1 usually foll[ ! way ( neutrality & are mo/ly ru9$ by x4 ,b :5 ! pr9ce decl>es himself frankly 9 fav\r ( "o side1 if ! "o to :om y adh]e conqu]s1 ev5 if he is p[]ful & y rema9 at 8 discretion1 he is "u an obligation to y & fri5d%ip has be5 e/abli%$1 & m5 are nev] s di%one/ z to oppress y ) su* +ratitude4 ,moreov]1 victories are nev] s prosp]\s t ! victor does n ne$ to h "s scruples1 especially z to ju/ice4 ,b if he to :om y adh]e loses1 y are %elt]$ by him1 & s long z he c1 he w assi/ y2 y become ! companion ( a =tune :i* may rise aga94 ,9 ! second case1 :5 ^? :o fight are su* t y h no?+ to fe> f ! victor1 x is /ill m prud5t on y\r "p to adh]e to "o2 = y g to ! ru9 ( "o ) ! help ( him :o ought to save him if he 7 wise1 & if he conqu]s he re/s at y\r discretion1 & x is impossible t he %\ld n conqu] ) y\r help4 ,& "h x %\ld be not$ t a pr9ce ought nev] to make common cause ) "o m p[]ful ?an himself to injure ano!r1 unless necessity =ces him to x1 z be=e said2 = if he w9s y re/ at 8 discretion1 & pr9ces mu/ avoid z mu* z possible be+ at ! discretion ( o!rs4 ,! ,v5etians unit$ ) ,france aga9/ ! ,duke ( ,milan1 al?\gh !y c\ld h avoid$ t union1 & f x result$ _! own ru94 ,b :5 "o _c avoid x1 z happ5$ to ! ,flor5t9es :5 ! pope & ,spa9 w5t ) _! armies to attack ,lomb>dy1 !n ! pr9ce ought to jo9 = ! above reasons4 ,let no /ate believe t x c foll[ a secure policy1 r let x ?9k t all are d\btful4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t "o nev] tries to avoid "o difficulty )\t runn+ into ano!r1 b prud5ce consi/s 9 be+ able to "k ! nature ( ! difficulties1 & tak+ ! lea/ h>mful z good4 ,a pr9ce mu/ also %[ himself a lov] ( m]it1 & hon\r ^? :o excel 9 e art4 ,moreov] he mu/ enc\rage 8 citiz5s to foll[ _! call+s quietly1 :e!r 9 comm]ce1 or agriculture1 or any o!r trade t m5 foll[1 s t ?is "o %all n refra9 f improv+ 8 possessions ?r\gh fe> t !y may be tak5 f him1 & t "o f />t+ a trade = fe> ( taxes2 b he %\ld (f] rew>ds to :oev] does ^! ?+s1 & to :oev] seeks 9 any way to improve 8 city or /ate4 ,besides ?is1 he ought1 at conv5i5t seasons ( ! ye>1 to keep ! p occupi$ ) fe/ivals & spectacles2 & z e city is divid$ ei!r into trades or into classes1 he ought to pay att5tion to all ^! ?+s1 m+le ) !m f "t to "t1 & give !m an example ( 8 humanity & magnific5ce1 always hold+ firm1 h[ev]1 ! maje/y ( 8 dignity1 :i* mu/ nev] be all[$ to fan 9 any?+ :atev]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,( ,,! ,,secret>ies ,,( ,,pr9ces ,! *oice ( a pr9ce's m9i/]s is a matt] ( no little importance2 !y are ei!r good or n accord+ to ! prud5ce ( ! pr9ce4 ,! fir/ impression t "o gets ( a rul] & ( 8 bra9s is f see+ ! m5 t he has ab\t him4 ,:5 !y are compet5t & fai?ful "o c always consid] him wise1 z he has be5 able to recognise _! ability & keep !m fai?ful4 ,b :5 !y are ! rev]se1 "o c always =m an unfav\rable op9ion ( him1 because ! fir/ mi/ake t he makes is 9 mak+ ?is *oice4 ,!re 0 nobody :o knew ,mess] ,antonio da ,v5afro z ! m9i/] ( ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 ,pr9ce ( ,si5a1 :o did n consid] ,p&olfo to be a v prud5t man1 hav+ him = 8 m9i/]4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( bra9s1 ! "o und]/&s ?