,illustration3 ,t4 ,g4 ,,lavater4       
,,the                                   
,,pocket ,,lavater1                     
,,or1                       ,,the       
,,science ,,of ,,physiognomy3           
,,to ,,which ,,is ,,added1              
,,an ,,inquiry                          
,,into ,,the          ,,analogy         
,,existing ,,between ,,brute ,,and      
,,human ,,physiognomy1                  
,,from ,,the ,,italian ,,of ,,porta4    
,embellished with #dd ,copperplate      
heads4                                  
,,new-,,york3                           
,published by ,van ,winkle  ,wiley4     
#ahag4   ,southern ,district of         
,new-,york1 ss4  ,,be ,,it ,,remembered1
 that on the first day of ,may1 in the  
forty-first year of the ,independence of
 the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,,van 
,,winkle  ,,wiley1 of the said district1
 have deposited in this office the title
 of a book1 the right whereof they claim
 as proprietors1 in the words and       
figures following1 to wit3  8,the       

,pocket ,lavater1 or1 the ,science of   
,physiognomy4 ,to which is added1 ,an   
,inquiry into the ,analogy existing     
between ,brute and ,human ,physiognomy1 
from the ,italian of ,porta4            
,embellished with #ad ,copperplate      
heads40  ,,in ,,conformity to the act of
 ,congress of the ,united ,states1      
entitled1 8,an act for the encouragement
 of learning1 by securing the copies of 
maps1 charts1 and books1 to the authors 
and proprietors of such copies1 during  
the times therein mentioned10 and also1 
to an act entitled1 8,an act1           
supplementary to an act1 entitled1 an   
act for the encouragement of learning1  
by securing the copies of maps1 charts1 
and books1 to the authors and           
proprietors of such copies1 during the  
times therein mentioned1 and extending  
the benefits thereof to the arts of     
designing1 engraving and etching        
historical and other prints40  ,,theron 
,,rudd4  ,clerk of the ,southern        
,district of ,new-,york4                

,,advertisement4   ,the public are here 
presented with a translation from the   
,french of the 8,pocket ,lavater10 a    
work which has become highly popular in 
,france1 and which has run through      
successive and repeated editions4  ,the 
attention which the ,french have1 of    
late1 paid to ,physiognomy1 may be      
ascribed not only to the infatuating    
nature1 and intrinsic excellence of that
 science1 but1 also1 to adventitious    
circumstances4 ,france1 or1 more        
properly1 its metropolis1 has1 within a 
few years1 become1 as it were1 the      
immense stage on which all the varieties
 of human aspect and action have been   
exhibited4 ,their painters1 at present1 
employ the pencil1 not on pieces of     
ancient history or mythological fiction1
 but in designating the various national
 physiognomies1 costumes1 and           
conformation of body1 which ,paris now  
presents1 assembled from all ,europe1   
and from some parts of ,asia4 ,the      
,physiognomist has there an ample scope 

for the study and enlargement of his    
,science3 the ,briton melancholy amidst 
success--the ,frenchman happy amidst    
adversity--the phlegmatic ,german1 the  
choleric ,russian1 the proud ,spaniard1 
the vain ,pole1 and the grave and       
jealous ,turk2 these parading her       
streets and gardens1 or thronging her   
,caffes1 must present a group1 whose    
motley and various character mocks both 
narrative and description4 ,all of these
 are distinguished from each other by a 
difference of countenance1 language1    
dress1 habits1 customs1 and manners2 yet
 the philosopher observes in all these  
but one being under different           
modifications4  ,this edition is        
enriched by an ingenious inquiry into   
the existing analogy between brute and  
human physiognomy1 from the ,italian of 
,porta1 whose observations on national  
character1 although written three       
centuries ago1 are found correct at the 
present day4  ,the plates which         
accompany this work1 are designed1 and  

faithfully executed1 after those which  
accompany the ,paris edition4  ,the     
,publishers1 in submitting this work to 
the public1 will be influenced by its   
success to the publication of the       
8,female ,lavater10 a work of           
established merit1 and which forms a    
counterpart to the present volume4      
,,preface4   ,nothing is more common    
than to hear the study of physiognomy   
condemned as being calculated to mislead
 men in their judgments of each other1  
and the impossibility of its being      
reduced to a science2 yet1 nothing is   
more universally prevalent1 in all      
classes of society1 than forming        
judgments from the appearances of the   
face4 ,how often do we hear these       
observations--8,he has an open          
countenance0--8,his countenance is      
forbidding0--8,that man has an honest   
face0--8,his looks are enough for       
me0--8,rogue is depicted in his         
countenance10 8,that bewitching         
eye0--8,that stupid face10 and many     

other expressions of the kind4 ,this    
proves that1 although differences of    
opinion may be entertained respecting   
physiognomy1 all men are1 in the true   
signification of the term1              
physiognomists4 ,we shall here proceed  
to point out some of its advantages4    
,whether a more certain1 more accurate1 
more extensive1 and thereby1 a more     
perfect knowledge of man1 be1 or be not 
profitable2 whether it be1 or be not1   
advantageous to gain a knowledge of     
internal qualities from external form   
and feature1 is certainly a question    
deserving of inquiry4  ,it may be asked1
 ,is knowledge1 its extension and       
increase1 of consequence to man8 ,this  
question1 it is presumed1 can receive   
but one answer from all unprejudiced    
persons3 for1 as certainly as man is    
possessed of corporeal strength1 so     
certain is it that to exercise strength 
is necessary4 ,as certainly as he has   
the faculties1 power1 and will1 to love1
 so certain is it that it is necessary  

he should love4 ,equally certain is it1 
that if man has the faculties1 power1   
and will1 to obtain wisdom1 that he     
should exercise those faculties for the 
attainment of wisdom4  ,mutual          
intercourse is the thing of most        
consequence to mankind1 who are destined
 to live in society4 ,the knowledge of  
man is the soul of this                 
intercourse--that which imparts to it   
animation1 pleasure1 and profit4 ,this  
knowledge is1 in some degree1           
inseparable from1 because necessary to1 
all men4 ,and how shall we1 with greater
 ease and certainty1 acquire this       
knowledge than by the aid of            
physiognomy1 understood in its most     
extensive sense1 since1 in so many of   
his actions1 man is incomprehensible8   
,physiognomy unites hearts1 and forms   
the most durable1 the most divine       
friendships2 nor can friendship discover
 a more solid foundation than in the    
fair outlines and noble features of     
certain countenances4  ,physiognomy is  

the very soul of wisdom1 since it       
elevates the mutual pleasures of        
intercourse1 and whispers to the heart  
when it is necessary to speak--when to  
be silent2 when to forewarn--when to    
excite2 when to console--when to        
reprehend4  ,but to enumerate all the   
advantages that are derived from the    
study of physiognomy would require a    
volume4 ,we shall1 therefore1 conclude  
these prefatory remarks by adding       
testimonies1 from the highest           
authorities1 in favour of that science1 
which ,lavater1 in his essay1 introduces
 in the following manner3       8,to    
support the feeble among my readers1 and
 to furnish the strong      with such   
arguments as are most convenient to     
their disputes with      the feeble1 ,i 
shall produce witnesses1 of more or less
 importance      among the learned and  
wise1 in the company of whom ,i shall   
deem it      an honour to be despised4  
,they will be few1 and not conclusive2  
but1 however1 may to many appear of     

consequence1 and be unexpected3         
8,the countenance of the wise sheweth   
wisdom1 but the eyes of a fool      are 
in the ends of the earth40--,,prov4     
xvii4 #bd4       8,though the wicked man
 constrain his countenance1 the wise can
      distinctly discern his            
purpose40--,,prov4 xxi4 #bi4       8,the
 heart of man changeth his countenance1 
whether it be for good      or evil2 and
 a merry heart maketh a cheerful        
countenance40--,,eccl4      xiii4 #be4  
8,a man may be known by his look2 and   
one that hath understanding1      by his
 countenance1 when thou meetest         
him40--,,eccl4 xix4 #bi4       8,we know
 that nothing passes in the soul which  
does not produce      some change in the
 body2 and particularly1 that no desire1
 no act      of willing1 is exerted by  
the soul without some corresponding     
motion1 at the same time1 taking place  
in the body4 ,all changes of      the   
soul originate in the soul's essence1   
and all changes in the      body in the 

body's essence4 ,the body's essence     
consists in the      conformation of its
 members2 therefore1 the conformation of
 the      body1 according to its form1  
and the form of its constituent         
members1 must correspond with the       
essence of the soul4 ,in like           
manner must the varieties of the mind be
 displayed in the varieties      of the 
body4 ,hence1 the body must contain     
something in itself1 and      in its    
form1 as well as in the form of its     
parts1 by which an      opinion may be  
deduced concerning the native qualities 
of the mind4      ,i repeat1 native     
qualities2 for the question here does   
not concern      those qualities derived
 from education1 or by instructive      
conversation4 ,thus considered1 the art 
of judging man by the form      of his  
members1 and of his whole body1 usually 
called physiognomy1      is well        
founded4       8,the lines of the       
countenance constitute its expression2  
which      expression is always true    