+s unassi/$1 ! o!r und]/&s ?+s :5 %[n by o!rs1 ! ?ird und]/&s nei!r alone nor ) ! explanations ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ k9d is mo/ excell5t1 ! second also excell5t1 b ! ?ird useless4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t if ,p&olfo 0 n ( ! fir/ k9d1 he 0 at any rate ( ! second4 ,= e "t t "o has ! judgm5t to "k ! good & evil t any "o does or says1 ev5 if he has no inv5tion1 yet he recognises ! bad & good works ( 8 m9i/] & corrects ! "o & supports ! o!r2 & ! m9i/] _c hope to deceive him & !re=e rema9s good4 ,= a pr9ce to be able to "k a m9i/] !re is ?is me?od :i* nev] fails4 ,:5 y see ! m9i/] ?9k m ( himself ?an ( y1 & 9 all 8 actions seek 8 own pr(it1 su* a man w nev] be a good m9i/]1 & y c nev] rely on him2 = :oev] has 9 h& ! /ate ( ano!r mu/ nev] ?9k ( himself b ( ! pr9ce1 & n call to m9d any?+ b :at relates to him4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ce1 9 ord] to reta9 8 fidelity ought to ?9k ( 8 m9i/]1 hon\r+ & enri*+ him1 do+ him k9dnesses1 & conf]r+ on him hon\rs & giv+ him responsible tasks1 s t ! great hon\rs & ri*es be/[$ on him cause him n to desire o!r hon\rs & ri*es1 & ! tasks he has to fulfil make him fe>ful ( *anges1 kn[+ t he c\ld n execute !m )\t ! pr9ce4 ,:5 pr9ces & _! m9i/]s /& 9 ?is relation to ea* o!r1 !y c rely ! "o ^u ! o!r2 :5 x is o!rwise1 ! end is always injuri\s ei!r = "o or ! o!r ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,h[ ,,flatt]]s ,,mu/ ,,be ,,%unn$ ,i mu/ n omit an important subject1 & a mi/ake :i* pr9ces c ) difficulty avoid1 if !y are n v prud5t1 or if !y d n make a good *oice4 ,& ?is is ) reg>d to flatt]]s1 ( :i* c\rts are full1 because m5 take su* pleasure 9 _! own ?+s & deceive !mselves ab\t !m t !y c ) difficulty gu>d aga9/ ?is plague2 & by wi%+ to gu>d aga9/ x !y run ! risk ( becom+ contemptible4 ,because !re is no o!r way ( gu>d+ "o's self aga9/ flatt]y ?an by lett+ m5 und]/& t !y w n (f5d y by speak+ ! tru?2 b :5 e "o c tell y ! tru?1 y lose _! respect4 ,a prud5t pr9ce mu/ !re=e take a ?ird c\rse1 by *oos+ 9 8 /ate wise m51 & giv+ ^! alone full lib]ty to speak ! tru? to him1 b only ( ^? ?+s t he asks & ( no?+ else2 b he mu/ ask !m ab\t ev]y?+ & he> _! op9ion1 & aft]w>ds delib]ate by himself 9 8 own way1 & 9 ^! c\ncils & ) ea* ( ^! m5 comport himself s t e "o may see t ! m freely he speaks1 ! m he w be acceptable4 ,outside ^! he %\ld li/5 to no "o1 g ab\t ! matt] delib]ately1 & be det]m9$ 9 8 decisions4 ,:oev] acts o!rwise ei!r acts precipitately ?r\gh flatt]y or else *anges (t5 ?r\gh ! v>iety ( op9ions1 f :i* x happ5s t he is little e/eem$4 ,i w give a mod]n in/ance ( ?is4 ,pre' ,luca1 a foll[] ( ,maximilian1 ! pres5t emp]or1 speak+ ( 8 maje/y said t he nev] took c\nsel ) anybody1 & yet t he nev] did any?