when the mind is free from constraint3  
these lines1 therefore1 must discover   
what the natural inclinations      are1 
when seen in their true and native      
position40--,,wolf4       8,what is the 
fairest countenance1 disfigured by the  
hateful vices      of lust1 anger1      
falsehood1 envy1 avarice1 pride1 and    
discontent8      ,what can external     
marks of decorum effect when an ignoble 
and      insignificant mind is depicted 
in the countenance8 ,the most certain   
means of rendering the face beautiful1  
is to beautify the mind1 and      to    
purify it from vice4 ,he who would make 
his countenance      intelligent must so
 first make his mind4 ,he who would     
impart to the      face its most        
fascinating charms1 must store the mind 
with religion      and virtue1 which    
will diffuse over it every expression of
 sublime      content40--,,gillert4     
8,where is the hand that shall grasp    
that which resides beneath the          
skull of man8 ,who shall approach the   

surface of that now tranquil1      now  
tempestuous1 abyss6 ,like as the ,deity 
has ever been adored in      sacred     
groves1 so is the ,lebanon1 the ,olympus
 of man1 that seat of      the secret   
power of the divinity1 overshadowed4 ,we
 shudder at      contemplating the      
powers contained in so small a          
circumference1 by      which a world may
 be enlightened1 or a world destroyed4  
8,through those two inlets of soul1 the 
eye and ear1 how wonderful      are the 
worlds of light and sound1 the words and
 images that find      entrance6        
8,how significant are the descending    
locks that shade this mountain1         
this seat of the gods6 their luxuriance1
 their partition1 their                 
intermingling6       8,the head is      
elevated upon the neck4 ,olympus resting
 upon an      eminence in which are     
united freedom and strength1 compression
 and      elasticity1 descriptive of the
 present and the future4 ,the neck it   
is that expresses1 not what man was     

originally1 but what he is1 by          
habit or accident1 become2 whether erect
 in defence of freedom1      stretched  
forth and curbed in token of patient    
suffering1 rising a      ,herculean     
pillar of fortitude1 or sinking between 
the shoulders1      the image of        
degradation2 still it is incontestably  
expressive of      character1 action1   
and truth4       8,let us proceed to the
 countenance1 in which shine forth mind 
and      divinity4       8,on the front 
appear light and gloom1 joy and anxiety1
 stupidity1      ignorance1 and vice4   
,on this brazen table are deeply        
engraved every      combination of sense
 and soul4 ,i can conceive no spectator 
to whom      the forehead can appear    
uninteresting4 ,here all the graces     
revel1      or all the ,cyclops thunder6
 ,nature has left it bare1 that1 by it1 
the countenance may be enlightened or   
darkened4       8,at its lowest         
extremities1 thought appears to be      
changed into act4      ,the mind here   

collects the powers of resistance4 ,here
 reside the      cornua addita pauperi4 
,here headlong obstinacy and wise       
perseverance take up their fixed abode4 
8,beneath the forehead are its beauteous
 confines the eyebrows2 a      rainbow  
of promise1 when benignant2 and the bent
 bow of discord1      when enraged2     
alike descriptive1 in each case1 of     
interior feeling4       8,i know not any
 thing which can give more pleasure1 to 
an accurate      observer1 than a       
distinct and perfectly arched eyebrow4  
8,the nose imparts solidity and unity to
 the whole countenance4 ,it      is the 
mountain that shelters the fair vales   
beneath4 ,how      descriptive of mind  
and character are its various parts2 the
      insertion1 the ridge1 the         
cartilage1 the nostrils1 through which  
life is inhaled6       8,the eyes1      
considered only as tangible objects1 are
 by their form      the windows of the  
soul1 the fountains of light and life4  
,mere      feeling would discover that  

their size and globular shape are not   
unmeaning4 ,the eye-bone1 whether       
gradually sunken1 or boldly             
prominent1 equally is worthy of         
attention2 as likewise are the          
temples1 whether hollow or smooth4 ,that
 region of the face which      includes 
the eyebrows1 eye1 and nose1 also       
includes the chief      signs of soul2  
that is1 of will1 or mind1 in action4   
8,the occult1 the noble1 the sublime1   
sense of hearing1 has nature      placed
 sideways1 and half concealed4 ,man     
ought not to listen      entirely from  
motives of complaisance to others1 but  
of information      to himself2 and1    
however perfect this organ of sensation 
may be1 it      is devoid of ornament2  
or1 rather1 delicacy1 depth1 and        
expansion1      are its only ornaments4 
8,i now come to the inferior part of the
 face1 on which nature      bestowed a  
mask for the male2 and1 in my opinion1  
not without      reason4 ,here are      
displayed those marks of sensuality     

which ought to      be hidden4 ,all know
 how much the upper lip betokens the    
sensations      of taste1 desire1       
appetite1 and the enjoyments of love2   
how much it      is curved by pride and 
anger1 drawn thin by cunning1 smoothed  
by      benevolence1 made flaccid by    
effeminacy2 how love and desire1 sighs  
and kisses1 cling to it1 by             
indescribable traits4 ,the under lip is 
little more than its supporter1 the rosy
 cushion on which the crown      of     
majesty reposes4 ,if the parts of any   
two bodies can be      pronounced to be 
exactly adapted to each other1 such are 
the lips      of man1 when the mouth is 
closed4       8,it is exceedingly       
necessary to observe the arrangement of 
the      teeth1 and the circular        
conformation of the cheeks4 ,the chaste 
and      delicate mouth is1 perhaps1 one
 of the first recommendations to be     
met with in the common intercourse of   
life4 ,words are the pictures      of   
the mind4 ,we judge of the host by the  

portal4 ,he holds the      flaggon of   
truth1 of love1 and endearing           
friendship4       8,the chin is formed  
by the under lip1 and the termination of
 the      jaw-bones4 ,if ,i may speak   
figuratively1 it is the picture of      
sensuality1 in man1 according as it is  
more or less flexible1      smooth1 or  
carbuncled3 it discovers what his rank  
is among his      fellows4 ,the chin    
forms the oval of the countenance2 and  
when1 as      in the antique statues of 
the ,greeks1 it is neither pointed nor  
indented1 but smooth1 and gradually     
diminishes1 it is then the              
key-stone of the super-structure4 ,a    
deformity in the chin is indeed         
much to be dreaded40--,,herder4         
,,the ,,pocket ,,lavater4   ,the various
 thoughts which arise in the mind1 the  
different passions which agitate the    
soul of man1 are respectively connected 
with his features and the external parts
 of his frame2 and so intimate is their 
correspondence1 that the expression of  

the countenance1 more rapid than speech1
 betrays his sentiments and emotions1   
and gives to his utterance energy and   
animation4 ,the one was designed as a   
mirror in which we might behold the     
other reflected2 but the vicious study  
dissimulation2 they endeavour to lock   
their passions and vices within their   
own breasts1 and1 by a virtuous         
exterior1 to conceal the characteristic 
expression of villany4 ,in vain1        
however1 does hypocrisy tender them her 
aid3 the outward figure and form of the 
man are forced to a resemblance of the  
internal model1 and the dispositions of 
the heart are almost invariably depicted
 on the countenance4 ,these facts were  
observed and verified1 and such was the 
origin of physiognomy4  ,most persons   
are daily in the practice of this art1  
without a knowledge of the principles   
upon which it is founded1 but according 
to such crude and uncertain notions as  
are supplied by custom and general      
opinion4 ,a man's face displeases them3 

this is often a sufficient ground for   
aversion4 ,prejudices of this nature    
ought to be exploded1 and it behooves   
the man of science and real philanthropy
 to remove them4 ,such was the great    
design of ,lavater1 whose profound      
researches1 guided by the desire of     
being useful to his species1 displayed  
to him the nature of man1 and taught him
 how far the moral character is capable 
of being traced upon the visage4 ,he has
 created a new art--he has traversed an 
unbeaten path4 ,has he not1 however1    
gone too far in attempting to determine 
the character of a man by the form of   
his hands1 ears1 c4--in assigning to    
these parts an expression of which they 
are not susceptible8 ,his opinions are  
sometimes rash1 especially when resting 
upon such foundations2 but these are    
venial faults1 and the inquirer after   
truth will always adopt ,lavater as his 
guide4  ,this subject has already been  
handled by celebrated men of antiquity1 
such as ,galen1 ,aristotle1 ,polemo1    