+ z he wi%$2 ?is arose f 8 foll[+ ! contr>y me?od to ! a=esaid4 ,z ! emp]or is a secret man he does n communicate 8 designs to any "o or take any "o's advice1 b z on putt+ !m into effect !y beg9 to be kn[n & discov]$1 !y beg9 to be oppos$ by ^? he has ab\t him1 & he is easily div]t$ f 8 purpose4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t :at he does "o day he undoes ! next1 no "o ev] und]/&s :at he wi%es or int5ds to d1 & no reliance is to be plac$ on 8 delib]ations4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 ought always to take c\nsel1 b only :5 he wi%es1 n :5 o!rs wi%2 on ! contr>y he ought to disc\rage absolutely attempts to advise him unless he asks x1 b he ought to be a great ask]1 & a pati5t he>] ( ! tru? ab\t ^? ?+s :i* he has inquir$ (2 inde$1 if he f9ds t any "o has scruples 9 tell+ him ! tru? he %\ld be angry4 ,& s9ce "s ?9k t a pr9ce :o ga9s ! reputation ( be+ prud5t is s consid]$1 n by 8 nature b by ! good c\ncillors he has ab\t him1 !y are und\bt$ly deceiv$4 ,x is an infallible rule t a pr9ce :o is n wise himself _c be well advis$1 unless by *ance he left himself entirely 9 ! h&s ( "o man :o rul$ him 9 ev]y?+1 & happ5$ to be a v prud5t man4 ,9 ?is case he may d\btless be well gov]n$1 b x w\ld n la/ long1 = t gov]nor w\ld 9 a %ort "t deprive him ( ! /ate2 b by tak+ c\nsel ) _m1 a pr9ce :o is n wise w nev] h unit$ c\ncils & w n be able to unite !m = himself4 ,! c\ncillors w all ?9k ( _! own int]e/s1 & he w be unable ei!r to correct or to und]/& !m4 ,& x _c be o!rwise1 = m5 w always be false to y unless !y are compell$ by necessity to be true4 ,!re=e x mu/ be conclud$ t wise c\nsels1 f :oev] !y come1 mu/ necess>ily be due to ! prud5ce ( ! pr9ce1 & n ! prud5ce ( ! pr9ce to ! good c\nsels receiv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,:y ,,! ,,pr9ces ,,( ,,italy ,,h ,,lo/ ,,_! ,,/ates ,! be=e-m5tion$ ?+s1 if prud5tly obs]v$1 make a new pr9ce seem anci5t1 & r5d] him at once m secure & firm] 9 ! /ate ?an if he _h be5 e/abli%$ !re ( old4 ,= a new pr9ce is mu* m obs]v$ 9 8 actions ?an a h]$it>y "o1 & :5 ^! are recognis$ z virtu\s1 he ga9s m5 m & !y are m b\nd to him ?an if he 7 ( ! anci5t blood4 ,= m5 are mu* m tak5 by pres5t ?an by pa/ ?+s1 & :5 !y f9d !mselves well (f 9 ! pres5t1 !y enjoy x & seek no?+ m2 on ! contr>y1 !y w d all !y c to def5d him1 s long z ! pr9ce is n 9 o!r ?+s want+ to himself4 ,& ?us he w h ! d\ble glory ( hav+ f\nd$ a new realm & adorn$ x & =tifi$ x ) good laws1 good arms1 good fri5ds & good examples2 z he w h d\ble %ame :o is born a pr9ce & ?r\gh want ( prud5ce has lo/ x4 ,& if "o consid]s ^? rul]s :o h lo/ _! position 9 ,italy 9 our days1 su* z ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ! ,duk ( ,milan & o!rs1 "o w f9d 9 !m fir/ a common defect z to _! arms1 = ! reasons discuss$ at l5g?1 !n we obs]ve t "s ( !m ei!r _h ! p ho/ile to !m1 or t if ! p 7 fri5dly !y 7 n able to make sure ( ! nobility1 = )\t ^! defects1 /ates are n lo/ t h en\gh /r5g? to be able to keep an army 9 ! field4 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 n ! fa!r ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 b ! "o :o 0 conqu]$ by ,titus ,qu9teus1 did n possess a great /ate comp>$ to ! greatness ( ,rome & ,greece :i* assail$ him1 b be+ a milit>y man & "o :o knew h[ to div]t ! p & make sure ( ! great1 he 0 able to su/a9 ! w> aga9/ !m = _m ye>s2 & if at l5g? he lo/ 8 p[] ov] sev]al cities1 he 0 /ill able to keep 8 k+dom4 ,!re=e1 ^? ( our pr9ces :o _h held _! possessions = _m ye>s mu/ n accuse =tune = hav+ lo/ !m1 b r _! own neglig5ce2 = hav+ nev] 9 quiet times consid]$ t ?