,adamantius1 and many others2 but their 
systems were bottomed upon very weak    
grounds2 and they assumed as the basis  
of their opinions1 the shape of the     
limbs1 and other vague criteria4 ,their 
whole doctrine was like those old       
empirical recipes1 in which were        
absurdly compounded a thousand drugs1   
each destroying the effect of the other3
 it would be just as safe to rely upon  
such remedies for the cure of a patient1
 as to trust to the remarks of those    
authors2 at whose erroneous ideas we may
 justly be surprised1 since they were   
generally endowed with a spirit of      
observation4  ,the ancient physiological
 system has been superseded by another  
scheme1 no less ridiculous and          
visionary1 which rests its decisions    
upon certain projections and cavities of
 the cranium1 invisible to every eye1   
and existing nowhere but in the brain of
 the inventor of this whimsical         
doctrine4  ,but let us return from this 
digression to a subject of greater      

utility4  ,we shall now proceed to an   
analysis of the various parts which     
compose the human visage1 and shall     
endeavour to lay down such positions    
only as are supported by reasons deduced
 from physical science3 there are1      
however1 physiological phenomena which  
are inexplicable2 yet1 having been      
confirmed by a cautious and scrutinizing
 observation1 they could not be passed  
over in silence1 without subjecting     
ourselves to the reproach of skepticism4
     ,,analysis4   ,,of ,,the ,,head4   
,a large head1 with a small triangular  
forehead1 denotes a total want of       
understanding4  ,if the skull be loaded 
with fat and flesh1 this is usually an  
indication of a shallow mind3 much more 
if1 at the same time1 it be small and   
round2 it then denotes stupidity4       
,where the occiput1 that is1 the back   
part of the skull1 is compressed1 or1   
rather1 where it exhibits a cavity1 it  
is a sign of a weak mind1 sometimes     
stubborn1 and always contracted4 7,see  

pl4 ,v47   ,,of ,,the ,,forehead4  ,it  
is by the shape and size of the forehead
 that we are to judge of the extent of a
 man's understanding4  ,a gently arched 
forehead1 without a single angle1       
evinces a mild disposition2 and often1  
that the mind is destitute of energy4   
7,see pl4 ,,xxiv47  ,a smooth1 open     
forehead1 indicates peace of mind2 when 
it is wrinkled and furrowed1 it         
announces stormy passions1 perturbation 
of mind1 and old age3 but in the latter 
instance1 the wrinkles are more regular1
 less broken1 and do not approach so    
near the eyes4  ,the upper part of the  
forehead only being wrinkled1 gives to  
the visage a look of amazement1 which   
sometimes approaches to folly4          
,perpendicular wrinkles on the forehead 
give promise of great energy and        
application2 but the contrary when they 
are cut transversely by others4  ,a     
forehead full of irregular protuberances
 is characteristic of a choleric        
temperament4 7,see pl4 ,,xxii47  ,when  

we meet with horizontal lines at the    
junction of the nose and forehead1 we   
may expect a harsh and unfeeling        
disposition4 7,see pl4 ,,viii47  ,deep  
perpendicular incisions between the     
eyebrows1 are evidence of strength of   
mind1 provided they be not              
counterbalanced by other indications of 
a positively contrary import4  ,when the
 frontal vein appears distinctly in the 
midst of a forehead1 open1 uniform1 and 
regularly arched1 it announces          
extraordinary talent4  ,when the        
forehead is perfectly perpendicular1    
from the hair to the eyebrows1 it       
denotes an utter deficiency of          
understanding4 7,see pl4 ,v47  ,but if  
it be1 at the same time1 arched toward  
the summit1 it furnishes an indication  
of a profound1 reflecting1 cool mind4   
7,see pl4 ,,xv47  ,when the forehead is 
rounded and projecting1 as is the case  
with the generality of infants1 it      
evinces a weak mind2 if it project very 
much1 then it betrays the utmost degree 

of stupidity4  ,if it is rounding toward
 the summit1 with a slight projection1  
and then descending in a straight line1 
it shows great judgment1 an irritable   
disposition1 but a heart of ice2 a      
forehead of this description is         
frequently characteristic of melancholy4
  ,a narrow forehead is usually the sign
 of a froward disposition4  ,if it      
incline backward1 we may then anticipate
 rashness and want of reflection1       
especially if there be no very          
remarkable jutting of the bones of the  
eyes4 7,see pl4 ,,xxv47  ,a high        
forehead is a mark of capriciousness4   
,should the bone of the eye be          
projecting and plainly marked1 this     
designates aptness for mental exertion4 
,,of ,,the ,,eyebrows4  ,small eyebrows 
always accompany a phlegmatic           
temperament4 7,see pl4 ,,xiii47  ,if    
horizontal1 they betoken a masculine and
 vigorous character4 7,see pl4 ,,vii47  
,when they are partly horizontal1 and   
partly curved1 they denote energy and   

ingenuity4  ,if situated very high1 they
 almost always evince a person incapable
 of reflection4  ,a wide space between  
the two eyebrows1 designates a quick    
apprehension1 a calm and tranquil soul4 
,the nearer they approach the eyes1 the 
stronger is the assurance they give of  
solidity and reflection4  ,angular1     
discontinuous eyebrows1 mark an         
inventive genius4  ,when uneven and     
disordered1 they are proofs of great    
vivacity4  ,full1 compact1              
well-disposed1 and symmetrical eyebrows1
 are almost always indicative of        
solidity of judgment1 and of clear sound
 sense4   ,,of ,,the ,,eyes4  ,it is    
peculiarly the province of the eyes to  
declare the emotions of the soul1 and to
 exhibit the workings of sentiment and  
passion4  ,blue eyes are frequently     
found in persons of phlegmatic          
character2 they are often indications of
 feebleness and effeminacy4  ,black eyes
 portend energy4  ,if gray1 they often  
mark a choleric disposition2 in such    

case1 the lids are red1 drawn back1 and 
sunken4 7,see pl4 ,,xxii47  ,hazel1 or  
brown eyes1 indicate vivacity and       
affability4  ,when the extremity near   
the nose is acute1 it denotes cunning   
and finesse4  ,if the upper eyelid cross
 diametrically the ball of the eye1 it  
is a sign of subtlety and cunning4      
,,of ,,the ,,nose4  ,the nose is not a  
feature capable of conveying much       
expression2 yet its form and relative   
position1 in respect of other parts of  
the face1 furnish some characteristics4 
,an aquiline nose designates an         
imperious temper1 and ardent passions4  
7,see pl4 ,,xxv47  ,a nose1 the ridge of
 which is large1 denotes a mind endowed 
with qualities of a high order4 7,see   
pl4 ,,vii47  ,when the sides of the nose
 are flexible1 and perfectly            
disconnected1 it betrays a proneness to 
sensuality4  ,a nose curved at the root1
 announces a personage born to command1 
firm in his purposes1 and ardent in the 
pursuit4 7,see pl4 ,,xi47  ,small       

nostrils disclose timidity of soul4  ,a 
sharp pointed nose is characteristic of 
a passionate man4 7,see pl4 ,,xxii47    
,,of ,,the ,,mouth4  ,the mouth is the  
most expressive feature of the face2 it 
is peculiarly the index to the discovery
 of character1 and almost always        
represents the nature and disposition of
 the man2 so delicate are the shades and
 varieties of which it is susceptible1  
that it would be impossible to describe 
them with perfect precision4  ,if the   
lips are thick and fleshy1 this is a    
sign of sensuality and of slothfulness2 
it is always a characteristic of a      
phlegmatic temper4 7,see pl4 ,,xiii47   
,a mouth frequently shut1 lips closed1  
and strongly marked1 appertain to the   
avaricious4 7,see pl4 ,,xix47  ,when the
 lower lip projects beyond the upper1 it
 denotes negative goodness4 7,see pl4   
,,xiv47  ,a closed mouth1 concealing the
 edge of the lips1 betokens a person of 
application1 and inclined to regularity 
and neatness4  ,but if1 at the same     

time1 it turns up at the extremities1   
then it expresses affectation1          
arrogance1 vanity1 and malignity4  ,a   
large interval between the mouth and    
nose indicates want of prudence4  ,full1
 distinct1 and well-proportioned lips1  
designate a character hostile to        
falsehood1 villany1 and baseness1 but   
with a propensity to pleasure4   ,,of   
,,the ,,chin4  ,an advancing1 projecting
 chin is always a declaration of energy4
 7,see pl4 ,,xx47 ,when pointed1 it     
often denotes craft4 7,see pl4 ,i47     
,should it1 on the other hand1 recede1  
it then indicates a character destitute 
of firmness4  ,when it is angular1 it   
betokens a sensible mind1 and a         
benevolent heart4  ,a flat chin         
announces coolness of temper4 7,see pl4 
,,xxvii47  ,a smooth1 fleshy1 double    
chin1 is indicative of sensuality4  ,a  
small chin is characteristic of         
timidity4  ,a round1 dimpled chin1 is a 
sign of good nature4   ,,of ,,the       
,,cheeks4  ,fleshy cheeks denote a      

proneness to sensuality4  ,should we    
discover in them a certain triangular   
hollow1 it is an infallible sign of envy
 and jealousy4  ,large and coarse       
furrows bear the impression of ill      
nature and brutality4   ,,of ,,the      
,,hair4  ,short1 black1 coarse1 curly   
hair1 evinces a character somewhat      
irritable1 and often shows it to be     
devoid of sensibility4  ,but light1 soft
 hair1 is evidence of a contrary        
disposition1 and almost always denotes  
gentleness4  ,a striking contrast       
between the colour of a man's hair and  
his eyebrows should excite suspicion4   
,,of ,,the ,,neck4  ,a long neck is     
declaratory of gentleness4  ,when short 
and thick1 especially if the veins      
should be very conspicuous1 it is an    
indication of a passionate man4 7,see   
pl4 ,,xxii47         99       99        
99       99       99  ,we will now      
conclude our discussion of the peculiar 
expression of the several features1 and 
proceed to connect precept and example1 

by exhibiting a variety of              
physiognomies1 and pointing out the     
different expressions of character which
 they display4  ,illustration3 #a       
,,physiognomies4     ,no4 ,i4   ,in this
 face we may search in vain for a single
 expression of frankness2 this          
slightly-projecting chin1 when          
accompanied with small1 penetrating     
eyes1 denotes the absence of sincerity4 
,there is no display of benevolence in  
this oblique mouth2 and avarice reveals 
itself in these close-locked lips4      
,combine all these features1 and they   
result in a cunning1 deceitful1         
avaricious1 and not merely firm1 but    
stubborn1 old fellow4  ,such a man moves
 quick1 and speaks slowly and           
circumspectly2 for suspicion is the     
mainspring of his character4            
,illustration3 #b     ,no4 ,,ii4   ,here
 is the head of a man well calculated   
for business2 the upper part of his head
 has great elevation1 which is an       
unerring characteristic of a            

calculating1 deep-thinking mind2 his    
forte lies in those sciences which      
demand precision1 profundity1 and       
unwearied application2 he may be a good 
geometrician1 but not a poet--never can 
he rise to sublimity2 his features1     
however1 do not represent the firmness  
and severity which are so obvious in a  
subsequent head2 7,no4 ,,xv427 a        
sanguine temperament predominates1 and  
hints at a propensity for pleasure1 so  
powerful as often to withdraw his       
attention from serious affairs4         
,illustration3 #c     ,no4 ,,iii4   ,we 
are struck1 at the first glance1 with   
the air of probity which is observable  
in this face2 the mouth expresses1 at   
once1 kindness1 delicacy1 and           
experience2 the chin1 gently projecting1
 and triangular1 marks a mind firm      
without obstinacy1 and a benevolent     
heart4 ,although the forehead and nose  
give no assurance of greatness1 7for    
there is too deep a cavity between      
them17 still they denote understanding3 

a mouth which1 like this1 has a straight
 aperture1 almost concealing the edge of
 the lips1 always designates a man of   
application1 and one fond of regularity 
and neatness4  ,illustration3 #d        
,no4 ,,iv4   ,here we may behold the    
characteristics of love of order1 and   
attention to method2 in this mouth1     
closely shut1 and hiding the edge of the
 lips1 are depicted application and     
regularity4 ,the lower part of the face 
recedes a little3 this is an indication 
of a man of discretion1 modesty1        
gravity1 and reserve4 ,he is not pleased
 with a book unless it is written       
clearly and methodically3 he never rises
 to poetic invention1 or overleaps the  
boundaries of scrupulous exactness4     
,the hand-writing of a man of this      
description will be small and regular2  
his gait leisurely and solemn1 and his  
conversation not brilliant1 but clear1  
concise1 and sensible4  ,illustration3  
#e     ,no4 ,v4   ,here are indelibly   
depicted a dull and narrow intellect1   

self-conceit1 and the grossest          
ignorance4 ,we may observe that a nose  
of this form1 in connexion with thick   
lips1 is always a prognostic of         
obstinacy2 still more if the forehead be
 also perpendicular2 and1 above all1 if 
the occiput1 instead of being arched1 is
 concave4 ,and here we may apply this   
general rule1 that every remarkable     
concavity denotes a defect in the       
corresponding organ4  ,illustration3 #f 
,no4 ,,vi4   ,this countenance has been 
disfigured by intemperance1 as is       
apparent from every feature2 nature     
never formed a nose like this2 these    
lips1 these wrinkles1 are all expressive
 of insatiable thirst2 the glance of the
 eye has lost its native energy4  ,the  
nose and cheeks of a person addicted to 
intoxication are almost always red1 and 
the edges of the eyelids are often      
tinged with the same colour2 in general1
 the skin1 especially under the chin1 is
 flaccid and wrinkled4  ,illustration3  
#g     ,no4 ,,vii4   ,the original of   

this portrait is one who knows how to   
enjoy life like a wise man2 if he is not
 nice in his pleasures1 he1 at least1   
does not carry them to excess4 ,the cast
 of his mind presupposes gentleness1    
rather than harshness--dignity1 rather  
than elevation--firmness of character1  
rather than violence of                 
passion--transient irritation1 rather   
than continued resentment4 ,the eyebrow 
fully expresses the decree to which a   
choleric temperament prevails1 and the  
eye is a compound of the melancholic and
 phlegmatic characters2 the same mixture
 is again apparent in the contour of the
 face from the ear to the chin2 but the 
whole profile1 taken in connexion1      
exhibits a sanguine ground1 relieved    
with a choleric tint4 7,extract from    
,lavatory47  ,illustration3 #h     ,no4 
,,viii4   ,sternness is engraven upon   
these features2 the wrinkles in the     
vicinity of the eyes1 and1 particularly1
 those at the root of the nose1 the     
salient angle formed by the lower part  

of the cheeks near the mouth--all       
announce harshness and insensibility2   
the elevation of the chin designates a  
certain degree of energy1 and the shape 
of the forehead denotes coolness and    
reflection1 but it gives no indication  
of docility4  ,melancholy evidently     
predominates in this physiognomy4       
,illustration3 #i     ,no4 ,,ix4   ,this
 animated eye1 this voluptuous mouth1   
and these eyebrows gently arched1       
characterize a sanguine man2 an         
expressive countenance1 eyes often blue1
 and always quick1 usually indicate this
 character4 ,he is easily moved2 slight 
circumstances agitate him1 but he is    
soon composed4 ,as his features always  
express his feelings1 it is difficult   
for him to deceive4 ,he is not          
vindictive1 but is susceptible of the   
soft emotions of pity4 ,love rules him  
with despotic sway1 though he may       
sometimes be accused of inconstancy4    
,illustration3 #aj     ,no4 ,x4   ,this 
forehead indicates both genius and      

folly--this1 at the first glance1 may   
appear a contradiction2 but the         
termination of the frontal sinus in a   
point--an almost infallible mark of     
folly--renders the position less        
paradoxical4  ,a man of such a          
countenance speaks quickly1 talks       
incoherently1 and is often absent1 or in
 a deep reverie4  ,illustration3 #aa    
,no4 ,,xi4   ,here we see a countenance 
that evinces a capacity for great       
achievements--in which patriotism and   
heroic virtue1 worthy of ancient ,rome1 
are distinguishable2 but it must be     
observed1 that although it promises     
fair1 still it marks the man to be      
liable to the failings of humanity1 and 
often subject to be hurried by violence 
of passion1 and false notions of honour1
 beyond the bounds of reason4  ,this    
aquiline nose1 curved at the root1 is   
indicative of an imperious and fiery    
temper2 the cavity at the base of the   
forehead is not sufficiently large1 and 
there is too slight a projection of the 

bone of the eye2--hence we may predict1 
that if the person of whom we are       
speaking takes to improper courses1 it  
will be difficult to restore him to the 
path of rectitude4  ,illustration3 #ab  
,no4 ,,xii4   ,this is a head in which  
the observer will recognise a           
philosopher2 but he may search in vain  
for indications of courage--still less  
for that heroic boldness which is the   
parent of brilliant achievement2 the    
outline of the nose1 which is without   
swell or compass1 and the sinking at its
 root1 which is too wide and deep1      
forbid such an inference4 ,there is1    
however1 observable in this face1 a     
delicacy of sentiment easy to be        
wounded1 and it indicates a mind        
qualified for profound and philosophic  
researches4  ,illustration3 #ac     ,no4
 ,,xiii4   ,phlegmatic people are       
generally distinguishable by the        
following signs3--the contour of their  
features is plump and round1 but neither
 bold nor prominent2 their eyebrows are 