+s might *ange 7z x is a common fault ( m5 n to reckon on /orms1 9 fair wea!r7 :5 adv]se times came1 !y only ?\ght ( flee+ f !m1 in/ead ( def5d+ !mselves2 & hop$ t ! p1 enrag$ by ! insol5ce ( ! conqu]ors1 w\ld recall !m4 ,?is measure1 :5 o!rs are want+1 is good2 b x is v bad to h neglect$ ! o!r rem$ies = t "o1 = nobody w\ld desire to fall because he believ$ t he w\ld !n f9d "s "o to pick him up4 ,?is may or may n take place1 & if x does1 x is n ) safety to y1 z t def5ce is kn[n to be c[>dly & n to be dep5d$ on2 & only ^? def5ces are good1 c]ta9 & durable1 :i* dep5d only on y\rself & y\r own ability4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,=tune ,,c ,,d ,,9 ,,human ,,affairs ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,may ,,be ,,oppos$ ,x is n unkn[n to me h[ _m h be5 & are ( op9ion t worldly ev5ts are s gov]n$ by =tune & by ,god1 t m5 _c by _! prud5ce *ange !m1 & t on ! contr>y !re is no rem$y :atev]1 & = ?is !y may judge x to be useless to toil mu* ab\t !m1 b let ?+s be rul$ by *ance4 ,?is op9ion has be5 m believ$ 9 9 our day1 f ! great *anges t h be5 se51 & are daily se51 beyond e human conjecture4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ab\t !m at times1 ,i am p>tly incl9$ to %>e ?is op9ion4 ,nev]!less1 t our freewill may n be altoge!r ext+ui%$1 ,i ?9k x may be true t =tune is ! rul] ( half our actions1 b t %e all[s ! o!r half or a little less to be gov]n$ by u4 ,i w\ld comp>e h] to an impetu\s riv] t1 :5 turbul5t1 inundates ! pla9s1 ru9s trees & build+s1 removes e>? f ?is side & places x on ! o!r2 e "o flies be=e x1 & ev]y?+ yields to its fury )\t be+ able to oppose x2 & yet ?\gh x is ( su* a k9d1 /ill :5 x is quiet1 m5 c make provision aga9/ x by dams & banks1 s t :5 x rises x w ei!r g into a canal or its ru% w n be s wild & dang]\s4 ,x happ5s simil>ly ) =tune1 :i* %[s h] p[] :]e no measures h be5 tak5 to resi/ h]1 & turns h] fury :]e %e kn[s t no dams or b>ri]s h be5 made to hold h]4 ,& if y reg>d ,italy1 :i* has be5 ! seat ( ^! *anges1 & :o has giv5 ! impulse to !m1 y w see h] to be a c\ntry )\t dams or b>ri]s ( any k9d4 ,if %e _h be5 protect$ by prop] measures1 l ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,france1 ?is inundation w\ld n h caus$ ! great *anges t x has1 or w\ld n h happ5$ at all4 ,?is mu/ suffice z reg>ds opposition to =tune 9 g5]al4 ,b limit+ myself m to p>ticul> cases1 ,i w\ld po9t out h[ "o sees a c]ta9 pr9ce to-day =tunate & to-morr[ ru9$1 )\t see+ t he has *ang$ 9 "* or o!rwise4 ,i believe ?is arises 9 ! fir/ place f ! causes t we h already discuss$ at l5g?2 t is to say1 because ! pr9ce :o bases himself entirely on =tune is ru9$ :5 =tune v>ies4 ,i also believe t he is happy ^: mode ( proce$+ accords ) ! ne$s ( ! times1 & simil>ly he is un=tunate ^: mode ( proce$+ is oppos$ to ! times4 ,= "o sees t m5 9 ^? ?