small and elevated1 and their lips soft 
and thick2 these characteristics are    
always accompanied with blue and vacant 
eyes3 the head1 in persons of this      
description1 is often round2 and the    
skin almost white and colourless2 their 
hair is generally of a light or chesnut 
colour1 and curls spontaneously2 their  
convex forehead proclaims them incapable
 of energy2 and they are very frequently
 stout1 tall1 and plump3 it would seem  
as though nature had been beneficent to 
the body at the expense of the mind1 so 
sluggishly does the latter perform its  
functions2 and yet the exertions of the 
former are equally dull and spiritless4 
,illustration3 #ad     ,no4 ,,xiv4      
,this broad1 square forehead1 betokens a
 strong memory1 and a fund of good      
sense2 but its perpendicular form       
denotes a degree of inflexibility which 
may degenerate into obstinacy2 the      
slight projection of the lower lip1 and 
the flatness of the chin1 are indicative
 of good nature4  ,this is the visage of

 a prudent1 discerning man2 of one      
devoid of poetic genius1 and whose      
writings will never attain to sublimity2
 but1 persevering and resolute1 he can  
turn his mind to every subject1 and may 
render himself conspicuous in a         
deliberative assembly2 he is peculiarly 
calculated for profound and laborious   
investigation4  ,illustration3 #ae      
,no4 ,,xv4   ,this is the physiognomy of
 one designed by nature to be a man of  
business2 he does not possess the       
forehead of a poet1 nor of one whose    
impetuous imagination transcends the    
barriers of cold reason2 but its        
elevation and roundness at the summit1  
are proofs of a sedate1 cool1 and       
reflecting mind4 ,the nose announces    
firmness--benevolence is imprinted on   
the mouth2 but the bold shape of the    
lips betrays a slight disposition to    
choler4 ,this chin denotes a man        
incapable of violating a trust1 or      
betraying the confidence reposed in him1
 and it would seem as if he had been    

formed to be essentially useful3 as a   
man of business1 a lawyer1 or a         
merchant1 his probity and integrity will
 always render him respectable4         
,illustration3 #af     ,no4 ,,xvi4      
,firmness1 judgment1 and profundity1 are
 the most striking characteristics of   
this countenance4 ,the bony formation of
 the head shows that this person        
possesses a constancy of mind not easy  
to be shaken3 what he has once grasped  
will never escape him1 and he will      
always advance straight forward to the  
point4 ,his materials will be disposed  
with diligence and reflection1 but      
without taste4 ,his forehead1 however1  
is too concave1 which lessens the       
superiority of his character4  ,this    
phisiognomy is peculiarly appropriate to
 a lawyer or a magistrate4              
,illustration3 #ag     ,no4 ,,xvii4     
,here is the phisiognomy of one who     
judges the actions and characters of men
 with severity2 he extends no indulgence
 to the follies of mankind1 although he 

yields them his commiseration when      
bewildered in the mist of error4 ,his   
scrutinizing look penetrates their      
thoughts1 and his intrepidity never     
suffers him to conceal from them the    
truth4 ,his mouth disclaims loquacity2  
on the contrary1 he thinks much1 and    
speaks little2 the shape of his forehead
 betokens a man of the highest          
intellectual endowments3 his mind1      
however1 is methodical1 and reason      
directs its operations4 ,his eyebrows   
designate a profound thinker1 and the   
irregular shape of the face holds forth 
the promise of originality of genius4   
,illustration3 #ah     ,no4 ,,xviii4    
,benevolence and probity are depicted on
 this countenance1 which is not that of 
a man of the world1 nor of one          
subservient to the punctilios of        
etiquette1 and the rules of politeness3 
for the face1 bearing1 as it does1 the  
stamp of frankness1 seems rather to have
 the air of a person of inferior rank2  
and its component features exhibit a    

kind of muscular strength which is      
rarely discoverable in the wealthy      
inhabitants of a great city4 ,this      
proves that the face of a mechanic may  
display the noblest qualities as        
unequivocally as the visage of a man of 
the most exalted rank2 and although not 
susceptible of the same delicacy of     
sentiment1 and of that nice attention to
 others1 the deficiency is supplied by  
open and cordial good nature4 ,his      
features1 collectively1 proclaim him    
possessed of intrepidity and calmness4  
,illustration3 #ai     ,no4 ,,xix4      
,the following particulars are combined 
in the hateful character of the miser3  
,egotistical1 hard-hearted1 and         
mistrustful1 the slightest loss afflicts
 him2 and to confer a benefit upon him1 
is throwing it away2 care is ever       
brooding in his heart1 and every look is
 fraught with suspicion2 his propensity 
cannot lie concealed2 he cannot move1 he
 cannot walk a step1 without betraying  
it4 ,persons of this description often  

have small and sunken eyes2 their lips  
are strongly made out1 and compressed   
against one another4  ,we may observe1  
that they almost always write badly1    
which is by no means surprising1 since a
 greater degree of attention would      
distract their minds from their grand   
object--the amassing of wealth4         
,illustration3 #bj     ,no4 ,,xx4       
,here are indications of extraordinary  
genius4 ,the features of this face1 the 
outlines of which are neither too       
angular nor too rigid1 decisively evince
 great energy2 the nose alone is        
indicative of an exalted mind3 the      
position of the eyebrows1 and the gentle
 projection and jutting of the chin1 are
 characteristic of resolution2 and the  
perfectly happy formation of the        
forehead displays genius1 and designates
 a character in which reflection and    
activity are at once combined3 he1 whose
 features unite so many marks of        
greatness1 can be no other than a hero4 
,illustration3 #ba     ,no4 ,,xxi4      

,this countenance is thoroughly good1   
but it is difficult to discover its     
constitution4 ,the soundest reason1     
devoid of what may strictly be called   
genius1 a tender sensibility without    
affectation1 wisdom profiting by every  
lesson of experience1 clearness of      
perception1 elevation of language1      
calmness1 yet not without vigour when   
called upon to act1 and modesty without 
pusillanimity1 are here all collected4  
,the forehead unites the phlegmatic and 
sanguine2 the eye and nose1 the choleric
 and sanguine2 the mouth1 the sanguine  
and melancholic2 the lower part of the  
face1 the phlegmatic and sanguine       
temperaments4 7,extract from ,lavater47 
,illustration3 #bb     ,no4 ,,xxii4     
,the features which characterise a      
choleric man are strongly marked2 his   
eye-brows are almost always thick1 the  
end of his nose acute1 his eyes very    
often gray1 and always lively1 with red 
lids1 and the ball of the eye1 starting1
 as it were1 from the head1 the upper   

eyelid rising high1 and almost totally  
disappearing4 ,his nostrils are wide1   
which show strong respiration2 his      
forehead is covered with irregular      
protuberances2 his blood-vessels are    
very perceptible1 and the colour of his 
skin varies from yellow to red4 ,the    
neck of a choleric man is almost always 
extremely short2 and this is the most   
unequivocal standard by which to        
determine his character4  ,illustration3
 #bc     ,no4 ,,xxiii4   ,it would be   
useless to search in this physiognomy   
for signs of genius3 we can only find   
patience1 coldness1 and obstinacy2      
firmness of character difficult to      
manage2 an understanding correct enough1
 but of little penetration2 benevolence 
without warmth1 and fidelity without    
tenderness2 or1 rather1 that kind of    
faithful adherence which proceeds more  
from the mind than the heart4  ,the     
convexity of the forehead presumes      
patience2 but the inconsiderable space  
between the eye and nose forbids        

perspicuity4  ,illustration3 #bd        
,no4 ,,xxiv4   ,here is a candid1       
ingenuous1 frank1 and honest            
countenance1 without the slightest      
vestige of vice1 passion1 or intrigue4  
,great talents are not to be expected1  
for the shape of the forehead1 although 
it does not deny intelligence1 yet      
evinces no energy1 but is indicative of 
gentleness2 the chin betrays a degree of
 timidity1 and the mouth betokens       
tranquillity of mind1 and love of order4
  ,illustration3 #be     ,no4 ,,xxv4    
,a receding forehead1 eyes black1 and   
full of fire1 their shape1 the form of  
the upper eyelid1 an aquiline nose1 and 
a large and projecting chin1 are here   
characteristic of a passionate man4 ,the
 chin designates an enterprising        
character1 the nose denotes an ardent   
imagination1 and lively passions1 beyond
 the control of reason1 and the forehead
 affords no inference of a reflecting   
mind4  ,where there is no excavation    
between the bones of the eyes1 or1 in   

other words1 should they form no        
observable projection1 we may anticipate
 a headstrong and thoughtless character4
  ,illustration3 #bf     ,no4 ,,xxvi4   
,this face presents a most hateful      
character2 craft1 sordid avarice1 and   
hardened villany1 have disfigured it1   
and distorted the eyes and mouth4 ,none 
of its muscles or features is expressive
 of benevolence or sensibility2 the     
scoundrel might always be recognised in 
these lineaments2 however sedulously he 
may endeavour to hide his soul behind   
the mask of hypocrisy2 however he may   
attempt to soften his lips into a smile1
 still his countenance will infallibly  
belie him4  ,illustration3 #bg     ,no4 
,,xxvii4   ,in the physiognomy of this  
person we may remark a degree of        
self-love which has degenerated into    
dogmatism1 an arrogant disposition1 and 
a certain irritability which years      
cannot allay1 and which is strongly     
manifested wherever his self-love is    
touched4 ,good sense and correct        

judgment are1 however1 perceivable1 and 
the shape of the forehead is by no means
 incompatible with understanding2 but   
the eyes1 the nostrils1 and the mouth1  
denote a disputatious and dogmatical    
character4  ,illustration3 #bh     ,no4 
,,xxviii4   ,in this countenance we may 
recognise a rogue2 the size and shape of
 the forehead are declaratory1 however1 
of a reflecting1 and even of a profound 
mind4 ,the salient angle of the nose1   
the projection and sharpness of the     
chin1 indicate an astute1 enterprising1 
and crafty character4 ,on the whole1    
these features1 collectively1 make up a 
countenance which we cannot regard      
without repugnance1 and in which it is  
impossible to confide4  ,illustration3  
#bi     ,no4 ,,xxix4   ,in this         
physiognomy we distinguish taste1       
acuteness and sensibility4 ,should a man
 of this description become an author1  
his style will be florid1 and he will   
describe the beauties of nature and the 
pleasures of friendship2 but he will    

avoid the discussion of scientific      
subjects1 and sometimes turn away from  
philosophical argument as dry and       
insipid4  ,the shape of his lips would  
seem to indicate a genius for poetry1   
and the projection of the bone of the   
eye shows great aptness for mental      
exertion4 ,the chin denotes a character 
possessed of firmness and energy2 in    
fine1 we may conclude that a man who    
bears a physiognomy like this is highly 
gifted2 it distinctly presents the      
impress of genius4  ,illustration3 #cj  
,no4 ,,xxx4   ,a downcast look1         
longitudinal wrinkles on the cheeks1    
compressed lips1 and dull eyes1 are all 
symptomatic of a melancholy man2 his    
mouth is often drawn in1 his complexion 
bilious1 and his skin dry4 ,it is       
observable that persons of this         
character have almost always defective  
teeth2 their eyes are seldom blue1 but  
very frequently dark2 their hair is     
generally long and sleek1 and the mouth 
is usually kept shut1 to which the      

badness of their teeth may be           
attributed4  ,illustration3 #ca     ,no4
 ,,xxxi4   ,in this head we may         
recognise the face of a gay and         
sprightly man2 repartee and epigram are 
his arms1 and he is capable of wielding 
them with spirit and effect4 ,the mouth1
 with a little hollow in the middle of  
the under lip1 is almost always an      
indication of such a character1 which is
 also discoverable by the interval      
between the two eyes4  ,we must not     
confound a person of this description   
with the man that scoffs and jeers2 the 
cheeks of the latter assume a convex    
form1 and approach near to the eyes4    
,illustration3 #cb     ,no4 ,,xxxii4    
,here are collected the features of a   
character of extraordinary melancholy1  
in which a discontented and sluggish    
disposition is perceptible4 ,the blue   
eyes and small eyebrows1 and the        
thickness of the lips1 mark the         
intermixture of a phlegmatic tint2 the  
elongation of the nose1 as well as the  

forehead1 declare no want of judgment1  
and it is that which particularly       
characterizes this physiognomy1 and     
gives it its pensive air4 ,the features 
of this face1 taken in connexion1       
exhibit a tranquil mind1 fond of        
regularity1 and especially of quiet1 and
 to which the functions of an           
ecclesiastic would be most appropriate4 
,,comparison  ,,of  ,,man ,,with ,,other
 ,,animals4     ,,comparison1 c4   ,john
 ,baptiste ,porta1 an ,italian1         
published1 about three hundred years    
ago1 a treatise on ,physiognomy1 from   
which the extracts in the following     
pages are translated4 ,although ,lavater
 has ridiculed the system of ,porta1 he 
is1 nevertheless1 indebted to him for   
many of his best ideas on the subject4  
,in this treatise ,porta says1 that     
,ptolemy ,maternusa1 ,vitruvius1 and    
others1 describe all known nations as   
follows3 viz4 8,the ,scythians are      
cruel1 the ,italians noble1 the ,gauls  
merry and inconsiderate1 the ,greeks    

fickle1 ,africans deceitful1 ,syrians   
covetous1 ,asiatics lecherous1          
,sicilians cunning1 ,spaniards haughty1 
proud1 and vain of their courage1       
,egyptians wise1 ,babylonians prudent40 
,it was the opinion of ,plato1 that the 
variety of manners and constitution     
observable in the inhabitants of        
different countries is to be attributed 
solely to the difference of climate4    
,aristotle thus writes to ,alexander1   
respecting the character of man4        
,nature has formed him more perfect than
 all other animals1 and still he        
possesses all the different characters  
of the latter4 ,he is as bold as the    
lion1 timid as the hare2 he can be      
compared to the cock for his pride and  
liberality1 to the dog for his avarice2 
he is harsh and austere as the crow1    
gentle as the turtle-dove1 domestic as  
the pigeon1 fickle as the roebuck1      
passionate as the leopard1 lazy as the  
bear1 affectionate as the elephant1     
stupid as the ass1 vain as the peacock1 

industrious as the bee1 ungovernable as 
the bull1 cross as the mule1 mute as a  
fish2 his malice renders him equal to   
the lioness1 his cunning to the fox1 his
 meekness to the lamb1 his love of      
roving to the kid4 ,the reason with     
which he is endowed renders him worthy  
of being compared to angels2 he is given
 to lust as the swine1 is wicked as the 
owl1 useful as the horse1 and hurtful as
 the rat4 ,in short1 there is no        
vegetable1 mineral1 or other substance  
in the world1 but what possesses some   
quality that can be referred to man4    
,adamantius says that we may judge of   
the manners and tempers of all animals  
by their looks4 ,for instance1 it is    
natural for the lion to be strong and   
easily provoked1 which can be perceived 
by his form and looks4 ,the leopard is  
pretty and delicate1 but is1            
nevertheless1 subject to anger1 to lying
 in ambush1 to treachery1 and is at once
 timid and bold1 which exactly          
corresponds with his external           

appearance2 and so it is with all other 
animals4 ,the bear is cruel1 deceitful1 
unsocial and savage2 the wild boar has a
 fearless fury1 to which he gives       
himself up2 the ox is severe and simple2
 the horse is proud and desirous of     
glory2 the fox is cunning1 and lies in  
wait2 the monkey is jocose and          
dissembling2 the sheep is plain and     
dull2 the goat is lazy2 the hog is      
filthy and gluttonous4 ,the same thing  
holds good with respect to birds and    
reptiles4 ,if1 then1 it happens that a  
man possesses a member or feature which 
resembles that of an animal or bird1 it 
is by that resemblance he must be       
judged4 ,for if his eyes are of a tawny 
colour1 and a little concave1 you must  
remember that they are similar to that  
of the lion2 if very much concave1 they 
denote bad manners1 and agree with those
 of the monkey2 if level1 they resemble 
those of the bull2 if they seem to start
 from his head1 and are very prominent1 
stupid1 and disagreeable to the sight1  

they have some likeness to those of the 
ass4  ,man1 that master-piece1 formed by
 the ,creator in his own image1 and     
impressed with the brilliancy of his    
character--in short1 that earthly       
divinity1 was endowed with a strong and 
loud voice1 a large body1 and a slow    
gait4 ,with respect to his manners and  
disposition1 he has a generous and      
fearless heart1 is equitable1 candid1   
desirous of glory1 and eager of success 
in all his undertakings4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #a4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4    
,,fig4 ,i4  ,according to ,aristotle's  
opinion on ,physiognomy1 he whose nose  
is curved from the root of the forehead1
 and strongly marked like the beak of an
 eagle1 must be a brave man4 ,it was    
also observed by ,polemon and           
,adamantius1 that such a nose denotes   
courage2 and ,albert1 upon the authority
 of ,loxus1 conveys the same idea4      
,noses thus formed are commonly         
distinguished by the term ,aquiline1 or 
,roman1 and seem to bear the character  

of something royal or majestic2 for the 
eagle1 whose bill is so formed1 is the  
king of birds3 from this it may be      
inferred that an aquiline nose denotes a
 dignified mind1 capable of magnificent 
conceptions4 ,cyrus1 according to       
,xenophon and ,plutarch1 possessed such 
a nose1 and the ,persians held them in  
such high estimation1 that they granted 
royal honours to none but those         
possessed of aquiline noses1 and to that
 custom they still adhere4 ,they loved  
,cyrus above all other princes1 and     
admired his magnanimity and courage4 ,i 
have noticed on a medal1 in the         
collection of my brother ,porta1 the    
antiquarian1 that ,artaxerxes1 the      
descendant of ,cyrus1 and a king of     
,persia1 had a very crooked and         
prominent nose4 ,this prince proved the 
greatness of his mind on many occasions1
 insomuch that for a trifling present1  
or some inconsiderable service which he 
had received from some peasants1 he not 
only gave a great quantity of gold and  