+s :i* lead !m to ! aim t ea* "o has 9 view1 namely1 glory & ri*es1 proce$ 9 v>i\s ways2 "o ) circumspection1 ano!r ) impetuosity1 "o by viol5ce1 ano!r by cunn+1 "o ) pati5ce1 ano!r ) ! rev]se2 & ea* by ^! div]se ways may arrive at 8 aim4 ,"o sees also two cauti\s m51 "o ( :om succe$s 9 8 designs1 & ! o!r n1 & 9 ! same way two m5 succe$ equally by diff]5t me?ods1 "o be+ cauti\s1 ! o!r impetu\s1 :i* arises only f ! nature ( ! times1 :i* does or does n con=m to _! me?od ( proce$+4 ,f ?is results1 z ,i h said1 t two m51 act+ diff]5tly1 atta9 ! same effect1 & ( two o!rs act+ 9 ! same way1 "o arrives at 8 good & n ! o!r4 ,f ?is dep5d also ! *anges 9 =tune1 = if x happ5s t "t & circum/ances are fav\rable to "o :o acts ) caution & prud5ce he w be successful1 b if "t & circum/ances *ange he w be ru9$1 because he does n *ange 8 mode ( proce$+4 ,no man is f\nd able to adapt himself to ?is1 ei!r because he _c deviate f t to :i* 8 nature disposes him1 or else because hav+ always prosp]$ by walk+ 9 "o pa?1 he _c p]suade himself t x is well to leave x2 & !re=e ! cauti\s man1 :5 x is "t to act sudd5ly1 does n "k h[ to d s & is consequ5tly ru9$2 = if "o c\ld *ange "o's nature ) "t & circum/ances1 =tune w\ld nev] *ange4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 act$ impetu\sly 9 ev]y?+ he did & f\nd ! times & conditions s 9 con=mity ) t mode ( proce$+1 t he always obta9$ a good result4 ,consid] ! fir/ w> t he made aga9/ ,bologna :ile ,mess] ,giovanni ,b5tivogli 0 /ill liv+4 ,! ,v5etians 7 n pleas$ ) x1 ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 & likewise ,france _h objections to ?is ent]prise1 not)/&+ :i* ) 8 fi]ce & impetu\s disposition he engag$ p]sonally 9 ! exp$ition4 ,?is move caus$ bo? ,spa9 & ! ,v5etians to halt & hesitate1 ! latt] ?r\gh fe>1 ! =m] ?r\gh ! desire to rega9 ! entire k+dom ( ,naples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he engag$ ) him ! ,k+ ( ,france1 because see+ him make ?is move & desir+ 8 fri5d%ip 9 ord] to put d[n ! ,v5etians1 t k+ judg$ t he c\ld n refuse him 8 troops )\t manife/ injury4 ,?us ,julius by 8 impetu\s move a*iev$ :at no o!r pontiff ) ! utmo/ human prud5ce w\ld h succe$$ 9 do+1 because1 if he _h wait$ till all arrangem5ts _h be5 made & ev]y?+ settl$ be=e leav+ ,rome1 z any o!r pontiff w\ld h done1 x w\ld nev] h tak5 place4 ,= ! k+ ( ,france w\ld h f\nd a ?\s& excuses1 & ! o!rs w\ld h inspir$ him ) a ?\s& fe>s4 ,i w omit 8 o!r actions1 :i* 7 all ( ?is k9d & :i* all succe$$ well1 & ! %ortness ( 8 life did n suff] him to exp]i5ce ! contr>y1 = _h times succe$$ 9 :i* x 0 necess>y to act ) caution1 8 ru9 w\ld h result$1 = he w\ld nev] h deviat$ f ^! me?ods to :i* 8 nature dispos$ him4 ,i conclude !n t =tune v>y+ & m5 rema9+ fix$ 9 _! ways1 !y are successful s long z ^! ways con=m to ea* o!r1 b :5 !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r !n !y are unsuccessful4 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t x is bett] to be impetu\s ?an cauti\s1 = =tune is a woman1 & x is necess>y1 if y wi% to ma/] h]1 to conqu] h] by =ce2 & x c be se5 t %e lets h]self be ov]come by ^! r ?an by ^? :o proce$ coldly4 ,& !re=e1 l a woman1 %e is a fri5d to ! "y1 because !y are less cauti\s1 fi]c]1 & ma/] h] ) great] audacity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,exhortation ,,to ,,lib]ate ,,italy ,,f ,,! ,,b>b>ians ,hav+ n[ consid]$ all ! ?