silver1 but cities1 and even whole      
provinces1 as a compensation4           
,demetrius1 son of a ,syrian king1 was  
surnamed ,grypus1 by the ,greeks1 on    
account of his nose1 as is mentioned by 
,justin4 ,dares1 the ,phrygian1 says1   
that ,neoptolemus1 son of ,achilles1 had
 a nose of the same shape4 ,according to
 ,suetoneus1 that of ,sergius ,galba1   
7who is represented as a very liberal   
and magnificent prince7 was curved in   
the same manner4 ,plato relates1 in his 
,eutyphron1 that ,miletus ,pittheus had 
a ,roman nose with an elevation on the  
centre1 and it was he that displayed    
such wonderful generosity respecting an 
accusation to which he was summoned to  
appear4 ,george ,scanderbeg1 whose      
physiognomy indicated a matchless hero1 
and who stood unrivalled in courage and 
liberality1 had a gentle and agreeable  
eminence on his aquiline nose4 ,junius  
says1 that the great ,sforza's was      
elevated on its centre1 and he was      
invincible in courage4 ,it is believed  

that ,mahomet1 the second emperor of the
 ,turks1 who was a great warrior1 had a 
nose so curved that it seemed to touch  
his upper lip4 ,john ,assimbe1 surnamed 
,ussumcassam1 had an aquiline nose1     
large eyes1 and a gay countenance2 he   
was very liberal and merciful1 possessed
 an heroic generosity in war1 and a     
great desire of glory4 ,it is certain1  
that ,ishmael ,sophy1 king of ,persia1  
had a nose of the above description1    
with eyes remarkably quick and          
brilliant1 and his manners exhibited the
 greatest liberality1 courage and       
ambition4 ,his greatest delight was to  
be amid the dangers and chances of war1 
where his invincible courage and noble  
heroism were always conspicuous and     
successful4 ,selim1 the son of ,bajazet1
 who for liberality could vie with      
,alexander the ,great1 had an arched    
nose4 ,lastly1 the face of ,soliman1 the
 son of ,selim1 who was a great warrior1
 and beloved by all his subjects for his
 munificence1 had a ,roman nose4  ,we   

have here represented the head of the   
eagle1 whose curved bill can be compared
 to the nose of ,sergius ,galba1 being  
both of the same shape4   ,,fig4 ,,ii4  
,this head1 which was copied from a     
marble statue in the collection of my   
uncle ,adrian ,spatafore1 represents    
,vitellius1 one of the ,csars1 whose    
enormous head can be compared to that of
 the owl4  ,polemon and ,adamantius say1
 that those whose heads are large1      
beyond proportion1 are stupid1 and      
naturally stubborn4 ,albert says1 that  
the head which is so large as to lean on
 the shoulder for support1 is destitute 
of sense and wit2 and it was            
,aristotle's opinion1 that when a man's 
head is unreasonably large1 and out of  
proportion with the rest of his body1 he
 is of a dull and sluggish disposition4 
,for my part1 ,i compare them to the    
ass1 as being lazy1 timid1 and          
impertinent4 ,they may also be compared 
to owls1 whose heads are very large1 and
 who come from their holes or           

resting-places feet foremost2 on which  
account ,ovid thus describes the        
transformation of ,ascalaphus1 who was  
changed into that stupid bird by        
,proserpine4        8,in ,phlegeton's   
black stream her hand she dips1         
,sprinkles his head1 and wets his       
babbling lips2     ,soon on his face1   
bedropt with magic dew1     ,a change   
appear'd1 and gaudy feathers grew2      
,a crooked beak the place of nose       
supplies1     ,rounder his head1 and    
larger are his eyes2     ,his arm and   
body waste1 but are supplied     ,with  
yellow pinions1 flagging on each side2  
,his nails grow crooked1 and are turned 
to claws1     ,and lazily along his     
heavy wings he draws2     ,ill-omened in
 his form1 the unlucky fowl             
,abhorred by men1 and called a          
screeching owl40  ,no bird has a larger 
head than the owl1 which is a bird of   
night4 ,if he shows himself in the day1 
all other birds attack him without      
mercy4 ,falcons that have large heads   

are not esteemed4 ,aristotle mentions a 
fish which has a very large head1 and is
 for that reason called cephale in      
greek1 and capito in ,latin1 which      
signify big-headed4 ,he has a very      
ridiculous custom of hiding his head    
when frightened1 and then he thinks     
himself in safety4 ,he is considered as 
the most silly and cowardly of all the  
finny race4 ,from this we may infer1    
that those whose heads are uncommonly   
large1 are cowardly1 rude1 and          
ungovernable2 defective in imagination1 
and capable of understanding little or  
nothing4 ,we often hear the old proverb 
repeated--8,great head and little wit40 
,the emperor ,vitellius had an uncommon 
large head1 as can be seen from the     
pictures which have been made of him1   
and the deformity no doubt proceeded    
from his rude and clownish disposition4 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #d4   ,,fig4 ,,iii4  ,this figure
 represents the striking similitude     
between man and the ass4  ,a round and  

convex forehead1 says ,aristotle1 is a  
sign of stupidity4 ,polemon and         
,adamantius say1 that the high and round
 forehead denotes stupidity and         
impudence1 the true characteristics of a
 clown4 ,albert and ,conciliator were   
also of opinion that such a forehead    
denotes dullness4  ,long ears are a sign
 that their possessor is extremely      
foppish1 both in language and action2   
but indicate1 also1 a good memory4      
,according to ,aristotle1 such ears     
denote a disposition like that of the   
ass4 ,polemon and ,adamantius say1 they 
denote a dull disposition4 ,albert1     
having borrowed his idea from ,loxus1   
assures us that long ears denote        
stupidity and impudence4 ,rhases says   
they are a sign of foolishness and      
longevity1 which was also the opinion of
 ,pliny4  ,according to the opinion of  
,rhases and ,conciliator1 he whose face 
is long is slow and lazy4 ,albert says1 
that such a one is cowardly and sensual1
 slow in his motions1 lazy1 and         

sometimes stubborn4  ,the under lip1    
when it advances more than the upper1 is
 a sign that the possessor thinks about 
a great many vain things1 and cherishes 
vulgar or unpolished ideas3 such was the
 opinion of ,polemon and ,adamantius4   
,albert says it does not express a      
malicious spirit1 but impudence and     
simplicity4 ,i maintain that it is a    
mark of imprudence4 ,albert further     
adds1 7from ,loxus17 that when it       
happens in a small mouth1 it denotes a  
thirst for praise and honour4  ,we have 
united all these signs in the same head1
 7,figure #c17 which will be found to   
correspond exactly with that of the ass1
 to which it may be compared4           
,aristotle does not approve of those    
eyes that are very prominent1 and seem  
almost to start from the head2 and he   
writes to ,alexander1 that he whose eyes
 are similar to those of the ass is     
destitute of sense4 ,galen was of a     
similar opinion4 ,polemon and           
,adamantius do not think that such eyes 

betray a laudable disposition1 and      
,rhases says1 that they denote one      
shameless1 dull1 and loquacious4 ,pliny 
asserts that they are the signs by which
 a dunce may be known4   ,,fig4 ,,iv4   
,resemblance between ,man and the       
,monkey4  ,aristotle disapproved of very
 small eyes4 ,galen says that very small
 eyes1 such as monkeys have1 are a sure 
mark of pusillanimity1 which may be     
readily discovered in the manners of the
 possessor4 ,polemon and ,adamantius    
represent the miser with such eyes4     
,turtles have small eyes1 and are       
extremely sly and cunning4  ,he who has 
a flat nose1 says ,aristotle to         
,alexander1 is impetuous2 but the       
ancient translation from that author is 
incorrect3 it should have been rendered 
lascivious3 otherwise1 he has           
contradicted himself2 for in his        
treatise on ,physiognomy he compares the
 man with a flat nose to the stag1 which
 has one similar1 and this animal is so 
lustful1 that in the time of rutting he 

becomes crazy4 ,a nose both short and   
flat1 says ,polemon1 denotes a thievish 
disposition4  ,small ears1 according to 
,aristotle1 are common to such men as   
are naturally dull1 and addicted to     
thieving1 as is the monkey4 ,polemon and
 ,adamantius are of opinion1 that they  
are peculiar to the cunning and         
malignant man2 and according to ,albert1
 they generally belong to the thief4    
,adamantius asserts that a small face   
designates the sly and flattering man2  
to which ,rhases and ,conciliator add   
timorous and covetous4  ,illustration3  
,fig4 #e4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4     
,,fig4 ,v4  ,this eye1 and round nose   
with a great eminence like the bill of a
 cock1 are incontestible proofs that the
 owner1 like that spirited little       
animal1 is vigilant1 brave1 and         
voluptuous4   ,,fig4 ,,vi4  ,polemon    
says that a man whose mouth is very wide
 is of an uncouth1 rude1 and impious    
disposition4 ,according to ,adamantius1 
such a mouth denotes ignorance and      

greediness4 ,albert is of opinion that a
 mouth unreasonably extended1 points out
 the cruel1 impious1 warlike1 and       
gluttonous man4 ,polemon and ,adamantius
 represent the ,wicked ,fool with a     
mouth split almost from ear to ear4 ,sea
 monsters1 and all voracious animals1   
have such mouths4 ,i can assure you1    
says ,porta1 that my farmer has a mouth 
not much smaller1 and he is stupid as an
 ass1 and greedy as a dog4  ,those who  
have large round eyeballs are generally 
subject to bad habits4 ,but ,adamantius 
justly observes1 that foolish persons   
have large eyeballs1 and so have all    
giddy animals1 such as the bull1 sheep1 
c4   ,,handsome ,,faces4  ,the beauty of
 the face denotes good manners1 and     
those amiable mental qualities from     
which true politeness proceeds4 ,if it  
does not entirely satisfy the eye1 it   
has the power1 at least1 of attracting  
attention4 ,beauty is followed by       
virtue1 and repels vice4 ,it is said    
that ,achilles had a handsome visage1   

and that he was liberal and             
noble-minded2 in war1 generous1 quick1  
and merciful4 ,patroclus was            
distinguished for his stature1 and was  
strong and prudent4 ,priam1 king of     
,troy1 who was endowed with uncommon    
beauty of face1 was highly virtuous4    
,troilus1 who was remarkably handsome1  
was very generous1 and an admirer of    
virtue4 ,hecuba was uncommonly          
beautiful1 just1 pious1 and possessed of
 a masculine spirit4 ,andromache1 who   
was possessed of bright eyes1 fair      
complexion1 and an elegant figure1 was  
modest1 wise1 gentle1 and chaste4       
,polyxena was fair1 beautiful1 and well 
proportioned1 and surpassed all the     
other princesses in beauty4 ,according  
to ,dares1 the ,phrygian1 she was       
elegant and liberal1 and thought little 
of life4 ,diogenes says that ,pythagoras
 was so extremely beautiful1 that his   
disciples looked upon him as an ,apollo1
 who came from the northward4 ,he was   
the first real philosopher in ,italy1   

where he not only professed the greatest
 sciences1 but even invented several4   
,cyrus was extremely well proportioned1 
and was a lover of the fine arts and of 
honour4 ,in the pursuit of glory1 he    
willingly submitted to all manner of    
fatigue1 and encountered the greatest   
dangers4 ,xenophon speaks of the virtue 
and warlike achievements of this truly  
great man4 ,plutarch relates that       
,darius was the handsomest and finest   
looking man of his time1 insomuch that  
,alexander could easily distinguish him 
in battle4 ,evagoras's face expressed   
honesty2 he was so noble minded1 brave1 
temperate1 wise1 and just1 that some    
thought him to be a genius under the    
human form4 ,democles1 on account of his
 personal beauty1 surnamed the          
beautiful1 was courageous and very      
prodigal4 ,to escape the violence of    
,demetrius1 who surprised him naked1 and
 going to bathe1 he leaped into a       
reservoir of boiling water4 ,history    
mentions a young man1 named ,galetes1   

who was much beloved by ,ptolemy1 on    
account of his uncommon beauty1 and the 
noble sentiments of his mind4 ,the      
latter used to exclaim1 8,o thou dear   
and amiable youth6 thou hast never      
caused any harm1 but the sight of thee  
has afforded pleasure to many40 ,scipio 
,africanus was graced with a matchless  
beauty1 and surpassed all other men in  
the faculties of his mind1 in eloquence1
 benignity1 magnificence1 and           
continence4 ,he was well acquainted with
 the sciences and liberal arts2 he was a
 valiant captain1 and1 by his heroic    
deeds1 excelled not only the greatest   
princes of his time1 but those of former
 ages4 ,during battle he always         
displayed an invincible courage1 and his
 clemency in victory was never equalled4
 ,augustus preserved his beauty through 
life1 and was admired for his eloquence1
 and the exercise of the fine and       
military arts4 ,he was the most         
fortunate of all the ,csars4 ,macrobius 
testifies1 in his writings1 that as     

,publius ,syrus was extremely handsome1 
so the faculties of his mind were       
uncommonly brilliant1 which enabled him 
to give that sharpness to his jests for 
which he was so celebrated4 ,lucretia1  
so celebrated among the ,romans1 owed   
her celebrity to her beauty and         
chastity4 ,galeatius surpassed all his  
cotemporaries in virtue and             
magnificence1 as well as in beauty4 ,he 
established a college1 and a library1 in
 which he placed the best professors and
 the choicest books4 ,saladin1 emperor  
of the ,turks1 was handsome and         
generous4 ,john ,pic ,mirandula1        
possessed great beauty of face1 symmetry
 of shape1 and elegance of figure4 ,his 
imagination was brilliant1 his behaviour
 frank1 and his eloquence irresistible2 
for which virtues he was justly called  
the ,phnix of his age4   ,,ugly ,,face4 
,homer represents ,thersites as having a
 very long head1 a deformed face1 and   
low stature1 to which his manners       
appears to have corresponded4 ,leteus   

,metellus was so small1 and his face so 
deformed1 that he appeared ridiculous to
 all4 ,cicero reproached ,piso for the  
deformity of his face1 and the shameful 
profligacy of his manners4 ,sallust     
remarks1 that the pale and deformed     
visage of ,cataline was more like that  
of a corpse than of a living man2 he was
 profane1 cruel1 and capable of the     
blackest crimes4 ,xenocrates had a      
disagreeable and hideous aspect1 for    
which reason he often sacrificed to the 
graces1 that they might give him some   
beauty2 his mind was stupid and dull1   
and he used to say that 8he wanted spurs
 to be roused to action40     ,,index4  
,,page4  ,advertisement1 #e  ,preface1  
#g  ,introductory remarks1 #ac          
,analysis of the head1 #ai   of the     
forehead1 #bj   of the eyebrows1 #bd    
of the eyes1 #bf   of the nose1 #bg   of
 the mouth1 #bh   of the chin1 #cj   of 
the cheeks1 #ca   of the hair1 #cb   of 
the neck1 #cc  ,plate ,no4 ,i4 ,cunning1
 deceit1 avarice1 #ce   ,,ii4           

,precision1 application1 #cg   ,,iii4   
,benevolence1 probity1 neatness1 #ci    
,,iv4 ,modesty1 gravity1 #da   ,v4      
,self-conceit1 ignorance1 obstinacy1 #dc
   ,,vi4 ,intemperance1 #de   ,,vii4    
,firmness1 occasional irritation1       
compound of        phlegmatic and       
melancholic1 #dg   ,,viii4 ,reflection1 
energy1 insensibility1 #di   ,,ix4      
,love1 sanguinity1 #ea   ,x4            
,incoherence1 genius1 folly1 #ec   ,,xi4
 ,violent passion1 heroism1 #ee   ,,xii4
 ,philosophy1 timidity1 #eg   ,,xiii4   
,want of energy1 #ei   ,,xiv4 ,strong   
memory1 good sense1 deliberative1       
perseverance1 #fa   ,,xv4 ,integrity1   
sedateness1 choler1 #fc   ,,xvi4        
,profundity1 constancy1 #fe   ,,xvii4   
,severity1 taciturnity1 original genius1
 #fg   ,,xviii4 ,frankness1 intrepidity1
 good nature1 #fi   ,,xix4 ,egotism1    
suspicion1 treachery1 avarice1 corroding
 care1 #ga   ,,xx4 ,resolution1         
activity1 genius1 #gc   ,,xxi4          
,goodness1 clearness of perception1 #ge 

,,xxii4 ,choler1 #gg   ,,xxiii4         
,dulness1 obstinacy1 #gi   ,,xxiv4      
,candour1 frankness1 honesty1 #ha       
,,xxv4 ,enterprise1 imagination1        
uncontrollable passions1 #hc   ,,xxvi4  
,craft1 sordidness1 villany1 #he        
,,xxvii4 ,self-love1 arrogance1         
irritability1 #hg   ,,xxviii4 ,craft1   
enterprise1 #hi   ,,xxix4 ,poetic       
genius1 firmness1 #ia   ,,xxx4          
,melancholy1 #ic   ,,xxxi4 ,gayety1     
sprightliness1 #ie   ,,xxxii4 ,love of  
quiet1 pensiveness1 #ig  ,comparison of 
,man with other ,animals41 #aja