+s we h spok5 (1 & ?\ght )9 myself :e!r at pres5t ! "t 0 n propiti\s 9 ,italy = a new pr9ce1 & if !re 0 n a /ate ( ?+s :i* (f]$ an opportunity to a prud5t & capable man to introduce a new sy/em t w\ld d hon\r to himself & good to ! mass ( ! p1 x seems to me t s _m ?+s concur to fav\r a new rul] t ,i d n "k ( any "t m fitt+ = su* an ent]prise4 ,& if1 z ,i said1 x 0 necess>y 9 ord] t ! p[] ( ,moses %\ld be display$ t ! p ( ,israel %\ld be slaves 9 ,egypt1 & to give scope = ! greatness & c\rage ( ,cyrus t ! ,p]sians %\ld be oppress$ by ! ,m$es1 & to illu/rate ! pre-em95ce ( ,!seus t ! ,a!nians %\ld be disp]s$1 s at ! pres5t "t1 9 ord] t ! might ( an ,italian g5ius might be recognis$1 x 0 necess>y t ,italy %\ld be r$uc$ to h] pres5t condition1 & t %e %\ld be m enslav$ ?an ! ,hebrews1 m oppress$ ?an ! ,p]sians1 & m scatt]$ ?an ! ,a!nians2 )\t a head1 )\t ord]1 beat51 despoil$1 lac]at$1 & ov]run1 & t %e %\ld h suff]$ ru9 ( e k9d4 ,& al?\gh be=e n[ a _s has be5 %[n by "s :i* gave hope t he might be appo9t$ by ,god = h] r$emption1 yet at ! highe/ summit ( 8 c>e] he 0 ?r[n aside by =tune1 s t n[1 almo/ lifeless1 %e awaits "o :o may heal h] w\nds & put a /op to ! rap9e & pillag+ ( ,lomb>dy1 to ! rapacity & extortion 9 ! k+dom & 9 ,tuscany1 & cure h] ( ^? sores :i* h long be5 fe/]+4 ,behold h[ %e prays ,god to s5d "s "o to r$eem h] f ?is b>b>\s cruelty & insol5ce4 ,behold h] ready & will+ to foll[ any /&>d if only !re be "s "o to raise x4 ,!re is no?+ n[ %e c hope = b t y\r illu/ri\s h\se may place itself at ! head ( ?is r$emption1 be+ by its p[] & =tune s exalt$1 & be+ fav\r$ by ,god & ! ,*ur*1 ^: lead]%ip x n[ occupies4 ,nor w ?is be v difficult to y1 if y call to m9d ! actions & lives ( ! m5 ,i h nam$4 ,& al?\gh ^? m5 7 r>e & m>vell\s1 !y 7 none ! less m51 & _h ea* ( !m less occasion ?an ! pres5t1 = _! ent]prise 0 n ju/] ?an ?is1 nor easi]1 nor 0 ,god m _! fri5d ?an ,he is y\rs4 ,"h is a j cause2 = t w> is j :i* is necess>y2 & ^? arms are m]ciful :]e no hope exi/s save 9 !m4 ,"h is ! greate/ will+ness1 nor c !re be great difficulty :]e !re is great will+ness1 provid$ t ! measures are adopt$ ( ^? :om ,i h set be=e y z examples4 ,besides ?is1 unexampl$ wond]s h be5 se5 "h p]=m$ by ,god1 ! sea has be5 op5$1 a cl\d has %[n y ! road1 ! rock has giv5 =? wat]1 manna has ra9$1 & ev]y?+ has contribut$ to y\r greatness1 ! rema9d] mu/ be done by y4 ,god w n d ev]y?+1 9 ord] n to deprive u ( freewill & ! portion ( ! glory t falls to our lot4 ,x is no m>vel t none ( ! be=e-m5tion$ ,italians h done t :i* x is to be hop$ y\r illu/ri\s h\se may d2 & if 9 s _m revolutions 9 ,italy & s _m w>like op]ations1 x always seems z if ! milit>y capacity 7 ext9ct1 ?is is because ! anci5t me?ods 7 n good1 & no "o has aris5 :o knew h[ to discov] new ones4 ,no?+ does s mu* hon\r to a newly-ris5 man ?an ! new laws & measures :i* he introduces4 ,^! ?+s1 :5 !y are well bas$ & h greatness 9 !m1 r5d] him rev]$ & admir$1 & !re is n lack+ scope 9 ,italy = ! introduction ( e k9d4 ,"h !re is great virtue 9 ! memb]s1 if x 7 n want+ 9 ! heads4 ,look h[ 9 duels & 9 c\ncils ( a few ! ,italians are sup]ior 9 /r5g?1 dext]ity1 & intellig5ce4 ,b :5 x comes to armies !y make a poor %[2 :i* proce$s entirely f ! weakness ( ! lead]s1 = ^? t "k are n ob$i5t1 & e "o ?9ks t he kn[s1 !re be+ hi!rto nobody :o has rais$ himself s high bo? by val\r & =tune z to make ! o!rs yield4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t 9 all ?is "t1 9 all ! w>s wag$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 :5ev] !re has be5 an army entirely ,italian x has always be5 a failure1 z witness fir/ ,t>o1 !n ,alex&ria1 ,capua1 ,g5oa1 ,vaila1 ,bologna1 & ,me/ri4 ,if y\r illu/ri\s h\se1 !re=e1 wi%es to foll[ ^? great m5 :o r$eem$ _! c\ntries1 x is be=e all ?+s necess>y1 z ! true f\ndation ( e und]tak+1 to provide y\rself ) y\r own =ces1 = y _c h m fai?ful1 or tru] & bett] soldi]s4 ,& al?\gh ea* "o ( !m may be good1 !y w toge!r become bett] :5 !y see !mselves comm&$ by _! pr9ce1 & hon\r$ & support$ by him4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to prep>e su* =ces 9 ord] to be able ) ,italian pr[ess to def5d ! c\ntry f =eign]s4 ,& al?\gh bo? ! ,swiss & ,spani% infantry are deem$ t]rible1 none ! less !y ea* h _! defects1 s t a ?ird ord] might n only oppose !m1 b be confid5t ( ov]com+ !m4 ,= ! ,spani>ds _c su/a9 ! attack ( cavalry1 & ! ,swiss h to fe> infantry :i* meets !m ) resolution equal to _! own4 ,f :i* x has result$1 z w be se5 by exp]i5ce1 t ! ,spani>ds _c su/a9 ! attack ( ,fr5* cavalry1 & ! ,swiss are ov]?r[n by ,spani% infantry4 ,& al?\gh a complete example ( ! latt] has n be5 se51 yet an in/ance 0 furni%$ 9 ! battle ( ,rav5na1 :]e ! ,spani% infantry attack$ ! ,g]man battalions1 :i* obs]ve ! same ord] z ! ,swiss4 ,! ,spani>ds1 ?r\gh _! bodily agility & aid$ by _! buckl]s1 _h ent]$ betwe5 & "u _! pikes & 7 9 a position to attack !m safely )\t ! ,g]mans be+ able to def5d !mselves2 & if ! cavalry _h n *>g$ !m !y w\ld h utt]ly de/roy$ !m4 ,kn[+ !re=e ! defects ( bo? ^! k9ds ( infantry1 a ?ird k9d c be creat$ :i* c resi/ cavalry & ne$ n fe> infantry1 & ?is w be done n by ! creation ( armies b by a *ange ( sy/em4 ,& ^! are ! ?+s :i*1 :5 newly introduc$1 give reputation & gr&eur to a new pr9ce4 ,?is opportunity mu/ n1 !re=e1 be all[$ to pass1 = lett+ ,italy at l5g? see h] lib]ator4 ,i _c express ! love ) :i* he w\ld be receiv$ 9 all ^? prov9ces :i* h suff]$ "u ^! =eign invasions1 ) :at ?ir/ = v5geance1 ) :at /eadfa/ fai?1 ) :at love1 ) :at grateful te>s4 ,:at doors w\ld be clos$ aga9/ him8 ,:at p w\ld refuse him ob$i5ce8 ,:at envy c\ld oppose him8 ,:at ,italian w\ld rebel aga9/ him8 ,?is b>b>\s dom9ation /9ks 9 ! no/rils ( e "o4 ,may y\r illu/ri\s h\se !re=e assume ?is task ) t c\rage & ^? hopes :i* are inspir$ by a j cause1 s t "u its bann] our fa!rl& may be rais$ up1 & "u its auspices be v]ifi$ t say+ ( ,petr>*3 ,val\r aga9/ fell wra? ,w take up arms2 & be ! combat quickly sp$6 ,=1 sure1 ! anci5t wor?1 ,t 9 ,italians /irs ! he>t1 is n yet dead4 ,,! ,,end